Wikipedia simplewiki https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 315 10329872 10299679 2025-06-14T12:42:36Z Infinitehoax 1629455 10329872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Axel_Helsted_-_Geometri_-_(gentagelse).png|thumb|[[Axel Helsted]], "Geometry"]] '''Geometry''' (from [[Ancient Greek]]: Γεωμετρία ([[Romanization of Greek|romanized]]: ''Geometria'' ([[English language|English]]: "Land measurement") derived from Γη (romanized: Ge; English: "Earth" or "land") and also derived from Μέτρον) (romanized: ''Métron''; English: "A measure")) is a branch of [[mathematics]] that studies the [[size]], [[shape]]s, positions and dimensions of things. We can only see shapes that are [[wikt:flat|flat]] ([[2D]]) or solid ([[3D]]), but [[mathematician]]s (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are [[4D]], 5D, 6D, and so on. [[square (geometry)|Squares]], [[circle]]s and [[triangle]]s are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. [[Cube]]s, [[cylinder]]s, [[cone]]s and [[sphere]]s are simple shapes in [[solid geometry]]. == Uses == Plane geometry can be used to [[measure]] the [[area]] and [[perimeter]] of a flat shape. Solid geometry can measure a [[solid]] shape's [[volume]] and [[surface area]]. Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find: * the surface area of a [[house]], so they can buy the right amount of [[paint]] * the [[volume]] of a [[box]], to see if it is big enough to hold a [[litre|liter]] of [[food]] * the area of a [[farm]], so it can be divided into equal parts * the [[distance]] around the edge of a [[pond]], to know how much [[fence|fencing]] to [[buy]]. == Origins == Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of [[surveying]] of [[land]] so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The [[ancient Greece|Greek]] [[mathematician]] [[Euclid]] wrote the first book about geometry, a book called ''The Elements''. == Non-Euclidean geometry == Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook [[Euclid's Elements|Elements]], is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, [[hyperbolic geometry]] and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's [[parallel postulate]]. [[Non-Euclidean geometry]] is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. [[Spherical geometry]] for example is used in [[astronomy]] and [[cartography]]. == Examples == Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as: * A '''[[point (geometry)|point]]''' is shown on [[paper]] by [[touch]]ing it with a [[pencil]] or [[pen]], without making any sideways movement. We know where the point is, but it has no [[size]]. * A '''[[straight]] [[line]]''' is the [[short]]est [[distance]] between two points. For example, Sophie pulls a piece of [[wikt:string|string]] from one point to another point. A straight line between the two points will follow the [[wikt:path|path]] of the tight string. * A '''[[Plane (mathematics)|plane]]''' is a flat [[surface]] that does not [[wikt:stop|stop]] in any [[direction]]. For example, imagine a wall that goes on forever in all directions. == Related pages == * [[Topology]] == References == {{Areas of mathematics}} {{commonscat}} [[Category:Geometry|*]] 66kxkth1da7ov3usmpp0do01vsbpfxy 0 419 10330976 10324895 2025-06-14T22:31:34Z NX3710 1629609 Vandalism 10330976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tepantitla mural, Ballplayer A (Daquella manera).jpg|thumb|A mural in Teotihuacan, [[Mexico]] (2nd century)]] [[Image:Girls learning sign language.jpg|thumb|Girls using [[sign language]]]] [[Image:ASL family.jpg|thumb|People using sign language]] '''<span lang="English">Language</span>'''<ref name=":0" /> is the normal way [[human]]s [[communication|communicate]].<ref name="Oxford">''Concise Oxford dictionary''. p764</ref> Only [[human]]s use language, though other animals communicate through other means. The study of language is called [[linguistics]]. Human language has [[syntax]], a set of [[rule]]s for connecting [[word]]s together to make [[Proposition|statements]] and [[question]]s. Language can also be changed, by adding new words, for example, to describe new things. Other animals may inherit a set of calls which have preset functions. Language may be done by [[speech]] or by [[writing]] or by moving the hands to make [[Sign language|signs]]. It follows that language is ''not'' just any way of communicating. Even some human communication is not language: see [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal communication]]. Humans also use language for [[thought|thinking]]. When people use the word ''language'', they can also mean: # the language of a [[community]] or [[country]] # the ability of [[speech]] # [[formal language]] in [[mathematics]], [[logic]] and [[computing]] # [[sign language]] for deaf people (people who cannot hear) # a type of [[school]] subject [[UNESCO]] says that 2,500 languages are at risk of becoming [[extinction|extinct]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml | title=BBC Languages | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> == Universals of language == All languages share certain things which separate them from all other kinds of communication.<ref>Scalise, Sergio; Magni, Elisabetta; Bisetto, Antonietta (eds) 2009. ''Universals of language today''. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol 76. Springer Verlag.</ref><ref name="Chao">Yuan Ren Chao 1968. ''Language and symbolic systems''. Cambridge.</ref> # A language has rules which are shared by a community. # All human languages are based on [[sound]] and [[hearing]], or in the case of [[sign language]], [[Sight|vision]]. All the basic sound units, or [[phoneme]]s, have this in common: they can be spoken by the human [[voice]], and heard by the human [[ear]]. # The sounds come out in a [[sequence]], not all at once. This is mimicked in writing, where the marks are put on the paper or screen in the same sequence. # The stream of sounds have little gaps between them, and come in bigger packages. We call the bigger packets [[sentence]]s or [[question]]s or replies or comments. # In most languages, [[English language|English]] being one, the [[syntax]] or order of the words can change the meaning: "the cat sat on the man" is different from "the man sat on the cat". # [[Word]]s (which may be made up of more than one phoneme) divide up into two classes: content and non-content. Content words have [[semantics|meaning]]: nouns, verbs, adjectives, [[Et cetera|etc.]]. Non-content words are there to make the language work: ''and'', ''not'', ''in'', ''out'', ''what'', etc. [[Grammar]] consists of studying how words fit together to mean something. # All languages have: ## sentences with two types of expression: [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s: ''Jill is'' here. ## [[adjective]]s to modify nouns: ''good'' food. ## ways of linking: sink ''or'' swim. ## dummy elements: Jill likes to swim, ''so'' do I. ## devices to order or ask questions: Get up! Are you ill? # Most of the languages have a [[writing system|written form]]. Before the invention of audio recording, the writing system was the only way to keep track of spoken information. # All languages constantly evolve. New words appear, new forms of saying things, new accents. There are many more things in common between languages.<ref name=":0">Greenberg J.H. (ed) 1966. ''Universals of language''. 2nd ed, MIT Press.</ref> === Inheritance === The capacity to learn and use language is [[Heredity|inherited]]. Normally, all humans are born with this capability. ''Which'' language is learned by a child depends on which language is spoken by the child's community. The ''capacity'' is inherited, but the particular language is learned. Children have a special period, from about 18 months to about four years, which is critical for learning the language. If this is seriously disrupted, then their language skills will be damaged. Older people learn differently, so they seldom learn a [[second language]] as well as they learn their native language. == Types of language == [[Mathematics]] and [[computer science]] use created languages called [[formal language]]s (like computer [[programming language]]s), but these may or may not be 'true' languages. Mathematics itself is seen as a language by many. Some people consider [[musical notation]] to be a way of writing the musical language. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] is the language with the most native speakers in the world, but it is is not really a language. It is a close family of [[dialect]]s, some of which are as different as [[Romance languages]] are from one another. [[Turkish language|Turkish]] is one of the largest [[Turkic languages]] ever spoken. English is often called "the international language", or [[lingua franca]]. It is the main second language of the world and the international language of [[science]], [[travel]], [[technology]], [[business]], [[diplomacy]], and [[entertainment]]. [[French language|French]] had a similar status until the 20th century, and other languages had it at other times. :* '''English''' as a first language: 380 million.<ref>Crystal, David 1995. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language''. Cambridge.</ref>^p108 :* English as an official second language: up to 300 million. :* English taught as a second language, but with no official status: anyone's guess, up to 1000 million/1 billion. :* '''Chinese''' ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]): 390 million native speakers.<ref name="Chao"/>^p96<ref>850 million claimed by English Wikipedia ([[Chinese language]]) but without specific reference.</ref> :*Hoffish ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] dialect): 176 (smallest spoken language){{cn|date=April 2024}} Some languages are spoken only by closed ethnic groups such as [[Romani language|Romani]], which is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken only by [[Roma people|Roma]]. ==Constructed languages (or made up languages)== Some languages are made up so that a lot of people around the world can learn them, without the new languages being tied to any specific country or place. These are called [[constructed language]]s also known as [[Speech|Oral Sects.]] One of the most popular of these languages is [[Esperanto]], which is sometimes called "La Internacia Lingvo," or "The International Language." Another of these languages is called [[Volapük]], which was popular about a hundred years ago but is much less popular now. It has mostly been replaced by languages like [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingua]], and [[Ido]]. Dialects are basically other versions of a language. For example, Hoffish is a dialect of Swedish. Part of the reason that Volapük became unpopular is that some sounds are difficult for people who speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or English, two of the most widely-spoken languages in the world. ==Other information== Humans started using language, at the latest, 135 000 years ago, according to research ([[publish]]ed in 2025).<ref>"Linguistic capacity was present in the Homo sapiens population 135 thousand years ago". [[Frontiers in Psychology]]</ref><ref>Miyagawa et al. </ref> == Related pages == {{wiktionary}} {{commonscat}} * [[Alphabet]] * [[Basic English]] * [[Sign language]] * [[English as a foreign language]] * [[English language]] * [[Historical linguistics]] * Language education * [[Language families and languages]] * [[Linguistics]] * [[List of languages]] * [[Orthography]] * [[Phonology]] * [[Second language]] * [[Semantics]] * Speech therapy ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Language_(general) Language (general)] -Citizendium {{Languages of Countries}} [[Category:Language| ]] 1h1apx7uuennnzv87ubles712eqr7yw 10331016 10330976 2025-06-14T22:50:32Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 French language 10331016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tepantitla mural, Ballplayer A (Daquella manera).jpg|thumb|A mural in Teotihuacan, [[Mexico]] (2nd century)]] [[Image:Girls learning sign language.jpg|thumb|Girls using [[sign language]]]] [[Image:ASL family.jpg|thumb|People using sign language]] '''<span lang="fr" dir="ltr">Language</span>'''<ref name=":0" /> is the normal way [[human]]s [[communication|communicate]].<ref name="Oxford">''Concise Oxford dictionary''. p764</ref> Only [[human]]s use language, though other animals communicate through other means. The study of language is called [[linguistics]]. Human language has [[syntax]], a set of [[rule]]s for connecting [[word]]s together to make [[Proposition|statements]] and [[question]]s. Language can also be changed, by adding new words, for example, to describe new things. Other animals may inherit a set of calls which have preset functions. Language may be done by [[speech]] or by [[writing]] or by moving the hands to make [[Sign language|signs]]. It follows that language is ''not'' just any way of communicating. Even some human communication is not language: see [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal communication]]. Humans also use language for [[thought|thinking]]. When people use the word ''language'', they can also mean: # the language of a [[community]] or [[country]] # the ability of [[speech]] # [[formal language]] in [[mathematics]], [[logic]] and [[computing]] # [[sign language]] for deaf people (people who cannot hear) # a type of [[school]] subject [[UNESCO]] says that 2,500 languages are at risk of becoming [[extinction|extinct]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml | title=BBC Languages | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> == Universals of language == All languages share certain things which separate them from all other kinds of communication.<ref>Scalise, Sergio; Magni, Elisabetta; Bisetto, Antonietta (eds) 2009. ''Universals of language today''. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol 76. Springer Verlag.</ref><ref name="Chao">Yuan Ren Chao 1968. ''Language and symbolic systems''. Cambridge.</ref> # A language has rules which are shared by a community. # All human languages are based on [[sound]] and [[hearing]], or in the case of [[sign language]], [[Sight|vision]]. All the basic sound units, or [[phoneme]]s, have this in common: they can be spoken by the human [[voice]], and heard by the human [[ear]]. # The sounds come out in a [[sequence]], not all at once. This is mimicked in writing, where the marks are put on the paper or screen in the same sequence. # The stream of sounds have little gaps between them, and come in bigger packages. We call the bigger packets [[sentence]]s or [[question]]s or replies or comments. # In most languages, [[English language|English]] being one, the [[syntax]] or order of the words can change the meaning: "the cat sat on the man" is different from "the man sat on the cat". # [[Word]]s (which may be made up of more than one phoneme) divide up into two classes: content and non-content. Content words have [[semantics|meaning]]: nouns, verbs, adjectives, [[Et cetera|etc.]]. Non-content words are there to make the language work: ''and'', ''not'', ''in'', ''out'', ''what'', etc. [[Grammar]] consists of studying how words fit together to mean something. # All languages have: ## sentences with two types of expression: [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s: ''Jill is'' here. ## [[adjective]]s to modify nouns: ''good'' food. ## ways of linking: sink ''or'' swim. ## dummy elements: Jill likes to swim, ''so'' do I. ## devices to order or ask questions: Get up! Are you ill? # Most of the languages have a [[writing system|written form]]. Before the invention of audio recording, the writing system was the only way to keep track of spoken information. # All languages constantly evolve. New words appear, new forms of saying things, new accents. There are many more things in common between languages.<ref name=":0">Greenberg J.H. (ed) 1966. ''Universals of language''. 2nd ed, MIT Press.</ref> === Inheritance === The capacity to learn and use language is [[Heredity|inherited]]. Normally, all humans are born with this capability. ''Which'' language is learned by a child depends on which language is spoken by the child's community. The ''capacity'' is inherited, but the particular language is learned. Children have a special period, from about 18 months to about four years, which is critical for learning the language. If this is seriously disrupted, then their language skills will be damaged. Older people learn differently, so they seldom learn a [[second language]] as well as they learn their native language. == Types of language == [[Mathematics]] and [[computer science]] use created languages called [[formal language]]s (like computer [[programming language]]s), but these may or may not be 'true' languages. Mathematics itself is seen as a language by many. Some people consider [[musical notation]] to be a way of writing the musical language. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] is the language with the most native speakers in the world, but it is is not really a language. It is a close family of [[dialect]]s, some of which are as different as [[Romance languages]] are from one another. [[Turkish language|Turkish]] is one of the largest [[Turkic languages]] ever spoken. English is often called "the international language", or [[lingua franca]]. It is the main second language of the world and the international language of [[science]], [[travel]], [[technology]], [[business]], [[diplomacy]], and [[entertainment]]. [[French language|French]] had a similar status until the 20th century, and other languages had it at other times. :* '''English''' as a first language: 380 million.<ref>Crystal, David 1995. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language''. Cambridge.</ref>^p108 :* English as an official second language: up to 300 million. :* English taught as a second language, but with no official status: anyone's guess, up to 1000 million/1 billion. :* '''Chinese''' ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]): 390 million native speakers.<ref name="Chao"/>^p96<ref>850 million claimed by English Wikipedia ([[Chinese language]]) but without specific reference.</ref> :*Hoffish ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] dialect): 176 (smallest spoken language){{cn|date=April 2024}} Some languages are spoken only by closed ethnic groups such as [[Romani language|Romani]], which is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken only by [[Roma people|Roma]]. ==Constructed languages (or made up languages)== Some languages are made up so that a lot of people around the world can learn them, without the new languages being tied to any specific country or place. These are called [[constructed language]]s also known as [[Speech|Oral Sects.]] One of the most popular of these languages is [[Esperanto]], which is sometimes called "La Internacia Lingvo," or "The International Language." Another of these languages is called [[Volapük]], which was popular about a hundred years ago but is much less popular now. It has mostly been replaced by languages like [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingua]], and [[Ido]]. Dialects are basically other versions of a language. For example, Hoffish is a dialect of Swedish. Part of the reason that Volapük became unpopular is that some sounds are difficult for people who speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or English, two of the most widely-spoken languages in the world. ==Other information== Humans started using language, at the latest, 135 000 years ago, according to research ([[publish]]ed in 2025).<ref>"Linguistic capacity was present in the Homo sapiens population 135 thousand years ago". [[Frontiers in Psychology]]</ref><ref>Miyagawa et al. </ref> == Related pages == {{wiktionary}} {{commonscat}} * [[Alphabet]] * [[Basic English]] * [[Sign language]] * [[English as a foreign language]] * [[English language]] * [[Historical linguistics]] * Language education * [[Language families and languages]] * [[Linguistics]] * [[List of languages]] * [[Orthography]] * [[Phonology]] * [[Second language]] * [[Semantics]] * Speech therapy ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Language_(general) Language (general)] -Citizendium {{Languages of Countries}} [[Category:Language| ]] hjteg8vjn9exl6g9j1y7vbp1l1zm67c 10331030 10331016 2025-06-14T23:01:27Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by NX3710 10330976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tepantitla mural, Ballplayer A (Daquella manera).jpg|thumb|A mural in Teotihuacan, [[Mexico]] (2nd century)]] [[Image:Girls learning sign language.jpg|thumb|Girls using [[sign language]]]] [[Image:ASL family.jpg|thumb|People using sign language]] '''<span lang="English">Language</span>'''<ref name=":0" /> is the normal way [[human]]s [[communication|communicate]].<ref name="Oxford">''Concise Oxford dictionary''. p764</ref> Only [[human]]s use language, though other animals communicate through other means. The study of language is called [[linguistics]]. Human language has [[syntax]], a set of [[rule]]s for connecting [[word]]s together to make [[Proposition|statements]] and [[question]]s. Language can also be changed, by adding new words, for example, to describe new things. Other animals may inherit a set of calls which have preset functions. Language may be done by [[speech]] or by [[writing]] or by moving the hands to make [[Sign language|signs]]. It follows that language is ''not'' just any way of communicating. Even some human communication is not language: see [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal communication]]. Humans also use language for [[thought|thinking]]. When people use the word ''language'', they can also mean: # the language of a [[community]] or [[country]] # the ability of [[speech]] # [[formal language]] in [[mathematics]], [[logic]] and [[computing]] # [[sign language]] for deaf people (people who cannot hear) # a type of [[school]] subject [[UNESCO]] says that 2,500 languages are at risk of becoming [[extinction|extinct]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml | title=BBC Languages | publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> == Universals of language == All languages share certain things which separate them from all other kinds of communication.<ref>Scalise, Sergio; Magni, Elisabetta; Bisetto, Antonietta (eds) 2009. ''Universals of language today''. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol 76. Springer Verlag.</ref><ref name="Chao">Yuan Ren Chao 1968. ''Language and symbolic systems''. Cambridge.</ref> # A language has rules which are shared by a community. # All human languages are based on [[sound]] and [[hearing]], or in the case of [[sign language]], [[Sight|vision]]. All the basic sound units, or [[phoneme]]s, have this in common: they can be spoken by the human [[voice]], and heard by the human [[ear]]. # The sounds come out in a [[sequence]], not all at once. This is mimicked in writing, where the marks are put on the paper or screen in the same sequence. # The stream of sounds have little gaps between them, and come in bigger packages. We call the bigger packets [[sentence]]s or [[question]]s or replies or comments. # In most languages, [[English language|English]] being one, the [[syntax]] or order of the words can change the meaning: "the cat sat on the man" is different from "the man sat on the cat". # [[Word]]s (which may be made up of more than one phoneme) divide up into two classes: content and non-content. Content words have [[semantics|meaning]]: nouns, verbs, adjectives, [[Et cetera|etc.]]. Non-content words are there to make the language work: ''and'', ''not'', ''in'', ''out'', ''what'', etc. [[Grammar]] consists of studying how words fit together to mean something. # All languages have: ## sentences with two types of expression: [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s: ''Jill is'' here. ## [[adjective]]s to modify nouns: ''good'' food. ## ways of linking: sink ''or'' swim. ## dummy elements: Jill likes to swim, ''so'' do I. ## devices to order or ask questions: Get up! Are you ill? # Most of the languages have a [[writing system|written form]]. Before the invention of audio recording, the writing system was the only way to keep track of spoken information. # All languages constantly evolve. New words appear, new forms of saying things, new accents. There are many more things in common between languages.<ref name=":0">Greenberg J.H. (ed) 1966. ''Universals of language''. 2nd ed, MIT Press.</ref> === Inheritance === The capacity to learn and use language is [[Heredity|inherited]]. Normally, all humans are born with this capability. ''Which'' language is learned by a child depends on which language is spoken by the child's community. The ''capacity'' is inherited, but the particular language is learned. Children have a special period, from about 18 months to about four years, which is critical for learning the language. If this is seriously disrupted, then their language skills will be damaged. Older people learn differently, so they seldom learn a [[second language]] as well as they learn their native language. == Types of language == [[Mathematics]] and [[computer science]] use created languages called [[formal language]]s (like computer [[programming language]]s), but these may or may not be 'true' languages. Mathematics itself is seen as a language by many. Some people consider [[musical notation]] to be a way of writing the musical language. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] is the language with the most native speakers in the world, but it is is not really a language. It is a close family of [[dialect]]s, some of which are as different as [[Romance languages]] are from one another. [[Turkish language|Turkish]] is one of the largest [[Turkic languages]] ever spoken. English is often called "the international language", or [[lingua franca]]. It is the main second language of the world and the international language of [[science]], [[travel]], [[technology]], [[business]], [[diplomacy]], and [[entertainment]]. [[French language|French]] had a similar status until the 20th century, and other languages had it at other times. :* '''English''' as a first language: 380 million.<ref>Crystal, David 1995. ''The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language''. Cambridge.</ref>^p108 :* English as an official second language: up to 300 million. :* English taught as a second language, but with no official status: anyone's guess, up to 1000 million/1 billion. :* '''Chinese''' ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]): 390 million native speakers.<ref name="Chao"/>^p96<ref>850 million claimed by English Wikipedia ([[Chinese language]]) but without specific reference.</ref> :*Hoffish ([[Swedish language|Swedish]] dialect): 176 (smallest spoken language){{cn|date=April 2024}} Some languages are spoken only by closed ethnic groups such as [[Romani language|Romani]], which is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken only by [[Roma people|Roma]]. ==Constructed languages (or made up languages)== Some languages are made up so that a lot of people around the world can learn them, without the new languages being tied to any specific country or place. These are called [[constructed language]]s also known as [[Speech|Oral Sects.]] One of the most popular of these languages is [[Esperanto]], which is sometimes called "La Internacia Lingvo," or "The International Language." Another of these languages is called [[Volapük]], which was popular about a hundred years ago but is much less popular now. It has mostly been replaced by languages like [[Esperanto]], [[Interlingua]], and [[Ido]]. Dialects are basically other versions of a language. For example, Hoffish is a dialect of Swedish. Part of the reason that Volapük became unpopular is that some sounds are difficult for people who speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or English, two of the most widely-spoken languages in the world. ==Other information== Humans started using language, at the latest, 135 000 years ago, according to research ([[publish]]ed in 2025).<ref>"Linguistic capacity was present in the Homo sapiens population 135 thousand years ago". [[Frontiers in Psychology]]</ref><ref>Miyagawa et al. </ref> == Related pages == {{wiktionary}} {{commonscat}} * [[Alphabet]] * [[Basic English]] * [[Sign language]] * [[English as a foreign language]] * [[English language]] * [[Historical linguistics]] * Language education * [[Language families and languages]] * [[Linguistics]] * [[List of languages]] * [[Orthography]] * [[Phonology]] * [[Second language]] * [[Semantics]] * Speech therapy ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Language_(general) Language (general)] -Citizendium {{Languages of Countries}} [[Category:Language| ]] 1h1apx7uuennnzv87ubles712eqr7yw 0 833 10329896 10294225 2025-06-14T12:59:31Z 14.55.56.228 10329896 wikitext text/x-wiki ant|中華民國國歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē''<br/>"[[National Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | flag_anthem = {{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國旗歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē''<br />"[[National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:中華民國國旗歌 (演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Free Area of the Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe ([[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] highlighted)|[[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of [[Free area of the Republic of China|territories administered by the ROC (Free Area)]]|[[File:Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Taiwan (dark green) with maximal historical extent of ROC territorial claims (light green)|default=1}} | map_caption = | largest_city = [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]] | capital = [[Taipei]]{{efn|[[Taipei]] is the official seat of [[government of the Republic of China]] although the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] does not specify the ''de jure'' capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |title=Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government" |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101013333/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="capital">{{cite news |title=Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital |date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|25|04|N|121|31|E|type:city_region:TW}} | ethnic_groups = >95% [[Han Taiwanese]]<br>—70% [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]]<br>—14% [[Hakka people|Hakka]]<br>—14% [[Waishengren]]<br>2% [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Indigenous]]<ref>{{cite book |year=2016 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2016 |publisher=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |access-date=31 May 2020 |isbn=9789860499490 |page=10 |quote=Ethnicity: Over 95 percent Han Chinese (including Holo, Hakka and other groups originating in mainland China); 2 percent indigenous Austronesian peoples |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185112/https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|Mixed indigenous-Han ancestry is included in the figure for Han Chinese.}} | official_languages = None designated (''[[de jure]]'')<br><br>[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]] (''[[de facto]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=推動雙語國家政策問題研析|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=173510 |website=www.ly.gov.tw | date=23 July 2013 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref><br><br>[[Vernacular Chinese]] (used in more serious scenarios)<ref>{{cite web|title=法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明|url=http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|access-date=2 June 2021|language=zh|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215646/http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Official script]] | languages = [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=行政院第3251次院會決議 |url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/4EC2394BE4EE9DD0/51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578|website=www.ey.gov.tw |date=December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref> | languages2_type = [[National language]]s{{efn|A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".<ref name="natLangAct">{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言發展法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=zh}}</ref>}} | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date = 22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|name = nat-lang|Not designated but meets legal definition}} * [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Taiwan Sign Language]] }} | religion = {{vunblist |43.8% [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Confucianism]]) |21.2% [[Buddhism in Taiwan|Buddhism]] |15.5% Others (including [[Taoism]]) |13.7% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]] |5.8% [[Christianity in Taiwan|Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pew Data on Taiwan religion|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212044947/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="cia-factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lai Ching-te]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Hsiao Bi-khim]] | leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] | leader_name3 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Legislative Yuan President]] | leader_name4 = [[Yu Shyi-kun]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Control Yuan|Control Yuan President]] | leader_name5 = [[Chen Chu]] | leader_title6 = [[List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan|Judicial Yuan President]] | leader_name6 = [[Hsu Tzong-li]] | leader_title7 = [[List of presidents of the Examination Yuan|Examination Yuan President]] | leader_name7 = [[Huang Jong-tsun]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = Establishment | established_date1 = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|1 January 1912]] | established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Took control of Taiwan]] | established_date2 = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|25 October 1945]] | established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1947 | established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date4 = 7 December 1949 | established_event5 = [[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|Status defined by law]] | established_date5 = 16 July 1992 | area_km2 = 36,197 | area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" /><ref name="taiwansnapshot">{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG|title=TAIWAN SNAPSHOT|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,568,378<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|access-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.403&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOTW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,959<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $682.702&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 21st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,123<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews/11002/news11002.pdf |title=GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2020Q4 and Outlook for 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics]] |website=dgbas.gov.tw |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/taiwan/monthly-earnings |title=Taiwan Monthly Earnings (1983 - 2024) – CEIC Data |language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-12-31|access-date=2025-04-15}} - South Korea Monthly Earnings stood at 3,200 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the previous figure of 2,724 USD in Nov 2024.</ref> | Gini = 34.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175850/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/112116036FDX2D8F3.pdf|title=國情統計通報（第 014 號）|publisher= Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC)|date=21 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{bulleted list |YYYY-MM-DD |YYY-MM-DD ([[Minguo calendar]]) }} | electricity = 110 V–60 Hz{{efn|220 V is also used for high power appliances such as air conditioners}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} }} '''Taiwan''', officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 中華民國; [[pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country off the coast of [[China|mainland]] China in [[East Asia]]. The Republic of China once governed all of China ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|from 1911 to 1949]]) but moved to the island of Taiwan after a Chinese [[civil war]]. The ROC includes the [[Taiwan (island)|main island of Taiwan]] plus nearby islands ([[Pescadores]] islands and parts of [[Fujian]]). Taiwan is located southeast of the Chinese mainland, south of [[Japan]], and north of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is [[Taipei]]. Taiwan has also been called '''Formosa''', a Portuguese name which means "beautiful" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Most people living in Taiwan (called Taiwanese) are [[Han Chinese|Han]]. Taiwan has three large Han groups. They speak different [[dialect]]s (variations) of Chinese, and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]), the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (from China), and Mainlanders (from [[Mainland China]] after 1948). There are also Taiwanese Aborigines (native tribes) who lived in Taiwan before the Han came to live there. The largest cities in Taiwan are the capital, [[Taipei]], and the port city of [[Kaohsiung]]. == Timeline == * In AD 230, Taiwan described as "Yizhou" in the account of an expedition undertaken by the Eastern Wu dynasty of China.<ref>Knapp, Ronald G. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan''. The University of Hawaii. p. 5.</ref> * In 1517, A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery ship sees this island and renames it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 [[Dutch (people)|Dutch]] colonize the southern part of Formosa and set up a colonial administration in [[Fort Zeelandia]], and the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonize the north and set up a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or [[Fort Santo Domingo]]. The Dutch later defeat the [[Spaniard]]s and take full control of Formosa. * 1662, Chinese general [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) defeats the Dutch at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and then controls Taiwan.<ref>{{Citation|title=Siege of Fort Zeelandia|date=2020-12-31|url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=7238011|encyclopedia=Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> * 1683, Shi Lang,<ref>{{Citation|title=Shi Lang|date=2022-05-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Lang&oldid=1087386510|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> the commander-in-chief of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] China fleets destroy the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and lead the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning. Taiwan becomes Qing territory. * 1860: Taiwan becomes a [[treaty port]] after the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], opening the island to contact with the world. * 1874: [[Japan]] invades southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the natives there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony. Japanese forces withdraw later in the year after the [[Meiji]] and [[Qing]] empires nearly went to war. * 1884-1885: Taiwan is blockaded by French navy during the [[Sino-Franco]] War. * 1895: Qing China loses the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and gives Taiwan to [[Japan]] permanently (Treaty of Shimonoseki). * 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ends China's last imperial dynasty, the [[Qing dynasty]], and leads to the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. * 1927: Start of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) party and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP). The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II. * 1945: Japan loses [[World War II]] to the U.S. and its allies * 1947: Taiwanese widely protest [[government]]al [[corruption]] under the Nationalists. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sends in the army to restore order, killing tens of thousands. Some Taiwanese began the [[Taiwan independence movement]]. * 1949: ** The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan. They set up [[Taipei]] as the temporary capital of Republic of China (ROC). ** The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). * 1951: Japan signs the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951) with the U.S. and 47 other countries, formally denouncing any claim to Taiwan. * 1952: Japan and the ROC sign the Treaty of Taipei, which is similar to the Treaty of San Francisco. * 1971: Taiwan is expelled from the United Nations and replaced by the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]. * 1979: The KMT government jails many [[democracy]] activists who opposed it ([[Kaohsiung Incident]]). * 1986: The [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT. It remains illegal for the first year, but the KMT government does not try to ban it. * 1987: The KMT government lifts [[martial law]] after almost 40 years. * 1988: [[Lee Teng-hui]] (KMT) became [[President of the Republic of China|president]] after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] dies. * 1995: Lee Teng-hui (KMT) became the first president elected by the people. * 2000: [[Chen Shui-bian]] (DPP) became president. * 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen. However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive. * 2008: Former president Chen Sui-bian and his wife are arrested for corruption and money laundering. * 2008: [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time. * 2009: Kaohsiung hosts the 2009 World Games. * 2016: [[Tsai Ing-wen]] (DPP) was elected as the first female president of Taiwan. * 2019: [[Same-sex marriage]] is legalized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikinews contributors|date=2019-05-19|title=Taiwan&#39;s legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Taiwan's_legislature_first_in_Asia_to_legalize_same-sex_marriage|journal=Wikinews}}</ref> * 2024: [[Lai Ching-te]] (DPP) is elected as the president that made a history for a political party to govern for three consecutive terms after the first presidential election of 1996. == Status of Taiwan == There are two [[China|Chinese]] governments: The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC. The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China. The People's Republic of China claims ownership of Taiwan, but it has never ruled over the island of Taiwan. The last time Taiwan and the mainland were united under one government was under the rule of the ROC. Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the [[status quo]]), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China. Most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Although Taiwan is not recognized by the UN as a sovereign nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler |title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be |author=Sigrid Winkler |date=June 2012 |website= |publisher=The Brookings Institution |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> most countries still have close economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. Countries often set up [[de facto]] embassies in Taiwan — officially non-government organizations — that perform the same functions as an [[embassy]]. In 1992, the ROC and PRC agreed to a [[consensus]] that there was only "one China" but that both sides could continue to disagree on what that meant. In [[March]] 2004, China's government passed a law called the Anti-[[Secession]] Law. The law requires the Chinese [[military]] to [[invade]] Taiwan immediately if they declare [[independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/12/chinas-new-anti-secession-law-escalates-tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait |title=China's New "Anti-Secession Law" Escalates Tensions in the TaiwanStrait |author=John J. Tkacik, Jr. |website= |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> Tsai Ing-wen, the elected President of Taiwan, says Taiwan is already an independent country and does not need to declare independence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2020-01-16|title=Tsai says Taiwan is already independent, China invasion 'very costly' {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2020-01-16 09:32:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3858329|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], has vowed "reunification" with Taiwan by any means, including through military force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-reunification-with-taiwan-must-will-be-realised-2021-10-09/ |title=China's Xi vows 'reunification' with Taiwan |author=Carlos Garcia and Yew Lun Tian |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> Joe Biden, Former President of The United States, has said that the US will defend Taiwan from Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-says-united-states-would-come-taiwans-defense-2021-10-22/ |title=Biden says United States would come to Taiwan's defense |author=Trevor Hunnicutt |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=22 October 2021}}</ref> Australia has said they would join the US,<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2021-10-25|title=Australia will support US response if China attacks Taiwan: Australian defense chief {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-10-25 20:54:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4325225|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> and Japan has indicated they may as well. Polls show a majority of people in Taiwan want to never be a part of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Some of these people believe in complete [[Taiwan independence]] and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can participate in international affairs. Most others want the ''[[status quo]]'', which means keeping everything the way it is now. A small minority wish to someday unite with the People's Republic of China; they want [[Chinese reunification]]. ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Taiwan}} [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of the main island.]] The island of Taiwan is about 180 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China. It is across the [[Taiwan Strait]]. It has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[East China Sea]] is to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest.<ref name="yb:geography">{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch01.pdf |pages=13–25 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |year=2011 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091917/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] (Jade Mountain). It is 3,952 meters high (12,966&nbsp;ft). There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. West of Taiwan Island, there are three small [[archipelago|groups of islands]] that also belong to ROC. They are: * The [[Pescadores]] (Penghu, 澎湖列島): They also are part of Taiwan Province. * [[Quemoy]] (Kinmen, 金門): A part of [[Fujian]] province, called Kinmen County(金門縣). * [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] (馬祖列島): the smallest county, called Lienchiang County(連江縣), also part of [[Fujian]] province * [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]]:The Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚臺列嶼|Diàoyútái Lièyû|ㄉㄧㄠˋㄩˊㄊㄞˊㄌㄧㄝˋㄩˊ) are a group of islands where nobody lives that the Republic of China (ROC) claims belong to them, but also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. In Japanese, the islands are known as the [[Senkaku Islands]] (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?). The islands are now under the control of Japan. * [[Dong-Sha Islands]]:The Pratas Islands or Dong-Sha Islands (東沙羣島) consists of three islands in the northeastern South China Sea, 340&nbsp;km southeast of Hong Kong. * [[Taiping]] (Traditional Chinese: 太平島|Tàipíngdǎo|ㄊㄞˋㄆㄧㄥˊㄉㄠˇ), also known as Itu Aba, is the largest of the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) in the South China Sea. ===Cities=== [[File:Taipei,_Taiwan_CBD_Skyline.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Taipei City]], the capital of Taiwan.]] The largest cities in Taiwan are: {| class=wikitable !Rank!!Division name!!Chinese name!!Type!!Population |-align=center |1||align=left|[[New Taipei City]]||新北市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |3,903,745 |-align=center |2||align=left|[[Kaohsiung City]]||高雄市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,772,461 |-align=center |3||align=left|[[Taichung City]]||臺中市 (台中市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,655,456 |-align=center |4||align=left|[[Taipei City]]||臺北市 (台北市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,635,766 |- align="center" |5|| align="left" |[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]] | align="right" |2,163,728 |- align="center" |6|| align="left" |[[Tainan City]]||臺南市 (台南市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |1,874,724 |- align="center" |7|| align="left" |[[Hsinchu City]]||新竹市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |417,335 |-align=center |8||align=left|[[Keelung City]]||基隆市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |381,770 |- align="center" |9|| align="left" |[[Chiayi City]]||嘉義市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |272,128 |- align="center" |10|| align="left" |[[Changhua City]]||彰化市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |236,447 |- align="center" |11|| align="left" |[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |210,275 |- align="center" |12|| align="left" |[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |144,234 |- align="center" |13|| align="left" |[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,938 |- align="center" |14|| align="left" |[[Taitung City]]||臺東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,648 |- align="center" |15|| align="left" |[[Douliu City]]||斗六市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |107,012 |- align="center" |16|| align="left" |[[Nantou City]]||南投市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |- align="center" |17|| align="left" |[[Magong]]||馬公市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Taiwan ROC political divisions labeled.svg|260px]] There are administrative divisions in different levels and types. *Provinces (省 shěng ㄕㄥˇ)<br>(1st level): **[[Taiwan Province, Republic of China|Taiwan Province]] **[[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] *Special municipalities (直轄市 zhíxiáshì ㄓˊㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ)<br>(1st and 2nd level): **[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]] **[[New Taipei City]] **[[Taipei|Taipei City]] **[[Taichung City]] **[[Tainan City]] **[[Taoyuan City]] *Provincial cities (市 shì ㄕˋ)<br>(2nd level): **[[Keelung City]] **[[Hsinchu|Hsinchu City]] **[[Chiayi City]] *Counties (縣 xiàn ㄒㄧㄢˋ)<br>(3rd level): **[[Changhua County]] **[[Chiayi County]] **[[Hsinchu County]] **[[Hualien County]] **[[Kinmen County]] **[[Lienchiang County]] **[[Miaoli County]] **[[Yilan County]] **[[Yunlin County]] 157 Districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 Country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 Urban Townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 Rural Townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. Districts stand under either Special municipalities or Provincial cities; Country-controlled cities, Urban Townships, and Rural Townships stand under Counties. Villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and Neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level. == Language == Most Taiwanese people speak [[Standard Chinese]] known as [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], and others speak local dialects such as [[Min Nan]] (Taiwanese) or [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. The [[Cantonese language]], spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]), is not spoken in Taiwan. A small percentage of Aboriginal Taiwanese speak [[aboriginal]] languages, but the rest of the Chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under Japanese rule can speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1949, they brought Mandarin and promoted it in Taiwan. Then everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. But, unlike the people in Mainland China, the Taiwanese never changed to [[simplified Chinese characters]] and so they have always used [[traditional Chinese characters]]. In the past, students were not allowed to speak their [[first language]] in school and were expected to speak only [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. Currently, nearly one third of Taiwanese report knowing some amount of [[English language|English]]. Full [[English language|English]] fluency is not common, however. The government plans to expand English education and make it an official language by 2030. ==Relations with other countries== United States: In February 2025, the [[State Department]] (USA) removed a statement from its website that said that it does not support Taiwan independence; The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=US drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-drops-website-wording-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-2025-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Taiwan has no embassy in the United States (as of the 2020s). ==Related pages== * [[Political status of Taiwan]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{Wikivoyage|Taiwan}} {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ Office of the Government] {{Taiwan topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Taiwan| ]] l7ti0mg3eldcd1q1gkkckv9q3uvpw5s 10329899 10329896 2025-06-14T12:59:44Z 14.55.56.228 10329899 wikitext text/x-wiki akka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|name = nat-lang|Not designated but meets legal definition}} * [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Taiwan Sign Language]] }} | religion = {{vunblist |43.8% [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Confucianism]]) |21.2% [[Buddhism in Taiwan|Buddhism]] |15.5% Others (including [[Taoism]]) |13.7% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]] |5.8% [[Christianity in Taiwan|Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pew Data on Taiwan religion|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212044947/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="cia-factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lai Ching-te]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Hsiao Bi-khim]] | leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] | leader_name3 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Legislative Yuan President]] | leader_name4 = [[Yu Shyi-kun]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Control Yuan|Control Yuan President]] | leader_name5 = [[Chen Chu]] | leader_title6 = [[List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan|Judicial Yuan President]] | leader_name6 = [[Hsu Tzong-li]] | leader_title7 = [[List of presidents of the Examination Yuan|Examination Yuan President]] | leader_name7 = [[Huang Jong-tsun]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = Establishment | established_date1 = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|1 January 1912]] | established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Took control of Taiwan]] | established_date2 = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|25 October 1945]] | established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1947 | established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date4 = 7 December 1949 | established_event5 = [[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|Status defined by law]] | established_date5 = 16 July 1992 | area_km2 = 36,197 | area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" /><ref name="taiwansnapshot">{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG|title=TAIWAN SNAPSHOT|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,568,378<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|access-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.403&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOTW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,959<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $682.702&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 21st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,123<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews/11002/news11002.pdf |title=GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2020Q4 and Outlook for 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics]] |website=dgbas.gov.tw |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/taiwan/monthly-earnings |title=Taiwan Monthly Earnings (1983 - 2024) – CEIC Data |language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-12-31|access-date=2025-04-15}} - South Korea Monthly Earnings stood at 3,200 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the previous figure of 2,724 USD in Nov 2024.</ref> | Gini = 34.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175850/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/112116036FDX2D8F3.pdf|title=國情統計通報（第 014 號）|publisher= Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC)|date=21 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{bulleted list |YYYY-MM-DD |YYY-MM-DD ([[Minguo calendar]]) }} | electricity = 110 V–60 Hz{{efn|220 V is also used for high power appliances such as air conditioners}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} }} '''Taiwan''', officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 中華民國; [[pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country off the coast of [[China|mainland]] China in [[East Asia]]. The Republic of China once governed all of China ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|from 1911 to 1949]]) but moved to the island of Taiwan after a Chinese [[civil war]]. The ROC includes the [[Taiwan (island)|main island of Taiwan]] plus nearby islands ([[Pescadores]] islands and parts of [[Fujian]]). Taiwan is located southeast of the Chinese mainland, south of [[Japan]], and north of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is [[Taipei]]. Taiwan has also been called '''Formosa''', a Portuguese name which means "beautiful" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Most people living in Taiwan (called Taiwanese) are [[Han Chinese|Han]]. Taiwan has three large Han groups. They speak different [[dialect]]s (variations) of Chinese, and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]), the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (from China), and Mainlanders (from [[Mainland China]] after 1948). There are also Taiwanese Aborigines (native tribes) who lived in Taiwan before the Han came to live there. The largest cities in Taiwan are the capital, [[Taipei]], and the port city of [[Kaohsiung]]. == Timeline == * In AD 230, Taiwan described as "Yizhou" in the account of an expedition undertaken by the Eastern Wu dynasty of China.<ref>Knapp, Ronald G. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan''. The University of Hawaii. p. 5.</ref> * In 1517, A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery ship sees this island and renames it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 [[Dutch (people)|Dutch]] colonize the southern part of Formosa and set up a colonial administration in [[Fort Zeelandia]], and the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonize the north and set up a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or [[Fort Santo Domingo]]. The Dutch later defeat the [[Spaniard]]s and take full control of Formosa. * 1662, Chinese general [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) defeats the Dutch at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and then controls Taiwan.<ref>{{Citation|title=Siege of Fort Zeelandia|date=2020-12-31|url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=7238011|encyclopedia=Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> * 1683, Shi Lang,<ref>{{Citation|title=Shi Lang|date=2022-05-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Lang&oldid=1087386510|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> the commander-in-chief of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] China fleets destroy the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and lead the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning. Taiwan becomes Qing territory. * 1860: Taiwan becomes a [[treaty port]] after the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], opening the island to contact with the world. * 1874: [[Japan]] invades southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the natives there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony. Japanese forces withdraw later in the year after the [[Meiji]] and [[Qing]] empires nearly went to war. * 1884-1885: Taiwan is blockaded by French navy during the [[Sino-Franco]] War. * 1895: Qing China loses the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and gives Taiwan to [[Japan]] permanently (Treaty of Shimonoseki). * 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ends China's last imperial dynasty, the [[Qing dynasty]], and leads to the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. * 1927: Start of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) party and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP). The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II. * 1945: Japan loses [[World War II]] to the U.S. and its allies * 1947: Taiwanese widely protest [[government]]al [[corruption]] under the Nationalists. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sends in the army to restore order, killing tens of thousands. Some Taiwanese began the [[Taiwan independence movement]]. * 1949: ** The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan. They set up [[Taipei]] as the temporary capital of Republic of China (ROC). ** The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). * 1951: Japan signs the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951) with the U.S. and 47 other countries, formally denouncing any claim to Taiwan. * 1952: Japan and the ROC sign the Treaty of Taipei, which is similar to the Treaty of San Francisco. * 1971: Taiwan is expelled from the United Nations and replaced by the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]. * 1979: The KMT government jails many [[democracy]] activists who opposed it ([[Kaohsiung Incident]]). * 1986: The [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT. It remains illegal for the first year, but the KMT government does not try to ban it. * 1987: The KMT government lifts [[martial law]] after almost 40 years. * 1988: [[Lee Teng-hui]] (KMT) became [[President of the Republic of China|president]] after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] dies. * 1995: Lee Teng-hui (KMT) became the first president elected by the people. * 2000: [[Chen Shui-bian]] (DPP) became president. * 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen. However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive. * 2008: Former president Chen Sui-bian and his wife are arrested for corruption and money laundering. * 2008: [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time. * 2009: Kaohsiung hosts the 2009 World Games. * 2016: [[Tsai Ing-wen]] (DPP) was elected as the first female president of Taiwan. * 2019: [[Same-sex marriage]] is legalized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikinews contributors|date=2019-05-19|title=Taiwan&#39;s legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Taiwan's_legislature_first_in_Asia_to_legalize_same-sex_marriage|journal=Wikinews}}</ref> * 2024: [[Lai Ching-te]] (DPP) is elected as the president that made a history for a political party to govern for three consecutive terms after the first presidential election of 1996. == Status of Taiwan == There are two [[China|Chinese]] governments: The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC. The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China. The People's Republic of China claims ownership of Taiwan, but it has never ruled over the island of Taiwan. The last time Taiwan and the mainland were united under one government was under the rule of the ROC. Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the [[status quo]]), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China. Most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Although Taiwan is not recognized by the UN as a sovereign nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler |title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be |author=Sigrid Winkler |date=June 2012 |website= |publisher=The Brookings Institution |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> most countries still have close economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. Countries often set up [[de facto]] embassies in Taiwan — officially non-government organizations — that perform the same functions as an [[embassy]]. In 1992, the ROC and PRC agreed to a [[consensus]] that there was only "one China" but that both sides could continue to disagree on what that meant. In [[March]] 2004, China's government passed a law called the Anti-[[Secession]] Law. The law requires the Chinese [[military]] to [[invade]] Taiwan immediately if they declare [[independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/12/chinas-new-anti-secession-law-escalates-tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait |title=China's New "Anti-Secession Law" Escalates Tensions in the TaiwanStrait |author=John J. Tkacik, Jr. |website= |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> Tsai Ing-wen, the elected President of Taiwan, says Taiwan is already an independent country and does not need to declare independence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2020-01-16|title=Tsai says Taiwan is already independent, China invasion 'very costly' {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2020-01-16 09:32:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3858329|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], has vowed "reunification" with Taiwan by any means, including through military force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-reunification-with-taiwan-must-will-be-realised-2021-10-09/ |title=China's Xi vows 'reunification' with Taiwan |author=Carlos Garcia and Yew Lun Tian |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> Joe Biden, Former President of The United States, has said that the US will defend Taiwan from Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-says-united-states-would-come-taiwans-defense-2021-10-22/ |title=Biden says United States would come to Taiwan's defense |author=Trevor Hunnicutt |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=22 October 2021}}</ref> Australia has said they would join the US,<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2021-10-25|title=Australia will support US response if China attacks Taiwan: Australian defense chief {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-10-25 20:54:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4325225|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> and Japan has indicated they may as well. Polls show a majority of people in Taiwan want to never be a part of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Some of these people believe in complete [[Taiwan independence]] and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can participate in international affairs. Most others want the ''[[status quo]]'', which means keeping everything the way it is now. A small minority wish to someday unite with the People's Republic of China; they want [[Chinese reunification]]. ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Taiwan}} [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of the main island.]] The island of Taiwan is about 180 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China. It is across the [[Taiwan Strait]]. It has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[East China Sea]] is to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest.<ref name="yb:geography">{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch01.pdf |pages=13–25 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |year=2011 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091917/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] (Jade Mountain). It is 3,952 meters high (12,966&nbsp;ft). There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. West of Taiwan Island, there are three small [[archipelago|groups of islands]] that also belong to ROC. They are: * The [[Pescadores]] (Penghu, 澎湖列島): They also are part of Taiwan Province. * [[Quemoy]] (Kinmen, 金門): A part of [[Fujian]] province, called Kinmen County(金門縣). * [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] (馬祖列島): the smallest county, called Lienchiang County(連江縣), also part of [[Fujian]] province * [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]]:The Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚臺列嶼|Diàoyútái Lièyû|ㄉㄧㄠˋㄩˊㄊㄞˊㄌㄧㄝˋㄩˊ) are a group of islands where nobody lives that the Republic of China (ROC) claims belong to them, but also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. In Japanese, the islands are known as the [[Senkaku Islands]] (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?). The islands are now under the control of Japan. * [[Dong-Sha Islands]]:The Pratas Islands or Dong-Sha Islands (東沙羣島) consists of three islands in the northeastern South China Sea, 340&nbsp;km southeast of Hong Kong. * [[Taiping]] (Traditional Chinese: 太平島|Tàipíngdǎo|ㄊㄞˋㄆㄧㄥˊㄉㄠˇ), also known as Itu Aba, is the largest of the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) in the South China Sea. ===Cities=== [[File:Taipei,_Taiwan_CBD_Skyline.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Taipei City]], the capital of Taiwan.]] The largest cities in Taiwan are: {| class=wikitable !Rank!!Division name!!Chinese name!!Type!!Population |-align=center |1||align=left|[[New Taipei City]]||新北市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |3,903,745 |-align=center |2||align=left|[[Kaohsiung City]]||高雄市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,772,461 |-align=center |3||align=left|[[Taichung City]]||臺中市 (台中市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,655,456 |-align=center |4||align=left|[[Taipei City]]||臺北市 (台北市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,635,766 |- align="center" |5|| align="left" |[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]] | align="right" |2,163,728 |- align="center" |6|| align="left" |[[Tainan City]]||臺南市 (台南市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |1,874,724 |- align="center" |7|| align="left" |[[Hsinchu City]]||新竹市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |417,335 |-align=center |8||align=left|[[Keelung City]]||基隆市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |381,770 |- align="center" |9|| align="left" |[[Chiayi City]]||嘉義市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |272,128 |- align="center" |10|| align="left" |[[Changhua City]]||彰化市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |236,447 |- align="center" |11|| align="left" |[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |210,275 |- align="center" |12|| align="left" |[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |144,234 |- align="center" |13|| align="left" |[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,938 |- align="center" |14|| align="left" |[[Taitung City]]||臺東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,648 |- align="center" |15|| align="left" |[[Douliu City]]||斗六市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |107,012 |- align="center" |16|| align="left" |[[Nantou City]]||南投市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |- align="center" |17|| align="left" |[[Magong]]||馬公市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Taiwan ROC political divisions labeled.svg|260px]] There are administrative divisions in different levels and types. *Provinces (省 shěng ㄕㄥˇ)<br>(1st level): **[[Taiwan Province, Republic of China|Taiwan Province]] **[[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] *Special municipalities (直轄市 zhíxiáshì ㄓˊㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ)<br>(1st and 2nd level): **[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]] **[[New Taipei City]] **[[Taipei|Taipei City]] **[[Taichung City]] **[[Tainan City]] **[[Taoyuan City]] *Provincial cities (市 shì ㄕˋ)<br>(2nd level): **[[Keelung City]] **[[Hsinchu|Hsinchu City]] **[[Chiayi City]] *Counties (縣 xiàn ㄒㄧㄢˋ)<br>(3rd level): **[[Changhua County]] **[[Chiayi County]] **[[Hsinchu County]] **[[Hualien County]] **[[Kinmen County]] **[[Lienchiang County]] **[[Miaoli County]] **[[Yilan County]] **[[Yunlin County]] 157 Districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 Country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 Urban Townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 Rural Townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. Districts stand under either Special municipalities or Provincial cities; Country-controlled cities, Urban Townships, and Rural Townships stand under Counties. Villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and Neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level. == Language == Most Taiwanese people speak [[Standard Chinese]] known as [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], and others speak local dialects such as [[Min Nan]] (Taiwanese) or [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. The [[Cantonese language]], spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]), is not spoken in Taiwan. A small percentage of Aboriginal Taiwanese speak [[aboriginal]] languages, but the rest of the Chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under Japanese rule can speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1949, they brought Mandarin and promoted it in Taiwan. Then everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. But, unlike the people in Mainland China, the Taiwanese never changed to [[simplified Chinese characters]] and so they have always used [[traditional Chinese characters]]. In the past, students were not allowed to speak their [[first language]] in school and were expected to speak only [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. Currently, nearly one third of Taiwanese report knowing some amount of [[English language|English]]. Full [[English language|English]] fluency is not common, however. The government plans to expand English education and make it an official language by 2030. ==Relations with other countries== United States: In February 2025, the [[State Department]] (USA) removed a statement from its website that said that it does not support Taiwan independence; The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=US drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-drops-website-wording-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-2025-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Taiwan has no embassy in the United States (as of the 2020s). ==Related pages== * [[Political status of Taiwan]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{Wikivoyage|Taiwan}} {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ Office of the Government] {{Taiwan topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Taiwan| ]] 2v4kdeixbtethftc93opa4vfnnbv0yz 10329900 10329899 2025-06-14T12:59:50Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/14.55.56.228|14.55.56.228]] ([[User talk:14.55.56.228|talk]]) to last version by Kbiconic 10294225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the Republic of China now|the history of Taiwan before 1949|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of China | common_name = Republic of China | native_name = {{lang|zh-tw|中華民國}}<br/>''Zhōnghuá Mínguó''{{efn|See [[Names of the Republic of China]].}}<!-- Do not change to "Jhonghua Minguo" (i.e. Tongyong pinyin) because Hanyu pinyin is the official romanization from 1 January 2009. --> | image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg | alt_flag = A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. | flag_type = [[Flag of the Republic of China|Flag]] | image_coat = National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg | alt_coat = A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. | other_symbol = '''[[Seal of the Republic of China|National seal]]'''<br>{{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國之璽}}<br/>"[[Seal of the Republic of China]]"<br />[[File:中華民國之璽.svg|85px]]<hr>'''National flower'''<br>[[File:Meihua ROC.svg|20px]]<br>{{lang|zh-Hant|梅花}}<br />[[National Flower of the Republic of China|Plum blossom]] | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Taiwan|Emblem]] | national_anthem = {{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē''<br/>"[[National Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | flag_anthem = {{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國旗歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē''<br />"[[National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:中華民國國旗歌 (演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Free Area of the Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe ([[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] highlighted)|[[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of [[Free area of the Republic of China|territories administered by the ROC (Free Area)]]|[[File:Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Taiwan (dark green) with maximal historical extent of ROC territorial claims (light green)|default=1}} | map_caption = | largest_city = [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]] | capital = [[Taipei]]{{efn|[[Taipei]] is the official seat of [[government of the Republic of China]] although the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] does not specify the ''de jure'' capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |title=Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government" |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101013333/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="capital">{{cite news |title=Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital |date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|25|04|N|121|31|E|type:city_region:TW}} | ethnic_groups = >95% [[Han Taiwanese]]<br>—70% [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]]<br>—14% [[Hakka people|Hakka]]<br>—14% [[Waishengren]]<br>2% [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Indigenous]]<ref>{{cite book |year=2016 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2016 |publisher=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |access-date=31 May 2020 |isbn=9789860499490 |page=10 |quote=Ethnicity: Over 95 percent Han Chinese (including Holo, Hakka and other groups originating in mainland China); 2 percent indigenous Austronesian peoples |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185112/https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|Mixed indigenous-Han ancestry is included in the figure for Han Chinese.}} | official_languages = None designated (''[[de jure]]'')<br><br>[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]] (''[[de facto]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=推動雙語國家政策問題研析|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=173510 |website=www.ly.gov.tw | date=23 July 2013 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref><br><br>[[Vernacular Chinese]] (used in more serious scenarios)<ref>{{cite web|title=法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明|url=http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|access-date=2 June 2021|language=zh|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215646/http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Official script]] | languages = [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=行政院第3251次院會決議 |url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/4EC2394BE4EE9DD0/51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578|website=www.ey.gov.tw |date=December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref> | languages2_type = [[National language]]s{{efn|A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".<ref name="natLangAct">{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言發展法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=zh}}</ref>}} | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date = 22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|name = nat-lang|Not designated but meets legal definition}} * [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Taiwan Sign Language]] }} | religion = {{vunblist |43.8% [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Confucianism]]) |21.2% [[Buddhism in Taiwan|Buddhism]] |15.5% Others (including [[Taoism]]) |13.7% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]] |5.8% [[Christianity in Taiwan|Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pew Data on Taiwan religion|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212044947/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="cia-factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lai Ching-te]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Hsiao Bi-khim]] | leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] | leader_name3 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Legislative Yuan President]] | leader_name4 = [[Yu Shyi-kun]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Control Yuan|Control Yuan President]] | leader_name5 = [[Chen Chu]] | leader_title6 = [[List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan|Judicial Yuan President]] | leader_name6 = [[Hsu Tzong-li]] | leader_title7 = [[List of presidents of the Examination Yuan|Examination Yuan President]] | leader_name7 = [[Huang Jong-tsun]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = Establishment | established_date1 = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|1 January 1912]] | established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Took control of Taiwan]] | established_date2 = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|25 October 1945]] | established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1947 | established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date4 = 7 December 1949 | established_event5 = [[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|Status defined by law]] | established_date5 = 16 July 1992 | area_km2 = 36,197 | area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" /><ref name="taiwansnapshot">{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG|title=TAIWAN SNAPSHOT|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,568,378<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|access-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.403&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOTW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,959<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $682.702&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 21st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,123<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews/11002/news11002.pdf |title=GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2020Q4 and Outlook for 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics]] |website=dgbas.gov.tw |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/taiwan/monthly-earnings |title=Taiwan Monthly Earnings (1983 - 2024) – CEIC Data |language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-12-31|access-date=2025-04-15}} - South Korea Monthly Earnings stood at 3,200 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the previous figure of 2,724 USD in Nov 2024.</ref> | Gini = 34.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175850/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/112116036FDX2D8F3.pdf|title=國情統計通報（第 014 號）|publisher= Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC)|date=21 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{bulleted list |YYYY-MM-DD |YYY-MM-DD ([[Minguo calendar]]) }} | electricity = 110 V–60 Hz{{efn|220 V is also used for high power appliances such as air conditioners}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} }} '''Taiwan''', officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 中華民國; [[pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country off the coast of [[China|mainland]] China in [[East Asia]]. The Republic of China once governed all of China ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|from 1911 to 1949]]) but moved to the island of Taiwan after a Chinese [[civil war]]. The ROC includes the [[Taiwan (island)|main island of Taiwan]] plus nearby islands ([[Pescadores]] islands and parts of [[Fujian]]). Taiwan is located southeast of the Chinese mainland, south of [[Japan]], and north of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is [[Taipei]]. Taiwan has also been called '''Formosa''', a Portuguese name which means "beautiful" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Most people living in Taiwan (called Taiwanese) are [[Han Chinese|Han]]. Taiwan has three large Han groups. They speak different [[dialect]]s (variations) of Chinese, and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]), the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (from China), and Mainlanders (from [[Mainland China]] after 1948). There are also Taiwanese Aborigines (native tribes) who lived in Taiwan before the Han came to live there. The largest cities in Taiwan are the capital, [[Taipei]], and the port city of [[Kaohsiung]]. == Timeline == * In AD 230, Taiwan described as "Yizhou" in the account of an expedition undertaken by the Eastern Wu dynasty of China.<ref>Knapp, Ronald G. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan''. The University of Hawaii. p. 5.</ref> * In 1517, A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery ship sees this island and renames it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 [[Dutch (people)|Dutch]] colonize the southern part of Formosa and set up a colonial administration in [[Fort Zeelandia]], and the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonize the north and set up a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or [[Fort Santo Domingo]]. The Dutch later defeat the [[Spaniard]]s and take full control of Formosa. * 1662, Chinese general [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) defeats the Dutch at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and then controls Taiwan.<ref>{{Citation|title=Siege of Fort Zeelandia|date=2020-12-31|url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=7238011|encyclopedia=Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> * 1683, Shi Lang,<ref>{{Citation|title=Shi Lang|date=2022-05-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Lang&oldid=1087386510|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> the commander-in-chief of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] China fleets destroy the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and lead the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning. Taiwan becomes Qing territory. * 1860: Taiwan becomes a [[treaty port]] after the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], opening the island to contact with the world. * 1874: [[Japan]] invades southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the natives there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony. Japanese forces withdraw later in the year after the [[Meiji]] and [[Qing]] empires nearly went to war. * 1884-1885: Taiwan is blockaded by French navy during the [[Sino-Franco]] War. * 1895: Qing China loses the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and gives Taiwan to [[Japan]] permanently (Treaty of Shimonoseki). * 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ends China's last imperial dynasty, the [[Qing dynasty]], and leads to the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. * 1927: Start of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) party and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP). The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II. * 1945: Japan loses [[World War II]] to the U.S. and its allies * 1947: Taiwanese widely protest [[government]]al [[corruption]] under the Nationalists. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sends in the army to restore order, killing tens of thousands. Some Taiwanese began the [[Taiwan independence movement]]. * 1949: ** The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan. They set up [[Taipei]] as the temporary capital of Republic of China (ROC). ** The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). * 1951: Japan signs the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951) with the U.S. and 47 other countries, formally denouncing any claim to Taiwan. * 1952: Japan and the ROC sign the Treaty of Taipei, which is similar to the Treaty of San Francisco. * 1971: Taiwan is expelled from the United Nations and replaced by the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]. * 1979: The KMT government jails many [[democracy]] activists who opposed it ([[Kaohsiung Incident]]). * 1986: The [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT. It remains illegal for the first year, but the KMT government does not try to ban it. * 1987: The KMT government lifts [[martial law]] after almost 40 years. * 1988: [[Lee Teng-hui]] (KMT) became [[President of the Republic of China|president]] after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] dies. * 1995: Lee Teng-hui (KMT) became the first president elected by the people. * 2000: [[Chen Shui-bian]] (DPP) became president. * 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen. However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive. * 2008: Former president Chen Sui-bian and his wife are arrested for corruption and money laundering. * 2008: [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time. * 2009: Kaohsiung hosts the 2009 World Games. * 2016: [[Tsai Ing-wen]] (DPP) was elected as the first female president of Taiwan. * 2019: [[Same-sex marriage]] is legalized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikinews contributors|date=2019-05-19|title=Taiwan&#39;s legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Taiwan's_legislature_first_in_Asia_to_legalize_same-sex_marriage|journal=Wikinews}}</ref> * 2024: [[Lai Ching-te]] (DPP) is elected as the president that made a history for a political party to govern for three consecutive terms after the first presidential election of 1996. == Status of Taiwan == There are two [[China|Chinese]] governments: The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC. The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China. The People's Republic of China claims ownership of Taiwan, but it has never ruled over the island of Taiwan. The last time Taiwan and the mainland were united under one government was under the rule of the ROC. Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the [[status quo]]), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China. Most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Although Taiwan is not recognized by the UN as a sovereign nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler |title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be |author=Sigrid Winkler |date=June 2012 |website= |publisher=The Brookings Institution |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> most countries still have close economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. Countries often set up [[de facto]] embassies in Taiwan — officially non-government organizations — that perform the same functions as an [[embassy]]. In 1992, the ROC and PRC agreed to a [[consensus]] that there was only "one China" but that both sides could continue to disagree on what that meant. In [[March]] 2004, China's government passed a law called the Anti-[[Secession]] Law. The law requires the Chinese [[military]] to [[invade]] Taiwan immediately if they declare [[independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/12/chinas-new-anti-secession-law-escalates-tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait |title=China's New "Anti-Secession Law" Escalates Tensions in the TaiwanStrait |author=John J. Tkacik, Jr. |website= |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> Tsai Ing-wen, the elected President of Taiwan, says Taiwan is already an independent country and does not need to declare independence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2020-01-16|title=Tsai says Taiwan is already independent, China invasion 'very costly' {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2020-01-16 09:32:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3858329|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], has vowed "reunification" with Taiwan by any means, including through military force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-reunification-with-taiwan-must-will-be-realised-2021-10-09/ |title=China's Xi vows 'reunification' with Taiwan |author=Carlos Garcia and Yew Lun Tian |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> Joe Biden, Former President of The United States, has said that the US will defend Taiwan from Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-says-united-states-would-come-taiwans-defense-2021-10-22/ |title=Biden says United States would come to Taiwan's defense |author=Trevor Hunnicutt |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=22 October 2021}}</ref> Australia has said they would join the US,<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2021-10-25|title=Australia will support US response if China attacks Taiwan: Australian defense chief {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-10-25 20:54:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4325225|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> and Japan has indicated they may as well. Polls show a majority of people in Taiwan want to never be a part of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Some of these people believe in complete [[Taiwan independence]] and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can participate in international affairs. Most others want the ''[[status quo]]'', which means keeping everything the way it is now. A small minority wish to someday unite with the People's Republic of China; they want [[Chinese reunification]]. ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Taiwan}} [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of the main island.]] The island of Taiwan is about 180 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China. It is across the [[Taiwan Strait]]. It has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[East China Sea]] is to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest.<ref name="yb:geography">{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch01.pdf |pages=13–25 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |year=2011 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091917/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] (Jade Mountain). It is 3,952 meters high (12,966&nbsp;ft). There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. West of Taiwan Island, there are three small [[archipelago|groups of islands]] that also belong to ROC. They are: * The [[Pescadores]] (Penghu, 澎湖列島): They also are part of Taiwan Province. * [[Quemoy]] (Kinmen, 金門): A part of [[Fujian]] province, called Kinmen County(金門縣). * [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] (馬祖列島): the smallest county, called Lienchiang County(連江縣), also part of [[Fujian]] province * [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]]:The Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚臺列嶼|Diàoyútái Lièyû|ㄉㄧㄠˋㄩˊㄊㄞˊㄌㄧㄝˋㄩˊ) are a group of islands where nobody lives that the Republic of China (ROC) claims belong to them, but also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. In Japanese, the islands are known as the [[Senkaku Islands]] (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?). The islands are now under the control of Japan. * [[Dong-Sha Islands]]:The Pratas Islands or Dong-Sha Islands (東沙羣島) consists of three islands in the northeastern South China Sea, 340&nbsp;km southeast of Hong Kong. * [[Taiping]] (Traditional Chinese: 太平島|Tàipíngdǎo|ㄊㄞˋㄆㄧㄥˊㄉㄠˇ), also known as Itu Aba, is the largest of the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) in the South China Sea. ===Cities=== [[File:Taipei,_Taiwan_CBD_Skyline.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Taipei City]], the capital of Taiwan.]] The largest cities in Taiwan are: {| class=wikitable !Rank!!Division name!!Chinese name!!Type!!Population |-align=center |1||align=left|[[New Taipei City]]||新北市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |3,903,745 |-align=center |2||align=left|[[Kaohsiung City]]||高雄市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,772,461 |-align=center |3||align=left|[[Taichung City]]||臺中市 (台中市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,655,456 |-align=center |4||align=left|[[Taipei City]]||臺北市 (台北市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,635,766 |- align="center" |5|| align="left" |[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]] | align="right" |2,163,728 |- align="center" |6|| align="left" |[[Tainan City]]||臺南市 (台南市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |1,874,724 |- align="center" |7|| align="left" |[[Hsinchu City]]||新竹市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |417,335 |-align=center |8||align=left|[[Keelung City]]||基隆市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |381,770 |- align="center" |9|| align="left" |[[Chiayi City]]||嘉義市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |272,128 |- align="center" |10|| align="left" |[[Changhua City]]||彰化市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |236,447 |- align="center" |11|| align="left" |[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |210,275 |- align="center" |12|| align="left" |[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |144,234 |- align="center" |13|| align="left" |[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,938 |- align="center" |14|| align="left" |[[Taitung City]]||臺東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,648 |- align="center" |15|| align="left" |[[Douliu City]]||斗六市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |107,012 |- align="center" |16|| align="left" |[[Nantou City]]||南投市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |- align="center" |17|| align="left" |[[Magong]]||馬公市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Taiwan ROC political divisions labeled.svg|260px]] There are administrative divisions in different levels and types. *Provinces (省 shěng ㄕㄥˇ)<br>(1st level): **[[Taiwan Province, Republic of China|Taiwan Province]] **[[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] *Special municipalities (直轄市 zhíxiáshì ㄓˊㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ)<br>(1st and 2nd level): **[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]] **[[New Taipei City]] **[[Taipei|Taipei City]] **[[Taichung City]] **[[Tainan City]] **[[Taoyuan City]] *Provincial cities (市 shì ㄕˋ)<br>(2nd level): **[[Keelung City]] **[[Hsinchu|Hsinchu City]] **[[Chiayi City]] *Counties (縣 xiàn ㄒㄧㄢˋ)<br>(3rd level): **[[Changhua County]] **[[Chiayi County]] **[[Hsinchu County]] **[[Hualien County]] **[[Kinmen County]] **[[Lienchiang County]] **[[Miaoli County]] **[[Yilan County]] **[[Yunlin County]] 157 Districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 Country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 Urban Townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 Rural Townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. Districts stand under either Special municipalities or Provincial cities; Country-controlled cities, Urban Townships, and Rural Townships stand under Counties. Villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and Neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level. == Language == Most Taiwanese people speak [[Standard Chinese]] known as [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], and others speak local dialects such as [[Min Nan]] (Taiwanese) or [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. The [[Cantonese language]], spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]), is not spoken in Taiwan. A small percentage of Aboriginal Taiwanese speak [[aboriginal]] languages, but the rest of the Chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under Japanese rule can speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1949, they brought Mandarin and promoted it in Taiwan. Then everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. But, unlike the people in Mainland China, the Taiwanese never changed to [[simplified Chinese characters]] and so they have always used [[traditional Chinese characters]]. In the past, students were not allowed to speak their [[first language]] in school and were expected to speak only [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. Currently, nearly one third of Taiwanese report knowing some amount of [[English language|English]]. Full [[English language|English]] fluency is not common, however. The government plans to expand English education and make it an official language by 2030. ==Relations with other countries== United States: In February 2025, the [[State Department]] (USA) removed a statement from its website that said that it does not support Taiwan independence; The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=US drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-drops-website-wording-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-2025-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Taiwan has no embassy in the United States (as of the 2020s). ==Related pages== * [[Political status of Taiwan]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{Wikivoyage|Taiwan}} {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ Office of the Government] {{Taiwan topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Taiwan| ]] 0djv33zkhn92x1d0plrw80kybbmbk1k 10329902 10329900 2025-06-14T13:00:31Z 14.55.56.228 10329902 wikitext text/x-wiki {rgin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | flag_anthem = {{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國旗歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē''<br />"[[National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:中華民國國旗歌 (演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Free Area of the Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe ([[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] highlighted)|[[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of [[Free area of the Republic of China|territories administered by the ROC (Free Area)]]|[[File:Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Taiwan (dark green) with maximal historical extent of ROC territorial claims (light green)|default=1}} | map_caption = | largest_city = [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]] | capital = [[Taipei]]{{efn|[[Taipei]] is the official seat of [[government of the Republic of China]] although the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] does not specify the ''de jure'' capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |title=Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government" |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101013333/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="capital">{{cite news |title=Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital |date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|25|04|N|121|31|E|type:city_region:TW}} | ethnic_groups = >95% [[Han Taiwanese]]<br>—70% [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]]<br>—14% [[Hakka people|Hakka]]<br>—14% [[Waishengren]]<br>2% [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Indigenous]]<ref>{{cite book |year=2016 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2016 |publisher=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |access-date=31 May 2020 |isbn=9789860499490 |page=10 |quote=Ethnicity: Over 95 percent Han Chinese (including Holo, Hakka and other groups originating in mainland China); 2 percent indigenous Austronesian peoples |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185112/https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|Mixed indigenous-Han ancestry is included in the figure for Han Chinese.}} | official_languages = None designated (''[[de jure]]'')<br><br>[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]] (''[[de facto]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=推動雙語國家政策問題研析|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=173510 |website=www.ly.gov.tw | date=23 July 2013 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref><br><br>[[Vernacular Chinese]] (used in more serious scenarios)<ref>{{cite web|title=法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明|url=http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|access-date=2 June 2021|language=zh|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215646/http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Official script]] | languages = [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=行政院第3251次院會決議 |url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/4EC2394BE4EE9DD0/51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578|website=www.ey.gov.tw |date=December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref> | languages2_type = [[National language]]s{{efn|A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".<ref name="natLangAct">{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言發展法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=zh}}</ref>}} | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date = 22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|name = nat-lang|Not designated but meets legal definition}} * [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Taiwan Sign Language]] }} | religion = {{vunblist |43.8% [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Confucianism]]) |21.2% [[Buddhism in Taiwan|Buddhism]] |15.5% Others (including [[Taoism]]) |13.7% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]] |5.8% [[Christianity in Taiwan|Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pew Data on Taiwan religion|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212044947/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="cia-factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lai Ching-te]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Hsiao Bi-khim]] | leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] | leader_name3 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Legislative Yuan President]] | leader_name4 = [[Yu Shyi-kun]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Control Yuan|Control Yuan President]] | leader_name5 = [[Chen Chu]] | leader_title6 = [[List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan|Judicial Yuan President]] | leader_name6 = [[Hsu Tzong-li]] | leader_title7 = [[List of presidents of the Examination Yuan|Examination Yuan President]] | leader_name7 = [[Huang Jong-tsun]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = Establishment | established_date1 = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|1 January 1912]] | established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Took control of Taiwan]] | established_date2 = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|25 October 1945]] | established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1947 | established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date4 = 7 December 1949 | established_event5 = [[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|Status defined by law]] | established_date5 = 16 July 1992 | area_km2 = 36,197 | area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" /><ref name="taiwansnapshot">{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG|title=TAIWAN SNAPSHOT|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,568,378<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|access-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.403&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOTW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,959<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $682.702&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 21st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,123<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews/11002/news11002.pdf |title=GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2020Q4 and Outlook for 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics]] |website=dgbas.gov.tw |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/taiwan/monthly-earnings |title=Taiwan Monthly Earnings (1983 - 2024) – CEIC Data |language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-12-31|access-date=2025-04-15}} - South Korea Monthly Earnings stood at 3,200 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the previous figure of 2,724 USD in Nov 2024.</ref> | Gini = 34.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175850/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/112116036FDX2D8F3.pdf|title=國情統計通報（第 014 號）|publisher= Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC)|date=21 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{bulleted list |YYYY-MM-DD |YYY-MM-DD ([[Minguo calendar]]) }} | electricity = 110 V–60 Hz{{efn|220 V is also used for high power appliances such as air conditioners}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} }} '''Taiwan''', officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 中華民國; [[pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country off the coast of [[China|mainland]] China in [[East Asia]]. The Republic of China once governed all of China ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|from 1911 to 1949]]) but moved to the island of Taiwan after a Chinese [[civil war]]. The ROC includes the [[Taiwan (island)|main island of Taiwan]] plus nearby islands ([[Pescadores]] islands and parts of [[Fujian]]). Taiwan is located southeast of the Chinese mainland, south of [[Japan]], and north of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is [[Taipei]]. Taiwan has also been called '''Formosa''', a Portuguese name which means "beautiful" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Most people living in Taiwan (called Taiwanese) are [[Han Chinese|Han]]. Taiwan has three large Han groups. They speak different [[dialect]]s (variations) of Chinese, and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]), the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (from China), and Mainlanders (from [[Mainland China]] after 1948). There are also Taiwanese Aborigines (native tribes) who lived in Taiwan before the Han came to live there. The largest cities in Taiwan are the capital, [[Taipei]], and the port city of [[Kaohsiung]]. == Timeline == * In AD 230, Taiwan described as "Yizhou" in the account of an expedition undertaken by the Eastern Wu dynasty of China.<ref>Knapp, Ronald G. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan''. The University of Hawaii. p. 5.</ref> * In 1517, A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery ship sees this island and renames it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 [[Dutch (people)|Dutch]] colonize the southern part of Formosa and set up a colonial administration in [[Fort Zeelandia]], and the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonize the north and set up a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or [[Fort Santo Domingo]]. The Dutch later defeat the [[Spaniard]]s and take full control of Formosa. * 1662, Chinese general [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) defeats the Dutch at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and then controls Taiwan.<ref>{{Citation|title=Siege of Fort Zeelandia|date=2020-12-31|url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=7238011|encyclopedia=Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> * 1683, Shi Lang,<ref>{{Citation|title=Shi Lang|date=2022-05-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Lang&oldid=1087386510|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> the commander-in-chief of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] China fleets destroy the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and lead the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning. Taiwan becomes Qing territory. * 1860: Taiwan becomes a [[treaty port]] after the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], opening the island to contact with the world. * 1874: [[Japan]] invades southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the natives there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony. Japanese forces withdraw later in the year after the [[Meiji]] and [[Qing]] empires nearly went to war. * 1884-1885: Taiwan is blockaded by French navy during the [[Sino-Franco]] War. * 1895: Qing China loses the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and gives Taiwan to [[Japan]] permanently (Treaty of Shimonoseki). * 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ends China's last imperial dynasty, the [[Qing dynasty]], and leads to the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. * 1927: Start of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) party and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP). The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II. * 1945: Japan loses [[World War II]] to the U.S. and its allies * 1947: Taiwanese widely protest [[government]]al [[corruption]] under the Nationalists. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sends in the army to restore order, killing tens of thousands. Some Taiwanese began the [[Taiwan independence movement]]. * 1949: ** The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan. They set up [[Taipei]] as the temporary capital of Republic of China (ROC). ** The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). * 1951: Japan signs the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951) with the U.S. and 47 other countries, formally denouncing any claim to Taiwan. * 1952: Japan and the ROC sign the Treaty of Taipei, which is similar to the Treaty of San Francisco. * 1971: Taiwan is expelled from the United Nations and replaced by the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]. * 1979: The KMT government jails many [[democracy]] activists who opposed it ([[Kaohsiung Incident]]). * 1986: The [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT. It remains illegal for the first year, but the KMT government does not try to ban it. * 1987: The KMT government lifts [[martial law]] after almost 40 years. * 1988: [[Lee Teng-hui]] (KMT) became [[President of the Republic of China|president]] after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] dies. * 1995: Lee Teng-hui (KMT) became the first president elected by the people. * 2000: [[Chen Shui-bian]] (DPP) became president. * 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen. However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive. * 2008: Former president Chen Sui-bian and his wife are arrested for corruption and money laundering. * 2008: [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time. * 2009: Kaohsiung hosts the 2009 World Games. * 2016: [[Tsai Ing-wen]] (DPP) was elected as the first female president of Taiwan. * 2019: [[Same-sex marriage]] is legalized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikinews contributors|date=2019-05-19|title=Taiwan&#39;s legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Taiwan's_legislature_first_in_Asia_to_legalize_same-sex_marriage|journal=Wikinews}}</ref> * 2024: [[Lai Ching-te]] (DPP) is elected as the president that made a history for a political party to govern for three consecutive terms after the first presidential election of 1996. == Status of Taiwan == There are two [[China|Chinese]] governments: The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC. The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China. The People's Republic of China claims ownership of Taiwan, but it has never ruled over the island of Taiwan. The last time Taiwan and the mainland were united under one government was under the rule of the ROC. Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the [[status quo]]), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China. Most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Although Taiwan is not recognized by the UN as a sovereign nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler |title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be |author=Sigrid Winkler |date=June 2012 |website= |publisher=The Brookings Institution |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> most countries still have close economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. Countries often set up [[de facto]] embassies in Taiwan — officially non-government organizations — that perform the same functions as an [[embassy]]. In 1992, the ROC and PRC agreed to a [[consensus]] that there was only "one China" but that both sides could continue to disagree on what that meant. In [[March]] 2004, China's government passed a law called the Anti-[[Secession]] Law. The law requires the Chinese [[military]] to [[invade]] Taiwan immediately if they declare [[independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/12/chinas-new-anti-secession-law-escalates-tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait |title=China's New "Anti-Secession Law" Escalates Tensions in the TaiwanStrait |author=John J. Tkacik, Jr. |website= |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> Tsai Ing-wen, the elected President of Taiwan, says Taiwan is already an independent country and does not need to declare independence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2020-01-16|title=Tsai says Taiwan is already independent, China invasion 'very costly' {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2020-01-16 09:32:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3858329|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], has vowed "reunification" with Taiwan by any means, including through military force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-reunification-with-taiwan-must-will-be-realised-2021-10-09/ |title=China's Xi vows 'reunification' with Taiwan |author=Carlos Garcia and Yew Lun Tian |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> Joe Biden, Former President of The United States, has said that the US will defend Taiwan from Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-says-united-states-would-come-taiwans-defense-2021-10-22/ |title=Biden says United States would come to Taiwan's defense |author=Trevor Hunnicutt |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=22 October 2021}}</ref> Australia has said they would join the US,<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2021-10-25|title=Australia will support US response if China attacks Taiwan: Australian defense chief {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-10-25 20:54:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4325225|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> and Japan has indicated they may as well. Polls show a majority of people in Taiwan want to never be a part of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Some of these people believe in complete [[Taiwan independence]] and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can participate in international affairs. Most others want the ''[[status quo]]'', which means keeping everything the way it is now. A small minority wish to someday unite with the People's Republic of China; they want [[Chinese reunification]]. ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Taiwan}} [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of the main island.]] The island of Taiwan is about 180 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China. It is across the [[Taiwan Strait]]. It has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[East China Sea]] is to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest.<ref name="yb:geography">{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch01.pdf |pages=13–25 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |year=2011 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091917/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] (Jade Mountain). It is 3,952 meters high (12,966&nbsp;ft). There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. West of Taiwan Island, there are three small [[archipelago|groups of islands]] that also belong to ROC. They are: * The [[Pescadores]] (Penghu, 澎湖列島): They also are part of Taiwan Province. * [[Quemoy]] (Kinmen, 金門): A part of [[Fujian]] province, called Kinmen County(金門縣). * [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] (馬祖列島): the smallest county, called Lienchiang County(連江縣), also part of [[Fujian]] province * [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]]:The Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚臺列嶼|Diàoyútái Lièyû|ㄉㄧㄠˋㄩˊㄊㄞˊㄌㄧㄝˋㄩˊ) are a group of islands where nobody lives that the Republic of China (ROC) claims belong to them, but also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. In Japanese, the islands are known as the [[Senkaku Islands]] (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?). The islands are now under the control of Japan. * [[Dong-Sha Islands]]:The Pratas Islands or Dong-Sha Islands (東沙羣島) consists of three islands in the northeastern South China Sea, 340&nbsp;km southeast of Hong Kong. * [[Taiping]] (Traditional Chinese: 太平島|Tàipíngdǎo|ㄊㄞˋㄆㄧㄥˊㄉㄠˇ), also known as Itu Aba, is the largest of the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) in the South China Sea. ===Cities=== [[File:Taipei,_Taiwan_CBD_Skyline.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Taipei City]], the capital of Taiwan.]] The largest cities in Taiwan are: {| class=wikitable !Rank!!Division name!!Chinese name!!Type!!Population |-align=center |1||align=left|[[New Taipei City]]||新北市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |3,903,745 |-align=center |2||align=left|[[Kaohsiung City]]||高雄市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,772,461 |-align=center |3||align=left|[[Taichung City]]||臺中市 (台中市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,655,456 |-align=center |4||align=left|[[Taipei City]]||臺北市 (台北市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,635,766 |- align="center" |5|| align="left" |[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]] | align="right" |2,163,728 |- align="center" |6|| align="left" |[[Tainan City]]||臺南市 (台南市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |1,874,724 |- align="center" |7|| align="left" |[[Hsinchu City]]||新竹市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |417,335 |-align=center |8||align=left|[[Keelung City]]||基隆市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |381,770 |- align="center" |9|| align="left" |[[Chiayi City]]||嘉義市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |272,128 |- align="center" |10|| align="left" |[[Changhua City]]||彰化市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |236,447 |- align="center" |11|| align="left" |[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |210,275 |- align="center" |12|| align="left" |[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |144,234 |- align="center" |13|| align="left" |[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,938 |- align="center" |14|| align="left" |[[Taitung City]]||臺東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,648 |- align="center" |15|| align="left" |[[Douliu City]]||斗六市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |107,012 |- align="center" |16|| align="left" |[[Nantou City]]||南投市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |- align="center" |17|| align="left" |[[Magong]]||馬公市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Taiwan ROC political divisions labeled.svg|260px]] There are administrative divisions in different levels and types. *Provinces (省 shěng ㄕㄥˇ)<br>(1st level): **[[Taiwan Province, Republic of China|Taiwan Province]] **[[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] *Special municipalities (直轄市 zhíxiáshì ㄓˊㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ)<br>(1st and 2nd level): **[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]] **[[New Taipei City]] **[[Taipei|Taipei City]] **[[Taichung City]] **[[Tainan City]] **[[Taoyuan City]] *Provincial cities (市 shì ㄕˋ)<br>(2nd level): **[[Keelung City]] **[[Hsinchu|Hsinchu City]] **[[Chiayi City]] *Counties (縣 xiàn ㄒㄧㄢˋ)<br>(3rd level): **[[Changhua County]] **[[Chiayi County]] **[[Hsinchu County]] **[[Hualien County]] **[[Kinmen County]] **[[Lienchiang County]] **[[Miaoli County]] **[[Yilan County]] **[[Yunlin County]] 157 Districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 Country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 Urban Townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 Rural Townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. Districts stand under either Special municipalities or Provincial cities; Country-controlled cities, Urban Townships, and Rural Townships stand under Counties. Villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and Neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level. == Language == Most Taiwanese people speak [[Standard Chinese]] known as [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], and others speak local dialects such as [[Min Nan]] (Taiwanese) or [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. The [[Cantonese language]], spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]), is not spoken in Taiwan. A small percentage of Aboriginal Taiwanese speak [[aboriginal]] languages, but the rest of the Chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under Japanese rule can speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1949, they brought Mandarin and promoted it in Taiwan. Then everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. But, unlike the people in Mainland China, the Taiwanese never changed to [[simplified Chinese characters]] and so they have always used [[traditional Chinese characters]]. In the past, students were not allowed to speak their [[first language]] in school and were expected to speak only [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. Currently, nearly one third of Taiwanese report knowing some amount of [[English language|English]]. Full [[English language|English]] fluency is not common, however. The government plans to expand English education and make it an official language by 2030. ==Relations with other countries== United States: In February 2025, the [[State Department]] (USA) removed a statement from its website that said that it does not support Taiwan independence; The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=US drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-drops-website-wording-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-2025-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Taiwan has no embassy in the United States (as of the 2020s). ==Related pages== * [[Political status of Taiwan]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{Wikivoyage|Taiwan}} {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ Office of the Government] {{Taiwan topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Taiwan| ]] 2v76qfno9nu3t0qvu0bjr9gy8fi2yyo 10329903 10329902 2025-06-14T13:00:48Z 14.55.56.228 10329903 wikitext text/x-wiki esident]] | leader_name2 = [[Hsiao Bi-khim]] | leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] | leader_name3 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Legislative Yuan President]] | leader_name4 = [[Yu Shyi-kun]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Control Yuan|Control Yuan President]] | leader_name5 = [[Chen Chu]] | leader_title6 = [[List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan|Judicial Yuan President]] | leader_name6 = [[Hsu Tzong-li]] | leader_title7 = [[List of presidents of the Examination Yuan|Examination Yuan President]] | leader_name7 = [[Huang Jong-tsun]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = Establishment | established_date1 = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|1 January 1912]] | established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Took control of Taiwan]] | established_date2 = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|25 October 1945]] | established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1947 | established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date4 = 7 December 1949 | established_event5 = [[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|Status defined by law]] | established_date5 = 16 July 1992 | area_km2 = 36,197 | area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" /><ref name="taiwansnapshot">{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG|title=TAIWAN SNAPSHOT|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,568,378<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|access-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.403&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOTW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,959<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $682.702&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 21st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,123<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews/11002/news11002.pdf |title=GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2020Q4 and Outlook for 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics]] |website=dgbas.gov.tw |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/taiwan/monthly-earnings |title=Taiwan Monthly Earnings (1983 - 2024) – CEIC Data |language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-12-31|access-date=2025-04-15}} - South Korea Monthly Earnings stood at 3,200 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the previous figure of 2,724 USD in Nov 2024.</ref> | Gini = 34.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175850/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/112116036FDX2D8F3.pdf|title=國情統計通報（第 014 號）|publisher= Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC)|date=21 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{bulleted list |YYYY-MM-DD |YYY-MM-DD ([[Minguo calendar]]) }} | electricity = 110 V–60 Hz{{efn|220 V is also used for high power appliances such as air conditioners}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} }} '''Taiwan''', officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 中華民國; [[pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country off the coast of [[China|mainland]] China in [[East Asia]]. The Republic of China once governed all of China ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|from 1911 to 1949]]) but moved to the island of Taiwan after a Chinese [[civil war]]. The ROC includes the [[Taiwan (island)|main island of Taiwan]] plus nearby islands ([[Pescadores]] islands and parts of [[Fujian]]). Taiwan is located southeast of the Chinese mainland, south of [[Japan]], and north of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is [[Taipei]]. Taiwan has also been called '''Formosa''', a Portuguese name which means "beautiful" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Most people living in Taiwan (called Taiwanese) are [[Han Chinese|Han]]. Taiwan has three large Han groups. They speak different [[dialect]]s (variations) of Chinese, and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]), the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (from China), and Mainlanders (from [[Mainland China]] after 1948). There are also Taiwanese Aborigines (native tribes) who lived in Taiwan before the Han came to live there. The largest cities in Taiwan are the capital, [[Taipei]], and the port city of [[Kaohsiung]]. == Timeline == * In AD 230, Taiwan described as "Yizhou" in the account of an expedition undertaken by the Eastern Wu dynasty of China.<ref>Knapp, Ronald G. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan''. The University of Hawaii. p. 5.</ref> * In 1517, A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery ship sees this island and renames it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 [[Dutch (people)|Dutch]] colonize the southern part of Formosa and set up a colonial administration in [[Fort Zeelandia]], and the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonize the north and set up a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or [[Fort Santo Domingo]]. The Dutch later defeat the [[Spaniard]]s and take full control of Formosa. * 1662, Chinese general [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) defeats the Dutch at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and then controls Taiwan.<ref>{{Citation|title=Siege of Fort Zeelandia|date=2020-12-31|url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=7238011|encyclopedia=Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> * 1683, Shi Lang,<ref>{{Citation|title=Shi Lang|date=2022-05-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Lang&oldid=1087386510|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> the commander-in-chief of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] China fleets destroy the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and lead the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning. Taiwan becomes Qing territory. * 1860: Taiwan becomes a [[treaty port]] after the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], opening the island to contact with the world. * 1874: [[Japan]] invades southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the natives there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony. Japanese forces withdraw later in the year after the [[Meiji]] and [[Qing]] empires nearly went to war. * 1884-1885: Taiwan is blockaded by French navy during the [[Sino-Franco]] War. * 1895: Qing China loses the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and gives Taiwan to [[Japan]] permanently (Treaty of Shimonoseki). * 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ends China's last imperial dynasty, the [[Qing dynasty]], and leads to the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. * 1927: Start of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) party and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP). The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II. * 1945: Japan loses [[World War II]] to the U.S. and its allies * 1947: Taiwanese widely protest [[government]]al [[corruption]] under the Nationalists. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sends in the army to restore order, killing tens of thousands. Some Taiwanese began the [[Taiwan independence movement]]. * 1949: ** The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan. They set up [[Taipei]] as the temporary capital of Republic of China (ROC). ** The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). * 1951: Japan signs the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951) with the U.S. and 47 other countries, formally denouncing any claim to Taiwan. * 1952: Japan and the ROC sign the Treaty of Taipei, which is similar to the Treaty of San Francisco. * 1971: Taiwan is expelled from the United Nations and replaced by the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]. * 1979: The KMT government jails many [[democracy]] activists who opposed it ([[Kaohsiung Incident]]). * 1986: The [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT. It remains illegal for the first year, but the KMT government does not try to ban it. * 1987: The KMT government lifts [[martial law]] after almost 40 years. * 1988: [[Lee Teng-hui]] (KMT) became [[President of the Republic of China|president]] after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] dies. * 1995: Lee Teng-hui (KMT) became the first president elected by the people. * 2000: [[Chen Shui-bian]] (DPP) became president. * 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen. However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive. * 2008: Former president Chen Sui-bian and his wife are arrested for corruption and money laundering. * 2008: [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time. * 2009: Kaohsiung hosts the 2009 World Games. * 2016: [[Tsai Ing-wen]] (DPP) was elected as the first female president of Taiwan. * 2019: [[Same-sex marriage]] is legalized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikinews contributors|date=2019-05-19|title=Taiwan&#39;s legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Taiwan's_legislature_first_in_Asia_to_legalize_same-sex_marriage|journal=Wikinews}}</ref> * 2024: [[Lai Ching-te]] (DPP) is elected as the president that made a history for a political party to govern for three consecutive terms after the first presidential election of 1996. == Status of Taiwan == There are two [[China|Chinese]] governments: The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC. The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China. The People's Republic of China claims ownership of Taiwan, but it has never ruled over the island of Taiwan. The last time Taiwan and the mainland were united under one government was under the rule of the ROC. Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the [[status quo]]), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China. Most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Although Taiwan is not recognized by the UN as a sovereign nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler |title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be |author=Sigrid Winkler |date=June 2012 |website= |publisher=The Brookings Institution |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> most countries still have close economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. Countries often set up [[de facto]] embassies in Taiwan — officially non-government organizations — that perform the same functions as an [[embassy]]. In 1992, the ROC and PRC agreed to a [[consensus]] that there was only "one China" but that both sides could continue to disagree on what that meant. In [[March]] 2004, China's government passed a law called the Anti-[[Secession]] Law. The law requires the Chinese [[military]] to [[invade]] Taiwan immediately if they declare [[independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/12/chinas-new-anti-secession-law-escalates-tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait |title=China's New "Anti-Secession Law" Escalates Tensions in the TaiwanStrait |author=John J. Tkacik, Jr. |website= |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> Tsai Ing-wen, the elected President of Taiwan, says Taiwan is already an independent country and does not need to declare independence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2020-01-16|title=Tsai says Taiwan is already independent, China invasion 'very costly' {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2020-01-16 09:32:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3858329|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], has vowed "reunification" with Taiwan by any means, including through military force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-reunification-with-taiwan-must-will-be-realised-2021-10-09/ |title=China's Xi vows 'reunification' with Taiwan |author=Carlos Garcia and Yew Lun Tian |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> Joe Biden, Former President of The United States, has said that the US will defend Taiwan from Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-says-united-states-would-come-taiwans-defense-2021-10-22/ |title=Biden says United States would come to Taiwan's defense |author=Trevor Hunnicutt |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=22 October 2021}}</ref> Australia has said they would join the US,<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2021-10-25|title=Australia will support US response if China attacks Taiwan: Australian defense chief {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-10-25 20:54:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4325225|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> and Japan has indicated they may as well. Polls show a majority of people in Taiwan want to never be a part of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Some of these people believe in complete [[Taiwan independence]] and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can participate in international affairs. Most others want the ''[[status quo]]'', which means keeping everything the way it is now. A small minority wish to someday unite with the People's Republic of China; they want [[Chinese reunification]]. ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Taiwan}} [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of the main island.]] The island of Taiwan is about 180 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China. It is across the [[Taiwan Strait]]. It has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[East China Sea]] is to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest.<ref name="yb:geography">{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch01.pdf |pages=13–25 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |year=2011 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091917/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] (Jade Mountain). It is 3,952 meters high (12,966&nbsp;ft). There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. West of Taiwan Island, there are three small [[archipelago|groups of islands]] that also belong to ROC. They are: * The [[Pescadores]] (Penghu, 澎湖列島): They also are part of Taiwan Province. * [[Quemoy]] (Kinmen, 金門): A part of [[Fujian]] province, called Kinmen County(金門縣). * [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] (馬祖列島): the smallest county, called Lienchiang County(連江縣), also part of [[Fujian]] province * [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]]:The Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚臺列嶼|Diàoyútái Lièyû|ㄉㄧㄠˋㄩˊㄊㄞˊㄌㄧㄝˋㄩˊ) are a group of islands where nobody lives that the Republic of China (ROC) claims belong to them, but also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. In Japanese, the islands are known as the [[Senkaku Islands]] (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?). The islands are now under the control of Japan. * [[Dong-Sha Islands]]:The Pratas Islands or Dong-Sha Islands (東沙羣島) consists of three islands in the northeastern South China Sea, 340&nbsp;km southeast of Hong Kong. * [[Taiping]] (Traditional Chinese: 太平島|Tàipíngdǎo|ㄊㄞˋㄆㄧㄥˊㄉㄠˇ), also known as Itu Aba, is the largest of the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) in the South China Sea. ===Cities=== [[File:Taipei,_Taiwan_CBD_Skyline.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Taipei City]], the capital of Taiwan.]] The largest cities in Taiwan are: {| class=wikitable !Rank!!Division name!!Chinese name!!Type!!Population |-align=center |1||align=left|[[New Taipei City]]||新北市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |3,903,745 |-align=center |2||align=left|[[Kaohsiung City]]||高雄市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,772,461 |-align=center |3||align=left|[[Taichung City]]||臺中市 (台中市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,655,456 |-align=center |4||align=left|[[Taipei City]]||臺北市 (台北市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,635,766 |- align="center" |5|| align="left" |[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]] | align="right" |2,163,728 |- align="center" |6|| align="left" |[[Tainan City]]||臺南市 (台南市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |1,874,724 |- align="center" |7|| align="left" |[[Hsinchu City]]||新竹市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |417,335 |-align=center |8||align=left|[[Keelung City]]||基隆市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |381,770 |- align="center" |9|| align="left" |[[Chiayi City]]||嘉義市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |272,128 |- align="center" |10|| align="left" |[[Changhua City]]||彰化市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |236,447 |- align="center" |11|| align="left" |[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |210,275 |- align="center" |12|| align="left" |[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |144,234 |- align="center" |13|| align="left" |[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,938 |- align="center" |14|| align="left" |[[Taitung City]]||臺東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,648 |- align="center" |15|| align="left" |[[Douliu City]]||斗六市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |107,012 |- align="center" |16|| align="left" |[[Nantou City]]||南投市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |- align="center" |17|| align="left" |[[Magong]]||馬公市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Taiwan ROC political divisions labeled.svg|260px]] There are administrative divisions in different levels and types. *Provinces (省 shěng ㄕㄥˇ)<br>(1st level): **[[Taiwan Province, Republic of China|Taiwan Province]] **[[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] *Special municipalities (直轄市 zhíxiáshì ㄓˊㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ)<br>(1st and 2nd level): **[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]] **[[New Taipei City]] **[[Taipei|Taipei City]] **[[Taichung City]] **[[Tainan City]] **[[Taoyuan City]] *Provincial cities (市 shì ㄕˋ)<br>(2nd level): **[[Keelung City]] **[[Hsinchu|Hsinchu City]] **[[Chiayi City]] *Counties (縣 xiàn ㄒㄧㄢˋ)<br>(3rd level): **[[Changhua County]] **[[Chiayi County]] **[[Hsinchu County]] **[[Hualien County]] **[[Kinmen County]] **[[Lienchiang County]] **[[Miaoli County]] **[[Yilan County]] **[[Yunlin County]] 157 Districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 Country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 Urban Townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 Rural Townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. Districts stand under either Special municipalities or Provincial cities; Country-controlled cities, Urban Townships, and Rural Townships stand under Counties. Villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and Neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level. == Language == Most Taiwanese people speak [[Standard Chinese]] known as [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], and others speak local dialects such as [[Min Nan]] (Taiwanese) or [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. The [[Cantonese language]], spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]), is not spoken in Taiwan. A small percentage of Aboriginal Taiwanese speak [[aboriginal]] languages, but the rest of the Chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under Japanese rule can speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1949, they brought Mandarin and promoted it in Taiwan. Then everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. But, unlike the people in Mainland China, the Taiwanese never changed to [[simplified Chinese characters]] and so they have always used [[traditional Chinese characters]]. In the past, students were not allowed to speak their [[first language]] in school and were expected to speak only [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. Currently, nearly one third of Taiwanese report knowing some amount of [[English language|English]]. Full [[English language|English]] fluency is not common, however. The government plans to expand English education and make it an official language by 2030. ==Relations with other countries== United States: In February 2025, the [[State Department]] (USA) removed a statement from its website that said that it does not support Taiwan independence; The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=US drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-drops-website-wording-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-2025-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Taiwan has no embassy in the United States (as of the 2020s). ==Related pages== * [[Political status of Taiwan]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{Wikivoyage|Taiwan}} {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ Office of the Government] {{Taiwan topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Taiwan| ]] htpi3a46tylelvju99xqppjzzoirngs 10329917 10329903 2025-06-14T13:09:47Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/14.55.56.228|14.55.56.228]] ([[User talk:14.55.56.228|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 10294225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the Republic of China now|the history of Taiwan before 1949|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of China | common_name = Republic of China | native_name = {{lang|zh-tw|中華民國}}<br/>''Zhōnghuá Mínguó''{{efn|See [[Names of the Republic of China]].}}<!-- Do not change to "Jhonghua Minguo" (i.e. Tongyong pinyin) because Hanyu pinyin is the official romanization from 1 January 2009. --> | image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg | alt_flag = A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. | flag_type = [[Flag of the Republic of China|Flag]] | image_coat = National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg | alt_coat = A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. | other_symbol = '''[[Seal of the Republic of China|National seal]]'''<br>{{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國之璽}}<br/>"[[Seal of the Republic of China]]"<br />[[File:中華民國之璽.svg|85px]]<hr>'''National flower'''<br>[[File:Meihua ROC.svg|20px]]<br>{{lang|zh-Hant|梅花}}<br />[[National Flower of the Republic of China|Plum blossom]] | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Taiwan|Emblem]] | national_anthem = {{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē''<br/>"[[National Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | flag_anthem = {{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國旗歌}}<br />''Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē''<br />"[[National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:中華民國國旗歌 (演奏版).ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Free Area of the Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe ([[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] highlighted)|[[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of [[Free area of the Republic of China|territories administered by the ROC (Free Area)]]|[[File:Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Taiwan (dark green) with maximal historical extent of ROC territorial claims (light green)|default=1}} | map_caption = | largest_city = [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]] | capital = [[Taipei]]{{efn|[[Taipei]] is the official seat of [[government of the Republic of China]] although the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] does not specify the ''de jure'' capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |title=Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government" |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101013333/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="capital">{{cite news |title=Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital |date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356 |newspaper=Taipei Times |access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|25|04|N|121|31|E|type:city_region:TW}} | ethnic_groups = >95% [[Han Taiwanese]]<br>—70% [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]]<br>—14% [[Hakka people|Hakka]]<br>—14% [[Waishengren]]<br>2% [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Indigenous]]<ref>{{cite book |year=2016 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2016 |publisher=Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |url=https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |access-date=31 May 2020 |isbn=9789860499490 |page=10 |quote=Ethnicity: Over 95 percent Han Chinese (including Holo, Hakka and other groups originating in mainland China); 2 percent indigenous Austronesian peoples |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185112/https://issuu.com/eyroc/docs/the_republic_of_china_yearbook_2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|Mixed indigenous-Han ancestry is included in the figure for Han Chinese.}} | official_languages = None designated (''[[de jure]]'')<br><br>[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]] (''[[de facto]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=推動雙語國家政策問題研析|url=https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=173510 |website=www.ly.gov.tw | date=23 July 2013 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref><br><br>[[Vernacular Chinese]] (used in more serious scenarios)<ref>{{cite web|title=法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明|url=http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|access-date=2 June 2021|language=zh|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215646/http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Official script]] | languages = [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=行政院第3251次院會決議 |url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/4EC2394BE4EE9DD0/51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578|website=www.ey.gov.tw |date=December 2011 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=zh}}</ref> | languages2_type = [[National language]]s{{efn|A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".<ref name="natLangAct">{{cite web |script-title=zh:國家語言發展法 |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019 |language=zh}}</ref>}} | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date = 22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |website=law.moj.gov.tw |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]]{{efn|name = nat-lang|Not designated but meets legal definition}} * [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Matsu dialect|Matsu]]{{efn|name = nat-lang}} * [[Taiwan Sign Language]] }} | religion = {{vunblist |43.8% [[Chinese folk religion]] (including [[Confucianism]]) |21.2% [[Buddhism in Taiwan|Buddhism]] |15.5% Others (including [[Taoism]]) |13.7% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]] |5.8% [[Christianity in Taiwan|Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pew Data on Taiwan religion|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212044947/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/taiwan/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="cia-factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of China|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Lai Ching-te]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Republic of China|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Hsiao Bi-khim]] | leader_title3 = [[Premier of the Republic of China|Premier]] | leader_name3 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title4 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Legislative Yuan President]] | leader_name4 = [[Yu Shyi-kun]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Control Yuan|Control Yuan President]] | leader_name5 = [[Chen Chu]] | leader_title6 = [[List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan|Judicial Yuan President]] | leader_name6 = [[Hsu Tzong-li]] | leader_title7 = [[List of presidents of the Examination Yuan|Examination Yuan President]] | leader_name7 = [[Huang Jong-tsun]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = Establishment | established_date1 = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|1 January 1912]] | established_event2 = [[Retrocession Day|Took control of Taiwan]] | established_date2 = [[History of Taiwan since 1945|25 October 1945]] | established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date3 = 25 December 1947 | established_event4 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date4 = 7 December 1949 | established_event5 = [[Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area|Status defined by law]] | established_date5 = 16 July 1992 | area_km2 = 36,197 | area_footnote = <ref name="cia-factbook" /><ref name="taiwansnapshot">{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG|title=TAIWAN SNAPSHOT|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]; should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,568,378<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web |title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|access-date=26 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 56th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.403&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOTW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 19th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $56,959<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $682.702&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOTW"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 21st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,123<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews/11002/news11002.pdf |title=GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2020Q4 and Outlook for 2021 |publisher=[[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics]] |website=dgbas.gov.tw |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/taiwan/monthly-earnings |title=Taiwan Monthly Earnings (1983 - 2024) – CEIC Data |language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-12-31|access-date=2025-04-15}} - South Korea Monthly Earnings stood at 3,200 USD in Dec 2024, compared with the previous figure of 2,724 USD in Nov 2024.</ref> | Gini = 34.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution |url=https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |website=stat.gov.tw |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714175850/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/106/a11/Year17.ods |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/112116036FDX2D8F3.pdf|title=國情統計通報（第 014 號）|publisher= Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC)|date=21 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{bulleted list |YYYY-MM-DD |YYY-MM-DD ([[Minguo calendar]]) }} | electricity = 110 V–60 Hz{{efn|220 V is also used for high power appliances such as air conditioners}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{vunblist|[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} }} '''Taiwan''', officially the '''Republic of China''' ('''ROC'''; [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 中華民國; [[pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country off the coast of [[China|mainland]] China in [[East Asia]]. The Republic of China once governed all of China ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|from 1911 to 1949]]) but moved to the island of Taiwan after a Chinese [[civil war]]. The ROC includes the [[Taiwan (island)|main island of Taiwan]] plus nearby islands ([[Pescadores]] islands and parts of [[Fujian]]). Taiwan is located southeast of the Chinese mainland, south of [[Japan]], and north of the [[Philippines]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] is [[Taipei]]. Taiwan has also been called '''Formosa''', a Portuguese name which means "beautiful" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. Most people living in Taiwan (called Taiwanese) are [[Han Chinese|Han]]. Taiwan has three large Han groups. They speak different [[dialect]]s (variations) of Chinese, and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's [[Fujian|Fujian Province]]), the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (from China), and Mainlanders (from [[Mainland China]] after 1948). There are also Taiwanese Aborigines (native tribes) who lived in Taiwan before the Han came to live there. The largest cities in Taiwan are the capital, [[Taipei]], and the port city of [[Kaohsiung]]. == Timeline == * In AD 230, Taiwan described as "Yizhou" in the account of an expedition undertaken by the Eastern Wu dynasty of China.<ref>Knapp, Ronald G. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan''. The University of Hawaii. p. 5.</ref> * In 1517, A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery ship sees this island and renames it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. * 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 [[Dutch (people)|Dutch]] colonize the southern part of Formosa and set up a colonial administration in [[Fort Zeelandia]], and the [[Spain|Spanish]] colonize the north and set up a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or [[Fort Santo Domingo]]. The Dutch later defeat the [[Spaniard]]s and take full control of Formosa. * 1662, Chinese general [[Koxinga]] (Zheng Chenggong) defeats the Dutch at the [[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and then controls Taiwan.<ref>{{Citation|title=Siege of Fort Zeelandia|date=2020-12-31|url=https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=7238011|encyclopedia=Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> * 1683, Shi Lang,<ref>{{Citation|title=Shi Lang|date=2022-05-12|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shi_Lang&oldid=1087386510|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> the commander-in-chief of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] China fleets destroy the power of Zheng Chenggong's descendants in the 1660s, and lead the conquest of the Zheng family's Kingdom of Tungning. Taiwan becomes Qing territory. * 1860: Taiwan becomes a [[treaty port]] after the [[Treaty of Tientsin]], opening the island to contact with the world. * 1874: [[Japan]] invades southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the natives there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony. Japanese forces withdraw later in the year after the [[Meiji]] and [[Qing]] empires nearly went to war. * 1884-1885: Taiwan is blockaded by French navy during the [[Sino-Franco]] War. * 1895: Qing China loses the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and gives Taiwan to [[Japan]] permanently (Treaty of Shimonoseki). * 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ends China's last imperial dynasty, the [[Qing dynasty]], and leads to the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. * 1927: Start of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) party and the [[Communist Party of China]] (CCP). The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II. * 1945: Japan loses [[World War II]] to the U.S. and its allies * 1947: Taiwanese widely protest [[government]]al [[corruption]] under the Nationalists. [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sends in the army to restore order, killing tens of thousands. Some Taiwanese began the [[Taiwan independence movement]]. * 1949: ** The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan. They set up [[Taipei]] as the temporary capital of Republic of China (ROC). ** The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). * 1951: Japan signs the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] (1951) with the U.S. and 47 other countries, formally denouncing any claim to Taiwan. * 1952: Japan and the ROC sign the Treaty of Taipei, which is similar to the Treaty of San Francisco. * 1971: Taiwan is expelled from the United Nations and replaced by the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]. * 1979: The KMT government jails many [[democracy]] activists who opposed it ([[Kaohsiung Incident]]). * 1986: The [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT. It remains illegal for the first year, but the KMT government does not try to ban it. * 1987: The KMT government lifts [[martial law]] after almost 40 years. * 1988: [[Lee Teng-hui]] (KMT) became [[President of the Republic of China|president]] after [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] dies. * 1995: Lee Teng-hui (KMT) became the first president elected by the people. * 2000: [[Chen Shui-bian]] (DPP) became president. * 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen. However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive. * 2008: Former president Chen Sui-bian and his wife are arrested for corruption and money laundering. * 2008: [[Ma Ying-jeou]] (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time. * 2009: Kaohsiung hosts the 2009 World Games. * 2016: [[Tsai Ing-wen]] (DPP) was elected as the first female president of Taiwan. * 2019: [[Same-sex marriage]] is legalized<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wikinews contributors|date=2019-05-19|title=Taiwan&#39;s legislature first in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Taiwan's_legislature_first_in_Asia_to_legalize_same-sex_marriage|journal=Wikinews}}</ref> * 2024: [[Lai Ching-te]] (DPP) is elected as the president that made a history for a political party to govern for three consecutive terms after the first presidential election of 1996. == Status of Taiwan == There are two [[China|Chinese]] governments: The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC. The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China. The People's Republic of China claims ownership of Taiwan, but it has never ruled over the island of Taiwan. The last time Taiwan and the mainland were united under one government was under the rule of the ROC. Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the [[status quo]]), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China. Most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Although Taiwan is not recognized by the UN as a sovereign nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/06/20-taiwan-un-winkler |title=Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be |author=Sigrid Winkler |date=June 2012 |website= |publisher=The Brookings Institution |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> most countries still have close economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. Countries often set up [[de facto]] embassies in Taiwan — officially non-government organizations — that perform the same functions as an [[embassy]]. In 1992, the ROC and PRC agreed to a [[consensus]] that there was only "one China" but that both sides could continue to disagree on what that meant. In [[March]] 2004, China's government passed a law called the Anti-[[Secession]] Law. The law requires the Chinese [[military]] to [[invade]] Taiwan immediately if they declare [[independence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/12/chinas-new-anti-secession-law-escalates-tensions-in-the-taiwan-strait |title=China's New "Anti-Secession Law" Escalates Tensions in the TaiwanStrait |author=John J. Tkacik, Jr. |website= |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> Tsai Ing-wen, the elected President of Taiwan, says Taiwan is already an independent country and does not need to declare independence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2020-01-16|title=Tsai says Taiwan is already independent, China invasion 'very costly' {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2020-01-16 09:32:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3858329|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]], has vowed "reunification" with Taiwan by any means, including through military force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-says-reunification-with-taiwan-must-will-be-realised-2021-10-09/ |title=China's Xi vows 'reunification' with Taiwan |author=Carlos Garcia and Yew Lun Tian |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> Joe Biden, Former President of The United States, has said that the US will defend Taiwan from Chinese attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/biden-says-united-states-would-come-taiwans-defense-2021-10-22/ |title=Biden says United States would come to Taiwan's defense |author=Trevor Hunnicutt |date=October 2021 |website= |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=22 October 2021}}</ref> Australia has said they would join the US,<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Taiwan|date=2021-10-25|title=Australia will support US response if China attacks Taiwan: Australian defense chief {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2021-10-25 20:54:00|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4325225|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Taiwan News}}</ref> and Japan has indicated they may as well. Polls show a majority of people in Taiwan want to never be a part of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Some of these people believe in complete [[Taiwan independence]] and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can participate in international affairs. Most others want the ''[[status quo]]'', which means keeping everything the way it is now. A small minority wish to someday unite with the People's Republic of China; they want [[Chinese reunification]]. ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Taiwan}} [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Taiwan is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of the main island.]] The island of Taiwan is about 180 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China. It is across the [[Taiwan Strait]]. It has an area of {{convert|35883|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="taiwan-popstat">{{cite web|url=http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |title=Number of Villages, Neighborhoods, Households and Resident Population |publisher=MOI Statistical Information Service |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071215/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xls |archive-date=29 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[East China Sea]] is to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest.<ref name="yb:geography">{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |chapter=Chapter 1: Geography |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch01.pdf |pages=13–25 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |year=2011 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-date=2008-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091917/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taiwan's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] (Jade Mountain). It is 3,952 meters high (12,966&nbsp;ft). There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. West of Taiwan Island, there are three small [[archipelago|groups of islands]] that also belong to ROC. They are: * The [[Pescadores]] (Penghu, 澎湖列島): They also are part of Taiwan Province. * [[Quemoy]] (Kinmen, 金門): A part of [[Fujian]] province, called Kinmen County(金門縣). * [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]] (馬祖列島): the smallest county, called Lienchiang County(連江縣), also part of [[Fujian]] province * [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]]:The Diaoyutai Islands (釣魚臺列嶼|Diàoyútái Lièyû|ㄉㄧㄠˋㄩˊㄊㄞˊㄌㄧㄝˋㄩˊ) are a group of islands where nobody lives that the Republic of China (ROC) claims belong to them, but also claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. In Japanese, the islands are known as the [[Senkaku Islands]] (尖閣諸島, Senkaku Shotō?). The islands are now under the control of Japan. * [[Dong-Sha Islands]]:The Pratas Islands or Dong-Sha Islands (東沙羣島) consists of three islands in the northeastern South China Sea, 340&nbsp;km southeast of Hong Kong. * [[Taiping]] (Traditional Chinese: 太平島|Tàipíngdǎo|ㄊㄞˋㄆㄧㄥˊㄉㄠˇ), also known as Itu Aba, is the largest of the Nansha Islands (Spratly Islands) in the South China Sea. ===Cities=== [[File:Taipei,_Taiwan_CBD_Skyline.jpg|thumb|alt=|[[Taipei City]], the capital of Taiwan.]] The largest cities in Taiwan are: {| class=wikitable !Rank!!Division name!!Chinese name!!Type!!Population |-align=center |1||align=left|[[New Taipei City]]||新北市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |3,903,745 |-align=center |2||align=left|[[Kaohsiung City]]||高雄市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,772,461 |-align=center |3||align=left|[[Taichung City]]||臺中市 (台中市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,655,456 |-align=center |4||align=left|[[Taipei City]]||臺北市 (台北市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |2,635,766 |- align="center" |5|| align="left" |[[Taoyuan City]]||桃園市||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]] | align="right" |2,163,728 |- align="center" |6|| align="left" |[[Tainan City]]||臺南市 (台南市)||[[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special municipality]]|| align="right" |1,874,724 |- align="center" |7|| align="left" |[[Hsinchu City]]||新竹市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |417,335 |-align=center |8||align=left|[[Keelung City]]||基隆市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |381,770 |- align="center" |9|| align="left" |[[Chiayi City]]||嘉義市||[[Provincial city (Republic of China)|Provincial city]]|| align="right" |272,128 |- align="center" |10|| align="left" |[[Changhua City]]||彰化市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |236,447 |- align="center" |11|| align="left" |[[Pingtung City]]||屏東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |210,275 |- align="center" |12|| align="left" |[[Zhubei City]]||竹北市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |144,234 |- align="center" |13|| align="left" |[[Hualien City]]||花蓮市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,938 |- align="center" |14|| align="left" |[[Taitung City]]||臺東市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |108,648 |- align="center" |15|| align="left" |[[Douliu City]]||斗六市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |107,012 |- align="center" |16|| align="left" |[[Nantou City]]||南投市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |- align="center" |17|| align="left" |[[Magong]]||馬公市||[[County-controlled city]]|| align="right" |104,069 |} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Taiwan ROC political divisions labeled.svg|260px]] There are administrative divisions in different levels and types. *Provinces (省 shěng ㄕㄥˇ)<br>(1st level): **[[Taiwan Province, Republic of China|Taiwan Province]] **[[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]] *Special municipalities (直轄市 zhíxiáshì ㄓˊㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ)<br>(1st and 2nd level): **[[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung City]] **[[New Taipei City]] **[[Taipei|Taipei City]] **[[Taichung City]] **[[Tainan City]] **[[Taoyuan City]] *Provincial cities (市 shì ㄕˋ)<br>(2nd level): **[[Keelung City]] **[[Hsinchu|Hsinchu City]] **[[Chiayi City]] *Counties (縣 xiàn ㄒㄧㄢˋ)<br>(3rd level): **[[Changhua County]] **[[Chiayi County]] **[[Hsinchu County]] **[[Hualien County]] **[[Kinmen County]] **[[Lienchiang County]] **[[Miaoli County]] **[[Yilan County]] **[[Yunlin County]] 157 Districts (區 qū ㄑㄩ), 17 Country-controlled cities (縣轄市 xiànxiáshì ㄒㄧㄢˋㄒㄧㄚˊㄕˋ), 41 Urban Townships (鎮 zhèn ㄓㄣˋ), and 153 Rural Townships (鄉 xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ) stand the 3rd level. Districts stand under either Special municipalities or Provincial cities; Country-controlled cities, Urban Townships, and Rural Townships stand under Counties. Villages (里 lǐ ㄌㄧˇ or 村 cūn ㄘㄨㄣ) stand the 4th level, and Neighborhoods (鄰 lín ㄌㄧㄣˊ) stand the 5th level. == Language == Most Taiwanese people speak [[Standard Chinese]] known as [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]], and others speak local dialects such as [[Min Nan]] (Taiwanese) or [[Hakka language|Hakka]]. The [[Cantonese language]], spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]), is not spoken in Taiwan. A small percentage of Aboriginal Taiwanese speak [[aboriginal]] languages, but the rest of the Chinese people have treated them badly, and many of these people and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese people who went to school while the country was under Japanese rule can speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1949, they brought Mandarin and promoted it in Taiwan. Then everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. But, unlike the people in Mainland China, the Taiwanese never changed to [[simplified Chinese characters]] and so they have always used [[traditional Chinese characters]]. In the past, students were not allowed to speak their [[first language]] in school and were expected to speak only [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]. Taiwanese, [[Hakka language|Hakka]], and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. Currently, nearly one third of Taiwanese report knowing some amount of [[English language|English]]. Full [[English language|English]] fluency is not common, however. The government plans to expand English education and make it an official language by 2030. ==Relations with other countries== United States: In February 2025, the [[State Department]] (USA) removed a statement from its website that said that it does not support Taiwan independence; The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2025 |title=US drops website wording on not supporting Taiwan independence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-drops-website-wording-not-supporting-taiwan-independence-2025-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Taiwan has no embassy in the United States (as of the 2020s). ==Related pages== * [[Political status of Taiwan]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{Wikivoyage|Taiwan}} {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ Office of the Government] {{Taiwan topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Taiwan| ]] 0djv33zkhn92x1d0plrw80kybbmbk1k 0 939 10331784 10328552 2025-06-15T10:54:27Z 109.245.38.19 /* In the Universe */ 10331784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|water in its [[solid]] state|Ice}} {{for|water in its [[gas]] state|Water vapor}} {{chembox|verifiedrevid=477162647|Name=Water ({{chem|H|2|O}})|ImageFile1=H2O 2D labelled.svg|ImageSize1=150px|ImageName1=The water molecule has this basic geometric structure|ImageFileL1=Water-3D-balls.png|ImageSizeL1=100px|ImageNameL1=Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule|ImageFileR1=Water molecule 3D.svg|ImageSizeR1=100px|ImageNameR1=Space filling model of a water molecule|ImageFile2=2006-02-13 Drop before impact.jpg|ImageSize2=264px|ImageName2=A drop of water falling towards water in a glass|IUPACName=water, oxidane|OtherNames=Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH), hydrogen oxide, dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO) (systematic name<ref>{{cite web |title=naming molecular compounds |url=http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html |website=www.iun.edu |accessdate=1 October 2018 |quote=Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide). |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924023206/http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>), hydrogen monoxide, dihydrogen oxide, hydric acid, hydrohydroxic acid, hydroxic acid, hydrol,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrol|title = Definition of Hydrol|publisher= Merriam-Webster|url-access=subscription }}</ref> μ-oxido dihydrogen, κ¹-hydroxyl hydrogen(0)|data page pagename=Water (data page)|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1098659 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/H2O/h1H2 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N | SMILES = O | CASNo = 7732-18-5 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 962 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 937 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 15377 | RTECS = ZC0110000 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 059QF0KO0R | Gmelin = 117 | Beilstein = 3587155 }}|Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = {{chem| H|2|O}} | MolarMass = 18.01528(33) g/mol | Odor = None | Appearance = White crystal-like solid, almost colorless liquid with a hint of blue, colorless gas | Density = Liquid:{{sfn|Riddick|1970|loc= Table of Physical Properties, Water 0b. pg 67-8}}<br>0.9998396&nbsp;g/mL at 0&nbsp;°C<br>0.9970474&nbsp;g/mL at 25&nbsp;°C<br>0.961893&nbsp;g/mL at 95&nbsp;°C<br>Solid:{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc = Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6}}<br> 0.9167&nbsp;g/ml at 0&nbsp;°C | MeltingPtC = 0.00 | MeltingPt_notes ={{Efn|[[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] (VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339&nbsp;K (99.9839&nbsp;°C). Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures.|name = VSMOW}} | BoilingPtC = 99.98 | BoilingPt_notes =<ref name="nistbp">{{nist|name=Water|id=C7732185|accessdate=2016-5-27|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref>{{Efn|name=VSMOW}} | pKa = 13.995{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=Chapter 8: Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases}}{{sfn|Weingärtner et al.|2016|p = 13}}{{efn| A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pK_a of water is incorrect.<ref>{{cite web| title = What is the pKa of Water| url = http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/What_is_the_pKa_of_water%3F| publisher = [[University of California, Davis]]| date = 2015-08-09| access-date = 2020-09-12| archive-date = 2016-02-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214222524/http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/What_is_the_pKa_of_water%3F| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silverstein|first1=Todd P.|last2=Heller|first2=Stephen T.|title=pKa Values in the Undergraduate Curriculum: What Is the Real pKa of Water?|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=17 April 2017|volume=94|issue=6|pages=690–695|doi=10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00623|bibcode=2017JChEd..94..690S| issn=0021-9584}}</ref>}} | pKb = 13.995 | ConjugateAcid = [[Hydronium]] | ConjugateBase = [[Hydroxide]] | Viscosity = 0.890 [[Poise (unit)|cP]]{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=6.186}} | RefractIndex = 1.3330 (20&nbsp;°C){{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=8—Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity}} | VaporPressure = {{convert|3.1690|kPa|atm|abbr = out| disp = or}}{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc= Vapor Pressure of Water From 0 to 370° C in Sec. 6}} | Solubility = [[Properties of water#Cohesion and adhesion|N/A]] | SolubleOther = Poorly soluble in [[haloalkane]]s, [[aliphatic]] and [[aromatic]] hydrocarbons, [[ether]]s.<ref name="chemister">{{cite web| title = Properties of substance: water| url = http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1| first = Kiper Ruslan| last = Anatolievich| access-date = 2021-02-07| archive-date = 2014-06-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200111/http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1| url-status = dead}}</ref> Improved solubility in [[carboxylate]]s, [[alcohols]], [[ketones]], [[amines]]. Miscible with [[methanol]], [[ethanol]], [[propanol]], [[isopropanol]], [[acetone]], [[glycerol]], [[1,4-dioxane]], [[tetrahydrofuran]], [[sulfolane]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[dimethylformamide]], [[dimethoxyethane]], [[dimethyl sulfoxide]], [[acetonitrile]]. Partially miscible with [[Diethyl ether]], [[Methyl Ethyl Ketone]], [[Dichloromethane]], [[Ethyl Acetate]], [[Bromine]]. | ThermalConductivity = 0.6065 W/(m·K)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramires|first1=Maria L. V.|last2=Castro|first2=Carlos A. Nieto de|last3=Nagasaka|first3=Yuchi|last4=Nagashima|first4=Akira|last5=Assael|first5=Marc J.|last6=Wakeham|first6=William A.|date=1995-05-01|title=Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water|journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data|volume=24|issue=3|pages=1377–1381|doi=10.1063/1.555963|issn=0047-2689|bibcode=1995JPCRD..24.1377R}}</ref> }}|Section3={{Chembox Structure | MolShape = [[bent (chemistry)|Bent]] | CrystalStruct = [[ice|Hexagonal]] | Dipole = 1.8546 [[Debye|D]]{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=9—Dipole Moments}} | PointGroup = C_2v }}|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = −285.83 ± 0.04&nbsp;kJ/mol<ref name=chemister /><ref name="nist">{{nist|name=Water|id=C7732185|accessdate=2014-06-01|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref> | DeltaGf = −237.24&nbsp;kJ/mol<ref name=chemister /> | Entropy = 69.95 ± 0.03&nbsp;J/(mol·K)<ref name=nist /> | HeatCapacity = 75.385 ± 0.05&nbsp;J/(mol·K)<ref name=nist /> }}|Section7={{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards = [[Drowning]]<br>[[Avalanche]] (as snow) <br>[[Water intoxication]] <br>(see also [[Dihydrogen monoxide parody]]) | NFPA-H = 0 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 | FlashPt= Non-flammable | GHSPictograms = | GHSSignalWord = | HPhrases = | PPhrases = }}|Section8={{Chembox Related | OtherCations = [[Hydrogen sulfide]]<br> [[Hydrogen selenide]]<br> [[Hydrogen telluride]]<br> [[Hydrogen polonide]]<br> [[Hydrogen peroxide]] | OtherFunction_label = [[solvent]]s | OtherFunction = [[Acetone]]<br> [[Methanol]] }}}} [[File:Iceberg with hole near Sandersons Hope 2007-07-28 2.jpg|thumb|Water in three [[States of matter|states]]: [[liquid]] (including the clouds, which are [[aerosol]]s), [[solid]] ([[ice]]) and [[gas]] ([[water vapour]])]] '''Water''' ({{chem|H|2|O}}) is a simple [[chemical compound]] made of two [[Hydrogen|hydrogen atoms]] and one [[Oxygen|oxygen atom]]. It is clear, has no [[taste]] or [[Olfaction|smell]], and is almost colorless. All [[life|living things]] need water to survive.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-03-22|title=United Nations|url=http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.html|publisher=Un.org|accessdate=2010-07-25}}</ref> Water molecules stick together because of [[hydrogen bond]]s. These bonds give water special properties. For example, water has high [[surface tension]], and can dissolve many substances. Water exists in three forms on [[Earth]]: [[solid]] (ice), [[liquid]] (water), and [[gas]] (water vapor). The word "water" comes from the Old English word wæter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Etymology of "water" by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=etymonline|language=en-US}}</ref> About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Most of this water (about 97%) is in the [[ocean]]s. This water is [[salt water]], which we cannot drink or use for farming. Only 3% of Earth’s water is [[fresh water]], and even that is not easy to get. 69% of all fresh water is frozen in [[glacier]]s and [[ice cap]]s. 30% is stored underground in [[aquifer]]s. Less than 1% is in [[lake]]s, [[river]]s, and [[swamp]]s. If you look at all the water on Earth, only about 1% can be used by us. And most of that water is found underground.<ref name="WSS">{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |title=How Much Water is There on Earth? |date=13 November 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Water on the Earth’s Surface {{!}} EARTH 103: Earth in the Future|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/701|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.e-education.psu.edu}}</ref> Water is always moving in a cycle. This is called the water cycle. It includes:<ref name="b1">{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor=Gleick, P.H. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |page=13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth" |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=20 March 2007 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). [http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ |date=20 February 2008 }} [[UNEP]].</ref> * [[Evaporation]] (water turns into vapor), * [[Transpiration]] (plants release water vapor), * [[Condensation]] (vapor forms clouds), * [[Precipitation]] (rain or snow falls), * [[Surface runoff|Runoff]] (water returns to oceans and lakes). Water has many unique abilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The anomalous properties of water|url=https://ergodic.ugr.es/termo/lecciones/water2.html|access-date=2025-05-03|website=ergodic.ugr.es}}</ref> One is that it expands when it freezes. This makes ice less dense than liquid water, so ice floats.<ref name="physicalgeography">{{cite web |url= http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html |title=8(a) Physical Properties of Water |first= |last= |work=physicalgeography.net |year=2011|quote=pan |accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Does Ice Float? {{!}} The Children's Museum of Indianapolis|url=https://www.childrensmuseum.org/stories/why-does-ice-float#:~:text=Believe%20it%20or%20not,%20ice,to%20float%20to%20the%20top.|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.childrensmuseum.org}}</ref> Water also has a high [[Specific heat|specific heat capacity]]. It can absorb or lose a lot of heat without changing temperature much.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.14: Water - High Heat Capacity|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.14:_Water_-_High_Heat_Capacity|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> This helps keep Earth's [[climate]] stable.<ref name="Schuckmann2020">von Schuckmann, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; ''et al.'' (7 September 2020). "[https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020 Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?]". ''Earth System Science Data''. '''12''' (3): 2013–2041. [[Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.2013V]]. [https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020 doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020]. [https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/443809 hdl:20.500.11850/443809]. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> Water’s [[surface tension]] lets it form [[droplet]]s. It also lets small insects walk on water.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/liquids-and-solids-11/liquid-properties-85/surface-tension-376-6402/ |title=Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. |author= |website= |publisher=Boundless |accessdate=December 25, 2016 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603233926/https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/liquids-and-solids-11/liquid-properties-85/surface-tension-376-6402/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Water is an excellent [[solvent]]. It can dissolve more substances than any other liquid. This is why it is called the "universal solvent." However, it cannot dissolve [[Oil|oily]] or nonpolar substances well.<ref name="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=620}}</ref><ref name="USGSsolvent">{{cite web |title=Water, the Universal Solvent |url=http://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html |website=[[USGS]] |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709141251/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Khansolvent">{{Cite web |title=Solvent properties of water |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent |website=Khan Academy}}</ref><ref name="USGSuniversalsolvent">{{Cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |title=Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"? |date=20 June 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |url-status=live }}</ref> These special abilities come from water's [[Polar bond|polar nature]] and the hydrogen bonds between them.<ref name="chemlibretexts">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-29 |title=11.9: Water - An Extraordinary Substance |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/Chem_400%3A_General_Chemistry_I/11%3A_Liquids%2C_Solids%2C_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.09%3A_Water%3A_An_Extraordinary_Substance |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> Water is important for all living things. Every kind of life we know needs water to survive. This includes tiny living things like [[bacteria]], [[archaea]], and [[protist]]s, and bigger ones like [[fungi]], [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What makes water an important molecule for life?|url=https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2023/atp-why-is-water-unique|access-date=2025-05-05|website=University of Nevada, Reno|language=en-us}}</ref> The human body is about 50-60% water.<ref name="USGSWaterBody"> U.S. Geological Survey (2 June 2023). "[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-you-human-body Water in the Human Body]". ''Water Science School''. Retrieved 30 April 2025. </ref> Water helps move [[nutrient]]s, gases, and [[waste]] inside the body. Inside [[cell]]s, water is where most [[chemical reaction]]s happen. It also helps cells keep their shape. Water is needed for [[digestion]] in animals, and [[photosynthesis]] in plants.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hall | first=D.O. | date=2001 | title=Photosynthesis, Sixth edition | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&dq=process+of+photosynthesis&pg=PR7 | publisher=University of Cambridge | isbn=0-521-64497-6 | access-date=26 August 2023 | archive-date=5 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005012445/https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&dq=process+of+photosynthesis&pg=PR7 | url-status=live }}</ref> It also helps control [[body temperature]]. Without water, life could not exist. That is why water is one of the most important substances for all living things.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |last=Reece |first=Jane B. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson]] |isbn=978-0-321-77565-8 |edition=10th |page=48 }}</ref> Water is also very important to the [[Economy|world economy]]. About 70% of the fresh water people use goes to [[Irrigation|farming]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic valuation of water resources in agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y5582e/y5582e04.htm|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Water is used to grow [[crop]]s and raise [[animal]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2018-07-01|title=Water Use and Stress|url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress|journal=Our World in Data|language=en}}</ref> [[Fish]] from oceans, lakes, and rivers are an important source of food.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Troell |first1=Max |last2=Naylor |first2=Rosamond L. |last3=Metian |first3=Marc |last4=Beveridge |first4=Malcolm |last5=Tyedmers |first5=Peter H. |last6=Folke |first6=Carl |last7=Arrow |first7=Kenneth J. |last8=Barrett |first8=Scott |last9=Crépin |first9=Anne-Sophie |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Paul R. |last11=Gren |first11=Åsa |date=16 September 2014 |title=Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=111 |issue=37 |pages=13257–13263 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1404067111 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4169979 |pmid=25136111|bibcode=2014PNAS..11113257T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Many products, like [[crude oil]] and other goods, are moved around the world by [[ship]]s through oceans, [[river]]s, and [[canal]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/global-freight-demand-to-triple-by-2050 |title= Global Freight Demand to Triple by 2050 |work= The Maritime Executive |date= May 27, 2019}}</ref> Water is also used to heat and cool buildings and machines. Because it can dissolve many substances, it is very useful in [[Factory|factories]], [[cooking]], and [[cleaning]]. Water can also be used to make [[electricity]], using [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plants]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hydropower Basics|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Energy.gov|language=en}}</ref> It is also used for fun activities like [[swimming]], [[Boat racing|boating]], [[fishing]], [[diving]], [[ice skating]], [[snowboarding]], and [[skiing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water sports|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/watersport|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Dictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> Many [[civilization]]s in history began near rivers or other places where they could get water easily. For example, [[Mesopotamia]] began between the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers.<ref>{{citation |title=Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was |last=Pollock |first=Susan |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-57568-3 |series=Case Studies in Early Societies |page=1}}</ref> [[Ancient Egypt]] depended on the [[Nile]].<ref name="Shaw2003"> Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7. </ref> The [[Indus Valley civilization]] started near the [[Indus River]].<ref name="Williams2016"> Williams, Brian (2016). ''Daily Life in the Indus Valley Civilization''. Raintree. p. 6. ISBN 978-1406298574. </ref> [[Ancient Rome]] was built near the [[Tiber River]].<ref name="BritannicaTiber"> "Tiber River". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2006. </ref> Even today, many big [[City|cities]] like [[London]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Shanghai]] grew near water.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hudson River Estuary |url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |access-date=August 20, 2011 |website=Life.bio.sunysb.edu |publisher=[[Stony Brook University]] |archive-date=June 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604154033/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being close to rivers or oceans made it easier to [[trade]] and [[transport|travel]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite report|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ser-rp-2017d18_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125030926/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ser-rp-2017d18_en.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-25 |url-status=live|title=Port Industry Survey on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation|last1=Asariotis|first1=Regina|last2=Benamara|first2=Hassiba|date=December 2017|publisher=UN Conference on Trade and Development|last3=Mohos-Naray|first3=Viktoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/6652.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722062428/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/6652.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-22 |url-status=live|title=Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> [[Island]]s with good [[harbor]]s, like [[Singapore]], also became rich and powerful because ships could stop there easily.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore named top maritime capital of the world for 3rd consecutive time |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-named-leading-maritime-capital-of-the-world-for-3rd-consecutive-time |work=The Straits Times |date=26 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In dry places like [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]], clean water has always been important. Having water often made the difference between a small village and a strong civilization.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a">{{Cite journal|last=Rijsberman|first=Frank R.|date=2006|title=Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377405002854|journal=Agricultural Water Management|language=en|volume=80|issue=1–3|pages=5–22|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001|bibcode=2006AgWM...80....5R }}</ref> Water is not just found on Earth. Scientists have discovered water in many places in [[Outer space|space]]. Ice has been found on [[Mars]], and even on [[Moon|the Moon]].<ref name="Bibring">{{Cite journal|last1=Bibring|first1=Jean-Pierre|last2=Langevin|first2=Yves|last3=Poulet|first3=François|last4=Gendrin|first4=Aline|last5=Gondet|first5=Brigitte|last6=Berthé|first6=Michel|last7=Soufflot|first7=Alain|last8=Drossart|first8=Pierre|last9=Combes|first9=Michel|date=April 2004|title=Perennial water ice identified in the south polar cap of Mars|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature02461|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=428|issue=6983|pages=627–630|doi=10.1038/nature02461|pmid=15024393|bibcode=2004Natur.428..627B|s2cid=4373206|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Some [[Natural satellite|moon]]s in our [[solar system]], like [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] (around [[Jupiter]]), and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]] (around [[Saturn]]) may have liquid water under their icy surfaces.<ref name="NASAAnderson2015"> {{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gina |date=2015-09-28 |title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=NASA}} </ref><ref name="NASAJPL2015"> {{Cite web |title=NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4099 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=NASA/JPL}} </ref><ref name="Iess2014"> {{Cite journal |last1=Iess |first1=L. |last2=Stevenson |first2=D. J. |last3=Parisi |first3=M. |last4=Hemingway |first4=D. |last5=Jacobson |first5=R. A. |last6=Lunine |first6=J. I. |last7=Nimmo |first7=F. |last8=Armstrong |first8=J. W. |last9=Asmar |first9=S. W. |date=2014-04-04 |title=The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1250551 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6179 |pages=78–80 |doi=10.1126/science.1250551 |pmid=24700854 |bibcode=2014Sci...344...78I |s2cid=28990283 |issn=0036-8075}} </ref><ref name="Dunaeva2016"> {{Cite journal |last1=Dunaeva |first1=A. N. |last2=Kronrod |first2=V. A. |last3=Kuskov |first3=O. L. |date=2016 |title=Physico-chemical models of the internal structure of partially differentiated Titan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016702916010043 |journal=Geochemistry International |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |doi=10.1134/s0016702916010043 |s2cid=130371184 |issn=0016-7029}} </ref> Water vapor has also been found in the [[atmosphere]] of some [[exoplanet]]s. These are [[planet]]s that [[orbit]] [[star]]s far away from our solar system.<ref name="worldcat">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670074794|title=Water in the universe|last=Hanslmeier, Arnold.|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-9984-6|location=Dordrecht|oclc=670074794}}</ref><ref name="hazyworlds">{{Cite web|last=Garner|first=Rob|date=2015-05-06|title=Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds|access-date=2020-09-11|website=NASA}}</ref> Water has even been found in clouds of gas and dust in space where new stars are being born.<ref name="MelnickNeufeld1998">Melnick, Gary, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Neufeld, David, [[Johns Hopkins University]] quoted in: {{cite news |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html |title=Discover of water vapor near Orion nebula suggests possible origin of H₂0 in Solar System |date= 1998 |publisher=The Harvard University Gazette |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116054013/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html |archivedate=16 January 2000}} {{cite news |url=http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html |title=Space cloud holds enough water to fill Earth's oceans 1 million times |date=9 April 1998 |publisher=Headlines@Hopkins, JHU |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109171410/http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html |archive-date=9 November 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == History == === In the Universe === [[File:Debris Disk Around Star HD 181327 (Artist's Concept) (2025-119).png|thumb|Artist's impression of the [[debris ring]] around HD 181327]] Shortly after the [[Big Bang]], around 13.8 billion years ago, the [[universe]] was a hot, dense soup of [[particle]]s. After 380,000 years, the universe expanded and cooled down enough for the first [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] to form in a process known as [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]]. This produced mostly hydrogen, with smaller amounts of [[helium]] and trace amounts of [[lithium]] and [[beryllium]]. [[Oxygen]] and heavier elements did not yet exist, meaning water could not yet form.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-25|title=1.24: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Observations|url=https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/Physics_156:_A_Cosmology_Workbook/01:_Workbook/1.24:_Big_Bang_Nucleosynthesis_-_Observations|access-date=2025-05-22|website=Physics LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-01|title=Early Universe - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/early-universe/|access-date=2025-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Hundreds of millions of years later, the first [[star]]s were made from clouds of hydrogen and helium. Inside these stars, [[nuclear fusion]] began to produce heavier elements. In massive stars, fusion of lighter elements created heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, and finally oxygen (a key ingredient for water). When these massive stars reached the end of their lives, they exploded as supernovae. This scattered those elements, including oxygen, into the [[interstellar medium]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-09|title=Stars - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/|access-date=2025-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Now that hydrogen and oxygen existed in the universe, they began to react and form water (H₂O). This happened mainly in [[molecular cloud]]s. Here, water could form in two ways. On dust grains, hydrogen and oxygen atoms stuck to the surface can react to form [[Ice|water ice]]. In hot places inside the molecular cloud like around [[Protostar|young star]]s, hydrogen and oxygen gas could react to form [[water vapor]].<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dulieu|first=F.|last2=Amiaud|first2=L.|last3=Congiu|first3=E.|last4=Fillion|first4=J.-H.|last5=Matar|first5=E.|last6=Momeni|first6=A.|last7=Pirronello|first7=V.|last8=Lemaire|first8=J. L.|date=2010-03-01|title=Experimental evidence for water formation on interstellar dust grains by hydrogen and oxygen atoms|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2010/04/aa12079-09/aa12079-09.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=512|pages=A30|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912079|issn=0004-6361}}</ref> As molecular clouds collapsed to form new stars, [[protoplanetary disk]]s (flat disks of gas and dust moving around the star) formed around these young stars. Water in these disks could be found as water vapor or ice. This depended on how close or far away the water was from the star. The "[[Frost line (astrophysics)|snow line]]" is a place far away from the star where it is cold enough for water to freeze and turn into ice. Inside this line, water stays as a gas, but beyond it, water becomes ice. This ice allowed particles to clump together and form planets. Water got trapped in icy [[planetesimal]]s, [[comet]]s, and [[asteroid]]s. In the inner parts of [[star system]]s, it was usually too warm for ice, so most water there was in the form of vapor. Some water may have arrived later when comets or water-rich asteroids from the colder outer regions crashed into these inner planets, bringing ice that had formed far from the star.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astronomers reveal a new link between water and planet formation {{!}} ALMA Observatory|url=https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-releases/astronomers-reveal-a-new-link-between-water-and-planet-formation/|access-date=2025-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=information@eso.org|title=Astronomers reveal a new link between water and planet formation|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2404/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.eso.org|language=en}}</ref> On some [[planet]]s and [[Natural satellite|moon]]s, the conditions were just right for water to exist as a liquid, solid (ice), or gas (vapor). [[Earth]] is the best and only example we know of. Because it is the right distance from the [[Sun]] and has a protective [[atmosphere]], it has had oceans of liquid water for billions of years. Other places, like the moons [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], and [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], have oceans hidden under thick layers of ice. [[Mars]] has signs that it once had [[river]]s and [[lake]]s long ago. Comets and asteroids still hold water from the early days of the [[solar system]].<ref name=":0" /> Today, water continues to be everywhere but mostly frozen or in vapor form. It found in molecular clouds, where stars and planets are still being made. It can also be found in [[Interstellar medium|interstellar space]] as ice on [[dust]] grains. It has also been found in the atmospheres of exoplanets. At the center of [[Galaxy|galaxies]], massive amounts of water, billions of times the amount on Earth has been found around [[black hole]]s. But, liquid water remains extremely rare, because it requires a very narrow set of conditions. Earth is unique because it contains liquid water on its surface.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/astronomers-find-largest-most-distant-reservoir-of-water/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)|language=en-US}}</ref> === On Earth === {{main|Origin of water on Earth}} [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers can be seen from [[Apollo 17]] to Earth.]] One of the biggest mysteries in [[astronomy]] is where Earth's water came from. Scientists are still trying to answer this question. Earth is special because it is the only [[Terrestrial planet|rocky planet]] in our [[Solar System]] with oceans of liquid water on its surface. The other rocky planets, [[Mercury]], [[Venus]], and, [[Mars]] do not have large amounts of liquid water on their surface.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=Are there oceans on other planets?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/et-oceans.html|access-date=2025-05-04|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> Liquid water is important because every living thing we know needs it to survive. Earth has liquid water because it is in just the right spot in space. This spot is called the [[habitable zone]]. It is not too close to the [[Sun]], where water would evaporate. It is also not too far away, where water would freeze. This perfect distance helps keep water in its liquid form on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lammer|first=H.|last2=Bredehöft|first2=J. H.|last3=Coustenis|first3=A.|last4=Khodachenko|first4=M. L.|last5=Kaltenegger|first5=L.|last6=Grasset|first6=O.|last7=Prieur|first7=D.|last8=Raulin|first8=F.|last9=Ehrenfreund|first9=P.|last10=Yamauchi|first10=M.|last11=Wahlund|first11=J.-E.|date=2009|title=What makes a planet habitable?|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z|journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=181–249|doi=10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z|issn=0935-4956}}</ref> There are many ideas about how Earth got its water. Most of these ideas fall into two main groups. One idea is that Earth already had the right ingredients (hydrogen and oxygen) when it formed, and those combined to make water. The other idea is that water came from space. It was carried by [[asteroid]]s or [[comet]]s that crashed into Earth after it formed. Some scientists think both of these ideas could be true. Earth might have gotten its water from more than one source. That makes the mystery a bit more complex, but researchers are trying their best to understand what happened in the early Solar System and how water ended up on our planet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin of Water on Earth |url=https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/EPS281r/Sources/Origin-of-oceans/1-Wikipedia-Origin-of-water-on-Earth.pdf |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Genda|first=Hidenori|date=2016|title=Origin of Earth’s oceans: An assessment of the total amount, history and supply of water|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geochemj/50/1/50_2.0398/_article|journal=Geochemical Journal|volume=50|issue=1|pages=27–42|doi=10.2343/geochemj.2.0398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did Earths water come from|url=https://astronomy.com/magazine/2019/04/where-did-earths-water-come-from|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Astronomy.com}}</ref> Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago, after the Sun was born from a huge cloud of gas and dust. The leftover material from that cloud became the rest of the Solar System, including Earth. One idea is that Earth was born with everything it needed to create oceans, lakes, and rivers. But there is a problem. The early Solar System was extremely hot, especially near the center where Earth formed. Any water on the surface would have turned into gas and escaped into [[Outer space|space]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henbest|first=Nigel|title=Birth of the planets|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117837-100-birth-of-the-planets-the-earth-and-its-fellow-planets-may-be-survivors-from-a-time-when-planets-ricocheted-around-the-sun-like-ball-bearings-on-a-pinball-table/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> Another idea is that Earth’s water may have come from deep inside the planet. Water might have been trapped inside rocks deep underground when Earth was forming. This water was safe from the heat because it was hidden inside minerals in Earth's mantle. Over time, volcanoes released that water as steam. When the steam cooled, it turned into rain that helped form oceans and rivers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dublin|first=Trinity College|title=Comets or volcanoes? Where did Earth’s water come from?|url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/comets-or-volcanoes-where-did-earths-water-come-from/#:~:text=When%20the%20mantle%20rocks%20melt,be%20degassed%20to%20the%20surface.|access-date=2025-05-04|website=www.tcd.ie|language=en}}</ref> Another idea is that Earth may have created its own water. Powerful [[space telescope]]s have seen young [[planet]]s far away, that are surrounded by thick clouds of hydrogen gas. Scientists think that when Earth was very young, it might have had a lot more hydrogen in its atmosphere than it does today. Right now, Earth’s atmosphere is mostly [[nitrogen]], and has almost no hydrogen. One idea suggests how hydrogen gas from the atmosphere could react with molten rock ([[magma]]) on the early Earth. This reaction could have produced large amounts of water. As the surface cooled and hardened, this water would have stayed on the planet, forming oceans and lakes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balmer|first=William|date=2023-04-27|title=Did early Earth order delivery, or did it make its oceans at home?|url=https://astrobites.org/2023/04/27/earths-water-oceans-from-h2-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=astrobites.org|language=en-US}}</ref> A long time ago, the inner Solar System was a dangerous place. Between 4.0 and 3.8 billion years ago, the outer planets ([[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]]) moved around and changed their orbits. Their powerful gravity sent icy space rocks flying toward the inner planets, including Earth. This time period is called the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]]. Many of these space rocks crashed into Earth, and scientists think they could have brought water with them. At first, people thought the water mainly came from comets. But space missions like Giotto (which visited [[Halley's Comet]] in 1986) and [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]] (which visited another comet from 2014 to 2016) found that the water on comets is different from the water in Earth’s oceans. That means comets probably weren't the main source. Instead, scientists now think [[asteroid]]s and [[meteorite]]s brought most of the water. For example, a spacecraft called Hayabusa2 brought back pieces of an asteroid named Ryugu. Scientists found that the water trapped in its rocks looks like Earth’s ocean water. Ryugu is made of the same stuff as a type of meteorite called CI [[chondrite]]s, which could have delivered up to 30% of the water in Earth’s oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=Charles Q. Choi|date=2014-12-10|title=Most of Earth's Water Came from Asteroids, Not Comets|url=https://www.space.com/27969-earth-water-from-asteroids-not-comets.html|access-date=2025-05-04|website=Space|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gomes|first=R.|last2=Levison|first2=H. F.|last3=Tsiganis|first3=K.|last4=Morbidelli|first4=A.|date=2005|title=Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03676|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=435|issue=7041|pages=466–469|doi=10.1038/nature03676|issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daly|first=R. Terik|last2=Schultz|first2=Peter H.|date=2018|title=The delivery of water by impacts from planetary accretion to present|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5916508/|journal=Science Advances|volume=4|issue=4|pages=eaar2632|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar2632|issn=2375-2548|pmc=5916508|pmid=29707636}}</ref><ref>Pepin, Robert O. 1991. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. ''Icarus'' '''92''' (1): 2–79. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/001910359190036S?via%3Dihub]</ref> [[File:Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg|thumb|This pillow basalt near Hawaii formed when magma came out underwater. Others like it, but much older show that large bodies of water were on Earth a long time ago.]] Scientists use ancient rocks to figure out when water first appeared on Earth. One kind of rock they use is called pillow basalt, which forms when a [[volcano]] erupts underwater. One of these rock was found in the Isua Greenstone Belt in Greenland. It is about 3.8 billion years old. This tells us that there was liquid water on Earth at that time.<ref name=":62">{{Citation|last1=Pinti|first1=Daniele L.|title=Oceans, Origin of|date=2014|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages=1–5|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-27833-4|last2=Arndt|first2=Nicholas|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4}}</ref> More of these very old rocks can be found in [[Canada]], in a place called the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt. Some studies of these [[rock]]s also say there was water about 3.8 billion years old. Other studies suggest there was water 4.28 billion years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=Jonathan|last2=Carlson|first2=Richard W.|last3=Paquette|first3=Jean-Louis|last4=Francis|first4=Don|date=November 2012|title=Formation age and metamorphic history of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt|journal=Precambrian Research|volume=220–221|pages=23–44|doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2012.07.009|issn=0301-9268|bibcode=2012PreR..220...23O|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00793868/file/O%27Neil2012.pdf }}</ref> If there was water, like oceans, even earlier than that, we don't know yet. That might be because the Earth’s surface is always changing over time. Old rocks can be destroyed or buried through processes like plate [[tectonics]] and recycling of the crust, which can erase early signs of water. In 2020, scientists suggested that there might have been enough water to fill the oceans immediately after Earth formed.<ref name="SCI-20200828">{{cite journal |author=Piani, Laurette |title=Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1948 |date=28 August 2020 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=369 |issue=6507 |pages=1110–1113 |doi=10.1126/science.aba1948 |pmid=32855337 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1110P |s2cid=221342529 |access-date=28 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20200827wu">{{cite news |author=Washington University in St. Louis |author-link=Washington University in St. Louis |date=27 August 2020 |title=Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed - Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans -- and then some |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.php |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030083120/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20200827aa">{{cite news |author=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |title=Unexpected abundance of hydrogen in meteorites reveals the origin of Earth's water |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php |date=27 August 2020 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083307/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> To understand what Earth was like after it formed, scientists study rocks called [[zircon]]s. Unlike most rocks, zircons are very tough. They can survive for billions of years, making them useful for studying early Earth. Zircons show that there was liquid water and an [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] 4.404 billion years ago, not long after Earth formed.<ref name="Wilde3">{{cite journal|last1=Wilde |first1=S.A. |last2=Valley |first2=J.W. |last3=Peck |first3=W.H. |last4=Graham |first4=C.M.|year=2001|title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 nGyr ago|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=409|issue=6817|pages=175–8|doi=10.1038/35051550|pmid=11196637|bibcode=2001Natur.409..175W|s2cid=4319774}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/index.php?p=harrison|title=ANU - Research School of Earth Sciences - ANU College of Science - Harrison|publisher=Ses.anu.edu.au|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060621100255/http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/index.php?p=harrison|archive-date=2006-06-21|access-date=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.anu.edu.au/mac/Media/Media_Releases/_2005/_November/_181105harrisoncontinents.asp|title=ANU - OVC - MEDIA - MEDIA RELEASES - 2005 - NOVEMBER - 181105HARRISONCONTINENTS|publisher=Info.anu.edu.au|access-date=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html|title=A Cool Early Earth|publisher=Geology.wisc.edu|access-date=2009-08-20|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616213221/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html}}</ref> This creates a problem, because the cool early Earth hypothesis says that Earth was cold enough to freeze water between 4.4 and 4.0 billion years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valley |first1=John W. |last2=Peck |first2=William H. |last3=King |first3=Elizabeth M. |last4=Wilde |first4=Simon A. |date=2002 |title=A cool early Earth |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/30/4/351-354/192405 |journal=Geology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0351:ACEE>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2002Geo....30..351V |issn=0091-7613}}</ref> Other zircon studies from ancient Australian rocks suggest that plate tectonics may have started around 4 billion years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nebel |first=Oliver |last2=Rapp |first2=Robert P. |last3=Yaxley |first3=Gregory M. |date=2014-03-01 |title=The role of detrital zircons in Hadean crustal research |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002449371300412X |journal=Lithos |volume=190-191 |pages=313–327 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2013.12.010 |issn=0024-4937}}</ref> If that's true, Earth may have been similar to today, instead of being hot and covered in carbon dioxide. Plate tectonics helps trap carbon dioxide, which cools the planet and allows solid rock and liquid water to form.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/science/02eart.html?8dpc|title=A New Picture of the Early Earth|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2008-12-02|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2010-05-20}}</ref> === In human civilization === [[File:Vallee fertile du Nil a Louxor.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[irrigation]] from the Nile River supporting agriculture in [[Egypt]]]] In early human history, people survived by [[hunting]] [[animal]]s and gathering [[plant]]s. They often moved around and stayed close to [[Body of water|sources of water]] or carried water around. But about 12,000 years ago, during the [[Neolithic revolution]], humans started farming and raising animals. To do this, they needed a steady supply of water. Areas with rich [[soil]] and regular water made farming possible. This let people settle in one place and live in larger groups. Water also provided [[food]], like [[fish]] and other water animals, and helped people travel using simple [[boat]]s like [[canoe]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Richard G.|date=2014|title=Human evolution: Just add water|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/507303a|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=507|issue=7492|pages=303–304|doi=10.1038/507303a|issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-23|title=What was the Neolithic Revolution?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/neolithic-agricultural-revolution|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Culture|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sahrhage|first=Dietrich|title=Fishing in the Stone Age|date=2008|url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8594|work=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|pages=935–939|editor-last=Selin|editor-first=Helaine|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8594|isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Ancient canoes hint at bustling trade in Mediterranean 7000 years ago|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2423345-ancient-canoes-hint-at-bustling-trade-in-mediterranean-7000-years-ago/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Cradle of civilization|first human civilization]]s began in [[valley|river valley]]s, where there was plenty of fresh water and good soil for farming. For example, [[Mesopotamia]], known as the "Cradle of Civilization," grew between the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] [[river]]s. People there built [[Irrigation|irrigation canal]]s to bring water to their crops.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davenport|first=Ben|date=2013-08-09|title=Ancient Mesopotamia - an overview|url=https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/about-us/mesopotamia/mesopotamia-history|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.arch.cam.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Agricultural Communities|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/early-agricultural-communities/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> In [[Ancient Egypt]], the [[Nile|Nile river]] was very important. It helped people grow food, raise animals, and move goods and people around.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt and the Nile|url=https://carnegiemnh.org/egypt-and-the-nile/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=carnegiemnh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-27|title=Ancient Egypt facts and history|url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ancient-egypt|access-date=2025-05-23|website=History|language=en}}</ref> The [[Indus Valley civilization]] grew near the [[Indus River]]. They built advanced water systems, like [[well]]s, [[drain]]s, and [[public bath]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who were the Indus people and how did they live?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z9mpsbk#zgwkkty|access-date=2025-05-23|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus Valley civilization|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref> In [[Ancient China]], the [[Yellow River]] helped northern China grow, but it also flooded a lot and caused many deaths. That is why it was called both "China’s pride" and "China’s sorrow."<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to Ancient China|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china/a/an-introduction-to-ancient-china|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Huang He Valley|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/huang-he-valley/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Berkshire encyclopedia of China: modern and historic views of the world's newest and oldest global power|url=https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0000unse_x9i6|last=Cheng|first=Lin sun|last2=Brown|first2=Kerry|date=2009|publisher=Berkshire Pub. Group|isbn=978-0-9770159-4-8|location=Great Barrington (Mass.)}}</ref> In [[Ancient Rome]], people built [[aqueduct]]s. They were long channels that carried water from far away places into cities. This water was used for farming, public baths, toilets, and even homes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman Aqueducts|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/roman-aqueducts/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deming|first=David|date=2020|title=The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Ancient Rome|url=https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12958|journal=Groundwater|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=152–161|doi=10.1111/gwat.12958|issn=1745-6584|pmc=7004096|pmid=31667822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deming|first=David|date=2020|title=The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Ancient Rome|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7004096/|journal=Ground Water|volume=58|issue=1|pages=152–161|doi=10.1111/gwat.12958|issn=1745-6584|pmc=7004096|pmid=31667822}}</ref> In the earliest civilizations, [[river]]s and [[sea]]s were very important for transport and trade. They made it easier to move heavy goods over long distances. In Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers connected cities like [[Ur]] and [[Babylon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tigris-Euphrates river system - Mesopotamia, Shatt al-Arab, Basins {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tigris-Euphrates-river-system/Physiography-of-the-Tigris|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-01|title=Euphrates River: A Cradle of Civilizations - Ocean Info|url=https://oceaninfo.com/rivers/euphrates-river/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=oceaninfo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In Egypt, the Nile River helped people trade from [[Nubia]] in the south all the way to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Ancient Nubia {{!}} Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures|url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/history-ancient-nubiaOLD|access-date=2025-05-23|website=isac.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nubia and Ancient Egypt|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-3-cities-societies-and-empires-6000-bce-to-700-c-e/33-comparing-early-agrarian-societies-betaa/a/read-ancient-agrarian-societies-nubia-and-ancient-egypt-beta|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|title=Trade in Ancient Mesopotamia|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2114/trade-in-ancient-mesopotamia/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> The [[Phoenicia]]ns were great sailors who built strong [[ship]]s and set up [[Trade colony|trade colonies]] around the [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]. Busy ports like [[Alexandria]], [[Athens]], [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], and [[Carthage]] became rich and full of culture because of sea trade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Rulers of the Mediterranean|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-rulers-mediterranean/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Phoenician secrets: exploring the ancient Mediterranean|url=https://archive.org/details/phoeniciansecret0000hols|last=Holst|first=Sanford|date=2011|publisher=Santorini Books|isbn=978-0-9833279-0-5|edition=1st|location=Los Angeles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Phoenicians|last=Elayi|first=Josette|date=2018|publisher=Lockwood Press|isbn=978-1-937040-82-6|location=Atlanta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|title=Trade in the Phoenician World|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/881/trade-in-the-phoenician-world/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In [[Medieval Europe]], rivers like the [[Danube]], [[Rhine River|Rhine]], and [[Seine]] helped create strong trade networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPP Häfen: The Rhine as a European transportation route|url=https://www.spp-haefen.de/en/projects/der-rhein-als-europaeische-verkehrsachse/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.spp-haefen.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-23|title=The Seine is at the center of the 2024 Olympics. Here's how the iconic river shaped Paris.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/seine-river-paris-history|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Premium|language=en}}</ref> Cities like [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]] became powerful by trading across the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venice {{!}} Silk Roads Programme|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/venice|access-date=2025-05-23|website=en.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genoa|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> In the 1400s, countries like [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[England]], and the [[Netherlands]] began exploring the world by sea. [[Christopher Columbus]]’s voyages opened up the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=3.1: Age of Exploration|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book:_History_of_World_Civilization_II-2_(Lumen)/03:_1:_Global_Exploration/03.1:_Age_of_Exploration|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Humanities LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbian Exchange|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/old-and-new-worlds-collide/a/the-columbian-exchange-ka|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref> This connected [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and the [[Americas]] in what became known as the [[Columbian Exchange]]. Later, the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]] built huge trade empires using powerful ships and ocean routes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The British Empire - trade and merchant shipping - Industrial Britain, 1750-1900 overview - OCR B - GCSE History Revision - OCR B|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcss7hv/revision/1|access-date=2025-05-23|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martins|first=Kim|title=Dutch East India Company|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Dutch_East_India_Company/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> As cities got bigger with more people, their [[Water supply system|water system]]s could not keep up with the growing population. This led to more [[Outbreak|disease outbreak]]s. This was before people understood how germs worked. [[Disease]]s like [[typhoid]], [[cholera]], and [[dysentery]] spread quickly through dirty water and killed millions of people over the centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sampath|first=Shrikanth|last2=Khedr|first2=Anwar|last3=Qamar|first3=Shahraz|last4=Tekin|first4=Aysun|last5=Singh|first5=Romil|last6=Green|first6=Ronya|last7=Kashyap|first7=Rahul|date=2021|title=Pandemics Throughout the History|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8525686/|journal=Cureus|volume=13|issue=9|pages=e18136|doi=10.7759/cureus.18136|issn=2168-8184|pmc=8525686|pmid=34692344}}</ref> In Medieval Europe, cities did not have good [[Water distribution system|plumbing]]. Waste flowed through open sewers in the streets and often mixed with [[drinking water]]. This caused many deadly epidemics. In the 1800s, [[London]] had several major cholera outbreaks. At first, people thought the disease came from bad air, called “miasma.” But in 1854, a doctor named John Snow proved that cholera was actually spread through dirty water. He traced the outbreak to a single water pump on Broad Street. People learned that having water was not enough. It had to be clean and kept away from waste. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, cities began improving public health by building better water systems. Engineers created piped water networks, storage tanks, and pumping stations to bring clean water to homes. They also built underground sewer systems to safely carry away human waste. Cities like London, [[Paris]], and [[New York City|New York]] only made these changes after big [[epidemic]]s showed how serious the problem was. New [[water treatment]] methods like [[sand filter]]ing and [[Water chlorination|adding chlorine]] helped kill germs and made water safer to drink.<ref>{{Citation|last=Committee|first=National Research Council (US) Safe Drinking Water|title=Historical Note|date=1977|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234165/|work=Drinking Water and Health: Volume 1|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Industrial Revolution: European society and economy, 1000-1700|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeindustrial00cipo|last=Cipolla|first=Carlo M.|date=1980|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-01343-6|edition=2nd|location=New York|language=engita}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Tulchinsky|first=Theodore H.|title=John Snow, Cholera, the Broad Street Pump; Waterborne Diseases Then and Now|date=2018|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128045718000172|work=Case Studies in Public Health|pages=77–99|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00017-2|isbn=978-0-12-804571-8|pmc=7150208|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref> A long time ago, ancient Greek thinkers like [[Thales|Thales of Miletus]] believed that water was the basic building block of everything in the world.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Thales of Miletus {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/thales/|access-date=2025-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Around 250 BCE, [[Archimedes]] used water to figure out the [[volume]] of an object by seeing how much water it pushes away when put in water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuroki|first=Hidetaka|date=2016|title=How did Archimedes discover the law of buoyancy by experiment?|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016FrME...11...26K/abstract|journal=Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=26–32|doi=10.1007/s11465-016-0368-z}}</ref> During the [[Renaissance]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]] studied how water flows and how it helps wear away rocks over time. He helped build canals and other things to help control water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ivey|first=Greg|last2=Jones|first2=Nicole L.|last3=Broomhall|first3=Susan|date=2019-04-04|title=How Leonardo da Vinci, ‘Master of Water’, explored the power and beauty of its flow|url=https://theconversation.com/how-leonardo-da-vinci-master-of-water-explored-the-power-and-beauty-of-its-flow-112401|access-date=2025-05-25|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Galileo Galilei]] looked at why some things float on water and others do not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Straulino|first=S.|last2=Gambi|first2=C. M. C.|last3=Righini|first3=A.|date=2011|title=Experiments on buoyancy and surface tension following Galileo Galilei|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AmJPh..79...32S/abstract|journal=American Journal of Physics|language=en|volume=79|issue=1|pages=32–36|doi=10.1119/1.3492721|issn=0002-9505}}</ref> He also studied [[tide]]s, the regular rising and falling of the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defeated by the tides|url=https://www.mpg.de/7915566/galileo-tide-theory|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.mpg.de|language=en}}</ref> By the late 1700s, [[Antoine Lavoisier]] figured out that water was not an [[element]], but a [[compound]] made from hydrogen and oxygen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water is not an element: Lavoisier|url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/ea/LAVEAUann.HTML|access-date=2025-05-25|website=web.lemoyne.edu}}</ref> Today, about 70% of all the freshwater we use around the world goes to [[agriculture]], making farming the biggest user of water. Plants need water to grow, animals need it to live, and [[irrigation]] helps farmers grow crops even in dry areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chart: Globally, 70% of Freshwater is Used for Agriculture|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/chart-globally-70-freshwater-used-agriculture|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World Bank Blogs|language=en}}</ref> In modern times, how much water a country has can affect whether it can grow enough food for its people or if it has to buy food from other countries. Places with lots of water, like the [[United States]], [[Brazil]], [[China]], and [[India]], are major food producers. These countries grow extra crops like [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[soybean]]s, and [[rice]], and sell them to other countries. Having lots of rain, rivers, underground water, and good systems like [[dam]]s and [[canal]]s gives these countries a big advantage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Does Our Food Come From? - University of the Potomac|url=https://potomac.edu/where-does-our-food-come-from/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref> But countries with very little water, like [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], the [[UAE]], and [[Kuwait]] have trouble growing enough food. They do not have enough freshwater or good land for farming, so they import most of their food from other places.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ca7c051-6ad2-4595-820b-c373fdb365f1/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2024/pattern-evolution-food-trade.html|title=The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2024|date=2024-11-29|publisher=FAO|isbn=978-92-5-139061-0|language=en|doi=10.4060/cd2144en}}</ref> [[Fish]] are also an important source of food for the world. Over 1 billion people depend on fish as their main source of protein, especially in places near rivers and oceans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tidwell|first=J. H.|last2=Allan|first2=G. L.|date=2001|title=Fish as food: aquaculture's contribution. Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1084135/|journal=EMBO reports|volume=2|issue=11|pages=958–963|doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve236|issn=1469-221X|pmc=1084135|pmid=11713181}}</ref> Fish farming, called [[aquaculture]], has allowed us to raise fish instead of looking for them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=What is aquaculture?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/aquaculture.html|access-date=2025-05-23|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> Even today, oceans and rivers are still the main way we move goods around the world. In fact, about 80% of all global trade by volume travels by sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipping data: UNCTAD releases new seaborne trade statistics|url=https://unctad.org/news/shipping-data-unctad-releases-new-seaborne-trade-statistics|access-date=2025-05-23|website=UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)|language=en}}</ref> Oceans, rivers, and canals are great for moving things like fuel, raw materials, and products because it is cheaper than using trucks or planes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Transportation - Navata 2021|url=https://navata.com/cms/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-water-transportation/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en}}</ref> Some water routes are especially important. The [[Suez Canal]], [[Panama Canal]], [[Strait of Hormuz]], and [[Strait of Malacca]] are key paths for global trade.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Main Maritime Shipping Routes and Chokepoints {{!}} Port Economics, Management and Policy|url=https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part1/interoceanic-passages/main-maritime-shipping-routes/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Large ports like those in [[Shanghai]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Singapore]], and [[Los Angeles]] help grow their countries' economies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Chapter 11.2 – Ports and Economic Development {{!}} Port Economics, Management and Policy|url=https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part11/port-and-economic-development/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why ports matter for the global economy|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/transport/why-ports-matter-global-economy|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World Bank Blogs|language=en}}</ref> Big rivers like the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] in the U.S., the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] in China, and the [[Danube]] in Europe are also important. They help move large amounts of goods inside countries cheaply.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Chapter 11.2 – Ports and Economic Development {{!}} Port Economics, Management and Policy|url=https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part11/port-and-economic-development/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-30|title=Yangtze River {{!}} Location, Map, Flood, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Yangtze-River|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-06|title=Canals and inland waterways - European Rivers, Navigation, Trade {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/canal-waterway/Major-inland-waterways-of-Europe|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Modern water systems help bring clean water to billions of people around the world. [[Dam]]s and [[reservoir]]s store water for drinking, farming, [[flood control]], and even to make [[electricity]]. Famous examples include the [[Hoover Dam]] in the U.S. and the [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dams|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/dams/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Pipeline]]s and [[aqueduct]]s move water from places that have a lot of it to places that do not have much and big cities. For example, Los Angeles gets much of its water from places far away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water System {{!}} Los Angeles Department of Water and Power|url=https://www.ladwp.com/who-we-are/water-system|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.ladwp.com|language=en}}</ref> In very dry regions like the [[Middle East]], [[Israel]], and parts of [[Australia]], desalination plants turn salty seawater into fresh drinking water. But this process uses a lot of energy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-30|title=Desalination {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/desalination|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Sewage treatment|Wastewater treatment plant]]s clean dirty water from homes and businesses so it does not pollute rivers and lakes. Sometimes, this cleaned water is reused for farming or industry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-03|title=17.3B: Wastewater and Sewage Treatment|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/17:_Industrial_Microbiology/17.03:_Wastewater_Treatment_and_Water_Purification/17.3B:_Wastewater_and_Sewage_Treatment|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> The world still faces big problems with water. More than 2 billion people live in places where there is not enough water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Omer|first=Sevil|date=2025-03-06|title=Global water crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help|url=https://www.worldvision.org/clean-water-news-stories/global-water-crisis-facts|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World Vision|language=en-US}}</ref> In areas like India, the southwestern U.S., and the Middle East, people are using up [[groundwater]] faster than it can be replaced. Because of this, there might not be enough water in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-09|title=Groundwater Decline and Depletion {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/groundwater-decline-and-depletion|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Climate change]] is making things worse. It causes longer [[drought]]s, changes where and when rain falls, and reduces the amount of snow in [[mountain]]s. [[Snow]] is important because it slowly melts releasing water into rivers over time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=Water – at the center of the climate crisis|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/water|access-date=2025-05-23|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> [[Pollution]] is also a big problem. Factories, farms, and untreated sewage can make rivers and lakes dirty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-11|title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Sea level rise|Rising sea level]]s are pushing saltwater into underground water supplies near the coasts, making them unsafe to drink.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How rising groundwater caused by climate change could devastate coastal communities|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/12/13/1041309/climate-change-rising-groundwater-flooding/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}</ref> More powerful storms are causing [[flood]]s that city drainage systems can not handle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-03|title=Flooding Facts, Causes, and Prevention {{!}} NRDC|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-know|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref> Because of this, we must protect and manage water carefully for the future. == Properties of water == [[File:Water molecule (1).svg|thumb|right|A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.]] [[File:Tetrahedral Structure of Water.png|thumb|Tetrahedral structure of water]] Water is a [[chemical substance]]. It is made of two hydrogen [[atom]]s and one oxygen atom. Its [[chemical formula]] is H₂O. These atoms are held together by something called a [[covalent bond]]. At [[Standard temperature and pressure|room temperature and normal pressure]], water is a liquid. It has almost no color, taste or smell. Water is often called the "universal solvent" because it can dissolve more substances than any other liquid. But it cannot dissolve [[Polarity|nonpolar substances]] like [[oil]] very well. Water is also the only common [[material]] on Earth that can naturally exist as a solid, liquid, and gas.<ref name="chemlibretexts" /> A water molecule looks like a bent “V” shape. The [[angle]] between the two hydrogen atoms is about 104.5°. This shape happens because of how [[electron]]s are arranged around the oxygen atom. Oxygen has six [[Valence electron|outer (valence) electron]]s. It uses two of them to bond with two hydrogen atoms (one for each). The other four electrons stay in two pairs, called [[lone pair]]s, that do not bond with anything. According to [[VSEPR theory]], all these pairs of electrons want to stay as far apart as possible. This creates a shape like a [[tetrahedron]] with four regions: two bonding pairs and two lone pairs. But lone pairs take up more space and push harder than bonding pairs. They push the hydrogen atoms closer together, so the angle becomes smaller than the usual 109.5° of a perfect tetrahedron. That is why the water molecule is bent instead of straight, and why the bond angle is 104.5°.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Hydrogen bonding in water|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/hydrogen-bonding-in-water|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Molecule Structure: The Bent Shape of Water|url=https://sparks.learning.asu.edu/videos/water-molecule-structure-the-bent-shape-of-water#|access-date=2025-05-23|website=sparks.learning.asu.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Valency and bonding: a natural bond orbital donor-acceptor perspective|last=Weinhold|first=Frank|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Clark R. Landis|isbn=978-0-521-83128-4|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> === Hydrogen bonds === [[File:3D model hydrogen bonds in water.svg|thumb|[[Hydrogen bond]]s between molecules of water]] A water molecule (H₂O) has one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is much more [[electronegativity|electronegative]] than hydrogen. This means it attracts electrons closer to itself much more than hydrogen. So, when oxygen and hydrogen share electrons in a water molecule, the electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom. This gives the oxygen atom a partial negative charge (δ⁻). And the hydrogen atoms gains a partial positive charge (δ⁺). So, the water molecule now has a positive side and a negative side. Because of this, the positive hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of another. This attraction is called a [[hydrogen bond]]. It is not as strong as a normal [[chemical bond]] (like a [[covalent bond]]). But, it is strong enough to hold water molecules loosely together. Hydrogen bonding explains many of water’s unusual properties. For example, water's high boiling and [[melting point]]s, high [[surface tension]], the ability of ice to float on water, and the ability to dissolve many substances.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-03|title=7.3: Hydrogen-Bonding and Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07:_Solids_and_Liquids/7.03:_Hydrogen-Bonding_and_Water|access-date=2025-05-24|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water (H₂O) is a [[liquid]] at [[room temperature]]. This might seem normal until you compare it to similar substances. Water belongs to a group of compounds called [[hydrogen chalcogenide]]s. These are made when hydrogen bonds with elements from the same family as oxygen: sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. This includes [[hydrogen sulfide]] (H₂S), [[hydrogen selenide]] (H₂Se), and [[hydrogen telluride]] (H₂Te). But, while water is a liquid, the others are all gases at room temperature. The reason is hydrogen bonding. Oxygen is very electronegative (it strongly pulls on [[electron]]s) and is small in size. Because of this, water molecules can form strong hydrogen bonds. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with its neighbors. This creates a kind of "stickiness" that holds the molecules together and makes it harder for them to break apart and turn into a [[gas]]. That is why water has a high boiling point of 100°C (212°F) for such a small molecule. The other [[chalcogen]]s ([[sulfur]], [[selenium]], and [[tellurium]]) are larger but less electronegative than oxygen. In hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), hydrogen selenide (H₂Se), and hydrogen telluride (H₂Te), the bonds between [[hydrogen]] and the other elements are weaker. These molecules do not form strong hydrogen bonds. Instead, they only have weak [[van der Waals force]]s, which are easy to break. So these substances boil at much lower temperatures. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) boils at –60°C. Hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) boils at –41.5°C. Hydrogen telluride (H₂Te) boils at –2.2°C. That is why they are gases at room temperature, while water is a liquid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid water|url=https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/liquid_water.html|access-date=2025-05-24|website=water.lsbu.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Hydrogen Sulfide|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen-Sulfide#section=Boiling-Point|access-date=2025-05-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Hydrogen selenide|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen-selenide|access-date=2025-05-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Hydrogen telluride|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydrogen%20telluride|access-date=2025-05-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref> ==== Cohesion and adhesion ==== [[File:Dew 2.jpg|thumb|Water beading on a leaf]] [[File:Gerris by webrunner.JPG|thumb|[[Water strider]]s walk on water because of surface tension]] Water molecules stick to each other. This is called [[cohesion]]. This happens because each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with its neighbors. Inside a drop of water, each molecule is pulled in all directions by the other water molecules around it. But at the surface, there are no water molecules above. The hydrogen bonds at the surface of water pulls molecules tightly together, forming a sort of "skin" on the surface. This is called [[surface tension]]. This is why water forms [[droplet]]s. It is also why small [[insect]]s, like water striders, can walk on water. It is also why small objects like a needle can float if placed gently on water.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov/edu/surface-tension.html|title=Surface Tension (Water Properties) – USGS Water Science School|access-date=November 6, 2015|date=July 2015|publisher=US Geological Survey|archive-date=October 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042229/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/surface-tension.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-18|title=The strong polar bond between water molecules creates water cohesion. {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/strong-polar-bond-between-water-molecules-creates-water-cohesion-0#:~:text=The%20property%20of%20cohesion%20describes,and%20other,%20slightly%20negative%20ions.|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> Water molecules can stick to other surfaces. This is called [[adhesion]]. This especially happens to surfaces that are polar or charged, like [[glass]], [[Cell wall|plant cell wall]]s, or [[Soil|soil particles]]. Water's adhesion can be seen when water climbs up the side of a glass container, forming a curved surface called the [[Meniscus (liquid)|meniscus]]. It can also be seen as water spreads out on a leaf or sticks to surfaces like [[spider web]]s. Whether water forms flat puddles or round beads depends on the balance between cohesion and adhesion. If water sticks more to the surface, it spreads out. If water sticks more to itself, it forms beads.<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Harvey E. |year=1948 |title=Modern College Physics |publisher=Van Nostrand |isbn=978-0-442-29401-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Adhesion and Cohesion of Water {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/adhesion-and-cohesion-water#science|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.16: Water - Cohesive and Adhesive Properties|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.16:_Water_-_Cohesive_and_Adhesive_Properties|access-date=2025-05-24|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water can climb up a thin tube or narrow space. This is called [[capillary action]]. It happens because adhesion pulls water molecules to the sides of a thin tube or pore, while cohesion pulls other water molecules along with it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capillary Action and Water {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/capillary-action-and-water |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> In [[plant]]s, capillary action helps water move from the [[root]]s to the [[leaves]]. As water [[evaporate]]s from the leaves, it pulls more water up behind it. Adhesion helps the water stick to the sides of the [[Xylem|plant's tubes]]. Cohesion keeps the water molecules connected like a chain, so they move upward together. This allows them to move up against gravity.<ref>[http://npand.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/tree-physics-1/ Tree physics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128125015/http://npand.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/tree-physics-1/ |date=2013-11-28 }} at "Neat, Plausible And" scientific discussion website.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cohesion and adhesion of water|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/cohesion-and-adhesion-in-water|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref> ==== Heat and water ==== [[File:Iss007e10807.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The oceans can store heat helping to keep Earth's temperature stable]] Water is very good at staying at the same [[temperature]]. It does not heat up or cool down quickly. This is because water has a high [[Specific heat|specific heat capacity]]. That means it takes a lot of heat to make water warmer, and it cools down slowly too. Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. For water, this is 1 [[calorie]]. That is much higher than most other common substances. For example, [[alcohol]] only needs 0.6 calories to do the same, so it heats up faster than water.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halliday |first1=David |last2=Resnick |first2=Robert |last3=Walker |first3=Jearl |title=Fundamentals of Physics |edition=6th |year=2001 |location=New York, NY US |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref> If you touch a [[Pot|metal pot]] with warm water inside, the metal might feel hotter than the water. That is because [[metal]] heats up faster than water. Water takes longer to warm up because water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds. When heat is added, much of the energy goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Once those bonds are broken, the molecules can move faster, and the temperature rises. So instead of heating up quickly, water stores heat by breaking the hydrogen bonds first. When water cools down, the hydrogen bonds form again and release heat. This helps keep temperatures steady. Oceans and lakes can absorb heat from the sun during the [[day]] or in [[summer]] and release it slowly at [[night]] or in [[winter]]. That is why places near water usually have milder temperatures. Water’s high specific heat also keeps the ocean from getting too hot or too cold. This is very important for ocean life. And because our bodies are mostly made of water, this also helps us keep a steady body temperature.<ref name="Schuckmann2020" /><ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.14: Water - High Heat Capacity|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.14:_Water_-_High_Heat_Capacity|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water molecules usually stay close together. But if some [[molecule]]s move fast enough, they can break free and escape into the [[air]] as gas. This process is called [[evaporation]]. Even at low temperatures, the fastest molecules can still escape. This is why a [[glass]] of water will slowly disappear over time. Heating water makes its molecules move faster, so it evaporates faster too. The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to turn 1 gram of liquid water into gas. For water, it takes about 580 calories to evaporate just 1 gram at 25°C. This is nearly double the amount needed for [[ammonia]] and [[alcohol]]. Water’s high heat of vaporization is because of hydrogen bonds. Water molecules are held together through hydrogen bonds. To vaporize water, these bonds must be broken, which takes a lot of energy. The energy does not raise the temperature. It goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds. That is why water takes a long time to boil and releases a lot of heat when it condenses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.13: Water - Heat of Vaporization|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.13:_Water_-_Heat_of_Vaporization|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Campbell" /> This high heat of vaporization has important effects on Earth. [[Tropics|Tropical ocean]]s take in a lot of heat from the Sun. Some of this heat is used to evaporate water. When that water vapor travels to cooler places and turns back into [[rain]], it releases heat. This helps balance Earth’s climate and spread heat around the planet.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Bigg |first=Grant R. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceans-and-climate/727BF8A4C403A5AFE5E34791CE830FC3 |title=The Oceans and Climate, Second Edition |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-16501-3 |edition=2 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139165013}}</ref> Evaporation also cools things down. When water evaporates, the fastest (hottest) molecules leave first. This lowers the temperature of the water that is left behind. This is called evaporative cooling. It helps keep lakes, plants, and animals from getting too hot. When we [[sweat]], the sweat takes heat from our skin as it evaporates. This is why sweating cools down. On hot, [[Humidity|humid]] days, the air already has a lot of water vapor. That makes it harder for sweat to evaporate, so we feel even hotter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jessen |first=C. |title=Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-540-41234-2 |location=Berlin}}</ref> Some [[animal]]s that cannot sweat, like [[elephant]]s, cool themselves by spraying water on their skin.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1984|title=Do elephants need to sweat?|journal=Journal of Zoology|doi=10.1080/02541858.1984.11447892|last1=Wright|first1=P. G.|last2=Luck|first2=C. P.|volume=19|issue=4|pages=270–274|doi-access=free}}</ref> It also takes a lot of energy to melt ice. This is called the [[heat of fusion]]. The heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point. For water, this is 334 joules per gram (J/g). That is higher than most other substances, especially for a molecule as small as water. When water freezes into ice, its molecules form a [[Crystal structure|crystalline structure]] held together by hydrogen bonds. To melt ice, you need enough energy to break many of these bonds. The heat added goes into breaking these bonds, but does not increase the temperature. The water that is produced also remains at 0°C until all of the ice is melted. The same amount of energy needed to melt ice could warm that same ice from –160°C all the way up to 0°C. Ice and snow can take in heat without melting right away. This helps keep temperatures from changing too quickly. In cold places like the [[North pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s or high [[mountain]]s, this helps keep the temperature more steady.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-27|title=17.10: Heats of Fusion and Solidification|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17:_Thermochemistry/17.10:_Heats_of_Fusion_and_Solidification|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Before we had [[refrigerator]]s, people used ice to keep [[food]] cool because it stayed frozen for a long time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eartharchitecture.org/?p=570 |title=Yakhchal: Ancient Refrigerators |date=9 September 2009 |work=Earth Architecture}}</ref><ref name="ESA">{{Cite web |title=Ice – a special substance |date=16 April 2013 |url=https://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Eduspace_Global_EN/SEMHE7TWLUG_0.html |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |language=en |access-date=26 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name=CRC>{{cite book |chapter=Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water |first=Allan H. |last=Harvey |editor1= Haynes, William M. |editor2 = Lide, David R. |editor3=Bruno, Thomas J. |title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition = 97th |location = Boca Raton, FL |publisher = CRC Press |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-4987-5429-3}}</ref> ==== Density of ice ==== [[File:Iceberg from overhead IMG 0320.jpg|thumb|[[Iceberg]] floating on water]] Water is one of the only substances that becomes less [[Density|dense]] when it freezes. This means that ice floats on water. Most substances get smaller and denser when they freeze. But water is different. It expands (or gets bigger) when it freezes. This strange behavior happens because of hydrogen bonds. At temperatures above 4°C, water acts like most liquids. It expands when heated and shrinks when cooled. But between 4°C and 0°C, something strange happens. As the water gets colder, the molecules slow down. They do not have enough energy to break the hydrogen bonds between them. At 0°C, the molecules line up into a solid crystal shape. Each molecule connects to four others with hydrogen bonds. These bonds hold the molecules further apart. So the ice takes up more space than the liquid water, even though it has the same number of molecules. That is why ice is about 9% less dense than water at 4°C. When ice melts, the bonds break and the molecules move closer together. Water is densest at 4°C. It becomes less dense if it gets warmer or cooler from that temperature.<ref name="Perlman">{{Cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html|title=Water Density|last=Perlman|first=Howard|website=The USGS Water Science School|access-date=2016-06-03|archive-date=2016-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625143337/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="physicalgeography" /> The fact that ice floats is very important for life on Earth. If ice sank, lakes and oceans could freeze all the way to the bottom. This would make it hard or even impossible for fish and other living things to survive. Instead, ice floats on top, and acts like a blanket. This helps keep the water below from freezing. Fish and other organisms can stay alive under the ice. Also, floating ice provides homes for animals like [[polar bear]]s and [[Pinniped|seal]]s.<ref name="Perlman" /><ref name="Campbell" /> ==== Water as a universal solvent ==== [[File:Na+H2O.svg|thumb|right|[[Sodium]] [[ion]] from [[salt]] dissolved in water]] When you drop a [[Sugar|sugar cube]] into a glass of water, the sugar slowly dissolves and spreads out. This creates a [[mixture]]. This type of mixture is called a [[solution]]. In a solution, the [[solvent]] is the substance that does the dissolving (in this case, water), and the [[solute]] is the substance that gets dissolved (the sugar). If water is the solvent, the solution is called an [[aqueous solution]].<ref name="Greenwood" /><ref name="Khansolvent" /><ref name="Campbell" /> Water is a very good solvent. Because of this, it is often called the "universal solvent". This is because it can dissolve more substances than any other substance. This happens because water molecules have slightly positive and negative parts. These parts attract other charged or polar substances. For example, when you add salt (sodium chloride, or NaCl) to water, it breaks into sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) ions. The negative side of water pulls on the sodium, and the positive side pulls on the chloride. Water molecules surround each ion. They then pull them away from the salt crystal. After that, they spread them out in the water. This group of water molecules around an ion is called a [[hydration shell]]. Other [[ionic compound]]s, like [[potassium chloride]], also dissolve in water this way. Seawater is full of dissolved ions like these. But a substance does not have to be made of ions to dissolve in water. Polar molecules like sugar can also dissolve. This is because they can form hydrogen bonds with water. Even large molecules, like [[protein]]s, can dissolve in water if they have polar or charged areas on their surfaces.<ref name="Greenwood" /><ref name="USGSsolvent" /><ref name="USGSuniversalsolvent" /><ref name="Campbell" /> Water is the main solvent for living things. Many important substances are dissolved in the water in [[blood]], [[plant sap]], and [[cell]]s. Any substance that mixes well with water is called hydrophilic (water-loving). Some hydrophilic substances do not dissolve in water. For example, some molecules in cells are too big to dissolve. Another example is [[cotton]]. Cotton is made up of giant molecules of [[cellulose]]. Cellulose does not dissolve in water. It has lots of positive and negative parts that can form hydrogen bonds with water. Water sticks to the cellulose. That is why cotton [[towel]]s drys things well, but does not dissolve in the [[washing machine]]. Plants also use cellulose in the [[Xylem|tube]]s that carry water from roots to leaves. Water sticks to the hydrophilic walls of these tubes, helping it move upward against gravity. On the other hand, substances that do not mix with water are called hydrophobic (water-fearing). These include [[oil]]s and [[fat]]s. They don't dissolve because they do not have charges that attract water. That is why oil and water do not mix. Hydrophobic molecules can be found in [[cell membrane]]s. Without them, cells would dissolve in water. Life would be impossible.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Khansolvent" /><ref name="USGSsolvent" /> === States of water === [[File: States of Matter.svg|thumb|The three common states of matter]] Water can exist in three main forms: solid, liquid, and gas. These are called states or phases. Which one water is in depends on the temperature and pressure. When people say "water" in everyday life, they usually mean liquid water. This is the form that comes from taps, fills oceans, rivers, and lakes, and is used for [[drinking]], [[cooking]], and [[cleaning]]. Liquid water is the most common form found on Earth's surface. When water gets [[cold]] enough, it freezes and becomes a solid called [[ice]]. Ice can be in the form of hard cubes (like in your [[freezer]]) or soft, loose [[crystal]]s, like [[snow]]. There are also other strange kinds of ice. These are often found in extreme environments like [[outer space]] deep inside [[Uranus]]. When water gets hot enough, it turns into a gas called water vapor. This is what we see as steam rising from boiling water. Water can also exist in a very strange state called a [[supercritical fluid]]. This only happens at extremely high temperatures above (374°C or 705°F) and very high pressures (above 22.064 megapascals). Here, water acts like a gas and a liquid at the same time. It can flow like a liquid and spread out like a gas. Supercritical water is useful because it can dissolve many things that normal water cannot. It can dissolve nonpolar [[organic compound]]s like oil. This strange state of water does not happen naturally on Earth’s surface. But it can happen deep in the ocean. One example is near [[hydrothermal vent]]s. This happens at around 2200 meters deep. The ocean is much deeper than that on average at about 3800 meters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deguchi|first1=Shigeru|last2=Tsujii|first2=Kaoru|date=2007-06-19|title=Supercritical water: a fascinating medium for soft matter|journal=Soft Matter|language=en|volume=3|issue=7|pages=797–803|doi=10.1039/b611584e|pmid=32900070|issn=1744-6848|bibcode=2007SMat....3..797D}}</ref> === Changing states === [[File:Phase diagram of water.svg|thumb|Phase diagram of water]] [[File:Water-triple-point-20210210.gif|thumb|Water as a solid, liquid and gas at the same time]] A phase diagram is a special [[graph]]. It shows how a substance like water changes between solid, liquid, and gas depending on the temperature and pressure. On this graph, the bottom ([[horizontal]]) line shows temperature. The side ([[vertical]]) line shows pressure. The graph is divided into three parts. One part shows where water is a solid (ice). Another part shows where it is a liquid (water). And another part shows where it is a gas (steam).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/physEQ/physical/selector.php?name=phase-diag |title=Phase Diagrams |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=ch302.cm.utexas.edu}}</ref> There is a special point on the graph called the [[triple point]]. At this temperature and pressure, water can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas at the same time. For water, this happens at 0.01 °C and a pressure of 611.657 pascals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=D. M. |last2=Koop |first2=T. |title=Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=1 April 2005 |volume=131 |issue=608 |page=1540 |doi=10.1256/qj.04.94 |bibcode=2005QJRMS.131.1539M |s2cid=122365938 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236243 |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818105335/https://zenodo.org/record/1236243 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> At normal [[atmospheric pressure|air pressure]] (1 atmosphere), water freezes into ice at 0 °C (32 °F) and boils into steam at 100 °C (212 °F). The [[Melting point|freezing point]] is the temperature at which water turns to ice. The [[boiling point]] is the temperature at which water turns into gas. Water does not need to be boiling to become gas. Even at low temperatures, some water molecules can move fast enough to evaporate. This is why a [[glass]] of water when left alone will slowly dry out. But when water is heated, the molecules move faster and evaporate quicker. When water reaches 100 °C, bubbles of water vapor form inside the liquid. These bubbles rise to the top and release steam into the air.<ref name="Greenwood" /> Water vapor (gas) can turn directly into ice without becoming liquid first. This is called [[Desublimation|deposition]]. You can see this when frost forms on cold windows. It also happens when [[snowflake]]s form in clouds. In clouds, tiny pieces of [[dust]] or [[pollen]] help water vapor turn straight into ice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Sarah |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |url=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325185513/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |url-status=live }}</ref> The opposite of deposition is called [[sublimation]]. This is when ice turns straight into water vapor without becoming a liquid.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitten |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Gailey |first2=Kenneth D. |last3=Davis |first3=Raymond E. |title=General chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0 |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=0-03-072373-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/475 475] |edition=4th}}</ref> One use of sublimation is in freeze-drying food. a method of [[Food preservation|preserving food]]. First, the food is frozen. Then it is put into a [[vacuum]] (a space with no air). The ice inside the food turns into vapor. This leaves the food dry, without using [[heat]].<ref name="Fellows-2017">{{Cite book|title=Food processing technology : principles and practice|last=Fellows|first=P. (Peter)|date=2017|publisher=Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0081005231|edition=4th|location=Kent|pages=929–940|chapter=Freeze drying and freeze concentration|oclc=960758611}}</ref> Water usually freezes at 0 °C (32 °F) at normal air pressure. But in special conditions, pure water can stay liquid even it is colder than that. If it is not shaken or disturbed, it can cool all the way down to about –42 °C (–44 °F) without freezing. This is called supercooling.<ref>{{cite journal|date=2003|title=Supercooled and Glassy Water|url=http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf|journal=Physics Today|volume=56|issue=6|pages=40–46|bibcode=2003PhT....56f..40D|doi=10.1063/1.1595053|last1=Debenedetti|first1=P. G.|last2=Stanley|first2=H. E.|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-date=2018-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101114735/http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Melting point|melting]] and [[boiling point]]s of water change with pressure. For most things, if you add more pressure, they melt at a higher temperature. But water is different because ice is less dense than liquid water. That is why ice floats. When pressure is added to ice, the melting point actually goes down. That means ice can melt even when it is colder than 0 °C if there is enough pressure.<ref name=Oliveira>{{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Mário J. de |title=Equilibrium Thermodynamics |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-53207-2 |pages=120–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8GRDgAAQBAJ&dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&pg=PA122 |access-date=26 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003011/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Equilibrium_Thermodynamics/F8GRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&pg=PA122&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> This can happen deep under a [[glacier]]. The heavy ice on top pushes down with a lot of pressure. This pressure can melt the ice under it, even though it is very cold. That is how lakes can form under glaciers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siegert |first1=Martin J. |last2=Ellis-Evans |first2=J. Cynan |last3=Tranter |first3=Martyn |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Petit |first5=Jean-Robert |last6=Salamatin |first6=Andrey |last7=Priscu |first7=John C. |title=Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes |journal=Nature |date=December 2001 |volume=414 |issue=6864 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1038/414603a|pmid=11740551 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..603S |s2cid=4423510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Bethan |title=Antarctic subglacial lakes |url=http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |website=AntarcticGlaciers |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003171536/http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Steam (which is water in gas form) takes up much more space than liquid water. That means it is less dense. When the pressure is high, it becomes harder for water to boil, so it needs to be hotter to turn into steam. In places with a lot of pressure, water can stay as a liquid even when it gets hotter than 100 °C (212 °F), which is the normal boiling point.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masterton |first1=William L. |last2=Hurley |first2=Cecile N. |title=Chemistry: principles and reactions |date=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-12671-3 |page=230 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teubNK-b2bsC&q=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080844/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chemistry_Principles_and_Reactions/teubNK-b2bsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, in [[geyser]]s like [[Old Faithful Geyser|Old Faithful]], water can get over 205 °C (401 °F) without boiling.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peaco |first1=Jim |title=Yellowstone Lesson Plan: How Yellowstone Geysers Erupt |location=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |access-date=5 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302093350/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> And near underwater volcanoes called [[hydrothermal vent]]s, water can reach 400 °C (752 °F) and still stay liquid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahic |first1=Catherine |title=Found: The hottest water on Earth |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103747/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At [[sea level]], water boils at 100 °C (212 °F). But when you go up higher like up the [[mountain]]s, the air pressure gets lower. When pressure is lower, water boils at a lower temperature. For every 274 meters (or about 900 feet) you go up, the boiling point goes down by about 1 °C. For example, at 274 meters (about 900 feet), the boiling point becomes 99°C (210.2°F) instead of 100°C (212°F). That is why food takes longer to cook at higher [[altitude]]s. The water boils before it gets really hot.<ref>{{cite web |last1=USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service |title=High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120010850/https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[pressure cooker]] works the opposite way. It traps steam inside, which raises the pressure. This lets water boil at a higher temperature, so food cooks faster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pressure Cooking – Food Science |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |website=Exploratorium |language=en |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044746/https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |url-status=live }}</ref> In places with no air at all, like in a vacuum, water can even boil at [[room temperature]]. This is because there is no pressure holding the water molecules together.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allain |first1=Rhett |title=Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature. Here's How |url=https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=12 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044101/https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Taste and odor === People often say that water has no taste or smell.<ref name="chemlibretexts" /> But in real life, most of the water we drink has some [[taste]] or [[smell]]. This is because there are usually tiny amounts of other substances dissolved in the water. Pure water does not have a taste, but our tongues can tell if something is mixed in. For example: * [[Salt]]s in water can give it a “mineral” taste, like water from [[Spring (water)|spring]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html|title=Hard Water |publisher= USGS|date= 8 April 2014|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=165.110&SearchTerm=mineral%20water|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> * Water that is very [[Acid|acidic]] tastes sour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Da Conceicao Neta|first=Edith Ramos|last2=Johanningsmeier|first2=Suzanne D.|last3=McFeeters|first3=Roger F.|date=2007|title=The Chemistry and Physiology of Sour Taste—A Review|url=https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00282.x|journal=Journal of Food Science|language=en|volume=72|issue=2|pages=R33–R38|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00282.x|issn=1750-3841}}</ref> * Water that is very [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] (alkaline) tastes bitter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=11.6: Acid-Base Reactions|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.06:_Acid-Base_Reactions|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> * Tap water often has chlorine added to kill germs. This can give it a chemical or medicine-like taste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=Disinfection with Chlorine {{!}} Public Water Systems {{!}} Drinking Water {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/chlorine-disinfection.html |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> * [[Metal]]s like [[iron]] or [[copper]] can cause a metallic taste. This can be found in water from old pipes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mirlohi |first=Susan |title=Characterization of Metallic Off-Flavors in Drinking Water: Health, Consumption, and Sensory Perception |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=24 |pages=16829 |year=2022 |doi=10.3390/ijerph192416829 |pmid=36554714 |pmc=9778853 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9778853/}}</ref> Even tiny amounts of these substances can change the taste. How strongly people taste them can depend on how cold or warm the water is and even a person's [[gene]]s.<ref name="Trivedi">{{cite journal | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Gustatory system: The finer points of taste | journal=Nature| volume=486 | issue=7403 | year=2012 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/486s2a | pages=S2–S3|pmid=22717400| bibcode=2012Natur.486S...2T | s2cid=4325945 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Heat as a Factor in the Perception of Taste, Smell, and Oral Sensation |title=Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington, DC |year=1993 |editor=Bernadette M. Marriott |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236241/ |access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref> * Water can smell earthy or musty. This often come from natural chemicals like geosmin or 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) made by [[algae]] or [[bacteria]] in lakes and rivers.<ref name="aem2007">{{cite journal|url=https://aem.asm.org/content/73/14/4395/|title=Biochemical and Ecological Control of Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in Source Waters|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=73|date=July 2007|bibcode=2007ApEnM..73.4395J |last1=Jüttner |first1=Friedrich |last2=Watson |first2=Susan B. |issue=14 |pages=4395–4706 |doi=10.1128/AEM.02250-06 |pmid=17400777 |pmc=1932821 |s2cid=1954489 }}</ref> * A rotten egg smell means the water might have [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas in it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Does My Water Smell Like Rotten Eggs? Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Bacteria in Well Water |website=Minnesota Department of Health |url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/wells/waterquality/hydrosulfide.html |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> * Tap water might smell a little like chlorine, from the [[Water treatment|treatment process]]. Some of these smells are so strong that the [[human nose]] can detect them even in very small amounts.<ref name=candau>{{cite journal |last1=Candau |first1=Joël |year=2004 |title=The Olfactory Experience: constants and cultural variables |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=11–17 |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152229/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=live |doi=10.2166/wst.2004.0522 |pmid=15237601 |bibcode=2004WSTec..49...11C }}</ref> Some animals, like [[frog]]s, can even smell water itself.<ref name=frog>R. Llinas, W. Precht (2012), ''Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook''. Springer Science & Business Media. {{ISBN|978-3642663161}}</ref> === Mechanical properties === Water is often called incompressible. This means that even if you push on it really hard, it doesn't shrink much. For example, at the [[Deep sea|bottom of the ocean]], about 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) deep, the pressure is 400 times greater than at sea level. But water only gets about 1.8% smaller. This happens because water has a high [[bulk modulus]] (about 2.2 gigapascals). This means it resists being squeezed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Water Compressibility {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-compressibility|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Viscosity]] is how easily a liquid flows. Water has low viscosity, so it flows quickly and easily, like in rivers or through pipes. [[Honey]] or [[syrup]] have high viscosity, so they flow slowly and are thick. Water flows smoothly through rivers, [[pipe]]s, and the [[human body]] (like in [[blood vessel]]s and cells). Viscosity changes with temperature. When a liquid gets warmer, it becomes thinner and flows more easily. When it gets colder, it becomes thicker and flows more slowly. So, warm water flows faster, and cold water flows slower. Water is called a [[Newtonian fluid]]. This means its viscosity stays the same even if you stir it fast or slow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DEFINITION OF VISCOSITY|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def.html|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.princeton.edu}}</ref> [[Sound]] travels through water at about 1,400 to 1,540 meters per second, depending on how warm, salty, or deep the water is. That is over 4 times faster than in air. [[Whale]]s use sound to talk and find food underwater. Humans use tools like [[sonar]] to find things under the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speed of sound in water|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/sound01/background/acoustics/acoustics.html#:~:text=The%20speed%20of%20a%20wave,of%20water%20differ%20from%20air.|access-date=2025-05-03|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calculation of absorption of sound in seawater|url=http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/|access-date=2025-05-03|website=resource.npl.co.uk}}</ref> === Electrical properties === [[File:Autoionizacion-agua.gif|200px|right|thumb|Animation of the self-ionization of water]] Water is a polar molecule. This means it has slightly charged ends. In water molecules, the hydrogen atoms have a small positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a small negative charge. This happens because oxygen pulls electrons closer to itself. That is because oxygen is more [[Electronegativity|electronegative]]. It likes to attract electrons more than hydrogen does. This polarity helps water surround and pull apart other substances, especially those made of charged particles, like table salt (NaCl). When salt is added to water, the negative part of water (the oxygen) surrounds the positive sodium ions (Na⁺). The positive part (the hydrogen) surrounds the negative chloride ions (Cl⁻). This helps break the salt apart and keep the ions floating around in the water.<ref name="USGSsolvent" /><ref name="Khansolvent" /> Water also has a high [[Relative permittivity|dielectric constant]]. It is about 80 at [[room temperature]]. That is much higher than most other liquids. This means water can reduce the electrical attraction between [[Charged particle|opposite charge]]s. As a result, [[ion]]s (like those from [[Table salt|salt]]) can separate more easily in water. This is why it is so good at dissolving [[electrolyte]]s. This makes it easier for ions to stay separate and move around freely. This is important for conducting [[electricity]] in biological and chemical systems. Thanks to its polarity and [[dielectric|dielectric nature]], water is one of the best solvents in the world. That is why it is called the "universal solvent".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-17|title=3.3: Electrical Properties of Pure Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/01:_Water_and_Aqueous_Solutions/03:_Water's_Physical_Properties/3.03:_Electrical_Properties_of_Pure_Water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water can go through a special process called autoionization (also called self-ionization). This means that two water molecules can react with each other to make two new particles: a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻). One water molecule, takes a hydrogen from the other becoming a hydronium ion while the other is left with one hydrogen becoming a hydroxide ion.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Chemical reaction|reaction]] looks like this: : H₂O + H₂O {{eqm}} H₃O⁺ + OH⁻ This reaction does not happen often. At room temperature (25 °C), only a tiny number of water molecules do this. In pure water, the amounts of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ are each 1 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L (moles per liter). That tiny amount makes water neutral and gives it a [[pH]] of 7. The pH scale, which tells us if something is acidic or basic, is based on this. Because there are so few ions, pure water does not conduct electricity well. That means pure water is more like an [[insulator]] than a [[Electric conductor|conductor]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2015-01-18|title=16.3: Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map:_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16:_Acids_and_Bases/16.3:_Self-Ionization_of_Water_and_the_pH_Scale|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> But water can dissolve ionic substances like salt very well. When you add even a little table salt (NaCl) to water, it releases lots of ions. The conductivity goes up a million times. That is why [[tap water]] and [[seawater]] conduct electricity so well. Seawater, for example, has ions like Na⁺, Cl⁻, and Mg²⁺, making it highly conductive. This matters in real life. Distilled water, which has no ions, can't carry electricity. But regular water, with minerals or salts in it, can carry [[electric current]]. This is important in [[Battery|batteries]], [[electrolysis]], and even in cells in your body.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Conductivity (Electrical Conductance) and Water {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/conductivity-electrical-conductance-and-water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> === Optical properties === [[File:SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg|thumb|alt=|An indoor swimming pool appears cyan from above, as light reflecting from the bottom of the pool travels through enough water that its red component is absorbed. The same water in a smaller bucket looks only slightly cyan,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Jim |last2=Milligan |first2=Mark |date=April 5, 2011 |title=Why Is Bear Lake So Blue? And Other Commonly Asked Questions |url=http://geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123163847/http://www.geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2012 |series=Public Information Series |volume=96 |publisher=[[Utah Geological Survey]] |page=10 |isbn=978-1-55791-842-0 |access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref> and observing the water at close range makes it appear colorless to the naked eye.]] In small amounts, water looks [[Transparency|clear]], but pure water actually has a slight [[blue]] tint. You can see the blue color more easily when you look at a large amount of water, like in a [[swimming pool]], [[lake]] or ocean. The color comes from the way water interacts with light. Pure water absorbs some colors of light more than others. Those colors include the [[red]], [[orange]], and [[yellow]] parts of [[sunlight]]. This leaves more blue light to be reflected into our [[eye]]s. This is why water looks blue. You cannot see this in a glass of water. You can only see this when you are looking at deeper water, like in a swimming pool or lake. The deeper the water, the more light gets absorbed, and the more the blue color is seen. If water has something dissolved in it or tiny particles floating in it, the color can change. For example, [[algae]] and organic matter can make water look green or brown. [[Mineral]]s and [[sediment]]s in the water can change its color. [[Tannin]]s from [[Decomposition|decaying]] plants can give water a tea-like, brownish color.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Water Color {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-color|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Visible light]] can mostly go through water. Blue and green light go the deepest in water. On the other hand, red, orange, and yellow light gets absorbed by the water, so they do not go very deep. In clear ocean water, [[sunlight]] can reach down to about 200 meters. This upper layer is called the photic zone. It is where there is enough light for plants and tiny algae like [[phytoplankton]] to do photosynthesis. Deeper than that, there is not enough light for plants to do photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How far does light travel in the ocean? : Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/light-distributed.html#:~:text=Light%20in%20the%20ocean%20decreases,no%20light%20from%20the%20surface.|access-date=2025-05-03|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov|language=en-US}}</ref> Water bends light because it has a higher [[refractive index]] than air. The refractive index of water at room temperature (20°C or 68°F) is about 1.333. The refractive index of air is about 1.0. This means that when [[light]] enters water from the air, it slows down and bends. This is called [[refraction]]. It is this bending of light that causes a straw to look bent or broken in a glass of water. It is also why things under water look closer or larger than they actually are. Ice has a slightly lower refractive index (about 1.31). Because of this, light bends a bit less when passing through ice than through liquid water. The refractive index of water is similar to some liquids like [[ethanol]] and [[alkane]]s. But, it is lower than substances like [[glycerol]], [[benzene]], [[carbon disulfide]], or [[glass]] (which range from 1.4 to 1.6). Also, the refractive index of water can change a little depending on the how how or cold it is, the pressure, or how much salt is in the water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index of Refraction of Seawater and Freshwater as a Function of Wavelength and Temperature {{!}} Parrish Research Group {{!}} Oregon State University|url=https://research.engr.oregonstate.edu/parrish/index-refraction-seawater-and-freshwater-function-wavelength-and-temperature|access-date=2025-05-03|website=research.engr.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> === Chemical reactions of water === Water can react with some metals. It reacts with metals more reactive than hydrogen. When this happens, the metal reacts with water to make hydrogen gas and a metal hydroxide. Some metals, like the [[alkali metal]]s (such as [[lithium]], [[sodium]], and [[potassium]]), react very strongly with water. Alkaline earth metals like calcium and magnesium react less violently. For example, sodium reacts violently and makes sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Valqui|first=Melissa|date=2022-08-20|title=The Reaction of Sodium in Water|url=https://chemistrytalk.org/sodium-in-water-reaction/|access-date=2025-05-03|website=ChemTalk|language=en-US}}</ref> :{{chem2|2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2}} This reaction gives off a lot of heat (exothermic). It can even cause the hydrogen gas to catch fire. Water is [[Amphoterism|amphoteric]]. This means it can act like an [[acid]] or a [[Base (chemistry)|base]]. This depends on what it is reacting with. When water is with a strong base, it gives away a hydrogen ion (H⁺) and acts like an acid. When water is with a strong acid, it takes in a hydrogen ion and acts like a base.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-07|title=9.4.2.1: Amphoteric nature of water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/South_Puget_Sound_Community_College/Chem_121:_Introduction_to_Chemistry/09:_Chapter_8A_-_Acids_bases_and_pH/9.04:_Definition_and_Properties_of_Acids_and_Bases/9.4.02:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acids_and_Bases/9.4.2.01:_Amphoteric_nature_of_water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water can also react with itself in a process called self-ionization: :{{chem2|H2O + H20 ⇌ H3O+ + OH-}} This creates a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻). This reaction does not happen much in water. It helps set the pH scale, which tells us how acidic or basic a liquid is.<ref name=":3" /> Water can also break one [[molecule]] into two smaller ones in a process called [[hydrolysis]]. The word comes from Greek: "hydro" meaning water, and "lysis" meaning to break or unbind. In hydrolysis, one molecule breaks into two molecules. A water molecule then breaks apart into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion. The hydrogen ion attaches itself to one of the two new molecules.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=5.4: Hydrolysis Reactions|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152:_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/05:_Organic_Chemical_Reactions/5.04:_Hydrolysis_Reactions|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> The hydroxide ion attaches itself to the other molecule. In [[industry]], hydrolysis is used to break down compounds like [[ester]]s or [[salt]]s. In biology, [[protein]]s are broken into [[amino acid]]s through hydrolysis. Fats (lipids) are broken into glycerol and [[fatty acid]]s. [[Carbohydrate]]s, such as [[sucrose]], are broken into simpler [[sugar]]s like [[glucose]] and [[fructose]]: :{{chem2|C12H22O11 (sugar) + H2O → C6H12O6 (glucose) + C6H12O6 (fructose)}} Hydrolysis is the opposite of a [[Dehydration (chemistry)|condensation reaction]]. Condensation combines two molecules and releases water. Hydrolysis breaks one molecule into two smaller ones by adding water.<ref name=":4" /> Water can be broken down into hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂), using a process called [[electrolysis]]. In this process, an electric current is passed through water that contains small amounts of an electrolyte like [[sulfuric acid]] or salt. This helps the water conduct electricity. The electricity breaks down the water molecules:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-27|title=23.9: Electrolysis of Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/23:_Electrochemistry/23.09:_Electrolysis_of_Water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> :{{chem2|2H2O → 2H2 + O2}} Electrolysis is important because it produces clean [[hydrogen fuel]] when powered by [[renewable energy]] like [[Solar energy|solar]] or [[Wind energy|wind]]. This is often called [[green hydrogen]]. It can be used to store [[energy]], power [[fuel cell]]s, or replace [[fossil fuel]]s in industry and [[transportation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is green hydrogen and why do we need it? An expert explains|url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/12/what-is-green-hydrogen-expert-explains-benefits/|access-date=2025-05-03|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> == On Earth == <noinclude>{{Multiple image |direction = vertical |align = right |width = 320 |image1 = Earth's water distribution.svg |image2 = Earth_water_distribution_ppm_chart.svg |caption1 = A graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth |caption2 = Visualisation of the distribution of water on Earth (by volume). Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1,000 km³ of water. This amount of water has a mass of about 1 trillion tonnes (200,000 times that of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] or five times that of [[Lake Kariba]], arguably the heaviest man-made object). Comprising 1 million tiny cubes, the entire cube would measure about 1,102 km on each side. }}</noinclude> [[Hydrology]] is the [[science]] that studies how water moves, where it is found, and its quality all over the Earth. It is part of a larger group of sciences that study water in different places and forms: * [[Hydrography]] studies where water is located on Earth's surface. * [[Hydrogeology]] focuses on groundwater, water stored underground. * [[Glaciology]] studies ice and glaciers. * [[Limnology]] looks at inland water bodies like lakes and rivers. * [[Oceanography]] studies the oceans. * [[Ecohydrology]] explores how water interacts with [[ecosystem]]s and living things. All the water on Earth (in oceans, rivers, lakes, ice, underground, and even in the air) is called the [[hydrosphere]]. The Earth holds about 1.386 billion cubic kilometers of water. Water on Earth is not distributed equally. Most of the water on Earth is found in the oceans. About 96.5% of all the water on Earth is salt water in the oceans. This cannot used for drinking or farming. That leaves only 2.5% of the Earth's water as fresh water. Of this small percentage of freshwater, most of them are in hard to reach places. Around 68.7% of Earth's fresh water is stored in [[ice cap]]s, [[glacier]]s, and permanent snow. This is mainly in [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]]. Another 30.1% is found as [[groundwater]], stored in [[aquifer]]s deep under the Earth's surface. This groundwater is an important source of water for [[well]]s and [[Spring (water)|spring]]s. It is very important in [[agriculture]] and for [[Drinking water|drinking]]. Only about 1.2% of all fresh water is water that can be found on the surface of the Earth. This includes water in lakes (about 20.9%), [[swamp]]s and [[marsh]]es (2.6%), and rivers (0.49%). Water can also be found in the atmosphere as vapor, clouds, and [[precipitation]], and in [[soil moisture]], permafrost, and living organisms. But these make up only a tiny fraction of all the water on Earth (less than 0.01%).<ref name="WSS" /><ref name=":5" /> Fresh water is not evenly distributed across the Earth. Some places have more water than others. [[Country|Countries]] like [[Canada]], [[Brazil]], and [[Russia]] have large supplies of fresh water because of lots of rivers and rainfall. In contrast, dry places like [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and parts of [[Central Asia]] have very limited freshwater. Some [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions get lots of rainfall, while others may go months without much rain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AQUASTAT Dissemination System|url=https://data.apps.fao.org/aquastat/?lang=en|access-date=2025-05-04|website=data.apps.fao.org}}</ref> === Water cycle === [[File:Water cycle.png|thumb|Water cycle]] The [[water cycle]] (also called the hydrologic cycle) is the constant movement of water through the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Water moves between the air, ground, rivers, oceans, lakes, plants, and even underground. The main parts of the water cycle are:<ref name=":6" /> * [[Evaporation]]: Water from oceans, lakes, and rivers changes into vapor (gas) and rises into the air. * [[Transpiration]]: Plants release water vapor into the air through their leaves. * [[Condensation]]: Water vapor in the air turns into clouds. * [[Precipitation]]: Water vapor in the air cools, turns into liquid or solid, and falls back to Earth as rain, snow, or hail. * [[Surface runoff|Runoff]]: Water flows across the land into rivers, lakes, and oceans. The [[sun]] is the main source of [[energy]] that drives the water cycle. When sunlight heats up water, the water molecules move faster and can turn into vapor. This a process called evaporation. This happens in oceans, lakes, rivers, and even from the [[land]]. Plants also release water vapor through their leaves in a process called transpiration. Together, evaporation and transpiration are called evapotranspiration. The term evapotranspiration is commonly used by [[geologist]]s. Water vapor is invisible to our eyes.<ref name=":6" /> [[Wind]]s carry water vapor in the atmosphere over long distances. When water vapor cools down, it changes back into liquid water. This is called condensation. This can happen when warm air meets cool air. The water forms tiny drops around dust or salt called condensation nuclei in the air. These drops come together to form clouds. As more droplets stick together, they grow bigger. When they get heavy enough, they fall to Earth as rain, [[snow]], or [[hail]]. This is called precipitation.<ref name=":6" /> When precipitation reaches the [[ground]], it can do the following. It can evaporate again. It can flow over the land as runoff into rivers and lakes. Or soak into the ground to become groundwater. Water that flows in rivers and lakes is called surface water. Water that moves underground through soil and rock is called groundwater. Groundwater moves slowly and can come back to the surface through [[spring]]s. It can also flow into rivers, lakes, or oceans. This shows how surface water and groundwater are connected.<ref name=":6" /> Most water that evaporates from the ocean goes back to the ocean. But wind blows water vapor to land at the same rate it goes back to the ocean. Each year, about 47 trillion tons of water vapor move from the ocean to the land. About 72 trillion more tons of water vapor comes from land evaporation and plants. That adds up to 119 trillion tons of precipitation falling on land each year.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor-last=Gleick |editor-first=P. H. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |page=15, Table 2.3 |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> Precipitation over land has many forms. Most commonly [[rain]], [[snow]], and [[hail]], with some being [[fog]] and [[dew]]. Dew are small drops of water that form when warm, wet air touches a cool surface, usually in the early [[morning]]. Water droplets in the air may also [[Refraction|refract]] [[sunlight]] to produce [[rainbow]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alice's Adventures in Water-land |last1=Ben-Naim |first1=A. |last2=Ben-Naim |first2=R. |publisher=World Scientific Publishing |year=2011 |page=31 |doi=10.1142/8068 |isbn=978-981-4338-96-7}}</ref> Water that flows over land collects in places called [[watershed]]s. They then travel through rivers, carving out [[valley]]s and [[delta]]s. These areas usually have very good soil, which is good for farming and building cities. Sometimes, too much water causes a [[flood]]. This can happen when rivers overflow or big storms push water onto the land. Other times, there is not enough water. A [[drought]] happens when a place gets very little rain for a long time. This is often because of the place or shape of the land. === Water and Earth's geography === [[File:Carlsbad Interior Formations.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Carlsbad caverns in New Mexico, USA has over 119 caves, all formed by water breaking down limestone.]] [[File:石林正门.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The Stone Forest near Kunming, China has hundreds of tall, sharp towers of limestone shaped by water]] Water plays an important role in shaping the Earth’s surface and what is happening under it. It helps form [[landscape]]s. It breaks down [[rock]]s. It even affects [[Volcanism|volcanic activity]] from deep under the surface. Water changes the land through both physical actions, like [[erosion]], and [[chemical reaction]]s, like breaking down [[mineral]]s in rocks. Water plays a big role in breaking down rocks on Earth’s surface. This is a process called [[weathering]]. There are two main types: physical and chemical. In physical weathering, water gets into cracks in rocks. When it freezes, it expands and makes the cracks bigger. Over time, this causes the rock to break apart. In chemical weathering, water mixes with carbon dioxide from the air or soil. This creates a [[weak acid]] called [[carbonic acid]]. Carbonic acid can dissolve some types of rock, especially [[limestone]]. When this acid gets to limestone underground, it can create large cracks, [[cave]]s, and [[tunnel]]s. On the surface, it can create a type of landscape called [[karst]]. Here the ground has [[sinkhole]]s, caves, and holes. One amazing example of karst is the [[Stone Forest]] near [[Kunming]], [[China]]. It has hundreds of tall, sharp towers of limestone made by water. Another example is [[Carlsbad Caverns]] in [[New Mexico]], [[USA]]. This park has over 119 caves, all formed by water breaking down limestone. The biggest one, called the Big Room, is so large it could fit six football fields inside.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weathering|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/weathering/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=5 Weathering, Erosion, and Sedimentary Rocks – An Introduction to Geology|url=https://opengeology.org/textbook/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks/|access-date=2025-05-04|language=en}}</ref> Once rocks are broken down by weathering, the pieces are moved by a process called [[erosion]]. Water moves bits of rock and minerals away. No rock is strong enough to resist weathering and erosion forever. These powerful forces have created some of Earth’s most famous [[landmarks]]. For example, the [[Grand Canyon]] in [[Arizona]], [[USA]], was made by the [[Colorado River]] over millions of years. The canyon is about 446 kilometers (277 miles) long, up to 29 kilometers (18 miles) wide, and about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) deep.<ref name=":7" /> Water is also very good at moving [[sediment]]. Sediment is made up of small pieces of rock, [[sand]], and soil. Rivers, glaciers, rain, and even [[ocean current]]s move sediment over long distances. Eventually, this sediment settles in new places. Sediment is important because it adds nutrients to the soil. This helps plants grow. Places with lots of sediment, like riverbanks and deltas, are usually great for farming. They have a lot of different plants and animals. For thousands of years, the [[Nile River]] in [[Egypt]] flooded every year. This brought about 4 million metric tons of nutrient-rich sediment. Even today, the land next to the Nile is Egypt’s best farmland. Over millions of years, layers of sediment can press together to form [[sedimentary rock]]s. These rocks can contain [[fossil]]s and clues about Earth’s past, like what the [[climate]] was like long ago.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sediment|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sediment/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> Deep inside the Earth, water plays an important role in forming [[magma]]. Magma is the hot, melted rock that can lead to [[volcano]]es. The [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] is the thick layer under the Earth's crust. It is made of solid rock even though it is hot enough to melt rocks. This is because the pressure deep inside the Earth is so strong that it stops the rock from melting. But in places called [[Subduction|subduction zones]], one of Earth's [[tectonic plate]]s goes under another plate. This brings water down into the mantle. This water lowers the melting point of the rock. This means the rock can start to melt even though it is still under very high pressures. This creates magma, which can rise and cause volcanic eruptions. So, water does not just shape the land on the surface, it also helps cause big changes deep underground. Over millions of years, water has helped shape how Earth looks and behaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panchuk|first=Karla|date=2019|title=7.1 Magma and How It Forms|url=https://www.saskoer.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-1-magma-and-how-it-forms/|journal=UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN|language=en}}</ref> == In the Universe == [[File:Band 5 ALMA receiver.jpg|thumb|Band 5 [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array|ALMA]] receiver is an instrument specifically designed to detect water in the universe.<ref>{{cite web |title=ALMA greatly improves capacity to search for water in universe |url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/ |accessdate=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070436/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]] Water is not only found on Earth. It can be found all over the [[universe]]. [[Astronomer]]s have found ice, vapor, and sometimes liquid water in many places in the universe. Water ice has been found on the [[Moon]], [[Mars]], and [[comet]]s. It has also been found on the icy moons of the outer planets, such as [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]. Even in [[Interstellar medium|interstellar space]], the space between the stars, water exists as ice around tiny dust grains. It also exists as vapor in [[molecular cloud]]s where new [[star]]s are born. Water has even been found in the atmospheres of [[exoplanet]]s, planets outside our [[solar system]]. A water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hydrogen came from the [[Big Bang]]. Oxygen was created inside big stars, much larger than the [[Sun]]. When these stars die and explode, they release oxygen into space. Oxygen can then combine with hydrogen to make water. Huge clouds of gas and dust, called [[Stellar nursery|stellar nurseries]], are where new stars are born. These places often contain huge amounts of water vapor. For example, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] found water molecules in the [[Helix Nebula]]. Water has also been found in young [[planetary system]]s around other stars. Around the star [[Beta Pictoris]], which is about 20 million years old, scientists found water in a giant disk of gas and dust. This is likely from comets smashing into each other, asteroids, and forming planets. In the [[Orion Nebula]], one of the biggest and most famous star-forming regions, water is still being made today. It is so large that it makes enough water every day to fill Earth’s oceans 60 times. All of this water, and the other molecules made in these star factories becomes part of new planets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean Worlds|url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ocean-worlds/|access-date=2025-05-05|website=Ocean Worlds}}</ref> On 22 July 2011, scientists found a gigantic cloud of water vapor that had 140 trillion times more water than the Earth's oceans combined around a [[quasar]] 12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the discovery shows that water has been in the universe for a very long time.<ref name="Clavin">{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Buis |first2=Alan |title=Astronomers find largest, most distant reservoir of water |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063244/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="water vapor cloud">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Astronomers find largest, oldest mass of water in Universe |url=http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029230319/http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |archive-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> To find water in space, scientists make use of various tools and techniques. [[Telescope]]s with [[spectrometer]]s can study the light coming from far away objects. Every molecule absorbs and emits light at specific [[wavelength]]s. By studying them, scientists can figure out whether there is water. [[Radio telescope]]s on the ground and [[space telescope]]s like the Hubble Space Telescope, the [[James Webb Space Telescope]], and the [[Herschel Space Observatory]] have all helped us find water across the universe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-25|title=NASA's Hubble Finds Water Vapor in Small Exoplanet's Atmosphere - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-finds-water-vapor-in-small-exoplanets-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=Hubble Finds Evidence of Persistent Water Vapor in One Hemisphere of Europa - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-finds-evidence-of-persistent-water-vapor-in-one-hemisphere-of-europa/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Discovery Alert: Webb Maps and Finds Traces of Water in an Ultra-hot Gas Giant's Atmosphere - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/discovery-alert-webb-maps-and-finds-traces-of-water-in-an-ultra-hot-gas-giants-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Herschel detects abundant water in planet-forming disc|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_detects_abundant_water_in_planet-forming_disc|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water in the early Universe|url=https://www.mpg.de/567262/pressRelease20081218#:~:text=A%20research%20group%20led%20by,distance%20from%20Earth%20so%20far.|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.mpg.de|language=en}}</ref> In our own solar system, spacecraft missions have also been very important. [[NASA]]’s [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] and [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]] missions found strong evidence of subsurface oceans on Jupiter's and Saturn’s moons. Cassini found [[geyser]]s on [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], with water vapor and ice particles erupting from the moon’s surface.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Enceladus - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/science/enceladus/#:~:text=Cassini%20discovered%20that%20geyser-like,the%20icy%20crust%20of%20Enceladus.&text=With%20its%20global%20ocean,%20unique,worlds%20where%20life%20could%20exist.|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-08-25|title=Galileo Evidence Points to Possible Water World Under Europa's Icy Crust - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/galileo-evidence-points-to-possible-water-world-under-europas-icy-crust/#:~:text=818)%20354-6278-,NASA%20researchers%20have%20the%20strongest%20evidence%20yet%20that%20one%20of,edition%20of%20the%20journal%20Science.|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref> On Mars, orbiters and rovers have found polar ice caps and certain rocks, which suggests that Mars might have had water in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-todays-mars/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global map of hydrated minerals on Mars|url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2022/08/Global_map_of_hydrated_minerals_on_Mars|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref> === In the solar system === [[File:Comet on 5 September 2015 – NavCam ESA15597657.jpeg|thumb|The gas released from the comet contains water vapor]] [[Image:Europa_poster.svg|thumb|upright=2|Model of Europa's possible interior structure, with a thin ice crust and a [[Planetary oceanography|subsurface ocean]] under it]] [[File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg|thumb|right|South polar ice cap of Mars during Martian summer in the year 2000]] Water can be found in many places in our Solar System.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tour of Water in the Solar System {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/tour-water-solar-system|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/|access-date=2025-05-06|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)|language=en-US}}</ref> Earth is the only planet we know of that has liquid water on its surface all the time. Water can be found as: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor) on Earth. Scientists have found tiny amounts of water vapor in the Sun’s atmosphere. The [[Sun]] is very hot. Its surface is about 5,500°C (9,932°F) and the inside is even hotter. Normally, water breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen in such heat. But there are cooler spots on the Sun, like [[sunspot]]s. At sunspots, temperatures can drop to about 3,000°C (5,432°F). That is still very hot, but cool enough for water molecules to form for a short time before they break apart into hydrogen and oxygen again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Found on Sun|url=https://solar-center.stanford.edu/news/sunwater.html|access-date=2025-05-06|website=solar-center.stanford.edu}}</ref> [[The Moon]] and [[Mercury]] both have water ice hidden in [[crater]]s near their poles. These craters are always in the dark and never get sunlight. Because of this, the ice has stayed frozen for billions of years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice on the Moon|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ice/ice_moon.html#:~:text=Where%20did%20the%20ice%20come,scattered%20over%20the%20lunar%20surface.|access-date=2025-05-06|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water ice on Mercury|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ice/ice_mercury.html|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> NASA [[spacecraft]]s, like the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] and [[MESSENGER]], have found that these ice do exist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=NASA’s LRO Sheds Light on Lunar Water Movement - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasas-lro-sheds-light-on-lunar-water-movement/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-20|title=MESSENGER - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/messenger/#:~:text=NASA's%20MESSENGER%20spacecraft%20orbited%20Mercury,deposits%20are%20dominantly%20water-ice.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Venus]] has water vapor in its atmosphere, just like Earth. But its surface is very hot and harsh. This means it does not have any liquid water on its surface. Scientists think Venus may have had water in the past, but it was lost into space. This is because Venus does not have a [[magnetic field]] to protect it like [[Earth's magnetic field|Earth]] does.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did Venus’s water go?|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Where_did_Venus_s_water_go|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref> Mars has ice caps at its poles made of water and [[carbon dioxide]]. There is also ice under the ground in many places. [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]s and orbiters have also found [[hydrated]] [[mineral]]s. This means that liquid water once flowed on the surface of Mars a long time ago.<ref name=":0" /> [[Asteroid]]s are found near a part of the solar system called the “[[Frost line (astrophysics)|frost line]]”. This is the distance from the Sun where it is cold enough for water to freeze into ice. Beyond this line, you usually won't find liquid water because it is very cold. It can only be found hidden under ice, mixed with salt that keep it from freezing, or trapped under pressure in an atmosphere. One example is [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], a [[dwarf planet]]. It may have a layer of dust and rock on the outside, with salty water ice deep under the surface.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-09|title=Ceres: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/ceres/facts/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Asteroids were once thought to be dry, but now scientists have found some that contain water ice or hydrated minerals. NASA’s [[OSIRIS-REx]] mission is helping us learn more about how much water some asteroids might have.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA’s Bennu Asteroid Sample Contains Carbon, Water - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-bennu-asteroid-sample-contains-carbon-water/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwRI scientists identify water molecules on asteroids for the first time {{!}} Southwest Research Institute|url=https://www.swri.org/newsroom/press-releases/swri-scientists-identify-water-molecules-asteroids-the-first-time|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.swri.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Comet]]s are pieces of ice leftover from the early solar system. They have a lot of frozen water. When a comet gets close to the Sun, the ice turns into gas, creating the famous glowing tails.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-26|title=Comets|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/comets/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> There also exists a massive cloud of comets called the [[Oort cloud]] at the edge of the solar system.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-20|title=Oort Cloud|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[outer planet]]s, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune also have water. They are big gas giants or ice giants. They do not have a solid surface to walk on like our planet. [[Jupiter]] has water vapor in its thick atmosphere, but it is hard to see because of all the clouds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-18|title=Findings From NASA's Juno Update Jupiter Water Mystery - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Saturn]] is like Jupiter. It has some water vapor in its atmosphere. Its beautiful rings are mostly made of water ice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Institute|first=Planetary Science|title=The water in Saturn's rings and satellites is like that on Earth except for moon Phoebe, which is out of this world|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-saturn-satellites-earth-moon-phoebe.html|access-date=2025-05-06|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Uranus]] might have an icy layer deep under its atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-10|title=Uranus: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/facts/#:~:text=Uranus%20is%20one%20of%20two,above%20a%20small%20rocky%20core.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Neptune]] is similar to Uranus. Scientists think it also has an icy layer under its atmosphere that may contain water and other ices.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-10|title=Neptune: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/neptune-facts/#:~:text=Most%20(80%25%20or%20more),water%20under%20Neptune's%20cold%20clouds.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Some of the moons around the giant planets in our Solar System may have huge oceans of liquid water under their frozen surfaces. [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], which orbit Jupiter, and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], which orbit Saturn, might have underground oceans. Enceladus, a small moon of Saturn, shoots out jets of water vapor and ice from its south pole. A spacecraft named [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]] flew through these jets and found water, salts, and simple organic molecules. These are clues that there might be a hidden ocean with life. Titan, Saturn’s biggest moon, has lakes and seas on its surface, but they are filled with liquid [[methane]] and [[ethane]], not water. Scientists think Titan has a salty water ocean deep underground, hidden under its icy surface. The moons of Uranus also have icy surfaces. [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], the largest, has water ice and [[Dry ice|carbon dioxide ice]]. There might be liquid water under its surface. [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], Neptune’s biggest moon, has a surface of frozen water ice. Deep under that ice, scientists also think it might have a liquid ocean.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-10|title=Neptune: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/neptune-facts/#:~:text=Most%20(80%25%20or%20more),water%20under%20Neptune's%20cold%20clouds.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> The dwarf planet [[Pluto]] has a surface covered in frozen [[nitrogen]] and water ice. Pluto is extremely cold and far from the Sun. Scientists think Pluto might have a liquid ocean deep beneath its icy crust, about 100 kilometers deep.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pluto Has an Ocean of Liquid Water Surrounded by a 40-80 km Ice Shell|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/pluto-has-an-ocean-of-liquid-water-surrounded-by-a-40-80-km-ice-shell|access-date=2025-05-06|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref> Pluto’s biggest moon, [[Charon (moon)|Charon]], also has water ice. Beneath the surface, Charon may have had liquid water in the past. Some scientists think ice geysers might still happen on Charon.<ref name=":0" /> === In interstellar space === [[File:Orion Nebula - Hubble 2006 mosaic 18000.jpg|300px|thumb|The Orion Nebula, a molecular cloud where stars are born, contains a huge amount of water mostly in the form of ice]] Water is not only found on planets and moons. It can also be found in the vast spaces between stars, the interstellar medium. The [[interstellar medium]] (ISM), is the scattered mix of gas, dust and [[radiation]] that can be found in the space between the stars in a [[galaxy]]. Water can be mainly found as ice covering dust grains in the interstellar medium and dense molecular clouds, where new stars are born. It can also be found as water vapor inside dense molecular clouds. In the coldest parts of the ISM, water molecules condense onto the surfaces of dust grains, forming icy mantles. These icy grains are very important ingredients in the chemistry of making stars and planets.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oliver|first=Amy C.|last2=Observatory|first2=National Radio Astronomy|title=Tracing the history of water in planet formation back to the interstellar medium|url=https://phys.org/news/2023-03-history-planet-formation-interstellar-medium.html#:~:text=%22It%20is%20known%20that%20the,in%20the%20disks%20around%20them.|access-date=2025-05-06|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dulieu|first=F.|last2=Amiaud|first2=L.|last3=Congiu|first3=E.|last4=Fillion|first4=J.-H.|last5=Matar|first5=E.|last6=Momeni|first6=A.|last7=Pirronello|first7=V.|last8=Lemaire|first8=J. L.|date=2010-03-01|title=Experimental evidence for water formation on interstellar dust grains by hydrogen and oxygen atoms|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2010/04/aa12079-09/aa12079-09.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=512|pages=A30|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912079|issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vidali|first=Gianfranco|last2=Jing|first2=Dapeng|last3=He|first3=Jiao|date=2012|title=Formation of water in the interstellar medium|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.2086V/abstract|journal=39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly|language=en|volume=39|pages=2086}}</ref> [[Molecular cloud]]s, places where stars and planets are born, contain huge amounts of water. Water vapor has been found in many of these clouds, especially near newly forming stars. As young stars fuse [[hydrogen]] into [[helium]] they release heat around them. This warms up the surrounding ices, turning them into water vapor. This allows them to be observed by space telescopes such as the [[Herschel Space Observatory]] and the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=Gary J.|last2=Tolls|first2=Volker|last3=Snell|first3=Ronald L.|last4=Kaufman|first4=Michael J.|last5=Bergin|first5=Edwin A.|last6=Goicoechea|first6=Javier R.|last7=Goldsmith|first7=Paul F.|last8=González-Alfonso|first8=Eduardo|last9=Hollenbach|first9=David J.|last10=Lis|first10=Dariusz C.|last11=Neufeld|first11=David A.|date=2020|title=Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds. II|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab77b4|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=892|issue=1|pages=22|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab77b4|issn=0004-637X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=G. J.|last2=Bergin|first2=E. A.|date=2005-01-01|title=The legacy of SWAS: Water and molecular oxygen in the interstellar medium|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117705007118|journal=Advances in Space Research|series=Infrared/Submm Astronomy from Space|volume=36|issue=6|pages=1027–1030|doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.110|issn=0273-1177}}</ref> One of the most famous places where water has been studied is the [[Orion Nebula]]. Here, astronomers have found huge amounts of water vapor surrounding stars being born.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Planetary Disk in the Orion Nebula is Destroying and Replenishing Oceans of Water Every Month|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/a-planetary-disk-in-the-orion-nebula-is-destroying-and-replenishing-oceans-of-water-every-month|access-date=2025-05-06|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ESA Science & Technology - Water in Orion|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12730-water-in-orion|access-date=2025-05-06|website=sci.esa.int}}</ref> In these environments, water is also very important in the [[chemistry]] that creates more complex organic molecules like [[amino acid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guélin|first=Michel|last2=Cernicharo|first2=Jose|date=2022|title=Organic Molecules in Interstellar Space: Latest Advances|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.787567/full|journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences|language=English|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fspas.2022.787567|issn=2296-987X}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=The Origin of Water - and Other Pre-biotic Molecules - in Planetary Systems|url=https://spherex.caltech.edu/page/the-origin-of-water-in-planetary-systems|access-date=2025-05-06|website=spherex.caltech.edu}}</ref> The [[Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex]] is a nearby molecular cloud about 460 light-years away. It contains [[protostar]]s surrounded by water-rich ices. The ice in this region has been found using [[telescope]]s like Spitzer and [[JWST]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=SpaceRef|date=2023-07-12|title=Webb’s Stunning View Of Rho Ophiuchi|url=https://spacenews.com/webbs-stunning-view-of-rho-ophiuchi/|access-date=2025-05-06|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Stars in Their Baby Blanket of Dust: Rho Ophiuchi|url=https://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/image/ssc2008-03a-young-stars-in-their-baby-blanket-of-dust-rho-ophiuchi|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.spitzer.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom in to Rho Ophiuchi|url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/videos/2023/128/01H44C3A6B7Q1KGN5NQZTRBX4R?news=true|access-date=2025-05-06|website=Webb|language=en}}</ref> Ice and tiny grains of dust were the main ingredients that came together to form the Solar System. Scientists believe that the water in the solar system formed in space before our Sun or planets even existed. When star systems begin to form, [[gravity]] pulls together this gas and dust to make stars and planets. The dust already has water on it, which can become part of the new planets. That means planets like Earth might have been born with water already inside them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALMA Traces History of Water in Planet Formation Back to the Interstellar Medium {{!}} ALMA Observatory|url=https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-releases/alma-traces-history-of-water-in-planet-formation-back-to-the-interstellar-medium/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> === On exoplanets === [[File: Exoplanet K2-18 b (Illustration).jpg|thumb|Artist's impression of K2-18b ''(right)'' orbiting [[red dwarf]] [[K2-18]] ''(left)''. The [[exoplanet]] [[K2-18c]] is shown between them. How the planet actually looks like is unknown.]] When looking for [[life]] on other planets, called [[exoplanet]]s, water is one of the most important molecules scientists look for on other planets. We cannot use a telescope to look into other planets for water because they are very far away. But, astronomers have found others ways to look for water on some of these far away planets. The main way scientists study planets outside our Solar System is through something called [[Methods of detecting exoplanets|transit spectroscopy]]. This means watching a planet as it passes in front of its star. When it does, some of the star’s light goes through the planet’s atmosphere to us. Depending on what the atmosphere is made of, certain parts of the light get blocked or bent. This creates a kind of “fingerprint” in the light that scientists can study. By looking closely, they can figure out which gases are in the atmosphere, like water or methane. Right now, studying the atmospheres of exoplanets is still very hard. Our tools are not perfect for this yet and it takes very careful measurements.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=How We Find and Characterize - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/how-we-find-and-characterize/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> This method has found water vapor on many "[[hot Jupiter]]s", such as [[HD 189733 b]] and [[HD 209458 b]]. These are large [[gas giant]]s very close to their stars. Though these planets are far too hot for liquid water. Water exists as [[water vapor]] in the atmospheres of these planets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-07|title=Water, water everywhere - on an extrasolar planet - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/resource/water-water-everywhere-on-an-extrasolar-planet/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sánchez-López|first=A.|last2=Alonso-Floriano|first2=F. J.|last3=López-Puertas|first3=M.|last4=Snellen|first4=I. a. G.|last5=Funke|first5=B.|last6=Nagel|first6=E.|last7=Bauer|first7=F. F.|last8=Amado|first8=P. J.|last9=Caballero|first9=J. A.|last10=Czesla|first10=S.|last11=Nortmann|first11=L.|date=2019-10-01|title=Water vapor detection in the transmission spectra of HD 209458 b with the CARMENES NIR channel|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2019/10/aa36084-19/aa36084-19.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=630|pages=A53|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936084|issn=0004-6361}}</ref> In recent years, telescopes have begun finding signs of water on smaller planets, especially [[sub-Neptune]]s and [[super-Earth]]s. These are planets smaller than gas giants but larger than the Earth. One example is [[K2-18b]], a super-Earth found by NASA's Kepler spacecraft in 2015. It is a planet with eight times the mass of the Earth that orbits a so called [[red dwarf]] star, which is much cooler than the sun. K2-18b can be found in the “[[habitable zone]]” of its star. This means it has the right temperature to have liquid water. Given its mass and radius, K2-18 b may either be a [[Terrestrial planet|rocky planet]] with a thick atmosphere or be more like [[Neptune]]. Observations with Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have found water vapor in its atmosphere. Though scientists cannot say if it has clouds, oceans, or even rain. Planets in the habitable zone, are places scientists are looking with new technology like the James Webb Space Telescope.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-11|title=Webb Discovers Methane, Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere of K2-18 b - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/webb-discovers-methane-carbon-dioxide-in-atmosphere-of-k2-18-b/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> === The search for extraterrestrial life === When scientists look for life in space, they often start by looking for water. Every living thing on Earth needs water to survive. Water has special chemical properties that make it perfect for life. It is really good at dissolving other substances, which helps living things carry out [[chemical reaction]]s. Water stays liquid over a wide range of [[temperature]]s. It can help keep living organisms from getting too hot or cold. It also helps move nutrients and waste in and out of cells and living organisms. That is why [[scientist]]s often say “follow the water” when searching for life beyond Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Astrobiology|url=https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/education/alp/water-so-important-for-life/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=astrobiology.nasa.gov|language=en-EN}}</ref> Scientists think moons like Europa (which orbits Jupiter) and Enceladus (which orbits Saturn) might be able to have life. Both moons have thick layers of ice on their surface. Under that ice, scientists believe there are massive [[ocean]]s of liquid water. The bottom of these oceans could be like hydrothermal environments found in the [[deep sea]] on Earth. On our planet, [[hydrothermal vent]]s release hot, mineral-rich water from under the [[seabed]]. This creates a place where life thrives without sunlight. Instead of using sunlight for energy (like plants do), the organisms living there use [[chemical energy]] from the minerals in the water. This is a process called [[chemosynthesis]]. If similar hydrothermal vents exist on Europa or Enceladus, they could provide the energy and nutrients needed for life to survive in complete darkness, just like Earth’s deep sea life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Paul Scott|date=2021-03-23|title=Subsurface oceans on alien worlds even better for life than Earth's oceans? {{!}} Space {{!}} EarthSky|url=https://earthsky.org/space/subsurface-oceans-worlds-common-alien-life-environment/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=earthsky.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ingredients for Life {{!}} Why Europa|url=https://europa.nasa.gov/why-europa/ingredients-for-life|access-date=2025-05-31|website=NASA's Europa Clipper|language=en}}</ref> Scientists have already found clues supporting these ideas. On Enceladus, for example, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft found jets of water vapor, ice particles, and [[Organic compound|organic molecules]] shooting out from cracks from the moon. This is a strong sign that there is liquid water and hydrothermal vents under its icy surface. These discoveries make Europa and Enceladus key targets for future space missions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Enceladus - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/science/enceladus/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mars]] remains a key target in the search for life beyond Earth. Although the planet is cold and dry today, it shows strong signs that it might have had water in the past. Ancient river valleys, dry lake beds, and minerals that only form in water suggest that liquid water once flowed on the Martian surface. Scientists believe that billions of years ago, Mars may have had a thicker atmosphere and a milder [[climate]], possibly making it a habitable world. Even now, there may be salty liquid water hidden underground, especially near the poles or beneath the surface. Briny water, which contains dissolved salts, can stay liquid at colder temperatures, increasing the chances that it might still exist on Mars. To explore this possibility, [[NASA]] and other space agencies have sent robotic missions like the [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]] and [[Curiosity rover|Curiosity]] [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]]s to study Mars up close. These rovers have advanced tools to analyze rocks, soil, and even the atmosphere. They are looking for [[biosignature]]s, which are chemical or physical signs that could suggest past life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signs of ancient flowing water on Mars|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Signs_of_ancient_flowing_water_on_Mars|access-date=2025-05-31|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-29|title=NASA’s Curiosity Searches for New Clues About Mars’ Ancient Water - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory/nasas-curiosity-searches-for-new-clues-about-mars-ancient-water/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-todays-mars/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Scientists often look for water when they search for life on [[exoplanet]]s. And they often look for planets in the [[habitable zone]]. This is the area around a star where temperatures are just right for liquid water to exist on a planet. If a planet is too close to its star, it will be too hot and water will boil away. If it is too far, it will be too cold and water will freeze. But in the habitable zone, things can be just right for water to stay liquid. Earth can be found in the habitable zone of the Sun. This is one reason it has oceans, rivers, and rain. That is why it can support so many kinds of life. When scientists study planets around other stars (called exoplanets), they look to see if those planets are also in the habitable zone. If they are, and they have the right kind of atmosphere, they might have water. And, they might even have life. Beyond our [[solar system]], astronomers have discovered [[water vapor]] in the atmospheres of some exoplanets. These findings suggest that water, a key ingredient for life as we know it, might be common in the universe. This ongoing research brings us closer to answering one of the biggest questions in science: Are we alone in the universe?<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=The Habitable Zone - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/habitable-zone/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-25|title=NASA's Hubble Finds Water Vapor in Small Exoplanet's Atmosphere - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/nasas-hubble-finds-water-vapor-in-small-exoplanets-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> == Uses of water == [[Plant]]s and [[animal]]s (including [[wikt:people|people]]) are mostly water inside, and must drink water to live. It gives a medium for [[chemical reaction]]s to take place, and is the main part of [[blood plasma|blood]]. It keeps the [[body temperature]] the same by [[sweat]]ing from the [[skin]]. Water helps blood carry [[nutrient]]s from the [[stomach]] to all parts of the body to keep the body alive. Water also helps the blood carry [[oxygen]] from the [[lung]]s to the body. [[Saliva]], which helps animals and people digest food, is mostly water. Water helps make [[urine]]. Urine helps remove bad [[chemical]]s from the body. The human body is between 60% and 70% water, but this value differs with age; i.e. a foetus is 95% water inside. Water is the main component of [[drink]]s like [[milk]], [[juice]], and [[wine]]. Each type of drink also has other things that add [[flavor]] or [[nutrient]]s, things like [[sugar]], [[fruit]], and sometimes [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]. Water that a person can drink is called "potable water" (or "drinking water"). The water in oceans is [[salt water]], but lakes and rivers usually have [[fresh water|unsalted water]]. Only about 3% of all the water on earth is fresh water. The rest is salt water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html|title=Percentage of water|access-date=2008-12-11|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214091601/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/water.htm|title=Fresh water percentage (2)|access-date=2008-12-11|archive-date=2007-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715121554/http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/water.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Water drop animation enhanced small.gif|thumb|Drop of water falling from a faucet.]] Many places, including cities and [[desert]]s, don't have as much water as people want. They build [[aqueduct]]s to bring water there. Though people can survive a few months without food, they can only survive for a day or two without water. A few [[desert]] animals can get enough water from their food, but the others must drink. Water has no smell, taste, or color. Water is also used for recreational purposes, ''see [[list of water sports]]''. Water is used as both the coolant and the [[neutron moderator]] in most [[nuclear reactor]]s. This may be ordinary water (called light water in the nuclear industry) or [[heavy water]]. Water is also used for washing a lot of objects. [[Good (economics)|Goods]], [[Service (economics)|services]] and people are transported to other [[Country|countries]] in [[watercraft]]s on bodies of water. Water is used in [[chemical reaction]]s as a [[solvent]] or [[Reagent|reactant]]. Water is also used in [[Firefighting|fire fighting]]. Water is also used for [[cooking]]. == Water laws, crisis, and geopolitics == === Water laws === [[File:Horseshoe Bend 13 February 2023.jpg|thumb|The Colorado River is a river governed by [[Prior appropriation water rights]]]] [[Water resources law|Water law]]s are rules that help decide how water is shared, used, and protected. These laws are important because water is something that everyone needs. [[People]], [[farm]]s, [[business]]es, and [[nature]] all depend on water. Water laws help figure out who can use water, how much they can use, and what they can use it for. They also try to make sure that water is used fairly and not wasted or polluted. In many places, water is limited, and if it is not managed well, it can run out or get too dirty to use. Water laws are meant to stop problems like this including fights over water. They also help make sure there is enough clean water for things like [[drinking]], growing [[food]], making [[energy]], and protecting the [[environment]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Law Overview – National Agricultural Law Center|url=https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/water-law/|access-date=2025-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Water right]]s are the rules about who can use water and how much they can use. These rules are part of water laws.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land and water - the rights interface|url=https://www.fao.org/4/j2601e/j2601e02.htm|access-date=2025-06-03|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> There are different kinds of water rights depending on where you live and the [[law]]s people follow. One common system is called [[Riparian water rights|riparian right]]s, which is often used in places with plenty of water. With riparian rights, if you own land next to a [[river]], [[lake]], or [[stream]], you have the right to use the water. But you have to be careful not to harm the people who live [[Current (hydrology)|downstream]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=riparian doctrine|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/riparian_doctrine|access-date=2025-06-03|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en}}</ref> In drier places, they often use a different system called [[Prior appropriation water rights|prior appropriation]]. This follows the rule of "first in time, first in right." The first person to take water for a useful purpose has the right to keep using it, even if their [[land]] is not next to the water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Water Law: Understanding the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation|url=https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3750|access-date=2025-06-03|website=Extension {{!}} University of Nevada, Reno|language=en-us}}</ref> In many parts of the world, especially in rural or indigenous communities, customary or traditional laws also guide how water is shared. These laws are based on old practices and [[Value (ethics)|cultural value]]s that help people respect and protect water.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/lpo76.pdf|title=Customary Water Rights and Contemporary Water Legislation|last=Ramazzott|first=Marco|publisher=Fao Legal Papers Online}}</ref> Different [[Country|countries]] have their own laws and rules for managing water. Some countries focus on deciding who can use water and how they can use it, while others pay more attention to stopping [[pollution]] or building things like [[dam]]s and [[pipeline]]s to help control water. When rivers, lakes, or underground water cross [[border]]s between countries, water law becomes more complicated. In these cases, countries need to work together and make agreements to share the water fairly and avoid fights.<ref>{{Citation|last=Masoumeh|first=Zeinali|title=6 - Rights and international laws of transboundary water resources|date=2021-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323905671000139|work=Economical, Political, and Social Issues in Water Resources|pages=103–129|editor-last=Bozorg-Haddad|editor-first=Omid|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-90567-1.00013-9|isbn=978-0-323-90567-1|access-date=2025-06-03|last2=Bozorg-Haddad|first2=Omid|last3=Singh|first3=Vijay P.}}</ref> For example, many countries share big rivers like the [[Nile]], [[Mekong River|Mekong]], and [[Danube]]. These countries cooperate through special agreements to manage the water in a way that works for everyone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=. Global Affairs and Strategic Studies. Facultad de Derecho|url=https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/disputes-for-rivers-the-indus-the-mekong-and-the-nile|access-date=2025-06-03|website=Global Affairs and Strategic Studies|language=es-ES}}</ref> Water use is usually managed by national or local governments and special [[Agency|government agencies]]. These groups decide how much water people can use, check that the water is clean and safe, and protect the [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s that need water to live. They also help solve problems when two [[Community|communities]] or [[business]]es want to use the same water source. Water governance means making sure water systems are cared for, [[pollution]] is controlled. It also means making sure everyone has access to clean water for drinking and [[hygiene]]. Good water management is very important to handle problems like [[drought]]s, [[flood]]s, [[Population growth|growing population]]s, and [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Resources Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement|access-date=2025-06-02|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> There are many important examples of water laws and how they affect people. In the United States, the [[Clean Water Act]] is a big law that helps protect rivers, lakes, and other water from pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OP|date=2013-02-22|title=Summary of the Clean Water Act|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act|access-date=2025-06-02|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> In [[Africa]], the countries along the Nile River have talked and sometimes argued for a long time about how to share the river’s water fairly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Water dispute on the Nile River could destabilize the region|url=https://today.usc.edu/nile-river-water-dispute-filling-dam-egypt-ethiopia-usc-study/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=USC Today|language=en-US}}</ref> Some countries are starting to say that water is a public good or even a [[Human rights|human right]]. This means that everyone should be able to get clean water, no matter how much money they have or who they are.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights to Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/human-rights-water-and-sanitation|access-date=2025-06-02|website=UN-Water|language=en}}</ref> === Water crisis === [[File:Lac de l'Entonnoir - img 49473.jpg|thumb|A [[drought]] happens when there is not enough [[Rain|rainfall]] in an area for a long time]] [[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded [[New Orleans]] in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Katrina]]]] A [[Water scarcity|water crisis]] is a serious situation that happens when people do not have enough clean and safe water to meet their daily needs for [[drinking]], [[cooking]], [[washing]], and [[farming]]. It also includes times when water is available but too polluted or too far away to be used safely. A water crisis can also affect the [[environment]]. It can harm [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, and [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s that depend on water. This problem is not just about having no water at all. It also includes having water that is too dirty, too expensive, or too difficult to reach. There are many reasons why water crises happen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-scarcity|access-date=2025-06-03|website=UN-Water|language=en}}</ref> One major cause is [[population growth]]. As more people are born and the [[World population|world’s population]] grows, more clean water is needed for drinking, cooking, washing, and growing food. As [[City|cities]] get bigger and more people use water, rivers, lakes, and underground water sources are being used up faster than nature can replace it. This causes a water scarcity, which means there is not enough clean water for everyone’s needs. In big cities, the problem can get worse. When lots of people live close together, they all need water at the same time. In [[Poverty|poor]] [[neighborhood]]s or fast-growing areas, some people may not have any clean running water at all. In the countryside, farmers use a lot of water to grow crops and feed animals. As the population grows, the demand for [[food]] grows too, so farmers need even more water. Some use strong [[pump]]s to pull water from underground, but if they take too much, the water underground can run out.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuller|first=Amy C.|last2=Harhay|first2=Michael O.|date=2010-06-30|title=Population Growth, Climate Change and Water Scarcity in the Southwestern United States|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071514/|journal=American Journal of Environmental Sciences|volume=6|issue=3|pages=249–252|doi=10.3844/ajessp.2010.249.252|issn=1553-345X|pmc=3071514|pmid=21479150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vega|first=Edinson Cueva|last2=Dávila|first2=Manuel Antonio Morante|last3=Castillo|first3=Percy Zuta|last4=Espinoza|first4=Oscar Chavez|last5=Barrientos|first5=Marden Rigoberto Zumaeta|date=2023-11-14|title=Population Growth and Water Consumption: Chachapoyas Case, 2011 - 2021|url=https://ojs.journalsdg.org/jlss/article/view/1156|journal=Journal of Law and Sustainable Development|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e1156|doi=10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1156|issn=2764-4170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=He|first=Chunyang|last2=Liu|first2=Zhifeng|last3=Wu|first3=Jianguo|last4=Pan|first4=Xinhao|last5=Fang|first5=Zihang|last6=Li|first6=Jingwei|last7=Bryan|first7=Brett A.|date=2021-08-03|title=Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25026-3|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=4667|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=8333427|pmid=34344898}}</ref> Another big problem is [[Water pollution|pollution]]. Even though there is water in rivers, lakes, and oceans, a lot of it is not safe to drink or use because it is polluted. Pollution happens when harmful things like [[chemical]]s, [[Waste|trash]], or dirty water from [[home]]s and [[Factory|factories]] get into natural water sources. This makes the water dangerous for people, animals, and plants. One major source of pollution is waste from homes and cities. When people wash [[Plate|dishes]], take [[shower]]s, or flush [[toilet]]s, that dirty water has to go somewhere. In some cities, it goes to special [[Water treatment|treatment plant]]s that clean the water. But in many places around the world, there are no good systems, so the dirty water goes straight into rivers or lakes. This can carry [[Pathogen|germ]]s that cause serious diseases like [[cholera]] or [[diarrhea]]. Even in big cities, if the water system breaks or gets too full during a [[storm]], dirty water can mix with clean water and make it unsafe to drink. Factories and [[farm]]s also cause a lot of water pollution. Some factories dump leftover chemicals, [[oil]], or [[heavy metal]]s into nearby rivers to save [[money]]. These dangerous substances [[poison]] the water and can build up in [[fish]], making them unsafe to eat. On farms, people use [[fertilizer]]s and [[pesticide]]s to help crops grow and kill bugs. But when it [[rain]]s, these chemicals can wash off the land into rivers or lakes. This is called “water runoff.” It can make [[algae]] grow too fast. When the algae die, they use up the [[oxygen]] in the water. Then fish and other animals cannot survive, and parts of the water become [[Dead zone (ecology)|“dead zones”]] where nothing can live. [[Plastic pollution|Plastic]] is another big problem. Every year, tons of [[plastic bottle]]s, [[Plastic bag|bag]]s, and [[Packaging|wrapper]]s end up in rivers and oceans. Plastic does not break down easily, so it can float in the water for years. Sea animals like [[turtle]]s or fish might eat [[plastic]] by mistake and die. Tiny pieces of plastic, called [[microplastics]], have even been found in drinking water and [[seafood]]. Scientists are still studying how these microplastics might affect human health.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-11|title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know|access-date=2025-06-04|website=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Li|last2=Yang|first2=Haoran|last3=Xu|first3=Xiaocang|date=2022-06-30|title=Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health and Disease Heterogeneity: A Review|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246/full|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246|issn=2296-665X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fava|first=M. Fava|date=2022-05-09|title=Plastic pollution in the ocean: data, facts, consequences|url=https://oceanliteracy.unesco.org/plastic-pollution-ocean/|access-date=2025-06-04|website=Ocean Literacy Portal|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yongjin|last2=Cho|first2=Jaelim|last3=Sohn|first3=Jungwoo|last4=Kim|first4=Changsoo|date=2023|title=Health Effects of Microplastic Exposures: Current Issues and Perspectives in South Korea|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10151227/|journal=Yonsei Medical Journal|volume=64|issue=5|pages=301–308|doi=10.3349/ymj.2023.0048|issn=1976-2437|pmc=10151227|pmid=37114632}}</ref> Another big reason for water problems is overuse. This means people are using too much water too fast, much faster than nature can refill it. Every day, water is needed for many things like drinking, cooking, cleaning, farming, making clothes, building houses, and running factories. As more people live on [[Earth]], they use more water. But there is only a limited amount of [[fresh water]] on the [[planet]]. When we take too much water without giving [[nature]] enough time to replace it, [[river]]s dry up, [[lake]]s get smaller, and underground water sources called [[aquifer]]s drop lower and lower. [[Farming]] uses the most water of all. Farmers need water to grow crops and take care of animals, but in many places, they use more water than necessary. Sometimes they flood their fields, and a lot of the water is wasted or lost to [[evaporation]]. In dry places, farmers often pump water from deep underground. At first, this works well, but if they keep pumping too much, those underground water supplies start to run out. Once an aquifer is empty, it can take many years or even centuries to fill up again. This is happening in parts of the [[United States]], [[India]], [[China]], and many other countries. Factories and industries also use huge amounts of water to make things like [[paper]], [[steel]], [[cloth]]es, and [[electronics]]. For example, it takes thousands of liters of water to make just one [[Jeans|pair of jean]]s or a [[hamburger]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crops and Drops|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y3918e/y3918e05.htm|access-date=2025-06-04|website=www.fao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2018-07-01|title=Water Use and Stress|url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress|journal=Our World in Data|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of sustainable technologies|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-804792-7|editor-last=Abraham|editor-first=Martin A.|location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands}}</ref> Another big reason for the water crisis is poor [[infrastructure]]. Infrastructure means the systems and buildings we use to carry, store, clean, and deliver water, like [[pipe]]s, [[pump]]s, [[Water treatment|water treatment plant]]s, and [[Water tank|storage tank]]s. In many places, especially in poorer countries or old cities, these systems are old, broken, or not built well. This means that even if there is enough water nearby, people still cannot get clean, safe water in their homes. Because of this, millions of people either get no water at all or have to use water that can make them sick. In some poor or rural areas, there might be no water system at all, so people have to walk long distances to [[river]]s or [[well]]s to get water by hand. Sometimes this water is not clean because there is no way to filter or clean it. In cities, even when pipes and pumps exist, they may be old and not well cared for. Leaking pipes waste a lot of water, sometimes up to half of it is lost before it even gets to [[home]]s or [[school]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bruenig|first=E|date=2002|title=The concept of estimating the risk of water losses in the water supply network|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(02)90581-5|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=66|issue=3|pages=341–343|doi=10.1016/s0301-4797(02)90581-5|issn=0301-4797}}</ref> In crowded neighborhoods, especially [[slum]]s, water pipes may only work a few hours a day or not at all. People there have to buy water from [[truck]]s or use unsafe sources. Water treatment plants are supposed to clean the water by removing dirt, germs, and chemicals before people drink it. But if these plants are too small, do not have enough money, or are broken, the water from taps can still be unsafe. Dirty water can cause [[disease]]s like [[cholera]], [[typhoid]], and [[diarrhea]], which kill thousands of people every year, especially [[children]]. Sometimes, clean water and dirty [[sewage]] use the same underground pipes. When those pipes break or flood, the two can mix, making people sick without them knowing. As more people move to cities, they need more water, but water systems do not always grow fast enough to keep up. During [[heat wave]]s or [[drought]]s, the systems can break down even more. And during [[flood]]s, water pipes may burst or get clogged, leaving people without water for days. Another big reason the world has a water crisis is that [[government]]s often do not [[Water resources|manage water]] well. Even if a [[country]] has enough water, bad [[planning]], weak [[law]]s, and unfair [[choice]]s can cause big problems. In many places, water is not shared fairly. Some people, especially those in rich neighborhoods or powerful [[Company|companies]], get plenty of clean water, while others in poor areas get very little or none at all. Sometimes governments build big water projects like [[dam]]s or [[canal]]s, but these only help a few people and leave out whole communities. Poor water planning also causes waste and shortages. In some countries, water is used without limits. Big farms or factories take as much water as they want from rivers or underground, and the government does not keep track of it. This causes overuse, where water is taken faster than [[nature]] can replace it. Also, water bills may be too cheap or not collected at all, so people do not try to save water. In other places, governments do not spend enough [[money]] on water systems, so pipes leak, treatment plants break, and many areas have no working water services. Sometimes, powerful people or companies [[Bribery|bribe]] officials to get more water than they need, while others are ignored. Governments may promise to build water projects but never finish them, or the money disappears because of [[corruption]]. Sometimes leaders make decisions without asking local people what they really need, so water projects do not fix real problems. For example, a [[city]] might build a big water pipeline but forget to build [[toilet]]s or [[drain]]s, which can cause health problems. Another issue is that many governments do not plan for the future. As cities grow and the [[climate change]]s, water needs change too. But without good planning, old water systems cannot keep up. When [[drought]]s happen, there are no backup plans. When [[flood]]s come, water systems break down. At the same time, [[climate change]] is making the water problem worse. As the [[Earth]] gets hotter, it changes how water moves in nature. Normally, water falls as [[rain]] or [[snow]], flows into [[river]]s and [[lake]]s, and then evaporates back into the air. But with climate change, this natural [[water cycle]] gets out of balance. In many places, rain does not come when it is needed, or it falls all at once in [[Thunderstorm|heavy storm]]s that cause floods. Some areas are getting drier, while others get too much water. This makes it harder for people to get clean and steady water when they really need it. In dry places, climate change causes [[drought]]s to happen more often and last longer. A drought is when there is very little rain for a long time. This causes rivers to shrink and lakes to dry up. [[Crop]]s would not grow, and animals would not have enough water to drink. Farmers suffer the most because they need water to grow [[food]] and take care of their [[Family|families]]. On the other hand, some places get too much water at once. Heavy rain from warmer temperatures can cause floods that destroy homes, farms, and water systems. Flood water can mix with [[sewage]] and [[chemical]]s, making it dirty and unsafe to drink. Even though floods bring lots of water, it is often not clean or useful. Also, [[glacier]]s and [[snowpack]]s in [[mountain]]s are melting faster than before. These usually act like natural water tanks, slowly releasing water during dry months. But now, they are disappearing, which means millions of people who live downstream will have less water in the future. The world is facing a very serious water crisis, and the numbers show how big the problem really is. Right now, more than 2.2 billion people, almost 1 out of every 4 people on [[Earth]], do not have safe drinking water at home. That means they cannot just turn on a [[Tap water|tap]] to get clean water to drink, cook, or wash with. Even more people, about 3.5 billion, do not have proper [[sanitation]], like toilets or safe ways to get rid of dirty water. Without clean water and safe toilets, [[disease]]s spread easily, and many [[children]], especially in poor areas, get sick. According to the [[World Health Organization]], around 500,000 people die every year from diseases caused by dirty water and poor [[hygiene]]. About 4 billion people, more than half the world’s population, face serious water shortages for at least one month every year. Some of the countries with the worst water problems include [[India]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], and parts of the [[United States]], like [[California]]. In these places, rivers are drying up, underground water is running low, and lakes are shrinking. For example, the [[Aral Sea]], which used to be one of the largest lakes in the world, has almost completely dried up because people used too much of its water. In [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], the city almost ran out of water in 2018. The crisis was so bad they called it “Day Zero,” the day the taps would be turned off if water ran out. [[Climate change]] is making things worse. As the planet gets hotter, [[drought]]s are happening more often and lasting longer. Rain patterns are changing, so some places get too much rain all at once, causing [[flood]]s, while other places don't get enough rain, leading to dry land and crop failures. The [[United Nations]] says that by 2050, over 4 billion people might not have safe water at home unless we make big changes. Even in places that have enough water, the systems that deliver it do not always work well. The [[World Bank]] says the world loses about $260 billion every year because of bad water systems, like leaking pipes, poor planning, or people getting sick and missing work or school because of [[waterborne disease]]s. At the same time, people living in [[slum]]s or rural areas often have to pay more money per liter for water than rich people in cities. That is because they have to buy it from private sellers or carry it from far away. This is unfair and keeps many families stuck in [[poverty]]. There are many ways we can fix the water crisis, but it takes everyone working together, including [[government]]s, [[business]]es, [[Community|communities]], and [[Human|ordinary people]]. One of the most important steps is to build and fix [[Water supply network|water system]]s. This means making sure [[pipe]]s, [[pump]]s, [[Water treatment|treatment plant]]s, and [[Water tank|tank]]s work well and bring clean water to everyone who needs it. In many poor places, there are no water systems at all, so people have to walk far to get water. By investing in strong water systems, clean water can be delivered straight to [[home]]s, [[school]]s, and [[hospital]]s. Good systems also stop leaks, so less water is wasted before it even reaches people. Another important solution is to use water more carefully and waste less. Many people and factories use more water than they really need. Simple things like fixing dripping taps, taking shorter showers, and turning off the water while brushing your teeth can save a lot of water. Farmers, who use most of the world’s water, can use better methods like [[drip irrigation]] and [[Rainwater harvesting|collecting rainwater]] to grow crops with less water. In cities, [[recycling]] water from [[sink]]s and [[shower]]s to flush [[toilet]]s or water plants helps save even more. Protecting and cleaning our water sources is also very important. Rivers, lakes, and underground water can get polluted by trash, chemicals, and sewage. To keep water clean, we need to stop dumping [[waste]] into nature. Governments should make strong [[law]]s to control pollution from factories and farms. People can help too by not throwing garbage into rivers or drains, and by using less plastic and fewer harmful cleaning products. Fair government rules are needed as well. In some places, water is not shared fairly. Rich neighborhoods and big companies get plenty of water, while poor communities get very little. Governments must treat water as a [[Human rights|basic human right]], not just something to buy and sell. They should plan for the future by knowing how much water is available, who needs it most, and how to protect it from climate change. They should also include local people when making decisions about water use and sharing. [[Education]] is another important part of solving the water crisis. Many people do not know how serious the problem is or what they can do to help. [[School]]s, [[Television program|TV show]]s, and community projects can teach kids and adults about water and why it's important to save it. Finally, [[technology]] can help a lot. New tools like [[water filter]]s, low-water toilets, smart irrigation systems, and apps that track water use make saving water easier. Even simple tools like tanks that collect rainwater from rooftops can give families clean water in dry areas. Scientists and engineers are working on ways to [[Desalination|clean salty ocean water]], safely recycle wastewater, and watch water use from space. All these ideas together can help make sure there is enough clean water for everyone. === Water geopolitics === [[File:Nile_basin_map.png|thumb|left|One of the most well-known water conflicts in the world is happening along the [[Nile|Nile River]] in [[Africa]]]] Water is one of the most important resources on [[Earth]]. People need it to drink, cook, clean, and [[Agriculture|grow food]]. But when there is not enough water, or when it is not shared fairly, it can lead to [[Conflict (process)|conflict]] between people, groups, or even [[Country|countries]]. One major cause of [[water conflict]] is [[Water scarcity|scarcity]]. Scarcity means there is not enough water for everyone who needs it. This can happen in dry places where it does not rain much, or in areas where the [[population]] is growing quickly and using too much water. When water is limited, people may start to argue or fight over who gets to use it. For example, if two [[farmer]]s both use the same [[river]] to water their [[crop]]s, but the river starts to dry up, they may blame each other and argue about who should get more water. These kinds of problems can happen between [[neighborhood]]s, [[City|cities]], or even whole countries that share rivers or lakes. Another reason people fight over water is when rivers or lakes cross [[border]]s between countries. These are called [[Transboundary river|transboundary water sources]], and they can cause serious problems. For example, the [[Nile|Nile River]] flows through several countries in [[Africa]]. Each country wants to use the water for things like [[farming]] and [[electricity]]. If one country builds a [[dam]] or takes more water than before, the others may get upset or worried they would not have enough. The same kind of conflict happens in other parts of the world. [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] have had disagreements over the [[Indus River]], and countries in [[Central Asia]] have argued over rivers that come from melting [[Glacier|mountain glacier]]s. If countries do not find fair ways to share the water, it can lead to political fights and even [[war]]. [[Pollution]] is another cause of water conflict. When factories, farms, or cities dump waste into rivers or lakes, the water becomes dirty and unsafe. If one group pollutes the water and another group depends on it for drinking or farming, big problems can happen. People downstream may get sick or lose their crops and blame those upstream. This can lead to [[lawsuit]]s, [[protest]]s, or even [[violence]]. Even within one country, different areas or groups might argue about who is polluting the water and who should pay to clean it up. These fights can make it even harder to solve the water crisis. Unfair sharing of water can also cause problems. In many places, rich neighborhoods or big companies get more water than poor communities. When there is not enough water for everyone, and some people have plenty while others have none, it can make people upset and angry. This can lead to [[protest]]s or even [[fight]]s. For example, in some cities, poor areas called [[slum]]s may have no running water at all. But at the same time, fancy [[hotel]]s nearby might use a lot of water to fill [[swimming pool]]s or run [[fountain]]s. When people see this kind of unfairness, they may feel they are being treated badly and demand change. [[Climate change]] is also making water conflicts worse. As the [[Earth]] gets hotter and rain becomes less regular, droughts are happening more often. This puts more stress on water supplies and makes people compete even more. In some places, climate change is melting [[glacier]]s and drying up rivers. When water becomes harder to find, people worry more and fight harder over the little that is left. If [[government]]s do not step in to share water fairly and plan for the future, these conflicts could become more serious over time. One of the most well-known water conflicts in the world is happening along the Nile River in [[Africa]]. The [[Nile]] is the longest river in the world, and it flows through 11 different countries, including [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Egypt]], and [[Uganda]]. This river is very important because millions of people use it every day for drinking water, farming, fishing, and making electricity. But since so many countries share the Nile, there are many disagreements about how the water should be divided. The biggest conflict is between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt. Each country depends on the Nile for different reasons, and they do not always agree on what is fair. A major reason for the conflict is a huge [[dam]] that Ethiopia is building. It is called the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], or GERD. Ethiopia started building this dam in 2011 on the [[Blue Nile]], one of the two main branches of the Nile River. Ethiopia says the dam is important because it will create [[electricity]] for millions of people who do not have enough power. They believe it will help the country grow and develop. However, Egypt is very worried about the dam. Egypt gets about 90% of its water from the Nile, and it fears the dam will lower the amount of water flowing to its farms and cities. Egypt needs the Nile for almost everything, especially to grow crops in the [[desert]]. Sudan is in the middle. On one hand, the dam could help Sudan by reducing [[flood]]s and giving them more electricity. On the other hand, Sudan is worried that Ethiopia might fill the dam too quickly, which could reduce the amount of water Sudan receives for farming and drinking. Sudan wants all three countries to make a clear [[agreement]] so that everyone can benefit and no one gets harmed. Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan have been talking about this issue for many years, but they still have not made a final deal. Egypt wants strict rules about how and when Ethiopia can fill the dam, especially during dry years. Ethiopia wants to control the dam itself and believes it has the right to use the river that starts in its [[land]]. Because of these disagreements, there have been many arguments, tense meetings, and even threats. Some people worry that if the countries cannot work together, it could lead to a serious crisis or even conflict. Another example of water conflict is between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. These two countries have not always gotten along, and sharing water has made things even more difficult. The [[Indus River]] and its smaller rivers start in India but flow into Pakistan. In 1960, the two countries signed a [[Indus Waters Treaty|water treaty]] to divide the rivers fairly. But even today, each [[country]] is worried that the other might take more water than they should. When India builds new dams or water projects, Pakistan gets alarmed and accuses India of breaking the agreement. These water issues add to the already tense relationship between the two countries. In the [[Middle East]], water is very limited, and this leads to many conflicts. One example is the [[Jordan River]], which flows through [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and [[Palestine]]. All three groups need the river for drinking water, farming, and everyday life. But over the years, the river has shrunk because of overuse and pollution. As the water supply drops, arguments have grown. In the [[West Bank]], many Palestinian communities struggle to get enough water, while nearby Israeli settlements often have steady supplies. This unfair access makes people angry and adds to the political tension. Some efforts have been made to share the water more fairly, but it is hard because the groups do not trust each other. In [[Yemen]], a country dealing with [[war]] and [[poverty]], water shortages have also led to conflict. Many people there do not have clean water. As [[well]]s dry up, [[village]]s and [[tribe]]s sometimes fight over who gets to use the last water sources. In some rural areas, armed groups have taken control of water supplies, making it even harder for families to get the water they need. Some experts believe that water problems have made [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemen’s civil war]] even worse. This shows how lack of water can become even more dangerous when a country is already in crisis. In the [[United States]], water conflicts happen more often than people might think, especially in the [[Western United States|western part of the country]] where water is harder to find. One of the biggest and most well-known water fights is over the [[Colorado River]]. This river flows through seven states: [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], and [[California]]. It also flows into [[Mexico]]. More than 40 million people use the Colorado River for drinking water, farming, and making electricity. But lately, the river has been shrinking because of [[drought]], [[climate change]], and using too much water. The states argue over how much water each one should get. For example, California uses a lot of water for growing food in the [[desert]], while big cities like [[Las Vegas]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] need more water as more people move there. The government has tried to help the states make fair deals, but it’s been very hard to agree on a long-term solution. Another big water conflict in the U.S. is between [[Georgia]], [[Alabama]], and [[Florida]]. This fight has been going on for decades. These states share rivers like the [[Chattahoochee River|Chattahoochee]] and the [[Flint River (Georgia)|Flint]], which come together to form the [[Apalachicola River]]. Georgia wants more water for the city of [[Atlanta]] and for farms. But Alabama and Florida say that if Georgia takes too much water, there would not be enough left for them. Florida especially needs the water to keep its seafood industry alive in [[Apalachicola Bay]]. This fight has gone all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], but even after many years, it is still not solved. Even in places with more water, like around the [[Great Lakes]], there can still be conflicts. Some towns and companies want to take more water out of the lakes for their own use, but others worry this could hurt the environment or lower the water levels. The Great Lakes are shared by several [[U.S. state]]s and [[Canada]], so any plan to use the water has to be agreed on by everyone. In 2008, a deal called the [[Great Lakes Compact]] was made to protect the lakes and stop people from taking water unfairly. Still, some places try to find ways around the rules, which causes more arguments and concern. Even though water can sometimes cause conflict, it can also help bring people together. Many countries, states, and communities have worked hard to cooperate and make fair deals about how to share water. These water [[agreement]]s are very important because they help prevent [[argument]]s, protect [[nature]], and make sure everyone has the water they need. When countries share rivers, lakes, or underground water, they often create [[Treaty|treaties]], or written agreements. These treaties explain how much water each side can use and what to do if there is a problem. They might also include plans to keep the water clean and to stop [[pollution]] and [[waste]]. One famous example is the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. This treaty was signed in 1960 with help from the [[World Bank]]. The Indus River system flows through both countries and is very important for farming and daily life. Even though India and Pakistan have had many political problems and even wars, this water treaty has mostly worked well. It divides the rivers between the two countries and includes rules about building dams and using the water fairly. The treaty has helped stop big water fights for over 60 years. This shows that even countries that do not get along can work together when it comes to water. Another important example of water cooperation is the Senegal River Basin agreement in [[West Africa]]. The [[Senegal River]] flows through several countries, including [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], and [[Mauritania]]. In 1972, these countries created a group called the [[Organisation for the Development of the Senegal River|Organisation for the Development of the Senegal River (OMVS)]]. They agreed to manage the river together, share the water fairly, and build dams and power plants that help all the countries. The group listens to farmers, fishermen, and local leaders to make sure everyone’s needs are heard. This kind of [[teamwork]] helps people trust each other and solve problems peacefully. In [[Europe]], there are many rivers that cross between countries. One of the most important is the [[Danube River]], which flows through more than 10 countries. In 1994, these countries signed the [[International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River|Danube River Protection Convention]]. They promised to work together to keep the river clean, prevent floods, and protect the plants and animals that live in and around the water. The agreement includes regular meetings, water testing, and teamwork during emergencies. Because of this, the Danube remains safe and helpful for millions of people. The [[United Nations|United Nations (UN)]] also supports water cooperation around the world. In 1997, the UN created a special agreement called the [[Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses]]. This set of rules encourages countries to share water fairly, avoid harming each other, and settle arguments peacefully. Not all countries have signed it, but it still helps guide how nations work together to manage shared rivers and lakes. The UN also celebrates [[World Water Day]] every year on March 22 to remind everyone how important it is to work together on water issues. == In culture == === In religion === [[File:Baptism in the Jordan River 140308-N-HB951-058.jpg|thumb|A baptism in the [[Jordan River]].]] Water has deep meaning in many [[culture]]s and [[religion]]s around the world. Almost everywhere, water is seen as a symbol of purity, [[life]], and change. It often stands for cleansing, not just of the [[body]] but also of the [[spirit]]. People believe water can wash away bad things and help start fresh. It is important to many [[religious belief]]s and spiritual practices. It can represent the cycle of life, rebirth, and the connection between the physical world and something [[sacred]] or [[divine]]. In many [[faith]]s, water is used in [[Ritual|religious ritual]]s to bless or purify people. These ceremonies include [[baptism]]s, [[Ritual purification|ritual washing]]s, and [[blessing]]s. For example, people may wash their hands, face, or whole body before prayer or entering a [[sacred site|sacred place]] to show respect and prepare for spiritual contact. In baptism, a person is dipped in or sprinkled with water to mark the start of a spiritual journey. It often means the washing away of [[sin]]s and beginning a new life. Water may also be sprinkled or offered during other [[Ceremony|ceremonies]] to bless people, objects, or spaces. These practices show the belief that water has spiritual power.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion and water|url=https://www.uib.no/en/rs/bsrs/95760/religion-and-water|access-date=2025-05-28|website=University of Bergen|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=@aithor|date=2024-06-28|title=The Symbolism of Water in Various Religious Traditions|url=https://aithor.com/essay-examples/the-symbolism-of-water-in-various-religious-traditions|access-date=2025-05-28|website=aithor.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Different religions use water in special ways. In [[Christianity]], baptism is an important ceremony where water is used to show spiritual cleansing and a new life in [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-17|title=Baptism {{!}} Meaning, Rituals & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/baptism|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Islam]], water is used in [[wudu]] (a small washing) and [[ghusl]] (a full-body washing). These are done before [[prayer]]s and other holy activities to be clean in [[body]] and [[spirit]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-15|title=Method and Rulings of Wudhu’|url=https://al-islam.org/articles/method-and-rulings-wudhu-saleem-bhimji|access-date=2025-05-28|website=al-islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghusl {{!}} Ritual Cleansing, Ablution & Purification {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghusl|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], water is very sacred, especially rivers like the [[Ganges]]. People believe this river can wash away sins. It is used in many ceremonies, including [[funeral]]s.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mitra|first=Piyali|title=Water Symbolism in Hindu Culture|date=2023|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9406-7_3|work=Indigenous and Local Water Knowledge, Values and Practices|pages=39–46|editor-last=Basu|editor-first=Mrittika|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Nature|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-19-9406-7_3|isbn=978-981-19-9406-7|access-date=2025-05-28|editor2-last=DasGupta|editor2-first=Rajarshi}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Why is the Ganges River considered holy in Hinduism? {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/question/Why-is-the-Ganges-River-considered-holy-in-Hinduism|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Buddhists use water in temple rituals as a sign of offering and for spiritual cleansing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhist Perspective on Water: Insights and Reflections – IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies|url=https://iilss.net/buddhist-perspective-on-water-insights-and-reflections/|access-date=2025-05-28|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Judaism]], there is a special bath called a [[mikveh]]. People use it for [[Ritual purification|purification]] during important times, like before getting [[Marriage|married]] or when entering the religion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-15|title=Mikvah {{!}} Ritual Bath, Immersion, Purification {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mikvah|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Sikhism]], being clean is part of being spiritual. Sikhs use water for bathing and in some religious rituals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-13|title=Sikh pilgrims perform ritual baths as Vaisakhi festival kicks off in Pakistan|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1481881/pakistan|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> Many [[Indigenous people|indigenous]] and [[Animism|animist tradition]]s also see water as sacred. [[River]]s, [[lake]]s, and [[Spring (water)|spring]]s are believed to be the homes of [[spirit]]s or [[gods]]. They are often part of rituals and traditional stories.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Todd|first=Wendy F. K’ah Skáahluwáa|last2=Northbird|first2=Arianna V.|last3=Towne|first3=Chessaly E.|date=2023-05-23|title=The Science in Indigenous Water Stories, Indigenous Women’s Connection to Water|url=https://openrivers.lib.umn.edu/article/science-in-indigenous-stories/|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Open Rivers Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Sacred water sources are very important in many religions. People often travel long distances to visit these special places during [[pilgrimage]]s. These water sites are believed to have healing powers or a spiritual presence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilgrimage {{!}} Meaning, Examples, Religions, Places, & Sites {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pilgrimage-religion|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> For example, in [[Christianity]], many people visit the spring at [[Lourdes]] in [[France]], which is believed to heal the sick. Every year, millions of people go there to pray and collect water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lourdes - Special places - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - WJEC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zp99fcw/revision/5|access-date=2025-05-28|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] is one of the most holy rivers. Bathing in it is believed to wash away sins and bring blessings.<ref name=":10" /> In [[Islam]], the [[Zamzam Well]] in [[Mecca]] is a sacred part of the [[Hajj|Hajj pilgrimage]]. It has deep spiritual and historical meaning for Muslims.<ref>{{Citation|title=1. Miracles and Religion|date=2018-11-16|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780748699070-003/html|work=Islam, Christianity and the Realms of the Miraculous|pages=1–26|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.1515/9780748699070-003|isbn=978-0-7486-9907-0|access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref> === In philosophy === [[File:Leibniz four elements.jpg|thumb|300px|The universe built from a combination of Aristotle's four elements by [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]]] In ancient times, people believed that everything in the world was made from a few basic things called elements. One of the first known [[Western philosophy|Western philosopher]]s, [[Thales|Thales of Miletus]], lived in the 6th century BCE and thought that water was the most important of them all. Thales believed that water was the origin of everything. He called it the "archê," a Greek word that means "first principle" or "beginning." He noticed that water is essential for life and can exist in three forms: [[solid]], [[liquid]], and [[gas]]. Because of this, he thought water was the basic building block of the [[universe]]. Thales was one of the first people to try to understand the world through observation and reason, instead of relying on myths or stories. His ideas helped start what we now call [[natural philosophy]], the early form of [[science]].<ref name=":11" /> As philosophy grew in different parts of the world, many cultures gave water an important place in their way of thinking. In [[ancient Greece]], famous philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] believed that everything was made of four main elements: [[earth]], [[air]], [[fire]], and water. Each element had special qualities. Water was thought to be cold and wet. It was linked to change and movement because of the way it flows.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aristotle|url=https://web.sbu.edu/chemistry/wier/matter/aristotle.html#:~:text=Four%20elements%20and%20four%20qualities,four%20elements%20in%20varying%20proportions.|access-date=2025-05-28|website=web.sbu.edu}}</ref> In [[Eastern philosophy]], water also had deep meaning. In [[Daoism]], a major tradition from [[China]], water is a symbol of ideal behavior. It flows gently, adapts to its surroundings, and can slowly wear down even hard rock, not by force, but with patience and persistence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordon|first=Ronald D.|title=Ancient Chinese Philosophy and the Wisdom of Water|url=https://hilo.hawaii.edu/documents/humanities/journal/issues/Article2RonGordon.pdf|journal=Hawaii Journal of the Humanities|volume=4(1)|issn=2694-6165}}</ref> This idea is part of the Daoist teaching called [[wu wei]], which means acting without effort or force.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hansen|first=Chad|title=Daoism|date=2025|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2025/entries/daoism/|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Summer 2025|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2025-05-28|editor2-last=Nodelman|editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> In [[Indian philosophy]], water is one of the [[Classical element|Pancha Mahabhuta]], or five great elements, in both [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Water stands for emotion, cleansing, and flow. It is seen as important not just for the body, but also for the soul and the balance of nature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2015-07-14|title=Pancabhuta, Pañcabhūta, Panca-bhuta, Pancan-bhuta, Pamcabhuta: 19 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabhuta|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref> Throughout history, philosophers have used water as a [[symbol]] or [[metaphor]] in their writing. Water is often used to represent the flow of time, the way we think and feel, or how things can change shape while staying as the same substance. In many traditions, water stands for change or transformation. It can turn into ice or steam, then go back to being liquid again. Because of this, philosophers use water to talk about how life is always changing, and how nothing stays the same forever. Water is also used to explain how our [[identity]] (who we are) is not fixed. Like water takes the shape of whatever container it is in, people can be shaped by their surroundings and experiences. In more recent times, philosophers still talk about water in many important ways. In [[ecological philosophy]], they explore how people are connected to nature and the environment, and water is a big part of that.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/047001590X|title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|last=Wiley|date=2005-09-09|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-01617-6|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0003607.pub3}}</ref> In [[existentialism]], water can be a symbol for things like uncertainty, deep thoughts, or the search for meaning in life. In [[environmental ethics]], water is often discussed in debates about natural rights, fairness, and how to protect the planet. Some modern philosophers believe that water should be seen not just as a resource we use, but as a living system that should be treated with respect and care. Others study how water affects people’s lives, culture, and identity. In a type of philosophy called [[phenomenology]], which looks at how we experience the world, water might be studied through the senses. How it feels, looks, sounds, and moves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phenomenology - Water: experiencing movement|url=https://tomvangelder.antrovista.com/water-experiencing-movement-112m37.html|access-date=2025-05-28|website=tomvangelder.antrovista.com}}</ref> === In folklore === [[File:Richard Doyle - Spurned Suitor.jpg|thumb|The prince thanking the Water sprite, from ''The Princess Nobody: A Tale of Fairyland (1884)'' by [[Andrew Lang's Fairy Books|Andrew Lang]] (illustration by [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|Richard Doyle]])]] Water has been connected to [[mythical creature]]s and [[spirit]]s in many cultures around the world. Stories often tell of beings like [[mermaid]]s, [[nymph]]s, [[kelpie]]s, [[nāga]]s, and other water spirits that live in rivers, lakes, or the ocean. These magical beings are sometimes seen as protectors of water. They might guard a water source and punish people who harm it. In other stories, they may try to trick or lure humans into the water. Some water spirits are wise and kind, offering help or magical advice. Others are tricksters or bring bad luck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Gods, Lake Monsters, and the Abiding Power of Myth|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/river-gods-lake-monsters-and-the-abiding-power-of-myth/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Science History Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Japanese folklore]], there is a creature called the [[Kappa (folklore)|kappa]]. Kappa are often seen as water spirits or kami in Japanese folklore. They can act in both mischievous and dangerous ways. Sometimes, they play pranks, like trying to peek under people's clothing near the water. But in other stories, they can be harmful, even trying to drown people or animals or scare children. Even though they can be scary, not all kappa are mean. Some are shown to be friendly and can even help humans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kappa {{!}} Yokai.com|url=https://yokai.com/kappa/?srsltid=AfmBOoqaL8mTQ0sykI28oLteUPGK0DjSM00K0QnjFNOgUA5tBRZDZG4o|access-date=2025-05-30|website=yokai.com}}</ref> In [[Celtic mythology|Celtic legend]]s, [[Sprite (folklore)|water fairies]] are magical beings that live in [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, [[Spring (water)|springs]], and [[well]]s. They are often connected to [[nature]]. They are believed to guard the water and its power. These fairies can be kind and helpful, but they can also be tricky or dangerous if they are disrespected.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of fairies: hobgoblins, brownies, bogies, and other supernatural creatures|last=Briggs|first=Katharine Mary|date=1979|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-004753-0|edition=Reprint|series=Penguin book|location=Harmondsworth}}</ref> In parts of [[Africa]], people believe in [[Mami Wata]], a powerful water spirit who can appear as a beautiful woman or a mermaid. She is seen as a guardian of rivers and oceans. Mami Wata protects the natural world. She can bring blessings to those who honor her. But if someone disrespects her, pollutes the water, or breaks a promise, she may punish them. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Mami Wata (African myth) {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/mami-wata-african-myth|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref>In [[Greek mythology]], [[siren]]s were dangerous creatures who lived on rocky islands in the sea. They looked like part woman and part bird, but later stories showed them to be more like mermaids. Sirens had beautiful voices and sang songs so sweet that sailors could not resist. The music would lure the sailors closer and closer until their ships crashed on the rocks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siren (mythology) {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/siren-mythology|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In many [[myth]]s and [[folktale]]s, water is seen as a gateway or border between different worlds. Rivers, lakes, and oceans are often shown as dividing lines between the world of the living and the dead, or between the human world and the spirit world. In [[Greek mythology]], there is a river called the [[Styx]] that separates the world of the living from the [[underworld]]. When someone dies, their [[soul]] must cross the river to reach the land of the dead. A boatman named [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] ferries the souls across, but only if they have a coin to pay him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Renee|date=2017-04-29|title=The Final Journey: Crossing the Styx|url=https://www.hellenic.org.au/post/the-final-journey-crossing-the-styx|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Hellenic Museum|language=en}}</ref> In [[Celtic mythology|Celtic stories]], lakes and misty waters are often seen as gateways to the [[Celtic Otherworld|Otherworld]], a magical realm where spirits and fairies live. Some tales say that if you walk into the mist on a quiet lake, you might disappear into another world. The boundary between the worlds is thin near water, especially at [[dawn]] or [[dusk]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-11|title=The Celts: the people "at the end of the world" {{!}} Columbia Theological Seminary {{!}} Atlanta, GA|language=en-US|work=Columbia Theological Seminary|url=https://www.ctsnet.edu/celts-people-end-world/|access-date=2025-05-30|archive-date=2019-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105170721/https://www.ctsnet.edu/celts-people-end-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Celtic mythology|last=MacKillop|first=James|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280120-3|series=Oxford paperback reference|location=Oxford}}</ref> In [[Japanese folklore]], there is a belief that spirits of the dead must cross a river called the [[Sanzu River]] to reach the [[afterlife]]. Like the Greek Styx, it is a border between the living and the dead. Depending on how someone lived their life, they might cross on a bridge, wade through shallow water, or struggle through deep, rough currents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan - Death Folklore & Doll Marriage|url=https://myend.com/country/japan-death-folklore-doll-marriage/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Myend|language=en-US}}</ref> In some Native American traditions, water is a pathway between the physical world and the spirit world. [[Shaman]]s or spiritual leaders may enter a trance near a river or [[waterfall]] to connect with spirits.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LDJ_ZEN|date=2023-07-24|title=Shamanic Significance of Water - Born As The Earth (BEZA)|url=https://bornastheearth.com/shamanic-water-dagara/|access-date=2025-05-30|language=en-US}}</ref> In many cultures, water plays an important role in myths about [[Creation myth|creation]] and destruction. In [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian mythology]], the world began from a vast, dark ocean. Two great water beings, [[Abzu|Apsu]] (fresh water) and [[Tiamat]] (salt water), came together to create the first gods. Later, Tiamat became angry and turned into a monster to destroy them. One of the gods, [[Marduk]], defeated her and used her body to form the [[sky]] and the [[earth]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|title=Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Epic of Creation - Full Text|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/225/enuma-elish---the-babylonian-epic-of-creation---fu/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Bible]], there is the story of [[Noah's Ark]], where [[God]] sends a great [[flood]] to destroy the world because of human wickedness. The floodwaters cover the earth, wiping out nearly everything. But after the water goes down, life begins again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Denova|first=Rebecca|title=Noah's Ark|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Noah's_Ark/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], the god [[Vishnu]] rests on a cosmic ocean before the world is created. From his [[navel]] grows a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]], and from that flower comes [[Brahma]], the creator god. Later, when the world becomes evil, Vishnu sends great floods to destroy it and prepare for a new age.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creation stories in Hinduism - The existence of God - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - CCEA|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zv2fgwx/revision/7|access-date=2025-05-30|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> In [[Norse mythology]], at the end of the world, called [[Ragnarök]], giant waves and floods cover the earth as the sea serpent [[Jörmungandr]] rises from the ocean. Many gods die, and the world is destroyed in water and fire. But after the flood, the world slowly rises again, green and peaceful, ready for a new beginning.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|title=Ragnarök|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ragnarok/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In many [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s, water is linked to [[healing]] and change. People have long believed that special places like sacred springs, wells, and fountains have magical or healing powers. In these stories, someone who drinks the water or bathes in it might be cured of an [[illness]], feel stronger, or even gain special abilities. In [[Celtic mythology|Celtic folklore]], there are many stories about sacred wells and springs. These places were believed to be blessed by spirits or ancient gods. People would visit them to wash their wounds or drink the water, hoping to be healed. Some wells were also believed to grant visions or wisdom if the visitor was pure of heart.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cusack|first=Carole M.|last2=Wilson|first2=Dominique Beth|date=2016-10-03|title=Scotland’s Sacred Waters: Holy Wells and Healing Springs|url=https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/JSSSH/article/view/11278|journal=Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History|language=en|volume=16|issn=1320-4246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The gods of the Celts|last=Aldhouse-Green|first=Miranda Jane|date=1993|publisher=A. Sutton|isbn=978-0-86299-292-7|location=Dover (N.H.)}}</ref> In [[Christian tradition]], the waters of [[Lourdes]] in [[France]] are said to have healing powers. A young girl named Bernadette saw visions of the [[Virgin Mary]] near a spring. Since then, millions of people have traveled to Lourdes to bathe in the water or collect it, praying for cures to sickness or pain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lourdes|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09389b.htm#:~:text=History,July,%20of%20the%20same%20year.|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> In [[Japanese mythology]], there are stories of people bathing in hot springs or sacred waterfalls to purify their bodies and spirits. These waters are connected to nature spirits called [[kami]], and being near them can bring peace, health, and even a new beginning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-12|title=Japanese Religion Through the Lens of Water|url=https://kyotojournal.org/uncategorized/japanese-religion-through-the-lens-of-water/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Kyoto Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> In Greek myths, the [[fountain of youth]] or magical springs could restore a person’s youth and beauty. [[Hero]]es sometimes went on long journeys to find such water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fountain of Youth {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/fountain-youth|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> One famous example is the [[Lethe|River Lethe]], where drinking the water caused people to forget their past, offering a kind of spiritual reset or rebirth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lethe {{!}} River of Forgetfulness, Underworld River, Mythical River {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lethe|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> === In art === [[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Great Wave off Kanagawa.]] [[File:Claude Monet - Water Lilies.JPG|thumb|''Water Lilies'' (1907), in the Museum of Fine Arts, [[Houston, Texas]]]] Water has been a powerful symbol in [[art]] for thousands of years. Artists use water to show many different feelings and [[idea]]s, such as [[peace]], change, [[danger]], or [[mystery]]. In [[painting]]s, water often appears as [[ocean]]s, [[river]]s, [[rain]], or even [[tear]]s. It can be calm and still, like a quiet [[lake]], or wild and strong, like crashing [[Ocean surface wave|wave]]s. These [[image]]s help people feel something when they look at the artwork. For example, a peaceful painting of a [[pond]] might make someone feel relaxed, while a stormy [[sea]] might show fear or struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water as Science and Art|url=https://magazine.libarts.colostate.edu/article/water-as-science-and-art/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/water/2AWBC7VRDUGCdQ|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> In many cultures, water is also used in art to show [[life]] and [[rebirth]]. In [[religious art]], water is sometimes shown as holy, like in Christian paintings of [[baptism]]s, where water is used to wash away sins and begin a new life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piero della Francesca {{!}} The Baptism of Christ {{!}} NG665 {{!}} National Gallery, London|url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/piero-della-francesca-the-baptism-of-christ|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.nationalgallery.org.uk}}</ref> In [[Hindu art|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist art]], rivers like the [[Ganges]] are drawn or carved into temples to show purity and connection to the divine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smarthistory – The Great Relief at Mamallapuram|url=https://smarthistory.org/the-great-relief-at-mamallapuram/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=smarthistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2024-08-21|title=Divine Currents : the Ganga and Yamuna in Indian Art - Enroute Indian History Divine Currents : the Ganga and Yamuna in Indian Art|url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/divine-currents-the-ganga-and-yamuna-in-indian-art/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Enroute Indian History|language=en-US}}</ref> In ancient times, water also appeared in art to show [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s. In [[Ancient Greek art|Greek]] and [[Roman art]], gods like [[Poseidon]] or [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] were often shown holding [[trident]]s and riding waves or sea creatures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poseidon: Tamer of horses, Earth-Shaker & God of the sea - (Phillip TIjerina)|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/poseidon-tamer-of-horses-earth-shaker-god-of-the-sea-phillip-tijerina/cwJCuM3__36XKw|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> In [[Egyptian art]], the [[Nile|Nile River]] was a symbol of life and was often painted in scenes of farming, fishing, and ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|title=Art in Ancient Egypt: Themes, Ideas, Materials, Subjects, Styles, Influences {{!}} Middle East And North Africa — Facts and Details|url=https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-178.html|access-date=2025-06-01|website=africame.factsanddetails.com|language=en}}</ref> One famous example of water in art is “[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]” by the Japanese artist [[Hokusai]]. This [[Woodblock printing|woodblock print]] shows a huge, powerful wave towering over small [[boat]]s, with [[Mount Fuji]] in the background. The wave looks alive, with curling foam like claws, ready to crash down. Even though the image is full of movement and danger, it is also beautifully balanced and carefully designed. Hokusai may have used the sea not just to show nature’s power, but also the strength and struggle of people facing it. This artwork has become one of the most well-known in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hokusai Under the Wave off Kanagawa {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/hokusai-under-wave-kanagawa|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> Another famous painting that shows water is “[[Water Lilies]]” by the French artist [[Claude Monet]]. Monet painted many versions of this scene, showing a quiet pond with [[Nymphaeaceae|lily pad]]s, [[flower]]s, and [[reflection]]s of [[tree]]s and [[sky]] on the surface of the water. The soft colors and blurred brushstrokes make the paintings feel peaceful and dreamlike. His paintings help people feel calm and connected to nature, like they are standing next to the pond themselves.<ref>{{Citation|last=Monet|first=Claude|title=Water Lilies|date=1906|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/16568/water-lilies|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Claude Monet. Water Lilies. 1914-26 {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/80220|access-date=2025-06-01|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> [[Artist]]s also use water in more practical ways. [[Watercolor painting]], for example, uses water to blend colors in soft, flowing shapes. This kind of painting is known for its light, dreamy look. It is perfect for painting things like [[cloud]]s, [[rain]], or gentle [[Ocean surface wave|wave]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watercolor|url=https://localhost:5000/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/drawing/watercolor|access-date=2025-06-01|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> Some modern artists even create art with water itself, such as [[fountain]]s, [[pool]]s, or water installations that change with movement and time. These works let people see, hear, and even touch the water, making the experience feel alive and special.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crown Fountain|url=https://millenniumparkfoundation.org/art-architecture/crown-fountain/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Millennium Park Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain Room {{!}} Sharjah Art Foundation|url=https://www.sharjahart.org/en/whats-on/details/rain-room/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.sharjahart.org}}</ref> === In literature === [[File:Moby Dick p510 illustration.jpg|thumb|[[Moby Dick (whale)|Moby Dick]] attacking a [[whaling]] boat]] Water shows up in many [[Narrative|stories]], [[poem]]s, and [[myth]]s from all over the world. In [[book]]s and other [[writing]], water often stands for feelings, life, change, or the unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ryan|first=Brendan|title=LibGuides: English: Water in Literature|url=https://clonard.libguides.com/c.php?g=568709&p=6954414|access-date=2025-06-01|website=clonard.libguides.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-22|title=Water Symbolism - Meanings in Literature and Culture - Literary Devices|url=https://literarydevices.net/water-symbolism/|access-date=2025-06-01|language=en-us}}</ref> One well-known example is in the book [[The Old Man and the Sea]] by [[Ernest Hemingway]]. In this story, an old [[fisherman]] goes out into the [[ocean]] by himself and tries to catch a huge [[fish]]. The sea is more than just the place where the story happens. As the fisherman fights to catch the fish, the story talks about human strength, being alone, and having respect for [[nature]]. The water shows both danger and deep wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Old Man and the Sea {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Old-Man-and-the-Sea-novel-by-Hemingway|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Moby-Dick]] by [[Herman Melville]], the ocean is a big part of the story. The book is about Captain Ahab and his crew as they sail across the sea to find a giant white whale named Moby Dick. The ocean is not just where the story takes place, it also stands for big ideas like the unknown, the power of nature, and life’s deepest questions. Captain Ahab becomes obsessed with hunting the [[whale]], and this makes the sea feel dangerous and full of madness.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-23|title=Moby Dick {{!}} Summary, Characters, Author, Importance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Moby-Dick-novel|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[The Odyssey]] by [[Homer]], water is a big part of the story. Odysseus, the main [[hero]], spends many years sailing across the sea to get home after the [[Trojan War]]. Along the way, he faces storms, sea monsters, and powerful gods. Each time he travels by water, he faces new problems that test how brave and smart he is. The sea is more than just something to cross, it is a place of adventure, danger, and change. It helps Odysseus grow into a wiser and stronger person. This ancient story shows that water, especially the ocean, was seen as a powerful and magical force, full of meaning and [[mystery]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-19|title=Odyssey {{!}} Summary, Characters, Meaning, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Odyssey-epic-by-Homer|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[The Secret Garden]] by [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], water is shown in a soft and peaceful way. There are moments when [[rain]] falls and helps bring the [[garden]] back to life. The rain makes the [[flower]]s grow and the air feel fresh and clean. For the characters in the story, hearing the rain and feeling the wet earth become signs that things are getting better. The water helps turn the garden from a quiet, lonely place into one that is full of beauty and [[happiness]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-17|title=The Secret Garden {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Secret-Garden|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Huckleberry Finn]] by [[Mark Twain]], the [[Mississippi River]] is very important to the story. Huck and Jim, who is an escaped slave, travel down the river on a raft. The river stands for [[freedom]] and escape. As they float along, they have many adventures, meet different people, and talk about big ideas like right and wrong, and what it means to be a friend. The river is always moving and changing, just like their journey. It gives them time and space to think and grow. Twain uses the river not just as a way to get from place to place, but as a symbol of the characters’ path to better understand themselves and the world around them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Analysis of Setting {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/adventures-huckleberry-finn-analysis-setting|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[poetry]], water is often used to show feelings and ideas. In the poem [[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]] by [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], a [[sailor]] tells a strange and sad story about being lost at sea. The huge ocean around him becomes a symbol of guilt, punishment, and mystery. One famous line from the poem is, “Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, every where, nor any drop to drink.” This shows how the ocean, which usually gives life, can also be dangerous and cruel. The poem uses water to teach a lesson, that people must respect nature and the spiritual world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Analysis of Setting {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/rime-ancient-mariner-analysis-setting|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In many [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s, water is part of a journey to another world. In the Greek story of [[Orpheus and Eurydice]], Orpheus has to cross a [[river]] to enter the [[underworld]] and try to bring back his lost love. The river is a border between life and death, showing that water can mark the edge of what people understand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orpheus and Eurydice: Analysis of Setting {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/orpheus-and-eurydice-analysis-setting|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In an African story about [[Mami Wata]], a water spirit appears in [[dream]]s and visions. She might bring healing, beauty, or riches, but she must be treated with respect.<ref name=":13" /> === In movies === [[File:Jaws movie poster.jpg|thumb|Jaws movie poster]] Water is often used in [[movie]]s to create powerful [[emotion]]s, build tension, or act as an challenge for the characters. [[Movie director|Director]]s use water in different ways. It can show [[danger]], [[mystery]], or [[fear]], but it can also show [[peace]], [[life]], or change. In [[Adventure movie|adventure]] and [[action movie]]s, water can be exciting or dangerous. It can appear in scenes with [[storm]]s, [[flood]]s, or [[rescue]]s from [[river]]s or [[ocean]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Analysing water and it’s significance in film –|url=https://www.mediafactory.org.au/cheyenne-bradley/2017/04/03/analysing-water-and-its-significance-in-film/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.mediafactory.org.au}}</ref> One well-known example is [[Titanic (1997 movie)|Titanic (1997)]], where the ocean is not only the [[Setting (fiction)|setting]] but also a major cause of the [[disaster]]. At first, the sea looks calm and beautiful, but later, the cold water becomes a threat as the [[ship]] sinks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-01|title=Titanic {{!}} Movie, Characters, Summary, Cast, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic-film-1997|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[fantasy]] and [[science fiction]] movies, water can be strange or magical. For example, in [[Avatar: The Way of Water]], the ocean is a place full of unusual creatures and emotional moments. It is shown as both a home and a challenge for the [[Fictional character|character]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avatar {{!}} Film Series, Plot, Reception, Colonialism, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Avatar-franchise|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In the animated movie [[Moana]], water is shown as something that can move on its own and help the [[Protagonist|main character]]. The ocean guides Moana as she tries to save her [[island]]. It helps her when she is scared and keeps her safe from harm. In the movie, water acts like a helper. It also links Moana to her [[ancestor]]s, who also sailed the oceans. The ocean in this story is not something to be afraid of but something to understand and rely on. In [[Finding Nemo]] (2003), the entire story takes place [[underwater]]. The ocean is full of sea life, reefs, and dangers. It shows that water can be both fun and dangerous. The underwater setting is important to the whole story. In [[Cast Away]] (2000), the ocean separates the main character from other people after a [[plane crash]]. The ocean becomes a challenge he must face, and it is also the way he must return to his normal life. Water is also used in movies to show feelings or deeper meanings. In many [[drama]]s, rain can show [[sadness]], [[Loneliness|being alone]], or a big change in the story. For example, in [[The Notebook]], the [[rain]] scene is full of strong emotion and shows an important moment between two characters. Water can also stand for a new beginning or change. In [[horror movie]]s, water can make scenes more tense or scary. Dark lakes, bathtubs, or storms can trap people or hide something dangerous. In [[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]], for example, the ocean looks calm, but a [[shark]] is hiding below. People swim without knowing the danger, which creates [[fear]] and [[suspense]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-26|title=Jaws {{!}} Shark, Steven Spielberg, Blockbuster, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jaws-film-by-Spielberg|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Water also works well in movies because it moves, reflects light, and makes sounds. Whether it is big waves, gentle rain, or quiet ponds, water adds something special to a scene. It helps tell the story in a visual way, sometimes more clearly than words can. This makes water one of the most useful natural elements in [[filmmaking]]. === Dihydrogen monoxide parody === The [[dihydrogen monoxide parody]] began as a funny [[joke]] in the early 1990s. It was meant to show how using big [[science]] words can confuse people and make safe things sound dangerous. "Dihydrogen monoxide" is just a fancy way of saying water. The word “dihydrogen” means two [[Hydrogen|hydrogen atom]]s, and “monoxide” means one [[Oxygen|oxygen atom]]. That adds up to H₂O, which is the [[chemical formula]] for water. Even though it is just water, calling it “dihydrogen monoxide” makes it sound like a harmful [[chemical]]. This joke was used to show that many people do not always understand science words, and they can be tricked if something is explained in a dramatic or serious-sounding way.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title='Dihydrogen monoxide' hoax returns as social media meme {{!}} AAP|url=https://aap.com.au/factcheck/dihydrogen-monoxide-hoax-returns-as-social-media-meme/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=aap.com.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> One of the earliest and most famous uses of this joke happened in 1997, when a high school student named Nathan Zohner gave a science presentation titled "How Gullible Are We?". In his report, he described all the dangers of “dihydrogen monoxide”. Like causing [[burn]]s (as steam), contributing to [[erosion]], being found in [[Cancer|cancer cell]]s, and even causing death when inhaled. He did not say that it was just water until the very end. Out of 50 students who listened to his presentation, 43 voted to ban the chemical. Nathan’s project became famous, and it showed how people can be easily tricked if they do not have enough [[Science|scientific knowledge]] or [[critical thinking]].<ref name=":14" /> Before that, versions of the joke had appeared in [[internet forum]]s and [[email]]s, especially as the [[internet]] was growing in the 1990s. People used the parody to make fun of how the [[Media (communication)|media]], [[politician]]s, or even [[environmental activist]]s might sometimes overreact to scientific information without fully understanding it. Over time, the joke spread widely and became part of [[internet culture]]. It is often used today in [[classroom]]s, [[debate]]s, or [[website]]s to teach people to read carefully and to question information that sounds too dramatic or scary. The DHMO parody continues to be shared today, often as a reminder that how we present information really matters. If something is said with the right tone, long words, or half-truths, people might believe anything, even that water is dangerous. It is a funny but important lesson in [[Scientific literacy|science literacy]], [[skepticism]], and not jumping to conclusions without understanding the full picture. The website DHMO.org is a joke website which lists the harmful effects of water (DHMO), answers questions, and calls for it to be banned, among other things.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dihydrogen Monoxide Research Division - dihydrogen monoxide info|url=https://dhmo.org/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=dhmo.org}}</ref> === In music === Water has always been a big [[Inspiration (psychology)|inspiration]] in [[music]] because it connects to so many feelings and ideas. People all over the world use water as a symbol in songs to show [[emotion]]s like [[peace]], [[sadness]], change, [[Power (social and political)|power]], or even mystery. Just like water can be calm or stormy, music about water can be soft and gentle or loud and intense. For example, a calm river or gentle rain might be used to create a peaceful feeling, while crashing waves or a [[flood]] might show strong emotions like [[anger]], [[Broken heart|heartbreak]], or chaos. Water can represent the flow of life, the passage of time, or the feeling of being overwhelmed by something big.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water in Music {{!}} NLS Music Notes|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/nls-music-notes/2020/12/water-in-music/|website=Library of congress}}</ref> In [[classical music]], [[composer]]s have often used water to paint [[picture]]s with [[sound]]. For example, famous composers like [[Claude Debussy]] wrote pieces such as [[La Mer (Debussy)|La Mer (The Sea)]], where the music was inspired by the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=La Mer|url=https://www.bso.org/works/la-mer|access-date=2025-06-02|website=BSO|language=en-us}}</ref> Another example is [[Prelude, Op. 28, No. 15 (Chopin)|Frédéric Chopin’s "Raindrop Prelude"]], where repeating notes sound like gentle [[Drop|raindrops]] falling.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The elements of music to consider - Chopin: Prelude, Op.28, No.15 - AQA - GCSE Music Revision - AQA|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zd9ck2p/revision/2|access-date=2025-06-02|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> These pieces do not use words, but the music still makes listeners feel like they are near water. In modern times, [[Pop music|pop]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[folk song]]s also use water in their [[lyrics]]. Songs like [[Bridge Over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge Over Troubled Water]] by [[Simon & Garfunkel]] or [[River (Joni Mitchell song)|River]] by [[Joni Mitchell]] use rivers and storms as ways to talk about emotions and life problems. In these songs, water can be both the problem and the solution. It can pull someone down, or it can wash their [[pain]] away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridge Over Troubled Water|url=https://www.paulsimon.com/track/bridge-over-troubled-water/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=The Paul Simon Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=The Powerful Meaning of Joni Mitchell’s Sad Christmas Song, “River”|url=https://media.benedictine.edu/the-powerful-meaning-of-joni-mitchells-sad-christmas-song|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Benedictine College Media & Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> In many cultures, water is tied to spiritual or emotional cleansing, so music about water is often healing or thoughtful. In African, Asian, and Indigenous traditions, water songs are sometimes sung during [[ritual]]s, [[rain dance]]s, or [[prayer]]s, asking nature for help or giving thanks for life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain dance {{!}} anthropology {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/rain-dance|access-date=2025-06-02|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Talkeu Tounouga|first=Camille|last2=Brock|first2=Odile|date=2003|title=The Symbolic Function of Water in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cultural Approach|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/6/article/45618|journal=Leonardo|volume=36|issue=4|pages=283–283|issn=1530-9282}}</ref> In [[Blues|blues music]], rivers often appear as symbols of sorrow or escape, especially in songs from the [[American South]], where the [[Mississippi River]] became a symbol of travel, freedom, and sometimes grief.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MS River Blues|url=https://msbluestrail.org/blues-trail-markers/ms-river-blues|access-date=2025-06-02|website=The Mississippi Blues Trail|language=en-US}}</ref> In reggae and Caribbean music, the sea and rain show up in joyful, laid-back songs that celebrate nature and the rhythm of island life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Montagne|first=Vicky Mogollón|last2=|first2=|title=Women and Water: Connections in Caribbean Music and Spirituality|url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/women-water-caribbean-music-spirituality|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-03|title=Dance To The Beat Of The Origins And Other Facts About 12 Caribbean Music Styles|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/caribbean-music-dance-terms/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Dictionary.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Water even affects how music sounds. In some [[Electronic music|electronic]] or [[ambient music]], water sounds like waves, rain, or dripping are added to create a relaxing background. These sounds are used in [[meditation music]] or [[sleep]] [[playlist]]s because they help people feel calm and safe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MusicalFlora|date=2025-01-16|title=The Role of Nature Sounds in Ambient Music: A Complete Guide|url=https://www.musicalflora.com/genres/ambient/role-nature-sounds-ambient-music/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Musical Flora|language=en}}</ref> [[Music therapy|Music therapist]]s also use water sounds to help people reduce [[stress]] or connect with their emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kwon|first=Chan-Young|last2=Kim|first2=Hyunsu|last3=Kim|first3=Sung-Hee|date=2024-02-05|title=The Modernization of Oriental Music Therapy: Five-Element Music Therapy Combined with Artificial Intelligence|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10855257/|journal=Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=3|pages=411|doi=10.3390/healthcare12030411|issn=2227-9032|pmc=10855257|pmid=38338296}}</ref> ==Related pages== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ice]] * [[Lake]] * [[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]] * [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature timeline]] * [[Pond]] * [[Rain]] * [[River]] * [[Sea]] * [[Steam]] * [[Water cycle]] * [[Waterway]] * [[Water vapor]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{Commons}} ==Other websites== * [https://essaydiary.com/essay-on-water-water-essay/ Importance of Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928062806/https://essaydiary.com/essay-on-water-water-essay/ |date=2021-09-28 }} [[Category:Natural resources]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] acx3i8x2rylocu53mbcysmtgt4t14u1 10331785 10331784 2025-06-15T10:54:51Z 109.245.38.19 /* On Earth */ 10331785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|water in its [[solid]] state|Ice}} {{for|water in its [[gas]] state|Water vapor}} {{chembox|verifiedrevid=477162647|Name=Water ({{chem|H|2|O}})|ImageFile1=H2O 2D labelled.svg|ImageSize1=150px|ImageName1=The water molecule has this basic geometric structure|ImageFileL1=Water-3D-balls.png|ImageSizeL1=100px|ImageNameL1=Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule|ImageFileR1=Water molecule 3D.svg|ImageSizeR1=100px|ImageNameR1=Space filling model of a water molecule|ImageFile2=2006-02-13 Drop before impact.jpg|ImageSize2=264px|ImageName2=A drop of water falling towards water in a glass|IUPACName=water, oxidane|OtherNames=Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH), hydrogen oxide, dihydrogen monoxide (DHMO) (systematic name<ref>{{cite web |title=naming molecular compounds |url=http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html |website=www.iun.edu |accessdate=1 October 2018 |quote=Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide). |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924023206/http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>), hydrogen monoxide, dihydrogen oxide, hydric acid, hydrohydroxic acid, hydroxic acid, hydrol,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrol|title = Definition of Hydrol|publisher= Merriam-Webster|url-access=subscription }}</ref> μ-oxido dihydrogen, κ¹-hydroxyl hydrogen(0)|data page pagename=Water (data page)|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1098659 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/H2O/h1H2 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N | SMILES = O | CASNo = 7732-18-5 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 962 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 937 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 15377 | RTECS = ZC0110000 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 059QF0KO0R | Gmelin = 117 | Beilstein = 3587155 }}|Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = {{chem| H|2|O}} | MolarMass = 18.01528(33) g/mol | Odor = None | Appearance = White crystal-like solid, almost colorless liquid with a hint of blue, colorless gas | Density = Liquid:{{sfn|Riddick|1970|loc= Table of Physical Properties, Water 0b. pg 67-8}}<br>0.9998396&nbsp;g/mL at 0&nbsp;°C<br>0.9970474&nbsp;g/mL at 25&nbsp;°C<br>0.961893&nbsp;g/mL at 95&nbsp;°C<br>Solid:{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc = Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6}}<br> 0.9167&nbsp;g/ml at 0&nbsp;°C | MeltingPtC = 0.00 | MeltingPt_notes ={{Efn|[[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] (VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339&nbsp;K (99.9839&nbsp;°C). Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures.|name = VSMOW}} | BoilingPtC = 99.98 | BoilingPt_notes =<ref name="nistbp">{{nist|name=Water|id=C7732185|accessdate=2016-5-27|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref>{{Efn|name=VSMOW}} | pKa = 13.995{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=Chapter 8: Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases}}{{sfn|Weingärtner et al.|2016|p = 13}}{{efn| A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pK_a of water is incorrect.<ref>{{cite web| title = What is the pKa of Water| url = http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/What_is_the_pKa_of_water%3F| publisher = [[University of California, Davis]]| date = 2015-08-09| access-date = 2020-09-12| archive-date = 2016-02-14| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214222524/http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/What_is_the_pKa_of_water%3F| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silverstein|first1=Todd P.|last2=Heller|first2=Stephen T.|title=pKa Values in the Undergraduate Curriculum: What Is the Real pKa of Water?|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=17 April 2017|volume=94|issue=6|pages=690–695|doi=10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00623|bibcode=2017JChEd..94..690S| issn=0021-9584}}</ref>}} | pKb = 13.995 | ConjugateAcid = [[Hydronium]] | ConjugateBase = [[Hydroxide]] | Viscosity = 0.890 [[Poise (unit)|cP]]{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=6.186}} | RefractIndex = 1.3330 (20&nbsp;°C){{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=8—Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity}} | VaporPressure = {{convert|3.1690|kPa|atm|abbr = out| disp = or}}{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc= Vapor Pressure of Water From 0 to 370° C in Sec. 6}} | Solubility = [[Properties of water#Cohesion and adhesion|N/A]] | SolubleOther = Poorly soluble in [[haloalkane]]s, [[aliphatic]] and [[aromatic]] hydrocarbons, [[ether]]s.<ref name="chemister">{{cite web| title = Properties of substance: water| url = http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1| first = Kiper Ruslan| last = Anatolievich| access-date = 2021-02-07| archive-date = 2014-06-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200111/http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=1| url-status = dead}}</ref> Improved solubility in [[carboxylate]]s, [[alcohols]], [[ketones]], [[amines]]. Miscible with [[methanol]], [[ethanol]], [[propanol]], [[isopropanol]], [[acetone]], [[glycerol]], [[1,4-dioxane]], [[tetrahydrofuran]], [[sulfolane]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[dimethylformamide]], [[dimethoxyethane]], [[dimethyl sulfoxide]], [[acetonitrile]]. Partially miscible with [[Diethyl ether]], [[Methyl Ethyl Ketone]], [[Dichloromethane]], [[Ethyl Acetate]], [[Bromine]]. | ThermalConductivity = 0.6065 W/(m·K)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramires|first1=Maria L. V.|last2=Castro|first2=Carlos A. Nieto de|last3=Nagasaka|first3=Yuchi|last4=Nagashima|first4=Akira|last5=Assael|first5=Marc J.|last6=Wakeham|first6=William A.|date=1995-05-01|title=Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water|journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data|volume=24|issue=3|pages=1377–1381|doi=10.1063/1.555963|issn=0047-2689|bibcode=1995JPCRD..24.1377R}}</ref> }}|Section3={{Chembox Structure | MolShape = [[bent (chemistry)|Bent]] | CrystalStruct = [[ice|Hexagonal]] | Dipole = 1.8546 [[Debye|D]]{{sfn|Lide|2003|loc=9—Dipole Moments}} | PointGroup = C_2v }}|Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = −285.83 ± 0.04&nbsp;kJ/mol<ref name=chemister /><ref name="nist">{{nist|name=Water|id=C7732185|accessdate=2014-06-01|mask=FFFF|units=SI}}</ref> | DeltaGf = −237.24&nbsp;kJ/mol<ref name=chemister /> | Entropy = 69.95 ± 0.03&nbsp;J/(mol·K)<ref name=nist /> | HeatCapacity = 75.385 ± 0.05&nbsp;J/(mol·K)<ref name=nist /> }}|Section7={{Chembox Hazards | MainHazards = [[Drowning]]<br>[[Avalanche]] (as snow) <br>[[Water intoxication]] <br>(see also [[Dihydrogen monoxide parody]]) | NFPA-H = 0 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 | FlashPt= Non-flammable | GHSPictograms = | GHSSignalWord = | HPhrases = | PPhrases = }}|Section8={{Chembox Related | OtherCations = [[Hydrogen sulfide]]<br> [[Hydrogen selenide]]<br> [[Hydrogen telluride]]<br> [[Hydrogen polonide]]<br> [[Hydrogen peroxide]] | OtherFunction_label = [[solvent]]s | OtherFunction = [[Acetone]]<br> [[Methanol]] }}}} [[File:Iceberg with hole near Sandersons Hope 2007-07-28 2.jpg|thumb|Water in three [[States of matter|states]]: [[liquid]] (including the clouds, which are [[aerosol]]s), [[solid]] ([[ice]]) and [[gas]] ([[water vapour]])]] '''Water''' ({{chem|H|2|O}}) is a simple [[chemical compound]] made of two [[Hydrogen|hydrogen atoms]] and one [[Oxygen|oxygen atom]]. It is clear, has no [[taste]] or [[Olfaction|smell]], and is almost colorless. All [[life|living things]] need water to survive.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-03-22|title=United Nations|url=http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.html|publisher=Un.org|accessdate=2010-07-25}}</ref> Water molecules stick together because of [[hydrogen bond]]s. These bonds give water special properties. For example, water has high [[surface tension]], and can dissolve many substances. Water exists in three forms on [[Earth]]: [[solid]] (ice), [[liquid]] (water), and [[gas]] (water vapor). The word "water" comes from the Old English word wæter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Etymology of "water" by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=etymonline|language=en-US}}</ref> About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water. Most of this water (about 97%) is in the [[ocean]]s. This water is [[salt water]], which we cannot drink or use for farming. Only 3% of Earth’s water is [[fresh water]], and even that is not easy to get. 69% of all fresh water is frozen in [[glacier]]s and [[ice cap]]s. 30% is stored underground in [[aquifer]]s. Less than 1% is in [[lake]]s, [[river]]s, and [[swamp]]s. If you look at all the water on Earth, only about 1% can be used by us. And most of that water is found underground.<ref name="WSS">{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |title=How Much Water is There on Earth? |date=13 November 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Water on the Earth’s Surface {{!}} EARTH 103: Earth in the Future|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/701|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.e-education.psu.edu}}</ref> Water is always moving in a cycle. This is called the water cycle. It includes:<ref name="b1">{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor=Gleick, P.H. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1993 |page=13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth" |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=20 March 2007 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). [http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ Vital Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/ |date=20 February 2008 }} [[UNEP]].</ref> * [[Evaporation]] (water turns into vapor), * [[Transpiration]] (plants release water vapor), * [[Condensation]] (vapor forms clouds), * [[Precipitation]] (rain or snow falls), * [[Surface runoff|Runoff]] (water returns to oceans and lakes). Water has many unique abilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The anomalous properties of water|url=https://ergodic.ugr.es/termo/lecciones/water2.html|access-date=2025-05-03|website=ergodic.ugr.es}}</ref> One is that it expands when it freezes. This makes ice less dense than liquid water, so ice floats.<ref name="physicalgeography">{{cite web |url= http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html |title=8(a) Physical Properties of Water |first= |last= |work=physicalgeography.net |year=2011|quote=pan |accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Does Ice Float? {{!}} The Children's Museum of Indianapolis|url=https://www.childrensmuseum.org/stories/why-does-ice-float#:~:text=Believe%20it%20or%20not,%20ice,to%20float%20to%20the%20top.|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.childrensmuseum.org}}</ref> Water also has a high [[Specific heat|specific heat capacity]]. It can absorb or lose a lot of heat without changing temperature much.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.14: Water - High Heat Capacity|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.14:_Water_-_High_Heat_Capacity|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> This helps keep Earth's [[climate]] stable.<ref name="Schuckmann2020">von Schuckmann, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; ''et al.'' (7 September 2020). "[https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020 Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?]". ''Earth System Science Data''. '''12''' (3): 2013–2041. [[Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.2013V]]. [https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020 doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020]. [https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/443809 hdl:20.500.11850/443809]. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> Water’s [[surface tension]] lets it form [[droplet]]s. It also lets small insects walk on water.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/liquids-and-solids-11/liquid-properties-85/surface-tension-376-6402/ |title=Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. |author= |website= |publisher=Boundless |accessdate=December 25, 2016 |archive-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603233926/https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/liquids-and-solids-11/liquid-properties-85/surface-tension-376-6402/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Water is an excellent [[solvent]]. It can dissolve more substances than any other liquid. This is why it is called the "universal solvent." However, it cannot dissolve [[Oil|oily]] or nonpolar substances well.<ref name="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=620}}</ref><ref name="USGSsolvent">{{cite web |title=Water, the Universal Solvent |url=http://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html |website=[[USGS]] |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709141251/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Khansolvent">{{Cite web |title=Solvent properties of water |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent |website=Khan Academy}}</ref><ref name="USGSuniversalsolvent">{{Cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |title=Water Q&A: Why is water the "universal solvent"? |date=20 June 2019 |website=Water Science School |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]], [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |url-status=live }}</ref> These special abilities come from water's [[Polar bond|polar nature]] and the hydrogen bonds between them.<ref name="chemlibretexts">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-29 |title=11.9: Water - An Extraordinary Substance |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/Chem_400%3A_General_Chemistry_I/11%3A_Liquids%2C_Solids%2C_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.09%3A_Water%3A_An_Extraordinary_Substance |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Chemistry LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref> Water is important for all living things. Every kind of life we know needs water to survive. This includes tiny living things like [[bacteria]], [[archaea]], and [[protist]]s, and bigger ones like [[fungi]], [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What makes water an important molecule for life?|url=https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2023/atp-why-is-water-unique|access-date=2025-05-05|website=University of Nevada, Reno|language=en-us}}</ref> The human body is about 50-60% water.<ref name="USGSWaterBody"> U.S. Geological Survey (2 June 2023). "[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-you-human-body Water in the Human Body]". ''Water Science School''. Retrieved 30 April 2025. </ref> Water helps move [[nutrient]]s, gases, and [[waste]] inside the body. Inside [[cell]]s, water is where most [[chemical reaction]]s happen. It also helps cells keep their shape. Water is needed for [[digestion]] in animals, and [[photosynthesis]] in plants.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hall | first=D.O. | date=2001 | title=Photosynthesis, Sixth edition | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&dq=process+of+photosynthesis&pg=PR7 | publisher=University of Cambridge | isbn=0-521-64497-6 | access-date=26 August 2023 | archive-date=5 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005012445/https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&dq=process+of+photosynthesis&pg=PR7 | url-status=live }}</ref> It also helps control [[body temperature]]. Without water, life could not exist. That is why water is one of the most important substances for all living things.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite book |title=Campbell Biology |last=Reece |first=Jane B. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson]] |isbn=978-0-321-77565-8 |edition=10th |page=48 }}</ref> Water is also very important to the [[Economy|world economy]]. About 70% of the fresh water people use goes to [[Irrigation|farming]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic valuation of water resources in agriculture|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y5582e/y5582e04.htm|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Water is used to grow [[crop]]s and raise [[animal]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2018-07-01|title=Water Use and Stress|url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress|journal=Our World in Data|language=en}}</ref> [[Fish]] from oceans, lakes, and rivers are an important source of food.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Troell |first1=Max |last2=Naylor |first2=Rosamond L. |last3=Metian |first3=Marc |last4=Beveridge |first4=Malcolm |last5=Tyedmers |first5=Peter H. |last6=Folke |first6=Carl |last7=Arrow |first7=Kenneth J. |last8=Barrett |first8=Scott |last9=Crépin |first9=Anne-Sophie |last10=Ehrlich |first10=Paul R. |last11=Gren |first11=Åsa |date=16 September 2014 |title=Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=111 |issue=37 |pages=13257–13263 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1404067111 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4169979 |pmid=25136111|bibcode=2014PNAS..11113257T |doi-access=free }}</ref> Many products, like [[crude oil]] and other goods, are moved around the world by [[ship]]s through oceans, [[river]]s, and [[canal]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/global-freight-demand-to-triple-by-2050 |title= Global Freight Demand to Triple by 2050 |work= The Maritime Executive |date= May 27, 2019}}</ref> Water is also used to heat and cool buildings and machines. Because it can dissolve many substances, it is very useful in [[Factory|factories]], [[cooking]], and [[cleaning]]. Water can also be used to make [[electricity]], using [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plants]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hydropower Basics|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Energy.gov|language=en}}</ref> It is also used for fun activities like [[swimming]], [[Boat racing|boating]], [[fishing]], [[diving]], [[ice skating]], [[snowboarding]], and [[skiing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water sports|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/watersport|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Dictionary.com|language=en}}</ref> Many [[civilization]]s in history began near rivers or other places where they could get water easily. For example, [[Mesopotamia]] began between the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers.<ref>{{citation |title=Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was |last=Pollock |first=Susan |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-57568-3 |series=Case Studies in Early Societies |page=1}}</ref> [[Ancient Egypt]] depended on the [[Nile]].<ref name="Shaw2003"> Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7. </ref> The [[Indus Valley civilization]] started near the [[Indus River]].<ref name="Williams2016"> Williams, Brian (2016). ''Daily Life in the Indus Valley Civilization''. Raintree. p. 6. ISBN 978-1406298574. </ref> [[Ancient Rome]] was built near the [[Tiber River]].<ref name="BritannicaTiber"> "Tiber River". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2006. </ref> Even today, many big [[City|cities]] like [[London]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Shanghai]] grew near water.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hudson River Estuary |url=http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |access-date=August 20, 2011 |website=Life.bio.sunysb.edu |publisher=[[Stony Brook University]] |archive-date=June 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604154033/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being close to rivers or oceans made it easier to [[trade]] and [[transport|travel]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite report|url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ser-rp-2017d18_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125030926/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ser-rp-2017d18_en.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-25 |url-status=live|title=Port Industry Survey on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation|last1=Asariotis|first1=Regina|last2=Benamara|first2=Hassiba|date=December 2017|publisher=UN Conference on Trade and Development|last3=Mohos-Naray|first3=Viktoria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/6652.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722062428/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/6652.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-22 |url-status=live|title=Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> [[Island]]s with good [[harbor]]s, like [[Singapore]], also became rich and powerful because ships could stop there easily.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore named top maritime capital of the world for 3rd consecutive time |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-named-leading-maritime-capital-of-the-world-for-3rd-consecutive-time |work=The Straits Times |date=26 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref> In dry places like [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]], clean water has always been important. Having water often made the difference between a small village and a strong civilization.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a">{{Cite journal|last=Rijsberman|first=Frank R.|date=2006|title=Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377405002854|journal=Agricultural Water Management|language=en|volume=80|issue=1–3|pages=5–22|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001|bibcode=2006AgWM...80....5R }}</ref> Water is not just found on Earth. Scientists have discovered water in many places in [[Outer space|space]]. Ice has been found on [[Mars]], and even on [[Moon|the Moon]].<ref name="Bibring">{{Cite journal|last1=Bibring|first1=Jean-Pierre|last2=Langevin|first2=Yves|last3=Poulet|first3=François|last4=Gendrin|first4=Aline|last5=Gondet|first5=Brigitte|last6=Berthé|first6=Michel|last7=Soufflot|first7=Alain|last8=Drossart|first8=Pierre|last9=Combes|first9=Michel|date=April 2004|title=Perennial water ice identified in the south polar cap of Mars|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature02461|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=428|issue=6983|pages=627–630|doi=10.1038/nature02461|pmid=15024393|bibcode=2004Natur.428..627B|s2cid=4373206|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Some [[Natural satellite|moon]]s in our [[solar system]], like [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] (around [[Jupiter]]), and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]] (around [[Saturn]]) may have liquid water under their icy surfaces.<ref name="NASAAnderson2015"> {{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Gina |date=2015-09-28 |title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=NASA}} </ref><ref name="NASAJPL2015"> {{Cite web |title=NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4099 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=NASA/JPL}} </ref><ref name="Iess2014"> {{Cite journal |last1=Iess |first1=L. |last2=Stevenson |first2=D. J. |last3=Parisi |first3=M. |last4=Hemingway |first4=D. |last5=Jacobson |first5=R. A. |last6=Lunine |first6=J. I. |last7=Nimmo |first7=F. |last8=Armstrong |first8=J. W. |last9=Asmar |first9=S. W. |date=2014-04-04 |title=The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1250551 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=344 |issue=6179 |pages=78–80 |doi=10.1126/science.1250551 |pmid=24700854 |bibcode=2014Sci...344...78I |s2cid=28990283 |issn=0036-8075}} </ref><ref name="Dunaeva2016"> {{Cite journal |last1=Dunaeva |first1=A. N. |last2=Kronrod |first2=V. A. |last3=Kuskov |first3=O. L. |date=2016 |title=Physico-chemical models of the internal structure of partially differentiated Titan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016702916010043 |journal=Geochemistry International |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=27–47 |doi=10.1134/s0016702916010043 |s2cid=130371184 |issn=0016-7029}} </ref> Water vapor has also been found in the [[atmosphere]] of some [[exoplanet]]s. These are [[planet]]s that [[orbit]] [[star]]s far away from our solar system.<ref name="worldcat">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670074794|title=Water in the universe|last=Hanslmeier, Arnold.|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-9984-6|location=Dordrecht|oclc=670074794}}</ref><ref name="hazyworlds">{{Cite web|last=Garner|first=Rob|date=2015-05-06|title=Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds|url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds|access-date=2020-09-11|website=NASA}}</ref> Water has even been found in clouds of gas and dust in space where new stars are being born.<ref name="MelnickNeufeld1998">Melnick, Gary, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Neufeld, David, [[Johns Hopkins University]] quoted in: {{cite news |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html |title=Discover of water vapor near Orion nebula suggests possible origin of H₂0 in Solar System |date= 1998 |publisher=The Harvard University Gazette |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116054013/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html |archivedate=16 January 2000}} {{cite news |url=http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html |title=Space cloud holds enough water to fill Earth's oceans 1 million times |date=9 April 1998 |publisher=Headlines@Hopkins, JHU |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109171410/http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html |archive-date=9 November 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == History == === In the Universe === [[File:Debris Disk Around Star HD 181327 (Artist's Concept) (2025-119).png|thumb|Artist's impression of the [[debris ring]] around HD 181327]] Shortly after the [[Big Bang]], around 13.8 billion years ago, the [[universe]] was a hot, dense soup of [[particle]]s. After 380,000 years, the universe expanded and cooled down enough for the first [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] to form in a process known as [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]]. This produced mostly hydrogen, with smaller amounts of [[helium]] and trace amounts of [[lithium]] and [[beryllium]]. [[Oxygen]] and heavier elements did not yet exist, meaning water could not yet form.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-25|title=1.24: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis - Observations|url=https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/Physics_156:_A_Cosmology_Workbook/01:_Workbook/1.24:_Big_Bang_Nucleosynthesis_-_Observations|access-date=2025-05-22|website=Physics LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-01|title=Early Universe - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/early-universe/|access-date=2025-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Hundreds of millions of years later, the first [[star]]s were made from clouds of hydrogen and helium. Inside these stars, [[nuclear fusion]] began to produce heavier elements. In massive stars, fusion of lighter elements created heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, and finally oxygen (a key ingredient for water). When these massive stars reached the end of their lives, they exploded as supernovae. This scattered those elements, including oxygen, into the [[interstellar medium]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-09|title=Stars - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/stars/|access-date=2025-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Now that hydrogen and oxygen existed in the universe, they began to react and form water (H₂O). This happened mainly in [[molecular cloud]]s. Here, water could form in two ways. On dust grains, hydrogen and oxygen atoms stuck to the surface can react to form [[Ice|water ice]]. In hot places inside the molecular cloud like around [[Protostar|young star]]s, hydrogen and oxygen gas could react to form [[water vapor]].<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dulieu|first=F.|last2=Amiaud|first2=L.|last3=Congiu|first3=E.|last4=Fillion|first4=J.-H.|last5=Matar|first5=E.|last6=Momeni|first6=A.|last7=Pirronello|first7=V.|last8=Lemaire|first8=J. L.|date=2010-03-01|title=Experimental evidence for water formation on interstellar dust grains by hydrogen and oxygen atoms|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2010/04/aa12079-09/aa12079-09.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=512|pages=A30|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912079|issn=0004-6361}}</ref> As molecular clouds collapsed to form new stars, [[protoplanetary disk]]s (flat disks of gas and dust moving around the star) formed around these young stars. Water in these disks could be found as water vapor or ice. This depended on how close or far away the water was from the star. The "[[Frost line (astrophysics)|snow line]]" is a place far away from the star where it is cold enough for water to freeze and turn into ice. Inside this line, water stays as a gas, but beyond it, water becomes ice. This ice allowed particles to clump together and form planets. Water got trapped in icy [[planetesimal]]s, [[comet]]s, and [[asteroid]]s. In the inner parts of [[star system]]s, it was usually too warm for ice, so most water there was in the form of vapor. Some water may have arrived later when comets or water-rich asteroids from the colder outer regions crashed into these inner planets, bringing ice that had formed far from the star.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astronomers reveal a new link between water and planet formation {{!}} ALMA Observatory|url=https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-releases/astronomers-reveal-a-new-link-between-water-and-planet-formation/|access-date=2025-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=information@eso.org|title=Astronomers reveal a new link between water and planet formation|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2404/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.eso.org|language=en}}</ref> On some [[planet]]s and [[Natural satellite|moon]]s, the conditions were just right for water to exist as a liquid, solid (ice), or gas (vapor). [[Earth]] is the best and only example we know of. Because it is the right distance from the [[Sun]] and has a protective [[atmosphere]], it has had oceans of liquid water for billions of years. Other places, like the moons [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], and [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], have oceans hidden under thick layers of ice. [[Mars]] has signs that it once had [[river]]s and [[lake]]s long ago. Comets and asteroids still hold water from the early days of the [[solar system]].<ref name=":0" /> Today, water continues to be everywhere but mostly frozen or in vapor form. It found in molecular clouds, where stars and planets are still being made. It can also be found in [[Interstellar medium|interstellar space]] as ice on [[dust]] grains. It has also been found in the atmospheres of exoplanets. At the center of [[Galaxy|galaxies]], massive amounts of water, billions of times the amount on Earth has been found around [[black hole]]s. But, liquid water remains extremely rare, because it requires a very narrow set of conditions. Earth is unique because it contains liquid water on its surface.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/astronomers-find-largest-most-distant-reservoir-of-water/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)|language=en-US}}</ref> === On Earth === {{main|Origin of water on Earth}} [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|Water, oceans, lakes, and rivers can be seen from [[Apollo 17]] to Earth.]] One of the biggest mysteries in [[astronomy]] is where Earth's water came from. Scientists are still trying to answer this question. Earth is special because it is the only [[Terrestrial planet|rocky planet]] in our [[Solar System]] with oceans of liquid water on its surface. The other rocky planets, [[Mercury]], [[Venus]], and, [[Mars]] do not have large amounts of liquid water on their surface.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=Are there oceans on other planets?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/et-oceans.html|access-date=2025-05-04|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> Liquid water is important because every living thing we know needs it to survive. Earth has liquid water because it is in just the right spot in space. This spot is called the [[habitable zone]]. It is not too close to the [[Sun]], where water would evaporate. It is also not too far away, where water would freeze. This perfect distance helps keep water in its liquid form on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lammer|first=H.|last2=Bredehöft|first2=J. H.|last3=Coustenis|first3=A.|last4=Khodachenko|first4=M. L.|last5=Kaltenegger|first5=L.|last6=Grasset|first6=O.|last7=Prieur|first7=D.|last8=Raulin|first8=F.|last9=Ehrenfreund|first9=P.|last10=Yamauchi|first10=M.|last11=Wahlund|first11=J.-E.|date=2009|title=What makes a planet habitable?|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z|journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=181–249|doi=10.1007/s00159-009-0019-z|issn=0935-4956}}</ref> There are many ideas about how Earth got its water. Most of these ideas fall into two main groups. One idea is that Earth already had the right ingredients (hydrogen and oxygen) when it formed, and those combined to make water. The other idea is that water came from space. It was carried by [[asteroid]]s or [[comet]]s that crashed into Earth after it formed. Some scientists think both of these ideas could be true. Earth might have gotten its water from more than one source. That makes the mystery a bit more complex, but researchers are trying their best to understand what happened in the early Solar System and how water ended up on our planet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Origin of Water on Earth |url=https://courses.seas.harvard.edu/climate/eli/Courses/EPS281r/Sources/Origin-of-oceans/1-Wikipedia-Origin-of-water-on-Earth.pdf |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Genda|first=Hidenori|date=2016|title=Origin of Earth’s oceans: An assessment of the total amount, history and supply of water|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geochemj/50/1/50_2.0398/_article|journal=Geochemical Journal|volume=50|issue=1|pages=27–42|doi=10.2343/geochemj.2.0398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did Earths water come from|url=https://astronomy.com/magazine/2019/04/where-did-earths-water-come-from|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Astronomy.com}}</ref> Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago, after the Sun was born from a huge cloud of gas and dust. The leftover material from that cloud became the rest of the Solar System, including Earth. One idea is that Earth was born with everything it needed to create oceans, lakes, and rivers. But there is a problem. The early Solar System was extremely hot, especially near the center where Earth formed. Any water on the surface would have turned into gas and escaped into [[Outer space|space]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henbest|first=Nigel|title=Birth of the planets|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13117837-100-birth-of-the-planets-the-earth-and-its-fellow-planets-may-be-survivors-from-a-time-when-planets-ricocheted-around-the-sun-like-ball-bearings-on-a-pinball-table/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> Another idea is that Earth’s water may have come from deep inside the planet. Water might have been trapped inside rocks deep underground when Earth was forming. This water was safe from the heat because it was hidden inside minerals in Earth's mantle. Over time, volcanoes released that water as steam. When the steam cooled, it turned into rain that helped form oceans and rivers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dublin|first=Trinity College|title=Comets or volcanoes? Where did Earth’s water come from?|url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/comets-or-volcanoes-where-did-earths-water-come-from/#:~:text=When%20the%20mantle%20rocks%20melt,be%20degassed%20to%20the%20surface.|access-date=2025-05-04|website=www.tcd.ie|language=en}}</ref> Another idea is that Earth may have created its own water. Powerful [[space telescope]]s have seen young [[planet]]s far away, that are surrounded by thick clouds of hydrogen gas. Scientists think that when Earth was very young, it might have had a lot more hydrogen in its atmosphere than it does today. Right now, Earth’s atmosphere is mostly [[nitrogen]], and has almost no hydrogen. One idea suggests how hydrogen gas from the atmosphere could react with molten rock ([[magma]]) on the early Earth. This reaction could have produced large amounts of water. As the surface cooled and hardened, this water would have stayed on the planet, forming oceans and lakes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balmer|first=William|date=2023-04-27|title=Did early Earth order delivery, or did it make its oceans at home?|url=https://astrobites.org/2023/04/27/earths-water-oceans-from-h2-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=astrobites.org|language=en-US}}</ref> A long time ago, the inner Solar System was a dangerous place. Between 4.0 and 3.8 billion years ago, the outer planets ([[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]]) moved around and changed their orbits. Their powerful gravity sent icy space rocks flying toward the inner planets, including Earth. This time period is called the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]]. Many of these space rocks crashed into Earth, and scientists think they could have brought water with them. At first, people thought the water mainly came from comets. But space missions like Giotto (which visited [[Halley's Comet]] in 1986) and [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]] (which visited another comet from 2014 to 2016) found that the water on comets is different from the water in Earth’s oceans. That means comets probably weren't the main source. Instead, scientists now think [[asteroid]]s and [[meteorite]]s brought most of the water. For example, a spacecraft called Hayabusa2 brought back pieces of an asteroid named Ryugu. Scientists found that the water trapped in its rocks looks like Earth’s ocean water. Ryugu is made of the same stuff as a type of meteorite called CI [[chondrite]]s, which could have delivered up to 30% of the water in Earth’s oceans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=Charles Q. Choi|date=2014-12-10|title=Most of Earth's Water Came from Asteroids, Not Comets|url=https://www.space.com/27969-earth-water-from-asteroids-not-comets.html|access-date=2025-05-04|website=Space|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gomes|first=R.|last2=Levison|first2=H. F.|last3=Tsiganis|first3=K.|last4=Morbidelli|first4=A.|date=2005|title=Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03676|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=435|issue=7041|pages=466–469|doi=10.1038/nature03676|issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daly|first=R. Terik|last2=Schultz|first2=Peter H.|date=2018|title=The delivery of water by impacts from planetary accretion to present|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5916508/|journal=Science Advances|volume=4|issue=4|pages=eaar2632|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar2632|issn=2375-2548|pmc=5916508|pmid=29707636}}</ref><ref>Pepin, Robert O. 1991. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. ''Icarus'' '''92''' (1): 2–79. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/001910359190036S?via%3Dihub]</ref> [[File:Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg|thumb|This pillow basalt near Hawaii formed when magma came out underwater. Others like it, but much older show that large bodies of water were on Earth a long time ago.]] Scientists use ancient rocks to figure out when water first appeared on Earth. One kind of rock they use is called pillow basalt, which forms when a [[volcano]] erupts underwater. One of these rock was found in the Isua Greenstone Belt in Greenland. It is about 3.8 billion years old. This tells us that there was liquid water on Earth at that time.<ref name=":62">{{Citation|last1=Pinti|first1=Daniele L.|title=Oceans, Origin of|date=2014|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages=1–5|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-27833-4|last2=Arndt|first2=Nicholas|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4}}</ref> More of these very old rocks can be found in [[Canada]], in a place called the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt. Some studies of these [[rock]]s also say there was water about 3.8 billion years old. Other studies suggest there was water 4.28 billion years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Neil|first1=Jonathan|last2=Carlson|first2=Richard W.|last3=Paquette|first3=Jean-Louis|last4=Francis|first4=Don|date=November 2012|title=Formation age and metamorphic history of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt|journal=Precambrian Research|volume=220–221|pages=23–44|doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2012.07.009|issn=0301-9268|bibcode=2012PreR..220...23O|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00793868/file/O%27Neil2012.pdf }}</ref> If there was water, like oceans, even earlier than that, we don't know yet. That might be because the Earth’s surface is always changing over time. Old rocks can be destroyed or buried through processes like plate [[tectonics]] and recycling of the crust, which can erase early signs of water. In 2020, scientists suggested that there might have been enough water to fill the oceans immediately after Earth formed.<ref name="SCI-20200828">{{cite journal |author=Piani, Laurette |title=Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1948 |date=28 August 2020 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=369 |issue=6507 |pages=1110–1113 |doi=10.1126/science.aba1948 |pmid=32855337 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1110P |s2cid=221342529 |access-date=28 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20200827wu">{{cite news |author=Washington University in St. Louis |author-link=Washington University in St. Louis |date=27 August 2020 |title=Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed - Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans -- and then some |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.php |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030083120/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20200827aa">{{cite news |author=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |title=Unexpected abundance of hydrogen in meteorites reveals the origin of Earth's water |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php |date=27 August 2020 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083307/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> To understand what Earth was like after it formed, scientists study rocks called [[zircon]]s. Unlike most rocks, zircons are very tough. They can survive for billions of years, making them useful for studying early Earth. Zircons show that there was liquid water and an [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] 4.404 billion years ago, not long after Earth formed.<ref name="Wilde3">{{cite journal|last1=Wilde |first1=S.A. |last2=Valley |first2=J.W. |last3=Peck |first3=W.H. |last4=Graham |first4=C.M.|year=2001|title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 nGyr ago|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=409|issue=6817|pages=175–8|doi=10.1038/35051550|pmid=11196637|bibcode=2001Natur.409..175W|s2cid=4319774}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/index.php?p=harrison|title=ANU - Research School of Earth Sciences - ANU College of Science - Harrison|publisher=Ses.anu.edu.au|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060621100255/http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/index.php?p=harrison|archive-date=2006-06-21|access-date=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.anu.edu.au/mac/Media/Media_Releases/_2005/_November/_181105harrisoncontinents.asp|title=ANU - OVC - MEDIA - MEDIA RELEASES - 2005 - NOVEMBER - 181105HARRISONCONTINENTS|publisher=Info.anu.edu.au|access-date=2009-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html|title=A Cool Early Earth|publisher=Geology.wisc.edu|access-date=2009-08-20|archive-date=2013-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616213221/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html}}</ref> This creates a problem, because the cool early Earth hypothesis says that Earth was cold enough to freeze water between 4.4 and 4.0 billion years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valley |first1=John W. |last2=Peck |first2=William H. |last3=King |first3=Elizabeth M. |last4=Wilde |first4=Simon A. |date=2002 |title=A cool early Earth |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/30/4/351-354/192405 |journal=Geology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351 |doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0351:ACEE>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2002Geo....30..351V |issn=0091-7613}}</ref> Other zircon studies from ancient Australian rocks suggest that plate tectonics may have started around 4 billion years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nebel |first=Oliver |last2=Rapp |first2=Robert P. |last3=Yaxley |first3=Gregory M. |date=2014-03-01 |title=The role of detrital zircons in Hadean crustal research |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002449371300412X |journal=Lithos |volume=190-191 |pages=313–327 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2013.12.010 |issn=0024-4937}}</ref> If that's true, Earth may have been similar to today, instead of being hot and covered in carbon dioxide. Plate tectonics helps trap carbon dioxide, which cools the planet and allows solid rock and liquid water to form.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/science/02eart.html?8dpc|title=A New Picture of the Early Earth|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2008-12-02|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2010-05-20}}</ref> === In human civilization === [[File:Vallee fertile du Nil a Louxor.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[irrigation]] from the Nile River supporting agriculture in [[Egypt]]]] In early human history, people survived by [[hunting]] [[animal]]s and gathering [[plant]]s. They often moved around and stayed close to [[Body of water|sources of water]] or carried water around. But about 12,000 years ago, during the [[Neolithic revolution]], humans started farming and raising animals. To do this, they needed a steady supply of water. Areas with rich [[soil]] and regular water made farming possible. This let people settle in one place and live in larger groups. Water also provided [[food]], like [[fish]] and other water animals, and helped people travel using simple [[boat]]s like [[canoe]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Richard G.|date=2014|title=Human evolution: Just add water|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/507303a|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=507|issue=7492|pages=303–304|doi=10.1038/507303a|issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-23|title=What was the Neolithic Revolution?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/neolithic-agricultural-revolution|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Culture|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Sahrhage|first=Dietrich|title=Fishing in the Stone Age|date=2008|url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8594|work=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|pages=935–939|editor-last=Selin|editor-first=Helaine|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8594|isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Ancient canoes hint at bustling trade in Mediterranean 7000 years ago|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2423345-ancient-canoes-hint-at-bustling-trade-in-mediterranean-7000-years-ago/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Cradle of civilization|first human civilization]]s began in [[valley|river valley]]s, where there was plenty of fresh water and good soil for farming. For example, [[Mesopotamia]], known as the "Cradle of Civilization," grew between the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] [[river]]s. People there built [[Irrigation|irrigation canal]]s to bring water to their crops.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davenport|first=Ben|date=2013-08-09|title=Ancient Mesopotamia - an overview|url=https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/about-us/mesopotamia/mesopotamia-history|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.arch.cam.ac.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Agricultural Communities|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/early-agricultural-communities/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> In [[Ancient Egypt]], the [[Nile|Nile river]] was very important. It helped people grow food, raise animals, and move goods and people around.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt and the Nile|url=https://carnegiemnh.org/egypt-and-the-nile/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=carnegiemnh.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-27|title=Ancient Egypt facts and history|url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ancient-egypt|access-date=2025-05-23|website=History|language=en}}</ref> The [[Indus Valley civilization]] grew near the [[Indus River]]. They built advanced water systems, like [[well]]s, [[drain]]s, and [[public bath]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who were the Indus people and how did they live?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z9mpsbk#zgwkkty|access-date=2025-05-23|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus Valley civilization|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref> In [[Ancient China]], the [[Yellow River]] helped northern China grow, but it also flooded a lot and caused many deaths. That is why it was called both "China’s pride" and "China’s sorrow."<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Introduction to Ancient China|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/neolithic-art-china/a/an-introduction-to-ancient-china|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Huang He Valley|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/huang-he-valley/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Berkshire encyclopedia of China: modern and historic views of the world's newest and oldest global power|url=https://archive.org/details/berkshireencyclo0000unse_x9i6|last=Cheng|first=Lin sun|last2=Brown|first2=Kerry|date=2009|publisher=Berkshire Pub. Group|isbn=978-0-9770159-4-8|location=Great Barrington (Mass.)}}</ref> In [[Ancient Rome]], people built [[aqueduct]]s. They were long channels that carried water from far away places into cities. This water was used for farming, public baths, toilets, and even homes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman Aqueducts|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/roman-aqueducts/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deming|first=David|date=2020|title=The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Ancient Rome|url=https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12958|journal=Groundwater|language=en|volume=58|issue=1|pages=152–161|doi=10.1111/gwat.12958|issn=1745-6584|pmc=7004096|pmid=31667822}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deming|first=David|date=2020|title=The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Ancient Rome|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7004096/|journal=Ground Water|volume=58|issue=1|pages=152–161|doi=10.1111/gwat.12958|issn=1745-6584|pmc=7004096|pmid=31667822}}</ref> In the earliest civilizations, [[river]]s and [[sea]]s were very important for transport and trade. They made it easier to move heavy goods over long distances. In Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers connected cities like [[Ur]] and [[Babylon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tigris-Euphrates river system - Mesopotamia, Shatt al-Arab, Basins {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tigris-Euphrates-river-system/Physiography-of-the-Tigris|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-01|title=Euphrates River: A Cradle of Civilizations - Ocean Info|url=https://oceaninfo.com/rivers/euphrates-river/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=oceaninfo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In Egypt, the Nile River helped people trade from [[Nubia]] in the south all the way to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Ancient Nubia {{!}} Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures|url=https://isac.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/history-ancient-nubiaOLD|access-date=2025-05-23|website=isac.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nubia and Ancient Egypt|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-3-cities-societies-and-empires-6000-bce-to-700-c-e/33-comparing-early-agrarian-societies-betaa/a/read-ancient-agrarian-societies-nubia-and-ancient-egypt-beta|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|title=Trade in Ancient Mesopotamia|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2114/trade-in-ancient-mesopotamia/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> The [[Phoenicia]]ns were great sailors who built strong [[ship]]s and set up [[Trade colony|trade colonies]] around the [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]. Busy ports like [[Alexandria]], [[Athens]], [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], and [[Carthage]] became rich and full of culture because of sea trade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Rulers of the Mediterranean|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-rulers-mediterranean/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Phoenician secrets: exploring the ancient Mediterranean|url=https://archive.org/details/phoeniciansecret0000hols|last=Holst|first=Sanford|date=2011|publisher=Santorini Books|isbn=978-0-9833279-0-5|edition=1st|location=Los Angeles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Phoenicians|last=Elayi|first=Josette|date=2018|publisher=Lockwood Press|isbn=978-1-937040-82-6|location=Atlanta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|title=Trade in the Phoenician World|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/881/trade-in-the-phoenician-world/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In [[Medieval Europe]], rivers like the [[Danube]], [[Rhine River|Rhine]], and [[Seine]] helped create strong trade networks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPP Häfen: The Rhine as a European transportation route|url=https://www.spp-haefen.de/en/projects/der-rhein-als-europaeische-verkehrsachse/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.spp-haefen.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-23|title=The Seine is at the center of the 2024 Olympics. Here's how the iconic river shaped Paris.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/seine-river-paris-history|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Premium|language=en}}</ref> Cities like [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]] became powerful by trading across the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venice {{!}} Silk Roads Programme|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/venice|access-date=2025-05-23|website=en.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genoa|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5575/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> In the 1400s, countries like [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[England]], and the [[Netherlands]] began exploring the world by sea. [[Christopher Columbus]]’s voyages opened up the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=3.1: Age of Exploration|url=https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book:_History_of_World_Civilization_II-2_(Lumen)/03:_1:_Global_Exploration/03.1:_Age_of_Exploration|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Humanities LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbian Exchange|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/old-and-new-worlds-collide/a/the-columbian-exchange-ka|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref> This connected [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and the [[Americas]] in what became known as the [[Columbian Exchange]]. Later, the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]] built huge trade empires using powerful ships and ocean routes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The British Empire - trade and merchant shipping - Industrial Britain, 1750-1900 overview - OCR B - GCSE History Revision - OCR B|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zcss7hv/revision/1|access-date=2025-05-23|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martins|first=Kim|title=Dutch East India Company|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Dutch_East_India_Company/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> As cities got bigger with more people, their [[Water supply system|water system]]s could not keep up with the growing population. This led to more [[Outbreak|disease outbreak]]s. This was before people understood how germs worked. [[Disease]]s like [[typhoid]], [[cholera]], and [[dysentery]] spread quickly through dirty water and killed millions of people over the centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sampath|first=Shrikanth|last2=Khedr|first2=Anwar|last3=Qamar|first3=Shahraz|last4=Tekin|first4=Aysun|last5=Singh|first5=Romil|last6=Green|first6=Ronya|last7=Kashyap|first7=Rahul|date=2021|title=Pandemics Throughout the History|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8525686/|journal=Cureus|volume=13|issue=9|pages=e18136|doi=10.7759/cureus.18136|issn=2168-8184|pmc=8525686|pmid=34692344}}</ref> In Medieval Europe, cities did not have good [[Water distribution system|plumbing]]. Waste flowed through open sewers in the streets and often mixed with [[drinking water]]. This caused many deadly epidemics. In the 1800s, [[London]] had several major cholera outbreaks. At first, people thought the disease came from bad air, called “miasma.” But in 1854, a doctor named John Snow proved that cholera was actually spread through dirty water. He traced the outbreak to a single water pump on Broad Street. People learned that having water was not enough. It had to be clean and kept away from waste. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, cities began improving public health by building better water systems. Engineers created piped water networks, storage tanks, and pumping stations to bring clean water to homes. They also built underground sewer systems to safely carry away human waste. Cities like London, [[Paris]], and [[New York City|New York]] only made these changes after big [[epidemic]]s showed how serious the problem was. New [[water treatment]] methods like [[sand filter]]ing and [[Water chlorination|adding chlorine]] helped kill germs and made water safer to drink.<ref>{{Citation|last=Committee|first=National Research Council (US) Safe Drinking Water|title=Historical Note|date=1977|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234165/|work=Drinking Water and Health: Volume 1|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Industrial Revolution: European society and economy, 1000-1700|url=https://archive.org/details/beforeindustrial00cipo|last=Cipolla|first=Carlo M.|date=1980|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-01343-6|edition=2nd|location=New York|language=engita}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Tulchinsky|first=Theodore H.|title=John Snow, Cholera, the Broad Street Pump; Waterborne Diseases Then and Now|date=2018|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128045718000172|work=Case Studies in Public Health|pages=77–99|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00017-2|isbn=978-0-12-804571-8|pmc=7150208|access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref> A long time ago, ancient Greek thinkers like [[Thales|Thales of Miletus]] believed that water was the basic building block of everything in the world.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Thales of Miletus {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/thales/|access-date=2025-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Around 250 BCE, [[Archimedes]] used water to figure out the [[volume]] of an object by seeing how much water it pushes away when put in water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuroki|first=Hidetaka|date=2016|title=How did Archimedes discover the law of buoyancy by experiment?|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016FrME...11...26K/abstract|journal=Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=26–32|doi=10.1007/s11465-016-0368-z}}</ref> During the [[Renaissance]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]] studied how water flows and how it helps wear away rocks over time. He helped build canals and other things to help control water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ivey|first=Greg|last2=Jones|first2=Nicole L.|last3=Broomhall|first3=Susan|date=2019-04-04|title=How Leonardo da Vinci, ‘Master of Water’, explored the power and beauty of its flow|url=https://theconversation.com/how-leonardo-da-vinci-master-of-water-explored-the-power-and-beauty-of-its-flow-112401|access-date=2025-05-25|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Galileo Galilei]] looked at why some things float on water and others do not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Straulino|first=S.|last2=Gambi|first2=C. M. C.|last3=Righini|first3=A.|date=2011|title=Experiments on buoyancy and surface tension following Galileo Galilei|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AmJPh..79...32S/abstract|journal=American Journal of Physics|language=en|volume=79|issue=1|pages=32–36|doi=10.1119/1.3492721|issn=0002-9505}}</ref> He also studied [[tide]]s, the regular rising and falling of the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defeated by the tides|url=https://www.mpg.de/7915566/galileo-tide-theory|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.mpg.de|language=en}}</ref> By the late 1700s, [[Antoine Lavoisier]] figured out that water was not an [[element]], but a [[compound]] made from hydrogen and oxygen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water is not an element: Lavoisier|url=https://web.lemoyne.edu/giunta/ea/LAVEAUann.HTML|access-date=2025-05-25|website=web.lemoyne.edu}}</ref> Today, about 70% of all the freshwater we use around the world goes to [[agriculture]], making farming the biggest user of water. Plants need water to grow, animals need it to live, and [[irrigation]] helps farmers grow crops even in dry areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chart: Globally, 70% of Freshwater is Used for Agriculture|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/chart-globally-70-freshwater-used-agriculture|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World Bank Blogs|language=en}}</ref> In modern times, how much water a country has can affect whether it can grow enough food for its people or if it has to buy food from other countries. Places with lots of water, like the [[United States]], [[Brazil]], [[China]], and [[India]], are major food producers. These countries grow extra crops like [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[soybean]]s, and [[rice]], and sell them to other countries. Having lots of rain, rivers, underground water, and good systems like [[dam]]s and [[canal]]s gives these countries a big advantage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Does Our Food Come From? - University of the Potomac|url=https://potomac.edu/where-does-our-food-come-from/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref> But countries with very little water, like [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]], the [[UAE]], and [[Kuwait]] have trouble growing enough food. They do not have enough freshwater or good land for farming, so they import most of their food from other places.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ca7c051-6ad2-4595-820b-c373fdb365f1/content/state-of-agricultural-commodity-markets/2024/pattern-evolution-food-trade.html|title=The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets 2024|date=2024-11-29|publisher=FAO|isbn=978-92-5-139061-0|language=en|doi=10.4060/cd2144en}}</ref> [[Fish]] are also an important source of food for the world. Over 1 billion people depend on fish as their main source of protein, especially in places near rivers and oceans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tidwell|first=J. H.|last2=Allan|first2=G. L.|date=2001|title=Fish as food: aquaculture's contribution. Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1084135/|journal=EMBO reports|volume=2|issue=11|pages=958–963|doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve236|issn=1469-221X|pmc=1084135|pmid=11713181}}</ref> Fish farming, called [[aquaculture]], has allowed us to raise fish instead of looking for them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=What is aquaculture?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/aquaculture.html|access-date=2025-05-23|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref> Even today, oceans and rivers are still the main way we move goods around the world. In fact, about 80% of all global trade by volume travels by sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipping data: UNCTAD releases new seaborne trade statistics|url=https://unctad.org/news/shipping-data-unctad-releases-new-seaborne-trade-statistics|access-date=2025-05-23|website=UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)|language=en}}</ref> Oceans, rivers, and canals are great for moving things like fuel, raw materials, and products because it is cheaper than using trucks or planes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Transportation - Navata 2021|url=https://navata.com/cms/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-water-transportation/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en}}</ref> Some water routes are especially important. The [[Suez Canal]], [[Panama Canal]], [[Strait of Hormuz]], and [[Strait of Malacca]] are key paths for global trade.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Main Maritime Shipping Routes and Chokepoints {{!}} Port Economics, Management and Policy|url=https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part1/interoceanic-passages/main-maritime-shipping-routes/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Large ports like those in [[Shanghai]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Singapore]], and [[Los Angeles]] help grow their countries' economies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Chapter 11.2 – Ports and Economic Development {{!}} Port Economics, Management and Policy|url=https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part11/port-and-economic-development/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why ports matter for the global economy|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/transport/why-ports-matter-global-economy|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World Bank Blogs|language=en}}</ref> Big rivers like the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] in the U.S., the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] in China, and the [[Danube]] in Europe are also important. They help move large amounts of goods inside countries cheaply.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Chapter 11.2 – Ports and Economic Development {{!}} Port Economics, Management and Policy|url=https://porteconomicsmanagement.org/pemp/contents/part11/port-and-economic-development/|access-date=2025-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-30|title=Yangtze River {{!}} Location, Map, Flood, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Yangtze-River|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-06|title=Canals and inland waterways - European Rivers, Navigation, Trade {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/canal-waterway/Major-inland-waterways-of-Europe|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Modern water systems help bring clean water to billions of people around the world. [[Dam]]s and [[reservoir]]s store water for drinking, farming, [[flood control]], and even to make [[electricity]]. Famous examples include the [[Hoover Dam]] in the U.S. and the [[Three Gorges Dam]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dams|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/dams/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Pipeline]]s and [[aqueduct]]s move water from places that have a lot of it to places that do not have much and big cities. For example, Los Angeles gets much of its water from places far away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water System {{!}} Los Angeles Department of Water and Power|url=https://www.ladwp.com/who-we-are/water-system|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.ladwp.com|language=en}}</ref> In very dry regions like the [[Middle East]], [[Israel]], and parts of [[Australia]], desalination plants turn salty seawater into fresh drinking water. But this process uses a lot of energy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-30|title=Desalination {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/desalination|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Sewage treatment|Wastewater treatment plant]]s clean dirty water from homes and businesses so it does not pollute rivers and lakes. Sometimes, this cleaned water is reused for farming or industry.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-03|title=17.3B: Wastewater and Sewage Treatment|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/17:_Industrial_Microbiology/17.03:_Wastewater_Treatment_and_Water_Purification/17.3B:_Wastewater_and_Sewage_Treatment|access-date=2025-05-23|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> The world still faces big problems with water. More than 2 billion people live in places where there is not enough water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Omer|first=Sevil|date=2025-03-06|title=Global water crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help|url=https://www.worldvision.org/clean-water-news-stories/global-water-crisis-facts|access-date=2025-05-23|website=World Vision|language=en-US}}</ref> In areas like India, the southwestern U.S., and the Middle East, people are using up [[groundwater]] faster than it can be replaced. Because of this, there might not be enough water in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-09|title=Groundwater Decline and Depletion {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/groundwater-decline-and-depletion|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Climate change]] is making things worse. It causes longer [[drought]]s, changes where and when rain falls, and reduces the amount of snow in [[mountain]]s. [[Snow]] is important because it slowly melts releasing water into rivers over time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=Water – at the center of the climate crisis|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/water|access-date=2025-05-23|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> [[Pollution]] is also a big problem. Factories, farms, and untreated sewage can make rivers and lakes dirty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-11|title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Sea level rise|Rising sea level]]s are pushing saltwater into underground water supplies near the coasts, making them unsafe to drink.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How rising groundwater caused by climate change could devastate coastal communities|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/12/13/1041309/climate-change-rising-groundwater-flooding/|access-date=2025-05-23|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}}</ref> More powerful storms are causing [[flood]]s that city drainage systems can not handle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-03|title=Flooding Facts, Causes, and Prevention {{!}} NRDC|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-know|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref> Because of this, we must protect and manage water carefully for the future. == Properties of water == [[File:Water molecule (1).svg|thumb|right|A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.]] [[File:Tetrahedral Structure of Water.png|thumb|Tetrahedral structure of water]] Water is a [[chemical substance]]. It is made of two hydrogen [[atom]]s and one oxygen atom. Its [[chemical formula]] is H₂O. These atoms are held together by something called a [[covalent bond]]. At [[Standard temperature and pressure|room temperature and normal pressure]], water is a liquid. It has almost no color, taste or smell. Water is often called the "universal solvent" because it can dissolve more substances than any other liquid. But it cannot dissolve [[Polarity|nonpolar substances]] like [[oil]] very well. Water is also the only common [[material]] on Earth that can naturally exist as a solid, liquid, and gas.<ref name="chemlibretexts" /> A water molecule looks like a bent “V” shape. The [[angle]] between the two hydrogen atoms is about 104.5°. This shape happens because of how [[electron]]s are arranged around the oxygen atom. Oxygen has six [[Valence electron|outer (valence) electron]]s. It uses two of them to bond with two hydrogen atoms (one for each). The other four electrons stay in two pairs, called [[lone pair]]s, that do not bond with anything. According to [[VSEPR theory]], all these pairs of electrons want to stay as far apart as possible. This creates a shape like a [[tetrahedron]] with four regions: two bonding pairs and two lone pairs. But lone pairs take up more space and push harder than bonding pairs. They push the hydrogen atoms closer together, so the angle becomes smaller than the usual 109.5° of a perfect tetrahedron. That is why the water molecule is bent instead of straight, and why the bond angle is 104.5°.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Hydrogen bonding in water|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/hydrogen-bonding-in-water|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Molecule Structure: The Bent Shape of Water|url=https://sparks.learning.asu.edu/videos/water-molecule-structure-the-bent-shape-of-water#|access-date=2025-05-23|website=sparks.learning.asu.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Valency and bonding: a natural bond orbital donor-acceptor perspective|last=Weinhold|first=Frank|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Clark R. Landis|isbn=978-0-521-83128-4|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> === Hydrogen bonds === [[File:3D model hydrogen bonds in water.svg|thumb|[[Hydrogen bond]]s between molecules of water]] A water molecule (H₂O) has one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is much more [[electronegativity|electronegative]] than hydrogen. This means it attracts electrons closer to itself much more than hydrogen. So, when oxygen and hydrogen share electrons in a water molecule, the electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom. This gives the oxygen atom a partial negative charge (δ⁻). And the hydrogen atoms gains a partial positive charge (δ⁺). So, the water molecule now has a positive side and a negative side. Because of this, the positive hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of another. This attraction is called a [[hydrogen bond]]. It is not as strong as a normal [[chemical bond]] (like a [[covalent bond]]). But, it is strong enough to hold water molecules loosely together. Hydrogen bonding explains many of water’s unusual properties. For example, water's high boiling and [[melting point]]s, high [[surface tension]], the ability of ice to float on water, and the ability to dissolve many substances.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-03|title=7.3: Hydrogen-Bonding and Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07:_Solids_and_Liquids/7.03:_Hydrogen-Bonding_and_Water|access-date=2025-05-24|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water (H₂O) is a [[liquid]] at [[room temperature]]. This might seem normal until you compare it to similar substances. Water belongs to a group of compounds called [[hydrogen chalcogenide]]s. These are made when hydrogen bonds with elements from the same family as oxygen: sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. This includes [[hydrogen sulfide]] (H₂S), [[hydrogen selenide]] (H₂Se), and [[hydrogen telluride]] (H₂Te). But, while water is a liquid, the others are all gases at room temperature. The reason is hydrogen bonding. Oxygen is very electronegative (it strongly pulls on [[electron]]s) and is small in size. Because of this, water molecules can form strong hydrogen bonds. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with its neighbors. This creates a kind of "stickiness" that holds the molecules together and makes it harder for them to break apart and turn into a [[gas]]. That is why water has a high boiling point of 100°C (212°F) for such a small molecule. The other [[chalcogen]]s ([[sulfur]], [[selenium]], and [[tellurium]]) are larger but less electronegative than oxygen. In hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), hydrogen selenide (H₂Se), and hydrogen telluride (H₂Te), the bonds between [[hydrogen]] and the other elements are weaker. These molecules do not form strong hydrogen bonds. Instead, they only have weak [[van der Waals force]]s, which are easy to break. So these substances boil at much lower temperatures. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) boils at –60°C. Hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) boils at –41.5°C. Hydrogen telluride (H₂Te) boils at –2.2°C. That is why they are gases at room temperature, while water is a liquid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid water|url=https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/liquid_water.html|access-date=2025-05-24|website=water.lsbu.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Hydrogen Sulfide|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen-Sulfide#section=Boiling-Point|access-date=2025-05-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Hydrogen selenide|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen-selenide|access-date=2025-05-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Hydrogen telluride|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydrogen%20telluride|access-date=2025-05-24|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref> ==== Cohesion and adhesion ==== [[File:Dew 2.jpg|thumb|Water beading on a leaf]] [[File:Gerris by webrunner.JPG|thumb|[[Water strider]]s walk on water because of surface tension]] Water molecules stick to each other. This is called [[cohesion]]. This happens because each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with its neighbors. Inside a drop of water, each molecule is pulled in all directions by the other water molecules around it. But at the surface, there are no water molecules above. The hydrogen bonds at the surface of water pulls molecules tightly together, forming a sort of "skin" on the surface. This is called [[surface tension]]. This is why water forms [[droplet]]s. It is also why small [[insect]]s, like water striders, can walk on water. It is also why small objects like a needle can float if placed gently on water.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov/edu/surface-tension.html|title=Surface Tension (Water Properties) – USGS Water Science School|access-date=November 6, 2015|date=July 2015|publisher=US Geological Survey|archive-date=October 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042229/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/surface-tension.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-18|title=The strong polar bond between water molecules creates water cohesion. {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/strong-polar-bond-between-water-molecules-creates-water-cohesion-0#:~:text=The%20property%20of%20cohesion%20describes,and%20other,%20slightly%20negative%20ions.|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> Water molecules can stick to other surfaces. This is called [[adhesion]]. This especially happens to surfaces that are polar or charged, like [[glass]], [[Cell wall|plant cell wall]]s, or [[Soil|soil particles]]. Water's adhesion can be seen when water climbs up the side of a glass container, forming a curved surface called the [[Meniscus (liquid)|meniscus]]. It can also be seen as water spreads out on a leaf or sticks to surfaces like [[spider web]]s. Whether water forms flat puddles or round beads depends on the balance between cohesion and adhesion. If water sticks more to the surface, it spreads out. If water sticks more to itself, it forms beads.<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Harvey E. |year=1948 |title=Modern College Physics |publisher=Van Nostrand |isbn=978-0-442-29401-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Adhesion and Cohesion of Water {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/adhesion-and-cohesion-water#science|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.16: Water - Cohesive and Adhesive Properties|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.16:_Water_-_Cohesive_and_Adhesive_Properties|access-date=2025-05-24|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water can climb up a thin tube or narrow space. This is called [[capillary action]]. It happens because adhesion pulls water molecules to the sides of a thin tube or pore, while cohesion pulls other water molecules along with it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capillary Action and Water {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/capillary-action-and-water |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> In [[plant]]s, capillary action helps water move from the [[root]]s to the [[leaves]]. As water [[evaporate]]s from the leaves, it pulls more water up behind it. Adhesion helps the water stick to the sides of the [[Xylem|plant's tubes]]. Cohesion keeps the water molecules connected like a chain, so they move upward together. This allows them to move up against gravity.<ref>[http://npand.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/tree-physics-1/ Tree physics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128125015/http://npand.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/tree-physics-1/ |date=2013-11-28 }} at "Neat, Plausible And" scientific discussion website.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cohesion and adhesion of water|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/structure-of-water-and-hydrogen-bonding/a/cohesion-and-adhesion-in-water|access-date=2025-05-24|website=www.khanacademy.org|language=en}}</ref> ==== Heat and water ==== [[File:Iss007e10807.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The oceans can store heat helping to keep Earth's temperature stable]] Water is very good at staying at the same [[temperature]]. It does not heat up or cool down quickly. This is because water has a high [[Specific heat|specific heat capacity]]. That means it takes a lot of heat to make water warmer, and it cools down slowly too. Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. For water, this is 1 [[calorie]]. That is much higher than most other common substances. For example, [[alcohol]] only needs 0.6 calories to do the same, so it heats up faster than water.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halliday |first1=David |last2=Resnick |first2=Robert |last3=Walker |first3=Jearl |title=Fundamentals of Physics |edition=6th |year=2001 |location=New York, NY US |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}</ref> If you touch a [[Pot|metal pot]] with warm water inside, the metal might feel hotter than the water. That is because [[metal]] heats up faster than water. Water takes longer to warm up because water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds. When heat is added, much of the energy goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Once those bonds are broken, the molecules can move faster, and the temperature rises. So instead of heating up quickly, water stores heat by breaking the hydrogen bonds first. When water cools down, the hydrogen bonds form again and release heat. This helps keep temperatures steady. Oceans and lakes can absorb heat from the sun during the [[day]] or in [[summer]] and release it slowly at [[night]] or in [[winter]]. That is why places near water usually have milder temperatures. Water’s high specific heat also keeps the ocean from getting too hot or too cold. This is very important for ocean life. And because our bodies are mostly made of water, this also helps us keep a steady body temperature.<ref name="Schuckmann2020" /><ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.14: Water - High Heat Capacity|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.14:_Water_-_High_Heat_Capacity|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water molecules usually stay close together. But if some [[molecule]]s move fast enough, they can break free and escape into the [[air]] as gas. This process is called [[evaporation]]. Even at low temperatures, the fastest molecules can still escape. This is why a [[glass]] of water will slowly disappear over time. Heating water makes its molecules move faster, so it evaporates faster too. The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to turn 1 gram of liquid water into gas. For water, it takes about 580 calories to evaporate just 1 gram at 25°C. This is nearly double the amount needed for [[ammonia]] and [[alcohol]]. Water’s high heat of vaporization is because of hydrogen bonds. Water molecules are held together through hydrogen bonds. To vaporize water, these bonds must be broken, which takes a lot of energy. The energy does not raise the temperature. It goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds. That is why water takes a long time to boil and releases a lot of heat when it condenses.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=2.13: Water - Heat of Vaporization|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life/2.13:_Water_-_Heat_of_Vaporization|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Campbell" /> This high heat of vaporization has important effects on Earth. [[Tropics|Tropical ocean]]s take in a lot of heat from the Sun. Some of this heat is used to evaporate water. When that water vapor travels to cooler places and turns back into [[rain]], it releases heat. This helps balance Earth’s climate and spread heat around the planet.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Bigg |first=Grant R. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceans-and-climate/727BF8A4C403A5AFE5E34791CE830FC3 |title=The Oceans and Climate, Second Edition |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-16501-3 |edition=2 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139165013}}</ref> Evaporation also cools things down. When water evaporates, the fastest (hottest) molecules leave first. This lowers the temperature of the water that is left behind. This is called evaporative cooling. It helps keep lakes, plants, and animals from getting too hot. When we [[sweat]], the sweat takes heat from our skin as it evaporates. This is why sweating cools down. On hot, [[Humidity|humid]] days, the air already has a lot of water vapor. That makes it harder for sweat to evaporate, so we feel even hotter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jessen |first=C. |title=Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-540-41234-2 |location=Berlin}}</ref> Some [[animal]]s that cannot sweat, like [[elephant]]s, cool themselves by spraying water on their skin.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1984|title=Do elephants need to sweat?|journal=Journal of Zoology|doi=10.1080/02541858.1984.11447892|last1=Wright|first1=P. G.|last2=Luck|first2=C. P.|volume=19|issue=4|pages=270–274|doi-access=free}}</ref> It also takes a lot of energy to melt ice. This is called the [[heat of fusion]]. The heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point. For water, this is 334 joules per gram (J/g). That is higher than most other substances, especially for a molecule as small as water. When water freezes into ice, its molecules form a [[Crystal structure|crystalline structure]] held together by hydrogen bonds. To melt ice, you need enough energy to break many of these bonds. The heat added goes into breaking these bonds, but does not increase the temperature. The water that is produced also remains at 0°C until all of the ice is melted. The same amount of energy needed to melt ice could warm that same ice from –160°C all the way up to 0°C. Ice and snow can take in heat without melting right away. This helps keep temperatures from changing too quickly. In cold places like the [[North pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s or high [[mountain]]s, this helps keep the temperature more steady.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-27|title=17.10: Heats of Fusion and Solidification|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17:_Thermochemistry/17.10:_Heats_of_Fusion_and_Solidification|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Before we had [[refrigerator]]s, people used ice to keep [[food]] cool because it stayed frozen for a long time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://eartharchitecture.org/?p=570 |title=Yakhchal: Ancient Refrigerators |date=9 September 2009 |work=Earth Architecture}}</ref><ref name="ESA">{{Cite web |title=Ice – a special substance |date=16 April 2013 |url=https://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Eduspace_Global_EN/SEMHE7TWLUG_0.html |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |language=en |access-date=26 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name=CRC>{{cite book |chapter=Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water |first=Allan H. |last=Harvey |editor1= Haynes, William M. |editor2 = Lide, David R. |editor3=Bruno, Thomas J. |title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition = 97th |location = Boca Raton, FL |publisher = CRC Press |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-1-4987-5429-3}}</ref> ==== Density of ice ==== [[File:Iceberg from overhead IMG 0320.jpg|thumb|[[Iceberg]] floating on water]] Water is one of the only substances that becomes less [[Density|dense]] when it freezes. This means that ice floats on water. Most substances get smaller and denser when they freeze. But water is different. It expands (or gets bigger) when it freezes. This strange behavior happens because of hydrogen bonds. At temperatures above 4°C, water acts like most liquids. It expands when heated and shrinks when cooled. But between 4°C and 0°C, something strange happens. As the water gets colder, the molecules slow down. They do not have enough energy to break the hydrogen bonds between them. At 0°C, the molecules line up into a solid crystal shape. Each molecule connects to four others with hydrogen bonds. These bonds hold the molecules further apart. So the ice takes up more space than the liquid water, even though it has the same number of molecules. That is why ice is about 9% less dense than water at 4°C. When ice melts, the bonds break and the molecules move closer together. Water is densest at 4°C. It becomes less dense if it gets warmer or cooler from that temperature.<ref name="Perlman">{{Cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html|title=Water Density|last=Perlman|first=Howard|website=The USGS Water Science School|access-date=2016-06-03|archive-date=2016-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625143337/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/density.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="physicalgeography" /> The fact that ice floats is very important for life on Earth. If ice sank, lakes and oceans could freeze all the way to the bottom. This would make it hard or even impossible for fish and other living things to survive. Instead, ice floats on top, and acts like a blanket. This helps keep the water below from freezing. Fish and other organisms can stay alive under the ice. Also, floating ice provides homes for animals like [[polar bear]]s and [[Pinniped|seal]]s.<ref name="Perlman" /><ref name="Campbell" /> ==== Water as a universal solvent ==== [[File:Na+H2O.svg|thumb|right|[[Sodium]] [[ion]] from [[salt]] dissolved in water]] When you drop a [[Sugar|sugar cube]] into a glass of water, the sugar slowly dissolves and spreads out. This creates a [[mixture]]. This type of mixture is called a [[solution]]. In a solution, the [[solvent]] is the substance that does the dissolving (in this case, water), and the [[solute]] is the substance that gets dissolved (the sugar). If water is the solvent, the solution is called an [[aqueous solution]].<ref name="Greenwood" /><ref name="Khansolvent" /><ref name="Campbell" /> Water is a very good solvent. Because of this, it is often called the "universal solvent". This is because it can dissolve more substances than any other substance. This happens because water molecules have slightly positive and negative parts. These parts attract other charged or polar substances. For example, when you add salt (sodium chloride, or NaCl) to water, it breaks into sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) ions. The negative side of water pulls on the sodium, and the positive side pulls on the chloride. Water molecules surround each ion. They then pull them away from the salt crystal. After that, they spread them out in the water. This group of water molecules around an ion is called a [[hydration shell]]. Other [[ionic compound]]s, like [[potassium chloride]], also dissolve in water this way. Seawater is full of dissolved ions like these. But a substance does not have to be made of ions to dissolve in water. Polar molecules like sugar can also dissolve. This is because they can form hydrogen bonds with water. Even large molecules, like [[protein]]s, can dissolve in water if they have polar or charged areas on their surfaces.<ref name="Greenwood" /><ref name="USGSsolvent" /><ref name="USGSuniversalsolvent" /><ref name="Campbell" /> Water is the main solvent for living things. Many important substances are dissolved in the water in [[blood]], [[plant sap]], and [[cell]]s. Any substance that mixes well with water is called hydrophilic (water-loving). Some hydrophilic substances do not dissolve in water. For example, some molecules in cells are too big to dissolve. Another example is [[cotton]]. Cotton is made up of giant molecules of [[cellulose]]. Cellulose does not dissolve in water. It has lots of positive and negative parts that can form hydrogen bonds with water. Water sticks to the cellulose. That is why cotton [[towel]]s drys things well, but does not dissolve in the [[washing machine]]. Plants also use cellulose in the [[Xylem|tube]]s that carry water from roots to leaves. Water sticks to the hydrophilic walls of these tubes, helping it move upward against gravity. On the other hand, substances that do not mix with water are called hydrophobic (water-fearing). These include [[oil]]s and [[fat]]s. They don't dissolve because they do not have charges that attract water. That is why oil and water do not mix. Hydrophobic molecules can be found in [[cell membrane]]s. Without them, cells would dissolve in water. Life would be impossible.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Khansolvent" /><ref name="USGSsolvent" /> === States of water === [[File: States of Matter.svg|thumb|The three common states of matter]] Water can exist in three main forms: solid, liquid, and gas. These are called states or phases. Which one water is in depends on the temperature and pressure. When people say "water" in everyday life, they usually mean liquid water. This is the form that comes from taps, fills oceans, rivers, and lakes, and is used for [[drinking]], [[cooking]], and [[cleaning]]. Liquid water is the most common form found on Earth's surface. When water gets [[cold]] enough, it freezes and becomes a solid called [[ice]]. Ice can be in the form of hard cubes (like in your [[freezer]]) or soft, loose [[crystal]]s, like [[snow]]. There are also other strange kinds of ice. These are often found in extreme environments like [[outer space]] deep inside [[Uranus]]. When water gets hot enough, it turns into a gas called water vapor. This is what we see as steam rising from boiling water. Water can also exist in a very strange state called a [[supercritical fluid]]. This only happens at extremely high temperatures above (374°C or 705°F) and very high pressures (above 22.064 megapascals). Here, water acts like a gas and a liquid at the same time. It can flow like a liquid and spread out like a gas. Supercritical water is useful because it can dissolve many things that normal water cannot. It can dissolve nonpolar [[organic compound]]s like oil. This strange state of water does not happen naturally on Earth’s surface. But it can happen deep in the ocean. One example is near [[hydrothermal vent]]s. This happens at around 2200 meters deep. The ocean is much deeper than that on average at about 3800 meters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deguchi|first1=Shigeru|last2=Tsujii|first2=Kaoru|date=2007-06-19|title=Supercritical water: a fascinating medium for soft matter|journal=Soft Matter|language=en|volume=3|issue=7|pages=797–803|doi=10.1039/b611584e|pmid=32900070|issn=1744-6848|bibcode=2007SMat....3..797D}}</ref> === Changing states === [[File:Phase diagram of water.svg|thumb|Phase diagram of water]] [[File:Water-triple-point-20210210.gif|thumb|Water as a solid, liquid and gas at the same time]] A phase diagram is a special [[graph]]. It shows how a substance like water changes between solid, liquid, and gas depending on the temperature and pressure. On this graph, the bottom ([[horizontal]]) line shows temperature. The side ([[vertical]]) line shows pressure. The graph is divided into three parts. One part shows where water is a solid (ice). Another part shows where it is a liquid (water). And another part shows where it is a gas (steam).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/physEQ/physical/selector.php?name=phase-diag |title=Phase Diagrams |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=ch302.cm.utexas.edu}}</ref> There is a special point on the graph called the [[triple point]]. At this temperature and pressure, water can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas at the same time. For water, this happens at 0.01 °C and a pressure of 611.657 pascals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=D. M. |last2=Koop |first2=T. |title=Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=1 April 2005 |volume=131 |issue=608 |page=1540 |doi=10.1256/qj.04.94 |bibcode=2005QJRMS.131.1539M |s2cid=122365938 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236243 |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818105335/https://zenodo.org/record/1236243 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> At normal [[atmospheric pressure|air pressure]] (1 atmosphere), water freezes into ice at 0 °C (32 °F) and boils into steam at 100 °C (212 °F). The [[Melting point|freezing point]] is the temperature at which water turns to ice. The [[boiling point]] is the temperature at which water turns into gas. Water does not need to be boiling to become gas. Even at low temperatures, some water molecules can move fast enough to evaporate. This is why a [[glass]] of water when left alone will slowly dry out. But when water is heated, the molecules move faster and evaporate quicker. When water reaches 100 °C, bubbles of water vapor form inside the liquid. These bubbles rise to the top and release steam into the air.<ref name="Greenwood" /> Water vapor (gas) can turn directly into ice without becoming liquid first. This is called [[Desublimation|deposition]]. You can see this when frost forms on cold windows. It also happens when [[snowflake]]s form in clouds. In clouds, tiny pieces of [[dust]] or [[pollen]] help water vapor turn straight into ice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wells |first1=Sarah |title=The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes |url=https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |website=Smithsonian Science Education Center |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325185513/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes |url-status=live }}</ref> The opposite of deposition is called [[sublimation]]. This is when ice turns straight into water vapor without becoming a liquid.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitten |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Gailey |first2=Kenneth D. |last3=Davis |first3=Raymond E. |title=General chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0 |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=0-03-072373-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/475 475] |edition=4th}}</ref> One use of sublimation is in freeze-drying food. a method of [[Food preservation|preserving food]]. First, the food is frozen. Then it is put into a [[vacuum]] (a space with no air). The ice inside the food turns into vapor. This leaves the food dry, without using [[heat]].<ref name="Fellows-2017">{{Cite book|title=Food processing technology : principles and practice|last=Fellows|first=P. (Peter)|date=2017|publisher=Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0081005231|edition=4th|location=Kent|pages=929–940|chapter=Freeze drying and freeze concentration|oclc=960758611}}</ref> Water usually freezes at 0 °C (32 °F) at normal air pressure. But in special conditions, pure water can stay liquid even it is colder than that. If it is not shaken or disturbed, it can cool all the way down to about –42 °C (–44 °F) without freezing. This is called supercooling.<ref>{{cite journal|date=2003|title=Supercooled and Glassy Water|url=http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf|journal=Physics Today|volume=56|issue=6|pages=40–46|bibcode=2003PhT....56f..40D|doi=10.1063/1.1595053|last1=Debenedetti|first1=P. G.|last2=Stanley|first2=H. E.|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-date=2018-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101114735/http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Melting point|melting]] and [[boiling point]]s of water change with pressure. For most things, if you add more pressure, they melt at a higher temperature. But water is different because ice is less dense than liquid water. That is why ice floats. When pressure is added to ice, the melting point actually goes down. That means ice can melt even when it is colder than 0 °C if there is enough pressure.<ref name=Oliveira>{{cite book |last1=Oliveira |first1=Mário J. de |title=Equilibrium Thermodynamics |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-53207-2 |pages=120–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8GRDgAAQBAJ&dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&pg=PA122 |access-date=26 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003011/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Equilibrium_Thermodynamics/F8GRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&pg=PA122&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> This can happen deep under a [[glacier]]. The heavy ice on top pushes down with a lot of pressure. This pressure can melt the ice under it, even though it is very cold. That is how lakes can form under glaciers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siegert |first1=Martin J. |last2=Ellis-Evans |first2=J. Cynan |last3=Tranter |first3=Martyn |last4=Mayer |first4=Christoph |last5=Petit |first5=Jean-Robert |last6=Salamatin |first6=Andrey |last7=Priscu |first7=John C. |title=Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes |journal=Nature |date=December 2001 |volume=414 |issue=6864 |pages=603–609 |doi=10.1038/414603a|pmid=11740551 |bibcode=2001Natur.414..603S |s2cid=4423510 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Bethan |title=Antarctic subglacial lakes |url=http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |website=AntarcticGlaciers |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003171536/http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Steam (which is water in gas form) takes up much more space than liquid water. That means it is less dense. When the pressure is high, it becomes harder for water to boil, so it needs to be hotter to turn into steam. In places with a lot of pressure, water can stay as a liquid even when it gets hotter than 100 °C (212 °F), which is the normal boiling point.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masterton |first1=William L. |last2=Hurley |first2=Cecile N. |title=Chemistry: principles and reactions |date=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-12671-3 |page=230 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teubNK-b2bsC&q=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080844/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chemistry_Principles_and_Reactions/teubNK-b2bsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, in [[geyser]]s like [[Old Faithful Geyser|Old Faithful]], water can get over 205 °C (401 °F) without boiling.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peaco |first1=Jim |title=Yellowstone Lesson Plan: How Yellowstone Geysers Erupt |location=Yellowstone National Park |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |access-date=5 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302093350/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> And near underwater volcanoes called [[hydrothermal vent]]s, water can reach 400 °C (752 °F) and still stay liquid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahic |first1=Catherine |title=Found: The hottest water on Earth |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=New Scientist |archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103747/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At [[sea level]], water boils at 100 °C (212 °F). But when you go up higher like up the [[mountain]]s, the air pressure gets lower. When pressure is lower, water boils at a lower temperature. For every 274 meters (or about 900 feet) you go up, the boiling point goes down by about 1 °C. For example, at 274 meters (about 900 feet), the boiling point becomes 99°C (210.2°F) instead of 100°C (212°F). That is why food takes longer to cook at higher [[altitude]]s. The water boils before it gets really hot.<ref>{{cite web |last1=USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service |title=High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120010850/https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[pressure cooker]] works the opposite way. It traps steam inside, which raises the pressure. This lets water boil at a higher temperature, so food cooks faster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pressure Cooking – Food Science |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |website=Exploratorium |language=en |date=26 September 2019 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044746/https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking |url-status=live }}</ref> In places with no air at all, like in a vacuum, water can even boil at [[room temperature]]. This is because there is no pressure holding the water molecules together.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allain |first1=Rhett |title=Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature. Here's How |url=https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |access-date=5 April 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=12 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044101/https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Taste and odor === People often say that water has no taste or smell.<ref name="chemlibretexts" /> But in real life, most of the water we drink has some [[taste]] or [[smell]]. This is because there are usually tiny amounts of other substances dissolved in the water. Pure water does not have a taste, but our tongues can tell if something is mixed in. For example: * [[Salt]]s in water can give it a “mineral” taste, like water from [[Spring (water)|spring]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html|title=Hard Water |publisher= USGS|date= 8 April 2014|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=165.110&SearchTerm=mineral%20water|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.accessdata.fda.gov}}</ref> * Water that is very [[Acid|acidic]] tastes sour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Da Conceicao Neta|first=Edith Ramos|last2=Johanningsmeier|first2=Suzanne D.|last3=McFeeters|first3=Roger F.|date=2007|title=The Chemistry and Physiology of Sour Taste—A Review|url=https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00282.x|journal=Journal of Food Science|language=en|volume=72|issue=2|pages=R33–R38|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00282.x|issn=1750-3841}}</ref> * Water that is very [[Base (chemistry)|basic]] (alkaline) tastes bitter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=11.6: Acid-Base Reactions|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/11:_Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solutions/11.06:_Acid-Base_Reactions|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> * Tap water often has chlorine added to kill germs. This can give it a chemical or medicine-like taste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=Disinfection with Chlorine {{!}} Public Water Systems {{!}} Drinking Water {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/chlorine-disinfection.html |access-date=2020-04-30 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> * [[Metal]]s like [[iron]] or [[copper]] can cause a metallic taste. This can be found in water from old pipes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mirlohi |first=Susan |title=Characterization of Metallic Off-Flavors in Drinking Water: Health, Consumption, and Sensory Perception |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=24 |pages=16829 |year=2022 |doi=10.3390/ijerph192416829 |pmid=36554714 |pmc=9778853 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9778853/}}</ref> Even tiny amounts of these substances can change the taste. How strongly people taste them can depend on how cold or warm the water is and even a person's [[gene]]s.<ref name="Trivedi">{{cite journal | last=Trivedi | first=Bijal P. | title=Gustatory system: The finer points of taste | journal=Nature| volume=486 | issue=7403 | year=2012 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/486s2a | pages=S2–S3|pmid=22717400| bibcode=2012Natur.486S...2T | s2cid=4325945 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Heat as a Factor in the Perception of Taste, Smell, and Oral Sensation |title=Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington, DC |year=1993 |editor=Bernadette M. Marriott |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236241/ |access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref> * Water can smell earthy or musty. This often come from natural chemicals like geosmin or 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) made by [[algae]] or [[bacteria]] in lakes and rivers.<ref name="aem2007">{{cite journal|url=https://aem.asm.org/content/73/14/4395/|title=Biochemical and Ecological Control of Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in Source Waters|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=73|date=July 2007|bibcode=2007ApEnM..73.4395J |last1=Jüttner |first1=Friedrich |last2=Watson |first2=Susan B. |issue=14 |pages=4395–4706 |doi=10.1128/AEM.02250-06 |pmid=17400777 |pmc=1932821 |s2cid=1954489 }}</ref> * A rotten egg smell means the water might have [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas in it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Does My Water Smell Like Rotten Eggs? Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Bacteria in Well Water |website=Minnesota Department of Health |url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/water/wells/waterquality/hydrosulfide.html |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref> * Tap water might smell a little like chlorine, from the [[Water treatment|treatment process]]. Some of these smells are so strong that the [[human nose]] can detect them even in very small amounts.<ref name=candau>{{cite journal |last1=Candau |first1=Joël |year=2004 |title=The Olfactory Experience: constants and cultural variables |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=11–17 |access-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152229/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |url-status=live |doi=10.2166/wst.2004.0522 |pmid=15237601 |bibcode=2004WSTec..49...11C }}</ref> Some animals, like [[frog]]s, can even smell water itself.<ref name=frog>R. Llinas, W. Precht (2012), ''Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook''. Springer Science & Business Media. {{ISBN|978-3642663161}}</ref> === Mechanical properties === Water is often called incompressible. This means that even if you push on it really hard, it doesn't shrink much. For example, at the [[Deep sea|bottom of the ocean]], about 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) deep, the pressure is 400 times greater than at sea level. But water only gets about 1.8% smaller. This happens because water has a high [[bulk modulus]] (about 2.2 gigapascals). This means it resists being squeezed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Water Compressibility {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-compressibility|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Viscosity]] is how easily a liquid flows. Water has low viscosity, so it flows quickly and easily, like in rivers or through pipes. [[Honey]] or [[syrup]] have high viscosity, so they flow slowly and are thick. Water flows smoothly through rivers, [[pipe]]s, and the [[human body]] (like in [[blood vessel]]s and cells). Viscosity changes with temperature. When a liquid gets warmer, it becomes thinner and flows more easily. When it gets colder, it becomes thicker and flows more slowly. So, warm water flows faster, and cold water flows slower. Water is called a [[Newtonian fluid]]. This means its viscosity stays the same even if you stir it fast or slow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DEFINITION OF VISCOSITY|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~gasdyn/Research/T-C_Research_Folder/Viscosity_def.html|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.princeton.edu}}</ref> [[Sound]] travels through water at about 1,400 to 1,540 meters per second, depending on how warm, salty, or deep the water is. That is over 4 times faster than in air. [[Whale]]s use sound to talk and find food underwater. Humans use tools like [[sonar]] to find things under the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speed of sound in water|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/sound01/background/acoustics/acoustics.html#:~:text=The%20speed%20of%20a%20wave,of%20water%20differ%20from%20air.|access-date=2025-05-03|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calculation of absorption of sound in seawater|url=http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/|access-date=2025-05-03|website=resource.npl.co.uk}}</ref> === Electrical properties === [[File:Autoionizacion-agua.gif|200px|right|thumb|Animation of the self-ionization of water]] Water is a polar molecule. This means it has slightly charged ends. In water molecules, the hydrogen atoms have a small positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a small negative charge. This happens because oxygen pulls electrons closer to itself. That is because oxygen is more [[Electronegativity|electronegative]]. It likes to attract electrons more than hydrogen does. This polarity helps water surround and pull apart other substances, especially those made of charged particles, like table salt (NaCl). When salt is added to water, the negative part of water (the oxygen) surrounds the positive sodium ions (Na⁺). The positive part (the hydrogen) surrounds the negative chloride ions (Cl⁻). This helps break the salt apart and keep the ions floating around in the water.<ref name="USGSsolvent" /><ref name="Khansolvent" /> Water also has a high [[Relative permittivity|dielectric constant]]. It is about 80 at [[room temperature]]. That is much higher than most other liquids. This means water can reduce the electrical attraction between [[Charged particle|opposite charge]]s. As a result, [[ion]]s (like those from [[Table salt|salt]]) can separate more easily in water. This is why it is so good at dissolving [[electrolyte]]s. This makes it easier for ions to stay separate and move around freely. This is important for conducting [[electricity]] in biological and chemical systems. Thanks to its polarity and [[dielectric|dielectric nature]], water is one of the best solvents in the world. That is why it is called the "universal solvent".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-17|title=3.3: Electrical Properties of Pure Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Concepts_in_Biophysical_Chemistry_(Tokmakoff)/01:_Water_and_Aqueous_Solutions/03:_Water's_Physical_Properties/3.03:_Electrical_Properties_of_Pure_Water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water can go through a special process called autoionization (also called self-ionization). This means that two water molecules can react with each other to make two new particles: a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻). One water molecule, takes a hydrogen from the other becoming a hydronium ion while the other is left with one hydrogen becoming a hydroxide ion.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Chemical reaction|reaction]] looks like this: : H₂O + H₂O {{eqm}} H₃O⁺ + OH⁻ This reaction does not happen often. At room temperature (25 °C), only a tiny number of water molecules do this. In pure water, the amounts of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ are each 1 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L (moles per liter). That tiny amount makes water neutral and gives it a [[pH]] of 7. The pH scale, which tells us if something is acidic or basic, is based on this. Because there are so few ions, pure water does not conduct electricity well. That means pure water is more like an [[insulator]] than a [[Electric conductor|conductor]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2015-01-18|title=16.3: Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map:_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/16:_Acids_and_Bases/16.3:_Self-Ionization_of_Water_and_the_pH_Scale|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> But water can dissolve ionic substances like salt very well. When you add even a little table salt (NaCl) to water, it releases lots of ions. The conductivity goes up a million times. That is why [[tap water]] and [[seawater]] conduct electricity so well. Seawater, for example, has ions like Na⁺, Cl⁻, and Mg²⁺, making it highly conductive. This matters in real life. Distilled water, which has no ions, can't carry electricity. But regular water, with minerals or salts in it, can carry [[electric current]]. This is important in [[Battery|batteries]], [[electrolysis]], and even in cells in your body.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Conductivity (Electrical Conductance) and Water {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/conductivity-electrical-conductance-and-water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> === Optical properties === [[File:SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg|thumb|alt=|An indoor swimming pool appears cyan from above, as light reflecting from the bottom of the pool travels through enough water that its red component is absorbed. The same water in a smaller bucket looks only slightly cyan,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Jim |last2=Milligan |first2=Mark |date=April 5, 2011 |title=Why Is Bear Lake So Blue? And Other Commonly Asked Questions |url=http://geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123163847/http://www.geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2012 |series=Public Information Series |volume=96 |publisher=[[Utah Geological Survey]] |page=10 |isbn=978-1-55791-842-0 |access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref> and observing the water at close range makes it appear colorless to the naked eye.]] In small amounts, water looks [[Transparency|clear]], but pure water actually has a slight [[blue]] tint. You can see the blue color more easily when you look at a large amount of water, like in a [[swimming pool]], [[lake]] or ocean. The color comes from the way water interacts with light. Pure water absorbs some colors of light more than others. Those colors include the [[red]], [[orange]], and [[yellow]] parts of [[sunlight]]. This leaves more blue light to be reflected into our [[eye]]s. This is why water looks blue. You cannot see this in a glass of water. You can only see this when you are looking at deeper water, like in a swimming pool or lake. The deeper the water, the more light gets absorbed, and the more the blue color is seen. If water has something dissolved in it or tiny particles floating in it, the color can change. For example, [[algae]] and organic matter can make water look green or brown. [[Mineral]]s and [[sediment]]s in the water can change its color. [[Tannin]]s from [[Decomposition|decaying]] plants can give water a tea-like, brownish color.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-22|title=Water Color {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-color|access-date=2025-05-03|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> [[Visible light]] can mostly go through water. Blue and green light go the deepest in water. On the other hand, red, orange, and yellow light gets absorbed by the water, so they do not go very deep. In clear ocean water, [[sunlight]] can reach down to about 200 meters. This upper layer is called the photic zone. It is where there is enough light for plants and tiny algae like [[phytoplankton]] to do photosynthesis. Deeper than that, there is not enough light for plants to do photosynthesis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How far does light travel in the ocean? : Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/light-distributed.html#:~:text=Light%20in%20the%20ocean%20decreases,no%20light%20from%20the%20surface.|access-date=2025-05-03|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov|language=en-US}}</ref> Water bends light because it has a higher [[refractive index]] than air. The refractive index of water at room temperature (20°C or 68°F) is about 1.333. The refractive index of air is about 1.0. This means that when [[light]] enters water from the air, it slows down and bends. This is called [[refraction]]. It is this bending of light that causes a straw to look bent or broken in a glass of water. It is also why things under water look closer or larger than they actually are. Ice has a slightly lower refractive index (about 1.31). Because of this, light bends a bit less when passing through ice than through liquid water. The refractive index of water is similar to some liquids like [[ethanol]] and [[alkane]]s. But, it is lower than substances like [[glycerol]], [[benzene]], [[carbon disulfide]], or [[glass]] (which range from 1.4 to 1.6). Also, the refractive index of water can change a little depending on the how how or cold it is, the pressure, or how much salt is in the water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index of Refraction of Seawater and Freshwater as a Function of Wavelength and Temperature {{!}} Parrish Research Group {{!}} Oregon State University|url=https://research.engr.oregonstate.edu/parrish/index-refraction-seawater-and-freshwater-function-wavelength-and-temperature|access-date=2025-05-03|website=research.engr.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> === Chemical reactions of water === Water can react with some metals. It reacts with metals more reactive than hydrogen. When this happens, the metal reacts with water to make hydrogen gas and a metal hydroxide. Some metals, like the [[alkali metal]]s (such as [[lithium]], [[sodium]], and [[potassium]]), react very strongly with water. Alkaline earth metals like calcium and magnesium react less violently. For example, sodium reacts violently and makes sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Valqui|first=Melissa|date=2022-08-20|title=The Reaction of Sodium in Water|url=https://chemistrytalk.org/sodium-in-water-reaction/|access-date=2025-05-03|website=ChemTalk|language=en-US}}</ref> :{{chem2|2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2}} This reaction gives off a lot of heat (exothermic). It can even cause the hydrogen gas to catch fire. Water is [[Amphoterism|amphoteric]]. This means it can act like an [[acid]] or a [[Base (chemistry)|base]]. This depends on what it is reacting with. When water is with a strong base, it gives away a hydrogen ion (H⁺) and acts like an acid. When water is with a strong acid, it takes in a hydrogen ion and acts like a base.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-07|title=9.4.2.1: Amphoteric nature of water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/South_Puget_Sound_Community_College/Chem_121:_Introduction_to_Chemistry/09:_Chapter_8A_-_Acids_bases_and_pH/9.04:_Definition_and_Properties_of_Acids_and_Bases/9.4.02:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acids_and_Bases/9.4.2.01:_Amphoteric_nature_of_water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> Water can also react with itself in a process called self-ionization: :{{chem2|H2O + H20 ⇌ H3O+ + OH-}} This creates a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻). This reaction does not happen much in water. It helps set the pH scale, which tells us how acidic or basic a liquid is.<ref name=":3" /> Water can also break one [[molecule]] into two smaller ones in a process called [[hydrolysis]]. The word comes from Greek: "hydro" meaning water, and "lysis" meaning to break or unbind. In hydrolysis, one molecule breaks into two molecules. A water molecule then breaks apart into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion. The hydrogen ion attaches itself to one of the two new molecules.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=5.4: Hydrolysis Reactions|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152:_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/05:_Organic_Chemical_Reactions/5.04:_Hydrolysis_Reactions|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> The hydroxide ion attaches itself to the other molecule. In [[industry]], hydrolysis is used to break down compounds like [[ester]]s or [[salt]]s. In biology, [[protein]]s are broken into [[amino acid]]s through hydrolysis. Fats (lipids) are broken into glycerol and [[fatty acid]]s. [[Carbohydrate]]s, such as [[sucrose]], are broken into simpler [[sugar]]s like [[glucose]] and [[fructose]]: :{{chem2|C12H22O11 (sugar) + H2O → C6H12O6 (glucose) + C6H12O6 (fructose)}} Hydrolysis is the opposite of a [[Dehydration (chemistry)|condensation reaction]]. Condensation combines two molecules and releases water. Hydrolysis breaks one molecule into two smaller ones by adding water.<ref name=":4" /> Water can be broken down into hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂), using a process called [[electrolysis]]. In this process, an electric current is passed through water that contains small amounts of an electrolyte like [[sulfuric acid]] or salt. This helps the water conduct electricity. The electricity breaks down the water molecules:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-27|title=23.9: Electrolysis of Water|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/23:_Electrochemistry/23.09:_Electrolysis_of_Water|access-date=2025-05-03|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref> :{{chem2|2H2O → 2H2 + O2}} Electrolysis is important because it produces clean [[hydrogen fuel]] when powered by [[renewable energy]] like [[Solar energy|solar]] or [[Wind energy|wind]]. This is often called [[green hydrogen]]. It can be used to store [[energy]], power [[fuel cell]]s, or replace [[fossil fuel]]s in industry and [[transportation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is green hydrogen and why do we need it? An expert explains|url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/12/what-is-green-hydrogen-expert-explains-benefits/|access-date=2025-05-03|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> == On Earth == <noinclude>{{Multiple image |direction = vertical |align = right |width = 320 |image1 = Earth's water distribution.svg |image2 = Earth_water_distribution_ppm_chart.svg |caption1 = A graphical distribution of the locations of water on Earth |caption2 = Visualisation of the distribution of water on Earth (by volume). Each tiny cube (such as the one representing biological water) corresponds to approximately 1,000 km³ of water. This amount of water has a mass of about 1 trillion tonnes (200,000 times that of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] or five times that of [[Lake Kariba]], arguably the heaviest man-made object). Comprising 1 million tiny cubes, the entire cube would measure about 1,102 km on each side. }}</noinclude> [[Hydrology]] is the [[science]] that studies how water moves, where it is found, and its quality all over the Earth. It is part of a larger group of sciences that study water in different places and forms: * [[Hydrography]] studies where water is located on Earth's surface. * [[Hydrogeology]] focuses on groundwater, water stored underground. * [[Glaciology]] studies ice and glaciers. * [[Limnology]] looks at inland water bodies like lakes and rivers. * [[Oceanography]] studies the oceans. * [[Ecohydrology]] explores how water interacts with [[ecosystem]]s and living things. All the water on Earth (in oceans, rivers, lakes, ice, underground, and even in the air) is called the [[hydrosphere]]. The Earth holds about 1.386 billion cubic kilometers of water. Water on Earth is not distributed equally. Most of the water on Earth is found in the oceans. About 96.5% of all the water on Earth is salt water in the oceans. This cannot used for drinking or farming. That leaves only 2.5% of the Earth's water as fresh water. Of this small percentage of freshwater, most of them are in hard to reach places. Around 68.7% of Earth's fresh water is stored in [[ice cap]]s, [[glacier]]s, and permanent snow. This is mainly in [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]]. Another 30.1% is found as [[groundwater]], stored in [[aquifer]]s deep under the Earth's surface. This groundwater is an important source of water for [[well]]s and [[Spring (water)|spring]]s. It is very important in [[agriculture]] and for [[Drinking water|drinking]]. Only about 1.2% of all fresh water is water that can be found on the surface of the Earth. This includes water in lakes (about 20.9%), [[swamp]]s and [[marsh]]es (2.6%), and rivers (0.49%). Water can also be found in the atmosphere as vapor, clouds, and [[precipitation]], and in [[soil moisture]], permafrost, and living organisms. But these make up only a tiny fraction of all the water on Earth (less than 0.01%).<ref name="WSS" /><ref name=":5" /> Fresh water is not evenly distributed across the Earth. Some places have more water than others. [[Country|Countries]] like [[Canada]], [[Brazil]], and [[Russia]] have large supplies of fresh water because of lots of rivers and rainfall. In contrast, dry places like [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and parts of [[Central Asia]] have very limited freshwater. Some [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[Temperate climate|temperate]] regions get lots of rainfall, while others may go months without much rain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AQUASTAT Dissemination System|url=https://data.apps.fao.org/aquastat/?lang=en|access-date=2025-05-04|website=data.apps.fao.org}}</ref> === Water cycle === [[File:Water cycle.png|thumb|Water cycle]] The [[water cycle]] (also called the hydrologic cycle) is the constant movement of water through the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Water moves between the air, ground, rivers, oceans, lakes, plants, and even underground. The main parts of the water cycle are:<ref name=":6" /> * [[Evaporation]]: Water from oceans, lakes, and rivers changes into vapor (gas) and rises into the air. * [[Transpiration]]: Plants release water vapor into the air through their leaves. * [[Condensation]]: Water vapor in the air turns into clouds. * [[Precipitation]]: Water vapor in the air cools, turns into liquid or solid, and falls back to Earth as rain, snow, or hail. * [[Surface runoff|Runoff]]: Water flows across the land into rivers, lakes, and oceans. The [[sun]] is the main source of [[energy]] that drives the water cycle. When sunlight heats up water, the water molecules move faster and can turn into vapor. This a process called evaporation. This happens in oceans, lakes, rivers, and even from the [[land]]. Plants also release water vapor through their leaves in a process called transpiration. Together, evaporation and transpiration are called evapotranspiration. The term evapotranspiration is commonly used by [[geologist]]s. Water vapor is invisible to our eyes.<ref name=":6" /> [[Wind]]s carry water vapor in the atmosphere over long distances. When water vapor cools down, it changes back into liquid water. This is called condensation. This can happen when warm air meets cool air. The water forms tiny drops around dust or salt called condensation nuclei in the air. These drops come together to form clouds. As more droplets stick together, they grow bigger. When they get heavy enough, they fall to Earth as rain, [[snow]], or [[hail]]. This is called precipitation.<ref name=":6" /> When precipitation reaches the [[ground]], it can do the following. It can evaporate again. It can flow over the land as runoff into rivers and lakes. Or soak into the ground to become groundwater. Water that flows in rivers and lakes is called surface water. Water that moves underground through soil and rock is called groundwater. Groundwater moves slowly and can come back to the surface through [[spring]]s. It can also flow into rivers, lakes, or oceans. This shows how surface water and groundwater are connected.<ref name=":6" /> Most water that evaporates from the ocean goes back to the ocean. But wind blows water vapor to land at the same rate it goes back to the ocean. Each year, about 47 trillion tons of water vapor move from the ocean to the land. About 72 trillion more tons of water vapor comes from land evaporation and plants. That adds up to 119 trillion tons of precipitation falling on land each year.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources |editor-last=Gleick |editor-first=P. H. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |page=15, Table 2.3 |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288 |archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> Precipitation over land has many forms. Most commonly [[rain]], [[snow]], and [[hail]], with some being [[fog]] and [[dew]]. Dew are small drops of water that form when warm, wet air touches a cool surface, usually in the early [[morning]]. Water droplets in the air may also [[Refraction|refract]] [[sunlight]] to produce [[rainbow]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alice's Adventures in Water-land |last1=Ben-Naim |first1=A. |last2=Ben-Naim |first2=R. |publisher=World Scientific Publishing |year=2011 |page=31 |doi=10.1142/8068 |isbn=978-981-4338-96-7}}</ref> Water that flows over land collects in places called [[watershed]]s. They then travel through rivers, carving out [[valley]]s and [[delta]]s. These areas usually have very good soil, which is good for farming and building cities. Sometimes, too much water causes a [[flood]]. This can happen when rivers overflow or big storms push water onto the land. Other times, there is not enough water. A [[drought]] happens when a place gets very little rain for a long time. This is often because of the place or shape of the land. === Water and Earth's geography === [[File:Carlsbad Interior Formations.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Carlsbad caverns in New Mexico, USA has over 119 caves, all formed by water breaking down limestone.]] [[File:石林正门.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The Stone Forest near Kunming, China has hundreds of tall, sharp towers of limestone shaped by water]] Water plays an important role in shaping the Earth’s surface and what is happening under it. It helps form [[landscape]]s. It breaks down [[rock]]s. It even affects [[Volcanism|volcanic activity]] from deep under the surface. Water changes the land through both physical actions, like [[erosion]], and [[chemical reaction]]s, like breaking down [[mineral]]s in rocks. Water plays a big role in breaking down rocks on Earth’s surface. This is a process called [[weathering]]. There are two main types: physical and chemical. In physical weathering, water gets into cracks in rocks. When it freezes, it expands and makes the cracks bigger. Over time, this causes the rock to break apart. In chemical weathering, water mixes with carbon dioxide from the air or soil. This creates a [[weak acid]] called [[carbonic acid]]. Carbonic acid can dissolve some types of rock, especially [[limestone]]. When this acid gets to limestone underground, it can create large cracks, [[cave]]s, and [[tunnel]]s. On the surface, it can create a type of landscape called [[karst]]. Here the ground has [[sinkhole]]s, caves, and holes. One amazing example of karst is the [[Stone Forest]] near [[Kunming]], [[China]]. It has hundreds of tall, sharp towers of limestone made by water. Another example is [[Carlsbad Caverns]] in [[New Mexico]], [[USA]]. This park has over 119 caves, all formed by water breaking down limestone. The biggest one, called the Big Room, is so large it could fit six football fields inside.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Weathering|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/weathering/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=5 Weathering, Erosion, and Sedimentary Rocks – An Introduction to Geology|url=https://opengeology.org/textbook/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks/|access-date=2025-05-04|language=en}}</ref> Once rocks are broken down by weathering, the pieces are moved by a process called [[erosion]]. Water moves bits of rock and minerals away. No rock is strong enough to resist weathering and erosion forever. These powerful forces have created some of Earth’s most famous [[landmarks]]. For example, the [[Grand Canyon]] in [[Arizona]], [[USA]], was made by the [[Colorado River]] over millions of years. The canyon is about 446 kilometers (277 miles) long, up to 29 kilometers (18 miles) wide, and about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) deep.<ref name=":7" /> Water is also very good at moving [[sediment]]. Sediment is made up of small pieces of rock, [[sand]], and soil. Rivers, glaciers, rain, and even [[ocean current]]s move sediment over long distances. Eventually, this sediment settles in new places. Sediment is important because it adds nutrients to the soil. This helps plants grow. Places with lots of sediment, like riverbanks and deltas, are usually great for farming. They have a lot of different plants and animals. For thousands of years, the [[Nile River]] in [[Egypt]] flooded every year. This brought about 4 million metric tons of nutrient-rich sediment. Even today, the land next to the Nile is Egypt’s best farmland. Over millions of years, layers of sediment can press together to form [[sedimentary rock]]s. These rocks can contain [[fossil]]s and clues about Earth’s past, like what the [[climate]] was like long ago.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sediment|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sediment/|access-date=2025-05-04|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref> Deep inside the Earth, water plays an important role in forming [[magma]]. Magma is the hot, melted rock that can lead to [[volcano]]es. The [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] is the thick layer under the Earth's crust. It is made of solid rock even though it is hot enough to melt rocks. This is because the pressure deep inside the Earth is so strong that it stops the rock from melting. But in places called [[Subduction|subduction zones]], one of Earth's [[tectonic plate]]s goes under another plate. This brings water down into the mantle. This water lowers the melting point of the rock. This means the rock can start to melt even though it is still under very high pressures. This creates magma, which can rise and cause volcanic eruptions. So, water does not just shape the land on the surface, it also helps cause big changes deep underground. Over millions of years, water has helped shape how Earth looks and behaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panchuk|first=Karla|date=2019|title=7.1 Magma and How It Forms|url=https://www.saskoer.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-1-magma-and-how-it-forms/|journal=UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN|language=en}}</ref> == In the Universe == [[File:Band 5 ALMA receiver.jpg|thumb|Band 5 [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array|ALMA]] receiver is an instrument specifically designed to detect water in the universe.<ref>{{cite web |title=ALMA greatly improves capacity to search for water in universe |url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/ |accessdate=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070436/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/ |archive-date=23 July 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]] Water is not only found on Earth. It can be found all over the [[universe]]. [[Astronomer]]s have found ice, vapor, and sometimes liquid water in many places in the universe. Water ice has been found on the [[Moon]], [[Mars]], and [[comet]]s. It has also been found on the icy moons of the outer planets, such as [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]. Even in [[Interstellar medium|interstellar space]], the space between the stars, water exists as ice around tiny dust grains. It also exists as vapor in [[molecular cloud]]s where new [[star]]s are born. Water has even been found in the atmospheres of [[exoplanet]]s, planets outside our [[solar system]]. A water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hydrogen came from the [[Big Bang]]. Oxygen was created inside big stars, much larger than the [[Sun]]. When these stars die and explode, they release oxygen into space. Oxygen can then combine with hydrogen to make water. Huge clouds of gas and dust, called [[Stellar nursery|stellar nurseries]], are where new stars are born. These places often contain huge amounts of water vapor. For example, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] found water molecules in the [[Helix Nebula]]. Water has also been found in young [[planetary system]]s around other stars. Around the star [[Beta Pictoris]], which is about 20 million years old, scientists found water in a giant disk of gas and dust. This is likely from comets smashing into each other, asteroids, and forming planets. In the [[Orion Nebula]], one of the biggest and most famous star-forming regions, water is still being made today. It is so large that it makes enough water every day to fill Earth’s oceans 60 times. All of this water, and the other molecules made in these star factories becomes part of new planets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean Worlds|url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ocean-worlds/|access-date=2025-05-05|website=Ocean Worlds}}</ref> On 22 July 2011, scientists found a gigantic cloud of water vapor that had 140 trillion times more water than the Earth's oceans combined around a [[quasar]] 12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the discovery shows that water has been in the universe for a very long time.<ref name="Clavin">{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Buis |first2=Alan |title=Astronomers find largest, most distant reservoir of water |url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063244/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="water vapor cloud">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Astronomers find largest, oldest mass of water in Universe |url=http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Space.com |accessdate=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029230319/http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html |archive-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> To find water in space, scientists make use of various tools and techniques. [[Telescope]]s with [[spectrometer]]s can study the light coming from far away objects. Every molecule absorbs and emits light at specific [[wavelength]]s. By studying them, scientists can figure out whether there is water. [[Radio telescope]]s on the ground and [[space telescope]]s like the Hubble Space Telescope, the [[James Webb Space Telescope]], and the [[Herschel Space Observatory]] have all helped us find water across the universe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-25|title=NASA's Hubble Finds Water Vapor in Small Exoplanet's Atmosphere - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-finds-water-vapor-in-small-exoplanets-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=Hubble Finds Evidence of Persistent Water Vapor in One Hemisphere of Europa - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/hubble-finds-evidence-of-persistent-water-vapor-in-one-hemisphere-of-europa/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Discovery Alert: Webb Maps and Finds Traces of Water in an Ultra-hot Gas Giant's Atmosphere - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/discovery-alert-webb-maps-and-finds-traces-of-water-in-an-ultra-hot-gas-giants-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Herschel detects abundant water in planet-forming disc|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Herschel/Herschel_detects_abundant_water_in_planet-forming_disc|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water in the early Universe|url=https://www.mpg.de/567262/pressRelease20081218#:~:text=A%20research%20group%20led%20by,distance%20from%20Earth%20so%20far.|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.mpg.de|language=en}}</ref> In our own solar system, spacecraft missions have also been very important. [[NASA]]’s [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] and [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]] missions found strong evidence of subsurface oceans on Jupiter's and Saturn’s moons. Cassini found [[geyser]]s on [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], with water vapor and ice particles erupting from the moon’s surface.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Enceladus - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/science/enceladus/#:~:text=Cassini%20discovered%20that%20geyser-like,the%20icy%20crust%20of%20Enceladus.&text=With%20its%20global%20ocean,%20unique,worlds%20where%20life%20could%20exist.|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-08-25|title=Galileo Evidence Points to Possible Water World Under Europa's Icy Crust - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/galileo-evidence-points-to-possible-water-world-under-europas-icy-crust/#:~:text=818)%20354-6278-,NASA%20researchers%20have%20the%20strongest%20evidence%20yet%20that%20one%20of,edition%20of%20the%20journal%20Science.|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref> On Mars, orbiters and rovers have found polar ice caps and certain rocks, which suggests that Mars might have had water in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-todays-mars/|access-date=2025-05-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global map of hydrated minerals on Mars|url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2022/08/Global_map_of_hydrated_minerals_on_Mars|access-date=2025-05-05|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref> === In the solar system === [[File:Comet on 5 September 2015 – NavCam ESA15597657.jpeg|thumb|The gas released from the comet contains water vapor]] [[Image:Europa_poster.svg|thumb|upright=2|Model of Europa's possible interior structure, with a thin ice crust and a [[Planetary oceanography|subsurface ocean]] under it]] [[File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg|thumb|right|South polar ice cap of Mars during Martian summer in the year 2000]] Water can be found in many places in our Solar System.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tour of Water in the Solar System {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/tour-water-solar-system|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/|access-date=2025-05-06|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)|language=en-US}}</ref> Earth is the only planet we know of that has liquid water on its surface all the time. Water can be found as: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor) on Earth. Scientists have found tiny amounts of water vapor in the Sun’s atmosphere. The [[Sun]] is very hot. Its surface is about 5,500°C (9,932°F) and the inside is even hotter. Normally, water breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen in such heat. But there are cooler spots on the Sun, like [[sunspot]]s. At sunspots, temperatures can drop to about 3,000°C (5,432°F). That is still very hot, but cool enough for water molecules to form for a short time before they break apart into hydrogen and oxygen again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Found on Sun|url=https://solar-center.stanford.edu/news/sunwater.html|access-date=2025-05-06|website=solar-center.stanford.edu}}</ref> [[The Moon]] and [[Mercury]] both have water ice hidden in [[crater]]s near their poles. These craters are always in the dark and never get sunlight. Because of this, the ice has stayed frozen for billions of years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice on the Moon|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ice/ice_moon.html#:~:text=Where%20did%20the%20ice%20come,scattered%20over%20the%20lunar%20surface.|access-date=2025-05-06|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water ice on Mercury|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ice/ice_mercury.html|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> NASA [[spacecraft]]s, like the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] and [[MESSENGER]], have found that these ice do exist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=NASA’s LRO Sheds Light on Lunar Water Movement - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasas-lro-sheds-light-on-lunar-water-movement/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-20|title=MESSENGER - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/messenger/#:~:text=NASA's%20MESSENGER%20spacecraft%20orbited%20Mercury,deposits%20are%20dominantly%20water-ice.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Venus]] has water vapor in its atmosphere, just like Earth. But its surface is very hot and harsh. This means it does not have any liquid water on its surface. Scientists think Venus may have had water in the past, but it was lost into space. This is because Venus does not have a [[magnetic field]] to protect it like [[Earth's magnetic field|Earth]] does.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did Venus’s water go?|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Where_did_Venus_s_water_go|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref> Mars has ice caps at its poles made of water and [[carbon dioxide]]. There is also ice under the ground in many places. [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]]s and orbiters have also found [[hydrated]] [[mineral]]s. This means that liquid water once flowed on the surface of Mars a long time ago.<ref name=":0" /> [[Asteroid]]s are found near a part of the solar system called the “[[Frost line (astrophysics)|frost line]]”. This is the distance from the Sun where it is cold enough for water to freeze into ice. Beyond this line, you usually won't find liquid water because it is very cold. It can only be found hidden under ice, mixed with salt that keep it from freezing, or trapped under pressure in an atmosphere. One example is [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]], a [[dwarf planet]]. It may have a layer of dust and rock on the outside, with salty water ice deep under the surface.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-09|title=Ceres: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/dwarf-planets/ceres/facts/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Asteroids were once thought to be dry, but now scientists have found some that contain water ice or hydrated minerals. NASA’s [[OSIRIS-REx]] mission is helping us learn more about how much water some asteroids might have.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA’s Bennu Asteroid Sample Contains Carbon, Water - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-bennu-asteroid-sample-contains-carbon-water/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SwRI scientists identify water molecules on asteroids for the first time {{!}} Southwest Research Institute|url=https://www.swri.org/newsroom/press-releases/swri-scientists-identify-water-molecules-asteroids-the-first-time|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.swri.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Comet]]s are pieces of ice leftover from the early solar system. They have a lot of frozen water. When a comet gets close to the Sun, the ice turns into gas, creating the famous glowing tails.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-26|title=Comets|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/comets/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> There also exists a massive cloud of comets called the [[Oort cloud]] at the edge of the solar system.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-20|title=Oort Cloud|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[outer planet]]s, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune also have water. They are big gas giants or ice giants. They do not have a solid surface to walk on like our planet. [[Jupiter]] has water vapor in its thick atmosphere, but it is hard to see because of all the clouds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-18|title=Findings From NASA's Juno Update Jupiter Water Mystery - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/findings-from-nasas-juno-update-jupiter-water-mystery/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Saturn]] is like Jupiter. It has some water vapor in its atmosphere. Its beautiful rings are mostly made of water ice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Institute|first=Planetary Science|title=The water in Saturn's rings and satellites is like that on Earth except for moon Phoebe, which is out of this world|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-saturn-satellites-earth-moon-phoebe.html|access-date=2025-05-06|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Uranus]] might have an icy layer deep under its atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-10|title=Uranus: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/facts/#:~:text=Uranus%20is%20one%20of%20two,above%20a%20small%20rocky%20core.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Neptune]] is similar to Uranus. Scientists think it also has an icy layer under its atmosphere that may contain water and other ices.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-10|title=Neptune: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/neptune-facts/#:~:text=Most%20(80%25%20or%20more),water%20under%20Neptune's%20cold%20clouds.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Some of the moons around the giant planets in our Solar System may have huge oceans of liquid water under their frozen surfaces. [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], which orbit Jupiter, and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], which orbit Saturn, might have underground oceans. Enceladus, a small moon of Saturn, shoots out jets of water vapor and ice from its south pole. A spacecraft named [[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]] flew through these jets and found water, salts, and simple organic molecules. These are clues that there might be a hidden ocean with life. Titan, Saturn’s biggest moon, has lakes and seas on its surface, but they are filled with liquid [[methane]] and [[ethane]], not water. Scientists think Titan has a salty water ocean deep underground, hidden under its icy surface. The moons of Uranus also have icy surfaces. [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], the largest, has water ice and [[Dry ice|carbon dioxide ice]]. There might be liquid water under its surface. [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], Neptune’s biggest moon, has a surface of frozen water ice. Deep under that ice, scientists also think it might have a liquid ocean.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-10|title=Neptune: Facts - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/neptune/neptune-facts/#:~:text=Most%20(80%25%20or%20more),water%20under%20Neptune's%20cold%20clouds.|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> The dwarf planet [[Pluto]] has a surface covered in frozen [[nitrogen]] and water ice. Pluto is extremely cold and far from the Sun. Scientists think Pluto might have a liquid ocean deep beneath its icy crust, about 100 kilometers deep.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pluto Has an Ocean of Liquid Water Surrounded by a 40-80 km Ice Shell|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/pluto-has-an-ocean-of-liquid-water-surrounded-by-a-40-80-km-ice-shell|access-date=2025-05-06|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref> Pluto’s biggest moon, [[Charon (moon)|Charon]], also has water ice. Beneath the surface, Charon may have had liquid water in the past. Some scientists think ice geysers might still happen on Charon.<ref name=":0" /> === In interstellar space === [[File:Orion Nebula - Hubble 2006 mosaic 18000.jpg|300px|thumb|The Orion Nebula, a molecular cloud where stars are born, contains a huge amount of water mostly in the form of ice]] Water is not only found on planets and moons. It can also be found in the vast spaces between stars, the interstellar medium. The [[interstellar medium]] (ISM), is the scattered mix of gas, dust and [[radiation]] that can be found in the space between the stars in a [[galaxy]]. Water can be mainly found as ice covering dust grains in the interstellar medium and dense molecular clouds, where new stars are born. It can also be found as water vapor inside dense molecular clouds. In the coldest parts of the ISM, water molecules condense onto the surfaces of dust grains, forming icy mantles. These icy grains are very important ingredients in the chemistry of making stars and planets.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oliver|first=Amy C.|last2=Observatory|first2=National Radio Astronomy|title=Tracing the history of water in planet formation back to the interstellar medium|url=https://phys.org/news/2023-03-history-planet-formation-interstellar-medium.html#:~:text=%22It%20is%20known%20that%20the,in%20the%20disks%20around%20them.|access-date=2025-05-06|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dulieu|first=F.|last2=Amiaud|first2=L.|last3=Congiu|first3=E.|last4=Fillion|first4=J.-H.|last5=Matar|first5=E.|last6=Momeni|first6=A.|last7=Pirronello|first7=V.|last8=Lemaire|first8=J. L.|date=2010-03-01|title=Experimental evidence for water formation on interstellar dust grains by hydrogen and oxygen atoms|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2010/04/aa12079-09/aa12079-09.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=512|pages=A30|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912079|issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vidali|first=Gianfranco|last2=Jing|first2=Dapeng|last3=He|first3=Jiao|date=2012|title=Formation of water in the interstellar medium|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012cosp...39.2086V/abstract|journal=39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly|language=en|volume=39|pages=2086}}</ref> [[Molecular cloud]]s, places where stars and planets are born, contain huge amounts of water. Water vapor has been found in many of these clouds, especially near newly forming stars. As young stars fuse [[hydrogen]] into [[helium]] they release heat around them. This warms up the surrounding ices, turning them into water vapor. This allows them to be observed by space telescopes such as the [[Herschel Space Observatory]] and the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=Gary J.|last2=Tolls|first2=Volker|last3=Snell|first3=Ronald L.|last4=Kaufman|first4=Michael J.|last5=Bergin|first5=Edwin A.|last6=Goicoechea|first6=Javier R.|last7=Goldsmith|first7=Paul F.|last8=González-Alfonso|first8=Eduardo|last9=Hollenbach|first9=David J.|last10=Lis|first10=Dariusz C.|last11=Neufeld|first11=David A.|date=2020|title=Distribution of Water Vapor in Molecular Clouds. II|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab77b4|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=892|issue=1|pages=22|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab77b4|issn=0004-637X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=G. J.|last2=Bergin|first2=E. A.|date=2005-01-01|title=The legacy of SWAS: Water and molecular oxygen in the interstellar medium|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117705007118|journal=Advances in Space Research|series=Infrared/Submm Astronomy from Space|volume=36|issue=6|pages=1027–1030|doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.110|issn=0273-1177}}</ref> One of the most famous places where water has been studied is the [[Orion Nebula]]. Here, astronomers have found huge amounts of water vapor surrounding stars being born.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Planetary Disk in the Orion Nebula is Destroying and Replenishing Oceans of Water Every Month|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/a-planetary-disk-in-the-orion-nebula-is-destroying-and-replenishing-oceans-of-water-every-month|access-date=2025-05-06|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ESA Science & Technology - Water in Orion|url=https://sci.esa.int/web/iso/-/12730-water-in-orion|access-date=2025-05-06|website=sci.esa.int}}</ref> In these environments, water is also very important in the [[chemistry]] that creates more complex organic molecules like [[amino acid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guélin|first=Michel|last2=Cernicharo|first2=Jose|date=2022|title=Organic Molecules in Interstellar Space: Latest Advances|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.787567/full|journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences|language=English|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fspas.2022.787567|issn=2296-987X}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=The Origin of Water - and Other Pre-biotic Molecules - in Planetary Systems|url=https://spherex.caltech.edu/page/the-origin-of-water-in-planetary-systems|access-date=2025-05-06|website=spherex.caltech.edu}}</ref> The [[Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex]] is a nearby molecular cloud about 460 light-years away. It contains [[protostar]]s surrounded by water-rich ices. The ice in this region has been found using [[telescope]]s like Spitzer and [[JWST]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=SpaceRef|date=2023-07-12|title=Webb’s Stunning View Of Rho Ophiuchi|url=https://spacenews.com/webbs-stunning-view-of-rho-ophiuchi/|access-date=2025-05-06|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Stars in Their Baby Blanket of Dust: Rho Ophiuchi|url=https://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/image/ssc2008-03a-young-stars-in-their-baby-blanket-of-dust-rho-ophiuchi|access-date=2025-05-06|website=www.spitzer.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom in to Rho Ophiuchi|url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/videos/2023/128/01H44C3A6B7Q1KGN5NQZTRBX4R?news=true|access-date=2025-05-06|website=Webb|language=en}}</ref> Ice and tiny grains of dust were the main ingredients that came together to form the Solar System. Scientists believe that the water in the solar system formed in space before our Sun or planets even existed. When star systems begin to form, [[gravity]] pulls together this gas and dust to make stars and planets. The dust already has water on it, which can become part of the new planets. That means planets like Earth might have been born with water already inside them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALMA Traces History of Water in Planet Formation Back to the Interstellar Medium {{!}} ALMA Observatory|url=https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-releases/alma-traces-history-of-water-in-planet-formation-back-to-the-interstellar-medium/|access-date=2025-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref> === On exoplanets === [[File: Exoplanet K2-18 b (Illustration).jpg|thumb|Artist's impression of K2-18b ''(right)'' orbiting [[red dwarf]] [[K2-18]] ''(left)''. The [[exoplanet]] [[K2-18c]] is shown between them. How the planet actually looks like is unknown.]] When looking for [[life]] on other planets, called [[exoplanet]]s, water is one of the most important molecules scientists look for on other planets. We cannot use a telescope to look into other planets for water because they are very far away. But, astronomers have found others ways to look for water on some of these far away planets. The main way scientists study planets outside our Solar System is through something called [[Methods of detecting exoplanets|transit spectroscopy]]. This means watching a planet as it passes in front of its star. When it does, some of the star’s light goes through the planet’s atmosphere to us. Depending on what the atmosphere is made of, certain parts of the light get blocked or bent. This creates a kind of “fingerprint” in the light that scientists can study. By looking closely, they can figure out which gases are in the atmosphere, like water or methane. Right now, studying the atmospheres of exoplanets is still very hard. Our tools are not perfect for this yet and it takes very careful measurements.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=How We Find and Characterize - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/how-we-find-and-characterize/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> This method has found water vapor on many "[[hot Jupiter]]s", such as [[HD 189733 b]] and [[HD 209458 b]]. These are large [[gas giant]]s very close to their stars. Though these planets are far too hot for liquid water. Water exists as [[water vapor]] in the atmospheres of these planets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-07|title=Water, water everywhere - on an extrasolar planet - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/resource/water-water-everywhere-on-an-extrasolar-planet/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sánchez-López|first=A.|last2=Alonso-Floriano|first2=F. J.|last3=López-Puertas|first3=M.|last4=Snellen|first4=I. a. G.|last5=Funke|first5=B.|last6=Nagel|first6=E.|last7=Bauer|first7=F. F.|last8=Amado|first8=P. J.|last9=Caballero|first9=J. A.|last10=Czesla|first10=S.|last11=Nortmann|first11=L.|date=2019-10-01|title=Water vapor detection in the transmission spectra of HD 209458 b with the CARMENES NIR channel|url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2019/10/aa36084-19/aa36084-19.html|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|language=en|volume=630|pages=A53|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936084|issn=0004-6361}}</ref> In recent years, telescopes have begun finding signs of water on smaller planets, especially [[sub-Neptune]]s and [[super-Earth]]s. These are planets smaller than gas giants but larger than the Earth. One example is [[K2-18b]], a super-Earth found by NASA's Kepler spacecraft in 2015. It is a planet with eight times the mass of the Earth that orbits a so called [[red dwarf]] star, which is much cooler than the sun. K2-18b can be found in the “[[habitable zone]]” of its star. This means it has the right temperature to have liquid water. Given its mass and radius, K2-18 b may either be a [[Terrestrial planet|rocky planet]] with a thick atmosphere or be more like [[Neptune]]. Observations with Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have found water vapor in its atmosphere. Though scientists cannot say if it has clouds, oceans, or even rain. Planets in the habitable zone, are places scientists are looking with new technology like the James Webb Space Telescope.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-11|title=Webb Discovers Methane, Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere of K2-18 b - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/webb-discovers-methane-carbon-dioxide-in-atmosphere-of-k2-18-b/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> === The search for extraterrestrial life === When scientists look for life in space, they often start by looking for water. Every living thing on Earth needs water to survive. Water has special chemical properties that make it perfect for life. It is really good at dissolving other substances, which helps living things carry out [[chemical reaction]]s. Water stays liquid over a wide range of [[temperature]]s. It can help keep living organisms from getting too hot or cold. It also helps move nutrients and waste in and out of cells and living organisms. That is why [[scientist]]s often say “follow the water” when searching for life beyond Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Astrobiology|url=https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/education/alp/water-so-important-for-life/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=astrobiology.nasa.gov|language=en-EN}}</ref> Scientists think moons like Europa (which orbits Jupiter) and Enceladus (which orbits Saturn) might be able to have life. Both moons have thick layers of ice on their surface. Under that ice, scientists believe there are massive [[ocean]]s of liquid water. The bottom of these oceans could be like hydrothermal environments found in the [[deep sea]] on Earth. On our planet, [[hydrothermal vent]]s release hot, mineral-rich water from under the [[seabed]]. This creates a place where life thrives without sunlight. Instead of using sunlight for energy (like plants do), the organisms living there use [[chemical energy]] from the minerals in the water. This is a process called [[chemosynthesis]]. If similar hydrothermal vents exist on Europa or Enceladus, they could provide the energy and nutrients needed for life to survive in complete darkness, just like Earth’s deep sea life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Paul Scott|date=2021-03-23|title=Subsurface oceans on alien worlds even better for life than Earth's oceans? {{!}} Space {{!}} EarthSky|url=https://earthsky.org/space/subsurface-oceans-worlds-common-alien-life-environment/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=earthsky.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ingredients for Life {{!}} Why Europa|url=https://europa.nasa.gov/why-europa/ingredients-for-life|access-date=2025-05-31|website=NASA's Europa Clipper|language=en}}</ref> Scientists have already found clues supporting these ideas. On Enceladus, for example, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft found jets of water vapor, ice particles, and [[Organic compound|organic molecules]] shooting out from cracks from the moon. This is a strong sign that there is liquid water and hydrothermal vents under its icy surface. These discoveries make Europa and Enceladus key targets for future space missions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Enceladus - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/science/enceladus/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mars]] remains a key target in the search for life beyond Earth. Although the planet is cold and dry today, it shows strong signs that it might have had water in the past. Ancient river valleys, dry lake beds, and minerals that only form in water suggest that liquid water once flowed on the Martian surface. Scientists believe that billions of years ago, Mars may have had a thicker atmosphere and a milder [[climate]], possibly making it a habitable world. Even now, there may be salty liquid water hidden underground, especially near the poles or beneath the surface. Briny water, which contains dissolved salts, can stay liquid at colder temperatures, increasing the chances that it might still exist on Mars. To explore this possibility, [[NASA]] and other space agencies have sent robotic missions like the [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]] and [[Curiosity rover|Curiosity]] [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]]s to study Mars up close. These rovers have advanced tools to analyze rocks, soil, and even the atmosphere. They are looking for [[biosignature]]s, which are chemical or physical signs that could suggest past life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signs of ancient flowing water on Mars|url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Signs_of_ancient_flowing_water_on_Mars|access-date=2025-05-31|website=www.esa.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-29|title=NASA’s Curiosity Searches for New Clues About Mars’ Ancient Water - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory/nasas-curiosity-searches-for-new-clues-about-mars-ancient-water/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today’s Mars - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-todays-mars/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> Scientists often look for water when they search for life on [[exoplanet]]s. And they often look for planets in the [[habitable zone]]. This is the area around a star where temperatures are just right for liquid water to exist on a planet. If a planet is too close to its star, it will be too hot and water will boil away. If it is too far, it will be too cold and water will freeze. But in the habitable zone, things can be just right for water to stay liquid. Earth can be found in the habitable zone of the Sun. This is one reason it has oceans, rivers, and rain. That is why it can support so many kinds of life. When scientists study planets around other stars (called exoplanets), they look to see if those planets are also in the habitable zone. If they are, and they have the right kind of atmosphere, they might have water. And, they might even have life. Beyond our [[solar system]], astronomers have discovered [[water vapor]] in the atmospheres of some exoplanets. These findings suggest that water, a key ingredient for life as we know it, might be common in the universe. This ongoing research brings us closer to answering one of the biggest questions in science: Are we alone in the universe?<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=The Habitable Zone - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/habitable-zone/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-25|title=NASA's Hubble Finds Water Vapor in Small Exoplanet's Atmosphere - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/nasas-hubble-finds-water-vapor-in-small-exoplanets-atmosphere/|access-date=2025-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> == Uses of water == [[Plant]]s and [[animal]]s (including [[wikt:people|people]]) are mostly water inside, and must drink water to live. It gives a medium for [[chemical reaction]]s to take place, and is the main part of [[blood plasma|blood]]. It keeps the [[body temperature]] the same by [[sweat]]ing from the [[skin]]. Water helps blood carry [[nutrient]]s from the [[stomach]] to all parts of the body to keep the body alive. Water also helps the blood carry [[oxygen]] from the [[lung]]s to the body. [[Saliva]], which helps animals and people digest food, is mostly water. Water helps make [[urine]]. Urine helps remove bad [[chemical]]s from the body. The human body is between 60% and 70% water, but this value differs with age; i.e. a foetus is 95% water inside. Water is the main component of [[drink]]s like [[milk]], [[juice]], and [[wine]]. Each type of drink also has other things that add [[flavor]] or [[nutrient]]s, things like [[sugar]], [[fruit]], and sometimes [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]. Water that a person can drink is called "potable water" (or "drinking water"). The water in oceans is [[salt water]], but lakes and rivers usually have [[fresh water|unsalted water]]. Only about 3% of all the water on earth is fresh water. The rest is salt water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html|title=Percentage of water|access-date=2008-12-11|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214091601/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/water.htm|title=Fresh water percentage (2)|access-date=2008-12-11|archive-date=2007-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715121554/http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/water.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Water drop animation enhanced small.gif|thumb|Drop of water falling from a faucet.]] Many places, including cities and [[desert]]s, don't have as much water as people want. They build [[aqueduct]]s to bring water there. Though people can survive a few months without food, they can only survive for a day or two without water. A few [[desert]] animals can get enough water from their food, but the others must drink. Water has no smell, taste, or color. Water is also used for recreational purposes, ''see [[list of water sports]]''. Water is used as both the coolant and the [[neutron moderator]] in most [[nuclear reactor]]s. This may be ordinary water (called light water in the nuclear industry) or [[heavy water]]. Water is also used for washing a lot of objects. [[Good (economics)|Goods]], [[Service (economics)|services]] and people are transported to other [[Country|countries]] in [[watercraft]]s on bodies of water. Water is used in [[chemical reaction]]s as a [[solvent]] or [[Reagent|reactant]]. Water is also used in [[Firefighting|fire fighting]]. Water is also used for [[cooking]]. == Water laws, crisis, and geopolitics == === Water laws === [[File:Horseshoe Bend 13 February 2023.jpg|thumb|The Colorado River is a river governed by [[Prior appropriation water rights]]]] [[Water resources law|Water law]]s are rules that help decide how water is shared, used, and protected. These laws are important because water is something that everyone needs. [[People]], [[farm]]s, [[business]]es, and [[nature]] all depend on water. Water laws help figure out who can use water, how much they can use, and what they can use it for. They also try to make sure that water is used fairly and not wasted or polluted. In many places, water is limited, and if it is not managed well, it can run out or get too dirty to use. Water laws are meant to stop problems like this including fights over water. They also help make sure there is enough clean water for things like [[drinking]], growing [[food]], making [[energy]], and protecting the [[environment]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Law Overview – National Agricultural Law Center|url=https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/water-law/|access-date=2025-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Water right]]s are the rules about who can use water and how much they can use. These rules are part of water laws.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land and water - the rights interface|url=https://www.fao.org/4/j2601e/j2601e02.htm|access-date=2025-06-03|website=www.fao.org}}</ref> There are different kinds of water rights depending on where you live and the [[law]]s people follow. One common system is called [[Riparian water rights|riparian right]]s, which is often used in places with plenty of water. With riparian rights, if you own land next to a [[river]], [[lake]], or [[stream]], you have the right to use the water. But you have to be careful not to harm the people who live [[Current (hydrology)|downstream]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=riparian doctrine|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/riparian_doctrine|access-date=2025-06-03|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en}}</ref> In drier places, they often use a different system called [[Prior appropriation water rights|prior appropriation]]. This follows the rule of "first in time, first in right." The first person to take water for a useful purpose has the right to keep using it, even if their [[land]] is not next to the water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Water Law: Understanding the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation|url=https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3750|access-date=2025-06-03|website=Extension {{!}} University of Nevada, Reno|language=en-us}}</ref> In many parts of the world, especially in rural or indigenous communities, customary or traditional laws also guide how water is shared. These laws are based on old practices and [[Value (ethics)|cultural value]]s that help people respect and protect water.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/lpo76.pdf|title=Customary Water Rights and Contemporary Water Legislation|last=Ramazzott|first=Marco|publisher=Fao Legal Papers Online}}</ref> Different [[Country|countries]] have their own laws and rules for managing water. Some countries focus on deciding who can use water and how they can use it, while others pay more attention to stopping [[pollution]] or building things like [[dam]]s and [[pipeline]]s to help control water. When rivers, lakes, or underground water cross [[border]]s between countries, water law becomes more complicated. In these cases, countries need to work together and make agreements to share the water fairly and avoid fights.<ref>{{Citation|last=Masoumeh|first=Zeinali|title=6 - Rights and international laws of transboundary water resources|date=2021-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323905671000139|work=Economical, Political, and Social Issues in Water Resources|pages=103–129|editor-last=Bozorg-Haddad|editor-first=Omid|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-90567-1.00013-9|isbn=978-0-323-90567-1|access-date=2025-06-03|last2=Bozorg-Haddad|first2=Omid|last3=Singh|first3=Vijay P.}}</ref> For example, many countries share big rivers like the [[Nile]], [[Mekong River|Mekong]], and [[Danube]]. These countries cooperate through special agreements to manage the water in a way that works for everyone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=. Global Affairs and Strategic Studies. Facultad de Derecho|url=https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/disputes-for-rivers-the-indus-the-mekong-and-the-nile|access-date=2025-06-03|website=Global Affairs and Strategic Studies|language=es-ES}}</ref> Water use is usually managed by national or local governments and special [[Agency|government agencies]]. These groups decide how much water people can use, check that the water is clean and safe, and protect the [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s that need water to live. They also help solve problems when two [[Community|communities]] or [[business]]es want to use the same water source. Water governance means making sure water systems are cared for, [[pollution]] is controlled. It also means making sure everyone has access to clean water for drinking and [[hygiene]]. Good water management is very important to handle problems like [[drought]]s, [[flood]]s, [[Population growth|growing population]]s, and [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Resources Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/waterresourcesmanagement|access-date=2025-06-02|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> There are many important examples of water laws and how they affect people. In the United States, the [[Clean Water Act]] is a big law that helps protect rivers, lakes, and other water from pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OP|date=2013-02-22|title=Summary of the Clean Water Act|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act|access-date=2025-06-02|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> In [[Africa]], the countries along the Nile River have talked and sometimes argued for a long time about how to share the river’s water fairly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Water dispute on the Nile River could destabilize the region|url=https://today.usc.edu/nile-river-water-dispute-filling-dam-egypt-ethiopia-usc-study/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=USC Today|language=en-US}}</ref> Some countries are starting to say that water is a public good or even a [[Human rights|human right]]. This means that everyone should be able to get clean water, no matter how much money they have or who they are.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights to Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/human-rights-water-and-sanitation|access-date=2025-06-02|website=UN-Water|language=en}}</ref> === Water crisis === [[File:Lac de l'Entonnoir - img 49473.jpg|thumb|A [[drought]] happens when there is not enough [[Rain|rainfall]] in an area for a long time]] [[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded [[New Orleans]] in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Katrina]]]] A [[Water scarcity|water crisis]] is a serious situation that happens when people do not have enough clean and safe water to meet their daily needs for [[drinking]], [[cooking]], [[washing]], and [[farming]]. It also includes times when water is available but too polluted or too far away to be used safely. A water crisis can also affect the [[environment]]. It can harm [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, and [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s that depend on water. This problem is not just about having no water at all. It also includes having water that is too dirty, too expensive, or too difficult to reach. There are many reasons why water crises happen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-scarcity|access-date=2025-06-03|website=UN-Water|language=en}}</ref> One major cause is [[population growth]]. As more people are born and the [[World population|world’s population]] grows, more clean water is needed for drinking, cooking, washing, and growing food. As [[City|cities]] get bigger and more people use water, rivers, lakes, and underground water sources are being used up faster than nature can replace it. This causes a water scarcity, which means there is not enough clean water for everyone’s needs. In big cities, the problem can get worse. When lots of people live close together, they all need water at the same time. In [[Poverty|poor]] [[neighborhood]]s or fast-growing areas, some people may not have any clean running water at all. In the countryside, farmers use a lot of water to grow crops and feed animals. As the population grows, the demand for [[food]] grows too, so farmers need even more water. Some use strong [[pump]]s to pull water from underground, but if they take too much, the water underground can run out.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fuller|first=Amy C.|last2=Harhay|first2=Michael O.|date=2010-06-30|title=Population Growth, Climate Change and Water Scarcity in the Southwestern United States|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071514/|journal=American Journal of Environmental Sciences|volume=6|issue=3|pages=249–252|doi=10.3844/ajessp.2010.249.252|issn=1553-345X|pmc=3071514|pmid=21479150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vega|first=Edinson Cueva|last2=Dávila|first2=Manuel Antonio Morante|last3=Castillo|first3=Percy Zuta|last4=Espinoza|first4=Oscar Chavez|last5=Barrientos|first5=Marden Rigoberto Zumaeta|date=2023-11-14|title=Population Growth and Water Consumption: Chachapoyas Case, 2011 - 2021|url=https://ojs.journalsdg.org/jlss/article/view/1156|journal=Journal of Law and Sustainable Development|volume=11|issue=11|pages=e1156|doi=10.55908/sdgs.v11i11.1156|issn=2764-4170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=He|first=Chunyang|last2=Liu|first2=Zhifeng|last3=Wu|first3=Jianguo|last4=Pan|first4=Xinhao|last5=Fang|first5=Zihang|last6=Li|first6=Jingwei|last7=Bryan|first7=Brett A.|date=2021-08-03|title=Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25026-3|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=4667|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3|issn=2041-1723|pmc=8333427|pmid=34344898}}</ref> Another big problem is [[Water pollution|pollution]]. Even though there is water in rivers, lakes, and oceans, a lot of it is not safe to drink or use because it is polluted. Pollution happens when harmful things like [[chemical]]s, [[Waste|trash]], or dirty water from [[home]]s and [[Factory|factories]] get into natural water sources. This makes the water dangerous for people, animals, and plants. One major source of pollution is waste from homes and cities. When people wash [[Plate|dishes]], take [[shower]]s, or flush [[toilet]]s, that dirty water has to go somewhere. In some cities, it goes to special [[Water treatment|treatment plant]]s that clean the water. But in many places around the world, there are no good systems, so the dirty water goes straight into rivers or lakes. This can carry [[Pathogen|germ]]s that cause serious diseases like [[cholera]] or [[diarrhea]]. Even in big cities, if the water system breaks or gets too full during a [[storm]], dirty water can mix with clean water and make it unsafe to drink. Factories and [[farm]]s also cause a lot of water pollution. Some factories dump leftover chemicals, [[oil]], or [[heavy metal]]s into nearby rivers to save [[money]]. These dangerous substances [[poison]] the water and can build up in [[fish]], making them unsafe to eat. On farms, people use [[fertilizer]]s and [[pesticide]]s to help crops grow and kill bugs. But when it [[rain]]s, these chemicals can wash off the land into rivers or lakes. This is called “water runoff.” It can make [[algae]] grow too fast. When the algae die, they use up the [[oxygen]] in the water. Then fish and other animals cannot survive, and parts of the water become [[Dead zone (ecology)|“dead zones”]] where nothing can live. [[Plastic pollution|Plastic]] is another big problem. Every year, tons of [[plastic bottle]]s, [[Plastic bag|bag]]s, and [[Packaging|wrapper]]s end up in rivers and oceans. Plastic does not break down easily, so it can float in the water for years. Sea animals like [[turtle]]s or fish might eat [[plastic]] by mistake and die. Tiny pieces of plastic, called [[microplastics]], have even been found in drinking water and [[seafood]]. Scientists are still studying how these microplastics might affect human health.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-11|title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know|access-date=2025-06-04|website=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Li|last2=Yang|first2=Haoran|last3=Xu|first3=Xiaocang|date=2022-06-30|title=Effects of Water Pollution on Human Health and Disease Heterogeneity: A Review|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246/full|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246|issn=2296-665X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Fava|first=M. Fava|date=2022-05-09|title=Plastic pollution in the ocean: data, facts, consequences|url=https://oceanliteracy.unesco.org/plastic-pollution-ocean/|access-date=2025-06-04|website=Ocean Literacy Portal|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Yongjin|last2=Cho|first2=Jaelim|last3=Sohn|first3=Jungwoo|last4=Kim|first4=Changsoo|date=2023|title=Health Effects of Microplastic Exposures: Current Issues and Perspectives in South Korea|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10151227/|journal=Yonsei Medical Journal|volume=64|issue=5|pages=301–308|doi=10.3349/ymj.2023.0048|issn=1976-2437|pmc=10151227|pmid=37114632}}</ref> Another big reason for water problems is overuse. This means people are using too much water too fast, much faster than nature can refill it. Every day, water is needed for many things like drinking, cooking, cleaning, farming, making clothes, building houses, and running factories. As more people live on [[Earth]], they use more water. But there is only a limited amount of [[fresh water]] on the [[planet]]. When we take too much water without giving [[nature]] enough time to replace it, [[river]]s dry up, [[lake]]s get smaller, and underground water sources called [[aquifer]]s drop lower and lower. [[Farming]] uses the most water of all. Farmers need water to grow crops and take care of animals, but in many places, they use more water than necessary. Sometimes they flood their fields, and a lot of the water is wasted or lost to [[evaporation]]. In dry places, farmers often pump water from deep underground. At first, this works well, but if they keep pumping too much, those underground water supplies start to run out. Once an aquifer is empty, it can take many years or even centuries to fill up again. This is happening in parts of the [[United States]], [[India]], [[China]], and many other countries. Factories and industries also use huge amounts of water to make things like [[paper]], [[steel]], [[cloth]]es, and [[electronics]]. For example, it takes thousands of liters of water to make just one [[Jeans|pair of jean]]s or a [[hamburger]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crops and Drops|url=https://www.fao.org/4/y3918e/y3918e05.htm|access-date=2025-06-04|website=www.fao.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2018-07-01|title=Water Use and Stress|url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress|journal=Our World in Data|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of sustainable technologies|date=2017|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-804792-7|editor-last=Abraham|editor-first=Martin A.|location=Amsterdam, The Netherlands}}</ref> Another big reason for the water crisis is poor [[infrastructure]]. Infrastructure means the systems and buildings we use to carry, store, clean, and deliver water, like [[pipe]]s, [[pump]]s, [[Water treatment|water treatment plant]]s, and [[Water tank|storage tank]]s. In many places, especially in poorer countries or old cities, these systems are old, broken, or not built well. This means that even if there is enough water nearby, people still cannot get clean, safe water in their homes. Because of this, millions of people either get no water at all or have to use water that can make them sick. In some poor or rural areas, there might be no water system at all, so people have to walk long distances to [[river]]s or [[well]]s to get water by hand. Sometimes this water is not clean because there is no way to filter or clean it. In cities, even when pipes and pumps exist, they may be old and not well cared for. Leaking pipes waste a lot of water, sometimes up to half of it is lost before it even gets to [[home]]s or [[school]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bruenig|first=E|date=2002|title=The concept of estimating the risk of water losses in the water supply network|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(02)90581-5|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=66|issue=3|pages=341–343|doi=10.1016/s0301-4797(02)90581-5|issn=0301-4797}}</ref> In crowded neighborhoods, especially [[slum]]s, water pipes may only work a few hours a day or not at all. People there have to buy water from [[truck]]s or use unsafe sources. Water treatment plants are supposed to clean the water by removing dirt, germs, and chemicals before people drink it. But if these plants are too small, do not have enough money, or are broken, the water from taps can still be unsafe. Dirty water can cause [[disease]]s like [[cholera]], [[typhoid]], and [[diarrhea]], which kill thousands of people every year, especially [[children]]. Sometimes, clean water and dirty [[sewage]] use the same underground pipes. When those pipes break or flood, the two can mix, making people sick without them knowing. As more people move to cities, they need more water, but water systems do not always grow fast enough to keep up. During [[heat wave]]s or [[drought]]s, the systems can break down even more. And during [[flood]]s, water pipes may burst or get clogged, leaving people without water for days. Another big reason the world has a water crisis is that [[government]]s often do not [[Water resources|manage water]] well. Even if a [[country]] has enough water, bad [[planning]], weak [[law]]s, and unfair [[choice]]s can cause big problems. In many places, water is not shared fairly. Some people, especially those in rich neighborhoods or powerful [[Company|companies]], get plenty of clean water, while others in poor areas get very little or none at all. Sometimes governments build big water projects like [[dam]]s or [[canal]]s, but these only help a few people and leave out whole communities. Poor water planning also causes waste and shortages. In some countries, water is used without limits. Big farms or factories take as much water as they want from rivers or underground, and the government does not keep track of it. This causes overuse, where water is taken faster than [[nature]] can replace it. Also, water bills may be too cheap or not collected at all, so people do not try to save water. In other places, governments do not spend enough [[money]] on water systems, so pipes leak, treatment plants break, and many areas have no working water services. Sometimes, powerful people or companies [[Bribery|bribe]] officials to get more water than they need, while others are ignored. Governments may promise to build water projects but never finish them, or the money disappears because of [[corruption]]. Sometimes leaders make decisions without asking local people what they really need, so water projects do not fix real problems. For example, a [[city]] might build a big water pipeline but forget to build [[toilet]]s or [[drain]]s, which can cause health problems. Another issue is that many governments do not plan for the future. As cities grow and the [[climate change]]s, water needs change too. But without good planning, old water systems cannot keep up. When [[drought]]s happen, there are no backup plans. When [[flood]]s come, water systems break down. At the same time, [[climate change]] is making the water problem worse. As the [[Earth]] gets hotter, it changes how water moves in nature. Normally, water falls as [[rain]] or [[snow]], flows into [[river]]s and [[lake]]s, and then evaporates back into the air. But with climate change, this natural [[water cycle]] gets out of balance. In many places, rain does not come when it is needed, or it falls all at once in [[Thunderstorm|heavy storm]]s that cause floods. Some areas are getting drier, while others get too much water. This makes it harder for people to get clean and steady water when they really need it. In dry places, climate change causes [[drought]]s to happen more often and last longer. A drought is when there is very little rain for a long time. This causes rivers to shrink and lakes to dry up. [[Crop]]s would not grow, and animals would not have enough water to drink. Farmers suffer the most because they need water to grow [[food]] and take care of their [[Family|families]]. On the other hand, some places get too much water at once. Heavy rain from warmer temperatures can cause floods that destroy homes, farms, and water systems. Flood water can mix with [[sewage]] and [[chemical]]s, making it dirty and unsafe to drink. Even though floods bring lots of water, it is often not clean or useful. Also, [[glacier]]s and [[snowpack]]s in [[mountain]]s are melting faster than before. These usually act like natural water tanks, slowly releasing water during dry months. But now, they are disappearing, which means millions of people who live downstream will have less water in the future. The world is facing a very serious water crisis, and the numbers show how big the problem really is. Right now, more than 2.2 billion people, almost 1 out of every 4 people on [[Earth]], do not have safe drinking water at home. That means they cannot just turn on a [[Tap water|tap]] to get clean water to drink, cook, or wash with. Even more people, about 3.5 billion, do not have proper [[sanitation]], like toilets or safe ways to get rid of dirty water. Without clean water and safe toilets, [[disease]]s spread easily, and many [[children]], especially in poor areas, get sick. According to the [[World Health Organization]], around 500,000 people die every year from diseases caused by dirty water and poor [[hygiene]]. About 4 billion people, more than half the world’s population, face serious water shortages for at least one month every year. Some of the countries with the worst water problems include [[India]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], and parts of the [[United States]], like [[California]]. In these places, rivers are drying up, underground water is running low, and lakes are shrinking. For example, the [[Aral Sea]], which used to be one of the largest lakes in the world, has almost completely dried up because people used too much of its water. In [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], the city almost ran out of water in 2018. The crisis was so bad they called it “Day Zero,” the day the taps would be turned off if water ran out. [[Climate change]] is making things worse. As the planet gets hotter, [[drought]]s are happening more often and lasting longer. Rain patterns are changing, so some places get too much rain all at once, causing [[flood]]s, while other places don't get enough rain, leading to dry land and crop failures. The [[United Nations]] says that by 2050, over 4 billion people might not have safe water at home unless we make big changes. Even in places that have enough water, the systems that deliver it do not always work well. The [[World Bank]] says the world loses about $260 billion every year because of bad water systems, like leaking pipes, poor planning, or people getting sick and missing work or school because of [[waterborne disease]]s. At the same time, people living in [[slum]]s or rural areas often have to pay more money per liter for water than rich people in cities. That is because they have to buy it from private sellers or carry it from far away. This is unfair and keeps many families stuck in [[poverty]]. There are many ways we can fix the water crisis, but it takes everyone working together, including [[government]]s, [[business]]es, [[Community|communities]], and [[Human|ordinary people]]. One of the most important steps is to build and fix [[Water supply network|water system]]s. This means making sure [[pipe]]s, [[pump]]s, [[Water treatment|treatment plant]]s, and [[Water tank|tank]]s work well and bring clean water to everyone who needs it. In many poor places, there are no water systems at all, so people have to walk far to get water. By investing in strong water systems, clean water can be delivered straight to [[home]]s, [[school]]s, and [[hospital]]s. Good systems also stop leaks, so less water is wasted before it even reaches people. Another important solution is to use water more carefully and waste less. Many people and factories use more water than they really need. Simple things like fixing dripping taps, taking shorter showers, and turning off the water while brushing your teeth can save a lot of water. Farmers, who use most of the world’s water, can use better methods like [[drip irrigation]] and [[Rainwater harvesting|collecting rainwater]] to grow crops with less water. In cities, [[recycling]] water from [[sink]]s and [[shower]]s to flush [[toilet]]s or water plants helps save even more. Protecting and cleaning our water sources is also very important. Rivers, lakes, and underground water can get polluted by trash, chemicals, and sewage. To keep water clean, we need to stop dumping [[waste]] into nature. Governments should make strong [[law]]s to control pollution from factories and farms. People can help too by not throwing garbage into rivers or drains, and by using less plastic and fewer harmful cleaning products. Fair government rules are needed as well. In some places, water is not shared fairly. Rich neighborhoods and big companies get plenty of water, while poor communities get very little. Governments must treat water as a [[Human rights|basic human right]], not just something to buy and sell. They should plan for the future by knowing how much water is available, who needs it most, and how to protect it from climate change. They should also include local people when making decisions about water use and sharing. [[Education]] is another important part of solving the water crisis. Many people do not know how serious the problem is or what they can do to help. [[School]]s, [[Television program|TV show]]s, and community projects can teach kids and adults about water and why it's important to save it. Finally, [[technology]] can help a lot. New tools like [[water filter]]s, low-water toilets, smart irrigation systems, and apps that track water use make saving water easier. Even simple tools like tanks that collect rainwater from rooftops can give families clean water in dry areas. Scientists and engineers are working on ways to [[Desalination|clean salty ocean water]], safely recycle wastewater, and watch water use from space. All these ideas together can help make sure there is enough clean water for everyone. === Water geopolitics === [[File:Nile_basin_map.png|thumb|left|One of the most well-known water conflicts in the world is happening along the [[Nile|Nile River]] in [[Africa]]]] Water is one of the most important resources on [[Earth]]. People need it to drink, cook, clean, and [[Agriculture|grow food]]. But when there is not enough water, or when it is not shared fairly, it can lead to [[Conflict (process)|conflict]] between people, groups, or even [[Country|countries]]. One major cause of [[water conflict]] is [[Water scarcity|scarcity]]. Scarcity means there is not enough water for everyone who needs it. This can happen in dry places where it does not rain much, or in areas where the [[population]] is growing quickly and using too much water. When water is limited, people may start to argue or fight over who gets to use it. For example, if two [[farmer]]s both use the same [[river]] to water their [[crop]]s, but the river starts to dry up, they may blame each other and argue about who should get more water. These kinds of problems can happen between [[neighborhood]]s, [[City|cities]], or even whole countries that share rivers or lakes. Another reason people fight over water is when rivers or lakes cross [[border]]s between countries. These are called [[Transboundary river|transboundary water sources]], and they can cause serious problems. For example, the [[Nile|Nile River]] flows through several countries in [[Africa]]. Each country wants to use the water for things like [[farming]] and [[electricity]]. If one country builds a [[dam]] or takes more water than before, the others may get upset or worried they would not have enough. The same kind of conflict happens in other parts of the world. [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] have had disagreements over the [[Indus River]], and countries in [[Central Asia]] have argued over rivers that come from melting [[Glacier|mountain glacier]]s. If countries do not find fair ways to share the water, it can lead to political fights and even [[war]]. [[Pollution]] is another cause of water conflict. When factories, farms, or cities dump waste into rivers or lakes, the water becomes dirty and unsafe. If one group pollutes the water and another group depends on it for drinking or farming, big problems can happen. People downstream may get sick or lose their crops and blame those upstream. This can lead to [[lawsuit]]s, [[protest]]s, or even [[violence]]. Even within one country, different areas or groups might argue about who is polluting the water and who should pay to clean it up. These fights can make it even harder to solve the water crisis. Unfair sharing of water can also cause problems. In many places, rich neighborhoods or big companies get more water than poor communities. When there is not enough water for everyone, and some people have plenty while others have none, it can make people upset and angry. This can lead to [[protest]]s or even [[fight]]s. For example, in some cities, poor areas called [[slum]]s may have no running water at all. But at the same time, fancy [[hotel]]s nearby might use a lot of water to fill [[swimming pool]]s or run [[fountain]]s. When people see this kind of unfairness, they may feel they are being treated badly and demand change. [[Climate change]] is also making water conflicts worse. As the [[Earth]] gets hotter and rain becomes less regular, droughts are happening more often. This puts more stress on water supplies and makes people compete even more. In some places, climate change is melting [[glacier]]s and drying up rivers. When water becomes harder to find, people worry more and fight harder over the little that is left. If [[government]]s do not step in to share water fairly and plan for the future, these conflicts could become more serious over time. One of the most well-known water conflicts in the world is happening along the Nile River in [[Africa]]. The [[Nile]] is the longest river in the world, and it flows through 11 different countries, including [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], [[South Sudan]], [[Egypt]], and [[Uganda]]. This river is very important because millions of people use it every day for drinking water, farming, fishing, and making electricity. But since so many countries share the Nile, there are many disagreements about how the water should be divided. The biggest conflict is between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt. Each country depends on the Nile for different reasons, and they do not always agree on what is fair. A major reason for the conflict is a huge [[dam]] that Ethiopia is building. It is called the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], or GERD. Ethiopia started building this dam in 2011 on the [[Blue Nile]], one of the two main branches of the Nile River. Ethiopia says the dam is important because it will create [[electricity]] for millions of people who do not have enough power. They believe it will help the country grow and develop. However, Egypt is very worried about the dam. Egypt gets about 90% of its water from the Nile, and it fears the dam will lower the amount of water flowing to its farms and cities. Egypt needs the Nile for almost everything, especially to grow crops in the [[desert]]. Sudan is in the middle. On one hand, the dam could help Sudan by reducing [[flood]]s and giving them more electricity. On the other hand, Sudan is worried that Ethiopia might fill the dam too quickly, which could reduce the amount of water Sudan receives for farming and drinking. Sudan wants all three countries to make a clear [[agreement]] so that everyone can benefit and no one gets harmed. Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan have been talking about this issue for many years, but they still have not made a final deal. Egypt wants strict rules about how and when Ethiopia can fill the dam, especially during dry years. Ethiopia wants to control the dam itself and believes it has the right to use the river that starts in its [[land]]. Because of these disagreements, there have been many arguments, tense meetings, and even threats. Some people worry that if the countries cannot work together, it could lead to a serious crisis or even conflict. Another example of water conflict is between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. These two countries have not always gotten along, and sharing water has made things even more difficult. The [[Indus River]] and its smaller rivers start in India but flow into Pakistan. In 1960, the two countries signed a [[Indus Waters Treaty|water treaty]] to divide the rivers fairly. But even today, each [[country]] is worried that the other might take more water than they should. When India builds new dams or water projects, Pakistan gets alarmed and accuses India of breaking the agreement. These water issues add to the already tense relationship between the two countries. In the [[Middle East]], water is very limited, and this leads to many conflicts. One example is the [[Jordan River]], which flows through [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and [[Palestine]]. All three groups need the river for drinking water, farming, and everyday life. But over the years, the river has shrunk because of overuse and pollution. As the water supply drops, arguments have grown. In the [[West Bank]], many Palestinian communities struggle to get enough water, while nearby Israeli settlements often have steady supplies. This unfair access makes people angry and adds to the political tension. Some efforts have been made to share the water more fairly, but it is hard because the groups do not trust each other. In [[Yemen]], a country dealing with [[war]] and [[poverty]], water shortages have also led to conflict. Many people there do not have clean water. As [[well]]s dry up, [[village]]s and [[tribe]]s sometimes fight over who gets to use the last water sources. In some rural areas, armed groups have taken control of water supplies, making it even harder for families to get the water they need. Some experts believe that water problems have made [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemen’s civil war]] even worse. This shows how lack of water can become even more dangerous when a country is already in crisis. In the [[United States]], water conflicts happen more often than people might think, especially in the [[Western United States|western part of the country]] where water is harder to find. One of the biggest and most well-known water fights is over the [[Colorado River]]. This river flows through seven states: [[Colorado]], [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], and [[California]]. It also flows into [[Mexico]]. More than 40 million people use the Colorado River for drinking water, farming, and making electricity. But lately, the river has been shrinking because of [[drought]], [[climate change]], and using too much water. The states argue over how much water each one should get. For example, California uses a lot of water for growing food in the [[desert]], while big cities like [[Las Vegas]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] need more water as more people move there. The government has tried to help the states make fair deals, but it’s been very hard to agree on a long-term solution. Another big water conflict in the U.S. is between [[Georgia]], [[Alabama]], and [[Florida]]. This fight has been going on for decades. These states share rivers like the [[Chattahoochee River|Chattahoochee]] and the [[Flint River (Georgia)|Flint]], which come together to form the [[Apalachicola River]]. Georgia wants more water for the city of [[Atlanta]] and for farms. But Alabama and Florida say that if Georgia takes too much water, there would not be enough left for them. Florida especially needs the water to keep its seafood industry alive in [[Apalachicola Bay]]. This fight has gone all the way to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]], but even after many years, it is still not solved. Even in places with more water, like around the [[Great Lakes]], there can still be conflicts. Some towns and companies want to take more water out of the lakes for their own use, but others worry this could hurt the environment or lower the water levels. The Great Lakes are shared by several [[U.S. state]]s and [[Canada]], so any plan to use the water has to be agreed on by everyone. In 2008, a deal called the [[Great Lakes Compact]] was made to protect the lakes and stop people from taking water unfairly. Still, some places try to find ways around the rules, which causes more arguments and concern. Even though water can sometimes cause conflict, it can also help bring people together. Many countries, states, and communities have worked hard to cooperate and make fair deals about how to share water. These water [[agreement]]s are very important because they help prevent [[argument]]s, protect [[nature]], and make sure everyone has the water they need. When countries share rivers, lakes, or underground water, they often create [[Treaty|treaties]], or written agreements. These treaties explain how much water each side can use and what to do if there is a problem. They might also include plans to keep the water clean and to stop [[pollution]] and [[waste]]. One famous example is the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. This treaty was signed in 1960 with help from the [[World Bank]]. The Indus River system flows through both countries and is very important for farming and daily life. Even though India and Pakistan have had many political problems and even wars, this water treaty has mostly worked well. It divides the rivers between the two countries and includes rules about building dams and using the water fairly. The treaty has helped stop big water fights for over 60 years. This shows that even countries that do not get along can work together when it comes to water. Another important example of water cooperation is the Senegal River Basin agreement in [[West Africa]]. The [[Senegal River]] flows through several countries, including [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], and [[Mauritania]]. In 1972, these countries created a group called the [[Organisation for the Development of the Senegal River|Organisation for the Development of the Senegal River (OMVS)]]. They agreed to manage the river together, share the water fairly, and build dams and power plants that help all the countries. The group listens to farmers, fishermen, and local leaders to make sure everyone’s needs are heard. This kind of [[teamwork]] helps people trust each other and solve problems peacefully. In [[Europe]], there are many rivers that cross between countries. One of the most important is the [[Danube River]], which flows through more than 10 countries. In 1994, these countries signed the [[International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River|Danube River Protection Convention]]. They promised to work together to keep the river clean, prevent floods, and protect the plants and animals that live in and around the water. The agreement includes regular meetings, water testing, and teamwork during emergencies. Because of this, the Danube remains safe and helpful for millions of people. The [[United Nations|United Nations (UN)]] also supports water cooperation around the world. In 1997, the UN created a special agreement called the [[Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses]]. This set of rules encourages countries to share water fairly, avoid harming each other, and settle arguments peacefully. Not all countries have signed it, but it still helps guide how nations work together to manage shared rivers and lakes. The UN also celebrates [[World Water Day]] every year on March 22 to remind everyone how important it is to work together on water issues. == In culture == === In religion === [[File:Baptism in the Jordan River 140308-N-HB951-058.jpg|thumb|A baptism in the [[Jordan River]].]] Water has deep meaning in many [[culture]]s and [[religion]]s around the world. Almost everywhere, water is seen as a symbol of purity, [[life]], and change. It often stands for cleansing, not just of the [[body]] but also of the [[spirit]]. People believe water can wash away bad things and help start fresh. It is important to many [[religious belief]]s and spiritual practices. It can represent the cycle of life, rebirth, and the connection between the physical world and something [[sacred]] or [[divine]]. In many [[faith]]s, water is used in [[Ritual|religious ritual]]s to bless or purify people. These ceremonies include [[baptism]]s, [[Ritual purification|ritual washing]]s, and [[blessing]]s. For example, people may wash their hands, face, or whole body before prayer or entering a [[sacred site|sacred place]] to show respect and prepare for spiritual contact. In baptism, a person is dipped in or sprinkled with water to mark the start of a spiritual journey. It often means the washing away of [[sin]]s and beginning a new life. Water may also be sprinkled or offered during other [[Ceremony|ceremonies]] to bless people, objects, or spaces. These practices show the belief that water has spiritual power.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion and water|url=https://www.uib.no/en/rs/bsrs/95760/religion-and-water|access-date=2025-05-28|website=University of Bergen|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=@aithor|date=2024-06-28|title=The Symbolism of Water in Various Religious Traditions|url=https://aithor.com/essay-examples/the-symbolism-of-water-in-various-religious-traditions|access-date=2025-05-28|website=aithor.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Different religions use water in special ways. In [[Christianity]], baptism is an important ceremony where water is used to show spiritual cleansing and a new life in [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-17|title=Baptism {{!}} Meaning, Rituals & History {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/baptism|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Islam]], water is used in [[wudu]] (a small washing) and [[ghusl]] (a full-body washing). These are done before [[prayer]]s and other holy activities to be clean in [[body]] and [[spirit]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-15|title=Method and Rulings of Wudhu’|url=https://al-islam.org/articles/method-and-rulings-wudhu-saleem-bhimji|access-date=2025-05-28|website=al-islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghusl {{!}} Ritual Cleansing, Ablution & Purification {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ghusl|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], water is very sacred, especially rivers like the [[Ganges]]. People believe this river can wash away sins. It is used in many ceremonies, including [[funeral]]s.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mitra|first=Piyali|title=Water Symbolism in Hindu Culture|date=2023|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9406-7_3|work=Indigenous and Local Water Knowledge, Values and Practices|pages=39–46|editor-last=Basu|editor-first=Mrittika|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Nature|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-19-9406-7_3|isbn=978-981-19-9406-7|access-date=2025-05-28|editor2-last=DasGupta|editor2-first=Rajarshi}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Why is the Ganges River considered holy in Hinduism? {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/question/Why-is-the-Ganges-River-considered-holy-in-Hinduism|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Buddhists use water in temple rituals as a sign of offering and for spiritual cleansing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhist Perspective on Water: Insights and Reflections – IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies|url=https://iilss.net/buddhist-perspective-on-water-insights-and-reflections/|access-date=2025-05-28|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Judaism]], there is a special bath called a [[mikveh]]. People use it for [[Ritual purification|purification]] during important times, like before getting [[Marriage|married]] or when entering the religion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-15|title=Mikvah {{!}} Ritual Bath, Immersion, Purification {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mikvah|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Sikhism]], being clean is part of being spiritual. Sikhs use water for bathing and in some religious rituals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-13|title=Sikh pilgrims perform ritual baths as Vaisakhi festival kicks off in Pakistan|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1481881/pakistan|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> Many [[Indigenous people|indigenous]] and [[Animism|animist tradition]]s also see water as sacred. [[River]]s, [[lake]]s, and [[Spring (water)|spring]]s are believed to be the homes of [[spirit]]s or [[gods]]. They are often part of rituals and traditional stories.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Todd|first=Wendy F. K’ah Skáahluwáa|last2=Northbird|first2=Arianna V.|last3=Towne|first3=Chessaly E.|date=2023-05-23|title=The Science in Indigenous Water Stories, Indigenous Women’s Connection to Water|url=https://openrivers.lib.umn.edu/article/science-in-indigenous-stories/|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Open Rivers Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Sacred water sources are very important in many religions. People often travel long distances to visit these special places during [[pilgrimage]]s. These water sites are believed to have healing powers or a spiritual presence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilgrimage {{!}} Meaning, Examples, Religions, Places, & Sites {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pilgrimage-religion|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> For example, in [[Christianity]], many people visit the spring at [[Lourdes]] in [[France]], which is believed to heal the sick. Every year, millions of people go there to pray and collect water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lourdes - Special places - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - WJEC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zp99fcw/revision/5|access-date=2025-05-28|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] is one of the most holy rivers. Bathing in it is believed to wash away sins and bring blessings.<ref name=":10" /> In [[Islam]], the [[Zamzam Well]] in [[Mecca]] is a sacred part of the [[Hajj|Hajj pilgrimage]]. It has deep spiritual and historical meaning for Muslims.<ref>{{Citation|title=1. Miracles and Religion|date=2018-11-16|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780748699070-003/html|work=Islam, Christianity and the Realms of the Miraculous|pages=1–26|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|doi=10.1515/9780748699070-003|isbn=978-0-7486-9907-0|access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref> === In philosophy === [[File:Leibniz four elements.jpg|thumb|300px|The universe built from a combination of Aristotle's four elements by [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]]] In ancient times, people believed that everything in the world was made from a few basic things called elements. One of the first known [[Western philosophy|Western philosopher]]s, [[Thales|Thales of Miletus]], lived in the 6th century BCE and thought that water was the most important of them all. Thales believed that water was the origin of everything. He called it the "archê," a Greek word that means "first principle" or "beginning." He noticed that water is essential for life and can exist in three forms: [[solid]], [[liquid]], and [[gas]]. Because of this, he thought water was the basic building block of the [[universe]]. Thales was one of the first people to try to understand the world through observation and reason, instead of relying on myths or stories. His ideas helped start what we now call [[natural philosophy]], the early form of [[science]].<ref name=":11" /> As philosophy grew in different parts of the world, many cultures gave water an important place in their way of thinking. In [[ancient Greece]], famous philosophers like [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] believed that everything was made of four main elements: [[earth]], [[air]], [[fire]], and water. Each element had special qualities. Water was thought to be cold and wet. It was linked to change and movement because of the way it flows.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aristotle|url=https://web.sbu.edu/chemistry/wier/matter/aristotle.html#:~:text=Four%20elements%20and%20four%20qualities,four%20elements%20in%20varying%20proportions.|access-date=2025-05-28|website=web.sbu.edu}}</ref> In [[Eastern philosophy]], water also had deep meaning. In [[Daoism]], a major tradition from [[China]], water is a symbol of ideal behavior. It flows gently, adapts to its surroundings, and can slowly wear down even hard rock, not by force, but with patience and persistence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordon|first=Ronald D.|title=Ancient Chinese Philosophy and the Wisdom of Water|url=https://hilo.hawaii.edu/documents/humanities/journal/issues/Article2RonGordon.pdf|journal=Hawaii Journal of the Humanities|volume=4(1)|issn=2694-6165}}</ref> This idea is part of the Daoist teaching called [[wu wei]], which means acting without effort or force.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hansen|first=Chad|title=Daoism|date=2025|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2025/entries/daoism/|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Summer 2025|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2025-05-28|editor2-last=Nodelman|editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> In [[Indian philosophy]], water is one of the [[Classical element|Pancha Mahabhuta]], or five great elements, in both [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Water stands for emotion, cleansing, and flow. It is seen as important not just for the body, but also for the soul and the balance of nature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2015-07-14|title=Pancabhuta, Pañcabhūta, Panca-bhuta, Pancan-bhuta, Pamcabhuta: 19 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabhuta|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref> Throughout history, philosophers have used water as a [[symbol]] or [[metaphor]] in their writing. Water is often used to represent the flow of time, the way we think and feel, or how things can change shape while staying as the same substance. In many traditions, water stands for change or transformation. It can turn into ice or steam, then go back to being liquid again. Because of this, philosophers use water to talk about how life is always changing, and how nothing stays the same forever. Water is also used to explain how our [[identity]] (who we are) is not fixed. Like water takes the shape of whatever container it is in, people can be shaped by their surroundings and experiences. In more recent times, philosophers still talk about water in many important ways. In [[ecological philosophy]], they explore how people are connected to nature and the environment, and water is a big part of that.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/047001590X|title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|last=Wiley|date=2005-09-09|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-01617-6|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0003607.pub3}}</ref> In [[existentialism]], water can be a symbol for things like uncertainty, deep thoughts, or the search for meaning in life. In [[environmental ethics]], water is often discussed in debates about natural rights, fairness, and how to protect the planet. Some modern philosophers believe that water should be seen not just as a resource we use, but as a living system that should be treated with respect and care. Others study how water affects people’s lives, culture, and identity. In a type of philosophy called [[phenomenology]], which looks at how we experience the world, water might be studied through the senses. How it feels, looks, sounds, and moves.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phenomenology - Water: experiencing movement|url=https://tomvangelder.antrovista.com/water-experiencing-movement-112m37.html|access-date=2025-05-28|website=tomvangelder.antrovista.com}}</ref> === In folklore === [[File:Richard Doyle - Spurned Suitor.jpg|thumb|The prince thanking the Water sprite, from ''The Princess Nobody: A Tale of Fairyland (1884)'' by [[Andrew Lang's Fairy Books|Andrew Lang]] (illustration by [[Richard Doyle (illustrator)|Richard Doyle]])]] Water has been connected to [[mythical creature]]s and [[spirit]]s in many cultures around the world. Stories often tell of beings like [[mermaid]]s, [[nymph]]s, [[kelpie]]s, [[nāga]]s, and other water spirits that live in rivers, lakes, or the ocean. These magical beings are sometimes seen as protectors of water. They might guard a water source and punish people who harm it. In other stories, they may try to trick or lure humans into the water. Some water spirits are wise and kind, offering help or magical advice. Others are tricksters or bring bad luck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=River Gods, Lake Monsters, and the Abiding Power of Myth|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/river-gods-lake-monsters-and-the-abiding-power-of-myth/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Science History Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Japanese folklore]], there is a creature called the [[Kappa (folklore)|kappa]]. Kappa are often seen as water spirits or kami in Japanese folklore. They can act in both mischievous and dangerous ways. Sometimes, they play pranks, like trying to peek under people's clothing near the water. But in other stories, they can be harmful, even trying to drown people or animals or scare children. Even though they can be scary, not all kappa are mean. Some are shown to be friendly and can even help humans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kappa {{!}} Yokai.com|url=https://yokai.com/kappa/?srsltid=AfmBOoqaL8mTQ0sykI28oLteUPGK0DjSM00K0QnjFNOgUA5tBRZDZG4o|access-date=2025-05-30|website=yokai.com}}</ref> In [[Celtic mythology|Celtic legend]]s, [[Sprite (folklore)|water fairies]] are magical beings that live in [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, [[Spring (water)|springs]], and [[well]]s. They are often connected to [[nature]]. They are believed to guard the water and its power. These fairies can be kind and helpful, but they can also be tricky or dangerous if they are disrespected.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of fairies: hobgoblins, brownies, bogies, and other supernatural creatures|last=Briggs|first=Katharine Mary|date=1979|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-004753-0|edition=Reprint|series=Penguin book|location=Harmondsworth}}</ref> In parts of [[Africa]], people believe in [[Mami Wata]], a powerful water spirit who can appear as a beautiful woman or a mermaid. She is seen as a guardian of rivers and oceans. Mami Wata protects the natural world. She can bring blessings to those who honor her. But if someone disrespects her, pollutes the water, or breaks a promise, she may punish them. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Mami Wata (African myth) {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/mami-wata-african-myth|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref>In [[Greek mythology]], [[siren]]s were dangerous creatures who lived on rocky islands in the sea. They looked like part woman and part bird, but later stories showed them to be more like mermaids. Sirens had beautiful voices and sang songs so sweet that sailors could not resist. The music would lure the sailors closer and closer until their ships crashed on the rocks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siren (mythology) {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/siren-mythology|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In many [[myth]]s and [[folktale]]s, water is seen as a gateway or border between different worlds. Rivers, lakes, and oceans are often shown as dividing lines between the world of the living and the dead, or between the human world and the spirit world. In [[Greek mythology]], there is a river called the [[Styx]] that separates the world of the living from the [[underworld]]. When someone dies, their [[soul]] must cross the river to reach the land of the dead. A boatman named [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] ferries the souls across, but only if they have a coin to pay him.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Renee|date=2017-04-29|title=The Final Journey: Crossing the Styx|url=https://www.hellenic.org.au/post/the-final-journey-crossing-the-styx|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Hellenic Museum|language=en}}</ref> In [[Celtic mythology|Celtic stories]], lakes and misty waters are often seen as gateways to the [[Celtic Otherworld|Otherworld]], a magical realm where spirits and fairies live. Some tales say that if you walk into the mist on a quiet lake, you might disappear into another world. The boundary between the worlds is thin near water, especially at [[dawn]] or [[dusk]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-11|title=The Celts: the people "at the end of the world" {{!}} Columbia Theological Seminary {{!}} Atlanta, GA|language=en-US|work=Columbia Theological Seminary|url=https://www.ctsnet.edu/celts-people-end-world/|access-date=2025-05-30|archive-date=2019-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105170721/https://www.ctsnet.edu/celts-people-end-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Celtic mythology|last=MacKillop|first=James|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280120-3|series=Oxford paperback reference|location=Oxford}}</ref> In [[Japanese folklore]], there is a belief that spirits of the dead must cross a river called the [[Sanzu River]] to reach the [[afterlife]]. Like the Greek Styx, it is a border between the living and the dead. Depending on how someone lived their life, they might cross on a bridge, wade through shallow water, or struggle through deep, rough currents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Japan - Death Folklore & Doll Marriage|url=https://myend.com/country/japan-death-folklore-doll-marriage/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Myend|language=en-US}}</ref> In some Native American traditions, water is a pathway between the physical world and the spirit world. [[Shaman]]s or spiritual leaders may enter a trance near a river or [[waterfall]] to connect with spirits.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LDJ_ZEN|date=2023-07-24|title=Shamanic Significance of Water - Born As The Earth (BEZA)|url=https://bornastheearth.com/shamanic-water-dagara/|access-date=2025-05-30|language=en-US}}</ref> In many cultures, water plays an important role in myths about [[Creation myth|creation]] and destruction. In [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian mythology]], the world began from a vast, dark ocean. Two great water beings, [[Abzu|Apsu]] (fresh water) and [[Tiamat]] (salt water), came together to create the first gods. Later, Tiamat became angry and turned into a monster to destroy them. One of the gods, [[Marduk]], defeated her and used her body to form the [[sky]] and the [[earth]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|title=Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Epic of Creation - Full Text|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/225/enuma-elish---the-babylonian-epic-of-creation---fu/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Bible]], there is the story of [[Noah's Ark]], where [[God]] sends a great [[flood]] to destroy the world because of human wickedness. The floodwaters cover the earth, wiping out nearly everything. But after the water goes down, life begins again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Denova|first=Rebecca|title=Noah's Ark|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Noah's_Ark/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], the god [[Vishnu]] rests on a cosmic ocean before the world is created. From his [[navel]] grows a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]], and from that flower comes [[Brahma]], the creator god. Later, when the world becomes evil, Vishnu sends great floods to destroy it and prepare for a new age.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creation stories in Hinduism - The existence of God - GCSE Religious Studies Revision - CCEA|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zv2fgwx/revision/7|access-date=2025-05-30|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> In [[Norse mythology]], at the end of the world, called [[Ragnarök]], giant waves and floods cover the earth as the sea serpent [[Jörmungandr]] rises from the ocean. Many gods die, and the world is destroyed in water and fire. But after the flood, the world slowly rises again, green and peaceful, ready for a new beginning.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|title=Ragnarök|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ragnarok/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> In many [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s, water is linked to [[healing]] and change. People have long believed that special places like sacred springs, wells, and fountains have magical or healing powers. In these stories, someone who drinks the water or bathes in it might be cured of an [[illness]], feel stronger, or even gain special abilities. In [[Celtic mythology|Celtic folklore]], there are many stories about sacred wells and springs. These places were believed to be blessed by spirits or ancient gods. People would visit them to wash their wounds or drink the water, hoping to be healed. Some wells were also believed to grant visions or wisdom if the visitor was pure of heart.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cusack|first=Carole M.|last2=Wilson|first2=Dominique Beth|date=2016-10-03|title=Scotland’s Sacred Waters: Holy Wells and Healing Springs|url=https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/JSSSH/article/view/11278|journal=Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History|language=en|volume=16|issn=1320-4246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The gods of the Celts|last=Aldhouse-Green|first=Miranda Jane|date=1993|publisher=A. Sutton|isbn=978-0-86299-292-7|location=Dover (N.H.)}}</ref> In [[Christian tradition]], the waters of [[Lourdes]] in [[France]] are said to have healing powers. A young girl named Bernadette saw visions of the [[Virgin Mary]] near a spring. Since then, millions of people have traveled to Lourdes to bathe in the water or collect it, praying for cures to sickness or pain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lourdes|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09389b.htm#:~:text=History,July,%20of%20the%20same%20year.|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> In [[Japanese mythology]], there are stories of people bathing in hot springs or sacred waterfalls to purify their bodies and spirits. These waters are connected to nature spirits called [[kami]], and being near them can bring peace, health, and even a new beginning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-12|title=Japanese Religion Through the Lens of Water|url=https://kyotojournal.org/uncategorized/japanese-religion-through-the-lens-of-water/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Kyoto Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> In Greek myths, the [[fountain of youth]] or magical springs could restore a person’s youth and beauty. [[Hero]]es sometimes went on long journeys to find such water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fountain of Youth {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/social-sciences-and-humanities/fountain-youth|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> One famous example is the [[Lethe|River Lethe]], where drinking the water caused people to forget their past, offering a kind of spiritual reset or rebirth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lethe {{!}} River of Forgetfulness, Underworld River, Mythical River {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lethe|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> === In art === [[File:Great Wave off Kanagawa2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Great Wave off Kanagawa.]] [[File:Claude Monet - Water Lilies.JPG|thumb|''Water Lilies'' (1907), in the Museum of Fine Arts, [[Houston, Texas]]]] Water has been a powerful symbol in [[art]] for thousands of years. Artists use water to show many different feelings and [[idea]]s, such as [[peace]], change, [[danger]], or [[mystery]]. In [[painting]]s, water often appears as [[ocean]]s, [[river]]s, [[rain]], or even [[tear]]s. It can be calm and still, like a quiet [[lake]], or wild and strong, like crashing [[Ocean surface wave|wave]]s. These [[image]]s help people feel something when they look at the artwork. For example, a peaceful painting of a [[pond]] might make someone feel relaxed, while a stormy [[sea]] might show fear or struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water as Science and Art|url=https://magazine.libarts.colostate.edu/article/water-as-science-and-art/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Water|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/water/2AWBC7VRDUGCdQ|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> In many cultures, water is also used in art to show [[life]] and [[rebirth]]. In [[religious art]], water is sometimes shown as holy, like in Christian paintings of [[baptism]]s, where water is used to wash away sins and begin a new life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Piero della Francesca {{!}} The Baptism of Christ {{!}} NG665 {{!}} National Gallery, London|url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/piero-della-francesca-the-baptism-of-christ|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.nationalgallery.org.uk}}</ref> In [[Hindu art|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist art]], rivers like the [[Ganges]] are drawn or carved into temples to show purity and connection to the divine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smarthistory – The Great Relief at Mamallapuram|url=https://smarthistory.org/the-great-relief-at-mamallapuram/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=smarthistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2024-08-21|title=Divine Currents : the Ganga and Yamuna in Indian Art - Enroute Indian History Divine Currents : the Ganga and Yamuna in Indian Art|url=https://enrouteindianhistory.com/divine-currents-the-ganga-and-yamuna-in-indian-art/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Enroute Indian History|language=en-US}}</ref> In ancient times, water also appeared in art to show [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s. In [[Ancient Greek art|Greek]] and [[Roman art]], gods like [[Poseidon]] or [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] were often shown holding [[trident]]s and riding waves or sea creatures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poseidon: Tamer of horses, Earth-Shaker & God of the sea - (Phillip TIjerina)|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/poseidon-tamer-of-horses-earth-shaker-god-of-the-sea-phillip-tijerina/cwJCuM3__36XKw|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> In [[Egyptian art]], the [[Nile|Nile River]] was a symbol of life and was often painted in scenes of farming, fishing, and ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|title=Art in Ancient Egypt: Themes, Ideas, Materials, Subjects, Styles, Influences {{!}} Middle East And North Africa — Facts and Details|url=https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-178.html|access-date=2025-06-01|website=africame.factsanddetails.com|language=en}}</ref> One famous example of water in art is “[[The Great Wave off Kanagawa]]” by the Japanese artist [[Hokusai]]. This [[Woodblock printing|woodblock print]] shows a huge, powerful wave towering over small [[boat]]s, with [[Mount Fuji]] in the background. The wave looks alive, with curling foam like claws, ready to crash down. Even though the image is full of movement and danger, it is also beautifully balanced and carefully designed. Hokusai may have used the sea not just to show nature’s power, but also the strength and struggle of people facing it. This artwork has become one of the most well-known in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hokusai Under the Wave off Kanagawa {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/hokusai-under-wave-kanagawa|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.usgs.gov|language=en}}</ref> Another famous painting that shows water is “[[Water Lilies]]” by the French artist [[Claude Monet]]. Monet painted many versions of this scene, showing a quiet pond with [[Nymphaeaceae|lily pad]]s, [[flower]]s, and [[reflection]]s of [[tree]]s and [[sky]] on the surface of the water. The soft colors and blurred brushstrokes make the paintings feel peaceful and dreamlike. His paintings help people feel calm and connected to nature, like they are standing next to the pond themselves.<ref>{{Citation|last=Monet|first=Claude|title=Water Lilies|date=1906|url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/16568/water-lilies|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Claude Monet. Water Lilies. 1914-26 {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/80220|access-date=2025-06-01|website=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> [[Artist]]s also use water in more practical ways. [[Watercolor painting]], for example, uses water to blend colors in soft, flowing shapes. This kind of painting is known for its light, dreamy look. It is perfect for painting things like [[cloud]]s, [[rain]], or gentle [[Ocean surface wave|wave]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watercolor|url=https://localhost:5000/about-the-met/collection-areas/drawings-and-prints/materials-and-techniques/drawing/watercolor|access-date=2025-06-01|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref> Some modern artists even create art with water itself, such as [[fountain]]s, [[pool]]s, or water installations that change with movement and time. These works let people see, hear, and even touch the water, making the experience feel alive and special.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crown Fountain|url=https://millenniumparkfoundation.org/art-architecture/crown-fountain/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Millennium Park Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain Room {{!}} Sharjah Art Foundation|url=https://www.sharjahart.org/en/whats-on/details/rain-room/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.sharjahart.org}}</ref> === In literature === [[File:Moby Dick p510 illustration.jpg|thumb|[[Moby Dick (whale)|Moby Dick]] attacking a [[whaling]] boat]] Water shows up in many [[Narrative|stories]], [[poem]]s, and [[myth]]s from all over the world. In [[book]]s and other [[writing]], water often stands for feelings, life, change, or the unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ryan|first=Brendan|title=LibGuides: English: Water in Literature|url=https://clonard.libguides.com/c.php?g=568709&p=6954414|access-date=2025-06-01|website=clonard.libguides.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-22|title=Water Symbolism - Meanings in Literature and Culture - Literary Devices|url=https://literarydevices.net/water-symbolism/|access-date=2025-06-01|language=en-us}}</ref> One well-known example is in the book [[The Old Man and the Sea]] by [[Ernest Hemingway]]. In this story, an old [[fisherman]] goes out into the [[ocean]] by himself and tries to catch a huge [[fish]]. The sea is more than just the place where the story happens. As the fisherman fights to catch the fish, the story talks about human strength, being alone, and having respect for [[nature]]. The water shows both danger and deep wisdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Old Man and the Sea {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Old-Man-and-the-Sea-novel-by-Hemingway|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Moby-Dick]] by [[Herman Melville]], the ocean is a big part of the story. The book is about Captain Ahab and his crew as they sail across the sea to find a giant white whale named Moby Dick. The ocean is not just where the story takes place, it also stands for big ideas like the unknown, the power of nature, and life’s deepest questions. Captain Ahab becomes obsessed with hunting the [[whale]], and this makes the sea feel dangerous and full of madness.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-23|title=Moby Dick {{!}} Summary, Characters, Author, Importance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Moby-Dick-novel|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[The Odyssey]] by [[Homer]], water is a big part of the story. Odysseus, the main [[hero]], spends many years sailing across the sea to get home after the [[Trojan War]]. Along the way, he faces storms, sea monsters, and powerful gods. Each time he travels by water, he faces new problems that test how brave and smart he is. The sea is more than just something to cross, it is a place of adventure, danger, and change. It helps Odysseus grow into a wiser and stronger person. This ancient story shows that water, especially the ocean, was seen as a powerful and magical force, full of meaning and [[mystery]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-19|title=Odyssey {{!}} Summary, Characters, Meaning, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Odyssey-epic-by-Homer|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[The Secret Garden]] by [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]], water is shown in a soft and peaceful way. There are moments when [[rain]] falls and helps bring the [[garden]] back to life. The rain makes the [[flower]]s grow and the air feel fresh and clean. For the characters in the story, hearing the rain and feeling the wet earth become signs that things are getting better. The water helps turn the garden from a quiet, lonely place into one that is full of beauty and [[happiness]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-17|title=The Secret Garden {{!}} Summary, Characters, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Secret-Garden|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Huckleberry Finn]] by [[Mark Twain]], the [[Mississippi River]] is very important to the story. Huck and Jim, who is an escaped slave, travel down the river on a raft. The river stands for [[freedom]] and escape. As they float along, they have many adventures, meet different people, and talk about big ideas like right and wrong, and what it means to be a friend. The river is always moving and changing, just like their journey. It gives them time and space to think and grow. Twain uses the river not just as a way to get from place to place, but as a symbol of the characters’ path to better understand themselves and the world around them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Analysis of Setting {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/adventures-huckleberry-finn-analysis-setting|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[poetry]], water is often used to show feelings and ideas. In the poem [[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]] by [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], a [[sailor]] tells a strange and sad story about being lost at sea. The huge ocean around him becomes a symbol of guilt, punishment, and mystery. One famous line from the poem is, “Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, every where, nor any drop to drink.” This shows how the ocean, which usually gives life, can also be dangerous and cruel. The poem uses water to teach a lesson, that people must respect nature and the spiritual world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Analysis of Setting {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/rime-ancient-mariner-analysis-setting|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In many [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s, water is part of a journey to another world. In the Greek story of [[Orpheus and Eurydice]], Orpheus has to cross a [[river]] to enter the [[underworld]] and try to bring back his lost love. The river is a border between life and death, showing that water can mark the edge of what people understand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orpheus and Eurydice: Analysis of Setting {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/orpheus-and-eurydice-analysis-setting|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.ebsco.com|language=en}}</ref> In an African story about [[Mami Wata]], a water spirit appears in [[dream]]s and visions. She might bring healing, beauty, or riches, but she must be treated with respect.<ref name=":13" /> === In movies === [[File:Jaws movie poster.jpg|thumb|Jaws movie poster]] Water is often used in [[movie]]s to create powerful [[emotion]]s, build tension, or act as an challenge for the characters. [[Movie director|Director]]s use water in different ways. It can show [[danger]], [[mystery]], or [[fear]], but it can also show [[peace]], [[life]], or change. In [[Adventure movie|adventure]] and [[action movie]]s, water can be exciting or dangerous. It can appear in scenes with [[storm]]s, [[flood]]s, or [[rescue]]s from [[river]]s or [[ocean]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Analysing water and it’s significance in film –|url=https://www.mediafactory.org.au/cheyenne-bradley/2017/04/03/analysing-water-and-its-significance-in-film/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.mediafactory.org.au}}</ref> One well-known example is [[Titanic (1997 movie)|Titanic (1997)]], where the ocean is not only the [[Setting (fiction)|setting]] but also a major cause of the [[disaster]]. At first, the sea looks calm and beautiful, but later, the cold water becomes a threat as the [[ship]] sinks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-01|title=Titanic {{!}} Movie, Characters, Summary, Cast, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Titanic-film-1997|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[fantasy]] and [[science fiction]] movies, water can be strange or magical. For example, in [[Avatar: The Way of Water]], the ocean is a place full of unusual creatures and emotional moments. It is shown as both a home and a challenge for the [[Fictional character|character]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avatar {{!}} Film Series, Plot, Reception, Colonialism, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Avatar-franchise|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In the animated movie [[Moana]], water is shown as something that can move on its own and help the [[Protagonist|main character]]. The ocean guides Moana as she tries to save her [[island]]. It helps her when she is scared and keeps her safe from harm. In the movie, water acts like a helper. It also links Moana to her [[ancestor]]s, who also sailed the oceans. The ocean in this story is not something to be afraid of but something to understand and rely on. In [[Finding Nemo]] (2003), the entire story takes place [[underwater]]. The ocean is full of sea life, reefs, and dangers. It shows that water can be both fun and dangerous. The underwater setting is important to the whole story. In [[Cast Away]] (2000), the ocean separates the main character from other people after a [[plane crash]]. The ocean becomes a challenge he must face, and it is also the way he must return to his normal life. Water is also used in movies to show feelings or deeper meanings. In many [[drama]]s, rain can show [[sadness]], [[Loneliness|being alone]], or a big change in the story. For example, in [[The Notebook]], the [[rain]] scene is full of strong emotion and shows an important moment between two characters. Water can also stand for a new beginning or change. In [[horror movie]]s, water can make scenes more tense or scary. Dark lakes, bathtubs, or storms can trap people or hide something dangerous. In [[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]], for example, the ocean looks calm, but a [[shark]] is hiding below. People swim without knowing the danger, which creates [[fear]] and [[suspense]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-26|title=Jaws {{!}} Shark, Steven Spielberg, Blockbuster, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jaws-film-by-Spielberg|access-date=2025-06-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Water also works well in movies because it moves, reflects light, and makes sounds. Whether it is big waves, gentle rain, or quiet ponds, water adds something special to a scene. It helps tell the story in a visual way, sometimes more clearly than words can. This makes water one of the most useful natural elements in [[filmmaking]]. === Dihydrogen monoxide parody === The [[dihydrogen monoxide parody]] began as a funny [[joke]] in the early 1990s. It was meant to show how using big [[science]] words can confuse people and make safe things sound dangerous. "Dihydrogen monoxide" is just a fancy way of saying water. The word “dihydrogen” means two [[Hydrogen|hydrogen atom]]s, and “monoxide” means one [[Oxygen|oxygen atom]]. That adds up to H₂O, which is the [[chemical formula]] for water. Even though it is just water, calling it “dihydrogen monoxide” makes it sound like a harmful [[chemical]]. This joke was used to show that many people do not always understand science words, and they can be tricked if something is explained in a dramatic or serious-sounding way.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title='Dihydrogen monoxide' hoax returns as social media meme {{!}} AAP|url=https://aap.com.au/factcheck/dihydrogen-monoxide-hoax-returns-as-social-media-meme/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=aap.com.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> One of the earliest and most famous uses of this joke happened in 1997, when a high school student named Nathan Zohner gave a science presentation titled "How Gullible Are We?". In his report, he described all the dangers of “dihydrogen monoxide”. Like causing [[burn]]s (as steam), contributing to [[erosion]], being found in [[Cancer|cancer cell]]s, and even causing death when inhaled. He did not say that it was just water until the very end. Out of 50 students who listened to his presentation, 43 voted to ban the chemical. Nathan’s project became famous, and it showed how people can be easily tricked if they do not have enough [[Science|scientific knowledge]] or [[critical thinking]].<ref name=":14" /> Before that, versions of the joke had appeared in [[internet forum]]s and [[email]]s, especially as the [[internet]] was growing in the 1990s. People used the parody to make fun of how the [[Media (communication)|media]], [[politician]]s, or even [[environmental activist]]s might sometimes overreact to scientific information without fully understanding it. Over time, the joke spread widely and became part of [[internet culture]]. It is often used today in [[classroom]]s, [[debate]]s, or [[website]]s to teach people to read carefully and to question information that sounds too dramatic or scary. The DHMO parody continues to be shared today, often as a reminder that how we present information really matters. If something is said with the right tone, long words, or half-truths, people might believe anything, even that water is dangerous. It is a funny but important lesson in [[Scientific literacy|science literacy]], [[skepticism]], and not jumping to conclusions without understanding the full picture. The website DHMO.org is a joke website which lists the harmful effects of water (DHMO), answers questions, and calls for it to be banned, among other things.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dihydrogen Monoxide Research Division - dihydrogen monoxide info|url=https://dhmo.org/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=dhmo.org}}</ref> === In music === Water has always been a big [[Inspiration (psychology)|inspiration]] in [[music]] because it connects to so many feelings and ideas. People all over the world use water as a symbol in songs to show [[emotion]]s like [[peace]], [[sadness]], change, [[Power (social and political)|power]], or even mystery. Just like water can be calm or stormy, music about water can be soft and gentle or loud and intense. For example, a calm river or gentle rain might be used to create a peaceful feeling, while crashing waves or a [[flood]] might show strong emotions like [[anger]], [[Broken heart|heartbreak]], or chaos. Water can represent the flow of life, the passage of time, or the feeling of being overwhelmed by something big.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water in Music {{!}} NLS Music Notes|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/nls-music-notes/2020/12/water-in-music/|website=Library of congress}}</ref> In [[classical music]], [[composer]]s have often used water to paint [[picture]]s with [[sound]]. For example, famous composers like [[Claude Debussy]] wrote pieces such as [[La Mer (Debussy)|La Mer (The Sea)]], where the music was inspired by the sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=La Mer|url=https://www.bso.org/works/la-mer|access-date=2025-06-02|website=BSO|language=en-us}}</ref> Another example is [[Prelude, Op. 28, No. 15 (Chopin)|Frédéric Chopin’s "Raindrop Prelude"]], where repeating notes sound like gentle [[Drop|raindrops]] falling.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The elements of music to consider - Chopin: Prelude, Op.28, No.15 - AQA - GCSE Music Revision - AQA|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zd9ck2p/revision/2|access-date=2025-06-02|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> These pieces do not use words, but the music still makes listeners feel like they are near water. In modern times, [[Pop music|pop]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[folk song]]s also use water in their [[lyrics]]. Songs like [[Bridge Over Troubled Water (song)|Bridge Over Troubled Water]] by [[Simon & Garfunkel]] or [[River (Joni Mitchell song)|River]] by [[Joni Mitchell]] use rivers and storms as ways to talk about emotions and life problems. In these songs, water can be both the problem and the solution. It can pull someone down, or it can wash their [[pain]] away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridge Over Troubled Water|url=https://www.paulsimon.com/track/bridge-over-troubled-water/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=The Paul Simon Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=The Powerful Meaning of Joni Mitchell’s Sad Christmas Song, “River”|url=https://media.benedictine.edu/the-powerful-meaning-of-joni-mitchells-sad-christmas-song|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Benedictine College Media & Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> In many cultures, water is tied to spiritual or emotional cleansing, so music about water is often healing or thoughtful. In African, Asian, and Indigenous traditions, water songs are sometimes sung during [[ritual]]s, [[rain dance]]s, or [[prayer]]s, asking nature for help or giving thanks for life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain dance {{!}} anthropology {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/rain-dance|access-date=2025-06-02|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Talkeu Tounouga|first=Camille|last2=Brock|first2=Odile|date=2003|title=The Symbolic Function of Water in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cultural Approach|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/6/article/45618|journal=Leonardo|volume=36|issue=4|pages=283–283|issn=1530-9282}}</ref> In [[Blues|blues music]], rivers often appear as symbols of sorrow or escape, especially in songs from the [[American South]], where the [[Mississippi River]] became a symbol of travel, freedom, and sometimes grief.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MS River Blues|url=https://msbluestrail.org/blues-trail-markers/ms-river-blues|access-date=2025-06-02|website=The Mississippi Blues Trail|language=en-US}}</ref> In reggae and Caribbean music, the sea and rain show up in joyful, laid-back songs that celebrate nature and the rhythm of island life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Montagne|first=Vicky Mogollón|last2=|first2=|title=Women and Water: Connections in Caribbean Music and Spirituality|url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/women-water-caribbean-music-spirituality|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-03|title=Dance To The Beat Of The Origins And Other Facts About 12 Caribbean Music Styles|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/caribbean-music-dance-terms/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Dictionary.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Water even affects how music sounds. In some [[Electronic music|electronic]] or [[ambient music]], water sounds like waves, rain, or dripping are added to create a relaxing background. These sounds are used in [[meditation music]] or [[sleep]] [[playlist]]s because they help people feel calm and safe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MusicalFlora|date=2025-01-16|title=The Role of Nature Sounds in Ambient Music: A Complete Guide|url=https://www.musicalflora.com/genres/ambient/role-nature-sounds-ambient-music/|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Musical Flora|language=en}}</ref> [[Music therapy|Music therapist]]s also use water sounds to help people reduce [[stress]] or connect with their emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kwon|first=Chan-Young|last2=Kim|first2=Hyunsu|last3=Kim|first3=Sung-Hee|date=2024-02-05|title=The Modernization of Oriental Music Therapy: Five-Element Music Therapy Combined with Artificial Intelligence|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10855257/|journal=Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=3|pages=411|doi=10.3390/healthcare12030411|issn=2227-9032|pmc=10855257|pmid=38338296}}</ref> ==Related pages== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Ice]] * [[Lake]] * [[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]] * [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature timeline]] * [[Pond]] * [[Rain]] * [[River]] * [[Sea]] * [[Steam]] * [[Water cycle]] * [[Waterway]] * [[Water vapor]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{Commons}} ==Other websites== * [https://essaydiary.com/essay-on-water-water-essay/ Importance of Water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928062806/https://essaydiary.com/essay-on-water-water-essay/ |date=2021-09-28 }} [[Category:Natural resources]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] ciilapnm659k4clxy8o89rxf41gnymx 4 1905 10330050 10328904 2025-06-14T13:47:20Z Minorax 844779 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/Adam Jeffrey Stewart|Adam Jeffrey Stewart]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330050 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{IPvandal|2600:1009:B07F:9214:CC86:3D1A:E56E:46B8}} &ndash; LTA - Pikepass. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2603:6010:D8F0:E20:39EF:DFC8:E158:7D4C}} &ndash; Returning vandal; see /64. Received final warning on numerous IPs.. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:23, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|71.125.62.146}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. This IP has created many unencyclopedic pages like "List of days I got touched by someone wearing a skirt", and evidently ignored all warnings. It is clear they are not here to build an encyclopedia.. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 20:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2601:98A:A00:AA00:8428:8177:76FE:8EE3}} &ndash; vandalism after recent release of block. Range just had a 31 hour block on June 11. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2600:1012:B20F:BF73:58EC:FAAE:7A9C:584F}} &ndash; Returning LTA . [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|98.103.85.54}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. Persistent vandalism.. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 22:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|142.114.110.231}} suspected sockpuppet of the [[Wikipedia:Long-term abuse|LTA]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/142.189.254.248 this] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218 this]. The disruptions wrought by this user have lasted for almost a year. A longer range block is suggested to mitigate the issue. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 01:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vandal|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} &ndash; account is being used only for promotional purposes. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 9xlypxb5d0xevjiv5eki4ik3d0as3lk 10331317 10330050 2025-06-15T02:02:14Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 10331317 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{IPvandal|2600:1009:B07F:9214:CC86:3D1A:E56E:46B8}} &ndash; LTA - Pikepass. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2603:6010:D8F0:E20:39EF:DFC8:E158:7D4C}} &ndash; Returning vandal; see /64. Received final warning on numerous IPs.. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:23, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|71.125.62.146}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. This IP has created many unencyclopedic pages like "List of days I got touched by someone wearing a skirt", and evidently ignored all warnings. It is clear they are not here to build an encyclopedia.. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 20:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2601:98A:A00:AA00:8428:8177:76FE:8EE3}} &ndash; vandalism after recent release of block. Range just had a 31 hour block on June 11. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2600:1012:B20F:BF73:58EC:FAAE:7A9C:584F}} &ndash; Returning LTA . [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|98.103.85.54}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. Persistent vandalism.. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 22:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|142.114.110.231}} suspected sockpuppet of the [[Wikipedia:Long-term abuse|LTA]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/142.189.254.248 this] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218 this]. The disruptions wrought by this user have lasted for almost a year. A longer range block is suggested to mitigate the issue. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 01:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vandal|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} &ndash; account is being used only for promotional purposes. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04}} has been vandalising the article for "bear". ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331298&oldid=10331294 Here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331292&oldid=10331180 here].) Looking at the page history I don't think this is the only time they've done it. [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 02:02, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ssvh88uexh4h2s4oxkgj04h1zsh33st 10331339 10331317 2025-06-15T02:30:06Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* User-reported */ Reply 10331339 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{IPvandal|2600:1009:B07F:9214:CC86:3D1A:E56E:46B8}} &ndash; LTA - Pikepass. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2603:6010:D8F0:E20:39EF:DFC8:E158:7D4C}} &ndash; Returning vandal; see /64. Received final warning on numerous IPs.. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:23, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|71.125.62.146}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. This IP has created many unencyclopedic pages like "List of days I got touched by someone wearing a skirt", and evidently ignored all warnings. It is clear they are not here to build an encyclopedia.. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 20:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2601:98A:A00:AA00:8428:8177:76FE:8EE3}} &ndash; vandalism after recent release of block. Range just had a 31 hour block on June 11. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2600:1012:B20F:BF73:58EC:FAAE:7A9C:584F}} &ndash; Returning LTA . [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|98.103.85.54}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. Persistent vandalism.. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 22:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|142.114.110.231}} suspected sockpuppet of the [[Wikipedia:Long-term abuse|LTA]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/142.189.254.248 this] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218 this]. The disruptions wrought by this user have lasted for almost a year. A longer range block is suggested to mitigate the issue. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 01:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vandal|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} &ndash; account is being used only for promotional purposes. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04}} has been vandalising the article for "bear". ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331298&oldid=10331294 Here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331292&oldid=10331180 here].) Looking at the page history I don't think this is the only time they've done it. [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 02:02, 15 June 2025 (UTC) *:Note: The range had a 31 hour block on June 12 that expired and now has resumed. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:30, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 2g9ry1rvt3doevd0oig639lnylraxw0 10331593 10331339 2025-06-15T08:21:07Z 2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E 10331593 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == That 'Sam' guy is about... ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{IPvandal|2600:1009:B07F:9214:CC86:3D1A:E56E:46B8}} &ndash; LTA - Pikepass. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2603:6010:D8F0:E20:39EF:DFC8:E158:7D4C}} &ndash; Returning vandal; see /64. Received final warning on numerous IPs.. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:23, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|71.125.62.146}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. This IP has created many unencyclopedic pages like "List of days I got touched by someone wearing a skirt", and evidently ignored all warnings. It is clear they are not here to build an encyclopedia.. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 20:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2601:98A:A00:AA00:8428:8177:76FE:8EE3}} &ndash; vandalism after recent release of block. Range just had a 31 hour block on June 11. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2600:1012:B20F:BF73:58EC:FAAE:7A9C:584F}} &ndash; Returning LTA . [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|98.103.85.54}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. Persistent vandalism.. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 22:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|142.114.110.231}} suspected sockpuppet of the [[Wikipedia:Long-term abuse|LTA]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/142.189.254.248 this] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218 this]. The disruptions wrought by this user have lasted for almost a year. A longer range block is suggested to mitigate the issue. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 01:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vandal|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} &ndash; account is being used only for promotional purposes. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04}} has been vandalising the article for "bear". ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331298&oldid=10331294 Here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331292&oldid=10331180 here].) Looking at the page history I don't think this is the only time they've done it. [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 02:02, 15 June 2025 (UTC) *:Note: The range had a 31 hour block on June 12 that expired and now has resumed. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:30, 15 June 2025 (UTC) jgnk3z6xqtuezl7p3262ev9bcm7oi61 10331602 10331593 2025-06-15T08:38:05Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10331593 by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) 10331602 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{IPvandal|2600:1009:B07F:9214:CC86:3D1A:E56E:46B8}} &ndash; LTA - Pikepass. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2603:6010:D8F0:E20:39EF:DFC8:E158:7D4C}} &ndash; Returning vandal; see /64. Received final warning on numerous IPs.. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:23, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|71.125.62.146}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. This IP has created many unencyclopedic pages like "List of days I got touched by someone wearing a skirt", and evidently ignored all warnings. It is clear they are not here to build an encyclopedia.. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 20:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2601:98A:A00:AA00:8428:8177:76FE:8EE3}} &ndash; vandalism after recent release of block. Range just had a 31 hour block on June 11. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|2600:1012:B20F:BF73:58EC:FAAE:7A9C:584F}} &ndash; Returning LTA . [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|98.103.85.54}} &ndash; vandalism after final warning. Persistent vandalism.. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 22:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|142.114.110.231}} suspected sockpuppet of the [[Wikipedia:Long-term abuse|LTA]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/142.189.254.248 this] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218 this]. The disruptions wrought by this user have lasted for almost a year. A longer range block is suggested to mitigate the issue. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 01:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vandal|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} &ndash; account is being used only for promotional purposes. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ipvandal|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04}} has been vandalising the article for "bear". ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331298&oldid=10331294 Here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bear&curid=15230&diff=10331292&oldid=10331180 here].) Looking at the page history I don't think this is the only time they've done it. [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 02:02, 15 June 2025 (UTC) *:Note: The range had a 31 hour block on June 12 that expired and now has resumed. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:30, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 2g9ry1rvt3doevd0oig639lnylraxw0 4 1913 10329883 10328250 2025-06-14T12:52:11Z BRPever 487619 /* Mark Chapman (cricketer) */ new section 10329883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 811ntz9otbh352uatgjj03mikthiuty 10329907 10329883 2025-06-14T13:02:54Z Barras 40117 /* Mark Chapman (cricketer) */ 2p 10329907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) gpk5zeu6ig7in9gcorvf1501cpwmfg9 10330199 10329907 2025-06-14T15:41:08Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Vicente Costalago */ Reply 10330199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Perhaps one of the problems here is that the language is not notable itself. If it were then there would exist a range of reliable sources that show its notability and at least some of those would reference the author you're trying to write about. I really don't think you'll be able to show notability here ever. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) igv9dvqagls6w10j3pmwdhhu47cd94q 10330208 10330199 2025-06-14T15:46:24Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Mark Chapman (cricketer) */ Reply 10330208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Perhaps one of the problems here is that the language is not notable itself. If it were then there would exist a range of reliable sources that show its notability and at least some of those would reference the author you're trying to write about. I really don't think you'll be able to show notability here ever. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :The article doesn't mention anything to do with the World Cup and even if it did, did this person play a major or minor role in it. The article needs more references to establish notability. In the form that it was in I '''endorse deletion'''. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) brx66cbifcoiryomuoq3e6y2k6ly3a4 10330232 10330208 2025-06-14T16:00:53Z BRPever 487619 /* Mark Chapman (cricketer) */ Reply 10330232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Perhaps one of the problems here is that the language is not notable itself. If it were then there would exist a range of reliable sources that show its notability and at least some of those would reference the author you're trying to write about. I really don't think you'll be able to show notability here ever. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :The article doesn't mention anything to do with the World Cup and even if it did, did this person play a major or minor role in it. The article needs more references to establish notability. In the form that it was in I '''endorse deletion'''. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::The page did have a cricinfo link displaying his stats and records. Unlike QD, in RFDs we discuss if the subject is notable beyond what limited information is in the page. I realize I was too late to save it, I will create page anew then.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:00, 14 June 2025 (UTC) j0zd2h1w82kbs3wx87iysmxvptbh46b 10330269 10330232 2025-06-14T16:23:20Z BRPever 487619 /* Mark Chapman (cricketer) */ Reply 10330269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Perhaps one of the problems here is that the language is not notable itself. If it were then there would exist a range of reliable sources that show its notability and at least some of those would reference the author you're trying to write about. I really don't think you'll be able to show notability here ever. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :The article doesn't mention anything to do with the World Cup and even if it did, did this person play a major or minor role in it. The article needs more references to establish notability. In the form that it was in I '''endorse deletion'''. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::The page did have a cricinfo link displaying his stats and records. Unlike QD, in RFDs we discuss if the subject is notable beyond what limited information is in the page. I realize I was too late to save it, I will create page anew then.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:00, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and created a new page with added content. Thanks,-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ngb5ari12irokl83xucpb7lg02bpomj 10330270 10330269 2025-06-14T16:23:32Z BRPever 487619 Mark a discussion as resolved ([[:m:User:DannyS712/EasyResolve|EasyResolve]] v1.4) 10330270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Perhaps one of the problems here is that the language is not notable itself. If it were then there would exist a range of reliable sources that show its notability and at least some of those would reference the author you're trying to write about. I really don't think you'll be able to show notability here ever. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :The article doesn't mention anything to do with the World Cup and even if it did, did this person play a major or minor role in it. The article needs more references to establish notability. In the form that it was in I '''endorse deletion'''. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::The page did have a cricinfo link displaying his stats and records. Unlike QD, in RFDs we discuss if the subject is notable beyond what limited information is in the page. I realize I was too late to save it, I will create page anew then.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:00, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and created a new page with added content. Thanks,-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} 6xr2qo0jjztjn1k2y8b0uuwwn6uxmrd 10330432 10330270 2025-06-14T17:32:33Z Jon Gua 1375466 /* Vicente Costalago */ Reply 10330432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives/((year)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Deletion review/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes}} = Current requests = {{/new request}} == Please restore Shaynolia page == The page that I have created "Shaynolia" was deleted for being deemed a fake and hoax. I can assure you that Shaynolia is a real micronation and it is just as real as Molossia. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 23:24, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :An you please provide a link to the deleted page because the only link is to this discussion here on DRV? Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Courtesy link to the deleted page: [[Shaynolia]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:19, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::[[Shaynolia]] [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 20:04, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Deleting admin here: The reasons I thought it appropriate to delete the article as a hoax were: :*The only result in a search was the article here. :*The two images that Commons has of the flag are [[:C:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by NewRepublicofEgypt|up for deletion]] with the rationale that they are fictional. The only person disagreeing is {{noping|NewRepublicofEgypt}}. There is a request for evidence that the place exists, but none has been provided. :Note: When a place or other topic is very new, there sometimes aren't any reliable sources yet to support an article. If the place is indeed real, it might be a case of needing to wait until there are such sources. But for now I don't see any. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:12, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I see. well i made another page, sources will soon come in. [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 19:53, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]]: I deleted the page that you created under a different name. Do not create another page on this subject until this discussion closes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:16, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::k my bad [[User:NewRepublicofEgypt|NewRepublicofEgypt]] ([[User talk:NewRepublicofEgypt|talk]]) 21:19, 18 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' there is zero indication of why this is notable. Anyone can create a micronations.wiki it doesn't make it notable. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) '''No consensus to restore'''.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:29, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]] == * {{DRV|Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)}} :Deletion is challenged at [[Special:Diff/10265300]] and [[Special:Diff/10266210]]. This is also known as [[Qajar-Wahhabi war]] or [[Qajar-Wahhabi War]]. Related RFDs can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Qajar-Wahhabi War]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)]], and the author claimed improvements since the last RFDs. Please let me know if restoration is needed. --[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:26, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think the newer version addresses the original concern of the RFD, mostly regarding sources. I think G5 deletion is valid considering repeated attempt to re-create this page, I would be inclined to restore it in userspace if it created by user with good history or if the user was not blocked, as it is, I '''endorse''' keeping it deleted.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[So Political]] page == “So Political” is a culturally significant, independently recognized web series that provides satire-driven civic education and commentary on East African politics and society. It has amassed a loyal following, featured prominent guests and topics of public interest, and is frequently cited in local digital media and academic conversations on youth-led political discourse. Its deletion undermines the documentation of emerging African political media and voices.” [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:10, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article was written like a publicity piece. It was not in simple language. It had no references and only a minor claim of notability. :You say the series has been "independently recognized" and is "frequently cited." Recognized/cited for what? By whom? If it was for something notable, and there is a reliable source showing that, then using that as a reference might be enough to keep the article. :Things that do ''not'' establish notability: :*Having a loyal following: any YouTuber's mother is probably a loyal follower :*Having prominent guests: "prominent" is relative :*Covering topics of public interest: that's pretty common, and what is public interest varies a lot :As for the deletion undermining anything: any article here has to show [[WP:NOTABILITY|notability]] and have [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. This article didn't do that. We delete articles for that all the time. It has nothing to do with the specific subject. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' very, very promotional and deletion is not politically important '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:44, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == Please restore [[The Klassik Tribe]] page == The Klassik Tribe is a culturally significant collective that has received substantial, independent, and reliable media coverage in national and regional outlets. It has played a notable role in Kenya’s creative and social impact space through initiatives like The Radiance, environmental campaigns, music and arts projects, and collaborations with reputable brands and organizations. These activities and recognitions demonstrate that the group meets Wikipedia’s notability standards for music and cultural organizations. The deletion may have overlooked the depth of independent sources that verify the Tribe’s influence, relevance, and sustained public presence. We respectfully request a restoration and review in light of this verifiable evidence. [[User:KlassikNation|KlassikNation]] ([[User talk:KlassikNation|talk]]) 13:21, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' Another article written like a publicity piece, in complex language and with no references. If there has been a lot of media coverage, that could show notability, but only if there are references in the article to show it. We can't evaluate sources that aren't in the article. Even the items in the External links section (which should be Other websites here) were just unlinked text. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:45, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse''' As Auntof6 said the article was rather promotional, and in my opinion so is your rationale here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:47, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::I've also just noticed your username is rather similar to the subject. If you are related to the The Klassik Tribe (e.g Paid to create a Wikipedia article for them) I'd recommend looking at [[WP:COI]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:09, 26 May 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' having read the page it is very promotional and not at all neutral. Good decision to delete it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:40, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Fernando Nano Sosa]] == Hello. I would like to request the undeletion of the article "Fernando Nano Sosa". The page was deleted under A4, but I believe this was a mistake. The subject is a published comic artist and animator with international credits, including IMDb, Lambiek Comiclopedia, and others. There are external references, proper formatting, and interwiki links to other languages (German, Esperanto, etc.). I am willing to further improve the article if necessary. Thank you. --[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]] ([[User talk:Pugliese3|talk]]) 01:30, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Pugliese3|Pugliese3]]: We never had an article called "Fernando Gabriel Sosa". However, we deleted one called Fernando Nano Sosa, so I have changed this request to that name. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:47, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :'''endorse ''' non-notable comic artist, no major awards, no major international contributions to the topic.. Seems to be just another comic book artist. Needs to show why there should be an article and his credits don't pass the threshold for inclusion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:38, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::Note: Pugliese3 is one of many sockpuppets involved in crosswiki promotion regarding "Fernando Sosa" (now globally locked). [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 15:23, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == Undelete Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis == * {{DRV|Wikipedia:Silvia Platsis}} Wikipedia: Silvia Platsis intent use for main page, it’s accurate and not a false. Undelete pls. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 15:29, 4 June 2025 (UTC) information is accurate and intended for the main page, sorry about the editing challenges. I might need help with the editing page. thank you. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 17:19, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion''' You created the page in our Wikipedia space, not the main space where articles go. Additionally, the page you created seems to be about yourself and does not show that you are a notable person who meeds our critera for having an article. See [[WP:BIO|our notability guidelines]] for more details. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:49, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{comment}} this user is blocked for creating this article in multiple locations including her home page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:18, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Restore [[Bob Weinstein]] == I made that page because I hate his brother and I don’t like red links [[Special:Contributions/70.120.45.122|70.120.45.122]] ([[User talk:70.120.45.122|talk]]) 21:15, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :Those aren't valid reasons. Yes, Harvey is a sex offender as i learnt from actual Wikipedia, but you are meant to edit Wikipedia in a neutral way, focus on conducting business, and not focus on opinion. Also, no offense but the red links thing is pretty dumb. --[[User:GrainStain|GrainStain]] ([[User talk:GrainStain|talk]]) 21:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' The article contained only a statement that Bob is Harvey's brother. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:44, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse'''. No real content and no notability of their own '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:20, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Nyanzi Martin Luther == {{DRV|Nyanzi Martin Luther}} page to be improved by expert editors [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:52, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :and also it claims notability ,more references will be added [[Special:Contributions/41.210.147.13|41.210.147.13]] ([[User talk:41.210.147.13|talk]]) 09:53, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''endorse ''' non-notable and you're supposed to create a article fully finished and not with "expert editors" to come and add citations later on '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:23, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Danial Jafari]] == The page I have published for Danial Jafari is about a well-known Iranian child actor who has appeared in several films. He was honored at the Fajr Film Festival, one of the most important festivals in Iran in the field of cinema. He was awarded a degree in acting from Oxford University. For each section of my article, I had mentioned reliable sources in Persian. His IMDb profile is available. I request that the article be returned and I expand it.[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 17:50, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]]: The article was deleted under [[WP:QD#A4]]. That requires that there be no claim of notability. However, there were claims of notability, namely mentions of awards the person won. Therefore I have restored the article. If it is to be kept, it will need to show better notability and have reliable sources supporting that. :{{ping|Fr33kman|CountryANDWestern}} If you believe the page should be deleted, please use RfD. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Thanks, I received your message now, I will add a notable Iranian source called Sourehcinema. [[User:AronMazani|AronMazani]] ([[User talk:AronMazani|talk]]) 20:13, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I will bring it there. As I said in the Qd template, he didn’t receive the award; he accepted it on behalf of the film according to the source. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::That was my understanding as well, hence why I felt there was no claim of notability '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Vicente Costalago]] == The article [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Fr33kman#Vicente_Costalago has been deleted] on the basis of "not being notable enough", yet he is the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue_literature prolific literary] author in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. I request the article to be undeleted. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I looked at the article. I don't see any particular claims of notability. It seems to be mostly a description of things the person published. There are also no [[WP:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] to show notability -- the things in the references section seem to be links to the person's works. :If the article is restored, it will need significant cleanup to be appropriate here. It wasn't in simple language. It used several templates that don't exist on this wiki. It had inline links to other websites, especially in the bibliography section. :I see potential in the article if notability can be shown and supported with reliable sources. However, in the condition it was in, I '''endorse deletion'''. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 20:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Could you please explain how notability can be shown? I don't really understand what you mean. The sources for the article are mainly in Interlingue as he has published in that language, and some are radio interviews for his work in Extremaduran. Aren't those enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 06:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: The guideline for that is at [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::As far as I read: ::::''If an academic meets any one of the following guidelines, with reliable sources, they are notable.'' ::::# ''The person's research has made significant impact in their area of study, as shown by independent reliable sources.'' > Published the only existing study on literature in Interlingue, where he gathered a bibliography of all published works in the language. ::::# ''The person is in a field of literature (e.g. writer or poet) [...] and meets the standards for notability in that art[...].'' He is the most prolific (and one of a few) literary author in Interlingue. He is the only one that has published a drama in verse in the language. ::::# ''The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work [...].'' Same as the previous one. He is the only author that has published books in Interlingue, not just stories. ::::Therefore, I believe that person complies with the notability rules. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]: It takes more than believing it, or even knowing it for a fact. It takes making statements about those things and supporting them with [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. The only things that article had for references were links to some of Costalago's works, and at least some of those were dead links. But even if they weren't dead, that wouldn't show notability because it shows only that the works exist -- it says nothing about notability. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:27, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::The problem is that the language is not widely spoken, and the main source for that author's work in Interlingue is that magazine. And I believe it is not realistic to ask for a statement like "his work is noteworthy" or something similar on a publication about the author, which it looks that is what you are asking me for. If the author is the main writer in the history of that artificial language, isn't that notable? The main author in the whole history of an artificial language that is still spoken and used is not notable enough? I don't understand what it needs to have. As far as I understand you are asking for things that don't exist, just because it is an artificial language, it won't have as many references as an author writing in English, I think we cannot demand the same for different cases like these.Also, the author was interviewed on the [[Extremadura|Extremaduran]] public radio for his publication in Extremaduran. Would that be good enough for his notability? --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 18:51, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sources can be in any language, so a source in Interlingue is acceptable as long as it supports a statement of notability. It's also not a question of how many sources there are, just that the sources are reliable and support statements of notability. :::::::It's true that a statement like "his work is noteworthy" doesn't show notability. You need a more-specific statement with a reliable source to back it up. :::::::It might be notable that he's the main writer in the language, but we need a reliable source supporting that. As for an interview, I'm not sure. It might depend on what's in the interview and whether there's a source for it that people can access. :::::::You say I'm asking for things that don't exist. There are cases where there are no sources, or sources can't be found, and in those cases an article can't show notability and wouldn't be allowed to remain. It doesn't mean the subject isn't notable, just that notability can't be shown in an article. I hope that's not the case here. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:23, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I have added the link where the interview [[User:Jon Gua/Vicente Costalago#cite ref-1|can be accessed]]. Is that ok? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Any source like that needs to support a statement of notability. The statement it's attached to just says that he published a book and was interviewed for it. Neither of those two things are notable. Whether the interview itself is a reliable source, I don't know, but the specific statement that is referenced doesn't show notability. If something is said in the interview that shows notability, and the interview is considered a reliable source, then that might be enough. :::::::::I know this is frustrating. It can be hard to learn what's required, and discouraging when people don't see a subject as worthy when you do. All I can tell you is what's required for articles, which is statements of notability supported by reliable sources. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I thank you for your patience and your explanations, as I am not aware of the rules here. ::::::::::In the interview (on a programme that is aired on the Extremaduran public radio, like the BBC more or less) two excerpts of the book are read, the author explains how the book was written, the original idea, and one of the interviewers states: "A person from outside Extremadura had to come and write a book in Extremaduran so this is a lap on the wrist to Extremadurans, so that they might start doing something". More things are discussed, but I don't know whether they might be important for this case. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 20:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I forgot to ask: Is that enough as a reference and for notability? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 16:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Perhaps one of the problems here is that the language is not notable itself. If it were then there would exist a range of reliable sources that show its notability and at least some of those would reference the author you're trying to write about. I really don't think you'll be able to show notability here ever. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::I understand that Interlingue is not notable, but how about his interviews on the Extremaduran public radio? Extremaduran is a minority language, yet it [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremaduran_language is still spoken] by 200,000 people. Or are the interviews not enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == City model == * {{DRV|City model}} *: Your reason here: Cause is only for a school temporary use, and it will be eliminated in a week. It is not army anyone since, from the begining is written is an utopistic place [[User:Gab1342|Gab1342]] ([[User talk:Gab1342|talk]]) 20:55, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :User has been blocked for continuously removing QD templates and creating the above page in various forms. '''Endorse deletion''' as it was not encyclopedic, just a made up thing for an art project at school. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Why Are You Deleting my page please don't delete my page it is loved by me please == Please don't delete "Chandra Shekhar Majhi" page [[User:CS Shekhar Official|CS Shekhar Official]] ([[User talk:CS Shekhar Official|talk]]) 11:43, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :{{DRV|Chandra Shekhar Majhi}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:16, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Endorse deletion.''' In addition to not showing notability, which is reason enough: :* The language was not simple. :* What should have been an infobox was instead formatted as a collapsible table. :* The page formatting was nothing like it should be: all the text was formatted as headings. The editor doesn't appear to know how to format an article for Wikipedia. :* The "Note Of Editor's" section was spam. :-- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Chapman (cricketer) == * {{DRV|Mark Chapman (cricketer)}} Hi all! I am requesting restoration of page above which was deleted after an RFD. This player has played in several international matches being part of New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He also has a lot of coverage if you look at enwiki page. I think it wasn't discussed properly in the RFD and deserves an entry. Thank you.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I can't view the page and thus can't say in which state the article was when it's been deleted. However, the person seems to be notable and the [[WP:GNG]] reasoning of the RFD doesn't fit here. If the article is worth restoring, so do that, otherwise just create it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :The article doesn't mention anything to do with the World Cup and even if it did, did this person play a major or minor role in it. The article needs more references to establish notability. In the form that it was in I '''endorse deletion'''. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::The page did have a cricinfo link displaying his stats and records. Unlike QD, in RFDs we discuss if the subject is notable beyond what limited information is in the page. I realize I was too late to save it, I will create page anew then.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:00, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and created a new page with added content. Thanks,-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} bwijz4kyfi3yzkzfwwkcc28sypvcpqp 0 2126 10331333 9860376 2025-06-15T02:16:08Z Dontfunkintellme 1629646 Argon doesn't sink because it's "heavier" than helium...Also included a more meaningful example than a sinking balloon, but I also left that example as that half of the sentence wasn't wrong. 10331333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox argon}} '''Argon''' is a [[chemical element]]. Its symbol is argon is '''Ar''' and its [[atomic number]] is 18. It is part of the [[noble gas]] group. It is an odorless and tasteless gas. Argon is the third-most abundant [[gas]] in the [[Earth]]'s atmosphere. The name "argon" is from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ἀργός meaning "lazy" or "inactive" because it does not react with other chemicals. == Chemistry == Argon [[atom]]s are found in [[air]]. About 1% of the [[Earth]]'s [[atmosphere]] (the air around us) is argon. It is not toxic and it does not burn easily.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. ... MSDS Gaseous Argon - GAR|url=http://www.uigi.com/MSDS_gaseous_Ar.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.uigi.com}}</ref> Not many compounds can be made from Argon. However, some compounds have been formed, like [[argon fluorohydride]] (HArF). Argon has a higher density than the gases in the atmosphere as a whole, so if a [[balloon]] is filled with argon, it would fall to the ground. This means it can be used to displace oxygen and nitrogen at the bottom of an enclosed space, so, while non-toxic, it must be handled with care. == History == Argon was first removed from air in 1894 by [[Lord Rayleigh]] and [[Sir William Ramsay]] at University College London by removing [[oxygen]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[water]], and [[nitrogen]] from a sample of clean [[air]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1895-12-31|title=I. Argon, a new constituent of the atmosphere|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspl.1894.0149|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=57|issue=340–346|pages=265–287|doi=10.1098/rspl.1894.0149|s2cid=123541469|issn=0370-1662}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1904/ramsay/lecture/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Isotopes== The main [[Isotope|isotopes]] of argon found on Earth are ⁴⁰Ar (99.6%), ³⁶Ar (0.34%), and ³⁸Ar (0.06%). The most abundant isotope of argon is ⁴⁰Ar. But other [[Planet|planets]] have different isotopes of argon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119634122|title=Nature's Building Blocks : an a-Z Guide to the Elements.|last=Emsley|first=John|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-19-257046-8|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|oclc=1119634122}}</ref> ==Production== Argon is gotten industrially by the [[fractional distillation]] of liquid air. About 700,000 tonnes of argon are produced worldwide every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Periodic Table of Elements: Argon - Ar (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)|url=https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ar.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=environmentalchemistry.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> ⁴⁰Ar is made by the decay of ⁴⁰K with a half-life of 1.25 billion years by electron capture or positron emission. Because of this, it is used in knowing how old [[rock (geology)|rocks]] are. == Uses == Argon is often used when [[welding]] [[steel]] and similar work, to push away the air around the weld, so the [[oxygen]] in the air can't join with the [[metal]] being welded. It can also be used in [[Neon light|neon lights]] for a purple color. Argon is used in the [[poultry]] [[industry]] to [[Asphyxiation|asphyxiate]] [[Bird|birds]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-24|title=Slaughter technology|url=http://ps.fass.org/cgi/reprint/78/2/277.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195609/http://ps.fass.org/cgi/reprint/78/2/277.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shields|first1=Sara J.|last2=Raj|first2=A. B. M.|date=2010-09-17|title=A Critical Review of Electrical Water-Bath Stun Systems for Poultry Slaughter and Recent Developments in Alternative Technologies|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10888705.2010.507119|journal=Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=281–299|doi=10.1080/10888705.2010.507119|pmid=20865613|s2cid=11301328|issn=1088-8705}}</ref> Argon is sometimes used for extinguishing (ending) [[Fire|fires]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Su|first1=Joseph Z.|last2=Kim|first2=Andrew K.|last3=Crampton|first3=George P.|last4=Liu|first4=Zhigang|date=2001-05-01|title=Fire Suppression with Inert Gas Agents|url=http://jfe.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1106/X21V-YQKU-PMKP-XGTP|journal=Journal of Fire Protection Engineering|volume=11|issue=2|pages=72–87|doi=10.1106/X21V-YQKU-PMKP-XGTP}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Liquid argon is used in [[neutrino]] experiments and looking for [[dark matter]]. Argon is used to [[Food preservation|preserve food]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ilouga|first1=Pierre E.|last2=Winkler|first2=Dirk|last3=Kirchhoff|first3=Christian|last4=Schierholz|first4=Bernd|last5=Wölcke|first5=Julian|date=2007|title=Investigation of 3 Industry-Wide Applied Storage Conditions for Compound Libraries|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1087057106295507|journal=Journal of Biomolecular Screening|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=21–32|doi=10.1177/1087057106295507|pmid=17099243|s2cid=23750770|issn=1087-0571}}</ref> Argon is sometimes used as the propellant in [[aerosol]] cans. Argon is also used as a preservative for such products as varnish, [[polyurethane]], and [[paint]]. Argon has been used by athletes as a [[doping agent]] and has been banned as use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newsroom|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/2014-05/wada-amends-section-s21-of-2014-prohibited-list|access-date=2021-08-29|website=World Anti-Doping Agency|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427160909/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/2014-05/wada-amends-section-s21-of-2014-prohibited-list|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is used to know how old rocks are. ==Related pages== * [[List of common elements]] * [[Periodic table]] ==Sources== {{reflist}} {{Periodic Table}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Noble gases]] cy9q6bzipid0if7zvc9arevh0y01tp0 0 3374 10330909 10247441 2025-06-14T21:37:20Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:71AA:98B:F70C:292B BBC 2003 10330909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox company | name = British Broadcasting Corporation | logo = [[File:BBC Logo 2003.svg|frameless|upright=0.9|class=skin-invert]] | logo_caption = Logo used since 2003 | image = London BBC headquarters.jpg | image_size = 1000px | logo_alt = The white "BBC" letters in black boxes, typed in Reith, the BBC's corporate font. | native_name_lang = English (French: Anglais) | type = [[Statutory corporation]] with a [[royal charter]], [[public broadcasting]] | industry = [[Mass media]] | predecessor = [[British Broadcasting Company]] | founder = [[Government of the United Kingdom]] | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{plainlist| *[[Samir Shah]] ([[Chair of the BBC|Chair]]) *[[Tim Davie]] ([[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]]) }} | products = {{flat list| *Broadcasting *[[Web portal]]s }} | services = {{flat list| *[[BBC Television|Television]] *[[BBC Radio|Radio]] *[[BBC Online|Online]] }} | revenue = {{decrease}} [[Pound sterling|£]]5.389&nbsp;billion (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts" /> | operating_income = {{decrease}} £199&nbsp;million (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | net_income = {{increase}} £229&nbsp;million (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | assets = {{decrease}} £1.976&nbsp;billion (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | owner = | num_employees = {{increase}} 21,918 (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | divisions = {{ubl|[[BBC Television]]|[[BBC Sport]]|[[BBC Radio]]|[[BBC News]]|[[BBC Online]]|[[BBC Sounds]]|[[BBC Weather]]|[[BBC Music]]|[[BBC English Regions]]|[[BBC Scotland]]|[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|[[BBC Northern Ireland]]|[[BBC North]]|[[BBC Bitesize]]|[[BBC Studios]]}} | founded = {{start date and age|1922|10|18|df=y}} (as British Broadcasting Company)<br />{{start date and age|1927|01|01|df=y}} (as British Broadcasting Corporation) | location = [[Broadcasting House]]<br>[[London]], England | website = BBC BBC Arabic BBC Nepali BBC Somali BBC Russian 24/7 | location_country = London Madrid Paris Beijing Delhi Reykjavik Sofia Kathmandu Karachi Lahore }} The '''British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)''' is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current state with its current name on New Year's Day 1927. The oldest and largest local and global broadcaster by stature and by number of employees, the BBC employs over 21,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 17,900 are in public-sector broadcasting. The BBC was established under a royal charter, and operates under an agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts or to use the BBC's streaming service, iPlayer. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian. Some of the BBC's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios (formerly BBC Worldwide), which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News, and from BBC.com, provided by BBC Global News Ltd. In 2009, the company was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements in business. Since its formation in 1922, the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture. It is colloquially known as '''the Beeb''' or '''Auntie'''. ==History== The British Broadcasting Company Ltd was formed on 18 October 1922 as a business. In 1927 it was changed into the British Broadcasting Corporation under a [[royal charter]], which allows it to broadcast radio. It started television broadcasting in November 1936. This stopped during the [[Second World War]] when there was only radio. During the war, [[Winston Churchill]] delivered 33 major wartime speeches on BBC radio.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sterling |first1=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |page=524}}</ref> The [[BBC World Service]] broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages to many countries. It is banned in Russia and China. It was started in 1932 when it was aimed at English speakers across the [[British Empire]]. Until 2014 it was paid for by the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]. In 2006,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPVELEWrujQC&q=bbc+charter+review+2006|title=Further Issues for BBC Charter Review: 2nd Report of Session 2005-06|last=Review|first=Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Select Committee on the BBC Charter|date=3 March 2006|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-10-400824-9|language=en}}</ref> the [[British Government]] looked at the charter to see if it needed changing. Another [[agreement]], which goes with the Charter, recognises that the BBC should be [[independent]] from any other organisation. It also says what the BBC should do for the people in Britain (the [[:wikt:public|public]]). === Finance === Every household in the UK that watches or records "live" programmes (as they’re being broadcast), or watches [[BBC iPlayer]], must, by law, pay for a [[TV Licence]]. As the BBC gets its money from TV licences, it does not take money from [[company|companies]] or [[shareholder]]s, so it does not have to do what they want. Also, it is not allowed to broadcast [[Advertising|commercials]] in the middle of a programme, although it can show commercials in between programmes. The BBC makes extra money in several ways. One way is by selling its programmes to other broadcasting companies. Another way is by selling audio tapes and [[compact disc|CDs]] of its best radio programmes, and [[VHS|videos]] and [[DVD]]s of its best television programmes. Still another way is by selling books based on programmes, and magazines about science and natural history. In April 2023, Richard Sharp resigned as chairman after a report found he did not disclose potential perceived conflicts of interest in his role in the facilitation of a loan to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Sharp resigns as BBC chairman after Boris Johnson £800,000 loan row|url=https://news.sky.com/story/bbc-chairman-richard-sharp-resigns-12832218|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428100244/https://news.sky.com/story/bbc-chairman-richard-sharp-resigns-12832218|archive-date=28 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|publisher=Sky News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilkinson|first=Peter|date=28 April 2023|title=BBC chairman resigns after controversy involving loan deal for former PM Boris Johnson {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/28/media/bbc-sharp-resigns-intl-gbr/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428121544/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/28/media/bbc-sharp-resigns-intl-gbr/index.html|archive-date=28 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|publisher=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Dame Elan Closs Stephens was appointed as acting chairwoman on [[June 27|27 June]] [[2023]], and she would lead the BBC board for a year or until a new permanent chair has been appointed.<ref name="Stephens">{{Cite web|date=2 June 2023|title=Dame Elan Closs Stephens appointed acting BBC chairwoman|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65787514|access-date=13 August 2023|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en}}</ref> Samir Shah was subsequently appointed with effect from 4 March 2024.<ref name="ShahAppointment">{{cite web|title=Dr Samir Shah CBE|url=https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whoweare/samir-shah|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 March 2024}}</ref> In October 2024 it was announced that the BBC along with Sky Sports signed a deal to broadcast the 2025–26 season of the Women's Super League campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Garry|first=Tom|date=30 October 2024|title=WSL agrees record £65m domestic five-year TV deal with Sky Sports and BBC|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/oct/30/wsl-agrees-record-65m-domestic-five-year-tv-deal-with-sky-sports-and-bbc|access-date=30 October 2024|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == ''Radio Times'' == In 1923, [[BBC Magazines]] started publishing a [[magazine]] which printed listings of the week's BBC radio and television programmes in the United Kingdom. The magazine was called the ''Radio Times''. In 1991, the magazine began to print listings of programmes broadcast by other providers in the [[United Kingdom]]. Today the magazine is still printed and provides [[online]] listings too. It also prints stories about programmes, the people who make them, and the people who appear in them. The ''Radio Times'' is one of the best selling magazines in the United Kingdom. In August 2011, the BBC agreed to sell the magazine to Exponent, if Britain's [[Office of Fair Trading]] approves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/aug/16/bbc-completes-magazines-sell-off |title=BBC Worldwide agrees £121m magazine sell-off |first=Mark |last=Sweney |work=The Guardian |date=16 August 2011}}</ref> == BBC Report == The BBC has to publish a [[report]] every year, which tells people what it has done and how much money it has made and spent. If someone has a complaint about something broadcast by the BBC, they can complain to the BBC, the BBC Trust, or directly to [[Ofcom]], the government's [[regulator]] of broadcasting. == Locations == The headquarters of the BBC is [[Broadcasting House]] in Portland Place, [[London]]. The BBC also has other offices such as the [[BBC Television Centre]] in White City, London, [[BBC Radio Berkshire]], as well in other cities like Cardiff, Belfast, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Southampton and Newcastle upon Tyne. Rather than hire local reporters everywhere, the BBC's journalists work in many countries across the world. This means BBC workers are sometimes in danger, especially in war zones. Most recently [[Alan Johnston]] was kidnapped and held hostage for many months in [[Gaza]] before being safely released. == BBC iPlayer == {{main|BBC iPlayer}} Between October 2005 and 28 February 2006, the BBC offered a service called the BBC iPlayer on their website - [[bbc.co.uk]]. It allowed people to catch up on the last seven days of TV and radio on the BBC. Users could either watch (stream) it or [[download]] the content on their [[computer]]s. The downloading options are for [[Microsoft Windows]] computers and Apple devices. The iPlayer service was released to the public on 25 December 2007. The slogan for BBC iPlayer is 'Making the Unmissable, Unmissable.' ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="2023-24-accounts">{{cite web|date=24 July 2024|title=BBC Group Annual Report and Accounts 2023/24|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/documents/ara-2023-24.pdf|access-date=12 October 2024|publisher=BBC}}</ref> }} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|BBC}} * {{official website}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk BBC News] {{BBC}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1922 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:BBC| ]] dz4s1wi8cf5wp5ms4djsm1j8u9ygo7x 10330912 10330909 2025-06-14T21:39:02Z Barras 40117 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:71AA:98B:F70C:292B|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:71AA:98B:F70C:292B]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:71AA:98B:F70C:292B|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by ChenzwBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox company | name = British Broadcasting Corporation | logo = [[File:BBC Logo 2021.svg|frameless|upright=0.9|class=skin-invert]] | logo_caption = Logo used since 2021 | image = London BBC headquarters.jpg | logo_alt = The white "BBC" letters in black boxes, typed in Reith, the BBC's corporate font. | type = [[Statutory corporation]] with a [[royal charter]], [[public broadcasting]] | industry = [[Mass media]] | predecessor = [[British Broadcasting Company]] | founder = [[Government of the United Kingdom]] | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{plainlist| *[[Samir Shah]] ([[Chair of the BBC|Chair]]) *[[Tim Davie]] ([[Director-General of the BBC|Director-General]]) }} | products = {{flat list| *Broadcasting *[[Web portal]]s }} | services = {{flat list| *[[BBC Television|Television]] *[[BBC Radio|Radio]] *[[BBC Online|Online]] }} | revenue = {{decrease}} [[Pound sterling|£]]5.389&nbsp;billion (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts" /> | operating_income = {{decrease}} £199&nbsp;million (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | net_income = {{increase}} £229&nbsp;million (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | assets = {{decrease}} £1.976&nbsp;billion (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | owner = | num_employees = {{increase}} 21,918 (2024)<ref name="2023-24-accounts"/> | divisions = {{ubl|[[BBC Television]]|[[BBC Sport]]|[[BBC Radio]]|[[BBC News]]|[[BBC Online]]|[[BBC Sounds]]|[[BBC Weather]]|[[BBC Music]]|[[BBC English Regions]]|[[BBC Scotland]]|[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|[[BBC Northern Ireland]]|[[BBC North]]|[[BBC Bitesize]]|[[BBC Studios]]}} | founded = {{start date and age|1922|10|18|df=y}} (as British Broadcasting Company)<br />{{start date and age|1927|01|01|df=y}} (as British Broadcasting Corporation) | location = [[Broadcasting House]]<br>[[London]], England | website = {{Official URL}} }} The '''British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)''' is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current state with its current name on New Year's Day 1927. The oldest and largest local and global broadcaster by stature and by number of employees, the BBC employs over 21,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 17,900 are in public-sector broadcasting. The BBC was established under a royal charter, and operates under an agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts or to use the BBC's streaming service, iPlayer. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian. Some of the BBC's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios (formerly BBC Worldwide), which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News, and from BBC.com, provided by BBC Global News Ltd. In 2009, the company was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements in business. Since its formation in 1922, the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture. It is colloquially known as '''the Beeb''' or '''Auntie'''. ==History== The British Broadcasting Company Ltd was formed on 18 October 1922 as a business. In 1927 it was changed into the British Broadcasting Corporation under a [[royal charter]], which allows it to broadcast radio. It started television broadcasting in November 1936. This stopped during the [[Second World War]] when there was only radio. During the war, [[Winston Churchill]] delivered 33 major wartime speeches on BBC radio.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sterling |first1=Christopher |title=Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |page=524}}</ref> The [[BBC World Service]] broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages to many countries. It is banned in Russia and China. It was started in 1932 when it was aimed at English speakers across the [[British Empire]]. Until 2014 it was paid for by the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]. In 2006,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPVELEWrujQC&q=bbc+charter+review+2006|title=Further Issues for BBC Charter Review: 2nd Report of Session 2005-06|last=Review|first=Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Select Committee on the BBC Charter|date=3 March 2006|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=978-0-10-400824-9|language=en}}</ref> the [[British Government]] looked at the charter to see if it needed changing. Another [[agreement]], which goes with the Charter, recognises that the BBC should be [[independent]] from any other organisation. It also says what the BBC should do for the people in Britain (the [[:wikt:public|public]]). === Finance === Every household in the UK that watches or records "live" programmes (as they’re being broadcast), or watches [[BBC iPlayer]], must, by law, pay for a [[TV Licence]]. As the BBC gets its money from TV licences, it does not take money from [[company|companies]] or [[shareholder]]s, so it does not have to do what they want. Also, it is not allowed to broadcast [[Advertising|commercials]] in the middle of a programme, although it can show commercials in between programmes. The BBC makes extra money in several ways. One way is by selling its programmes to other broadcasting companies. Another way is by selling audio tapes and [[compact disc|CDs]] of its best radio programmes, and [[VHS|videos]] and [[DVD]]s of its best television programmes. Still another way is by selling books based on programmes, and magazines about science and natural history. In April 2023, Richard Sharp resigned as chairman after a report found he did not disclose potential perceived conflicts of interest in his role in the facilitation of a loan to Prime Minister Boris Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Sharp resigns as BBC chairman after Boris Johnson £800,000 loan row|url=https://news.sky.com/story/bbc-chairman-richard-sharp-resigns-12832218|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428100244/https://news.sky.com/story/bbc-chairman-richard-sharp-resigns-12832218|archive-date=28 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|publisher=Sky News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wilkinson|first=Peter|date=28 April 2023|title=BBC chairman resigns after controversy involving loan deal for former PM Boris Johnson {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/28/media/bbc-sharp-resigns-intl-gbr/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428121544/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/28/media/bbc-sharp-resigns-intl-gbr/index.html|archive-date=28 April 2023|access-date=28 April 2023|publisher=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Dame Elan Closs Stephens was appointed as acting chairwoman on [[June 27|27 June]] [[2023]], and she would lead the BBC board for a year or until a new permanent chair has been appointed.<ref name="Stephens">{{Cite web|date=2 June 2023|title=Dame Elan Closs Stephens appointed acting BBC chairwoman|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65787514|access-date=13 August 2023|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en}}</ref> Samir Shah was subsequently appointed with effect from 4 March 2024.<ref name="ShahAppointment">{{cite web|title=Dr Samir Shah CBE|url=https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/whoweare/samir-shah|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 March 2024}}</ref> In October 2024 it was announced that the BBC along with Sky Sports signed a deal to broadcast the 2025–26 season of the Women's Super League campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Garry|first=Tom|date=30 October 2024|title=WSL agrees record £65m domestic five-year TV deal with Sky Sports and BBC|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/oct/30/wsl-agrees-record-65m-domestic-five-year-tv-deal-with-sky-sports-and-bbc|access-date=30 October 2024|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == ''Radio Times'' == In 1923, [[BBC Magazines]] started publishing a [[magazine]] which printed listings of the week's BBC radio and television programmes in the United Kingdom. The magazine was called the ''Radio Times''. In 1991, the magazine began to print listings of programmes broadcast by other providers in the [[United Kingdom]]. Today the magazine is still printed and provides [[online]] listings too. It also prints stories about programmes, the people who make them, and the people who appear in them. The ''Radio Times'' is one of the best selling magazines in the United Kingdom. In August 2011, the BBC agreed to sell the magazine to Exponent, if Britain's [[Office of Fair Trading]] approves.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/aug/16/bbc-completes-magazines-sell-off |title=BBC Worldwide agrees £121m magazine sell-off |first=Mark |last=Sweney |work=The Guardian |date=16 August 2011}}</ref> == BBC Report == The BBC has to publish a [[report]] every year, which tells people what it has done and how much money it has made and spent. If someone has a complaint about something broadcast by the BBC, they can complain to the BBC, the BBC Trust, or directly to [[Ofcom]], the government's [[regulator]] of broadcasting. == Locations == The headquarters of the BBC is [[Broadcasting House]] in Portland Place, [[London]]. The BBC also has other offices such as the [[BBC Television Centre]] in White City, London, [[BBC Radio Berkshire]], as well in other cities like Cardiff, Belfast, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Southampton and Newcastle upon Tyne. Rather than hire local reporters everywhere, the BBC's journalists work in many countries across the world. This means BBC workers are sometimes in danger, especially in war zones. Most recently [[Alan Johnston]] was kidnapped and held hostage for many months in [[Gaza]] before being safely released. == BBC iPlayer == {{main|BBC iPlayer}} Between October 2005 and 28 February 2006, the BBC offered a service called the BBC iPlayer on their website - [[bbc.co.uk]]. It allowed people to catch up on the last seven days of TV and radio on the BBC. Users could either watch (stream) it or [[download]] the content on their [[computer]]s. The downloading options are for [[Microsoft Windows]] computers and Apple devices. The iPlayer service was released to the public on 25 December 2007. The slogan for BBC iPlayer is 'Making the Unmissable, Unmissable.' ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="2023-24-accounts">{{cite web|date=24 July 2024|title=BBC Group Annual Report and Accounts 2023/24|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/documents/ara-2023-24.pdf|access-date=12 October 2024|publisher=BBC}}</ref> }} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|BBC}} * {{official website}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk BBC News] {{BBC}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1922 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:BBC| ]] d1kj34701oh87unzgygx0dnqns67evc 0 3486 10331737 10324666 2025-06-15T10:23:00Z 109.245.38.19 /* A */ 10331737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Film}} [[File:Night of the Living Dead (1968).webm|thumb|[[Night of the Living Dead]] (1968) has been listed as one of the greatest and most influential [[horror movie]]s ever made.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-18|title=Empire Features|url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/21.asp|access-date=2022-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118222018/http://www.empireonline.com/500/21.asp |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref>]] A '''movie''' or '''film''' is a type of [[Visual arts|visual art]] that uses [[images]] and [[sound]]s to tell stories or [[Pedagogy|teach]] people something. Most people watch movies to [[entertainment|entertain]] themselves or to [[Recreation|have fun]]. Movies can vary significantly in emotional tone both overall as a specific genre type but also within a single work. Some of the most typical approaches are to [[Comedy|make people laugh]] (comedy), [[Tragedy|make them cry]] (tragedy or drama), or [[Horror movie|make them feel afraid]] (horror). However, there are also movies that combine genres, like horror-comedy. == Overview == [[File:Animated phenakistiscope disc - Running rats Fantascope by Thomas Mann Baynes 1833.gif|thumb|A [[Stroboscopic disc]] with 16 pictures moving at 10 [[Frame rate|frames a second]] that [[Illusion|makes it look like]] the rats are moving]]Most movies are made so that they can be [[Observation|watched]] at home or on a [[movie screen]] at [[movie theater]]s. Movies are shown in movie theaters a few weeks or months after or before the movie is [[Movie release|released]]. Movies can be [[Marketing|marketed]] using [[Media (communication)|media]]. Movies are shown on paid television or [[cable television]] or are [[Sales|sold]] or [[Renting|rented]] on [[DVD]] disks or [[videocassette]] tapes so that people can watch the movies at home. Movies can also be [[download]]ed or [[Streaming media|streamed]]. Some movies are shown on television [[broadcasting]] stations.{{cn|date=December 2024}} {{wiktionary}} Movies are [[Cinematography|filmed]] with [[Movie camera|movie cameras]] or [[Video camera|video cameras]]. Movie cameras take [[Picture|pictures]] very quickly, usually 24 or 25 pictures or [[Frame rate|frames]] every second. When a [[movie projector]], a [[computer]], or a [[television]] shows the pictures at 24 frames a second, it looks like the things shown in the set of pictures are moving. [[Sound]] is usually recorded at the same time as the pictures are, but sometimes, they are added later. The sounds in a movie are usually [[Dialogue|people talking]], the [[soundtrack]], and [[sound effect]]s. In the 20th century, the camera used [[photographic film]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Making movies == Most movies start to be made when a [[screenwriter]] [[Screenwriting|writes]] a [[Screenplay|script]], which is the [[Narrative|story]] of the movie with [[dialogue]] and [[word]]s and things that the [[actor]]s will say and do. A [[producer]] [[Recruitment|hires]] people to work on the movie and gets the money that will be used to pay for the [[Actor|actors]], or [[Actress|actresses]], and the [[Tool|equipment]]. Producers usually get the money by [[Debt|borrowing]] it from a bank or by asking [[Investor|investors]] to [[Loan|give money]] to them. Some producers work for a movie [[studio]], but other producers work by themselves.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Actors, or actresses, and [[Movie director|directors]] read scripts to learn what to say and what to do. The actors learn the words from the script that they will say in the movie and learn the things that the script tells them to do. Then, the director tells the actors what to do and a [[cameraman]] [[Cinematography|takes the film]] of them saying the words with a film camera.{{cn|date=December 2024}} When the filming is done, an editor makes the film play after each other, which makes a story. [[Audio engineer|Audio engineers]] and sound engineers record [[music]] and [[singing]] and [[wikt:combine|combine]] it with the film. When the movie is done, many copies of the movie are made by movie labs and put onto film reels. Then, the reels are sent to [[Movie theater|movie theaters]]. A [[Movie projector|projector]] shines a very bright light through the film, and people sitting in a dark room see it on a big screen.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Types== ===A=== A [[genre]] means a type of movie. Movies can be [[wikt:fiction|fictional]] or [[wikt:non-fiction|non-fictional]]. Some movies can be two or more genres. * '''[[Action movie|Action movies]]''' are movies where the [[Protagonist|main character]] is in a dangerous situation, and there is usually a lot of violent scenes, such as [[Explosion|explosions]], [[blood]], and fighting scenes. In ''[[Die Hard]]'', [[Terrorism|terrorists]] take control of a [[skyscraper]] and ask for a big [[ransom]]. If they are given the ransom, they won't kill the people who work in the skyscraper, who are called [[hostage]]s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-13|title=90+ Film Genre Examples for Film & TV|url=https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/movie-genres-list/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=StudioBinder|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Adventure movie|'''Adventure movies''']] usually have a [[hero]] who go on long [[Travel|journeys]] to fight big things, like [[Dragon|dragons]]. * [[Animation|'''Animated''']] movies use [[Drawing|drawn]] images like [[cartoon]]s to tell a story. These movies used to be drawn by hand, one [[frame]] at a time, but they are usually now made on [[computer]]s. They can be [[Traditional animation|2D animated]] or [[Animation|3D animated]].<ref name=":5" /> ===B=== * '''Buddy''' movies involve two [[Friendship|friends]]. Buddy movies usually have comedy. Buddy [[Police|cop]] movies are a common theme. ===C=== * '''[[Comedy movie|Comedies]]''' are movies about [[Humour|funny]] [[scenario]]s that characters might be in. * '''Comedy horror''' movies blend horror and [[Comedy|comic]] [[motif]]s in its plots. Movies in this genre sometimes use [[black comedy]] as the main form of [[humor]]. ===D=== * '''[[Documentary|Documentaries]]''' are [[non-fiction]] movies that are (or claim to be) about real people and real events. They are nearly always serious and may involve strongly emotional subjects, for example cruelty. * '''[[Drama|Dramas]]''' are serious and often about people falling in love or needing to make a big decision in their life. They tell stories about [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s between people. They usually follow a basic [[Narrative|plot]] where one or two main [[Fictional character|characters]] (each actor plays a character) have to 'overcome' (get past) an obstacle (the thing stopping them) to get what they want. ===F=== * '''[[Family]]''' movies are made to be okay for [[child]]ren to watch. [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] is famous for their family movies. * '''[[Fantasy]]''' movies include magical and impossible things that any real human being cannot do. * '''[[Film noir]]''' movies are 1940s-era detective dramas about crime and violence. ===H=== * [[Horror movie|'''Horror movies''']] use fear to excite the audience. Music, lighting and [[sets]] (man-made places in [[movie studio]]s where the movie is made) are all designed to add to the feeling. ===R=== * '''[[Romantic comedy|Romantic Comedies]]''', also called "Rom-Com"s are usually stories about two persons falling in love and doing funny things or have funny things happen to them. ===S=== * '''[[Science fiction]]''' movies are [[fiction]] and also have a lot of [[science]], like including [[Machine|machines]] that cannot be built in real life yet. * [[Sport|'''Sports''']] movies tells stories that involve sports. They are often a form of drama where [[Sportsperson|athletes]] must overcome some issue. ===T=== * '''[[Thriller movie|Suspense]]''' movies makes the audience [[Stress (biology)|stressed]]. They usually have multiple twists that confuse the people watching the movie * '''[[Thriller movie|Thrillers]]''' are usually about a mystery, strange event, or crime that needs to be solved. The audience is kept guessing until the final minutes, when there are usually 'twists' in the plot (surprises). * '''[[Tragedy|Tragedies]]''' are a type of drama. They are about people in trouble. For example, a husband and wife who are [[divorce|divorcing]] must each try to prove to a [[court]] of law that they are the best person to take care of their child. [[Emotion|Emotions]] (feelings) are a big part of the movie, and the [[audience]] (people watching the movie) may get upset and even cry. ===W=== * '''[[War movie|War]]''' is a movie genre concerned with warfare. They are normally about [[Navy|naval]], [[Air force|air]] or [[Army|land]] battles. They have combat scenes central to the story. These stories are most commonly [[Setting (fiction)|set]] in the 20th century. * '''[[Western (genre)|Western]]''' movies tell stories about [[Cowboy|cowboys]] in the [[western United States]] in the 1870s and 1880s. They are usually action movies but with historical costumes. Some involve [[Native Americans]]. Not all movies that are set in the American West are made there. For example, Western films made in Italy are called '''Spaghetti Westerns'''. Some films can also use Western plots even if they are set in other places. ==Business of making movies== Most movies lose money, but some make up to hundreds of [[millions]] or billions of dollars. In the [[United States]], movies have become an enormous part of the economy. The industry has always been led by a few [[major movie studios]] like [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]/[[United Artists|UA]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Sony Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], or Disney. The oldest American movie studio is [[Universal Studios|Universal]]. ===Elements=== There are many large companies that provide all of the services needed to make movies, such as [[Special effect|special effects]], lighting, and [[Set construction|set building]] companies. Many of these employees belong to [[Trade union|trade unions]] who say how much their members must be paid. A large number of smaller companies also offer services, such as music studios, which record music. ===Distribution=== Finally, there are movie distribution companies and advertising companies. Movies with famous [[Movie star|stars]] (actors who are well-known) and large [[Budget|budgets]], are designed to have a large appeal (something a person would like about the, so that hopefully, [[Million|millions]] of people will pay to see them. The most expensive movies are called [[Blockbuster|blockbusters]]. [[Special effects]] can add a huge amount to the cost of a movie, especially if the movie uses the newest [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] effects. However, people have come to expect them, and every blockbuster movie tries to outdo the last. Even in 2008, some movies can cost up to $200 million to make. Very successful movies can make many times that amount in profit, and that's why the studios keep producing them. This kind of movie will have a lot of promotion through [[television]] [[advertising]], [[Billboard|billboards]] and [[internet]] sites. ===Blockbuster=== In blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending, in which all of the problems in the plot (story) are figured out or fixed and almost everyone (except the bad guys) live happily ever after. Some movies have been so successful that the studios keep releasing more and more [[sequel]]s or movies with the same characters and basic plots. === Indie films === At the opposite end of the scale to the blockbuster, there is the independent, art, or Indie movie. These are usually made by small movie companies, or even just a small group of people that do not have much money. An example is [[The Blair Witch Project]], which cost only about $60,000, but which has so far taken perhaps $200 million in ticket and DVD sales. Movies like this are very unusual and usually become popular 'underground' ([[word of mouth]] advertising), so that they have a [[cult]] following, or popular but not [[mainstream]]. Independent movies often tell more creative or unusual (strange) stories or may have sad endings that do not appeal to the big studios because they cannot be sure how the public will react to them. They rarely make a lot of money, but if they are successful, the big studios will quickly try to get the people involved to sign a [[contract]] with them, by offering them a lot of money to make another movie. == The Oscars == Some movies receive [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations, which normally reflect on the qualities of a film's production process. Also, some actors and actresses receive Oscar nominations and wins. == Age-appropriate ratings == Movies are rated by their age appropriateness. Some examples include G, PG, PG 13, and R. ==Related pages== * [[Big Ten (movie studios)]], America's ten largest movie studios ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat|Films|Movies}} * [https://www.imdb.com The Internet Movie Database] * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com Rotten Tomatoes] – Movie reviews. * [https://movies.yahoo.com Yahoo! Movies] * [https://www.allmovie.com/ Allmovie.com] * https://www.film-datenbank.eu {{Filmmaking}} [[Category:Movies| ]] gl8mcv64obqvffoxo9qg9as96p1px9j 10331738 10331737 2025-06-15T10:23:09Z 109.245.38.19 /* B */ 10331738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Film}} [[File:Night of the Living Dead (1968).webm|thumb|[[Night of the Living Dead]] (1968) has been listed as one of the greatest and most influential [[horror movie]]s ever made.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-18|title=Empire Features|url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/21.asp|access-date=2022-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118222018/http://www.empireonline.com/500/21.asp |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref>]] A '''movie''' or '''film''' is a type of [[Visual arts|visual art]] that uses [[images]] and [[sound]]s to tell stories or [[Pedagogy|teach]] people something. Most people watch movies to [[entertainment|entertain]] themselves or to [[Recreation|have fun]]. Movies can vary significantly in emotional tone both overall as a specific genre type but also within a single work. Some of the most typical approaches are to [[Comedy|make people laugh]] (comedy), [[Tragedy|make them cry]] (tragedy or drama), or [[Horror movie|make them feel afraid]] (horror). However, there are also movies that combine genres, like horror-comedy. == Overview == [[File:Animated phenakistiscope disc - Running rats Fantascope by Thomas Mann Baynes 1833.gif|thumb|A [[Stroboscopic disc]] with 16 pictures moving at 10 [[Frame rate|frames a second]] that [[Illusion|makes it look like]] the rats are moving]]Most movies are made so that they can be [[Observation|watched]] at home or on a [[movie screen]] at [[movie theater]]s. Movies are shown in movie theaters a few weeks or months after or before the movie is [[Movie release|released]]. Movies can be [[Marketing|marketed]] using [[Media (communication)|media]]. Movies are shown on paid television or [[cable television]] or are [[Sales|sold]] or [[Renting|rented]] on [[DVD]] disks or [[videocassette]] tapes so that people can watch the movies at home. Movies can also be [[download]]ed or [[Streaming media|streamed]]. Some movies are shown on television [[broadcasting]] stations.{{cn|date=December 2024}} {{wiktionary}} Movies are [[Cinematography|filmed]] with [[Movie camera|movie cameras]] or [[Video camera|video cameras]]. Movie cameras take [[Picture|pictures]] very quickly, usually 24 or 25 pictures or [[Frame rate|frames]] every second. When a [[movie projector]], a [[computer]], or a [[television]] shows the pictures at 24 frames a second, it looks like the things shown in the set of pictures are moving. [[Sound]] is usually recorded at the same time as the pictures are, but sometimes, they are added later. The sounds in a movie are usually [[Dialogue|people talking]], the [[soundtrack]], and [[sound effect]]s. In the 20th century, the camera used [[photographic film]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Making movies == Most movies start to be made when a [[screenwriter]] [[Screenwriting|writes]] a [[Screenplay|script]], which is the [[Narrative|story]] of the movie with [[dialogue]] and [[word]]s and things that the [[actor]]s will say and do. A [[producer]] [[Recruitment|hires]] people to work on the movie and gets the money that will be used to pay for the [[Actor|actors]], or [[Actress|actresses]], and the [[Tool|equipment]]. Producers usually get the money by [[Debt|borrowing]] it from a bank or by asking [[Investor|investors]] to [[Loan|give money]] to them. Some producers work for a movie [[studio]], but other producers work by themselves.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Actors, or actresses, and [[Movie director|directors]] read scripts to learn what to say and what to do. The actors learn the words from the script that they will say in the movie and learn the things that the script tells them to do. Then, the director tells the actors what to do and a [[cameraman]] [[Cinematography|takes the film]] of them saying the words with a film camera.{{cn|date=December 2024}} When the filming is done, an editor makes the film play after each other, which makes a story. [[Audio engineer|Audio engineers]] and sound engineers record [[music]] and [[singing]] and [[wikt:combine|combine]] it with the film. When the movie is done, many copies of the movie are made by movie labs and put onto film reels. Then, the reels are sent to [[Movie theater|movie theaters]]. A [[Movie projector|projector]] shines a very bright light through the film, and people sitting in a dark room see it on a big screen.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Types== ===A=== A [[genre]] means a type of movie. Movies can be [[wikt:fiction|fictional]] or [[wikt:non-fiction|non-fictional]]. Some movies can be two or more genres. * '''[[Action movie|Action movies]]''' are movies where the [[Protagonist|main character]] is in a dangerous situation, and there is usually a lot of violent scenes, such as [[Explosion|explosions]], [[blood]], and fighting scenes. In ''[[Die Hard]]'', [[Terrorism|terrorists]] take control of a [[skyscraper]] and ask for a big [[ransom]]. If they are given the ransom, they won't kill the people who work in the skyscraper, who are called [[hostage]]s.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-13|title=90+ Film Genre Examples for Film & TV|url=https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/movie-genres-list/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=StudioBinder|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Adventure movie|'''Adventure movies''']] usually have a [[hero]] who go on long [[Travel|journeys]] to fight big things, like [[Dragon|dragons]]. * [[Animation|'''Animated''']] movies use [[Drawing|drawn]] images like [[cartoon]]s to tell a story. These movies used to be drawn by hand, one [[frame]] at a time, but they are usually now made on [[computer]]s. They can be [[Traditional animation|2D animated]] or [[Animation|3D animated]].<ref name=":5" /> ===B=== * '''Buddy''' movies involve two [[Friendship|friends]]. Buddy movies usually have comedy. Buddy [[Police|cop]] movies are a common theme. ===C=== * '''[[Comedy movie|Comedies]]''' are movies about [[Humour|funny]] [[scenario]]s that characters might be in. * '''Comedy horror''' movies blend horror and [[Comedy|comic]] [[motif]]s in its plots. Movies in this genre sometimes use [[black comedy]] as the main form of [[humor]]. ===D=== * '''[[Documentary|Documentaries]]''' are [[non-fiction]] movies that are (or claim to be) about real people and real events. They are nearly always serious and may involve strongly emotional subjects, for example cruelty. * '''[[Drama|Dramas]]''' are serious and often about people falling in love or needing to make a big decision in their life. They tell stories about [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s between people. They usually follow a basic [[Narrative|plot]] where one or two main [[Fictional character|characters]] (each actor plays a character) have to 'overcome' (get past) an obstacle (the thing stopping them) to get what they want. ===F=== * '''[[Family]]''' movies are made to be okay for [[child]]ren to watch. [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] is famous for their family movies. * '''[[Fantasy]]''' movies include magical and impossible things that any real human being cannot do. * '''[[Film noir]]''' movies are 1940s-era detective dramas about crime and violence. ===H=== * [[Horror movie|'''Horror movies''']] use fear to excite the audience. Music, lighting and [[sets]] (man-made places in [[movie studio]]s where the movie is made) are all designed to add to the feeling. ===R=== * '''[[Romantic comedy|Romantic Comedies]]''', also called "Rom-Com"s are usually stories about two persons falling in love and doing funny things or have funny things happen to them. ===S=== * '''[[Science fiction]]''' movies are [[fiction]] and also have a lot of [[science]], like including [[Machine|machines]] that cannot be built in real life yet. * [[Sport|'''Sports''']] movies tells stories that involve sports. They are often a form of drama where [[Sportsperson|athletes]] must overcome some issue. ===T=== * '''[[Thriller movie|Suspense]]''' movies makes the audience [[Stress (biology)|stressed]]. They usually have multiple twists that confuse the people watching the movie * '''[[Thriller movie|Thrillers]]''' are usually about a mystery, strange event, or crime that needs to be solved. The audience is kept guessing until the final minutes, when there are usually 'twists' in the plot (surprises). * '''[[Tragedy|Tragedies]]''' are a type of drama. They are about people in trouble. For example, a husband and wife who are [[divorce|divorcing]] must each try to prove to a [[court]] of law that they are the best person to take care of their child. [[Emotion|Emotions]] (feelings) are a big part of the movie, and the [[audience]] (people watching the movie) may get upset and even cry. ===W=== * '''[[War movie|War]]''' is a movie genre concerned with warfare. They are normally about [[Navy|naval]], [[Air force|air]] or [[Army|land]] battles. They have combat scenes central to the story. These stories are most commonly [[Setting (fiction)|set]] in the 20th century. * '''[[Western (genre)|Western]]''' movies tell stories about [[Cowboy|cowboys]] in the [[western United States]] in the 1870s and 1880s. They are usually action movies but with historical costumes. Some involve [[Native Americans]]. Not all movies that are set in the American West are made there. For example, Western films made in Italy are called '''Spaghetti Westerns'''. Some films can also use Western plots even if they are set in other places. ==Business of making movies== Most movies lose money, but some make up to hundreds of [[millions]] or billions of dollars. In the [[United States]], movies have become an enormous part of the economy. The industry has always been led by a few [[major movie studios]] like [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]/[[United Artists|UA]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Sony Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], or Disney. The oldest American movie studio is [[Universal Studios|Universal]]. ===Elements=== There are many large companies that provide all of the services needed to make movies, such as [[Special effect|special effects]], lighting, and [[Set construction|set building]] companies. Many of these employees belong to [[Trade union|trade unions]] who say how much their members must be paid. A large number of smaller companies also offer services, such as music studios, which record music. ===Distribution=== Finally, there are movie distribution companies and advertising companies. Movies with famous [[Movie star|stars]] (actors who are well-known) and large [[Budget|budgets]], are designed to have a large appeal (something a person would like about the, so that hopefully, [[Million|millions]] of people will pay to see them. The most expensive movies are called [[Blockbuster|blockbusters]]. [[Special effects]] can add a huge amount to the cost of a movie, especially if the movie uses the newest [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] effects. However, people have come to expect them, and every blockbuster movie tries to outdo the last. Even in 2008, some movies can cost up to $200 million to make. Very successful movies can make many times that amount in profit, and that's why the studios keep producing them. This kind of movie will have a lot of promotion through [[television]] [[advertising]], [[Billboard|billboards]] and [[internet]] sites. ===Blockbuster=== In blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending, in which all of the problems in the plot (story) are figured out or fixed and almost everyone (except the bad guys) live happily ever after. Some movies have been so successful that the studios keep releasing more and more [[sequel]]s or movies with the same characters and basic plots. === Indie films === At the opposite end of the scale to the blockbuster, there is the independent, art, or Indie movie. These are usually made by small movie companies, or even just a small group of people that do not have much money. An example is [[The Blair Witch Project]], which cost only about $60,000, but which has so far taken perhaps $200 million in ticket and DVD sales. Movies like this are very unusual and usually become popular 'underground' ([[word of mouth]] advertising), so that they have a [[cult]] following, or popular but not [[mainstream]]. Independent movies often tell more creative or unusual (strange) stories or may have sad endings that do not appeal to the big studios because they cannot be sure how the public will react to them. They rarely make a lot of money, but if they are successful, the big studios will quickly try to get the people involved to sign a [[contract]] with them, by offering them a lot of money to make another movie. == The Oscars == Some movies receive [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations, which normally reflect on the qualities of a film's production process. Also, some actors and actresses receive Oscar nominations and wins. == Age-appropriate ratings == Movies are rated by their age appropriateness. Some examples include G, PG, PG 13, and R. ==Related pages== * [[Big Ten (movie studios)]], America's ten largest movie studios ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat|Films|Movies}} * [https://www.imdb.com The Internet Movie Database] * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com Rotten Tomatoes] – Movie reviews. * [https://movies.yahoo.com Yahoo! Movies] * [https://www.allmovie.com/ Allmovie.com] * https://www.film-datenbank.eu {{Filmmaking}} [[Category:Movies| ]] t0kws6m0jefgbctqgtc0mfvr38z14ha 0 3592 10331013 10048017 2025-06-14T22:48:12Z 102.208.51.62 10331013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Makkah | official_name = The Holy City of Makkah | native_name = {{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}<br />''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Makkah al-Mukarramah}}'' | other_name = Makkah | image_skyline = Edited Great Mosque of Mecca1 5-2019-ccsa4.0 (cropped).jpg | image_caption = [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the center of Makkah | image_flag = Flag of Mecca.svg | flag_link = | flag_size = | image_shield = | shield_link = | shield_size = | nickname = ''Umm al-Qura'' ("Mother of All Settlements") | motto = | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia | map_caption = Location of Makkah in Saudi Arabia | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Makkah Province]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Osama al-Bar | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_name1 = Khalid al-Faisal | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = [[Prophets in Islam|Prophet]] [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismā'īl]]<br> (Islamic Tradition) | unit_pref = Metric | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 760 | area_metro_km2 = 1200 | area_urban_km2 = 850 | elevation_m = 277 | area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/ Makkah Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805195108/http://www1.holymakkah.gov.sa/ |date=2013-08-05 }}. Holymakkah.gov.sa. Retrieved on 2013-02-03.</ref> | population_note = Mecca Municipality estimate | population_as_of = 2012 | population_total = 2,000,000 | population_density_km2 = 4200 | population_density_sq_mi = 2625 | population_urban = 2,353,912 | population_metro = 2,900,000 | population_footnotes = {{fact|date=May 2012}} | timezone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | coordinates = {{Coord|21|25|0|N|39|49|0|E|region:SA|display=inline,title}} | postal_code_type = Postal Code | postal_code = (5 digits) | area_code = +966-2 | website = {{URL|http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa}} }} [[Image:Day of Hajj. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|250px|A view of Makkah during the Hajj, with [[Mount Arafat|Mt. Arafat]] in the distance.]] '''Mecca''' or '''Makkah''' (officially: '''Makkah al-Mukarramah'''; {{lang-ar|مكة المكرمة}}) is a [[city]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] and the holiest city in [[Islam]]. As of the 2004 census, 1,294,169 people lived there. The city is {{convert|73|km|mi}} inland from [[Jeddah]], in the narrow sandy Valley of Abraham. It is {{convert|277|m|ft}} above sea level. It is {{convert|81|km|mi}} from the [[Red Sea]]. Makkah is the holiest city in the [[Islamic world]]. Every year, millions of Muslims take a [[pilgrimage]] to Mecca, called the [[Hajj]]. They follow in the footsteps of [[Muhammad]]. All Muslims who are able to perform the Hajj are expected to do so at least once in their life. The [[Kaaba]] and [[Masjid al-Haram]], are the holiest [[mosque]]<nowiki/>s in Islam. Mecca is closed to non-Muslims except for some journalists reporting on the Hajj. == History == The [[Kaaba]], the small cubical [[building]] which [[Muslim]]s pray towards is believed to have been built by [[Ibrahim]] and has been a religious center ever since. Muslims believed that [[Allah|God]] commanded Ibrahim to send his second wife Hajar and her son [[Ismail]] there.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.submission.info/servlet/qtbrowse?pickthall=true&yusufali=true&shakir=true&arabic=true&chapter=14&verseBegin=37&verseEnd=37 |title=The Qur'an 14:37 |access-date=2006-10-07 |archive-date=2007-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015185519/http://www.submission.info/servlet/qtbrowse?pickthall=true&yusufali=true&shakir=true&arabic=true&chapter=14&verseBegin=37&verseEnd=37 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They found the [[Zamzam Well]] which led to people settling nearby, and thus Makkah was born. When Ismail was big enough, he helped his father to build the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the place towards which Muslims turn in prayer. This is known as the Qibla.<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/002.qmt.html#002.127 The Qur'an 2:217]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *[http://www.qibla.com.br Direction to Makkah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825165718/http://www.qibla.com.br/ |date=2006-08-25 }} *[http://www.qiblacompass.net Qibla Compass] *[http://www.makkah.gov.sa/english/index.php The Emirate of Makkah]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.insidemecca.com/ Inside Mecca DVD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060237/http://www.insidemecca.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }} National Geographic documentary about Makkah *[https://newwallpapershd.com/mecca-makkah-wallpapers/ Mecca Wallpapers New] [[Category:Mecca| ]] ntqezisxt88u9jq6xwb065rjhxh8qoo 0 4472 10331334 10314513 2025-06-15T02:17:27Z 122.150.144.236 Described "organisms" a little more for extra detail and made it "livng organisms" 10331334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DNA animation.gif|thumb|right|200px|The structure of part of a DNA double helix]] [[File:DNA chemical structure.svg|180px|thumb|Chemical [[structure]] of DNA. The [[phosphate]] groups are yellow, the deoxyribonucleic [[sugar]]s are orange, and the [[nitrogen]] [[Base (chemistry)|base]]s are [[green]], [[purple]], [[pink]], and [[blue]]. The [[atom]]s shown are: P=[[phosphorus]] O=[[oxygen]] =[[nitrogen]] H=[[hydrogen]]]][[File:Dna-split.png|180px|thumb|right|DNA being copied]] '''DNA''', [[abbreviation|short]] for '''deoxyribonucleic acid''', is the [[molecule]] that contains the [[Genetics|genetic]] code of living [[organism]]s. This includes [[animal]]s, [[plant]]s, [[protist]]s, [[archaea]] and [[bacteria]]. It is made up of two [[Nucleotide|polynucleotide]] chains in a [[double helix]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deoxyribonucleic+acid|access-date=2022-04-23|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> DNA is in each [[cell]] in the organism and tells cells what [[protein]]s to make. Mostly, these proteins are [[enzymes]]. DNA is [[Heredity|inherited]] by children from their parents. This is why children share [[Phenotype|traits]] with their parents, such as skin, hair and eye color. The DNA in a person is a combination of the DNA from each of their parents. Part of an organism's DNA is "[[non-coding DNA]]" sequences. They do not code for protein sequences. Some noncoding DNA is transcribed into [[non-coding RNA]] molecules, such as [[transfer RNA]], [[ribosomal RNA]], and [[regulatory RNA]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/887605755|title=Molecular biology of the cell|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|date=2015|isbn=978-0-8153-4432-2|edition=Sixth|location=New York, NY|oclc=887605755}}</ref> Other sequences are not transcribed at all, or give rise to RNA of unknown function. The amount of non-coding DNA varies greatly among species. For example, over 98% of the human genome is non-coding DNA,<ref>Elgar G. & Vavouri T. 2008. Tuning in to the signals: non-coding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. ''Trends Genet''. '''24''' (7): 344–52. {{doi|10.1016/j.tig.2008.04.005}}</ref> while only about 2% of a typical [[bacterial]] [[genome]] is non-coding DNA. [[Virus]]es use either DNA or [[RNA]] to [[infection|infect]] organisms.<ref name="pmid20690825">{{cite journal |author=Van Etten JL, Lane LC, Dunigan DD |title=DNA viruses: the really big ones (giruses) |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |volume=64 |pages=83–99 |year=2010 |pmid=20690825 |pmc=2936810 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134338|issn=0066-4227 }}</ref> The [[genome]] [[DNA replication|replication]] of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell's [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]], whereas RNA viruses usually replicate in the [[cytoplasm]]. Inside [[eukaryotic cells]], DNA is organized into [[chromosome]]s. Before [[cell division]], more chromosomes are made in the process of [[DNA replication]]. Eukaryotic organisms like animals, plants, fungi and protists store most of their DNA inside the [[cell nucleus]]. But prokaryotes, like bacteria and archaea store their DNA only in the [[cytoplasm]], in circular chromosomes. Inside eukaryotic chromosomes, chromatin proteins, such as [[histone]]s, help to compact and organize DNA.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48122761|title=Molecular biology of the cell|last=Alberts|first=Bruce|date=2002|publisher=Garland Science|others=Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter|isbn=0-8153-3218-1|edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=48122761}}</ref> == Structure of DNA == DNA has a double [[helix]] shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a [[spiral]]. Each step of the ladder is a pair of [[nucleotide]]s. === Nucleotides === A nucleotide is a [[molecule]] made up of: *deoxyribose, a kind of [[sugar]] with five [[carbon]] atoms, *a phosphate group made of [[phosphorus]] and [[oxygen]], and *[[nitrogen]]ous [[Base (chemistry)|base]] DNA is made of four types of nucleotide: * [[Adenine]] (A) * [[Thymine]] (T) * [[Cytosine]] (C) * [[Guanine]] (G) The 'rungs' of the DNA ladder are each made of two bases, one base coming from each leg. The bases connect in the middle: 'A' ''only'' pairs with 'T', and 'C' ''only'' pairs with 'G'. The bases are held together by [[hydrogen bond]]s. Adenine (A) and thymine (T) can pair up because they make two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) pair up to make three hydrogen bonds. Although the bases are always in fixed pairs, the pairs can come in any order (A-T or T-A; similarly, C-G or G-C). This way, DNA can write 'codes' out of the 'letters' that are the bases. These codes contain the message that tells the cell what to do. === Chromatin === On chromosomes, the DNA is bound up with [[protein]]s called [[histone]]s to form [[chromatin]]. This association takes part in [[epigenetics]] and [[gene regulation]]. Genes are switched on and off during development and cell activity, and this regulation is the basis of most of the activity which takes place in cells. == Copying DNA == When DNA is copied, this is called '''[[DNA replication]]'''. Briefly, the hydrogen bonds holding together paired bases are broken and the molecule is split in half: the legs of the ladder are separated. This gives two single strands. New strands are formed by matching the bases (A with T and G with C) to make the missing strands. First, an [[enzyme]] called DNA helicase splits the DNA down the middle by breaking the hydrogen bonds. Then after the DNA molecule is in two separate pieces, another molecule called [[DNA polymerase]] makes a new strand that matches each of the strands of the split DNA molecule. Each copy of a DNA molecule is made of half of the original (starting) molecule and half of new bases. === Mutations === When DNA is copied, mistakes are sometimes made – these are called [[mutation]]s. There are four main types of mutations: * ''Deletion'', where one or more bases are left out. * ''Substitution'', where one or more bases are substituted for another base in the sequence. * ''Insertion'', where one or more extra base is put in. ** ''Duplication'', where a sequence of bases pairs are repeated. Mutations may also be classified by their effect on the structure and function of proteins, or their effect on [[fitness]]. Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or of benefit. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the new DNA does not work at all, and this causes the [[embryo]] to die. On the other hand, [[evolution]] is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism. == Protein synthesis == A section of DNA that contains instructions to make a protein is called a [[gene]]. Each gene has the sequence for at least one [[polypeptide]].<ref>Many complex proteins consist of more than one polypeptide, and the polypeptides are coded separately. They are brought together at a later stage: see [[RNA splicing]].</ref> Proteins form structures, and also form enzymes. The enzymes do most of the work in cells. Proteins are made out of smaller [[polypeptide]]s, which are formed of [[amino acid]]s. To make a protein to do a particular job, the correct amino acids need to be joined up in the correct order. Proteins are made by tiny machines in the cell called [[ribosome]]s. Ribosomes are in the main body of the cell, but DNA is only in the nucleus of the cell. The codon is part of the DNA, but DNA never leaves the nucleus. Because DNA cannot leave the nucleus, the cell nucleus makes a copy of the DNA sequence in [[RNA]]. This is smaller and can get through the holes – [[pores]] – in the membrane of the nucleus and out into the cell. Genes encoded in DNA are [[transcription (genetics)|transcribed]] into [[messenger RNA]] (mRNA) by proteins such as [[RNA polymerase]]. Mature mRNA is then used as a [[template]] for protein synthesis by the ribosome. Ribosomes read [[codon]]s, 'words' made of three base pairs that tell the ribosome which [[amino acid]] to add. The ribosome scans along an mRNA, reading the code while it makes protein. Another RNA called [[tRNA]] helps match the right amino acid to each codon.<ref>Plomin R. 2018. ''How DNA makes us who we are''. London, Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-36769-8</ref> == History of DNA research == [[File:Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson - 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[James D. Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] (right), with [[Maclyn McCarty]] (left) ]] DNA was first isolated (extracted from cells) by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[physician]] Friedrich Miescher in 1869, when he was working on bacteria from the [[pus]] in surgical bandages. The molecule was found in the nucleus of the cells and so he called it ''nuclein''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dahm R |title=Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA | journal=Dev Biol |volume=278 |issue=2 | pages=274–88 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028 |pmid=15680349}}</ref> In 1928, [[Frederick Griffith]] discovered that [[trait (biology)|traits]] of the "smooth" form of ''Pneumococcus'' could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W |title=Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment |journal=Microbiol. Rev. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=563–602 |year=1994|doi=10.1128/mr.58.3.563-602.1994 |pmid=7968924 |pmc=372978 }}</ref> This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information. The [[Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment]] identified DNA as the [[Griffith's experiment|transforming principle]] in 1943.<ref name="paper">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1084/jem.79.2.137| volume = 79| issue = 2| pages = 137–158| title = Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: induction of transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid fraction isolated from ''Pneumococcus'' Type III| journal = Journal of Experimental Medicine| accessdate = 2008-09-29| date = 1944-02-01| url = http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/abstract/79/2/137| pmid = 19871359| pmc = 2135445| last1 = Avery| first1 = O. T.| last2 = MacLeod| first2 = C. M.| last3 = McCarty| first3 = M.}}</ref><ref>Fruton, Joseph S. 1999. ''Proteins, enzymes, genes: the interplay of chemistry and biology''. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 438–440 {{ISBN|0-300-07608-8}}</ref> DNA's role in [[heredity]] was confirmed in 1952, when [[Alfred Hershey]] and [[Martha Chase]] in the [[Hershey–Chase experiment]] showed that DNA is the [[genetic]] material of the T2 [[bacteriophage]].<ref>Hershey A.D. and Chase M. 1952. [http://www.jgp.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/39 Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage]. ''J Gen Physiol.'' '''36''':39-56</ref> In the 1950s, Erwin Chargaff <ref>{{cite journal|author=Vischer E. and Chargaff E.|title=The separation and quantitative estimation of purines and pyrimidines in minute amounts|journal=J. Biol. Chem.|volume=176|pages=703–714|year=1948|issue=2|doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52686-2|pmid=18889926|doi-access=free}}</ref> found that the amount of thymine (T) present in a molecule of DNA was about equal to the amount of adenine (A) present. He found that the same applies to guanine (G) and cytosine (C). Chargaff's rules summarises this finding. In 1953, [[James D. Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure in the journal ''Nature''.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Watson J.D. & Crick F.H.C.| title=A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid | url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/coldspring/printit.html|journal=Nature | volume=171 | pages=737–738 | year=1953 | issue=4356 | doi=10.1038/171737a0 | pmid=13054692 | s2cid=4253007 }}</ref> Their double-helix, molecular model of DNA was then based on a single [[X-ray diffraction]] image "Photo 51", taken by [[Rosalind Franklin]] and [[Raymond Gosling]] in May 1952.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Franklin R.E. & Gosling R.G.|title=Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate|journal=Nature|volume=171|pages=740–741|year=1953|issue=4356|doi=10.1038/171740a0|pmid=13054694|bibcode=1953Natur.171..740F|s2cid=4268222}}</ref> Experimental evidence supporting the [[James D. Watson|Watson]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]] model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of ''Nature''.<ref name=NatureDNA50>Nature Archives [http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html Double Helix of DNA: 50 Years]</ref> Of these, Franklin and Gosling's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/franklin-typeBphoto.html |title=Original X-ray diffraction image |publisher=Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu |accessdate=6 February 2011}}</ref> this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by [[Maurice Wilkins]] and two of his colleagues, whose analysis and ''in vivo'' B-DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence ''in vivo'' of the double-helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double-helix molecular model of DNA in the previous two pages of ''Nature''. In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962] Nobelprize .org Accessed 22 December 06</ref> Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients. A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The double helix and the 'wronged heroine' | author=Brenda Maddox | journal=Nature | volume=421 | pages=407–408 | date=23 January 2003 | url=http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf | pmid=12540909 | doi=10.1038/nature01399 | issue=6921 | bibcode=2003Natur.421..407M | s2cid=4428347 | access-date=6 December 2012 | archive-date=17 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017011403/http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1957, Crick explained the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, in the [[central dogma of molecular biology]].<ref>Crick F.H.C. [http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis (PDF).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001223217/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf |date=2008-10-01 }} genome.wellcome.ac.uk (Lecture, 1955). Retrieved 22 December 2006.</ref> How DNA was copied (the replication mechanism) came in 1958 through the [[Meselson–Stahl experiment]].<ref>Meselson M. and Stahl F.W. 1958. The Replication of DNA in ''Escherichia coli''. ''PNAS'' '''44''': 671–82 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642/?tool=pubmed]</ref> More work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called [[codon]]s.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968] Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 December 06</ref> These findings represent the birth of [[molecular biology]]. How Watson and Crick got Franklin's results has been much debated. Crick, Watson and [[Maurice Wilkins]] were awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1962 for their work on DNA – Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958. == What happens when DNA gets damaged == DNA gets damaged a lot of times in cells which is a problem has DNA provide instructions to making proteins. But, cells have ways to fix these problems most of the time. Cells make use of special enzymes.<ref name=":1"/> Different [[enzyme]]s fix different types of damages to DNA. The problem comes in different types: * One common [[error]] is base mismatch or where the bases are not matched correctly. This is where maybe for example, [[adenine]] is not matched with [[thymine]] or [[Guanine]] is not matched with [[cytosine]]. When a cell copies its own DNA a special enzyme called [[DNA polymerase|polymerase]] matches the bases together. But once in a while, there is an error. Usually, the enzyme notices it and fixes it, but just make sure, another set of proteins check what the enzyme has done. If the proteins find a base that was not matched with the right base, they remove it and replace it with a nucleotide with the right base.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hoeijmakers|first=Jan H.J.|date=2009-10-08|title=DNA Damage, Aging, and Cancer|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMra0804615|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=361|issue=15|pages=1475–1485|doi=10.1056/NEJMra0804615|pmid=19812404 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> * DNA can also be broken chemically by certain [[compounds]]. This can be [[Toxic|toxic compounds]] like those found in [[tobacco]] or compounds the cell meets every day like [[hydrogen peroxide]]. Some chemical damages by compounds happens so much that there is a special enzyme to fix those types of problems.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Douki 9221–9226">{{Cite journal|last1=Douki|first1=Thierry|last2=Reynaud-Angelin|first2=Anne|last3=Cadet|first3=Jean|last4=Sage|first4=Evelyne|date=2003-08-01|title=Bipyrimidine Photoproducts Rather than Oxidative Lesions Are the Main Type of DNA Damage Involved in the Genotoxic Effect of Solar UVA Radiation|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi034593c|journal=Biochemistry|language=en|volume=42|issue=30|pages=9221–9226|doi=10.1021/bi034593c|pmid=12885257 |issn=0006-2960}}</ref> * When a [[Nitrogenous base]] gets damaged, it is usually fixed in a process called [[base excision repair]]. Here, an enzyme removes the base and another group of enzymes trim around the damage and replaces it with a new nucleotide.<ref name=":1" /> * [[UV light]] damages DNA in such a way that it changes its shape. Fixing this type of damage takes a more complex process called [[nucleotide excision repair]]. Here, a team of proteins remove a long strand of 20 or more broken nucleotides and replaces them with fresh new ones.<ref name="Douki 9221–9226"/> * High energy waves like [[x-ray]]s and [[gamma ray]]s can actually cut one or both strands of DNA. This type of damage is called a double strand break. One double strand break can cause the cell to die. Two common ways the cell fixes this problem is [[homologous recombination]] and [[non homologous]] end joining. In homologous recombination, enzymes use a similar part of another gene as a [[template]] to fix the break. In non-homologous end joining enzymes trim around the place where the DNA strand broke and put them together. This way is much less accurate but works when there is no similar genes available.<ref name=":0" /> ==DNA and privacy concerns== Police in the [[United States]] used DNA and [[family tree]] public [[databases]] to solve [[cold case]]s. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] raised concerns over this practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/dna-family-tree-help-solve-52-year-old-seattle-murder-case|title = DNA, family tree help solve 52-year-old Seattle murder case|website = [[Fox News]]|date = 7 May 2019}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Bioinformatics]] * [[Cell division]] ** [[Mitosis]] ** [[Meiosis]] * [[DNA repair]] * [[Chromosome]] * [[Self-replication]] * [[Sequence analysis]] * [[Epigenetics]] * [[Junk DNA]] * [[DNA origami]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml Human Genome Project: information] [[Category:DNA| ]] [[Category:Cell biology]] [[Category:Macromolecules]] 2a0d4kxv87hi213xyiqge61ntzj29p5 0 4714 10331773 10088643 2025-06-15T10:47:34Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CountBasieEthelWatersStageDoorCanteen.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Count Basie]] with his [[orchestra]] and [[vocalist]] [[Ethel Waters]], in the movie ''Stage Door Canteen'', 1943]] {{Infobox music genre | Name = Jazz | color = black | bgcolor = #FFC0CB | image = |caption = | stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Blues]]|[[Folk music|folk]]|[[American march music|marches]]|[[ragtime]]|[[classical music]]}} | cultural_origins = Late 19th-century United States | instruments = {{hlist|[[Double bass]]|[[Drum kit|drums]]|[[guitar]] (typically [[electric guitar]])|[[piano]]|[[saxophone]]|[[trumpet]]|[[clarinet]]|[[trombone]]|[[Singing|vocals]]|[[vibraphone]]|[[Hammond organ]]|[[harmonica]]}}. In [[jazz fusion]] of the 1970s, [[electric bass]], [[electric piano]] and [[synthesizer]] were common. | derivatives = {{hlist|[[Funk]]|[[jump blues]]|[[reggae]]|[[rhythm and blues]]|[[ska]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]}} | subgenrelist = | subgenres = {{hlist|[[Bebop]]|[[Big band]]|[[Free jazz]]|[[Gypsy jazz]]|[[Hard bop]]|[[Latin jazz]]|[[Mainstream jazz]]|[[Soul jazz]]|[[Stride (music)|Stride piano]]|[[Swing music|Swing]]|[[Traditional jazz]]}}}} '''Jazz''' is a type of [[music]] which was invented in the [[United States]]. Jazz music combines [[African-American people|African-American]] music with [[Europe]]an music. Jazz first became popular in the 1910s. Some common jazz instruments include the [[saxophone]], [[trumpet]], [[guitar]], [[Jazz piano|piano]], [[double bass]], and [[drum]]s. ==Definition== It is difficult to give an exact definition for "jazz".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfFgNABSuuUC|title=The History and Tradition of Jazz|author=Larson, Thomas|date=2002|publisher=Kendall Hunt|isbn=9780787275747}}</ref> A singer Nina Simone said, "Jazz is not just music, it is a way of life, it is a way of being, a way of thinking".<ref name=":0" /> But when we talk about jazz as music, one important part of jazz is [[improvisation]] (improv), which means the person playing is making music up as they go along. If a jazz band is playing a song, the song may have several solos where one player will improvise while the rest of the band, except for the rhythm section (such as the piano, bass, or drums), does not play. Most jazz is very rhythmic, which is called "swing," and uses "blue" notes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-09|title=What is Jazz?|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/smithsonian-jazz/education/what-jazz|access-date=2020-08-11|website=National Museum of American History|language=en}}</ref> Blue notes are notes that are played at a slightly different pitch from normal. == History == [[File:BennyGoodmanStageDoorCanteen.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benny Goodman]], one of the first swing [[big band]] leaders to become widely popular.]] Jazz began in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music was first based on the music of African slaves who were forced to work in the plantations of the [[southern United States]]. This included [[call and response (music)|call and response]] songs, spirituals, [[chant]]s and blue notes. These characteristics are what developed [[blues]], a sad song that slaves sung during their labor. These influences were indirect, through earlier musical forms such as [[ragtime]]. Jazz also has musical styles from European music, as well as the brass and stringed instruments and (sometimes) the use of [[musical notation]]. There have been different types of jazz through time. [[New Orleans]] jazz began in the early 1910s. Dixieland jazz was also popular. In the 1930s, there was [[swing jazz]], which was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s, [[bebop]] became a major type of jazz, with fast songs and [[wikt:hard|complex]] [[harmony]]. Large jazz bands, which are called [[big band]]s, were also popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have 5 saxophone players, 4 or 5 trumpet players, 4 [[trombone]] players, a [[piano]] player or [[guitar]] player, an acoustic bass player, a drummer, and sometimes a singer. In the 1950s, there was [[hard bop]] jazz. In the 1960s, there was [[modern jazz]] and [[free jazz]]. In the 1970s, [[jazz fusion]] began to blend jazz music with [[Rock and roll|rock]] music. Some jazz is still played with the same improv methods as it did at its beginning, except with modern [[Synthesizer|electronic instruments]]. == International Jazz Day == April 30 is an "International Jazz Day".<ref>{{Cite web|title=VOA Observes Jazz Appreciation Month {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/episode/voa-observes-jazz-appreciation-month-3750766|access-date=2020-08-11|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> Each year jazz concerts and educational events take place around the world. This is the day to increase understanding to jazz. The United Nations Education and Science Organization (UNESCO) also take part in this event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=International Jazz Day|url=https://en.unesco.org/commemorations/jazzday|access-date=2020-08-11|website=UNESCO|language=en}}</ref> People celebrate the day, because they believe the history of jazz has something to do with peace, freedom and equality.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=International Jazz Day|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/jazz-day|access-date=2020-08-11|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/jazz/home/ ''Jazz''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130195838/http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/jazz/home/ |date=2018-01-30 }} — A documentary movie by [[Ken Burns]] on [[PBS]] * [https://archive.org/details/Free_20s_Jazz_Collection Free 1920s Jazz Collection] available for downloading at [[Archive.org]] * [http://www.jazzfoundation.org/ Jazz Foundation of America] * [http://www.smithsonianjazz.org/ Jazz at the Smithsonian Museum] * [http://www.jazzhall.com/ Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame website] * [https://americanhistory.si.edu/smithsonian-jazz/collections-and-archives/smithsonian-jazz-oral-history-program Smithsonian Jazz Oral History Program | National Museum of American History] {{authority control}} [[Category:Jazz music| ]] [[Category:African-American history]] tfxjmk6s1v7yooghbz54pderhbhwdo9 0 5001 10329862 10236548 2025-06-14T12:35:42Z 146.196.38.249 /* Kinds */ Accurate changes 10329862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{refimprove|date=October 2014}} [[File:What is cancer.webm|thumb|start=7.2|end=438|Lecture by Dr. Noel de Miranda about cancer]] '''Cancer''' is a type of [[disease]] where [[cells]] grow out of control, divide and invade other [[tissues]]. In a person without cancer, [[cell division]] is under control. In most [[tissues]], healthy cells divide in a controlled way and copy themselves to create new healthy cells. With cancer, this normal cell division goes out of control. Cells change their nature because [[mutations]] have occurred in their [[genes]]. All the daughter cells of cancer cells are also cancerous. Such cells are responsible for growing more cancer cells in the body. If the abnormal cells do not invade other tissues or organs, but just divide and swell up their original tissue, this is not called "cancer". It is called a [[tumour]] (when there are multiple they are tumours). Tumours are usually not a threat to life because they can be cut out. However, some tumours occur in places where they cannot be cut out, and they can be fatal. Some [[brain tumor|brain tumour]]s are of this type. The [[symptoms]] of cancer are caused by the cancerous cells invading other tissues. This is called metastasis. [[Metastasis]] is when cancer cells move through the [[bloodstream]] or [[lymphatic system]]. When this happens, a person's cancer can be spread to other places in the body. Eventually those other tissues cannot work as well, and the whole body begins to get worse, and may die. Cancer can affect anybody at any age. Most types of cancer are more likely to affect people as they get older. This is because as a person's [[DNA]] gets older, their DNA may become damaged, or damage that happened in the past may get worse. One type of cancer that is more common in young men, rather than older people, is [[testicular cancer]] (cancer of the [[testicles]]). Cancer is one of the biggest and most researched causes of death in [[developed country|developed countries]]. Studying cancer and its treatment is called [[oncology]].Cancer cells together called '''Neoplasm''' <big>H</big>uman Cancer Cell == Causes == Cancer is one of the most common causes of death around the world. It causes about 16% (or one out of every six) of all deaths worldwide, according to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="WHOfact">{{cite web |title=Cancer |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer |website=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=2022-10-20 |date=2022-02-03}}</ref> Different types of cancer have different causes. Some things are known to cause cancer in a specific body part; other things are known to be able to cause many different types of cancer. For example, using [[tobacco]] (smoked or smokeless) can cause many types of cancers, such as [[Lung cancer|lung]], [[Oral cancer|mouth, tongue, and throat cancers]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Marijuana Damages DNA And May Cause Cancer, New Test Reveals | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090615095940.htm | publisher = ScienceDaily.com | date = 2009-06-15 }}</ref> Other things that are known to be able to cause cancer, or make a person more likely to get cancer, include: [[radiation]] including [[sunlight]] and [[X-ray]]s in large or many doses, and [[wikt:exposure|exposure]] to radiation (for example in a [[nuclear power plant]]), [[chemical]]s and materials used in [[construction|building]] and [[manufacturing]] (for example, [[asbestos]] and [[benzene]]), high-[[fat]] or low-fiber diets, air and water [[pollution]], eating very little [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s, [[obesity]], and other unhealthy diets, [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]], not enough [[wikt:physical|physical]] activity, and certain [[chemicals]] commonly used at home. Some cancers can also be caused by [[virus]]es. Many people who are exposed to these things do not get cancer. == Kinds == There are many different kinds of cancers. The most common cancers in the world are: [[breast cancer]], [[lung cancer]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[prostate cancer]] and [[stomach cancer]].<ref name="WHOfact"/> == Treatment of cancer == There is no sure cure for cancer. It can only be cured if all of the cancerous cells are cut out or killed in place. This means that the earlier the cancer is treated, the better the chances are for a cure (because the cancer cells may not have had enough time to copy themselves and spread so much that the person cannot be cured). There are a few different types of treatments that may kill cancer cells. These treatments are: * [[Radiotherapy]] (radiation therapy), which uses [[radiation]] to kill cancer cells * [[Chemotherapy]], which uses strong medications to kill cancer cells * [[Surgery]] to take out part or all of a tumour. After surgery, many patients may need radiotherapy or chemotherapy to keep the tumour from growing again. * [[Immunotherapy]] works by "inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an [[immune response]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/immunotherapies?qsrc=2446 |title=immunotherapies definition |work=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref> === Treating cancer is complicated === There are a few reasons why treating cancer is complicated. For example: * Most things that kill cancer cells also kill normal, healthy [[cell]]s. This can cause many [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]], like hair loss and [[vomiting]]. * The body's [[immune system]] usually will not attack cancer cells, even though they could easily kill the body. This is because the cancer has actually become a part of the body by invading cells and tissues. So the immune system sees the cancer as part of the body it is trying to protect, not as a threat to be attacked. * There are many different types of cancer, and each has its own symptoms and causes. Even with the same type of cancer, different people may have different symptoms, and may react to treatments differently; their cancer also may grow or spread at different speeds. Treatment has to be a good fit to both the type of cancer and the individual [[patient]] who has the cancer. Many people in countries around the world study cancer and work on finding treatments. There has been some good progress in finding treatments, and many kinds of cancers are treated with success. Along with looking for different medical treatments to treat cancer, some studies also look for things that people with cancer can do themselves to try to make themselves healthier. For example, one study showed that if a person with lymphedema (a [[Inflammation|swelling]] of the arm linked to breast cancer) lifts weights, he may be able to fight his cancer better than somebody who does not lift weights. == History == Cancer has been around for many thousands of years. Today, a lot of the medical terms used to describe cancer come from [[ancient Greek]] and [[Latin]]. For example, the Latinized Greek word [[carcinoma]] is used to describe a [[malignant]] [[tumor|tumour]] - a tumour made up of cancer cells. The Greeks also used the word "karkinos", which would be translated by Aulus Cornelius Celsus into the [[Latin]] word ''cancer''. The [[prefix]] 'carcino' is still used in medical words like carcinoma and [[carcinogenic]]. A famous Greek doctor, [[Galen]], helped create another word that is very important to medicine today by using the word "''onkos''" to [[wikt:describe|describe]] ''all'' tumours. This is where the word [[oncology]], the branch of medicine that deals with cancer, comes from.<ref name="Galen">{{cite journal |author=Karpozilos A, Pavlidis N |title=The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity |journal=European Journal of Cancer |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=2033–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15341975 |doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.036 |issn=0959-8049 }}</ref> === Ancient history === [[Hippocrates]] (a very famous ancient doctor who is often called the father of modern medicine) named many kinds of cancer. He called [[benign tumour]]s (tumours that are not made up of cancer cells) ''oncos''. In [[Greek language|Greek]], ''onkos'' means 'swelling'. He called malignant tumours ''karkinos''. This means [[crab]] or [[crayfish]] in Greek. He used this term because he thought that if a solid malignant tumour was cut into, its veins looked like a crab: "the [[vein]]s stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives (gets) its name".<ref>{{cite web |first = Ralph W. |last = Moss |title = Galen on Cancer |url = http://www.cancerdecisions.com/speeches/galen1989.html |publisher = CancerDecisions |year = 2004 |access-date = 2013-02-27 |archive-date = 2011-07-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111312/http://www.cancerdecisions.com/speeches/galen1989.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hippocrates later added ''-oma'' (Greek for 'swelling') after the word 'carcinos'. This is how the word ''carcinoma'' came about. Because the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] did not believe in [[Autopsy|opening up dead bodies to study them]], Hippocrates was only able to describe and make drawings of tumours he saw from the outside of the body. He drew tumours that had been on the skin, nose, and breasts. Hippocrates and other doctors at that time treated people based on the [[Humorism|humor theory]]. This theory said that there were four types of fluid in the body (black, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). Doctors tried to figure out whether these four "humors" (or body fluids) were in balance. They would then use treatments like [[blood-letting]] (cutting the patient and letting him [[Bleeding|bleed]] so that he would lose blood); [[laxative]]s (giving the patient foods or herbs to make him [[Defecation|go to the bathroom]]), and/or changing the patient's diet. The doctors thought that these treatments would work to get the patient's four humors back into the right balance. The humor theory treatment was popular until the 19th century (the 1800s), when [[cell (biology)|cells]] were discovered. By this time, people had realized that cancer can happen anywhere in the body. === Early surgery === The oldest known document that talks about cancer was discovered in [[Egypt]] and is thought to be from about 1600 B.C. The document talks about using surgery to treat eight cases of [[ulcer]]s of the breast. These were treated by cauterization - by burning them - using a tool called "the fire drill". The document also says about cancer, "There is no treatment".<ref name="CancerOrgHistory">{{cite web|date=September 2009|title=The History of Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp|publisher=American Cancer Society|access-date=2010-03-14|archive-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302154211/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another very early type of surgery used to treat cancer was written about in the 1020s. In ''The Canon of Medicine'', [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) said that treatment should involve cutting out all diseased tissue. This included the use of [[amputation]] (removing a part of the body completely) or removing veins that ran in the direction of the tumour. Avicenna also suggested that the area that had been treated should be cauterized (or burned) if needed.<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [https://archive.today/20120629144443/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref> === The 16th and 17th centuries === In the [[16th century|16th]] and [[17th century|17th centuries]] (the 1500s and 1600s), doctors started to be allowed to [[autopsy|dissect bodies]] (or cut them open after death) in order to figure out the cause of death. Around this time, there were many different ideas about what caused cancer. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a clot of milk in the part of a woman's breast that produces milk. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius believed that all disease was caused by chemical processes. He thought that cancer, in particular, was caused by acidic [[lymph]]. Nicolaes Tulp, who lived at the same time as Sylvius, believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads and was [[infectious disease|contagious]].<ref name="Marilyn Yalom">Marilyn Yalom "A history of the breast" 1997. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-679-43459-3}}</ref> A British surgeon named Percivall Pott was the first person to figure out one of the real causes of cancer. In 1775, he discovered that cancer of the [[scrotum]] was a common disease among [[chimney sweep]]s (people who cleaned out [[chimney]]s). Other doctors started studying this topic and coming up with other ideas about what causes cancer. Doctors then started working together and coming up with better ideas. === The 18th century === In the 18th century (the 1700s), many people started to use the [[microscope]], and this made a big difference in helping doctors and scientists understand more about cancer. Using the microscope, scientists were able to see that the 'cancer poison' spread from one tumour through the [[lymphatic system|lymph nodes]] to other sites ("[[metastasis]]"). This was first made clear by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan, between 1871 and 1874.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grange JM|last2=Stanford JL|last3=Stanford CA|year=2002|title=Campbell De Morgan's 'Observations on cancer', and their relevance today|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=95|issue=6|pages=296–9|doi=10.1177/014107680209500609|pmc=1279913|pmid=12042378}}</ref> Before the 19th century (the 1800s), using [[surgery]] to treat cancer usually had bad results. Doctors did not understand how important [[hygiene]] (or keeping things clean) is for preventing disease, especially after surgery. Because things were not kept clean during or after surgery, patients often got [[Infectious disease|infections]] and died. For example, one well-known [[Scottish people|Scottish]] surgeon, Alexander Monro, kept records and found that 58 patients out of every 60 who had surgery for breast tumours died within the next two years. === The 19th century === In the 19th century, surgical hygiene got better because of [[asepsis]]. Doctors realized that dirtiness and [[Pathogen|germs]] cause infections, so they started to keep things cleaner and do things to kill germs in order to prevent their patients from getting infections. It became more common for people to survive after having surgery. Surgical removal of the tumour (taking the tumour out of the body by doing surgery) became the first-choice treatment for cancer. For this kind of treatment to work, the surgeon doing the operation had to be very good at removing tumours. (This meant that even if people had the same kind of cancer, they could get very different results, with some getting good treatment that worked and others getting treatment that did not work, because of differences in how good different surgeons were.) In the late 1800s, doctors and scientists started to realize that the body is made up of many kinds of [[tissue (biology)|tissues]], which in turn are made up of millions of cells. The discovery started the age of cellular [[pathology]] (studying cells to learn about diseases and figure out what is wrong with the body). ==== Discovery of radiation ==== In the 1890s, French scientists discovered [[radioactive decay]]. [[Radiation therapy]] became the first cancer treatment that worked and did not involve surgery. It required a new [[multi-disciplinary]] approach to cancer treatment (people doing different jobs were working together to treat patients). The surgeon was no longer working by himself - he worked together with hospital [[Radiology|radiologists]] (people who gave and read [[X-ray]]s) to help patients. This team approach meant changes in how they worked. The different people on the team had to communicate with each other and work together, which they were not used to doing. It also meant that treatment had to be done in a hospital rather than at the patient's home. Because of this, patients' information had to be put together into files kept at the hospital (called "medical records"). Because this information was now being kept and written down, scientists were able to do the first [[statistics|statistical]] patient studies using numbers to study questions like how many people who have a certain type of cancer or get a certain treatment survive. === The 20th century === Another important step forward in understanding cancer happened in 1926, when Janet Lane-Claypon published a paper on cancer [[epidemiology]]. (Epidemiology is a field of study which looks at how common a disease is, what patterns the disease takes in different kinds of people, and what this means for understanding and treating the disease.) This historic paper was a [[wikt:comparative|comparative]] study, which tries to find out what causes a disease by looking at a group of people who have the disease and figuring out how they are different from another group that does not have the disease. Lane-Clayton's study looked at 1000 people who all had the same background and lifestyle (or way of living): 500 people with breast cancer and 500 control patients (people without breast cancer). These people were the same in many ways, but some got breast cancer and some did not. To figure out what might be causing certain people to get breast cancer, the study looked at what was different about these people when they were compared to (or looked at alongside) the people who did not get cancer. Lane-Clayton's study was published by the British Ministry of Health. Her work on cancer epidemiology was continued by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill. They used the same ways of studying cancer as Lane-Clayton, but they looked at a different kind of cancer: [[lung cancer]]. In 1956, they published their results in a paper called "Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking. A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors" (also called the [[British doctors study]]). Later, Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Center (MRC), and started the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968. By using [[computer]]s, this unit was able to do something new and very important: it brought together large amounts of cancer data (pieces of information about cancer). This way of studying cancer is very important to cancer epidemiology today, and it has also been very important in shaping what we now know about cancer and what the rules and laws about the disease and [[public health]] are today. Over the past 50&nbsp;years, many different people have done a lot of work to collect data from different doctors, hospitals, areas, states, and even countries. This data is used to study whether different kinds of cancer are more or less common in different areas, [[environment]]s (for example, in big cities compared to the countryside), or [[culture]]s. This helps people who study cancer to figure out what makes people more or less likely to get different kinds of cancer. ==== Effects of World War II ==== Before World War II, doctors and hospitals were getting better at collecting (or getting and keeping) data about their patients who had cancer, but it was rare for this data to be shared with other doctors or hospitals. This changed after WWII, when medical research centers found out that different countries had very different number of cases of cancer. Because of this, many countries created national public health organizations (which studied public health issues in an entire country). These national public health organizations began to bring together health data from many different doctors and hospitals. This helped them figure out some of the reasons why cancer was so much more common in certain places. For example, in Japan, people studying cancer found out that people who had survived the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] had [[bone marrow]] that was completely destroyed. This helped them realize that diseased [[bone marrow]] could also be destroyed with radiation, which was a very important step in figuring out that [[leukemia]] (a blood cancer) can be treated with bone marrow transplants. Since World War II, scientists have kept finding better cancer treatments. However, there are some things that still need to get better. For example, while there are good treatments for many kinds of cancer, there are still no treatments for certain kinds of cancer, or for some cancers once they progress (or get worse) to a certain stage of the disease. Also, the cancer treatments that do exist are not all standardized (there is not one agreed-upon way of giving every treatment which is used each time the treatment is given). Cancer treatments are also not available everywhere in the world. People need to keep studying cancer epidemiology and forming international partnerships (where different countries work together) to find cures and make cancer treatments available everywhere. == Other websites == * [http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer What is Cancer? (Simple English)] - American Cancer Society == References == {{reflist}} {{commons cat}} {{Tumours}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Cancer]] [[Category:Oncology|C]] kmmsq2lum572gd50g2ubst3wqljf6d7 10329863 10329862 2025-06-14T12:36:19Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/146.196.38.249|146.196.38.249]] ([[User talk:146.196.38.249|talk]]) to last version by Catcus DeMeowwy 10236548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{refimprove|date=October 2014}} [[File:What is cancer.webm|thumb|start=7.2|end=438|Lecture by Dr. Noel de Miranda about cancer]] '''Cancer''' is a type of [[disease]] where [[cells]] grow out of control, divide and invade other [[tissues]]. In a person without cancer, [[cell division]] is under control. In most [[tissues]], healthy cells divide in a controlled way and copy themselves to create new healthy cells. With cancer, this normal cell division goes out of control. Cells change their nature because [[mutations]] have occurred in their [[genes]]. All the daughter cells of cancer cells are also cancerous. Such cells are responsible for growing more cancer cells in the body. If the abnormal cells do not invade other tissues or organs, but just divide and swell up their original tissue, this is not called "cancer". It is called a [[tumour]] (when there are multiple they are tumours). Tumours are usually not a threat to life because they can be cut out. However, some tumours occur in places where they cannot be cut out, and they can be fatal. Some [[brain tumor|brain tumour]]s are of this type. The [[symptoms]] of cancer are caused by the cancerous cells invading other tissues. This is called metastasis. [[Metastasis]] is when cancer cells move through the [[bloodstream]] or [[lymphatic system]]. When this happens, a person's cancer can be spread to other places in the body. Eventually those other tissues cannot work as well, and the whole body begins to get worse, and may die. Cancer can affect anybody at any age. Most types of cancer are more likely to affect people as they get older. This is because as a person's [[DNA]] gets older, their DNA may become damaged, or damage that happened in the past may get worse. One type of cancer that is more common in young men, rather than older people, is [[testicular cancer]] (cancer of the [[testicles]]). Cancer is one of the biggest and most researched causes of death in [[developed country|developed countries]]. Studying cancer and its treatment is called [[oncology]]. == Causes == Cancer is one of the most common causes of death around the world. It causes about 16% (or one out of every six) of all deaths worldwide, according to the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="WHOfact">{{cite web |title=Cancer |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer |website=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=2022-10-20 |date=2022-02-03}}</ref> Different types of cancer have different causes. Some things are known to cause cancer in a specific body part; other things are known to be able to cause many different types of cancer. For example, using [[tobacco]] (smoked or smokeless) can cause many types of cancers, such as [[Lung cancer|lung]], [[Oral cancer|mouth, tongue, and throat cancers]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Marijuana Damages DNA And May Cause Cancer, New Test Reveals | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090615095940.htm | publisher = ScienceDaily.com | date = 2009-06-15 }}</ref> Other things that are known to be able to cause cancer, or make a person more likely to get cancer, include: [[radiation]] including [[sunlight]] and [[X-ray]]s in large or many doses, and [[wikt:exposure|exposure]] to radiation (for example in a [[nuclear power plant]]), [[chemical]]s and materials used in [[construction|building]] and [[manufacturing]] (for example, [[asbestos]] and [[benzene]]), high-[[fat]] or low-fiber diets, air and water [[pollution]], eating very little [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s, [[obesity]], and other unhealthy diets, [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]], not enough [[wikt:physical|physical]] activity, and certain [[chemicals]] commonly used at home. Some cancers can also be caused by [[virus]]es. Many people who are exposed to these things do not get cancer. == Kinds == There are many different kinds of cancers. The most common cancers in the world are: [[breast cancer]], [[lung cancer]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[prostate cancer]] and [[stomach cancer]].<ref name="WHOfact"/> == Treatment of cancer == There is no sure cure for cancer. It can only be cured if all of the cancerous cells are cut out or killed in place. This means that the earlier the cancer is treated, the better the chances are for a cure (because the cancer cells may not have had enough time to copy themselves and spread so much that the person cannot be cured). There are a few different types of treatments that may kill cancer cells. These treatments are: * [[Radiotherapy]] (radiation therapy), which uses [[radiation]] to kill cancer cells * [[Chemotherapy]], which uses strong medications to kill cancer cells * [[Surgery]] to take out part or all of a tumour. After surgery, many patients may need radiotherapy or chemotherapy to keep the tumour from growing again. * [[Immunotherapy]] works by "inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an [[immune response]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/immunotherapies?qsrc=2446 |title=immunotherapies definition |work=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref> === Treating cancer is complicated === There are a few reasons why treating cancer is complicated. For example: * Most things that kill cancer cells also kill normal, healthy [[cell]]s. This can cause many [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]], like hair loss and [[vomiting]]. * The body's [[immune system]] usually will not attack cancer cells, even though they could easily kill the body. This is because the cancer has actually become a part of the body by invading cells and tissues. So the immune system sees the cancer as part of the body it is trying to protect, not as a threat to be attacked. * There are many different types of cancer, and each has its own symptoms and causes. Even with the same type of cancer, different people may have different symptoms, and may react to treatments differently; their cancer also may grow or spread at different speeds. Treatment has to be a good fit to both the type of cancer and the individual [[patient]] who has the cancer. Many people in countries around the world study cancer and work on finding treatments. There has been some good progress in finding treatments, and many kinds of cancers are treated with success. Along with looking for different medical treatments to treat cancer, some studies also look for things that people with cancer can do themselves to try to make themselves healthier. For example, one study showed that if a person with lymphedema (a [[Inflammation|swelling]] of the arm linked to breast cancer) lifts weights, he may be able to fight his cancer better than somebody who does not lift weights. == History == Cancer has been around for many thousands of years. Today, a lot of the medical terms used to describe cancer come from [[ancient Greek]] and [[Latin]]. For example, the Latinized Greek word [[carcinoma]] is used to describe a [[malignant]] [[tumor|tumour]] - a tumour made up of cancer cells. The Greeks also used the word "karkinos", which would be translated by Aulus Cornelius Celsus into the [[Latin]] word ''cancer''. The [[prefix]] 'carcino' is still used in medical words like carcinoma and [[carcinogenic]]. A famous Greek doctor, [[Galen]], helped create another word that is very important to medicine today by using the word "''onkos''" to [[wikt:describe|describe]] ''all'' tumours. This is where the word [[oncology]], the branch of medicine that deals with cancer, comes from.<ref name="Galen">{{cite journal |author=Karpozilos A, Pavlidis N |title=The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity |journal=European Journal of Cancer |volume=40 |issue=14 |pages=2033–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15341975 |doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.036 |issn=0959-8049 }}</ref> === Ancient history === [[Hippocrates]] (a very famous ancient doctor who is often called the father of modern medicine) named many kinds of cancer. He called [[benign tumour]]s (tumours that are not made up of cancer cells) ''oncos''. In [[Greek language|Greek]], ''onkos'' means 'swelling'. He called malignant tumours ''karkinos''. This means [[crab]] or [[crayfish]] in Greek. He used this term because he thought that if a solid malignant tumour was cut into, its veins looked like a crab: "the [[vein]]s stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives (gets) its name".<ref>{{cite web |first = Ralph W. |last = Moss |title = Galen on Cancer |url = http://www.cancerdecisions.com/speeches/galen1989.html |publisher = CancerDecisions |year = 2004 |access-date = 2013-02-27 |archive-date = 2011-07-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111312/http://www.cancerdecisions.com/speeches/galen1989.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hippocrates later added ''-oma'' (Greek for 'swelling') after the word 'carcinos'. This is how the word ''carcinoma'' came about. Because the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] did not believe in [[Autopsy|opening up dead bodies to study them]], Hippocrates was only able to describe and make drawings of tumours he saw from the outside of the body. He drew tumours that had been on the skin, nose, and breasts. Hippocrates and other doctors at that time treated people based on the [[Humorism|humor theory]]. This theory said that there were four types of fluid in the body (black, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). Doctors tried to figure out whether these four "humors" (or body fluids) were in balance. They would then use treatments like [[blood-letting]] (cutting the patient and letting him [[Bleeding|bleed]] so that he would lose blood); [[laxative]]s (giving the patient foods or herbs to make him [[Defecation|go to the bathroom]]), and/or changing the patient's diet. The doctors thought that these treatments would work to get the patient's four humors back into the right balance. The humor theory treatment was popular until the 19th century (the 1800s), when [[cell (biology)|cells]] were discovered. By this time, people had realized that cancer can happen anywhere in the body. === Early surgery === The oldest known document that talks about cancer was discovered in [[Egypt]] and is thought to be from about 1600 B.C. The document talks about using surgery to treat eight cases of [[ulcer]]s of the breast. These were treated by cauterization - by burning them - using a tool called "the fire drill". The document also says about cancer, "There is no treatment".<ref name="CancerOrgHistory">{{cite web|date=September 2009|title=The History of Cancer|url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp|publisher=American Cancer Society|access-date=2010-03-14|archive-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302154211/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another very early type of surgery used to treat cancer was written about in the 1020s. In ''The Canon of Medicine'', [[Avicenna]] (Ibn Sina) said that treatment should involve cutting out all diseased tissue. This included the use of [[amputation]] (removing a part of the body completely) or removing veins that ran in the direction of the tumour. Avicenna also suggested that the area that had been treated should be cauterized (or burned) if needed.<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [https://archive.today/20120629144443/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref> === The 16th and 17th centuries === In the [[16th century|16th]] and [[17th century|17th centuries]] (the 1500s and 1600s), doctors started to be allowed to [[autopsy|dissect bodies]] (or cut them open after death) in order to figure out the cause of death. Around this time, there were many different ideas about what caused cancer. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a clot of milk in the part of a woman's breast that produces milk. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius believed that all disease was caused by chemical processes. He thought that cancer, in particular, was caused by acidic [[lymph]]. Nicolaes Tulp, who lived at the same time as Sylvius, believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads and was [[infectious disease|contagious]].<ref name="Marilyn Yalom">Marilyn Yalom "A history of the breast" 1997. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-679-43459-3}}</ref> A British surgeon named Percivall Pott was the first person to figure out one of the real causes of cancer. In 1775, he discovered that cancer of the [[scrotum]] was a common disease among [[chimney sweep]]s (people who cleaned out [[chimney]]s). Other doctors started studying this topic and coming up with other ideas about what causes cancer. Doctors then started working together and coming up with better ideas. === The 18th century === In the 18th century (the 1700s), many people started to use the [[microscope]], and this made a big difference in helping doctors and scientists understand more about cancer. Using the microscope, scientists were able to see that the 'cancer poison' spread from one tumour through the [[lymphatic system|lymph nodes]] to other sites ("[[metastasis]]"). This was first made clear by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan, between 1871 and 1874.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Grange JM|last2=Stanford JL|last3=Stanford CA|year=2002|title=Campbell De Morgan's 'Observations on cancer', and their relevance today|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=95|issue=6|pages=296–9|doi=10.1177/014107680209500609|pmc=1279913|pmid=12042378}}</ref> Before the 19th century (the 1800s), using [[surgery]] to treat cancer usually had bad results. Doctors did not understand how important [[hygiene]] (or keeping things clean) is for preventing disease, especially after surgery. Because things were not kept clean during or after surgery, patients often got [[Infectious disease|infections]] and died. For example, one well-known [[Scottish people|Scottish]] surgeon, Alexander Monro, kept records and found that 58 patients out of every 60 who had surgery for breast tumours died within the next two years. === The 19th century === In the 19th century, surgical hygiene got better because of [[asepsis]]. Doctors realized that dirtiness and [[Pathogen|germs]] cause infections, so they started to keep things cleaner and do things to kill germs in order to prevent their patients from getting infections. It became more common for people to survive after having surgery. Surgical removal of the tumour (taking the tumour out of the body by doing surgery) became the first-choice treatment for cancer. For this kind of treatment to work, the surgeon doing the operation had to be very good at removing tumours. (This meant that even if people had the same kind of cancer, they could get very different results, with some getting good treatment that worked and others getting treatment that did not work, because of differences in how good different surgeons were.) In the late 1800s, doctors and scientists started to realize that the body is made up of many kinds of [[tissue (biology)|tissues]], which in turn are made up of millions of cells. The discovery started the age of cellular [[pathology]] (studying cells to learn about diseases and figure out what is wrong with the body). ==== Discovery of radiation ==== In the 1890s, French scientists discovered [[radioactive decay]]. [[Radiation therapy]] became the first cancer treatment that worked and did not involve surgery. It required a new [[multi-disciplinary]] approach to cancer treatment (people doing different jobs were working together to treat patients). The surgeon was no longer working by himself - he worked together with hospital [[Radiology|radiologists]] (people who gave and read [[X-ray]]s) to help patients. This team approach meant changes in how they worked. The different people on the team had to communicate with each other and work together, which they were not used to doing. It also meant that treatment had to be done in a hospital rather than at the patient's home. Because of this, patients' information had to be put together into files kept at the hospital (called "medical records"). Because this information was now being kept and written down, scientists were able to do the first [[statistics|statistical]] patient studies using numbers to study questions like how many people who have a certain type of cancer or get a certain treatment survive. === The 20th century === Another important step forward in understanding cancer happened in 1926, when Janet Lane-Claypon published a paper on cancer [[epidemiology]]. (Epidemiology is a field of study which looks at how common a disease is, what patterns the disease takes in different kinds of people, and what this means for understanding and treating the disease.) This historic paper was a [[wikt:comparative|comparative]] study, which tries to find out what causes a disease by looking at a group of people who have the disease and figuring out how they are different from another group that does not have the disease. Lane-Clayton's study looked at 1000 people who all had the same background and lifestyle (or way of living): 500 people with breast cancer and 500 control patients (people without breast cancer). These people were the same in many ways, but some got breast cancer and some did not. To figure out what might be causing certain people to get breast cancer, the study looked at what was different about these people when they were compared to (or looked at alongside) the people who did not get cancer. Lane-Clayton's study was published by the British Ministry of Health. Her work on cancer epidemiology was continued by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill. They used the same ways of studying cancer as Lane-Clayton, but they looked at a different kind of cancer: [[lung cancer]]. In 1956, they published their results in a paper called "Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking. A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors" (also called the [[British doctors study]]). Later, Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Center (MRC), and started the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968. By using [[computer]]s, this unit was able to do something new and very important: it brought together large amounts of cancer data (pieces of information about cancer). This way of studying cancer is very important to cancer epidemiology today, and it has also been very important in shaping what we now know about cancer and what the rules and laws about the disease and [[public health]] are today. Over the past 50&nbsp;years, many different people have done a lot of work to collect data from different doctors, hospitals, areas, states, and even countries. This data is used to study whether different kinds of cancer are more or less common in different areas, [[environment]]s (for example, in big cities compared to the countryside), or [[culture]]s. This helps people who study cancer to figure out what makes people more or less likely to get different kinds of cancer. ==== Effects of World War II ==== Before World War II, doctors and hospitals were getting better at collecting (or getting and keeping) data about their patients who had cancer, but it was rare for this data to be shared with other doctors or hospitals. This changed after WWII, when medical research centers found out that different countries had very different number of cases of cancer. Because of this, many countries created national public health organizations (which studied public health issues in an entire country). These national public health organizations began to bring together health data from many different doctors and hospitals. This helped them figure out some of the reasons why cancer was so much more common in certain places. For example, in Japan, people studying cancer found out that people who had survived the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] had [[bone marrow]] that was completely destroyed. This helped them realize that diseased [[bone marrow]] could also be destroyed with radiation, which was a very important step in figuring out that [[leukemia]] (a blood cancer) can be treated with bone marrow transplants. Since World War II, scientists have kept finding better cancer treatments. However, there are some things that still need to get better. For example, while there are good treatments for many kinds of cancer, there are still no treatments for certain kinds of cancer, or for some cancers once they progress (or get worse) to a certain stage of the disease. Also, the cancer treatments that do exist are not all standardized (there is not one agreed-upon way of giving every treatment which is used each time the treatment is given). Cancer treatments are also not available everywhere in the world. People need to keep studying cancer epidemiology and forming international partnerships (where different countries work together) to find cures and make cancer treatments available everywhere. == Other websites == * [http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/what-is-cancer What is Cancer? (Simple English)] - American Cancer Society == References == {{reflist}} {{commons cat}} {{Tumours}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Cancer]] [[Category:Oncology|C]] qciboi5r4ipqq5d8sb1aqsu5w0810u7 0 5011 10330942 10198589 2025-06-14T22:07:49Z LilyKitty 103847 about Kabbalah 10330942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hildegard von Bingen Liber Divinorum Operum.jpg|thumb|''Liber Divinorum Operum'', or the Universal Man of St. [[Hildegard of Bingen]], 1185 (13th-century copy)]] '''Mysticism''' is the belief that people can ''directly'' experience [[God]] or true [[reality]], rather than experiencing them only through books, [[Ritual|rituals]], or other people. People who practice these beliefs are called ''mystics''. Mystics exist within most [[religion]]s, though not all people who practice religions are mystics. Mystics may experience [[vision]]s or [[dream]]s, or hear God as a voice. ==Hindu mystics== Some examples of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] mystics: :[[Adi Sankara|Shankara]] :[[Ramakrishna Paramhansa|Sri Ramakrishna]] ==Christian mystics== Some examples of [[Christianity|Christian]] mystics: :[[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430) :[[Pope Gregory I|Gregory I]] (590–604) :[[Bridget of Sweden]] (1303–1373) :[[John of the Cross]] (1542–1591) :[[George Fox]] (1624–1691) :[[William Blake]] (1757–1827) :[[Thomas Merton]] (1915–1968) ==Islamic mystics== [[Islam|Islamic]] Mysticism is known as ''Tassawuf'' (or Sufism). A detailed list of [[Muslim]] Sufi mystics is given on the [[Sufism|Sufism page]]. ==Jewish mystics== Some examples of [[Jew]]ish mystics: :[[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]] (1902-1994) ==Buddhist mystics== Some examples of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] mystics: :[[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] (563 BC-483 BC) :[[Bodhidharma]] (440-528) ==Related page== *[[Kabbalah]] *[[Spirituality]] {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Theology]] [[Category:Reality]] n7t1orzgso1jq1j6eoojuzdwxjpspn9 0 5113 10329855 10236173 2025-06-14T12:32:54Z Moulyags 1145829 Fixed citation error in The Economist reference (added missing |journal= field) 10329855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Chennai | official_name = | other_name = Madras | nickname = Gateway of South India,<ref name="OT_ScorchingHot">{{cite web | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70874/things-to-do-in-chennai | title = Scorching hot during summer and unbelievably crowded, the modern city of Chennai dipped in traditions from its Madras days never fails to surprise a traveller | last = Mohan | first = Vishnu | date = 5 October 2020 | website = | publisher = Outlook Traveller | access-date = 31 December 2021 | quote = }}</ref><ref name="OI_TourismDay2018">{{cite news | last = Vikas | first = S. V. | title = World Tourism Day 2018: Significance, theme and why it is observed | newspaper = One India | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | date = 27 September 2018 | url = https://www.oneindia.com/india/world-tourism-day-2018-significance-theme-why-it-is-observed-2783487.html | access-date = 27 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="National_Unwrapped">{{cite news | last = Grover | first = Amar | title = Chennai unwrapped: Why the city is the great international gateway to South India | newspaper = The National | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | date = 17 September 2019 | url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/travel/chennai-unwrapped-why-the-city-is-the-great-international-gateway-to-south-india-1.911568 | access-date = 31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="OI_Turns375">{{cite news | last = Sharma | first = Reetu | title = Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India' | newspaper = One India | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | date = 23 August 2014 | url = https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html | access-date = 20 March 2021}}</ref> Detroit of India,<ref name="USDept1997">{{cite book| title = Business America| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ| date = 1997| publisher = U.S. Department of Commerce| language = en| page = 14 }}</ref><ref name="Devonshire">{{cite book| author = Chris Devonshire-Ellis| title = Doing Business in India| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aIx9E5I9LB8C&pg=PA218| year = 2012| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]| isbn = 978-3-642-27617-0| page = 218}}</ref><ref name="USITC">{{cite book| last = U.S. International Trade Commission| title = Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC| year = 2007| publisher = DIANE Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4578-1829-5| pages = 2–10 }}</ref><ref name="EcoNews">{{cite journal |journal=The Economist |publisher=Economist Newspaper Ltd. |title=The economist |year=2004 |volume=370 |issue=8361–8364 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhjQAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Healthcare Capital of India,<ref name="CityGetsMostForeignTourists">{{cite news | title = Chennai High: City gets most foreign tourists | work = The Times of India | location = Chennai | date = 27 August 2010| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-high-city-gets-most-foreign-tourists/articleshow/6442393.cms | access-date = 28 December 2012| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201122134913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-High-City-gets-most-foreign-tourists/articleshow/6442393.cms| archive-date = 22 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Health capital">{{cite web|last=National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|title=Chennai&nbsp;– India's Health Capital|publisher=India Health Visit|url=http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818222035/http://www.indiahealthvisit.com/chennai-health-capital.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hamid2012">{{cite news|last=Hamid|first=Zubeda|title=The medical capital's place in history|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=20 August 2012|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Cultural Capital of South India<ref name="Kamath2000">{{cite book| last = Kamath| first = Rina| title = Chennai| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66| year = 2000| publisher = Orient Blackswan| isbn = 978-81-250-1378-5| page = 66 }}</ref> | settlement_type = [[Megacity]]<!-- Chennai is the mother city with a population of more than 10 million, so it is a megacity. If the page includes surrounding places, then it can be mentioned as metropolitan area --> | image_seal = | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Kapaleeswarar1.jpg | photo2a = Chennai Montage New.png | spacing = 2 | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 250 | foot_montage = Clockwise from top right: [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], [[Ripon Building]], [[Santhome Basilica]], [[Chennai Central]], [[Valluvar Kottam]]}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[India]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]] | coordinates = {{coord}} | native_name = चेन्नई <br/> செந்நஈ }} [[File:Chennai 80.26884E 13.04434N.jpg|thumb|right|Chennai as seen from space]] '''Chennai''' (formerly known as '''Madras''') is the [[capital (city)|capital city]] of the [[India]]n [[states of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It has a [[population]] of about 7 million people. Almost 10% of all of the people in the state live in Chennai. The [[city]] is the fourth largest city of India. It was founded in 1661 by the [[British East India Company]]. The city is on the Coromandel Coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Chennai is the [[automobile]] capital of India. It is also referred as the [[Detroit]] of [[South Asia]]. The {{convert|12|km|mi|lk=on|abbr=on|0}} long [[Marina Beach]] in Chennai, is one of the longest [[beach]]es in the world. The city is separated into three parts by two [[river]]s. The [[Cooum River]] divides the city into almost half and the [[Adyar River]] divides the southern half of the city into two parts. The [[history|historic]] [[Buckingham Canal]] runs through the city. It is almost [[parallel]] to the [[coast]]. The 350 year old city still has much of its old charm. Today, it is a big [[commerce|commercial]] and [[industry|industrial centre]]. The city has much [[cultural heritage]]. The [[temple]]s, [[shrine]]s, [[fort]]s and [[palace]]s of the city combine its past with the present. == History == Chennai and its nearby area has been an important [[administration|administrative]], [[military]] and [[economy|economic]] centre back to the 1st century. Many South India [[kingdom]]s like the [[Pallava]], the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], the [[Pandya]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]]s have ruled over the area. The [[United Kingdom|British]] controlled the [[town]] in 1749. Under British control, the city grew into a major [[urban]] centre and [[navy|naval]] [[Military base|base]]. The city grew up around the [[England|English]] [[settler|settlement]] of Fort Saint George. It slowly grew in the nearby towns and [[village]]s. Chennai became the capital of Madras state (renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968) when India became [[independence|independent]] in 1947. == Attractions == * '''Marina Beach''' - The world’s second longest beach. It is {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} long. * '''Sri Parthasarathy Temple''' - Built by the [[Pallava]]s in the [[8th century]]. The temple was [[dedication|dedicated]] to [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. It has many images of Lord [[Vishnu]]. * '''Santhome Cathedral''' - The 500 year old [[cathedral]] was built by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in honor of [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]]. * '''Saint Thomas Mount''' -Built by the Portuguese, the [[Church (building)|church]] offers the very good views of the city. * '''Corporation Complex''' - The Ripon Building is in the Corporation Complex. It is the home of the oldest [[municipality|municipal]] [[government]] in India. It was built in 1913. The complex has a [[building]] with the [[design]] based on the [[Taj Mahal]]. The [[dome]]d white building has [[park]]s and [[garden]]s, Nehru Stadium, Victoria Public Hall, a [[:wikt:public|public]] meeting place out of the gas light era and Moore market. * '''Government Museum''' - The [[museum]] was created in the 1857. It is one of the country’s best museums. It has the [[wikt:collect|collection]] of [[relic]]s of [[2nd century]] from the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] site of [[Amaravati]]. The museum shows [[pre-history|prehistoric]] antiques of South India and [[carving]]s of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]], Buddhist and [[Jainism|Jain]] [[religion|faiths]]. There is also a collection of [[wood]] carvings from processional temple [[chariot]]s. The museum also has a collection of South Indian [[musical instrument]]s and [[jewellery]], ancient [[icon]]s and modern [[bronze]]s, including the famous bronze ''Natraja'' and the beautiful set of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], Lakshmana and [[Hanuman]]. * '''George Town'''-George Town is the commercial heart of the city. The streets are full with [[trade]]rs, buyers and their [[employee]]s. Rajaji Salai (North Beach Road) separates George Town from the [[harbour]]. Along one side of it, there is much [[Empire|imperial]] [[architecture]]. George Town is bounded in the north by Old Jail Road and Clive Battery. * '''Valluvar Kottam''' - at Nungambakkam, the [[memorial]] was built for Tamil [[poet]]-[[saint]], [[Thiruvalluvar]]. The memorial has also an [[auditorium]]. It can seat up to 4000 people. * '''Besant Nagar Beach''', is a popular beach located in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], Chennai. Besant Beach is known for its sandy shores and scenic views of the Bay of Bengal. * '''Kapaleeshwarar Temple Festival,''' is a famous temple located in [[Mylapore taluk|Mylapore]], Chennai provides a cultural immersion into Tamil Nadu's traditions. * '''Kishkinta Theme Park''': For families and thrill-seekers, Kishkinta is a popular amusement park offering rides, water slides, and [[entertainment]] options for all ages. == Accessibility == Chennai is connected by [[airport|airways]], [[railway]]s and [[road]]s with all the major towns of the country. === Roads === Chennai is linked with roads from rest of the country. The distance of major cities and towns from Chennai are: * [[Mumbai]] - {{convert|1329|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Bangalore]] - {{convert|334|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] - {{convert|669|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Kanyakumari]] - {{convert|693|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Madurai]] - {{convert|461|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * Mahabalipuram - {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Pondicherry]] - {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Cuddalore]] - {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Rameshwaram]] - {{convert|619|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Kanchipuram]] - {{convert|71|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Tirupati]] - {{convert|143|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Ooty]] - {{convert|535|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Kodaikanal]] - {{convert|498|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Thiruvananthapuram]] {{convert|709|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} * [[Thanjavur]] {{convert|334|km|mi|abbr=on|0}} === Railways === Chennai [[railway station]] is connected with all the major railway stations of the country. These include [[Delhi]], Mumbai, [[Calcutta]], [[Ahmedabad]], Bangalore, [[Cochin]], Hyderabad, [[Lucknow]], and [[Varanasi]]. === Airport === The [[airport]] in Chennai is directly linked to airports of Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, [[Goa]], [[Bhubaneswar]], Cochin, Hyderabad, [[Port Blair]] and [[Pune]]. The international terminal is connected with other overseas airports including [[London]], [[Tokyo]], [[Brussels]], [[Singapore]], [[Dubai]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[New York City|New York]]. It is one of the busiest airports in [[Asia]]. == Other websites == {{Commons category}} {{wikivoyage}} * [http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/ Official government website of Chennai District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011354/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/ |date=2011-04-29 }} * [http://www.chennaicorporation.com/ Official website of the Corporation of Chennai] * [http://www.cmdachennai.org/ Official website of the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092854/http://www.cmdachennai.org/ |date=2007-09-27 }} * [https://indiator.com/tourist-places/chennai/ Places, Attractions & Things to do in Chennai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420041331/https://indiator.com/tourist-places/chennai/ |date=2019-04-20 }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Chennai| ]] [[Category:1661 establishments]] [[Category:17th-century establishments in India]] [[Category:1660s establishments in England]] bb0cyaf1yg3os4ginlff2mw7lmqtu5v 0 5123 10330964 10275310 2025-06-14T22:25:12Z NX3710 1629609 /* The discovery of the Law of Gravitation */Fixed a typo (a apple --> an apple) 10330964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | name = Isaac Newton | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS|PRS}} | image = GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg | alt = Portrait of man in black with shoulder-length, wavy brown hair, a large sharp nose, and a distracted gaze | caption = Portrait of Newton by [[Godfrey Kneller]], 1689 | birth_date = {{OldStyleDateNY|{{Birth date|df=yes|1643|01|04}}|25 December 1642}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth|Woolsthorpe]],}} [[Lincolnshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] | death_date = {{OldStyleDateNY|{{Death date and age|df=yes|1727|03|31|1643|01|04}}|20 March 1726}} | death_place = [[Kensington]], [[Middlesex]], England | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | nationality = English | fields = {{unbulleted list | [[Physics]]| [[Natural philosophy]]| [[Alchemy]]|[[Theology]]| [[Mathematics]]| [[Astronomy]]| [[Economics]]}} | workplaces = {{unbulleted list| [[University of Cambridge]]| [[Royal Society]]| [[Royal Mint]]}} | alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] | academic_advisors = {{unbulleted list | [[Isaac Barrow]]<ref>Feingold, Mordechai. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1541 Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677)], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', [[Oxford University Press]], September 2004; online edn, May 2007; retrieved 24 February 2009; explained further in Mordechai Feingold's "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/236236 Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too: An Attempt at a Reinterpretation]" in ''Isis'', Vol. 84, No. 2 (June 1993), pp. 310–338.</ref> | [[Benjamin Pulleyn]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/page.50.a.php |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography |at=Notes, #4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050225223812/http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/page.50.a.php |archive-date=25 February 2005 }}</ref><ref name="The Newton Handbook">{{harvnb|Gjertsen|1986|page={{page needed|date=August 2014}}}}</ref>}} | notable_students = {{unbulleted list| [[Roger Cotes]]| [[William Whiston]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted list | [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]&nbsp;(1672)<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows|archivedate=16 March 2015|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref> | [[Knight Bachelor]]&nbsp;(1705)}} | known_for = {{unbulleted list | [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian mechanics]]| [[Universal gravitation]]| [[Calculus]]| [[Newton's laws of motion]] | [[Optics]]| [[Binomial series]]| ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''| [[Newton's method]]}} | signature = Isaac Newton signature ws.svg | signature_alt = Is. Newton }} '''Sir Isaac Newton''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|PRS}} (25 December 1643&nbsp;– 31 March [[Old Style and New Style dates|1727]]<!-- This is the generally accepted manner of recording Newton's death date. Please do not change without discussion. -->) was an [[English people|English]] [[physicist]], [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]]. He is well known for his work on the laws of [[motion (physics)|motion]], [[optics]], [[gravity]], and [[calculus]] also, he presents his theory of [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|universal gravitation]] and [[Newton's laws of motion|three laws of motion]].<ref name="TIME">{{cite book|last=Gay|first=Peter|publisher=Time-Life Books|title=Age of Enlightenment|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofenlightenme00gayp|year=1966|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ageofenlightenme00gayp/page/12 12], 18|chapter=The practical philosophers}}</ref> Newton built the first practical [[Newtonian telescope|reflecting telescope]] in 1668. He also developed a theory of light based on the observation that a [[prism]] decomposes white light into the colors of the rainbow. Newton also shares credit with [[Gottfried Leibniz]] for the development of calculus. Newton's ideas on light, motion, and gravity dominated [[physics]] for the next three centuries, until modified by [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory of relativity]]. After being [[knighted]] in 1705 because he was Master of the Royal Mint, he was "Sir" Isaac Newton. == Life == === Early life === Isaac Newton was born (according to the [[Julian calendar]], in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]] 4 January 1643) "an hour or two after midnight",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astro.com/astro-databank/Newton,_Isaac|title=Isaac Newton, horoscope fo 2017}}</ref> at [[Woolsthorpe Manor]] in [[Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth]], a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in the [[county]] of [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]. His father, also named Isaac Newton, died three months before his birth. When Newton was three, his mother, Hannah Ayscough, remarried with Reverend Barnabas Smith. Young Newton remained with his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. From 1655 to 1659, Newton was educated at [[The King's School]], [[Grantham]].<ref>"Newton the Mathematician" Z. Bechler, ed., Contemporary Newtonian Research(Dordrecht 1982) pp. 110–111</ref> When he was seventeen, he was removed from school. His mother tried to make him a farmer, but he did not like that.{{sfn|Westfall|1994|pp=16–19}} Henry Stokes, master at The King's School, requested his mother to send him back to school.{{sfn|White|1997|p=22}} In June 1661, he was sent to the [[University of Cambridge]] to study. In 1666 the University closed temporarily due to the [[Great Plague of London]] and he went home to Woolsthorpe to study. === Discoveries === In 1666 Isaac Newton experimented with light, and found that different colors had different [[refraction]]<nowiki/>s. He began lecturing on this topic in 1670. Newton explained the workings of the [[universe]] through [[mathematics]]. He described laws of motion and gravitation. These laws are math formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them. 1687, Newton published his most famous book called the ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' [[1687]]<ref name=TIME /> while he was a mathematics professor at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. In the Principia, Newton explained three basic laws that govern the way objects move. He then described his idea, or theory, about gravity. Gravity is the force that causes things to fall down. If a [[pencil]] fell off a desk, it will land on the floor, not the ceiling. In his book Newton also used his laws to show that the [[planet]]s revolve around the [[sun]]s in orbits that are oval, not round. Newton also discovered [[diffraction]]. This led him to enter the field of physics, where he prospered. ==== Newton's Three Laws Of Motion ==== {{Main|Newton's laws of motion}} Following are the three laws of motion. # The first law (Law of Inertia) #: Newton's first law of motion states is that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still, or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady [[speed]]. It is easy to understand that a [[rocket]] will not move unless something pushes or pulls it. It is harder to understand that an object will continue to move without help. Think of the rocket again. If someone is flying a rocket and jumps off before the rocket is stopped, what happens? The rocket continues on until it goes into space. The tendency of an object to remain still, or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called [[inertia]]. # The second law (Law of Acceleration) #: The second law explains how a force acts on an object. An object [[accelerate]]s in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bicycle and pushes the pedals forward the bicycle will begin to move. If someone gives the bicycle a push from behind, the bicycle will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals the bicycle will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bicycle will change direction. The formula showing this law is F=m*a, or the force acting on an object is equal to mass times acceleration. # The third law (Law of Reciprocal Actions) #: The third law states that if an object is pushed or pulled, the object will push or pull equally in the opposite direction. If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up. The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The [[weight]] is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor presses upward with an equal force. If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force the lifter would fly into the air. One proposed "zeroth law" is the fact that at any instant, a body reacts to the forces applied to it at that instant. Likewise, the idea that forces add like vectors (or in other words obey the [[superposition principle]] ), and the idea that forces change the energy of a body, have each been proposed as a "fourth law". == The discovery of the Law of Gravitation == When people think of Isaac Newton, many think of him sitting under an [[apple]] [[tree]] watching an apple fall. Some people believe the apple fell onto his head. Newton understood that what makes things like apples fall to the ground is a specific kind of force — the force we call gravity. Newton thought that gravity was the force of attraction between two objects, such as an apple and the earth. He also thought that an object with more matter exerted the same force on smaller objects as they exerted on it. That meant that the large mass of the earth pulled objects toward it. That is why the apple fell down instead of up, and why people do not float in the air. Isaac Newton went on thinking about gravity. Before Newton, people thought that only objects near to the earth would fall down. But Newton thought that gravity should not just be limited to the earth and the objects on it. What if gravity went to the [[moon]] and beyond? Newton invented a formula for calculating the force of attraction between two bodies. He used it to calculate the force needed to keep the moon moving around the earth. Then he compared it with the force that made the apple fall downward. After allowing for the fact that the moon is much farther from the earth, and has a much greater mass, he discovered that the forces were the same. The moon is held in an orbit around the earth by the pull of earth’s gravity. The formula invented by Newton is called the ''[[Law of gravitation]]''. === Impact === Sir Isaac Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. No one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their [[orbit]]s. What held them up? Less than 50 years before Isaac Newton was born it was thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Isaac proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity. He also showed that the force of gravity was affected by distance and by mass. He was not the first to understand that the orbit of a planet was not circular, but more elongated, like an oval. What he did was to explain how this and other parts of [[celestial mechanics]] worked. Isaac Newton was the first to discover the laws of gravitation and the laws of motion. He also established a new field in mathematics known as [[calculus]], though the German [[Gottfried Leibniz]] had developed the ideas at the same time. His work has greatly contributed in the areas of science and mathematics making him one of the most influential scientists in human history and one of the greatest mathematician of all times. The great physicist, [[Albert Einstein]], thought that Newton's idea of gravity was not completely accurate. He corrected many of the things that Newton did. == Death == Isaac Newton died on {{OldStyleDateNY|{{death date|1728|03|31|1643|01|04|df=yes}}|20 March 1728}} in London, England.<ref name=TIME /> He is buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=TIME /> He set the stage for many famous physicists to come. such as Albert Einstein, [[James Chadwick]], and [[Stephen Hawking]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{Reflist|group=note}} == Other websites == {{Commons|Isaac Newton}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/newtoninvent.html What did Isaac Newton invent?] {{Metaphysics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newton, Isaac}} [[Category:1643 births]] [[Category:1727 deaths]] [[Category:English mathematicians]] [[Category:English physicists]] [[Category:English science writers]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:People buried in Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]] [[Category:British theoretical physicists]] [[Category:Writers from Lincolnshire]] 3uf0co0p5nbg662mzyl8y72jgpofup1 0 5128 10331500 10296922 2025-06-15T05:42:46Z 45.114.85.46 date of birth and death 10331500 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Socrates, a Roman copy from a Greek [[statue]], [[Louvre]] museum]] '''Socrates''' (399 BC-470 BC) was one of the most famous [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[philosopher]]s. He showed how [[argument]], [[debate]], and [[discussion]] could help men to understand difficult issues. Most of the issues he dealt with only seemed to be [[political]]. They were actually [[moral]] questions about how life should be lived.<ref name=Tred>[[Plato]]. ''The last days of Socrates''. Translation and introduction by Hugh Tredennick. Penguin, London</ref> Socrates had so much influence that philosophers before him are called the [[Presocratic]] philosophers.<ref>Guthrie W.K.C. 1962. ''A history of Greek philosophy''. Cambridge University Press, London. Volume 1 ''The earlier presocratics and the pythagoreans''. Volume 2 ''The presocratic tradition from [[Parmenides]] to [[Democritus]]''.</ref> ==Enemies== Socrates made enemies, three of whom brought charges against him. Socrates was tried for his life in 399 BC, found guilty, and put to death by drinking common [[hemlock]] (a [[herbal]] [[poison]]).<ref name=Tred /> The story of his trial and death is described by [[Plato]] in a book called the ''Apologia''. ==Socrates and Plato== Most of what we know about Socrates comes from the works of Plato, who was his student. Socrates lived in the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[city]] of [[Athens]]. His method of teaching was to have a [[dialogue]] with individual students. They would propose some point of view, and Socrates would [[question]] them, asking what they meant. He would pretend "I don't know anything; I'm just trying to understand what it is you are saying", or words that basically meant that. This is now called the [[Socratic method]] of teaching. ==Reputation== Socrates is sometimes called the "father of [[Western philosophy]]". This is because in the discussions he uncovered some of the most basic questions in [[philosophy]], questions which are still discussed today. Some of the people he taught came to be important and [[success]]ful, like [[Plato]], Xenophon, and [[Alcibiades]]. == The life of Socrates == Socrates never wrote anything. All of what we know about Socrates is from what other people wrote about him. Our main source of what we know about Socrates is from the writings of his student, [[Plato]]. Some of Plato's dialogues, such as the ''Crito'' and the ''Phaedo'', are loosely based on fact. They are not written records, but artistic re-creation of Socrates in action.<ref name=Tred /> [[Xenophon]] also wrote about Socrates. [[Aristophanes]], a person who wrote brilliant [[Satire|satirical]] [[Comedy|comedies]], wrote about him in play called ''The Clouds''. Socrates was an easy target for satire. He walked barefoot, and with a swagger. Sometimes he stood in a trance for hours.<ref name=Tred />^p8 In ''The Clouds'' Socrates is a crazy person who tries to scam people out of their money. Plato wrote that Socrates taught for free. We do not know if Plato's description of Socrates is accurate or not. That is called the 'Socratic problem'. While a lot of what Plato wrote about Socrates is accepted by historians, some believe that Plato (who saw Socrates as a hero) portrayed Socrates as a greater man than he actually was. Some think that Plato was using the character of Socrates as a tool to express his own opinions rather than to accurately write about Socrates. This is what makes Socrates such a mysterious historical figure. Plato's dialogues are works of art, finely written. The general view is that they are based on reality, but no doubt adjusted for the purpose of writing. === Biographical details === Socrates' father was a [[sculptor]], and his mother was a [[midwife]] who helped women give birth to children.<ref name=Tred /> He may have been a stonemason like his father, and Plato wrote that he served in the Athenian army as a [[hoplite]] (heavy infantry). We know he was influenced by an older philosopher, Archelaus, and that he talked with anyone who had interesting ideas in Athens, but beyond that nothing is known. Socrates was about 50 when he married a much younger woman, Xanthippe. They had three children together. Socrates made [[wikt:complaint|complaints]] about his wife, but no one knew if he was telling the truth. It is said that one of Socrates' friends went to ask the [[oracle]] at [[Delphi, Greece|Delphi]] if there was anyone [[wise]]r than Socrates in Athens. The oracle said that there was no wiser person. The oracle was well known for saying things that were [[ambiguous]] or unclear. It did not say that Socrates was the wisest, just that there was no person wiser. After being puzzled by this, Socrates finally decided that his wisdom lay in knowing that he was ignorant. His attempts to show the citizens that some of their ideas were nonsense might help explain his unpopularity. In Plato's works, Socrates says he knows nothing, but can draw out other people's ideas just as his mother helped other women to give birth. == The death of Socrates == === The accusations === In 399 BC, when Socrates was an old man, three [[citizen]]s—Meletus, Anytus and Lycon—brought charges against Socrates. A trial was held. In ancient Athens the [[wikt:procedure|procedure]] was quite different from the present day. There was a [[jury]] of 500 men drawn from the citizens. Both the accusers and the defendant had to make speeches in person to the jury. Guilt or innocence was by majority vote. There was no preset penalty if the verdict was 'guilty'. Both the accuser and the defendant would make speeches proposing what the penalty should be. Again, a vote was taken.<ref name=Tred />^p17 There were two charges against him. The general theme was that Socrates was a menace to society. The first charge was of '''heresy''', disbelief in the Gods. It was probably meant to cause [[prejudice]] amongst the jurymen. Actually, Socrates observed all the correct procedures of the religion of his times. The charge had been used successfully against another philosopher, [[Anaxagoras]].<ref name=Tred />^p17 The second charge was piety. What was meant by this? Apparently, this was not about his personal relationship with his pupils. It was about the way he was thought to influence their political views. His circle had included a number of right-wing aristocrats whose ideas were now rejected by most citizens. The brilliant [[Alcibiades]], once a great leader of Athens, was now seen as a [[treason|traitor]].<ref name=Tred />^p17 === The trial === Crito, a friend of Socrates, illegally paid the [[prison]] guards to allow Socrates to escape. Socrates, however, decided not to escape. When Socrates was put on trial, he gave a long speech to defend himself against the claims made by the Athens government. We have Plato's version of how Socrates defended himself, in the ''Apologia''. It starts: :"I do not know what effect my accusers have had upon you, gentlemen, but for my own part I was carried away by them; their arguments were so convincing. On the other hand, scarcely a word of what they said was true".<ref name=Tred />^p19 === The sentence === When Socrates was asked to propose his punishment, Socrates said that the government should give him free dinners for the rest of his life for all the good that he did for society. The court held a vote between giving Socrates a fine to pay or putting him to death. The verdict was that Socrates was to be put to death. === Death of Socrates === === Plato on Socrates' trial and death === There are several dialogues by Plato which deal directly with the trial of Socrates and the period up to his death. They are, in order of the events: #''Apologia'', or ''The Apology''. This deals in particular with Socrates' defence at his trial. It is regarded as accurate in substance, and perhaps in detail. #''Crito''. This deals with the month between his trial and his death. In particular, Socrates explains to his friend Crito why he is not going to escape, or permit his friends to bribe the jailor. #''Phaedo''. This is a later work. It is written as if by an eye-witness of the last day of Socrates' life. In the work, Phaedo of Elias reports to a group of friends on what Socrates said on his last day. This is called a "reported dialogue" or one dialogue inside another. The ''Phaedo'' is longer than the other two works. == The ideas of Socrates == Socrates helped people to see what was wrong with their ideas. Sometimes they liked this, sometimes they were not happy or grateful. He said that he, Socrates, was not wise, but that he "knew that he knew nothing." Since other people think they know something, but no one really knows anything, Socrates claimed he knew more than anyone else. He said that people who do bad things do so because they do not know any better. People think that Socrates was a good man because he did no harm, except he asked questions about everything. However, during his life many people thought he was a bad person, because he asked those questions and because he made young people unhappy about their lives. Someone once wrote that Socrates said that "A life that was not [[wikt:examine|examined]] was not worth living". This means that someone must think about their own life and its purpose. Some people believe that most humans are happier if they do not think too much about their life. Socrates also taught that many people can look at something and not truly see it. He asked questions about the [[meaning of life]] and goodness. These are still very important questions. Much of philosophy (love of wisdom) is about these things. == Legacy == Socrates is seen by some people as a [[martyr]], since he willingly died to support the idea that knowledge and wisdom are very important to our lives. Socrates is known as one of the most important philosophers in history. He is often described as the father of Western philosophy. He did not start Western philosophy, but he had a big influence on it. Before Socrates, philosophy was mainly about [[mathematics]] and answering questions about our natural world. Socrates expanded on that and added questions about [[ethics]], [[politics]], and [[epistemology]] to philosophy. == References == {{Commons category|Socrates}} {{Reflist}} {{Socrates navbox}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Socrates]] [[Category:460s BC births]] [[Category:399 BC deaths]] [[Category:Ancient Greek philosophers]] [[Category:Executed people]] 3win0b0wctnp2yktarth52gxxikhdc4 0 5176 10331509 10253910 2025-06-15T05:46:35Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = September 11 attacks | image_size = 250px | image = {{multiple image | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | caption_align = center | image1 = Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11.jpg | caption1 = [[United Airlines Flight 175]] hits the [[List of tenants in 2 World Trade Center|South Tower]].<!--It might not look "neat" but sentence requires full stop, per [[MOS:CAPFRAG]]--> | image2 = Pentagon_video_security3.jpg | caption2 = [[American Airlines Flight 77|Flight 77]] hits [[The Pentagon]].<!--[[MOS:CAPFRAG]]--> | image3 = UA93_fuselage_debris_(slight_cropped).jpg | caption3 = Fuselage of [[United Airlines Flight 93|Flight 93]] in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek TWP., PA]] | image4 = CBP_World_Trade_Center_Photography_16.jpg | caption4 = [[World Trade Center site]] after the attacks | image5 = Firefighters_work_to_put_out_the_flames_after_a_hijacked_jetliner_crashed_into_the_Pentagon_at_approximately_0930_on_September_11,_2001_010911-M-CI426-055.jpg | caption5 = The Pentagon building on fire | color = green }} | location = * [[Lower Manhattan]], New York City, New York * [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], Virginia * [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]], Pennsylvania{{efn|Other, secondary attack locations include the airspaces of [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]], [[Ohio]], [[Kentucky]] and [[West Virginia]].}} | date = {{start date and age|2001|09|11}} | time-begin = {{circa|08:13&nbsp;am{{efn|The hijackers began their first attack at around 08:13{{nbsp}}am, when a group of five took control of [[American Airlines Flight 11]], injuring two people and murdering one before forcing their way into the cockpit.}}|lk=no}} | time-end = 10:03&nbsp;am{{efn|The [[United Airlines Flight 93|fourth and final hijacked plane]] of the attacks crashed in a Pennsylvania field at 10:03{{nbsp}}am, which concluded the attacks since all the attackers were now dead and all of the hijacked planes were destroyed. However, the attackers' damage continued as the North Tower kept burning for an additional 25 minutes until it ultimately collapsed by 10:28 am}} | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] | type = [[Islamic terrorism]], [[aircraft hijacking]], [[suicide attack]], [[mass murder]] | target = * [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] ([[American Airlines Flight 11|AA 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175|UA 175]]) * [[The Pentagon]] ([[American Airlines Flight 77|AA 77]]) * [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol Building]] or the [[White House]] ([[United Airlines Flight 93|UA 93]]; unsuccessful due to [[United Airlines Flight 93#Passenger revolt|passenger revolt]]) | fatalities = [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|2,996]]{{efn|Thousands more are thought to have died of illnesses related to the attack;<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/11/us/new-york-firefighters-911-illness-death |title= First responder deaths from post-9/11 illnesses nearly equals number of firefighters who died that day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.asbestos.com/featured-stories/9-11-lingering-health-effects/#:~:text=The%20toxic%20cloud%20of%20dangerous,1%2C366%20died%20from%20related%20cancers. |title= 20 Years Later: The Lingering Health Effects of 9/11}}</ref> however, the exact number is unknown as it is difficult to determine whether or not the illnesses were related or unrelated to the attack.}}<br />([[Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks|2,977 victims]] + [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 al-Qaeda terrorists]]) | injuries = 6,000–25,000+{{efn| Sources vary regarding the number of injuries―some say 6,000<ref>{{cite web|title=A Day of Remembrance|date=September 11, 2022|url=https://ge.usembassy.gov/a-day-of-remembrance/|publisher=U.S. Embassy in Georgia|access-date=October 27, 2022|archive-date=October 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024074052/https://ge.usembassy.gov/a-day-of-remembrance/|url-status=live}}</ref> while others go as high as 25,000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stempel|first=Jonathan|title=Accused 9/11 mastermind open to role in victims' lawsuit if not executed|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M|access-date=October 27, 2022|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=July 29, 2019|language=en|archive-date=April 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405122413/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sept-11-saudi-ksmohammed/accused-9-11-mastermind-open-to-role-in-victims-lawsuit-if-not-executed-idUSKCN1UO27M|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | perps = [[al-Qaeda]] led by [[Osama bin Laden]] (see also: [[Responsibility for the September 11 attacks|responsibility]]) | partof = [[terrorism in the United States]] <!-- Please discuss at talk page before releasing these words back into the article: "and the [[war on terror]]" --> | numparts = [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19]] | motive = Several; see [[Motives for the September 11 attacks]] and [[Fatwas of Osama bin Laden]] | convicted = {{unbulleted list|[[Zacarias Moussaoui]]|[[Abu Dahdah|Imad Yarkas]]|[[Mounir el-Motassadeq]] (see also: [[Trials related to the September 11 attacks]])}} | website = | notes = |weapons=First plane ([[Boeing 767]])}} {{September 11th attacks}} {{Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks}} <!----> <!-- Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body. --> <!-- Do NOT link common/obvious terms such as "New York City" per [[MOS:OVERLINK]]. --> [[File:Flight paths of hijacked planes-September 11 attacks.jpg|thumb|Flight paths of the 4 planes]] The '''September 11 attacks''' (also known as '''9/11'''){{efn|9/11 is pronounced "nine eleven". The slash is not part of the pronunciation. The name is used worldwide, although the [[Date format by country|dating conventions]] differ in some countries.}} were a series of four coordinated [[Islamist]] [[Suicide attack|terrorist attacks]] carried out as an act of terrorism by the militant group [[al-Qaeda]] against the [[United States of America]]. The attacks happened on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, and were done by 19 terrorists. The attacks killed 2,996 [[Human|people]] (including the attackers),<ref name='CBC-Winnipegger'>{{cite news |title=Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial |date=September 9, 2011 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=November 13, 2013 |quote=A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.}}</ref> making it the [[:wikt:deadliest|deadliest]] terrorist attack in human history.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Terrorism|journal=Our World in Data|url=https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism|publisher=ourworldindata.org|date=July 2013|access-date=8 December 2021|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah}}</ref> They caused more than $10 [[1,000,000,000|billion]] in [[property damage|damage]] to [[infrastructure]].<ref name=cost>{{cite web|title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America?|url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html|website=2004|publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security|access-date=April 30, 2014}}</ref><ref name="PEARL9/11">{{cite book |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything? |author=Matthew J. Morgan |page=222|date= August 4, 2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-60763-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDEfUCll7DcC }}</ref><ref name="Moghadam">{{cite book|title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationofm0000mogh|last=Moghadam|first=Assaf|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8018-9055-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationofm0000mogh/page/48 48]}}</ref><ref name="SalafistJidadism">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html|title=Special Reports&nbsp;– The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front|last=Livesey|first=Bruce|date=January 25, 2005|website=PBS Frontline|publisher=WGBH educational foundation|access-date=October 18, 2011}}{{cite book|title=US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View|url=https://archive.org/details/uscounterterrori0000gelt|last1=Geltzer|first1=Joshua A.|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415664523|edition=Reprint|page=[https://archive.org/details/uscounterterrori0000gelt/page/n100 83]}}</ref><ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, p. 79</ref> The terrorists took control of 4 passenger [[airplane]]s to destroy 3 famous [[building]]s, the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers]] and part of [[the Pentagon]], by flying the planes into them. There were two attacks in [[New York City]] and one in [[Arlington, Virginia]]. The fourth attack, aimed at [[Washington, D.C.]] did not work and the plane crashed in a field (now, [[Flight 93 National Memorial]]) near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]]. The Twin Towers collapsed as a result of the crashes. The buildings attacked were the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s Twin Towers in [[New York City]] and [[the Pentagon]] in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed in an empty field (now, [[Flight 93 National Memorial]]) in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] before it could reach its target in Washington, D.C. That target was either the [[White House]] or the [[United States Capitol]].<ref name="Chap7">{{cite book|chapter=The Attack Looms |chapter-url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm |year=2004 |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |access-date=September 1, 2011}}</ref> After the event, the [[United States government]] said the people who had done the attacks were associated with the Islamist terrorist group [[al-Qaeda]] and the attacks had been organized by its leader [[Osama bin Laden]]. The September 11 attacks are commonly attributed as the event that made the [[War on Terrorism]] begin. == Airplanes involved == [[File:World Trade Center, New York City - aerial view (March 2001).jpg|thumb|right|The World Trade Center in March 2001, which was destroyed by the attacks.]] The first of the four planes to take off was [[American Airlines Flight 11]], a [[Boeing 767]]-200ER. It was {{convert|159|ft}} long and {{convert|16|ft}} wide. It had two aisles. The plane made daily flights between Boston and [[Los Angeles]]. When it took off at 7:59&nbsp;a.m. on the morning of September 11, it carried only 81 passengers in its 158 seats, along with 11 crew members. Forty-seven minutes later, it crashed into the North Tower at {{convert|440 |mph}}. It was carrying 9,717 gallons of jet fuel. That is about 14,000 gallons fewer than the total amount it could carry (about 24,140 gallons). [[United Airlines Flight 175]], also a Boeing 767-200ER, was the second. Like American Airlines 11, it was scheduled to fly from [[Boston]] to [[Los Angeles]]. When United 175 took off at 8:14&nbsp;a.m., it was even lighter than the American flight: Only 56 of 168 seats were filled. Nine crew members were onboard. When it crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:03&nbsp;a.m., traveling {{convert|540| mph}}, it had 9,118 gallons of fuel in its tanks. This crash was [[live broadcast|broadcasted live]] on many [[television channel]]s worldwide that were already showing the North Tower burning.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DEED71F3EF932A2575AC0A9649C8B63 |title=One Camera, Then Thousands, Indelibly Etching a Day of Loss |author=Boxer, Sarah |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2002 |access-date=November 17, 2008}}</ref> [[File:The Pentagon US Department of Defense building.jpg|thumb|right|The Pentagon in 1998, which was damaged after [[American Airlines Flight 77]] crashed into it.]] [[American Airlines Flight 77]] was the third plane to take off. It was a [[Boeing 757]]-200. It left Washington, D.C. at 8:20&nbsp;a.m. going to Los Angeles. It was two-thirds empty, with 58 passengers in its 176 seats. Six crew members were onboard. It was carrying 4,000 gallons of fuel, less than the 11,500 gallons it could carry. It crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37&nbsp;a.m., flying at {{convert|530 |mph}}. {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | total_width = 240 | image1 = WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG | image2 = US Capitol west side.JPG | caption2 = Either the [[White House]] (top) or the [[United States Capitol]] (bottom) were the targets in Washington, D.C. of the failed United 93 attack. }} The fourth plane, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], was also a 757-200. It was traveling from [[Newark, New Jersey]] to San Francisco. It was scheduled to leave at 8 a.m., but was delayed for 42 minutes. When it finally took off, it carried only 37 passengers in its 182 seats, as well as seven crew members. It had a little over 7,000 gallons of fuel. At 10:03 a.m, it crashed at {{convert|560| mph}} into an empty field (now, [[Flight 93 National Memorial]]) near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] after the passengers and crew unsuccessfully attempted to retake control of the plane to stop the hijackers from hitting another landmark. ==Deaths== [[File:WTCgroundzero.jpg|thumb|left|The ruins of the World Trade Center after the attacks]] All of the 265 people on the four planes died in the crashes. The 19 terrorists were also killed in the attacks. Both towers of the World Trade Center caught on fire when the planes crashed into them. The South Tower (2 WTC) burned for 56 minutes before it fell and was destroyed. The North Tower (1 WTC) burned for 102 minutes before it also fell. As the towers fell, parts of the towers hit other buildings around them. Some of the parts (which were very hot) made a third building, 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC), fall at 5:20&nbsp;p.m due to fires. Many other buildings in the area were damaged badly and had to be [[Demolition|demolished]] later, leaving the whole World Trade Center complex destroyed. The plane that hit the Pentagon hit the ground just as it hit the western side of the building. It then crashed through three of the five "rings" that make up the Pentagon. The crash killed 125 people in the Pentagon. There were 2,996 people in total who died in the attacks. Among those dead included more than 300 [[firefighter]]s, 8 medics and over 70 [[police officer]]s who were trying to save people inside the Twin Towers. In 2023 the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] say that more than 125,000 responders and survivors are suffering from long-term health problems caused by the attack. Most of these diseases were caused by breathing [[asbestos]] which had been sprayed on the ceiling trusses for fireproofing when the towers were built. Nearly as many firefighters have died from these illnesses as died in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tett|first=Gillian|date=2023-08-30|title=Long Covid and learning from past trauma|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f547155-787c-4c60-966d-50b48d908a2a|access-date=2023-09-02}}</ref> ==Outcome== The United States government paid an average of $1.8 million to the families of the victims of the attacks.<ref>[http://www.kickassfacts.com/25-interesting-facts-about-911/ 25 Interesting Facts About 9/11]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2009|title=Compensation Deadline Arrives for Families of September 11 Victims|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-12-22-17-compensation/297940.html|access-date=|website=VOA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/12/23/victims.fund/|title=Late surge puts most families in 9/11 compensation fund|last=Hirschkorn|first=Eric|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2003-12-23|accessdate=2023-10-16|archive-date=2023-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126002540/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/12/23/victims.fund/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The attacks also led to the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] being created, which protects the country from terrorist attacks. Many [[conspiracy theories]] have appeared which say that certain people in the United States government knew about the attacks, or even made them happen. These have been said to be false by the government. ==War on Terror== {{main|War on Terrorism}} After the attack, the United States blamed al-Qaeda, which the U.S. thought was a terrorist group. [[President (United States)|President]] [[George W. Bush]] said he would start a "[[War on Terrorism|War on Terror]]". He meant that the United States would do more things to try to stop terrorism in the future. Bush said this was meant to protect Americans and their property from terrorists. For example, the American government would be reorganized. Security and control in public places was made stronger, especially at airports. Americans were told every day whether there was a serious threat of terrorism. (This was done by giving a color for the day. Red meant there was a high risk, green meant a low risk, and there were many levels in between.) The War on Terror also led to real wars. The leader of al-Qaeda, [[Osama bin Laden]], lived in the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Islamic Emirate]] of [[Afghanistan]]. The United States told the government of Afghanistan, called the [[Taliban]], to turn bin Laden over to them. The Taliban would not do this. The leader of the Taliban, [[Mullah Muhammad Omar]], demanded to see [[wikt:proof|proof]] from the United States government. If proof was not given, Mullah Omar said that he would not hand over bin Laden. President George W. Bush said that he did not need to provide proof.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism5|title=Bush rejects Taliban offer to hand Bin Laden over|date=2001-10-14|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> The United States then went to [[war]] against Afghanistan. The Taliban was removed from power, a new government was put in power, and a new president was chosen by the people of Afghanistan. While this was happening, the United States government changed in a few ways. The [[United States Department of Transportation]] (DOT) created the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Before 9/11, security at American airports was provided by the airlines. The TSA made it the government's job to provide airport security. New officers were hired by the TSA to work at airports and to fly on planes as air marshals. The TSA also provides security on American trains and subways. A new [[Department of Homeland Security]] was also created. It became their job to protect Americans and their property inside the United States. When this department was created, the TSA moved from the DOT to Homeland Security. After defeating the Taliban, President [[George W. Bush]] thought the US should invade [[Iraq]]. He believed that Iraq helped terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda. He said he had evidence that Iraq was also making weapons of mass destruction. He sent Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations to show them some of the evidence. In March, 2003, the United States began its invasion of Iraq. (Four other countries also took part, including the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[Poland]], and [[Denmark]].) The government of Iraq was overthrown, and the people of Iraq elected a new government. No weapons of mass destruction were ever found in Iraq. {{Commonscat}} [[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Osama bin Laden]], the leader of [[al-Qaeda]], the group who did the attacks, pictured here in 1997]] On May 2, 2011, [[United States Navy SEALs]] [[Death of Osama bin Laden|killed]] [[al-Qaeda]] leader [[Osama bin Laden]], who led the September 11, 2001 attacks and other terrorist attempts. == Water rescues == During the tragic events of September 11, 2001, many people were evacuated from Lower Manhattan,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-10|title=Maps of Lower Manhattan {{!}} Downtown Manhattan|url=https://freetoursbyfoot.com/maps-of-lower-manhattan/|access-date=2024-02-28|website=freetoursbyfoot.com|language=en-US}}</ref> including from the area around the World Trade Center, where the Twin Towers collapsed. The Hudson River played a significant role in the rescue efforts. Various vessels, including ferries, private boats, and even Coast Guard vessels, were used to evacuate thousands of people from Manhattan to safety across the Hudson River to New Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-10|title=9/11 20 Years Later: Looking Back On What's Believed To Be Largest Sea Rescue In U.S. History - CBS New York|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/911-terror-attacks-ny-waterway-ferry-rescue-world-trade-center-manhattan/|access-date=2024-02-28|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> "In all, nearly 500,000 people were evacuated that day, more than the 339,000 rescued at [[Dunkirk evacuation|Dunkirk]]. Some 150 different vessels, crewed by more than 800 American mariners, improvised and successfully executed this extraordinary feat of bravery."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-10|title=The unsung tale of 9/11’s maritime rescuers|url=https://nypost.com/2019/09/10/the-undersung-tale-of-the-9-11-water-rescue/|access-date=2024-02-28|language=en-US}}</ref> This spontaneous maritime evacuation was a crucial aspect of the response to the attacks, providing an escape route for many who were stranded in the chaos of Lower Manhattan. ==Investigations== ===FBI=== [[File:Mohamed Atta.jpg|thumb|upright|alt= A head shot of a man in his thirties looking expressionless toward the camera|[[Mohamed Atta]], an Egyptian national, was the leader of the hijackers.]] Immediately after the attacks, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] started [[PENTTBOM]]. This was the biggest criminal investigation in the history of the United States. At one point, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.<ref name='Pentbomb'>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/9-11-investigation/9-11-investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010030053/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/9-11-investigation/9-11-investigation |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2010 |title=9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM) |access-date=April 11, 2012 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]}}</ref> The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable (cannot be denied)" [[evidence]] linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Testimony of Dale L. Watson, Executive Assistant Director, Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|date=February 6, 2002|url=https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410013616/http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm |archive-date=April 10, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Bar chart | title = Origins of [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|the 19 hijackers]] | label_type = Nationality | data_type = Number | bar_width = 20 | width_units = em | data_max = 19 | label1 = [[Saudi Arabia]] | data1 = 15 | label2 = [[United Arab Emirates]] | data2 = 2 | label3 = [[Egypt]] | data3 = 1 | label4 = [[Lebanon]] | data4 = 1 }} The FBI did not record the 2,977 deaths from the attacks in their annual violent crime record for 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2001/toc01.pdf|title=Crime in the United States 2001|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|date=October 28, 2002|page=2|access-date=September 12, 2018}}</ref> New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.<ref name="HuffPost story">{{cite news|last=Hanrahan|first=Mark|title=Henryk Siwiak, Shot To Death On September 11th: Case Remains Unsolved|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/08/911-only-homicide-unsolved_n_953864.html|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 8, 2011|access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> ===CIA=== The Inspector General of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) did a review of the CIA's pre-9/11 performance. He was very critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to stop terrorism. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States. He also criticized their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/deep-background/|title=Deep Background |publisher=American Conservative| date=April 1, 2005 |access-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties wrote legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator [[Ron Wyden]] said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical (important) months before 9/11."<ref>{{cite news|first=Katherine |last=Shrader |title=Senators Want CIA to Release 9/11 Report |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/05/17/national/w131436D49.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |agency=Associated Press |date=May 17, 2007 |access-date=September 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017005618/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F05%2F17%2Fnational%2Fw131436D49.DTL |archive-date=October 17, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Congressional inquiry=== In February 2002, the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] created a joint inquiry into the performance of the [[U.S. Intelligence Community]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061227185553/http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=263577 Press Release of Intelligence Committee], Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref> Their 832-page report was released in December 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html |title=Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 |access-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807204747/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//serialset/creports/911.html |archive-date=August 7, 2010}}</ref> In the report, there were detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information. This included information about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States. They failed to use this information in order to stop the plans.<ref name="Theoharis1">Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-nj4RLdHCU0C&pg=PA223 p. 222-224], 2006, {{ISBN|0-313-33282-7}}</ref> The joint inquiry got its information about Saudi Arabian government officials possibly being involved from non-classified sources.<ref name="McClatchydc">Ali Watkins, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 Senate intelligence panel could seek to declassify documents; it just doesn't] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903123631/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html|date=September 3, 2014}}, [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy Washington Bureau]], August 12, 2013.</ref> The Bush administration demanded 28 related pages stayed classified.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> ==Rebuilding== [[File:OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013]] On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani said: "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The [[skyline]] will be made whole again."<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Tess|date=September 26, 2001|title=Rebuilding in New York|work=Architecture Week|issue=68|url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html|url-status=dead|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172518/http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html%20|archive-date=December 25, 2018}}</ref> The damaged part of the Pentagon was rebuilt within one year of the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oglesby |first=Christy |title=Phoenix rises: Pentagon honors 'hard-hat patriots' |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/11/ar911.memorial.pentagon/ |publisher=CNN |date=September 11, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041218040531/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/11/ar911.memorial.pentagon/ |archive-date=December 18, 2004 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Construction of [[One World Trade Center]] started on April 27, 2006. It reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed on top of the building at that date. This makes the total height of 1 WTC's at 1,776 feet (541m). This makes it the tallest building in the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/1-wtc-spire-bringing-full-height-article-1.1340224|title=One World Trade Center gets spire, bringing it to its full 1,776-foot height|last1=Badia|first1=Erik|date=May 10, 2013|work=New York Daily News website|access-date=January 12, 2015|last2=Sit|first2=Ryan}}</ref> One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.<ref name="MooreOneWTC">{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Jack|title=World Trade Center Re-opens as Tallest Building in America|url=http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-opens-as-tallest-building-in-america|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=November 3, 2014|access-date=September 11, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904120549/http://onewtc.com/news/world-trade-center-re-opens-as-tallest-building-in-america|archive-date=September 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3553897/one-world-trade-center-freedom-tower-opens-doors-new-york-city-911/|title=One World Trade Center Opens Its Doors|last=Iyengar|first=Rishi|date=November 3, 2014|magazine=Time|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref> On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were supposed to be built one block east of where the original towers were.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lower Manhattan: Current Construction|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914070256/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/|archive-date=September 14, 2011|access-date=September 8, 2011|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center}}</ref> 7 WTC was the first to open on May 23, 2006 after four years of construction. 4 WTC was the second tower to open on November 13, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-12/world-trade-center-tower-debuts-in-manhattan-leasing-test|title=NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival|date=November 12, 2013|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=October 5, 2015}}</ref> 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018 making it the fourth skyscraper at the site to be finished.<ref name=USAToday-3WTCOpens-2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/10/3-world-trade-center-open-after-years-delays-twin-towers-site/689035002/|title=New World Trade Center to open after years of delays|date=2018-06-10|website=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-06-11}}</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Patriot Day]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://neverforget911.org/photogallery.aspx September 11th Photo Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912063839/http://neverforget911.org/photogallery.aspx |date=2009-09-12 }} - Also includes victim names and more information. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ BBC News] - 'America's Day of Terror' * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html CNN.com] - Video archive, including the first and second planes. * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/ CNN September 11 memorial] - List of victims, and photos. {{War on Terror}} {{Iraq War}} {{New York City}} {{World Trade Center}} [[Category:September 11 attacks| ]] pbae0zg89lg95jnmuvvu2y1tb1ojsh8 0 5714 10331010 10245845 2025-06-14T22:46:15Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 Animalia 10331010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | color_as = Animalia | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!--Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus--> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibia]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera leo'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2017|orig-year=2016 |page=e.T15951A115130419}}</ref> | status2 = LE | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=Species ''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Panthera leo fossilis|P. l. fossilis]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical and present distribution of the lion in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] }} [[File:Cecil the lion at Hwange National Park (4516560206).jpg|thumb|Cecil the lion in the Hwange National Park (2010)]] The '''lion''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') is a large [[mammal]] of the [[Felidae]] (cat) [[family (biology)|family]]. Some large males weigh over {{cvt|250|kg}}.<ref name = "nowak"/> Today, wild lions live in [[Sahara|sub-Sahara]]n [[Africa]] and [[western India]].<ref>A few [[endangered]] lions live in Gir Forest National Park in [[India]]</ref> Lions are [[adapted]] for life in [[grassland]]s and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and coordinate their hunting of [[herd]] animals. Lions have disappeared from [[North Africa]] and [[southwest Asia]] in historic times. Until the late [[Pleistocene]],which is about about 10,000&nbsp;years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the [[Yukon]] to [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">Harington, CR ‘Dick’ (1969). Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' '''6''' (5): 1277–88. [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e69-127#.UpnXiNtrWCY]</ref> The lion is now a [[vulnerable species]]. There was a decline in its African range of 30–50% over two decades in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="IUCN" /> [[Habitat]] loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Lions are often called the "king of the beasts". They are used as [[symbol]]s representing [[courage]]. They appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They are an [[icon]] of courage and royalty. Lions live for 10 to 14 years in the wild. When they are captured, they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males do not usually live longer than 10 years. This is because wounds from fighting other males make their lives shorter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smuts |first=G.L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillian |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> They usually live in [[savanna]] and grassland. These areas do have bushes and trees, but lions are mainly adapted to catch prey in grasslands. Compared to other cats, lions are social. A group of lions is called a '''pride'''. In a pride of lions, there are related females, their young, and one or two adult males. Groups of female lions often hunt together. Lions are [[carnivores]] and [[scavenger]]s.<ref name = "Schaller213" /> They are also [[apex predator]]s.<ref name=AWF>>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | access-date =14 June 2015}}</ref> Lions feed ungulates on small feed [[Thomson's gazelle]], [[warthog]]s, [[blue wildebeest]]s, [[plains zebra]], [[African buffalo]]s, common elands. Lions scavenge animals either dead from [[natural causes]] (disease) or killed by other [[predator]]s. They keep a constant lookout for circling [[vulture]]s, because this means there is a dead or injured animal close by.<ref name = "Schaller213">Schaller, George B. 1972. ''The Serengeti lion: a study of predator–prey relations''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 213.. {{ISBN|0-226-73639-3}}</ref> == Etymology == The word "lion" comes from the Latin word "leo" which means lion. The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek word "leon". Both words originally came from even older languages such as Sanskrit and Ancient Egyptian. Basically, the word "lion" has been passed down through different civilizations over time also in a language called Punjabi the word called Singh means lion in Pajabi. == Adaptations == They have an archetypal roar which is used to communicate with other group members and warn different intruders of [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] boundaries. They have long, retractable claws which help the lion to grab and hold [[prey]]. They also have a rough tongue that helps them peel the skin of prey animals away from flesh and flesh away from bone. Across their belly, they have loose skin which allows the species to be kicked by prey with little chance of an injury. == Description == There are around 30,000 lions left in the wild in Africa. Only 350 lions (of the [[Asiatic Lion|Asiatic lion]] [[subspecies]]) are left in Asia. They live in the Gir Forest<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gir National Park Website|url=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-15|website=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Lions hunt many animals, such as [[wildebeest|gnus]] and [[antelope]]s. Male lions usually [[weight|weigh]] between {{cvt|150|and|250|kg|lb}}. Large lions have reached {{cvt|250|to|270|kg}}. [[Female]]s (lionesses) are usually {{cvt|120|to|182|kg}}.<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> Mature male lions are the only cats with a mane. The lion has a long body, short legs, large claws, big head, and a yellowish-brown coat.They also have a long tail. == Behaviour == Lions live in groups that are called prides. About 10 to 40 lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called a [[territory]]. Lions do not allow other [[carnivore]]s (meat-eating animals) to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as {{convert|260|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|lk=on}}. The lions' roar is unique in each individual. It is used for territorial marking and warning off other lions in separate prides (or lone individuals). This however, is usually carried out by competing males. Other male lions will challenge the alpha of the pride to a fight in order to take their spot of dominance if they win. Lions actually have prides in order to strengthen their species throughout the generations (Boothalingam 2018). Lions are not built for extreme speed as [[cheetah]]s are, but hunt in packs. This is unusual in cats. The females usually do the hunting for the pride. However the males can sometimes help if needed, to take down large animals like a [[African buffalo|buffalo]] or a [[giraffe]]. After lions have brought down a prey, they [[suffocation|suffocate]] it by biting the front of its face to prevent it breathing. Lions also have long retractable claws which act like grappling hooks, to keep hold of prey.They are a angry creatures. Even though a lion is good at killing prey, they are not among the most dangerous animals to humans.<ref name=not>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Dangerous Animals In The World|url=http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world/|publisher=Conservation Institute|access-date=24 October 2015|date=28 April 2015|archive-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020032416/http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Breeding == A lioness is ready to have young when she is 2–3 years old. Young lions are called [[cub]]s. Cubs are born after {{frac|3|1|2}} months. The cubs are born blind; their eyes do not open until they are about a week old, and cannot see well until they are about two weeks old. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies, or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. Also, when a new male takes over a pride from another male, he usually kills all of the cubs. The cubs' mothers will then mate with the new pride male, which means that the first batch of new cubs will be his offspring. A litter of 2-6 cubs are born. Usually, only 1-2 cubs survive until introduced to the pride, at which point they are protected by the whole pride. In zoos, lions have been known to breed with tigers. If the parents are a male lion and a female tiger, the offspring is called a [[liger]]. If the parents are a male tiger and a female lion, the offspring is called a [[tigon]]. == Lions in heraldry == {{main|Lions in heraldry}} Lions appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They traditionally [[Symbolism|symbolise]] [[courage]], [[wikt:valour|valour]] and [[royalty]]. == References == {{reflist}} * {{IUCN2006|assessors=Nowell & Bauer|year=2004|id=15951|title=Panthera leo|downloaded=11 May 2006}} == Other websites == {{wikispecies|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{commons-inline|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q140}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:National symbols of Ethiopia]] [[Category:National symbols of the Gambia]] [[Category:National symbols of Kenya]] [[Category:National symbols of Morocco]] [[Category:National symbols of the Netherlands]] [[Category:National symbols of Norway]] [[Category:National symbols of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:National symbols of Singapore]] [[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]] [[Category:National symbols of Togo]] [[Category:Big cats]] 3b4lhx315fclo9v9pb7r6lfkk1xyebd 10331034 10331010 2025-06-14T23:01:38Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by 89.32.93.89 10245845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!--Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus--> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibia]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera leo'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2017|orig-year=2016 |page=e.T15951A115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=Species ''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Panthera leo fossilis|P. l. fossilis]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical and present distribution of the lion in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] }} [[File:Cecil the lion at Hwange National Park (4516560206).jpg|thumb|Cecil the lion in the Hwange National Park (2010)]] The '''lion''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') is a large [[mammal]] of the [[Felidae]] (cat) [[family (biology)|family]]. Some large males weigh over {{cvt|250|kg}}.<ref name = "nowak"/> Today, wild lions live in [[Sahara|sub-Sahara]]n [[Africa]] and [[western India]].<ref>A few [[endangered]] lions live in Gir Forest National Park in [[India]]</ref> Lions are [[adapted]] for life in [[grassland]]s and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and coordinate their hunting of [[herd]] animals. Lions have disappeared from [[North Africa]] and [[southwest Asia]] in historic times. Until the late [[Pleistocene]],which is about about 10,000&nbsp;years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the [[Yukon]] to [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">Harington, CR ‘Dick’ (1969). Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' '''6''' (5): 1277–88. [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e69-127#.UpnXiNtrWCY]</ref> The lion is now a [[vulnerable species]]. There was a decline in its African range of 30–50% over two decades in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="IUCN" /> [[Habitat]] loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Lions are often called the "king of the beasts". They are used as [[symbol]]s representing [[courage]]. They appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They are an [[icon]] of courage and royalty. Lions live for 10 to 14 years in the wild. When they are captured, they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males do not usually live longer than 10 years. This is because wounds from fighting other males make their lives shorter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smuts |first=G.L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillian |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> They usually live in [[savanna]] and grassland. These areas do have bushes and trees, but lions are mainly adapted to catch prey in grasslands. Compared to other cats, lions are social. A group of lions is called a '''pride'''. In a pride of lions, there are related females, their young, and one or two adult males. Groups of female lions often hunt together. Lions are [[carnivores]] and [[scavenger]]s.<ref name = "Schaller213" /> They are also [[apex predator]]s.<ref name=AWF>>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | access-date =14 June 2015}}</ref> Lions feed ungulates on small feed [[Thomson's gazelle]], [[warthog]]s, [[blue wildebeest]]s, [[plains zebra]], [[African buffalo]]s, common elands. Lions scavenge animals either dead from [[natural causes]] (disease) or killed by other [[predator]]s. They keep a constant lookout for circling [[vulture]]s, because this means there is a dead or injured animal close by.<ref name = "Schaller213">Schaller, George B. 1972. ''The Serengeti lion: a study of predator–prey relations''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 213.. {{ISBN|0-226-73639-3}}</ref> == Etymology == The word "lion" comes from the Latin word "leo" which means lion. The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek word "leon". Both words originally came from even older languages such as Sanskrit and Ancient Egyptian. Basically, the word "lion" has been passed down through different civilizations over time also in a language called Punjabi the word called Singh means lion in Pajabi. == Adaptations == They have an archetypal roar which is used to communicate with other group members and warn different intruders of [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] boundaries. They have long, retractable claws which help the lion to grab and hold [[prey]]. They also have a rough tongue that helps them peel the skin of prey animals away from flesh and flesh away from bone. Across their belly, they have loose skin which allows the species to be kicked by prey with little chance of an injury. == Description == There are around 30,000 lions left in the wild in Africa. Only 350 lions (of the [[Asiatic Lion|Asiatic lion]] [[subspecies]]) are left in Asia. They live in the Gir Forest<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gir National Park Website|url=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-15|website=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Lions hunt many animals, such as [[wildebeest|gnus]] and [[antelope]]s. Male lions usually [[weight|weigh]] between {{cvt|150|and|250|kg|lb}}. Large lions have reached {{cvt|250|to|270|kg}}. [[Female]]s (lionesses) are usually {{cvt|120|to|182|kg}}.<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> Mature male lions are the only cats with a mane. The lion has a long body, short legs, large claws, big head, and a yellowish-brown coat.They also have a long tail. == Behaviour == Lions live in groups that are called prides. About 10 to 40 lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called a [[territory]]. Lions do not allow other [[carnivore]]s (meat-eating animals) to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as {{convert|260|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|lk=on}}. The lions' roar is unique in each individual. It is used for territorial marking and warning off other lions in separate prides (or lone individuals). This however, is usually carried out by competing males. Other male lions will challenge the alpha of the pride to a fight in order to take their spot of dominance if they win. Lions actually have prides in order to strengthen their species throughout the generations (Boothalingam 2018). Lions are not built for extreme speed as [[cheetah]]s are, but hunt in packs. This is unusual in cats. The females usually do the hunting for the pride. However the males can sometimes help if needed, to take down large animals like a [[African buffalo|buffalo]] or a [[giraffe]]. After lions have brought down a prey, they [[suffocation|suffocate]] it by biting the front of its face to prevent it breathing. Lions also have long retractable claws which act like grappling hooks, to keep hold of prey.They are a angry creatures. Even though a lion is good at killing prey, they are not among the most dangerous animals to humans.<ref name=not>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Dangerous Animals In The World|url=http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world/|publisher=Conservation Institute|access-date=24 October 2015|date=28 April 2015|archive-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020032416/http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Breeding == A lioness is ready to have young when she is 2–3 years old. Young lions are called [[cub]]s. Cubs are born after {{frac|3|1|2}} months. The cubs are born blind; their eyes do not open until they are about a week old, and cannot see well until they are about two weeks old. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies, or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. Also, when a new male takes over a pride from another male, he usually kills all of the cubs. The cubs' mothers will then mate with the new pride male, which means that the first batch of new cubs will be his offspring. A litter of 2-6 cubs are born. Usually, only 1-2 cubs survive until introduced to the pride, at which point they are protected by the whole pride. In zoos, lions have been known to breed with tigers. If the parents are a male lion and a female tiger, the offspring is called a [[liger]]. If the parents are a male tiger and a female lion, the offspring is called a [[tigon]]. == Lions in heraldry == {{main|Lions in heraldry}} Lions appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They traditionally [[Symbolism|symbolise]] [[courage]], [[wikt:valour|valour]] and [[royalty]]. == References == {{reflist}} * {{IUCN2006|assessors=Nowell & Bauer|year=2004|id=15951|title=Panthera leo|downloaded=11 May 2006}} == Other websites == {{wikispecies|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{commons-inline|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q140}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:National symbols of Ethiopia]] [[Category:National symbols of the Gambia]] [[Category:National symbols of Kenya]] [[Category:National symbols of Morocco]] [[Category:National symbols of the Netherlands]] [[Category:National symbols of Norway]] [[Category:National symbols of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:National symbols of Singapore]] [[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]] [[Category:National symbols of Togo]] [[Category:Big cats]] nts3qsa409q8mz7ofw8jsdsrq44v8nx 10331578 10331034 2025-06-15T08:04:23Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 d,d,d,dldd 10331578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cecil the lion at Hwange National Park (4516560206).jpg|thumb|Cecil the lion in the Hwange National Park (2010)]] The '''lion''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') is a large [[mammal]] of the [[Felidae]] (cat) [[family (biology)|family]]. Some large males weigh over {{cvt|250|kg}}.<ref name = "nowak"/> Today, wild lions live in [[Sahara|sub-Sahara]]n [[Africa]] and [[western India]].<ref>A few [[endangered]] lions live in Gir Forest National Park in [[India]]</ref> Lions are [[adapted]] for life in [[grassland]]s and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and coordinate their hunting of [[herd]] animals. Lions have disappeared from [[North Africa]] and [[southwest Asia]] in historic times. Until the late [[Pleistocene]],which is about about 10,000&nbsp;years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the [[Yukon]] to [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">Harington, CR ‘Dick’ (1969). Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' '''6''' (5): 1277–88. [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e69-127#.UpnXiNtrWCY]</ref> The lion is now a [[vulnerable species]]. There was a decline in its African range of 30–50% over two decades in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="IUCN" /> [[Habitat]] loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Lions are often called the "king of the beasts". They are used as [[symbol]]s representing [[courage]]. They appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They are an [[icon]] of courage and royalty. Lions live for 10 to 14 years in the wild. When they are captured, they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males do not usually live longer than 10 years. This is because wounds from fighting other males make their lives shorter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smuts |first=G.L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillian |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> They usually live in [[savanna]] and grassland. These areas do have bushes and trees, but lions are mainly adapted to catch prey in grasslands. Compared to other cats, lions are social. A group of lions is called a '''pride'''. In a pride of lions, there are related females, their young, and one or two adult males. Groups of female lions often hunt together. Lions are [[carnivores]] and [[scavenger]]s.<ref name = "Schaller213" /> They are also [[apex predator]]s.<ref name=AWF>>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | access-date =14 June 2015}}</ref> Lions feed ungulates on small feed [[Thomson's gazelle]], [[warthog]]s, [[blue wildebeest]]s, [[plains zebra]], [[African buffalo]]s, common elands. Lions scavenge animals either dead from [[natural causes]] (disease) or killed by other [[predator]]s. They keep a constant lookout for circling [[vulture]]s, because this means there is a dead or injured animal close by.<ref name = "Schaller213">Schaller, George B. 1972. ''The Serengeti lion: a study of predator–prey relations''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 213.. {{ISBN|0-226-73639-3}}</ref> == Etymology == The word "lion" comes from the Latin word "leo" which means lion. The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek word "leon". Both words originally came from even older languages such as Sanskrit and Ancient Egyptian. Basically, the word "lion" has been passed down through different civilizations over time also in a language called Punjabi the word called Singh means lion in Pajabi. == Adaptations == They have an archetypal roar which is used to communicate with other group members and warn different intruders of [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] boundaries. They have long, retractable claws which help the lion to grab and hold [[prey]]. They also have a rough tongue that helps them peel the skin of prey animals away from flesh and flesh away from bone. Across their belly, they have loose skin which allows the species to be kicked by prey with little chance of an injury. == Description == There are around 30,000 lions left in the wild in Africa. Only 350 lions (of the [[Asiatic Lion|Asiatic lion]] [[subspecies]]) are left in Asia. They live in the Gir Forest<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gir National Park Website|url=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-15|website=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Lions hunt many animals, such as [[wildebeest|gnus]] and [[antelope]]s. Male lions usually [[weight|weigh]] between {{cvt|150|and|250|kg|lb}}. Large lions have reached {{cvt|250|to|270|kg}}. [[Female]]s (lionesses) are usually {{cvt|120|to|182|kg}}.<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> Mature male lions are the only cats with a mane. The lion has a long body, short legs, large claws, big head, and a yellowish-brown coat.They also have a long tail. == Behaviour == Lions live in groups that are called prides. About 10 to 40 lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called a [[territory]]. Lions do not allow other [[carnivore]]s (meat-eating animals) to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as {{convert|260|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|lk=on}}. The lions' roar is unique in each individual. It is used for territorial marking and warning off other lions in separate prides (or lone individuals). This however, is usually carried out by competing males. Other male lions will challenge the alpha of the pride to a fight in order to take their spot of dominance if they win. Lions actually have prides in order to strengthen their species throughout the generations (Boothalingam 2018). Lions are not built for extreme speed as [[cheetah]]s are, but hunt in packs. This is unusual in cats. The females usually do the hunting for the pride. However the males can sometimes help if needed, to take down large animals like a [[African buffalo|buffalo]] or a [[giraffe]]. After lions have brought down a prey, they [[suffocation|suffocate]] it by biting the front of its face to prevent it breathing. Lions also have long retractable claws which act like grappling hooks, to keep hold of prey.They are a angry creatures. Even though a lion is good at killing prey, they are not among the most dangerous animals to humans.<ref name=not>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Dangerous Animals In The World|url=http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world/|publisher=Conservation Institute|access-date=24 October 2015|date=28 April 2015|archive-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020032416/http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Breeding == A lioness is ready to have young when she is 2–3 years old. Young lions are called [[cub]]s. Cubs are born after {{frac|3|1|2}} months. The cubs are born blind; their eyes do not open until they are about a week old, and cannot see well until they are about two weeks old. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies, or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. Also, when a new male takes over a pride from another male, he usually kills all of the cubs. The cubs' mothers will then mate with the new pride male, which means that the first batch of new cubs will be his offspring. A litter of 2-6 cubs are born. Usually, only 1-2 cubs survive until introduced to the pride, at which point they are protected by the whole pride. In zoos, lions have been known to breed with tigers. If the parents are a male lion and a female tiger, the offspring is called a [[liger]]. If the parents are a male tiger and a female lion, the offspring is called a [[tigon]]. == Lions in heraldry == {{main|Lions in heraldry}} Lions appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They traditionally [[Symbolism|symbolise]] [[courage]], [[wikt:valour|valour]] and [[royalty]]. == References == {{reflist}} * {{IUCN2006|assessors=Nowell & Bauer|year=2004|id=15951|title=Panthera leo|downloaded=11 May 2006}} == Other websites == {{wikispecies|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{commons-inline|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q140}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:National symbols of Ethiopia]] [[Category:National symbols of the Gambia]] [[Category:National symbols of Kenya]] [[Category:National symbols of Morocco]] [[Category:National symbols of the Netherlands]] [[Category:National symbols of Norway]] [[Category:National symbols of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:National symbols of Singapore]] [[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]] [[Category:National symbols of Togo]] [[Category:Big cats]] 6hxfwdpabgfzohacuydug3d744vv6at 10331579 10331578 2025-06-15T08:04:29Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) to last version by BRPever 10245845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Lion | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Present}} | image = Lion waiting in Namibia.jpg <!--Please do not replace these featured images without a consensus--> | image_caption = Male lion in [[Okonjima]], [[Namibia]] | image2 = Okonjima Lioness.jpg | image2_caption = Female (lioness) in Okonjima | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera leo'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |year=2017|orig-year=2016 |page=e.T15951A115130419}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera leo<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora |id=14000228 |page=546 |heading=Species ''Panthera leo''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = :''[[Panthera leo leo|P. l. leo]]'' :''[[Panthera leo melanochaita|P. l. melanochaita]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Panthera leo fossilis|P. l. fossilis]]'' :{{dagger}}''[[Sri Lanka lion|P. l. sinhaleyus]]'' | range_map = Lion distribution.png | range_map_caption = Historical and present distribution of the lion in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] }} [[File:Cecil the lion at Hwange National Park (4516560206).jpg|thumb|Cecil the lion in the Hwange National Park (2010)]] The '''lion''' ('''''Panthera leo''''') is a large [[mammal]] of the [[Felidae]] (cat) [[family (biology)|family]]. Some large males weigh over {{cvt|250|kg}}.<ref name = "nowak"/> Today, wild lions live in [[Sahara|sub-Sahara]]n [[Africa]] and [[western India]].<ref>A few [[endangered]] lions live in Gir Forest National Park in [[India]]</ref> Lions are [[adapted]] for life in [[grassland]]s and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and coordinate their hunting of [[herd]] animals. Lions have disappeared from [[North Africa]] and [[southwest Asia]] in historic times. Until the late [[Pleistocene]],which is about about 10,000&nbsp;years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the [[Yukon]] to [[Peru]].<ref name="Harington69">Harington, CR ‘Dick’ (1969). Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (''Panthera atrox'') from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' '''6''' (5): 1277–88. [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e69-127#.UpnXiNtrWCY]</ref> The lion is now a [[vulnerable species]]. There was a decline in its African range of 30–50% over two decades in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="IUCN" /> [[Habitat]] loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Lions are often called the "king of the beasts". They are used as [[symbol]]s representing [[courage]]. They appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They are an [[icon]] of courage and royalty. Lions live for 10 to 14 years in the wild. When they are captured, they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males do not usually live longer than 10 years. This is because wounds from fighting other males make their lives shorter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smuts |first=G.L. |year=1982 |title=Lion|publisher=Macmillian |location=Johannesburg |page=231|isbn= 0-86954-122-6}}</ref> They usually live in [[savanna]] and grassland. These areas do have bushes and trees, but lions are mainly adapted to catch prey in grasslands. Compared to other cats, lions are social. A group of lions is called a '''pride'''. In a pride of lions, there are related females, their young, and one or two adult males. Groups of female lions often hunt together. Lions are [[carnivores]] and [[scavenger]]s.<ref name = "Schaller213" /> They are also [[apex predator]]s.<ref name=AWF>>{{cite web | title = Behavior and Diet | work = African Wildlife Foundation website | publisher = African Wildlife Foundation | year = 1996 | url =http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/lion | access-date =14 June 2015}}</ref> Lions feed ungulates on small feed [[Thomson's gazelle]], [[warthog]]s, [[blue wildebeest]]s, [[plains zebra]], [[African buffalo]]s, common elands. Lions scavenge animals either dead from [[natural causes]] (disease) or killed by other [[predator]]s. They keep a constant lookout for circling [[vulture]]s, because this means there is a dead or injured animal close by.<ref name = "Schaller213">Schaller, George B. 1972. ''The Serengeti lion: a study of predator–prey relations''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 213.. {{ISBN|0-226-73639-3}}</ref> == Etymology == The word "lion" comes from the Latin word "leo" which means lion. The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek word "leon". Both words originally came from even older languages such as Sanskrit and Ancient Egyptian. Basically, the word "lion" has been passed down through different civilizations over time also in a language called Punjabi the word called Singh means lion in Pajabi. == Adaptations == They have an archetypal roar which is used to communicate with other group members and warn different intruders of [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] boundaries. They have long, retractable claws which help the lion to grab and hold [[prey]]. They also have a rough tongue that helps them peel the skin of prey animals away from flesh and flesh away from bone. Across their belly, they have loose skin which allows the species to be kicked by prey with little chance of an injury. == Description == There are around 30,000 lions left in the wild in Africa. Only 350 lions (of the [[Asiatic Lion|Asiatic lion]] [[subspecies]]) are left in Asia. They live in the Gir Forest<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gir National Park Website|url=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-15|website=https://girlion.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Lions hunt many animals, such as [[wildebeest|gnus]] and [[antelope]]s. Male lions usually [[weight|weigh]] between {{cvt|150|and|250|kg|lb}}. Large lions have reached {{cvt|250|to|270|kg}}. [[Female]]s (lionesses) are usually {{cvt|120|to|182|kg}}.<ref name="nowak">{{Cite book|last=Nowak |first= Ronald M. |year=1999 |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref> Mature male lions are the only cats with a mane. The lion has a long body, short legs, large claws, big head, and a yellowish-brown coat.They also have a long tail. == Behaviour == Lions live in groups that are called prides. About 10 to 40 lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called a [[territory]]. Lions do not allow other [[carnivore]]s (meat-eating animals) to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as {{convert|260|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|lk=on}}. The lions' roar is unique in each individual. It is used for territorial marking and warning off other lions in separate prides (or lone individuals). This however, is usually carried out by competing males. Other male lions will challenge the alpha of the pride to a fight in order to take their spot of dominance if they win. Lions actually have prides in order to strengthen their species throughout the generations (Boothalingam 2018). Lions are not built for extreme speed as [[cheetah]]s are, but hunt in packs. This is unusual in cats. The females usually do the hunting for the pride. However the males can sometimes help if needed, to take down large animals like a [[African buffalo|buffalo]] or a [[giraffe]]. After lions have brought down a prey, they [[suffocation|suffocate]] it by biting the front of its face to prevent it breathing. Lions also have long retractable claws which act like grappling hooks, to keep hold of prey.They are a angry creatures. Even though a lion is good at killing prey, they are not among the most dangerous animals to humans.<ref name=not>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Dangerous Animals In The World|url=http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world/|publisher=Conservation Institute|access-date=24 October 2015|date=28 April 2015|archive-date=20 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020032416/http://www.conservationinstitute.org/top-10-dangerous-animals-in-the-world|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Breeding == A lioness is ready to have young when she is 2–3 years old. Young lions are called [[cub]]s. Cubs are born after {{frac|3|1|2}} months. The cubs are born blind; their eyes do not open until they are about a week old, and cannot see well until they are about two weeks old. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies, or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. Also, when a new male takes over a pride from another male, he usually kills all of the cubs. The cubs' mothers will then mate with the new pride male, which means that the first batch of new cubs will be his offspring. A litter of 2-6 cubs are born. Usually, only 1-2 cubs survive until introduced to the pride, at which point they are protected by the whole pride. In zoos, lions have been known to breed with tigers. If the parents are a male lion and a female tiger, the offspring is called a [[liger]]. If the parents are a male tiger and a female lion, the offspring is called a [[tigon]]. == Lions in heraldry == {{main|Lions in heraldry}} Lions appear in [[heraldry]] more often than any other animal. They traditionally [[Symbolism|symbolise]] [[courage]], [[wikt:valour|valour]] and [[royalty]]. == References == {{reflist}} * {{IUCN2006|assessors=Nowell & Bauer|year=2004|id=15951|title=Panthera leo|downloaded=11 May 2006}} == Other websites == {{wikispecies|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{commons-inline|Panthera leo|Lion}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q140}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lions| ]] [[Category:National symbols of Ethiopia]] [[Category:National symbols of the Gambia]] [[Category:National symbols of Kenya]] [[Category:National symbols of Morocco]] [[Category:National symbols of the Netherlands]] [[Category:National symbols of Norway]] [[Category:National symbols of Sierra Leone]] [[Category:National symbols of Singapore]] [[Category:National symbols of Sri Lanka]] [[Category:National symbols of Togo]] [[Category:Big cats]] nts3qsa409q8mz7ofw8jsdsrq44v8nx 0 6329 10330882 10273275 2025-06-14T21:06:32Z 80.233.69.220 10330882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Temperature|the [[Sean Paul]] song|Temperature (song)}} [[File:Temperature Scales.png|thumb|296x296px|Temperature scales ]] '''Temperature''' is how hot and sexy something is. The [[human body]] can feel the difference between something which is hot and something which is cold. To [[measurement|measure]] temperature more [[accurate]]ly, a [[buttometer]] is used. Thermometers use a temperature scale to record how hot or cold something is. The scale used in most of the world is in degrees [[Celsius]], sometimes called "centigrade". In the [[United States|US]] and some other countries degrees [[Fahrenheit]] are more often used while [[scientist]]s mostly use [[kelvins]] to measure temperature because it never goes below zero. [[science|Scientifically]], temperature is a physical quantity which describes how quickly [[molecule]]s are moving inside a material. In [[solid]]s and [[liquid]]s the molecules are vibrating around a fixed point in the substance, but in [[gas]]es they are in free flight and bouncing off each other as they travel. In a gas the temperature, [[pressure]] and [[volume]] of the gas are closely related by a law of physics. ==Important Heat Indexes== There are certain things always around the same temperature: *Water freezes at a temperature of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K. *The temperature inside the human body is close to 37 °C or 98 °F. *Water boils at 100 °C, 212 °F, or 373.15 K. *Things begin to glow red hot at approximately 550 °C, 1,000 °F, or 800 K. *Things begin to glow white hot at about 1,300 °C, 2,400 °F, or 1,600 K. *The coldest possible temperature is [[absolute zero]]. Absolute zero is 0 K,-459 °F, or -273.15 °C. At absolute zero, molecules and atoms come to rest and so have no heat energy. *The highest possible temperature is the [[:en:Planck_units#Planck_temperature|Planck Temperature]]. When things get hot, they glow. First red hot, which has a long wavelength, and eventually blue, which has a short wavelength. The hotter they are, the shorter the wavelength of light is that they glow at. At the planck temperature, this wavelength is [[:en:Planck_units#Planck_length|as short as possible]]. It should be noted that more energy could be added to the system from here, however we don't know what would happen. The Planck temperature is extremely high, at 141,678,400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 K or °C, or 255,021,120,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 °F. ==Temperature and heat== Temperature is not the same as [[heat]]. Heat is [[energy]] which moves from one thing, cooling it, to another, heating it. Temperature is a measure of the movements ([[vibration]]) of the [[molecules]] inside a thing. If the thing has a high temperature, it means the [[average]] speed of its molecules is fast. A thing may have a high temperature but because it contains very few or light atoms it has very little heat. ==Heat capacity== The amount of heat that is needed to make a substance one degree higher is called its heat [[capacity]]. Different substances have different heat capacities. For example, a kilogram of water has more [[heat capacity]] than a kilogram of [[steel]]. This means that more energy is needed to make the temperature of water 1°C hotter than is needed to make the temperature of steel 1°C hotter. ==Weather== Temperature is also important in [[weather]] and [[climate]]. It is related to the amount of [[heat energy]] in the [[air]]. [[Isotherm]] maps are used to show how temperature is different across an area. Temperature will be different during different times of day, different [[season]]s and in different places. It is affected by how much heat reaches the place from the suns rays ([[insolation]]), how [[altitude|high]] the place is above the [[sea level|level of the sea]], and how much heat is brought to the place by the movement of [[wind]]s and [[ocean current]]s. ==Related pages== {{commonscat}} * [[Dew point]] * [[Relative humidity]] [[Category:Temperature| ]] [[Category:Weather measurements]] [[Category:Heat]] [[Category:Physical quantity]] [[Category:Thermodynamics]] [[Category:Basic physics ideas]] socp2osllrq4he0e0qke9e187zg8pwu 10330885 10330882 2025-06-14T21:06:56Z Barras 40117 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/80.233.69.220|80.233.69.220]] ([[User talk:80.233.69.220|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Julipero. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Temperature|the [[Sean Paul]] song|Temperature (song)}} [[File:Temperature Scales.png|thumb|296x296px|Temperature scales ]] '''Temperature''' is how hot or cold something is. The [[human body]] can feel the difference between something which is hot and something which is cold. To [[measurement|measure]] temperature more [[accurate]]ly, a [[thermometer]] is used. Thermometers use a temperature scale to record how hot or cold something is. The scale used in most of the world is in degrees [[Celsius]], sometimes called "centigrade". In the [[United States|US]] and some other countries degrees [[Fahrenheit]] are more often used while [[scientist]]s mostly use [[kelvins]] to measure temperature because it never goes below zero. [[science|Scientifically]], temperature is a physical quantity which describes how quickly [[molecule]]s are moving inside a material. In [[solid]]s and [[liquid]]s the molecules are vibrating around a fixed point in the substance, but in [[gas]]es they are in free flight and bouncing off each other as they travel. In a gas the temperature, [[pressure]] and [[volume]] of the gas are closely related by a law of physics. ==Important Heat Indexes== There are certain things always around the same temperature: *Water freezes at a temperature of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K. *The temperature inside the human body is close to 37 °C or 98 °F. *Water boils at 100 °C, 212 °F, or 373.15 K. *Things begin to glow red hot at approximately 550 °C, 1,000 °F, or 800 K. *Things begin to glow white hot at about 1,300 °C, 2,400 °F, or 1,600 K. *The coldest possible temperature is [[absolute zero]]. Absolute zero is 0 K,-459 °F, or -273.15 °C. At absolute zero, molecules and atoms come to rest and so have no heat energy. *The highest possible temperature is the [[:en:Planck_units#Planck_temperature|Planck Temperature]]. When things get hot, they glow. First red hot, which has a long wavelength, and eventually blue, which has a short wavelength. The hotter they are, the shorter the wavelength of light is that they glow at. At the planck temperature, this wavelength is [[:en:Planck_units#Planck_length|as short as possible]]. It should be noted that more energy could be added to the system from here, however we don't know what would happen. The Planck temperature is extremely high, at 141,678,400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 K or °C, or 255,021,120,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 °F. ==Temperature and heat== Temperature is not the same as [[heat]]. Heat is [[energy]] which moves from one thing, cooling it, to another, heating it. Temperature is a measure of the movements ([[vibration]]) of the [[molecules]] inside a thing. If the thing has a high temperature, it means the [[average]] speed of its molecules is fast. A thing may have a high temperature but because it contains very few or light atoms it has very little heat. ==Heat capacity== The amount of heat that is needed to make a substance one degree higher is called its heat [[capacity]]. Different substances have different heat capacities. For example, a kilogram of water has more [[heat capacity]] than a kilogram of [[steel]]. This means that more energy is needed to make the temperature of water 1°C hotter than is needed to make the temperature of steel 1°C hotter. ==Weather== Temperature is also important in [[weather]] and [[climate]]. It is related to the amount of [[heat energy]] in the [[air]]. [[Isotherm]] maps are used to show how temperature is different across an area. Temperature will be different during different times of day, different [[season]]s and in different places. It is affected by how much heat reaches the place from the suns rays ([[insolation]]), how [[altitude|high]] the place is above the [[sea level|level of the sea]], and how much heat is brought to the place by the movement of [[wind]]s and [[ocean current]]s. ==Related pages== {{commonscat}} * [[Dew point]] * [[Relative humidity]] [[Category:Temperature| ]] [[Category:Weather measurements]] [[Category:Heat]] [[Category:Physical quantity]] [[Category:Thermodynamics]] [[Category:Basic physics ideas]] ja8u6vao0qbtb41u5hdplnua3zyglyl 0 6426 10330194 10320634 2025-06-14T15:39:18Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Judaism}} '''Antisemitism''' is the [[bias]], [[prejudice]] or [[discrimination]] against [[Jew|Jews]].{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="Analyses"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |year=2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> A [[synonym]] of antisemitism is Judeophobia,<ref name="J"> * {{cite book |title=Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674487789 |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Press |date=October 1, 1998 |isbn=9780674487789 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |title=Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753239 |last=Hayes |first=Christine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pages=261–273 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |jstor=stable/40753239 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Demonizing-the-Other-Antisemitism-Racism-and-Xenophobia/Wistrich/p/book/9780415516198?srsltid=AfmBOorY99Ri7050fJeXI_aVojJOJ6Cgs9H9BzucjIJaNJ0g1VHmWr2v |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=December 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Opinion {{!}} Antisemitism? Better Call It Judeophobia |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2020-11-24/ty-article-opinion/.premium/antisemitism-better-call-it-judeophobia/0000017f-e187-d75c-a7ff-fd8fb67f0000 |last=Sand |first=Shlomo |date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Israel Today |title=It’s Not Antisemitism, It’s Judeophobia. What’s the Difference and Why You Should Know |url=https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/its-not-antisemitism-its-judeophobia-whats-the-difference-and-why-you-should-know |date=July 1, 2021 |last=Sadan |first=Tsvi |access-date=December 3, 2024 }}</ref> preferred by those considering "antisemitism" [[Ambiguity|ambiguous]].<ref name="J" /> ==Overview== [[Human history]] has been full of antisemitism,<ref name="J" /> the worst instance of which is [[the Holocaust]],<ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> while the most common form of antisemitism is [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=University of Edinburgh Research Archive |title=Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/10586 |last=Robertson |first=David George |date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/767680 |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |pages=371–387 |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2020 |doi=10.2979/antistud.4.2.06 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |title=What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-00767-001 |last1=Kofta |first1=Mirosław |last2=Soral |first2=Wiktor |last3=Bilewicz |first3=Michał |pages=900–918 |volume=118 |issue=5 |doi=10.1037/pspa0000183 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Handbook of UFO Religions |chapter=Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435537/BP000017.xml |last=Robertson |first=David G. |pages=178–196 |doi=10.1163/9789004435537_009 |year=2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy |chapter=Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003014751-33/conspiracy-theories-secret-religions-imagining-david-robertson |last=Robertson |first=David G. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003014751 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=New German Critique |title=Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27669225 |last=Knight |first=Peter |issue=103 |pages=165–193 |publisher=[[Duke University]] Press |year=2008 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories and Violent Extremism on the Far Right: a Public Health Approach to Counter-Radicalization |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/2.1.19/pdf |last=Byington |first=Bradley |doi=10.26613/jca/2.1.19 |date=December 19, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics |title=Antisemitic conspiracy fantasy in the age of digital media: Three ‘conspiracy theorists’ and their YouTube audiences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963947020971997 |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Buarque |first2=Beatriz L |last3=Flores |first3=Daniel Barker |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0963947020971997 |date=December 27, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Polyphony |title=Does Antisemitism Provide the Blueprint for Nearly All Conspiracy Theories? |url=https://www.polyphonyjournal.com/_files/ugd/110a40_815d58f1316344cb8a302a1e972e483d.pdf#page=35 |last=Dye |first=Isobel |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=American Studies Press |date=June 24, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination |chapter=The Psychology of Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003399162-14/psychology-contemporary-antisemitism-neil-kressel |last=Kressel |first=Neil J. |edition=3 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003399162 |year=2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> The [[adjective]] of antisemitism is '''antisemitic'''. Those with antisemitic views are called '''antisemites'''.<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet magazine |title=Intersectional Antisemitism in America |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/intersectional-antisemitism-america |last=Vidino |first=Lorenzo |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of [[Progressivism|progressive]] principles while espousing the same [[#Lies about Jews|trite tropes]] that depict [[#Modern|Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism]], [[colonialism]] (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and white privilege.}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Anti-Zionism’ has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland |url=https://fathomjournal.org/anti-zionism-has-become-the-new-antisemitism-in-ireland |last=Sears |first=Oliver |year=2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spiked |title=Who is the Guardian to call spiked ‘hard right’? |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2024/12/09/who-is-the-guardian-to-call-spiked-hard-right |last=Slater |first=Tom |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=While it [[Smear campaign|smears]] us as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]], it stands accused of harbouring [[Misogyny|misogynists]] and anti-Semites.}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau’s Canada |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/explosion-of-jew-hate-in-canada-trudeau-israel-palestine |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] or antisemites of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing variety]]. They are being carried out by self-described [[Progressivism|progressives]], Arabs [... .]}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Pity the Poor Antisemite |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377749/pity-the-poor-antisemite |last=Socken |first=Paul |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.}}</ref> ===Recent trend=== {{Main|Holocaust denial|Holocaust inversion|Holocaust trivialization}} [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|[[Black Hebrew Israelites]], who refuse to believe that [[Jesus]] was [[Jew|Jewish]], protested in [[San Diego, California]] against the long-standing [[Painting|depiction]] of Jesus as a "[[White people|White man]]" rather than a [[Black people|Black man]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|A [[propaganda]] [[poster]] made by the Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) implying that [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Native Americans]] are the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of the [[Tribes of Israel|Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israelites|Israel]]. The BHI allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White [[Imperialism|imperialists]] into different [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] across the [[Western hemisphere]].]] On 14 January 2025, American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) announced the findings of their newest global survey (58,000 respondents) that 46% of the world's adult population (around 2,200,000,000 people) held deeply entrenched antisemitic views.<ref name="Jan2025I">{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Among the respondents, 56% thought that Jews were "only loyal to Israel" while 46% [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews had too much power over global affairs"]].<ref name="Jan2025I" /> 76% of those in the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] (MENA) are found to agree with 11 negative [[Stereotype|stereotypes]] of Jews,<ref name="Jan2025I" /> the highest of all regions.<ref name="Jan2025I" /> Meanwhile, [[Kuwait]] and [[Indonesia]] are found to have highest % of such.<ref name="Jan2025II">{{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Deeply Alarming' {{!}} Kuwait and Indonesia Top List of World's Most Antisemitic Countries, Global Survey Shows |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-01-14/ty-article/.premium/kuwait-and-indonesia-top-list-of-worlds-most-antisemitic-countries-global-survey-shows/00000194-5f7d-df8d-abbd-dfffe5250000 |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Regarding [[the Holocaust]], only 48% of the respondents recognized its historical accuracy, with the percentage being the lowest (39%) among the age group 18–34,<ref name="Jan2025II" /> contrary to the common academic leftist belief that the young is least likely to be [[Racism|racist]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] (WSJ) |title=Nearly Half of Adults Worldwide Hold Antisemitic Views, Survey Finds |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/nearly-half-of-adults-worldwide-hold-antisemitic-views-survey-finds-574a1766 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=Antisemitism has surged, especially among the young, as the Holocaust fades from collective memory}}</ref> ==Etymology== American [[historian]] [[Deborah Lipstadt]] and several antisemitism experts said that the word ''antisemitism'' was invented by anti-Jewish [[German nationalism|German nationalist]] [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Marr Wilhelm Marr] in his [[tract]] ''Path to Victory of Germanism Over Judaism'' to refer to the [[prejudice]] against Jews, which he deemed necessary for the German [[Race (sociology)|race]] to stop Jews (the leading group of ''[[Semites]]'' in Europe back then) from [[Subversion|subverting]] the [[Germany#Culture|German culture]].<ref name="O">{{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism? |last=Bard |first=Mitchell |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/anti-semitism-or-antisemitism |access-date=November 4, 2024}}</ref> Despite ''Semites'' including other [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] ethnic groups,<ref name="Semite"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Semite {{!}} #TranslateHate {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Semite |access-date=January 16, 2025 |quote=Given the term’s [[Linguistics|linguistic]] origins [...] some Arabic speakers say they cannot be antisemitic because they are “Semites” too [...] these claims are actually a [[Example|manifestation]] of turn of the [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century|century European]] [[racism]] [. ...] the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]], have said they cannot be antisemitic because they “are the Semitic people.” [[Celebrity]] [[Kanye West|Kanye (Ye) West]] echoed this [[Delusion|belief]] [. ...which] is an example of the [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic claim]] that [[Jewish diaspora|today’s Jews]] are not [[Descendant|descended]] from the [[Israelites|Jews of the Bible]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Encyclopedia Britannica: Arab, Semitic people can't be called antisemitic |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-695378 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=January 16, 2025 |quote=Excluding Arabs and Semitic people from being labeled antisemitic because of their "Semitism" is what is called a "etymological fallacy" -- When the archaic root words or original meaning of a term are used to make an argument about the current meaning or even the generally accepted definition.}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Origins and concept of anti-Semitism |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/anti-Semitism |access-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref> German nationalists like Wilhelm Marr referred to Jews as ''Semites'' specifically.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> [[Semantics|Semantically]], ''antisemitism'' cannot be assumed as the prejudice against all ''Semitic'' groups, or it would constitute the etymological fallacy (using a word's ancient meaning to make a point about its current meaning).<ref name="Semite" /> Moreover, the word covers Jews who practice [[Judaism]], Jews who [[Religious conversion|converted]] to [[Christianity]] and those with traceable Jewish [[ancestry]],<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> all of whom can be victims of antisemitism.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ===Spelling=== The term is spelled by some as ''anti-Semitism'', but such [[spelling]] is [[Controversy|controversial]]. Historians have pointed out that ''anti-Semitism'' is misleading as there is no such an [[ideology]] as "Semitism" that can be opposed,<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> while the [[concept]] ''[[Semites]]'' [[Derivation|derived]] from [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] 19th-century [[scientific racism]].<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ==Lies about Jews== ===Ancient=== # Jews killed Jesus<ref name="A1"> * James Parkes, ''Prelude to Dialogue'' (London: 1969) p. 153; cited in Wilken, p. xv. * {{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Adolf M. |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315026954-11/john-chrysostom-jews-reconsideration-adolf-ritter |chapter=John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration |editor-first=Tamila |editor-last=Mgaloblishvili |title=Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus |doi=10.4324/9781315026954-11 |isbn=9781315026954}} * {{cite book |last=Brustein |first=Willian I. |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-77308-3 |page=52}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Levine |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |title=The Jewish Annotated New Testament |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=2011}}</ref><ref name="A2"> * {{cite journal |journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory |title=The Roman Catholic Church, the Holocaust, and the demonization of the Jews. Response to “Benjamin and us: Christanity, its Jews, and history” by Jeanne Favret-Saada |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.14318/hau4.3.020 |last=Kertzer |first=David I. |pages=329–333 |volume=4 |issue=3 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |location=[[Brown University]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=OPEN ACCESS}} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-from-the-early-church-to-1400 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |title=The resurrection of Christian antisemitism |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=6 October 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/02/15/tory-mayor-salisbury-atiqul-hoque-expelled-antisemitism |title=Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death' |date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=October 15, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism |title=Radical Traditional Catholicism |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> # Jews betrayed their [[Prophet|prophets]]<ref name="A1" /><ref name="A2" /> # [[Accusations of Jewish anti-Christianity|Jews conspire against Christianity]]<ref name="A3">{{cite book |url=http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |title=The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2003 |access-date=15 August 2014 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815143023/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== # Jews take [[blood]] from Christian [[Baby|babies]] for [[Judaism|rituals]] ('''blood libel''')<ref name="A3" /><ref> * {{cite book |first=Gane S. |last=Gerber |date=1986 |title=History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhatedimen0000unse |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |isbn=0827602677 |page=88}} * {{cite book |first=John |last=Kelly |date=2005 |title=The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0060006921 |page=242}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/177/1561.htm |title=Iranian TV Blood Libel: Jewish Rabbis Killed Hundreds of European Children to use Their Blood for Passover Holiday & Discussion on Holocaust Denial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604135837/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/177/1561.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |date=22 December 2005}}</ref> # Jews [[worship]] [[Satan]]<ref name="A1" /><ref name="A2" /> # Jews [[poison]] [[Well|wells]] to cause [[Epidemic|epidemics]], including the [[14th century]] [[Black Death]]<ref name="A3" /><ref> * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot'}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim}}</ref> ===Modern=== # Jews [[Conspiracy|control]] [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|mass media]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Láníček |first1=Jan |title=Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-31747-6 |language=en}}</ref> # Jews [[Influence|control]] [[Bank|banks]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth |url=http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112040544/http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> # Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|control governments around the world]]<ref> * {{cite journal |first=Svetlana |last=Boym |title=Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and ''The Protocols of Zion'' |journal=Comparative Literature |date=Spring 1999 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=97–122 |doi=10.2307/1771244 |jstor=1771244}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/conspiracy-myths/the-myth-that-jews-control-the-world |title=The Myth that Jews Control the World |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism |title=The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/violent-impact-anti-semitic-conspiracy |last=S. Broschowitz |first=Michael |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |last1=Alderman |first1=G. |title=The Jewish Community in British Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishcommunityi0000alde |date=1983 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=[[Oxford]] |page=102}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |last1=Herf |first1=Jeffrey |title=The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |year=2005 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=51–80 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dci003 |s2cid=143944355}} * {{cite web |website=domino.un.org |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] |title=Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs |access-date=30 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121228183944/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |archive-date=28 December 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Sidney |last=Schwarz |year=2006 |title=Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World |publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |isbn=1-58023-312-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw/page/96 96] |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw}} * {{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Philip |title=Debunking the myth of Jewish communism |date=2010}}</ref> # Jews create [[War|wars]] and revolutions around the [[world]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |date=July 2012 |title=The war against the Jews |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241713271 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=319–343 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2012.689514 |s2cid=144144725}}</ref> ===Contemporary=== {{Further|Secondary antisemitism}} # Jews are [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]]<ref> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025}} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494]}} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref><ref> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours.}} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> # Jews are fake European converts to [[Judaism]] [[Descendant|descended]] from the [[Khazars]]<ref>* {{Cite book |chapter= Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots |title= The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism |last= Harkabi |first= Yehoshafat |editor-last= Fein |editor-first= Helen |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |year= 1987 |orig-year= 1968 |pages= 412–427 |isbn= 978-3-11-010170-6 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uHWG1pDCtNgC&pg=PA424 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |title = The story of a euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature 353-372 |last = Schnirelmann |first = Victor A. |editor1-last = Golden |editor1-first = Peter B. |editor2-last = Ben-Shammai |editor2-first = Haggai |editor3-last = Róna-Tas |editor3-first = András |encyclopedia = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives |series = Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume = 17 |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year = 2007a |pages = 353–372 |isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ }} * {{cite news |title= Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews? |last= Singerman |first= Robert |newspaper= Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series 2004 |year= 2004 |url= https://www.academia.edu/5289705 |access-date= 1 March 2014 |archive-date= 23 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123064422/https://www.academia.edu/5289705 |url-status= dead }} * {{cite book |chapter = Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Case of Lev Gumilev |last = Rossman |first = Vadim Joseph |title = Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism |editor-last = Shlapentokh |editor-first = Dmitry |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-9-004-15415-5 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EnsHyxPZfOIC&pg=PA134 }} * Rory Miller(2020) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429026034-2/anti-zionist-jewish-khazar-syndrome-official-british-mind-rory-miller The anti-Zionist ‘Jewish Khazar’ syndrome in the official British mind]</ref><ref name="BHI"> * {{cite book |title=Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg5gs |last=Faber |first=Eli |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University|NYU]] Press |edition=1 |jstor=j.ctt9qg5gs |isbn=978-0814726396 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |date=December 2022}} * {{cite web |website=[[UC Davis]] |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/blog/curiosity/what-are-myths-facts-about-hebrew-israelites |title=What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent |date=4 January 2023}} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/caa-launches-four-part-debunked-black-hebrew-israelites-instagram-series |title=CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> # Jews ran the [[Atlantic slave trade]]<ref name="BHI" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Workers’ Liberty |title=Scapegoating Jews for the slave trade? |url=https://workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/scapegoating-jews-slave-trade |last=Katz |first=Dan |date=September 11, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |last=Hughes |first=Coleman |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=Paul Coates, father of journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates, republishing antisemitic screed 'The Jewish Onslaught' |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/paul-coates-antisemitic-conspiracy-theory-slave-trade-the-jewish-onslaught |date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> # Jews created the [[AIDS]] and [[COVID-19]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/covid-19-blaming-the-jews-for-the-plague-again |title=COVID-19: Blaming the Jews for the Plague, Again |last=Topor |first=Lev |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |url=https://besacenter.org/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-jews |title=Anti-Jewish Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories in Historical Context |author=Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld |date=31 March 2020 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-771415 |title='Jewish Space Lasers': Rothschild antisemitic canards that refuse to die - review |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Scientific Reports |title=Correlation between coronavirus conspiracism and antisemitism: a cross-sectional study in the United Kingdom |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41794-y |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Hirsh |first2=David |last3=Katz |first3=Louise |volume=13 |issue=21104 |date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 15, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=How Antisemites, Extremists and Conspiracy Theorists are Exploiting the Anti-Vax Movement |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/how-antisemites-extremists-and-conspiracy-theorists-are-exploiting-anti-vax |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> ==MENA== {{Further|History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Calls for the destruction of Israel|Palestinian political violence}} ===Background=== [[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|The [[Genocidal massacre|massacre]] of the Banu Qurayza, a Jewish [[tribe]] in [[Medina]], 627 [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] Jews started living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 6th century [[Before Christ|BC]], when [[Babylonia|Babylonian Empire]]'s conquest of the [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]] forced Jews out of [[Judea]]. Successive [[Immigration|waves]] of Jewish [[Exile|exiles]] – caused by alternating conquests of Judea – made Jews the leading ethnoreligious group<ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who Are the Jews? {{!}} AJC - American Jewish Committee |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-are-the-jews |access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref> in the Arabian Peninsula, where [[Judaism]] stood in contrast to the [[Polytheism|multi-god]] [[Paganism|religion]] of ancient Arabs,<ref name="A">{{cite book |title=The origin of the Jews of Yathrib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg=PA4 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |pages=4–5 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004138827}}</ref> many of whom had arrived later than the Jews due to their [[Nomad|nomadic]] nature.<ref name="A" /> ===Middle Ages=== Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims [[Muslim conquests|conquered the Peninsula]], when they, along with other conquered [[indigenous peoples]], were required to pay ''[[Poll tax|jizya]]'' in exchange for their existence to be tolerated.<ref name="A" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674283589/html |last=Cohen |first=Amnon |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674283589 |year=1984 |isbn=9780674283572 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Islam: State And Society |chapter=Administration In The Islamic State: An Interpretation Of The Terms “Dhimma” And “Jizya” |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203060957-9/administration-islamic-state-interpretation-terms-dhimma-jizya-j%C3%B8rgen-b%C3%A6k-simonsen |last=Simonsen |first=Jørgen Bæk |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203060957 |year=2004 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies |title=What Do You Know? Dhimmi, Jewish Legal Status under Muslim Rule |url=https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/what-do-you-know-dhimmi-jewish-legal-status-under-muslim-rule |last=Wagner |first=Mark |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> The payment of ''jizya'' granted Jews the status of ''dhimmi'' under which they were prohibited – under the threat of [[execution]] – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing [[Judaism#Basic beliefs|Jewish]] ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman.<ref name="B"> * {{cite book |title=La Cité Musulmane. Vie Sociale et Politique |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Cit%C3%A9-Musulmane-Vie-Sociale-Politique-Gardet/14971474082/bd |last=Gardet |first=Louis |page=348 |publisher=Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |edition=2 |year=1954 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |lang=fr}} * {{cite book |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-dhimmi-jews-christians-under-islam/author/ye%27or-bat |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |pages=43–44; 56–57 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=9781611470796 |year=1985 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |lang=en-us}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=The Qur’an: Israel Is Not for the Jews |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-quran-israel-not-for-jews#_ftn9 |last=Spencer |first=Robert |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=San Diego Jewish World |title=Israeli Scholar Explains Religious Conflicts Between Jews and Muslims |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/21/israeli-scholar-explains-religious-conflicts-between-jews-and-muslims |last=Gershenson |first=Miriam |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: The Treatment of Jews |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries#N_4_ |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Jews were also not allowed to<ref name="B" /> * drink wine in public * [[Jockey|ride]] [[Horse|horses]] or [[Camel|camels]] * [[Prayer|pray]] or [[Mourning|mourn]] in loud voices * build [[Synagogue|synagogues]] taller than mosques * construct [[House|houses]] taller than Muslim houses ===21st century=== ====2010s==== Antisemitism is extremely common in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).<ref name="Analyses" /> In 2011, the [[Pew Research Center]] polled a significant number of [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] countries' citizens, where [[Muslims]] are the [[majority]]. Most of the interviewees were hostile to Jews. Only 2% of [[Egyptians]], 3% of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Muslims and 2% of [[Jordan|Jordanians]] reported feeling good about Jews.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2011|title=Muslim-Western Tensions Persist - Pew Research Center|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/07/21/muslim-western-tensions-persist|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Some [[Academia|scholars]] believe that [[mass media]] have played a significant role in such [[phenomenon]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/western-media-misguided-narrative-about-al-jazeera |title=The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera |date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/05/20/qatari-funded-al-jazeera-arabic-channel-fires-journalists-holocaust |title=Qatari-funded Al Jazeera Arabic channel suspends journalists over 'Holocaust denial' video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News (TV channel)|BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48335169 |title=Al Jazeera suspends journalists for Holocaust denial video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/11/24/al-jazeera-must-register-as-a-foreign-agent-of-qatar |title=Al Jazeera Must Register as a Foreign Agent |date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://m.jpost.com/middle-east/al-jazeeras-holocaust-legacy-justification-alongside-outright-denial-800079 |title=Al-Jazeera’s Holocaust legacy: Justification alongside outright denial |date=May 6, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |work=[[Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Jazeera |title=Al Jazeera {{!}} News Channel, History, & Qatar {{!}} Britannica |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Media Bias / Fact Check |title=Al Jazeera – Bias and Credibility |url=https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/al-jazeera |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Honest Reporting |url=https://honestreporting.com/tag/middle-east-eye |title=Middle East Eye |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ad Fontes Media |title=Al Jazeera Website Bias and Reliability |url=https://adfontesmedia.com/al-jazeera-bias-and-reliability |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Enterprise Institute |url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/middle-east/qatars-other-covert-media-arm |title=Qatar’s Other Covert Media Arm |date=July 25, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Scottish Daily Express |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/what-middle-east-eye-shadowy-32241918 |title=What is 'Middle East Eye' - the shadowy Qatar-linked news outlet that interviewed Humza Yousaf |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Further data are presented as follows. {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in the MENA (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- |'''Palestine''' |align=right| {{bartable|93||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Iraq''' |align=right| {{bartable|92||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Yemen''' |align=right| {{bartable|88||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Algeria''' |align=right| {{bartable|87||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Libya''' |align=right| {{bartable|87||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Tunisia''' |align=right| {{bartable|86||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Kuwait''' |align=right| {{bartable|82||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Jordan''' |align=right| {{bartable|81||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Bahrain''' |align=right| {{bartable|81||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Qatar''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Morocco''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''United Arab Emirates |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Lebanon''' |align=right| {{bartable|78||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Oman''' |align=right| {{bartable|76||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Egypt''' |align=right| {{bartable|75||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Saudi Arabia''' |align=right| {{bartable|74||2||background:#7B3F00}} |} ==Sub-Saharan Africa== {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in sub-Saharan Africa (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Senegal''' |align=right| {{bartable|53||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Mauritius''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''South Africa''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Cameroon''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Kenya''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Botswana''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Côte D'Ivoire''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Nigeria''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Uganda''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Ghana''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Tanzania''' |align=right| {{bartable|12||2||background:#7FFF00}} |} The % of [[South Africa]]'s population holding biases against Jews rose to 47% in 2019 from 38% in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The ADL GLOBAL 100: An Index of Antisemitism – South Africa |url=https://global100.adl.org/country/south-africa/2019 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Since the [[Israel–Hamas war]] started on 7 October 2023, there has been an upsurge in [[harassment]] and [[violence]] against Jews in South Africa.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=South Africa’s antisemitic firestorm |url=https://www.jns.org/south-africas-antisemitic-firestorm |last=Mascarini |first=Saadia |date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] (FT) |title=South African Jewish community unnerved by Israel genocide case |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59acd176-1034-43c6-ac8a-ba9959520057 |date=January 24, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=Row over young [[cricket]] captain exposes social rift as [[Pretoria]] pursues landmark International Court of Justice lawsuit}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |title=In Washington Mission, WJC and South African Jewish Board of Deputies Highlight Surge in Antisemitism |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-and-sajbd-highlight-antisemitism-in-washington-dc |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=New Lines Magazine |title=South Africa’s Stance on Palestine Opens Questions About Apartheid and History |url=https://newlinesmag.com/argument/south-africas-stance-on-palestine-opens-questions-about-apartheid-and-history |last=Dana |first=Joseph |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Exposing the Corruption Behind South Africa’s ICJ Case: An Interview With ISGAP Executive Director, Dr. Charles Asher Small |url=https://honestreporting.com/exposing-the-corruption-behind-south-africas-icj-case-an-interview-with-isgap-executive-director-dr-charles-asher-small |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Daily Express |title=South Africa accused of 'plain antisemitism' after 'sacking' Jewish cricket captain |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/cricket/1856730/South-Africa-antisemitism-David-Teeger-cricket-news |date=January 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=South African politician accuses rivals of selling Cape Town to Jews |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/south-african-politician-accuses-rivals-of-selling-cape-town-to-jews-b12rnl0m |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=National Freedom Party figure says 'we will not allow you to [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|make this a Jewish state]]'}} * {{cite news |work=South African Jewish Report (SAJR) |title=UCT prof targeted for exam depicting antisemitism |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/uct-prof-targeted-for-exam-depicting-antisemitism |date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=South African Jewish Report (SAJR) |title=Nothing to be gained from silence about antisemitism |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/nothing-to-be-gained-from-silence-about-antisemitism |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=South African Jewish community condemns president for silence after explosive thrown at JCC |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-833971 |date=December 18, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Between 7 October and 31 December 2023, attacks on Jews rose by 631% in South Africa as compared to the same period in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=‘There is No Antisemitism Here,’ South African Justice Minister Claims, Despite 631 Percent Increase in Attacks on Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/31/there-is-no-antisemitism-here-south-african-justice-minister-claims-despite-631-percent-increase-in-attacks-on-jews |date=January 31, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> ==Europe== [[File:Expulsion judios-en selection.svg|thumb|[[Map]] of expulsions of [[Jew#Middle Ages|Jews]] from various European regions, [[Circa|ca.]] [[12th century|1100]]–[[16th century|1600]] [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] ===Before 20th century=== {{Main|Jews#History|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}}{{Further|Tomás de Torquemada}} ===20th Century=== {{Main|Pogrom|Nazi Germany}} [[Image:Haus der Deutschen Kunst, Nazi Germany Grundsteinlegung 15.10.1933 House of German Art foundation stone. Hilter, Esser, Nuntius Vasallo di Torregrossa. Heute versteh ich Sie. NSDAP Propaganda Reichstagswahl 12 Nov Election poster xx1990.tif|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] (1889–1945) shaking hands with Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), a high-ranking [[The Vatican|Vatican]] [[clergy]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Nazi Germany]].]] ====The Holocaust==== {{Main|The Holocaust|List of Nazi concentration camps|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}{{Further|Kristallnacht|Babi Yar|Ante Pavelić|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} [[File:"Nebuď služobníkom žida"—Slovak propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|A poster from the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)]]: ''"Do not be a [[servant]] to the Jew: he who associates with a Jew will sink down to his level."'']][[File:Jože Beranek - V usodnem trenutku nož v hrbet.jpeg|thumb|Antisemitic poster in Nazi-occupied Slovenia saying "A knife in the back at the fateful moment", referring to the stab-in-the-back myth popular among Germans back then.]] The Holocaust was a [[genocide]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=The ten stages of genocide |url=https://hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=What is Genocide? {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not “Genocide” |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-reasons-why-the-events-in-gaza-are-not-genocide |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Genocide {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> committed by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. It was known as the ''[[Final Solution]]''. The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to at least 6,000,000 Jews – 67% of European Jews back then.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> The [[Mein Kampf|planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Anne Frank House |title=Adolf Hitler publishes ‘Mein Kampf’ |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/6/adolf-hitler-publishes-mein-kampf |date=July 18, 1925 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title='Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave/2015/02/24/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |last=Faiola |first=Anthony |date=February 24, 2015}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fascism |title=Latvia’s ''Pērkonkrusts'': Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2211624915000066#fn8 |last=Kott |first=Matthew |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |date=November 23, 2015 |doi=10.1163/22116257-00402007 |access-date=October 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=German History |title=Hitler’s Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/41/1/134/6847778?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |last2=Michalczyk |first2=Susan A. |last3=Bryant |first3=Michael S. |date=November 26, 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== In a 2013 [[Statistical survey|survey]] of 5,847 Jews in [[Europe]], 76% [[Perception|thought]] that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about [[Emigration|moving]] [[List of countries|countries]] as they [[Feeling|felt]] [[Danger|unsafe]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] |title=Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf |year=2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> A 2023 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] survey found that as many as one-third of [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] believed in [[#Lies about Jews|stereotypes of Jews]]. This was reportedly worse in some Eastern European countries, particularly [[Hungary]] (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-finds-harmful-antisemitic-stereotypes-remain-deeply-entrenched |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> In [[Eastern Europe]], the level of antisemitism is found to be high.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-eastern-europe |date=December 17, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish group’s report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|acts]] in [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Poland]] in 2022, more than 4 times the total [[Statistics|cited]] by the [[European Union]] the [[2021|previous year]]}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |title=Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/10/23/middle-east-conflict-sparks-uptick-in-anti-semitic-incidents-in-south-east-europe |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Israel–Hamas war|Ongoing violence]] in [[Israel–Palestine conflict|Israel-Palestine]] is being [[Correlation|linked]] to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] [[vandalism]] of [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[Memorial|sites]] in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Balkans|South-Eastern Europe]].}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Opinion|Remarks]] by rights chief come as civil society groups [[Advocacy|warn of]] a rise in antisemitism amid [[Israel-Hamas war]]}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] (FRA) |title=Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/jews-europe-still-face-high-levels-antisemitism |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=How Jewish journalist Ruth Elkrief wound up in the middle of France’s debate over antisemitism and Islamophobia |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/02/21/global/how-jewish-journalist-ruth-elkrief-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-frances-debate-over-antisemitism-and-islamophobia |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=An Inconvenient Truth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/inconvenient-truth-germany-antisemitism-august-hanning |last=Hanning |first=August |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former German Intelligence head blames far-left and Muslim migrants for growing antisemitism |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/former-german-intelligence-head-blames-muslim-migrants-for-growing-antisemitism-dzram88h |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=German MPs to name Muslim Jew-hatred as antisemitism vector |url=https://www.jns.org/german-mps-to-name-muslim-jew-hatred-as-antisemitism-vector |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=From Nazis to Jihadists: Antisemitism, the cancer of the West |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkbkamcz1x |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Antisemitism Among Migrant Populations in Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/antisemitism-among-migrant-populations-in-europe |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=European Muslim Antisemitism: Why Young Urban Males Say They Don't Like Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzdvm |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt16gzdvm |year=2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Pop Islam: How Germany is tackling the new Islamic antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/pop-islam-how-germany-is-tackling-the-new-islamic-antisemitism |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |year=2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Wall Street Journal (WSJ) |title=Antisemitism Among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=National Review |title=How Mass Immigration Makes Antisemitism Worse |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/12/how-mass-immigration-makes-antisemitism-worse |last=Murray |first=Douglas |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Greece''' |align=right| {{bartable|69||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Armenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|58||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Poland''' |align=right| {{bartable|45||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bulgaria''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Serbia''' |align=right| {{bartable|42||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hungary''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belarus''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''France''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Azerbaijan''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Lithuania''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Romania''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Croatia''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bosnia and Herzegovina''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Georgia''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Russia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Moldova''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Spain''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Montenegro''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Latvia''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Austria''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Slovenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belgium''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Germany''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Switzerland''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Estonia''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Portugal''' |align=right| {{bartable|21||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ireland''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Italy''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Iceland''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Norway''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Finland''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Czech Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Denmark''' |align=right| {{bartable|9||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''United Kingdom''' |align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Netherlands''' |align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Sweden''' |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:#8000FF}} |} ===Ireland=== {{Main|Antisemitism in Ireland}} [[File:Banner of the Blueshirts.svg|thumb|The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB"> * {{cite news |work=The Irish Times |title=Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/eoin-o-duffy-the-blueshirts-and-fascism-1.413587 |date=February 9, 2005 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism |url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/books/the-jew-at-the-centre-of-irish-nationalism-cfdvxcyw |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ireland Israel Alliance |title=Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history |url=https://www.irelandisrael.ie/blog/anti-semitism-in-ireland |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Fascist Lit and Hungary’s Future |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/hungary-viktor-orban-anti-semitism |last=Goldman |first=David P. |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=TPQ |title=Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism |url=https://www.thepensivequill.com/2021/09/fine-gaels-historical-flirtations-with.html |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts''.]][[File:Blueshirts leadership, circa 1934.jpg|thumb|Pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB" /> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts'' marching down the street.]] ====Overview==== Ireland has been predominantly [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] throughout [[History of Ireland|history]].<ref name="IRH"> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social History |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786692 |last=Miller |first=David W. |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |jstor=3786692 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Saothar |title='As Catholic As The Pope': James Connolly and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195983 |last1=Newsinger |first1=John |last2=Newsinger |first2=James |year=1986 |volume=11 |pages=7–18 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |title=Catholic Identity in Contemporary Ireland: Belief and Belonging to Tradition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537900701331064 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/13537900701331064 |last=Inglis |first=Tom |date=September 21, 2010 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Furrow |title=Catholic Ireland: Past, Present and Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24635656 |last=Martin |first=Diarmuid |volume=64 |issue=6 |year=2013 |pages=323–331 |jstor=24635656 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/cambridge-social-history-of-modern-ireland/69A9E4021C3E3C24751B9C5E92AE6FE2 |last1=Biagini |first1=Eugenio F. |last2=Daly |first2=Mary E. |date=April 27, 2017 |isbn=9781107095588 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.<ref name="IRH" /> ====Modern period==== Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the [[Spanish Inquisition|Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews]] (1478–1834),<ref> * {{cite book |title=Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137465900 |last=O’Connor |first=Thomas |year=2016 |doi=10.1057/9781137465900 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Maynooth University Department of History |title=Role of Irish people in the Spanish Inquisition explored |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/history/news/role-irish-people-spanish-inquisition-explored |date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Denis Casey |title=The Irish-Spanish Inquisition Alliance |url=https://deniscasey.com/2023/06/29/the-irish-spanish-inquisition-alliance |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska]] Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2014140 |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> a charge slapped on Jews who were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to [[Christianity]] under [[Spanish Empire#Colonization|Catholic Spanish rule]].<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ====20th century==== Throughout the [[Nazi Germany#History|1930s]] and [[The Holocaust|1940s]], pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="IR4"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Historical Journal |title=The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140154 |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=1155–1183 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |jstor=4140154 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=Irish Republicanism and Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/IrishRepublicanismandNaziGermany |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=The IRA's Links with Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/TheIRAslinkswithNaziGermany |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Britain, Ireland and the Second World War |chapter=Fanatic Hearts: the IRA, 1939–45 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/16478/chapter-abstract/171672488?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Wood |first=Ian S. |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623273.003.0005 |year=2010 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=Govt apologises for treatment of Irish WWII veterans |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-wwii-veterans-allies-apology-484431-Jun2012 |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Irish Times |title=Ireland and the Nazis: a troubled history |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/ireland-and-the-nazis-a-troubled-history-1.3076579 |last=O'Driscoll |first=Mervyn |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> which was fighting Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /> In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG"> * {{cite book |title=Hitler's Irishmen |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781856355896/Hitlers-Irishmen-Terence-OReilly-1856355896/plp |last=O'Reilly |first=Terence |edition=1 |isbn=1856355896 |publisher=The Mercier Press Ltd. |location=Dublin |year=2008 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Devil's Deal: The IRA, Nazi Germany and the Double Life of Jim O Donovan |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781848400801/Devils-Deal-IRA-Nazi-Germany-1848400802/plp |last=Donoghue |first=Dave O |isbn=1848400802 |year=2010 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=IRA leader Seán Russell and the story of Dublin's most controversial statue |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/sean-russell-statue-3549072-Aug2017 |last=Duffy |first=Rónán |date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Seán Russell: IRA 'militarist' or Nazi sympathiser? |url=https://independent.ie/irish-news/sean-russell-ira-militarist-or-nazi-sympathiser/39242537.html |last=Downing |first=John |date=May 30, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |title=Hitler Looks West |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27132618 |last=Whelan |first=Barry |pages=62–73 |volume=111 |issue=441 |publisher=Messenger Publications |jstor=27132618 |year=2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in [[Northern Ireland]]<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|owned by "Jews and Freemasons"]].<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Declassified [[MI5]] documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Russell told a Nazi official:<ref>{{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=Russell not a Nazi supporter but a physical-force republican |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/russell-not-a-nazi-supporter-but-a-physical-force-republican/28219955.html |date=January 14, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The British have been our enemies for hundreds of years. They are the enemy of Germany today. If it suits Germany to give us help to achieve independence, I am willing to accept it, but no more, and there must be no strings attached.}} Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the [[Nuremberg Trials]]:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the [[Military occupation|occupation]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, [[ammunition]] and [[Explosive|explosives]].}} Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=Frank Ryan{{efn|A deputy of James O'Donovan.|group=lower-alpha}} suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the [[Military occupation|seizure]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer{{efn|An [[SS]] leader [[Conviction|convicted]] of [[crimes against humanity]] for contributing to the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).<ref> * Gutman, Israel; The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (vol.4, p. 1794), New York, Macmillan, 1990. * Zentner, Christian (editor); The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (vol. 2), New York, Macmillan, 1991. * Wistrich, Robert, S; Who's Who in Nazi Germany, New York, Routledge, 1995. * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1158811 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a [[Legitimacy|legitimate]] risk to take.}} After [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death on April 30, 1945, [[Éamon de Valera]], the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister]] of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IR5"> * {{cite journal |journal=Irish Studies in International Affairs |title=Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30001759 |last=Keogh |first=Dermot |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=69–92 |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |jstor=30001759 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Condolences Offered After Hitler’s Death |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-31-fg-briefs31.1-story.html |date=December 31, 2005 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Radharc |title='No English Enemy... Ever Stooped so Low': Mike Quill, de Valera's Visit to the German Legation, and Irish-American Attitudes during World War II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25122352 |last=Hanley |first=Brian |volume=5/7 |year=2004–2006 |publisher=Glucksman Ireland House, [[New York University]] |location=[[New York City]] |jstor=25122352 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Nordic Irish Studies |title='Not a mask of power': Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eamon de Valera, and the Oblique Light of a Poetic Elegy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23631042 |volume=12 |year=2013 |pages=13–23 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Eamon de Valera’s ‘moral myopia’ in offering condolences to Germany over Hitler’s death put Ireland beyond the pale for many people |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/eamon-de-valeras-moral-myopia-in-offering-condolences-to-germany-over-hitlers-death-put-ireland-beyond-the-pale-for-many-people-2846858 |last=Lucy |first=Gordon |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> with backing from the Irish parliament.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IR5" /> De Valera also denied reports of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] as "anti-national propaganda",<ref name="IR5" /><ref name="BC">{{cite book |title=Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11759 |last=Bew |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2009 |isbn=9780199561261 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University Press]] Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.001.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.<ref name="IR5" /><ref name="BC" /> ====21st century==== {{Further|Disinformation|Conspiracy theory|African Americans#History}} Since 2013,<ref name="ISM1"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/04/19/how-myth-irish-slaves-became-favorite-meme-racists-online |date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth |url=https://apnews.com/article/920e1c738df04555bccd56c09770b36d |last=Pogatchnik |first=Shawn |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Trinity College Dublin |title=The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-myth-of-the-irish-slave-white-supremacy-and-social-media |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Fact check: ‘Irish slaves’ meme repeats discredited article |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-irish-slaves-meme-repeats-discredited-article-idUSKBN23Q1KO |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |last=McKee |first=Liam |year=2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ISM2"> * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |title=Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ireland-slaves-conspiracy-theory-debunked-st-patricks-day-1.4028855 |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Last Updated: March 17, 2017 }} * {{cite news |work=Rebel News (Ireland) |title=‘Irish Slaves’: Debunking the Myth |url=https://www.rebelnews.ie/2020/07/02/irish-slaves-debunking-myth |last=Kelly |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=AFP Fact Check |title=More false claims about ‘Irish slaves’ spread on social media |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/more-false-claims-about-irish-slaves-spread-social-media |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=UWEC Spectator |title=The Irish were never slaves |url=https://www.spectatornews.com/opinion/2021/11/the-irish-were-never-slaves |last=Ftouhi |first=Sabrina |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Alton Telegraph |title='Irish slaves' book based on outright lie |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/opinion/article/Irish-slaves-book-based-on-outright-lie-17492050.php |date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> a baseless [[Conspiracy theory|theory]], which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in [[17th century]] [[North America]] before the [[Atlantic slave trade|arrival of African slaves]], has been made popular by [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> in both Ireland and the [[United States]].<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves [[myth]]". The myth reportedly originated from the book ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="SOC">{{cite web |website=The O'Brien Press |title=About Sean O'Callaghan |url=https://obrien.ie/sean-ocallaghan |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Publishing|published]] by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.<ref name="SOC" /> The myth has been widely condemned by [[Scholar|scholars]] as a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of [[African Americans]] in [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> who were [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] until [[American Civil War#New Amendments|1865]], [[Jim Crow laws|segregated]] until 1965 and [[Institutional racism|systemically discriminated against]] until now.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=OAH Magazine of History |title=Origins of American Slavery |url=https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/19/4/51/1001999 |last=Morgan |first=Philip D. |pages=51–56 |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/maghis/19.4.51 |year=2005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Published: 01 July 2005 }} * {{cite book |title=Jim Crow America: A Documentary History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ffjm30 |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Lewis |first2=J. Richard |publisher=[[University of Arkansas]] Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm30 |jstor=j.ctt1ffjm30 |year=2009 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=American Journal of Sociology |title=The Cost of Color: Skin Color, Discrimination, and Health among African-Americans |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/682162 |last=Monk, Jr. |first=Ellis P. |volume=121 |issue=2 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |doi=10.1086/682162 |year=2015 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1368430216641304 |last1=Molina |first1=Kristine M. |last2=James |first2=Drexler |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/1368430216641304 |year=2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=First published online May 3, 2016 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Health Services Research |title=Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |author1=Sara N. Bleich PhD |author2=Mary G. Findling PhD, SM |author3=Logan S. Casey PhD |author4=Robert J. Blendon ScD |author5=John M. Benson MA |author6=Gillian K. SteelFisher PhD, MSc |author7=Justin M. Sayde MS |author8=Carolyn Miller MS, MA |pages=1399–1408 |volume=54 |issue=S2 |doi=10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |date=October 29, 2019 |quote=Special Issue: Experiences of Discrimination in America: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality }}</ref> Despite ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop<ref name="SFB">{{cite web |website=Sinn Féin Bookshop |url=https://www.sinnfeinbookshop.com/to-hell-or-barbados-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ireland |title=To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.<ref name="SFB" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gerry Adams to meet Hamas leaders {{!}} Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/04/northernireland.northernireland |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=DUP outrage as Sinn Fein delegation meets leader from Hamas |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/dup-outrage-as-sinn-fein-delegation-meets-leader-from-hamas/35249084.html |date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Sinn Féin formula on the Middle East? Talk to Hamas, boycott Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/analysis/the-sinn-fein-formula-on-the-middle-east-talk-to-hamas-boycott-israel-ml26pmof |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UnHerd |title=Sinn Féin’s hollow Hamas stance: Hypocrisy underscores its call for the return of an Irish-Israel hostage |url=https://unherd.com/2023/11/sinn-feins-hollow-hamas-stance |last=McCartney |first=Jenny |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Hamas a future partner for peace, says Northern Ireland’s First Minister |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/08/hamas-peace-sinn-fein-michelle-oneill-israel-gaza |date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the escalation of the [[Israel–Hamas war]], where antisemites felt justified to [[Harassment|harass]] Jews under the guise of supporting [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Antisemitism in Ireland ‘Blatant and Obvious’ in Wake of Hamas Onslaught, Says Jewish Former Cabinet Minister Alan Shatter |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/03/12/antisemitism-ireland-blatant-obvious-wake-hamas-onslaught-says-jewish-former-cabinet-minister-alan-shatter |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Old antisemitism; new pro-Palestinian trends: Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/05/28/old-antisemitism-new-pro-palestinian-trends-why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.jns.org/why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> for the [[Approximation|approximately]] 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population<ref>{{cite web |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) |title=How many Jews live in Ireland? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-ireland |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that * the Jews "[[#Ancient|killed Jesus]]" * Israel was "uniquely aggressive" * Judaism "believed that violence and war are necessary" * the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an [[extermination camp]] were widely circulated in Irish schools<ref name="IR6"> * {{cite news |work=IMPACT-se |title=Ireland Review |url=https://www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/EU-Textbooks-Ireland-Review.pdf |year=2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Irish schoolbooks ‘trivialise Holocaust’, report warns |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/irish-schoolbooks-trivialise-holocaust-report-warns |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Irish textbooks say Jesus was from ‘Palestine,’ downplay Auschwitz |url=https://www.jns.org/irish-textbooks-say-jesus-was-from-palestine-downplay-auschwitz |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Irish School Textbooks Disparage Judaism, Defame Israel, Watchdog Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/11/05/irish-school-textbooks-disparage-judaism-defame-israel-watchdog-finds |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Jews are Jesus-killers and Israel is uniquely aggressive: what Irish pupils are taught |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jews-are-jesus-killers-and-israel-is-uniquely-aggressive-what-irish-pupils-are-taught-dhqmypgo |date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref> and shaping children's mind.<ref name="IR6" /> The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress (EJC).<ref>{{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |title=Report reveals troubling pattern of Holocaust minimisation in Irish textbooks |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/ireland/report-reveals-troubling-pattern-of-holocaust-minimisation-in-irish-textbooks |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Government of Ireland]] has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.<ref name="IR6" /> ====Critique==== David Collier, an [[Irish people|Irish]] researcher in Middle East affairs,<ref name="IR1">{{cite magazine |magazine=Middle East Forum |title=David Collier: What Explains Ireland’s Extreme Antisemitism? |url=https://www.meforum.org/david-collier-what-explains-ireland-extreme |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> noted that antisemitism among contemporary [[Irish people|Irish]] is derived from<ref name="IR1" /> * Religious antisemitism: Classic [[Catholic Church#Other websites|Christian]] belief that "[[Supersessionism|Christians are the new Jews]]" as "the Jews [[#Ancient|killed]] [[Jesus]]" * Political antisemitism: ** [[Populism|Popularity]] of the Irish [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Sinn Féin party whose [[Arthur Griffith#Antisemitism|founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews]] ** Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=IRA-PLO cooperation: A long, cozy relationship |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/ira-plo-cooperation-a-long-cozy-relationship |last=Gannon |first=Sean |date=April 7, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Spectator |title=Hamas has made the same fatal mistake as the IRA |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-it-already-over-for-hamas |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tracing the Deep Roots of Ireland's Support for Palestinians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/world/europe/ireland-palestinians-support.html |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Ireland’s History Explains Its Hostility Towards Israel and Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/05/irelands-history-explains-its-hostility-towards-israel-and-jews |date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |title=Why Ireland is one of the most pro-Palestinian nations in the world |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/14/1233395830/ireland-pro-palestinian |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the [[British people|British]] settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Why Israel is Not a Settler Colonial State |url=https://www.ajc.org/why-israel-is-not-a-settler-colonial-state |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Israel’s founding was complex and messy – but it certainly wasn’t imperialist |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/03/02/israels-founding-was-complex-and-messy-but-not-imperialist |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Unraveling the false branding of Israel as a settler-colonial state - opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805116 |date=June 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=The False Narrative of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/08/how-settler-colonialism-colonized-universities/679514 |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Foreign Policy |title=Settler Colonialism Isn’t What You Think It Is |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/15/israel-palestine-settler-colonialism-south-africa-west-bank-gaza |last=Greenstein |first=Ran |date=November 15, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Irish Central |title=Irish Americans are full of self pity and fake victimhood says top Irish columnist |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/irish-americans-self-pity-fake-victimhood |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UCSD Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Archive {{!}} Intellectual Incitement: The Anti-Zionist Ideology and the Anti-Zionist Subject (2015) |url=https://fathomjournal.org/archive-intellectual-incitement-the-anti-zionist-ideology-and-the-anti-zionist-subject-2015 |last=Johnson |first=Alan |year=2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=From British Imperialism to ‘Globohomo’: Analysing the Irish Far-Right’s Engagement with Irish Nationalism on Telegram |url=https://gnet-research.org/2023/09/22/from-british-imperialism-to-globohomo-analysing-the-irish-far-rights-engagement-with-irish-nationalism-on-telegram |last=Molloy |first=Joshua |date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Cillian McGrattan: Irish nationalism's sense of victimhood is buttressed by spurious claims about Israel |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/cillian-mcgrattan-irish-nationalisms-sense-of-victimhood-is-buttressed-by-spurious-claims-about-israel-4579926 |last=McGrattan |first=Cillian |date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ===Spain=== {{Further|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}} ====Middle Ages==== The 7th century saw the Christian [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visgothic]] demand of Jews to convert or leave,<ref name="May2025Analysis">{{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement |title=From Inquisition to Eurovision: Spain’s Long History of Antisemitism and the Politicization of Hate |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/special-features/from-inquisition-to-eurovision-spains-long-history-of-antisemitism-and-the-politicization-of-hate |date=May 27, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> followed by the 12th-century Muslim Almohad Caliphate's compulsion of Jews to [[Conversion to Islam|convert]] or be killed,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> which caused the famous Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] into exile.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were made to pick either [[baptism]] or [[Execution|death]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] territories [[Reconquista|reconquered]].<ref name="AJC">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ====Modern period==== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] [[Spanish Empire]] unleashed a [[Institutional racism|systematic]] [[campaign]] of [[persecution]] of [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]], [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJC" /> As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|religious anti-Judaism]] to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Between 1939 and 1975, [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic conspiracy theories]] formed the main theme of [[Francoist Spain|Francoist]] propaganda,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Architects of Terror: Paranoia, Conspiracy and Anti-Semitism in Franco’s Spain |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/architects-of-terror-paranoia-conspiracy-and-anti-semitism-in-francos-spain-paul-preston?variant=43719401209890 |last=Preston |first=Paul |isbn=9780008522117 |date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and strata of that [[Race (sociology)|race]] [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|more common false claim]].<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> ====21st century==== [[File:Corona-mentira (20210214 132214).jpg|thumb|A graffiti on Calle del Doctor Luis Calandre in Cartagena, Spain, where the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was depicted as a ''corona-mentira'' ("corona-lie") created by Jews symbolized by the [[Star of David]].]] For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.<ref name="SI4">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities |url=https://theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/29/spain-black-legend-inquisition-conquistadors |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=April 29, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2024 |quote=Campaigners want to reclaim the country’s past from ‘distorted propaganda’}}</ref> Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions<ref name="SI4" /> to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.<ref name="SI4" /> In 2023, an [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] poll found that 26% of Spain's population held [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic beliefs]],<ref name="ES2023">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> followed by [[Belgium]] (24%), [[France]] (17%), [[Germany]] (12%) and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (10%).<ref name="ES2023" /> In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month.<ref>{{cite news |work=Contando Estrelas |title=36 attacks in 6 months against Jews in Spain, with a government praised by Hamas |url=https://www.outono.net/elentir/2024/04/22/36-attacks-in-6-months-against-jews-in-spain-with-a-government-praised-by-hamas |date=April 22, 2024 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Is it safe to be Jewish in Spain? |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sknnrtnmyg |last=Grave-Lazie |first=Lidar |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ===France=== ====Classical antiquity==== Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====Middle Ages==== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] – then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] – in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the rule of the House of Capet, when the King of France Robert the Pious attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by the French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[Rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====First Crusade==== When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ====Deportations==== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====Modern period==== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |volume=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> On both sides of the spectrum, Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive 1894 [[Dreyfus affair]], when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]],<ref name="F13" /> who was not vindicated until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ====World War II==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref name="F8" /> ====Post-war==== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "[[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust, calling it a "distraction from [[class struggle]] playing into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]."<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[Analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |first1=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EITCP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the Anti-Defamation League found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: ‘Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country’ |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> According to the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear [[Keffiyeh|keffiyehs]] in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ===Poland=== {{Main|Racism in Poland#Jews}}{{Further|Jedwabne pogrom (1941)|Kraków pogrom|Jan Żaryn}} [[File:Pod Pręgierz, 1937 r. Kto u Żyda kupuje, ten zdrajcą narodu.jpg|thumb|A clipping from the daily ''Pod Pręgierz'', 1937, entitled "Whoever buys from a Jew is a [[traitor]] to the [[nation]]".]] ===Romania=== {{Main|Iași pogrom|Odessa massacre (1941)}}{{further|Ion Antonescu|Iron Guard}} ====Holocaust denial under communism (1947–1989)==== [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg|thumb|A photo of the antisemitic [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] [[Communism|communist]] [[tyrant]]<ref name="NC1"> * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=ROMANIA: DEATH OF A DICTATOR : Ceausescu – Tyrant Who Posed as a Statesman : Dictatorship: The executed leader will be remembered as a ruler who believed he could stay the same while all around him changed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-26-mn-1001-story.html |date=December 26, 1989 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Life And Evil Times Of Ceausescu |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780091746728/Life-Evil-Times-Nicolae-Ceausescu-0091746728/plp |last=Sweeney |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Hutchison |isbn=9780091746728 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50821546 |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title='Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/ceausescu-romania-bucharest-communism-politics-history-a9234806.html |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Cato Institute |title=The Rise and Fall of Nicolae Ceausescu, "the Romanian Fuehrer" |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/rise-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-romanian-fuehrer |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NC2"> * {{cite book |title=Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ7LSucBylAC&dq=info:79IN0oDNthEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR13 |last=Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1990 | isbn=978-0-89526-746-7 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Intelligence and National Security |title=The Securitate and the police state in Romania, 1964–89 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02684529408432238 |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |year=1994 |volume=9 |pages=22–49 |doi=10.1080/02684529408432238 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives |title=Inside the Securitate Archives |date=March 4, 2005 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/ikea-funds-romania-secret-police-communist-era |title=Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/25/keys-mikes-spies-how-the-securitate-stole-romanias-privacy |title=Keys, Mikes, Spies – How the Securitate Stole Romania's Privacy |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].]] Under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist rule]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially [[Holocaust denial|denied]]. It was blamed on the [[Germans]] and [[Hungarians]].<ref name="R3">{{cite journal |journal=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) |title=The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-banality-of-history-and-memory-romanian-society-and-the-holocaust |last=Weinbaum |first=Laurence |publisher=[[Israel]] Council of Foreign Relations |issue=45 |date=June 1, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> Romanians were [[Brainwashing|taught]] about the "[[Hero|heroic]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Securitate secret police] of Nicolae Ceaușescu<ref name="R3" /> and to help him [[Oppression|oppress]] Romanians.<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in [[#Lies about Jews|lies about Jews]], including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and [[Definition|defined]] ''Jew'' as a "money-changer" and an "[[Extortion|extortionist]]" in an official English–Romanian [[dictionary]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=+972 Magazine |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-romanian-dictator-anti-semitism |title=Israel embraced Romanian dictator's support — knowing he was anti-Semitic |last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ====Holocaust denial in post-communist age (1989 – )==== Since the fall of Ceaușescu's [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "[[Crusade|holy war]] against [[Communism|Bolshevism]]."<ref name="R3" /> Acts of Holocaust denial<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}</ref> by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the [[Polish people|Poles]], Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.<ref name="R3" /> An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer [[Elie Wiesel]], identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”'', '''INSHR'''), a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |website=Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania |url=https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en |title=INSHR – Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Wiesel" |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.<ref>{{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/04/romanian-nationalist-party-opposes-holocaust-education-in-schools |title=Romanian Nationalist Party Opposes Holocaust Education in Schools |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-marks-decision-teach-jewish-history-holocaust-schools-2023-10-03 |title=Romania marks decision to teach Jewish history, Holocaust in schools |date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ===Germany=== ====20th century==== {{Main|Antisemitism in Europe#The Holocaust}}{{Further|Antisemitism in East Germany}} ====21st century==== [[File:Openly antisemitic Protester in Berlin (17.7.2014).jpg|thumb|A man with Nazi [[Tattoo|tattoos]] overshadowed by a [[Yasser Arafat]] [[portrait]] from behind.]] A 2017 [[Bielefeld University]]'s research reported that those identified with the [[Far-left politics|far left]] and [[Far-right politics|far right]] committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]], with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |last1=Zick |first1=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first2=Andreas |last3=Jensen |first3=Silke |last4=Bernstein |first4=Julia |publisher=Universität Bielefeld ([[Bielefeld University]]) |year=2017 |location=[[Bielefeld]] |pages=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The research was echoed by Germany's [https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203104815/https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html |date=2024-12-03 }} (BfV), which asserted that certain [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's [[Peace|peaceful]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] [[society]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung) |url=https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2017-kurzzusammenfassung |page=30 |work=Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-30 |language=de}}</ref> In a follow-up [[European Union|EU]] research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]], 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/antisemitismus-studie-der-eu-juden-in-deutschland-fuehlen-sich-zunehmend-unsicher/23742690.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=December 10, 2018 |last1=Salzen |first1=Claudia von |last2=Hackenbruch |first2=Felix}}</ref> On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|Hamas-led October 7 massacre]] which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with [[molotov cocktails]] by two masked men.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/berlin-synagogue-firebombed-with-antisemitism-spiking-as-gaza-war-rages |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/10/18/global/german-synagogue-hit-with-2-molotov-cocktail-bombs |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in the months following the October 7 massacre.<ref> * {{cite news |last1=Diehl |first1=Jörg |last2=Diening |first2=Deike |last3=Großekathöfer |first3=Maik |last4=Rapp |first4=Tobias |last5=Wiedmann-Schmidt |first5=Wolf |title=A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/absolutely-appalling-a-new-wave-of-anti-semitism-sweeps-across-germany-a-50e18e6a-03ae-4ea5-99ec-6d0c8753558a |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/olaf-scholz-vows-to-fight-antisemitism-after-berlin-synagogue-firebombed |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-berlin-synagogue-antisemitism-fdd10f32f7d5efc6da973f00c9a8b030 |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JURIST Legal News |title=Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/10/synagogues-in-berlin-tunisia-targeted-with-fire-attacks-as-hate-crimes-soar-in-wake-of-israel-hamas-war |date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref> On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] beat a Jewish classmate to the point of [[Hospital|hospitalization]] following an argument over the [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering [[Bone fracture|facial fractures]].<ref name="Feb2024">{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-university-student-in-berlin-badly-beaten-by-classmate-in-fight-over-hamas-war |date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli [[athletics]] coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Massacre 1972 Munich massacre].<ref name="Feb2024" /> In May 2024, some Jewish parents from [[Suburb|suburban]] Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in [[Mitte]], many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Independent |title=The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin. |url=https://thejewishindependent.com.au/the-surprising-trend-among-anxious-jewish-parents-in-berlin |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's [[Potsdamer Platz]] after being heard speaking [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syouy6vua |date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-818826 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}} * {{cite news |work=DW News |title= Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-munich-police-shoot-suspect-near-israeli-consulate/a-70138738 |date=September 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/05/munich-police-shoot-dead-suspect-who-opened-fire-on-officers-near-israeli-consulate |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On 7 October 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn from their spots. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7 massacre.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1kgvgvkkx |title=Stumbling stones commemorating Holocaust victims uprooted in German city |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref> In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in [[Frankfurt]] has reportedly become a target of a [[Racism|hate]] campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be [[Shooting|shot]]…You should [[Death|die]]…Your whole f***ing [[Israel]]…"<ref name="JPFeb2025">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Granddaughter of Holocaust survivor terrorized with rape, death threats at German university |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-842163 |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> The [[victim]] reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her [[Harassment|harassers]] being [[Fine|fined]] for [[Euro|€]]300.<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers,<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> with little to no condemnation from other left-wing [[Activism|activists]].<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> ====Responses==== In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023,<ref name="RIAS">{{cite web |website=Bundesverband der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus (Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism, RIAS) |title=Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023 |url=https://report-antisemitism.de/documents/25-06-24_RIAS_Bund_Jahresbericht_2023.pdf |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> an 80% rise as compared to 2022,<ref name="RIAS" /> most of which happened following the October 7 massacre.<ref name="RIAS" /> In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=German antisemitism czar says country facing 'tsunami' of Jew hatred since Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-antisemitism-czar-says-country-facing-tsunami-of-jew-hatred-since-oct-7 |date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|question Israel's right to exist]], call for a [[boycott]] of Israel or actively support the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] movement."<ref name="Bundestag">{{cite news |work=DW News |title=Germany passes controversial antisemitism resolution |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution/a-70715643 |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] of [[Left-wing fascism|left-wing populist]] parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).<ref name="Bundestag" /> Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Germany designates BDS Israel boycott movement as anti-Semitic |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/germany-designates-bds-israel-boycott-movement-as-anti-semitic-idUSL5N22T4OA |date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=German Intelligence Agency Classifies BDS Campaign as ‘Extremist’ Threat |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/24/german-intelligence-agency-classifies-bds-campaign-as-extremist-threat |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution".<ref name="May2025">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In first, German intelligence agency labels BDS ‘hostile to constitution’ |url=https://www.jns.org/in-first-german-intelligence-agency-labels-bds-hostile-to-constitution |date=May 21, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 }}</ref> In its report, it stated:<ref name="May2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.}} ===Armenia=== ====Overview==== 58% of the [[population]]<ref name="S(A)"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Anti-Semitism in Armenia: A Clear and Present Danger |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/12/12/anti-semitism-in-armenia-a-clear-and-present-danger |date=December 12, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=With anti-Semitic tendencies, Armenians dig deep hole for themselves |url=https://www.azernews.az/analysis/214391.html |date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Caspian News |title=Surge in Anti-Semitism in Armenia: ASALA-Y Targets Jewish Centers |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/surge-in-anti-semitism-in-armenia-asala-y-targets-jewish-centers-2023-11-17-0 |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Antisemitism in Armenia: let’s talk facts |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryejoi2it |date=December 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7 |url=https://besacenter.org/azerbaijan-and-armenia-political-stand-in-the-aftermath-of-october-7 |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> of [[Armenia]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Flashpoint |publisher=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism & Policy |title=Antisemitic and Anti-Israeli Narratives in Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora |url=https://isgap.org/flashpoint/antisemitic-and-anti-israeli-narratives-in-armenia-and-the-armenian-diaspora |last=Kogan |first=Ariel |issue=93 |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=The New Karabakh Crisis and the Rise of Antisemitism in Contemporary Armenia |url=https://besacenter.org/the-new-karabakh-crises-and-the-rise-of-antisemitism-in-contemporary-armenia |author=Dr. Andrei Kazantsev-Vaisman |date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can’t ignore that |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjvi3hcda |date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian nationalism is rising, with government [...] glorifying Nazi collaborator and promoting antisemitism [. ...]}} * {{cite news |work=Caliber.Az |title=Yerevan court opts against arrest for synagogue attacker |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/yerevan-court-opts-against-arrest-for-synagogue-attacker |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities |url=https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-807058 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Does Armenia have an antisemitism problem? |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/20/does-armenia-have-an-antisemitism-problem |last=Avraham |first=Rachel |date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenians threaten violence against Jews over Azeri relations |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-761659 |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel’s war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/education/cfis/cfi-expression/subm-academic-freedom-cso-wjc-world-jewish-congress-input-6.pdf |author=Dr. Haim Ben Yakov |pages=9–12 |publisher=Euro-Asian Jewish Congress |date=May 1, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/06/21/israel/armenia-recognizes-palestine-adding-to-is-strained-ties-with-israel |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state? |url=https://www.jns.org/why-did-armenia-recognize-a-potential-palestinian-terror-state |date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet space]].}}</ref> (a [[Caucasus|Caucassian]] country [[Alliance|allied]] with [[Russia#History of present Russian Federation|Russia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=Telegrafi |title=For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia! |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/for-the-results-of-the-Russian-alliance%2C-ask-the-Armenians |year=2020 |location=[[Albania]] |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=Title: The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Lifeless, Shambling ‘Alliance’ |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/03/04/the-collective-security-treaty-organization-a-lifeless-shambling-alliance |last=Ambrosio |first=Thomas |date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Center for European Policy Analysis |title=Armenia Seeks to Distance Mother Russia |url=https://cepa.org/article/armenia-seeks-to-distance-mother-russia |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=What Is The CSTO Military Alliance? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/csto-military-alliance-background-photos/32991770.html |date=June 13, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Iran’s Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia |url=https://jamestown.org/program/irans-paradoxical-expectations-for-political-developments-in-armenia |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=105 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[People's Republic of China|China]],<ref> * {{cite web |website=Armenian National Committee of America |title=China Ready for Closer Ties with Armenia |url=https://anca.org/china-ready-for-closer-ties-with-armenia |year=2015 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JAM-news.net |title=Soft power: China's spheres of influence in Armenia. |url=https://jam-news.net/soft-power-chinas-spheres-of-influence-in-armenia-analysis-and-human-stories |date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Caspian Policy Center |title=CPC {{!}} China-Armenia Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-armenia-bilateral-relations |date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[Iran]]<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion |url=https://jpost.com/opinion/article-802273 |last=Kedar |first=Mordechai | date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran and Armenia  sign secret $500 million arms deal |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407248345 |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus |url=https://besacenter.org/secret-weapon-deal-with-armenia-helps-iran-to-disrupt-the-south-caucasus |date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[European Union|EU]] Today |title=Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil |url=https://eutoday.net/iran-embraces-armenia-widening-its-axis-of-evil |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Daily Monitor |title=Iran’s Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia’s Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market |url=https://jamestown.org/program/expanding-iran-armenia-energy-ties-combat-yerevans-reliance-on-russian-oil |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=170 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> and [[Syria#2010s|Syria]] under [[Bashar al-Assad]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Understanding Armenia’s Syrian Gamble |url=https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-armenias-syrian-gamble |volume=15 |issue=129 |last=Abrahamyan |first=Eduard |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Eurasianet |title=US rebukes Armenia over Syria deployment |url=https://eurasianet.org/us-rebukes-armenia-over-syria-deployment |date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Public Radio of Armenia |title=Syria stands by Armenia in overcoming challenges – Bashar al-Assad |url=https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/15/syria-stands-by-armenia-in-overcoming-challenges-bashar-al-assad |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Armenpress |title=Syrian Ambassador calls for international actions to restrain Azerbaijan and Turkey's ambitions towards Armenia |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1132160 |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Arminfo |title=Current situation in region brings new challenges for both Armenia and Syria - Speaker |url=https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=83375&lang=3 |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> who killed over 400,000 Syrians<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Washington Institute |title=The UN Process and the War Crimes of Assad |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/un-process-and-war-crimes-assad |last=al-Labwani |first=Mohamad Kamal |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |title=The evidence of Syrian President Bashar Assad and his regime's legacy of war crimes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bashar-al-assad-syria-evidence-war-crimes-60-minutes-2021-07-11 |date=July 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Hoover Institution |title=The Case Against Assad |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/case-against-assad |date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=French court issues arrest warrant for Bashar al-Assad for complicity in war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/french-court-arrest-warrant-bashar-al-assad-crimes-against-humanity-syria |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=France ONU |title="Bashar Al-Assad is guilty of war crimes" - France ONU |url=https://onu.delegfrance.org/bashar-al-assad-is-guilty-of-war-crimes |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Atlantic Council |title=How to hold the Assad regime accountable, even as countries normalize relations with Syria |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-to-hold-the-assad-regime-accountable-even-as-countries-normalize-relations-with-syria |last=Baker |first=Elise |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Syria: The Impunity of the Assad Regime Must Never be Normalized |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/syria-the-impunity-of-the-assad-regime-must-never-be-normalized |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad over alleged war crimes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-issues-arrest-warrant-for-syrias-president-assad-over-alleged-war-crimes-13009450 |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Commission for International Justice and Accountability |title=First indictment in Belgium for war crimes under Assad’s regime in Syria |url=https://cijaonline.org/news/2024/1/29/first-indictment-in-belgium-for-war-crimes-under-assads-regime-in-syria |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref>) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country.<ref name="S(A)" /> Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]], is still [[Popularity|popular]] among Armenians.<ref name="GN1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/armenian-monument-to-nazi-collaborator-draws-criticism-457072 |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=War History Online |title=Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/controversial-statue-nzhdeh-erected.html |date=July 2, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New Eastern Europe |title=How Armenia’s glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed |url=https://neweasterneurope.eu/2016/07/20/how-armenia-s-glorification-of-a-nazi-collaborator-has-gone-unnoticed |date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |last=Golinkin |first=Lev |title=Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia |url=https://forward.com/news/462657/nazi-collaborator-monuments-in-armenia |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh, whose [[Soldier|soldiers]] [[Volunteering|served]] the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], has 20 [[Street|streets]] [[Eponym|named after]] him}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=An Armenian leader’s false Holocaust analogy |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-holocaust-survivors/azerbaijan/23/9/20/320418 |date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The [[American Jews|American Jewish community]] must [[Censure|condemn]] [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]]’s [[False analogy|comparison]] of the [[Republic of Artsakh#History|situation]] in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Karabakh]] [[Holocaust trivialization|to]] [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s [[Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust|ghettos]].}}</ref><ref name="GN2"> * {{Cite book |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/great-catastrophe-9780190904784 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |year=2015 |pages=112 |isbn=978-0-19-090478-4 |oclc=1085942778 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The other [[General officer|general]] who [[Volunteering|fought with]] the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazis]] was Dashnak [[veteran]] Garegin Njdeh [...had served in the] [[Russian Empire|tsarist army]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Sofia Globe |title=Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria’s ‘Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet’ |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2019/04/16/plan-for-bust-of-controversial-figure-at-bulgarias-yard-of-the-cyrillic-alphabet |location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/at-auschwitz-liberation-tribute-israel-should-study-tale-of-two-monuments-614769 |last=Jaffe-Hoffman |first=Maayan |date=January 21, 2020 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The [[German people|Germans]] [...] [[Repentance|apologize]] for [[Nazi Germany|their dark past]]. In contrast, [[Lithuanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Poles]] and others are [[Holocaust denial|rewriting and distorting their roles]] in [[The Holocaust|this tragic history]].}} * {{cite book |title=The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy |chapter=From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian |url=https://www.academia.edu/43955951 |last1=Berberian |first1=Houri |last2=Der Matossian |first2=Bedross |year=2020 |publisher=The Press at [[California State University]] |isbn=9780912201672 |pages=53–88 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag |url=https://jpost.com/judaism/article-780769 |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/222261.html |date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ====20th century==== [[File:Garegin Nzhdeh 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Photography|photo]] of the Armenian [[Fascism|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv R 6 Bild-1451, Lager Schwarzsee, Armenische Freiwillige.jpg|thumb|[[Member|Members]] of the Armenian Legion, a 33,000-man unit in the [[Wehrmacht|Nazi German Army]] between July 1942 and June 1944.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ailsby| first = Christopher| title = Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails| publisher =Spellmount| location= Staplehurst, Kent | year = 2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails/page/n124 123]–124| isbn =1-57488-838-2 }}</ref>]] From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the ''Hairenik'',<ref name="Az">{{cite news |work=Azərtac |title=New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks’ sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/new_congressional_document_exposes_armenian_dashnaks_sympathies_for_hitler_and_holocaust-1487229 |date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NBN">{{cite news |work=NewsBlaze News |title=Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia |url=https://newsblaze.com/usnews/national/jww-side-with-armenia_179786 |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> fully backed [[Adolf Hitler]] and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by [[Dehumanization|demonizing]] Jews as "poisonous elements",<ref name="Az" /><ref name="NBN" /> while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Summer-Study-German-Armenian-Relations-During-Second/31815161160/bd |last=Thomassian |first=Levon |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |year=2012 |edition=1 |isbn=9780764340451 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> hunted for Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]" on behalf of the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazi German army]].<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia |last=Gurevich |first=Roman |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/living-in-azerbaijan-as-a-jew-versus-being-jewish-in-armenia-647026 |date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> [[File:ASALA logo white on red.svg|thumb|The logo of the [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA" /> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA).]] ====21st century==== [[File:Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement.png|thumb|The flag of the [[Fascism#Main ideas|pro]]-[[Nazism|Nazi]] Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).]] {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Garegin Nzhdeh2.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in [[Gyumri]], Armenia. | image2 = Garegin Nzhdeh statue.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Another Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in Gyumri, Armenia. }} Despite such history, hundreds of [[Statue|statues]] have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.<ref name="GN1" /><ref name="GN2" /> Meanwhile, the only [[synagogue]] in Armenia's [[Capital city|capital]] [[Yerevan]] was [[Terrorism|attacked]] four times in a row between [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]] and 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/synagogue-yerevan-attack/32988123.html |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when [[Vandal|perpetrators]] threw [[Rock|rocks]] through a [[window]].}}</ref> Members of the [[Marxist-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA"> * {{cite web |website=Ronald Reagan Library |title=Files, 1985-1988 Folder Title: Armenian-Americans (2) Box: 1 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/2021-06/40-219-209207973-001-002-2021.pdf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The George Washington University |title=Armenian Terrorist Matters," January 15, 1988, Secret. |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB502/docs/p2-41-44.pdf |date=January 15, 1988 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-Secret-Army-for-the-Liberation-of-Armenia |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Przystanek Historia |title=A slip-up in Beirut. Polish weapons for ASALA |url=https://przystanekhistoria.pl/pa2/tematy/english-content/102070,A-slip-up-in-Beirut-Polish-weapons-for-ASALA.html |date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Militant Armenian Group Tied to PLO Allegedly Responsible for Synagogue Arson |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/10/04/militant-armenian-group-tied-to-plo-allegedly-responsible-for-synagogue-arson |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]<ref> * [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ * [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu * [[Georgian language|Georgian]]: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია * [[Greek language|Greek]]: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας</ref> (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being [[Arson|set on fire]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Synagogue in Armenia vandalized for second time by militant group: Revenge for Gaza? |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1700134772-synagogue-in-armenia-vandalized-for-second-time-by-militant-group-revenge-for-gaza |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |title=ARMENIA 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/ARMENIA-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO] |url=https://www.azernews.az/aggression/217482.html |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Why Was Armenia’s Last Synagogue Set on Fire? |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/blogs/bits-of-insight-and-pieces-of-hope/367186/why-was-armenias-last-synagogue-set-on-fire |date=January 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the [[globe]] as [[Revenge|retribution]] for [[Israel]]’s [[Alliance|close]] [[friendship]] with [...] [[Azerbaijan]].}} * {{cite news |work=OC Media |title=Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year |url=https://oc-media.org/yerevan-synagogue-attacked-for-fourth-time-in-a-year |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ==United States== {{Further|Louis Farrakhan|Nation of Islam|Black Hebrew Israelites}} ===2010s=== [[File:Man holds hateful sign in Beverly Hills.jpg|thumb|[[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL) member Patrick Little holding an antisemitic [[placard]] (''"JEWS RAPE KIDS"'') at a [[street]] corner in [[Los Angeles]], [[United States]].]] A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans were hostile to Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/in-first-new-adl-poll-finds-majority-of-americans-concerned-about-violence |title=In First, New ADL Poll Finds Majority of Americans Concerned About Violence Against Jews and Other Minorities, Want Administration to Act |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |language=en |access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Since the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]], antisemitism has surged in America and [[Europe]], especially on [[College|college campuses]].<ref name="C1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-787895 |title=College campuses see disturbing rise of antisemitism since October 7 |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=According to Lehman, the number of antisemitic incidents marked a 700% rise since the parallel period a year earlier.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Brandeis Magazine |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/magazine/2024/summer/featured-stories/antisemitism.html |title=The Crisis of Antisemitism on College Campuses |last=Gardner |first=Laura |year=2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sj8wb3hpr |title=These are the most antisemitic college campuses in the US |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref name="C2"> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/24/us-campus-protests-benjamin-netanyahu-ceasefire |title=Netanyahu labels US student protests ‘antisemitic’ and calls for them to end |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Baruch College - Student Theses and Dissertations |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bb_etds/190 |title=An Antisemitism Academia Crisis: Communication Failure on Three Ivy League College Campuses |date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis Library |title=Antisemitism on Campus: Understanding Hostility to Jews and Israel |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/report/Antisemitism-on-Campus-Understanding-Hostility-to/9924385084001921?institution=01BRAND_INST |last1=Wright |first1=Graham |last2=Hecht |first2=Shahar |last3=Volodarsky |first3=Sasha |last4=Saxe |first4=Leonard |doi=10.48617/rpt.1220 |date=August 22, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> Such antisemitism has caused thousands of Jewish students to get attacked over their [[Cultural identity|identity]].<ref name="C1" /><ref name="C2" /> ===2020s=== In August 2024, the [[advocacy]] group Combat Antisemitism Movement did a [[Opinion poll|poll]] which found that around 3,500,000 [[American Jews]] had faced antisemitism since the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023. 1,075 American Jews were asked, 28% of whom said that they, often, were [[Stereotype|told]] that "Jews care too much about [[money]]," 25% were [[Big lie|told]] that "[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jews control the world]]" and 13% were [[Denial|told]] that "[[Holocaust denial|the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated]]."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-823415 |title=Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate' |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/3-5-million-us-jews-experienced-antisemitism-since-oct-7-hamas-attack-survey-finds |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] released [[crime]] [[statistics]] illustrating that antisemitic incidents constituted 68% of all religion-based [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in 2023, a 63% rise compared to 2022.<ref name="FBI2023"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-warns-staggering-fbi-hate-crimes-data-likely-represents-under-reporting-of-anti-jewish |title=AJC Warns: Staggering FBI Hate Crimes Data Likely Represents Under-Reporting of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Jewish community most targeted religious group, new FBI hate crime report says |url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-821419 |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/new-fbi-data-reflects-record-high-number-anti-jewish-hate-crimes |title=New FBI Data Reflects Record-High Number of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi |title=Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/fbi-reports-record-high-antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-2023-up-63-from-2022 |title=FBI reports record-high antisemitic hate crimes in 2023, up 63% from 2022 |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> A follow-up research between May and October 2024 found that American Jews faced rising [[Institutional racism|discrimination]] in job search, with American Jews having to make 24% more applications to receive the same amount of favorable first responses as [[White Americans|Western European Americans]], while [[Israeli Americans]] having to make 39% more applications to receive the same amount of such.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Jewish and Israeli Americans Face Discrimination in the Job Market |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/report/jewish-and-israeli-americans-face-discrimination-job-market |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Significant discrimination against Israelis and Jews in US job market, study reveals |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/byccs4a7ke |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=New ADL study finds American Jews are facing rising discrimination applying for jobs |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/12/new-adl-study-finds-american-jews-are-facing-rising-discrimination-applying-for-jobs |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Jews and Israelis may face hiring discrimination in the U.S., study finds |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/679519/jews-and-israelis-may-face-hiring-discrimination-in-the-u-s-study-finds |last=Rosenfeld |first=Arno |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Jewish, Israeli Americans Face ‘Substantial Discrimination’ in US Job Market, New ADL Study Shows |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/12/04/jewish-israeli-americans-face-substantial-discrimination-us-job-market-new-adl-study-shows |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Fox Business |title=ADL study finds Jewish jobseekers face significant discrimination in US labor market ahead of new Trump admin |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/adl-study-finds-jewish-jobseekers-face-significant-discrimination-us-labor-market-ahead-new-trump-admin |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jerusalem Post |title=Jews, Israelis in US suffer discrimination in labor market amid war - ADL study |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-832059 |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Hiring bias against Jewish-sounding surnames, study finds |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/12/04/hiring-bias-against-jewish-sounding-surnames-study-finds |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=eJewish Philanthropy |title=Your Daily Phil: U.S. Jewish community mourns slain American-Israeli hostage Omer Neutra |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/your-daily-phil-u-s-jewish-community-mourns-slain-american-israeli-hostage-omer-neutra |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=New study reveals: 'Substantial' discrimination against Jews in US labor market |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/400216 |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, the [[University of Michigan]] fired its DEI<ref name="DEICritique">[[Shorthand]] for '''Diversity, Equity and Inclusion'''. * {{cite journal |journal=City Journal |title=How DEI Inspires Jew Hatred |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/how-dei-inspires-jew-hatred |last=Goldfarb |first=Stanley |date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Palestinian statehood is like DEI: both have a problem with Jews |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/06/04/palestine-israel-conflict-rafah-refugees-dei-antisemitism |last=Kaufman |first=David Christopher |date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Commentary Magazine |title=How Anti-Zionists Are Unintentionally Killing DEI |url=https://www.commentary.org/seth-mandel/how-anti-zionists-are-unintentionally-killing-dei |last=Mandel |first=Seth |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=The DEI scam destroying education and fomenting antisemitism must end |url=https://www.jns.org/the-dei-scam-destroying-education-and-fomenting-antisemitism-must-end |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan |date=October 23, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Reason Magazine |title=DEI Still Has An Anti-Semitism Problem |url=https://reason.com/volokh/2024/12/12/dei-still-has-an-anti-semitism-problem |last=Blackman |first=Josh |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> director for making antisemitic remarks, including "the university is [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|controlled by wealthy Jews]]"<ref name="IHRA" /> and "we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged..." according to documents obtained by the [[CNN]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Michigan University diversity officer fired after saying ‘wealthy and privileged’ Jews don’t need help |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/12/12/university-michigan-diversity-chief-wealthy-privileged-jews |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Univeristy of Michigan fires DEI administrator for antisemitic statements |url=https://www.jns.org/univeristy-of-michigan-fires-dei-administrator-for-antisemitic-statements |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |quote=Rachel Dawson [...] was accused of saying that “the university is [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled by wealthy Jews]]” and “we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged, and take care of themselves,” according to documents obtained by CNN.}} * {{cite news |work=Fox News |title=DEI official at University Michigan fired after being accused of making antisemitic remarks: report |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/dei-official-university-michigan-fired-after-being-accused-making-antisemitic-remarks-report |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=D.E.I. Officials at University of Michigan Is Fired Over Antisemitism Claim, Lawyer Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/us/university-of-michigan-dei-administrator-antisemitism.html |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |title=University of Michigan DEI administrator fired over alleged antisemitic comments plans to take legal action, attorney says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/13/us/university-of-michigan-fires-dei-administrator |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, DEI training in American academia and healthcare settings has also been criticized by scholars and officials for encouraging antisemitism by instilling into students a binary worldview that [[Disinformation|misclassifies]] Jews as "White oppressors",<ref name="DEICritique" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Is Antisemitic |url=https://www.meforum.org/mef-online/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dei-is-antisemitic |last=Salzman |first=Philip Carl |date=December 29, 2024 |access-date=January 10, 2025 |quote=The foundational idea of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) is the [[Marxism|Marxist]] theory that all humanity is divided between oppressors and victims [. ...] oppressors: [[White people|whites]], [[men]], [[Christian|Christians]], Jews, the wealthy, the able, and straights ([[Heterosexuality|heterosexuals]]) [. ...] many Muslims in North America [...] believe it is their duty to attack Jews and the [[Land of Israel|Jewish homeland]] of [[Israel]].}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=How DEI Is Helping Fuel a Huge Rise of Antisemitism in Health Care and Hospitals |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/12/30/how-dei-is-helping-fuel-a-huge-rise-of-antisemitism-in-health-care-and-hospitals |last=Tratt |first=Irit |date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=January 10, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=RealClear Politics |title=DEI Efforts Must Protect Jewish Students or They’re Going To Fail |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2025/01/07/dei_efforts_must_protect_jewish_students_or_theyre_going_to_fail_152158.amp.html |last=Pomerantz |first=Aaron |date=January 7, 2025 |access-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref> despite Jews being the [[Jew#History|most oppressed people in history]]<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> who suffered 68% of religion-based [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in America in 2023.<ref name="FBI2023" /> ===Select antisemitic incidents in the U.S.=== ::{{legend|#FA8072|'''Fatal incidents'''}}<!-- light red |style="background:#FA8072;text-align:left" --> {| {{table|hide|sort}} |- !Date !Reported type !data-sort-type="number" | Dead !data-sort-type="number" | Injured !Location !class="unsortable"|Details |- |7 October 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[New York City]], [[New York State|New York]] |Todd Richman, the Jewish co-chair of the left-leaning Democratic Majority for Israel,<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |last1=Ron |first1=Kampeas |date=April 24, 2020 |title=These are Biden's Jews |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/04/24/politics/these-are-bidens-jews |access-date=October 9, 2024 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}} |{{cite news |last1=Kampeas |first1=Ron |date=June 25, 2020 |access-date=October 9, 2024 |title=The fallout from Eliot Engel's likely defeat and a look at other primaries |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/06/25/politics/the-fallout-from-eliot-engels-likely-defeat-and-a-look-at-other-primaries |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}} |{{Cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title=US Democratic pro-Israel group 'appalled' by Kahanist faction's entry to Knesset |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/democratic-pro-israel-group-appalled-by-kahanist-factions-entry-into-knesset |date=March 25, 2021 |access-date=October 9, 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}} }}</ref> was left bloodied after being [[Assault|assaulted]] by individuals hurling insults with antisemitic tropes.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The National Desk |url=https://thenationaldesk.com/news/americas-news-now/cruz-demands-action-after-israel-supporter-attacked-in-nyc-arrest-every-single-person-ted-cruz-palestine-hamas-gaza-war-october-7-2023-anniversary-new-york-city-todd-richman |title=Cruz demands action after Israel supporter attacked in NYC: 'Arrest every single person' |date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-823894 |title=Democratic Zionist org. leader attacked, left bloodied by anti-Zionists in NYC |date=October 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/10/10/politics/nypd-hate-crimes-unit-is-investigating-alleged-assault-on-pro-israel-leader |title=NYPD hate crimes unit is investigating alleged assault on pro-Israel leader |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |5 October 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[Queens]], [[New York State|New York]] |A 19-year-old Jewish man was reportedly punched in the face outside a Queens synagogue. The victim in traditional [[Hasidic Judaism#Practice and culture|Hasidic]] clothing was standing outside of Congregation B'Nei Abraham-EF in Kew Gardens Hills when the assailant appeared.<ref>* {{cite news |work=Rogue Valley Times |url=https://www.rv-times.com/nation_world/jewish-teen-punched-in-face-in-queens-unprovoked-anti-semitic-attack/article_089302fb-3e10-54ea-ad74-c9b259121be7.html |title=Jewish teen punched in face in Queens unprovoked anti-Semitic attack |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite news |work=QNS |url=https://qns.com/2024/10/teen-wearing-traditional-jewish-clothing-assaulted-by-stranger-in-front-of-kew-gardens-hills-synagogue-nypd |title=Teen wearing traditional Jewish clothing assaulted by stranger in front of Kew Gardens Hills synagogue: NYPD |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/chassidic-man-punched-in-face-outside-kew-gardens-hills-synagogue |title=Chassidic man punched in face outside Kew Gardens Hills synagogue |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 }}</ref> |- |27 September 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |Oakland, [[Pittsburgh]] |A Jewish student at the University of Pittsburgh, who wore a [[Star of David]] [[necklace]], was assaulted by a group, who hurled antisemitic slurs. According to Pittsburgh police, the victim was walking alone around 2 a.m. when he came across 8 men. When the 8 men saw his necklace, they hurled insults about Israel, then punched and kicked him.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/antisemitic-attack-pittsburgh-oakland-investigation |title=Antisemitic attack in Pittsburgh's Oakland neighborhood under investigation, police say |date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=A Jewish student at the University of Pittsburgh wearing a Star of David necklace was attacked by a group of people who used antisemitic language in Pittsburgh's Oakland neighborhood early Friday morning, police said.}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-822283 |title=Jewish student wearing Star of David attacked by group in Pittsburgh |date=September 29, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/five-jewish-college-students-report-assaulted-last-month-rcna171727 |title=Five Jewish college students report being assaulted in the last month, as Oct. 7 anniversary approaches |date=October 2, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |18 September 2024 |Contempt of Congress |0 |0 |[[Washington, D.C.]] |In a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on hate crimes, a man interrupted by shouting "F*** Israelis [...] I don't care about the f***ing Jews". The man continued to scream at the attendees until he was led away by security guards.<ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |title=At Senate hearing on antisemitism, protester interrupts to curse out 'Jews and Israelis' |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/654717/senate-antisemitism-hearing-jews-israelis-protest-gaza |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=National Council of Jewish Women |title=Senate hearing on antisemitism thrown into chaos as anti-Israel agitators shout obscenities |url=https://www.ncjw.org/news/senate-hearing-on-antisemitism-thrown-into-chaos-as-anti-israel-agitators-shout-obscenities |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=Senate hearing on antisemitism thrown into chaos as anti-Israel agitators shout obscenities |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/senate-antisemitism-hate-crimes-hearing-protestors-capitol |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} }}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite web |website=Senator Chuck Grassley's official page |url=https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-condemns-antisemitism-at-senate-judiciary-hearing |title=Grassley Condemns Antisemitism At Senate Judiciary Hearing |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=In contentious Senate hearing, divisions over how to fight antisemitism come to the fore |url=https://m.jpost.com/american-politics/article-820723 |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=US senators spar over approach to tackling antisemitism in combative committee hearing |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-senators-spar-over-approach-to-tackling-antisemitism-in-combative-committee-hearing |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} }}</ref> |- |15 September 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] |A 19-year old Jewish student was assaulted by a group of unknown men, who asked him whether he was Jewish, after he answered "yes". The University of Michigan condemned the assault.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[University of Michigan]] |url=https://president.umich.edu/news-communications/messages-to-the-community/antisemitism-has-no-place-at-the-university-of-michigan |title=Antisemitism has no place at the University of Michigan |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=Over the weekend, one of our students was attacked off campus simply for answering "yes" in response to the question "are you Jewish?" We strongly condemn and denounce this act of violence and all antisemitic acts.}} * {{cite news |work=WXYZ Channel 7 |url=https://www.wxyz.com/news/police-michigan-student-attacked-after-saying-he-was-jewish |title=Police: Michigan student attacked after saying he was Jewish |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=The Ann Arbor Police Department is investigating after a student says he was attacked right after telling a group of men that he was Jewish.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jewish-student-attacked-near-university-of-michigan-i3g17ucv |title=Jewish student attacked near University of Michigan |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=[...] the group confronted the 19-year-old victim [...] demanded to know if he was Jewish. After the young man acknowledged he was, the suspect slammed him to the concrete then kicked and spat on him before fleeing the scene, according to the Ann Arbor Police Department.}}</ref> |- |31 August 2024 |Assault |0 |2 |Oakland, [[Pittsburgh]] |A man wearing a keffiyeh and wielding a bottle wounded two Jewish students at the University of Pittsburgh, who were treated at the scene. The suspect was arrested immediately. The Hillel International said that the students attacked had been part of a group moving between two Jewish events.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/649392/man-arrested-after-allegedly-attacking-jewish-students-at-university-of-pittsburgh |title=Man arrested after allegedly attacking Jewish students at University of Pittsburgh |date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/police-fbi-probing-second-antisemitic-assault-at-university-of-pittsburgh-in-weeks |title=Police, FBI probing second antisemitic assault at University of Pittsburgh in weeks |date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-08-31/ty-article/.premium/man-in-keffiyeh-arrested-for-attacking-jewish-students-at-university-of-pittsburgh/00000191-a9d0-d172-abd9-ebd736330000 |title=Man in Keffiyeh Arrested for Attacking Jewish Students at University of Pittsburgh, Wounding Two |date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |quote=One Jewish student suffered facial cuts while the other was injured on his neck, authorities say, after the two were attacked on campus by a suspect wearing a keffiyeh}}</ref> |- |9 August 2024 |Vandalism |0 |0 |Cambridge, [[Massachusetts]] |At Harvard University, several [[mezuzah]]s put up by Jewish students in their dorms were vandalized or missing.<ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bkhcrt9na |title=Harvard probes Mezuzah vandalism, Jewish students place more around campus |date=August 9, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/4/hupd-investigating-mezuzah-incident |title=Harvard Police Investigating After Mezuzah Briefly Goes Missing From Student's Door |date=September 4, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=COLive |url=https://collive.com/after-mezuzah-ripped-off-dorm-jewish-students-affix-dozens-of-new-ones |title=After Mezuzah Ripped Off Dorm, Jewish Students Affix Dozens of New Ones |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=Jewish Journal |url=https://jewishjournal.org/2024/09/19/missing-mezuzah-shows-jewish-students-still-living-in-fear-at-harvard |title=Missing mezuzah shows Jewish students still living in fear at Harvard |first1=Gavin |last1=Klein |date=September 19, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 }} |{{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/10/2/freshman-mezuzah-bias-crime |title=Harvard Police Investigating Missing Mezuzah Incident as 'Bias Crime' |date=October 2, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 }} }}</ref> |- |10 July 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |Foggy Bottom, [[Washington, D.C.]] |A Jewish man wearing a [[kippah]] was punched into the bush outside the Foggy Bottom metro station within the [[George Washington University]]. The suspect went on a tirade of conspiracy theories about Jews upon arrest.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/07/11/you-corrupt-world-jewish-man-wearing-kippah-assaulted-washington-dc |title='You Corrupt the World!' Jewish Man Wearing Kippah Assaulted in Washington, DC |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=The suspect said: "They're the cause of all our wars. The children in Gaza, the children in Palestine, we know! We know who you are! We know the lies that you've told, that you have stolen the place of the true children of Israel [...] You're a liar! You have stolen our birthright [...] you have enslaved us, you have enslaved us a people. You now corrupt the banks and you corrupt the world. We know who you are! All of you! They are the ones who brought rap music into our communities...tainting the minds of our children [...] they control the music scene. Now you hold the world ransom, because you control all the money [...] We know you've corrupted our governments [...] We know that you're murdering innocent men, women, and children in Gaza! You collect interest on the poor! How can people live with you who hold them captive!"}} * {{cite news |work=NBC4 Washington |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/dc-police-investigating-assault-as-anti-jewish-hate-crime/3662497 |title=Assault in DC's Foggy Bottom area investigated as anti-Jewish hate crime |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/07/12/jewish-man-assault-israel-gaza-war |title=D.C. Jewish man assaulted by attacker yelling about Israel-Gaza war |date=July 12, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref> |- |24 June 2024 |Picketing |0 |1 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |A reportedly anti-Israel rally taking place outside a synagogue turned into a street conflict when the worshippers tried to stop the commotion. A Jewish woman was injured.<ref name="LA">{{cite news |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-07-10/pro-palestinian-groups-sued-over-demonstrations-outside-l-a-synagogue |title=Pro-Palestinian groups sued over demonstration outside L.A. synagogue |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/24/us/synagogue-protest-los-angeles-biden.html|title=Biden and Democratic Leaders Condemn Protest Outside L.A. Synagogue as Antisemitic |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> President [[Joe Biden]] and his administration condemned the incident as anti-Semitic.<ref name="LA" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/24/us/los-angeles-synagogue-palestinian-israeli-protest-violence |title=Pro-Palestinian protest outside LA synagogue criticized as 'antisemitic' after street fights with pro-Israel protesters |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |11 June 2024 |Assault |0 |2 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |A [[Chabad]] [[Rabbi]] was assaulted on the UCLA campus, suffering a bleeding face wound. The suspects called him a "fake Jew", "[[Zio (slur)|Zionist]] pedophile rabbi" and told him to "go back to Poland and Ukraine". A journalist also reported equipment damage and burns from hot spaghetti sauce poured over him.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/621748/ucla-chabad-rabbi-dovid-gurevich-palestinian-protest |title='Go back to Poland': Masked UCLA protesters harass Chabad rabbi, threaten his life |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-805844 |title=UCLA Chabad rabbi assaulted, told to go back to Poland |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/ucla-protestors-call-chabad-rabbi-a-pedophile-amid-campus-unrest-lxgh67lq |title=UCLA protestors call Chabad rabbi a pedophile amid campus unrest |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} }}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite news|work=Algemeiner|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/06/11/zionist-pedophile-rabbi-ucla-pro-hamas-rioters-continue-year-carnage|title='Zionist Pedophile Rabbi', UCLA Pro-Hamas Rioters Continue Year of Carnage}} |{{cite web |work=Jewish Journal |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/372269/ucla-chabad-rabbi-assaulted-by-pro-palestinian-protesters |title=UCLA Chabad Rabbi Assaulted by Pro-Palestinian Protesters |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://amchainitiative.org/search-by-incident#incident/display-by-date/details/6668848a555ac9002503058c |title=Incident Details |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Jewish Federation of Western Connecticut |url=https://www.jfed.net/antisemitismtoolsandresources/ucla-chabad-rabbi-assaulted-told-to-go-back-to-poland |title=UCLA Chabad rabbi assaulted, told to go back to Poland |date=June 15, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |April 2024 |Threats |0 |0 |[[New York City]], [[New York State|New York]] |A Columbia University student said in a video that "Zionists don't deserve to live comfortably, let alone Zionists don't deserve to live [...] Be grateful that I'm not just going out and murdering Zionists". He was suspended by the university.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> |- |January 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]] |A Lyft driver assaulted a Rabbi after refusing to continue the drive by punching them in the face. A video of the assault was recorded by a witness.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Paul |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Lyft driver charged in assault of rabbi in Northwest DC |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/lyft-driver-charged-in-assault-of-rabbi-in-northwest-dc/3532026/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=January 29, 2024 |title=Lyft lets go of driver who allegedly assaulted a DC rabbi and Chabad scion |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/01/29/united-states/lyft-lets-go-of-driver-who-allegedly-assaulted-a-dc-rabbi-and-chabad-scion |access-date=February 2, 2024 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/579052/police-charge-lyft-driver-in-attack-on-chabad-rabbi-in-washington |title=Police charge Lyft driver in attack on Chabad rabbi in Washington |date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |quote=Rabbi believes incident was a hate crime; police are investigating}}</ref> |- |November 2023 |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] |Several incidents of vandalism across campuses occurred in the country. For instance, a [[chalk]] [[graffiti]] stating "Holocaust 2.0" was found at the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]'s campus in College Park.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/11/10/university-of-maryland-antisemitism-protest-israel-gaza |title=University of Maryland condemns antisemitic message during protest |date=November 10, 2023 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hellgren |first=Mike |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Maryland college students speak about antisemitism on campus as hate incidents rise |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-college-students-speak-about-antisemitism-on-campus-as-hate-incidents-rise-baltimore-hamas-israel/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |work=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[WMAR-TV|WMAR 2 News Baltimore]] |url=https://www.wmar2news.com/local/university-of-maryland-students-worried-about-antisemitism-on-campus |title=University of Maryland students worried about antisemitism on campus |date=November 10, 2023 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |5 November 2023 |Involuntary manslaughter |style="background:#FA8072|1 |0 |[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |Jewish man Paul Kessler was a victim of suspected involuntary [[manslaughter]]. The suspect, a former Moorpark College professor, hit Kessler's head with a megaphone over disagreement at a rally. Kessler fell with another hit and died of [[intracerebral hemorrhage]].<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=LBC |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/jewish-man-paul-kessler-killed-israel-and-palestine-rally-california |title=Jewish man dies a day after he was injured in a violent clash at pro-Palestine rally in US |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/man-killed-california-protests-israel-hamas-war-13eb9cd0305dc0d0d822c355db7b1de6 |title=California professor charged with involuntary manslaughter in the death of Jewish demonstrator |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-professor-loay-alnaji-stand-trial-paul-kessler-death-pro-israel-counter-protester |title=College professor to stand trial in death of pro-Israel counter-protester last year |date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} }}</ref> The suspect has pleaded not guilty.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/flowers-candles-and-anger-at-la-street-corner-where-pro-israel-protester-was-killed |title=Flowers, candles and anger at LA street corner where pro-Israel protester was killed |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-loay-alnaji-pro-palestinian-accused-killing-paul-kessler-demonstration-california-1842207 |title=Who is Loay Alnaji? Pro-Palestinian Accused of Killing Paul Kessler |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/professor-charged-in-death-of-jewish-pro-israel-protester-at-dueling-la-war-rallies |title=Professor charged in death of Jewish pro-Israel protester at dueling LA war rallies |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Jewish Journal |url=https://jewishjournal.com/community/365367/thousand-oaks-intersection-where-paul-kessler-died-has-been-turned-into-a-memorial |title=Thousand Oaks Intersection Where Paul Kessler Died Has Been Turned Into a Memorial |date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/621703/loay-alnaji-pleads-not-guilty-in-paul-kessler-death |title=California man pleads not guilty in November death of pro-Israel protester |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} }}</ref> Los Angeles Mayor [[Karen Bass]] issued a condemnation,<ref>{{cite web |website=Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass |url=https://mayor.lacity.gov/news/mayor-bass-issues-statement-after-death-jewish-man-thousand-oaks |title=Mayor Bass Issues Statement after Death of Jewish Man in Thousand Oaks |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> while the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles called it an "antisemitic crime".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[CBS News|CBS Los Angeles]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/69-year-old-jewish-man-killed-during-simultaneous-pro-israel-and-pro-palestinian-rallies |title=Jewish man, 69, dies after clash during dueling protests over Israel-Palestinian conflict in LA area |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> |- |October 2023 |Threats |0 |0 |[[Cornell University]], [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], [[New York State|New York]] |Cornell University student Patrick Dai threatened to shoot all Jewish schoolmates, burn synagogues and behead Jewish babies on an online forum.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/us-student-jailed-after-threatening-to-behead-jewish-babies-ybdvm4l0|title=US student jailed after threatening to behead Jewish babies |date=August 13, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=Patrick Dai, 22, described Jews as "rats" who need to be eliminated and said he was planning to "bring an assault rifle to campus and shoot all you pig Jews" [...] The Engineering student posted: "Watch out pig Jews. jihad is coming. nowhere is safe. your synagogue will become graveyards. your women will be raped and your children will be beheaded. glory to Allah".}}</ref> He was sentenced to 21 months in prison for the action in August 2024.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite web |website=[[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-cornell-student-sentenced-posting-online-threats-against-jewish-students-campus |title=PRESS RELEASE: Former Cornell Student Sentenced for Posting Online Threats Against Jewish Students on Campus |date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote="Today, former Cornell University student Patrick Dai was sentenced to serve 21 months in prison for posting anonymous threats to kill Jewish students," said U.S. Attorney Carla B. Freedman for the Northern District of New York [...] Dai targeted Jewish students [...] terrorized the Cornell campus community for days and shattered the community's sense of safety.}} |{{cite news |title=Former Cornell student gets 21 months in prison for posting violent threats to Jewish students |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-cornell-student-gets-21-months-prison-posting-violent-threats-j-rcna166284 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |agency=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |date=August 12, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/13/nx-s1-5073786/cornell-university-student-sentenced-antisemitic-threats |title=A former Cornell student is sentenced to 21 months for threatening to kill Jews |date=August 13, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} }}</ref> |- |June 6, 2023 |Vandalism |0 |0 |Manchester Township, [[New Jersey]] |On June 6, Ron Carr from Manchester spray-painted swastikas and other graffiti on fourteen homes before setting fire to another one. When asked why he did the act, Carr said it was to keep Jews out. In June 2024, Carr pleded guilty to arson, bias intimidation and two counts of criminal mischief.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hopkins |first1=Kathleen |title=Manchester man admits arson, spray-painting swastikas in antisemitic crime spree |url=https://www.app.com/story/news/local/courts/2024/06/21/ron-carr-antisemitic-crimes-pleads-guilty-to-arson-mischief/74170701007/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=Ashbury Park |date=June 21, 2024}}</ref> In August, Carr was sentenced to seven years in state prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 years in prison for NJ man in arson, antisemitic graffiti attacks |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bymjnpyjr |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=Ynetnews |date=August 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=NJ.com |url=https://www.nj.com/ocean/2024/06/nj-man-admits-to-burning-down-home-spray-painting-swastikas-in-shore-town.html |title=N.J. man admits to burning down home, spray-painting swastikas in Shore town |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |February 22{{ndash}}23, 2023 |Shooting |0 |2 |Los Angeles, California |On February 22 and 23, 29-year-old Jamie Tran shot two Jewish men as they were leaving synagogues in Pico-Robertson. Both men survived. In May 2024, Tran pleaded guilty to two federal hate crimes and weapons charges.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Emma |last2=Romine |first2=Taylor |last3=Campbell |first3=Josh |date=February 17, 2023 |title=Federal prosecutors charge man with 2 hate crimes after allegedly shooting 2 Jewish men in Los Angeles |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/17/us/los-angeles-jewish-shooting-suspect-arrest/index.html |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man agrees to plead guilty of shooting two Jewish men in West LA |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/jaime-tran-pleads-guilty-to-west-la-jewish-shootings/3411916/ |access-date=August 13, 2024 |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> On 30 September 2024, Tran was sentenced to 35 years in jail.<ref>{{cite web |website=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jamie-tran-sentenced-35-years-shooting-two-jewish-men-1961611 |title=Jaime Tran Sentenced to 35 Years for Shooting 2 Jewish Men |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hy11jt8t0a |title=Man who shot 2 Jews leaving an LA synagogue sentenced to 35 years in prison |date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=Jaime Tran pleaded guilty in June to two counts of hate crimes with intent to kill; Tran had a "history of antsemitic and threatening behavior" according to the lawsuit}}</ref> |- |April 20, 2022 |Assault |0 |1 |Manhattan, New York |'''Attack on Matt Greenman''': Matt Greenman, a Jewish man, was assaulted in an antisemitic hate crime in New York City while watching a rally organized by the pro-[[Hamas#Violence|Hamas]] front Within Our Lifetime. Saadah Masoud, one of the group's founders, pled guilty to the assault and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |website=United States Attorney's Office Southern District in New York, United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/staten-island-man-sentenced-18-months-prison-conspiracy-commit-antisemitic-hate-crimes |title=Staten Island Man Sentenced To 18 Months In Prison For Conspiracy To Commit Antisemitic Hate Crimes |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/03/nyregion/jewish-attacks-hate-crime-staten-island.html |title=Staten Island Man Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison for Attacks on Jews |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024 |quote=Saadah Masoud wanted to punish supporters of Israel, prosecutors said. His assaults came amid a rising wave of antisemitism in the United States.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/wire/the-lawfare-project-issues-a-statement-following-the-sentencing-of-saadah-masoud |title=The Lawfare Project issues statement following the sentencing of Saadah Masoud |date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024 |quote=The international pro bono legal group continues to call for an investigation into Masoud’s co-conspirators.}}</ref> |- |January 15, 2022 |Hostage taking |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Colleyville, Texas|Colleyville]], [[Texas]] |'''[[Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis]]''': Four people were taken hostage by a British Pakistani at a synagogue. After a standoff with police, the attacker was killed and all hostages escaped unharmed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Fortin |first2=Jacey |last3=Closson |first3=Troy |date=January 17, 2022 |title=The Hostages Escaped. But Synagogues Ask, How Can They Be More Secure? |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/17/us/texas-synagogue-hostages-escape.html |access-date=January 18, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/590045/documentary-rabbi-hostage-buchdahl-colleyville |title=New documentary to show never-before-seen footage of gunman taking Texas synagogue hostage |date=March 7, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj4x1n1d45no |title=Man threatened hostages over scientist's jailing, inquest told |date=August 22, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |October 31, 2021 |Arson |0 |0 |Austin, Texas |'''Austin synagogue arson''': 18-year old Franklin Barrett Sechriest set fire to the main doors of the sanctuary of the Congregation Beth Israel, causing more than $250,000 in damage. Sechriest admitted he conducted the attack due to his hatred of Jews and had written, "I set a synagogue on fire," in his personal journal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vigdor |first1=Neil |title=College Student Charged in Arson at Texas Synagogue |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/15/us/austin-synagogue-fire-arson.html |access-date=October 22, 2022 |date=November 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Texas man who set fire to an Austin synagogue sentenced to 10 years |url=https://apnews.com/article/austin-texas-synagogue-arson-prison-sentence-f1b9aaed17c5339aa5cc34c1a6358715 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/16/us/franklin-barrett-sechriest-synagogue-arson/index.html |title=A Texas student, who wrote 'I set a synagogue on fire' in a journal, is charged with arson, officials say |date=November 16, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |October 13, 2021 |Arson |0 |0 |Flatbush, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |A woman yelling antisemitic obscenities poured gasoline in front of a yeshiva in Flatbush and set it on fire.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer; no byline--> |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Hate in Flatbush: Woman Screaming Anti-Semitic Slurs Starts Fire On Street In Front Of Yeshiva of Flatbush on Ave J [Video & Photos] |url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/featured/2016244/hate-in-flatbush-woman-screaming-anti-semitic-slurs-starts-fire-on-street-in-front-of-yeshiva-of-flatbush-on-ave-j-videos-photos.html |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=The Yeshiva World |language=en-US}}</ref> Weeks earlier, a woman was seen in the area carrying a gas canister and yelling antisemitic slurs.<ref name=":0" /> Police are investigating a possible connection.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Video shows woman pouring gasoline outside yeshiva in alleged arson attack, NYPD says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/video-shows-woman-pouring-gasoline-outside-yeshiva-suspected-arson-attack-n1281664 |date=October 15, 2021 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=Police offered a reward of up to $3,500 to members of the public for information on the incident in Brooklyn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/search-underway-for-woman-in-brooklyn-who-set-fire-in-front-of-yeshivah |title=Search underway for woman in Brooklyn who set fire in front of yeshivah |quote=NYPD’s Crime Stoppers is offering a $3,500 reward for information leading to the woman’s arrest.}}</ref> |- |September 9, 2021 |Verbal and physical assault |0 |1 |Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York |A 37-year-old man spat on a Jewish man and verbally abused them with antisemitic remarks; he was charged with a hate crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Man charged in feces attack arrested for third time in one month |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/public-safety/2022/03/22/man-charged-in-feces-attack-arrested-for-third-time-in-one-month |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=NY1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2022 |title=NYC feces attack suspect released again after being rearrested in hate crime investigation |url=https://abc7ny.com/frank-abrokwa-feces-attack-subway-crime-hate/11614136/ |access-date=April 17, 2022 |website=[[WABC-TV|ABC7 New York]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |July 1, 2021 |Stabbing |0 |1 |Brighton, [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] |Rabbi Shlomo Noginski was stabbed eight times by an attacker outside of the Shaloh House Jewish Day School; the school, which was holding a summer camp, was put into lockdown.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title='God Saved Me': Brighton Rabbi Speaks Out After Stabbing |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/god-saved-me-brighton-rabbi-speaks-out-after-stabbing/2421707/ |access-date=July 10, 2021 |website=NBC Boston |date=July 4, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Rabbi stabbed outside Boston synagogue in suspected hate crime |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stabbing-jewish-rabbi-attacked-boston-b1877330.html |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite news |title=Chabad rabbi stabbed in front of Jewish day school and synagogue in Boston |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-chabad-rabbi-stabbed-in-front-of-jewish-day-school-and-synagogue-in-boston-1.9962117 |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref> The attacker had a knife and a gun in his possession at the time of arrest.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> The attacker, who had a history of making anti-Semitic statements and had been the subject of a restraining order by a Jewish former-roommate, was charged with hate crimes and civil rights violations.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ellement |first1=John R. |last2=Brinker |first2=Andrew |title=Man who allegedly stabbed rabbi in Brighton faces hate crime, civil rights charges |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/07/08/metro/mental-health-exam-sought-egyptian-man-accused-stabbing-rabbi-brighton/ |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hate Crime Charges Brought Against Man Accused of Stabbing Rabbi in Brighton |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/dangerousness-hearing-to-be-held-for-man-accused-of-stabbing-rabbi/2424605/ |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=NBC Boston |date=July 8, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jewish roommate of Boston stabber took out restraining order against him |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/jewish-roommate-of-boston-stabber-took-out-restraining-order-against-him-672912 |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=July 5, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |June 15, 2021 |Physical assault, verbal assault |0 |1 |Fairfax, [[Los Angeles, California]] |A man punched a 12-year-old Jewish boy in the face; another man threatened to kill the child's family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Man arrested for allegedly attacking 12-year-old Jewish boy in Fairfax area |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/man-arrested-for-allegedly-attacking-12-year-old-jewish-boy-in-fairfax-area |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=City News Service |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Man Arrested for Punching Jewish Child on Melrose Avenue |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/337785/man-arrested-for-punching-jewish-child-on-melrose-avenue/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Jewish Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |May 27, 2021 |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], [[Florida]] |The phrase "Jews are guilty" and a swastika were spray-painted on the Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Swastika, 'Jews are guilty' message spray-painted on Holocaust Museum in St. Pete, police say |url=https://www.fox13news.com/news/swastika-spray-painted-on-holocaust-museum-in-st-pete-police-say |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=FOX 13 News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Florida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg vandalized with painted swastika |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/breaking-news/2021/05/27/florida-holocaust-museum-in-st-petersburg-vandalized-with-painted-swastikas/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Swastika spray-painted on wall at Florida Holocaust Museum |url=https://apnews.com/article/fl-state-wire-florida-89c2c2cbddc970b8e6e033b630c2633d |access-date=July 5, 2021|website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> |- |May 24, 2021 |Physical assault |0 |1 |[[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]] |A 67-year-old man was punched in the face as he tried to enter a synagogue. A 20-year-old man was arrested for assault, assault as a hate crime, and aggravated harassment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elderly Jewish man beat up outside of Brooklyn synagogue |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/elderly-jewish-man-attacked-outside-of-brooklyn-synagogue-669180 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=May 26, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |May 22, 2021 |Gang attack |0 |2 |[[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |Three men, aged 19–20, tried to break into a synagogue, yelling "Free Palestine! Kill all the Jews!" Unable to enter the locked building, they left, and shortly afterward assaulted two Jewish teens, choking one, punching the other in the head, and chasing both for several blocks with cricket bats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-25 |title=20-year-old arrested in back-to-back attacks against Jewish victims in Brooklyn |url=https://abc7ny.com/10693468/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Three charged in NYC after yelling "kill all the Jews," attacking Jewish teens with baseball bat |url=https://www.newsweek.com/three-charged-nyc-after-yelling-kill-all-jews-attacking-jewish-teens-baseball-bat-1595598 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |first1=Anna |last1=Sturla |first2=Rob |last2=Frehse |title=Additional hate crime charges are filed after two anti-Semitic incidents in Brooklyn |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/28/us/brooklyn-hate-crime-additional-charges/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 28, 2021}}</ref> The three attackers were charged with multiple hate crimes.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Three men charged with hate crimes after antisemitic incidents in Brooklyn |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/three-men-charged-hate-crimes-after-antisemitic-incidents-brooklyn-n1268737 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=NBC News |date=May 27, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18" /> |- |May 21, 2021 |Vandalism, verbal assault |0 |0 |[[Hallandale Beach, Florida|Hallandale Beach]], [[Florida]] |A man yelled antisemitic threats at a rabbi in front of a synagogue, then returned and dumped a bag of human feces in front of the building.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-23 |title=Man leaves feces, hurls remarks outside Florida synagogue |url=https://apnews.com/article/florida-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-religion-8eee0c90260e49a03777a03ea724111f |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=Hallandale Beach PD: Jeffrey Fleming Arrested For Shouting Anti-Semitic Slurs, Dumping Human Feces At Chabad Of South Broward |url=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2021/05/24/chabad-of-south-broward-anti-semitic-slurs-feces-arrest/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |May 20, 2021 |Gang attack |0 |1 |Diamond, [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |A caravan of cars and trucks with Palestinian flags went to the Diamond District, where many Jewish-owned businesses are located, and shot off commercial fireworks at people while yelling "F--- you, Zionists", "F--- you, pigs", and other threatening and sexually explicit comments about Jews.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title='This shouldn't happen to anyone': Victim in anti-Semitic assault speaks out |url=https://abc7ny.com/10671569/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Pro-Palestinian protesters shout 'f***ing Zionist' and one person is burned in NYC altercation |url=https://www.jta.org/2021/05/20/united-states/one-person-burned-in-nyc-fight-as-protesters-shout-f-king-zionist |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sales |first=Ben |title=Jews attacked, one person burned amid pro-Palestinian protests in New York City |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jews-attacked-one-person-burned-amid-pro-palestinian-protests-in-new-york-city/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref> One woman was hospitalized with burns.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Stack |first2=Liam |date=2021-05-26 |title=U.S. Faces Outbreak of Anti-Semitic Threats and Violence |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/us/anti-semitism-attacks-violence.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |title='Who's out protecting us?': Spate of anti-Jewish attacks in the U.S. draws calls for more forceful response |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/antisemitic-attacks/2021/05/23/8907864e-bbdd-11eb-83e3-0ca705a96ba4_story.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Daniel Shaukat, Haider Anjam, and Ashan Azad, then 20, 20, and 19 years old respectively, pled guilty in September 2022 to committing hate crimes and were sentenced to between 3 and 5 years of probation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Garmaise |first1=Yehudit |title=Three Men Who Assaulted Jews last May in Boro Park: Plead Guilty, but Evade Jail |url=https://www.boropark24.com/news/three-men-who-assaulted-jews-last-may-in-boro-park-plead-guilty-but-evade-jail |access-date=October 6, 2024 |work=Boro Park 24 |date=2022-09-22}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|May 20, 2021}} |Gang attack |0 |1 |[[Times Square]], [[Manhattan, New York]] |'''Attack on Joseph Borgen''': During the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], five men attacked Joseph Borgen, a Jewish man, when he passed through the Times Square. Borgen was punched, kicked, bludgeoned with flag poles and a crutch. He was maced and peppered spray and suffered a concussion ensued by hospitalization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=Joseph Borgen, Brutally Beaten By Group Of Suspects In Manhattan's Diamond District, Speaks Out: 'My Whole Face Felt Like It Was On Fire For Hours' |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/05/24/jewish-man-brutally-beaten-in-manhattans-diamond-district/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> The attackers also yelled antisemitic slurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=More Suspects Wanted in Antisemitic Gang Attack on Jewish Man in Times Square |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/5-more-suspects-wanted-in-antisemitic-gang-attack-on-jewish-man-in-times-square/3069754/ |work=NBC New York |agency=Associated Press |date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite news |last=Holcombe |first=Madeline |title=The Jewish man who was the victim of a gang assault in New York says the level of hatred was troubling |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/22/us/jewish-man-attacked-new-york-times-square/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 22, 2021}}</ref> Five activists were arrested, found guilty for the attack and received sentences of up to 7 years in prison.<ref name="Musaplea">{{cite news |last1=Tress |first1=Luke |date=2023-11-22 |title=Assailant sentenced to 7 years for antisemitic attack on Joseph Borgen in 2021 |work=[[New York Jewish Week]] |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/11/22/ny/assailant-sentenced-to-7-years-for-antisemitic-attack-on-joseph-borgen-in-2021 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="JNSOct2">{{cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=Guilty pleas: Attackers of Jewish man in New York face years behind bars |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/guilty-pleas-attackers-of-jewish-man-in-new-york-face-years-behind-bars |access-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref><ref name="JTAApril26">{{cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Jacob |date=2023-04-26 |title=2 of Joey Borgen's attackers plead guilty on hate crime charges for 2021 beating |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/04/26/ny/joey-borgens-attackers-plead-guilty-on-hate-crime-charges-for-2021-beating |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> |- |May 19, 2021 |Arson/physical attack | |1 |Borough Park, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |A Brooklyn man attempted to set fire to a building that housed a synagogue and a yeshiva.<ref name="Closson">{{Cite news |last=Closson |first=Troy |date=2021-05-22 |title=Man Charged in Arson at Brooklyn Synagogue and Yeshiva, Officials Say |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/22/nyregion/brooklyn-synagogue-arson-arrest.html |access-date=July 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Ganesh |last=Setty |title=Brooklyn man allegedly attempted to torch synagogue and Jewish school, court documents say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/23/us/new-york-synagogue-yeshiva-arson-man-arrested/index.html |access-date=July 6, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Later that day, the perpetrator punched a Jewish man in the head several times.<ref name="Closson"/> |- |May 18, 2021 |Physical and verbal assault |0 |0 |[[Bal Harbour, Florida|Bal Harbour]], [[Florida]] |A visibly Jewish family walking down the street was verbally assaulted by a group of four men who threw garbage at them, threatened to rape the mother of the family, and yelled other violent antisemitic threats and insults at them.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Torres |first1=Alex |last2=Finnie |first2=Andrea |date=2021-05-20 |title=Hate-spewing men attack Jewish family in Bal Harbour over Israel-Hamas conflict |url=https://www.local10.com/news/local/2021/05/20/men-threaten-to-rape-mother-daughter-during-anti-semitic-attack-over-israel-hamas-conflict/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=WPLG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Darragh |last=Roche |date=2021-05-22 |title=Motorist with gun chases off hate mob terrorizing Jewish family in Florida |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jewish-family-abused-pelted-garbage-florida-hate-attack-1593924 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nahl |first=Lexi |date=2021-05-20 |title=Police investigating report of disturbing anti-Semitic incident in South Florida |url=https://cbs12.com/news/local/police-investigating-report-of-disturbing-anti-semitic-incident-in-south-florida |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=WPEC}}</ref><ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Teproff |first=Carli |date=May 21, 2021 |title='Die Jew.' Jewish family visiting South Florida harassed while walking in Bal Harbour |work=[[Miami Herald]] |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/aventura/article251584103.html}}</ref> |- |May 18, 2021 |Physical assault/gang attack |0 |0 |Fairfax, [[Los Angeles, California]] |A visibly Jewish man was walking to his synagogue when two cars with Palestinian flags, allegedly yelling "Allahu Akbar," chased him down, apparently trying to run him over as he sprinted toward shelter.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Rand |first=Jory |date=2021-05-20 |title=Orthodox Jewish man in Fairfax District chased by 2 vehicles as passengers wave Palestinian flags |url=https://abc7.com/10665553/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles |language=en}}</ref> The episode was captured by CCTV.<ref name=":15" /> |- |{{Dts|May 18, 2021}} |Gang attack |0 |5 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |A group of men waving a Palestinian flag got out of a car near a sushi restaurant, yelled antisemitic obscenities, including the phrase "dirty Jew," at the patrons (not all Jewish), and then attacked diners with pepper spray, barrier poles and glass bottles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deliso |first=Meredith |title=Suspect arrested in investigation of alleged hate crime attack outside Los Angeles restaurant |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspect-arrested-investigation-alleged-hate-crime-attack-los/story?id=77849583 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Police Investigate Possible Jewish Hate Crime Attack At Beverly Grove Restaurant |url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2021/05/19/police-investigate-possible-jewish-hate-crime-attack-at-beverly-grove-restaurant/ |work=CBS Los Angeles |date=May 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Farley |title=Attack at LA Sushi Restaurant Could Be Labeled Anti-Semitic Hate Crime |url=https://la.eater.com/2021/5/19/22444286/attack-la-sushi-restaurant-anti-semitic-hate-crime-police-israel-palestine |work=Eater Los Angeles |date=May 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Nicole |last1=Chavez |first2=Brynn |last2=Gingras |first3=Kristina |last3=Sgueglia |title=Anti-Semitic attacks are being reported in US cities as tensions flare over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/21/us/anti-semitic-attacks-new-york-los-angeles/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> In June 2023, Samer Jayylusi, 37, and Xavier Pabon, 32, pled no contest to two counts of felony assault and admitted a hate crime on both counts. They were sentenced to two years of probation, 80 hours of bias counseling, and an 8 hour visit to the Museum of Tolerance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandler |first1=Aaron |title=Two Men Sentenced to Two Years Probation Over Sushi Fumi Attack |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/360594/two-men-sentenced-to-two-years-probation-over-sushi-fumi-attack/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=Jewish Journal |date=2023-07-13}}</ref> |- |April–May 2021 |Public school assignment |0 |0 |[[Tenafly, New Jersey]] |In early April 2021,<ref name="DeMarco">{{Cite news |last=DeMarco |first=Jerry |date=31 May 2021 |title=Tenafly 5th Grader Dresses As Hitler For Class Project: 'Pretty Great Wasn't I?' |work=[[The Daily Voice (American hyperlocal news)|Daily Voice]] |url=https://dailyvoice.com/new-jersey/englewood/news/tenafly-5th-grader-dresses-as-hitler-for-class-project-pretty-great-wasnt-i/809975/}}</ref> a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as [[Adolf Hitler]] and to write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.<ref name="Beachum 4 Jun">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2021 |title=Teacher, principal on leave after student's project on Hitler in New Jersey town |work=[[WABC-TV|ABC 7]] |url=https://abc7ny.com/education/teacher-principal-on-leave-after-students-project-on-hitler/10743194/}}</ref><ref name="Beachum 1 Jun">{{Cite news |last=Beachum |first=Lateshia |date=1 June 2021 |title=Fifth-grader dresses as Hitler, lauds dictator's 'accomplishments.' A N.J. district is investigating. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/06/01/hitler-new-jersey-essay-holocaust/}}</ref> After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions,<ref name="Sheldon">{{Cite news |last=Sheldon |first=Chris |date=4 June 2021 |title=Teacher who assigned first-person Hitler essay placed on leave, superintendent says |work=[[NJ.com]] |url=https://www.nj.com/bergen/2021/06/teacher-who-assigned-first-person-hitler-essay-placed-on-leave-superintendent-says.html}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Galluccio |first=Bill |date=3 June 2021 |title=New Jersey School Board Defends 5th Grade Teacher Over Hitler Assignment |work=[[WFLA (AM)|NewsRadio WFLA]] |url=https://wflanews.iheart.com/content/2021-06-03-new-jersey-school-board-defends-5th-grade-teacher-over-hitler-assignment/}}</ref><ref name="Madani">{{Cite news |last=Madani |first=Doha |date=2 June 2021 |title=New Jersey school board defends 5th grade student and teacher over Hitler assignment |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-jersey-school-board-defends-5th-grade-student-teacher-over-n1269426}}</ref> the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay and opened an investigation into the incident.<ref name="Katzban">{{Cite news |last=Katzban |first=Nicholas |date=4 June 2021 |title=New Jersey teacher, principal on paid leave after student's report on Hitler's 'accomplishments' |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[NorthJersey.com]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/06/04/tenafly-hitler-project-nj-teacher-principal-placed-leave/7540687002/}}</ref><ref name="Alexander">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Dan |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Tenafly, NJ 5th grade project on Hitler as 'great' being probed |work=[[WKXW|NJ101.5]] |url=https://nj1015.com/tenafly-nj-5th-grade-project-on-hitler-as-great-being-probed/}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|December 7, 2020}} |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Boise, Idaho]] |Sometime between the evening of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 2020, nine stickers bearing the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]] and the words "We Are Everywhere" were plastered over the Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial in Boise, Idaho. <ref name="Boone">{{cite news |last=Boone |first=Rebecca |title=Idaho Anne Frank Memorial defaced with swastika stickers |url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-anne-frank-coronavirus-pandemic-boise-idaho-b1b0b8c072c957f88b93cc9aaca4c6a6 |work=[[AP News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=December 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Jones 2020">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Dustin |title=Idaho Anne Frank Memorial Defaced With Nazi Propaganda |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/945150729/idaho-anne-frank-memorial-defaced-with-nazi-propaganda |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sykes">{{cite news |last=Sykes |first=Stefan |title=Anne Frank memorial in Idaho defaced with Nazi swastikas |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/anne-frank-memorial-idaho-defaced-nazi-swastikas-n1250930 |work=NBC News |date=December 11, 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|October 26, 2020}} |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Ithaca, New York]] |The Sunny Days storefront was painted with Celtic crosses, and posters with antisemitic language were taped to the door.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Meghana |author2=Tamara Kamis |title=Ithaca Struck by Slew of Anti-Semitic, Racist Vandalism |url=https://cornellsun.com/2020/10/29/ithaca-struck-by-slew-of-anti-semitic-racist-vandalism/ |work=Cornell Daily Sun |date=October 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1321178419909005313 |user=SvanteMyrick |title=A recent spate of anti-semitic and anti-black graffiti has appeared around Ithaca.[...] |date=October 27, 2020 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |link=https://twitter.com/SvanteMyrick/status/1321178419909005313}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 25, 2020}} |Arson |0 |0 |[[Newark, Delaware]] |Late on August 25, 2020, 45 firefighters responded to a fire at the Chabad center of the University of Delaware. It was later determined to be arson.<ref>{{cite news |title=Investigator: Fire at UD's Chabad Center for Jewish Life was intentionally set |url=https://www.newarkpostonline.com/news/investigator-fire-at-ud-s-chabad-center-for-jewish-life-was-intentionally-set/article_f3802a5a-a865-5233-8de0-2a4f331d9c37.html |author=Shannon, Josh |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Newark Post |date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arsonist Torches Jewish Center at University of Delaware |url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/arsonist-torches-jewish-center-at-university-of-delaware/2514743/ |author=Chang, David |access-date=24 September 2020 |publisher=NBC Philadelphia |date=26 August 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|May 30, 2020}} |Civil unrest |0 |unknown |[[Los Angeles, California]] |Beginning Saturday night May 30, 2020, individuals looted, vandalized synagogues and Jewish stores in Fairfax, Los Angeles in local protests. A synagogue was spray-painted with "F*ck Israel" and "Free Palestine".<ref name="JTA LA Protests">{{cite news |title=Synagogues in Los Angeles and Richmond vandalized during protests |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/synagogues-in-los-angeles-and-richmond-vandalized-during-protests |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=May 31, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bandler">{{cite news |last=Bandler |first=Aaron |title=Los Angeles Synagogue Vandalized With 'Free Palestine,' 'F— Israel' Graffiti |url=https://jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/316561/los-angeles-synagogue-vandalized-with-free-palestine-f-israel-graffiti/ |work=Jewish Journal |date=May 31, 2020 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref><ref name="JPost LA Protests">{{cite news |title=Kosher stores, synagogues, vandalized and looted in LA protests |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/kosher-stores-synagogues-vandalized-and-looted-in-ongoing-la-protests-629895 |access-date=24 June 2020 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2 June 2020}}</ref> A statue of Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenberg]], who saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary from the Holocaust, was defaced with antisemitic slogans.<ref name="Tugend">{{cite news |last=Tugend |first=Tom |title=Los Angeles Jews take stock after George Floyd protests batter local institutions |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/06/02/united-states/los-angeles-jews-take-stock-after-george-floyd-protests-batter-local-institutions |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=June 2, 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|December 29, 2019}} |Stabbing |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |4 |Monsey, New York |On Saturday night, December 28, 2019, the seventh night of the Jewish holiday of [[Hanukkah]], Grafton E. Thomas, masked and wielding a large knife or [[machete]], invaded the home of a [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[rabbi]] in Monsey, [[Rockland County, New York]], where a Hanukkah party was underway, and began stabbing the guests. Five people were wounded, two of whom were hospitalized in critical condition.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |title=Hanukah stabbings: five hurt in Monsey, New York state |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/29/synagogue-stabbings-three-hurt-in-monsey-attack-say-reports |access-date=December 29, 2019 |agency=[[Reuters]], [[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Machete Attacker Stabs 5 at NY Rabbi's Hanukkah Celebration |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/multiple-victims-reported-in-stabbing-attack-near-new-york-synagogue?via=twitter_page |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=The Daily Beast |date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="JP">{{cite web |title=US Jews need more funds to protect themselves – American security leader |first1=Maayan |last1=Jaffe-Hoffman |first2=Omri |last2=Nahmias |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Multiple-victims-reported-after-stabbing-reported-in-synagogue-in-Monsey-NY-612415 |access-date=December 30, 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=December 30, 2019}}</ref> 72-year-old-man Josef Neuman, who was in a coma for 59 days, succumbed to his wounds in March 2020.<ref name="josef">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Monsey-attack-victim-Josef-Neuman-succumbs-to-injuries-622880 |title=Monsey attack victim Josef Neumann succumbs to injuries |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=March 30, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> Rottenberg's son was also among the injured.<ref name="cnn">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/29/us/new-york-stabbing-rabbi-home/index.html |title=Suspect in Hanukkah celebration stabbings arrested in New York City with 'blood all over him,' source says |first1=Christina |last1=Maxouris |first2=Eliott C. |last2=McLaughlin |first3=Sarah |last3=Jorgensen |date=December 29, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Guests struck back, hitting the attacker with chairs and a small table.<ref name="The Guardian"/> |- |{{Dts|December 14, 2019}} |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |On Saturday, December 14, 2019, Anton Redding broke into Nessah Synagogue in [[Beverly Hills]], burglarized it and damaged religious books and associated articles. He attempted to escape by fleeing to [[Hawaii]], where he was caught by police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police Arrest Man Suspected Of Vandalizing Beverly Hills Synagogue, Investigation Into String Of Anti-Semitic Graffiti Continues |url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/12/18/lapd-anti-semitic-signs-vandalism-west-la/ |access-date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=[[CBS]] Los Angeles |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suspect in Beverly Hills Synagogue Vandalism Is Arrested in Hawaii |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/suspect-in-beverly-hills-synagogue-vandalism-is-arrested-in-hawaii/2245296/ |access-date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=NBC New York |date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> On November 27, 2020, Redding was ordered to pay $166,000 in restitution and serve 220 days in county jail. As part of the plea deal, prosecutors dropped hate crimes charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Braslow |first1=Samuel |title=Nessah Vandal Sentenced |url=https://beverlyhillscourier.com/2020/11/27/nessah-vandal-sentenced/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |work=Beverly Hills Courier |date=November 27, 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|December 10, 2019}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |7 |3 |[[Jersey City, New Jersey]] |On December 10, 2019, David Nathaniel Anderson (age 47) and his girlfriend Francine Graham (age 50),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/12/us/jersey-city-new-jersey-shooting-thursday/index.html |title=Jersey City shootout investigators are checking killers' ties to a previous killing and anti-Semitic writings |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> perpetrated a shooting at a kosher grocery store located in the Greenville section of [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], in the United States. Five people were killed at the store, including the two assailants and three civilians whom they attacked. Additionally, the assailants wounded one civilian and two police officers.<ref name="NYT12dec2019">{{cite news |first=Corina |last=Knoll |title=How 2 Drifters Brought Anti-Semitic Terror to Jersey City |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/nyregion/jersey-city-shooting-terrorism.html |access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name=WSJ11dec2019>{{cite news |last1=De Avila |first1=Joseph |last2=Blint-Welsh |first2=Tyler |title=New Jersey Shooters Targeted Kosher Grocery Store, Jersey City Mayor Says |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=December 11, 2019 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-jersey-gunmen-targeted-kosher-grocery-store-jersey-city-mayor-says-11576071931 |access-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NJ.com15dec2019">{{cite news |work=[[NJ.com]] |last1=Sherman |first1=Ted |last2=Sullivan |first2=S.P. |title=Inside the Jersey City carnage. A day of hate, death and heroism |date=December 15, 2019 |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2019/12/the-day-that-hate-came-to-jersey-city.html |access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> Anderson had made posts on [[social media]] that were anti-police and antisemitic. His language was linked to that used by the [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Black Hebrew Israelite]] movement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/nyregion/jersey-city-shooting.html |title=Suspect in Jersey City Linked to Black Hebrew Israelite Group |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |date=December 11, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2019 |last2=Watkins |first2=Ali |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |- |September 19, 2019 |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]], Wisconsin and [[Hancock, Michigan|Hancock]], Michigan |'''2019 synagogue vandalism:''' On September 19, 2019, members of [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] accelerationist paramilitary group [[The Base (hate group)|The Base]] vandalized Beth Israel Sinai Congregation in Racine, Wisconsin, and Temple Jacob in Hancock, Michigan in the US, in a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht". Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty.<ref name="MJSJan17">{{cite news |last1=Luthern |first1=Ashley |title=Oak Creek man, alleged member of neo-Nazi group 'The Base,' charged with vandalizing Racine synagogue |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/01/17/alleged-member-neo-nazi-group-charged-racine-synagogue-vandalism/4505324002/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=January 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BarasnehAP">{{cite news |title=Wisconsin man pleads guilty to vandalizing synagogue |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-dea6791a97f9fb5f034e1f42648b41c0 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TobinAP">{{cite news |title=Man admits coordinating neo-Nazi plot to deface synagogues |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-2be6e02b5967cab57c17c28f1fec0eb2 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> On June 5, 2024, 24-year-old Nathan Weeden was sentenced to 26 months in prison and 3 months of supervised release for the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michigan man gets 26 months for anti-Jewish, racist vandalism |url=https://www.jns.org/michigan-man-gets-26-months-for-anti-jewish-racist-vandalism/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |date=June 5, 2024}}</ref> |- |July 28, 2019 |Shooting |0 |1 |[[Miami|Miami, Florida]] |A gunman in a Chevrolet Impala fired shots at the Young Israel of Greater Miami synagogue, spraying the building with bullets. A 68-year-old Jewish congregant sustained several bullet wounds during the attack, requiring extensive surgery. Carlints St. Louis was charged the next day with attempted murder and for perpetuating a hate crime.<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/man-shot-outside-of-miami-synagogue |title=Man shot outside of Miami synagogue |date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=The victim, who was waiting for daily prayers to begin, was taken to a local hospital where he underwent surgery and is in stable condition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/man-shot-near-northeast-miami-dade-synagogue |title=Man Shot In Front Of Northeast Miami-Dade Synagogue |date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Margol |first=Ian |date=November 14, 2019 |title=Miami-Dade police officers release synagogue shooting surveillance video |url=https://www.local10.com/news/2019/11/14/miami-dade-police-officers-release-synagogue-shooting-surveillance-video/ |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=WPLG |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|April 27, 2019}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |3 |[[Poway, California]] |'''Poway synagogue shooting''': John Earnest fired shots inside the synagogue, Chabad of Poway.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/27/717849871/injuries-reported-in-shooting-at-california-synagogue |title=At Least 1 Killed In California Synagogue Shooting |work=[[NPR]] |first=Shannon |last=Van Sant |date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/04/27/california-synagogue-shooting-multiple-injuries/ |title=Shooting at California synagogue leaves 1 dead, 3 injured in what mayor calls a 'hate crime' that 'will not stand |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Deanna |last1=Paul |first2=Katie |last2=Mettler |date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name="guardian-27apr2019">{{cite news |last1=Lartey |first1=Jamiles |title=San Diego synagogue shooting: one dead and three injured |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/27/san-diego-police-shooting-synagogue-poway-reports |access-date=April 27, 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> One woman was killed and three others were injured, including the synagogue's rabbi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poway-synagogue-shooting-san-diego-sheriffs-detain-man-today-2019-04-27-live-updates |title=Woman killed, 3 injured in shooting at California synagogue |work=[[CBS News]] |date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=haaretz>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/rabbi-wounded-in-synagogue-shooting-finished-sermon-before-going-to-hospital-1.7170900 |title=Rabbi Wounded in Synagogue Shooting Finished Sermon Before Going to Hospital |author1=[[The Forward]] |first2=Helen |last2=Chernikoff |date=April 28, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> In an open letter posted on 8chan shortly before the shooting and signed with Earnest's name, the author blamed Jews for the "meticulously planned genocide of the European race", a White genocide conspiracy theory.<ref name=EXAMINER>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/california-police-investigate-hate-filled-8chan-manifesto-that-could-link-synagogue-shooting-to-mosque-attack |title=California police investigate hate-filled 8chan manifesto that could link synagogue shooting to mosque attack |date=April 28, 2019 |website=Washington Examiner |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2024}} |- |{{Dts|October 27, 2018}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |11 |6 |[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] |'''[[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]]''': a gunman killed eleven people and wounded six in a mass shooting at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]. It was the deadliest attack on the [[American Jews|Jewish community in the United States]].<ref name="Selk">{{cite news |first1=Avi |last1=Selk |first2=Tim |last2=Craig |first3=Shawn |last3=Boburg |first4=Andrew |last4=Ba Tran |date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2018 |title='They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029012657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments about a group formerly named ''Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society'' (HIAS) on the online social network Gab.<ref name="AndoneHannaSterlingMurphy">{{cite news |last1=Andone |first1=Dakin |last2=Hanna |first2=Jason |last3=Sterling |first3=Joe |last4=Murphy |first4=Paul P. |title=Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html |access-date=October 28, 2018 |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011343/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Referring to Central American migrant caravans and [[Immigrant|immigrants]], Bowers posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."<ref name="LevensonSanchez">{{cite news |first1=Eric |last1=Levenson |first2=Ray |last2=Sanchez |title=Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue |url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 27, 2018 |access-date=October 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170709/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/index.html |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="SPLC WG">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2022/05/17/racist-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-explained |title=The Racist 'Great Replacement' Conspiracy Theory Explained |date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> |- |11–12 August 2017 |Riot |style="background:#FA8072 |3 |49+ |[[Charlottesville, Virginia]] |{{Main|Unite the Right rally}} In a far-right rally, attendees were filmed chanting "[the] Jews will not replace us". The rally turned deadly when James Alex Fields Jr., one of the attendees, launched a [[Charlottesville car attack|vehicle-ramming attack]] on an opposing group.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/16/charlottesville-neo-nazis-vice-news-hbo |title='Jews will not replace us': Vice film lays bare horror of neo-Nazis in America |date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SPLC WG" /> |- |24 June 2017 |Harassment |0 |0 |[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] |Three Jewish lesbians were ejected from the Chicago's Dyke March for carrying pride flags with the [[Star of David]], a Jewish national symbol. They were reportedly interrogated over their stance on "Zionism" to which the organizer opposed. The incident drew widespread criticism.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2017-06-26/ty-article/why-was-i-removed-from-dyke-march-over-jewish-flag/0000017f-e8f7-d62c-a1ff-fcff583f0000 |title=The Chicago Dyke March Preaches Inclusion. So Why Was I Kicked Out for Carrying a Jewish Pride Flag? |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/chicago-pride-march-kicks-out-jewish-lgbt-activists-for-carrying-zionist-rainbow-flags-6-1-2017 |title=Chicago pride march kicks out Jewish LGBT activists for carrying 'Zionist' rainbow flags |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/opinion/im-glad-the-dyke-march-banned-jewish-stars.html |title=I'm Glad the Dyke March Banned Jewish Stars |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}}}}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite web |website=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/four-reasons-the-chicago-dyke-march-was-anti-semitic |title=Four Reasons the Chicago Dyke March Was Anti-Semitic |date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}} |{{cite news| work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/dyke-march-tries-to-crowdfund-self-care-retreat-after-throwing-out-jews-f0mn3zvp |title=Dyke March tries to crowdfund 'self-care retreat' |date=July 3, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}}}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|April 13, 2014}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |3 |0 |[[Overland Park, Kansas]] |'''[[Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting]]''': 73-year-old [[Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.]], a [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansman]] and [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/73-year-custody-fatal-jewish-center-shooting/story?id=23310932 |title=Kansas Jewish Center Shooting Suspect Identified as Former KKK Leader |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417133808/https://abcnews.go.com/US/73-year-custody-fatal-jewish-center-shooting/story?id=23310932 |archive-date=2014-04-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> perpetrated shootings at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, a Jewish retirement community, both located in [[Overland Park, Kansas]]. A total of three people were killed in the shootings, two of whom were shot at the community center and one shot at the retirement community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article3955528.html |title=F. Glenn Miller Jr. talks for the first time about the killings at Jewish centers - The Kansas City Star |access-date=2014-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214103328/http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article3955528.html |archive-date=2014-12-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|June 10, 2009}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |1 |[[Washington, D.C.]] |'''[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting]]''': At about 12:50&nbsp;pm on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old [[white supremacist]] [[James von Brunn|James Wenneker von Brunn]] entered the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with a rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.<ref name=wapothursday>{{cite news |first=Ashley |last=Halsey III |author2=Paul Duggan |title=Was He Capable of This? Yes. |date=2009-06-11 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061101086.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108074213/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061101086.html |archive-date=2012-11-08 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wjla>{{cite news |url=http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0609/630674.html |title=Guard Slain in Museum Shootout ID'd; Gunman Hospitalized |date=2009-06-10 |publisher=WJLA-TV |access-date=2009-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613040641/http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0609/630674.html |archive-date=2009-06-13}}</ref><ref name=Post>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/10/AR2009061001768.html?hpid=topnews |title=2 People Shot at U.S. Holocaust Museum |last1=Wilgoren |first1=Debbi |last2=Branigin |first2=William |date=2009-06-10 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826051726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/10/AR2009061001768.html?hpid=topnews |archive-date=2009-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WilberDeath">{{cite news |first=Del Quentin |last=Wilber |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604095_pf.html |title=Von Brunn, white supremacist Holocaust museum shooter, dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203204426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604095_pf.html |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 7, 2010 |page=B01}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|July 28, 2006}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |6 |[[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] |'''2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting''': at around 4:00&nbsp;pm. Naveed Afzal Haq entered the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in the Belltown neighborhood of [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and shot six women, one fatally.<ref name = death>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/413210_HAQ11.html |title=Jury finds Haq guilty in Jewish Federation Center shootings |date=December 15, 2009 |first=Levi |last=Pulkinnen |publisher=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |access-date=February 16, 2010}}</ref> Witnesses reported that before Haq began shooting he shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel."<ref name=gilbert>{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Greg |date=August 3, 2006 |title=Haq allegedly shot woman, then chased her up stairs, killed her |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |page=A1}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 6, 2003}} |Stabbing |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Houston, Texas]] |'''Murder of Ariel Sellouk''': Mohammed Ali Alayed, who had stopped socializing with his Jewish friend Ariel Sellouk due to becoming a religiously strict Muslim, came back to Alayed's apartment after not seeing each other for a year. Alayed slit Sellouk's throat and nearly decapitated him. Alayed pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 years in prison on April 19, 2004.<ref name="Tilghman2">{{cite news |last1=Tilghman |first1=Andrew |title=Saudi gets 60 years for killing Jewish friend here |url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Saudi-gets-60-years-for-killing-Jewish-friend-here-1519826.php |access-date=September 29, 2014 |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=April 20, 2004}}</ref><ref name="McGraw">{{cite news |last1=McGraw |first1=Seamus |title=Religious Overtones Color a Murder in Texas |url=http://forward.com/articles/6151/religious-overtones-color-a-murder-in-texas/#ixzz3EeGXtt4Y |access-date=September 28, 2014 |publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward |date=January 23, 2004}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|July 4, 2002}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |2 |5 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |'''2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting''': Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old [[Egyptians|Egyptian national]],<ref name=Ramirez>{{cite news |last1=Ramirez |first1=Eddy |title=Panel Probes LAX Gunman Terrorism: House lawmakers say closer scrutiny by INS might have prevented killings by Egyptian immigrant. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-10-me-lax10-story.html |access-date=July 20, 2015 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200814/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/oct/10/local/me-lax10 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> opened fire at the airline ticket counter of [[El Al]], [[Israel]]'s national airline, at [[Los Angeles International Airport]]. Two people were killed and four others were injured before the gunman was fatally shot by an El Al security guard.<ref name=FeldmanShooting>{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Feldman |title=Los Angeles airport shooting kills 3 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/07/04/la.airport.shooting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204221915/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/07/04/la.airport.shooting/ |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |url-status=dead |location=Los Angeles, California |work=[[CNN]] |date=July 5, 2002}}</ref> In September 2002, federal investigators concluded that Hadayet hoped to influence U.S. government policy in favor of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], and that the incident was a terrorist act.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/04/lax.shooting/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107101849/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/04/lax.shooting/index.html |archive-date=November 7, 2007 |url-status=dead |work=[[CNN]] |title=Federal investigators: L.A. airport shooting a terrorist act |date=September 5, 2002}}</ref><ref name="CNN 4-12">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |title=FBI, Justice: El Al attack was terrorism |date=April 12, 2003 |work=[[CNN]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203145025/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |archive-date=February 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |title=FBI, Justice: El Al attack was terrorism |work=[[CNN]] |date=April 12, 2003 |access-date=December 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203145025/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |archive-date=February 3, 2007}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 10, 1999}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |5 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |'''Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting''': at around 10:50&nbsp;am. [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] Buford O. Furrow, Jr. walked into the lobby of the North Valley Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with a [[semi-automatic pistol|semi-automatic]] weapon, firing 70 shots into the complex. The gunfire wounded five people: three children, a teenage counselor, and an office worker. Shortly thereafter, Furrow murdered a [[mail carrier]], fled the state, and finally surrendered to authorities.<ref name="time1">"The Kids Got In The Way: All the warning signs were there, but still Buford Furrow got his hands on guns and went on a rampage." ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 154.8. August 23, 1999. p24.</ref><ref name="Newsweek1">{{cite news |title=A Visitor from the Dark Side: The accused L.A. gunner drove into town on a high of delusion and self-destruction. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek_1999-08-23_134_8/page/n33 |work=Newsweek |date=August 23, 1999 |page=32}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|March 1, 1994}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |3 |[[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |'''1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting''': Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] students who were traveling on the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] in [[New York City]], killing one and injuring three others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pix11.com/2014/02/27/back-at-police-plaza-bratton-and-miller-recall-20th-anniversary-of-brooklyn-bridge-shooting/#ixzz2udWx6am5 |title=Back at Police Plaza, Bratton and Miller recall 20th anniversary of Brooklyn Bridge shooting |first=Mary |last=Murphy |date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=WPIX |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022164228/http://pix11.com/2014/02/27/back-at-police-plaza-bratton-and-miller-recall-20th-anniversary-of-brooklyn-bridge-shooting/#ixzz2udWx6am5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baz was arrested and found to be in possession of anti-Jewish literature, a .380-caliber semiautomatic [[pistol]], a stun gun, a bulletproof vest and two 50-round ammunition magazines. Initially, Baz claimed a traffic dispute led him to commit the shootings, and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] initially classified the case as [[road rage]].<ref name="Heilman_Uriel">{{cite news |last=Heilman |first=Uriel |title=Murder on the Brooklyn Bridge. |url=http://www.meforum.org/77/murder-on-the-brooklyn-bridge |access-date=July 11, 2012 |newspaper=Middle East Quarterly |date=Summer 2001}}</ref> Witnesses testified that on the day of the shooting Baz had attended "a raging anti-Semitic sermon" by Imam Reda Shata at the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Mark |title=Ari, Alisa And Memories In The Morning |url=https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/ari-alisa-and-memories-in-the-morning/ |access-date=June 24, 2019 |work=New York Jewish Week |date=April 4, 2006}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 19, 1991}} – August 21 |Riot |style="background:#FA8072 |1 | |[[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |'''Crown Heights riot''': a [[Racism|race]] [[riot]] that took place in Crown Heights, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]] in which black residents turned against [[Orthodox Jewish]] [[Chabad]] residents. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of [[Guyana|Guyanese]] immigrants were accidentally struck by one of the cars in the motorcade of [[Rabbi]] [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured. In the wake of the fatal accident, some black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite web |url=http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/ltCrownHeightsRiot.html |title=Crown Heights riot – fact, fiction, and plenty of blame |access-date=October 20, 2007 |last=Wilson |first=Judy |year=2006 |publisher=New Jersey Jewish News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208211213/http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/ltCrownHeightsRiot.html |archive-date=December 8, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |April 17, 1986 |Murder |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] |'''Murder of Neal Rosenblum''' was shot and killed because of his Jewish appearance, wearing [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] attire. The killer was released from prison on October 23, 2017, after serving 15 years of the maximum 20. |- |{{Dts|June 18, 1984}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Denver]], [[Colorado]] |Members of the white nationalist group The Order shot Jewish talk radio host [[Alan Berg]] dead.<ref name=denverpost>{{cite news |url=http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_12615628 |title=The murder of Alan Berg in Denver: 25 years later |work=Denver Post |date=June 18, 2009 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|October 8, 1977}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |2 |[[St. Louis, Missouri]] |Guests who attended a [[bar mitzvah]] were leaving Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue when white supremacist [[Joseph Paul Franklin]] began shooting at them, killing Gerald Gordon, and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash.<ref name="FattelAmerica">{{cite news |last1=Fattel |first1=Isabel |title=A Brief History of Anti-Semitic Violence in America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/brief-history-anti-semitic-violence-america/574228/ |access-date=29 October 2018 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]] |date=28 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="VitelloMissouri">{{cite news |last1=Vitello |first1=Paul |title=White Supremacist Convicted of Several Murders Is Put to Death in Missouri |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/21/us/joseph-paul-franklin-executed-in-missouri.html |access-date=29 October 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GreenAmerica">{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=David |title=From Lynchings to Mass Shootings: The History of Deadly Attacks on Jews in America |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-from-lynchings-to-mass-shootings-the-history-of-deadly-attacks-on-jews-in-america-1.6601089 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=28 October 2018}}</ref> |- |November 11, 1957 and October 14, 1958 |Bombing |0 |0 ||Temple Beth-El, [[Nashville]], Tennessee. Temple Emanuel, [[Gastonia, North Carolina|Gastonia]], North Carolina. Temple Beth-El, [[Miami]], Florida. Jewish Community Center, [[Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]. Jewish Community Center, [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], Florida. Temple Beth-El, [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], Alabama. The Temple, [[Atlanta]], Georgia. Temple Anshei Emeth, [[Peoria, Illinois|Peoria]], Illinois. |Five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the [[Southern United States]] and one in the [[Midwest United States]]. There were no deaths or injuries. Some of the bombings are unsolved to this day. |- |{{Dts|August 17, 1915}} |Lynching |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Marietta, Georgia]] |'''[[Lynching]] of Leo Frank''': Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was wrongly convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].{{refn|"The modern historical consensus, as exemplified in the Dinnerstein book, is that&nbsp;... Leo Frank was an innocent man convicted at an unfair trial."<ref>Wilkes, Donald E Jr., ''Flagpole Magazine'', [http://libguides.law.uga.edu/ld.php?content_id=6631399 "Politics, Prejudice, and Perjury"], p.&nbsp;9 (March 1, 2000).</ref>}}{{refn|"The consensus of historians is that the Frank case was a miscarriage of justice."<ref>{{cite news |author=Ravitz, Jessica |title=Murder case, Leo Frank lynching |work=[[CNN]] |date=November 2, 2009 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/02/leo.frank/index.html}}</ref>}} His trial, conviction, and appeals attracted national attention. A mob [[Lynching|lynched]] him on August 17, 1915, in response to the commutation of his death sentence. |- |{{Dts|December 17, 1862}} |Order | | |Parts of [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Kentucky]] |'''General Order No. 11''' was an order issued by Union Major-General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg Campaign, that took place during the [[American Civil War]]. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Kentucky]]. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce Union military corruption, and stop an illicit trade of Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders."<ref>{{cite book |author=John Y Simon |title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 7: December 9, 1862 – March 31, 1863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uDIGQWEQVEC&pg=PA56 |year=1979 |publisher=SIU Press |page=56 |isbn=978-0-8093-0880-4}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} At [[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], Grant's Union Army supply depot, Jewish persons were rounded up and forced to leave the city by foot. On December 20, 1862, three days after Grant's order, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army raided Holly Springs, that prevented many Jewish persons from potential expulsion. Although delayed by Van Dorn's [[raid]], Grant's order was fully implemented at [[Paducah, Kentucky]]. Thirty Jewish families were expelled and roughly treated from the city.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Jewish community leaders protested, and there was an outcry by members of Congress and the press; President [[Abraham Lincoln]] countermanded the General Order on January 4, 1863. Grant claimed during his 1868 Presidential campaign that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews as a way to address a problem that "certain Jews had caused".<ref>{{cite book |author=Shelley Kapnek Rosenberg |title=History of the Jews in America: Civil War Through the Rise of Zionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DOTqA7sezcC&pg=PA22 |year=2005 |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |pages=22–23 |isbn=978-0-87441-778-4 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} |} ==Latin America== [[File:Execution of Mariana de Carabajal.jpg|thumb|Mariana de Carabajal, a Jewish Catholic [[Forced conversion|convert]], was [[Execution|executed]] over the false charge of "relapsing into [[Judaism]]," in where is now the [[Mexico City]], 1601 [[Anno Domini|AD]].]][[File:Graffiti in Venezuela.jpg|thumb|"JEWS GO HOME!", a graffiti on the wall of the Israeli Embassy in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]].]] {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Latin America (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Panama''' |align=right| {{bartable|52||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Colombia''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Dominican Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Peru''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Chile''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Guatemala''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Paraguay''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Nicaragua''' |align=right| {{bartable|34||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Uruguay''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Costa Rica''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Venezuela''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Bolivia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Haiti''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Mexico''' |align=right| {{bartable|24||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Argentina''' |align=right| {{bartable|24||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Trinidad and Tobago''' |align=right| {{bartable|24||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Jamaica''' |align=right| {{bartable|18||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- |} Since [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]], a spike in [[harassment]] and [[violence]] against Jews has also been recorded across Latin America.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Miami Herald |title=A ‘tsunami’ of antisemitism is on the rise across Latin America, U.S. officials warn |url=https://miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article283562513.html |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Latin American states back Lula as Brazil's First Lady says husband's comments were 'not antisemitic' |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/latin-america/1708499127-bolivia-and-colombia-back-lula-as-brazil-s-first-lady-says-husband-s-comments-were-not-antisemitic |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Latin American delegation visits Israel amid surge in antisemitism at home |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/latin-american-delegation-visits-israel-amid-surge-in-antisemitism-at-home |date=March 18, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |title=Antisemitism: Empowering Transatlantic Civil Society Responses to Online Antisemitism Across Latin America |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/uniting-against-antisemitism-across-latin-america |date=April 11, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement |title=On Heels of Latin American Forum Against Antisemitism, CAM Visits Mexico in Continued Regional Engagement Push |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/cam-news/on-heels-of-latin-american-forum-against-antisemitism-cam-visits-mexico-in-continued-regional-engagement-push |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> According to the Latin American Jewish Congress, 91% of community leaders from several Latin American countries reported that antisemitism had increased since 7 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |work=Aurora |title=Latin America: Warning of a sharp rise in anti-Semitism |url=https://aurora-israel.co.il/en/Latin-America-warns-of-a-sharp-rise-in-anti-Semitism |date=December 3, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> ''Hispan TV'', the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] channel of the antisemitic<ref name="IRAS"> * {{cite web |website=George W. Bush White House Archives |title=Statement on Holocaust Denial Conference Sponsored by Iranian Regime |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/12/text/20061212.html |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial |chapter=Judeophobia and the Denial of the Holocaust in Iran |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110288216.235/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOooig3b5brIS_hTMCFHk0OR-Y8AFPDQsqG7SxtE4oCXpJvLd2eOG |last=Küntzel |first=Matthias |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110288216.235 |year=2012 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Sources, 1998–2016 |url=https://www.ushmm.org/antisemitism/holocaust-denial-and-distortion/holocaust-denial-antisemitism-iran/2016-holocaust-cartoon-contests-in-iran/timeline |year=2016 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=At the Paris Olympics, Iran is leading the antisemitism charge |url=https://nypost.com/2024/07/30/opinion/at-the-paris-olympics-iran-leads-the-antisemitism-charge |date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=The Iranian regime is not its people |url=https://www.jns.org/the-iranian-regime-is-not-its-people |last=Abramson |first=Scott |date=August 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=The Iranian people are the most pro-American and least antisemitic population in the region.}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Opinion {{!}} Is Iran an Antisemitic 'Nazi Regime'? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2024-12-04/ty-article-opinion/.premium/is-iran-an-antisemitic-nazi-regime/00000193-8833-dc12-a7d3-ea3f401a0000 |last=Ghorbanpour |first=K. |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Iranian regime's state television ''Press TV'', has reportedly contributed to antisemitism among its 600 million [[audience]] in Latin America by [[Disinformation|promoting]] the<ref>{{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran’s Hispan TV promoting antisemitism in Latin America, says rights group |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407163150 |date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[myth]] of [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|Jews controlling the Hollywood and governments]] * perception of the antisemitic<ref name="IRAS" /> Iranian regime being the "leader of global resistance<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET) |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> movements" ==Asia== {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Asia (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Malaysia''' |align=right| {{bartable|61||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''South Korea''' |align=right| {{bartable|53||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Indonesia''' |align=right| {{bartable|48||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Bangladesh''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Kazakhstan''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Mongolia''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Japan''' |align=right| {{bartable|23||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''China''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''India''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Thailand''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Vietnam''' |align=right| {{bartable|6||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Philippines''' |align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Laos''' |align=right| {{bartable|0.2||2||background:#BE0032}} |} ==Internet== Antisemitism is common on the most visited websites worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |website=Semrush |title=Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 {{!}} Open .Trends |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> including Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS1"> * {{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing |title=How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history |last=Sampson |first=Tim |work=dailydot.com |access-date=July 1, 2015 |date=October 1, 2013}} * {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/08/04/mens-rights-activists-think-a-hateful-feminist-conspiracy-is-ruining-wikipedia/ |title=Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=4 August 2014}} * {{cite web |website=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-state-sponsored-disinformation |title=The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/wikipedia-jewish-problem |title=Wikipedia’s Jewish Problem |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=[...] Wikipedia’s articles are [...] [[Big lie|feeding]] [[World population|billions of people]] [...] [[Disinformation|dangerously skewed narratives]] [...] “[[Holocaust trivialization|minimize[d]]] [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Polish antisemitism]], [[Exaggeration|exaggerate[d]]] the Poles’ role in saving Jews,” [[Victim blaming|blamed Jews for the Holocaust]] [...].}} * {{cite web |website=Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC) |url=https://aijac.org.au/australia-israel-review/essay-wikipedias-jewish-problem |title=Essay: Wikipedia's Jewish Problem |first=Izabella |last=Tabarovsky |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref><ref name="WikiAS2"> * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=‘Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed’: New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia’s Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and make Jews out to be the bad guys.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/article-825520 |last=Heller |first=Mathilda |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 |quote=The Post found that DMH223344 was suspended on 9 October 2024 from editing the Zionism page, "for violating the one-revert rule at Zionism."}} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World’s Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Michael Geist |url=https://www.michaelgeist.ca/2024/10/law-bytes-podcast-episode-215 |title=The Law Bytes Podcast, Episode 215: Jan Grabowski on Wikipedia’s Antisemitism Problem |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> [[Reddit]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/reddit-shuts-down-some-racist-anti-semitic-web-forums |title=Reddit Shuts Down Some Racist, Anti-Semitic Web Forums |date=October 27, 2015 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Sky News| url=https://news.sky.com/story/racism-is-fine-on-our-site-says-reddits-chief-executive-11327584 |title='Racism is fine on our site,' says Reddit's chief executive |date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brookings |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/combating-racism-on-social-media-5-key-insights-on-bystander-intervention |title=Combating racism on social media: 5 key insights on bystander intervention |date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Business Insider |title=A moderator of one of the biggest Kanye West internet forums says the page has been a 'bloodbath' since the rapper's descent into antisemitism and conspiracy theories |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kanye-west-ye-reddit-forum-moderator-reacts-antisemitism-conspiracy-theories-2022-11 |date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Holocaust denial finds new life in Oct. 7 revisionism |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-783228 |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> and [[Instagram]].<ref name="InstaAS1"> * {{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |title=‘Unmistakably Antisemitic’: Harvard College Dean Khurana Slams Student Groups Over Instagram Post |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/2/21/khurana-slams-student-groups-antisemitism |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Is Instagram antisemitic? Jewish, pro-Israel influencers speak out |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-791922 |date=March 15, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gove accuses UK university protests of ‘antisemitism repurposed for Instagram age’ |url=https://theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/21/gove-accuses-uk-university-protests-of-antisemitism-repurposed-for-instagram-age |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement |title=CAM Monitoring Uncovers More Post-10/7 Students for Justice in Palestine Support for Hamas on Instagram |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/studies-reports/cam-monitoring-uncovers-more-post-10-7-sjp-support-for-hamas-on-instagram |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Online Antisemitism: How Tech Platforms Handle User Reporting Post 10/7 |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/report/online-antisemitism-how-tech-platforms-handle-user-reporting-post-107 |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref name="InstaAS2"> * {{cite news |work=ABC News |title=I posted on Instagram about my anti-Semitic trolls and their persistent abuse. Instagram deleted my post: OPINION |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/posted-instagram-anti-semitic-trolls-persistent-abuse-instagram/story?id=58875150 |date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=London Even Standard |title=Patel demands social media giants explain why Wiley posts were left up |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/priti-patel-wiley-twitter-instagram-explanation-a4508821.html |date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=Antisemitism 'rife' on social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok, research finds |url=https://news.sky.com/story/antisemitism-rife-on-social-media-platforms-like-instagram-and-tiktok-research-finds-12432690 |date=October 13, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Meta to remove posts targeting 'Zionists' when aiming at Jews, Israelis |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-809610 |date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Gay club accused of being ‘poisoned with antisemitism’ changes tune |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/london-gay-club-accused-of-aggressive-racism-changes-tune |date=August 9, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> On January 23, 2025, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance said in a press release that a [[UNESCO]] study found 16% of all Holocaust-related content across social media to be [[Holocaust denial|denying]] [[Holocaust trivialization|or distorting]].<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |title=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance issues urgent Holocaust distortion warning |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/news/holocaust-remembrance-distortion-warning-auschwitz-liberation-anniversary |date=January 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=United Nations (UN) |title=Social media feeds Holocaust denial and distortion, finds UN report |url=https://www.un.org/en/outreach-programme-holocaust/social-media-feeds-holocaust-denial-and-distortion-finds-un-report |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref> On January 27, 2025, the 80th [[anniversary]] of the [[Emancipation|liberation]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], Cloudfare said that they had stopped over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust education websites,<ref name="Cloudfare2025">{{cite web |website=Cloudfare |title=Cloudflare thwarts over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust educational websites |url=https://blog.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-thwarts-over-47-million-cyberthreats-against-jewish-and-holocaust |last=Yoachimik |first=Omer |date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> noting that the cyberthreats were associated with "a troubling resurgence of antisemitism [...] spilled into the digital realm".<ref name="Cloudfare2025" /> ===Wikipedia=== ====Croatian Wikipedia==== {{Main|Croatian Wikipedia}} Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who [[Disinformation|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Censorship|censoring]]<ref name="WikiAS1" /> the war crimes of the [[Axis powers#Client states|pro]]-[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Ustaše]]-ruled [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH)<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html |title=The Holocaust in Croatia |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.<ref name="novi">{{cite web |url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani |title=Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani |work=Novi list |date=September 13, 2013 |trans-title=Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries" |access-date=September 13, 2013 |language=hr}}</ref> The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac |title=Jasenovac |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jasenovac-camp |title=Concentration Camps: Jasenovac |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |isbn=978-1-032-35379-1 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures |title=Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325416653657 |last1=Odak |first1=Stipe |last2=Benčić |first2=Andriana |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=July 10, 2016 |doi=10.1177/0888325416653657 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal |title=Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory |url=https://www.aup-online.com/content/journals/10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |last1=Kuznar |first1=Andriana Bencic |last2=Pavlakovic |first2=Vjeran |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |title=Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past |author=Marko Attila Hoare |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–293 |date=June 5, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> as a "collection camp".<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, [[advocacy]] groups and media critics.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with [[:hr:Kategorija:Popis potvrđenih čarapaka (suradnik Kubura)|80 sockpuppet accounts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_Disinformation_Assessment-2021 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Meta Wikimedia |language=en |quote=Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and [[Sociocultural theory|socio-cultural]] positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian [[Far-right politics|radical right]] political parties and [[National conservatism|ultra-conservative]] [[Populism|populist]] movements. The group has been [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|using its positions of power]] to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and [[Subversion|subvert]] Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.}}</ref> ====English Wikipedia==== {{Main|English Wikipedia}} [[File:Editing out the anti-Jewish critique of an NGO per Oboler et al 2010.png|thumb|The Feb. 2007 removal of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%20War_on_Want&diff=106858317&oldid=106391605 an anti-Jewish critique of the NGO War on Want], in Wikipedia, with the new version on the right.]][[File:Holocaust Good Article review excerpt Feb 2 2013.png|thumb|Excerpt from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:The_Holocaust/Archive_28#GA_Review a 2013 review that rejects "Good Article" status for The Holocaust article], cited by PFanzelter (2015).]][[File:Serial erasure of content in a Jewish history article by a user engaging in tendentious editing.jpg|thumb|Serial erasure of [[content]] taking place in a [[Jew#History|Jewish history]] article.]][[File:Jewish well poisoning allegation source insertion.png|thumb|Antisemitic user inserting an article link with allegations of Jews poisoning wells to conspire a "genocide" of Germans, a purported incident commonly invoked by Holocaust deniers to create a false moral equivalence between Jews and Nazi Germans.]] The English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals in thousands of [[World War II|WWII]]-related articles.<ref name="KC"> * {{cite web |website=Aish |title=The One-Woman Battle Against Pro-Nazi Bias on Wikipedia |url=https://aish.com/the-one-woman-battle-against-pro-nazi-bias-on-wikipedia |author=Dr. Yvette Alt Miller |access-date=January 9, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |title=The Battle for Wikipedia: The New Age of 'Lost Victories'? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13518046.2018.1487198 |last=Stahl |first=David |pages=396–402 |volume=31 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/13518046.2018.1487198 |s2cid=150237156 |date=July 18, 2018 |access-date=January 9, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Wired |title=One Woman’s Mission to Rewrite Nazi History on Wikipedia |url=https://www.wired.com/story/one-womans-mission-to-rewrite-nazi-history-wikipedia |date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2025 |quote=Ksenia Coffman’s fellow editors have called her a vandal and a McCarthyist. She just wants them to stop glorifying fascists—and start citing better sources.}} * {{cite web |website=United States Military Academy |title=The Origin and Continued Perpetration of the Myth of the Clean Wehrmacht |url=https://athena.westpoint.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7a679093-378f-4219-acfc-9eb03e9ec1e1/content |last=Schwed |first=Lucas |access-date=January 9, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=History News Network (HNN) |title=Ksenia Coffman's Struggle to Root out Nazi Sympathy on Wikipedia |url=https://www.hnn.us/article/ksenia-coffmans-struggle-to-root-out-nazi-sympathy |date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2025}}</ref> For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior [[SS]] official who invented mobile [[Gas chamber|gas chambers]] to kill Jews, was portrayed as a [[savior]] of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite,<ref name="KC" /> while false claims of Nazi war criminals "opposing" [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] were made.<ref name="KC" /> SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in [[Voice (grammar)|passive voice]] to make their atrocities look normal.<ref name="KC" /> Those who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] sources (e.g. ''[https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/holocaust-denial/the-institute-for-historical-review Journal of Historical Review]'', ''Nation Europa'' and Franz Kurowski<ref name="KC" />) misrepresented them as academic [[consensus]] and [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|gamed the rules]] to prevent the removal of such content.<ref name="KC" /> The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention,<ref name="KC" /> which [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the Holocaust's historical truth.<ref name="KC" /> German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,<ref name="KC" /> {{Blockquote|text=The English Wikipedia pages are far more sympathetic towards the [[Wehrmacht]] and [[Waffen-SS]] than the [[German Wikipedia|German ones]] [. ...] Wikipedia and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] are the worst distributors of pro-Nazi perspectives and the ["clean"] Wehrmacht myth.}} In 2023, Holocaust [[Historian|historians]] Prof. [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]] and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled ''Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust''<ref name="WikiAS3">{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]]<br />[...]<br />The Polish government’s resolve to control the past culminated with [...] the [[Polish Memory Law|Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]] [...] penalizes those who ‘slander the good name of the Polish nation’ and who ‘blame the Polish society for crimes committed by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]].’<br />[...]<br /> }}</ref> in ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rdap21/37/2 The Journal of Holocaust Research]'' wherein they reported to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> which involved the exaggeration of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers,<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> invention of Jewish "atrocities" against [[Poles]],<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust:<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> {{Blockquote|text=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]].}} [[File:Bialystok-following-1939-So.jpg|thumb|A photo that (in [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/7/75/20211110104517%21Bialystok-following-1939-So.jpg this version]) is featured as figure 1 in the paper, with the caption "Photograph of a sign in Białystok, wrongly captioned as a Jewish welcoming banner for the Soviets" (referring to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto&diff=794106878&oldid=793942440 this edit])]] Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and the Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle, leaving the site vulnerable to [[disinformation]]:<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> {{Blockquote|text=Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic canards]].}} On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,<ref name="WikiAS2" /> {{Blockquote|text=As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of [[The Holocaust|one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity]].}} Some misconceptions about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]] are summarized as follows: {| {{table|hide|sort}} ! Attribute !! Summary |- ! Death toll | '''Myth 1:''' "3 million non-Jewish [[Poles]] were killed in [[World War II|WWII]]."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022">Wikipedia article, “Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust,” [[English Wikipedia#Holocaust distortion|Wikipedia]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust&oldid=1089518133 revision from 8:06, May 24, 2022],</ref><br />'''Fact:''' The number was claimed in 1946 by Jakub Berman, the head of the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish communist]] secret police, to create a false [[Equality (mathematics)|equivalence]] between Jewish and Polish victimhood.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="KB&AR">Karyn Ball and Per Anders Rudling, “The Underbelly of Canadian Multiculturalism: Holocaust Obfuscation and Envy in the Debate about the Canadian Museum for Human Rights,” ''Holocaust Studies'', vol. 20, no. 3 (2014): pp. 33–80.</ref> The death toll of non-Jewish Poles was 1.8 million as per the most recent [[Estimation|estimates]].<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>C. Łuczak, “Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945,” ''Dzieje Najnowsze 2'' (1994): pp. 9–15.</ref> |- ! Scale of helping Jews | '''Myth 2:''' "[[1000 (number)|Thousands]] of Poles were [[Execution|executed]] for helping Jews."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' 800 Poles were executed for helping Jews as per the most recent estimates.<ref>Ryszard Walczak et al. (eds.), ''Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust'' (Warszawa: IPN, 1997).</ref><ref>Martyna Grądzka-Rejak and Aleksandra Namysło, (eds.), ''Represje za pomoc Żydom na okupowanych ziemiach polskich w czasie II wojny światowej'', vol. 1 (Warsaw: IPN, 2019), p. 464.</ref> |- ! Scale of hiding Jews | '''Myth 3:''' "450,000 Poles hid Jews in their houses during the Holocaust."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>[[Historical revisionism#Richard C. Lukas|Richard C. Lukas]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-03-05|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Richard C. Lukas|reason= }}, ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust'' (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), p. 15.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' The number was promoted by Władysław Żarski-Zajdler, a [[writer]] [[Propaganda|propagandizing]] for the Polish communist regime during the 1968 antisemitic [[campaign]].<ref name="WikiAS3" /> Fewer than 30,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Natalia Sawka, “Antysemita Leszek Żebrowski poprowadzi wykład o ‘żołnierzach wyklętych,’” ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', March 1, 2016</ref> |- ! Scale of Polish collaboration | '''Myth 4:''' "<1% Poles collaborated with Nazi occupiers."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="IWC">The “Israeli War Crimes Commission” statistics seem to originate from an essay from the 1960s by one Leo Heiman, which provides no footnote. Leo Heiman, “Ukrainians and the Jews,” in ''Ukrainians and Jews, Articles, Testimonies, Letters and Official Documents Dealing with Interrelations of Ukrainians and Jews in the Past and Present: A Symposium'' (New York: The Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1966), p. 60.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' Several independent research showed the opposite.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Machcewicz and Persak, (eds.), ''Wokół Jedwabnego''; Jan Grabowski and Barbara Engelking, (eds.), ''Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night Without End: The Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland)'', 2 vols. (Warsaw: Polish Center for Holocaust Research, 2018).</ref> |- ! Polish Blue Police | '''Myth 5:''' "Many Polish Blue Police were executed for refusing to follow Nazi orders to arrest Jews."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="E&G">Engelking and Grabowski, (eds.), ''Dalej jest noc''; Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe, “Polnische Bürgermeister und der Holocaust im Generalgouvernement Besatzung, Kollaboration und Handlungsmöglichkeiten,” ''Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts'', (2021), pp. 26–35.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' Proven cases have not been found by mainstream historians yet.<ref name="E&G" /> Instead, the Polish Blue Police helped Nazi occupiers kill Jews enthusiastically.<ref name="E&G" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=The Polish Police: Collaboration in the Holocaust |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Polish police murdered Jews during the Holocaust with gusto and even without Nazi orders, new book claims |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/12/10/global/polish-police-murdered-jews-during-the-holocaust-with-gusto-and-even-without-nazi-orders-new-book-claims |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |quote=Jan Grabowski spent more than 10 years conducting his research, including going through Polish archives, private diaries and records from more than 100 small towns where Jews lived in high concentrations.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Polish police took initiative in Jewish killings, new book explores |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-832894 |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |quote=Polish police murdered Jews during the Holocaust with gusto and even without Nazi orders, according to new resesarch.}}</ref> |- ! Polish Underground State | '''Myth 6:''' "The Polish Underground State's court investigated 17,000 suspected Polish collaborators and sentenced 3,500 to death."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><br />'''Fact:''' No more than seven collaborators were sentenced to death by the Polish Underground State's court,<ref name="AZ2006">Andrzej Żbikowski, ''Polacy i Zydzi pod okupacja niemiecką, 1939-1945: Studia i Materiały'' (Warsaw: IPN, 2006), pp. 482–84.</ref> despite desperate pleas from the Committee to Aid Jews (Żegota).<ref name="AZ2006" /> |- ! Policies against helping Jews | '''Myth 7:''' "Poles were specifically targeted by the Nazis for helping Jews."<ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /> The Nazis imposed death penalty on Poles because of this.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' Nazi laws against helping Jews were applied equally to millions of non-German subjects under Nazi occupation.<ref name="NaziArchive">The Third Decree of General Governor Hans Frank concerning restrictions on residency in the Generalgouvernement and introducing the death penalty for aid rendered to Jews, October 15, 1941; Verordnungsblatt für das Generalgouvernement. Dziennik Rozporządzeń dla Generalnego Gubernatorstwa, Cracow, October 25, 1941, p. 595.</ref> The death penalty was introduced on October 15, 1941,<ref name="NaziArchive" /> long before any obvious help could have been noticed.<ref name="NaziArchive" /> |- ! Revelation of the Holocaust | '''Myth 8:''' "Polish Army officer Witold Pilecki told [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] about the Holocaust via Polish government-in-exile courier Jan Karski."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' Jan Karski did not tell the Allies about the Holocaust.<ref name="AP2021">Adam Puławski, “Revisiting Jan Karski’s Final Mission,” ''Israeli Journal of Foreign Affairs'', vol. 15, no. 2 (2021): pp. 289–97; Adam Puławski, ''Wobec niespotykanego w dziejach mordu. Rząd RP na uchodźstwie, Delegatura Rządu RP na Kraj, AK a eksterminacja ludności żydowskiej od wielkiej akcji do powstania w getcie warszawskim'' (Chełm: Stowarzyszenie Rocznik Chełmski, 2018).</ref> Karski left Poland in fall 1942,<ref name="AP2021" /> while Pilecki did not write a report about the Holocaust until summer 1943,<ref name="AP2021" /> when most Polish Jews had already been killed.<ref name="AP2021" /> Pilecki could not have given Karski the report to be assessed by the Allies a year after he left.<ref name="AP2021" /> |- ! Nazi reprisals against Poles helping Jews | '''Myth 9:''' "The Nazi murdered 20,000 Polish [[Village|villagers]] in Białka over some of them helping Jews."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Wikipedia article, “Nazi Crimes Against the Polish Nation,” Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation&oldid=1093264615 revision from 14:14, June 15, 2022],</ref><br />'''Fact:''' It is true that individual [[Mass shooting|shootings]] of Polish villagers happened repeatedly, but the confirmed deaths in the Białka village were 96.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Geoffrey P. Megargee, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'', 1933-1945, vol. 1: ''Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)'' (Washington: [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 2009), p. 692.</ref> |- ! Post-war pogroms against Jews | '''Myth 10:''' "The July 1946 [[Kielce]] pogrom was planned by the Soviet occupiers."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><br />'''Fact:''' The claim has been rejected by all mainstream scholars, including Joanna Tokarska-Bakir who won the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Award for disproving the claim,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Omer Bartov and Joanna Tokarska-Bakir Were Awarded with the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/events/08-december-2019.html |date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2025}}</ref> which is only held by some Polish nationalists and [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]].<ref name="WikiAS3" /> |- |} In 2024, independent journalists uncovered a large-scale [[Wikipedia:Canvassing|off-site canvassing]] campaign to rewrite [[Jew#History|Jewish history]] and reshape the narrative surrounding the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]], which involved 40 accounts having made as many as 2,000,000 edits to around 10,000 Jewish-related articles.<ref name="WikiAS4"> * {{cite news |work=Pirate Wires |title=How Wikipedia’s Pro-Hamas Editors Hijacked the Israel-Palestine Narrative |url=https://www.piratewires.com/p/how-wikipedia-s-pro-hamas-editors-hijacked-the-israel-palestine-narrative |last=Rindsberg |first=Ashley |date=October 24, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Voz Media |title=At least 40 pro-Hamas Wikipedia editors misrepresented information about Israel |url=https://voz.us/en/world/241025/17537/at-least-40-pro-hamas-wikipedia-editors-misrepresented-information-about-israel.html |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Wikipedia’s anti-Israel propaganda mocks objectivity and destroys its credibility |url=https://www.jns.org/wikipedias-anti-israel-propaganda-mocks-objectivity-and-destroys-its-credibility |last=Shvili |first=Jason |date=November 13, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member ''Tech for Palestine'' Discord channel,<ref name="WikiAS4" /> where the organizers provided the participants in-depth [[training]] (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)<ref name="WikiAS4" /> on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation<ref name="WikiAS4" /> and [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|gaming the rules]] to block others from correcting them.<ref name="WikiAS4" /> Reported examples of their revisionist<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Britannica Dictionary |title=revisionism |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/revisionism |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Liberty University |title=Historical Revisionism: Revising or Rewriting |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2319&context=honors |last=Shank |first=Tyce |year=2022 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Open Research Europe |title=Information manipulation and historical revisionism: Russian disinformation and foreign interference through manipulated history-based narratives |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10509605 |last1=Arribas |first1=Cristina M |last2=Arcos |first2=Rubén |last3=Gértrudix |first3=Manuel |last4=Mikulski |first4=Kamil |last5=Hernández-Escayola |first5=Pablo |last6=Teodor |first6=Mihaela |last7=Novăcescu |first7=Elena |last8=Surdu |first8=Ileana |last9=Stoian |first9=Valentin |last10=García-Jiménez |first10=Antonio |volume=3 |issue=121 |version=1 |doi=10.12688/openreseurope.16087.1 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> edits include<ref name="WikiAS4" /> {| {{Table|hide|sort}} ! !! Summary |- ! Edits | * Removal of "[[Land of Israel]]" from the [[Jew#History|origin of Jews]] in Jewish-related articles * Removal of mentions of 16th century Jewish immigration to Israel in Jewish-related articles * Removal of mentions of [https://embassies.gov.il/holysee/AboutIsrael/the-middle-east/Pages/The%20Hamas-Covenant.aspx Hamas' 1988 charter] which involved the incitement to mass murder of Jews * Removal of mentions of the Palestinian Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's alliance with [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists}} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote="The UN, the organization founded to prevent Nazi ideology from spreading, has committed itself to reinforcing modern-day Nazi Jihadists" said Israel’s UN Ambassador Erdan}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> in Holocaust-related articles * Redefinition of Jews as an "ethnoreligious group and cultural community" from "ethnoreligious group and [[nation]] from the [[Levant]]" in Jewish-related articles |- |} On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors<ref name="Dec12"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia suspends pro-Palestine editors coordinating efforts behind the scenes |url=https://jpost.com/business-and-innovation/article-833180 |date=December 12, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JFeed |title=Wikipedia cracks down: Pro-Palestine editors suspended |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-world/soe1n1 |date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> had been site-banned indefinitely for [[Wikipedia:Canvassing|off-site canvassing]]<ref name="WikiAS4" /><ref name="Dec12" /> and "encouraging other users to [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|game]] the extended confirmed restriction and engage in [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruptive editing]]."<ref name="Dec12" /> Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons.<ref name="Dec12" /> On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign.<ref name="ADLJan2025"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Numerous Anti-Israel Wikipedia Editors, Including Instigators Who Targeted ADL, Banned Following Investigation |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/numerous-anti-israel-wikipedia-editors-including-instigators-who-targeted |date=January 17, 2025 |access-date=January 18, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Wikipedia’s Supreme Court On the Verge of Topic Banning 8 Editors from Israel-Palestine Area |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/378546/wikipedias-supreme-court-on-the-verge-of-topic-banning-8-editors-from-israel-palestine-area |date=January 18, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=ADL: Wikipedia bans several editors for spreading antisemitic rhetoric, misinformation on Gaza war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/adl-wikipedia-bans-several-editors-for-spreading-antisemitic-rhetoric-misinformation-on-gaza-war |date=January 19, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Anti-Israel Wikipedia editors face bans after spreading hate, misinformation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-838298 |date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]'s [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Jonathan Greenblatt commented,<ref name="ADLJan2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[I]t is now imperative for Wikipedia to [...] undo the harm caused by these rogue but prolific editors who [...] wreaked havoc across the platform [. ...] a systemic problem [...] that needs immediate action.}} ===Reddit=== {{Further|Just Asking Questions#Holocaust denial}} On February 20, 2025, an independent journalist announced his findings that over 110 [[Reddit#Subreddits|subreddits]] were controlled by around 30 users who took advantage of the [[Internet forum|forum]]'s [[wikt:loophole|loopholes]] to [[Institutional racism|systematically]] distribute antisemitic [[disinformation]] for [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[Hate group|groups]].<ref name="PWFeb2025">{{cite news |work=Pirate Wire |title=The Terrorist Propaganda to Reddit Pipeline |url=https://www.piratewires.com/p/the-terrorist-propaganda-to-reddit-pipeline |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>The [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].</ref> The [[Method|methods]] involved "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation".<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include ''r/Documentaries'' (20M members), ''r/therewasanattempt'' (7.2M), ''r/PublicFreakout'' (4.7M), ''r/Fauxmoi'' (4.3M), ''r/MorbidReality'' (1.1M), ''r/ToiletPaperUSA'' (440K), ''r/Thatsactuallyverycool'' (277K), ''r/Palestine'' (270K), ''r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM'' (184K) and ''r/boringdystopia'' (94K),<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> from which misinformation was [[Wikipedia:Avoiding POV funnels|funnelled]] to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion,<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored.<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> In particular, the journalist noted:<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The central locus of the network is a 270,000-member subreddit called /Palestine. A Discord server with the same name [...] identifying “comments sections that need more pro Palestinian commentary,” mass upvoting of anti-Israel posts, and downvoting of pro-Israel posts (a practice known as “vote brigading”). The Discord has separate task forces for Quora, TikTok, Instagram, X, and Wikipedia.}} ===Instagram=== {{Main|Instagram#Controversies}} Antisemitism is also common on Instagram.<ref name="InstaAS1" /><ref name="InstaAS2" /> Some [[Celebrity|celebrities]], including Israeli Jewish actresses [[Gal Gadot]]<ref name="GGInsta">{{cite web |website=[[Instagram]] |title=Gal Gadot's official Instagram profile |url=https://www.instagram.com/gal_gadot/?hl=en |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Variety |title=‘Wonder Woman’ Star Gal Gadot Gets Backlash for Statement on Israel-Palestine Violence |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/gal-gadot-israel-palestine-wonder-woman-1234971511 |date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Gal Gadot receives wave of online abuse over Israel-Palestine post |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/gal-gadot-receives-wave-of-online-abuse-over-israel-palestine-tweet |date=May 13, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Antizionists call for boycott of new Snow White film after Gal Gadot cast as Evil Queen |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/antizionists-call-for-boycott-of-new-snow-white-film-after-gal-gadot-cast-as-evil-queen-u6v5sfgs |date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=Following the release of a trailer for Gadot’s new film, Snow White, comments on social media have called for a boycott of the “evil Zionist” actress}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Snow White film faces anti-Israel boycott calls targeting Gal Gadot |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/snow-white-film-faces-anti-israel-boycott-calls-targeting-gal-gadot |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Giving Gal Gadot the poison apple will not liberate Palestinians |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/08/15/giving-gal-gadot-the-poison-apple-will-not-liberate-palestinians |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> and Noa Cohen,<ref name="NCInsta">{{cite web |website=[[Instagram]] |title=Noa Cohen's official Instagram profile |url=https://www.instagram.com/noacohen_official/?hl=en |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Social media outrage after Israeli Jew cast as Jesus’ mother in Netflix biblical epic |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/social-media-outrage-after-israeli-jew-cast-as-jesus-mother-in-netflix-biblical-epic-oprzqyyq |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The film is facing boycott calls from people insisting ‘Jesus was Palestinian’}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='A disgusting Jew': Uproar after Netflix casts Jewish-Israeli actress to play Mary, Jesus's mom |url=https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-829205 |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish |title=Outcry Against Casting an Israeli Jew to Play Mary in Netflix Film |url=https://aish.com/outcry-against-casting-an-israeli-jew-to-play-mary-in-netflix-film |date=November 18, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=On Mary and the Mob: The backlash to the new Netflix film is about something much deeper: the attempt to de-Judaize Christianity. |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/netflix-mary-and-the-mob |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=India Today |title=Netflix's Mary biopic sparks debate over casting Israeli actor Noa Cohen in lead role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/netflixs-mary-biopic-sparks-debate-overasting-israeli-actor-noa-cohen-in-lead-role-2647869-2024-12-10 |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> are also [[Victim|victims]], who have to restrict commenting on their Instagram profiles to reduce antisemitic [[harassment]] from purported pro-Palestinian groups.<ref name="GGInsta" /><ref name="NCInsta" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antiziganism]] * [[Historical revisionism]] * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] {{Commonscat|Antisemitism}} ==Other websites== ===Organizations=== * [https://stopantisemitism.org StopAntisemitism] * [https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en World Jewish Congress] (WJC) * [https://www.wiesenthal.com Simon Wiesenthal Center] (SWC) * [https://eurojewcong.org European Jewish Congress] (EJC) * [https://www.ajc.org American Jewish Committee] (AJC) * [https://combatantisemitism.org Combat Antisemitism Movement] (CAM) ===Academic journals=== * [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rdap21 The Journal of Holocaust Research] * [https://academic.oup.com/hgs/pages/learning-resources Holocaust and Genocide Studies] (HGS) * [https://londonantisemitism.com/jca Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism] (JCA) ===Research institutes=== * [https://isgap.org Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy] (ISGAP) * [https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania]{{efn|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea [https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/f/522718.pdf Holocaustului] din România „[[Elie Wiesel]]”''|group=lower-alpha}} ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bias]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Antisemitism| ]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Discrimination]] 93onzko5k6p9qtz1hbdbo3cyn2fuh32 10330196 10330194 2025-06-14T15:40:15Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Judaism}} '''Antisemitism''' is the [[bias]], [[prejudice]] or [[discrimination]] against [[Jew|Jews]].{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="Analyses"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |year=2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> A [[synonym]] of antisemitism is Judeophobia,<ref name="J"> * {{cite book |title=Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674487789 |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Press |date=October 1, 1998 |isbn=9780674487789 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |title=Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753239 |last=Hayes |first=Christine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pages=261–273 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |jstor=stable/40753239 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Demonizing-the-Other-Antisemitism-Racism-and-Xenophobia/Wistrich/p/book/9780415516198?srsltid=AfmBOorY99Ri7050fJeXI_aVojJOJ6Cgs9H9BzucjIJaNJ0g1VHmWr2v |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=December 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Opinion {{!}} Antisemitism? Better Call It Judeophobia |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2020-11-24/ty-article-opinion/.premium/antisemitism-better-call-it-judeophobia/0000017f-e187-d75c-a7ff-fd8fb67f0000 |last=Sand |first=Shlomo |date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Israel Today |title=It’s Not Antisemitism, It’s Judeophobia. What’s the Difference and Why You Should Know |url=https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/its-not-antisemitism-its-judeophobia-whats-the-difference-and-why-you-should-know |date=July 1, 2021 |last=Sadan |first=Tsvi |access-date=December 3, 2024 }}</ref> preferred by those considering "antisemitism" [[Ambiguity|ambiguous]].<ref name="J" /> ==Overview== [[Human history]] has been full of antisemitism,<ref name="J" /> the worst instance of which is [[the Holocaust]],<ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> while the most common form of antisemitism is [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=University of Edinburgh Research Archive |title=Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/10586 |last=Robertson |first=David George |date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/767680 |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |pages=371–387 |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2020 |doi=10.2979/antistud.4.2.06 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |title=What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-00767-001 |last1=Kofta |first1=Mirosław |last2=Soral |first2=Wiktor |last3=Bilewicz |first3=Michał |pages=900–918 |volume=118 |issue=5 |doi=10.1037/pspa0000183 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Handbook of UFO Religions |chapter=Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435537/BP000017.xml |last=Robertson |first=David G. |pages=178–196 |doi=10.1163/9789004435537_009 |year=2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy |chapter=Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003014751-33/conspiracy-theories-secret-religions-imagining-david-robertson |last=Robertson |first=David G. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003014751 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=New German Critique |title=Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27669225 |last=Knight |first=Peter |issue=103 |pages=165–193 |publisher=[[Duke University]] Press |year=2008 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories and Violent Extremism on the Far Right: a Public Health Approach to Counter-Radicalization |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/2.1.19/pdf |last=Byington |first=Bradley |doi=10.26613/jca/2.1.19 |date=December 19, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics |title=Antisemitic conspiracy fantasy in the age of digital media: Three ‘conspiracy theorists’ and their YouTube audiences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963947020971997 |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Buarque |first2=Beatriz L |last3=Flores |first3=Daniel Barker |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0963947020971997 |date=December 27, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Polyphony |title=Does Antisemitism Provide the Blueprint for Nearly All Conspiracy Theories? |url=https://www.polyphonyjournal.com/_files/ugd/110a40_815d58f1316344cb8a302a1e972e483d.pdf#page=35 |last=Dye |first=Isobel |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=American Studies Press |date=June 24, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination |chapter=The Psychology of Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003399162-14/psychology-contemporary-antisemitism-neil-kressel |last=Kressel |first=Neil J. |edition=3 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003399162 |year=2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> The [[adjective]] of antisemitism is '''antisemitic'''. Those with antisemitic views are called '''antisemites'''.<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet magazine |title=Intersectional Antisemitism in America |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/intersectional-antisemitism-america |last=Vidino |first=Lorenzo |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of [[Progressivism|progressive]] principles while espousing the same [[#Lies about Jews|trite tropes]] that depict [[#Modern|Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism]], [[colonialism]] (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and white privilege.}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Anti-Zionism’ has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland |url=https://fathomjournal.org/anti-zionism-has-become-the-new-antisemitism-in-ireland |last=Sears |first=Oliver |year=2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spiked |title=Who is the Guardian to call spiked ‘hard right’? |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2024/12/09/who-is-the-guardian-to-call-spiked-hard-right |last=Slater |first=Tom |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=While it [[Smear campaign|smears]] us as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]], it stands accused of harbouring [[Misogyny|misogynists]] and anti-Semites.}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau’s Canada |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/explosion-of-jew-hate-in-canada-trudeau-israel-palestine |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] or antisemites of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing variety]]. They are being carried out by self-described [[Progressivism|progressives]], Arabs [... .]}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Pity the Poor Antisemite |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377749/pity-the-poor-antisemite |last=Socken |first=Paul |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.}}</ref> ===Recent trend=== {{Main|Holocaust denial|Holocaust inversion|Holocaust trivialization}} [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|[[Black Hebrew Israelites]], who refuse to believe that [[Jesus]] was [[Jew|Jewish]], protested in [[San Diego, California]] against the long-standing [[Painting|depiction]] of Jesus as a "[[White people|White man]]" rather than a [[Black people|Black man]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|A [[propaganda]] [[poster]] made by the Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) implying that [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Native Americans]] are the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of the [[Tribes of Israel|Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israelites|Israel]]. The BHI allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White [[Imperialism|imperialists]] into different [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] across the [[Western hemisphere]].]] On 14 January 2025, American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) announced the findings of their newest global survey (58,000 respondents) that 46% of the world's adult population (around 2,200,000,000 people) held deeply entrenched antisemitic views.<ref name="Jan2025I">{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Among the respondents, 56% thought that Jews were "only loyal to Israel" while 46% [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews had too much power over global affairs"]].<ref name="Jan2025I" /> 76% of those in the [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]] (MENA) are found to agree with 11 negative [[Stereotype|stereotypes]] of Jews,<ref name="Jan2025I" /> the highest of all regions.<ref name="Jan2025I" /> Meanwhile, [[Kuwait]] and [[Indonesia]] are found to have highest % of such.<ref name="Jan2025II">{{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Deeply Alarming' {{!}} Kuwait and Indonesia Top List of World's Most Antisemitic Countries, Global Survey Shows |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-01-14/ty-article/.premium/kuwait-and-indonesia-top-list-of-worlds-most-antisemitic-countries-global-survey-shows/00000194-5f7d-df8d-abbd-dfffe5250000 |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Regarding [[the Holocaust]], only 48% of the respondents recognized its historical accuracy, with the percentage being the lowest (39%) among the age group 18–34,<ref name="Jan2025II" /> contrary to the common academic leftist belief that the young is least likely to be [[Racism|racist]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] (WSJ) |title=Nearly Half of Adults Worldwide Hold Antisemitic Views, Survey Finds |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/nearly-half-of-adults-worldwide-hold-antisemitic-views-survey-finds-574a1766 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=Antisemitism has surged, especially among the young, as the Holocaust fades from collective memory}}</ref> ==Etymology== American [[historian]] [[Deborah Lipstadt]] and several antisemitism experts said that the word ''antisemitism'' was invented by anti-Jewish [[German nationalism|German nationalist]] [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Marr Wilhelm Marr] in his [[tract]] ''Path to Victory of Germanism Over Judaism'' to refer to the [[prejudice]] against Jews, which he deemed necessary for the German [[Race (sociology)|race]] to stop Jews (the leading group of ''[[Semites]]'' in Europe back then) from [[Subversion|subverting]] the [[Germany#Culture|German culture]].<ref name="O">{{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism? |last=Bard |first=Mitchell |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/anti-semitism-or-antisemitism |access-date=November 4, 2024}}</ref> Despite ''Semites'' including other [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] ethnic groups,<ref name="Semite"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Semite {{!}} #TranslateHate {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Semite |access-date=January 16, 2025 |quote=Given the term’s [[Linguistics|linguistic]] origins [...] some Arabic speakers say they cannot be antisemitic because they are “Semites” too [...] these claims are actually a [[Example|manifestation]] of turn of the [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century|century European]] [[racism]] [. ...] the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]], have said they cannot be antisemitic because they “are the Semitic people.” [[Celebrity]] [[Kanye West|Kanye (Ye) West]] echoed this [[Delusion|belief]] [. ...which] is an example of the [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic claim]] that [[Jewish diaspora|today’s Jews]] are not [[Descendant|descended]] from the [[Israelites|Jews of the Bible]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Encyclopedia Britannica: Arab, Semitic people can't be called antisemitic |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-695378 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=January 16, 2025 |quote=Excluding Arabs and Semitic people from being labeled antisemitic because of their "Semitism" is what is called a "etymological fallacy" -- When the archaic root words or original meaning of a term are used to make an argument about the current meaning or even the generally accepted definition.}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Origins and concept of anti-Semitism |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/anti-Semitism |access-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref> German nationalists like Wilhelm Marr referred to Jews as ''Semites'' specifically.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> [[Semantics|Semantically]], ''antisemitism'' cannot be assumed as the prejudice against all ''Semitic'' groups, or it would constitute the etymological fallacy (using a word's ancient meaning to make a point about its current meaning).<ref name="Semite" /> Moreover, the word covers Jews who practice [[Judaism]], Jews who [[Religious conversion|converted]] to [[Christianity]] and those with traceable Jewish [[ancestry]],<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> all of whom can be victims of antisemitism.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ===Spelling=== The term is spelled by some as ''anti-Semitism'', but such [[spelling]] is [[Controversy|controversial]]. Historians have pointed out that ''anti-Semitism'' is misleading as there is no such an [[ideology]] as "Semitism" that can be opposed,<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> while the [[concept]] ''[[Semites]]'' [[Derivation|derived]] from [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] 19th-century [[scientific racism]].<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ==Lies about Jews== ===Ancient=== # Jews killed Jesus<ref name="A1"> * James Parkes, ''Prelude to Dialogue'' (London: 1969) p. 153; cited in Wilken, p. xv. * {{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Adolf M. |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315026954-11/john-chrysostom-jews-reconsideration-adolf-ritter |chapter=John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration |editor-first=Tamila |editor-last=Mgaloblishvili |title=Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus |doi=10.4324/9781315026954-11 |isbn=9781315026954}} * {{cite book |last=Brustein |first=Willian I. |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-77308-3 |page=52}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Levine |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |title=The Jewish Annotated New Testament |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=2011}}</ref><ref name="A2"> * {{cite journal |journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory |title=The Roman Catholic Church, the Holocaust, and the demonization of the Jews. Response to “Benjamin and us: Christanity, its Jews, and history” by Jeanne Favret-Saada |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.14318/hau4.3.020 |last=Kertzer |first=David I. |pages=329–333 |volume=4 |issue=3 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |location=[[Brown University]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=OPEN ACCESS}} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-from-the-early-church-to-1400 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |title=The resurrection of Christian antisemitism |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=6 October 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/02/15/tory-mayor-salisbury-atiqul-hoque-expelled-antisemitism |title=Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death' |date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=October 15, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism |title=Radical Traditional Catholicism |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> # Jews betrayed their [[Prophet|prophets]]<ref name="A1" /><ref name="A2" /> # [[Accusations of Jewish anti-Christianity|Jews conspire against Christianity]]<ref name="A3">{{cite book |url=http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |title=The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2003 |access-date=15 August 2014 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815143023/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== # Jews take [[blood]] from Christian [[Baby|babies]] for [[Judaism|rituals]] ('''blood libel''')<ref name="A3" /><ref> * {{cite book |first=Gane S. |last=Gerber |date=1986 |title=History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhatedimen0000unse |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |isbn=0827602677 |page=88}} * {{cite book |first=John |last=Kelly |date=2005 |title=The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0060006921 |page=242}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/177/1561.htm |title=Iranian TV Blood Libel: Jewish Rabbis Killed Hundreds of European Children to use Their Blood for Passover Holiday & Discussion on Holocaust Denial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604135837/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/177/1561.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |date=22 December 2005}}</ref> # Jews [[worship]] [[Satan]]<ref name="A1" /><ref name="A2" /> # Jews [[poison]] [[Well|wells]] to cause [[Epidemic|epidemics]], including the [[14th century]] [[Black Death]]<ref name="A3" /><ref> * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot'}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim}}</ref> ===Modern=== # Jews [[Conspiracy|control]] [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|mass media]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Láníček |first1=Jan |title=Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-31747-6 |language=en}}</ref> # Jews [[Influence|control]] [[Bank|banks]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth |url=http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112040544/http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> # Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|control governments around the world]]<ref> * {{cite journal |first=Svetlana |last=Boym |title=Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and ''The Protocols of Zion'' |journal=Comparative Literature |date=Spring 1999 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=97–122 |doi=10.2307/1771244 |jstor=1771244}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/conspiracy-myths/the-myth-that-jews-control-the-world |title=The Myth that Jews Control the World |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism |title=The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/violent-impact-anti-semitic-conspiracy |last=S. Broschowitz |first=Michael |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |last1=Alderman |first1=G. |title=The Jewish Community in British Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishcommunityi0000alde |date=1983 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=[[Oxford]] |page=102}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |last1=Herf |first1=Jeffrey |title=The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |year=2005 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=51–80 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dci003 |s2cid=143944355}} * {{cite web |website=domino.un.org |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] |title=Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs |access-date=30 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121228183944/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |archive-date=28 December 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Sidney |last=Schwarz |year=2006 |title=Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World |publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |isbn=1-58023-312-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw/page/96 96] |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw}} * {{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Philip |title=Debunking the myth of Jewish communism |date=2010}}</ref> # Jews create [[War|wars]] and revolutions around the [[world]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |date=July 2012 |title=The war against the Jews |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241713271 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=319–343 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2012.689514 |s2cid=144144725}}</ref> ===Contemporary=== {{Further|Secondary antisemitism}} # Jews are [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]]<ref> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025}} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494]}} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref><ref> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours.}} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> # Jews are fake European converts to [[Judaism]] [[Descendant|descended]] from the [[Khazars]]<ref>* {{Cite book |chapter= Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots |title= The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism |last= Harkabi |first= Yehoshafat |editor-last= Fein |editor-first= Helen |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |year= 1987 |orig-year= 1968 |pages= 412–427 |isbn= 978-3-11-010170-6 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uHWG1pDCtNgC&pg=PA424 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |title = The story of a euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature 353-372 |last = Schnirelmann |first = Victor A. |editor1-last = Golden |editor1-first = Peter B. |editor2-last = Ben-Shammai |editor2-first = Haggai |editor3-last = Róna-Tas |editor3-first = András |encyclopedia = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives |series = Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume = 17 |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year = 2007a |pages = 353–372 |isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ }} * {{cite news |title= Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews? |last= Singerman |first= Robert |newspaper= Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series 2004 |year= 2004 |url= https://www.academia.edu/5289705 |access-date= 1 March 2014 |archive-date= 23 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123064422/https://www.academia.edu/5289705 |url-status= dead }} * {{cite book |chapter = Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Case of Lev Gumilev |last = Rossman |first = Vadim Joseph |title = Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism |editor-last = Shlapentokh |editor-first = Dmitry |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-9-004-15415-5 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EnsHyxPZfOIC&pg=PA134 }} * Rory Miller(2020) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429026034-2/anti-zionist-jewish-khazar-syndrome-official-british-mind-rory-miller The anti-Zionist ‘Jewish Khazar’ syndrome in the official British mind]</ref><ref name="BHI"> * {{cite book |title=Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg5gs |last=Faber |first=Eli |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University|NYU]] Press |edition=1 |jstor=j.ctt9qg5gs |isbn=978-0814726396 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |date=December 2022}} * {{cite web |website=[[UC Davis]] |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/blog/curiosity/what-are-myths-facts-about-hebrew-israelites |title=What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent |date=4 January 2023}} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/caa-launches-four-part-debunked-black-hebrew-israelites-instagram-series |title=CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> # Jews ran the [[Atlantic slave trade]]<ref name="BHI" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Workers’ Liberty |title=Scapegoating Jews for the slave trade? |url=https://workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/scapegoating-jews-slave-trade |last=Katz |first=Dan |date=September 11, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |last=Hughes |first=Coleman |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=Paul Coates, father of journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates, republishing antisemitic screed 'The Jewish Onslaught' |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/paul-coates-antisemitic-conspiracy-theory-slave-trade-the-jewish-onslaught |date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> # Jews created the [[AIDS]] and [[COVID-19]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/covid-19-blaming-the-jews-for-the-plague-again |title=COVID-19: Blaming the Jews for the Plague, Again |last=Topor |first=Lev |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |url=https://besacenter.org/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-jews |title=Anti-Jewish Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories in Historical Context |author=Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld |date=31 March 2020 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-771415 |title='Jewish Space Lasers': Rothschild antisemitic canards that refuse to die - review |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Scientific Reports |title=Correlation between coronavirus conspiracism and antisemitism: a cross-sectional study in the United Kingdom |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41794-y |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Hirsh |first2=David |last3=Katz |first3=Louise |volume=13 |issue=21104 |date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 15, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=How Antisemites, Extremists and Conspiracy Theorists are Exploiting the Anti-Vax Movement |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/how-antisemites-extremists-and-conspiracy-theorists-are-exploiting-anti-vax |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> ==MENA== {{Further|History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Calls for the destruction of Israel|Palestinian political violence}} ===Background=== [[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|The [[Genocidal massacre|massacre]] of the Banu Qurayza, a Jewish [[tribe]] in [[Medina]], 627 [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] Jews started living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 6th century [[Before Christ|BC]], when [[Babylonia|Babylonian Empire]]'s conquest of the [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]] forced Jews out of [[Judea]]. Successive [[Immigration|waves]] of Jewish [[Exile|exiles]] – caused by alternating conquests of Judea – made Jews the leading ethnoreligious group<ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who Are the Jews? {{!}} AJC - American Jewish Committee |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-are-the-jews |access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref> in the Arabian Peninsula, where [[Judaism]] stood in contrast to the [[Polytheism|multi-god]] [[Paganism|religion]] of ancient Arabs,<ref name="A">{{cite book |title=The origin of the Jews of Yathrib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg=PA4 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |pages=4–5 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004138827}}</ref> many of whom had arrived later than the Jews due to their [[Nomad|nomadic]] nature.<ref name="A" /> ===Middle Ages=== Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims [[Muslim conquests|conquered the Peninsula]], when they, along with other conquered [[indigenous peoples]], were required to pay ''[[Poll tax|jizya]]'' in exchange for their existence to be tolerated.<ref name="A" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674283589/html |last=Cohen |first=Amnon |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674283589 |year=1984 |isbn=9780674283572 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Islam: State And Society |chapter=Administration In The Islamic State: An Interpretation Of The Terms “Dhimma” And “Jizya” |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203060957-9/administration-islamic-state-interpretation-terms-dhimma-jizya-j%C3%B8rgen-b%C3%A6k-simonsen |last=Simonsen |first=Jørgen Bæk |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203060957 |year=2004 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies |title=What Do You Know? Dhimmi, Jewish Legal Status under Muslim Rule |url=https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/what-do-you-know-dhimmi-jewish-legal-status-under-muslim-rule |last=Wagner |first=Mark |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> The payment of ''jizya'' granted Jews the status of ''dhimmi'' under which they were prohibited – under the threat of [[execution]] – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing [[Judaism#Basic beliefs|Jewish]] ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman.<ref name="B"> * {{cite book |title=La Cité Musulmane. Vie Sociale et Politique |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Cit%C3%A9-Musulmane-Vie-Sociale-Politique-Gardet/14971474082/bd |last=Gardet |first=Louis |page=348 |publisher=Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |edition=2 |year=1954 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |lang=fr}} * {{cite book |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-dhimmi-jews-christians-under-islam/author/ye%27or-bat |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |pages=43–44; 56–57 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=9781611470796 |year=1985 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |lang=en-us}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=The Qur’an: Israel Is Not for the Jews |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-quran-israel-not-for-jews#_ftn9 |last=Spencer |first=Robert |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=San Diego Jewish World |title=Israeli Scholar Explains Religious Conflicts Between Jews and Muslims |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/21/israeli-scholar-explains-religious-conflicts-between-jews-and-muslims |last=Gershenson |first=Miriam |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: The Treatment of Jews |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries#N_4_ |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Jews were also not allowed to<ref name="B" /> * drink wine in public * [[Jockey|ride]] [[Horse|horses]] or [[Camel|camels]] * [[Prayer|pray]] or [[Mourning|mourn]] in loud voices * build [[Synagogue|synagogues]] taller than mosques * construct [[House|houses]] taller than Muslim houses ===21st century=== ====2010s==== Antisemitism is extremely common in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).<ref name="Analyses" /> In 2011, the [[Pew Research Center]] polled a significant number of [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] countries' citizens, where [[Muslims]] are the [[majority]]. Most of the interviewees were hostile to Jews. Only 2% of [[Egyptians]], 3% of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Muslims and 2% of [[Jordan|Jordanians]] reported feeling good about Jews.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2011|title=Muslim-Western Tensions Persist - Pew Research Center|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/07/21/muslim-western-tensions-persist|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Some [[Academia|scholars]] believe that [[mass media]] have played a significant role in such [[phenomenon]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/western-media-misguided-narrative-about-al-jazeera |title=The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera |date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/05/20/qatari-funded-al-jazeera-arabic-channel-fires-journalists-holocaust |title=Qatari-funded Al Jazeera Arabic channel suspends journalists over 'Holocaust denial' video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News (TV channel)|BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48335169 |title=Al Jazeera suspends journalists for Holocaust denial video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/11/24/al-jazeera-must-register-as-a-foreign-agent-of-qatar |title=Al Jazeera Must Register as a Foreign Agent |date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://m.jpost.com/middle-east/al-jazeeras-holocaust-legacy-justification-alongside-outright-denial-800079 |title=Al-Jazeera’s Holocaust legacy: Justification alongside outright denial |date=May 6, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |work=[[Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Jazeera |title=Al Jazeera {{!}} News Channel, History, & Qatar {{!}} Britannica |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Media Bias / Fact Check |title=Al Jazeera – Bias and Credibility |url=https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/al-jazeera |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Honest Reporting |url=https://honestreporting.com/tag/middle-east-eye |title=Middle East Eye |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ad Fontes Media |title=Al Jazeera Website Bias and Reliability |url=https://adfontesmedia.com/al-jazeera-bias-and-reliability |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Enterprise Institute |url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/middle-east/qatars-other-covert-media-arm |title=Qatar’s Other Covert Media Arm |date=July 25, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Scottish Daily Express |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/what-middle-east-eye-shadowy-32241918 |title=What is 'Middle East Eye' - the shadowy Qatar-linked news outlet that interviewed Humza Yousaf |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Further data are presented as follows. {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in the MENA (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- |'''Palestine''' |align=right| {{bartable|93||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Iraq''' |align=right| {{bartable|92||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Yemen''' |align=right| {{bartable|88||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Algeria''' |align=right| {{bartable|87||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Libya''' |align=right| {{bartable|87||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Tunisia''' |align=right| {{bartable|86||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Kuwait''' |align=right| {{bartable|82||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Jordan''' |align=right| {{bartable|81||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Bahrain''' |align=right| {{bartable|81||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Qatar''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Morocco''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''United Arab Emirates |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Lebanon''' |align=right| {{bartable|78||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Oman''' |align=right| {{bartable|76||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Egypt''' |align=right| {{bartable|75||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Saudi Arabia''' |align=right| {{bartable|74||2||background:#7B3F00}} |} ==Sub-Saharan Africa== {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in sub-Saharan Africa (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Senegal''' |align=right| {{bartable|53||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Mauritius''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''South Africa''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Cameroon''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Kenya''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Botswana''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Côte D'Ivoire''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Nigeria''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Uganda''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Ghana''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Tanzania''' |align=right| {{bartable|12||2||background:#7FFF00}} |} The % of [[South Africa]]'s population holding biases against Jews rose to 47% in 2019 from 38% in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The ADL GLOBAL 100: An Index of Antisemitism – South Africa |url=https://global100.adl.org/country/south-africa/2019 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Since the [[Israel–Hamas war]] started on 7 October 2023, there has been an upsurge in [[harassment]] and [[violence]] against Jews in South Africa.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=South Africa’s antisemitic firestorm |url=https://www.jns.org/south-africas-antisemitic-firestorm |last=Mascarini |first=Saadia |date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] (FT) |title=South African Jewish community unnerved by Israel genocide case |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59acd176-1034-43c6-ac8a-ba9959520057 |date=January 24, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=Row over young [[cricket]] captain exposes social rift as [[Pretoria]] pursues landmark International Court of Justice lawsuit}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |title=In Washington Mission, WJC and South African Jewish Board of Deputies Highlight Surge in Antisemitism |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-and-sajbd-highlight-antisemitism-in-washington-dc |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=New Lines Magazine |title=South Africa’s Stance on Palestine Opens Questions About Apartheid and History |url=https://newlinesmag.com/argument/south-africas-stance-on-palestine-opens-questions-about-apartheid-and-history |last=Dana |first=Joseph |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Exposing the Corruption Behind South Africa’s ICJ Case: An Interview With ISGAP Executive Director, Dr. Charles Asher Small |url=https://honestreporting.com/exposing-the-corruption-behind-south-africas-icj-case-an-interview-with-isgap-executive-director-dr-charles-asher-small |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Daily Express |title=South Africa accused of 'plain antisemitism' after 'sacking' Jewish cricket captain |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/cricket/1856730/South-Africa-antisemitism-David-Teeger-cricket-news |date=January 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=South African politician accuses rivals of selling Cape Town to Jews |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/south-african-politician-accuses-rivals-of-selling-cape-town-to-jews-b12rnl0m |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=National Freedom Party figure says 'we will not allow you to [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|make this a Jewish state]]'}} * {{cite news |work=South African Jewish Report (SAJR) |title=UCT prof targeted for exam depicting antisemitism |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/uct-prof-targeted-for-exam-depicting-antisemitism |date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=South African Jewish Report (SAJR) |title=Nothing to be gained from silence about antisemitism |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/nothing-to-be-gained-from-silence-about-antisemitism |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=South African Jewish community condemns president for silence after explosive thrown at JCC |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-833971 |date=December 18, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Between 7 October and 31 December 2023, attacks on Jews rose by 631% in South Africa as compared to the same period in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=‘There is No Antisemitism Here,’ South African Justice Minister Claims, Despite 631 Percent Increase in Attacks on Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/31/there-is-no-antisemitism-here-south-african-justice-minister-claims-despite-631-percent-increase-in-attacks-on-jews |date=January 31, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> ==Europe== [[File:Expulsion judios-en selection.svg|thumb|[[Map]] of expulsions of [[Jew#Middle Ages|Jews]] from various European regions, [[Circa|ca.]] [[12th century|1100]]–[[16th century|1600]] [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] ===Before 20th century=== {{Main|Jews#History|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}}{{Further|Tomás de Torquemada}} ===20th Century=== {{Main|Pogrom|Nazi Germany}} [[Image:Haus der Deutschen Kunst, Nazi Germany Grundsteinlegung 15.10.1933 House of German Art foundation stone. Hilter, Esser, Nuntius Vasallo di Torregrossa. Heute versteh ich Sie. NSDAP Propaganda Reichstagswahl 12 Nov Election poster xx1990.tif|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] (1889–1945) shaking hands with Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), a high-ranking [[The Vatican|Vatican]] [[clergy]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Nazi Germany]].]] ====The Holocaust==== {{Main|The Holocaust|List of Nazi concentration camps|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}{{Further|Kristallnacht|Babi Yar|Ante Pavelić|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} [[File:"Nebuď služobníkom žida"—Slovak propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|A poster from the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)]]: ''"Do not be a [[servant]] to the Jew: he who associates with a Jew will sink down to his level."'']][[File:Jože Beranek - V usodnem trenutku nož v hrbet.jpeg|thumb|Antisemitic poster in Nazi-occupied Slovenia saying "A knife in the back at the fateful moment", referring to the stab-in-the-back myth popular among Germans back then.]] The Holocaust was a [[genocide]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=The ten stages of genocide |url=https://hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=What is Genocide? {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not “Genocide” |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-reasons-why-the-events-in-gaza-are-not-genocide |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Genocide {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> committed by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. It was known as the ''[[Final Solution]]''. The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to at least 6,000,000 Jews – 67% of European Jews back then.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> The [[Mein Kampf|planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Anne Frank House |title=Adolf Hitler publishes ‘Mein Kampf’ |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/6/adolf-hitler-publishes-mein-kampf |date=July 18, 1925 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title='Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave/2015/02/24/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |last=Faiola |first=Anthony |date=February 24, 2015}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fascism |title=Latvia’s ''Pērkonkrusts'': Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2211624915000066#fn8 |last=Kott |first=Matthew |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |date=November 23, 2015 |doi=10.1163/22116257-00402007 |access-date=October 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=German History |title=Hitler’s Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/41/1/134/6847778?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |last2=Michalczyk |first2=Susan A. |last3=Bryant |first3=Michael S. |date=November 26, 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== In a 2013 [[Statistical survey|survey]] of 5,847 Jews in [[Europe]], 76% [[Perception|thought]] that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about [[Emigration|moving]] [[List of countries|countries]] as they [[Feeling|felt]] [[Danger|unsafe]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] |title=Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf |year=2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> A 2023 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] survey found that as many as one-third of [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] believed in [[#Lies about Jews|stereotypes of Jews]]. This was reportedly worse in some Eastern European countries, particularly [[Hungary]] (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-finds-harmful-antisemitic-stereotypes-remain-deeply-entrenched |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> In [[Eastern Europe]], the level of antisemitism is found to be high.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-eastern-europe |date=December 17, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish group’s report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|acts]] in [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Poland]] in 2022, more than 4 times the total [[Statistics|cited]] by the [[European Union]] the [[2021|previous year]]}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |title=Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/10/23/middle-east-conflict-sparks-uptick-in-anti-semitic-incidents-in-south-east-europe |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Israel–Hamas war|Ongoing violence]] in [[Israel–Palestine conflict|Israel-Palestine]] is being [[Correlation|linked]] to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] [[vandalism]] of [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[Memorial|sites]] in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Balkans|South-Eastern Europe]].}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Opinion|Remarks]] by rights chief come as civil society groups [[Advocacy|warn of]] a rise in antisemitism amid [[Israel-Hamas war]]}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] (FRA) |title=Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/jews-europe-still-face-high-levels-antisemitism |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=How Jewish journalist Ruth Elkrief wound up in the middle of France’s debate over antisemitism and Islamophobia |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/02/21/global/how-jewish-journalist-ruth-elkrief-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-frances-debate-over-antisemitism-and-islamophobia |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=An Inconvenient Truth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/inconvenient-truth-germany-antisemitism-august-hanning |last=Hanning |first=August |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former German Intelligence head blames far-left and Muslim migrants for growing antisemitism |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/former-german-intelligence-head-blames-muslim-migrants-for-growing-antisemitism-dzram88h |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=German MPs to name Muslim Jew-hatred as antisemitism vector |url=https://www.jns.org/german-mps-to-name-muslim-jew-hatred-as-antisemitism-vector |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=From Nazis to Jihadists: Antisemitism, the cancer of the West |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkbkamcz1x |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Antisemitism Among Migrant Populations in Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/antisemitism-among-migrant-populations-in-europe |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=European Muslim Antisemitism: Why Young Urban Males Say They Don't Like Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzdvm |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt16gzdvm |year=2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Pop Islam: How Germany is tackling the new Islamic antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/pop-islam-how-germany-is-tackling-the-new-islamic-antisemitism |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |year=2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Wall Street Journal (WSJ) |title=Antisemitism Among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=National Review |title=How Mass Immigration Makes Antisemitism Worse |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/12/how-mass-immigration-makes-antisemitism-worse |last=Murray |first=Douglas |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Greece''' |align=right| {{bartable|69||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Armenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|58||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Poland''' |align=right| {{bartable|45||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bulgaria''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Serbia''' |align=right| {{bartable|42||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hungary''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belarus''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''France''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Azerbaijan''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Lithuania''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Romania''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Croatia''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bosnia and Herzegovina''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Georgia''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Russia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Moldova''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Spain''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Montenegro''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Latvia''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Austria''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Slovenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belgium''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Germany''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Switzerland''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Estonia''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Portugal''' |align=right| {{bartable|21||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ireland''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Italy''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Iceland''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Norway''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Finland''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Czech Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Denmark''' |align=right| {{bartable|9||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''United Kingdom''' |align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Netherlands''' |align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Sweden''' |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:#8000FF}} |} ===Ireland=== {{Main|Antisemitism in Ireland}} [[File:Banner of the Blueshirts.svg|thumb|The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB"> * {{cite news |work=The Irish Times |title=Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/eoin-o-duffy-the-blueshirts-and-fascism-1.413587 |date=February 9, 2005 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism |url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/books/the-jew-at-the-centre-of-irish-nationalism-cfdvxcyw |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ireland Israel Alliance |title=Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history |url=https://www.irelandisrael.ie/blog/anti-semitism-in-ireland |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Fascist Lit and Hungary’s Future |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/hungary-viktor-orban-anti-semitism |last=Goldman |first=David P. |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=TPQ |title=Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism |url=https://www.thepensivequill.com/2021/09/fine-gaels-historical-flirtations-with.html |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts''.]][[File:Blueshirts leadership, circa 1934.jpg|thumb|Pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB" /> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts'' marching down the street.]] ====Overview==== Ireland has been predominantly [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] throughout [[History of Ireland|history]].<ref name="IRH"> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social History |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786692 |last=Miller |first=David W. |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |jstor=3786692 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Saothar |title='As Catholic As The Pope': James Connolly and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195983 |last1=Newsinger |first1=John |last2=Newsinger |first2=James |year=1986 |volume=11 |pages=7–18 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |title=Catholic Identity in Contemporary Ireland: Belief and Belonging to Tradition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537900701331064 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/13537900701331064 |last=Inglis |first=Tom |date=September 21, 2010 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Furrow |title=Catholic Ireland: Past, Present and Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24635656 |last=Martin |first=Diarmuid |volume=64 |issue=6 |year=2013 |pages=323–331 |jstor=24635656 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/cambridge-social-history-of-modern-ireland/69A9E4021C3E3C24751B9C5E92AE6FE2 |last1=Biagini |first1=Eugenio F. |last2=Daly |first2=Mary E. |date=April 27, 2017 |isbn=9781107095588 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.<ref name="IRH" /> ====Modern period==== Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the [[Spanish Inquisition|Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews]] (1478–1834),<ref> * {{cite book |title=Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137465900 |last=O’Connor |first=Thomas |year=2016 |doi=10.1057/9781137465900 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Maynooth University Department of History |title=Role of Irish people in the Spanish Inquisition explored |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/history/news/role-irish-people-spanish-inquisition-explored |date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Denis Casey |title=The Irish-Spanish Inquisition Alliance |url=https://deniscasey.com/2023/06/29/the-irish-spanish-inquisition-alliance |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska]] Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2014140 |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> a charge slapped on Jews who were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to [[Christianity]] under [[Spanish Empire#Colonization|Catholic Spanish rule]].<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ====20th century==== Throughout the [[Nazi Germany#History|1930s]] and [[The Holocaust|1940s]], pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="IR4"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Historical Journal |title=The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140154 |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=1155–1183 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |jstor=4140154 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=Irish Republicanism and Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/IrishRepublicanismandNaziGermany |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=The IRA's Links with Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/TheIRAslinkswithNaziGermany |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Britain, Ireland and the Second World War |chapter=Fanatic Hearts: the IRA, 1939–45 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/16478/chapter-abstract/171672488?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Wood |first=Ian S. |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623273.003.0005 |year=2010 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=Govt apologises for treatment of Irish WWII veterans |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-wwii-veterans-allies-apology-484431-Jun2012 |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Irish Times |title=Ireland and the Nazis: a troubled history |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/ireland-and-the-nazis-a-troubled-history-1.3076579 |last=O'Driscoll |first=Mervyn |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> which was fighting Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /> In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG"> * {{cite book |title=Hitler's Irishmen |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781856355896/Hitlers-Irishmen-Terence-OReilly-1856355896/plp |last=O'Reilly |first=Terence |edition=1 |isbn=1856355896 |publisher=The Mercier Press Ltd. |location=Dublin |year=2008 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Devil's Deal: The IRA, Nazi Germany and the Double Life of Jim O Donovan |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781848400801/Devils-Deal-IRA-Nazi-Germany-1848400802/plp |last=Donoghue |first=Dave O |isbn=1848400802 |year=2010 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=IRA leader Seán Russell and the story of Dublin's most controversial statue |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/sean-russell-statue-3549072-Aug2017 |last=Duffy |first=Rónán |date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Seán Russell: IRA 'militarist' or Nazi sympathiser? |url=https://independent.ie/irish-news/sean-russell-ira-militarist-or-nazi-sympathiser/39242537.html |last=Downing |first=John |date=May 30, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |title=Hitler Looks West |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27132618 |last=Whelan |first=Barry |pages=62–73 |volume=111 |issue=441 |publisher=Messenger Publications |jstor=27132618 |year=2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in [[Northern Ireland]]<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|owned by "Jews and Freemasons"]].<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Declassified [[MI5]] documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Russell told a Nazi official:<ref>{{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=Russell not a Nazi supporter but a physical-force republican |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/russell-not-a-nazi-supporter-but-a-physical-force-republican/28219955.html |date=January 14, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The British have been our enemies for hundreds of years. They are the enemy of Germany today. If it suits Germany to give us help to achieve independence, I am willing to accept it, but no more, and there must be no strings attached.}} Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the [[Nuremberg Trials]]:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the [[Military occupation|occupation]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, [[ammunition]] and [[Explosive|explosives]].}} Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=Frank Ryan{{efn|A deputy of James O'Donovan.|group=lower-alpha}} suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the [[Military occupation|seizure]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer{{efn|An [[SS]] leader [[Conviction|convicted]] of [[crimes against humanity]] for contributing to the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).<ref> * Gutman, Israel; The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (vol.4, p. 1794), New York, Macmillan, 1990. * Zentner, Christian (editor); The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (vol. 2), New York, Macmillan, 1991. * Wistrich, Robert, S; Who's Who in Nazi Germany, New York, Routledge, 1995. * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1158811 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a [[Legitimacy|legitimate]] risk to take.}} After [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death on April 30, 1945, [[Éamon de Valera]], the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister]] of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IR5"> * {{cite journal |journal=Irish Studies in International Affairs |title=Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30001759 |last=Keogh |first=Dermot |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=69–92 |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |jstor=30001759 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Condolences Offered After Hitler’s Death |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-31-fg-briefs31.1-story.html |date=December 31, 2005 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Radharc |title='No English Enemy... Ever Stooped so Low': Mike Quill, de Valera's Visit to the German Legation, and Irish-American Attitudes during World War II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25122352 |last=Hanley |first=Brian |volume=5/7 |year=2004–2006 |publisher=Glucksman Ireland House, [[New York University]] |location=[[New York City]] |jstor=25122352 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Nordic Irish Studies |title='Not a mask of power': Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eamon de Valera, and the Oblique Light of a Poetic Elegy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23631042 |volume=12 |year=2013 |pages=13–23 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Eamon de Valera’s ‘moral myopia’ in offering condolences to Germany over Hitler’s death put Ireland beyond the pale for many people |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/eamon-de-valeras-moral-myopia-in-offering-condolences-to-germany-over-hitlers-death-put-ireland-beyond-the-pale-for-many-people-2846858 |last=Lucy |first=Gordon |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> with backing from the Irish parliament.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IR5" /> De Valera also denied reports of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] as "anti-national propaganda",<ref name="IR5" /><ref name="BC">{{cite book |title=Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11759 |last=Bew |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2009 |isbn=9780199561261 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University Press]] Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.001.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.<ref name="IR5" /><ref name="BC" /> ====21st century==== {{Further|Disinformation|Conspiracy theory|African Americans#History}} Since 2013,<ref name="ISM1"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/04/19/how-myth-irish-slaves-became-favorite-meme-racists-online |date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth |url=https://apnews.com/article/920e1c738df04555bccd56c09770b36d |last=Pogatchnik |first=Shawn |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Trinity College Dublin |title=The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-myth-of-the-irish-slave-white-supremacy-and-social-media |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Fact check: ‘Irish slaves’ meme repeats discredited article |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-irish-slaves-meme-repeats-discredited-article-idUSKBN23Q1KO |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |last=McKee |first=Liam |year=2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ISM2"> * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |title=Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ireland-slaves-conspiracy-theory-debunked-st-patricks-day-1.4028855 |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Last Updated: March 17, 2017 }} * {{cite news |work=Rebel News (Ireland) |title=‘Irish Slaves’: Debunking the Myth |url=https://www.rebelnews.ie/2020/07/02/irish-slaves-debunking-myth |last=Kelly |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=AFP Fact Check |title=More false claims about ‘Irish slaves’ spread on social media |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/more-false-claims-about-irish-slaves-spread-social-media |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=UWEC Spectator |title=The Irish were never slaves |url=https://www.spectatornews.com/opinion/2021/11/the-irish-were-never-slaves |last=Ftouhi |first=Sabrina |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Alton Telegraph |title='Irish slaves' book based on outright lie |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/opinion/article/Irish-slaves-book-based-on-outright-lie-17492050.php |date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> a baseless [[Conspiracy theory|theory]], which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in [[17th century]] [[North America]] before the [[Atlantic slave trade|arrival of African slaves]], has been made popular by [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> in both Ireland and the [[United States]].<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves [[myth]]". The myth reportedly originated from the book ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="SOC">{{cite web |website=The O'Brien Press |title=About Sean O'Callaghan |url=https://obrien.ie/sean-ocallaghan |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Publishing|published]] by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.<ref name="SOC" /> The myth has been widely condemned by [[Scholar|scholars]] as a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of [[African Americans]] in [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> who were [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] until [[American Civil War#New Amendments|1865]], [[Jim Crow laws|segregated]] until 1965 and [[Institutional racism|systemically discriminated against]] until now.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=OAH Magazine of History |title=Origins of American Slavery |url=https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/19/4/51/1001999 |last=Morgan |first=Philip D. |pages=51–56 |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/maghis/19.4.51 |year=2005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Published: 01 July 2005 }} * {{cite book |title=Jim Crow America: A Documentary History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ffjm30 |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Lewis |first2=J. Richard |publisher=[[University of Arkansas]] Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm30 |jstor=j.ctt1ffjm30 |year=2009 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=American Journal of Sociology |title=The Cost of Color: Skin Color, Discrimination, and Health among African-Americans |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/682162 |last=Monk, Jr. |first=Ellis P. |volume=121 |issue=2 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |doi=10.1086/682162 |year=2015 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1368430216641304 |last1=Molina |first1=Kristine M. |last2=James |first2=Drexler |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/1368430216641304 |year=2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=First published online May 3, 2016 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Health Services Research |title=Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |author1=Sara N. Bleich PhD |author2=Mary G. Findling PhD, SM |author3=Logan S. Casey PhD |author4=Robert J. Blendon ScD |author5=John M. Benson MA |author6=Gillian K. SteelFisher PhD, MSc |author7=Justin M. Sayde MS |author8=Carolyn Miller MS, MA |pages=1399–1408 |volume=54 |issue=S2 |doi=10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |date=October 29, 2019 |quote=Special Issue: Experiences of Discrimination in America: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality }}</ref> Despite ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop<ref name="SFB">{{cite web |website=Sinn Féin Bookshop |url=https://www.sinnfeinbookshop.com/to-hell-or-barbados-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ireland |title=To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.<ref name="SFB" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gerry Adams to meet Hamas leaders {{!}} Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/04/northernireland.northernireland |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=DUP outrage as Sinn Fein delegation meets leader from Hamas |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/dup-outrage-as-sinn-fein-delegation-meets-leader-from-hamas/35249084.html |date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Sinn Féin formula on the Middle East? Talk to Hamas, boycott Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/analysis/the-sinn-fein-formula-on-the-middle-east-talk-to-hamas-boycott-israel-ml26pmof |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UnHerd |title=Sinn Féin’s hollow Hamas stance: Hypocrisy underscores its call for the return of an Irish-Israel hostage |url=https://unherd.com/2023/11/sinn-feins-hollow-hamas-stance |last=McCartney |first=Jenny |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Hamas a future partner for peace, says Northern Ireland’s First Minister |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/08/hamas-peace-sinn-fein-michelle-oneill-israel-gaza |date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the escalation of the [[Israel–Hamas war]], where antisemites felt justified to [[Harassment|harass]] Jews under the guise of supporting [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Antisemitism in Ireland ‘Blatant and Obvious’ in Wake of Hamas Onslaught, Says Jewish Former Cabinet Minister Alan Shatter |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/03/12/antisemitism-ireland-blatant-obvious-wake-hamas-onslaught-says-jewish-former-cabinet-minister-alan-shatter |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Old antisemitism; new pro-Palestinian trends: Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/05/28/old-antisemitism-new-pro-palestinian-trends-why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.jns.org/why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> for the [[Approximation|approximately]] 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population<ref>{{cite web |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) |title=How many Jews live in Ireland? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-ireland |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that * the Jews "[[#Ancient|killed Jesus]]" * Israel was "uniquely aggressive" * Judaism "believed that violence and war are necessary" * the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an [[extermination camp]] were widely circulated in Irish schools<ref name="IR6"> * {{cite news |work=IMPACT-se |title=Ireland Review |url=https://www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/EU-Textbooks-Ireland-Review.pdf |year=2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Irish schoolbooks ‘trivialise Holocaust’, report warns |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/irish-schoolbooks-trivialise-holocaust-report-warns |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Irish textbooks say Jesus was from ‘Palestine,’ downplay Auschwitz |url=https://www.jns.org/irish-textbooks-say-jesus-was-from-palestine-downplay-auschwitz |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Irish School Textbooks Disparage Judaism, Defame Israel, Watchdog Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/11/05/irish-school-textbooks-disparage-judaism-defame-israel-watchdog-finds |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Jews are Jesus-killers and Israel is uniquely aggressive: what Irish pupils are taught |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jews-are-jesus-killers-and-israel-is-uniquely-aggressive-what-irish-pupils-are-taught-dhqmypgo |date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref> and shaping children's mind.<ref name="IR6" /> The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress (EJC).<ref>{{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |title=Report reveals troubling pattern of Holocaust minimisation in Irish textbooks |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/ireland/report-reveals-troubling-pattern-of-holocaust-minimisation-in-irish-textbooks |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Government of Ireland]] has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.<ref name="IR6" /> ====Critique==== David Collier, an [[Irish people|Irish]] researcher in Middle East affairs,<ref name="IR1">{{cite magazine |magazine=Middle East Forum |title=David Collier: What Explains Ireland’s Extreme Antisemitism? |url=https://www.meforum.org/david-collier-what-explains-ireland-extreme |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> noted that antisemitism among contemporary [[Irish people|Irish]] is derived from<ref name="IR1" /> * Religious antisemitism: Classic [[Catholic Church#Other websites|Christian]] belief that "[[Supersessionism|Christians are the new Jews]]" as "the Jews [[#Ancient|killed]] [[Jesus]]" * Political antisemitism: ** [[Populism|Popularity]] of the Irish [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Sinn Féin party whose [[Arthur Griffith#Antisemitism|founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews]] ** Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=IRA-PLO cooperation: A long, cozy relationship |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/ira-plo-cooperation-a-long-cozy-relationship |last=Gannon |first=Sean |date=April 7, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Spectator |title=Hamas has made the same fatal mistake as the IRA |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-it-already-over-for-hamas |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tracing the Deep Roots of Ireland's Support for Palestinians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/world/europe/ireland-palestinians-support.html |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Ireland’s History Explains Its Hostility Towards Israel and Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/05/irelands-history-explains-its-hostility-towards-israel-and-jews |date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |title=Why Ireland is one of the most pro-Palestinian nations in the world |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/14/1233395830/ireland-pro-palestinian |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the [[British people|British]] settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Why Israel is Not a Settler Colonial State |url=https://www.ajc.org/why-israel-is-not-a-settler-colonial-state |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Israel’s founding was complex and messy – but it certainly wasn’t imperialist |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/03/02/israels-founding-was-complex-and-messy-but-not-imperialist |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Unraveling the false branding of Israel as a settler-colonial state - opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805116 |date=June 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=The False Narrative of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/08/how-settler-colonialism-colonized-universities/679514 |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Foreign Policy |title=Settler Colonialism Isn’t What You Think It Is |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/15/israel-palestine-settler-colonialism-south-africa-west-bank-gaza |last=Greenstein |first=Ran |date=November 15, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Irish Central |title=Irish Americans are full of self pity and fake victimhood says top Irish columnist |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/irish-americans-self-pity-fake-victimhood |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UCSD Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Archive {{!}} Intellectual Incitement: The Anti-Zionist Ideology and the Anti-Zionist Subject (2015) |url=https://fathomjournal.org/archive-intellectual-incitement-the-anti-zionist-ideology-and-the-anti-zionist-subject-2015 |last=Johnson |first=Alan |year=2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=From British Imperialism to ‘Globohomo’: Analysing the Irish Far-Right’s Engagement with Irish Nationalism on Telegram |url=https://gnet-research.org/2023/09/22/from-british-imperialism-to-globohomo-analysing-the-irish-far-rights-engagement-with-irish-nationalism-on-telegram |last=Molloy |first=Joshua |date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Cillian McGrattan: Irish nationalism's sense of victimhood is buttressed by spurious claims about Israel |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/cillian-mcgrattan-irish-nationalisms-sense-of-victimhood-is-buttressed-by-spurious-claims-about-israel-4579926 |last=McGrattan |first=Cillian |date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ===Spain=== {{Further|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}} ====Middle Ages==== The 7th century saw the Christian [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visgothic]] demand of Jews to convert or leave,<ref name="May2025Analysis">{{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement |title=From Inquisition to Eurovision: Spain’s Long History of Antisemitism and the Politicization of Hate |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/special-features/from-inquisition-to-eurovision-spains-long-history-of-antisemitism-and-the-politicization-of-hate |date=May 27, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> followed by the 12th-century Muslim Almohad Caliphate's compulsion of Jews to [[Conversion to Islam|convert]] or be killed,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> which caused the famous Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] into exile.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were made to pick either [[baptism]] or [[Execution|death]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] territories [[Reconquista|reconquered]].<ref name="AJC">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ====Modern period==== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] [[Spanish Empire]] unleashed a [[Institutional racism|systematic]] [[campaign]] of [[persecution]] of [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]], [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJC" /> As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|religious anti-Judaism]] to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Between 1939 and 1975, [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic conspiracy theories]] formed the main theme of [[Francoist Spain|Francoist]] propaganda,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Architects of Terror: Paranoia, Conspiracy and Anti-Semitism in Franco’s Spain |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/architects-of-terror-paranoia-conspiracy-and-anti-semitism-in-francos-spain-paul-preston?variant=43719401209890 |last=Preston |first=Paul |isbn=9780008522117 |date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and strata of that [[Race (sociology)|race]] [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|more common false claim]].<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> ====21st century==== [[File:Corona-mentira (20210214 132214).jpg|thumb|A graffiti on Calle del Doctor Luis Calandre in Cartagena, Spain, where the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was depicted as a ''corona-mentira'' ("corona-lie") created by Jews symbolized by the [[Star of David]].]] For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.<ref name="SI4">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities |url=https://theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/29/spain-black-legend-inquisition-conquistadors |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=April 29, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2024 |quote=Campaigners want to reclaim the country’s past from ‘distorted propaganda’}}</ref> Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions<ref name="SI4" /> to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.<ref name="SI4" /> In 2023, an [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] poll found that 26% of Spain's population held [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic beliefs]],<ref name="ES2023">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> followed by [[Belgium]] (24%), [[France]] (17%), [[Germany]] (12%) and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (10%).<ref name="ES2023" /> In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month.<ref>{{cite news |work=Contando Estrelas |title=36 attacks in 6 months against Jews in Spain, with a government praised by Hamas |url=https://www.outono.net/elentir/2024/04/22/36-attacks-in-6-months-against-jews-in-spain-with-a-government-praised-by-hamas |date=April 22, 2024 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Is it safe to be Jewish in Spain? |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sknnrtnmyg |last=Grave-Lazie |first=Lidar |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ===France=== ====Classical antiquity==== Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====Middle Ages==== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] – then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] – in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the rule of the House of Capet, when the King of France Robert the Pious attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by the French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[Rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====First Crusade==== When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ====Deportations==== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====Modern period==== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |volume=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> On both sides of the spectrum, Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive 1894 [[Dreyfus affair]], when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]],<ref name="F13" /> who was not vindicated until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ====World War II==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref name="F8" /> ====Post-war==== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "[[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust, calling it a "distraction from [[class struggle]] playing into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]."<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[Analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |first1=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EITCP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the Anti-Defamation League found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: ‘Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country’ |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> According to the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear [[Keffiyeh|keffiyehs]] in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ===Poland=== {{Main|Racism in Poland#Jews}}{{Further|Jedwabne pogrom (1941)|Kraków pogrom|Jan Żaryn}} [[File:Pod Pręgierz, 1937 r. Kto u Żyda kupuje, ten zdrajcą narodu.jpg|thumb|A clipping from the daily ''Pod Pręgierz'', 1937, entitled "Whoever buys from a Jew is a [[traitor]] to the [[nation]]".]] ===Romania=== {{Main|Iași pogrom|Odessa massacre (1941)}}{{further|Ion Antonescu|Iron Guard}} ====Holocaust denial under communism (1947–1989)==== [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg|thumb|A photo of the antisemitic [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] [[Communism|communist]] [[tyrant]]<ref name="NC1"> * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=ROMANIA: DEATH OF A DICTATOR : Ceausescu – Tyrant Who Posed as a Statesman : Dictatorship: The executed leader will be remembered as a ruler who believed he could stay the same while all around him changed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-26-mn-1001-story.html |date=December 26, 1989 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Life And Evil Times Of Ceausescu |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780091746728/Life-Evil-Times-Nicolae-Ceausescu-0091746728/plp |last=Sweeney |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Hutchison |isbn=9780091746728 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50821546 |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title='Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/ceausescu-romania-bucharest-communism-politics-history-a9234806.html |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Cato Institute |title=The Rise and Fall of Nicolae Ceausescu, "the Romanian Fuehrer" |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/rise-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-romanian-fuehrer |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NC2"> * {{cite book |title=Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ7LSucBylAC&dq=info:79IN0oDNthEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR13 |last=Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1990 | isbn=978-0-89526-746-7 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Intelligence and National Security |title=The Securitate and the police state in Romania, 1964–89 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02684529408432238 |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |year=1994 |volume=9 |pages=22–49 |doi=10.1080/02684529408432238 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives |title=Inside the Securitate Archives |date=March 4, 2005 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/ikea-funds-romania-secret-police-communist-era |title=Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/25/keys-mikes-spies-how-the-securitate-stole-romanias-privacy |title=Keys, Mikes, Spies – How the Securitate Stole Romania's Privacy |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].]] Under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist rule]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially [[Holocaust denial|denied]]. It was blamed on the [[Germans]] and [[Hungarians]].<ref name="R3">{{cite journal |journal=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) |title=The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-banality-of-history-and-memory-romanian-society-and-the-holocaust |last=Weinbaum |first=Laurence |publisher=[[Israel]] Council of Foreign Relations |issue=45 |date=June 1, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> Romanians were [[Brainwashing|taught]] about the "[[Hero|heroic]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Securitate secret police] of Nicolae Ceaușescu<ref name="R3" /> and to help him [[Oppression|oppress]] Romanians.<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in [[#Lies about Jews|lies about Jews]], including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and [[Definition|defined]] ''Jew'' as a "money-changer" and an "[[Extortion|extortionist]]" in an official English–Romanian [[dictionary]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=+972 Magazine |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-romanian-dictator-anti-semitism |title=Israel embraced Romanian dictator's support — knowing he was anti-Semitic |last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ====Holocaust denial in post-communist age (1989 – )==== Since the fall of Ceaușescu's [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "[[Crusade|holy war]] against [[Communism|Bolshevism]]."<ref name="R3" /> Acts of Holocaust denial<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}</ref> by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the [[Polish people|Poles]], Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.<ref name="R3" /> An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer [[Elie Wiesel]], identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”'', '''INSHR'''), a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |website=Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania |url=https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en |title=INSHR – Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Wiesel" |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.<ref>{{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/04/romanian-nationalist-party-opposes-holocaust-education-in-schools |title=Romanian Nationalist Party Opposes Holocaust Education in Schools |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-marks-decision-teach-jewish-history-holocaust-schools-2023-10-03 |title=Romania marks decision to teach Jewish history, Holocaust in schools |date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ===Germany=== ====20th century==== {{Main|Antisemitism in Europe#The Holocaust}}{{Further|Antisemitism in East Germany}} ====21st century==== [[File:Openly antisemitic Protester in Berlin (17.7.2014).jpg|thumb|A man with Nazi [[Tattoo|tattoos]] overshadowed by a [[Yasser Arafat]] [[portrait]] from behind.]] A 2017 [[Bielefeld University]]'s research reported that those identified with the [[Far-left politics|far left]] and [[Far-right politics|far right]] committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]], with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |last1=Zick |first1=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first2=Andreas |last3=Jensen |first3=Silke |last4=Bernstein |first4=Julia |publisher=Universität Bielefeld ([[Bielefeld University]]) |year=2017 |location=[[Bielefeld]] |pages=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The research was echoed by Germany's [https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203104815/https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html |date=2024-12-03 }} (BfV), which asserted that certain [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's [[Peace|peaceful]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] [[society]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung) |url=https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2017-kurzzusammenfassung |page=30 |work=Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-30 |language=de}}</ref> In a follow-up [[European Union|EU]] research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]], 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/antisemitismus-studie-der-eu-juden-in-deutschland-fuehlen-sich-zunehmend-unsicher/23742690.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=December 10, 2018 |last1=Salzen |first1=Claudia von |last2=Hackenbruch |first2=Felix}}</ref> On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|Hamas-led October 7 massacre]] which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with [[molotov cocktails]] by two masked men.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/berlin-synagogue-firebombed-with-antisemitism-spiking-as-gaza-war-rages |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/10/18/global/german-synagogue-hit-with-2-molotov-cocktail-bombs |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in the months following the October 7 massacre.<ref> * {{cite news |last1=Diehl |first1=Jörg |last2=Diening |first2=Deike |last3=Großekathöfer |first3=Maik |last4=Rapp |first4=Tobias |last5=Wiedmann-Schmidt |first5=Wolf |title=A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/absolutely-appalling-a-new-wave-of-anti-semitism-sweeps-across-germany-a-50e18e6a-03ae-4ea5-99ec-6d0c8753558a |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/olaf-scholz-vows-to-fight-antisemitism-after-berlin-synagogue-firebombed |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-berlin-synagogue-antisemitism-fdd10f32f7d5efc6da973f00c9a8b030 |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JURIST Legal News |title=Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/10/synagogues-in-berlin-tunisia-targeted-with-fire-attacks-as-hate-crimes-soar-in-wake-of-israel-hamas-war |date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref> On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] beat a Jewish classmate to the point of [[Hospital|hospitalization]] following an argument over the [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering [[Bone fracture|facial fractures]].<ref name="Feb2024">{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-university-student-in-berlin-badly-beaten-by-classmate-in-fight-over-hamas-war |date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli [[athletics]] coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Massacre 1972 Munich massacre].<ref name="Feb2024" /> In May 2024, some Jewish parents from [[Suburb|suburban]] Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in [[Mitte]], many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Independent |title=The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin. |url=https://thejewishindependent.com.au/the-surprising-trend-among-anxious-jewish-parents-in-berlin |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's [[Potsdamer Platz]] after being heard speaking [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syouy6vua |date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-818826 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}} * {{cite news |work=DW News |title= Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-munich-police-shoot-suspect-near-israeli-consulate/a-70138738 |date=September 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/05/munich-police-shoot-dead-suspect-who-opened-fire-on-officers-near-israeli-consulate |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On 7 October 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn from their spots. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7 massacre.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1kgvgvkkx |title=Stumbling stones commemorating Holocaust victims uprooted in German city |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref> In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in [[Frankfurt]] has reportedly become a target of a [[Racism|hate]] campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be [[Shooting|shot]]…You should [[Death|die]]…Your whole f***ing [[Israel]]…"<ref name="JPFeb2025">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Granddaughter of Holocaust survivor terrorized with rape, death threats at German university |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-842163 |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> The [[victim]] reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her [[Harassment|harassers]] being [[Fine|fined]] for [[Euro|€]]300.<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers,<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> with little to no condemnation from other left-wing [[Activism|activists]].<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> ====Responses==== In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023,<ref name="RIAS">{{cite web |website=Bundesverband der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus (Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism, RIAS) |title=Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023 |url=https://report-antisemitism.de/documents/25-06-24_RIAS_Bund_Jahresbericht_2023.pdf |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> an 80% rise as compared to 2022,<ref name="RIAS" /> most of which happened following the October 7 massacre.<ref name="RIAS" /> In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=German antisemitism czar says country facing 'tsunami' of Jew hatred since Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-antisemitism-czar-says-country-facing-tsunami-of-jew-hatred-since-oct-7 |date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|question Israel's right to exist]], call for a [[boycott]] of Israel or actively support the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] movement."<ref name="Bundestag">{{cite news |work=DW News |title=Germany passes controversial antisemitism resolution |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution/a-70715643 |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] of [[Left-wing fascism|left-wing populist]] parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).<ref name="Bundestag" /> Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Germany designates BDS Israel boycott movement as anti-Semitic |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/germany-designates-bds-israel-boycott-movement-as-anti-semitic-idUSL5N22T4OA |date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=German Intelligence Agency Classifies BDS Campaign as ‘Extremist’ Threat |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/24/german-intelligence-agency-classifies-bds-campaign-as-extremist-threat |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution".<ref name="May2025">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In first, German intelligence agency labels BDS ‘hostile to constitution’ |url=https://www.jns.org/in-first-german-intelligence-agency-labels-bds-hostile-to-constitution |date=May 21, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 }}</ref> In its report, it stated:<ref name="May2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.}} ===Armenia=== ====Overview==== 58% of the [[population]]<ref name="S(A)"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Anti-Semitism in Armenia: A Clear and Present Danger |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/12/12/anti-semitism-in-armenia-a-clear-and-present-danger |date=December 12, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=With anti-Semitic tendencies, Armenians dig deep hole for themselves |url=https://www.azernews.az/analysis/214391.html |date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Caspian News |title=Surge in Anti-Semitism in Armenia: ASALA-Y Targets Jewish Centers |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/surge-in-anti-semitism-in-armenia-asala-y-targets-jewish-centers-2023-11-17-0 |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Antisemitism in Armenia: let’s talk facts |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryejoi2it |date=December 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7 |url=https://besacenter.org/azerbaijan-and-armenia-political-stand-in-the-aftermath-of-october-7 |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> of [[Armenia]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Flashpoint |publisher=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism & Policy |title=Antisemitic and Anti-Israeli Narratives in Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora |url=https://isgap.org/flashpoint/antisemitic-and-anti-israeli-narratives-in-armenia-and-the-armenian-diaspora |last=Kogan |first=Ariel |issue=93 |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=The New Karabakh Crisis and the Rise of Antisemitism in Contemporary Armenia |url=https://besacenter.org/the-new-karabakh-crises-and-the-rise-of-antisemitism-in-contemporary-armenia |author=Dr. Andrei Kazantsev-Vaisman |date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can’t ignore that |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjvi3hcda |date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian nationalism is rising, with government [...] glorifying Nazi collaborator and promoting antisemitism [. ...]}} * {{cite news |work=Caliber.Az |title=Yerevan court opts against arrest for synagogue attacker |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/yerevan-court-opts-against-arrest-for-synagogue-attacker |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities |url=https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-807058 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Does Armenia have an antisemitism problem? |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/20/does-armenia-have-an-antisemitism-problem |last=Avraham |first=Rachel |date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenians threaten violence against Jews over Azeri relations |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-761659 |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel’s war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/education/cfis/cfi-expression/subm-academic-freedom-cso-wjc-world-jewish-congress-input-6.pdf |author=Dr. Haim Ben Yakov |pages=9–12 |publisher=Euro-Asian Jewish Congress |date=May 1, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/06/21/israel/armenia-recognizes-palestine-adding-to-is-strained-ties-with-israel |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state? |url=https://www.jns.org/why-did-armenia-recognize-a-potential-palestinian-terror-state |date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet space]].}}</ref> (a [[Caucasus|Caucassian]] country [[Alliance|allied]] with [[Russia#History of present Russian Federation|Russia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=Telegrafi |title=For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia! |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/for-the-results-of-the-Russian-alliance%2C-ask-the-Armenians |year=2020 |location=[[Albania]] |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=Title: The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Lifeless, Shambling ‘Alliance’ |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/03/04/the-collective-security-treaty-organization-a-lifeless-shambling-alliance |last=Ambrosio |first=Thomas |date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Center for European Policy Analysis |title=Armenia Seeks to Distance Mother Russia |url=https://cepa.org/article/armenia-seeks-to-distance-mother-russia |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=What Is The CSTO Military Alliance? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/csto-military-alliance-background-photos/32991770.html |date=June 13, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Iran’s Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia |url=https://jamestown.org/program/irans-paradoxical-expectations-for-political-developments-in-armenia |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=105 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[People's Republic of China|China]],<ref> * {{cite web |website=Armenian National Committee of America |title=China Ready for Closer Ties with Armenia |url=https://anca.org/china-ready-for-closer-ties-with-armenia |year=2015 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JAM-news.net |title=Soft power: China's spheres of influence in Armenia. |url=https://jam-news.net/soft-power-chinas-spheres-of-influence-in-armenia-analysis-and-human-stories |date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Caspian Policy Center |title=CPC {{!}} China-Armenia Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-armenia-bilateral-relations |date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[Iran]]<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion |url=https://jpost.com/opinion/article-802273 |last=Kedar |first=Mordechai | date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran and Armenia  sign secret $500 million arms deal |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407248345 |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus |url=https://besacenter.org/secret-weapon-deal-with-armenia-helps-iran-to-disrupt-the-south-caucasus |date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[European Union|EU]] Today |title=Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil |url=https://eutoday.net/iran-embraces-armenia-widening-its-axis-of-evil |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Daily Monitor |title=Iran’s Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia’s Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market |url=https://jamestown.org/program/expanding-iran-armenia-energy-ties-combat-yerevans-reliance-on-russian-oil |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=170 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> and [[Syria#2010s|Syria]] under [[Bashar al-Assad]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Understanding Armenia’s Syrian Gamble |url=https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-armenias-syrian-gamble |volume=15 |issue=129 |last=Abrahamyan |first=Eduard |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Eurasianet |title=US rebukes Armenia over Syria deployment |url=https://eurasianet.org/us-rebukes-armenia-over-syria-deployment |date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Public Radio of Armenia |title=Syria stands by Armenia in overcoming challenges – Bashar al-Assad |url=https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/15/syria-stands-by-armenia-in-overcoming-challenges-bashar-al-assad |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Armenpress |title=Syrian Ambassador calls for international actions to restrain Azerbaijan and Turkey's ambitions towards Armenia |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1132160 |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Arminfo |title=Current situation in region brings new challenges for both Armenia and Syria - Speaker |url=https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=83375&lang=3 |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> who killed over 400,000 Syrians<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Washington Institute |title=The UN Process and the War Crimes of Assad |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/un-process-and-war-crimes-assad |last=al-Labwani |first=Mohamad Kamal |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |title=The evidence of Syrian President Bashar Assad and his regime's legacy of war crimes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bashar-al-assad-syria-evidence-war-crimes-60-minutes-2021-07-11 |date=July 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Hoover Institution |title=The Case Against Assad |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/case-against-assad |date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=French court issues arrest warrant for Bashar al-Assad for complicity in war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/french-court-arrest-warrant-bashar-al-assad-crimes-against-humanity-syria |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=France ONU |title="Bashar Al-Assad is guilty of war crimes" - France ONU |url=https://onu.delegfrance.org/bashar-al-assad-is-guilty-of-war-crimes |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Atlantic Council |title=How to hold the Assad regime accountable, even as countries normalize relations with Syria |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-to-hold-the-assad-regime-accountable-even-as-countries-normalize-relations-with-syria |last=Baker |first=Elise |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Syria: The Impunity of the Assad Regime Must Never be Normalized |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/syria-the-impunity-of-the-assad-regime-must-never-be-normalized |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad over alleged war crimes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-issues-arrest-warrant-for-syrias-president-assad-over-alleged-war-crimes-13009450 |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Commission for International Justice and Accountability |title=First indictment in Belgium for war crimes under Assad’s regime in Syria |url=https://cijaonline.org/news/2024/1/29/first-indictment-in-belgium-for-war-crimes-under-assads-regime-in-syria |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref>) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country.<ref name="S(A)" /> Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]], is still [[Popularity|popular]] among Armenians.<ref name="GN1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/armenian-monument-to-nazi-collaborator-draws-criticism-457072 |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=War History Online |title=Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/controversial-statue-nzhdeh-erected.html |date=July 2, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New Eastern Europe |title=How Armenia’s glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed |url=https://neweasterneurope.eu/2016/07/20/how-armenia-s-glorification-of-a-nazi-collaborator-has-gone-unnoticed |date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |last=Golinkin |first=Lev |title=Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia |url=https://forward.com/news/462657/nazi-collaborator-monuments-in-armenia |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh, whose [[Soldier|soldiers]] [[Volunteering|served]] the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], has 20 [[Street|streets]] [[Eponym|named after]] him}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=An Armenian leader’s false Holocaust analogy |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-holocaust-survivors/azerbaijan/23/9/20/320418 |date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The [[American Jews|American Jewish community]] must [[Censure|condemn]] [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]]’s [[False analogy|comparison]] of the [[Republic of Artsakh#History|situation]] in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Karabakh]] [[Holocaust trivialization|to]] [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s [[Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust|ghettos]].}}</ref><ref name="GN2"> * {{Cite book |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/great-catastrophe-9780190904784 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |year=2015 |pages=112 |isbn=978-0-19-090478-4 |oclc=1085942778 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The other [[General officer|general]] who [[Volunteering|fought with]] the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazis]] was Dashnak [[veteran]] Garegin Njdeh [...had served in the] [[Russian Empire|tsarist army]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Sofia Globe |title=Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria’s ‘Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet’ |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2019/04/16/plan-for-bust-of-controversial-figure-at-bulgarias-yard-of-the-cyrillic-alphabet |location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/at-auschwitz-liberation-tribute-israel-should-study-tale-of-two-monuments-614769 |last=Jaffe-Hoffman |first=Maayan |date=January 21, 2020 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The [[German people|Germans]] [...] [[Repentance|apologize]] for [[Nazi Germany|their dark past]]. In contrast, [[Lithuanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Poles]] and others are [[Holocaust denial|rewriting and distorting their roles]] in [[The Holocaust|this tragic history]].}} * {{cite book |title=The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy |chapter=From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian |url=https://www.academia.edu/43955951 |last1=Berberian |first1=Houri |last2=Der Matossian |first2=Bedross |year=2020 |publisher=The Press at [[California State University]] |isbn=9780912201672 |pages=53–88 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag |url=https://jpost.com/judaism/article-780769 |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/222261.html |date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ====20th century==== [[File:Garegin Nzhdeh 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Photography|photo]] of the Armenian [[Fascism|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv R 6 Bild-1451, Lager Schwarzsee, Armenische Freiwillige.jpg|thumb|[[Member|Members]] of the Armenian Legion, a 33,000-man unit in the [[Wehrmacht|Nazi German Army]] between July 1942 and June 1944.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ailsby| first = Christopher| title = Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails| publisher =Spellmount| location= Staplehurst, Kent | year = 2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails/page/n124 123]–124| isbn =1-57488-838-2 }}</ref>]] From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the ''Hairenik'',<ref name="Az">{{cite news |work=Azərtac |title=New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks’ sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/new_congressional_document_exposes_armenian_dashnaks_sympathies_for_hitler_and_holocaust-1487229 |date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NBN">{{cite news |work=NewsBlaze News |title=Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia |url=https://newsblaze.com/usnews/national/jww-side-with-armenia_179786 |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> fully backed [[Adolf Hitler]] and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by [[Dehumanization|demonizing]] Jews as "poisonous elements",<ref name="Az" /><ref name="NBN" /> while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Summer-Study-German-Armenian-Relations-During-Second/31815161160/bd |last=Thomassian |first=Levon |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |year=2012 |edition=1 |isbn=9780764340451 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> hunted for Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]" on behalf of the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazi German army]].<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia |last=Gurevich |first=Roman |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/living-in-azerbaijan-as-a-jew-versus-being-jewish-in-armenia-647026 |date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> [[File:ASALA logo white on red.svg|thumb|The logo of the [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA" /> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA).]] ====21st century==== [[File:Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement.png|thumb|The flag of the [[Fascism#Main ideas|pro]]-[[Nazism|Nazi]] Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).]] {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Garegin Nzhdeh2.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in [[Gyumri]], Armenia. | image2 = Garegin Nzhdeh statue.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Another Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in Gyumri, Armenia. }} Despite such history, hundreds of [[Statue|statues]] have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.<ref name="GN1" /><ref name="GN2" /> Meanwhile, the only [[synagogue]] in Armenia's [[Capital city|capital]] [[Yerevan]] was [[Terrorism|attacked]] four times in a row between [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]] and 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/synagogue-yerevan-attack/32988123.html |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when [[Vandal|perpetrators]] threw [[Rock|rocks]] through a [[window]].}}</ref> Members of the [[Marxist-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA"> * {{cite web |website=Ronald Reagan Library |title=Files, 1985-1988 Folder Title: Armenian-Americans (2) Box: 1 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/2021-06/40-219-209207973-001-002-2021.pdf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The George Washington University |title=Armenian Terrorist Matters," January 15, 1988, Secret. |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB502/docs/p2-41-44.pdf |date=January 15, 1988 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-Secret-Army-for-the-Liberation-of-Armenia |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Przystanek Historia |title=A slip-up in Beirut. Polish weapons for ASALA |url=https://przystanekhistoria.pl/pa2/tematy/english-content/102070,A-slip-up-in-Beirut-Polish-weapons-for-ASALA.html |date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Militant Armenian Group Tied to PLO Allegedly Responsible for Synagogue Arson |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/10/04/militant-armenian-group-tied-to-plo-allegedly-responsible-for-synagogue-arson |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]<ref> * [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ * [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu * [[Georgian language|Georgian]]: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია * [[Greek language|Greek]]: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας</ref> (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being [[Arson|set on fire]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Synagogue in Armenia vandalized for second time by militant group: Revenge for Gaza? |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1700134772-synagogue-in-armenia-vandalized-for-second-time-by-militant-group-revenge-for-gaza |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |title=ARMENIA 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/ARMENIA-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO] |url=https://www.azernews.az/aggression/217482.html |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Why Was Armenia’s Last Synagogue Set on Fire? |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/blogs/bits-of-insight-and-pieces-of-hope/367186/why-was-armenias-last-synagogue-set-on-fire |date=January 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the [[globe]] as [[Revenge|retribution]] for [[Israel]]’s [[Alliance|close]] [[friendship]] with [...] [[Azerbaijan]].}} * {{cite news |work=OC Media |title=Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year |url=https://oc-media.org/yerevan-synagogue-attacked-for-fourth-time-in-a-year |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ==United States== {{Further|Louis Farrakhan|Nation of Islam|Black Hebrew Israelites}} ===2010s=== [[File:Man holds hateful sign in Beverly Hills.jpg|thumb|[[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL) member Patrick Little holding an antisemitic [[placard]] (''"JEWS RAPE KIDS"'') at a [[street]] corner in [[Los Angeles]], [[United States]].]] A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans were hostile to Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/in-first-new-adl-poll-finds-majority-of-americans-concerned-about-violence |title=In First, New ADL Poll Finds Majority of Americans Concerned About Violence Against Jews and Other Minorities, Want Administration to Act |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |language=en |access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Since the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]], antisemitism has surged in America and [[Europe]], especially on [[College|college campuses]].<ref name="C1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-787895 |title=College campuses see disturbing rise of antisemitism since October 7 |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=According to Lehman, the number of antisemitic incidents marked a 700% rise since the parallel period a year earlier.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Brandeis Magazine |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/magazine/2024/summer/featured-stories/antisemitism.html |title=The Crisis of Antisemitism on College Campuses |last=Gardner |first=Laura |year=2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sj8wb3hpr |title=These are the most antisemitic college campuses in the US |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref name="C2"> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/24/us-campus-protests-benjamin-netanyahu-ceasefire |title=Netanyahu labels US student protests ‘antisemitic’ and calls for them to end |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Baruch College - Student Theses and Dissertations |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/bb_etds/190 |title=An Antisemitism Academia Crisis: Communication Failure on Three Ivy League College Campuses |date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis Library |title=Antisemitism on Campus: Understanding Hostility to Jews and Israel |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/report/Antisemitism-on-Campus-Understanding-Hostility-to/9924385084001921?institution=01BRAND_INST |last1=Wright |first1=Graham |last2=Hecht |first2=Shahar |last3=Volodarsky |first3=Sasha |last4=Saxe |first4=Leonard |doi=10.48617/rpt.1220 |date=August 22, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> Such antisemitism has caused thousands of Jewish students to get attacked over their [[Cultural identity|identity]].<ref name="C1" /><ref name="C2" /> ===2020s=== In August 2024, the [[advocacy]] group Combat Antisemitism Movement did a [[Opinion poll|poll]] which found that around 3,500,000 [[American Jews]] had faced antisemitism since the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023. 1,075 American Jews were asked, 28% of whom said that they, often, were [[Stereotype|told]] that "Jews care too much about [[money]]," 25% were [[Big lie|told]] that "[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jews control the world]]" and 13% were [[Denial|told]] that "[[Holocaust denial|the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated]]."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-823415 |title=Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate' |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/3-5-million-us-jews-experienced-antisemitism-since-oct-7-hamas-attack-survey-finds |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] released [[crime]] [[statistics]] illustrating that antisemitic incidents constituted 68% of all religion-based [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in 2023, a 63% rise compared to 2022.<ref name="FBI2023"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-warns-staggering-fbi-hate-crimes-data-likely-represents-under-reporting-of-anti-jewish |title=AJC Warns: Staggering FBI Hate Crimes Data Likely Represents Under-Reporting of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Jewish community most targeted religious group, new FBI hate crime report says |url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-821419 |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/new-fbi-data-reflects-record-high-number-anti-jewish-hate-crimes |title=New FBI Data Reflects Record-High Number of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi |title=Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/fbi-reports-record-high-antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-2023-up-63-from-2022 |title=FBI reports record-high antisemitic hate crimes in 2023, up 63% from 2022 |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> A follow-up research between May and October 2024 found that American Jews faced rising [[Institutional racism|discrimination]] in job search, with American Jews having to make 24% more applications to receive the same amount of favorable first responses as [[White Americans|Western European Americans]], while [[Israeli Americans]] having to make 39% more applications to receive the same amount of such.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Jewish and Israeli Americans Face Discrimination in the Job Market |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/report/jewish-and-israeli-americans-face-discrimination-job-market |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Significant discrimination against Israelis and Jews in US job market, study reveals |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/business/article/byccs4a7ke |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=New ADL study finds American Jews are facing rising discrimination applying for jobs |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/12/new-adl-study-finds-american-jews-are-facing-rising-discrimination-applying-for-jobs |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Jews and Israelis may face hiring discrimination in the U.S., study finds |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/679519/jews-and-israelis-may-face-hiring-discrimination-in-the-u-s-study-finds |last=Rosenfeld |first=Arno |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Jewish, Israeli Americans Face ‘Substantial Discrimination’ in US Job Market, New ADL Study Shows |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/12/04/jewish-israeli-americans-face-substantial-discrimination-us-job-market-new-adl-study-shows |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Fox Business |title=ADL study finds Jewish jobseekers face significant discrimination in US labor market ahead of new Trump admin |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/adl-study-finds-jewish-jobseekers-face-significant-discrimination-us-labor-market-ahead-new-trump-admin |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jerusalem Post |title=Jews, Israelis in US suffer discrimination in labor market amid war - ADL study |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-832059 |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Hiring bias against Jewish-sounding surnames, study finds |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/12/04/hiring-bias-against-jewish-sounding-surnames-study-finds |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=eJewish Philanthropy |title=Your Daily Phil: U.S. Jewish community mourns slain American-Israeli hostage Omer Neutra |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/your-daily-phil-u-s-jewish-community-mourns-slain-american-israeli-hostage-omer-neutra |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=New study reveals: 'Substantial' discrimination against Jews in US labor market |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/400216 |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> In December 2024, the [[University of Michigan]] fired its DEI<ref name="DEICritique">[[Shorthand]] for '''Diversity, Equity and Inclusion'''. * {{cite journal |journal=City Journal |title=How DEI Inspires Jew Hatred |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/how-dei-inspires-jew-hatred |last=Goldfarb |first=Stanley |date=November 2, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Palestinian statehood is like DEI: both have a problem with Jews |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/06/04/palestine-israel-conflict-rafah-refugees-dei-antisemitism |last=Kaufman |first=David Christopher |date=June 4, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Commentary Magazine |title=How Anti-Zionists Are Unintentionally Killing DEI |url=https://www.commentary.org/seth-mandel/how-anti-zionists-are-unintentionally-killing-dei |last=Mandel |first=Seth |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=The DEI scam destroying education and fomenting antisemitism must end |url=https://www.jns.org/the-dei-scam-destroying-education-and-fomenting-antisemitism-must-end |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan |date=October 23, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Reason Magazine |title=DEI Still Has An Anti-Semitism Problem |url=https://reason.com/volokh/2024/12/12/dei-still-has-an-anti-semitism-problem |last=Blackman |first=Josh |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> director for making antisemitic remarks, including "the university is [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|controlled by wealthy Jews]]"<ref name="IHRA" /> and "we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged..." according to documents obtained by the [[CNN]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Michigan University diversity officer fired after saying ‘wealthy and privileged’ Jews don’t need help |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/12/12/university-michigan-diversity-chief-wealthy-privileged-jews |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Univeristy of Michigan fires DEI administrator for antisemitic statements |url=https://www.jns.org/univeristy-of-michigan-fires-dei-administrator-for-antisemitic-statements |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |quote=Rachel Dawson [...] was accused of saying that “the university is [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled by wealthy Jews]]” and “we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged, and take care of themselves,” according to documents obtained by CNN.}} * {{cite news |work=Fox News |title=DEI official at University Michigan fired after being accused of making antisemitic remarks: report |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/dei-official-university-michigan-fired-after-being-accused-making-antisemitic-remarks-report |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=D.E.I. Officials at University of Michigan Is Fired Over Antisemitism Claim, Lawyer Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/12/us/university-of-michigan-dei-administrator-antisemitism.html |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |title=University of Michigan DEI administrator fired over alleged antisemitic comments plans to take legal action, attorney says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/13/us/university-of-michigan-fires-dei-administrator |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> Meanwhile, DEI training in American academia and healthcare settings has also been criticized by scholars and officials for encouraging antisemitism by instilling into students a binary worldview that [[Disinformation|misclassifies]] Jews as "White oppressors",<ref name="DEICritique" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Is Antisemitic |url=https://www.meforum.org/mef-online/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dei-is-antisemitic |last=Salzman |first=Philip Carl |date=December 29, 2024 |access-date=January 10, 2025 |quote=The foundational idea of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) is the [[Marxism|Marxist]] theory that all humanity is divided between oppressors and victims [. ...] oppressors: [[White people|whites]], [[men]], [[Christian|Christians]], Jews, the wealthy, the able, and straights ([[Heterosexuality|heterosexuals]]) [. ...] many Muslims in North America [...] believe it is their duty to attack Jews and the [[Land of Israel|Jewish homeland]] of [[Israel]].}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=How DEI Is Helping Fuel a Huge Rise of Antisemitism in Health Care and Hospitals |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/12/30/how-dei-is-helping-fuel-a-huge-rise-of-antisemitism-in-health-care-and-hospitals |last=Tratt |first=Irit |date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=January 10, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=RealClear Politics |title=DEI Efforts Must Protect Jewish Students or They’re Going To Fail |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2025/01/07/dei_efforts_must_protect_jewish_students_or_theyre_going_to_fail_152158.amp.html |last=Pomerantz |first=Aaron |date=January 7, 2025 |access-date=January 10, 2025}}</ref> despite Jews being the [[Jew#History|most oppressed people in history]]<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> who suffered 68% of religion-based [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in America in 2023.<ref name="FBI2023" /> ===Select antisemitic incidents in the U.S.=== ::{{legend|#FA8072|'''Fatal incidents'''}}<!-- light red |style="background:#FA8072;text-align:left" --> {| {{table|hide|sort}} |- !Date !Reported type !data-sort-type="number" | Dead !data-sort-type="number" | Injured !Location !class="unsortable"|Details |- |7 October 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[New York City]], [[New York State|New York]] |Todd Richman, the Jewish co-chair of the left-leaning Democratic Majority for Israel,<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |last1=Ron |first1=Kampeas |date=April 24, 2020 |title=These are Biden's Jews |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/04/24/politics/these-are-bidens-jews |access-date=October 9, 2024 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}} |{{cite news |last1=Kampeas |first1=Ron |date=June 25, 2020 |access-date=October 9, 2024 |title=The fallout from Eliot Engel's likely defeat and a look at other primaries |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/06/25/politics/the-fallout-from-eliot-engels-likely-defeat-and-a-look-at-other-primaries |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency}} |{{Cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title=US Democratic pro-Israel group 'appalled' by Kahanist faction's entry to Knesset |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/democratic-pro-israel-group-appalled-by-kahanist-factions-entry-into-knesset |date=March 25, 2021 |access-date=October 9, 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}} }}</ref> was left bloodied after being [[Assault|assaulted]] by individuals hurling insults with antisemitic tropes.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The National Desk |url=https://thenationaldesk.com/news/americas-news-now/cruz-demands-action-after-israel-supporter-attacked-in-nyc-arrest-every-single-person-ted-cruz-palestine-hamas-gaza-war-october-7-2023-anniversary-new-york-city-todd-richman |title=Cruz demands action after Israel supporter attacked in NYC: 'Arrest every single person' |date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-823894 |title=Democratic Zionist org. leader attacked, left bloodied by anti-Zionists in NYC |date=October 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/10/10/politics/nypd-hate-crimes-unit-is-investigating-alleged-assault-on-pro-israel-leader |title=NYPD hate crimes unit is investigating alleged assault on pro-Israel leader |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |5 October 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[Queens]], [[New York State|New York]] |A 19-year-old Jewish man was reportedly punched in the face outside a Queens synagogue. The victim in traditional [[Hasidic Judaism#Practice and culture|Hasidic]] clothing was standing outside of Congregation B'Nei Abraham-EF in Kew Gardens Hills when the assailant appeared.<ref>* {{cite news |work=Rogue Valley Times |url=https://www.rv-times.com/nation_world/jewish-teen-punched-in-face-in-queens-unprovoked-anti-semitic-attack/article_089302fb-3e10-54ea-ad74-c9b259121be7.html |title=Jewish teen punched in face in Queens unprovoked anti-Semitic attack |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite news |work=QNS |url=https://qns.com/2024/10/teen-wearing-traditional-jewish-clothing-assaulted-by-stranger-in-front-of-kew-gardens-hills-synagogue-nypd |title=Teen wearing traditional Jewish clothing assaulted by stranger in front of Kew Gardens Hills synagogue: NYPD |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/chassidic-man-punched-in-face-outside-kew-gardens-hills-synagogue |title=Chassidic man punched in face outside Kew Gardens Hills synagogue |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 }}</ref> |- |27 September 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |Oakland, [[Pittsburgh]] |A Jewish student at the University of Pittsburgh, who wore a [[Star of David]] [[necklace]], was assaulted by a group, who hurled antisemitic slurs. According to Pittsburgh police, the victim was walking alone around 2 a.m. when he came across 8 men. When the 8 men saw his necklace, they hurled insults about Israel, then punched and kicked him.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/antisemitic-attack-pittsburgh-oakland-investigation |title=Antisemitic attack in Pittsburgh's Oakland neighborhood under investigation, police say |date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=A Jewish student at the University of Pittsburgh wearing a Star of David necklace was attacked by a group of people who used antisemitic language in Pittsburgh's Oakland neighborhood early Friday morning, police said.}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-822283 |title=Jewish student wearing Star of David attacked by group in Pittsburgh |date=September 29, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/five-jewish-college-students-report-assaulted-last-month-rcna171727 |title=Five Jewish college students report being assaulted in the last month, as Oct. 7 anniversary approaches |date=October 2, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |18 September 2024 |Contempt of Congress |0 |0 |[[Washington, D.C.]] |In a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on hate crimes, a man interrupted by shouting "F*** Israelis [...] I don't care about the f***ing Jews". The man continued to scream at the attendees until he was led away by security guards.<ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |title=At Senate hearing on antisemitism, protester interrupts to curse out 'Jews and Israelis' |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/654717/senate-antisemitism-hearing-jews-israelis-protest-gaza |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=National Council of Jewish Women |title=Senate hearing on antisemitism thrown into chaos as anti-Israel agitators shout obscenities |url=https://www.ncjw.org/news/senate-hearing-on-antisemitism-thrown-into-chaos-as-anti-israel-agitators-shout-obscenities |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=Senate hearing on antisemitism thrown into chaos as anti-Israel agitators shout obscenities |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/senate-antisemitism-hate-crimes-hearing-protestors-capitol |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} }}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite web |website=Senator Chuck Grassley's official page |url=https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/news-releases/grassley-condemns-antisemitism-at-senate-judiciary-hearing |title=Grassley Condemns Antisemitism At Senate Judiciary Hearing |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |title=In contentious Senate hearing, divisions over how to fight antisemitism come to the fore |url=https://m.jpost.com/american-politics/article-820723 |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=US senators spar over approach to tackling antisemitism in combative committee hearing |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-senators-spar-over-approach-to-tackling-antisemitism-in-combative-committee-hearing |date=September 18, 2024 |access-date=October 8, 2024}} }}</ref> |- |15 September 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] |A 19-year old Jewish student was assaulted by a group of unknown men, who asked him whether he was Jewish, after he answered "yes". The University of Michigan condemned the assault.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[University of Michigan]] |url=https://president.umich.edu/news-communications/messages-to-the-community/antisemitism-has-no-place-at-the-university-of-michigan |title=Antisemitism has no place at the University of Michigan |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=Over the weekend, one of our students was attacked off campus simply for answering "yes" in response to the question "are you Jewish?" We strongly condemn and denounce this act of violence and all antisemitic acts.}} * {{cite news |work=WXYZ Channel 7 |url=https://www.wxyz.com/news/police-michigan-student-attacked-after-saying-he-was-jewish |title=Police: Michigan student attacked after saying he was Jewish |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=The Ann Arbor Police Department is investigating after a student says he was attacked right after telling a group of men that he was Jewish.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jewish-student-attacked-near-university-of-michigan-i3g17ucv |title=Jewish student attacked near University of Michigan |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=[...] the group confronted the 19-year-old victim [...] demanded to know if he was Jewish. After the young man acknowledged he was, the suspect slammed him to the concrete then kicked and spat on him before fleeing the scene, according to the Ann Arbor Police Department.}}</ref> |- |31 August 2024 |Assault |0 |2 |Oakland, [[Pittsburgh]] |A man wearing a keffiyeh and wielding a bottle wounded two Jewish students at the University of Pittsburgh, who were treated at the scene. The suspect was arrested immediately. The Hillel International said that the students attacked had been part of a group moving between two Jewish events.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/649392/man-arrested-after-allegedly-attacking-jewish-students-at-university-of-pittsburgh |title=Man arrested after allegedly attacking Jewish students at University of Pittsburgh |date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/police-fbi-probing-second-antisemitic-assault-at-university-of-pittsburgh-in-weeks |title=Police, FBI probing second antisemitic assault at University of Pittsburgh in weeks |date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-08-31/ty-article/.premium/man-in-keffiyeh-arrested-for-attacking-jewish-students-at-university-of-pittsburgh/00000191-a9d0-d172-abd9-ebd736330000 |title=Man in Keffiyeh Arrested for Attacking Jewish Students at University of Pittsburgh, Wounding Two |date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |quote=One Jewish student suffered facial cuts while the other was injured on his neck, authorities say, after the two were attacked on campus by a suspect wearing a keffiyeh}}</ref> |- |9 August 2024 |Vandalism |0 |0 |Cambridge, [[Massachusetts]] |At Harvard University, several [[mezuzah]]s put up by Jewish students in their dorms were vandalized or missing.<ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bkhcrt9na |title=Harvard probes Mezuzah vandalism, Jewish students place more around campus |date=August 9, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/9/4/hupd-investigating-mezuzah-incident |title=Harvard Police Investigating After Mezuzah Briefly Goes Missing From Student's Door |date=September 4, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=COLive |url=https://collive.com/after-mezuzah-ripped-off-dorm-jewish-students-affix-dozens-of-new-ones |title=After Mezuzah Ripped Off Dorm, Jewish Students Affix Dozens of New Ones |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=Jewish Journal |url=https://jewishjournal.org/2024/09/19/missing-mezuzah-shows-jewish-students-still-living-in-fear-at-harvard |title=Missing mezuzah shows Jewish students still living in fear at Harvard |first1=Gavin |last1=Klein |date=September 19, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 }} |{{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/10/2/freshman-mezuzah-bias-crime |title=Harvard Police Investigating Missing Mezuzah Incident as 'Bias Crime' |date=October 2, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 }} }}</ref> |- |10 July 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |Foggy Bottom, [[Washington, D.C.]] |A Jewish man wearing a [[kippah]] was punched into the bush outside the Foggy Bottom metro station within the [[George Washington University]]. The suspect went on a tirade of conspiracy theories about Jews upon arrest.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/07/11/you-corrupt-world-jewish-man-wearing-kippah-assaulted-washington-dc |title='You Corrupt the World!' Jewish Man Wearing Kippah Assaulted in Washington, DC |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |quote=The suspect said: "They're the cause of all our wars. The children in Gaza, the children in Palestine, we know! We know who you are! We know the lies that you've told, that you have stolen the place of the true children of Israel [...] You're a liar! You have stolen our birthright [...] you have enslaved us, you have enslaved us a people. You now corrupt the banks and you corrupt the world. We know who you are! All of you! They are the ones who brought rap music into our communities...tainting the minds of our children [...] they control the music scene. Now you hold the world ransom, because you control all the money [...] We know you've corrupted our governments [...] We know that you're murdering innocent men, women, and children in Gaza! You collect interest on the poor! How can people live with you who hold them captive!"}} * {{cite news |work=NBC4 Washington |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/dc-police-investigating-assault-as-anti-jewish-hate-crime/3662497 |title=Assault in DC's Foggy Bottom area investigated as anti-Jewish hate crime |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/07/12/jewish-man-assault-israel-gaza-war |title=D.C. Jewish man assaulted by attacker yelling about Israel-Gaza war |date=July 12, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref> |- |24 June 2024 |Picketing |0 |1 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |A reportedly anti-Israel rally taking place outside a synagogue turned into a street conflict when the worshippers tried to stop the commotion. A Jewish woman was injured.<ref name="LA">{{cite news |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-07-10/pro-palestinian-groups-sued-over-demonstrations-outside-l-a-synagogue |title=Pro-Palestinian groups sued over demonstration outside L.A. synagogue |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/24/us/synagogue-protest-los-angeles-biden.html|title=Biden and Democratic Leaders Condemn Protest Outside L.A. Synagogue as Antisemitic |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> President [[Joe Biden]] and his administration condemned the incident as anti-Semitic.<ref name="LA" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/24/us/los-angeles-synagogue-palestinian-israeli-protest-violence |title=Pro-Palestinian protest outside LA synagogue criticized as 'antisemitic' after street fights with pro-Israel protesters |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |11 June 2024 |Assault |0 |2 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |A [[Chabad]] [[Rabbi]] was assaulted on the UCLA campus, suffering a bleeding face wound. The suspects called him a "fake Jew", "[[Zio (slur)|Zionist]] pedophile rabbi" and told him to "go back to Poland and Ukraine". A journalist also reported equipment damage and burns from hot spaghetti sauce poured over him.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/621748/ucla-chabad-rabbi-dovid-gurevich-palestinian-protest |title='Go back to Poland': Masked UCLA protesters harass Chabad rabbi, threaten his life |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-805844 |title=UCLA Chabad rabbi assaulted, told to go back to Poland |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/ucla-protestors-call-chabad-rabbi-a-pedophile-amid-campus-unrest-lxgh67lq |title=UCLA protestors call Chabad rabbi a pedophile amid campus unrest |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} }}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite news|work=Algemeiner|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/06/11/zionist-pedophile-rabbi-ucla-pro-hamas-rioters-continue-year-carnage|title='Zionist Pedophile Rabbi', UCLA Pro-Hamas Rioters Continue Year of Carnage}} |{{cite web |work=Jewish Journal |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/372269/ucla-chabad-rabbi-assaulted-by-pro-palestinian-protesters |title=UCLA Chabad Rabbi Assaulted by Pro-Palestinian Protesters |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://amchainitiative.org/search-by-incident#incident/display-by-date/details/6668848a555ac9002503058c |title=Incident Details |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=Jewish Federation of Western Connecticut |url=https://www.jfed.net/antisemitismtoolsandresources/ucla-chabad-rabbi-assaulted-told-to-go-back-to-poland |title=UCLA Chabad rabbi assaulted, told to go back to Poland |date=June 15, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref> |- |April 2024 |Threats |0 |0 |[[New York City]], [[New York State|New York]] |A Columbia University student said in a video that "Zionists don't deserve to live comfortably, let alone Zionists don't deserve to live [...] Be grateful that I'm not just going out and murdering Zionists". He was suspended by the university.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> |- |January 2024 |Assault |0 |1 |[[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]] |A Lyft driver assaulted a Rabbi after refusing to continue the drive by punching them in the face. A video of the assault was recorded by a witness.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Paul |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Lyft driver charged in assault of rabbi in Northwest DC |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/lyft-driver-charged-in-assault-of-rabbi-in-northwest-dc/3532026/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=January 29, 2024 |title=Lyft lets go of driver who allegedly assaulted a DC rabbi and Chabad scion |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/01/29/united-states/lyft-lets-go-of-driver-who-allegedly-assaulted-a-dc-rabbi-and-chabad-scion |access-date=February 2, 2024 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/579052/police-charge-lyft-driver-in-attack-on-chabad-rabbi-in-washington |title=Police charge Lyft driver in attack on Chabad rabbi in Washington |date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |quote=Rabbi believes incident was a hate crime; police are investigating}}</ref> |- |November 2023 |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] |Several incidents of vandalism across campuses occurred in the country. For instance, a [[chalk]] [[graffiti]] stating "Holocaust 2.0" was found at the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]'s campus in College Park.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/11/10/university-of-maryland-antisemitism-protest-israel-gaza |title=University of Maryland condemns antisemitic message during protest |date=November 10, 2023 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hellgren |first=Mike |date=December 11, 2023 |title=Maryland college students speak about antisemitism on campus as hate incidents rise |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/maryland-college-students-speak-about-antisemitism-on-campus-as-hate-incidents-rise-baltimore-hamas-israel/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |work=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[WMAR-TV|WMAR 2 News Baltimore]] |url=https://www.wmar2news.com/local/university-of-maryland-students-worried-about-antisemitism-on-campus |title=University of Maryland students worried about antisemitism on campus |date=November 10, 2023 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |5 November 2023 |Involuntary manslaughter |style="background:#FA8072|1 |0 |[[Thousand Oaks, California]] |Jewish man Paul Kessler was a victim of suspected involuntary [[manslaughter]]. The suspect, a former Moorpark College professor, hit Kessler's head with a megaphone over disagreement at a rally. Kessler fell with another hit and died of [[intracerebral hemorrhage]].<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=LBC |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/jewish-man-paul-kessler-killed-israel-and-palestine-rally-california |title=Jewish man dies a day after he was injured in a violent clash at pro-Palestine rally in US |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/man-killed-california-protests-israel-hamas-war-13eb9cd0305dc0d0d822c355db7b1de6 |title=California professor charged with involuntary manslaughter in the death of Jewish demonstrator |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-professor-loay-alnaji-stand-trial-paul-kessler-death-pro-israel-counter-protester |title=College professor to stand trial in death of pro-Israel counter-protester last year |date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} }}</ref> The suspect has pleaded not guilty.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/flowers-candles-and-anger-at-la-street-corner-where-pro-israel-protester-was-killed |title=Flowers, candles and anger at LA street corner where pro-Israel protester was killed |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-loay-alnaji-pro-palestinian-accused-killing-paul-kessler-demonstration-california-1842207 |title=Who is Loay Alnaji? Pro-Palestinian Accused of Killing Paul Kessler |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/professor-charged-in-death-of-jewish-pro-israel-protester-at-dueling-la-war-rallies |title=Professor charged in death of Jewish pro-Israel protester at dueling LA war rallies |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=Jewish Journal |url=https://jewishjournal.com/community/365367/thousand-oaks-intersection-where-paul-kessler-died-has-been-turned-into-a-memorial |title=Thousand Oaks Intersection Where Paul Kessler Died Has Been Turned Into a Memorial |date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/621703/loay-alnaji-pleads-not-guilty-in-paul-kessler-death |title=California man pleads not guilty in November death of pro-Israel protester |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} }}</ref> Los Angeles Mayor [[Karen Bass]] issued a condemnation,<ref>{{cite web |website=Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass |url=https://mayor.lacity.gov/news/mayor-bass-issues-statement-after-death-jewish-man-thousand-oaks |title=Mayor Bass Issues Statement after Death of Jewish Man in Thousand Oaks |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> while the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles called it an "antisemitic crime".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[CBS News|CBS Los Angeles]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/69-year-old-jewish-man-killed-during-simultaneous-pro-israel-and-pro-palestinian-rallies |title=Jewish man, 69, dies after clash during dueling protests over Israel-Palestinian conflict in LA area |date=November 7, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024}}</ref> |- |October 2023 |Threats |0 |0 |[[Cornell University]], [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], [[New York State|New York]] |Cornell University student Patrick Dai threatened to shoot all Jewish schoolmates, burn synagogues and behead Jewish babies on an online forum.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/us-student-jailed-after-threatening-to-behead-jewish-babies-ybdvm4l0|title=US student jailed after threatening to behead Jewish babies |date=August 13, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=Patrick Dai, 22, described Jews as "rats" who need to be eliminated and said he was planning to "bring an assault rifle to campus and shoot all you pig Jews" [...] The Engineering student posted: "Watch out pig Jews. jihad is coming. nowhere is safe. your synagogue will become graveyards. your women will be raped and your children will be beheaded. glory to Allah".}}</ref> He was sentenced to 21 months in prison for the action in August 2024.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite web |website=[[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-cornell-student-sentenced-posting-online-threats-against-jewish-students-campus |title=PRESS RELEASE: Former Cornell Student Sentenced for Posting Online Threats Against Jewish Students on Campus |date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote="Today, former Cornell University student Patrick Dai was sentenced to serve 21 months in prison for posting anonymous threats to kill Jewish students," said U.S. Attorney Carla B. Freedman for the Northern District of New York [...] Dai targeted Jewish students [...] terrorized the Cornell campus community for days and shattered the community's sense of safety.}} |{{cite news |title=Former Cornell student gets 21 months in prison for posting violent threats to Jewish students |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-cornell-student-gets-21-months-prison-posting-violent-threats-j-rcna166284 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |agency=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |date=August 12, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/08/13/nx-s1-5073786/cornell-university-student-sentenced-antisemitic-threats |title=A former Cornell student is sentenced to 21 months for threatening to kill Jews |date=August 13, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} }}</ref> |- |June 6, 2023 |Vandalism |0 |0 |Manchester Township, [[New Jersey]] |On June 6, Ron Carr from Manchester spray-painted swastikas and other graffiti on fourteen homes before setting fire to another one. When asked why he did the act, Carr said it was to keep Jews out. In June 2024, Carr pleded guilty to arson, bias intimidation and two counts of criminal mischief.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hopkins |first1=Kathleen |title=Manchester man admits arson, spray-painting swastikas in antisemitic crime spree |url=https://www.app.com/story/news/local/courts/2024/06/21/ron-carr-antisemitic-crimes-pleads-guilty-to-arson-mischief/74170701007/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=Ashbury Park |date=June 21, 2024}}</ref> In August, Carr was sentenced to seven years in state prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=7 years in prison for NJ man in arson, antisemitic graffiti attacks |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bymjnpyjr |access-date=August 19, 2024 |work=Ynetnews |date=August 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=NJ.com |url=https://www.nj.com/ocean/2024/06/nj-man-admits-to-burning-down-home-spray-painting-swastikas-in-shore-town.html |title=N.J. man admits to burning down home, spray-painting swastikas in Shore town |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |February 22{{ndash}}23, 2023 |Shooting |0 |2 |Los Angeles, California |On February 22 and 23, 29-year-old Jamie Tran shot two Jewish men as they were leaving synagogues in Pico-Robertson. Both men survived. In May 2024, Tran pleaded guilty to two federal hate crimes and weapons charges.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tucker |first1=Emma |last2=Romine |first2=Taylor |last3=Campbell |first3=Josh |date=February 17, 2023 |title=Federal prosecutors charge man with 2 hate crimes after allegedly shooting 2 Jewish men in Los Angeles |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/17/us/los-angeles-jewish-shooting-suspect-arrest/index.html |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man agrees to plead guilty of shooting two Jewish men in West LA |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/jaime-tran-pleads-guilty-to-west-la-jewish-shootings/3411916/ |access-date=August 13, 2024 |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> On 30 September 2024, Tran was sentenced to 35 years in jail.<ref>{{cite web |website=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jamie-tran-sentenced-35-years-shooting-two-jewish-men-1961611 |title=Jaime Tran Sentenced to 35 Years for Shooting 2 Jewish Men |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hy11jt8t0a |title=Man who shot 2 Jews leaving an LA synagogue sentenced to 35 years in prison |date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=Jaime Tran pleaded guilty in June to two counts of hate crimes with intent to kill; Tran had a "history of antsemitic and threatening behavior" according to the lawsuit}}</ref> |- |April 20, 2022 |Assault |0 |1 |Manhattan, New York |'''Attack on Matt Greenman''': Matt Greenman, a Jewish man, was assaulted in an antisemitic hate crime in New York City while watching a rally organized by the pro-[[Hamas#Violence|Hamas]] front Within Our Lifetime. Saadah Masoud, one of the group's founders, pled guilty to the assault and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |website=United States Attorney's Office Southern District in New York, United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/staten-island-man-sentenced-18-months-prison-conspiracy-commit-antisemitic-hate-crimes |title=Staten Island Man Sentenced To 18 Months In Prison For Conspiracy To Commit Antisemitic Hate Crimes |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/03/nyregion/jewish-attacks-hate-crime-staten-island.html |title=Staten Island Man Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison for Attacks on Jews |date=March 3, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024 |quote=Saadah Masoud wanted to punish supporters of Israel, prosecutors said. His assaults came amid a rising wave of antisemitism in the United States.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/wire/the-lawfare-project-issues-a-statement-following-the-sentencing-of-saadah-masoud |title=The Lawfare Project issues statement following the sentencing of Saadah Masoud |date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024 |quote=The international pro bono legal group continues to call for an investigation into Masoud’s co-conspirators.}}</ref> |- |January 15, 2022 |Hostage taking |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Colleyville, Texas|Colleyville]], [[Texas]] |'''[[Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis]]''': Four people were taken hostage by a British Pakistani at a synagogue. After a standoff with police, the attacker was killed and all hostages escaped unharmed.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Fortin |first2=Jacey |last3=Closson |first3=Troy |date=January 17, 2022 |title=The Hostages Escaped. But Synagogues Ask, How Can They Be More Secure? |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/17/us/texas-synagogue-hostages-escape.html |access-date=January 18, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/590045/documentary-rabbi-hostage-buchdahl-colleyville |title=New documentary to show never-before-seen footage of gunman taking Texas synagogue hostage |date=March 7, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj4x1n1d45no |title=Man threatened hostages over scientist's jailing, inquest told |date=August 22, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |October 31, 2021 |Arson |0 |0 |Austin, Texas |'''Austin synagogue arson''': 18-year old Franklin Barrett Sechriest set fire to the main doors of the sanctuary of the Congregation Beth Israel, causing more than $250,000 in damage. Sechriest admitted he conducted the attack due to his hatred of Jews and had written, "I set a synagogue on fire," in his personal journal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vigdor |first1=Neil |title=College Student Charged in Arson at Texas Synagogue |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/15/us/austin-synagogue-fire-arson.html |access-date=October 22, 2022 |date=November 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Texas man who set fire to an Austin synagogue sentenced to 10 years |url=https://apnews.com/article/austin-texas-synagogue-arson-prison-sentence-f1b9aaed17c5339aa5cc34c1a6358715 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/16/us/franklin-barrett-sechriest-synagogue-arson/index.html |title=A Texas student, who wrote 'I set a synagogue on fire' in a journal, is charged with arson, officials say |date=November 16, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> |- |October 13, 2021 |Arson |0 |0 |Flatbush, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |A woman yelling antisemitic obscenities poured gasoline in front of a yeshiva in Flatbush and set it on fire.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer; no byline--> |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Hate in Flatbush: Woman Screaming Anti-Semitic Slurs Starts Fire On Street In Front Of Yeshiva of Flatbush on Ave J [Video & Photos] |url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/featured/2016244/hate-in-flatbush-woman-screaming-anti-semitic-slurs-starts-fire-on-street-in-front-of-yeshiva-of-flatbush-on-ave-j-videos-photos.html |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=The Yeshiva World |language=en-US}}</ref> Weeks earlier, a woman was seen in the area carrying a gas canister and yelling antisemitic slurs.<ref name=":0" /> Police are investigating a possible connection.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Video shows woman pouring gasoline outside yeshiva in alleged arson attack, NYPD says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/video-shows-woman-pouring-gasoline-outside-yeshiva-suspected-arson-attack-n1281664 |date=October 15, 2021 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=Police offered a reward of up to $3,500 to members of the public for information on the incident in Brooklyn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/search-underway-for-woman-in-brooklyn-who-set-fire-in-front-of-yeshivah |title=Search underway for woman in Brooklyn who set fire in front of yeshivah |quote=NYPD’s Crime Stoppers is offering a $3,500 reward for information leading to the woman’s arrest.}}</ref> |- |September 9, 2021 |Verbal and physical assault |0 |1 |Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York |A 37-year-old man spat on a Jewish man and verbally abused them with antisemitic remarks; he was charged with a hate crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Man charged in feces attack arrested for third time in one month |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/public-safety/2022/03/22/man-charged-in-feces-attack-arrested-for-third-time-in-one-month |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=NY1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2022 |title=NYC feces attack suspect released again after being rearrested in hate crime investigation |url=https://abc7ny.com/frank-abrokwa-feces-attack-subway-crime-hate/11614136/ |access-date=April 17, 2022 |website=[[WABC-TV|ABC7 New York]] |language=en}}</ref> |- |July 1, 2021 |Stabbing |0 |1 |Brighton, [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] |Rabbi Shlomo Noginski was stabbed eight times by an attacker outside of the Shaloh House Jewish Day School; the school, which was holding a summer camp, was put into lockdown.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title='God Saved Me': Brighton Rabbi Speaks Out After Stabbing |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/god-saved-me-brighton-rabbi-speaks-out-after-stabbing/2421707/ |access-date=July 10, 2021 |website=NBC Boston |date=July 4, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2021 |title=Rabbi stabbed outside Boston synagogue in suspected hate crime |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stabbing-jewish-rabbi-attacked-boston-b1877330.html |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite news |title=Chabad rabbi stabbed in front of Jewish day school and synagogue in Boston |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-chabad-rabbi-stabbed-in-front-of-jewish-day-school-and-synagogue-in-boston-1.9962117 |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[Haaretz]] |language=en}}</ref> The attacker had a knife and a gun in his possession at the time of arrest.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> The attacker, who had a history of making anti-Semitic statements and had been the subject of a restraining order by a Jewish former-roommate, was charged with hate crimes and civil rights violations.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ellement |first1=John R. |last2=Brinker |first2=Andrew |title=Man who allegedly stabbed rabbi in Brighton faces hate crime, civil rights charges |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/07/08/metro/mental-health-exam-sought-egyptian-man-accused-stabbing-rabbi-brighton/ |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hate Crime Charges Brought Against Man Accused of Stabbing Rabbi in Brighton |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/dangerousness-hearing-to-be-held-for-man-accused-of-stabbing-rabbi/2424605/ |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=NBC Boston |date=July 8, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jewish roommate of Boston stabber took out restraining order against him |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/jewish-roommate-of-boston-stabber-took-out-restraining-order-against-him-672912 |access-date=July 10, 2021 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=July 5, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |June 15, 2021 |Physical assault, verbal assault |0 |1 |Fairfax, [[Los Angeles, California]] |A man punched a 12-year-old Jewish boy in the face; another man threatened to kill the child's family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Man arrested for allegedly attacking 12-year-old Jewish boy in Fairfax area |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/man-arrested-for-allegedly-attacking-12-year-old-jewish-boy-in-fairfax-area |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=City News Service |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-16 |title=Man Arrested for Punching Jewish Child on Melrose Avenue |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/337785/man-arrested-for-punching-jewish-child-on-melrose-avenue/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Jewish Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |May 27, 2021 |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], [[Florida]] |The phrase "Jews are guilty" and a swastika were spray-painted on the Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Swastika, 'Jews are guilty' message spray-painted on Holocaust Museum in St. Pete, police say |url=https://www.fox13news.com/news/swastika-spray-painted-on-holocaust-museum-in-st-pete-police-say |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=FOX 13 News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Florida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg vandalized with painted swastika |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/breaking-news/2021/05/27/florida-holocaust-museum-in-st-petersburg-vandalized-with-painted-swastikas/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Swastika spray-painted on wall at Florida Holocaust Museum |url=https://apnews.com/article/fl-state-wire-florida-89c2c2cbddc970b8e6e033b630c2633d |access-date=July 5, 2021|website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> |- |May 24, 2021 |Physical assault |0 |1 |[[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]] |A 67-year-old man was punched in the face as he tried to enter a synagogue. A 20-year-old man was arrested for assault, assault as a hate crime, and aggravated harassment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elderly Jewish man beat up outside of Brooklyn synagogue |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/elderly-jewish-man-attacked-outside-of-brooklyn-synagogue-669180 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=May 26, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |May 22, 2021 |Gang attack |0 |2 |[[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |Three men, aged 19–20, tried to break into a synagogue, yelling "Free Palestine! Kill all the Jews!" Unable to enter the locked building, they left, and shortly afterward assaulted two Jewish teens, choking one, punching the other in the head, and chasing both for several blocks with cricket bats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-25 |title=20-year-old arrested in back-to-back attacks against Jewish victims in Brooklyn |url=https://abc7ny.com/10693468/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Three charged in NYC after yelling "kill all the Jews," attacking Jewish teens with baseball bat |url=https://www.newsweek.com/three-charged-nyc-after-yelling-kill-all-jews-attacking-jewish-teens-baseball-bat-1595598 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |first1=Anna |last1=Sturla |first2=Rob |last2=Frehse |title=Additional hate crime charges are filed after two anti-Semitic incidents in Brooklyn |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/28/us/brooklyn-hate-crime-additional-charges/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 28, 2021}}</ref> The three attackers were charged with multiple hate crimes.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Three men charged with hate crimes after antisemitic incidents in Brooklyn |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/three-men-charged-hate-crimes-after-antisemitic-incidents-brooklyn-n1268737 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=NBC News |date=May 27, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18" /> |- |May 21, 2021 |Vandalism, verbal assault |0 |0 |[[Hallandale Beach, Florida|Hallandale Beach]], [[Florida]] |A man yelled antisemitic threats at a rabbi in front of a synagogue, then returned and dumped a bag of human feces in front of the building.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-23 |title=Man leaves feces, hurls remarks outside Florida synagogue |url=https://apnews.com/article/florida-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-religion-8eee0c90260e49a03777a03ea724111f |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=Hallandale Beach PD: Jeffrey Fleming Arrested For Shouting Anti-Semitic Slurs, Dumping Human Feces At Chabad Of South Broward |url=https://miami.cbslocal.com/2021/05/24/chabad-of-south-broward-anti-semitic-slurs-feces-arrest/ |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |May 20, 2021 |Gang attack |0 |1 |Diamond, [[Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |A caravan of cars and trucks with Palestinian flags went to the Diamond District, where many Jewish-owned businesses are located, and shot off commercial fireworks at people while yelling "F--- you, Zionists", "F--- you, pigs", and other threatening and sexually explicit comments about Jews.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title='This shouldn't happen to anyone': Victim in anti-Semitic assault speaks out |url=https://abc7ny.com/10671569/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=Pro-Palestinian protesters shout 'f***ing Zionist' and one person is burned in NYC altercation |url=https://www.jta.org/2021/05/20/united-states/one-person-burned-in-nyc-fight-as-protesters-shout-f-king-zionist |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sales |first=Ben |title=Jews attacked, one person burned amid pro-Palestinian protests in New York City |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jews-attacked-one-person-burned-amid-pro-palestinian-protests-in-new-york-city/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref> One woman was hospitalized with burns.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Stack |first2=Liam |date=2021-05-26 |title=U.S. Faces Outbreak of Anti-Semitic Threats and Violence |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/us/anti-semitism-attacks-violence.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |title='Who's out protecting us?': Spate of anti-Jewish attacks in the U.S. draws calls for more forceful response |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/antisemitic-attacks/2021/05/23/8907864e-bbdd-11eb-83e3-0ca705a96ba4_story.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Daniel Shaukat, Haider Anjam, and Ashan Azad, then 20, 20, and 19 years old respectively, pled guilty in September 2022 to committing hate crimes and were sentenced to between 3 and 5 years of probation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Garmaise |first1=Yehudit |title=Three Men Who Assaulted Jews last May in Boro Park: Plead Guilty, but Evade Jail |url=https://www.boropark24.com/news/three-men-who-assaulted-jews-last-may-in-boro-park-plead-guilty-but-evade-jail |access-date=October 6, 2024 |work=Boro Park 24 |date=2022-09-22}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|May 20, 2021}} |Gang attack |0 |1 |[[Times Square]], [[Manhattan, New York]] |'''Attack on Joseph Borgen''': During the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], five men attacked Joseph Borgen, a Jewish man, when he passed through the Times Square. Borgen was punched, kicked, bludgeoned with flag poles and a crutch. He was maced and peppered spray and suffered a concussion ensued by hospitalization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=Joseph Borgen, Brutally Beaten By Group Of Suspects In Manhattan's Diamond District, Speaks Out: 'My Whole Face Felt Like It Was On Fire For Hours' |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/05/24/jewish-man-brutally-beaten-in-manhattans-diamond-district/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> The attackers also yelled antisemitic slurs.<ref>{{cite news |title=More Suspects Wanted in Antisemitic Gang Attack on Jewish Man in Times Square |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/5-more-suspects-wanted-in-antisemitic-gang-attack-on-jewish-man-in-times-square/3069754/ |work=NBC New York |agency=Associated Press |date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite news |last=Holcombe |first=Madeline |title=The Jewish man who was the victim of a gang assault in New York says the level of hatred was troubling |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/22/us/jewish-man-attacked-new-york-times-square/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 22, 2021}}</ref> Five activists were arrested, found guilty for the attack and received sentences of up to 7 years in prison.<ref name="Musaplea">{{cite news |last1=Tress |first1=Luke |date=2023-11-22 |title=Assailant sentenced to 7 years for antisemitic attack on Joseph Borgen in 2021 |work=[[New York Jewish Week]] |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/11/22/ny/assailant-sentenced-to-7-years-for-antisemitic-attack-on-joseph-borgen-in-2021 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="JNSOct2">{{cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=Guilty pleas: Attackers of Jewish man in New York face years behind bars |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/guilty-pleas-attackers-of-jewish-man-in-new-york-face-years-behind-bars |access-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref><ref name="JTAApril26">{{cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Jacob |date=2023-04-26 |title=2 of Joey Borgen's attackers plead guilty on hate crime charges for 2021 beating |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/04/26/ny/joey-borgens-attackers-plead-guilty-on-hate-crime-charges-for-2021-beating |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> |- |May 19, 2021 |Arson/physical attack | |1 |Borough Park, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |A Brooklyn man attempted to set fire to a building that housed a synagogue and a yeshiva.<ref name="Closson">{{Cite news |last=Closson |first=Troy |date=2021-05-22 |title=Man Charged in Arson at Brooklyn Synagogue and Yeshiva, Officials Say |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/22/nyregion/brooklyn-synagogue-arson-arrest.html |access-date=July 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Ganesh |last=Setty |title=Brooklyn man allegedly attempted to torch synagogue and Jewish school, court documents say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/23/us/new-york-synagogue-yeshiva-arson-man-arrested/index.html |access-date=July 6, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Later that day, the perpetrator punched a Jewish man in the head several times.<ref name="Closson"/> |- |May 18, 2021 |Physical and verbal assault |0 |0 |[[Bal Harbour, Florida|Bal Harbour]], [[Florida]] |A visibly Jewish family walking down the street was verbally assaulted by a group of four men who threw garbage at them, threatened to rape the mother of the family, and yelled other violent antisemitic threats and insults at them.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Torres |first1=Alex |last2=Finnie |first2=Andrea |date=2021-05-20 |title=Hate-spewing men attack Jewish family in Bal Harbour over Israel-Hamas conflict |url=https://www.local10.com/news/local/2021/05/20/men-threaten-to-rape-mother-daughter-during-anti-semitic-attack-over-israel-hamas-conflict/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=WPLG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Darragh |last=Roche |date=2021-05-22 |title=Motorist with gun chases off hate mob terrorizing Jewish family in Florida |url=https://www.newsweek.com/jewish-family-abused-pelted-garbage-florida-hate-attack-1593924 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nahl |first=Lexi |date=2021-05-20 |title=Police investigating report of disturbing anti-Semitic incident in South Florida |url=https://cbs12.com/news/local/police-investigating-report-of-disturbing-anti-semitic-incident-in-south-florida |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=WPEC}}</ref><ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Teproff |first=Carli |date=May 21, 2021 |title='Die Jew.' Jewish family visiting South Florida harassed while walking in Bal Harbour |work=[[Miami Herald]] |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/aventura/article251584103.html}}</ref> |- |May 18, 2021 |Physical assault/gang attack |0 |0 |Fairfax, [[Los Angeles, California]] |A visibly Jewish man was walking to his synagogue when two cars with Palestinian flags, allegedly yelling "Allahu Akbar," chased him down, apparently trying to run him over as he sprinted toward shelter.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Rand |first=Jory |date=2021-05-20 |title=Orthodox Jewish man in Fairfax District chased by 2 vehicles as passengers wave Palestinian flags |url=https://abc7.com/10665553/ |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles |language=en}}</ref> The episode was captured by CCTV.<ref name=":15" /> |- |{{Dts|May 18, 2021}} |Gang attack |0 |5 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |A group of men waving a Palestinian flag got out of a car near a sushi restaurant, yelled antisemitic obscenities, including the phrase "dirty Jew," at the patrons (not all Jewish), and then attacked diners with pepper spray, barrier poles and glass bottles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deliso |first=Meredith |title=Suspect arrested in investigation of alleged hate crime attack outside Los Angeles restaurant |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspect-arrested-investigation-alleged-hate-crime-attack-los/story?id=77849583 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |date=May 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Police Investigate Possible Jewish Hate Crime Attack At Beverly Grove Restaurant |url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2021/05/19/police-investigate-possible-jewish-hate-crime-attack-at-beverly-grove-restaurant/ |work=CBS Los Angeles |date=May 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Farley |title=Attack at LA Sushi Restaurant Could Be Labeled Anti-Semitic Hate Crime |url=https://la.eater.com/2021/5/19/22444286/attack-la-sushi-restaurant-anti-semitic-hate-crime-police-israel-palestine |work=Eater Los Angeles |date=May 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Nicole |last1=Chavez |first2=Brynn |last2=Gingras |first3=Kristina |last3=Sgueglia |title=Anti-Semitic attacks are being reported in US cities as tensions flare over the Israeli-Palestinian conflict |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/21/us/anti-semitic-attacks-new-york-los-angeles/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> In June 2023, Samer Jayylusi, 37, and Xavier Pabon, 32, pled no contest to two counts of felony assault and admitted a hate crime on both counts. They were sentenced to two years of probation, 80 hours of bias counseling, and an 8 hour visit to the Museum of Tolerance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandler |first1=Aaron |title=Two Men Sentenced to Two Years Probation Over Sushi Fumi Attack |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/360594/two-men-sentenced-to-two-years-probation-over-sushi-fumi-attack/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |work=Jewish Journal |date=2023-07-13}}</ref> |- |April–May 2021 |Public school assignment |0 |0 |[[Tenafly, New Jersey]] |In early April 2021,<ref name="DeMarco">{{Cite news |last=DeMarco |first=Jerry |date=31 May 2021 |title=Tenafly 5th Grader Dresses As Hitler For Class Project: 'Pretty Great Wasn't I?' |work=[[The Daily Voice (American hyperlocal news)|Daily Voice]] |url=https://dailyvoice.com/new-jersey/englewood/news/tenafly-5th-grader-dresses-as-hitler-for-class-project-pretty-great-wasnt-i/809975/}}</ref> a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as [[Adolf Hitler]] and to write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.<ref name="Beachum 4 Jun">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2021 |title=Teacher, principal on leave after student's project on Hitler in New Jersey town |work=[[WABC-TV|ABC 7]] |url=https://abc7ny.com/education/teacher-principal-on-leave-after-students-project-on-hitler/10743194/}}</ref><ref name="Beachum 1 Jun">{{Cite news |last=Beachum |first=Lateshia |date=1 June 2021 |title=Fifth-grader dresses as Hitler, lauds dictator's 'accomplishments.' A N.J. district is investigating. |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2021/06/01/hitler-new-jersey-essay-holocaust/}}</ref> After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions,<ref name="Sheldon">{{Cite news |last=Sheldon |first=Chris |date=4 June 2021 |title=Teacher who assigned first-person Hitler essay placed on leave, superintendent says |work=[[NJ.com]] |url=https://www.nj.com/bergen/2021/06/teacher-who-assigned-first-person-hitler-essay-placed-on-leave-superintendent-says.html}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Galluccio |first=Bill |date=3 June 2021 |title=New Jersey School Board Defends 5th Grade Teacher Over Hitler Assignment |work=[[WFLA (AM)|NewsRadio WFLA]] |url=https://wflanews.iheart.com/content/2021-06-03-new-jersey-school-board-defends-5th-grade-teacher-over-hitler-assignment/}}</ref><ref name="Madani">{{Cite news |last=Madani |first=Doha |date=2 June 2021 |title=New Jersey school board defends 5th grade student and teacher over Hitler assignment |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/new-jersey-school-board-defends-5th-grade-student-teacher-over-n1269426}}</ref> the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay and opened an investigation into the incident.<ref name="Katzban">{{Cite news |last=Katzban |first=Nicholas |date=4 June 2021 |title=New Jersey teacher, principal on paid leave after student's report on Hitler's 'accomplishments' |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[NorthJersey.com]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/06/04/tenafly-hitler-project-nj-teacher-principal-placed-leave/7540687002/}}</ref><ref name="Alexander">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Dan |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Tenafly, NJ 5th grade project on Hitler as 'great' being probed |work=[[WKXW|NJ101.5]] |url=https://nj1015.com/tenafly-nj-5th-grade-project-on-hitler-as-great-being-probed/}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|December 7, 2020}} |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Boise, Idaho]] |Sometime between the evening of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 2020, nine stickers bearing the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]] and the words "We Are Everywhere" were plastered over the Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial in Boise, Idaho. <ref name="Boone">{{cite news |last=Boone |first=Rebecca |title=Idaho Anne Frank Memorial defaced with swastika stickers |url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-anne-frank-coronavirus-pandemic-boise-idaho-b1b0b8c072c957f88b93cc9aaca4c6a6 |work=[[AP News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=December 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Jones 2020">{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Dustin |title=Idaho Anne Frank Memorial Defaced With Nazi Propaganda |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/945150729/idaho-anne-frank-memorial-defaced-with-nazi-propaganda |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 10, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sykes">{{cite news |last=Sykes |first=Stefan |title=Anne Frank memorial in Idaho defaced with Nazi swastikas |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/anne-frank-memorial-idaho-defaced-nazi-swastikas-n1250930 |work=NBC News |date=December 11, 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|October 26, 2020}} |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Ithaca, New York]] |The Sunny Days storefront was painted with Celtic crosses, and posters with antisemitic language were taped to the door.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Meghana |author2=Tamara Kamis |title=Ithaca Struck by Slew of Anti-Semitic, Racist Vandalism |url=https://cornellsun.com/2020/10/29/ithaca-struck-by-slew-of-anti-semitic-racist-vandalism/ |work=Cornell Daily Sun |date=October 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1321178419909005313 |user=SvanteMyrick |title=A recent spate of anti-semitic and anti-black graffiti has appeared around Ithaca.[...] |date=October 27, 2020 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |link=https://twitter.com/SvanteMyrick/status/1321178419909005313}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 25, 2020}} |Arson |0 |0 |[[Newark, Delaware]] |Late on August 25, 2020, 45 firefighters responded to a fire at the Chabad center of the University of Delaware. It was later determined to be arson.<ref>{{cite news |title=Investigator: Fire at UD's Chabad Center for Jewish Life was intentionally set |url=https://www.newarkpostonline.com/news/investigator-fire-at-ud-s-chabad-center-for-jewish-life-was-intentionally-set/article_f3802a5a-a865-5233-8de0-2a4f331d9c37.html |author=Shannon, Josh |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Newark Post |date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arsonist Torches Jewish Center at University of Delaware |url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/arsonist-torches-jewish-center-at-university-of-delaware/2514743/ |author=Chang, David |access-date=24 September 2020 |publisher=NBC Philadelphia |date=26 August 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|May 30, 2020}} |Civil unrest |0 |unknown |[[Los Angeles, California]] |Beginning Saturday night May 30, 2020, individuals looted, vandalized synagogues and Jewish stores in Fairfax, Los Angeles in local protests. A synagogue was spray-painted with "F*ck Israel" and "Free Palestine".<ref name="JTA LA Protests">{{cite news |title=Synagogues in Los Angeles and Richmond vandalized during protests |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/synagogues-in-los-angeles-and-richmond-vandalized-during-protests |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=May 31, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bandler">{{cite news |last=Bandler |first=Aaron |title=Los Angeles Synagogue Vandalized With 'Free Palestine,' 'F— Israel' Graffiti |url=https://jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/316561/los-angeles-synagogue-vandalized-with-free-palestine-f-israel-graffiti/ |work=Jewish Journal |date=May 31, 2020 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref><ref name="JPost LA Protests">{{cite news |title=Kosher stores, synagogues, vandalized and looted in LA protests |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/kosher-stores-synagogues-vandalized-and-looted-in-ongoing-la-protests-629895 |access-date=24 June 2020 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=2 June 2020}}</ref> A statue of Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenberg]], who saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary from the Holocaust, was defaced with antisemitic slogans.<ref name="Tugend">{{cite news |last=Tugend |first=Tom |title=Los Angeles Jews take stock after George Floyd protests batter local institutions |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/06/02/united-states/los-angeles-jews-take-stock-after-george-floyd-protests-batter-local-institutions |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=June 2, 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|December 29, 2019}} |Stabbing |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |4 |Monsey, New York |On Saturday night, December 28, 2019, the seventh night of the Jewish holiday of [[Hanukkah]], Grafton E. Thomas, masked and wielding a large knife or [[machete]], invaded the home of a [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[rabbi]] in Monsey, [[Rockland County, New York]], where a Hanukkah party was underway, and began stabbing the guests. Five people were wounded, two of whom were hospitalized in critical condition.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |title=Hanukah stabbings: five hurt in Monsey, New York state |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/dec/29/synagogue-stabbings-three-hurt-in-monsey-attack-say-reports |access-date=December 29, 2019 |agency=[[Reuters]], [[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Machete Attacker Stabs 5 at NY Rabbi's Hanukkah Celebration |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/multiple-victims-reported-in-stabbing-attack-near-new-york-synagogue?via=twitter_page |access-date=29 December 2019 |work=The Daily Beast |date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="JP">{{cite web |title=US Jews need more funds to protect themselves – American security leader |first1=Maayan |last1=Jaffe-Hoffman |first2=Omri |last2=Nahmias |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Multiple-victims-reported-after-stabbing-reported-in-synagogue-in-Monsey-NY-612415 |access-date=December 30, 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=December 30, 2019}}</ref> 72-year-old-man Josef Neuman, who was in a coma for 59 days, succumbed to his wounds in March 2020.<ref name="josef">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Monsey-attack-victim-Josef-Neuman-succumbs-to-injuries-622880 |title=Monsey attack victim Josef Neumann succumbs to injuries |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=March 30, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> Rottenberg's son was also among the injured.<ref name="cnn">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/29/us/new-york-stabbing-rabbi-home/index.html |title=Suspect in Hanukkah celebration stabbings arrested in New York City with 'blood all over him,' source says |first1=Christina |last1=Maxouris |first2=Eliott C. |last2=McLaughlin |first3=Sarah |last3=Jorgensen |date=December 29, 2019 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Guests struck back, hitting the attacker with chairs and a small table.<ref name="The Guardian"/> |- |{{Dts|December 14, 2019}} |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |On Saturday, December 14, 2019, Anton Redding broke into Nessah Synagogue in [[Beverly Hills]], burglarized it and damaged religious books and associated articles. He attempted to escape by fleeing to [[Hawaii]], where he was caught by police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police Arrest Man Suspected Of Vandalizing Beverly Hills Synagogue, Investigation Into String Of Anti-Semitic Graffiti Continues |url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2019/12/18/lapd-anti-semitic-signs-vandalism-west-la/ |access-date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=[[CBS]] Los Angeles |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suspect in Beverly Hills Synagogue Vandalism Is Arrested in Hawaii |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/suspect-in-beverly-hills-synagogue-vandalism-is-arrested-in-hawaii/2245296/ |access-date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=NBC New York |date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> On November 27, 2020, Redding was ordered to pay $166,000 in restitution and serve 220 days in county jail. As part of the plea deal, prosecutors dropped hate crimes charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Braslow |first1=Samuel |title=Nessah Vandal Sentenced |url=https://beverlyhillscourier.com/2020/11/27/nessah-vandal-sentenced/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |work=Beverly Hills Courier |date=November 27, 2020}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|December 10, 2019}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |7 |3 |[[Jersey City, New Jersey]] |On December 10, 2019, David Nathaniel Anderson (age 47) and his girlfriend Francine Graham (age 50),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/12/us/jersey-city-new-jersey-shooting-thursday/index.html |title=Jersey City shootout investigators are checking killers' ties to a previous killing and anti-Semitic writings |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> perpetrated a shooting at a kosher grocery store located in the Greenville section of [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], in the United States. Five people were killed at the store, including the two assailants and three civilians whom they attacked. Additionally, the assailants wounded one civilian and two police officers.<ref name="NYT12dec2019">{{cite news |first=Corina |last=Knoll |title=How 2 Drifters Brought Anti-Semitic Terror to Jersey City |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/nyregion/jersey-city-shooting-terrorism.html |access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name=WSJ11dec2019>{{cite news |last1=De Avila |first1=Joseph |last2=Blint-Welsh |first2=Tyler |title=New Jersey Shooters Targeted Kosher Grocery Store, Jersey City Mayor Says |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=December 11, 2019 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-jersey-gunmen-targeted-kosher-grocery-store-jersey-city-mayor-says-11576071931 |access-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NJ.com15dec2019">{{cite news |work=[[NJ.com]] |last1=Sherman |first1=Ted |last2=Sullivan |first2=S.P. |title=Inside the Jersey City carnage. A day of hate, death and heroism |date=December 15, 2019 |url=https://www.nj.com/news/2019/12/the-day-that-hate-came-to-jersey-city.html |access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> Anderson had made posts on [[social media]] that were anti-police and antisemitic. His language was linked to that used by the [[Black Hebrew Israelites|Black Hebrew Israelite]] movement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/11/nyregion/jersey-city-shooting.html |title=Suspect in Jersey City Linked to Black Hebrew Israelite Group |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |date=December 11, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 29, 2019 |last2=Watkins |first2=Ali |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |- |September 19, 2019 |Vandalism |0 |0 |[[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]], Wisconsin and [[Hancock, Michigan|Hancock]], Michigan |'''2019 synagogue vandalism:''' On September 19, 2019, members of [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] accelerationist paramilitary group [[The Base (hate group)|The Base]] vandalized Beth Israel Sinai Congregation in Racine, Wisconsin, and Temple Jacob in Hancock, Michigan in the US, in a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht". Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty.<ref name="MJSJan17">{{cite news |last1=Luthern |first1=Ashley |title=Oak Creek man, alleged member of neo-Nazi group 'The Base,' charged with vandalizing Racine synagogue |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/01/17/alleged-member-neo-nazi-group-charged-racine-synagogue-vandalism/4505324002/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=January 17, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BarasnehAP">{{cite news |title=Wisconsin man pleads guilty to vandalizing synagogue |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-dea6791a97f9fb5f034e1f42648b41c0 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TobinAP">{{cite news |title=Man admits coordinating neo-Nazi plot to deface synagogues |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-2be6e02b5967cab57c17c28f1fec0eb2 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |work=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> On June 5, 2024, 24-year-old Nathan Weeden was sentenced to 26 months in prison and 3 months of supervised release for the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michigan man gets 26 months for anti-Jewish, racist vandalism |url=https://www.jns.org/michigan-man-gets-26-months-for-anti-jewish-racist-vandalism/ |access-date=June 7, 2024 |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |date=June 5, 2024}}</ref> |- |July 28, 2019 |Shooting |0 |1 |[[Miami|Miami, Florida]] |A gunman in a Chevrolet Impala fired shots at the Young Israel of Greater Miami synagogue, spraying the building with bullets. A 68-year-old Jewish congregant sustained several bullet wounds during the attack, requiring extensive surgery. Carlints St. Louis was charged the next day with attempted murder and for perpetuating a hate crime.<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/man-shot-outside-of-miami-synagogue |title=Man shot outside of Miami synagogue |date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=October 13, 2024 |quote=The victim, who was waiting for daily prayers to begin, was taken to a local hospital where he underwent surgery and is in stable condition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/man-shot-near-northeast-miami-dade-synagogue |title=Man Shot In Front Of Northeast Miami-Dade Synagogue |date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=October 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Margol |first=Ian |date=November 14, 2019 |title=Miami-Dade police officers release synagogue shooting surveillance video |url=https://www.local10.com/news/2019/11/14/miami-dade-police-officers-release-synagogue-shooting-surveillance-video/ |access-date=October 15, 2023 |website=WPLG |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|April 27, 2019}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |3 |[[Poway, California]] |'''Poway synagogue shooting''': John Earnest fired shots inside the synagogue, Chabad of Poway.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/27/717849871/injuries-reported-in-shooting-at-california-synagogue |title=At Least 1 Killed In California Synagogue Shooting |work=[[NPR]] |first=Shannon |last=Van Sant |date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/04/27/california-synagogue-shooting-multiple-injuries/ |title=Shooting at California synagogue leaves 1 dead, 3 injured in what mayor calls a 'hate crime' that 'will not stand |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Deanna |last1=Paul |first2=Katie |last2=Mettler |date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name="guardian-27apr2019">{{cite news |last1=Lartey |first1=Jamiles |title=San Diego synagogue shooting: one dead and three injured |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/apr/27/san-diego-police-shooting-synagogue-poway-reports |access-date=April 27, 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> One woman was killed and three others were injured, including the synagogue's rabbi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poway-synagogue-shooting-san-diego-sheriffs-detain-man-today-2019-04-27-live-updates |title=Woman killed, 3 injured in shooting at California synagogue |work=[[CBS News]] |date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=haaretz>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/rabbi-wounded-in-synagogue-shooting-finished-sermon-before-going-to-hospital-1.7170900 |title=Rabbi Wounded in Synagogue Shooting Finished Sermon Before Going to Hospital |author1=[[The Forward]] |first2=Helen |last2=Chernikoff |date=April 28, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> In an open letter posted on 8chan shortly before the shooting and signed with Earnest's name, the author blamed Jews for the "meticulously planned genocide of the European race", a White genocide conspiracy theory.<ref name=EXAMINER>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/california-police-investigate-hate-filled-8chan-manifesto-that-could-link-synagogue-shooting-to-mosque-attack |title=California police investigate hate-filled 8chan manifesto that could link synagogue shooting to mosque attack |date=April 28, 2019 |website=Washington Examiner |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2024}} |- |{{Dts|October 27, 2018}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |11 |6 |[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] |'''[[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]]''': a gunman killed eleven people and wounded six in a mass shooting at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]. It was the deadliest attack on the [[American Jews|Jewish community in the United States]].<ref name="Selk">{{cite news |first1=Avi |last1=Selk |first2=Tim |last2=Craig |first3=Shawn |last3=Boburg |first4=Andrew |last4=Ba Tran |date=October 28, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2018 |title='They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029012657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments about a group formerly named ''Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society'' (HIAS) on the online social network Gab.<ref name="AndoneHannaSterlingMurphy">{{cite news |last1=Andone |first1=Dakin |last2=Hanna |first2=Jason |last3=Sterling |first3=Joe |last4=Murphy |first4=Paul P. |title=Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html |access-date=October 28, 2018 |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011343/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Referring to Central American migrant caravans and [[Immigrant|immigrants]], Bowers posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."<ref name="LevensonSanchez">{{cite news |first1=Eric |last1=Levenson |first2=Ray |last2=Sanchez |title=Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue |url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 27, 2018 |access-date=October 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027170709/https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/index.html |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="SPLC WG">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2022/05/17/racist-great-replacement-conspiracy-theory-explained |title=The Racist 'Great Replacement' Conspiracy Theory Explained |date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> |- |11–12 August 2017 |Riot |style="background:#FA8072 |3 |49+ |[[Charlottesville, Virginia]] |{{Main|Unite the Right rally}} In a far-right rally, attendees were filmed chanting "[the] Jews will not replace us". The rally turned deadly when James Alex Fields Jr., one of the attendees, launched a [[Charlottesville car attack|vehicle-ramming attack]] on an opposing group.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/16/charlottesville-neo-nazis-vice-news-hbo |title='Jews will not replace us': Vice film lays bare horror of neo-Nazis in America |date=August 16, 2017 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SPLC WG" /> |- |24 June 2017 |Harassment |0 |0 |[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] |Three Jewish lesbians were ejected from the Chicago's Dyke March for carrying pride flags with the [[Star of David]], a Jewish national symbol. They were reportedly interrogated over their stance on "Zionism" to which the organizer opposed. The incident drew widespread criticism.<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2017-06-26/ty-article/why-was-i-removed-from-dyke-march-over-jewish-flag/0000017f-e8f7-d62c-a1ff-fcff583f0000 |title=The Chicago Dyke March Preaches Inclusion. So Why Was I Kicked Out for Carrying a Jewish Pride Flag? |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}} |{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/chicago-pride-march-kicks-out-jewish-lgbt-activists-for-carrying-zionist-rainbow-flags-6-1-2017 |title=Chicago pride march kicks out Jewish LGBT activists for carrying 'Zionist' rainbow flags |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}} |{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/opinion/im-glad-the-dyke-march-banned-jewish-stars.html |title=I'm Glad the Dyke March Banned Jewish Stars |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}}}}</ref><ref>{{bulleted list |{{cite web |website=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/four-reasons-the-chicago-dyke-march-was-anti-semitic |title=Four Reasons the Chicago Dyke March Was Anti-Semitic |date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}} |{{cite news| work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/dyke-march-tries-to-crowdfund-self-care-retreat-after-throwing-out-jews-f0mn3zvp |title=Dyke March tries to crowdfund 'self-care retreat' |date=July 3, 2017 |access-date=October 9, 2024}}}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|April 13, 2014}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |3 |0 |[[Overland Park, Kansas]] |'''[[Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting]]''': 73-year-old [[Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.]], a [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansman]] and [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/73-year-custody-fatal-jewish-center-shooting/story?id=23310932 |title=Kansas Jewish Center Shooting Suspect Identified as Former KKK Leader |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417133808/https://abcnews.go.com/US/73-year-custody-fatal-jewish-center-shooting/story?id=23310932 |archive-date=2014-04-17 |url-status=live}}</ref> perpetrated shootings at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, a Jewish retirement community, both located in [[Overland Park, Kansas]]. A total of three people were killed in the shootings, two of whom were shot at the community center and one shot at the retirement community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article3955528.html |title=F. Glenn Miller Jr. talks for the first time about the killings at Jewish centers - The Kansas City Star |access-date=2014-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214103328/http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article3955528.html |archive-date=2014-12-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|June 10, 2009}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |1 |[[Washington, D.C.]] |'''[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting]]''': At about 12:50&nbsp;pm on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old [[white supremacist]] [[James von Brunn|James Wenneker von Brunn]] entered the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with a rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.<ref name=wapothursday>{{cite news |first=Ashley |last=Halsey III |author2=Paul Duggan |title=Was He Capable of This? Yes. |date=2009-06-11 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061101086.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2009-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108074213/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061101086.html |archive-date=2012-11-08 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wjla>{{cite news |url=http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0609/630674.html |title=Guard Slain in Museum Shootout ID'd; Gunman Hospitalized |date=2009-06-10 |publisher=WJLA-TV |access-date=2009-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613040641/http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0609/630674.html |archive-date=2009-06-13}}</ref><ref name=Post>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/10/AR2009061001768.html?hpid=topnews |title=2 People Shot at U.S. Holocaust Museum |last1=Wilgoren |first1=Debbi |last2=Branigin |first2=William |date=2009-06-10 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826051726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/10/AR2009061001768.html?hpid=topnews |archive-date=2009-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WilberDeath">{{cite news |first=Del Quentin |last=Wilber |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604095_pf.html |title=Von Brunn, white supremacist Holocaust museum shooter, dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203204426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604095_pf.html |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 7, 2010 |page=B01}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|July 28, 2006}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |6 |[[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] |'''2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting''': at around 4:00&nbsp;pm. Naveed Afzal Haq entered the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in the Belltown neighborhood of [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and shot six women, one fatally.<ref name = death>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/413210_HAQ11.html |title=Jury finds Haq guilty in Jewish Federation Center shootings |date=December 15, 2009 |first=Levi |last=Pulkinnen |publisher=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |access-date=February 16, 2010}}</ref> Witnesses reported that before Haq began shooting he shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel."<ref name=gilbert>{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Greg |date=August 3, 2006 |title=Haq allegedly shot woman, then chased her up stairs, killed her |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |page=A1}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 6, 2003}} |Stabbing |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Houston, Texas]] |'''Murder of Ariel Sellouk''': Mohammed Ali Alayed, who had stopped socializing with his Jewish friend Ariel Sellouk due to becoming a religiously strict Muslim, came back to Alayed's apartment after not seeing each other for a year. Alayed slit Sellouk's throat and nearly decapitated him. Alayed pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 years in prison on April 19, 2004.<ref name="Tilghman2">{{cite news |last1=Tilghman |first1=Andrew |title=Saudi gets 60 years for killing Jewish friend here |url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Saudi-gets-60-years-for-killing-Jewish-friend-here-1519826.php |access-date=September 29, 2014 |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=April 20, 2004}}</ref><ref name="McGraw">{{cite news |last1=McGraw |first1=Seamus |title=Religious Overtones Color a Murder in Texas |url=http://forward.com/articles/6151/religious-overtones-color-a-murder-in-texas/#ixzz3EeGXtt4Y |access-date=September 28, 2014 |publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward |date=January 23, 2004}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|July 4, 2002}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |2 |5 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |'''2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting''': Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old [[Egyptians|Egyptian national]],<ref name=Ramirez>{{cite news |last1=Ramirez |first1=Eddy |title=Panel Probes LAX Gunman Terrorism: House lawmakers say closer scrutiny by INS might have prevented killings by Egyptian immigrant. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-10-me-lax10-story.html |access-date=July 20, 2015 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307200814/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/oct/10/local/me-lax10 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> opened fire at the airline ticket counter of [[El Al]], [[Israel]]'s national airline, at [[Los Angeles International Airport]]. Two people were killed and four others were injured before the gunman was fatally shot by an El Al security guard.<ref name=FeldmanShooting>{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Feldman |title=Los Angeles airport shooting kills 3 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/07/04/la.airport.shooting/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204221915/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/07/04/la.airport.shooting/ |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |url-status=dead |location=Los Angeles, California |work=[[CNN]] |date=July 5, 2002}}</ref> In September 2002, federal investigators concluded that Hadayet hoped to influence U.S. government policy in favor of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], and that the incident was a terrorist act.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/04/lax.shooting/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107101849/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/04/lax.shooting/index.html |archive-date=November 7, 2007 |url-status=dead |work=[[CNN]] |title=Federal investigators: L.A. airport shooting a terrorist act |date=September 5, 2002}}</ref><ref name="CNN 4-12">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |title=FBI, Justice: El Al attack was terrorism |date=April 12, 2003 |work=[[CNN]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203145025/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |archive-date=February 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |title=FBI, Justice: El Al attack was terrorism |work=[[CNN]] |date=April 12, 2003 |access-date=December 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203145025/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ |archive-date=February 3, 2007}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 10, 1999}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |5 |[[Los Angeles, California]] |'''Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting''': at around 10:50&nbsp;am. [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] Buford O. Furrow, Jr. walked into the lobby of the North Valley Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with a [[semi-automatic pistol|semi-automatic]] weapon, firing 70 shots into the complex. The gunfire wounded five people: three children, a teenage counselor, and an office worker. Shortly thereafter, Furrow murdered a [[mail carrier]], fled the state, and finally surrendered to authorities.<ref name="time1">"The Kids Got In The Way: All the warning signs were there, but still Buford Furrow got his hands on guns and went on a rampage." ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 154.8. August 23, 1999. p24.</ref><ref name="Newsweek1">{{cite news |title=A Visitor from the Dark Side: The accused L.A. gunner drove into town on a high of delusion and self-destruction. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek_1999-08-23_134_8/page/n33 |work=Newsweek |date=August 23, 1999 |page=32}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|March 1, 1994}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |3 |[[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |'''1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting''': Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] students who were traveling on the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] in [[New York City]], killing one and injuring three others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pix11.com/2014/02/27/back-at-police-plaza-bratton-and-miller-recall-20th-anniversary-of-brooklyn-bridge-shooting/#ixzz2udWx6am5 |title=Back at Police Plaza, Bratton and Miller recall 20th anniversary of Brooklyn Bridge shooting |first=Mary |last=Murphy |date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=WPIX |access-date=December 3, 2024 |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022164228/http://pix11.com/2014/02/27/back-at-police-plaza-bratton-and-miller-recall-20th-anniversary-of-brooklyn-bridge-shooting/#ixzz2udWx6am5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baz was arrested and found to be in possession of anti-Jewish literature, a .380-caliber semiautomatic [[pistol]], a stun gun, a bulletproof vest and two 50-round ammunition magazines. Initially, Baz claimed a traffic dispute led him to commit the shootings, and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] initially classified the case as [[road rage]].<ref name="Heilman_Uriel">{{cite news |last=Heilman |first=Uriel |title=Murder on the Brooklyn Bridge. |url=http://www.meforum.org/77/murder-on-the-brooklyn-bridge |access-date=July 11, 2012 |newspaper=Middle East Quarterly |date=Summer 2001}}</ref> Witnesses testified that on the day of the shooting Baz had attended "a raging anti-Semitic sermon" by Imam Reda Shata at the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Mark |title=Ari, Alisa And Memories In The Morning |url=https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/ari-alisa-and-memories-in-the-morning/ |access-date=June 24, 2019 |work=New York Jewish Week |date=April 4, 2006}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|August 19, 1991}} – August 21 |Riot |style="background:#FA8072 |1 | |[[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |'''Crown Heights riot''': a [[Racism|race]] [[riot]] that took place in Crown Heights, [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]] in which black residents turned against [[Orthodox Jewish]] [[Chabad]] residents. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of [[Guyana|Guyanese]] immigrants were accidentally struck by one of the cars in the motorcade of [[Rabbi]] [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured. In the wake of the fatal accident, some black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite web |url=http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/ltCrownHeightsRiot.html |title=Crown Heights riot – fact, fiction, and plenty of blame |access-date=October 20, 2007 |last=Wilson |first=Judy |year=2006 |publisher=New Jersey Jewish News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208211213/http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/ltCrownHeightsRiot.html |archive-date=December 8, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |April 17, 1986 |Murder |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] |'''Murder of Neal Rosenblum''' was shot and killed because of his Jewish appearance, wearing [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] attire. The killer was released from prison on October 23, 2017, after serving 15 years of the maximum 20. |- |{{Dts|June 18, 1984}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Denver]], [[Colorado]] |Members of the white nationalist group The Order shot Jewish talk radio host [[Alan Berg]] dead.<ref name=denverpost>{{cite news |url=http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_12615628 |title=The murder of Alan Berg in Denver: 25 years later |work=Denver Post |date=June 18, 2009 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref> |- |{{Dts|October 8, 1977}} |Shooting |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |2 |[[St. Louis, Missouri]] |Guests who attended a [[bar mitzvah]] were leaving Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue when white supremacist [[Joseph Paul Franklin]] began shooting at them, killing Gerald Gordon, and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash.<ref name="FattelAmerica">{{cite news |last1=Fattel |first1=Isabel |title=A Brief History of Anti-Semitic Violence in America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/brief-history-anti-semitic-violence-america/574228/ |access-date=29 October 2018 |publisher=[[The Atlantic]] |date=28 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="VitelloMissouri">{{cite news |last1=Vitello |first1=Paul |title=White Supremacist Convicted of Several Murders Is Put to Death in Missouri |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/21/us/joseph-paul-franklin-executed-in-missouri.html |access-date=29 October 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="GreenAmerica">{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=David |title=From Lynchings to Mass Shootings: The History of Deadly Attacks on Jews in America |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-from-lynchings-to-mass-shootings-the-history-of-deadly-attacks-on-jews-in-america-1.6601089 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=28 October 2018}}</ref> |- |November 11, 1957 and October 14, 1958 |Bombing |0 |0 ||Temple Beth-El, [[Nashville]], Tennessee. Temple Emanuel, [[Gastonia, North Carolina|Gastonia]], North Carolina. Temple Beth-El, [[Miami]], Florida. Jewish Community Center, [[Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]. Jewish Community Center, [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], Florida. Temple Beth-El, [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], Alabama. The Temple, [[Atlanta]], Georgia. Temple Anshei Emeth, [[Peoria, Illinois|Peoria]], Illinois. |Five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the [[Southern United States]] and one in the [[Midwest United States]]. There were no deaths or injuries. Some of the bombings are unsolved to this day. |- |{{Dts|August 17, 1915}} |Lynching |style="background:#FA8072 |1 |0 |[[Marietta, Georgia]] |'''[[Lynching]] of Leo Frank''': Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was wrongly convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].{{refn|"The modern historical consensus, as exemplified in the Dinnerstein book, is that&nbsp;... Leo Frank was an innocent man convicted at an unfair trial."<ref>Wilkes, Donald E Jr., ''Flagpole Magazine'', [http://libguides.law.uga.edu/ld.php?content_id=6631399 "Politics, Prejudice, and Perjury"], p.&nbsp;9 (March 1, 2000).</ref>}}{{refn|"The consensus of historians is that the Frank case was a miscarriage of justice."<ref>{{cite news |author=Ravitz, Jessica |title=Murder case, Leo Frank lynching |work=[[CNN]] |date=November 2, 2009 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/02/leo.frank/index.html}}</ref>}} His trial, conviction, and appeals attracted national attention. A mob [[Lynching|lynched]] him on August 17, 1915, in response to the commutation of his death sentence. |- |{{Dts|December 17, 1862}} |Order | | |Parts of [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Kentucky]] |'''General Order No. 11''' was an order issued by Union Major-General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg Campaign, that took place during the [[American Civil War]]. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Kentucky]]. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce Union military corruption, and stop an illicit trade of Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders."<ref>{{cite book |author=John Y Simon |title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 7: December 9, 1862 – March 31, 1863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uDIGQWEQVEC&pg=PA56 |year=1979 |publisher=SIU Press |page=56 |isbn=978-0-8093-0880-4}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} At [[Holly Springs, Mississippi]], Grant's Union Army supply depot, Jewish persons were rounded up and forced to leave the city by foot. On December 20, 1862, three days after Grant's order, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army raided Holly Springs, that prevented many Jewish persons from potential expulsion. Although delayed by Van Dorn's [[raid]], Grant's order was fully implemented at [[Paducah, Kentucky]]. Thirty Jewish families were expelled and roughly treated from the city.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Jewish community leaders protested, and there was an outcry by members of Congress and the press; President [[Abraham Lincoln]] countermanded the General Order on January 4, 1863. Grant claimed during his 1868 Presidential campaign that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews as a way to address a problem that "certain Jews had caused".<ref>{{cite book |author=Shelley Kapnek Rosenberg |title=History of the Jews in America: Civil War Through the Rise of Zionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0DOTqA7sezcC&pg=PA22 |year=2005 |publisher=Behrman House, Inc |pages=22–23 |isbn=978-0-87441-778-4 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} |} ==Latin America== [[File:Execution of Mariana de Carabajal.jpg|thumb|Mariana de Carabajal, a Jewish Catholic [[Forced conversion|convert]], was [[Execution|executed]] over the false charge of "relapsing into [[Judaism]]," in where is now the [[Mexico City]], 1601 [[Anno Domini|AD]].]][[File:Graffiti in Venezuela.jpg|thumb|"JEWS GO HOME!", a graffiti on the wall of the Israeli Embassy in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]].]] {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Latin America (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Panama''' |align=right| {{bartable|52||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Colombia''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Dominican Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Peru''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Chile''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Guatemala''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Paraguay''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Nicaragua''' |align=right| {{bartable|34||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Uruguay''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Costa Rica''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Venezuela''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Bolivia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Haiti''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Mexico''' |align=right| {{bartable|24||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Argentina''' |align=right| {{bartable|24||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Trinidad and Tobago''' |align=right| {{bartable|24||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- | '''Jamaica''' |align=right| {{bartable|18||2||background:#E0B0FF}} |- |} Since [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]], a spike in [[harassment]] and [[violence]] against Jews has also been recorded across Latin America.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Miami Herald |title=A ‘tsunami’ of antisemitism is on the rise across Latin America, U.S. officials warn |url=https://miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article283562513.html |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Latin American states back Lula as Brazil's First Lady says husband's comments were 'not antisemitic' |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/latin-america/1708499127-bolivia-and-colombia-back-lula-as-brazil-s-first-lady-says-husband-s-comments-were-not-antisemitic |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Latin American delegation visits Israel amid surge in antisemitism at home |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/latin-american-delegation-visits-israel-amid-surge-in-antisemitism-at-home |date=March 18, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |title=Antisemitism: Empowering Transatlantic Civil Society Responses to Online Antisemitism Across Latin America |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/uniting-against-antisemitism-across-latin-america |date=April 11, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement |title=On Heels of Latin American Forum Against Antisemitism, CAM Visits Mexico in Continued Regional Engagement Push |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/cam-news/on-heels-of-latin-american-forum-against-antisemitism-cam-visits-mexico-in-continued-regional-engagement-push |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> According to the Latin American Jewish Congress, 91% of community leaders from several Latin American countries reported that antisemitism had increased since 7 October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |work=Aurora |title=Latin America: Warning of a sharp rise in anti-Semitism |url=https://aurora-israel.co.il/en/Latin-America-warns-of-a-sharp-rise-in-anti-Semitism |date=December 3, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> ''Hispan TV'', the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] channel of the antisemitic<ref name="IRAS"> * {{cite web |website=George W. Bush White House Archives |title=Statement on Holocaust Denial Conference Sponsored by Iranian Regime |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/12/text/20061212.html |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial |chapter=Judeophobia and the Denial of the Holocaust in Iran |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110288216.235/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOooig3b5brIS_hTMCFHk0OR-Y8AFPDQsqG7SxtE4oCXpJvLd2eOG |last=Küntzel |first=Matthias |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110288216.235 |year=2012 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Sources, 1998–2016 |url=https://www.ushmm.org/antisemitism/holocaust-denial-and-distortion/holocaust-denial-antisemitism-iran/2016-holocaust-cartoon-contests-in-iran/timeline |year=2016 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=At the Paris Olympics, Iran is leading the antisemitism charge |url=https://nypost.com/2024/07/30/opinion/at-the-paris-olympics-iran-leads-the-antisemitism-charge |date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=The Iranian regime is not its people |url=https://www.jns.org/the-iranian-regime-is-not-its-people |last=Abramson |first=Scott |date=August 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=The Iranian people are the most pro-American and least antisemitic population in the region.}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Opinion {{!}} Is Iran an Antisemitic 'Nazi Regime'? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/2024-12-04/ty-article-opinion/.premium/is-iran-an-antisemitic-nazi-regime/00000193-8833-dc12-a7d3-ea3f401a0000 |last=Ghorbanpour |first=K. |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Iranian regime's state television ''Press TV'', has reportedly contributed to antisemitism among its 600 million [[audience]] in Latin America by [[Disinformation|promoting]] the<ref>{{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran’s Hispan TV promoting antisemitism in Latin America, says rights group |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407163150 |date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[myth]] of [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|Jews controlling the Hollywood and governments]] * perception of the antisemitic<ref name="IRAS" /> Iranian regime being the "leader of global resistance<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> movements" ==Asia== {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Asia (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Malaysia''' |align=right| {{bartable|61||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''South Korea''' |align=right| {{bartable|53||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Indonesia''' |align=right| {{bartable|48||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Bangladesh''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Kazakhstan''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Mongolia''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Japan''' |align=right| {{bartable|23||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''China''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''India''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Thailand''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Vietnam''' |align=right| {{bartable|6||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Philippines''' |align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:#BE0032}} |- | '''Laos''' |align=right| {{bartable|0.2||2||background:#BE0032}} |} ==Internet== Antisemitism is common on the most visited websites worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |website=Semrush |title=Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 {{!}} Open .Trends |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> including Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS1"> * {{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing |title=How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history |last=Sampson |first=Tim |work=dailydot.com |access-date=July 1, 2015 |date=October 1, 2013}} * {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/08/04/mens-rights-activists-think-a-hateful-feminist-conspiracy-is-ruining-wikipedia/ |title=Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=4 August 2014}} * {{cite web |website=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-state-sponsored-disinformation |title=The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/wikipedia-jewish-problem |title=Wikipedia’s Jewish Problem |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=[...] Wikipedia’s articles are [...] [[Big lie|feeding]] [[World population|billions of people]] [...] [[Disinformation|dangerously skewed narratives]] [...] “[[Holocaust trivialization|minimize[d]]] [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Polish antisemitism]], [[Exaggeration|exaggerate[d]]] the Poles’ role in saving Jews,” [[Victim blaming|blamed Jews for the Holocaust]] [...].}} * {{cite web |website=Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC) |url=https://aijac.org.au/australia-israel-review/essay-wikipedias-jewish-problem |title=Essay: Wikipedia's Jewish Problem |first=Izabella |last=Tabarovsky |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref><ref name="WikiAS2"> * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=‘Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed’: New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia’s Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and make Jews out to be the bad guys.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/article-825520 |last=Heller |first=Mathilda |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 |quote=The Post found that DMH223344 was suspended on 9 October 2024 from editing the Zionism page, "for violating the one-revert rule at Zionism."}} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World’s Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Michael Geist |url=https://www.michaelgeist.ca/2024/10/law-bytes-podcast-episode-215 |title=The Law Bytes Podcast, Episode 215: Jan Grabowski on Wikipedia’s Antisemitism Problem |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> [[Reddit]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/reddit-shuts-down-some-racist-anti-semitic-web-forums |title=Reddit Shuts Down Some Racist, Anti-Semitic Web Forums |date=October 27, 2015 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Sky News| url=https://news.sky.com/story/racism-is-fine-on-our-site-says-reddits-chief-executive-11327584 |title='Racism is fine on our site,' says Reddit's chief executive |date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brookings |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/combating-racism-on-social-media-5-key-insights-on-bystander-intervention |title=Combating racism on social media: 5 key insights on bystander intervention |date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Business Insider |title=A moderator of one of the biggest Kanye West internet forums says the page has been a 'bloodbath' since the rapper's descent into antisemitism and conspiracy theories |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kanye-west-ye-reddit-forum-moderator-reacts-antisemitism-conspiracy-theories-2022-11 |date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Holocaust denial finds new life in Oct. 7 revisionism |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-783228 |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> and [[Instagram]].<ref name="InstaAS1"> * {{cite news |work=Harvard Crimson |title=‘Unmistakably Antisemitic’: Harvard College Dean Khurana Slams Student Groups Over Instagram Post |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/2/21/khurana-slams-student-groups-antisemitism |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Is Instagram antisemitic? Jewish, pro-Israel influencers speak out |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-791922 |date=March 15, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gove accuses UK university protests of ‘antisemitism repurposed for Instagram age’ |url=https://theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/21/gove-accuses-uk-university-protests-of-antisemitism-repurposed-for-instagram-age |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement |title=CAM Monitoring Uncovers More Post-10/7 Students for Justice in Palestine Support for Hamas on Instagram |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/studies-reports/cam-monitoring-uncovers-more-post-10-7-sjp-support-for-hamas-on-instagram |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Online Antisemitism: How Tech Platforms Handle User Reporting Post 10/7 |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/report/online-antisemitism-how-tech-platforms-handle-user-reporting-post-107 |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref name="InstaAS2"> * {{cite news |work=ABC News |title=I posted on Instagram about my anti-Semitic trolls and their persistent abuse. Instagram deleted my post: OPINION |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/posted-instagram-anti-semitic-trolls-persistent-abuse-instagram/story?id=58875150 |date=October 31, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=London Even Standard |title=Patel demands social media giants explain why Wiley posts were left up |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/priti-patel-wiley-twitter-instagram-explanation-a4508821.html |date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=Antisemitism 'rife' on social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok, research finds |url=https://news.sky.com/story/antisemitism-rife-on-social-media-platforms-like-instagram-and-tiktok-research-finds-12432690 |date=October 13, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Meta to remove posts targeting 'Zionists' when aiming at Jews, Israelis |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-809610 |date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Gay club accused of being ‘poisoned with antisemitism’ changes tune |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/london-gay-club-accused-of-aggressive-racism-changes-tune |date=August 9, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> On January 23, 2025, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance said in a press release that a [[UNESCO]] study found 16% of all Holocaust-related content across social media to be [[Holocaust denial|denying]] [[Holocaust trivialization|or distorting]].<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |title=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance issues urgent Holocaust distortion warning |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/news/holocaust-remembrance-distortion-warning-auschwitz-liberation-anniversary |date=January 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=United Nations (UN) |title=Social media feeds Holocaust denial and distortion, finds UN report |url=https://www.un.org/en/outreach-programme-holocaust/social-media-feeds-holocaust-denial-and-distortion-finds-un-report |access-date=January 23, 2025}}</ref> On January 27, 2025, the 80th [[anniversary]] of the [[Emancipation|liberation]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], Cloudfare said that they had stopped over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust education websites,<ref name="Cloudfare2025">{{cite web |website=Cloudfare |title=Cloudflare thwarts over 47 million cyberthreats against Jewish and Holocaust educational websites |url=https://blog.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-thwarts-over-47-million-cyberthreats-against-jewish-and-holocaust |last=Yoachimik |first=Omer |date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=March 15, 2025}}</ref> noting that the cyberthreats were associated with "a troubling resurgence of antisemitism [...] spilled into the digital realm".<ref name="Cloudfare2025" /> ===Wikipedia=== ====Croatian Wikipedia==== {{Main|Croatian Wikipedia}} Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who [[Disinformation|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Censorship|censoring]]<ref name="WikiAS1" /> the war crimes of the [[Axis powers#Client states|pro]]-[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Ustaše]]-ruled [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH)<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html |title=The Holocaust in Croatia |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.<ref name="novi">{{cite web |url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani |title=Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani |work=Novi list |date=September 13, 2013 |trans-title=Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries" |access-date=September 13, 2013 |language=hr}}</ref> The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac |title=Jasenovac |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jasenovac-camp |title=Concentration Camps: Jasenovac |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |isbn=978-1-032-35379-1 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures |title=Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325416653657 |last1=Odak |first1=Stipe |last2=Benčić |first2=Andriana |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=July 10, 2016 |doi=10.1177/0888325416653657 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal |title=Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory |url=https://www.aup-online.com/content/journals/10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |last1=Kuznar |first1=Andriana Bencic |last2=Pavlakovic |first2=Vjeran |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |title=Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past |author=Marko Attila Hoare |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–293 |date=June 5, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> as a "collection camp".<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, [[advocacy]] groups and media critics.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with [[:hr:Kategorija:Popis potvrđenih čarapaka (suradnik Kubura)|80 sockpuppet accounts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_Disinformation_Assessment-2021 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Meta Wikimedia |language=en |quote=Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and [[Sociocultural theory|socio-cultural]] positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian [[Far-right politics|radical right]] political parties and [[National conservatism|ultra-conservative]] [[Populism|populist]] movements. The group has been [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|using its positions of power]] to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and [[Subversion|subvert]] Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.}}</ref> ====English Wikipedia==== {{Main|English Wikipedia}} [[File:Editing out the anti-Jewish critique of an NGO per Oboler et al 2010.png|thumb|The Feb. 2007 removal of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%20War_on_Want&diff=106858317&oldid=106391605 an anti-Jewish critique of the NGO War on Want], in Wikipedia, with the new version on the right.]][[File:Holocaust Good Article review excerpt Feb 2 2013.png|thumb|Excerpt from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:The_Holocaust/Archive_28#GA_Review a 2013 review that rejects "Good Article" status for The Holocaust article], cited by PFanzelter (2015).]][[File:Serial erasure of content in a Jewish history article by a user engaging in tendentious editing.jpg|thumb|Serial erasure of [[content]] taking place in a [[Jew#History|Jewish history]] article.]][[File:Jewish well poisoning allegation source insertion.png|thumb|Antisemitic user inserting an article link with allegations of Jews poisoning wells to conspire a "genocide" of Germans, a purported incident commonly invoked by Holocaust deniers to create a false moral equivalence between Jews and Nazi Germans.]] The English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals in thousands of [[World War II|WWII]]-related articles.<ref name="KC"> * {{cite web |website=Aish |title=The One-Woman Battle Against Pro-Nazi Bias on Wikipedia |url=https://aish.com/the-one-woman-battle-against-pro-nazi-bias-on-wikipedia |author=Dr. Yvette Alt Miller |access-date=January 9, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |title=The Battle for Wikipedia: The New Age of 'Lost Victories'? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13518046.2018.1487198 |last=Stahl |first=David |pages=396–402 |volume=31 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/13518046.2018.1487198 |s2cid=150237156 |date=July 18, 2018 |access-date=January 9, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Wired |title=One Woman’s Mission to Rewrite Nazi History on Wikipedia |url=https://www.wired.com/story/one-womans-mission-to-rewrite-nazi-history-wikipedia |date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2025 |quote=Ksenia Coffman’s fellow editors have called her a vandal and a McCarthyist. She just wants them to stop glorifying fascists—and start citing better sources.}} * {{cite web |website=United States Military Academy |title=The Origin and Continued Perpetration of the Myth of the Clean Wehrmacht |url=https://athena.westpoint.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7a679093-378f-4219-acfc-9eb03e9ec1e1/content |last=Schwed |first=Lucas |access-date=January 9, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=History News Network (HNN) |title=Ksenia Coffman's Struggle to Root out Nazi Sympathy on Wikipedia |url=https://www.hnn.us/article/ksenia-coffmans-struggle-to-root-out-nazi-sympathy |date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2025}}</ref> For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior [[SS]] official who invented mobile [[Gas chamber|gas chambers]] to kill Jews, was portrayed as a [[savior]] of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite,<ref name="KC" /> while false claims of Nazi war criminals "opposing" [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] were made.<ref name="KC" /> SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in [[Voice (grammar)|passive voice]] to make their atrocities look normal.<ref name="KC" /> Those who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] sources (e.g. ''[https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/holocaust-denial/the-institute-for-historical-review Journal of Historical Review]'', ''Nation Europa'' and Franz Kurowski<ref name="KC" />) misrepresented them as academic [[consensus]] and [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|gamed the rules]] to prevent the removal of such content.<ref name="KC" /> The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention,<ref name="KC" /> which [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the Holocaust's historical truth.<ref name="KC" /> German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,<ref name="KC" /> {{Blockquote|text=The English Wikipedia pages are far more sympathetic towards the [[Wehrmacht]] and [[Waffen-SS]] than the [[German Wikipedia|German ones]] [. ...] Wikipedia and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] are the worst distributors of pro-Nazi perspectives and the ["clean"] Wehrmacht myth.}} In 2023, Holocaust [[Historian|historians]] Prof. [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]] and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled ''Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust''<ref name="WikiAS3">{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]]<br />[...]<br />The Polish government’s resolve to control the past culminated with [...] the [[Polish Memory Law|Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]] [...] penalizes those who ‘slander the good name of the Polish nation’ and who ‘blame the Polish society for crimes committed by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]].’<br />[...]<br /> }}</ref> in ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rdap21/37/2 The Journal of Holocaust Research]'' wherein they reported to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> which involved the exaggeration of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers,<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> invention of Jewish "atrocities" against [[Poles]],<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust:<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> {{Blockquote|text=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]].}} [[File:Bialystok-following-1939-So.jpg|thumb|A photo that (in [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/7/75/20211110104517%21Bialystok-following-1939-So.jpg this version]) is featured as figure 1 in the paper, with the caption "Photograph of a sign in Białystok, wrongly captioned as a Jewish welcoming banner for the Soviets" (referring to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto&diff=794106878&oldid=793942440 this edit])]] Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and the Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle, leaving the site vulnerable to [[disinformation]]:<ref name="WikiAS2" /><ref name="WikiAS3" /> {{Blockquote|text=Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic canards]].}} On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,<ref name="WikiAS2" /> {{Blockquote|text=As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of [[The Holocaust|one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity]].}} Some misconceptions about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]] are summarized as follows: {| {{table|hide|sort}} ! Attribute !! Summary |- ! Death toll | '''Myth 1:''' "3 million non-Jewish [[Poles]] were killed in [[World War II|WWII]]."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022">Wikipedia article, “Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust,” [[English Wikipedia#Holocaust distortion|Wikipedia]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust&oldid=1089518133 revision from 8:06, May 24, 2022],</ref><br />'''Fact:''' The number was claimed in 1946 by Jakub Berman, the head of the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish communist]] secret police, to create a false [[Equality (mathematics)|equivalence]] between Jewish and Polish victimhood.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="KB&AR">Karyn Ball and Per Anders Rudling, “The Underbelly of Canadian Multiculturalism: Holocaust Obfuscation and Envy in the Debate about the Canadian Museum for Human Rights,” ''Holocaust Studies'', vol. 20, no. 3 (2014): pp. 33–80.</ref> The death toll of non-Jewish Poles was 1.8 million as per the most recent [[Estimation|estimates]].<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>C. Łuczak, “Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945,” ''Dzieje Najnowsze 2'' (1994): pp. 9–15.</ref> |- ! Scale of helping Jews | '''Myth 2:''' "[[1000 (number)|Thousands]] of Poles were [[Execution|executed]] for helping Jews."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' 800 Poles were executed for helping Jews as per the most recent estimates.<ref>Ryszard Walczak et al. (eds.), ''Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust'' (Warszawa: IPN, 1997).</ref><ref>Martyna Grądzka-Rejak and Aleksandra Namysło, (eds.), ''Represje za pomoc Żydom na okupowanych ziemiach polskich w czasie II wojny światowej'', vol. 1 (Warsaw: IPN, 2019), p. 464.</ref> |- ! Scale of hiding Jews | '''Myth 3:''' "450,000 Poles hid Jews in their houses during the Holocaust."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>[[Historical revisionism#Richard C. Lukas|Richard C. Lukas]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-03-05|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Richard C. Lukas|reason= }}, ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust'' (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), p. 15.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' The number was promoted by Władysław Żarski-Zajdler, a [[writer]] [[Propaganda|propagandizing]] for the Polish communist regime during the 1968 antisemitic [[campaign]].<ref name="WikiAS3" /> Fewer than 30,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Natalia Sawka, “Antysemita Leszek Żebrowski poprowadzi wykład o ‘żołnierzach wyklętych,’” ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', March 1, 2016</ref> |- ! Scale of Polish collaboration | '''Myth 4:''' "<1% Poles collaborated with Nazi occupiers."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="IWC">The “Israeli War Crimes Commission” statistics seem to originate from an essay from the 1960s by one Leo Heiman, which provides no footnote. Leo Heiman, “Ukrainians and the Jews,” in ''Ukrainians and Jews, Articles, Testimonies, Letters and Official Documents Dealing with Interrelations of Ukrainians and Jews in the Past and Present: A Symposium'' (New York: The Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1966), p. 60.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' Several independent research showed the opposite.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Machcewicz and Persak, (eds.), ''Wokół Jedwabnego''; Jan Grabowski and Barbara Engelking, (eds.), ''Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night Without End: The Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland)'', 2 vols. (Warsaw: Polish Center for Holocaust Research, 2018).</ref> |- ! Polish Blue Police | '''Myth 5:''' "Many Polish Blue Police were executed for refusing to follow Nazi orders to arrest Jews."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="E&G">Engelking and Grabowski, (eds.), ''Dalej jest noc''; Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe, “Polnische Bürgermeister und der Holocaust im Generalgouvernement Besatzung, Kollaboration und Handlungsmöglichkeiten,” ''Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts'', (2021), pp. 26–35.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' Proven cases have not been found by mainstream historians yet.<ref name="E&G" /> Instead, the Polish Blue Police helped Nazi occupiers kill Jews enthusiastically.<ref name="E&G" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=The Polish Police: Collaboration in the Holocaust |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Polish police murdered Jews during the Holocaust with gusto and even without Nazi orders, new book claims |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/12/10/global/polish-police-murdered-jews-during-the-holocaust-with-gusto-and-even-without-nazi-orders-new-book-claims |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |quote=Jan Grabowski spent more than 10 years conducting his research, including going through Polish archives, private diaries and records from more than 100 small towns where Jews lived in high concentrations.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Polish police took initiative in Jewish killings, new book explores |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-832894 |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |quote=Polish police murdered Jews during the Holocaust with gusto and even without Nazi orders, according to new resesarch.}}</ref> |- ! Polish Underground State | '''Myth 6:''' "The Polish Underground State's court investigated 17,000 suspected Polish collaborators and sentenced 3,500 to death."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><br />'''Fact:''' No more than seven collaborators were sentenced to death by the Polish Underground State's court,<ref name="AZ2006">Andrzej Żbikowski, ''Polacy i Zydzi pod okupacja niemiecką, 1939-1945: Studia i Materiały'' (Warsaw: IPN, 2006), pp. 482–84.</ref> despite desperate pleas from the Committee to Aid Jews (Żegota).<ref name="AZ2006" /> |- ! Policies against helping Jews | '''Myth 7:''' "Poles were specifically targeted by the Nazis for helping Jews."<ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /> The Nazis imposed death penalty on Poles because of this.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' Nazi laws against helping Jews were applied equally to millions of non-German subjects under Nazi occupation.<ref name="NaziArchive">The Third Decree of General Governor Hans Frank concerning restrictions on residency in the Generalgouvernement and introducing the death penalty for aid rendered to Jews, October 15, 1941; Verordnungsblatt für das Generalgouvernement. Dziennik Rozporządzeń dla Generalnego Gubernatorstwa, Cracow, October 25, 1941, p. 595.</ref> The death penalty was introduced on October 15, 1941,<ref name="NaziArchive" /> long before any obvious help could have been noticed.<ref name="NaziArchive" /> |- ! Revelation of the Holocaust | '''Myth 8:''' "Polish Army officer Witold Pilecki told [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] about the Holocaust via Polish government-in-exile courier Jan Karski."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' Jan Karski did not tell the Allies about the Holocaust.<ref name="AP2021">Adam Puławski, “Revisiting Jan Karski’s Final Mission,” ''Israeli Journal of Foreign Affairs'', vol. 15, no. 2 (2021): pp. 289–97; Adam Puławski, ''Wobec niespotykanego w dziejach mordu. Rząd RP na uchodźstwie, Delegatura Rządu RP na Kraj, AK a eksterminacja ludności żydowskiej od wielkiej akcji do powstania w getcie warszawskim'' (Chełm: Stowarzyszenie Rocznik Chełmski, 2018).</ref> Karski left Poland in fall 1942,<ref name="AP2021" /> while Pilecki did not write a report about the Holocaust until summer 1943,<ref name="AP2021" /> when most Polish Jews had already been killed.<ref name="AP2021" /> Pilecki could not have given Karski the report to be assessed by the Allies a year after he left.<ref name="AP2021" /> |- ! Nazi reprisals against Poles helping Jews | '''Myth 9:''' "The Nazi murdered 20,000 Polish [[Village|villagers]] in Białka over some of them helping Jews."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Wikipedia article, “Nazi Crimes Against the Polish Nation,” Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation&oldid=1093264615 revision from 14:14, June 15, 2022],</ref><br />'''Fact:''' It is true that individual [[Mass shooting|shootings]] of Polish villagers happened repeatedly, but the confirmed deaths in the Białka village were 96.<ref name="WikiAS3" /><ref>Geoffrey P. Megargee, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'', 1933-1945, vol. 1: ''Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)'' (Washington: [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 2009), p. 692.</ref> |- ! Post-war pogroms against Jews | '''Myth 10:''' "The July 1946 [[Kielce]] pogrom was planned by the Soviet occupiers."<ref name="WikiAS3" /><br />'''Fact:''' The claim has been rejected by all mainstream scholars, including Joanna Tokarska-Bakir who won the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Award for disproving the claim,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Omer Bartov and Joanna Tokarska-Bakir Were Awarded with the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/events/08-december-2019.html |date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2025}}</ref> which is only held by some Polish nationalists and [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]].<ref name="WikiAS3" /> |- |} In 2024, independent journalists uncovered a large-scale [[Wikipedia:Canvassing|off-site canvassing]] campaign to rewrite [[Jew#History|Jewish history]] and reshape the narrative surrounding the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]], which involved 40 accounts having made as many as 2,000,000 edits to around 10,000 Jewish-related articles.<ref name="WikiAS4"> * {{cite news |work=Pirate Wires |title=How Wikipedia’s Pro-Hamas Editors Hijacked the Israel-Palestine Narrative |url=https://www.piratewires.com/p/how-wikipedia-s-pro-hamas-editors-hijacked-the-israel-palestine-narrative |last=Rindsberg |first=Ashley |date=October 24, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Voz Media |title=At least 40 pro-Hamas Wikipedia editors misrepresented information about Israel |url=https://voz.us/en/world/241025/17537/at-least-40-pro-hamas-wikipedia-editors-misrepresented-information-about-israel.html |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Wikipedia’s anti-Israel propaganda mocks objectivity and destroys its credibility |url=https://www.jns.org/wikipedias-anti-israel-propaganda-mocks-objectivity-and-destroys-its-credibility |last=Shvili |first=Jason |date=November 13, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member ''Tech for Palestine'' Discord channel,<ref name="WikiAS4" /> where the organizers provided the participants in-depth [[training]] (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)<ref name="WikiAS4" /> on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation<ref name="WikiAS4" /> and [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|gaming the rules]] to block others from correcting them.<ref name="WikiAS4" /> Reported examples of their revisionist<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Britannica Dictionary |title=revisionism |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/revisionism |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Liberty University |title=Historical Revisionism: Revising or Rewriting |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2319&context=honors |last=Shank |first=Tyce |year=2022 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Open Research Europe |title=Information manipulation and historical revisionism: Russian disinformation and foreign interference through manipulated history-based narratives |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10509605 |last1=Arribas |first1=Cristina M |last2=Arcos |first2=Rubén |last3=Gértrudix |first3=Manuel |last4=Mikulski |first4=Kamil |last5=Hernández-Escayola |first5=Pablo |last6=Teodor |first6=Mihaela |last7=Novăcescu |first7=Elena |last8=Surdu |first8=Ileana |last9=Stoian |first9=Valentin |last10=García-Jiménez |first10=Antonio |volume=3 |issue=121 |version=1 |doi=10.12688/openreseurope.16087.1 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> edits include<ref name="WikiAS4" /> {| {{Table|hide|sort}} ! !! Summary |- ! Edits | * Removal of "[[Land of Israel]]" from the [[Jew#History|origin of Jews]] in Jewish-related articles * Removal of mentions of 16th century Jewish immigration to Israel in Jewish-related articles * Removal of mentions of [https://embassies.gov.il/holysee/AboutIsrael/the-middle-east/Pages/The%20Hamas-Covenant.aspx Hamas' 1988 charter] which involved the incitement to mass murder of Jews * Removal of mentions of the Palestinian Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's alliance with [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists}} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote="The UN, the organization founded to prevent Nazi ideology from spreading, has committed itself to reinforcing modern-day Nazi Jihadists" said Israel’s UN Ambassador Erdan}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> in Holocaust-related articles * Redefinition of Jews as an "ethnoreligious group and cultural community" from "ethnoreligious group and [[nation]] from the [[Levant]]" in Jewish-related articles |- |} On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors<ref name="Dec12"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia suspends pro-Palestine editors coordinating efforts behind the scenes |url=https://jpost.com/business-and-innovation/article-833180 |date=December 12, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JFeed |title=Wikipedia cracks down: Pro-Palestine editors suspended |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-world/soe1n1 |date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> had been site-banned indefinitely for [[Wikipedia:Canvassing|off-site canvassing]]<ref name="WikiAS4" /><ref name="Dec12" /> and "encouraging other users to [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|game]] the extended confirmed restriction and engage in [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruptive editing]]."<ref name="Dec12" /> Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons.<ref name="Dec12" /> On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign.<ref name="ADLJan2025"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Numerous Anti-Israel Wikipedia Editors, Including Instigators Who Targeted ADL, Banned Following Investigation |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/numerous-anti-israel-wikipedia-editors-including-instigators-who-targeted |date=January 17, 2025 |access-date=January 18, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Wikipedia’s Supreme Court On the Verge of Topic Banning 8 Editors from Israel-Palestine Area |url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/worldwide/378546/wikipedias-supreme-court-on-the-verge-of-topic-banning-8-editors-from-israel-palestine-area |date=January 18, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=ADL: Wikipedia bans several editors for spreading antisemitic rhetoric, misinformation on Gaza war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/adl-wikipedia-bans-several-editors-for-spreading-antisemitic-rhetoric-misinformation-on-gaza-war |date=January 19, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Anti-Israel Wikipedia editors face bans after spreading hate, misinformation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-838298 |date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]'s [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Jonathan Greenblatt commented,<ref name="ADLJan2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[I]t is now imperative for Wikipedia to [...] undo the harm caused by these rogue but prolific editors who [...] wreaked havoc across the platform [. ...] a systemic problem [...] that needs immediate action.}} ===Reddit=== {{Further|Just Asking Questions#Holocaust denial}} On February 20, 2025, an independent journalist announced his findings that over 110 [[Reddit#Subreddits|subreddits]] were controlled by around 30 users who took advantage of the [[Internet forum|forum]]'s [[wikt:loophole|loopholes]] to [[Institutional racism|systematically]] distribute antisemitic [[disinformation]] for [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[Hate group|groups]].<ref name="PWFeb2025">{{cite news |work=Pirate Wire |title=The Terrorist Propaganda to Reddit Pipeline |url=https://www.piratewires.com/p/the-terrorist-propaganda-to-reddit-pipeline |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 21, 2025}}</ref><ref>The [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].</ref> The [[Method|methods]] involved "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation".<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include ''r/Documentaries'' (20M members), ''r/therewasanattempt'' (7.2M), ''r/PublicFreakout'' (4.7M), ''r/Fauxmoi'' (4.3M), ''r/MorbidReality'' (1.1M), ''r/ToiletPaperUSA'' (440K), ''r/Thatsactuallyverycool'' (277K), ''r/Palestine'' (270K), ''r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM'' (184K) and ''r/boringdystopia'' (94K),<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> from which misinformation was [[Wikipedia:Avoiding POV funnels|funnelled]] to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion,<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored.<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> In particular, the journalist noted:<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The central locus of the network is a 270,000-member subreddit called /Palestine. A Discord server with the same name [...] identifying “comments sections that need more pro Palestinian commentary,” mass upvoting of anti-Israel posts, and downvoting of pro-Israel posts (a practice known as “vote brigading”). The Discord has separate task forces for Quora, TikTok, Instagram, X, and Wikipedia.}} ===Instagram=== {{Main|Instagram#Controversies}} Antisemitism is also common on Instagram.<ref name="InstaAS1" /><ref name="InstaAS2" /> Some [[Celebrity|celebrities]], including Israeli Jewish actresses [[Gal Gadot]]<ref name="GGInsta">{{cite web |website=[[Instagram]] |title=Gal Gadot's official Instagram profile |url=https://www.instagram.com/gal_gadot/?hl=en |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Variety |title=‘Wonder Woman’ Star Gal Gadot Gets Backlash for Statement on Israel-Palestine Violence |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/gal-gadot-israel-palestine-wonder-woman-1234971511 |date=May 12, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Gal Gadot receives wave of online abuse over Israel-Palestine post |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/gal-gadot-receives-wave-of-online-abuse-over-israel-palestine-tweet |date=May 13, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Antizionists call for boycott of new Snow White film after Gal Gadot cast as Evil Queen |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/antizionists-call-for-boycott-of-new-snow-white-film-after-gal-gadot-cast-as-evil-queen-u6v5sfgs |date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=Following the release of a trailer for Gadot’s new film, Snow White, comments on social media have called for a boycott of the “evil Zionist” actress}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Snow White film faces anti-Israel boycott calls targeting Gal Gadot |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/snow-white-film-faces-anti-israel-boycott-calls-targeting-gal-gadot |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Giving Gal Gadot the poison apple will not liberate Palestinians |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/08/15/giving-gal-gadot-the-poison-apple-will-not-liberate-palestinians |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> and Noa Cohen,<ref name="NCInsta">{{cite web |website=[[Instagram]] |title=Noa Cohen's official Instagram profile |url=https://www.instagram.com/noacohen_official/?hl=en |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Social media outrage after Israeli Jew cast as Jesus’ mother in Netflix biblical epic |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/social-media-outrage-after-israeli-jew-cast-as-jesus-mother-in-netflix-biblical-epic-oprzqyyq |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The film is facing boycott calls from people insisting ‘Jesus was Palestinian’}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='A disgusting Jew': Uproar after Netflix casts Jewish-Israeli actress to play Mary, Jesus's mom |url=https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-829205 |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish |title=Outcry Against Casting an Israeli Jew to Play Mary in Netflix Film |url=https://aish.com/outcry-against-casting-an-israeli-jew-to-play-mary-in-netflix-film |date=November 18, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=On Mary and the Mob: The backlash to the new Netflix film is about something much deeper: the attempt to de-Judaize Christianity. |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/netflix-mary-and-the-mob |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=India Today |title=Netflix's Mary biopic sparks debate over casting Israeli actor Noa Cohen in lead role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/hollywood/story/netflixs-mary-biopic-sparks-debate-overasting-israeli-actor-noa-cohen-in-lead-role-2647869-2024-12-10 |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> are also [[Victim|victims]], who have to restrict commenting on their Instagram profiles to reduce antisemitic [[harassment]] from purported pro-Palestinian groups.<ref name="GGInsta" /><ref name="NCInsta" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antiziganism]] * [[Historical revisionism]] * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] {{Commonscat|Antisemitism}} ==Other websites== ===Organizations=== * [https://stopantisemitism.org StopAntisemitism] * [https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en World Jewish Congress] * [https://www.wiesenthal.com Simon Wiesenthal Center] * [https://eurojewcong.org European Jewish Congress] * [https://www.ajc.org American Jewish Committee] * [https://combatantisemitism.org Combat Antisemitism Movement] ===Academic journals=== * [https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rdap21 The Journal of Holocaust Research] * [https://academic.oup.com/hgs/pages/learning-resources Holocaust and Genocide Studies] * [https://londonantisemitism.com/jca Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism] ===Research institutes=== * [https://isgap.org Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy] * [https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania]{{efn|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea [https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/f/522718.pdf Holocaustului] din România „[[Elie Wiesel]]”''|group=lower-alpha}} ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bias]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Antisemitism| ]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Discrimination]] 8gxmat8oytlfmsehr5irqvzd55w3m2w 0 6754 10330921 10257986 2025-06-14T21:48:30Z Maragno.it 1629600 10330921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = ''[[Duce]]'' | name = Benito Mussolini | height = 1.69 m | image = Mussolini a Salò, 1945.jpg | caption = Benito Mussolini in 1945 | office = [[Prime Minister of Italy]]{{ref label|aaa|a}} | monarch = [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] | term_start = 31 October 1922 | term_end = 25 July 1943 | predecessor = [[Luigi Facta]] | successor = [[Pietro Badoglio]] | office2 = [[Duce of the Italian Social Republic]] | term_start2 = 23 September 1943 | term_end2 = 25 April 1945 | predecessor2 = ''Office established'' | successor2 = ''Office abolished'' | office3 = [[Duce of Fascism]] | term_start3 = 23 March 1919 | term_end3 = 28 April 1945 | predecessor3 = ''Movement established'' | successor3 = ''Movement abolished'' {{Collapsed infobox section begin|last = yes|Ministerial positions |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes |office4 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] |term_start4 = 5 February 1943 |term_end4 = 25 July 1943 |primeminister4 = Himself |predecessor4 = [[Galeazzo Ciano]] |successor4 = [[Raffaele Guariglia]] |term_start5 = 20 July 1932 |term_end5 = 9 June 1936 |primeminister5 = Himself |predecessor5 = [[Dino Grandi]] |successor5 = Galeazzo Ciano |term_start6 = 30 October 1922 |term_end6 = 12 September 1929 |primeminister6 = Himself |predecessor6 = [[Carlo Schanzer]] |successor6 = Dino Grandi |office7 = [[Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)|Minister of the Colonies]] |primeminister7 = Himself |term_start7 = 20 November 1937 |term_end7 = 31 October 1939 |predecessor7 = [[Alessandro Lessona]] |successor7 = [[Attilio Teruzzi]] |primeminister8 = Himself |term_start8 = 17 January 1935 |term_end8 = 11 June 1936 |predecessor8 = [[Emilio De Bono]] |successor8 = Alessandro Lessona |term_start9 = 18 December 1928 |term_end9 = 12 September 1929 |primeminister9 = Himself |predecessor9 = [[Luigi Federzoni]] |successor9 = Emilio De Bono |office10 = [[Minister of War (Italy)|Minister of War]] |term_start10 = 22 July 1933 |term_end10 = 25 July 1943 |primeminister10 = Himself |predecessor10 = [[Pietro Gazzera]] |successor10 = [[Antonio Sorice]] |term_start11 = 4 April 1925 |term_end11 = 12 September 1929 |primeminister11 = Himself |predecessor11 = [[Antonino Di Giorgio]] |successor11 = Pietro Gazzera |office12 = [[Minister of Corporations]] |term_start12 = 20 July 1932 |term_end12 = 11 June 1936 |primeminister12 = Himself |predecessor12 = [[Giuseppe Bottai]] |successor12 = [[Ferruccio Lantini]] |office13 = [[Minister of the Interior (Italy)|Minister of the Interior]] |term_start13 = 6 November 1926 |term_end13 = 25 July 1943 |primeminister13 = Himself |predecessor13 = Luigi Federzoni |successor13 = [[Bruno Fornaciari]] |term_start14 = 31 October 1922 |term_end14 = 17 June 1924 |primeminister14 = Himself |predecessor14 = [[Paolino Taddei]] |successor14 = Luigi Federzoni {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | office14 = Member of the {{awrap|[[Chamber of Fasces and Corporations]]}} | term_start14 = 23 March 1939 | term_end14 = 2 August 1943 | office15 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] | term_start15 = 11 June 1921 | term_end15 = 22 March 1939 <!-- personal data -->| birth_name = Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1883|7|29}} | birth_place = [[Dovia di Predappio]], [[Forlì]], {{avoid wrap|Kingdom of Italy}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1945|4|28|1883|7|29}} | death_place = [[Giulino di Mezzegra]], [[Como]], {{avoid wrap|Italian Social Republic}} | resting_place = San Cassiano cemetery, [[Predappio]], Italy | death_cause = [[Death of Benito Mussolini|Summary execution]] | party = [[National Fascist Party|PNF]] (1921{{nbnd}}1943) | otherparty = {{plainlist| *[[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (1901{{nbnd}}1914) *{{longitem|''[[Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria]]'' (1914{{nbnd}}1919)}} *{{longitem|''[[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento]]'' (1919{{nbnd}}1921)}} *[[Republican Fascist Party|PFR]] (1943{{nbnd}}1945) }} | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|[[Ida Dalser]]|1914|1915|end = divorced}} *{{marriage|[[Rachele Mussolini|Rachele Guidi]]|1915|<!-- omitted due to marriage ending by death of article subject himself, per current Template:Marriage instructions -->}} }} | partner = {{plainlist| *{{longitem|[[Margherita Sarfatti]] (1911{{nbnd}}1931)}} *[[Clara Petacci]] (1933{{nbnd}}1945) }} | children = {{flatlist| *[[Edda Mussolini|Edda]] *[[Vittorio Mussolini|Vittorio]] *[[Bruno Mussolini|Bruno]] *[[Romano Mussolini|Romano]] *{{ill|v=ib|Anna Maria Mussolini|lt=Anna Maria|it}} *[[Benito Albino Mussolini|Benito Albino]] (unrecognised) }} | parents = {{plainlist| *[[Alessandro Mussolini]] *[[Rosa Maltoni]] }} | relatives = [[Mussolini family]] | profession = {{flatlist| *[[Politician]] }} | signature = Benito Mussolini's Signature, derived from Lettramussol.svg <!-- Military service -->| allegiance = {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} | branch = {{army|Kingdom of Italy}} | serviceyears = 1915–1917 (active) | rank = {{plainlist| *[[First Marshal of the Empire]] *[[Corporal]] }} | unit = [[11th Bersaglieri Regiment]] | battles = {{plainlist| *[[First World War]] *[[Pacification of Libya]] *[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] *[[Italian military intervention in Spain|Spanish Civil War]] *[[Italian invasion of Albania]] *[[Second World War]] }} | footnotes = a. {{note|aaa||As Head of Government, Prime Minister, Secretary of State from 24 December 1925}} }} {{Mussolini sidebar}} '''Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini''' [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|KSMOM]] GCTE (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was an [[Italians|Italian]] [[politician]] and [[journalist]] who served as [[Prime Minister of Italy]] from 1922 to 1943. He also was the leader of the [[National Fascist Party]]. ==Life== ===Early life=== [[File:Predappio house.JPG|thumb|Birthplace of Benito Mussolini in Predappio]] Benito Mussolini was named after [[Benito Juarez]], a Mexican opponent of the political power of the Roman Catholic Church, by his anticlerical (a person who opposes the political interference of the Roman Catholic Church in secular affairs) father.<ref>Brendon, Piers The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s Vintage Books 2000 page 128</ref> Mussolini's father was a blacksmith.<ref>Mussolini, Benito (1998) ''My Rise and Fall'' Da Capo Press page 3</ref> Before being involved in politics, Mussolini was a newspaper editor (where he learned all his [[propaganda]] skills) and [[elementary school]] teacher.<ref>Mussolini, Benito My Rise and Fall Da Capo Press 1998 pages 11-12</ref> At first, Mussolini was a [[socialist]], but when he wanted Italy to join the [[World War I|First World War]], he was thrown out of the socialist [[political party|party]]. He 'invented' a new [[ideology]], [[Fascism]], much out of [[Nationalist]] and [[Conservatism|Conservative]] views. ===Rise to power and becoming dictator=== [[File:Fasci di combattimento.jpg|thumb|platform of Fasci Italiani di Combattimento]] In 1922, he took power by having a large group of men, "[[Black Shirts]]," march on Rome and threaten to take over the government. [[King]] [[Vittorio Emanuele III]] gave in, allowed him to form a government, and made him [[prime minister]]. In the following five years, he gained power, and in 1927 created the [[OVRA]], his personal [[secret police]] force. Using the [[agency]] to arrest, scare, or murder people against his [[regime]], Mussolini was [[dictator]] of Italy by the end of 1927. Only the King and his own Fascist party could challenge his power. ===Fascism as practiced by Mussolini=== [[File:Has seven 1 a.jpg|thumb|Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirt youth in 1935 in Rome]] Mussolini's form of Fascism, "Italian Fascism"- unlike [[Nazism]], the [[racist]] [[ideology]] that [[Adolf Hitler]] followed- was different and less destructive than Hitler's. Although a believer in the superiority of the Italian [[nation]] and national unity, Mussolini, unlike Hitler, is quoted "Race? It is a feeling, not a reality. Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today".<ref>http://www.kennethbillings.org/mussolini.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908092932/http://www.kennethbillings.org/mussolini.html |date=2013-09-08 }} 1941 book "Dictators and Democrats"</ref> Mussolini wanted Italy to become a new [[Roman Empire]]. In 1923, he attacked the island of [[Corfu]], and in 1924, he occupied the [[city state]] of [[Fiume]]. In 1935, he attacked the [[Africa]]n country [[Abyssinia]] (now called [[Ethiopia]]). His forces occupied it in 1936. Italy was thrown out of the [[League of Nations]] because of this aggression. In 1939, he occupied the country [[Albania]]. In 1936, Mussolini signed an [[alliance]] with [[Adolf Hitler]], the [[dictator]] of [[Germany]]. == Downfall and death == [[File:Mussolini e Petacci a Piazzale Loreto, 1945.jpg|thumb|left|From left to right, you can see the lifeless bodies of the former communist politician Nicola Bombacci, the Duce Benito Mussolini, his faithful lover Clara Petacci, the minister Alessandro Pavolini and the renowned fascist politician Achille Starace, being exhibited in the Plaza Loreto in the city of [[Milan]] in 1945.]]In 1940, he sent Italy into the [[Second World War]] on the side of the [[Axis countries|Axis]] countries. Mussolini attacked [[Greece]], but he failed to conquer it. In 1943, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] landed in Southern Italy. The Fascist party and King Vittorio Emanuel III deposed Mussolini and put him in [[jail]], but he was set free by the Germans, who made him ruler of the [[Italian Social Republic]] [[puppet state]] which was in a small part of Central Italy. When the war was almost over, Mussolini tried to escape to [[Switzerland]] with his mistress, [[Clara Petacci]], but they were both captured and shot by [[Italian resistance movement|partisans]]. Mussolini's dead body was hanged upside-down, together with his mistress and some of Mussolini's helpers, on a pole at a gas station in the village of Milan, which is near the border between Italy and [[Switzerland]]. ==Post-war period== After the war, several [[Neo-Fascist]] movements have had success in Italy, the most important being the [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]]. His granddaughter [[Alessandra Mussolini]] has outspoken views similar to Fascism. ===Legacy=== [[File:Stamp Italian Libya 1941 1.25L.jpg|thumb|Italian Libya postage stamp of Hitler & Mussolini]]Mussolini's legacy is complex; he played a significant role in Italian history, but his association with fascism and authoritarianism has left a controversial mark. His policies had lasting effects, but they were often accompanied by suppression of dissent and human rights abuses. ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://cloud.ilgiornale.it/web/pdf/testamento_mussolini.pdf Mussolini's "Last Will", April 22, 1945 (in Italian). From 'Il Giornale' newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035339/http://cloud.ilgiornale.it/web/pdf/testamento_mussolini.pdf |date=July 22, 2011 }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{ItalyPrimeMinisters}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mussolini, Benito}} [[Category:Fascists]] [[Category:1883 births]] [[Category:1945 deaths]] [[Category:Former dictators]] [[Category:Italian generals]] [[Category:Italian atheists]] [[Category:Italian journalists]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Italy]] [[Category:Province of Forlì-Cesena]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in Italy]] [[Category:People executed by firearm]] [[Category:Politicians from Emilia-Romagna]] [[Category:Former members of the Order of the Bath]] d6bzznqjz7x5moz7rszocm1k8m3ygps 0 7647 10331199 9716874 2025-06-15T01:06:42Z Wukuendo 1292020 Rewording to give a more practical and broader sense of using the word. 10331199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:A plat of all the world - Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the BPL.jpg|thumb|A map of the Earth made in 1656]] {{Commons}} A '''map''' is an image of an area, usually of the [[Earth]] or part of the [[Earth]]. A map is different from an aerial [[photograph]] because it includes [[interpretation]]. Many maps are called "charts" such as [[star chart]]s and [[nautical chart]]s. Some maps are of distant worlds. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on [[paper]]. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, physical items such as paper maps, [[chart]]s, or [[drawing]]s are still used. The word "map" can '''also''' be used to talk about or show [[relationship]]s between ideas, people, events, [[data]], or anything else you can think about. This is why [[World Wide Web|web]] developers call a list of [[web page]]s on a [[web site]] a site map. [[File:Marburg Stadtteilkarte Kernstadt.jpg|thumb|A Modern [[Topographic map]] of a [[town]] ([[Marburg]]) in a [[valley]]. Map [[symbol]]s: Green [[Colour]] is [[forest]] in this map, a blue line is a [[river]]. [[Meaning]] of a ▲ [[Triangle]]: [[Summit]] of a [[mountain]] or [[hill]] with its [[Elevation]] in m ([[meter]]) and the name of the mountain]] Many maps today are made using [[GIS]] computer systems. These are [[database]] systems that are organized by location instead of named records. People who make maps are [[cartography|cartographers]]. If a map is on a piece of paper or a [[computer]] screen, it has to be projected. This is because the [[Earth]] is round and paper and screens are flat. There are a lot of ways that use [[mathematics]] to make [[map projection]]s. The only kind of map of the [[Earth]] that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. This is called a [[globe]]. [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Maps| ]] dvzjx7gdg1185s0vjhrueduk4k0fj68 10331205 10331199 2025-06-15T01:09:32Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Changed a sentence that referred to "you" (per MOS). Also took out double spaces after full stops. 10331205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:A plat of all the world - Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the BPL.jpg|thumb|A map of the Earth made in 1656]] {{Commons}} A '''map''' is an image of an area, usually of the [[Earth]] or part of the [[Earth]]. A map is different from an aerial [[photograph]] because it includes [[interpretation]]. Many maps are called "charts" such as [[star chart]]s and [[nautical chart]]s. Some maps are of distant worlds. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on [[paper]]. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, physical items such as paper maps, [[chart]]s, or [[drawing]]s are still used. The word "map" can '''also''' be used to talk about or show [[relationship]]s between ideas, people, events, [[data]], and many other subjects. This is why [[World Wide Web|web]] developers call a list of [[web page]]s on a [[web site]] a site map. [[File:Marburg Stadtteilkarte Kernstadt.jpg|thumb|A Modern [[Topographic map]] of a [[town]] ([[Marburg]]) in a [[valley]]. Map [[symbol]]s: Green [[Colour]] is [[forest]] in this map, a blue line is a [[river]]. [[Meaning]] of a ▲ [[Triangle]]: [[Summit]] of a [[mountain]] or [[hill]] with its [[Elevation]] in m ([[meter]]) and the name of the mountain]] Many maps today are made using [[GIS]] computer systems. These are [[database]] systems that are organized by location instead of named records. People who make maps are [[cartography|cartographers]]. If a map is on a piece of paper or a [[computer]] screen, it has to be projected. This is because the [[Earth]] is round and paper and screens are flat. There are a lot of ways that use [[mathematics]] to make [[map projection]]s. The only kind of map of the [[Earth]] that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. This is called a [[globe]]. [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Maps| ]] l1jd59q930xlow57c0s502o2ifvre6y 0 7718 10330565 10326311 2025-06-14T18:16:34Z 2601:47:4A01:A060:B0BF:BBF5:5B8E:6DFC george was born in 1944 making him 2 in 1964 in beatlemania if he was born in 1933 he wouldve been 31 in 1964 simple math 10330565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use British English|date=March 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = George Harrison | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = George Harrison 1974 (cropped).jpg | caption = Harrison at the [[White House]] in 1974 | birth_name = George Harold Harrison | birth_date = 25 February 1933 | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England | death_date = {{death date|df=yes|2001|11|29}} (aged 68) | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. | death_cause = [[Throat cancer]] which [[spread]] to the lungs | occupation = {{hlist|Musician|singer-songwriter|music and film producer}} | years_active = 1958–2001 | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Pattie Boyd]]|1966|1977|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Olivia Harrison|Olivia Arias]]|1978<!--Per Template:Marriage instructions, year is omitted when marriage ends by death of subject of article-->}}}} | children = [[Dhani Harrison]] | website = {{URL|georgeharrison.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]}} | instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals|sitar}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instrument---> | label = {{hlist|[[Parlophone]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Swan Records|Swan]]|[[Apple Records|Apple]]|[[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]]|[[Dark Horse Records|Dark Horse]]|[[All Things Must Pass#2001|Gnome]]}} | past_member_of = [[The Quarrymen]], [[The Beatles]], [[Traveling Wilburys]] }} | signature = George Harrison signature.svg | signature_size = 150px }} '''George Harold Harrison''' [[Order of the British Empire|<small>MBE</small>]] (25 February 1944 – {{death date|df=yes|2001|11|29}}) was an English musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of [[the Beatles]].<ref>{{Pop Chronicles|28}}</ref> After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including [[Eric Clapton]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Phil Spector]], [[Roy Orbison]], [[Tom Petty]], and [[Ravi Shankar]]. He was also interested in Eastern [[mysticism]] and [[Charitable organization|charitable causes]]. == Early life == Harrison was born on 25 February 1944, at 12 Arnold Grove in Wavertree, [[Liverpool]], He was youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves (or Hargrove) Harrison and Louise Harrison, He had one sister and two brothers. == Solo music == George's best-known album was ''[[All Things Must Pass]],'' which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a [[mansion]] in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own [[recording studio]] inside the mansion, which for a time was better than [[Abbey Road Studios]], where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted. [[Ravi Shankar]] came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in [[Bangladesh]], where thousands of people had died and millions more were [[refugee]]s and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a [[:wikt:benefit|benefit]] show to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. The ''Concert for Bangla Desh'', a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including [[Live Aid]] in the 1980s. Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when [[Jeff Lynne]] of [[Electric Light Orchestra]] began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians [[Bob Dylan]], [[Tom Petty]], and [[Roy Orbison]]. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits. == Personal life == In 1966, Harrison married a [[Model (person)|model]], Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist [[Eric Clapton]], but all three were never friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. He went to [[Brown University]] in the United States. In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, [[Handmade Films]], which produced movies including [[Monty Python]]'s ''[[Life of Brian]]'' and [[Terry Gilliam]]'s ''[[Time Bandits]]''. The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate [[John Lennon]] late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered. The man who attacked him is [[schizophrenic]] and was acquitted of [[attempted murder]] by reason of [[insanity]] in November 2000 at [[Oxford]] [[Crown Court]]. He was sent to a [[mental hospital]] and released in 2002.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2096082.stm Attacker sorry]</ref> == Death == In the 1990s, decades of [[smoking]] [[cigarette]]s caused Harrison to develop [[throat cancer]]. He later developed [[lung cancer]], which caused his death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for [[God]] cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place. A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles ([[Paul McCartney]] and [[Ringo Starr]]), and other musicians held the ''Concert for George'', which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity. == Best-known songs == === In the Beatles === * "I Need You" (appeared in the movie ''Help!'') * "If I Needed Someone" * "Taxman" * "Within You, Without You" (a [[raga]] from ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'') * "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" * "Something" * "Here Comes the Sun" * "I Me Mine" (featured in the movie ''[[Let It Be]]'') === Solo === * "What is Life" * "My Sweet Lord" * "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)" * "Ding Dong: Ding Dong" (a [[New Year's Eve]] [[:wikt:perennial|perennial]]) * "Crackerbox Palace" (named for [[Lord Buckley]]'s former home in [[California]]) * "Blow Away" * "All Those Years Ago" (a tribute to [[John Lennon]]; the recording featured [[Ringo Starr]], [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Linda McCartney]]) * "Got My Mind Set on You" ==Notes== {{wikiquote}} {{reflist}} {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, George}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2001 deaths]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Deaths from throat cancer]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]] [[Category:English guitarists]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] [[Category:Former Roman Catholics]] ia74q514rki20qxcp0quux5mp31ug0a 10330873 10330565 2025-06-14T20:55:47Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 the infobox and reaserch says 1943 which works with the math. 10330873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use British English|date=March 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = George Harrison | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = George Harrison 1974 (cropped).jpg | caption = Harrison at the [[White House]] in 1974 | birth_name = George Harold Harrison | birth_date = 25 February 1933 | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England | death_date = {{death date|df=yes|2001|11|29}} (aged 68) | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. | death_cause = [[Throat cancer]] which [[spread]] to the lungs | occupation = {{hlist|Musician|singer-songwriter|music and film producer}} | years_active = 1958–2001 | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Pattie Boyd]]|1966|1977|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Olivia Harrison|Olivia Arias]]|1978<!--Per Template:Marriage instructions, year is omitted when marriage ends by death of subject of article-->}}}} | children = [[Dhani Harrison]] | website = {{URL|georgeharrison.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]}} | instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals|sitar}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instrument---> | label = {{hlist|[[Parlophone]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Swan Records|Swan]]|[[Apple Records|Apple]]|[[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]]|[[Dark Horse Records|Dark Horse]]|[[All Things Must Pass#2001|Gnome]]}} | past_member_of = [[The Quarrymen]], [[The Beatles]], [[Traveling Wilburys]] }} | signature = George Harrison signature.svg | signature_size = 150px }} '''George Harold Harrison''' [[Order of the British Empire|<small>MBE</small>]] (25 February 1943 – {{death date|df=yes|2001|11|29}}) was an English musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of [[the Beatles]].<ref>{{Pop Chronicles|28}}</ref> After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including [[Eric Clapton]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Phil Spector]], [[Roy Orbison]], [[Tom Petty]], and [[Ravi Shankar]]. He was also interested in Eastern [[mysticism]] and [[Charitable organization|charitable causes]]. == Early life == Harrison was born on 25 February 1943, at 12 Arnold Grove in Wavertree, [[Liverpool]], He was youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves (or Hargrove) Harrison and Louise Harrison, He had one sister and two brothers. == Solo music == George's best-known album was ''[[All Things Must Pass]],'' which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a [[mansion]] in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own [[recording studio]] inside the mansion, which for a time was better than [[Abbey Road Studios]], where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted. [[Ravi Shankar]] came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in [[Bangladesh]], where thousands of people had died and millions more were [[refugee]]s and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a [[:wikt:benefit|benefit]] show to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. The ''Concert for Bangla Desh'', a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including [[Live Aid]] in the 1980s. Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when [[Jeff Lynne]] of [[Electric Light Orchestra]] began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians [[Bob Dylan]], [[Tom Petty]], and [[Roy Orbison]]. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits. == Personal life == In 1966, Harrison married a [[Model (person)|model]], Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist [[Eric Clapton]], but all three were never friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. He went to [[Brown University]] in the United States. In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, [[Handmade Films]], which produced movies including [[Monty Python]]'s ''[[Life of Brian]]'' and [[Terry Gilliam]]'s ''[[Time Bandits]]''. The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate [[John Lennon]] late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered. The man who attacked him is [[schizophrenic]] and was acquitted of [[attempted murder]] by reason of [[insanity]] in November 2000 at [[Oxford]] [[Crown Court]]. He was sent to a [[mental hospital]] and released in 2002.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2096082.stm Attacker sorry]</ref> == Death == In the 1990s, decades of [[smoking]] [[cigarette]]s caused Harrison to develop [[throat cancer]]. He later developed [[lung cancer]], which caused his death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for [[God]] cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place. A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles ([[Paul McCartney]] and [[Ringo Starr]]), and other musicians held the ''Concert for George'', which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity. == Best-known songs == === In the Beatles === * "I Need You" (appeared in the movie ''Help!'') * "If I Needed Someone" * "Taxman" * "Within You, Without You" (a [[raga]] from ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'') * "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" * "Something" * "Here Comes the Sun" * "I Me Mine" (featured in the movie ''[[Let It Be]]'') === Solo === * "What is Life" * "My Sweet Lord" * "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)" * "Ding Dong: Ding Dong" (a [[New Year's Eve]] [[:wikt:perennial|perennial]]) * "Crackerbox Palace" (named for [[Lord Buckley]]'s former home in [[California]]) * "Blow Away" * "All Those Years Ago" (a tribute to [[John Lennon]]; the recording featured [[Ringo Starr]], [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Linda McCartney]]) * "Got My Mind Set on You" ==Notes== {{wikiquote}} {{reflist}} {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, George}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2001 deaths]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Deaths from throat cancer]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]] [[Category:English guitarists]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] [[Category:Former Roman Catholics]] tulluq1qkl31co5porhfiwjnap0nqrk 0 7877 10330107 10088491 2025-06-14T14:48:03Z 129.222.194.96 Second picture was incorrectly labelled as 'white dolphin'. Changed to Beluga Whale. 10330107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|white}} [[Image:White Gumba and Blue Sky.jpg|thumb|The catholic church in Nepal]] [[Image:Delphinapterus leucas 2.jpg|thumb|A white beluga whale]] '''White''' is the brightest color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of [[light]] on the [[spectrum]] together. These other colors are [[red]], [[Orange (color)|orange]], [[yellow]], [[green]], [[blue]], [[indigo]], and [[Violet (color)|violet]]. == Meaning of white == White is linked with light, [[goodness]], [[innocence]], [[purity]], [[cleanliness]] and [[virginity]]. It is sometimes thought to be the color of [[perfect]]ion. The opposite of [[black]], white usually has a positive [[connotation]]. White can stand for a successful beginning. In [[heraldry]], white depicts [[wikt:faith|faith]] and purity. In [[advertising]], white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of [[snow]]. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech [[Product (consumer goods)|products]]. White is an appropriate color for [[Charitable organization|charitable]] [[organization]]s; [[angel]]s are usually imagined wearing white [[clothes]]. White is associated with [[hospital]]s, [[Medical doctor|doctors]], and [[cleanliness]], so you can use white to show [[safety]] when promoting [[medicine|medical]] products. White is often linked with low [[weight]], low-[[fat]] [[food]], and [[dairy product]]s. ==Tones of white color comparison chart== <li style = "background-color: #ffffff;"> White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)</li> <li style = "background-color: #fefefa;"> Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)</li> <li style = "background-color: #fffafa;"> Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)</li> <li style = "background-color: #fffff0;"> Ivory (Pale Yellow) (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)</li> <li style = "background-color: #f5F5F5;"> White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)</li> <li style = "background-color: #f8f8ff;"> Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)</li> <li style = "background-color: #e1f8e7;"> Cosmic Latte (Hex: E1F8E7) (RGB: 225, 248, 231)</li> <li style = "background-color: #dcdcdc;"> Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)</li> <li style = "background-color: #d9d9f3;"> Quartz (Hex: D9D9F3) (RGB: 217, 217, 220)</li> ==Related pages== * [[List of colors]] {{Shades of white}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] r3f236w6xp2pbpckj7jf8qdpxodakpt 0 8141 10331658 10283666 2025-06-15T09:20:12Z 2405:201:300B:F8B4:1935:B882:63ED:7921 10331658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the card game|other uses|UNO (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox game|title=Uno|players=2-10 players|playing_time=Varies}}[[File:Uno.jpg|thumb|The different cards of UNO]] '''''Uno''''' founder Ankit jain guna (stylized on usual branding as '''UNO''') is an [[United States|American]] [[card]] [[game]] that was made by Merle Robbins in [[1971]]. It has since been bought by a company named [[Mattel]]. It uses 108 special cards made just to play ''Uno''. It is [[similar]] to [[Crazy Eights]]. The cards are put into four different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called: Skip, Reverse, Draw +2, Wild, and Wild +4 cards allows players to do something they cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards. Each player starts off with seven cards, randomly assigned. A card from the main deck is then placed in the center for everyone to see. The first player must put down a card that is either the same color or number, then the next person in turn order has to put down another card of the same color or number, and it keeps on going in order. When a skip card is played, the next player loses the turn. A reverse card reverses the order of the game. A wild card (Card with four colours) can be placed above any colour, and the player chooses what colour they want everyone to continue with until someone puts down a card with the same number but a different color or a wild card. +2 cards force the next player to draw two cards, but +4 cards force the next player to draw four cards and the current player gets to pick a new color of their choice. [[File:UNO cards deck.svg|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |+ !Card !Effect when played from hand |- |Reverse |The next player in the direction of the game will have their turn skiped and the direction will switch to be the other direction. |- |Skip |The next player will lose their turn and be forced to wait until the next round of the game to play their hand. |- |Pick up 2/ Plus 2 |The next player in the direction of the game will have to pick up two cards from the deck. |- |Pick up 4/ Plus 4 |The next player in the direction of the game will have to pick up four cards from the deck. |- |Wild/Color changing |The player who plays this card will have to pick a new color to change the game to. The player may pick the same color and use this card anytime due to the color of the card being black and not Red, Yellow, Green, or Blue. |- |Wild Draw 4 |The wild draw 4 card lets a player pick a new color while the next person in the direction of play must pick up four cards. |} ==Related pages== *[[ONO 99]] [[Category:Card games]] 2d4830qcxqt0kq22unj0sxh2a9pmbwr 10331660 10331658 2025-06-15T09:22:29Z Barras 40117 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2405:201:300B:F8B4:1935:B882:63ED:7921|2405:201:300B:F8B4:1935:B882:63ED:7921]] ([[User talk:2405:201:300B:F8B4:1935:B882:63ED:7921|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by 75.167.13.90. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the card game|other uses|UNO (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox game|title=Uno|players=2-10 players|playing_time=Varies}}[[File:Uno.jpg|thumb|The different cards of UNO]] '''''Uno''''' (stylized on usual branding as '''UNO''') is an [[United States|American]] [[card]] [[game]] that was made by Merle Robbins in [[1971]]. It has since been bought by a company named [[Mattel]]. It uses 108 special cards made just to play ''Uno''. It is [[similar]] to [[Crazy Eights]]. The cards are put into four different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called: Skip, Reverse, Draw +2, Wild, and Wild +4 cards allows players to do something they cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards. Each player starts off with seven cards, randomly assigned. A card from the main deck is then placed in the center for everyone to see. The first player must put down a card that is either the same color or number, then the next person in turn order has to put down another card of the same color or number, and it keeps on going in order. When a skip card is played, the next player loses the turn. A reverse card reverses the order of the game. A wild card (Card with four colours) can be placed above any colour, and the player chooses what colour they want everyone to continue with until someone puts down a card with the same number but a different color or a wild card. +2 cards force the next player to draw two cards, but +4 cards force the next player to draw four cards and the current player gets to pick a new color of their choice. [[File:UNO cards deck.svg|thumb]] {| class="wikitable" |+ !Card !Effect when played from hand |- |Reverse |The next player in the direction of the game will have their turn skiped and the direction will switch to be the other direction. |- |Skip |The next player will lose their turn and be forced to wait until the next round of the game to play their hand. |- |Pick up 2/ Plus 2 |The next player in the direction of the game will have to pick up two cards from the deck. |- |Pick up 4/ Plus 4 |The next player in the direction of the game will have to pick up four cards from the deck. |- |Wild/Color changing |The player who plays this card will have to pick a new color to change the game to. The player may pick the same color and use this card anytime due to the color of the card being black and not Red, Yellow, Green, or Blue. |- |Wild Draw 4 |The wild draw 4 card lets a player pick a new color while the next person in the direction of play must pick up four cards. |} ==Related pages== *[[ONO 99]] [[Category:Card games]] rmgfnim70jbghj5mr60y4f33bq43uah 0 8684 10330558 10328415 2025-06-14T18:06:39Z 79.56.88.149 10330558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}} {{Infobox film | name = Finding Nemo (2003) | image = Finding Nemo logo.svg | alt = <!-- See WP:ALT --> | caption = | director = [[Andrew Stanton]] | producer = Graham Walters | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Andrew Stanton * [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]] * [[David Reynolds (screenwriter)|David Reynolds]] }} | story = Andrew Stanton | starring = <!-- ORDER IS BASED ON THE BILLING BLOCK -->{{Plainlist| * [[Alexander Gould]] * [[Albert Brooks]] * [[Ellen DeGeneres]] * [[Barry Humphries]] * [[Eric Bana]] * [[Bruce Spence]] }} <!-- ORDER IS BASED ON THE BILLING BLOCK --> | music = [[Thomas Newman]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * [[Sharon Calahan]] * Jeremy Lasky }} | editing = [[David Ian Salter]] | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Walt Disney Pictures]] * [[Pixar Animation Studios]] }} | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|2003|05|05|[[Los Angeles]]|2003|05|30|United States}} | runtime = 100 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = $94&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/> | gross = $940.3&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/> }} '''''Finding Nemo''''' is a 2003 American<!-- Please don't change it to Australian, while is known for including references of the country like the Great Barrier Reef, Sydney and having one to three actors that originated from Australia it is considered an American film--> computer-animated comedy adventure movie written and directed by [[Andrew Stanton]], released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]] and the fifth film produced by [[Pixar|Pixar Animation Studios]]. It tells the story of the over-protective [[clownfish]] named Marlin ([[Albert Brooks]]) who searches for his captured son Nemo ([[Alexander Gould]]), along with a [[regal blue tang]] named Dory ([[Ellen DeGeneres]]) in [[Sydney Harbour]]. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and let Nemo take care of himself. It is Pixar's first film to be released in [[movie theatre|cinema]]s in the northern hemisphere summer. The film was re-released for the first time in [[3D film|3D]] on May 30, 2013 and it was released on [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] on July 4, 2014. A [[#Sequel|sequel]], ''[[Finding Dory]]'', was released on January 12, 2016. The film received extremely positive reviews and won the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]]. It was the [[2003 in film|second highest-grossing film]] of the year, earning a total of $921 million worldwide.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=findingnemo.htm|title=Finding Nemo (2003) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> ''Finding Nemo'' is also the best-selling DVD of all time, with over 40 million copies sold as of 2011,<ref>Boone, Louis E.''Contemporary Business 2011'', Thomson South-Western, page 4 – {{ISBN|0-324-32089-2}}</ref> and was the highest money making G-rated film of all time before ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run]]'' overtook it. It is also the 22nd highest money making film of all time, as well as the 3rd highest money making animated film. In 2008, the [[American Film Institute]] named it the tenth greatest animated film ever made during their [[AFI's 10 Top 10|Top 10]].<ref name=AFITop10 /> The movie is dedicated to the memory of [[Glenn McQueen]], who died in 2009, before the movie was released. ==Plot== Two [[clownfish]], Marlin and his wife Coral are admiring their new home in the [[Great Barrier Reef]] and their clutch of eggs that are due to hatch in a few days. Suddenly, a [[barracuda]] attacks them and Marlin tries to defend and save his eggs, leaving Marlin unconscious. Coral and all but one of their eggs are also eaten. Marlin names this egg Nemo, a name that Coral liked. The movie next shows Nemo's first day of school. Nemo has a tiny right fin, because his egg was injured by the barracuda attack. This makes it difficult for him to swim. After Marlin embarrasses Nemo during a school field trip by mistake, Nemo refuses and sneaks away from the reef towards a boat. So he gets captured by scuba divers. As the boat sails away, one of the divers accidentally knocks his [[diving mask]] into the water. While trying to save Nemo, Marlin meets Dory, a good-hearted and optimistic [[Regal blue tang]] with [[Anterograde amnesia|short-term memory loss]]. While meeting three [[sharks]] on a fish-free diet, Bruce, a [[great white shark|white shark]]; Anchor, a [[hammerhead shark]] and Chum, a [[Physogaleus]], Marlin discovers the diver's mask that was dropped from the boat and notices an address written on it. However, when he angrily argues with Dory and accidentally gives her a [[nosebleed]], the scent of blood causes Bruce to lose control of himself and attempt to eat Marlin and Dory. The two escape from Bruce but the mask falls into a trench in the [[deep sea]]. During a hazardous struggle with an [[anglerfish]] in the trench, Dory realizes she is able to read the address written on the mask, which leads to [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and manages to remember it. She repeats "P. Sherman 42 Wallaby Way Sydney" to keep it in her memory. After receiving directions to Sydney from a large [[Shoaling and schooling|school]] of [[Silver moony]], Marlin and Dory accidentally run into a bloom of [[jellyfish]] that nearly sting them to death; Marlin falls exhausted after the risky escape and wakes up to see a [[surf culture|surf-cultured]] [[green sea turtle]] named Crush, who takes Dory and him on the [[East Australian Current]], referred to as the EAC by the animals. In the current, Marlin shares the story of his journey with a group of young sea turtles who spread the story around the ocean. Meanwhile, Nemo's captor - P. Sherman, a dentist - places him into a fish tank in his office on [[Sydney Harbour]]. There, Nemo meets a group of aquarium fish called the "Tank Gang", led by a crafty and ambitious [[moorish idol]] named Gill. The "Tank Gang" includes Peach, a [[starfish]]; Bloat, a [[puffer fish]]; Bubbles, a [[Yellow tang]]; Deb, a [[Blacktailed humbug]] Gurgle, a [[Royal gramma]]; and Jacques, a [[pacific cleaner shrimp]]. The fish are frightened to learn that the dentist plans to give Nemo to his niece, Darla. She is infamous for killing a goldfish given to her previously by constantly shaking the bag. In order to avoid this fate, Gill gives Nemo a role in an escape plan, which involves jamming the tank's [[Filter (aquarium)|filter]] and forcing the dentist to remove the fish from the tank to clean it manually. The fish could be placed in plastic bags, at which point they could only roll out the window and into the harbor. After a friendly [[pelican]] named Nigel visits with news of Marlin's adventure, Nemo succeeds in jamming the filter, but the plan backfires when the dentist installs a new high-tech filter. While leaving the East Australian Current, Marlin and Dory get lost in the blooms of [[plankton]] and [[krill]] and are caught by a [[blue whale]]. Inside the whale's immense mouth, Marlin tries to escape while Dory talks with it in whale-speak. So, the whale carries them to [[Sydney Harbour]] and expels them through his blowhole. They are met by Nigel, who recognizes Marlin from the stories he has heard and rescues him and Dory from a flock of hungry [[seagull]]s by scooping them into his beak and taking them to the dentist's man's office. By this time, Darla has arrived and the dentist is prepared to give Nemo to her. Nemo tries to play dead in hopes of saving himself, and, at the same time, Nigel arrives. Marlin sees Nemo and mistakes this act for the actual death of his son. After a struggle, Gill helps Nemo escape into a drain through a sink. Sad, Marlin leaves Dory and begins to swim back home. Poor Dory then loses her memory and becomes a little worried, but meets Nemo, who has reached the ocean, has no memory of him. As you know, Dory's memory is restored again after she reads the word "Sydney" on a nearby drainpipe and remembering her journey, she guides Nemo to Marlin. After the two joyfully reunite, Dory is caught in a fishing net with a school of [[grouper]]. Nemo bravely enters the net and directs the group to swim downward to break the net, reminiscent of a similar scenario that occurred in the fish tank earlier. The fish, including Dory, succeed in breaking the net and escape. After some days, Nemo leaves for school once more and Marlin who is no longer overprotective after all. Back at the dentist's office, the high-tech filter breaks down and The Tank Gang escape into the harbor. But, they realize that they are trapped in the bags of water that the dentist put them into when cleaning the tank. ==Cast== * [[Albert Brooks]] as Marlin, a [[clownfish]] and Nemo's father. * [[Ellen DeGeneres]] as Dory, a [[regal blue tang]] with short-term memory loss. * [[Alexander Gould]] as Nemo, Marlin's only surviving son, who is excited about life and exploring the ocean, but gets captured and domesticated as a pet. * [[Willem Dafoe]] as Gill, a [[retired]] [[moorish idol]] fish living in an aquarium in Philip Sherman's dentistry clinic and the leader of the Tank Gang. * [[Brad Garrett]] as Bloat, the aquarium's [[porcupinefish]]. * [[Allison Janney]] as Peach, the aquarium's [[sea star]]. * [[Austin Pendleton]] as Gurgle, the aquarium's [[obsessive-compulsive]] [[royal gramma]] fish. * [[Stephen Root]] as Bubbles, the aquarium's [[yellow tang]] fish. * [[Vicki Lewis]] as Deb/Flo, the aquarium's [[Dascyllus melanurus|striped damselfish]]. * [[Joe Ranft]] as Jacques, the aquarium's [[cleaner shrimp]]. * [[Geoffrey Rush]] as Nigel, an [[Australian pelican]], who often visits the dentist clinic and is friends with the aquarium fish. * [[Andrew Stanton]] as Crush, a [[green sea turtle]]. * [[Elizabeth Perkins]] as Coral, Marlin's wife and Nemo's mother. * [[Nicholas Bird]] as Squirt, Crush's son. * [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]] as Mr. Ray, a [[spotted eagle ray]] and Nemo's schoolteacher. * [[Barry Humphries]] as Bruce, a vegetarian [[great white shark]], who fights his instinctive wills to eat innocent fish and is friends with Anchor and Chum. * [[Eric Bana]] as Anchor, a [[hammerhead shark]] who is friends with Bruce and Chum. * [[Bruce Spence]] as Chum, a [[mako shark]] who is friends with Bruce and Anchor. * [[Bill Hunter (actor)|Bill Hunter]] as Philip Sherman, a dentist who keeps Nemo and the Tank Gang in an aquarium. * [[LuLu Ebeling]] as Darla, Sherman's enraged young niece. * [[Jordan Ranft|Jordy Ranft]] as Tad, a [[butterfly fish]] fingerling and Nemo's school friend. * [[Erica Beck]] as Pearl, a young [[flapjack octopus]] and Nemo's school friend. * [[Erik Per Sullivan]] as Sheldon, a young [[seahorse]], and Nemo's school friend. * [[John Ratzenberger]] as the school of [[Silver moony|moonfish]]. Additional voices were provided by [[Carlos Alazraqui]], [[Jack Angel]], [[James S. Baker]], [[Bob Bergen]], [[Bobby Block]], [[Susan Blu]], [[Geoff Brooks]], [[Jane Carr]], [[Jennifer Darling]], [[Paul Eiding]], Jessie Flower, Aaron Fors, Bradley Trevor Greive, [[Leland Grossman]], [[Jess Harnell]], [[Lili Ishida]], [[Marc John Jefferies]], [[Dylan Kasch]], [[Caroline Kindred]], [[Oliver Kindred]], [[Noah Luke]], [[Sherry Lynn]], [[Danny Mann]], [[Laura Marano]], [[Vanessa Marano]], [[Andrew McDonough]], [[Mickie McGowan]], [[Rove McManus]], [[Alec Medlock]], [[Nicole Miller]], [[Laraine Newman]], [[Annelise Nolting]], [[Lisa Peers|Lisa Peers-Lyleson]], [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]], [[Jeff Pidgeon]], [[Phil Proctor]], [[Jan Rabson]], [[Katherine Ringgold]], [[Daryl Sabara]], [[Evan Sabara]], [[David Ian Salter]], [[Eliza Schneider]], [[Emmett Shoemaker]], [[Andrew Stanton]], [[Ben Stanton]], [[Lee Unkrich]], [[Jim Ward|James Kevin Ward]] and [[Kali Whitehurst]].<ref name="Finding Nemo on Pixar.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/finding-nemo |publisher=Pixar |access-date=13 July 2021 |at=Cast |title=Pixar Animation Studios |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404031702/https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/finding-nemo |url-status=dead }} The Pixar webpage for Finding Nemo displays the full cast list and serves as a reference for the entire section.</ref> == Soundtrack == #[[Father and Son (song)|Father and Son]] by [[Cat Stevens]] #Just Keep Swimming by [[Ellen DeGeneres]] #Slicin' Sand by [[Authority Zero]] #[[Surfin' Safari]] by [[Reel Big Fish]] #[[Perfect (Simple Plan song)|Perfect]] by [[Simple Plan]] #[[Learn to Fly]] by [[Foo Fighters]] #Become What You Hate by [[Midtown (band)|Midtown]] #Fandango by [[Bob Bain]] #Psycho by [[Bernard Herrmann]] #[[Down Under (song)|Down Under]] by [[Men at Work]] #Beyond the Sea by Robbie Williams ==Reception== ''Finding Nemo'' currently holds a 99% fresh rating at [[Rotten Tomatoes]] with 100% by top critics,<ref>{{cite web|title=Finding Nemo 3D (2012)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finding_nemo_3d/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=September 18, 2012}}</ref> and an average of 89% on [[Metacritic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finding Nemo|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/finding-nemo|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=September 18, 2012}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film four stars, calling it "one of those rare movies where I always wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030530%2FREVIEWS%2F305300301 |title=Finding Nemo Review– rogerebert.com |access-date=2021-09-29 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012201551/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030530%2FREVIEWS%2F305300301 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The late broadway stars [[Paul Winchell]], [[John Fiedler]], and [[Ken Sansom]] who were the voices of three of Pooh's friends, [[Tigger]], Piglet, & Rabbit in the ''[[Winnie the Pooh]]'' franchise, said ''Finding Nemo'' was their favorite animated film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paul Winchell, John Fiedler & Ken Sansom's Favorite Animated Movie? FINDING NEMO|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzNVkgAy-r0|accessdate=September 18, 2012|newspaper=YouTube|date=August 19, 2009|author=American Film Institute}}</ref> The film's use of clownfish prompted mass purchase of the animal as pets in the United States, even though the movie portrayed the use of fish as pets negatively and suggested that saltwater aquariums are notably tricky and expensive to maintain.<ref>{{cite news|first=Elizabeth|last=Jackson|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/busrpt/stories/s1000651.htm |title=Acquiring Nemo |publisher=The Business Report |date=November 29, 2002|accessdate=2006-11-10}}</ref> The demand for clownfish was supplied by large-scale harvesting of tropical fish in regions like Vanuatu.<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Corcoran|url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2004/s1239666.htm |title=Vanuatu – Saving Nemo |publisher=ABC Foreign Correspondent |date=November 9, 2002|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> At the same time, the film had a quote that "all drains lead back to the [[ocean]]" (Nemo escapes from the aquarium by going down a sink drain, ending up in the sea). Since water typically undergoes treatment before leading to the ocean, the JWC Environmental company quipped that a more realistic title for the movie might be ''Grinding Nemo''.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,88760,00.html Company Warns of 'Grinding Nemo'], ''FoxNews.com''/AP, June 6, 2003.</ref> However, in [[Sydney]], much of the sewer system does really pass directly to outfall pipes deep offshore, without a high level of treatment (although pumping and some filtering occur).<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Sydney Water]]|title=Coastal sewage treatment plants operated by Sydney Water|publisher=Sydney Water|url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/OurSystemsAndOperations/WastewaterTreatmentPlants/Coastal.cfm|accessdate=2011-11-26|archive-date=2006-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005042359/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/OurSystemsAndOperations/WastewaterTreatmentPlants/Coastal.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, according to the DVD, there was a cut sequence with Nemo going through a treatment plant's mechanisms before ending up in the ocean pipes. However, in the final product, logos for "Sydney Water Treatment" are featured prominently along the path to the ocean, implying that Nemo really did pass through some water treatment. The [[Tourism Australia|Australian Tourism Commission]] (ATC) launched several marketing campaigns in [[China]] and the [[United States|USA]] in order to improve tourism in Australia, many of them using ''Finding Nemo'' clips.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/18/content_255968.htmTourism authorities hope ``Nemo" will lead Chinese tourists to Australia]</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Mitchell |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/03/1054406187273.html|title=Nemo-led recovery hope |work=The Age|date=November 3, 2002 |accessdate=2006-10-23|location=Melbourne}}</ref> [[Queensland]] also used ''Finding Nemo'' to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anthony |last=Dennis|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/11/1060588323028.html?from=storyrhs|title=Sydney ignores Nemo |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=February 11, 2003 |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> On the 3-D re-release, [[Lisa Schwarzbaum]] of [[Entertainment Weekly]] wrote that its emotional power was deepened by "the dimensionality of the oceanic deep" where "the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3-D explorers were born to boldly go."<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwarzbaum|first=Lisa|title=Finding Nemo 3D|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20627138,00.html|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=September 16, 2012|date=September 15, 2012|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141653/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20627138,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 3-D re-release also prompted a retrospective on the film then nine years after its initial release. Stephen Whitty of the [[Newark Star-Ledger]] described it as "A genuinely funny and touching film that, in less than a decade, has established itself as a timeless classic,"<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitty|first=Stephen|title=Finding Nemo 3D review|date=September 14, 2012 |url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2012/09/finding_nemo_3d_review_pixar_p.html|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref> with Roger Moore of the McClatchy-Tribune News Service calling the movie "the gold standard against which all other modern animated films are measured."<ref>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Roger|title='Finding Nemo' in 3D hits theaters|url=http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20120912/ENT/120919892?Title=Review-Finding-Nemo-in-3D-hits-theaters-|publisher=StarNewsOnline|accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref> ==Home media== ''Finding Nemo'' was released on VHS and DVD on July 4, 2004. It was Pixar's first movie released on home video in the same year as it's theatrical release. The film had a home video release on both Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on July 4, 2014, with both a 3-disc and a 5-disc set and was released on 4K Ultra-HD on July 4, 2024. ==Production== The inspiration for Nemo was made up of multiple experiences. The idea goes back to when director [[Andrew Stanton]] was a child, when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank, assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home.<ref name="commentary">Finding Nemo, 2004 DVD, commentary</ref> In 1996, shortly after his son was born, he and his family took a trip to [[Six Flags Discovery Kingdom]] (which was called Marine World at the time). There he saw the shark tube and various exhibits he felt that the underwater world had bene done beautifully in computer animation.<ref>The Pixar Story by Leslie Iwerks, 2007 documentary</ref> Later in 2001, he took his son for a walk in the park, but found that he was overprotecting him constantly and lost an opportunity to have any "father-son experiences" on that day.<ref name="commentary"/> In an interview with [[National Geographic (magazine)|''National Geographic'' magazine]], he stated that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an [[Sea anemone|anemone]]:<blockquote>"It was so arresting. I had no idea what kind of fish they were, but I wasn't taking my eyes off them. And as an entertainer, the fact that they were called clownfish—it was perfect. There's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you."<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/01/clownfish/prosek-text Beautiful Friendship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226162842/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/01/clownfish/prosek-text |date=2009-12-26 }} ''National Geographic'' magazine, January 2010</ref></blockquote> Also, clownfish are very colourful, but don't seem to tend to come out of an anemone very often, and for a character who has to go on a dangerous journey, Stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect kind of fish for the character.<ref name="commentary"/> Pre-production of the film took place in early 1997. Stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of ''[[A Bug's Life]]''. As such, it began production with a complete screenplay, something that co-director [[Lee Unkrich]] called "very unusual for an animated film."<ref name="commentary"/> The artists took [[scuba diving]] lessons so they could go and study the coral reef. The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and [[Bob Peterson (animator)|Bob Peterson]] while driving to record the actors. [[Ellen DeGeneres]] was cast after Stanton was watching ''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]'' with his wife and seeing Ellen "change the subject five times before finishing one sentence" as Stanton recalled.<ref name="commentary"/> There was a pelican character known as Gerald (who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on Marlin and Dory) who was originally a friend of Nigel. They were going to play against each other as Nigel being neat [[wikt:fastidious|fastidious]] while Gerald being scruffy and sloppy. However the filmmakers had not found an appropriate scene for them that didn't slow the pace of the picture down, so Gerald's character was minimized.<ref name="commentary"/> Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle. Stanton originally did the voice for the film's [[story reel]], and assumed they would find an actor later. When Stanton's performance was popular in test screenings, Stanton decided to keep his performance in the film. Stanton recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in co-director [[Lee Unkrich]]'s office.<ref name="commentary"/> Crush's son Squirt was voiced by Nicholas Bird, the young son of fellow Pixar director [[Brad Bird]]. According to Stanton, the elder Bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the Pixar studios one day. Stanton felt the voice was "this generation's [[Thumper (Bambi)|Thumper]]" and immediately cast Nicholas.<ref name="commentary"/> [[Megan Mullally]] revealed that she was originally doing a voice in the film. According to Mullally, the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character [[Karen Walker (Will & Grace)|Karen Walker]] on the television show ''[[Will & Grace]]'' was not her natural speaking voice. The producers hired her anyway, and then strongly encouraged her to use her Karen Walker voice for the role. When Mullally refused, she was dismissed.<ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/megan%20mullally%20dropped%20from%20finding%20nemo Megan Mullally – Megan Mullally Dropped From Finding Nemo]</ref> The film was dedicated to [[Glenn McQueen]], a Pixar animator who died of [[melanoma]] in October 2002. Finding Nemo shares many plot elements with ''[[Pierrot the Clownfish]]'', a children's book published in 2002, but allegedly conceived in 1995. The author, Franck Le Calvez, sued Disney for infringement of his intellectual rights. The judge ruled against him, citing the color differences between Pierrot and Nemo.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aude Lagorce, 03.12.04, 9:17 AM ET |url=https://www.forbes.com/2004/03/12/cx_al_0312nemo.html |title=French Court Denies Disney Ban |work=Forbes.com |accessdate=2012-09-30}}</ref> To ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable the animators essentially took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography. They visited aquariums, went diving in Hawaii and received in-house lectures from an [[ichthyologist]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lovgren|first=Stefan|title=For Finding Nemo, Animators Dove Into Fish Study|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0530_030530_findingnemo.html|work=National Geographic News|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=October 30, 2012}}</ref> ===Box office=== ''Finding Nemo'' earned $380,673,009 in North America, and $540,900,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $921,573,009.<ref name="BOM"/> It is the second highest-grossing film of 2003, behind ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2003&p=.htm| title=Top Grossing Films of 2003| publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> In North America, outside North America, and worldwide, it was the highest-grossing film, up until 2020 when ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run]]'' surpassed it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=pixar.htm| title=Pixar|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2020-09-10}}</ref> ''Finding Nemo'' set an opening-weekend record for an animated feature, making $70,251,710 (first surpassed by ''[[Sausage Party]]''). It became the highest-grossing animated film in North America ($339.7 million), outside North America ($528.2 million) and worldwide ($867.9 million), in all three occasions outgrossing ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]''. In North America, it was surpassed by both ''Sausage Party'' in 2016, and ''The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run'' in 2020. After the re-release of ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]'' in 2016, it stands as the fourth highest-grossing animated film in these regions. Outside North America, it was surpassed by ''[[Sausage Party]]'', ''[[The Tigger Movie]]'', and ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run]]''. Worldwide, it now ranks third among animated films.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|title=WORLDWIDE GROSSES| publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=animation.htm| title=Animation|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> The film had impressive box office runs in many international markets. In [[Japan]], its highest-grossing market after North America, it grossed $102.4 million becoming the highest-grossing Western animated film until it was out-grossed by ''[[The Tigger Movie]]'' ($126.7 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/japan/opening/| title=JAPAN ALL TIME OPENINGS| publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> Following in biggest grosses are the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Ireland]] and [[Malta]], where it grossed £37.2 million ($67.1 million), [[France]] and the [[Maghreb]] region ($64.8 million), [[Germany]] ($53.9 million), and [[Spain]] ($29.5 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/|title=Box Office Mojo International|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> ====3D re-release==== Disney and Pixar re-released ''Finding Nemo'' in 3D on September 14, 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Grady|title='Beauty and the Beast,' 'The Little Mermaid,' 'Finding Nemo,' 'Monsters, University' get 3-D re-releases|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/10/04/disney-3d-beauty-beast-mermaid/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=October 27, 2011|date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> with a conversion cost estimated below $5 million.<ref name=Hollywood3D /> For the opening weekend of its 3D re-release in North America, ''Finding Nemo'' grossed $16.7 million, debuting at the No. 2 spot behind ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3526&p=.htm|title=Weekend Report: 'Resident Evil 5,' 'Nemo 3D' Lead Another Slow Weekend| publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref> From seven foreign markets, it earned a total of $5.1 million.<ref name=Hollywood3D>{{cite news|last=Segers|first=Frank|title=Foreign Box Office: 'Resident Evil: Retribution' Rules Overseas, Grossing $50 Million in 65 Markets|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/foreign-box-office-resident-evil-retribution-madagascar-3-ted-seth-mcfarlane-370653|accessdate=September 17, 2012|newspaper=Hollywood Reporter|date=September 16, 2012}}</ref> ===Accolades=== Finding Nemo won the [[Academy Award]] and [[Saturn Award]] for Best Animated Film. It also won the award for best Animated Film at the [[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards]], the [[Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards]], the [[National Board of Review Awards]], the [[Online Film Critics Society Awards]], and the [[Toronto Film Critics Association Awards]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0266543/awards Awards for Finding Nemo] (Retrieved on February 12, 2008)</ref> The film received many awards, including: *[[Kids Choice Awards]] for Favorite Movie and Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie, Ellen DeGeneres. *[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]], [[Ellen DeGeneres]] ''Finding Nemo'' was also nominated for: * Two [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]]s for Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress, Ellen DeGeneres * A [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy * Two [[MTV Movie Awards]] for Best Movie and Best Comedic Performance, Ellen DeGeneres In June 2008, the [[American Film Institute]] revealed its "Ten top Ten", the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. ''Finding Nemo'' was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre.<ref name=AFITop10>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Animation|url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/animation.html|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=[[American Film Institute]] |title=AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres |work=ComingSoon.net |date=2008-06-17 |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=46072 |accessdate=2008-08-18 |archive-date=2008-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818100312/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=46072 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the most recently released film among all ten lists, and one of only three movies made after the year 2000, the others being ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and ''[[Shrek]]''. ==Video game== {{main|Finding Nemo (video game)}} A video game based on the film was released in 2003, for PC, Xbox, PS2, GameCube and GBA. == Sequel == {{main|Finding Dory}} In 2005, after disagreements between Disney's [[Michael Eisner]] and Pixar's [[Steve Jobs]] over the distribution of Pixar's films, Disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio, [[Circle 7 Animation]], to make sequels to the seven Disney-owned Pixar films (which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/08/655.aspx|title=The Skinny on Circle Seven|first=Jim|last=Hill|date=August 7, 2005|accessdate=March 27, 2012|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054904/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/08/655.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The studio had put ''[[Toy Story 4]]'' and ''[[Monsters at Work]]'' in development, and had also hired screenwriter Laurie Craig to write a draft for ''Finding Nemo 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2012/bob-hilgenberg-and-rob-muir-on-the-rise-and-fall-of-disneys-circle-7-animation/|title=Bob Hilgenberg and Rob Muir on the Rise and Fall of Disney's Circle 7 Animation|first=Josh|last=Armstrong|date=March 5, 2012|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref> Circle 7 was subsequently shut down after [[Robert Iger]] replaced Eisner as CEO of Disney and arranged the acquisition of Pixar. In July 2012, it was reported that [[Andrew Stanton]] is developing a sequel to ''Finding Nemo'',<ref name="sequel">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/07/john-carter-helmer-andrew-stanton-dives-back-into-animation-with-finding-nemo-sequel|title='John Carter' Helmer Andrew Stanton Dives Back Into Animation With 'Finding Nemo' Sequel |date=July 17, 2012 |publisher=Deadline.com |accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a schedule to be released in 2016.<ref name="FN2">{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar's 'Finding Nemo' Sequel|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andrew-stanton-pixar-finding-nemo-sequel-350267|accessdate=July 17, 2012|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 17, 2012}}</ref> However, the same day the news of a potential sequel broke, director Andrew Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports. The message said, "Didn't you all really learn from ''[[Toy Story 4]]''? Everyone calm down. Don't believe everything you read. Nothing to see here now. #skyisnotfalling"<ref>{{cite web|last=Stanton|first=Andrew|title=@andrewstanton|url=https://twitter.com/andrewstanton/status/225380771039420416|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref> According to the report by Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012, [[Ellen DeGeneres]] is in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Lacey|title=Ellen DeGeneres in Talks to Return for 'Finding Nemo' Sequel (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/ellen-degeneres-finding-nemo-sequal-pixar-364553|accessdate=August 22, 2012|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 21, 2012}}</ref> In September 2012, it was confirmed by Stanton saying: "What was immediately on the list was writing a second ''[[John Carter (film)|Carter]]'' movie. When that went away, everything slid up. I know I'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it's a reaction to ''Carter'' not doing well, but only in its timing, but not in its conceit."<ref>{{cite news|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|title=Director Andrew Stanton looks back on 'John Carter's' rocky path|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-john-carter-director-20120908,0,4090564,full.story|accessdate=September 8, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 8, 2012|archive-date=September 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918043531/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-john-carter-director-20120908,0,4090564,full.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Pixar Animation Studios}} [[Category:2003 comedy movies]] [[Category:2003 animated movies]] [[Category:2000s computer-animated movies]] [[Category:2000s buddy comedy movies]] [[Category:American buddy comedy movies]] [[Category:American family movies]] [[Category:Movies about birds]] [[Category:Movies about fish]] [[Category:Movies about father–son relationships]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Finding Nemo]] [[Category:Movies about sharks]] [[Category:Movies set in Australia]] [[Category:Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:Movies directed by Andrew Stanton]] eys40cepqqfwim8zq4zco5avm0f3czf 10330616 10330558 2025-06-14T18:51:23Z Davey2010 314522 /* Cast */ update 10330616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}} {{Infobox film | name = Finding Nemo (2003) | image = Finding Nemo logo.svg | alt = <!-- See WP:ALT --> | caption = | director = [[Andrew Stanton]] | producer = Graham Walters | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Andrew Stanton * [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]] * [[David Reynolds (screenwriter)|David Reynolds]] }} | story = Andrew Stanton | starring = <!-- ORDER IS BASED ON THE BILLING BLOCK -->{{Plainlist| * [[Alexander Gould]] * [[Albert Brooks]] * [[Ellen DeGeneres]] * [[Barry Humphries]] * [[Eric Bana]] * [[Bruce Spence]] }} <!-- ORDER IS BASED ON THE BILLING BLOCK --> | music = [[Thomas Newman]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * [[Sharon Calahan]] * Jeremy Lasky }} | editing = [[David Ian Salter]] | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Walt Disney Pictures]] * [[Pixar Animation Studios]] }} | distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|2003|05|05|[[Los Angeles]]|2003|05|30|United States}} | runtime = 100 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = $94&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/> | gross = $940.3&nbsp;million<ref name="BOM"/> }} '''''Finding Nemo''''' is a 2003 American<!-- Please don't change it to Australian, while is known for including references of the country like the Great Barrier Reef, Sydney and having one to three actors that originated from Australia it is considered an American film--> computer-animated comedy adventure movie written and directed by [[Andrew Stanton]], released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]] and the fifth film produced by [[Pixar|Pixar Animation Studios]]. It tells the story of the over-protective [[clownfish]] named Marlin ([[Albert Brooks]]) who searches for his captured son Nemo ([[Alexander Gould]]), along with a [[regal blue tang]] named Dory ([[Ellen DeGeneres]]) in [[Sydney Harbour]]. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and let Nemo take care of himself. It is Pixar's first film to be released in [[movie theatre|cinema]]s in the northern hemisphere summer. The film was re-released for the first time in [[3D film|3D]] on May 30, 2013 and it was released on [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] on July 4, 2014. A [[#Sequel|sequel]], ''[[Finding Dory]]'', was released on January 12, 2016. The film received extremely positive reviews and won the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]]. It was the [[2003 in film|second highest-grossing film]] of the year, earning a total of $921 million worldwide.<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=findingnemo.htm|title=Finding Nemo (2003) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> ''Finding Nemo'' is also the best-selling DVD of all time, with over 40 million copies sold as of 2011,<ref>Boone, Louis E.''Contemporary Business 2011'', Thomson South-Western, page 4 – {{ISBN|0-324-32089-2}}</ref> and was the highest money making G-rated film of all time before ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run]]'' overtook it. It is also the 22nd highest money making film of all time, as well as the 3rd highest money making animated film. In 2008, the [[American Film Institute]] named it the tenth greatest animated film ever made during their [[AFI's 10 Top 10|Top 10]].<ref name=AFITop10 /> The movie is dedicated to the memory of [[Glenn McQueen]], who died in 2009, before the movie was released. ==Plot== Two [[clownfish]], Marlin and his wife Coral are admiring their new home in the [[Great Barrier Reef]] and their clutch of eggs that are due to hatch in a few days. Suddenly, a [[barracuda]] attacks them and Marlin tries to defend and save his eggs, leaving Marlin unconscious. Coral and all but one of their eggs are also eaten. Marlin names this egg Nemo, a name that Coral liked. The movie next shows Nemo's first day of school. Nemo has a tiny right fin, because his egg was injured by the barracuda attack. This makes it difficult for him to swim. After Marlin embarrasses Nemo during a school field trip by mistake, Nemo refuses and sneaks away from the reef towards a boat. So he gets captured by scuba divers. As the boat sails away, one of the divers accidentally knocks his [[diving mask]] into the water. While trying to save Nemo, Marlin meets Dory, a good-hearted and optimistic [[Regal blue tang]] with [[Anterograde amnesia|short-term memory loss]]. While meeting three [[sharks]] on a fish-free diet, Bruce, a [[great white shark|white shark]]; Anchor, a [[hammerhead shark]] and Chum, a [[Physogaleus]], Marlin discovers the diver's mask that was dropped from the boat and notices an address written on it. However, when he angrily argues with Dory and accidentally gives her a [[nosebleed]], the scent of blood causes Bruce to lose control of himself and attempt to eat Marlin and Dory. The two escape from Bruce but the mask falls into a trench in the [[deep sea]]. During a hazardous struggle with an [[anglerfish]] in the trench, Dory realizes she is able to read the address written on the mask, which leads to [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] and manages to remember it. She repeats "P. Sherman 42 Wallaby Way Sydney" to keep it in her memory. After receiving directions to Sydney from a large [[Shoaling and schooling|school]] of [[Silver moony]], Marlin and Dory accidentally run into a bloom of [[jellyfish]] that nearly sting them to death; Marlin falls exhausted after the risky escape and wakes up to see a [[surf culture|surf-cultured]] [[green sea turtle]] named Crush, who takes Dory and him on the [[East Australian Current]], referred to as the EAC by the animals. In the current, Marlin shares the story of his journey with a group of young sea turtles who spread the story around the ocean. Meanwhile, Nemo's captor - P. Sherman, a dentist - places him into a fish tank in his office on [[Sydney Harbour]]. There, Nemo meets a group of aquarium fish called the "Tank Gang", led by a crafty and ambitious [[moorish idol]] named Gill. The "Tank Gang" includes Peach, a [[starfish]]; Bloat, a [[puffer fish]]; Bubbles, a [[Yellow tang]]; Deb, a [[Blacktailed humbug]] Gurgle, a [[Royal gramma]]; and Jacques, a [[pacific cleaner shrimp]]. The fish are frightened to learn that the dentist plans to give Nemo to his niece, Darla. She is infamous for killing a goldfish given to her previously by constantly shaking the bag. In order to avoid this fate, Gill gives Nemo a role in an escape plan, which involves jamming the tank's [[Filter (aquarium)|filter]] and forcing the dentist to remove the fish from the tank to clean it manually. The fish could be placed in plastic bags, at which point they could only roll out the window and into the harbor. After a friendly [[pelican]] named Nigel visits with news of Marlin's adventure, Nemo succeeds in jamming the filter, but the plan backfires when the dentist installs a new high-tech filter. While leaving the East Australian Current, Marlin and Dory get lost in the blooms of [[plankton]] and [[krill]] and are caught by a [[blue whale]]. Inside the whale's immense mouth, Marlin tries to escape while Dory talks with it in whale-speak. So, the whale carries them to [[Sydney Harbour]] and expels them through his blowhole. They are met by Nigel, who recognizes Marlin from the stories he has heard and rescues him and Dory from a flock of hungry [[seagull]]s by scooping them into his beak and taking them to the dentist's man's office. By this time, Darla has arrived and the dentist is prepared to give Nemo to her. Nemo tries to play dead in hopes of saving himself, and, at the same time, Nigel arrives. Marlin sees Nemo and mistakes this act for the actual death of his son. After a struggle, Gill helps Nemo escape into a drain through a sink. Sad, Marlin leaves Dory and begins to swim back home. Poor Dory then loses her memory and becomes a little worried, but meets Nemo, who has reached the ocean, has no memory of him. As you know, Dory's memory is restored again after she reads the word "Sydney" on a nearby drainpipe and remembering her journey, she guides Nemo to Marlin. After the two joyfully reunite, Dory is caught in a fishing net with a school of [[grouper]]. Nemo bravely enters the net and directs the group to swim downward to break the net, reminiscent of a similar scenario that occurred in the fish tank earlier. The fish, including Dory, succeed in breaking the net and escape. After some days, Nemo leaves for school once more and Marlin who is no longer overprotective after all. Back at the dentist's office, the high-tech filter breaks down and The Tank Gang escape into the harbor. But, they realize that they are trapped in the bags of water that the dentist put them into when cleaning the tank. ==Voice cast <span class="anchor" id="Cast"></span>== <!-- All species need to be sourced --> {{Cast listing| * [[Albert Brooks]] as Marlin, a [[clownfish]] and Nemo's overprotective father. * [[Ellen DeGeneres]] as [[Dory (Finding Nemo)|Dory]], a [[regal blue tang]] with [[amnesia|short-term memory loss]]. * [[Alexander Gould]] as Nemo, Marlin's only surviving son, who is excited about life and exploring the ocean, but gets captured and domesticated as a pet. * [[Willem Dafoe]] as Gill, a [[scar]]red [[moorish idol]] fish living in an aquarium in Philip Sherman's dentistry clinic, and the leader of the Tank Gang. * [[Brad Garrett]] as Bloat, the aquarium's [[porcupinefish]]. * [[Allison Janney]] as Peach, the aquarium's [[sea star]]. * [[Stephen Root]] as Bubbles, the aquarium's [[yellow tang]] fish. * [[Austin Pendleton]] as Gurgle, the aquarium's [[obsessive-compulsive]] [[royal gramma]] fish. * [[Vicki Lewis]] as Deb, the aquarium's [[Dascyllus melanurus|striped damselfish]]. ** Lewis is also credited for voicing "Flo", the name Deb gives her reflection that she believes is her twin sister. * [[Joe Ranft]] as Jacques, the aquarium's [[cleaner shrimp]]. * [[Geoffrey Rush]] as Nigel, an [[Australian pelican]], who often visits the dentist clinic and is friends with the aquarium fish. * [[Andrew Stanton]] as Crush, a [[green sea turtle]]. * [[Elizabeth Perkins]] as Coral, Marlin's wife and Nemo's mother. * [[Nicholas Bird]] as Squirt, Crush's son. * [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]] as Mr. Ray, a [[spotted eagle ray]] and Nemo's schoolteacher. * [[Barry Humphries]] as Bruce, a [[great white shark]], who, despite abstaining from eating fish, continues to fight his instinctive will to eat them; he is also friends with Anchor and Chum. * [[Eric Bana]] as Anchor, a [[hammerhead shark]] who is friends with Bruce and Chum. * [[Bruce Spence]] as Chum, a [[mako shark]] who is friends with Bruce and Anchor. * [[Bill Hunter (actor)|Bill Hunter]] as Philip Sherman, a dentist who keeps Nemo and the Tank Gang in an aquarium. * LuLu Ebeling as Darla, Sherman's rambunctious young niece. * Jordy Ranft as Tad, a [[butterfly fish]] fingerling and Nemo's school friend. * Erica Beck as Pearl, a young [[flapjack octopus]] and Nemo's school friend. * [[Erik Per Sullivan]] as Sheldon, a young [[seahorse]], and Nemo's school friend. * [[John Ratzenberger]] as the school of [[Silver moony|moonfish]]. }} <ref name="Finding Nemo on Pixar.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/finding-nemo |publisher=Pixar |access-date=13 July 2021 |at=Cast |title=Pixar Animation Studios |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032304/https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/finding-nemo |url-status=live }} The Pixar webpage for Finding Nemo displays the full cast list and serves as a reference for the entire section.</ref> == Soundtrack == #[[Father and Son (song)|Father and Son]] by [[Cat Stevens]] #Just Keep Swimming by [[Ellen DeGeneres]] #Slicin' Sand by [[Authority Zero]] #[[Surfin' Safari]] by [[Reel Big Fish]] #[[Perfect (Simple Plan song)|Perfect]] by [[Simple Plan]] #[[Learn to Fly]] by [[Foo Fighters]] #Become What You Hate by [[Midtown (band)|Midtown]] #Fandango by [[Bob Bain]] #Psycho by [[Bernard Herrmann]] #[[Down Under (song)|Down Under]] by [[Men at Work]] #Beyond the Sea by Robbie Williams ==Reception== ''Finding Nemo'' currently holds a 99% fresh rating at [[Rotten Tomatoes]] with 100% by top critics,<ref>{{cite web|title=Finding Nemo 3D (2012)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finding_nemo_3d/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=September 18, 2012}}</ref> and an average of 89% on [[Metacritic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finding Nemo|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/finding-nemo|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=September 18, 2012}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film four stars, calling it "one of those rare movies where I always wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030530%2FREVIEWS%2F305300301 |title=Finding Nemo Review– rogerebert.com |access-date=2021-09-29 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012201551/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20030530%2FREVIEWS%2F305300301 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The late broadway stars [[Paul Winchell]], [[John Fiedler]], and [[Ken Sansom]] who were the voices of three of Pooh's friends, [[Tigger]], Piglet, & Rabbit in the ''[[Winnie the Pooh]]'' franchise, said ''Finding Nemo'' was their favorite animated film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Paul Winchell, John Fiedler & Ken Sansom's Favorite Animated Movie? FINDING NEMO|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzNVkgAy-r0|accessdate=September 18, 2012|newspaper=YouTube|date=August 19, 2009|author=American Film Institute}}</ref> The film's use of clownfish prompted mass purchase of the animal as pets in the United States, even though the movie portrayed the use of fish as pets negatively and suggested that saltwater aquariums are notably tricky and expensive to maintain.<ref>{{cite news|first=Elizabeth|last=Jackson|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/busrpt/stories/s1000651.htm |title=Acquiring Nemo |publisher=The Business Report |date=November 29, 2002|accessdate=2006-11-10}}</ref> The demand for clownfish was supplied by large-scale harvesting of tropical fish in regions like Vanuatu.<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Corcoran|url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2004/s1239666.htm |title=Vanuatu – Saving Nemo |publisher=ABC Foreign Correspondent |date=November 9, 2002|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> At the same time, the film had a quote that "all drains lead back to the [[ocean]]" (Nemo escapes from the aquarium by going down a sink drain, ending up in the sea). Since water typically undergoes treatment before leading to the ocean, the JWC Environmental company quipped that a more realistic title for the movie might be ''Grinding Nemo''.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,88760,00.html Company Warns of 'Grinding Nemo'], ''FoxNews.com''/AP, June 6, 2003.</ref> However, in [[Sydney]], much of the sewer system does really pass directly to outfall pipes deep offshore, without a high level of treatment (although pumping and some filtering occur).<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Sydney Water]]|title=Coastal sewage treatment plants operated by Sydney Water|publisher=Sydney Water|url=http://www.sydneywater.com.au/OurSystemsAndOperations/WastewaterTreatmentPlants/Coastal.cfm|accessdate=2011-11-26|archive-date=2006-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005042359/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/OurSystemsAndOperations/WastewaterTreatmentPlants/Coastal.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, according to the DVD, there was a cut sequence with Nemo going through a treatment plant's mechanisms before ending up in the ocean pipes. However, in the final product, logos for "Sydney Water Treatment" are featured prominently along the path to the ocean, implying that Nemo really did pass through some water treatment. The [[Tourism Australia|Australian Tourism Commission]] (ATC) launched several marketing campaigns in [[China]] and the [[United States|USA]] in order to improve tourism in Australia, many of them using ''Finding Nemo'' clips.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/18/content_255968.htmTourism authorities hope ``Nemo" will lead Chinese tourists to Australia]</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Mitchell |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/03/1054406187273.html|title=Nemo-led recovery hope |work=The Age|date=November 3, 2002 |accessdate=2006-10-23|location=Melbourne}}</ref> [[Queensland]] also used ''Finding Nemo'' to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anthony |last=Dennis|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/11/1060588323028.html?from=storyrhs|title=Sydney ignores Nemo |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=February 11, 2003 |accessdate=2011-10-23}}</ref> On the 3-D re-release, [[Lisa Schwarzbaum]] of [[Entertainment Weekly]] wrote that its emotional power was deepened by "the dimensionality of the oceanic deep" where "the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3-D explorers were born to boldly go."<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwarzbaum|first=Lisa|title=Finding Nemo 3D|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20627138,00.html|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=September 16, 2012|date=September 15, 2012|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141653/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20627138,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 3-D re-release also prompted a retrospective on the film then nine years after its initial release. Stephen Whitty of the [[Newark Star-Ledger]] described it as "A genuinely funny and touching film that, in less than a decade, has established itself as a timeless classic,"<ref>{{cite web|last=Whitty|first=Stephen|title=Finding Nemo 3D review|date=September 14, 2012 |url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2012/09/finding_nemo_3d_review_pixar_p.html|publisher=nj.com|accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref> with Roger Moore of the McClatchy-Tribune News Service calling the movie "the gold standard against which all other modern animated films are measured."<ref>{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Roger|title='Finding Nemo' in 3D hits theaters|url=http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20120912/ENT/120919892?Title=Review-Finding-Nemo-in-3D-hits-theaters-|publisher=StarNewsOnline|accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref> ==Home media== ''Finding Nemo'' was released on VHS and DVD on July 4, 2004. It was Pixar's first movie released on home video in the same year as it's theatrical release. The film had a home video release on both Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on July 4, 2014, with both a 3-disc and a 5-disc set and was released on 4K Ultra-HD on July 4, 2024. ==Production== The inspiration for Nemo was made up of multiple experiences. The idea goes back to when director [[Andrew Stanton]] was a child, when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank, assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home.<ref name="commentary">Finding Nemo, 2004 DVD, commentary</ref> In 1996, shortly after his son was born, he and his family took a trip to [[Six Flags Discovery Kingdom]] (which was called Marine World at the time). There he saw the shark tube and various exhibits he felt that the underwater world had bene done beautifully in computer animation.<ref>The Pixar Story by Leslie Iwerks, 2007 documentary</ref> Later in 2001, he took his son for a walk in the park, but found that he was overprotecting him constantly and lost an opportunity to have any "father-son experiences" on that day.<ref name="commentary"/> In an interview with [[National Geographic (magazine)|''National Geographic'' magazine]], he stated that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an [[Sea anemone|anemone]]:<blockquote>"It was so arresting. I had no idea what kind of fish they were, but I wasn't taking my eyes off them. And as an entertainer, the fact that they were called clownfish—it was perfect. There's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you."<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/01/clownfish/prosek-text Beautiful Friendship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226162842/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/01/clownfish/prosek-text |date=2009-12-26 }} ''National Geographic'' magazine, January 2010</ref></blockquote> Also, clownfish are very colourful, but don't seem to tend to come out of an anemone very often, and for a character who has to go on a dangerous journey, Stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect kind of fish for the character.<ref name="commentary"/> Pre-production of the film took place in early 1997. Stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of ''[[A Bug's Life]]''. As such, it began production with a complete screenplay, something that co-director [[Lee Unkrich]] called "very unusual for an animated film."<ref name="commentary"/> The artists took [[scuba diving]] lessons so they could go and study the coral reef. The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and [[Bob Peterson (animator)|Bob Peterson]] while driving to record the actors. [[Ellen DeGeneres]] was cast after Stanton was watching ''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]'' with his wife and seeing Ellen "change the subject five times before finishing one sentence" as Stanton recalled.<ref name="commentary"/> There was a pelican character known as Gerald (who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on Marlin and Dory) who was originally a friend of Nigel. They were going to play against each other as Nigel being neat [[wikt:fastidious|fastidious]] while Gerald being scruffy and sloppy. However the filmmakers had not found an appropriate scene for them that didn't slow the pace of the picture down, so Gerald's character was minimized.<ref name="commentary"/> Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle. Stanton originally did the voice for the film's [[story reel]], and assumed they would find an actor later. When Stanton's performance was popular in test screenings, Stanton decided to keep his performance in the film. Stanton recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in co-director [[Lee Unkrich]]'s office.<ref name="commentary"/> Crush's son Squirt was voiced by Nicholas Bird, the young son of fellow Pixar director [[Brad Bird]]. According to Stanton, the elder Bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the Pixar studios one day. Stanton felt the voice was "this generation's [[Thumper (Bambi)|Thumper]]" and immediately cast Nicholas.<ref name="commentary"/> [[Megan Mullally]] revealed that she was originally doing a voice in the film. According to Mullally, the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character [[Karen Walker (Will & Grace)|Karen Walker]] on the television show ''[[Will & Grace]]'' was not her natural speaking voice. The producers hired her anyway, and then strongly encouraged her to use her Karen Walker voice for the role. When Mullally refused, she was dismissed.<ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/megan%20mullally%20dropped%20from%20finding%20nemo Megan Mullally – Megan Mullally Dropped From Finding Nemo]</ref> The film was dedicated to [[Glenn McQueen]], a Pixar animator who died of [[melanoma]] in October 2002. Finding Nemo shares many plot elements with ''[[Pierrot the Clownfish]]'', a children's book published in 2002, but allegedly conceived in 1995. The author, Franck Le Calvez, sued Disney for infringement of his intellectual rights. The judge ruled against him, citing the color differences between Pierrot and Nemo.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aude Lagorce, 03.12.04, 9:17 AM ET |url=https://www.forbes.com/2004/03/12/cx_al_0312nemo.html |title=French Court Denies Disney Ban |work=Forbes.com |accessdate=2012-09-30}}</ref> To ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable the animators essentially took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography. They visited aquariums, went diving in Hawaii and received in-house lectures from an [[ichthyologist]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lovgren|first=Stefan|title=For Finding Nemo, Animators Dove Into Fish Study|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0530_030530_findingnemo.html|work=National Geographic News|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=October 30, 2012}}</ref> ===Box office=== ''Finding Nemo'' earned $380,673,009 in North America, and $540,900,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $921,573,009.<ref name="BOM"/> It is the second highest-grossing film of 2003, behind ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2003&p=.htm| title=Top Grossing Films of 2003| publisher=Boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> In North America, outside North America, and worldwide, it was the highest-grossing film, up until 2020 when ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run]]'' surpassed it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=pixar.htm| title=Pixar|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2020-09-10}}</ref> ''Finding Nemo'' set an opening-weekend record for an animated feature, making $70,251,710 (first surpassed by ''[[Sausage Party]]''). It became the highest-grossing animated film in North America ($339.7 million), outside North America ($528.2 million) and worldwide ($867.9 million), in all three occasions outgrossing ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]''. In North America, it was surpassed by both ''Sausage Party'' in 2016, and ''The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run'' in 2020. After the re-release of ''[[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]]'' in 2016, it stands as the fourth highest-grossing animated film in these regions. Outside North America, it was surpassed by ''[[Sausage Party]]'', ''[[The Tigger Movie]]'', and ''[[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run]]''. Worldwide, it now ranks third among animated films.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|title=WORLDWIDE GROSSES| publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=animation.htm| title=Animation|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> The film had impressive box office runs in many international markets. In [[Japan]], its highest-grossing market after North America, it grossed $102.4 million becoming the highest-grossing Western animated film until it was out-grossed by ''[[The Tigger Movie]]'' ($126.7 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/japan/opening/| title=JAPAN ALL TIME OPENINGS| publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> Following in biggest grosses are the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Ireland]] and [[Malta]], where it grossed £37.2 million ($67.1 million), [[France]] and the [[Maghreb]] region ($64.8 million), [[Germany]] ($53.9 million), and [[Spain]] ($29.5 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/|title=Box Office Mojo International|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> ====3D re-release==== Disney and Pixar re-released ''Finding Nemo'' in 3D on September 14, 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Grady|title='Beauty and the Beast,' 'The Little Mermaid,' 'Finding Nemo,' 'Monsters, University' get 3-D re-releases|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/10/04/disney-3d-beauty-beast-mermaid/|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=October 27, 2011|date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> with a conversion cost estimated below $5 million.<ref name=Hollywood3D /> For the opening weekend of its 3D re-release in North America, ''Finding Nemo'' grossed $16.7 million, debuting at the No. 2 spot behind ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3526&p=.htm|title=Weekend Report: 'Resident Evil 5,' 'Nemo 3D' Lead Another Slow Weekend| publisher=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref> From seven foreign markets, it earned a total of $5.1 million.<ref name=Hollywood3D>{{cite news|last=Segers|first=Frank|title=Foreign Box Office: 'Resident Evil: Retribution' Rules Overseas, Grossing $50 Million in 65 Markets|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/foreign-box-office-resident-evil-retribution-madagascar-3-ted-seth-mcfarlane-370653|accessdate=September 17, 2012|newspaper=Hollywood Reporter|date=September 16, 2012}}</ref> ===Accolades=== Finding Nemo won the [[Academy Award]] and [[Saturn Award]] for Best Animated Film. It also won the award for best Animated Film at the [[Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards]], the [[Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards]], the [[National Board of Review Awards]], the [[Online Film Critics Society Awards]], and the [[Toronto Film Critics Association Awards]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0266543/awards Awards for Finding Nemo] (Retrieved on February 12, 2008)</ref> The film received many awards, including: *[[Kids Choice Awards]] for Favorite Movie and Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie, Ellen DeGeneres. *[[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress]], [[Ellen DeGeneres]] ''Finding Nemo'' was also nominated for: * Two [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award]]s for Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress, Ellen DeGeneres * A [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy * Two [[MTV Movie Awards]] for Best Movie and Best Comedic Performance, Ellen DeGeneres In June 2008, the [[American Film Institute]] revealed its "Ten top Ten", the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. ''Finding Nemo'' was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre.<ref name=AFITop10>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Animation|url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/animation.html|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=October 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=[[American Film Institute]] |title=AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres |work=ComingSoon.net |date=2008-06-17 |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=46072 |accessdate=2008-08-18 |archive-date=2008-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818100312/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=46072 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the most recently released film among all ten lists, and one of only three movies made after the year 2000, the others being ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and ''[[Shrek]]''. ==Video game== {{main|Finding Nemo (video game)}} A video game based on the film was released in 2003, for PC, Xbox, PS2, GameCube and GBA. == Sequel == {{main|Finding Dory}} In 2005, after disagreements between Disney's [[Michael Eisner]] and Pixar's [[Steve Jobs]] over the distribution of Pixar's films, Disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio, [[Circle 7 Animation]], to make sequels to the seven Disney-owned Pixar films (which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/08/655.aspx|title=The Skinny on Circle Seven|first=Jim|last=Hill|date=August 7, 2005|accessdate=March 27, 2012|archive-date=September 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054904/http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2005/08/08/655.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The studio had put ''[[Toy Story 4]]'' and ''[[Monsters at Work]]'' in development, and had also hired screenwriter Laurie Craig to write a draft for ''Finding Nemo 2''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animatedviews.com/2012/bob-hilgenberg-and-rob-muir-on-the-rise-and-fall-of-disneys-circle-7-animation/|title=Bob Hilgenberg and Rob Muir on the Rise and Fall of Disney's Circle 7 Animation|first=Josh|last=Armstrong|date=March 5, 2012|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref> Circle 7 was subsequently shut down after [[Robert Iger]] replaced Eisner as CEO of Disney and arranged the acquisition of Pixar. In July 2012, it was reported that [[Andrew Stanton]] is developing a sequel to ''Finding Nemo'',<ref name="sequel">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/07/john-carter-helmer-andrew-stanton-dives-back-into-animation-with-finding-nemo-sequel|title='John Carter' Helmer Andrew Stanton Dives Back Into Animation With 'Finding Nemo' Sequel |date=July 17, 2012 |publisher=Deadline.com |accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a schedule to be released in 2016.<ref name="FN2">{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar's 'Finding Nemo' Sequel|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andrew-stanton-pixar-finding-nemo-sequel-350267|accessdate=July 17, 2012|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 17, 2012}}</ref> However, the same day the news of a potential sequel broke, director Andrew Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports. The message said, "Didn't you all really learn from ''[[Toy Story 4]]''? Everyone calm down. Don't believe everything you read. Nothing to see here now. #skyisnotfalling"<ref>{{cite web|last=Stanton|first=Andrew|title=@andrewstanton|url=https://twitter.com/andrewstanton/status/225380771039420416|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref> According to the report by Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012, [[Ellen DeGeneres]] is in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Lacey|title=Ellen DeGeneres in Talks to Return for 'Finding Nemo' Sequel (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/ellen-degeneres-finding-nemo-sequal-pixar-364553|accessdate=August 22, 2012|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 21, 2012}}</ref> In September 2012, it was confirmed by Stanton saying: "What was immediately on the list was writing a second ''[[John Carter (film)|Carter]]'' movie. When that went away, everything slid up. I know I'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it's a reaction to ''Carter'' not doing well, but only in its timing, but not in its conceit."<ref>{{cite news|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|title=Director Andrew Stanton looks back on 'John Carter's' rocky path|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-john-carter-director-20120908,0,4090564,full.story|accessdate=September 8, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=September 8, 2012|archive-date=September 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918043531/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-john-carter-director-20120908,0,4090564,full.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Pixar Animation Studios}} [[Category:2003 comedy movies]] [[Category:2003 animated movies]] [[Category:2000s computer-animated movies]] [[Category:2000s buddy comedy movies]] [[Category:American buddy comedy movies]] [[Category:American family movies]] [[Category:Movies about birds]] [[Category:Movies about fish]] [[Category:Movies about father–son relationships]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Finding Nemo]] [[Category:Movies about sharks]] [[Category:Movies set in Australia]] [[Category:Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award]] [[Category:3D re-releases]] [[Category:Movies directed by Andrew Stanton]] 9rar7fvv5ye2qv40vwmmqqmzkvy5amd 0 9069 10330539 10329703 2025-06-14T17:53:55Z Barras 40117 [[User:Awesome Aasim/rcpatrol|RCP]] reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:7107:3866:C83F:2B49|2001:D08:DA:240E:7107:3866:C83F:2B49]] ([[User_talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:7107:3866:C83F:2B49|Talk]]); changed back to last revision by [[Special:Contributions/Henri Aja|Henri Aja]] 10324612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{automatic taxobox | image = Eagles together.jpg | image_caption = From left to right: [[golden eagle]] (''Aquila chrysaetos''), [[brown snake eagle]] (''Circaetus cinereus''), [[solitary eagle]] (''Buteogallus solitarius''), [[black eagle]] (''Ictinaetus malaiensis'') and [[African fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus vocifer''). | taxon = Accipitridae | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = }} '''Eagle''' is a general term for many large [[bird of prey|birds of prey]]. Over 60 species have been described, and they live in many parts of the world. Most species of eagle are found in [[Eurasia]] and in [[Africa]].<ref>del Hoyo J; Elliot A. & Sargatal J. (editors). 1994. ''Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2'': New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Editions. {{ISBN|84-87334-15-6}}</ref> Eagles are not a natural [[monophyletic]] group. The name describes a bird of prey big enough to hunt larger vertebrates. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. Eagles are generally put in the family [[Accipitridae]]. They belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. The largest eagle that has ever lived is [[Haast's eagle]]. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its [[ecosystem]]. Though it is now [[extinct]], it lived in [[New Zealand]]. Before man got there, it preyed on [[moa]]s. Eagles are carnivores. This means that they eat meat from other animals. Eagles are [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]], and so are [[vulture]]s, [[falcon]]s and [[owl]]s. Eagles use their strong [[talons]] to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into the meat of their prey. ==References== {{reflist}} {{-}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Accipitriformes]] [[Category:National symbols of Serbia]] [[Category:National symbols of Nigeria]] [[Category:Eagles| ]] tshmgzfa4zhngxkztbha50x4ze1d86g 0 9180 10329811 9028835 2025-06-14T12:05:09Z 1.152.107.173 10329811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Santa Monica State Beach P4060277.jpg|thumb|Santa Monica beach]] '''Santa Monica''' is a [[beach]] town in [[California]]. It is next to [[Los Angeles]], California, US. It was made a city in 1886. In 2020, there were 93,076 people living there.<ref name="2020QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Santa Monica city, California|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/santamonicacitycalifornia|access-date=August 27, 2023}}</ref> It is famous for the Santa Monica Pier that has many fun rides. ==Famous people from Santa Monica== * [[Sandy Nelson]] (d. 2022) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Santa Monica, California}} * {{official website|http://www.santa-monica.org/}} * [http://www.santamonica.com/ Santa Monica Convention and Visitors Bureau] * [http://www.smchamber.com/ Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce] * [http://www.smll.com/ Santa Monica Little League] * [http://smpl.org/ Santa Monica Public Library] * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Santa Monica}} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/California/Localities/S/Santa_Monica}} * [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/10/11/travel/20101017HOURS.html A Weekend in Santa Monica] – slideshow by ''[[The New York Times]]'' * {{Wayback|title=City of Santa Monica|date=19990218155338|url=http://pen.ci.santa-monica.ca.us/cm/index.htm}} {{Geographic location | Centre = Santa Monica | North = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles, California|Brentwood]] | Northeast = [[West Los Angeles]] | East = [[Sawtelle, Los Angeles, California|Sawtelle]] | Southeast = [[Mar Vista, Los Angeles, California|Mar Vista]] | South =m[[Venice, Los Angeles, California|Venice]] | Southwest = [[Pacific Ocean]] – [[Santa Monica Bay]] | West = [[Pacific Ocean]] – [[Santa Monica Bay]] | Northwest = [[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]] | image = }} {{Santa Monica, California}} {{Cities of Los Angeles County, California}} {{Greater Los Angeles Area}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Santa Monica, California| ]] {{US-geo-stub}} 0ueytid1s4aeyh4lo9l3tpf2dezz60u 0 9985 10330066 10327316 2025-06-14T14:00:21Z 168.232.221.236 10330066 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" align="right" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em" |----- ! 24-hour clock ! 12-hour clock ! Part of the day |----- | align="center" | 00:00 || align="center" | 12:00&nbsp;a.m.<br>midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/postmidnight</ref> / wee-hours<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref> |----- | align="center" | 01:00 || align="center" | 1:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 02:00 || align="center" | 2:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 03:00 || align="center" | 3:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 04:00 || align="center" | 4:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 05:00 || align="center" | 5:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 06:00 || align="center" | 6:00&nbsp;a.m. || rowspan = 6 | Morning |----- | align="center" | 07:00 || align="center" | 7:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 08:00 || align="center" | 8:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 09:00 || align="center" | 9:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 10:00 || align="center" | 10:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 11:00 || align="center" | 11:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 12:00 || align="center" | 12:00&nbsp;p.m.<br>noon<br>midday<ref name=":0" /> || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon |----- | align="center" | 13:00 || align="center" | 1:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 14:00 || align="center" | 2:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 15:00 || align="center" | 3:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 16:00 || align="center" | 4:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 17:00 || align="center" | 5:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 18:00 || align="center" | 6:00&nbsp;p.m. || rowspan = 6 | Evening / night |----- | align="center" | 19:00 || align="center" | 7:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 20:00 || align="center" | 8:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 21:00 || align="center" | 9:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 22:00 || align="center" | 10:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 23:00 || align="center" | 11:00&nbsp;p.m. |} [[File:12 24 Hours World Map.svg|thumb|World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries{{legend|#f0027f|24-hour}}{{legend|#990052|24-hour (12-hour [[oral]]ly)}}{{legend|#7fc97f|Both in common use}}{{legend|#386cb0|12-hour}}]] The '''24-hour clock''' is a way of telling the time in which the [[day]] runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 [[Hour|hours]], numbered from 1 or 0 to 24 or 23. It does not use a.m. or p.m. This system is also referred to (only in the [[United States]] and the [[English language|English speaking]] parts of [[Canada]]) as '''military time'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How To Convert Military Time|url=https://lcym.org/index.php/how-to-convert-military-time/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=lcym.org}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} or (only in the [[United Kingdom]] and now very rarely) as '''continental time'''. {{cn|date=December 2024}} In some parts of the world, it is called '''railway time'''. Also, the international standard notation of time ([[ISO 8601]]) is based on this format.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Particulars== A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or [[Hour|hours]]:[[Minute|minutes]]:[[Second|seconds]] (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at [[midnight]], 24:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 24:00 of the following day.{{cn|date=December 2024}} 12:00 can only be [[noon]] – midday. Midnight is called 24:00 and used to mean the end of the day. It is also used to mean the beginning of the day. For example, you would say "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 24:00" to mean exactly the same time.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Advantages over the [[12-hour clock]] system:{{cn|date=December 2024}} * Fewer confusions between morning and evening; e.g. 7 o'clock in the evening is called 19:00. * People do not have to figure out if [[noon]] is 00h00, 24h or 12h to calculate duration. ==Application == In many [[Africa|African]], [[Asia|Asian]], [[Europe|European]] and [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries people use it to write the time. Many people use it in speaking. Many [[digital]] wristwatches and clocks can display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.{{cn|date=December 2024}} When the clock says 23:59<code>there is 1 minute left until midnight right now it is 22:15 on Thursday 15 May 2025</code>[[File:Galvano-Magnetic 24 Hour Clock, Royal Observatory, Greenwich - geograph.org.uk - 663062.jpg|thumb|left|A 24-hour clock face]] 24-hour clock time is used in [[computers]], by the [[Military|militaries]], for public safety, and in [[transport]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} ===Railway=== In [[railway]] [[Timetable|timetables]] 24:00 means the ''end'' of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a [[Railway station|station]] during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 24:00. To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example, "24:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Time]] *[[Clock]] *[[Space (physics)|Space]] *[[Physics]] *[[Spacetime]] *[[Kinematics]] *[[Radioactivity]] *[[Albert Einstein]] *[[Atomic physics]] *[[General Relativity]] *[[Erwin Schrödinger]] *[[Classical mechanics]] *[[Quantum mechanics]] *[[Unit of Measurement]] *[[International System of Units]] (SI units) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Time]] [[Category:Clocks]] g5neu8s8bc73cua1kxnfaap5n3b3797 10330069 10330066 2025-06-14T14:03:00Z 168.232.221.236 10330069 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" align="right" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em" |----- ! 24-hour clock ! 12-hour clock ! Part of the day |----- | align="center" | 00:00 || align="center" | 12:00&nbsp;a.m.<br>midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/postmidnight</ref> / wee-hours<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref> |----- | align="center" | 01:00 || align="center" | 1:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 02:00 || align="center" | 2:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 03:00 || align="center" | 3:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 04:00 || align="center" | 4:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 05:00 || align="center" | 5:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 06:00 || align="center" | 6:00&nbsp;a.m. || rowspan = 6 | Morning |----- | align="center" | 07:00 || align="center" | 7:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 08:00 || align="center" | 8:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 09:00 || align="center" | 9:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 10:00 || align="center" | 10:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 11:00 || align="center" | 11:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 12:00 || align="center" | 12:00&nbsp;p.m.<br>noon<br>midday<ref name=":0" /> || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon |----- | align="center" | 13:00 || align="center" | 1:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 14:00 || align="center" | 2:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 15:00 || align="center" | 3:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 16:00 || align="center" | 4:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 17:00 || align="center" | 5:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 18:00 || align="center" | 6:00&nbsp;p.m. || rowspan = 6 | Evening / night |----- | align="center" | 19:00 || align="center" | 7:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 20:00 || align="center" | 8:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 21:00 || align="center" | 9:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 22:00 || align="center" | 10:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 23:00 || align="center" | 11:00&nbsp;p.m. |} [[File:12 24 Hours World Map.svg|thumb|World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries{{legend|#f0027f|24-hour}}{{legend|#990052|24-hour (12-hour [[oral]]ly)}}{{legend|#7fc97f|Both in common use}}{{legend|#386cb0|12-hour}}]] The '''24-hour clock''' is a way of telling the time in which the [[day]] runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 [[Hour|hours]], numbered from 0 to 23. It does not use a.m. or p.m. This system is also referred to (only in the [[United States]] and the [[English language|English speaking]] parts of [[Canada]]) as '''military time'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How To Convert Military Time|url=https://lcym.org/index.php/how-to-convert-military-time/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=lcym.org}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} or (only in the [[United Kingdom]] and now very rarely) as '''continental time'''. {{cn|date=December 2024}} In some parts of the world, it is called '''railway time'''. Also, the international standard notation of time ([[ISO 8601]]) is based on this format.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Particulars== A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or [[Hour|hours]]:[[Minute|minutes]]:[[Second|seconds]] (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at [[midnight]], 24:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 24:00 of the following day.{{cn|date=December 2024}} 12:00 can only be [[noon]] – midday. Midnight is called 24:00 and used to mean the end of the day. It is also used to mean the beginning of the day. For example, you would say "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 24:00" to mean exactly the same time.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Advantages over the [[12-hour clock]] system:{{cn|date=December 2024}} * Fewer confusions between morning and evening; e.g. 7 o'clock in the evening is called 19:00. * People do not have to figure out if [[noon]] is 00h00, 24h or 12h to calculate duration. ==Application == In many [[Africa|African]], [[Asia|Asian]], [[Europe|European]] and [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries people use it to write the time. Many people use it in speaking. Many [[digital]] wristwatches and clocks can display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.{{cn|date=December 2024}} When the clock says 23:59<code>there is 1 minute left until midnight right now it is 22:15 on Thursday 15 May 2025</code>[[File:Galvano-Magnetic 24 Hour Clock, Royal Observatory, Greenwich - geograph.org.uk - 663062.jpg|thumb|left|A 24-hour clock face]] 24-hour clock time is used in [[computers]], by the [[Military|militaries]], for public safety, and in [[transport]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} ===Railway=== In [[railway]] [[Timetable|timetables]] 24:00 means the ''end'' of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a [[Railway station|station]] during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 24:00. To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example, "24:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Time]] *[[Clock]] *[[Space (physics)|Space]] *[[Physics]] *[[Spacetime]] *[[Kinematics]] *[[Radioactivity]] *[[Albert Einstein]] *[[Atomic physics]] *[[General Relativity]] *[[Erwin Schrödinger]] *[[Classical mechanics]] *[[Quantum mechanics]] *[[Unit of Measurement]] *[[International System of Units]] (SI units) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Time]] [[Category:Clocks]] 37qscznl0hv6ykme7auai9wa1hkvl43 10330148 10330069 2025-06-14T15:05:04Z 168.232.221.236 10330148 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" align="right" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em" |----- ! 24-hour clock ! 12-hour clock ! Part of the day |----- | align="center" | 00:00 || align="center" | 12:00&nbsp;a.m.<br>midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/postmidnight</ref> / wee hours<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref> |----- | align="center" | 01:00 || align="center" | 1:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 02:00 || align="center" | 2:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 03:00 || align="center" | 3:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 04:00 || align="center" | 4:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 05:00 || align="center" | 5:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 06:00 || align="center" | 6:00&nbsp;a.m. || rowspan = 6 | Morning |----- | align="center" | 07:00 || align="center" | 7:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 08:00 || align="center" | 8:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 09:00 || align="center" | 9:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 10:00 || align="center" | 10:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 11:00 || align="center" | 11:00&nbsp;a.m. |----- | align="center" | 12:00 || align="center" | 12:00&nbsp;p.m.<br>noon<br>midday<ref name=":0" /> || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon |----- | align="center" | 13:00 || align="center" | 1:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 14:00 || align="center" | 2:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 15:00 || align="center" | 3:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 16:00 || align="center" | 4:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 17:00 || align="center" | 5:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 18:00 || align="center" | 6:00&nbsp;p.m. || rowspan = 6 | Evening / night |----- | align="center" | 19:00 || align="center" | 7:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 20:00 || align="center" | 8:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 21:00 || align="center" | 9:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 22:00 || align="center" | 10:00&nbsp;p.m. |----- | align="center" | 23:00 || align="center" | 11:00&nbsp;p.m. |} [[File:12 24 Hours World Map.svg|thumb|World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries{{legend|#f0027f|24-hour}}{{legend|#990052|24-hour (12-hour [[oral]]ly)}}{{legend|#7fc97f|Both in common use}}{{legend|#386cb0|12-hour}}]] The '''24-hour clock''' is a way of telling the time in which the [[day]] runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 [[Hour|hours]], numbered from 0 to 23. It does not use a.m. or p.m. This system is also referred to (only in the [[United States]] and the [[English language|English speaking]] parts of [[Canada]]) as '''military time'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=How To Convert Military Time|url=https://lcym.org/index.php/how-to-convert-military-time/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=lcym.org}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} or (only in the [[United Kingdom]] and now very rarely) as '''continental time'''. {{cn|date=December 2024}} In some parts of the world, it is called '''railway time'''. Also, the international standard notation of time ([[ISO 8601]]) is based on this format.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Particulars== A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or [[Hour|hours]]:[[Minute|minutes]]:[[Second|seconds]] (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at [[midnight]], 24:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 24:00 of the following day.{{cn|date=December 2024}} 12:00 can only be [[noon]] – midday. Midnight is called 24:00 and used to mean the end of the day. It is also used to mean the beginning of the day. For example, you would say "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 24:00" to mean exactly the same time.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Advantages over the [[12-hour clock]] system:{{cn|date=December 2024}} * Fewer confusions between morning and evening; e.g. 7 o'clock in the evening is called 19:00. * People do not have to figure out if [[noon]] is 00h00, 24h or 12h to calculate duration. ==Application == In many [[Africa|African]], [[Asia|Asian]], [[Europe|European]] and [[Latin America|Latin American]] countries people use it to write the time. Many people use it in speaking. Many [[digital]] wristwatches and clocks can display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.{{cn|date=December 2024}} When the clock says 23:59<code>there is 1 minute left until midnight right now it is 22:15 on Thursday 15 May 2025</code>[[File:Galvano-Magnetic 24 Hour Clock, Royal Observatory, Greenwich - geograph.org.uk - 663062.jpg|thumb|left|A 24-hour clock face]] 24-hour clock time is used in [[computers]], by the [[Military|militaries]], for public safety, and in [[transport]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} ===Railway=== In [[railway]] [[Timetable|timetables]] 24:00 means the ''end'' of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a [[Railway station|station]] during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 24:00. To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example, "24:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Time]] *[[Clock]] *[[Space (physics)|Space]] *[[Physics]] *[[Spacetime]] *[[Kinematics]] *[[Radioactivity]] *[[Albert Einstein]] *[[Atomic physics]] *[[General Relativity]] *[[Erwin Schrödinger]] *[[Classical mechanics]] *[[Quantum mechanics]] *[[Unit of Measurement]] *[[International System of Units]] (SI units) ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Time]] [[Category:Clocks]] pfk1nhas66xp5zusupeuqd0mwa82lb0 0 11642 10331419 10262554 2025-06-15T03:43:43Z SolarX 1505746 /* Presidency (1929–1933) */ 10331419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Herbert Clark Hoover | image = President Hoover portrait.jpg | office = [[List of presidents of the United States|31st]] [[President of the United States]] | vicepresident = [[Charles Curtis]] | term_start = March 4, 1929 | term_end = March 4, 1933 | predecessor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | successor = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | office2 = 3rd [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] | president2 = [[Warren G. Harding]]<br />Calvin Coolidge | term_start2 = March 5, 1921 | term_end2 = August 21, 1928 | predecessor2 = [[Joshua W. Alexander]] | successor2 = [[William F. Whiting]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|8|10}} | birth_place = [[West Branch, Iowa]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|10|20|1874|8|10}} | death_place = [[New York City|New York, New York]], U.S. | restingplace = [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />[[West Branch, Iowa]] | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = [[Lou Henry Hoover|Lou Henry]]<br />(m. 1899—1944; her death) | children = [[Herbert Hoover, Jr.|Herbert Clark Hoover, Jr.]]<br />[[Allan Hoover|Allan Henry Hoover]] | residence = [[Stanford]], [[California]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[George Fox University]]<br />[[Stanford University]] | profession = [[Mining engineering|Mining engineer]]<br />[[Civil engineer]]<br />[[Businessman]]<br />[[Humanitarianism|Humanitarian]] | signature = Herbert Clark Hoover Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | caption = Hoover in 1928 | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Hoover moment.ogg|title=Herbert Hoover's voice|type=speech|description=Hoover announcing his plan for economic stimulus<br />Recorded October 18, 1931}} }} '''Herbert Clark Hoover''' (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st [[president]] of the [[United States]] from 1929 to 1933. He was a world-famous mining [[engineer]] and [[humanitarian]] administrator. As the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] in the 1920s under Presidents [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]], he promoted [[economic]] modernization. Soon after he became president, the [[Great Depression]] started. Many people blamed Hoover for not doing enough to help people during that time and many had to live in shantytowns called "Hoovervilles". ==Before the presidency== He was born in [[West Branch, Iowa]]. He is the first president born west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Herbert Hoover was a businessman. He was the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]]. In 1927, Hoover appeared in the first public [[demonstration]] of television broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3531|title=Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover Participates in the First American Demonstration of Electromechanical Television|publisher=History of Information|accessdate=December 27, 2024}}</ref> Hoover and his wife learned [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]] while he worked in China. They used it in the White House so the White House staff wouldn't understand them.<ref>{{Citation|last=King|first=David|title=Herbert Hoover|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=[[Tarrytown, NY]]|year=2009|isbn = 978-0-7614-3626-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrBeocgL5gIC&dq=mandarin&pg=PA35|accessdate = March 22, 2010}}</ref> == Presidency (1929–1933) == A couple months after he was elected, the stock market crashed and the [[Great Depression]] was beginning. Unlike [[Andrew Mellon]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]] who believed that the federal government should keep its hands off the economy, Herbert Hoover believed that some action from the federal government is necessary. While he opposed a welfare state which would give money to people for doing nothing, he wanted to create jobs through several government programs, including the construction of a huge dam which would be later named [[Hoover Dam]]. The federal government received less money in tax revenues because of the bad economy, and the government was spending more money than it was taking in, so Hoover tried to increase the government's revenue to balance the budget. He signed the Revenue Act of 1932, which was a large tax increase. He also signed the largest tariff (a tax on goods that are traded between foreign countries and the United States) increase in American history which worsened the Great Depression, even though 1000 economists warned him not to sign that {{source}}. Hoover denied giving promised retirement money to poor World War 1 veterans (called the Bonus Army) earlier than what was agreed to, so they went on strike. Hoover ordered the United States army to force them to leave. It resulted in a bloody conflict which hurt Hoover's reputation. Hoover was uncharismatic and did not relate to the people well, which made many people consider him as mean-spirited. Hoover supported the very unpopular [[prohibition]] of alcohol, and did not want to make alcohol legal. While Hoover did support some government involvement in the economy, he was against [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]], because he thought it called for too much government involvement in the economy. Due to his failure to fix the Great Depression, he lost the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 election]] to Franklin Roosevelt. ==Death== Hoover died at the age of 90 in [[New York City]] on October 20, 1964, from [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] caused by [[colorectal cancer]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html Hoover's White House biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117204704/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html |date=2009-01-17 }} * Claus Bernet: Herbert Hoover, in: BBKL, 30, 2009, 644-653: http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hoover_h_c.shtml {{USPresidents}} {{USSecCommerce}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hoover, Herbert}} [[Category:1874 births]] [[Category:1964 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage]] [[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in New York City]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:World War I]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Quakers]] [[Category:Herbert Hoover| ]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of Commerce]] [[Category:Politicians from Iowa]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of the United States]] 45t3jry9oov5kwkgelncsl9mlrpmmqi 10331420 10331419 2025-06-15T03:44:06Z SolarX 1505746 /* Presidency (1929–1933) */ 10331420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Herbert Clark Hoover | image = President Hoover portrait.jpg | office = [[List of presidents of the United States|31st]] [[President of the United States]] | vicepresident = [[Charles Curtis]] | term_start = March 4, 1929 | term_end = March 4, 1933 | predecessor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | successor = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | office2 = 3rd [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] | president2 = [[Warren G. Harding]]<br />Calvin Coolidge | term_start2 = March 5, 1921 | term_end2 = August 21, 1928 | predecessor2 = [[Joshua W. Alexander]] | successor2 = [[William F. Whiting]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|8|10}} | birth_place = [[West Branch, Iowa]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|10|20|1874|8|10}} | death_place = [[New York City|New York, New York]], U.S. | restingplace = [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />[[West Branch, Iowa]] | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = [[Lou Henry Hoover|Lou Henry]]<br />(m. 1899—1944; her death) | children = [[Herbert Hoover, Jr.|Herbert Clark Hoover, Jr.]]<br />[[Allan Hoover|Allan Henry Hoover]] | residence = [[Stanford]], [[California]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[George Fox University]]<br />[[Stanford University]] | profession = [[Mining engineering|Mining engineer]]<br />[[Civil engineer]]<br />[[Businessman]]<br />[[Humanitarianism|Humanitarian]] | signature = Herbert Clark Hoover Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | caption = Hoover in 1928 | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Hoover moment.ogg|title=Herbert Hoover's voice|type=speech|description=Hoover announcing his plan for economic stimulus<br />Recorded October 18, 1931}} }} '''Herbert Clark Hoover''' (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st [[president]] of the [[United States]] from 1929 to 1933. He was a world-famous mining [[engineer]] and [[humanitarian]] administrator. As the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] in the 1920s under Presidents [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]], he promoted [[economic]] modernization. Soon after he became president, the [[Great Depression]] started. Many people blamed Hoover for not doing enough to help people during that time and many had to live in shantytowns called "Hoovervilles". ==Before the presidency== He was born in [[West Branch, Iowa]]. He is the first president born west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Herbert Hoover was a businessman. He was the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]]. In 1927, Hoover appeared in the first public [[demonstration]] of television broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3531|title=Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover Participates in the First American Demonstration of Electromechanical Television|publisher=History of Information|accessdate=December 27, 2024}}</ref> Hoover and his wife learned [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]] while he worked in China. They used it in the White House so the White House staff wouldn't understand them.<ref>{{Citation|last=King|first=David|title=Herbert Hoover|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=[[Tarrytown, NY]]|year=2009|isbn = 978-0-7614-3626-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrBeocgL5gIC&dq=mandarin&pg=PA35|accessdate = March 22, 2010}}</ref> == Presidency (1929–1933) == A couple months after he was elected, the stock market crashed and the [[Great Depression]] was beginning. Unlike [[Andrew Mellon]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]] who believed that the federal government should keep its hands off the economy, Herbert Hoover believed that some action from the federal government is necessary. While he opposed a welfare state which would give money to people for doing nothing, he wanted to create jobs through several government programs, including the construction of a huge dam which would be later named [[Hoover Dam]]. The federal government received less money in tax revenues because of the bad economy, and the government was spending more money than it was taking in, so Hoover tried to increase the government's revenue to balance the budget. He signed the Revenue Act of 1932, which was a large tax increase. He also signed the largest tariff (a tax on goods that are traded between foreign countries and the United States) increase in American history which worsened the Great Depression, even though 1000 economists warned him not to sign that {{source needed}}. Hoover denied giving promised retirement money to poor World War 1 veterans (called the Bonus Army) earlier than what was agreed to, so they went on strike. Hoover ordered the United States army to force them to leave. It resulted in a bloody conflict which hurt Hoover's reputation. Hoover was uncharismatic and did not relate to the people well, which made many people consider him as mean-spirited. Hoover supported the very unpopular [[prohibition]] of alcohol, and did not want to make alcohol legal. While Hoover did support some government involvement in the economy, he was against [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]], because he thought it called for too much government involvement in the economy. Due to his failure to fix the Great Depression, he lost the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 election]] to Franklin Roosevelt. ==Death== Hoover died at the age of 90 in [[New York City]] on October 20, 1964, from [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] caused by [[colorectal cancer]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html Hoover's White House biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117204704/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html |date=2009-01-17 }} * Claus Bernet: Herbert Hoover, in: BBKL, 30, 2009, 644-653: http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hoover_h_c.shtml {{USPresidents}} {{USSecCommerce}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hoover, Herbert}} [[Category:1874 births]] [[Category:1964 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage]] [[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in New York City]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:World War I]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Quakers]] [[Category:Herbert Hoover| ]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of Commerce]] [[Category:Politicians from Iowa]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of the United States]] bvb44rezkgdq6cmcnngydjcj186wugb 10331421 10331420 2025-06-15T03:44:29Z SolarX 1505746 /* Presidency (1929–1933) */ 10331421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Herbert Clark Hoover | image = President Hoover portrait.jpg | office = [[List of presidents of the United States|31st]] [[President of the United States]] | vicepresident = [[Charles Curtis]] | term_start = March 4, 1929 | term_end = March 4, 1933 | predecessor = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | successor = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | office2 = 3rd [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] | president2 = [[Warren G. Harding]]<br />Calvin Coolidge | term_start2 = March 5, 1921 | term_end2 = August 21, 1928 | predecessor2 = [[Joshua W. Alexander]] | successor2 = [[William F. Whiting]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1874|8|10}} | birth_place = [[West Branch, Iowa]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|10|20|1874|8|10}} | death_place = [[New York City|New York, New York]], U.S. | restingplace = [[Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum]]<br />[[West Branch, Iowa]] | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = [[Lou Henry Hoover|Lou Henry]]<br />(m. 1899—1944; her death) | children = [[Herbert Hoover, Jr.|Herbert Clark Hoover, Jr.]]<br />[[Allan Hoover|Allan Henry Hoover]] | residence = [[Stanford]], [[California]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[George Fox University]]<br />[[Stanford University]] | profession = [[Mining engineering|Mining engineer]]<br />[[Civil engineer]]<br />[[Businessman]]<br />[[Humanitarianism|Humanitarian]] | signature = Herbert Clark Hoover Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | caption = Hoover in 1928 | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Hoover moment.ogg|title=Herbert Hoover's voice|type=speech|description=Hoover announcing his plan for economic stimulus<br />Recorded October 18, 1931}} }} '''Herbert Clark Hoover''' (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st [[president]] of the [[United States]] from 1929 to 1933. He was a world-famous mining [[engineer]] and [[humanitarian]] administrator. As the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]] in the 1920s under Presidents [[Warren G. Harding]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]], he promoted [[economic]] modernization. Soon after he became president, the [[Great Depression]] started. Many people blamed Hoover for not doing enough to help people during that time and many had to live in shantytowns called "Hoovervilles". ==Before the presidency== He was born in [[West Branch, Iowa]]. He is the first president born west of the [[Mississippi River]]. Herbert Hoover was a businessman. He was the [[United States Secretary of Commerce]]. In 1927, Hoover appeared in the first public [[demonstration]] of television broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3531|title=Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover Participates in the First American Demonstration of Electromechanical Television|publisher=History of Information|accessdate=December 27, 2024}}</ref> Hoover and his wife learned [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin Chinese]] while he worked in China. They used it in the White House so the White House staff wouldn't understand them.<ref>{{Citation|last=King|first=David|title=Herbert Hoover|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=[[Tarrytown, NY]]|year=2009|isbn = 978-0-7614-3626-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrBeocgL5gIC&dq=mandarin&pg=PA35|accessdate = March 22, 2010}}</ref> == Presidency (1929–1933) == A couple months after he was elected, the stock market crashed and the [[Great Depression]] was beginning. Unlike [[Andrew Mellon]] and [[Calvin Coolidge]] who believed that the federal government should keep its hands off the economy, Herbert Hoover believed that some action from the federal government is necessary. While he opposed a welfare state which would give money to people for doing nothing, he wanted to create jobs through several government programs, including the construction of a huge dam which would be later named [[Hoover Dam]]. The federal government received less money in tax revenues because of the bad economy, and the government was spending more money than it was taking in, so Hoover tried to increase the government's revenue to balance the budget. He signed the Revenue Act of 1932, which was a large tax increase. He also signed the largest tariff (a tax on goods that are traded between foreign countries and the United States) increase in American history which worsened the Great Depression, even though 1000 economists warned him not to sign that. Hoover denied giving promised retirement money to poor World War 1 veterans (called the Bonus Army) earlier than what was agreed to, so they went on strike. Hoover ordered the United States army to force them to leave. It resulted in a bloody conflict which hurt Hoover's reputation. Hoover was uncharismatic and did not relate to the people well, which made many people consider him as mean-spirited. Hoover supported the very unpopular [[prohibition]] of alcohol, and did not want to make alcohol legal. While Hoover did support some government involvement in the economy, he was against [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]], because he thought it called for too much government involvement in the economy. Due to his failure to fix the Great Depression, he lost the [[1932 United States presidential election|1932 election]] to Franklin Roosevelt. ==Death== Hoover died at the age of 90 in [[New York City]] on October 20, 1964, from [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] caused by [[colorectal cancer]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html Hoover's White House biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117204704/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html |date=2009-01-17 }} * Claus Bernet: Herbert Hoover, in: BBKL, 30, 2009, 644-653: http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hoover_h_c.shtml {{USPresidents}} {{USSecCommerce}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hoover, Herbert}} [[Category:1874 births]] [[Category:1964 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage]] [[Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in New York City]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:World War I]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Quakers]] [[Category:Herbert Hoover| ]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of Commerce]] [[Category:Politicians from Iowa]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of the United States]] tmt2mrzb2bi3qkjxb3snmdi7ok9n48y 0 12277 10330290 10307162 2025-06-14T16:46:55Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:London_2012_Olympics_logo.png|London_2012_Olympics_logo.png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: [[:c:COM:DW|Derivative work]] of non-free content ([[:c:COM:CSD#F3|F3]]). 10330290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2012}} {{C18 year in topic}} '''2012''' ([[Roman numerals|MMXII]]) was a [[leap year starting on Sunday]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]], the 2012th year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) designations, {{Year article header/year number|2012}}. == Events == === January === [[File:Collision of Costa Concordia 5 crop.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The ''Costa Concordia'' on its side after the accident]] * [[January 1]] – Start of [[Denmark]]'s Presidency of the [[European Union]] * [[January 5]] – [[Portia Simpson-Miller]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Jamaica]] for a second time. * [[January 6]] – [[New Mexico]] celebrates the 100th anniversary of its statehood. * [[January 10]] – The [[Doomsday Clock]] is set to five minutes before midnight, after the nuclear disaster at [[Fukushima nuclear disaster|Fukushima]] in [[Japan]] in [[2011]], and the nuclear threat level. * [[January 13]]–[[January 22|22]] – The [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics|first Winter Youth Olympics]] are held in [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]]. * [[January 13]] – The cruise ship ''[[Costa Concordia]]'' runs aground off the [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] [[coast]], at the [[island]] of [[Giglio]], and [[Costa Concordia disaster|partially sinks]]. Out of more than 4000 people on board, at least 30 people are killed. * [[January 18]] – The [[English Wikipedia|English language Wikipedia]] blacks out for 24 hours in protest against the [[internet]] [[law]]s [[Stop Online Piracy Act|SOPA]] and PIPA proposed by the [[United States Congress]]. * [[January 20]] – 185 people are killed in a series of coordinated [[bomb]]ings in [[Kano]], [[Nigeria]], carried out by the [[Islam]]ist extremist group [[Boko Haram]]. * [[January 23]] – The [[EU]] adopts an embargo against [[Iran]] over its [[uranium]] enrichment. * [[January 30]] – Following this date, [[cold]] weather in [[Europe]] causes several deaths, due to the low temperatures. * [[January 31]] – [[433 Eros]], the second-largest [[Near-Earth object]] on record (size 13×13×33 km) passes Earth. [[NASA]] studied Eros with the [[NEAR Shoemaker]] probe launched on February 17, 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neofact.html |title=Near Earth Object Fact Sheet<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2015-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926070521/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neofact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === February === [[File:Christian Wulff 2010.jpg|thumb|130px|right|German President [[Christian Wulff]] who resigned on February 17]] * [[February 1]] – Violence erupts at the end of a [[football]] match in [[Port Said]], [[Egypt]], killing 74 people. * [[February 2]] – The ferry ''MV Rabaul Queen'' sinks off the north coast of [[Papua New Guinea]], with at least 230 people being rescued, and several missing. * [[February 6]] – [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II]] marking the 60th anniversary of her [[accession]] to the Thrones of the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] & [[New Zealand]] (as well as the 60th anniversary of her becoming [[Head of the Commonwealth]]). * [[February 7]] - [[President of the Maldives]] [[Mohamed Nasheed]] announces his resignation. [[Mohammed Waheed Hassan]] takes over from him. * [[February 11]] - American [[singer]] and [[actress]] [[Whitney Houston]] is found dead at her [[hotel]] in [[Los Angeles]]. * [[February 12]] - The [[Zambia national football team]] wins the [[African Cup of Nations]], defeating the [[Ivory Coast]]. * [[February 15]] - A [[fire]] at a [[prison]] in [[Honduras]] kills at least 357 people. * [[February 17]] - [[President of Germany]] [[Christian Wulff]] announces his resignation following a home-loan scandal. He is the shortest-serving [[President of Germany|President]] in the history of the [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]]. [[Horst Seehofer]] becomes interim-President. * [[February 19]] - [[Iran]] suspends [[oil]] exports to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], after sanctions were imposed by the [[European Union|EU]] and the [[United States]]. * [[February 21]] - [[European Union|EU]] finance ministers reach an agreement on a 130 billion-[[Euro]] bailout for [[Greece]]. * [[February 25]] - [[Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi]] succeeds [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] as [[President of Yemen]]. === March === * [[March 1]] &#x2013; [[Sauli Niinistö]] became the 12th [[President of Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-05|title=Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-5297162|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531002457/https://yle.fi/a/3-5297162|archive-date=May 31, 2023|access-date=2023-08-17|website=Yle}}</ref> * [[March 2]] - A [[tornado]] outbreak in [[Alabama]], [[Kentucky]], [[Ohio]] and [[Indiana]] kills 39 people. * [[March 4]] - Several munitions dump explosions in [[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo]], kill over 250 people. * [[March 4]] - [[Vladimir Putin]] declares victory in the [[2012 Russian presidential election|Russian Presidential Election]], returning him to the Presidency. * [[March 13]] - It is announced that, after 244 years, the [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]] stop its print edition to focus on its online version.<ref>{{cite news|author=McCarthy, Tom|date=2012-03-13|title=Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/13/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication?newsfeed=true|url-status=live|access-date=2012-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203041335/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/13/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication?newsfeed=true|archive-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> * [[March 13]] - A [[Coach (vehicle)|coach]] crash in [[Switzerland]] kills 28 people, including 22 children, who were returning to [[Belgium]]. * [[March 18]] - [[Joachim Gauck]] is chosen to succeed [[Christian Wulff]] as [[President of Germany]]. He becomes President immediately. * [[March 19]] - Four people are killed in a shooting attack at a [[Jewish ethics|Jewish]] [[school]] in [[Toulouse]], [[France]]. The gunman, [[Mohammed Merah]], is killed three days later after a siege. * [[March 22]] - [[Amadou Toumani Touré]], [[President of Mali]], is ousted in a coup after armed soldiers attack government offices. * [[March 25]] - [[Macky Sall]] is elected [[President of Senegal]], succeeding [[Abdoulaye Wade]]. {{-}} === April === * [[April 1]] - [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] wins a seat in the [[Burma|Burmese]] [[parliament]]. * [[April 2]] - [[President of Hungary]] [[Pál Schmitt]] resigns following a [[plagiarism]] scandal. * [[April 5]] - [[President of Malawi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] dies. [[Joyce Banda]] succeeds him. * [[April 6]] - The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad declares an independent state, [[Azawad]], in northern [[Mali]], which is not recognised internationally. * [[April 11]] - Two strong [[earthquake]]s strike off the [[Indian Ocean]] coast of [[Sumatra]], causing widespread panic and [[tsunami]] alerts all around the Indian Ocean. * [[April 12]] - A coup takes place in [[Guinea-Bissau]] as mutinous soldiers arrest interim [[President]] [[Raimundo Pereira]] and Presidential candidate [[Carlos Gomes Junior]], as they take control of the capital, [[Bissau]]. * [[April 13]] - Kwangmyongsong-3, a [[North Korea]]n [[earth]] [[observation]] [[satellite (artificial)|satellite]], explodes shortly after launch. * [[April 16]] - The trial of [[Anders Behring Breivik]], perpetrator of the [[2011 Norway attacks]], begins in [[Oslo]]. * [[April 22]] - [[François Hollande]] defeats [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] in the first round of the French Presidential election. They both go through to the second round, as [[National Front (France)|National Front]] leader [[Marine Le Pen]] comes third. * [[April 26]] - Former [[President of Liberia]] [[Charles Taylor]] is found guilty of war crimes, committed during the [[Sierra Leone]] Civil War. === May === [[File:Solar Eclipse 2012 seen from San Juan Capistrano.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The [[solar eclipse]] as seen from San Juan Capistrano, [[California]]]] * [[May 2]] – [[Edvard Munch]]'s [[The Scream]] sells for 120 [[million]] [[United States dollar|US dollars]], a record price for a work of [[art]] at auction. * [[May 6]] – Second round of the [[2012 French presidential election|French Presidential Election]]: [[François Hollande]] is elected [[President of the French Republic|President of France]], defeating [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]. * [[May 6]] – The [[Parliament]]ary election in [[Greece]] ends in an inconclusive result. A re-run is scheduled for [[June 17]]. * [[May 7]] – [[Vladimir Putin]] becomes [[President of Russia]] for a second time, swapping places with [[Dmitry Medvedev]], who becomes [[Prime Minister of Russia]]. * [[May 12]] – The 2012 World Expo begins in [[Yeosu]], [[South Korea]]. It is due to last until [[August 12]]. * [[May 15]] – [[François Hollande]] becomes [[President of France]]. * [[May 18]]-[[May 20|20]] – The G8 Summit is held at [[Camp David]], near [[Washington, D.C.]] after a last minute switch of location. [[Chicago]] was originally the host city of the G8 summit prior to the NATO Summit. * [[May 20]] – [[Taur Matan Ruak]] becomes [[President of East Timor]]. * [[May 20]]-[[May 21|21]] – The first [[NATO Summit]] in the [[United States]] [[2012 Chicago Summit|outside]] of [[Washington, D.C.]] is held in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. * [[May 20]] – A magnitude 6 [[earthquake]] strikes [[northern Italy]], killing at least 7 people and destroying many historic buildings. * [[May 20]] – [[Solar eclipse|Annular solar eclipse]]: Path of annularity runs through the [[Pacific Ocean]] from [[East Asia]] to the [[Western United States|Western]] and [[Midwestern United States]]. * [[May 22]] - The [[Tokyo Skytree]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], opens to the public. It is the tallest self-supporting [[tower]] in the world, at a height of 634 metres. * [[May 26]] – Final of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012]] in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], which is won for [[Sweden]] by [[Loreen]]. * [[May 29]] - [[Mitt Romney]] secures the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] nomination for [[President of the United States]]. === June === [[File:Venustransit 06.06.2012.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The [[Venus]] transit, viewed from northern [[Germany]]]] [[File:Waldocanyon.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Devastating wildfires in [[Colorado]]]] * [[June 2]] – Former [[President of Egypt]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] is sentenced to [[prison]] for ordering the killing of demonstrators during the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]]. * [[June 2]]-[[June 5|5]] – Celebrations take place across the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] to mark Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s 60 years on the throne. * [[June 3]] – A [[Dana Air Flight 992|Dana Air Flight crashes]] into a [[building]] in [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], killing all 153 people on board and 40 on the ground. * [[June 4]] – Partial [[lunar eclipse]]. * [[June 6]] – The second and last [[Transit of Venus|solar transit of Venus]] of the [[21st century|century]]. The next pair is predicted to occur in [[2117]] and [[2125]]. * [[June 8]]-[[July 1]] – The [[UEFA Euro 2012]] is played in [[Poland]] and [[Ukraine]]. It is won by the [[Spain national football team]]. * [[June 9]] – Devastating [[Wildfire|wildfires]] begin in [[Colorado]]. * [[June 17]] - [[Parliament]]ary election in [[Greece]]: The second such election in Greece in the space of six [[week]]s. * [[June 17]] - The deciding round of [[Egypt]]'s [[President]]ial [[election]] is held. * [[June 18]]-[[June 23]] – Turing Centenary Conference at the [[University of Cambridge]], in honor of the mathematician, computer scientist, and cryptographer [[Alan Turing]], the last day of the conference being the hundredth anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12 |title=Turing Centenary Conference |access-date=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163131/http://cs.swan.ac.uk/cie12/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[June 20]] - [[Antonis Samaras]] is sworn in as [[Prime Minister of Greece]]. * [[June 22]] - [[President of Paraguay]] [[Fernando Lugo]] is removed from office by [[impeachment]] and is succeeded by [[Federico Franco]]. * [[June 22]] - A [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Air force|Air Force]] McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter [[airplane]] is shot down by the [[Syrian Armed Forces]], killing both pilots on board, further damaging already difficult relations between the two countries. * [[June 24]] - Shenzhou 9, a [[China|Chinese]] [[spacecraft]] carrying three [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[astronaut]]s, including the first female one, docks manually with orbiting module [[Tiangong-1]], becoming the third [[country]] to successfully perform the mission. * [[June 24]] - [[Mohamed Morsi]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] is announced as the winner of [[Egypt]]'s [[President]]ial [[election]]. * [[June 28]] - The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] declares that [[Barack Obama]]'s healthcare reform plan is [[constitution]]al. * [[June 30]] ** [[Mohamed Morsi]] is sworn in as [[President of Egypt]]. ** [[Iceland]]'s [[President]]ial election is held, won by incumbent President [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]]. ** An extra [[leap second]] is added at the end of the [[month]]. === July === [[File:2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations, Team GB.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Cyclist [[Chris Hoy]] leads in the [[Great Britain]] team at the opening ceremony of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]].]] * [[July 1]] ** Start of [[Cyprus]]' Presidency of the [[European Union]] ** [[President]]ial election in [[Mexico]] - won by [[Enrique Peña Nieto]]. * [[July 4]] - [[Scientist]]s at [[CERN]] announce that they have discovered a particle whose properties are consistent with those of the [[Higgs boson]], after experiments were carried out at the [[Large Hadron Collider]]. * [[July 7]] - [[Flood]]ing affects parts of the Krasnodar Krai region in southern [[Russia]], killing 72 people. * [[July 13]] - [[FIFA]] is embroiled in its second corruption scandal in just over a year, as [[Sepp Blatter]] claims that there may have been irregularities when [[Germany]] won the right to host the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. * [[July 18]]–[[July 21|21]] – The [[2012 World Rowing Championships]] are held at [[Plovdiv]], [[Bulgaria]]. * [[July 20]] – A gunman opens fire at a cinema in [[Aurora, Colorado]]. The shooting kills 12 people and 59 are reported injured. * [[July 24]] - [[John Atta Mills]], [[President of Ghana]], dies while still in office. [[John Mahama]] takes over the running of the country until the election in [[December]]. * [[July 25]] - [[Pranab Mukherjee]] becomes [[President of India]], succeeding [[Pratibha Patil]], whose five-year term expired. * [[July 27]] – Opening ceremony of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] begins in [[London]] at 7:30 pm [[UTC]], 8:30pm BST.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/ |title=Homepage – London 2012<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2009-08-20 |archive-date=2013-02-28 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130228114959/http://www.london2012.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[July 29]] - In [[Romania]], a referendum is held on whether [[President]] [[Traian Băsescu]] should be removed from office. He remains in his position after a low voter turnout. * [[July 30]]/[[July 31|31]] - Large parts of northern and eastern [[India]] are affected by wide-scale power failures, leaving over 600 [[million]] people without [[electricity]]. === August === [[File:PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|thumb|120px|right|The Curiosity rover lands on [[Mars]].]] [[File:2012 Olympic flame fading.jpg|thumb|160px|right|The Olympic [[flame]] going out at the end of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].]] * early [[August]] - [[Typhoon]] Haikui causes [[flood]]ing in the [[Philippines]]. * [[August 6]] - [[Curiosity rover|Curiosity]], the [[Mars]] [[Science]] [[Laboratory]] mission's rover, successfully lands on the [[planet]] [[Mars]]. * [[August 11]] - Two [[Earthquake|earthquakes]] over magnitude 6, followed by several aftershocks, strike the area around [[Tabriz]] in northwestern [[Iran]], killing over 300 people. * [[August 11]] - US presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] chooses [[Wisconsin]] [[Congress]]man [[Paul Ryan]] as his running mate. * [[August 11]] - The [[Jamaica]]n men's 4 by 100 metre team wins the [[gold medal]] at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], meaning that [[Usain Bolt]] successfully defends all three of the titles he won in [[Beijing]] in [[2008]]. * [[August 12]] – The closing ceremony of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]] takes place. Host nation [[Great Britain]] finishes with the third-highest [[gold medal]] count, 29, winning 65 medals overall. * [[August 16]] - [[Police]] [[Marikana massacre|open fire on striking miners]] at the Marikana [[Mining|mine]] in [[South Africa]], killing 34. * [[August 22]] - It is ruled that the attempt to unseat [[Romania]]'s [[President of Romania|President]] [[Traian Băsescu]] in a referendum was not legal. * [[August 24]] - Cyclist [[Lance Armstrong]] announces that he will no longer fight against [[Doping in sport|doping]] allegations, as the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] strips him of his seven consecutive (in-a-row) [[Tour de France]] titles. * [[August 24]] - A court in [[Oslo]] declares [[Anders Behring Breivik]] sane and rules that he should serve a 21-year [[prison sentence]] for the [[2011 Norway attacks]]. * [[August 29]] - Start of the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]] in [[London]]. * [[August 31]] - Researchers announce the successful implantation of an early prototype bionic [[eye]] with 24 [[electrode]]s. * [[August 31]] - [[Armenia]] breaks off [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] ties with [[Hungary]], after the extradition of [[Azerbaijan]]i [[Ramil Safarov]] to his homeland, followed by his pardoning. He had been convicted of killing an Armenian [[soldier]] in Hungary in [[2004]]. {{-}} ===September=== * [[September 7]] - Two [[earthquake]]s in southern [[China]] kill at least 80 people. * [[September 7]] - [[Canada]] breaks off [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] relations with [[Iran]], over its stance on [[Syria]], its nuclear programme and its human rights record. * [[September 9]] – End of the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]]. * [[September 11]] - Both embassies in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] and in [[Benghazi]], [[Libya]] were [[2012 U.S. diplomatic missions attacks|attacked]] by Muslims who were believed to be protesting over a movie ''Innocence of Muslims'', this attack killed U.S. Ambassador of Libya [[Christopher Stevens]], [[Sean Smith]], and 2 more people were killed and about two injured. It was later revealed that this may have been a coordinated [[terrorist attack]]. * [[September 27]] - [[Flood]]ing affects parts of southern [[Spain]]. * [[September 28]] - A plane crashes shortly after take-off from [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]], and bursts into flames, killing all 19 people on board, who were heading to [[Mount Everest]] Base Camp. * [[September 30]] - [[Europe]] wins the [[Ryder Cup]] [[golf]] tournament over the [[United States]], coming back from far behind to win. === October === [[File:121030-F-AL508-081c Aerial views during an Army search and rescue mission show damage from Hurricane Sandy to the New Jersey coast, Oct. 30, 2012.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Damage from [[Hurricane]] Sandy on the [[New Jersey]] coast on [[October 30]].]] * [[October 1]] - A ferry accident in [[Hong Kong]] kills 38 people. * [[October 3]] - A [[bomb]] attack believed to be linked to the [[Syria]]n conflict is carried out on the other side of the border with [[Turkey]]. * [[October 9]] - [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] schoolgirl and [[education]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malala Yousafzai]] is shot and wounded during an [[assassination]] attempt by the [[Taliban]] while returning home on a [[school]] bus. * [[October 12]] - The [[European Union]] wins the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. * [[October 14]] - [[Austria]]n [[Skydiving|skydiver]] [[Felix Baumgartner]] becomes the first person to break the [[sound barrier]] (travel faster than the [[speed of sound]]) without mechanical help, during a record space dive out of the Red Bull [[helium]]-filled balloon from 24 [[mile]]s (39 [[kilometre]]s) over [[Roswell, New Mexico]], [[United States]]. * [[October 15]] - British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] and Scottish First Minister [[Alex Salmond]] sign an agreement in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], on the terms and conditions of a [[Scottish independence referendum|referendum on Scottish independence]], due to be held in [[2014]]. * [[October 19]] - A [[bomb]] attack in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], kills 11 people, including the Lebanese army chief, in an attack believed to be linked to the conflict in neighbouring [[Syria]]. * [[October 24]] - [[Ireland]] ceases analog television broadcasts. * [[October 24]]-[[October 30|30]] - [[Hurricane Sandy (2012)|Hurricane Sandy]] kills over 200 people in [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], the [[Bahamas]], Eastern [[United States]] and parts of [[Canada]] and, in terms of [[diameter]], it is the biggest North Atlantic [[Hurricane]] ever measured. Considerable [[storm]] surge damage causes major disruption on the eastern seaboard of the [[United States]]. * [[October 26]] - [[Silvio Berlusconi]] is found guilty of [[tax]] [[fraud]]. {{-}} === November === [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Barack Obama]], who was elected to a second term as [[President of the United States]].]] * [[November 3]] - The [[New York City]] [[Marathon]] is cancelled for the first time in 42 years, due to [[Hurricane Sandy (2012)|Hurricane Sandy]]. * [[November 4]] - Bishop [[Pope Theodoros II of Alexandria|Tawadros]] is elected the next Pope of the [[Coptic Church]] in [[Egypt]], succeeding [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria]], who died in [[March]]. * [[November 6]] – [[United States presidential election, 2012]]: After winning the electoral and popular vote, President [[Barack Obama]] wins re-election against [[Mitt Romney]]. * [[November 6]] - A referendum is held in [[Puerto Rico]] on its future status. A majority support a change, with a majority of them voting for [[Puerto Rico]] becoming the 51st US State. * [[November 6]] - In referendums, a majority of voters in the US States of [[Maine]], [[Maryland]] and [[Washington]] support introducing [[same-sex marriage]]. * [[November 6]] - In other referendums, the states of [[Washington]] and [[Colorado]] have majorities voting for the [[Law|legalisation]] of [[marijuana]] for recreational use, while [[Oregon]] rejects the proposal. * [[November 10]] - Four days after the [[United States presidential election, 2012]], [[Barack Obama]] secures the state of [[Florida]], completing the 332-206 electoral college win. * [[November 13]] – [[Solar eclipse of November 13, 2012|Total solar eclipse]] (It was visible in northern [[Australia]] and the South Pacific). * [[November 14]] - [[Israel]] launches Operation Pillar of Defense on [[Palestine|Palestinians]] in the [[Gaza Strip]], killing [[Hamas]] [[military]] chief [[Ahmed Jabari]]. Hostilities over the following week kill 133 Palestinians and 5 Israelis. * [[November 15]] - The [[Communism|Communist]] Party of [[China]] unveils [[Xi Jinping]] as its next General Secretary, who is expected to lead the [[People's Republic of China]] until [[2022]]. * [[November 21]] - After a week of violence in [[Israel]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], the [[United States]] and [[Egypt]] announce a ceasefire, ending the week-long war. * [[November 25]] - A [[fire]] in a clothing factory in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], kills over 100 people. * [[November 25]] - Regional elections are held in [[Catalonia]], dominated by the issue of possible future independence from [[Spain]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Sebastian Vettel]] wins the [[Formula One]] World Championship for the third year in a row, becoming the youngest driver to win three [[Formula One]] championships. * [[November 25]] to [[December 2]] - [[Typhoon]] Bopha, known in the [[Philippines]] as "Pablo", kills at least 1,020 people, with 844 missing, causing considerable damage on the island of [[Mindanao]]. * [[November 28]] – [[November 2012 lunar eclipse|Penumbral lunar eclipse]]. * [[November 29]] - At the [[UN]] General Assembly, a majority of member states votes to give [[Palestine]] non-member observer state status. === December === * [[December 1]] - [[Enrique Pena Nieto]] becomes [[President]] of [[Mexico]]. * [[December 3]] – [[Jupiter]] in [[Opposition (planets)|opposition]]. * [[December 8]] - In [[Qatar]], at the [[UN]] Climate Conference, it is agreed that the [[Kyoto Protocol]] is extended until [[2020]]. * [[December 12]] - [[North Korea]] announces that it has carried out a successful [[rocket]] launch. * [[December 14]] - [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]]: A shooting occurs at Sandy Hook Elementary School in [[Newtown, Connecticut|Newtown]], [[Connecticut]], as 26 people, including 20 children, are shot dead by 20-year-old [[Adam Lanza]], who then turns the gun on himself. * [[December 15]] - [[Egypt]] holds a referendum on its [[constitution]]. * [[December 16]] - [[Parliament]]ary election in [[Japan]]: The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, under [[Shinzo Abe]], wins the election. * [[December 17]] – Members of the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] meet in each [[U.S. state]]. * [[December 19]] - [[Park Geunhye]] is elected [[President]] of [[South Korea]] over [[Moon Jae-in]]. She becomes the country's first female leader in [[February]] [[2013]]. * [[December 21]] – 11:11 [[UTC]]. [[Winter Solstice]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], [[Summer Solstice]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="USNO">{{cite web|title=Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000-2020|author=United States Naval Observatory|url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php|date=2007-01-28|access-date=2010-01-06|archive-date=2007-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000301/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[December 21]] – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, notably used by the [[pre-Columbian]] [[Maya civilization]] among others, completes a "great cycle" of thirteen ''baktuns''.<ref name=macdonald>{{cite news |url= https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm |title=Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse? - USATODAY.com |first=G. Jeffrey |last=MacDonald |work=USA Today|date=27 March 2007 |publisher=Gannett Company |location=McLean, VA |issn=0734-7456 |accessdate=24 May 2012}}</ref> Some people believed that the end of this cycle would be the end of the world.<ref name=macdonald/> * [[December 21]] - [[Barack Obama]] nominates [[John Kerry]] to become [[United States Secretary of State]], a position in which he would succeed [[Hillary Clinton]]. * [[December 26]] - [[Shinzo Abe]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Japan]] for the second time. * [[December 28]] - At the age of 115 years, 253 days, [[Jiroemon Kimura]] of [[Japan]] becomes the oldest [[man]] ever, overtaking [[Christian Mortensen]] who had died in [[1998]]. The oldest-ever person is [[Jeanne Calment]], who lived for 122 years, 164 days. * [[December 31]] - Politicians in the [[United States]] do last-minute talks in an attempt at avoiding the so-called "Fiscal Cliff", a series of [[tax]] rises that would come into force in the new year. == Births == * [[June 4]]-[[Vivien Lyra Blair]], American child actress ([[Dear Zoe]]). == Deaths == {{main|Deaths in 2012}} == Nobel Prizes == * [[Physiology]] or [[Medicine]]: [[John Gurdon]] and [[Shinya Yamanaka]] * [[Physics]]: [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]] * [[Chemistry]]: [[Robert Lefkowitz]] and [[Brian Kobilka]] * [[Literature]]: [[Mo Yan]] * [[Peace]]: [[European Union]] * [[Economics]]: [[Alvin E. Roth]] and [[Lloyd Shapley]] == References == {{Commonscat|2012}} {{reflist}} [[Category:2012| ]] eexufn9eswmhshb5o6pt5mnbns82d6k 0 12403 10331014 10310816 2025-06-14T22:49:09Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 United and other people who 10331014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Somaliland}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية}} | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | flag_width = 66.67 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | symbol_width = 85px | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}} | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Area controlled by Somalia shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region (Somaliland) shown in light green | image_map2 = Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Mogadishu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | national_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] | languages_type = [[Khasi|Khasi]] | languages = [[Italian language|Italian]] | religion = [[Islam]] ([[Sunni]]) | demonym = [[Somali people|Somali]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Somalia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud|Hassan Mohamud]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mohamed Hussein Roble]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Somalia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Land of Punt]] | established_date1 = 25th century BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobian Kingdom]] | established_date2 = 247&nbsp;BC | established_event3 = [[Maritime history of Somalia|Somali city-states]] | established_date3 = 1st century | established_event4 = [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] | established_date4 = 9th century | established_event5 = [[Ajuran Empire]] | established_date5 = 13th century | established_event6 = [[Adal Sultanate]] | established_date6 = 13th century | established_event7 = [[Warsangali Sultanate]] | established_date7 = 13th century | established_event8 = [[Sultanate of the Geledi]] | established_date8 = 17th century | established_event9 = [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] | established_date9 = 18th century | established_event10 = [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] | established_date10 = 19th century | established_event11 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date11 = 1884 | established_event12 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date12 = 1889 | area_km2 = 637,657 | area_rank = 43rd <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Somalia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = {{smaller|76th}} | population_density_km2 = 19.31<ref name="UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014">{{cite web| url = http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/arabstates/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | title = UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003235053/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/arabstates/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |archivedate = 2016-10-03 }}. Somalia.unfpa.org (06 April 2014). Retrieved 06 October 2016.</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = {{smaller|199th}} | GDP_PPP = $17.47 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = {{smaller|147th}} | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ''N/A'' | GDP_nominal = $5.8 billion<ref name="relief">{{cite web |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Somalia%20humanitarian%20and%20development%20statistics%20-%20July%202014.pdf |title=Somalia humanitarian and development statistics |work=United Nations |accessdate=20 June 2016|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2014 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $300–600<ref name=relief /> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2008 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = unranked | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | today = | image_map3 = A map of Somalia regions.png | map_caption3 = A map of Somalia regions }} '''Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Soomaaliya}}; {{lang-ar|الصومال}}), officially called the '''Federal Republic of Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya}}; {{lang-ar|جمهورية الصومال}}), is a country located on the [[Horn of Africa]]. It used to be known as the '''Somali Republic.''' It is bordered by [[Djibouti]] to the northwest, [[Kenya]] with [[Yemen]] to the north, the [[Guardafui Channel]] and [[Somali Sea]] to the east, and [[Ethiopia]] to the west. It has a hot, dry climate. A person from Somalia is called a ''Somali''. == Government == Somalia is a republic governed by a federal administration with various regional administrations governing on a micro level. Somalia is an independent country. Since the [[Somali Civil War]] in the early 1990s, there has been no working [[government]] that covers all of Somalia; instead, different [[Piracy|pirates]] have been destabilizing the region to the southwest, the [[Gulf of Aden]]. Somalia is now trying to gain control of their people and get back up on its feet with very little resources. [[File:Pembe la fedheha.png|thumb|]] Somalia is one of the poorest and [[least developed countries]]. It has the world's second-highest fertility rate. == Clan wars == There are four big tribes in Somalia, the Hawiye, the [[Dirweyn]], the [[Koofur Orsi]] inhabitants and the Darood.<ref>Helander, Bernhard. "Rahanweyn sociability: a model for other Somalis?." African Languages and Cultures. Supplement (1996): 195-204.</ref> Somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. Groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. Sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past. Somalis are mostly camel or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. In Somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. Because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war. The discovery of oil and minerals in Somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes. Because Somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in Somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. The only solution to the clan wars in Somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the [[Islamic Courts Union]]. Unfortunately the Islamic Courts Union was accused of being terrorists and [[Ethiopia]] invaded Somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} == History == In ancient times, Somalia was a place where people from [[Egypt]] and [[Arabia]] went to buy [[gum arabic]], [[myrrh]] and [[ebony wood]]. The Ancient Egyptians used to call it Punt, which meant "God's Land". Somalis started herding camel and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today. Visitors from as far away as [[China]] visited Somalia, including [[Zheng He]]. === Medieval history === 400 more years later, the king of Ethiopia told his subjects that God hated Ifat, and he invaded Ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of Ifat to an island off the coast of Zeila, where he died. The king of Ethiopia then took part of Ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made Ifat pay him lots of money once a year. The remains of Ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it Adal. About a hundred years later, the King of Adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], who had lots of influence with Somali clans across the north. He declared a [[jihad]] against [[Ethiopia]], brought together a huge army that included [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[musketeers]] and Somali cavalry. The Somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the Mongol hordes and Japanese Samurai are also famous for. Ahmad chose a bad time, however, because the [[Portuguese Empire]] was muscling into [[East Africa]]. They had taken over the whole east African coast up to Baraawe, and were trying to take over Mogadishu. The Portuguese decided to help out the Ethiopians because the Ethiopians were [[Christians]] and the Portuguese did not like Muslims. Ahmad had taken over more than half of Ethiopia when a troop of Portuguese musketeers showed up to help the Ethiopians out. One Portuguese musketeer managed to shoot Ahmad himself, killing him. A lot of the Somali cavalry was only there because of Ahmad, so the Jihad ended and Ethiopia wound up invading Adal. The Turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over Zeila, and Adal ended up becoming part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]]. On those days we do not find the exact people dwell in Zeila, but the history ascribed the black people, without tracing their origin and their tribes. However, some historians attributed Zeila inhabitant were called semaale without farther lucid explanation. === Daraawiish State === {{main|Daraawiish State}} The Turks and Portuguese fought over East Africa for the next 200 years, but the Turks eventually won about 270 years ago. Northern Somalia stayed under Turkish protection after Ahmad died, and the east coast including Mogadishu ended up under the protection of the King of [[Oman]]. When Egypt declared independence from the Turks a hundred years later, Northern Somalia became part of Egypt. Egypt came under [[British]] protection shortly after that, and northern Somalia basically became a British protectorate as well. This became official about 130 years ago, and northern Somalia officially became [[British Somaliland]]. The Kingdom of Italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. Italy offered to buy the rights to the east Africa coast from Oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and Oman agreed. Italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms/sultanates (like the [[Sultanate of Nugaal]]) for them to be under Italian protection, but the smaller ones Italy just invaded. This became [[Italian Somalia]] in 1905, with capital Mogadishu. Ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after Ahmad's Jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small Somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there were not many left. The French got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is Djibouti. Lots of Somalis did not like what was going on, so a [[Muslim]] religious leader named [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] started a group called the Darwiish to fight the [[British people|British]], [[Italians]] and [[Ethiopians]]. The British called him the "Mad Mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. At their height the Darwiish controlled almost a third of Somalia. Italy created a colony around Mogadishu and enlarged the territory of Italian Somalia after [[WW1]] with the areas south of the Juba river. In the next 20 years the Italian colony grew in importance, having at Hafun the biggest salt production in the world and in the Scebeli river a huge production of bananas exported to Europe. In 1928 was created the first airport in Somalia's capital and later in 1939 was started the longest air route in Africa with the [[Linea dell'impero]], a flight between Rome and Mogadishu. === World War 2 history === When [[Benito Mussolini]] took power in Italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger Somali sultanates and invaded them conquering all the area that was to be the colony of [[Italian Somalia]]. Then he invaded and took over Ethiopia, using poison gas on the Ethiopians. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded [[British Somaliland]], but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland. After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. The Ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the Italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the Ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the Italians did too. However, Italian Somaliland was put under a [[United Nations]] mandate, so the Italians could not make it a colony. === Cold War history === In 1960 both British and Italian Somaliland declared independence together as the ''Somali Republic''. It was chosen the Latin alphabet for the Somali language. Many areas where [[Somalis]] lived were still part of Britain, Ethiopia and France. Somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by [[the French]], [[Ethiopians]] and British. Somalia and Ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the Ethiopian part of Somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come. In 1969, the President of Somalia was killed by a man whose clan had been hurt by his policies, and General Mohammed [[Siad Barre]] took over the country. Siad Barre built a huge army with help from the [[Soviet Union]] and when Ethiopia fell for the fourth time (this time because of a [[communist]] takeover) he invaded. The Soviet Union decided that Ethiopia was more important than Somalia and double-crossed Siad Barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to Ethiopia. Some other countries including [[Cuba]] and [[Israel]] also sent help to Ethiopia, so in the end Siad Barre lost the war. Ethiopia's new government then began helping Somali rebel groups, who did not like how Siad Barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled Siad Barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. After this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that Siad Barre was gone. Eventually, some of the rebel groups decided to make their own governments in the land that they controlled. One, called Somaliland, declared independence from Somalia entirely, while another called Puntland declared independence "for now" until a new Somali national government can be put together. Dozens of attempts to create a new national government failed. === Modern history === Because there was no government in most of Somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like [[Puntland]] and [[Somaliland]]) Somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and Islamic [[Sharia]] law. Because of this, Sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of Somalia gained quite a bit of influence. Around the same time, the people fighting for Somali lands in Ethiopia to be part of Somalia turned to the example of the [[Afghani Mujahideen]], and created their own group called al-Ittihad al-Islamiyya or the Islamic Union. During the 1990s Ethiopia invaded Somalia several times to attack the Islamic Union, who were helping Somali rebels in Ethiopia. After 2001, the [[United States of America]] became very suspicious of both the Sharia courts and the Islamic Union of being [[terrorist]]s. [[Warlord]]s made a group called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism. The Sharia courts banded together to protect themselves and created the Islamic Courts Union. People liked the Sharia courts and hated the gangsters, so everyone helped the Islamic Courts Union, who defeated the gangsters and drove them out of Mogadishu in 2006. The Islamic Courts Union then formed an army and took over most of southern Somalia. The [[United States of America]] and Ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so Ethiopia invaded southern Somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that Ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. Almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in Mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008. At around the same time, [[piracy off the coast of Somalia|Somali pirates]] [[kidnap]]ped [[Western world|westerners]] from [[cargo]] ships and tourist boats for ransom. In 2006, [[jihadist]] group [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]] began an [[insurgency]]. ==References== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} {{Arab League}} [[Category:Somalia| ]] [[Category:Italian-speaking countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] f7k0dqvguv6is42xebts42hgytcqctk 10331031 10331014 2025-06-14T23:01:31Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by Zabezt 10310816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Somaliland}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية}} | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}} | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Area controlled by Somalia shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region (Somaliland) shown in light green | image_map2 = Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Mogadishu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | national_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] | languages_type = Other languages | languages = [[Italian language|Italian]] | religion = [[Islam]] ([[Sunni]]) | demonym = [[Somali people|Somali]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Somalia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud|Hassan Mohamud]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mohamed Hussein Roble]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Somalia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Land of Punt]] | established_date1 = 25th century BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobian Kingdom]] | established_date2 = 247&nbsp;BC | established_event3 = [[Maritime history of Somalia|Somali city-states]] | established_date3 = 1st century | established_event4 = [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] | established_date4 = 9th century | established_event5 = [[Ajuran Empire]] | established_date5 = 13th century | established_event6 = [[Adal Sultanate]] | established_date6 = 13th century | established_event7 = [[Warsangali Sultanate]] | established_date7 = 13th century | established_event8 = [[Sultanate of the Geledi]] | established_date8 = 17th century | established_event9 = [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] | established_date9 = 18th century | established_event10 = [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] | established_date10 = 19th century | established_event11 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date11 = 1884 | established_event12 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date12 = 1889 | area_km2 = 637,657 | area_rank = 43rd <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Somalia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = {{smaller|76th}} | population_density_km2 = 19.31<ref name="UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014">{{cite web| url = http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/arabstates/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | title = UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003235053/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/arabstates/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |archivedate = 2016-10-03 }}. Somalia.unfpa.org (06 April 2014). Retrieved 06 October 2016.</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = {{smaller|199th}} | GDP_PPP = $17.47 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = {{smaller|147th}} | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ''N/A'' | GDP_nominal = $5.8 billion<ref name="relief">{{cite web |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Somalia%20humanitarian%20and%20development%20statistics%20-%20July%202014.pdf |title=Somalia humanitarian and development statistics |work=United Nations |accessdate=20 June 2016|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2014 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $300–600<ref name=relief /> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2008 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = unranked | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | today = | image_map3 = A map of Somalia regions.png | map_caption3 = A map of Somalia regions }} '''Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Soomaaliya}}; {{lang-ar|الصومال}}), officially called the '''Federal Republic of Somalia''' ({{lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya}}; {{lang-ar|جمهورية الصومال}}), is a country located on the [[Horn of Africa]]. It used to be known as the '''Somali Republic.''' It is bordered by [[Djibouti]] to the northwest, [[Kenya]] with [[Yemen]] to the north, the [[Guardafui Channel]] and [[Somali Sea]] to the east, and [[Ethiopia]] to the west. It has a hot, dry climate. A person from Somalia is called a ''Somali''. == Government == Somalia is a republic governed by a federal administration with various regional administrations governing on a micro level. Somalia is an independent country. Since the [[Somali Civil War]] in the early 1990s, there has been no working [[government]] that covers all of Somalia; instead, different [[Piracy|pirates]] have been destabilizing the region to the southwest, the [[Gulf of Aden]]. Somalia is now trying to gain control of their people and get back up on its feet with very little resources. [[File:Pembe la fedheha.png|thumb|]] Somalia is one of the poorest and [[least developed countries]]. It has the world's second-highest fertility rate. == Clan wars == There are four big tribes in Somalia, the Hawiye, the [[Dirweyn]], the [[Koofur Orsi]] inhabitants and the Darood.<ref>Helander, Bernhard. "Rahanweyn sociability: a model for other Somalis?." African Languages and Cultures. Supplement (1996): 195-204.</ref> Somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. Groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. Sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past. Somalis are mostly camel or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. In Somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. Because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war. The discovery of oil and minerals in Somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes. Because Somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in Somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. The only solution to the clan wars in Somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the [[Islamic Courts Union]]. Unfortunately the Islamic Courts Union was accused of being terrorists and [[Ethiopia]] invaded Somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} == History == In ancient times, Somalia was a place where people from [[Egypt]] and [[Arabia]] went to buy [[gum arabic]], [[myrrh]] and [[ebony wood]]. The Ancient Egyptians used to call it Punt, which meant "God's Land". Somalis started herding camel and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today. Visitors from as far away as [[China]] visited Somalia, including [[Zheng He]]. === Medieval history === 400 more years later, the king of Ethiopia told his subjects that God hated Ifat, and he invaded Ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of Ifat to an island off the coast of Zeila, where he died. The king of Ethiopia then took part of Ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made Ifat pay him lots of money once a year. The remains of Ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it Adal. About a hundred years later, the King of Adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], who had lots of influence with Somali clans across the north. He declared a [[jihad]] against [[Ethiopia]], brought together a huge army that included [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[musketeers]] and Somali cavalry. The Somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the Mongol hordes and Japanese Samurai are also famous for. Ahmad chose a bad time, however, because the [[Portuguese Empire]] was muscling into [[East Africa]]. They had taken over the whole east African coast up to Baraawe, and were trying to take over Mogadishu. The Portuguese decided to help out the Ethiopians because the Ethiopians were [[Christians]] and the Portuguese did not like Muslims. Ahmad had taken over more than half of Ethiopia when a troop of Portuguese musketeers showed up to help the Ethiopians out. One Portuguese musketeer managed to shoot Ahmad himself, killing him. A lot of the Somali cavalry was only there because of Ahmad, so the Jihad ended and Ethiopia wound up invading Adal. The Turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over Zeila, and Adal ended up becoming part of the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]]. On those days we do not find the exact people dwell in Zeila, but the history ascribed the black people, without tracing their origin and their tribes. However, some historians attributed Zeila inhabitant were called semaale without farther lucid explanation. === Daraawiish State === {{main|Daraawiish State}} The Turks and Portuguese fought over East Africa for the next 200 years, but the Turks eventually won about 270 years ago. Northern Somalia stayed under Turkish protection after Ahmad died, and the east coast including Mogadishu ended up under the protection of the King of [[Oman]]. When Egypt declared independence from the Turks a hundred years later, Northern Somalia became part of Egypt. Egypt came under [[British]] protection shortly after that, and northern Somalia basically became a British protectorate as well. This became official about 130 years ago, and northern Somalia officially became [[British Somaliland]]. The Kingdom of Italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. Italy offered to buy the rights to the east Africa coast from Oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and Oman agreed. Italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms/sultanates (like the [[Sultanate of Nugaal]]) for them to be under Italian protection, but the smaller ones Italy just invaded. This became [[Italian Somalia]] in 1905, with capital Mogadishu. Ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after Ahmad's Jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small Somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there were not many left. The French got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is Djibouti. Lots of Somalis did not like what was going on, so a [[Muslim]] religious leader named [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] started a group called the Darwiish to fight the [[British people|British]], [[Italians]] and [[Ethiopians]]. The British called him the "Mad Mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. At their height the Darwiish controlled almost a third of Somalia. Italy created a colony around Mogadishu and enlarged the territory of Italian Somalia after [[WW1]] with the areas south of the Juba river. In the next 20 years the Italian colony grew in importance, having at Hafun the biggest salt production in the world and in the Scebeli river a huge production of bananas exported to Europe. In 1928 was created the first airport in Somalia's capital and later in 1939 was started the longest air route in Africa with the [[Linea dell'impero]], a flight between Rome and Mogadishu. === World War 2 history === When [[Benito Mussolini]] took power in Italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger Somali sultanates and invaded them conquering all the area that was to be the colony of [[Italian Somalia]]. Then he invaded and took over Ethiopia, using poison gas on the Ethiopians. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded [[British Somaliland]], but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland. After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. The Ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the Italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the Ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the Italians did too. However, Italian Somaliland was put under a [[United Nations]] mandate, so the Italians could not make it a colony. === Cold War history === In 1960 both British and Italian Somaliland declared independence together as the ''Somali Republic''. It was chosen the Latin alphabet for the Somali language. Many areas where [[Somalis]] lived were still part of Britain, Ethiopia and France. Somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by [[the French]], [[Ethiopians]] and British. Somalia and Ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the Ethiopian part of Somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come. In 1969, the President of Somalia was killed by a man whose clan had been hurt by his policies, and General Mohammed [[Siad Barre]] took over the country. Siad Barre built a huge army with help from the [[Soviet Union]] and when Ethiopia fell for the fourth time (this time because of a [[communist]] takeover) he invaded. The Soviet Union decided that Ethiopia was more important than Somalia and double-crossed Siad Barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to Ethiopia. Some other countries including [[Cuba]] and [[Israel]] also sent help to Ethiopia, so in the end Siad Barre lost the war. Ethiopia's new government then began helping Somali rebel groups, who did not like how Siad Barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled Siad Barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. After this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that Siad Barre was gone. Eventually, some of the rebel groups decided to make their own governments in the land that they controlled. One, called Somaliland, declared independence from Somalia entirely, while another called Puntland declared independence "for now" until a new Somali national government can be put together. Dozens of attempts to create a new national government failed. === Modern history === Because there was no government in most of Somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like [[Puntland]] and [[Somaliland]]) Somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and Islamic [[Sharia]] law. Because of this, Sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of Somalia gained quite a bit of influence. Around the same time, the people fighting for Somali lands in Ethiopia to be part of Somalia turned to the example of the [[Afghani Mujahideen]], and created their own group called al-Ittihad al-Islamiyya or the Islamic Union. During the 1990s Ethiopia invaded Somalia several times to attack the Islamic Union, who were helping Somali rebels in Ethiopia. After 2001, the [[United States of America]] became very suspicious of both the Sharia courts and the Islamic Union of being [[terrorist]]s. [[Warlord]]s made a group called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism. The Sharia courts banded together to protect themselves and created the Islamic Courts Union. People liked the Sharia courts and hated the gangsters, so everyone helped the Islamic Courts Union, who defeated the gangsters and drove them out of Mogadishu in 2006. The Islamic Courts Union then formed an army and took over most of southern Somalia. The [[United States of America]] and Ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so Ethiopia invaded southern Somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that Ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. Almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in Mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008. At around the same time, [[piracy off the coast of Somalia|Somali pirates]] [[kidnap]]ped [[Western world|westerners]] from [[cargo]] ships and tourist boats for ransom. In 2006, [[jihadist]] group [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]] began an [[insurgency]]. ==References== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} {{Arab League}} [[Category:Somalia| ]] [[Category:Italian-speaking countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] aa3592hre8bo98g15qli1hbgt5drw6r 0 12840 10331042 10323718 2025-06-14T23:04:22Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = | conventional_long_name = United Kingdom of Great Britain | common_name = Great Britain | status = State union | year_start = 1707 | year_end = 1800 | date_start = 1 May | date_end = 31 December | event_start = [[Acts of Union 1707|1707 Union]] | event_end = [[Act of Union 1800|1801 Union]] | p1 = Kingdom of England | flag_p1 = Flag of England.svg | p2 = Kingdom of Scotland | flag_p2 = Flag of Scotland.svg | s1 = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | flag_s1 = Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg | image_flag = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg | image_flag2 = Royal standard of Great Britain (1714–1801).svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of the United Kingdom|Top: Flag (1707–1800 )<br />Bottom: Royal Standard (1714–1801)]] | alt_flag2 = Royal Banner (England) | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Great Britain (1714-1801).svg | symbol_type = [[Coat of Arms of United Kingdom|Royal coat of arms]] | image_map = Great Britain (political definition).svg | image_map_caption = Map of the kingdom's lands | national_motto = {{lang-fr|[[Dieu et mon droit]]|label=none}}¹ | national_anthem = [[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.oga]]<br />[[God Save the Queen|God Save the King/Queen]] | capital = London | common_languages = [[English language|English]] (throughout) <br /> [[Welsh language|Welsh]] (Wales) <br /> [[Scots language|Scots]] (Scotland) <br /> [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] (Scotland) | government_type = Constitutional monarchy | title_leader = [[List of monarchs in the British Isles|Monarch]] | leader1 = [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] | year_leader1 = 1707–1714 | leader2 = [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] | year_leader2 = 1714–1727 | leader3 = [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] | year_leader3 = 1727–1760 | leader4 = [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] | year_leader4 = 1760–1801 | title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] | deputy1 = [[Robert Walpole]] | year_deputy1 = 1721–1742 | deputy2 = [[William Pitt the Younger]] | year_deputy2 = 1783–1801 | legislature = [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] | house1 = [[House of Lords]] | house2 = [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] | stat_year1 = 1801 | stat_area1 = 230977 | stat_pop1 = 10942646 | currency = Pound sterling | footnotes = ¹ The royal motto used in Scotland was {{lang-la|[[Nemo me impune lacessit]]||lit=no-one provokes me with impunity}} | demonym = [[Briton]],[[British]] | englishmotto = {{small|(God and my right)}} }} The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain'''<ref>[[wikisource:Act_of_Union_1707|Union with England Act 1707 (Scotland)]], Article 2 ff.</ref> was a [[state]] in the [[British Isles]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Murdoch|first=Alexander|year=2007|title=England, Scotland, and the Acts of Union (1707)|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-96282|access-date=2021-06-19|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/96282|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8|quote=On 1 May 1707 England and Scotland (since 1603 a union of crowns) became the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. The new united kingdom was to be represented by a 'union' flag and governed by a British parliament at Westminster and a shared head of state (with the contentious issue of monarchical succession now settled in favour of the protestant house of Hanover).|edition=online}}</ref> The kingdom came into existence because of the [[Acts of Union 1707]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act of Union 1707|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=UK Parliament|language=en|quote=The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May of that year. The UK Parliament met for the first time in October 1707.}}</ref> These [[acts of parliament]] joined ([[Unification|unified]]) the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] and the [[Kingdom of England]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act of Union 1707: Key dates|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/key-dates/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=UK Parliament|language=en}}</ref> The kingdom's lands were [[Great Britain]] (an island in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] near [[Continental Europe]]) and some other islands in the British Isles. Throughout its existence, the kingdom was in a [[personal union]] (sharing the same [[monarchy]]) with the [[Kingdom of Ireland]]. Outside the British Isles, Great Britain governed other lands and started [[colonies]]: the [[British Empire]]. When the kingdom began, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] and the [[Parliament of England]] joined into one [[legislature]], the [[Parliament of Great Britain]]. The parliament met in the old [[Palace of Westminster]] in London. London was the [[capital city]] and the British government was there. The two earlier kingdoms of Scotland and England had been in a [[personal union]] (sharing the same monarchy) since the [[reign]] of [[James VI and I]]. King James was a [[King of Scots]] who became [[King of England]] and [[King of Ireland]] in 1603 because he [[inherited]] the kingdoms of [[Elizabeth I]]. In 1801, by the [[Act of Union 1800]], the Kingdom of Great Britain and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] joined into the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] after the putting down of the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]]. == Monarchs == [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]] became [[Queen of England]], [[Queen of Scotland]], and [[Queen of Ireland]] in 1702. She became Queen of Great Britain when the new kingdom started in 1707. (Ireland was a separate kingdom, so Anne was Queen of Ireland and the later kings of Great Britain were each themselves King of Ireland.) From the start of 1801, during the [[reign]] of [[George III]], the two kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain became the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. === House of Stuart === {{Main|House of Stuart}} * [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] (1707–1714) === House of Hanover === {{Main|House of Hanover}} * [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] (1714–1727) * [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] (1727–1760) * [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] (1760–1801), continued as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1820. ==Related pages== * [[British Armed Forces]] * [[Metropolitan Police]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable" | width="30%" align="center" |''Preceded by:''<br />[[Kingdom of England]]<br />c 927–30 April 1707<br />[[Kingdom of Scotland]]<br />c 843–30 April 1707 | width="40%" align="center" |'''United Kingdom of Great Britain'''<br />1 May 1707 – 31 December 1800 | width="30%" align="center" |''Succeeded by:''<br />[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br />1 January 1801–5 December 1922 |} [[Category:1707 establishments|Great Britain]] [[Category:1800 disestablishments|Great Britain]] [[Category:Kingdom of Great Britain| ]] [[Category:1700s establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1800s disestablishments in Europe]] q1x29tc1eb1fa6as37wkzx38fli9izy 0 13746 10331038 10323996 2025-06-14T23:02:11Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{one source|}} [[File:Stomach diagram.gif|thumb|right|The stomach in the gastrointestinal system]] [[Image:Stomach blood supply.svg|thumb|240px|Schematic image of the blood supply to the human stomach: [[left gastric artery|left]] and [[right gastric artery]], [[left gastroepiploic artery|left]] and [[right gastroepiploic artery]] and [[short gastric arteries]]<ref name=Moore150>{{cite book |author1=Anne M. R. Agur |author2=Moore, Keith L. |title=Essential Clinical Anatomy (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)) |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialclinica0000moor_c2o8 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year= 2007|isbn=978-0-7817-6274-8 |oclc= 172964542}}; p. 150</ref>]] The '''stomach''' is part of the [[digestive system]]. It is an internal [[Organ (biology)|organ]] between the [[esophagus]] and the [[small intestine]]s. The stomach is the third stage in the [[Digestion|digestive process]]. It holds [[food]] after eating. Food in the stomach then passes to the [[small intestine]], where most of the food's [[nutrition]] is absorbed. Other words for ''stomach'' include ''belly'' and ''tummy''. == Function == === In humans === The stomach contains [[hydrochloric acid]] of [[pepsin]] made by stomach [[cell]]s. As a useful side-effect, the acid kills [[bacteria]] in the food. However, its main function is to help the protein-digesting [[enzymes]] called [[protease]]s work. In general, the food is churned, squeezed and mixed. This prepares it for digestion. The partially digested food is called chyme. === In other mammals === Stomachs of other mammals work differently to human stomachs. [[Ruminant]]s, for example, have a stomach with multiple compartments. In that system, food goes through the first part of the digestive system twice, and the work of digesting the grass is done by [[bacteria]]. == Problems == Stomach acid can cause problems. It can make [[peptic ulcer]]s worse. It can also cause [[heartburn]]: pain in the chest when acid from the stomach ''refluxes'' (backs up into) the oesophagus. These can usually be treated by neutralizing the [[acid]]. [[Vomit]]ing occurs when food goes back up the oesophagus and out the mouth. Vomiting can be a [[symptom]] of [[Gastrointestinal disease|disease]]. ==Related pages== * [[Digestive system]] * [[Digestion]] * [[Gastrointestinal disease]] ==References== {{commonscat|Stomachs}} {{reflist}} {{gastrointestinal system}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Anatomy of the digestive system]] 9bf2fjdujag4486c4uduvzo98aj5t45 0 15230 10331179 10324537 2025-06-15T00:53:15Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 ffff 10331179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. ** == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] 6fjxo2ldx8r663uqw49l8wwxpbvpkqu 10331180 10331179 2025-06-15T00:53:20Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 9357118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon=Ursidae | name=Bears | fossil_range={{Geological range|38|0}}Late [[Eocene]] – Recent | image=2010-brown-bear.jpg | image_upright=0.9 | image_caption=[[Brown bear]] from [[Kodiak, Alaska]] | authority=[[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|G. Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies | subdivision = †[[Amphicynodontinae]]<br> †[[Hemicyonidae|Hemicyoninae]]<br> †[[Ursavini|Ursavinae]]<br> †[[Agriotheriinae]]<br> [[Ailuropodinae]]<br> [[Tremarctinae]]<br> [[Ursinae]] }} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. * Family '''Ursidae''': Bears ** [[Giant panda]], ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' ** [[Spectacled bear]], ''Tremarctos ornatus'' ** [[Brown bear]], ''Ursus arctos'' ** [[Polar bear]], ''Ursus maritimus'' ** [[American black bear]], ''Ursus americanus'' ** [[Moon bear]], ''Ursus thibetanus'' or ''Selenarctos thibetanus'' ** [[Sloth bear]], ''Melursus ursinus'' ** [[Sun bear]], ''Ursus malayanus'' == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] 975eensw77vwtqklabbvebwgohhi8zo 10331292 10331180 2025-06-15T01:41:39Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 tttt 10331292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. * == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] f06pgb9e6iguzphjpm0h2se1phwlbll 10331294 10331292 2025-06-15T01:44:54Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by ChenzwBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon=Ursidae | name=Bears | fossil_range={{Geological range|38|0}}Late [[Eocene]] – Recent | image=2010-brown-bear.jpg | image_upright=0.9 | image_caption=[[Brown bear]] from [[Kodiak, Alaska]] | authority=[[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|G. Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies | subdivision = †[[Amphicynodontinae]]<br> †[[Hemicyonidae|Hemicyoninae]]<br> †[[Ursavini|Ursavinae]]<br> †[[Agriotheriinae]]<br> [[Ailuropodinae]]<br> [[Tremarctinae]]<br> [[Ursinae]] }} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. * Family '''Ursidae''': Bears ** [[Giant panda]], ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' ** [[Spectacled bear]], ''Tremarctos ornatus'' ** [[Brown bear]], ''Ursus arctos'' ** [[Polar bear]], ''Ursus maritimus'' ** [[American black bear]], ''Ursus americanus'' ** [[Moon bear]], ''Ursus thibetanus'' or ''Selenarctos thibetanus'' ** [[Sloth bear]], ''Melursus ursinus'' ** [[Sun bear]], ''Ursus malayanus'' == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] 975eensw77vwtqklabbvebwgohhi8zo 10331298 10331294 2025-06-15T01:53:14Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 dddd 10331298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. ** ** == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] fqxkdklwkt1sflo8paf3xtnfyboeels 10331299 10331298 2025-06-15T01:53:28Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Carlodivarga-s. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon=Ursidae | name=Bears | fossil_range={{Geological range|38|0}}Late [[Eocene]] – Recent | image=2010-brown-bear.jpg | image_upright=0.9 | image_caption=[[Brown bear]] from [[Kodiak, Alaska]] | authority=[[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|G. Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies | subdivision = †[[Amphicynodontinae]]<br> †[[Hemicyonidae|Hemicyoninae]]<br> †[[Ursavini|Ursavinae]]<br> †[[Agriotheriinae]]<br> [[Ailuropodinae]]<br> [[Tremarctinae]]<br> [[Ursinae]] }} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. * Family '''Ursidae''': Bears ** [[Giant panda]], ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' ** [[Spectacled bear]], ''Tremarctos ornatus'' ** [[Brown bear]], ''Ursus arctos'' ** [[Polar bear]], ''Ursus maritimus'' ** [[American black bear]], ''Ursus americanus'' ** [[Moon bear]], ''Ursus thibetanus'' or ''Selenarctos thibetanus'' ** [[Sloth bear]], ''Melursus ursinus'' ** [[Sun bear]], ''Ursus malayanus'' == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] 975eensw77vwtqklabbvebwgohhi8zo 10331529 10331299 2025-06-15T06:14:57Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 cddydhd 10331529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. ** ** == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] fqxkdklwkt1sflo8paf3xtnfyboeels 10331540 10331529 2025-06-15T06:40:47Z SolarX 1505746 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) to last version by Carlodivarga-s 10331299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the mammal||Bear (disambiguation)}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon=Ursidae | name=Bears | fossil_range={{Geological range|38|0}}Late [[Eocene]] – Recent | image=2010-brown-bear.jpg | image_upright=0.9 | image_caption=[[Brown bear]] from [[Kodiak, Alaska]] | authority=[[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|G. Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817 | subdivision_ranks=Subfamilies | subdivision = †[[Amphicynodontinae]]<br> †[[Hemicyonidae|Hemicyoninae]]<br> †[[Ursavini|Ursavinae]]<br> †[[Agriotheriinae]]<br> [[Ailuropodinae]]<br> [[Tremarctinae]]<br> [[Ursinae]] }} [[File:Map of Bear species distribution.png|thumb|Map of Bear species distribution]] '''Bear''' are a group of [[large]] [[mammal]]s found all over the world in many different [[habitat]]s. They form the family '''Ursidae''', in the suborder [[Caniformia]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]]. There are 8 living bear [[species]]. * Family '''Ursidae''': Bears ** [[Giant panda]], ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' ** [[Spectacled bear]], ''Tremarctos ornatus'' ** [[Brown bear]], ''Ursus arctos'' ** [[Polar bear]], ''Ursus maritimus'' ** [[American black bear]], ''Ursus americanus'' ** [[Moon bear]], ''Ursus thibetanus'' or ''Selenarctos thibetanus'' ** [[Sloth bear]], ''Melursus ursinus'' ** [[Sun bear]], ''Ursus malayanus'' == Appearance == Bears usually have a big body with short and thick [[leg]]s. They have a broad head and a very short [[tail]]. They have small [[eye]]s and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy [[fur]]. On each foot they have five [[claw]]s, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back [[leg]]s and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black. Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful [[Sensory system|senses]] of [[Olfaction|smell]] and [[sight]]. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|title=Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101035043/http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food. == Life == They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears [[hibernation|hibernate]], meaning they sleep during the [[winter]] to save energy. Bears are usually [[omnivore|omnivorous]], which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the [[polar bear]], which eats mostly [[meat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|title=Bear's Food and Diet|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171306/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/food-diet/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|title=Bear Reproduction|website=BearSmart.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021183020/http://www.bearsmart.com/about-bears/reproduction/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Polar-bear.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A polar bear.]] == Distribution == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in [[North America]], [[South America]], [[Europe]], and [[Asia]]. There used to be bears in northern [[Africa]] but they are now extinct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|title=Bear distribution map – Bear Conservation|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2019-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404174623/http://www.bearconservation.org.uk/bear-distribution-map/|url-status=live}}</ref> == In popular culture == {{wikispecies|Ursidae}}Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.{{commonscat|Ursidae}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bears| ]] 975eensw77vwtqklabbvebwgohhi8zo 0 15254 10330865 10329501 2025-06-14T20:48:20Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 fix typo 10330865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Konstantin Makovsky - The Bulgarian martyresses.jpg|thumb|20 ''The [[Bulgaria]]n [[martyr]]esses'' by [[Konstantin Makovsky]] (1877)]] '''Rape''' is usually defined as having [[sexual intercourse]] with a person who does not want to, or cannot [[age of consent|consent]]. Consent is when someone agrees of their own choice without being forced to. In [[France]] it is more widely defined as 'unwanted sexual penetration'. Rape is a form of [[sexual assault]]. In most countries, rape is one of the most serious [[crime]]s. The [[International Criminal Court]] can also condemn it as a "[[Crimes against humanity|crime against humanity]]", if done by a group. A person who rapes someone is a rapist. Rapists may use [[violence]], [[drug]]s, or [[threat]]s to get their way. People of any gender can be raped. This was not recognized by the [[United States]] law until 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/cjis-link/march-2012/ucr-program-changes-definition-of-rape |title=FBI — UCR Program Changes Definition of Rape |access-date=2013-09-05 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719074728/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/cjis-link/march-2012/ucr-program-changes-definition-of-rape |url-status=dead }}</ref> People often stay quiet about a rape because they feel [[Shame|ashamed]] about it. == How common it is == According to a study done in the European Union, of 2011, two percent of the women taking part said that they had been victims of [[sexual violence]], in the preceding year.<ref>European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights: [https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey Violence against women: an EU‑wide survey] abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021</ref> A representative U.S. study found that between 15 and 25 percent of women were raped at least once during their lifetime.<ref name="KB">D. G. Kilpatrick, C. L. Best: ''Sexual assault victims: data from a random national probability sample.'' 36th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta (Georgia) 1990.</ref> According to a study by the United Nations, of 2013, about 25 percent of the men in the Asia Pacific region said that they had raped at least one woman, ten percent said they have forced a women to have sex with them who wasn't their partner.<ref>Rachel Jewkes, Emma Fulu, Tim Roselli, Claudia Garcia-Moreno: [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(13)70069-X/fulltext ''Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific.''] In: ''The Lancet Global Health.'' Band 1, Ausgabe 4, 2013.</ref> == After being raped == People who have been raped, should do a number of things. These things have to be done rather quickly: * Get a medical check at a doctor or [[hospital]]. This is needs to be done for several reasons: ** To examine and treat the damage done. ** Collect [[DNA]] to identify who the perpetrator was. Often there are so-called [[Rape kit|rape kits]] that can be used for this. ** To check against the spread of [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually-transmitted diseases]]. If done soon enough an [[infection]] may be prevented. ** To prevent a likely [[Pregnancy from rape|unwanted pregnancy]]. [[Emergency contraception]] is often available, but it may have to be [[Prescription|prescribed by a doctor]]. * Tell the [[police]], or be interviewed by the police. This interview will likely be recorded, or a transcript will be made. Usually, people will be interviewed by an police officer of the same sex. The police will then use the information to find the offender, and to press charges against him or her. * In many countries there are organizations who support the victims. ==People who cannot consent== A person may be unable to consent (say yes to) to [[sexual intercourse]] or other sexual activity. Having sex with a person who cannot consent is rape. ===Children=== * Children and teenagers under the [[age of consent]] are legally unable to consent. If an adult has sex with them, it is known as "[[child sexual abuse]]" or "[[statutory rape]]." In some places, [[teenager]]s who are about the same age can agree to have sex with each other. This is known as the "[[Romeo and Juliet]]" clause. ===Adults who cannot consent=== Some adults are unable to consent to sex. * People who are sleeping or [[Consciousness|unconscious]] cannot consent to sexual intercourse. * People who are under the influence of certain [[drug]]s such as [[alcohol]] may be unable to consent to sex. They may be unable to walk, may slur speech, or may be [[Mental confusion|confused]]. * People suffering from certain [[illness]]es or [[disability|disabilities]] are unable to consent, even though they may legally be adult. The conditions they have affect their thinking. They may not know what sex is, or they may be unable to judge the consequences of having sex. They may seem confused or unsure. [[Intellectual disabilities|Developmental disabilities]], [[mental illness]], and [[Brain injury|brain injuries]] can make a person unable to consent. A [[court]] may find someone unable to consent. == Forms of rape == There are different forms: * Sometimes, the victims are children or young adults. Very often, the perpetrators act in groups. They [[child grooming|charm people, to get their trust]]. Later they rape the victims. There may be sexual exploitation that lasts for a long time. This means that victims are often traumatized. In 2021, the members of such a gang were found in the city of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Susie Beever|url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/hull-grooming-gang-victim-locked-6301406|title=Hull sex gang victim on her harrowing ordeal at hands of up to 100 men|datum=2021-12-05|accessed=2022-12-26}}</ref> * A group of people rape one or more people. Usually, the perpetrators are younger than in the case that one single person rapes another one. Most of the time, the perpetrators are male, though there were cases were women also took part in the rape. Usually there is a hierarchy in the group of people who rape. Very often, the rape is planned in advance. In the group, people commit a serious crime, which any group members would not have committed if they had been on their own. Moral values within the group are important. Usually, the victims are humiliated and objectified. The victim feels helpless, also because there are many people acting in a group. In the group, this helplessness thrills the perpetrators, who see this as a form of leisure activity. If the perpetrators are more well-known, they will act more ruthlessly. This kind of rape causes severe physical and psychological damage to the victim. The damage will be more severe than in the case of one person raping another. There are few scientific studies, this is because this form of rape is relatively rare. * In wars, civil wears and ethic cleansing operations, it is relatively common that women and children of the opponents are raped. This kind of rape is a war crime. Examples are forced prostitution in brothels. More than half of all the victims are children. * Sometimes, rape occurs during military service. This is often not reported. * Sometimes, rape is used as a method of torture. * In some cases, women were raped with the consent of the regime. This was the case in Iran, where women sentenced to death were raped before being executed. The Shiite belief is that unmarried women who are killed enter paradise as virgins. Raping them before execution would prevent that, in the view of the people * Rape that occurs between people who are married. == Marital rape == [[Marital rape]] is where the victim of rape is [[marriage|married]] to the person committing the rape. Non-consensual sex with a married partner is thought to be rape under the laws of some countries but not others. In the [[United Kingdom]], marital rape was determined to be a crime in the case of ''R v. R'' (1991). Marital rape being illegal does not mean that the law is enforced. For example, in [[Ireland]] marital rape was made illegal in 1990, but by 2006 only one person had been [[Conviction|convicted]] of it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=8909 |access-date=2013-09-22 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726165217/http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=8909 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Effects of rape == [[File:Martin Van Maele - La Grande Danse macabre des vifs - 26.jpg|thumb|A man rapes a woman in a field, drawing by Martin Van Maele]] Rape is a [[medical emergency]]. People who are raped may be [[Injury|injured]] or have a [[sexually transmitted disease]] (STD). People may not know they are hurt or sick. Doctors can give medicine to treat an STD. [[HIV]], an STD, can be prevented by early treatment. If seen quickly, a doctor can give [[medication]] called [[emergency contraception]] to prevent [[pregnancy]]. Rape is at least twice as likely to cause [[pregnancy]] as consensual sex. The reason for this is not known.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-003-1014-0|title=Are per-incident rape-pregnancy rates higher than per-incident consensual pregnancy rates?|first1=Jonathan A.|last1=Gottschall|first2=Tiffani A.|last2=Gottschall|date=1 March 2003|journal=Human Nature|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–20|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/s12110-003-1014-0|pmid=26189986|s2cid=20886610| issn=1045-6767}}</ref> At the [[hospital]], [[police]] can collect [[Evidence (law)|evidence]] from the victim and his/her [[clothing]]. Evidence may help find the rapist, and can help the police send him or her to [[Prison|jail]]. Waiting too long makes it hard to collect evidence. Also, taking a shower before telling the police or going to a hospital can wash off some of the [[DNA]] evidence. Victims of rape often feel scared, sad, and/or [[Guilt (emotion)|guilty]]. They may think about the rape a lot, even when they do not want to. They may have [[nightmare]]s about the rape. Many have [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]. People who are raped during [[childhood]] or [[adolescence]] often get [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bozzatello|first=Paola|last2=Rocca|first2=Paola|last3=Baldassarri|first3=Lorenzo|last4=Bosia|first4=Marco|last5=Bellino|first5=Silvio|date=2021-09-23|title=The Role of Trauma in Early Onset Borderline Personality Disorder: A Biopsychosocial Perspective|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361/full|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|language=English|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721361|issn=1664-0640}}</ref> Talking to someone, like a [[counselor]], can help. Rape counselors are trained to help rape victims. Sometimes [[Medical doctor|doctors]] can give [[medicine]] to decrease fear and sadness. Calling a rape crisis center or [[hotline]] can help a victim find help. == Rapists == Rape is a form of [[sexual violence]]. Almost all people who become rapists are male, only about one percent are female. Rapists are usually people who know the victim. In about 15 percent of the cases, the victim did not know the rapist. In many cases, the rapists were former partners of the victim. When the victim calls for help, or tries to oppose the attacker, these actions were successful more often, if the attacker was unknown. == Victims == [[File:Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_(8220719638).jpg|thumb|In [[Zambia]], 43% of girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced some form of sexual violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zambia: End Sexual Violence in Schools|work=[[Equality Now]]|url=https://www.equalitynow.org/zambia_end_sexual_violence_in_schools}}</ref>]] Victims of rape or [[sexual assault]] come from a wide range of [[Gender|genders]], ages, [[Sexual orientation|sexual orientations]], ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or [[disability]]. When classifying rapes, there are a number of categories. These categories include things like if the victim knew the attacker, what kind of relationship they had. Kinds of rape include [[date rape]], [[gang rape]], [[marital rape]], [[Incest|incestual rape]], [[child sexual abuse]], [[prison rape]], [[acquaintance rape]], [[war rape]] and [[statutory rape]]. Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=UCSB's SexInfo|url=http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/rape|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407114548/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/rape|archive-date=2019-04-07|access-date=2010-12-31|publisher=Soc.ucsb.edu}}</ref><ref name="Rosdahl">{{cite book|title=Textbook of basic nursing|last=Rosdahl|first=Caroline|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2012|isbn=978-1-60547-772-5|location=Philadelphia}}</ref><ref name="Kelly2011" /> == Motives == The WHO states that the main factors that lead to sexual violence against women, including rape, are:<ref>{{cite web|last=WHO|author-link=World Health Organization|date=23 November 2012|title=Violence against women|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/|access-date=3 February 2013|website=who.int|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> * beliefs in family honor and sexual purity; * attitudes of [[Male entitlement|male sexual entitlement]]; * weak legal sanctions for [[sexual violence]]. There is no single factor that can explain why people rape other people. The motives are usually multi-faceted. A few of the factors that have been proposed are: * [[anger]]<ref>Oliva, Janet R. S''exually Motivated Crimes: Understanding the Profile of the Sex Offender and Applying Theory to Practice''. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.Pg 72</ref> * power (they do it because they can)<ref>Oliva, Janet R. ''Sexually Motivated Crimes: Understanding the Profile of the Sex Offender and Applying Theory to Practice''. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.Pg 72</ref> * sadism * [[sexual gratification]] (it makes them feel good) Rape may also have a benefit in evolution.<ref>{{cite book|title=A natural history of rape biological bases of sexual coercion|last1=Thornhill|first1=Randy|last2=Palmer|first2=Craig T.|publisher=MIT Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-282-09687-5|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Pinker|first=Steven|title=The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature|pages=372–399|year=2003|postscript=.|editor-last=Pinker|editor-first=Steven|contribution=Chapter 19: children|location=London|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-1-101-20032-2}}</ref> In many male groups, sexual aggression is a means of identifying, and of getting a higher status in the group. People who resort to sexual aggression may get a higher esteem among male peers.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Petty GM, Dawson B|year=1989|title=Sexual aggression in normal men: incidence, beliefs and personality characteristics|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_1989_10_3/page/355|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=10|issue=3|pages=355–362|doi=10.1016/0191-8869(89)90109-8}}</ref> Among young men, sexually aggressive behavior has been correlated with being part of a gang or a group,, as well as having other delinquent peers.<ref name="Ouimette PC 1998">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ouimette PC, Riggs D|year=1998|title=Testing a mediational model of sexually aggressive behavior in nonincarcerated perpetrators|journal=Violence and Victims|volume=13|issue=2|pages=117–130|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.13.2.117|pmid=9809392|s2cid=33967482}}</ref><ref name="Borowsky IW 1997">{{cite journal|vauthors=Borowsky IW, Hogan M, Ireland M|year=1997|title=Adolescent sexual aggression: risk and protective factors|journal=Pediatrics|volume=100|issue=6|pages=E7|doi=10.1542/peds.100.6.e7|pmid=9382908|doi-access=|s2cid=20826647}}</ref> Many rapists think [[gang rape]] may be justified, to discourage women from behaviour the men consider immoral. Such behaviour may be that women wear short skirts, or that they visit a bar. Gang rape may also be used to punish women, if they engaged in such behaviour. In some areas in [[Papua New Guinea]], women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders. <ref name="Jenkins">Jenkins C. Sexual behavior in Papua New Guinea. In: Report of the Third Annual Meeting of the International Network on Violence Against Women, January 1998. Washington, DC, International Network on Violence Against Women, 1998. </ref>{{update inline|date=May 2020}} Gang Rape and mass rape are often seen as a means of male bonding. This can be seen among soldiers. About three quarters of rapes in wartime are gang rapes. During peacetime, gang rape counts for less than a quarter of the cases. Commanders sometimes tell recruits to rape. Raping can be taboo and illegal. This means it will build loyalty among the people involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nobel committee shines a spotlight on rape in conflict|publisher=The Economist Magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2018/10/13/the-nobel-committee-shines-a-spotlight-on-rape-in-conflict|access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> In Papua New Guinea, urban gangs such as [[Raskol gangs]] often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation.<ref name="vlad">{{cite web|title=Crying Meri|url=http://www.vladsokhin.com/projects/crying-meri|access-date=12 February 2014|publisher=Vlad Sokhin}}</ref> Perpetrators of [[sex trafficking]] and [[cybersex trafficking]] allow or carry out rape<ref>{{cite web|date=June 30, 2018|title=Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Carback|first1=Joshua T.|date=2018|title=Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response|journal=Criminal Law Bulletin|volume=54|issue=1|pages=64–183|ref=none}} p. 64.</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Nicola|last2=Farmer|first2=Ben|date=May 20, 2019|title=Oppressed, enslaved and brutalised: The women trafficked from North Korea into China's sex trade|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/oppressed-enslaved-brutalised-women-trafficked-north-korea-chinas/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/women-and-girls/oppressed-enslaved-brutalised-women-trafficked-north-korea-chinas/|archive-date=2022-01-10}}{{cbignore}}</ref> for financial gain<ref>{{cite web|date=March 27, 2017|title=First paedophile in NSW charged with cybersex trafficking|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/first-paedophile-in-nsw-charged-with-cybersex-trafficking/news-story/bd7d1e178b1f6f55ad99f8d0433afa94|website=the Daily Telegraph}}</ref> and/or sexual gratification.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 12, 2017|title=Philippines Makes More Child Cybersex Crime Arrests, Rescues|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/philippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues|website=VOA}}</ref> [[Rape pornography]], including [[child pornography]], is created for profit and other reasons.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 12, 2020|title=Website selling 'real' rape and child pornography videos shut down after arrest in Netherlands, Justice Department says|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/website-selling-real-rape-and-child-pornography-videos-shut-down-after-arrest-in-netherlands-us-justice-department-says/2020/03/12/5f9f02ce-6471-11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html}}</ref> There have been instances of [[child sexual abuse]] and child rape videos on [[Pornhub]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Megha|date=May 8, 2020|title=Call for credit card freeze on porn sites|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52543508|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 February 2020|title='I was raped at 14, and the video ended up on a porn site'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-51391981|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> == Rape culture == Some people believe in 'rape [[culture]]'. For example, they say that the United States has a rape culture. Rape culture is a [[culture]] that lets rape happen. It even encourages it. In the US 97% of rapists are never put in prison for their crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rainn.org/statistics/criminal-justice-system|title=The Criminal Justice System: Statistics - RAINN|website=www.rainn.org}}</ref> Some people are worried about women lying about being raped and men getting unfairly [[Punishment|punished]]. This happens much less often than people think. In a study of college athletes, they thought that women lie about being raped 50% of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://journals.cluteonline.com/index.php/CIER/article/viewFile/1201/1185 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |archive-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731031631/http://journals.cluteonline.com/index.php/CIER/article/viewFile/1201/1185 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2005 study by the British Home Office found that 2.5% of rape reports were false.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icdv.idaho.gov/conference/handouts/False-Allegations.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-05 |archive-date=2014-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319161850/http://www.icdv.idaho.gov/conference/handouts/False-Allegations.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Part of rape culture is [[victim blaming]]. This is when people say that someone who has been raped is the person to blame for their rape. An example of this is people saying that a rape victim was 'asking for it' because they were wearing a short [[skirt]]. It can also be more subtle. Victim blaming has been linked to the just world fallacy. This is when people think that the world is fair, so bad things only happen to people who have done something wrong. Victim-blaming is also related to [['slut-shaming']]. The idea of rape culture has been [[Criticism|criticized]]. [[Christina Hoff Sommers]] argues that rape is just one type of [[violent crime]] and America's culture of violence in general is what should be fought.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9502/sommers.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-29 |archive-date=2013-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030000137/http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9502/sommers.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Rape in wartime== [[File:Gottfried Sieben - Balkangreuel - 10.jpg|thumb|[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] soldiers raping women in the [[Balkans]], Gottfried Sieben, ''Balkangreuel'']] {{main|Wartime sexual violence}} Rape is frequently used as a form of [[psychological warfare]] and [[torture]] during wartime, and is considered a [[crime against humanity]]. == Statistics == It is not easy to find out how many people have been raped or how many people have raped. A lot of rape victims don't tell anyone that they were raped. They may be scared that they will not be believed or feel too ashamed to talk about what happened. The conviction rate for rape is very low so they might think reporting to police is a waste of time. The 2006-07 British Crime Survey found that 1 in every 200 women suffered from rape in that period. The same year 800 people were convicted of rape. This means less than 1 in every 100 reports of rape led to a conviction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2008/07/rape_a_complex_crime.html|title=BBC - Mark Easton's UK: Rape: A complex crime|first=Mark|last=Easton|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> A [[Statistical survey|survey]] by [[Mumsnet]] found that 68% of women would hesitate reporting a rape to the police because of low conviction rates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapecrisis.org.uk/news_show.php?id=67 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730082700/http://rapecrisis.org.uk/news_show.php?id=67 |url-status=dead }}</ref> So rape report statistics are not reliable. A person may be raped but [[Denial|deny]] or not realize that what happened to them is rape, so would not say 'yes' if they were asked in survey if they had been raped. A person is more likely to say they were raped or raped someone if the word 'rape' is not used in a survey question. Different countries have different legal definitions of rape. Marital rape or rape that is not male-female is not always counted in the law or [[statistics]]. Some studies ask what people think about rape instead of or as well of if they have raped or been raped. This comes from the idea that rape is a social problem. ===United States=== One in five women in the U.S. say they have been raped in their lives.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf</ref> One in three [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] women has been a victim of rape or attempted rape.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/minority-health/american-indians/violence.cfm |title=American Indian/Alaska Native women and violence &#124; womenshealth.gov |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514110314/http://womenshealth.gov/minority-health/american-indians/violence.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> One in six men in the U.S. say they were raped or [[Sexual abuse|sexually abused]] before age 18.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dube SR, Anda RF, ''et al.'' 2005 |title=Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-preventive-medicine_2005-06_28_5/page/430|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |year=2005 |volume=28 |issue= 5|pages= 430–438 |doi= 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.015|pmid=15894146 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Briere J and Elliot DM 2003 |title=Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-abuse-neglect_2003-10_27_10/page/1205|journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |year=2003 |volume=27 |issue= 10|pages=1205–1222 |doi= 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008|pmid=14602100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Holmes WC and Slap GB 1998 |title=Sexual abuse of boys: Definition, prevalence, correlates, sequelae, and management |url= |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |year=1998 |volume=280 |issue= 21|pages=1855–1862 |doi= 10.1001/jama.280.21.1855|pmid=9846781 }}</ref> [[Prostitution|Prostitutes]] have possibly the highest rape rate in the [[population]]. A 1996 study in San Francisco found that 70% of a sample of 200 female prostitutes had been raped.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://repository.asu.edu/attachments/110692/content/Cimino_asu_0010E_13111.pdf |access-date=2013-09-27 |archive-date=2020-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320191108/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/110692/content/Cimino_asu_0010E_13111.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== Opinion Matters surveyed a random sample of 1061 people in [[London]] aged 18 to 50 online. 20% had been raped (23% of 712 women and 15% of 349 men).<ref>http://www.thehavens.org.uk/media/Havens_Wake_Up_To_Rape_Report_Summary.pdf{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In a 2005 poll 26% of people thought that a woman is partly or fully responsible for her rape if she was wearing sexy clothing. 4% thought that there are more than 10,000 women raped a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases|title=Press Releases - Amnesty International UK|website=www.amnesty.org.uk}}</ref> 60% of 1000 women in a Rape Crisis survey thought that rape is not rape if the woman does not say 'no'. 16% had been raped.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/23973673/third-of-women-say-there-are-varying-degrees-of-rape|title=Third of women say there are varying degrees of rape|first=Interviews by Declan Harvey and Natalie Wyatt, words Amelia|last=Butterly|work=BBC News|date=9 June 2013|publisher=}}</ref> A 2009 study by [[NSPCC]] found that 1 in 16 girls between the age of 13 and 17 who were in relationships had been raped.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/partner_exploitation_and_violence_wda68092.html |title=Teenage domestic violence &#124; Partner exploitation in teenage intimate relationships &#124; NSPCC |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004202638/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/research/findings/partner_exploitation_and_violence_wda68092.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a survey between 2010 and 2012 of adults living in [[Great Britain|Britain]], 9.8% of women said they had been raped and 1.4% of men said they had been raped.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lifetime prevalence, associated factors, and circumstances of non-volitional sex in women and men in Britain: Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)|journal=The Lancet|date=30 November 2013|volume=382|issue=9907|pages=1845–1855|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62300-4|last1=MacDowall|first1=Wendy|last2=Gibson|first2=L. J.|last3=Tanton|first3=C.|last4=Mercer|first4=C. H.|last5=Lewis|first5=R.|last6=Clifton|first6=S.|last7=Field|first7=N.|last8=Datta|first8=J.|last9=Mitchell|first9=K. R.|last10=Sonnenberg|first10=P.|last11=Erens|first11=B.|last12=Copas|first12=A. J.|last13=Phelps|first13=A.|last14=Prah|first14=P.|last15=Johnson|first15=A. M.|last16=Wellings|first16=K.|pmid=24286789|pmc=3898964}}</ref> In 2013 the 'Savile effect' was described in the [[Mass media|media]]. In 2012 there was a lot of media coverage about claims of child sexual abuse against [[Jimmy Savile]]. The number of sex crimes reported to police increased 9%. This was linked to the sexual abuse scandal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23001428|title=Recorded sex crime up since Savile|first=Laura|last=Harmes|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013|publisher=}}</ref> ===Finland=== In [[Finland]] convicted rapists get very short [[Sentence (law)|sentences]] compared to other countries. Between 2001 and 2003 the average sentence for rape was two years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-02 |archive-date=2011-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317185917/http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/44/case-closed.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asia/Pacific=== In 2013 a study by the [[United Nations]] was published that asked 10,178 men in six countries ([[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Sri Lanka]]) if they had raped a woman who was not their partner. Over one in 10 said yes. When they were asked if they had raped a woman who was their partner, 1 in 4 said yes, making headlines. The highest rate was 62% of men in [[Bougainville Island]], Papua New Guinea who said they had raped a woman. 7.6% had raped a man. 14% of men from the area had took part in [[gang rape]]. 2.8% of the whole sample reported having raped another man. The lowest rate was 10 per cent in [[Urban area|urban]] [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/docs/WhyDoSomeMenUseViolenceAgainstWomen_P4P_Report.pdf|title=unwomen-asiapacific.org - Diese Website steht zum Verkauf! - Informationen zum Thema unwomen-asiapacific.|website=unwomen-asiapacific.org|access-date=2013-09-10|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030150/http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/docs/WhyDoSomeMenUseViolenceAgainstWomen_P4P_Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The majority of the men who had raped did not face any legal consequences. 42.7% had first raped between the age of 15 and 19. 73% said they raped because of sexual entitlement. 59% said they did it for fun. 38% said they had raped a woman to punish her. Alcohol was the least common reason. Men who had been sexually abused were more likely to rape. 20.8% of 1,863 Cambodian men had raped. Gang rape was the least common kind of rape in Cambodia. In Cambodia it was more common than non-partner rape by a rapist on their own. 81.7 percent of Cambodian women said that if a woman does not physically fight back it is not rape. Other research found that 87% of Cambodian girls and 87% of Cambodian boys don't think that gang rape of a prostitute by a group of men is wrong or actually rape.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cambodia.ahrchk.net/mainfile.php/news200304/595 |title=Gang Rape Has Become the Sport of the Young generation |access-date=2013-09-28 |archive-date=2012-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719183503/http://cambodia.ahrchk.net/mainfile.php/news200304/595/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 96.5% of Sri Lankan men who raped experienced no legal consequences. 20% of 8000 [[India]]n men in a survey by ICRW had committed marital rape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infochangeindia.org/women/news/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7038|title=Info Change India - Page Not Found|website=infochangeindia.org|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208173455/http://infochangeindia.org/women/news/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7038|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a survey by IUSSP 32% of Indian women said they had been raped in their lives.<ref>http://www.iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/APARNA%20MUKHERJEE_IUSSP1.pdf</ref> The conviction rate for rape in India is 24.21%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-24-21-per-cent-conviction-rate-for-rape-in-india-lower-every-year-1096959.html|title=A 24.21 percent conviction rate for rape in India, lower every year|website=Firstpost|date=10 September 2013}}</ref> ===South Africa=== [[South Africa]] has been described as the rape capital of the world. In a study in the [[Eastern Cape]] and [[KwaZulu-Natal]] by the South African Medical Research Council over one in four of 1737 [[Anonymity|anonymously]] surveyed men said that they had raped. 4.6% had raped and 5.3% had attempted rape in the last year. 16.8% had attempted rape ever. 8.9% had engaged in gang rape in their lives. 46.3% of men who had raped had raped more than one woman or girl and 53.9% had raped more than once. 7.1% raped 6-10. 7.7% said they had raped more than ten women or girls. 45% did not feel guilty. 9.8% of rapists were under 10 years old and 16.4% were 10–14 years old the first time they raped a girl of woman. However the sample contained more young men than the general population. The men who raped were much more likely to have experienced [[bullying]] and bad relationships with their parents. The most common reason given by the rapists for raping was entitlement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrc.ac.za/gender/violence_hiv.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-11 |archive-date=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516150322/http://www.mrc.ac.za/gender/violence_hiv.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In another study in [[Gauteng]], South Africa's [[wealth]]iest [[province]], over 1 in 3 (37.4%) of the 487 men asked admitted to rape. Two thirds of men said they raped because of feeling entitled to sex. Other reasons given were that they wanted to have fun or to punish a woman. 25.3% of 511 women said they had been raped.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/25/south-african-rape-survey|title=One in three South African men admit to rape, survey finds|first=David|last=Smith|newspaper=The Guardian |date=25 November 2010|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa says that in 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women they asked in [[Johannesburg]] were raped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/258446.stm|title=BBC News - Africa - South Africa's rape shock|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> A 2013 study of grade-nine boys at 46 [[secondary school]]s in [[Cape Town]] and [[Port Elizabeth]] found that 17.2% had raped.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://sti.bmj.com/content/89/Suppl_1/A270.2|title=P3.387 Prevalence and Predictors of Rape Perpetration Among Male Secondary School Students in Peri-Urban Xhosa Communities in South Africa|first1=D. A.|last1=Ross|first2=S.|last2=Delany-Moretlwe|first3=H. A.|last3=Weiss|first4=S.|last4=Dringus|first5=E. B.|last5=Kaufman|first6=Z. A.|last6=Kaufman|date=1 July 2013|journal=Sex Transm Infect|volume=89|issue=Suppl 1|pages=A270|via=sti.bmj.com|doi=10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0840|s2cid=71199068}}</ref> A study of 1370 [[Rural area|rural]] South African men aged 15–26 from 70 [[village]]s found that 21% had raped. The average age of first rape was 17.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rape+perpetration+by+young+rural+South+African+men:+prevalence,+patterns+and+risk+factors.|title=Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors|first1=Rachel|last1=Jewkes|first2=Kristin|last2=Dunkle|first3=Mary P.|last3=Koss|first4=Jonathan B.|last4=Levin|first5=Mzikazi|last5=Nduna|first6=Nwabisa|last6=Jama|first7=Yandisa|last7=Sikweyiya|date=1 December 2006|journal=Social Science & Medicine (1982)|volume=63|issue=11|pages=2949–2961|via=PubMed|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.027|pmid=16962222}}</ref> Other very different statistics have been reported. In "The South African demographic and health survey of 1998" 4% of women aged 15 to 49 said they had been raped. The reason for the differences in the statistics are not known.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/rape/rape.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-09-22 |archive-date=2016-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828192318/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Rape/Rape.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rape between men is not part of the legal rape definition in South Africa. ===Lesotho=== In a study of 1,049 women in [[Lesotho]], 33% said they had been raped by the age of 18. In 66% of cases the rapist was a boyfriend.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_114115.htm|title=Magnitude of sexual violence in Lesotho|website=apha.confex.com}}</ref> ===Tanzania=== A study in [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania|Tanzania's]] largest city, found that 1 out of 5 women over the age of 12 (the age group studied) have been raped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioline.org.br/request?rh04048|title=Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)|website=www.bioline.org.br}}</ref> 10% had reported their rapes to police. ===Democratic Republic of Congo=== A 2010 study estimated that 1,100 women are raped every day in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], a statistic 26 times higher than the previous estimate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rape of women in DR Congo ‘tops 1000 a day’|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/5/12/rape-of-women-in-dr-congo-tops-1000-a-day|access-date=2024-05-12|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> An analysis of 2,565 patients who received medical care in the [[Doctors Without Borders|Médecins Sans Frontières]] [[sexual violence]] clinic in Ituri found that 96% were female. 73% were raped by [[Weapon|armed]] men. 95.2% of the male victims were raped by armed men. 35.9% of females who were asked if they had became pregnant as a result of their rape said yes. 74.5% experienced gang rape (89.3% of male and 73.9% of female victims), usually involving 2-4 rapists. 48.6% of victims were raped while doing daily chores outside the home like collecting water and 12.3% in their own homes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo|first1=Françoise|last1=Duroch|first2=Melissa|last2=McRae|first3=Rebecca F.|last3=Grais|date=19 April 2011|journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights|volume=11|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/1472-698X-11-5|doi-access=free |pmid=21504596|pmc=3108309}}</ref> ===Botswana=== 10.3% of women in [[Botswana]] said that they had been raped in a 2011 study. 3.9% of men said they had raped.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal|title=Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland|first1=Alexander C.|last1=Tsai|first2=Karen|last2=Leiter|first3=Michele|last3=Heisler|first4=Vincent|last4=Iacopino|first5=William|last5=Wolfe|first6=Kate|last6=Shannon|first7=Nthabiseng|last7=Phaladze|first8=Zakhe|last8=Hlanze|first9=Sheri D.|last9=Weiser|date=1 June 2011|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=101|issue=6|pages=1068–1074|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2010.300060|pmid=21493950|pmc=3093262}}</ref> === Eswatini === 5% of [[Eswatini]] men in a study had raped.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> 11.4% of women had been raped. ===Ethiopia=== A study in [[Addis Ababa]] of high school boys found that 4.3% had been raped in their lives.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Prevalence of sexual abuse of male high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|first1=Rahel Tesfaye|last1=Haile|first2=Negussie Deyessa|last2=Kebeta|first3=Getnet Mitike|last3=Kassie|date=16 May 2013|journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights|volume=13|issue=1|pages=24|doi=10.1186/1472-698X-13-24|doi-access=free |pmid=23680171|pmc=3682909}}</ref> In a sample of street females in Bahir-Dar town 24.3% had been raped in their lives and 11.4% were raped in the last year. 93.8% of the rapes were not reported. 19.1% became pregnant as a result of their rape. A study of 374 female students at [[Wolaita Sodo University]] found that 23.4% had experienced attempted rape and 8.7% had been raped. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) found among a sample of women in rural [[Ethiopia]] who had had sex, 17% said that the first time they had sex it was forced.<ref>http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf</ref> ===Ghana=== In a survey 8% of 2011 [[Ghana]]ian women had been raped. 5% of men had raped a wife or girlfriend.<ref>http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw-stat-2005/docs/expert-papers/Ardayfio.pdf</ref> ===Nigeria=== Out of a sample of 295 female students from Ebonyi State University Abakaliki in Southeast [[Nigeria]], 10.8% had been raped on campus.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcmphc/article/view/84665|title=Prevalence of sexual harassment/victimization of female students in Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria|first1=N. B.|last1=Emma-Echiegu|first2=C. E.|last2=Ogbonnaya|first3=L. U.|last3=Ogbonnaya|date=1 January 2011|journal=Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care|volume=23|issue=1–2|pages=55–67–67|via=www.ajol.info}}</ref> In another study of 12-19-year-old students from schools in Oyo State found that 68.3% of [[Intellectual disability|intellectually disabled]] females with sexual experience had been raped.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Differences in HIV knowledge and sexual practices of learners with intellectual disabilities and non-disabled learners in Nigeria|first1=Toyin J|last1=Aderemi|first2=Basil J|last2=Pillay|first3=Tonya M|last3=Esterhuizen|date=8 February 2013|journal=Journal of the International AIDS Society|volume=16|issue=1|page=17331|doi=10.7448/IAS.16.1.17331|pmid=23394898|pmc=3568677}}</ref> In a 2013 poll, 34% of 585 randomly chosen Nigerians said that 'indecent dressing' is the most common cause of rape in their [[society]]. 79% agreed with the statement 'most rapes in Nigeria go unreported'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noi-polls.com/root/|title=Welcome to NOI Polls|website=noi-polls.com|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405105334/https://noi-polls.com/root/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Nigeria raping someone you are married to (marital rape) is not recognized as a crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://academicjournals.org/article/article1379405215_Esere+et+al.pdf|title=Academic Journals - Journals|website=academicjournals.org}}</ref> == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Rape}} * [http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip//internl.html International Rape Crisis Hotlines] The is a list of International Rape Crisis Hotlines from [http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip/ Rape Crisis Information] * [http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=violence&refid=011menu University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005035257/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=violence&refid=011menu |date=2008-10-05 }} This article discusses different types of rape including date rape, gang rape, marital rape, prison rape, acquaintance rape, and wartime rape. * [http://www.rainn.org/ Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network] RAINN is the largest anti-sexual assault organization. * [http://www.1in6.org 1 in 6: Support for Men and Those who Care About Them] Website for men who have been raped or sexually abused ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Rape| ]] 09r8n4necz5txfqwo7mdp76rqezsu97 0 15678 10330055 10323856 2025-06-14T13:50:58Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = German Reich {{small|{{nobold|(1933–1943)}}<br />{{big|{{nobold|''Deutsches Reich''}}}}}}<hr />Greater German Reich {{small|{{nobold|(1943–1945)}}<br />{{big|{{nobold|''Großdeutsches Reich''}}}}}}<!-- do not replace with 'Nazi Germany', that's the modern COMMONNAME, whereas this parameter is for the official name --> | native_name = | common_name = Germany | era = [[Interwar period|Interwar]]/[[World War II]] | event_start = [[Nazi Party|Seizure of Power]] | year_start = 1933 | date_start = 30 January | event1 = [[Enabling Act]] | date_event1 = 23 March 1933 | event2 = [[Anschluss]] | date_event2 = 12 March 1938 | event3 = [[World War II]] | date_event3 = 1 September 1939 | event4 = [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Death of Hitler]] | date_event4 = 30 April 1945 | event5 = [[Wehrmacht|Surrender]] | date_event5 = 8 May 1945 | event_end = [[Nazi Party|Final dissolution]] | year_end = 1945 | date_end = 23 May | legislature = ''[[Nazi Party|Großdeutscher Reichstag]]''{{ref label|b|b|}} | house1 = ''[[Nazi Party|Reichsrat]]'' (abolished in 1934) | type_house1 = State council | p1 = Weimar Republic | flag_p1 = Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg | p2 = Territory of the Saar Basin{{!}}Saar Basin | flag_p2 = Flag of Saar 1920-1935.svg <!-- Only include territories fully or in-part annexed into Germany proper, not mere puppet states or other occupied territories. -->| p3 = Federal State of Austria{{!}}Austria | flag_p3 = Flag of Austria.svg | p4 = First Czechoslovak Republic{{!}}Czechoslovakia | flag_p4 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | p5 = Lithuania | flag_p5 = Flag of Lithuania.svg | p6 = Second Polish Republic{{!}}Poland | flag_p6 = Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg | p7 = Free City of Danzig{{!}}Danzig | flag_p7 = Flag of the Free City of Danzig.svg | p8 = Kingdom of Yugoslavia{{!}}Yugoslavia | flag_p8 = Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (state).svg | p9 = French Third Republic{{!}}France | flag_p9 = Flag of France (1794-1815).svg | p10 = Luxembourg | flag_p10 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | s1 = Allied-occupied Germany{{!}}Occupied Germany | flag_s1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg | border_s1 = no | s2 = Allied-occupied Austria{{!}}Occupied Austria | flag_s2 = Flag of Austria.svg | s3 = Polish People's Republic | flag_s3 = Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg | s4 = Czechoslovakia | flag_s4 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | s5 = Democratic Federal Yugoslavia{{!}}Yugoslavia | flag_s5 = Flag of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.svg | s6 = Provisional Government of the French Republic{{!}}France | flag_s6 = Flag of France (1794-1815).svg | s7 = Luxembourg | flag_s7 = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | s8 = Soviet Union | flag_s8 = Flag of the Soviet Union (1936-1955).svg | image_flag = [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|140px]] | flag_caption = Flag (1935–1945) | flag_type = {{big|Left: [[Flag of Germany|National flag and ensign]] (1935–1945)}}<br>{{big|Right: [[Flag of Germany|National flag and ensign]] (1933–1935)}} | other_symbol = [[File:Reichsadler Deutsches Reich (1935–1945).svg|150px]] | other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany|Emblem of the German Reich]]: | image_map = File:Greater German Reich (1942).svg | image_map_caption = Germany's territorial control at its greatest {{nowrap|extent during [[World War II]] (late 1942):}} {{plainlist|style=padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left;| * {{legend|#008000|{{big|[[German Reich|Germany proper]]}}}} * {{legend|#55c255|{{big|[[Nazi Party|Civilian-administered occupied territories]]}}}} * {{legend|#a5dfa5|{{big|[[Nazi Party|Military-administered occupied territories]]}}}} }} | image_map2 = File:Grossdeutsches Reich Staatliche Administration 1944.png | image_map2_caption = Administrative divisions of Germany, July 1944 | anthems = <br />''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''[[File:Deutschlandlied (old recording).oga]]<br />{{small|("The Song of the Germans")}}<br />'''and''' ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br />[[File:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg]]<br />{{small|("The Horst Wessel Song")}} | capital = [[Berlin]] | common_languages = [[German language|German]] | government_type = ''[[Reichswehr|Wehrstaat]]''<ref>Kolb, Eberhard ''The Weimar Republic'' London: Routledge, 2005, p. 173.</ref><ref>Hillgruber, Andreas ''Germany and the Two World Wars'', Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 pages 41–45.</ref><ref>Nicholls, A.J. ''Weimar and the Rise of Hitler'', New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, pages 163–164.</ref>{{sfn|Geyer|pp=122–123}}{{sfn|Förster|1998|pp=267–268}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheeler-Bennett|first=John|year=1967|title=The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945|location=London, UK|publisher=Macmillan|pages=295–96}}</ref>{{sfn|Nicholls|2000|pp=163–164}}{{sfn|Turner|1996|pp=20–21}}<ref name="Feuchtwanger, Edgar pages 252–253">Feuchtwanger, Edgar ''From Weimar to Hitler'', London: Macmillan, 1993, pp. 252–53.</ref><ref name="Geyer 1983, pp. 122">Geyer, Michael "Etudes in Political History: Reichswehr, NSDAP and the Seizure of Power" pp. 101–23, from ''The Nazi Machtergreifung'', edited by Peter Stachura, London: Allen & Unwin, 1983, pp. 122–23.</ref>{{sfn|Müller|1987|p=28}}<br />([[Wehrmacht|Military State]])<hr>[[Unitary]] [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[one-party state|single-party]] [[totalitarianism|totalitarian military state]] | title_leader = [[Adolf Hitler|Head of State]] | leader1 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]{{efn|as [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]]|name="President"}} | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | leader2 = [[Adolf Hitler]]{{efn|as [[Führer]]|name="Fuhrer"}} | year_leader2 = 1934–1945 | leader3 = [[Karl Dönitz]]{{efn|as [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]]|name="President"}} | year_leader3 = 1945 | title_deputy = [[Adolf Hitler|Chancellor]] | deputy1 = [[Adolf Hitler]] | year_deputy1 = 1933–1934 | deputy2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | year_deputy2 = 1945 | deputy3 = [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]]{{ref label|ch|1|}} | year_deputy3 = 1945 | stat_area1 = 633,786 | stat_year1 = 1939 | ref_area1 = {{efn|name=statistics}} | stat_year2 = 1940 | stat_pop2 = 109,518,183 | ref_pop2 = {{Efn|{{cite journal|title=Die Bevölkerung des Deutschen Reichs nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung 1939, Berlin 1941.|issue=2}} }} | currency = ''[[Reichsmark]]'' (ℛℳ) | footnote_a = {{note|a}} Officially "''Großdeutsches Reich''"<br>("Greater German Reich"), 1943–1945. | footnote_b = {{note|b}} Officially "''Großdeutscher Reichstag''"<br>("[[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] of the Greater German Reich"), 1938–1945. | demonym = German | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = $412.000 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 1941 | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = | stat_area2 = 823,505 | stat_pop1 = 79,375,281 | religion = ''1939 census''<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Gailus| first1 = Manfred| last2 = Nolzen| first2 = Armin| title = Zerstrittene »Volksgemeinschaft«: Glaube, Konfession und Religion im Nationalsozialismus| year = 2011| publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht| isbn = 978-3-647-30029-0| pages = 195–196 }}</ref><br>'''Majority:'''<br>94.5% [[Christian]]<br>([[Protestant]], [[Roman Catholic]])<br>'''Minorities:'''<br>3.5% ''[[Nazi|Gottgläubig]]''<br>1.5% [[Irreligion|Irreligious]]<br>0.4% [[Jewish]]<br>0.1% Other religions | footnote_c = {{note|ch}} Formally titled "Leading Minister" or "Chief Minister" (''Leitender Minister'') | coordinates = {{coord|52|31|N|13|23|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital }} '''Nazi Germany''' (officially known as the '''German Third Reich''' from 1933 to 1943, later known as the '''Greater German Reich''' from 1943 to 1945), is the period when [[Adolf Hitler]] (the Nazi leader) and the [[Nazi Party]] controlled Germany. It is also sometimes called the '''Third Reich''' ({{Lang-de|Drittes Reich}}), which means the 'Third [[Empire]]' or 'Third Realm'. The first German empire was the [[Holy Roman Empire]] which lasted from the year 800 or 962 until it collapsed in 1806 in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The second was the [[German Empire]] of 1871 to 1918 which collapsed in 1918 when [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] was forced to abdicate the [[throne]] when the [[Weimar Republic]] was formed in 1918. The [[Nazis]] said they were making the third, even if itself never was the monarchy at all. However, the term 'Third Reich' was more popular in other countries. In Germany it was merely '''The Reich''' ([[Pronunciation|pronounced]] 'rike') or the Greater German Reich ({{lang-de|Großdeutsches Reich}}). Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany until it was defeated in [[World War II]] in the [[Battle of Berlin#Berlin fell|Battle of Berlin]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-09|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Battle of Berlin#Berlin fell|reason= }}, when he [[Suicide|killed himself]] in 1945. The Nazi Party was destroyed in the same year. Its leaders ran away, were [[Arrest|arrested]], or killed themselves. Some were [[Execution|executed]] for [[War crime|war crimes]] by the [[Allied powers]]. Other leaders survived, and some of them got important jobs. However, their [[Nazi eugenics|racial policies]] never again held power in Germany. The Nazi government was formed under the idea that the "[[Aryan race]]" (pure [[White people|white]] [[Germans]]) deserved to rule over all other races. This idea gained respect after the [[Great Depression]] made many important Germans poor and powerless. Hitler blamed the problems on [[Jewish|Jews]], [[Communism|communists]], [[Liberalism|liberals]], and many others. He made many Germans feel like they were [[innocent]] [[Victim|victims]] who had to take charge over [[Europe]]. The Nazis also tried to make an [[empire]] with [[colonies]], and used their ally [[Italy|Italy's]] colonies in [[Africa]] as a model.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernhard|first=Patrick|date=2016-01-01|title=Hitler's Africa in the East: Italian Colonialism as a Model for German Planning in Eastern Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009414561825|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|language=en|volume=51|issue=1|pages=61–90|doi=10.1177/0022009414561825|issn=0022-0094|s2cid=159506682}}</ref> When the Nazi government was destroyed at the end of World War II, Germany was split into four [[Allied-occupied Germany|"occupation zones"]] which later became [[East Germany]] and [[West Germany]]. ==History== {{Further|History of Germany#1938 and after|The Holocaust}} The Nazis came to power in 1933 and made their power absolute with an "[[Enabling Act of 1933]]" and an unfair referendum. They centralized Germany, replacing local self-government. They strengthened the [[economy]] by doing business with the Soviet Union and foreign companies like [[General Motors]] and [[IBM]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beatty|first=Jack|date=2001-04-04|title=Hitler's Willing Business Partners|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/04/hitlers-willing-business-partners/303146/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref> They put the [[Schutzstaffel]] in control of the local police, and started the [[Gestapo]] to find, [[jail]], and [[Killing|kill]] political enemies. They immediately banned Jews from important jobs, and soon restricted them in other ways. After a few years they expanded the [[Wehrmacht]] and built the armed forces far beyond the limits of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. They also cooperated and [[Tripartite Pact|made agreements]] with [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. ===World War II: 1939-1945=== On September 1st, 1939, German forces [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|attacked Poland]], which began World War II. With over a [[million]] troops, Hitler's army easily took over [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], losing about 59,000 soldiers. Their [[country]] was also attacked by the Soviet Union from the east.<ref>Beevor, Antony 2012. ''The Second World War'', p22 & 27/8. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-02374-0</ref> [[Poland]] lost over 900,000 soldiers. On October 12, 1939, Hitler sent a letter to the United Kingdom promising [[peace]]. The British continued the war. Hitler conquered France in the [[Battle of France]]. Then he sent the [[Luftwaffe]] to attack [[England]]. [[Winston Churchill]], now [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], did not [[Surrender (military)|surrender]]. The [[Battle of Britain]] lasted from July to October 1940. When it failed, Hitler ordered the mass [[bombardment]] of [[London]]. That also failed, and Hitler decided to face east for his racial war of destroying the [[Slavs]] and Jews. This gave Britain time to regain power. In 1941, Hitler ordered ''"[[Operation Barbarossa]]."'' It lasted from June 22, 1941 until December 5, 1941. [[Josef Stalin|Joseph Stalin]], the leader of the [[Soviet Union]], had weakened his army with his Great Purges, which had killed many Russian officers before the war. During [[Operation Barbarossa]], many more [[Red Army|Soviet soldiers]] died than Germans. At [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], however, about a million soldiers died on each side. While the Soviet Union could replace its losses, Germany could not. After Stalingrad, the Germans lost their momentum. The Soviets learned from the long campaigns, fought better, and gained many new weapons from very efficient factories. The United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union fought together, and pushed against the smaller German army. In May 1945, they took over [[Berlin]] to win the war. Many people from all sides of the war died fighting in Europe, including: * Around one million German soldiers. * About one million French, British, and American soldiers. While fighting in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]: * About 5 million German soldiers, and soldiers from other [[Fascism|fascist]] countries died. * About 7 million Soviet soldiers died fighting against them. * About 2 million Soviet soldiers died in [[Nazi concentration camps]] and [[prisoner of war]] camps from starvation, [[disease]], freezing to death, and [[Execution|executions]]. ==Related pages== * [[Independent State of Croatia]] * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[List of Nazi concentration camps]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Notes== {{notes | notes = {{efn | name = statistics | In 1939, before Germany acquired control of the last two regions which had been in its control before the Versailles Treaty—Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig, and the Polish Corridor—its area was {{convert|633786|km2|sqmi}}. See {{harvnb|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}}. }} }} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Fascism]] [[Category:World War II]] [[Category:Nazi Germany| ]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:1940s in Germany]] [[Category:20th century in Europe]] [[Category:1930s establishments in Germany]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments in Germany]] [[Category:States and territories established in the 20th century]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 20th century]] 6hexptwisdxt967ygq119isn29rv1at 0 15717 10331324 10303462 2025-06-15T02:05:15Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 ddhdhhdhd 10331324 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''tomato''' (''Solanum lycopersicum'') is a [[vegetable]]/botanical [[fruit]], or specifically, a [[berry]] (but not a fruit as ordinary people use the word).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato|title=Tomato Description, Cultivation, & History}}</ref> Tomatoes are shiny and smooth with many small seeds. They are very good for health. Most tomatoes are red, but are green when unripe. They slowly change color from green to red as they get ripe, and as they get ripe they get bigger and bigger. There are many different types of tomatoes. Some kinds of tomato are yellow or orange when they are ripe. Tomatoes are used a lot in [[Italian cuisine|Italian food]]. They are also used to make ketchup. Tomatoes are called fruit, because they contain seeds. Tomato seeds get spread around by being eaten by animals. After being eaten the seeds pass through the animal's [[digestive system]]. Although tomatoes are really fruits, many people call them [[vegetables]] and treat them like vegetables when they cook. Tomatoes are a [[savory]] product. ==History== The tomato is native to western [[South America]]. Wild versions were small, like cherry tomatoes, and most likely yellow instead of red. The Spanish first introduced tomatoes to Europe, where they became used in Spanish and Italian food. The French and northern Europeans wrongly thought that they were poisonous as they are a member of the deadly [[nightshade]] family.<ref name=":0" /> The leaves and immature fruit contains [[tomatine]], which in large amounts would be toxic. However, the ripe fruit contains no tomatine. ==As food== The tomato is grown and eaten around the world. It is used in many ways, such as raw in salads or in slices, stewed, a part of a wide variety of dishes, or processed into ketchup or tomato soup. Unripe green tomatoes can also be breaded and [[fried]], used to make salsa, or pickled. Tomato juice is sold as a drink, and is used in cocktails such as the Bloody Mary. Tomatoes contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and potassium. A medium tomato contains approximately 15 grams of [[vitamin C]] and 290 grams of [[potassium]]. ==Related pages== * [[List of fruits]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/question143.htm "Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?"] * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=question143.htm&url=http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch8.html Tomato history and nutrition] * [https://www.calorietarget.com/calorietarget/tomatoes/?pf=1 Tomato Nutrition Facts] {{fruits}} {{Berries}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tomatoes| ]] [[Category:Pages needing to be simplified from June 2023]] {{food-stub}} ly500drpg1uualufeaohtevwkl6too0 10331327 10331324 2025-06-15T02:05:54Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by 2600:8801:2995:1A00:2D7B:EB2D:C9C5:AA5C. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = Tomato | image = Bright red tomato and cross section02.jpg | image_caption = Cross-section and full view of a hothouse (greenhouse-grown) tomato | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] | ordo = [[Solanales]] | familia = [[Solanaceae]] | genus = ''[[Solanum]]'' | species = '''''S. lycopersicum''''' | binomial = ''Solanum lycopersicum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = ''Lycopersicon lycopersicum'' <small>(L.) H. Karst.</small><br /> ''Lycopersicon esculentum ''<small>Mill.</small><ref name="NHM">{{cite web | quote = Molecular phylogenetic analyses have established that the formerly segregate genera ''Lycopersicon'', ''Cyphomandra'', ''Normania'', and ''Triguera'' are nested within ''Solanum'', and all species of these four genera have been transferred to ''Solanum'' | url = http://solanaceaesource.org/content/phylogeny-0 | publisher = | title = Phylogeny }}</ref> }} The '''tomato''' (''Solanum lycopersicum'') is a [[vegetable]]/botanical [[fruit]], or specifically, a [[berry]] (but not a fruit as ordinary people use the word).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato|title=Tomato Description, Cultivation, & History}}</ref> Tomatoes are shiny and smooth with many small seeds. They are very good for health. Most tomatoes are red, but are green when unripe. They slowly change color from green to red as they get ripe, and as they get ripe they get bigger and bigger. There are many different types of tomatoes. Some kinds of tomato are yellow or orange when they are ripe. Tomatoes are used a lot in [[Italian cuisine|Italian food]]. They are also used to make ketchup. Tomatoes are called fruit, because they contain seeds. Tomato seeds get spread around by being eaten by animals. After being eaten the seeds pass through the animal's [[digestive system]]. Although tomatoes are really fruits, many people call them [[vegetables]] and treat them like vegetables when they cook. Tomatoes are a [[savory]] product. ==History== The tomato is native to western [[South America]]. Wild versions were small, like cherry tomatoes, and most likely yellow instead of red. The Spanish first introduced tomatoes to Europe, where they became used in Spanish and Italian food. The French and northern Europeans wrongly thought that they were poisonous as they are a member of the deadly [[nightshade]] family.<ref name=":0" /> The leaves and immature fruit contains [[tomatine]], which in large amounts would be toxic. However, the ripe fruit contains no tomatine. ==As food== The tomato is grown and eaten around the world. It is used in many ways, such as raw in salads or in slices, stewed, a part of a wide variety of dishes, or processed into ketchup or tomato soup. Unripe green tomatoes can also be breaded and [[fried]], used to make salsa, or pickled. Tomato juice is sold as a drink, and is used in cocktails such as the Bloody Mary. Tomatoes contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and potassium. A medium tomato contains approximately 15 grams of [[vitamin C]] and 290 grams of [[potassium]]. ==Related pages== * [[List of fruits]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/question143.htm "Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?"] * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=question143.htm&url=http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch8.html Tomato history and nutrition] * [https://www.calorietarget.com/calorietarget/tomatoes/?pf=1 Tomato Nutrition Facts] {{fruits}} {{Berries}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tomatoes| ]] [[Category:Pages needing to be simplified from June 2023]] {{food-stub}} 6lq2e7s3wjyzz4yqhju5mlhn1qloeez 10331345 10331327 2025-06-15T02:36:45Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 /* As food */ - added links 10331345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = Tomato | image = Bright red tomato and cross section02.jpg | image_caption = Cross-section and full view of a hothouse (greenhouse-grown) tomato | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] | ordo = [[Solanales]] | familia = [[Solanaceae]] | genus = ''[[Solanum]]'' | species = '''''S. lycopersicum''''' | binomial = ''Solanum lycopersicum'' | binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = ''Lycopersicon lycopersicum'' <small>(L.) H. Karst.</small><br /> ''Lycopersicon esculentum ''<small>Mill.</small><ref name="NHM">{{cite web | quote = Molecular phylogenetic analyses have established that the formerly segregate genera ''Lycopersicon'', ''Cyphomandra'', ''Normania'', and ''Triguera'' are nested within ''Solanum'', and all species of these four genera have been transferred to ''Solanum'' | url = http://solanaceaesource.org/content/phylogeny-0 | publisher = | title = Phylogeny }}</ref> }} The '''tomato''' (''Solanum lycopersicum'') is a [[vegetable]]/botanical [[fruit]], or specifically, a [[berry]] (but not a fruit as ordinary people use the word).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato|title=Tomato Description, Cultivation, & History}}</ref> Tomatoes are shiny and smooth with many small seeds. They are very good for health. Most tomatoes are red, but are green when unripe. They slowly change color from green to red as they get ripe, and as they get ripe they get bigger and bigger. There are many different types of tomatoes. Some kinds of tomato are yellow or orange when they are ripe. Tomatoes are used a lot in [[Italian cuisine|Italian food]]. They are also used to make ketchup. Tomatoes are called fruit, because they contain seeds. Tomato seeds get spread around by being eaten by animals. After being eaten the seeds pass through the animal's [[digestive system]]. Although tomatoes are really fruits, many people call them [[vegetables]] and treat them like vegetables when they cook. Tomatoes are a [[savory]] product. ==History== The tomato is native to western [[South America]]. Wild versions were small, like cherry tomatoes, and most likely yellow instead of red. The Spanish first introduced tomatoes to Europe, where they became used in Spanish and Italian food. The French and northern Europeans wrongly thought that they were poisonous as they are a member of the deadly [[nightshade]] family.<ref name=":0" /> The leaves and immature fruit contains [[tomatine]], which in large amounts would be [[Poison|toxic]]. However, the ripe fruit contains no tomatine. ==As food== The tomato is grown and eaten around the world. It is used in many ways, such as raw in salads or in slices, stewed, a part of a wide variety of dishes, or processed into [[ketchup]] or tomato soup. Unripe green tomatoes can also be breaded and [[fried]], used to make [[Salsa (sauce)|salsa]], or pickled. Tomato juice is sold as a drink, and is used in cocktails such as the [[Bloody Mary (cocktail)|Bloody Mary]]. Tomatoes contain many nutrients but is highest in vitamin C and potassium. A medium tomato contains approximately 15 grams of [[vitamin C]] and 290 grams of [[potassium]]. ==Related pages== * [[List of fruits]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/question143.htm "Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?"] * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=question143.htm&url=http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch8.html Tomato history and nutrition] * [https://www.calorietarget.com/calorietarget/tomatoes/?pf=1 Tomato Nutrition Facts] {{fruits}} {{Berries}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tomatoes| ]] [[Category:Pages needing to be simplified from June 2023]] {{food-stub}} 9git6mfj0k5poa8cvgwhu404rrzhzr6 0 15789 10331019 10329178 2025-06-14T22:59:47Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of Honduras |common_name = Honduras |native_name = ''República de Honduras'' {{small|([[Honduran Spanish|Spanish]])}} |image_flag = Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Honduras.svg |national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{native phrase|es|"Libre, Soberana e Independiente"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Free, Sovereign and Independent"}}}} |national_anthem = "[[National Anthem of Honduras|Himno Nacional de Honduras]]"<br />{{small|"National Anthem of Honduras"}} [[File:Honduras National Anthem.ogg|center]] |image_map = HND orthographic.svg |image_map2 = |capital = [[Tegucigalpa]] |coordinates = {{Coord|14|6|N|87|13|W|type:city}} |largest_city = Tegucigalpa |official_languages = [[Honduran Spanish|Spanish]] |regional_languages = |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |90% [[Mestizo]] (mixed [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] and [[White Latin Americans|White]]) |7% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] |2% [[Afro-Honduran]] |1% [[White Latin Americans|White]] }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2016 |ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=cia/> |religion = {{unbulleted list |{{percent|87}} [[Christianity]] |—{{percent|46}} [[Catholic Church in Honduras|Catholic]] |—{{percent|41}} [[Protestant]] |{{percent|10}} [[Irreligion in Latin America|Unaffiliated]] |{{percent|2}} Other }} |religion_ref = <ref name="PewResearch">{{cite web|title=Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf|page=14|accessdate=17 December 2019|language=en|date=November 2014}}</ref> | religion_year = 2014 |demonym = {{hlist |Honduran |Catracho(a)}} |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Honduras|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Xiomara Castro]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Honduras|Vice President]] |leader_name2 = [[Doris Guitierrez]] |leader_title3 = [[National Congress of Honduras|President of National Congress]] |leader_name3 = [[Luis Redondo]] |legislature = [[National Congress of Honduras|National Congress]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = {{nowrap|Declared^b from [[Spain]]}} |established_date1 = 15 September 1821 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|Declared from the<br />[[First Mexican Empire]]}} |established_date2 = 1 July 1823 |established_event3 = Declared, as Honduras, from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] |established_date3 = 5 November 1838 |area_km2 = 112,492 |area_rank = 101st <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_sq_mi = 43,278 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> |percent_water = |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Honduras}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_census = 8,303,771 |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_estimate_rank = 95th |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 85 |population_density_sq_mi = 221 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> |population_density_rank = {{ordinal|128}} |GDP_PPP = $49.010 billion<ref name=imf2 >{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=54&pr.y=9&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=268&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 104th |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,817<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 133rd |GDP_nominal = $23.835 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 108th |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,829<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 128th |Gini = 50 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2023 |Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=HN |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.681 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 125nd |currency = [[Honduran lempira|Lempira]] |currency_code = HNL |time_zone = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset = −6 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+504]] |cctld = [[.hn]] |footnote_a = Mixture of European and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indian]]. |footnote_b = As part of the [[Federal Republic of Central America]]. <!----ORPHANED: |footnote_? = "Libre, soberana e independiente" is the official motto, by congressional order, and was put on the coat of arms. -----> |footnotes = Population estimates explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected, as of July 2007. }} '''Honduras''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Honduras.ogg|h|ɒ|n|ˈ|dj|ʊər|ə|s|,_|-|ˈ|d|ʊər|-}}, {{IPAc-en|-|æ|s}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{IPA-es|onˈduɾas|lang|ES-pe - Honduras.ogg}}), officially the '''Republic of Honduras''' ({{lang-es|República de Honduras}}),<!-- {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe onˈduɾas|}} --> is a country in [[Central America]]. The [[republic]] of Honduras is bordered to the west by [[Guatemala]], to the southwest by [[El Salvador]], to the southeast by [[Nicaragua]], to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the [[Gulf of Fonseca]], and to the north by the [[Gulf of Honduras]], a large inlet of the [[Caribbean Sea]].Honduras spans about {{convert|112,492|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and has a population exceeding {{#expr:floor({{replace|{{UN_Population|Honduras}}|,||}}/1e6)}} million.{{UN_Population|ref}} Its northern portions are part of the [[western Caribbean zone]], as reflected in the area's demographics and culture. Honduras is known for its rich natural resources, including [[mineral]]s, [[coffee]], [[tropical fruit]], and [[sugar cane]], as well as for its growing [[textile]]s industry, which serves the international market. ==Etymology==<!--linked--> The literal meaning of the term "Honduras" is "depths" in Spanish. The name could either refer to the bay of Trujillo as an anchorage, ''fondura'' in the [[Leonese dialect]] of Spanish, or to [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]'s alleged. It was not until the end of the 16th century that ''Honduras'' was used for the whole province. Prior to 1580, ''Honduras'' referred to only the eastern part of the province, and ''Higueras'' referred to the western part.<ref name=Davidson2006/> Another early name is [[Guaimura|Guaymuras]], Hondurans are often referred to as ''[[Catracho]]'' or ''Catracha''. ==History== {{Main|History of Honduras}} [[File:Pinturas Rupestres Santa Elena Honduras.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Ancient paint in Santa Elena, Honduras]] ===Pre-colonial period=== {{Further|Mesoamerican chronology}} {{See also|Bajo Aguán}} In pre-Columbian times, almost all of modern Honduras was part of the [[Mesoamerica]]n cultural area, with the exception of [[La Mosquitia (Honduras)|La Mosquitia]] in the extreme east, which seems to have been more connected to the [[Isthmo-Colombian area]] although also in contact with and influenced by Mesoamerican societies. In the extreme west, Mayan civilization flourished for hundreds of years. The dominant and most well-known and well-studied state within Honduras' borders was in [[Copán]], which was located in a mainly non-Maya area, or on the frontier between Maya and non-Maya areas. Copán declined with other Lowland centres during the conflagrations of the [[Classic Maya collapse|Terminal Classic]] in the 9th century. The Maya of this civilization survive in western Honduras as the [[Ch'orti' people|Ch'orti']], isolated from their Choltian linguistic peers to the west.<ref> {{cite journal |title=Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference: The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands |author=Danny Law |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |date=15 June 2014 |page=105 }} </ref> However, Copán represents only a fraction of Honduran pre-Columbian history. Remnants of other civilizations are found throughout the country. Archaeologists have studied sites such as {{illm|Naco (Honduras)|lt=Naco|es|Naco (Honduras)}} and La Sierra in the Naco Valley, [[Los Naranjos, Honduras|Los Naranjos]] on [[Lake Yojoa]], [[Yarumela]] in the Comayagua Valley,<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Preliminary Settlement Pattern Study of a Prehistoric Cultural Corridor: The Comayagua Valley, Honduras |author=Boyd Dixon |jstor=529833 |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=257–271 |date=1989 |doi=10.2307/529833 }} </ref> [[La Ceiba]] and Salitron Viejo<ref> {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ba_AAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia |author1=Susan Toby Evans |author2=David L. Webster |publisher=Routledge |date=11 September 2013 |isbn=978-1136801860 |via=Google Books }} </ref> (both now under the [[El Cajón Dam (Honduras)|Cajón Dam]] [[reservoir]]), Selin Farm and Cuyamel in the Aguan valley, [[Cerro Palenque]], Travesia, Curruste, Ticamaya, Despoloncal, and [[Playa de los Muertos]] in the lower [[Ulúa River]] valley, and many others. In 2012, LiDAR scanning revealed that several previously unknown high density settlements existed in La Mosquitia, corresponding to the legend of "[[La Ciudad Blanca]]". Excavation and study has since improved knowledge of the region's history. It is estimated that these settlements reached their zenith from 500 to 1000 AD. === Spanish conquest (1524–1539) === {{main|Spanish conquest of Honduras}} [[File:Hernán Cortés (Museo del Prado).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Hernán Cortés]], one of the conquerors of Honduras]] On his fourth and the final voyage to the [[New World]] in 1502, [[Christopher Columbus]] landed near the modern town of [[Trujillo, Honduras|Trujillo]], near Guaimoreto Lagoon, becoming the first European to visit the [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] on the coast of Honduras.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://honduras.com/history/ |title=Columbus and the History of Honduras |publisher=Office of the Honduras National Chamber of Tourism |accessdate=27 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723233247/http://www.honduras.com/history/ |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 30 July 1502, Columbus sent his brother [[Bartholomew Columbus|Bartholomew]] to explore the islands and Bartholomew encountered a Mayan trading vessel from Yucatán, carrying well-dressed Maya and a rich cargo ===Spanish Honduras (1524–1821)=== [[File:Fuerte San Cristóbal Gracias Honduras 13.jpg|thumb|left|206px|San Cristobal Castle build in Spanish era in [[Lempira]]]] Honduras was organized as a province of the [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|Kingdom of Guatemala]] and the capital was fixed, first at Trujillo on the Atlantic coast, and later at [[Comayagua]], and finally at [[Tegucigalpa]] in the central part of the country. [[Silver mining]] was a key factor in the Spanish conquest and settlement of Honduras.<ref name=Newson1>{{cite journal |last=Newson |first=Linda |title=Labour in the Colonial Mining Industry of Honduras |date=October 1982 |volume=39 |journal=The Americas |doi=10.2307/981334 |issue=2 |pages=185–203 |jstor=981334 }}</ref> Initially the mines were worked by local people through the [[encomienda]] system, but as disease and resistance made this option less available, slaves from other parts of Central America were brought in. When local slave trading stopped at the end of the sixteenth century, African slaves, mostly from [[Angola]], were imported.<ref name=Cost> {{cite book |first=Linda |last=Newson |title=The Cost of Conquest: Indian Decline in Honduras Under Spanish Rule: Dellplain Latin American Studies, No. 20 |url=https://archive.org/details/costofconquestin0000news |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder |isbn=978-0813372730 |date=December 1987 }}</ref> After about 1650, very few slaves or other outside workers arrived in Honduras. Although the Spanish conquered the southern or Pacific portion of Honduras fairly quickly, they were less successful on the northern, or Atlantic side. They managed to found a few towns along the coast, at [[Puerto Cortés|Puerto Caballos]] and Trujillo in particular, but failed to conquer the eastern portion of the region and many pockets of independent indigenous people as well. The [[Mosquito Coast|Miskito Kingdom]] in the northeast was particularly effective at resisting conquest. ===Independence (1821)=== [[File:D. Jose del Valle.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Jose Cecilio del Valle]] Honduran politician in Centroamerican Independece]] Honduras gained independence from Spain in 1821 and was a part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] until 1823, when it became part of the [[United Provinces of Central America]]. It has been an independent republic and has held regular elections since 1838. In the 1840s and 1850s Honduras participated in several failed attempts at Central American unity, such as the Confederation of Central America (1842–1845), the covenant of Guatemala (1842), the Diet of Sonsonate (1846), the Diet of Nacaome (1847) and National Representation in Central America (1849–1852). Although Honduras eventually adopted the name Republic of Honduras, the unionist ideal never waned, and Honduras was one of the Central American countries that pushed the hardest for a policy of regional unity. ===20th century=== {{Seealso|Banana Wars}} In the late nineteenth century, Honduras granted land and substantial exemptions to several US-based fruit and infrastructure companies in return for developing the country's northern regions. Thousands of workers came to the north coast as a result to work in [[Banana production in Honduras|banana plantations]] and other businesses that grew up around the export industry. Banana-exporting companies, dominated until 1930 by the [[Cuyamel Fruit Company]], as well as the [[United Fruit Company]], and [[Standard Fruit Company]], built an [[enclave economy]] in northern Honduras, controlling [[infrastructure]] and creating self-sufficient, tax-exempt sectors that contributed relatively little to economic growth. American troops landed in Honduras in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925. In ''The Admiral'', O.Henry refers to the nation as a "small maritime banana republic"; naturally, the fruit was the entire basis of its economy. [[File:Ramón Villeda Morales 1962.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Honduran president [[Ramon Villeda Morales]] in 1962]] In 1969, Honduras and [[El Salvador]] fought what became known as the [[Football War]].<ref name="football war">{{cite news |title=Honduras v El Salvador: The football match that kicked off a war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48673853 |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2019}}</ref> Border tensions led to acrimony between the two countries after [[Oswaldo López Arellano]], the president of Honduras, blamed the deteriorating Honduran economy on immigrants from El Salvador. The relationship reached a low when El Salvador met Honduras for a three-round football elimination match preliminary to the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] In 1979, the country returned to civilian rule<!-- for the first time since 1963? -->. A [[constituent assembly]] was popularly elected in April 1980 to write a new constitution, and general elections were held in November 1981. The constitution was approved in 1982 and the [[Liberal Party of Honduras|PLH]] government of [[Roberto Suazo Córdova|Roberto Suazo]] won the election with a promise to carry out an ambitious program of economic and social development to tackle the recession in which Honduras found itself. During the early 1980s, the United States established a continuing military presence in Honduras to support El Salvador, the [[Contra (guerrillas)|Contra]] guerrillas fighting the [[Nicaragua]]n government. ===21st century=== [[File:2009 Honduras political crisis 11.jpg|thumb|[[2009 Honduran coup d'état]]]] In 2007, President of Honduras [[Manuel Zelaya]] and President of the United States [[George W. Bush]] began talks on US assistance to Honduras to tackle the latter's growing drug cartels in Mosquito, Eastern Honduras using US Special Forces. This marked the beginning of a new foothold for the US Military's continued presence in Central America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Honduras Becomes U.S. Military Foothold for Central America |url=https://nacla.org/news/honduras-becomes-us-military-foothold-central-america |accessdate=13 November 2018 |publisher=NACLA |date=4 September 2007}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Honduras}} [[File:Un-honduras.png|thumb|left|A map of Honduras]] [[File:Pico-Bonito (12122463094).jpg|thumb|right|239px|[[Pico Bonito National Park]]]] The interior highlands are the most prominent feature of Honduran topography. This mountain area makes up about 80% of the country's area, and is home to the majority of the population. Because the rugged terrain has made the land difficult to traverse and equally difficult to cultivate, this area has not been highly developed. The soil here is poor: Honduras lacks the rich volcanic ash found in other Central American countries. Until the early 20th century, the highland economy consisted primarily of mining and livestock. an elevation of {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}} and the [[Cerro Las Minas]] at {{cvt|2,850|m|ft|0}}. In the east, the mountains merge with those in Nicaragua. Although generally not as high as the mountains near the Guatemalan border, the eastern ranges possess some high peaks, such as the Montaña de la Flor at {{cvt|2,300|m|ft|0}}, El Boquerón (Monte El Boquerón) at {{cvt|2,485|m|ft|0}}, and Pepe Bonito at {{cvt|2,435|m|ft|0}}. The north coast of Honduras borders the [[Caribbean Sea]] and the Pacific Ocean lies south through the [[Gulf of Fonseca]]. Honduras consists mainly of mountains, with narrow plains along the coasts === Climate === {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Honduras Köppen.svg | width1 = 210 | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification]] map of Honduras | image2 = Laguna de Chiligatoro La esperanza Intibuca.jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = | caption2 = Westerm Honduras has a Subtropical Highland climate (Chiligatoro Lake in [[Intibuca]] pictured). | footer = }} The climate varies from tropical in the [[lowland]]s to [[temperate]] in the mountains. The central and southern regions are relatively hotter and less humid than the northern coast. In the Pacific lowlands, April, the last month of the dry season, brings the warmest temperatures; the rainy season is slightly cooler, although higher humidity during the rainy season makes these months feel more uncomfortable. In the Caribbean lowlands, the only relief from the year-round heat and humidity comes during December or January when an occasional strong cold front from the north (a ''norte'') brings several days of strong northwest winds and slightly cooler temperatures. The interior highlands range from tierra templada to tierra fría. [[Intibucá]], in a sheltered valley and at an elevation of {{cvt|1,800|m|ft|0}}, has a pleasant climate, with an average high temperature ranging from {{convert|30|°C}} in April, the warmest month, to {{convert|25|°C}} in January, the coolest. Above {{convert|2,000|m|ft|0|sp=us}}, temperatures can fall to near freezing at night, and frost sometimes occurs. Rain falls year round in the Caribbean lowlands but is seasonal throughout the rest of the country. Amounts are copious along the north coast, especially in the Mosquitia, where the average rainfall is {{convert|2,400|mm|in|1|sp=us}}. Nearer San Pedro Sula, amounts are slightly less from November to April, but each month still has considerable precipitation. The interior highlands and Pacific lowlands have a dry season, known locally as "summer," from November to April. Almost all the rain in these regions falls during the "winter," from May to September. Total yearly amounts depend on surrounding topography; Tegucigalpa, in a sheltered valley, averages only {{cvt|1,000|mm|in|1}} of precipitation. ===Ecology=== {{main|Flora and Fauna of Honduras|section=TRUE}} [[File:Amazilia luciae.JPG|thumb|Exotic bird [[Honduran Emerald]]]] The region is considered a [[biodiversity hotspot]] because of the many plant and animal species found there. Like other countries in the region, it contains vast biological resources. Honduras hosts more than 6,000 species of [[vascular plants]], of which 630 (described so far) are [[orchid]]s; around 250 [[reptile]]s and [[amphibian]]s, more than 700 bird species, and 110 [[mammal]]ian species, of which half are [[bat]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hondurassilvestre.com |title=Honduran Biodiversity Database |publisher=Honduras Silvestre |accessdate=27 June 2010 |date=1 August 2012 |language=Spanish}}</ref> In the northeastern region of [[La Mosquitia (Honduras)|La Mosquitia]] lies the [[Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve]], a lowland rainforest which is home to a great diversity of life. The reserve was added to the [[UNESCO World Heritage]] Sites List in 1982. Honduras has rain forests, [[cloud forests]] (which can rise up to nearly {{convert|3,000|m|disp=or|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]]), [[mangroves]], [[savannas]] and mountain ranges with pine and oak trees, and the [[Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System]]. In the [[Bay Islands (department)|Bay Islands]] there are [[bottlenose dolphins]], [[manta rays]], [[parrot fish]], schools of [[Acanthurus coeruleus|blue tang]] and [[whale shark]]. === Environmental issues === [[Deforestation]] resulting from [[logging]] is rampant in [[Olancho Department]]. The clearing of land for agriculture is prevalent in the largely undeveloped [[La Mosquitia (Honduras)|La Mosquitia]] region, causing [[land degradation]] and [[soil erosion]]. [[Lake Yojoa]], which is Honduras' largest source of fresh water, is polluted by [[heavy metals]] produced from [[mining]] activities.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://eco.umass.edu/people/graduate-students/quinonez-camarilo-ana/4 |title=Quiñónez Camarilo, Ana |work=Department of Environment Conservation |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |accessdate=30 June 2016}} </ref> Some rivers and streams are also polluted by mining.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2032.html |title=Environment – Current Issues |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530170623/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2032.html |archive-date=30 May 2016 |url-status=dead }} </ref> ==Government and politics== {{Main|Politics of Honduras}} [[File:Government Civic Center Tegucigalpa.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Centro civico gubernamental in [[Tegucigalpa]]]] Honduras is governed within a framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]. The [[President of Honduras]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the [[Politics of Honduras|Honduran government]]. [[Legislative power]] is vested in the [[National Congress of Honduras]]. The [[judiciary]] is independent of both the executive branch and the legislature. The [[National Congress of Honduras]] (''Congreso Nacional'') has 128 members (''diputados''), elected for a four-year term by [[proportional representation]]. Congressional seats are assigned the parties' candidates on a [[Departments of Honduras|departmental basis]] in proportion to the number of votes each party receives.<ref name=cia>{{cite web|title=Honduras|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=5 January 2016|accessdate=9 February 2016|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Political culture === [[File:Xiomara Castro during the inauguration of Gustavo Petro (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|left|Incumbent President [[Xiomara Castro]]]] In 1963, a military coup removed the democratically elected president, [[Ramón Villeda Morales]]. A string of authoritarian [[Military junta|military governments]] held power uninterrupted until 1981, when [[Roberto Suazo Córdova]] was elected president. The party system was dominated by the conservative [[National Party of Honduras]] (Partido Nacional de Honduras: PNH) and the liberal [[Liberal Party of Honduras]] (Partido Liberal de Honduras: PLH) until the [[2009 Honduran coup d'état]] removed [[Manuel Zelaya]] from office and put [[Roberto Micheletti]] in his place. In late 2012, 1540 persons were interviewed by [[Radio Progreso & ERIC-SJ|ERIC]] in collaboration with the Jesuit [[Central American University|university]], as reported by [[Associated Press]]. This survey found that 60.3% believed the police were involved in crime, 44.9% had "no confidence" in the Supreme Court, and 72% thought there was electoral fraud in the primary elections of November 2012. Also, 56% expected the presidential, legislative and municipal elections of 2013 to be fraudulent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/honduras-sondeo-muestra-pesimismo-y-desconfianza-192021621.html|title=Honduras: sondeo muestra pesimismo y desconfianza|last=Arce|first=Alberto|date=22 January 2013|website=|language=en-US|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> Current Honduran president [[Xiomara Castro]] took office on 27 January 2022. === Foreign relations === {{Further|Foreign relations of Honduras}} Honduras and [[Nicaragua]] had tense relations throughout 2000 and early 2001 due to a boundary dispute off the Atlantic coast. Nicaragua imposed a 35% [[tariff]] against Honduran goods due to the dispute.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} In June 2009 a [[coup d'état]] ousted President [[Manuel Zelaya]]; he was taken in a military aircraft to [[Costa Rica]]. The General Assembly of the United Nations voted to denounce the coup and called for the restoration of Zelaya. Several [[Latin America]]n nations, including Mexico, temporarily severed diplomatic relations with Honduras. ===Administrative divisions=== {{Further|Departments of Honduras|Municipalities of Honduras}} [[File:Honduras, administrative divisions - Nmbrs - monochrome.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|The departmental divisions of Honduras]] Honduras is divided into 18 [[Departments of Honduras|departments]]. The capital city is Tegucigalpa in the Central District within the department of [[Francisco Morazán]]. <!-- note: do not change the order in the list below since it needs to match the numbering in the image above --> # [[Atlántida Department|Atlántida]] # [[Choluteca Department|Choluteca]] # [[Colón Department (Honduras)|Colón]] # [[Comayagua Department|Comayagua]] # [[Copán Department|Copán]] # [[Cortés Department|Cortés]] # [[El Paraíso Department|El Paraíso]] # [[Francisco Morazán Department|Francisco Morazán]] # [[Gracias a Dios Department|Gracias a Dios]] # [[Intibucá Department|Intibucá]] # [[Bay Islands Department]] # [[La Paz Department (Honduras)|La Paz]] # [[Lempira Department|Lempira]] # [[Ocotepeque Department|Ocotepeque]] # [[Olancho Department]] # [[Santa Bárbara Department, Honduras|Santa Bárbara]] # [[Valle Department|Valle]] # [[Yoro Department|Yoro]] A new administrative division called [[Zone for Employment and Economic Development (Honduras)|ZEDE]] (''Zonas de empleo y desarrollo económico'') was created in 2013. ZEDEs have a high level of autonomy with their own political system at a judicial, economic and administrative level, and are based on [[free market capitalism]]. ==Economy== {{See also|Economy of Honduras}} [[File:Honduras Export Treemap.jpg|thumb|A proportional representation of Honduran exports]] Economic growth in the last few years has averaged 7% a year, one of the highest rates in Latin America (2010).<ref name=":0" /> Despite this, Honduras has seen the least development amongst all Central American countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-16-latin-america-in-the-world-arena-1990s-present/honduras-a-country-and-a-coup/|title=Honduras: A Country and a Coup {{!}} Modern Latin America|website=library.brown.edu|language=en-US|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Honduras is ranked 130 of 188 countries with a [[Human Development Index]] of .625 that classifies the nation as having medium development (2015). === Trade === [[File:Panoramica_san_pedro_sula.jpg|thumb|500px|right|[[San Pedro Sula]] is a major center of business and commerce in Honduras, and is home to many large manufacturers and companies. It is often referred to as "La Capital Industrial".<ref>https://www.xplorhonduras.com/san-pedro-sula-honduras/</ref>]] The currency is the [[Honduran lempira]]. The government operates both the electrical grid, [[Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica]] (ENEE) and the land-line telephone service, [[Hondutel]]. ENEE receives heavy [[subsidies]] to counter its chronic financial problems, but Hondutel is no longer a [[monopoly]]. The telecommunication sector was opened to private investment on 25 December 2005, as required under [[CAFTA]]. The price of petroleum is regulated, and the [[National Congress of Honduras|Congress]] often ratifies temporary [[price]] regulation for basic [[commodities]]. [[File:Cafta countries.png|thumb|left|CAFTA countries]] ===Energy=== {{Further|Electricity sector in Honduras}} [[File:Planta de generación de energía eléctrica en Honduras, Pavana I.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Example of Energy in the country]] About half of the electricity sector in Honduras is privately owned. The remaining [[electricity generation|generation]] capacity is run by [[ENEE]] (''Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica''). Key challenges in the sector are: * Financing investments in generation and transmission without either a financially healthy utility or concessionary funds from external donors * Re-balancing [[tariff]]s, cutting [[arrears]] and reducing losses, including electricity theft, without social unrest * Reconciling environmental concerns with government objectives – two large new dams and associated hydropower plants. * Improving access to electricity in rural areas. ===Transportation=== [[File:Carretera37.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A highway in Honduras]] Infrastructure for [[transportation in Honduras]] consists of: {{convert|699|km|abbr=off}} [[Rail transport in Honduras|of railways]]; {{convert|13,603|km|abbr=off}} of roadways;<ref name=cia/> seven ports and harbors;{{Citation needed|date=February 2018|reason=Citation needed}} and 112 airports altogether (12 Paved, 100 unpaved).<ref name=cia/> The Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Housing (SOPRTRAVI in Spanish acronym) is responsible for transport sector policy. ===Race and ethnicity=== The ethnic breakdown of Honduran society was 90% [[Mestizo]], 7% American Indian, 2% Black and 1% White (2017).<ref name="cia.gov"/> The 1927 Honduran census provides no racial data but in 1930 five classifications were created: white, Indian, Negro, yellow, and mestizo.<ref name="Classifications">Vandiver, Marylee Mason. "Racial Classifications in Latin American Censuses." ''Social Forces'', vol. 28, no. 2, 1949, pp. 138–146. ''JSTOR'', JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2572639.</ref> This system was used in the 1935 and 1940 census.<ref name="Classifications" /> Mestizo was used to describe individuals that did not fit neatly into the categories of white, Indian, negro or yellow or who are of mixed white-Indian descent.<ref name="Classifications" /> ===Languages=== [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the official, national language, spoken by virtually all [[Hondurans]]. In addition to Spanish, a number of indigenous languages are spoken in some small communities. Other languages spoken by some include Honduran sign language and [[Bay Islands Creole English]].<ref name=Ethnologue>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/sites/default/files/Ethnologue-17-Honduras.pdf|title=Ethnologue: Languages of Honduras, Seventeenth edition data M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig, Editors|publisher=}}</ref> === Largest cities === {{Further|List of cities in Honduras}} {{Largest cities of Honduras}} ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Honduras}} Although most Hondurans are nominally [[Roman Catholic]] (which would be considered the main religion), membership in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is declining while membership in Protestant churches is increasing. The International Religious Freedom Report, 2008, notes that a CID Gallup poll reported that 51.4% of the population identified themselves as [[Catholic]], 36.2% as [[evangelical]] [[Protestant]], 1.3% claiming to be from other religions, including [[Muslims]], [[Buddhists]], [[Jews]], [[Rastafarians]], etc. and 11.1% do not belong to any religion or unresponsive. 8% reported as being either atheistic or agnostic. Customary Catholic church tallies and membership estimates 81% Catholic where the priest (in more than 185 parishes) is required to fill out a pastoral account of the parish each year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annuario Pontificio|year=2009|isbn=978-88209-81914|publisher=[[Cardinal Secretary of State]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Catholic Almanac|first1=Matthew E.|last1=Bunson|first2=D.|last2=Min|location=Huntington, Ind.|publisher=Sunday Visitor Publishing|date=4 November 2015|isbn=978-1612789446|pages=312–13}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Honduras}} About 83.6% of the population are [[Literacy|literate]] and the net primary enrollment rate was 94% in 2004.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_HND.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429031746/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_HND.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2009 |title=Human Development Report 2009 – Honduras |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org |accessdate=27 June 2010 }}</ref> In 2014, the primary school ''completion'' rate was 90.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.CMPT.ZS?locations=HN |title=Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Honduras has bilingual (Spanish and English) and even trilingual (Spanish with English, Arabic, or German) [[List of schools in Honduras|schools]] and [[List of universities in Honduras|numerous universities]].<ref name="La Prensa">{{cite web |url=http://www.laprensa.hn/economia/560990-97/hondurenos-biling%C3%BCes-tendran-mas-ventajas |title=Hondureños bilingües tendrán más ventajas |language=Spanish |work=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|LaPrensa]] |date=14 October 2009 |accessdate=9 February 2016 |trans-title=Bilingual Hondurans have more advantages}}</ref> The higher education is governed by the [[National Autonomous University of Honduras]] which has centers in the most important cities of Honduras. ==Culture== {{refimprove section|date=September 2017}}<!--only 3 footnotes in entire section--> {{Main|Culture of Honduras}} ===Art=== {{main|Art of Honduras}} [[File:CatedraldeComayagua.jpg|thumb|170px|The Cathedral of [[Comayagua]]]] [[File:Copan (3831819514).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Mayan stela in [[Copan]]]] The most renowned Honduran painter is [[José Antonio Velásquez]]. Other important painters include Carlos Garay, and Roque Zelaya. Some of Honduras' most notable writers are [[Lucila Gamero de Medina]], [[Froylán Turcios]], [[Ramón Amaya Amador]] and [[Juan Pablo Suazo Euceda]], Marco Antonio Rosa,<ref> === Cuisine === {{Further|Honduran cuisine}} [[File:Baleada.jpg|thumb|right|190px|[[baleada]] typical dish.]] [[File:Olla de carne 2.png|thumb|left|180px|Sopa de olla]] Honduran cuisine is a fusion of indigenous [[Lenca]] cuisine, [[Cuisine of Spain|Spanish cuisine]], [[Caribbean cuisine]] and [[African cuisine]]. There are also dishes from the [[Garifuna people]]. [[Coconut]] and coconut milk are featured in both sweet and savory dishes. Regional specialties include fried [[Fish (food)|fish]], [[tamale]]s, [[carne asada]] and [[baleada]]s. Other popular dishes include: meat roasted with [[chismol]] and [[carne asada]], chicken with rice and corn, and fried fish with pickled onions and jalapeños. Some of the ways seafood and some meats are prepared in coastal areas and in the [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] involve [[coconut]] milk. === Media === {{Further|Media of Honduras}} At least half of Honduran households have at least one television. Public television has a far smaller role than in most other countries. Honduras' main newspapers are [[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]], [[El Heraldo (Tegucigalpa)|El Heraldo]], [[La Tribuna (Honduras)|La Tribuna]] and Diario Tiempo. The official newspaper is {{Interlanguage link multi|La Gaceta (Honduras)|es|3=La Gaceta}}. === Music === {{Further|Music of Honduras}} [[File:Guillermo Anderson en concierto.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Honduran musican Guillermo Anderson]] [[Punta]] is the main music of Honduras, with other sounds such as Caribbean salsa, [[merengue music|merengue]], reggae, and [[reggaeton]] all widely heard, especially in the north, and Mexican [[ranchera]]s heard in the rural interior of the country. The most well known musicians are Guillermo Anderson and Polache. ===National symbols=== [[File:Ara macao - two at Lowry Park Zoo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The national bird, ''[[Ara macao]]'']] The [[flag of Honduras]] is composed of three equal horizontal stripes. The blue upper and lower stripes represent the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The central stripe is white. It contains five blue stars representing the five states of the [[Federal Republic of Central America|Central American Union]]. The middle star represents Honduras, located in the center of the Central American Union. The national flower is the famous orchid, ''[[Rhyncholaelia]] digbyana'' (formerly known as ''Brassavola digbyana''), which replaced the rose in 1969. The change of the national flower was carried out during the administration of general [[Oswaldo López Arellano]], thinking that ''Brassavola digbyana'' "is an indigenous plant of Honduras; having this flower exceptional characteristics of beauty, vigor and distinction", as the decree dictates it. ===Folklore=== Legends and fairy tales are paramount in Honduran culture. [[Lluvia de Peces]] (Rain of Fish) is an example of this. The legends of El [[Cadejo]] and [[La Llorona]] are also popular. ===Sports=== [[File:Estadio_Olimpico_Metropolitano_de_San_Pedro_Sula_2017_04.jpg|thumb|Football is a very popular sport in Honduras. [[Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano]] in [[San Pedro Sula]].]] The major sports in Honduras are football, basketball, rugby, volleyball and cycling, with smaller followings for athletics, softball and handball. Information about some of the sports organisations in Honduras are listed below: * [[Football in Honduras]] * [[Federación Nacional Autónoma de Fútbol de Honduras|Honduran Football Federation]] * [[Honduras national baseball team]] * [[Honduras national football team]] * [[Honduras national under-20 football team]] * [[Honduras U-17 national football team]] * [[Rugby union in Honduras]] {{clear}} ==Related pages== {{portal|North America|Central America|Latin America|<!--Honduras-->}} * [[Outline of Honduras]] * [[Index of Honduras-related articles]] {{clear}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|voy=Honduras}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080911172930/http://www.gob.hn/ Government of Honduras] {{in lang|es}} * [http://www.letsgohonduras.com/ Official Site of the Tourism Institute of Honduras (English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013062201/http://www.letsgohonduras.com/ |date=2005-10-13 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-h/honduras.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] * {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|ho|Honduras}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080407223348/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/honduras.htm Honduras] at ''University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Central_America/Honduras}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225416.stm Honduras profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Honduras}} * [http://www.hondurassilvestre.com/ Honduran Biodiversity Database] {{in lang|es}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207091818/http://hondurastips.honduras.com/ Honduras Tips Travel Info (English)] * [http://hondurasweekly.com/ Honduras Weekly] * [http://www.honduras.com/ Travel and Tourism Info on Honduras (English)] * [http://www.missionlazarus.org/ Humanitarian Aid in Honduras] * [http://www.answers.com/topic/honduras Answers.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727185542/http://www.projecthonduras.org/ Project Honduras] * [http://www.infohn.com/ Interactive Maps Honduras] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HN Key Development Forecasts for Honduras] from [[International Futures]] [[Category:Honduras| ]] [[Category:1821 establishments in North America| ]] [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries]] <!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Countries in Central America]] 7oap2bfrzc1ey86oiv9zxu52p3obf0t 0 17466 10330729 10329093 2025-06-14T19:43:41Z 89.215.226.170 /* Television */ 10330729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Arnold Schwarzenegger |image = Arnold Schwarzenegger February 2015.jpg |caption = Arnold Schwarzenegger in February 2015 |order = 38th |office = Governor of California |lieutenant = {{Unbulleted list|[[Cruz Bustamante]]|[[John Garamendi]]|[[Mona Pasquil]] {{small|(acting)}}|[[Abel Maldonado]]}} |term_start = November 17, 2003 |term_end = January 3, 2011 |predecessor = [[Gray Davis]] |successor = [[Jerry Brown]] |office1 = Chair of the [[President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition|President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports]] |president1 = [[George H. W. Bush]] |term_start1 = January 22, 1990 |term_end1 = January 20, 1993 |predecessor1 = [[Dick Kazmaier]] |successor1 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Florence Griffith Joyner]]|[[Tom McMillen]]}} |birth_name = Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|7|30}} |birth_place = [[Thal, Styria]], Austria |residence = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], U.S. |parents = [[Gustav Schwarzenegger]]<br />Aurelia Schwarzenegger |death_date = |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |spouse = {{marriage|[[Maria Shriver]]<br/>|1986|2021|end=divorced}} |children = 5, including [[Katherine Schwarzenegger|Katherine]] and [[Patrick Schwarzenegger|Patrick]] |education = {{Unbulleted list|[[Santa Monica College]]|[[University of Wisconsin–Superior|University of Wisconsin, Superior]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}}} |signature = Arnold Schwarzenegger Signature.svg |website = {{url|schwarzenegger.com}} |allegiance = {{flag|Austria|size=23px}} |branch = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Austria (state).svg|size=23px}} [[Austrian Armed Forces]] |serviceyears = 1965 }} '''Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger''' (born July 30, 1947<ref>{{cite web|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Bio|url=http://www.schwarzenegger.com/bio|accessdate=3 August 2016}}</ref>) is an [[Austrians|Austrian]]-[[Americans|American]] former professional [[bodybuilder]], [[actor]], [[Movie producer|film producer]], screenwriter, and director. He was the [[governor]] of the [[United States|American]] [[U.S. state|state]] of [[California]] from 2003 to 2011. He currently lives in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. After serving in the army, Schwarzenegger moved to [[Munich]], where he often slept in a gym because he did not have anywhere else to live. Schwarzenegger then moved to the United States in 1968 and eventually became an actor. He has been in several big budget Hollywood [[movies]] including ''[[The Terminator]]'' [[series]]. He eventually stopped acting in order to run for governor of California in 2003. In 2003, Governor [[Gray Davis]] was removed as governor and Schwarzenegger was elected. His term ended in early January 2011, and he was replaced by [[Jerry Brown]]. Before becoming an actor, Schwarzenegger was also a [[bodybuilder]] and had won both the Mr. Olympia and Mr. Universe titles over 7 consecutive times. Schwarzenegger has also set up his own official competition, [[Arnold Classic]]. In 1971, Schwarzenegger's younger maternal [[half-brother]] Meinhard died in a car accident due to driving while drunk. In 1986, Schwarzenegger married [[Maria Shriver]], but they separated and divorced in 2021. They have 2 daughters, Katherine and Christina, and also 2 sons, Patrick and Christopher. Schwarzenegger also has a son with another woman. Some people think that Arnold had cheated on his wife but, such statements have not been proven. In 2013, Schwarzenegger returned to acting with a role in the movie ''[[Escape Plan]]''. == Film == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1970 | ''[[Hercules in New York]]'' | [[Hercules]] | Credited as Arnold Strong "Mr. Universe" | |- ! scope=row| 1973 | ''[[The Long Goodbye (film)|The Long Goodbye]]'' | Hood in Augustine's Office | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-goulds-long-goodbye-apartment-20141203-column.html|title=A true 'hot property': Elliott Gould's 'Long Goodbye' apartment is for rent!|first=Michael|last=Hiltzik|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1976 | ''[[Stay Hungry]]'' | Joe Santo | | |- ! scope=row| 1979 | ''[[The Villain (1979 film)|The Villain]]'' | "Handsome Stranger" | | |- ! scope=row| 1979 | ''[[Scavenger Hunt]]'' | Lars | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1982 | ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' | [[Conan the Barbarian]] | | |- ! scope=row| 1984 | ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]'' | Conan the Destroyer | | |- ! scope=row| 1984 | ''[[The Terminator]]'' | [[Terminator (character)|Terminator]] | | |- ! scope=row| 1985 | ''[[Red Sonja (1985 film)|Red Sonja]]'' | Lord Kalidor | | |- ! scope=row| 1985 | ''[[Commando (1985 film)|Commando]]'' | Colonel John Matrix | | |- ! scope=row| 1986 | ''[[Raw Deal (1986 film)|Raw Deal]]'' | Sheriff Mark Kaminsky / Joseph P. Brenner | | |- ! scope=row| 1987 | ''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]'' | [[Dutch Schaefer|Major Alan "Dutch" Schaefer]] | | |- ! scope=row| 1987 | ''[[The Running Man (1987 film)|The Running Man]]'' | Captain Benjamin Stuart "Ben" Richards | | |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''[[Red Heat (1988 film)|Red Heat]]'' | Captain Ivan Danko | | |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''[[Twins (1988 film)|Twins]]'' | Julius Benedict | | |- ! scope=row| 1990 | ''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]'' | Douglas "Doug" Quaid / Agent Carl Hauser | Dual role | |- ! scope=row| 1990 | ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' | Detective John Kimble | | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' | The Terminator | | |- ! scope=row| 1993 | ''[[Dave (film)|Dave]]'' | Himself | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1993 | ''[[Last Action Hero]]'' | Detective Jack Slater / Himself / [[Hamlet]] | Dual role; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 1993 | ''[[Beretta's Island]]'' | Himself | Direct-to-video; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''[[True Lies]]'' | Agent Harry Tasker / Harry Rehnquist | | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''[[Junior (1994 film)|Junior]]'' | Dr. Alexander "Alex" Hesse | | |- ! scope=row| 1996 | ''[[T2-3D: Battle Across Time]]'' | The Terminator | Theme park attraction | |- ! scope=row| 1996 | ''[[Eraser (film)|Eraser]]'' | U.S. Marshal John "Eraser" Kruger | | |- ! scope=row| 1996 | ''[[Jingle All the Way]]'' | Howard Langston / Turbo-Man | | |- ! scope=row| 1997 | ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'' | [[Victor Fries (Batman & Robin)|Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze]] | | |- ! scope=row| 1999 | ''[[End of Days (film)|End of Days]]'' | Detective Jericho Cane | | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[The 6th Day]]'' | Adam Gibson / Adam Gibson Clone | Dual role; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2002 | ''[[Collateral Damage (2002 film)|Collateral Damage]]'' | Captain Gordon "Gordy" Brewer | | |- ! scope=row| 2003 | ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'' | Terminator | | |- ! scope=row| 2003 | ''[[The Rundown]]'' | Bar Patron | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/arnold-passes-action-hero-torch-to-the-rock|title=Arnold Passes Action Hero Torch to The Rock|date=March 25, 2015|website=Associated Press}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'' | Prince Hapi | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2005 | ''[[The Kid & I]]'' | Himself | Limited release; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'' | [[List of The Expendables characters#Trent "Trench" Mauser|Trent "Trench" Mauser]] | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://theplaylist.net/arnold-schwarzenegger-salutes-action-20090218/|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Salutes Action Royalty, Will Cameo In Sly's 'The Expendables'|website=theplaylist.net}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' | Trent "Trench" Mauser | | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[The Last Stand (2013 film)|The Last Stand]]'' | Sheriff Ray Owens | | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Escape Plan (film)|Escape Plan]]'' | Emil Rottmayer / Victor X. Mannheim | | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[Sabotage (2014 film)|Sabotage]]'' | Agent John "Breacher" Wharton | | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[The Expendables 3]]'' | Trent "Trench" Mauser | | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Maggie (film)|Maggie]]'' | Wade Vogel | Limited release; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'' | Terminator / Guardian | | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Aftermath (2017 film)|Aftermath]]'' | Roman Melnyk | Limited release; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Wonders of the Sea 3D]]'' | Himself - [[Narration|Narrator]] | Documentary film; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Killing Gunther]]'' | Robert "Gunther" Bendik | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[The Game Changers]]'' | Himself | Documentary film; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''[[Viy 2: Journey to China]]'' | Captain James Hook | Also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''[[Terminator: Dark Fate]]'' | T-800 / Carl | | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''[[The Man with the Bag (film)|The Man with the Bag]]'' | [[Santa Claus]] | ''Post-production'' | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''[[Kung Fury 2]]'' | "The President" | ''Completed'' | |} <!-- DO NOT add films not yet in production per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Television == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1974 | ''[[Happy Anniversary and Goodbye]]'' | Rico | Television film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1977 | ''[[The Streets of San Francisco]]'' | Josef Schmidt | Episode: "Dead Lift" | |- ! scope=row| 1977 | ''[[The San Pedro Beach Bums]]'' | Muscleman | Episode: "Lifting Is My Life"; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1980 | ''[[The Jayne Mansfield Story]]'' | [[Mickey Hargitay]] | Television film | |- ! scope=row| 1990 | ''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]'' | X-Con / Himself | Episode: "The Switch"; uncredited cameo; also director | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://1428elm.com/2015/07/30/that-time-arnold-schwarzenegger-did-tales-from-the-crypt/|title=That Time Arnold Schwarzenegger Did 'Tales From the Crypt'|date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1992 | ''[[Christmas in Connecticut (1992 film)|Christmas in Connecticut]]'' | Man in Chair in Front of Media Truck | Television film; uncredited cameo; also director | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bashful269.wordpress.com/2016/12/17/do-you-remember-64-christmas-in-connecticut-directed-by-arnold-schwarzenegger/|title=Do You Remember? #64: Christmas In Connecticut (Directed By Arnold Schwarzenegger)|date=December 18, 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1992 | ''Lincoln'' | [[John George Nicolay]] | Television film; voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2002–2003 | ''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' | [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben|Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]] | 2 episodes; voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2014–2016 | ''[[Years of Living Dangerously]]'' | Himself | 2 episodes; documentary series; also executive producer for 17 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' | Lieutenant Wagner | Episode: "[[Of Course He's Dead|Of Course He's Dead: Part 1 & 2]]" | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]'' | [[Terminator (character)|Terminator Announcer]] | Episode: "Terminator vs. RoboCop"; uncredited cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Terminator Genisys: The YouTube Chronicles'' | Terminator | Episode: "Part 3"; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''The Warp Zone'' | Terminator | Episode: "Why Do Terminators Time Travel Naked?" | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[The New Celebrity Apprentice]]'' | Himself - Host | 8 episodes; also executive producer for 1 episode | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''Chad Goes Deep'' | Himself | 2 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2021–2023 | ''[[Superhero Kindergarten]]'' | Arnold Armstrong / Captain Fantastic | 26 episodes; voice role; also executive producer for 1 episode | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''[[Little Demon (TV series)|Little Demon]]'' | Game Show Host | Episode: "Everybody's Dying for the Weekend"; voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2023–2025 | ''[[FUBAR (TV series)|FUBAR]]'' | Luke Brunner | 16 episodes; also executive producer for 16 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2024 | ''[[Secret Level]]'' | King Aelstrom | 2 episodes; voice role | |} <!-- DO NOT add shows not yet in production (pre-production) per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Commercials == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1990 | ''Nissin Cup Noodle: Arnold Schwarzenegger 'Noodle Man''' | Himself | | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''Nissin Cup Noodle: Arnold Schwarzenegger'' | Himself | | |- ! scope=row| 1996 | ''Terminator 2 3D: Battle Across Time Commercial'' | [[Terminator (character)|The Terminator]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''Bud Light: Ian Up for Whatever'' | Arnold | | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''WWE 2K16 - Arnold Schwarzenegger Terminator Commercial'' | The Terminator | | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''BMW: Zeus & Hera'' | Thunder Zeus | | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''World of Tanks: Holiday Ops'' | Himself | | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''Arnold Schwarzenegger: Chief Action Officer - Nobody Hits Like Netflix'' | Chief Action Officer | | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''Chris Hemsworth and Arnold Schwarzenegger: Elevator Ride - Nobody Hits Like Netflix'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | | |- ! scope=row| 2024 | ''Agent State Farm'' | Agent State Farm | | |- ! scope=row| 2024 | ''State Farm: Like A Good Neighbaaa'' | Agent State Farm | | |- |} == Music videos == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Performer ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1982 | "[[Screaming Blue Murder (Girlschool album)|Don't Call It Love]]" | Bodybuilder | [[Girlschool]] | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="clr">{{cite web|url=https://clrvynt.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-musical-legacy/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201023091401/https://clrvynt.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-musical-legacy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 23, 2020|title=ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER'S HEAD-SCRATCHING MUSIC 'CAREER'|work=CLRVYNT|publisher=[[Townsquare Media|Townsquare Media, Inc.]]|date=April 7, 2017|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1985 | "[[Stop the Madness]]" | Himself | [[Tim Reid]] | Uncredited cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | "[[You Could Be Mine]]" | [[Terminator (character)|T-800]] | [[Guns N' Roses]] | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="clr"/> |- ! scope=row| 2000 | "[[Say It Isn't So (Bon Jovi song)|Say It Isn't So]]" | Himself | [[Bon Jovi]] | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ocweekly.com/muscle-music-a-schwarzenegger-soundtrack-retrospective-6580614/|title=Muscle Music: A Schwarzenegger Soundtrack Retrospective|first=OC Weekly-|last=Staff|date=January 17, 2013|website=OC Weekly|access-date=December 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208021736/https://ocweekly.com/muscle-music-a-schwarzenegger-soundtrack-retrospective-6580614/|archive-date=December 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Soundtrack appearances == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Notes ! scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Killing Gunther]]'' | "Earthquake Love" | | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''Kain's Quest'' | "Main Title (Terminator 2 Theme)" | Episode: "The Terminator"; uncredited | |} == Video games == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Voice role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day (arcade game)|Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' | [[Terminator (character)|The Terminator]] | |- ! scope=row| 2003 | ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (video game)|Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'' | The Terminator | |- ! scope=row| 2003 | ''[[Terminator 3: War of the Machines]]'' | The Terminator | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[Family Guy: The Quest for Stuff]]'' | Himself | |- ! scope=row| 2020 | ''[[Predator: Hunting Grounds]]'' | [[List of Predator (franchise) characters#Dutch|Major Alan "Dutch" Schaefer]] | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Return">{{Cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/predator-game-arnold-schwarzenegger-dutch-dlc-release-date/|title=Predator: Hunting Grounds Is Adding Arnold Schwarzenegger's Dutch|author=Bishop, Rollin|date=May 12, 2020|work=Comicbook}}</ref> |} ==Related pages== * [[Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|id=0000216|name=Arnold Schwarzenegger}} * [https://www.fernsehserien.tv/serien-mit-arnold-schwarzenegger.shtml Arnold Schwarzenegger on fernsehserien.tv] * [http://www.schwarzenegger.com Schwarzenegger.com] - official website * [http://wannagainbig.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-workout-routine/ Arnold Schwarzenegger Workout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325052942/http://wannagainbig.com/arnold-schwarzenegger-workout-routine/ |date=2013-03-25 }} * [http://kulturystyka.i64.pl/qdig/?Qwd=./Arnold%20Schwarzenegger&Qiv=thumbs&Qis=S Schwarzenegger bodybuilding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302011256/http://kulturystyka.i64.pl/qdig/?Qwd=.%2FArnold%20Schwarzenegger&Qiv=thumbs&Qis=S |date=2007-03-02 }} * {{WWE superstar|arnold-schwarzenegger}} {{Governors of California}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schwarzenegger, Arnold}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Styria]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Governors of California]] [[Category:Actors from Los Angeles]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American movie producers]] [[Category:Austrian movie actors]] [[Category:Austrian television actors]] [[Category:Austrian voice actors]] [[Category:Austrian stage actors]] [[Category:Kennedy family]] [[Category:American bodybuilders]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] 2q0nebur4kw7pdw4jk4kgqgr36fnhgc 0 18073 10331484 10218795 2025-06-15T05:35:39Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Evo Morales | image = Evo Morales Ayma (cropped 3).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2018 | alt = Morales by a Bolivian flag | order = 65th | office = President of Bolivia | vicepresident = [[Álvaro García Linera]] | term_start = 22 January 2006 | term_end = 10 November 2019 | predecessor = [[Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé|Eduardo Rodríguez<br>Veltzé]] | successor = [[Jeanine Áñez]] | office1 = [[President pro tempore of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|President pro tempore of CELAC]] | term_start1 = 14 January 2019 | term_end1 = 10 November 2019 | predecessor1 = [[Salvador Sánchez Cerén]] | successor1 = [[Jeanine Áñez]] | office2 = [[President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations|President pro tempore of UNASUR]] | term_label2 = In role | term_start2 = 17 April 2018 | term_end2 = 16 April 2019 | predecessor2 = [[Mauricio Macri]] | successor2 = ''Vacant'' | office3 = Leader of the [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] | term_start3 = 1 January 1998 | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = Party established | successor3 = | office4 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)|Chamber of Deputies]]<br>from [[Cochabamba Department|Cochabamba]] circumscription 27 | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Alternate}} | 1namedata4 = Luis Cutipa | term_start4 = 2 August 2002 | term_end4 = 22 January 2006 | successor4 = Asterio Villarroel | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|Alternate}} | 1namedata5 = Valentín Gutiérrez | term_start5 = 6 August 1997 | term_end5 = 24 January 2002 | predecessor5 = Seat established | birth_name = Juan Evo Morales Ayma | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|10|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Isallavi]], [[Oruro Department|Oruro]], [[Bolivia]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement for Socialism]] | children = Evaliz Morales Alvarado<br>Álvaro Morales Peredo | parents = Dionisio Morales Choque<br>María Ayma Mamani | relatives = [[Esther Morales]] {{Small|(sister)}} | residence = | signature = Evo Morales signature.svg <!--Military service-->| allegiance = Bolivia | branch = [[Bolivian Army]] | serviceyears = 1977–1978 | rank = | unit = Fourth Ingavi Cavalry Regiment }}'''Juan Evo Morales Aima''' (born October 26, 1959) was the [[President of Bolivia|President]] of [[Bolivia]] from 2006 through 2019. He is an [[Aymara people|Aymara]] [[Native American]], and is [[politics|politically]] a leftist. He is the founder and leader of the [[Movement toward Socialism]] (or MAS) [[political party]]. ''Movimiento al Socialismo'' is its [[Spanish language|Spanish]] name. ==Presidency== On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia. His party has declared that he is the first [[Native American|indigenous]] person to be president of Bolivia. Not everyone believes this to be true because of his [[mestizo]] [[heritage]] and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents. Nonetheless, he is likely the first ''culturally'' indigenous president of Bolivia. ===Policies=== Born in Oruro, Morales was a leader in a union of coca growers. Morales has said he does not like United States policy toward Latin America, criticizing the country's past failures to stand up for democracy, trade agreements which he feels have not helped Bolivia, and especially for the US's anti-drug policies. Coca is a component in cocaine, but is also an important part of Bolivian culture. Morales became well known for this, and he was elected to Congress. Even though he was forced out of Congress in 2002, he became a very popular person in Bolivia, and won the country's presidential election in 2005. As president, he focused on economic changes that moved the country toward a more socialist economy, instead of a capitalist one. He also worked with other leaders in [[South America]] like [[Rafael Correa]] and [[Néstor Kirchner|Nestor Kirchner]]. Morales has been a popular president, and has been reelected in 2009 and 2014. During this time he has criticized both [[George W. Bush]] and [[Barack Obama]] and has had arguments with the United States. In 2016, Morales wanted to pass a Constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for another term in 2019. Many people in Bolivia saw this as a power grab, and the amendment lost the election. ==2019 political crisis== On 20 October 2019 Morales won 47.1% of the vote in the first round of the [[2019 Bolivian general election]]. The results were immediately challenged and led to widespread [[2019 Bolivian protests|protests]]. On 9 November 2019 the [[Organization of American States]] published a preliminary report that there were "clear manipulations".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia's Morales to call fresh election after OAS audit |work=BBC News |date=10 November 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50365340 |accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia's Morales agrees to new elections after damning OAS audit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-oas/oas-finds-irregularities-in-disputed-bolivia-vote-calls-for-new-elections-idUSKBN1XK07T |website=Reuters |date=10 November 2019 |accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref> The police joined the protests against Morales<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/09/bolivian-police-in-la-paz-join-mutiny-against-evo-morales|title=Bolivian police in La Paz join 'mutiny' against Evo Morales|last=Collyns|first=Dan|date=2019-11-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and on 10 November the [[2019 Bolivian political crisis|military forced him to resign]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50369591|title=Bolivian army chief urges Morales to step down|date=2019-11-10|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/10/world/americas/evo-morales-bolivia.html|title=Bolivian Leader Evo Morales Steps Down|last=Londoño|first=Ernesto|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-10|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Assassination attempt== On 27 October 2024, Morales said he survived an assassination attempt when he stated that the windshield of his car was hit by many bullets allegedly from a military barrack.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/27/bolivias-evo-morales-vehicle-gunfire-political-tension-rises |title=Evo Morales accuses Bolivian government of trying to kill him |date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/bolivian-ex-president-evo-morales-says-his-car-was-shot-at-amid-rising-political-tensions-13242639 |title=Bolivian ex-president Evo Morales says his car was shot at amid rising political tensions |date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Bloomberg UK |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-27/bolivia-to-probe-alleged-attack-against-former-leader-morales |title=Bolivia to Probe Alleged Attack Against Former Leader Morales |date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Morales, Evo}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Bolivia]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Native American people]] t7j932uy1gbrlkidt549bf4gqje1bkn 0 18408 10331762 8548623 2025-06-15T10:37:02Z 109.245.38.19 /* Visualizing electromagnetic waves */ 10331762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sine waves different frequencies.svg|thumb|250px|As time elapses—here moving left to right on the [[horizontal]] axis—the five [[Sine wave|sinusoidal wave]]s vary, or cycle, regularly at different [[rate (mathematics)|rates]] (or [[ratio]]s). The red [[wave]] (top) has the lowest frequency (i.e. cycles at the slowest rate) while the purple wave (bottom) has the highest frequency (cycles at the fastest rate).]] [[File:Sinfrequency.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Sine]]s with three different frequencies '''''f'''''.]] '''Frequency''' is how often an event repeats itself over a [[period (physics)|set amount of time]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/frequency|title=Definition of FREQUENCY|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2016}}</ref> In physics, the '''frequency''' of a wave is the number of [[wave (physics)|wave]] [[crest]]s that pass a point in one [[second]] (a wave crest is the peak of the wave). '''[[Hertz]]''' (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency. The relationship between '''frequency''' and '''[[wavelength]]''' is expressed by the formula: <center>'''<math>f = v/\lambda</math>'''</center> where v is speed and <math>\lambda</math> (lambda) is wavelength. The formula for the frequency of light waves is '''<math>f = c/\lambda</math>''' where the c is the [[speed of light]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencescope.co.uk/frequency_of_a_wave.htm|title="Frequency of a wave"|accessdate=2009-03-04|publisher=Science Scope|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225183321/http://sciencescope.co.uk/frequency_of_a_wave.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> All [[electromagnetic waves]] travel at the speed of light in a [[vacuum]] '''but''' they travel at slower speeds when they travel through a medium that is not a vacuum. Other waves, such as [[sound]] waves, travel at much much lower speeds and can not travel through a vacuum. Examples of electromagnetic waves are: [[light]] waves, [[radio wave]]s, [[infrared radiation]], [[microwaves]], and [[Gamma ray|gamma waves]]. == Visualizing electromagnetic waves == Different types of electromagnetic waves have different frequencies. === Example === [[File:2019-12-05 train illustration.png|thumb|Two different trains traveling at the same speed]] One way to visualize this is if there were two trains traveling at the same speed, but the size of the train cars was smaller on one train than the other. If someone picked something that was not moving, like a signpost, and then counted how many train cars passed the sign post in one second for each train, they would seljami mustafi know the frequency of cars passing in each train. The number and frequency of train cars passing the sign post would be different, because the train with smaller train cars would have more train cars passing the sign post in a second than the train with larger train cars. Knowing how many cars passed the sign post in one second, and knowing the speed of the train, one could figure out mathematically the size of each train car for each train. For example, if the train was moving at 10 miles per second, and 10 train cars passed in one second, then each train car would be 1 mile long. If the other train was also moving at 10 miles per second and 20 train cars passed in one second, then one would know that each train car was 1/2 of a mile long for that train. This example shows that knowing the frequency of an electromagnetic wave gives you the wavelength, since all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light so that c = v (lambda) where v is frequency and lambda is wavelength, and c is the speed of light. Therefore, another way of expressing frequency is to say ''frequency is c over lambda.'' == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Physical quantity]] [[Category:Basic physics ideas]] [[Category:Wave physics]] [[Category:Mechanical vibrations]] bu9g1xjimtmdz17y01dsnueonoo8p3a 10331763 10331762 2025-06-15T10:37:05Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/109.245.38.19|109.245.38.19]] ([[User talk:109.245.38.19|talk]]) to last version by LilyKitty 8548623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sine waves different frequencies.svg|thumb|250px|As time elapses—here moving left to right on the [[horizontal]] axis—the five [[Sine wave|sinusoidal wave]]s vary, or cycle, regularly at different [[rate (mathematics)|rates]] (or [[ratio]]s). The red [[wave]] (top) has the lowest frequency (i.e. cycles at the slowest rate) while the purple wave (bottom) has the highest frequency (cycles at the fastest rate).]] [[File:Sinfrequency.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Sine]]s with three different frequencies '''''f'''''.]] '''Frequency''' is how often an event repeats itself over a [[period (physics)|set amount of time]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/frequency|title=Definition of FREQUENCY|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2016}}</ref> In physics, the '''frequency''' of a wave is the number of [[wave (physics)|wave]] [[crest]]s that pass a point in one [[second]] (a wave crest is the peak of the wave). '''[[Hertz]]''' (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency. The relationship between '''frequency''' and '''[[wavelength]]''' is expressed by the formula: <center>'''<math>f = v/\lambda</math>'''</center> where v is speed and <math>\lambda</math> (lambda) is wavelength. The formula for the frequency of light waves is '''<math>f = c/\lambda</math>''' where the c is the [[speed of light]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencescope.co.uk/frequency_of_a_wave.htm|title="Frequency of a wave"|accessdate=2009-03-04|publisher=Science Scope|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225183321/http://sciencescope.co.uk/frequency_of_a_wave.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> All [[electromagnetic waves]] travel at the speed of light in a [[vacuum]] '''but''' they travel at slower speeds when they travel through a medium that is not a vacuum. Other waves, such as [[sound]] waves, travel at much much lower speeds and can not travel through a vacuum. Examples of electromagnetic waves are: [[light]] waves, [[radio wave]]s, [[infrared radiation]], [[microwaves]], and [[Gamma ray|gamma waves]]. == Visualizing electromagnetic waves == Different types of electromagnetic waves have different frequencies. === Example === [[File:2019-12-05 train illustration.png|thumb|Two different trains traveling at the same speed]] One way to visualize this is if there were two trains traveling at the same speed, but the size of the train cars was smaller on one train than the other. If someone picked something that was not moving, like a signpost, and then counted how many train cars passed the sign post in one second for each train, they would know the frequency of cars passing in each train. The number and frequency of train cars passing the sign post would be different, because the train with smaller train cars would have more train cars passing the sign post in a second than the train with larger train cars. Knowing how many cars passed the sign post in one second, and knowing the speed of the train, one could figure out mathematically the size of each train car for each train. For example, if the train was moving at 10 miles per second, and 10 train cars passed in one second, then each train car would be 1 mile long. If the other train was also moving at 10 miles per second and 20 train cars passed in one second, then one would know that each train car was 1/2 of a mile long for that train. This example shows that knowing the frequency of an electromagnetic wave gives you the wavelength, since all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light so that c = v (lambda) where v is frequency and lambda is wavelength, and c is the speed of light. Therefore, another way of expressing frequency is to say ''frequency is c over lambda.'' == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Physical quantity]] [[Category:Basic physics ideas]] [[Category:Wave physics]] [[Category:Mechanical vibrations]] fpz21nxxqay8kkm5phtveq8bqmv28ng 0 18520 10330106 10268339 2025-06-14T14:47:38Z 2804:D51:447F:6600:1526:BCA4:8CFC:174F 10330106 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''cartoon''' is a type of [[visual art]] that is usually drawn based on real things. Cartoons are sometimes [[Animation|animated]]. The word cartoon has meant a lot of different things but now it means but the either: an image or series of images created to be funny or a movie with [[Illustration]]<nowiki/>s that are [[Animation|animated]]. Someone who creates the first kind of cartoon is called a ''[[cartoonist]].'' Someone who makes the second kind of cartoon is sometimes called a cartoonist but is also called an ''[[animator]]''. The concept originated in the [[Middle Ages]], and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, [[fresco]], [[tapestry]], or [[stained glass]] window. In the 19th century, beginning in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazine in 1843, cartoon came to refer – ironically at first – to humorous artworks in magazines and newspapers. Then it also was used for political cartoons and [[comic strip]]s. When the medium developed, in the early 20th century, it began to refer to [[Animated cartoon|animated]] films that resembled print cartoons. [[File:Dr. Seuss WikiWorld has removed fishbowl.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Example of a modern cartoon. The text was excerpted by cartoonist Greg Williams from the Wikipedia article on [[Dr. Seuss]], A cartoon shows a bearded man with a red bow tie holding numerous items. He holds the hat from Dr. Seuss's "The Cat in the Hat".]] ==Types of cartoons== [[Image:Leonardo - St. Anne cartoon.jpg|thumb|A cartoon for an [[oil painting]] by [[Leonardo da Vinci]].]] ===Cartoon for an artwork=== The oldest meaning is a drawing that is a full-sized design for a finished artwork. The cartoon might be a drawing for a painting that was going to be put onto a wall or ceiling in [[fresco]]. The cartoon would be pinned against the wall and its design marked onto the plastered of the wall. Cartoons were also made to design [[tapestry]]. The most famous cartoons of this kind are a set by [[Raphael]] which show the "Life of St Peter". The cartoons are in the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]]. The finished tapestries belong to the [[Vatican]] and were made for the [[Sistine Chapel]]. ===Political cartoons=== [[File:Standard oil octopus loc color.jpg|thumb|Cartoon depicting a [[corporation]] as an [[octopus]].]] In the 1700s, artists such as [[William Hogarth]] often made sets of [[humour|humorous]] (funny) drawings that were about political subjects, such as [[poverty]], [[election]]s, [[war]] and [[riot]]s. The drawings were made into [[printing|prints]] and were sold cheaply. These prints were not called cartoons at that time, but they led to the idea of modern political cartoons in newspapers. Nowadays many [[newspaper]]s publish a different political cartoon in the paper, every day. The word "cartoon" was first used in this way in 1843 in an English magazine called ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Punch.co.uk|title=History of the Cartoon|url=http://punch.co.uk/cartoonhistory02.html|access-date=2008-11-04|archive-date=2007-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111013522/http://www.punch.co.uk/cartoonhistory02.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A political cartoon does not always show real people. Sometimes it may use a [[personification]] of a [[country]] or organization as a person, an animal, or a monster. For example, [[United Kingdom|Britain]] might be shown as a woman holding a baby [[Australia]] in her arms. [[Russia]] might be shown as a baby [[bear]] or a [[dolphin]]. The [[United States]] might be shown as a [[Bald Eagle]]. ===Comic strips=== Political cartoons were often drawn to show several different stages of the same story. Many of Hogarth's famous political cartoons do this. From this came the idea of telling funny stories in a series of pictures. [[Comic strip|Comic strips]] are a type of "cartoon" that is published in newspapers, but they are usually just called "comic strips". [[Comic book]]s assemble many strips in a book. The book may tell a long story, longer than a newspaper would want to print, or several stories. Comic strips posted on the [[internet]] are '''web comics'''. Some use [[animation]] and [[sound]] for special effects. Like comic books they may be large, and most offer a large collection of earlier strips for new readers, so longer stories can be told. Many [[Webcomic|webcomics]] are published (shown to people) by independent artists. ===Movie Cartoons and TV Show Cartoons=== * ''Main article:'' [[Animated cartoon]] From the beginning of the [[movie]] industry, some artists began experimenting with making animated drawings that seemed to move. These moving drawings also became known as "cartoons". They often depict "anthropomorphic" animals rather than humans. They were often just for fun, but sometimes, particularly during [[World War II]], were used for political reasons, just like the cartoons in newspapers. At first, movie cartoons were quite short. When a person bought a movie ticket, they would see a news program, two or three cartoons in black and white and a movie. [[Walt Disney]] then totally got the idea to tell a long story as a "cartoon" and "animated cartoon". The first example made was ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 movie)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937). Movie cartoons soon became a popular type of entertainment. Modern animated features are created using computer graphics, rather than hand-drawn animation. The famous iconic animated cartoon characters from the golden age include [[Felix the Cat]], [[Mickey Mouse]], [[Donald Duck]], [[Betty Boop]], [[Popeye]], [[Bugs Bunny]], [[Daffy Duck]], [[Looney Tunes]], [[Tom and Jerry]], and [[Woody Woodpecker]]. There are some cartoons that were on television, including [[The Flintstones]], [[Scooby-Doo]], and [[SpongeBob SquarePants]]. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Art| ]] debftosyn4g404vvkrsx7vja90eh0bf 0 18728 10331033 10323920 2025-06-14T23:01:36Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages (also not a stub anymore) 10331033 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rapping''' is a type of [[Singer|vocals]], like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like [[Speech|talking]], but timed with rhythm over [[music]]. Someone who raps is called a '''rapper''', or sometimes an '''MC'''. That stands for Master of Ceremonies. Rapping can be done over music of many types (or [[Musical genre|genres]]), including [[jazz]], [[House music|house]], [[reggae]] and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is [[hip hop]]. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]], in the 1970s. People would talk over [[Disco|disco music]] [[Disc jockey|DJ]]<nowiki/>s at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Birth of Rap: A Look Back|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7550286|access-date=2020-11-23|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in [[Jamaica]] used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=From the Bronx to the world: The birth and evolution of hip-hop|url=https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/history-of-hip-hop|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Red Bull|language=en}}</ref> Going back further than that, the [[West Africa|West African]] Griots (travelling [[Musician|musicians]] and [[poet]]<nowiki/>s) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Blues. Blues Classroom . Lesson Plans. Oral Tradition and the Blues {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/theblues/classroom/deftradition.html|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music.<ref name=":0" /> ==Hip Hop Music== Hip hop music (also known as hip-hop, rap music, or rap) is a music genre that developed as part of hip hop culture in New York City during the 1970s. It typically consists of two main components: rhythmic spoken words, known as "rapping" or "MCing," and musical accompaniment, often built on "beatboxing," "DJing" with turntablism and sampling, or the use of electronic instruments. Terminology The term "hip hop" is often used to refer to the entire cultural movement, while "rap" refers specifically to the musical element. However, in common usage, the terms are frequently used interchangeably to describe the music. ==History== Early Years [[1970]] Hip hop music originated in street parties in the Bronx boroughs of New York City, particularly among African American and Latino youth. DJ Kool Herc is widely credited as a pioneer, focusing on the instrumental "breaks" of funk and soul records and using dual turntable techniques (turntablism) to extend these danceable sections. Soon, MCs (Masters of Ceremonies) began to speak or chant over these beats, offering greetings to the audience, telling stories, or issuing challenges. Golden Age [[1980]] The 1980s saw an explosion in the popularity of hip hop music, with the emergence of influential artists like Run-DMC, the Beastie Boys, and Public Enemy. Lyrical themes expanded to include social and political commentary, personal struggles, and celebrations of urban culture. Production techniques also evolved, with the increased use of drum machines and samplers becoming common. 1990s and Beyond Hip hop music continued to diversify and evolve throughout the 1990s and subsequent decades. Various subgenres emerged, such as gangsta rap, jazz rap, and alternative hip hop. Hip hop spread globally, influencing numerous musical cultures worldwide and spawning local artists and music on every continent. Today, hip hop music remains one of the most popular and influential music genres globally, continuously evolving and innovating. ==Core Elements of Hip Hop Music== * Rapping (MCing): The rhythmic spoken delivery of rhymes, often incorporating wordplay, alliteration, storytelling, and intricate lyrical patterns. * DJing and Turntablism: The use of turntables to create beats, sound effects, and samples from existing recordings. * Beatboxing: The art of producing drum beats, rhythms, and musical sounds using one's mouth, lips, tongue, and voice. * Sampling: The practice of incorporating portions of existing audio recordings (such as drum loops, basslines, or melodic fragments) as the foundation for a new musical piece. * Graffiti: While not a direct musical element, it's an integral part of hip hop's visual culture. * Breakdancing (B-boying/B-girling): A dynamic form of street dance that developed alongside hip hop music. ==Cultural Impact== Hip hop music has had a profound impact on popular culture worldwide. It has influenced fashion, slang, dance, visual arts, and cinema. It has also played a significant role in giving a voice to marginalized communities and raising awareness of social and political issues. Notable Subgenres * Gangsta Rap: Focuses on narratives and life in impoverished neighborhoods and crime. * Hardcore Hip Hop: Characterized by aggressive themes and a raw, often confrontational sound. * Alternative Hip Hop: Transcends traditional styles, experimenting with different sounds and themes. * Jazz Rap: Integrates jazz elements into hip hop music. * Trap: Features fast drum machine hi-hats, dark melodies, and themes often related to street life. * Philly Soul: A genre of soul music that incorporated elements of jazz and funk, influencing the development of hip hop. ==Related pages== [[Turntablism]] [[Beatboxing]] [[Breakdance]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Singing}} [[Category:Vocal music]] [[Category:Rappers| ]] m7g5amec2zvzi8se6rpw9ph037yn6cm 0 18874 10331023 10323845 2025-06-14T23:00:17Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Nashville, Tennessee |settlement_type = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] and [[consolidated city-county]] |official_name = City of Nashville and County of Davidson |image_skyline = Nashville collage.png |image_caption = From top to bottom, left to right: Nashville skyline, the [[Parthenon (Nashville)|Parthenon]], [[Nissan Stadium (Nashville)|Nissan Stadium]], [[Ryman Auditorium]], [[Tennessee State Capitol]], [[Vanderbilt University]]'s The Wyatt Center, [[First Horizon Park]], [[Bridgestone Arena]] |imagesize = 280px |image_flag = Flag of Nashville, Tennessee.png |image_seal = Seal of Nashville, Tennessee.png |nickname = Music City, Country Music Capital, Athens of the South |image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Nashville|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}} |map_caption = Interactive map of Nashville |coordinates = {{coord|36|09|44|N|86|46|28|W|region:US-TN|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = [[Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flagdeco|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee]] |subdivision_type2 = [[County (United States)|County]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Davidson County, Tennessee|Davidson]] |established_title = Founded |established_date = {{Start date and age|1779}} |established_title2 = Incorporated |established_date2 = {{Start date and age|1806}} |founder = |named_for = [[Francis Nash]] |government_footnotes = |leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] |leader_title = [[List of mayors of Nashville, Tennessee|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Freddie O'Connell]] |leader_title2 = Vice Mayor |leader_name2 = Angie Henderson |unit_pref = US |total_type = [[Consolidated city-county|Consolidated]] |area_footnotes = <ref name="area_land">{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US47037 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150228084942/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US47037 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 28, 2015 |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – County – County Subdivision and Place: 2010 Census Summary File 1 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |year=2010 |access-date=February 28, 2015 }}</ref> |area_total_sq_mi = 525.94 |area_land_sq_mi = 504.03 |area_water_sq_mi = 21.91 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = 597 |population_footnotes = {{efn|''Consolidated'' refers to the population of Davidson County; ''Balance'' refers to the population of Nashville excluding other incorporated cities within the Nashville-Davidson boundary.}}<ref name="Consolidated">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Davidson County, Tennessee |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/davidsoncountytennessee/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Nashville-Davidson metropolitan government (balance), Tennessee |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/nashvilledavidsonmetropolitangovernmentbalancetennessee/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT EDIT THIS POPULATION INFORMATION UNLESS YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CONSOLIDATED POPULATION AND A BALANCE POPULATION --> |population_blank1_title = [[Nashville-Davidson (balance), Tennessee|Balance]] |population_blank1 = 689447 |population_total = 715884<!-- Consolidated population (should always match the population of Davidson County) --> |population_metro_footnotes = |population_metro = 2014444 ([[List of metropolitan statistical areas|35th]]) |population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] |population_density_sq_mi = 1367.87 |population_density_km2 = 528.15 |population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|21st]] in the United States<br>[[List of municipalities in Tennessee|1st]] in Tennessee |population_demonym = Nashvillian |timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |utc_offset1 = −6 |timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] |utc_offset1_DST = −5 |postal_code_type = ZIP codes |postal_code = 37201-37250 |area_code = [[Area codes 615 and 629|615 and 629]] |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID |blank1_info = [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1652484 1652484] |blank2_name_sec1 = [[Interstate Highway System|Interstates]] |blank2_info_sec1 = [[File:I-24.svg|25px|link=Interstate 24]] [[File:I-40.svg|25px|link=Interstate 40]] [[File:I-65.svg|25px|link=Interstate 65]] [[File:I-440.svg|30px|link=Interstate 440 (Tennessee)]]<!--This list includes interstate highways within the city of Nashville. Do not add Interstate 840 to this list.--> |blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of U.S. Highways in Tennessee|U.S. routes]] |blank3_info_sec1 = [[File:US 31.svg|25px|link=U.S. Route 31 in Tennessee]] [[File:US 31W.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 31W]] [[File:US 31E.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 31E in Tennessee]] [[File:US 31A.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 31A]] [[File:US 41.svg|25px|link=U.S. Route 41 in Tennessee]] [[File:US 41A.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 41 Alternate (Monteagle, Tennessee–Hopkinsville, Kentucky)]] [[File:US 70.svg|25px|link=U.S. Route 70 in Tennessee]] [[File:US 70S.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 70S]] [[File:US 431.svg|30px|link=U.S. Route 431 in Tennessee]] |blank4_name_sec1 = [[List of state routes in Tennessee|State routes]] |blank4_info_sec1 = [[File:Tennessee 12.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 12]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 45.svg|25px|link=Tennessee State Route 45]] [[File:Tennessee 100.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 100]] [[File:Tennessee 155.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 155]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 171.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 171]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 174.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 174]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 251.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 251]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 253.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 253]] [[File:Tennessee 254.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 254]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 255.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 255]] [[File:Secondary Tennessee 265.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 265]] [[File:Tennessee 386.svg|30px|link=Tennessee State Route 386]]<!-- Please do not add unsigned "hidden" state routes routed concurrently with US routes to this list. --> |blank5_name_sec1 = Waterways |blank5_info_sec1 = [[Cumberland River]] |blank6_name_sec1 = Public transit |blank6_info_sec1 = [[Nashville Metropolitan Transit Authority|Nashville MTA]] |blank7_name_sec1 = Regional rail |blank7_info_sec1 = [[Music City Star]] |blank7_name_sec2 = Airport |blank7_info_sec2 = [[Nashville International Airport]] |website = {{url|http://www.nashville.gov/}} |footnotes = }} '''Nashville''' is the [[Capital (city)|capital]] and largest city in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Tennessee]]. It is on the [[Cumberland River]] in [[Davidson County, Tennessee|Davidson County]]. Nashville is the home of the [[Grand Ole Opry]], the [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum|Country Music Hall of Fame]], and many major [[record label]]s. Nashville has 689,447 people in it (according to the 2020 [[census]]).<ref name="QuickFacts"/> A resident of Nashville is called a ''Nashvillian''. ==Government and politics== The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in [[1963]] as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of [[urban sprawl]]. The joint [[metropolitan government]] offers services such as [[police]], [[Firefighter|firefighting]], [[electricity]], [[Water|running water]], and [[Sewage treatment|waste water disposal]]. ==History== On March 3, 2020, [[March 2020 Tennessee tornado outbreak|a tornado]] tracked west to east, just north of the downtown Nashville area, killing at least 25 people and leaving tens of thousands without electricity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tornadoes kill at least 19 people, leave trail of destruction in and around Nashville|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/03/03/nashville-tornado/|author1=Gee, Brandon|author2=Timothy Bella|author3=Kim Bellware|author4=Matthew Cappucci|website=WashingtonPost.com|date=March 3, 2020|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> On December 25, 2020, a [[2020 Nashville bombing|suicide bombing]] happened in the city.<ref name="wtvfdec25">{{Cite news|last=Sutton|first=Caroline|date=December 25, 2020|title=Christmas Day bombing damages much of Nashville's 2nd Ave|language=en|work=WTVF-TV|url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/explosion-reported-downtown-nashville-police-investigating|access-date=December 25, 2020|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref> ==Sports teams== Nashville sports teams include: * [[Tennessee Titans]] - football * [[Nashville Predators]] - ice hockey * [[Nashville Sounds]] - baseball * [[Nashville SC]] - soccer ==Related pages== * [[List of people from Nashville, Tennessee]] ==References== {{reflist}} '''Notes''' <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Other websites== {{commons|Nashville, Tennessee}} * [https://www.nashville.gov/ Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County website] {{Davidson County, Tennessee}} {{Nashville Metro}} {{Tennessee}} {{USLargestCities}} {{United States state capitals}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nashville, Tennessee| ]] [[Category:County seats in Tennessee]] [[Category:State capitals in the United States]] [[Category:1779 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1806 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:19th-century establishments in Tennessee]] [[Category:1770s establishments in the United States]] [[Category:18th-century establishments in Tennessee]] {{US-geo-stub}} 8rai7ls14e8xiv1uh301tcgar9a57a0 0 18909 10331284 9361173 2025-06-15T01:40:02Z 70.171.75.162 10331284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Pierre, South Dakota | official_name = | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] | image_skyline = South Dakota State Capitol.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = South Dakota State Capitol | image_flag = Flag of Pierre, South Dakota.png | flag_size = 90 | image_seal = Seal of Pierre, South Dakota.png | seal_size = 80 | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = 120 | nickname = | motto = "On The River-On The Move" | image_map = Hughes County South Dakota Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pierre Highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location within [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes County]] in [[South Dakota]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = South Dakota#USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within South Dakota##Location within the [[United States]] | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Pierre | coordinates = {{coord|44|22|29|N|100|19|14|W|region:US-SD|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in South Dakota|County]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[South Dakota]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes]] | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1880 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = Incorporated | established_date3 = 1883<ref name="collier">{{cite encyclopedia|editor=William D. Halsey|encyclopedia=Collier's Encyclopedia|title=Pierre|year=1976|publisher=Macmillan Educational Corporation|volume=19|location=New York|pages=42–43}}</ref> | named_for = [[Pierre Chouteau Jr.]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='46'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 33.80 | area_total_sq_mi = 13.05 | area_land_km2 = 33.74 | area_land_sq_mi = 13.03 | area_water_km2 = 0.05 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.02 | area_water_percent = 0.08 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> | elevation_ft = 1700 | population_total = 14,091 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QF"/> | population_density_km2 = 417.63 | population_density_sq_mi = 1081.68 | image_dot_map = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central]] | utc_offset = &minus;6 | timezone_DST = Central | utc_offset_DST = &minus;5 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 46-49600 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = 1267533<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1267533}}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] | postal_code = 57501 | area_code = [[Area code 605|605]] | website = [http://www.pierre.sd.gov City of Pierre] | footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = }} '''St. Pierre''' (pronounced "peer") is the [[capital (city)|capital]] [[city]] of [[South Dakota]], a [[U.S. state|state]] of the [[United States|United States of America]]. As of the [[2020]] census, it had a population of 14,091.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Pierre city, South Dakota|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pierrecitysouthdakota|access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> Pierre is the [[county seat]] of [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes County]]. Started in [[1880]] on the [[Missouri River]] across from [[Fort Pierre]], Pierre has been the state capital since [[1889]]. Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from [[Lake Oahe]], one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular [[fishing]] destination. == Transportation == [[Image:Pierre capitol3.jpg|thumb|left|293px|Inside the Capitol]] [[Image:Pierre capitol4.jpg|thumb|left|293px|Dome of the Capitol]] Two airlines serving [[Pierre Regional Airport]] provide non-stop flights to [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis-St. Paul]]. The nearest interstate highway is [[Interstate 90]], about 34 miles south of Pierre via [[U.S. Route 83|U.S. Highway 83]]. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.<ref group="Note">The other state capitals without Interstate highways are [[Dover, Delaware]]; [[Jefferson City, Missouri]]; and [[Juneau, Alaska]].</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== <references/> == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} * [http://ci.pierre.sd.us/ City of Pierre official website] {{South Dakota|state=collapsed}} {{United States state capitals|state=collapsed}} {{authority control|state=collapsed}} [[Category:State capitals in the United States]] [[Category:County seats in South Dakota]] [[Category:Cities in South Dakota]] [[Category:1880 establishments in Dakota Territory]] ka56vgo4i63exyxzvv3bjae5culgbkf 10331289 10331284 2025-06-15T01:41:04Z 70.171.75.162 10331289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Pierre, South Dakota | official_name = | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] | image_skyline = South Dakota State Capitol.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = South Dakota State Capitol | image_flag = Flag of Pierre, South Dakota.png | flag_size = 90 | image_seal = Seal of Pierre, South Dakota.png | seal_size = 80 | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = 120 | nickname = | motto = "On The River-On The Move" | image_map = Hughes County South Dakota Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pierre Highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location within [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes County]] in [[South Dakota]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = South Dakota#USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within South Dakota##Location within the [[United States]] | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Pierre | coordinates = {{coord|44|22|29|N|100|19|14|W|region:US-SD|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in South Dakota|County]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[South Dakota]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes]] | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1880 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = Incorporated | established_date3 = 1883<ref name="collier">{{cite encyclopedia|editor=William D. Halsey|encyclopedia=Collier's Encyclopedia|title=Pierre|year=1976|publisher=Macmillan Educational Corporation|volume=19|location=New York|pages=42–43}}</ref> | named_for = [[Pierre Chouteau Jr.]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='46'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 33.80 | area_total_sq_mi = 13.05 | area_land_km2 = 33.74 | area_land_sq_mi = 13.03 | area_water_km2 = 0.05 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.02 | area_water_percent = 0.08 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> | elevation_ft = 1700 | population_total = 14,091 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QF"/> | population_density_km2 = 417.63 | population_density_sq_mi = 1081.68 | image_dot_map = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central]] | utc_offset = &minus;6 | timezone_DST = Central | utc_offset_DST = &minus;5 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 46-49600 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = 1267533<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1267533}}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] | postal_code = 57501 | area_code = [[Area code 605|605]] | website = [http://www.pierre.sd.gov City of Pierre] | footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = }} '''St. Pierre''' (pronounced "Coy is dumb") is the [[capital (city)|capital]] [[city]] of [[South Dakota]], a [[U.S. state|state]] of the [[United States|United States of America]]. As of the [[2020]] census, it had a population of 14,091.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Pierre city, South Dakota|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pierrecitysouthdakota|access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> Pierre is the [[county seat]] of [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes County]]. Started in [[1880]] on the [[Missouri River]] across from [[Fort Pierre]], Pierre has been the state capital since [[1889]]. Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from [[Lake Oahe]], one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular [[fishing]] destination. == Transportation == [[Image:Pierre capitol3.jpg|thumb|left|293px|Inside the Capitol]] [[Image:Pierre capitol4.jpg|thumb|left|293px|Dome of the Capitol]] Two airlines serving [[Pierre Regional Airport]] provide non-stop flights to [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis-St. Paul]]. The nearest interstate highway is [[Interstate 90]], about 34 miles south of Pierre via [[U.S. Route 83|U.S. Highway 83]]. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.<ref group="Note">The other state capitals without Interstate highways are [[Dover, Delaware]]; [[Jefferson City, Missouri]]; and [[Juneau, Alaska]].</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== <references/> == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} * [http://ci.pierre.sd.us/ City of Pierre official website] {{South Dakota|state=collapsed}} {{United States state capitals|state=collapsed}} {{authority control|state=collapsed}} [[Category:State capitals in the United States]] [[Category:County seats in South Dakota]] [[Category:Cities in South Dakota]] [[Category:1880 establishments in Dakota Territory]] 6ibakt4tyvyhbrvzjdgnb3fvrv5fvg8 10331290 10331289 2025-06-15T01:41:09Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/70.171.75.162|70.171.75.162]] ([[User talk:70.171.75.162|talk]]) to last version by Kk.urban 9361173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Pierre, South Dakota | official_name = | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]] | image_skyline = South Dakota State Capitol.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = South Dakota State Capitol | image_flag = Flag of Pierre, South Dakota.png | flag_size = 90 | image_seal = Seal of Pierre, South Dakota.png | seal_size = 80 | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = 120 | nickname = | motto = "On The River-On The Move" | image_map = Hughes County South Dakota Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pierre Highlighted.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location within [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes County]] in [[South Dakota]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = South Dakota#USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location within South Dakota##Location within the [[United States]] | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Pierre | coordinates = {{coord|44|22|29|N|100|19|14|W|region:US-SD|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in South Dakota|County]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = [[South Dakota]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes]] | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1880 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = Incorporated | established_date3 = 1883<ref name="collier">{{cite encyclopedia|editor=William D. Halsey|encyclopedia=Collier's Encyclopedia|title=Pierre|year=1976|publisher=Macmillan Educational Corporation|volume=19|location=New York|pages=42–43}}</ref> | named_for = [[Pierre Chouteau Jr.]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='46'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 15, 2022}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 33.80 | area_total_sq_mi = 13.05 | area_land_km2 = 33.74 | area_land_sq_mi = 13.03 | area_water_km2 = 0.05 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.02 | area_water_percent = 0.08 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/> | elevation_ft = 1700 | population_total = 14,091 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QF"/> | population_density_km2 = 417.63 | population_density_sq_mi = 1081.68 | image_dot_map = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central]] | utc_offset = &minus;6 | timezone_DST = Central | utc_offset_DST = &minus;5 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 46-49600 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = 1267533<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1267533}}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]] | postal_code = 57501 | area_code = [[Area code 605|605]] | website = [http://www.pierre.sd.gov City of Pierre] | footnotes = | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_est = }} '''Pierre''' (pronounced "peer") is the [[capital (city)|capital]] [[city]] of [[South Dakota]], a [[U.S. state|state]] of the [[United States|United States of America]]. As of the [[2020]] census, it had a population of 14,091.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Pierre city, South Dakota|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pierrecitysouthdakota|access-date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> Pierre is the [[county seat]] of [[Hughes County, South Dakota|Hughes County]]. Started in [[1880]] on the [[Missouri River]] across from [[Fort Pierre]], Pierre has been the state capital since [[1889]]. Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from [[Lake Oahe]], one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular [[fishing]] destination. == Transportation == [[Image:Pierre capitol3.jpg|thumb|left|293px|Inside the Capitol]] [[Image:Pierre capitol4.jpg|thumb|left|293px|Dome of the Capitol]] Two airlines serving [[Pierre Regional Airport]] provide non-stop flights to [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] and [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis-St. Paul]]. The nearest interstate highway is [[Interstate 90]], about 34 miles south of Pierre via [[U.S. Route 83|U.S. Highway 83]]. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.<ref group="Note">The other state capitals without Interstate highways are [[Dover, Delaware]]; [[Jefferson City, Missouri]]; and [[Juneau, Alaska]].</ref> ==Notes== <references group="Note"/> ==References== <references/> == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} * [http://ci.pierre.sd.us/ City of Pierre official website] {{South Dakota|state=collapsed}} {{United States state capitals|state=collapsed}} {{authority control|state=collapsed}} [[Category:State capitals in the United States]] [[Category:County seats in South Dakota]] [[Category:Cities in South Dakota]] [[Category:1880 establishments in Dakota Territory]] qm4jni50jeaan000xtkpvq2et5c16ia 0 18974 10331605 10261925 2025-06-15T08:46:18Z 1.152.106.84 10331605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tampa | official_name = | nicknames = Cigar City,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm |title=Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World |publisher=Nps.gov |date=June 28, 1999 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109144818/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/51ybor/51ybor.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Big Guava]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/102999/Alive/Ybor_stumbled_upon_Gu.shtml |title=Alive: Ybor stumbled upon Guavaween |work=St Petersburg Times |date=October 29, 1999 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140358/http://www.sptimes.com/News/102999/Alive/Ybor_stumbled_upon_Gu.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref> | settlement_type = [[City]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/2/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Downtown Tampa Skyline.jpg | caption1 = [[Downtown Tampa]] skyline | image2 = Tampa Theatre Sign--7237.jpg | caption2 = [[Tampa Theatre|Tampa Theater]] | image3 = Entrance to Plant Hall at University of Tampa.jpg | caption3 = [[Henry B. Plant Museum|Plant Hall]] at [[University of Tampa]] | image4 = Amalie Arena.jpg | caption4 = [[Amalie Arena]] | image5 = Raymond James Stadium (2021) C.jpg | caption5 = [[Raymond James Stadium]] | image6 = Centro Ybor, Ybor City, Tampa, Florida.jpg | caption6 = [[Ybor City]] | image7 = Streetcar 431 at Centro Ybor, July 2013.jpg | caption7 = [[TECO Line Streetcar]] | image8 = Cheetah Hunt 2.jpg | caption8 = [[Busch Gardens Tampa Bay]] | image9 = Tampa Riverwalk1.jpg | caption9 = [[Tampa Riverwalk]] on [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]]}} | image_flag = Flag of Tampa, Florida.svg | flag_border = no | image_seal = Seal of Tampa, Florida.svg | seal_border = | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=270|frame-height=240|frame-align=center|zoom=9|type=shape-inverse|title=Tampa|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|id=Q49255}} | mapsize = 290x200px | map_caption = Interactive map of Tampa | pushpin_map = Florida#USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Tampa | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = [[United States]] | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Florida]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Florida|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough]] | government_type = [[Mayor-council government|Strong Mayor–Council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Tampa, Florida|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Jane Castor]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = [[City Council|Legislative]] | leader_name1 = [[Tampa City Council]] | established_title = [[Settler colonialism|Settled]]<br>([[Fort Brooke]]) | established_date = 1823 | established_title1 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br>([[Village (Florida)|Village of Tampa]]) | established_date1 = January 18, 1849 | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br>([[Town (Florida)|Town of Tampa]]) | established_date2 = September 10, 1853 and<br />August 11, 1873 | established_title3 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]<br>([[City (Florida)|City of Tampa]]) | established_date3 = December 15, 1855{{efn|Original city charter revoked by Florida Legislature on October 4, 1869<ref>[http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/john_thomas_lesley.asp "John Thomas Lesley&nbsp;– 12th Mayor of Tampa".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720062544/http://www.tampagov.net/dept_City_Clerk/Information_resources/previous_mayors/john_thomas_lesley.asp|date=July 20, 2010}} at ''TampaGov''. Retrieved March 22, 2010.</ref>}} and<br />July 15, 1887 | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=December 2, 2021 |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318014648/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_12.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 455.40 | area_land_km2 = 295.30 | area_water_km2 = 160.10 | area_total_sq_mi = 175.83 | area_land_sq_mi = 114.02 | area_water_sq_mi = 61.82 | area_water_percent = 35.3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 968.9 | area_urban_km2 = 2509.5 | area_metro_sq_mi = 2554 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_total = 384959 | population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/tampacityflorida/PST045222|title=QuickFacts: Tampa city, Florida|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 15, 2025}}</ref> | population_est = 414547 | pop_est_as_of = 2024 | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|49th in the US]] | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = 3376.4 <!--for 2020 Census--> | population_metro = 3,175,275 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|18th]]) | population_urban = 2,783,045 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|17th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 1,109.0 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,872.3 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | demographics_type2 = GDP | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title= Total Gross Domestic Product for Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL (MSA)|url= https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP45300 |website= fred.stlouisfed.org}}</ref> |demographics2_title1 = Tampa (MSA) |demographics2_info1 = $219.4 billion (2022) | timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = EDT | utc_offset_DST = −4 | coordinates = {{coord|27|56|51|N|82|27|31|W|region:US-FL|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 14.6 | elevation_ft = 48 | postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s | postal_code = 33601–33626, 33629–33631, 33633–33635, 33637, 33646, 33647, 33650, 33655, 33660–33664, 33672–33675, 33677, 33679–33682, 33684–33689, 33694<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupResultsAction!input.action?resultMode=1&companyName=&address1=&address2=&city=Tampa&state=FL&urbanCode=&postalCode=&zip= |title=Look Up a Zip Code: TAMPA FL |publisher=U.S. Postal Service |access-date=April 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807223543/https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupResultsAction!input.action?resultMode=1&companyName=&address1=&address2=&city=Tampa&state=FL&urbanCode=&postalCode=&zip= |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_code = [[Area code 813|813]], [[Area code 656|656]] | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 12-71000<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US1271000 |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Tampa city, Florida |work=American Factfinder |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 28, 2017}}{{dead link|bot=medic|date=April 2020}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = 0292005<ref name="GR3">{{cite gnis |id=292005 |name=Tampa, Florida}}</ref> | population_demonym = Tampan, Tampanian, Tampeño<ref name="demonym">{{cite news |last1=Guzzo |first1=Paul |title=Are you a Tampan, Tampanian or Tampeño? |url=https://www.tampabay.com/tampa/are-you-a-tampan-tampanian-or-tampexf1o-20190110/ |access-date=January 21, 2019 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=January 10, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232421/https://www.tampabay.com/tampa/are-you-a-tampan-tampanian-or-tampexf1o-20190110/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.tampa.gov/}} }} '''Tampa''' is a city in [[Florida]], a [[U.S. state|state]] of the [[United States]]. It has a population of about 384,959 people as of 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> Tampa is the 3rd largest city in Florida, and the 49th most populous city in the USA. == Sports == Tampa is the home of the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] and [[Tampa Bay Storm]]. == People from Tampa == * [[Brittany Snow]] (born 1986), actress * [[Derek Bell]] (born 1968), professional [[baseball]] player * [[Salha "Mama" Bobo]] (c. 1900 – 2001), Ybor business pioneer * [[Ray Charles]] (1930–2004), blind blues singer, pianist * [[Aaron Carter]] (born 1987), actor/[[singer]] * [[Oba Chandler]] (born 1946) murderer (lived there since early 80s) * [[Hulk Hogan]] (born 1953), actor/wrestler ==References== {{reflist}} ;Notes {{notelist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Tampa, Florida}} {{Hillsborough County, Florida}} {{Florida}} {{USLargestCities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:County seats in Florida]] [[Category:Tampa, Florida| ]] {{US-geo-stub}} 7q2l2oledwfjqpbb2lh2o7rlet92v7b 0 19547 10331507 10118464 2025-06-15T05:45:24Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birthname = Sandra Day |image = Sandra Day O'Connor.jpg |office1 = 23rd [[Chancellor of The College of William & Mary]] |term_start1 = April 7, 2006 |term_end1 = February 3, 2012 |predecessor1 = [[Henry Kissinger]] |successor1 = [[Robert Gates]] |office = 91st [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] |nominator = [[Ronald Reagan]] |term_start = September 21, 1981 |term_end = January 31, 2006 |predecessor = [[Potter Stewart]] |successor = [[Samuel Alito]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1930|3|26}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[El Paso, Texas]], U.S.}} |death_date = {{death date and age|2023|12|1|1930|3|26}} |death_place = [[Phoenix, Arizona]], U.S. |spouse = [[John Jay O'Connor|John O'Connor]] <small>(1952–2009)</small> |children = 3 |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |alma_mater = [[Stanford University]] |signature = Oconnorsig.svg }} '''Sandra Day O'Connor''' (March 26, 1930 &ndash; December 1, 2023) was a justice of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. She was the first woman to serve as justice on the Supreme Court. Until 1993, she was the only woman on the court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-01|title=Retired Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, the first woman on the Supreme Court, has died at 93|url=https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-oconnor-first-woman-justice-304f91633f069c46350bdfff540ff9fe|access-date=2 December 2023|website=[[Associated Press|AP News]]|language=en}}</ref> One of her ideas on the Supreme Court was the [[endorsement test]]. It was a way to check if the [[government]] was supporting [[religion]]. ==Life== O'Connor was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981 by President [[Ronald Reagan]]. Reagan said while running for president that he wanted a woman to be on the Supreme Court and promised to nominate a woman for the job the first chance he got. One of her biggest supporters was Arizona Senator [[Barry Goldwater]], who helped make sure that all 100 Senators voted to confirm her. While on the Supreme Court, she was involved in several major Supreme Court decisions including: [[Bush v. Gore]], which had to do with a disputed election; [[Planned Parenthood v. Casey]], which involved a woman's right to privacy. She was also involved in [[Lawrence v. Texas]], a case about whether burning a US flag was free speech. She retired from the court in [[2006]]. [[Samuel Alito]] was chosen to replace her. On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. This is the highest civilian honor of the United States. It was given by President [[Barack Obama]]. In October 2018, O’Connor announced her retirement from public life after revealing that she was diagnosed with the early stages of [[dementia]].<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/23/politics/justice-sandra-day-oconnor-dementia-alzheimers Justice O'Connor announces she has been diagnosed with dementia, 'probably Alzheimer's'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023181644/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2018/10/23/politics/justice-sandra-day-oconnor-dementia-alzheimers/index.html |date=2018-10-23 }} at [[CNN]]</ref> On December 1, 2023, O'Connor died in [[Phoenix, Arizona]] from problems caused by dementia and [[respiratory failure]], aged 93.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-01|title=Sandra Day O’Connor, the first female Supreme Court justice, dead at 93|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/sandra-day-oconnor-dead-dies-rcna127589|access-date=2023-12-01|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/01/us/sandra-day-oconnor-dead.html|title = Sandra Day O’Connor, First Woman on the Supreme Court, Is Dead at 93|last = Greenhouse|first = Linda|date = December 1, 2023|accessdate = December 1, 2023|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> ==Things named after her == She has a high [[school]] named after her in North Phoenix, Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law {{!}} ASU|url=https://law.asu.edu/|access-date=2023-12-02|website=law.asu.edu}}</ref> ==References== {{more footnotes|date=November 2012}} {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). ''Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court''. [[Penguin Books]]. *Montini, E.J. (2005) [http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0712montini12.html "Rehnquist is No. 1, O'Connor is No. 3, Baloney is No. 2."]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Arizona Republic]]''. Retrieved August 21, 2009. *{{Cite book|title=Lazy B: Growing Up on a Cattle Ranch in the American Southwest|author=O'Connor, Sandra Day; and Day, H. Alan|year=2002|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=0-375-50724-8}} ==Other websites== {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource-author|Sandra Day O'Connor}} *{{JudgeLinks|scotus=yes | fjc = 1796 | llc = court-confirmed.php#oconnor | lii = oconnor | oyez = sandra_day_oconnor | judgepedia = Sandra_Day_O'Connor | washpo = | c-span = sandraoconnor | imdb = nm0640508 | opensecrets = | nyt = o/sandra_day_oconnor | worldcat = lccn-n81-123693 | nndb = 326/000023257 | findagrave = }} {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Potter Stewart]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]]|years=1981–2006}} {{s-aft|after=[[Samuel Alito]]}} |- {{s-prec|usa}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Paul Stevens]]|as=Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court}} {{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of Precedence of the United States]]<br><small>''as Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court''</small>|years=}} {{s-aft|after=[[David Souter]]|as=Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court}} {{s-end}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:O'Connor, Sandra Day}} [[Category:1930 births]] [[Category:2023 deaths]] [[Category:People with Alzheimer's disease]] [[Category:Chancellors of the College of William & Mary]] [[Category:United States Supreme Court justices]] [[Category:American autobiographers]] [[Category:Politicians from El Paso, Texas]] [[Category:Writers from El Paso, Texas]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from El Paso, Texas]] [[Category:Lawyers from Phoenix, Arizona]] [[Category:Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona]] [[Category:Writers from Phoenix, Arizona]] [[Category:Deaths from dementia]] [[Category:Deaths from respiratory failure]] pej4jydqbaux93i9chxapuo72c700lf 0 19554 10330622 10130788 2025-06-14T18:54:40Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | alt = Ginsburg seated in her robe | image = Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2016 portrait.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2016 | office = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] | nominator = [[Bill Clinton]] | term_start = August 10, 1993 | term_end = September 18, 2020 | predecessor = [[Byron White]] | successor = [[Amy Coney Barrett]] | office1 = Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] | nominator1 = [[Jimmy Carter]] | term_start1 = June 30, 1980 | term_end1 = August 9, 1993 | predecessor1 = [[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Harold Leventhal]] | successor1 = [[David S. Tatel|David Tatel]] | birth_name = Joan Ruth Bader | birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|03|15}} | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.}} | death_date = {{nowrap|{{Death date and age|2020|09|18|1933|03|15}}}} | death_cause = Problems caused by [[pancreatic cancer]] | death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Arlington National Cemetery]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Martin D. Ginsburg|Martin Ginsburg]]|1954 |2010|end=d.}} | children = {{Hlist|Jane|James}} | education = {{ubl| [[Cornell University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Harvard University]]<!-- Harvard is a fundamental part of Ginsburg's history and is an appropriate and wholly intentioned use of the field. Stop removing it. -->|[[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])}} | signature = Ruth Bader Ginsburg signature.svg }} '''Ruth Bader Ginsburg''' (March 15, 1933 &ndash; September 18, 2020) was an American jurist. She was an [[Judge|Associate Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] from 1993 until her death. She was nominated by President [[Bill Clinton]]. She was known as a [[feminist]] icon and was nicknamed "The Notorious R.B.G.". Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020 in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/18/100306972/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-champion-of-gender-equality-dies-at-87 |title=Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Champion Of Gender Equality, Dies At 87 |website=[[NPR]] |date=September 18, 2020 |access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> ==Supreme Court== Ginsburg was appointed by President [[Bill Clinton]] and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She was the second female justice (after [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]) and the first Jewish<ref>[http://www.msnbc.com/id/22608787/ns/politics-capitol_hill/t/ginsburg-talks-about-jewish-heritage Ginsburg talks about Jewish heritage]</ref> female justice. Ginsburg was considered a member of the more liberal side of the Supreme Court. Ginsburg wrote notable majority opinions, including ''[[United States v. Virginia]]'', and ''[[Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.]]'' She was known as "The Notorious R.B.G.", in reference to the rapper known as "[[The Notorious B.I.G.]]".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/how-ruth-bader-ginsburg-became-the-notorious-rbg-50388/|title=How Ruth Bader Ginsburg Became the 'Notorious RBG'|last1=Kelley|first1=Lauren|last2=Kelley|first2=Lauren|date=October 27, 2015|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125073309/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/how-ruth-bader-ginsburg-became-the-notorious-rbg-50388/|archive-date=January 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> When [[John Paul Stevens]] retired in 2010, Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77.<ref name="boston">{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/08/03/ginsburg_says_no_plans_to_leave_supreme_court/|title=Ginsburg says no plans to leave Supreme Court|author=Sherman, Mark|date=August 3, 2010|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=Boston Globe|access-date=February 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230923/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/08/03/ginsburg_says_no_plans_to_leave_supreme_court/|archive-date=June 28, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Health== Ginsburg had surgery for [[colon cancer]] in 1999 and for [[pancreatic cancer]] in 2009.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29036143/ns/us_news-life/t/ginsburg-has-surgery-pancreatic-cancer/ Ginsburg has surgery for pancreatic cancer]</ref> On November 8, 2018, she was hospitalized after fracturing three ribs in a fall.<ref name=npr20181108>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/11/08/665598088/ruth-bader-ginsburg-hospitalized-after-falling-fracturing-3-ribs|title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg Hospitalized After Falling, Fracturing 3 Ribs|last=Domonske|first=Camila|date=November 8, 2018|website=NPR}}</ref> On August 24, 2019, it was revealed that Ginsburg underwent radiation treatment for pancreatic cancer over the summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753699013/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-underwent-another-round-of-cancer-treatment-this-sum|title=Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Treated Again For Cancer|publisher=NPR|date=August 23, 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, she announced that she had [[liver cancer]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Liptak|first=Adam|date=2020-07-17|title=Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Cancer Has Returned|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer.html|access-date=2020-07-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Berman|first=Dan|title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg announces cancer recurrence|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/17/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-cancer-chemotherapy/index.html|access-date=2020-07-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On September 18, 2020, Ginsburg died from problems caused by [[metastatic]] [[pancreatic cancer]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Biskupic |first1=Joan |title=Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg dead at 87 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/18/politics/ruth-bader-ginsburg-dead/index.html |website=cnn.com |access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> ==References== <references/> ==Other websites== * [http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg.htm Issue positions and quotes] at [[On the Issues|OnTheIssues]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130912112536/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20061109 ''Voices on Antisemitism'': Interview with Ruth Bader Ginsburg] from the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015600/https://www.makers.com/ruth-bader-ginsburg Ruth Bader Ginsburg], video produced by ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]'' * {{C-SPAN|Ruth Ginsburg}} * [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-GINSBURG/pdf/GPO-CHRG-GINSBURG.pdf Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Ruth Bader Ginsburg in July 1993] United States Government Publishing Office * [https://www.cfr.org/membership-roster-g-k Membership] at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] {{authority control}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ginsburg, Ruth Bader}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American judges]] [[Category:Columbia University alumni]] [[Category:Cornell University alumni]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Jewish judges]] [[Category:Politicians from New York City]] [[Category:United States Supreme Court justices]] [[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Lawyers from New York City]] 6rzkfw8wrmpci5an384h427eo3oxwya 0 20670 10331510 9662294 2025-06-15T05:47:13Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) stalking.jpg|thumb|Leopard, stalking]] [[File:Butorides virescens stalking.jpg|thumb|Butorides virescens stalking]] '''Stalking''' means following something or somebody [[secret]]ly. In the [[animal kingdom]], [[predator]]s often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with [[ambush]]ing. Someone who likes to watch other people is known as a [[voyeur]]. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect. == Criminal stalking == Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes the victim feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other [[sex]]ual reasons. The stalker can make that person feel scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. [[Psychologist]]s say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sociosite.org/cyberstalking_en.php|title=SocioSite: EIGENAARDIGHEDEN VAN CYBERSPACE: CYBERSTALKING|website=www.sociosite.org|access-date=2006-10-30|archive-date=2012-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522043358/http://www.sociosite.org/cyberstalking_en.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, [[rape|raping]] or [[murder|murdering]] that person. [[Celebrities]] are often stalked. [[Taylor Swift]], [[Kim Kardashian]], [[Rihanna]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Kendall Jenner]] and [[Kylie Jenner]] often have stalkers.<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/entertainment/article/3250437/9-celebrities-who-have-faced-terrifying-stalkers-over-years-pop-stars-taylor-swift-harry-styles]</ref> == Celebrities == People with [[Celebrity Worship Syndrome]] often stalk celebrities.<ref>[https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/29538]</ref> == Cyber-stalking == Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called [[cyberstalking]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Human behavior]] [[Category:Crime]] tnae8qst9ydwokk1uu7qvm37t3qrg15 0 21763 10330042 10326984 2025-06-14T13:45:43Z Steven1991 1522289 Error correction 10330042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | country = Palestine | name = Haraka Hamas | native_name = حَرَكَةُ حَمَاسَ | logo = <!-- Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg --> | colorcode = {{party color|Hamas}} | party_logo = | leader1_title = Chief of the Political Bureau | leader1_name = | leader2_title = | leader2_name = | leader3_title = [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] | leader3_name = [[Ismail Haniyeh]]<ref name="Conflict">{{cite news|title=Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (Hamas)|publisher=Transnational and non state armed groups. Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Harvard University|year=2008|accessdate=February 7, 2009|url=http://www.armed-groups.org/6/section.aspx/ViewGroup?id=57|archive-date=May 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510084345/http://www.armed-groups.org/6/section.aspx/ViewGroup?id=57|url-status=dead}}</ref> | leader4_title = Foreign Minister | leader4_name = Mahmoud Zahar<ref name="Conflict"/> | foundation = {{Start date|1987}} | founder = [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi and Mahmoud Zahar | ideology = {{Plainlist| * [[Islamism]] * [[Anti-Zionism]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Conservatism]] * Palestinian [[nationalism]] }} | religion = Sunni Islam | predecessor = | student_wing = Islamic Bloc<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 2023|title=Hamas students wing heads students’ council at Al Najah University in West Bank|work=Middle East Monitor|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230529-hamas-students-wing-heads-students-council-at-al-najah-university-in-west-bank/|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> | headquarters = [[Gaza City]], [[Gaza Strip]] | international = [[Axis of Resistance]] | website = | flag = Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg }} {{Infobox war faction | name = | active = | leaders = [[Yahya Sinwar]] | headquarters = | partof = {{flag|Muslim Brotherhood}}<ref>{{Citation|last=Frisch|first=Hillel|title=Hamas: The Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood|date=2010|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230106871_7|work=The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement|pages=89–102|editor-last=Rubin|editor-first=Barry|series=The Middle East in Focus|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230106871_7|isbn=978-0-230-10687-1|access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> | allies = '''State allies:''' * {{flag|Algeria}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231014-qatar-iran-turkey-and-beyond-the-galaxy-of-hamas-supporters|title=Qatar, Iran, Turkey and beyond: Hamas's network of allies|date=October 14, 2023|website=France 24}}</ref> * {{flag|Egypt}} (2011–13)<ref>{{cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |title=Egyptian army questions Mohamed Morsi over alleged Hamas terror links |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/26/egyptian-army-question-morsi-hamas-links |website=The Guardian |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Adviser-to-Iran-s-Khamenei-expresses-support-for-Palestinian-attacks-Report |website=Al Arabiya |publisher=AFP |via=al-Arabiya |date=October 7, 2023}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} *{{flag|Kuwait}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-plagued-poverty-hamas-no-shortage-cash-come-rcna121099 | title=Most of Gaza is poor, but Hamas has cash. Where does it come from? | website=[[NBC News]] | date=October 25, 2023 }}</ref> *{{flag|Malaysia}}<ref name="auto5"/> *{{flag|North Korea}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-north-korea-weapons-703e33663ea299f920d0d14039adfbb8|title=Evidence shows Hamas militants likely used some North Korean weapons in attack on Israel|website=Associated Press|date=October 19, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Qatar}}<ref name="allies">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-hamas/a-57537872|title=What is Hamas and who supports it?|author=Ehl, David|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> * {{flag|South Africa}}<ref> * {{cite news |author=Staff |title=South Africa says it discussed aid with Hamas leader, denies reports of support |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-says-it-discussed-aid-with-hamas-leader-denies-reports-support-2023-10-18/ |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 18, 2023}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=South Africa Is Not Pro-Palestinian, It’s Pro-Hamas |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/10/14/south-africa-is-not-pro-palestinian-its-pro-hamas |last=May |first=David |date=October 14, 2024 |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote=President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] described October 7, 2023, as “the start of an onslaught against the Palestinian people” rather than a [[Murder|murderous]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] attack on Jews. Ramaphosa also invoked past grievances to justify Hamas atrocities. The week after the October 7 massacre, he cast the event as a consequence of the “occupation of Palestine,” as if killing women and children and [[Rape|raping]] girls at a music festival is the inevitable outcome of disputes over land. }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=As Pretoria supports Hamas, new House bill aims to review US-South African relations |url=https://www.jns.org/as-pretoria-supports-hamas-new-house-bill-aims-to-review-us-south-african-relations |last=Wagenheim |first=Mike |date=April 7, 2025 |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote=Leaders of the African National Congress, the country’s ruling party, have supported Hamas publicly and reoriented South Africa’s relations toward U.S. adversaries. }} * {{cite web |website=Jewish Policy Center |title=Scrutiny Over South Africa’s Hamas Links |url=https://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2025/04/17/scrutiny-over-south-africas-hamas-links |last=Boiskin |first=Asher |date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy also recently released a bombshell report identifying South Africa’s alarming ties with Hamas, Iran, [[Hezbollah]], and [[Russia]]. The report highlighted South Africa’s involvement “in the global web of anti-democratic [[Terrorism|terror]] financing.” }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=South African Jews hopeful teetering coalition will be forced to temper anti-Israel stance |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-jews-hopeful-teetering-coalition-will-be-forced-to-temper-anti-israel-stance |last=Stub |first=Zev |date=April 28, 2025 |quote=[a]n executive order issued by [[Donald Trump|Trump]] in February to cut all funding to South Africa, accusing the government in [[Pretoria]] of supporting Hamas and [[Iran]] and pursuing domestic policies that harm the country’s white population. }}</ref> * {{flag|Sudan}} ([[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|until 2019]], occasionally since 2023)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Irish |first3=John |title=Sudan closes door on support for Hamas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/after-fall-bashir-sudan-closes-door-support-hamas-2021-09-23/ |publisher=Reuters |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="allies"/><ref name="auto3"/> * {{flag|Syria}} (until 2011, occasionally since 2022)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/experts-weigh-in-on-regional-impact-of-syria-hamas-rapprochement-teaser-/6798449.html|title=Experts Weigh in on Regional Impact of Syria-Hamas Rapprochement|date=October 20, 2022|access-date=October 8, 2023|publisher=VOA News}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last=Gidda |first=Mirren |title=Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left |url=https://time.com/3033681/hamas-gaza-palestine-israel-egypt/ |magazine=Time |date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Turkey}} (partly)<ref name="auto3"/> * {{flag|Venezuela}}<ref name=PAL>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190125-hamas-plo-slam-slam-blatant-us-interference-in-venezuela-affairs/|title=Hamas, PLO slam 'blatant US interference' in Venezuela affairs|date=25 January 2019|website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> '''Non-state allies:''' * {{flag|Hezbollah}} * {{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Houthi Movement|Houthis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/yemen-houthis-release-saudi-palestinian-hamas-prisoners.html|title=Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=5 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/hamas-awards-shield-of-honor-to-houthi-representative-in-yemen-sparking-outrage-in-saudi-arabia/ |title=Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia |website=JNS.org |date=16 June 2021}}</ref> * {{flagicon|SADR}} [[Polisario Front]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2023 |title=Polisario reaffirms its determination to continue struggle until right to self-determination is restored |url=https://new.spsrasd.info/en/depeche/polisario-reaffirms-its-determination-continue-struggle-until-right-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014082659/https://new.spsrasd.info/en/depeche/polisario-reaffirms-its-determination-continue-struggle-until-right-self-determination |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2023 |website=Sahara Press Service |language=en |quote=Evoking the serious developments in Palestine, the Permanent Bureau of the Polisario Front reaffirmed the solidarity of the Sahrawi people with the Palestinian people.}}</ref> * {{flag|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}<ref name="toi9oct">{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |title=الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى |language=ar |trans-title= |website=alahednews.com.lb |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000624/https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine|DFLP]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palestinian Factions: Hamas and PIJ {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/palestinians-hamas-and-pij|access-date=2024-06-25|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> * Lions' Den<ref name="roya">{{cite news |title=Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing' |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07|work=Roya News |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007102147/https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flag|Popular Mobilization Forces}}<ref>{{cite web |title=IRAN UPDATE, OCTOBER 14, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-14-2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=ISW}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Palestine}} <!--- DO NOT USE COPYRIGHTED IMAGES HERE --->[[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Iran Update, October 17, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-17-2023 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]]}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg}} [[Popular Resistance Committees]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-killed-head-of-military-wing-of-gazas-popular-resistance-committees/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> * [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|30px]] Al-Farouq Brigades in Sinai<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jihadi Group Al-Farouq Brigades Threatens To Launch Attacks Against Israel From Sinai, Warns Egyptian Army Not To Stand In Their Way: It Is The Duty Of Every Muslim To Take Up Arms And Wage Jihad Against Israel, Avenge The Blood Of The Martyrs In Gaza|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/al-farouq-brigades-sinai-duty-muslim-jihad-israel-palestine|access-date=2024-02-13|website=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=hhanes|date=2024-01-18|title=Armed group in the Sinai declares it will fight Israel|url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/01/18/armed-group-in-the-sinai-declares-it-will-fight-israel/|access-date=2024-02-13|website=FDD|language=en}}</ref> | opponents = '''State opponents''' (in alphabetical order): * {{flag|Bahrain}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs stresses importance of providing full protection to citizens, ending battle between Hamas, Israeli Forces |url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=22667 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website= |publisher=Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232441/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=22667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Bahrain denounces Hamas kidnappings |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-denounces-hamas-kidnappings/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232440/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-denounces-hamas-kidnappings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flag|China}}<ref>[https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1rji11ywlx Chinese ambassador: Hamas attack was 'outrageous,' but peace requires two states]. ''Maayan Hoffman, ILTV'' May 12, 2025</ref> * {{flag|Egypt}}<ref name="allies"/> * {{flag|Israel}} * {{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-716243 |title=Is Jordan planning to restore ties with Hamas? |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> * {{flag|Taiwan}}<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/israeli-envoy-says-taiwan-good-friend-chinas-response-hamas-attacks-disturbing-2023-10-26/ Israeli envoy says Taiwan a good friend, China's response to Hamas attacks 'disturbing']. [[Reuters]]</ref> * {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="time"/> * {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/23916266/us-israel-support-ally-gaza-war-aid | title=How the US became Israel's closest ally | date=October 13, 2023 }}</ref> '''Non-state opponents:''' * {{flag|Fatah}} * {{flag|ISIS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east|title=What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name="Hamas arrests Salafi…">{{cite web |last1=AFP |title=Hamas arrests Salafi sheikh over alleged Islamic State ties - Radical cleric Adnan Khader Mayat detained on Sunday by Gaza security forces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-arrests-salafi-sheikh-over-alleged-islamic-state-ties/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> * [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|30px]] [[al-Qaeda]] {{efn| However, al-Qaeda endorsed the 7 October 2023 attacks. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2023-10-22|title=Al-Qaida and IS call on followers to strike Israeli, US and Jewish targets|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/22/al-qaida-and-is-call-on-followers-to-strike-israeli-us-and-jewish-targets|access-date=2024-01-23|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> }} }} '''Hamas''' ({{Lang-ar|حَمَاسُ|translit=Ḥamās}}), an [[acronym]] of its official name, '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' ({{lang-ar|حَرَكَةُ الْمُقَاوَمَةِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ}}, <small>[[Literal translation|lit.]] </small>"Islamic Resistance Movement"), is a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Sunni Islam]]ist political movement in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], with a history of [[terrorism]]<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Hamas {{!}} Definition, History, Ideology, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote='''Hamas''', militant Palestinian nationalist and [[Islamism|Islamist]] movement [...] embraced the use of [[violence]], including acts of [[terrorism]] [...] to achieve its goals [. ...] October 7 assault on Israel from the Gaza Strip by Hamas and the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) that resulted in more than 1,200 deaths, primarily Israeli citizens, making it the deadliest day for Israel since its independence. }}</ref> and [[antisemitism]]<ref name="HamasAntisemitism"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET) |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> despite its relative [[popularity]] in the [[Middle East]] and [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy (ISGAP) |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars (NAS) |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Telegraph |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society (HJS) |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025}}</ref> On October 7, 2023, the Hamas took the lead in a series of attacks on Israel,<ref name="Britannica" /> seen by some [[Intellectual|scholars]] as the worst [[Genocidal massacre|massacre]] of [[Jew|Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Oct7"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Under the 2025 Gaza war ceasefire, Hamas is supposed to keep the Gaza Strip as the IDF withdrew.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-reemerge-gaza-israel-war-rcna189088. Retrieved 2025-01-29.</ref> ==Name== ''Hamas'' is an [[acronym]] of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] phrase {{lang-ar|حَرَكَةُ الْمُقَاوَمَةِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ}}, or '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' or "Islamic Resistance Movement". ==History== Hamas was started in [[1987]] by [[Ahmed Yassin]] and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi after the beginning of the [[First Intifada|First Uprising]] against Israeli violence and occupation. It started as the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] branch of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] organization in [[Egypt]]. In the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 legislative election]], the party received 74 out of 132 seats in parliament by campaigning on clean government without corruption and affirming Palestinians' right to defend against Israeli occupation.{{dubious|date=February 2025}} ==Ideas== The party has supported the reestablishment of the Land of Palestine in all historic land, which includes the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], and the State of Israel.<ref name="cfr" /> The 2017 Hamas Charter stated that the party's struggle was with Zionists and Israeli terrorists.{{clarification|date=February 8, 2025}} In 2018, the [[United Nations]] voted to reject an American claim to condemn Hamas. Hamas official Sami Abu Zuhri told the Reuters news agency, "Rejecting the American drafted resolution against the resistance represents a blow to the American administration and reaffirms the legitimacy of the resistance." ==Controversies== ===Violence=== {{Main|Palestinian political violence}} Hamas is known for terrorist attacks on Jewish targets worldwide. Because of its history of [[Suicide bombing|suicide bombings]] and rocket strikes on civilians in [[Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/misc/tags/TAG-hamas-1.5598922|title=Hamas|publisher=Haaretz.com|quote="...in 1993 Hamas launched its first suicide attack inside Israel, a practice that it would uphold from then on, causing massive Israeli civilian casualties."|access-date=December 22, 2019}}</ref> the [[United States]], [[European Union]] and several countries call it a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organisation. Particularly, [[Jordan]] has banned the group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hirst |first=David|date=November 22, 1999 |title=Jordan curbs Hamas |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/22/israel |access-date=November 8, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> [[File:Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages.png|thumb|Hamas gunmen [[Kidnapping|capturing]] [[civilian]] [[Hostage|hostages]] from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Hamas gunmen storming kibbutz in southern Israel.jpg|thumb|Hamas [[Terrorism|militant]] storming the [[kibbutz]] Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Nova massacre dashcam.jpg|thumb|Dashcam photo of a Hamas militiant capturing an Israeli civilian at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, held near Re’im in the southern an-Naqab desert during Operation Al Aqsa Flood.]][[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|Home in Kibbutz Nahal Oz infiltrated by Hamas terrorists on 7 October, 2023.]] In March 2025, families of the hostages filed a lawsuit in New York, accusing the Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP), Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), and Within Our Lifetime of working as Hamas propagandists in America.<ref name="JN2025">{{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Columbia students accused of prior knowledge of 7 October in new Hamas lawsuit |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/columbia-students-accused-of-prior-knowledge-of-7-october-in-new-hamas-lawsuit |last=Sinclair |first=Annabel |date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 31, 2025}}</ref> Particularly, Columbia University's SJP chapter posted an instant story about the Hamas-led attack on October 7, 2023 three minutes before it happened,<ref name="JN2025" /> raising suspicion of them having had foreknowledge.<ref name="JN2025" /> Shlomi Ziv, once held hostage for 246 days, claimed to have been told by a Hamas captor that Columbia University-linked groups were receiving "financial, organisational, and other support" from the Hamas.<ref name="JN2025" /> ===Antisemitism=== {{Main|Antisemitism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Calls for the destruction of Israel}} Antisemitism<ref name="IHRA">{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Stereotypes|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].</ref> is also widespread among the Hamas and their supporters.<ref name="HamasAntisemitism" /> As per [[scholar]] Esther Webman, strongly antisemitic [[rhetoric]] is frequently found in Hamas [[Pamphlet|leaflets]], which tend to equate Jews with [[Zionism|Zionists]] to incite [[terrorism]] against Jews.<ref name=Webman1994>Webman, Esther. ''Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas'', Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. {{ISBN|965-222-592-4}}</ref> The Hamas' Charter frames the group's raison d'être as being "against the Jews [...] Israel, Jews and [[Judaism]] [are a] challenge to Islam and the [[Muslim|Moslem people]]" and makes it clear that<ref name="HamasAntisemitism" /> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Day of judgment|Day of Judgment]] will not come until Moslems fight the Jews [...] The [[Stone|stones]] and [[Tree|trees]] will say O Moslems [...] there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him.}} The Hamas' Charter also blames the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|Freemasons]], [[French Revolution]], [[Russian Revolution]], [[World War I|WWI]] and [[World War II|WWII]] on a "[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jewish Zionist conspiracy]]."<ref name="HamasAntisemitism" /> In August 2003, senior Hamas official [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper ''Al-Risala:''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-denialreport.php|title=David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies: Welcome|date=2 December 2004 |publisher=wymaninstitute.org|access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=It is no longer a secret that the [[Holocaust denial#Just Asking Questions|Zionists were behind the Nazis' murder of many Jews]], and agreed to it, with the [[Task|aim]] of [[Intimidation|intimidating]] them and [[Coercion|forcing]] them to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to Palestine.}} In August 2009, Hamas forbade Palestinian children from studying [[the Holocaust]], demonized by the Hamas as "a [[Holocaust denial|lie invented by the Zionists]]."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/31/1007549/hamas-condemns-un-for-teaching-the-holocaust#When:14:44:00Z "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904093310/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/31/1007549/hamas-condemns-un-for-teaching-the-holocaust |date=2009-09-04 }} ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA)''. 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.</ref> An [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] global [[Opinion poll|poll]] in 2024 found that 97% of Palestinians held deeply entrenched antisemitic beliefs,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Deeply Alarming' {{!}} Kuwait and Indonesia Top List of World's Most Antisemitic Countries, Global Survey Shows |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-01-14/ty-article/.premium/kuwait-and-indonesia-top-list-of-worlds-most-antisemitic-countries-global-survey-shows/00000194-5f7d-df8d-abbd-dfffe5250000 |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[Politico]] |title=Nearly half the world’s population holds antisemitic beliefs |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nearly-half-the-worlds-population-holds-antisemitic-beliefs |last=Greenblatt |first=Jonathan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=We have failed to pass on the memory and lessons of the Holocaust to younger generations — the very future of our world.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] (WSJ) |title=Nearly Half of Adults Worldwide Hold Antisemitic Views, Survey Finds |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/nearly-half-of-adults-worldwide-hold-antisemitic-views-survey-finds-574a1766 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=Antisemitism has surged, especially among the young, as the Holocaust fades from collective memory}}</ref> while 72% of Palestinians were satisfied with Hamas' conduct in the [[Israel–Hamas war]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> and 82% supported the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacres]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> despite the October 7 massacres being the worst series of [[Genocidal massacre|massacres]] of Jews since the end of the Holocaust.<ref name="Oct7" /> ==Popularity== In early [[2006]], Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian legislative election]]. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling [[Fatah]] party, the main part of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]. This was due to how Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and instead allegedly worsened conditions by corruption. There have been no elections since 2006. ==Local work== {{POV|date=February 2025}} Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there are many [[Poverty|poor people]]. Their efforts ended up increasing support to Hamas. In the first half of [[2007]], Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.<ref name=cfr>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#6|title=Hamas|work=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=19 January 2016|archive-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602205041/http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#6|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Nation of Islam]] * [[Islam and fascism]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hamas}} {{Israel–Hamas war}} {{Military of the Arab world}} {{Military of Asia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Hamas| ]] [[Category:Gaza Strip]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:Islamic terrorism]] [[Category:Religious terrorism]] [[Category:Politics of Palestine]] [[Category:Sunni organizations]] [[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]] [[Category:Gaza–Israel conflict]] [[Category:Nationalist terrorism]] [[Category:Political parties in Asia]] [[Category:Palestinian nationalism]] [[Category:Islamist militant groups]] [[Category:1987 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Nationalist organizations in Palestine]] 8b2dihswxicyonct5pmy2rs5ay7upcc 10330318 10330042 2025-06-14T16:58:03Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | country = Palestine | name = Haraka Hamas | native_name = حَرَكَةُ حَمَاسَ | logo = <!-- Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg --> | colorcode = {{party color|Hamas}} | party_logo = | leader1_title = Chief of the Political Bureau | leader1_name = | leader2_title = | leader2_name = | leader3_title = [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] | leader3_name = [[Ismail Haniyeh]]<ref name="Conflict">{{cite news|title=Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (Hamas)|publisher=Transnational and non state armed groups. Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Harvard University|year=2008|accessdate=February 7, 2009|url=http://www.armed-groups.org/6/section.aspx/ViewGroup?id=57|archive-date=May 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510084345/http://www.armed-groups.org/6/section.aspx/ViewGroup?id=57|url-status=dead}}</ref> | leader4_title = Foreign Minister | leader4_name = Mahmoud Zahar<ref name="Conflict"/> | foundation = {{Start date|1987}} | founder = [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]], Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi and Mahmoud Zahar | ideology = {{Plainlist| * [[Islamism]] * [[Anti-Zionism]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Conservatism]] * Palestinian [[nationalism]] }} | religion = Sunni Islam | predecessor = | student_wing = Islamic Bloc<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 2023|title=Hamas students wing heads students’ council at Al Najah University in West Bank|work=Middle East Monitor|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230529-hamas-students-wing-heads-students-council-at-al-najah-university-in-west-bank/|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> | headquarters = [[Gaza City]], [[Gaza Strip]] | international = [[Axis of Resistance]] | website = | flag = Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg }} {{Infobox war faction | name = | active = | leaders = [[Yahya Sinwar]] | headquarters = | partof = {{flag|Muslim Brotherhood}}<ref>{{Citation|last=Frisch|first=Hillel|title=Hamas: The Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood|date=2010|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230106871_7|work=The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement|pages=89–102|editor-last=Rubin|editor-first=Barry|series=The Middle East in Focus|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230106871_7|isbn=978-0-230-10687-1|access-date=2024-01-08}}</ref> | allies = '''State allies:''' * {{flag|Algeria}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231014-qatar-iran-turkey-and-beyond-the-galaxy-of-hamas-supporters|title=Qatar, Iran, Turkey and beyond: Hamas's network of allies|date=October 14, 2023|website=France 24}}</ref> * {{flag|Egypt}} (2011–13)<ref>{{cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |title=Egyptian army questions Mohamed Morsi over alleged Hamas terror links |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/26/egyptian-army-question-morsi-hamas-links |website=The Guardian |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Adviser-to-Iran-s-Khamenei-expresses-support-for-Palestinian-attacks-Report |website=Al Arabiya |publisher=AFP |via=al-Arabiya |date=October 7, 2023}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} *{{flag|Kuwait}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-plagued-poverty-hamas-no-shortage-cash-come-rcna121099 | title=Most of Gaza is poor, but Hamas has cash. Where does it come from? | website=[[NBC News]] | date=October 25, 2023 }}</ref> *{{flag|Malaysia}}<ref name="auto5"/> *{{flag|North Korea}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-north-korea-weapons-703e33663ea299f920d0d14039adfbb8|title=Evidence shows Hamas militants likely used some North Korean weapons in attack on Israel|website=Associated Press|date=October 19, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Qatar}}<ref name="allies">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-hamas/a-57537872|title=What is Hamas and who supports it?|author=Ehl, David|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> * {{flag|South Africa}}<ref> * {{cite news |author=Staff |title=South Africa says it discussed aid with Hamas leader, denies reports of support |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-says-it-discussed-aid-with-hamas-leader-denies-reports-support-2023-10-18/ |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 18, 2023}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=South Africa Is Not Pro-Palestinian, It’s Pro-Hamas |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/10/14/south-africa-is-not-pro-palestinian-its-pro-hamas |last=May |first=David |date=October 14, 2024 |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote=President [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] described October 7, 2023, as “the start of an onslaught against the Palestinian people” rather than a [[Murder|murderous]] and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] attack on Jews. Ramaphosa also invoked past grievances to justify Hamas atrocities. The week after the October 7 massacre, he cast the event as a consequence of the “occupation of Palestine,” as if killing women and children and [[Rape|raping]] girls at a music festival is the inevitable outcome of disputes over land. }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=As Pretoria supports Hamas, new House bill aims to review US-South African relations |url=https://www.jns.org/as-pretoria-supports-hamas-new-house-bill-aims-to-review-us-south-african-relations |last=Wagenheim |first=Mike |date=April 7, 2025 |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote=Leaders of the African National Congress, the country’s ruling party, have supported Hamas publicly and reoriented South Africa’s relations toward U.S. adversaries. }} * {{cite web |website=Jewish Policy Center |title=Scrutiny Over South Africa’s Hamas Links |url=https://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2025/04/17/scrutiny-over-south-africas-hamas-links |last=Boiskin |first=Asher |date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy also recently released a bombshell report identifying South Africa’s alarming ties with Hamas, Iran, [[Hezbollah]], and [[Russia]]. The report highlighted South Africa’s involvement “in the global web of anti-democratic [[Terrorism|terror]] financing.” }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=South African Jews hopeful teetering coalition will be forced to temper anti-Israel stance |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-african-jews-hopeful-teetering-coalition-will-be-forced-to-temper-anti-israel-stance |last=Stub |first=Zev |date=April 28, 2025 |quote=[a]n executive order issued by [[Donald Trump|Trump]] in February to cut all funding to South Africa, accusing the government in [[Pretoria]] of supporting Hamas and [[Iran]] and pursuing domestic policies that harm the country’s white population. }}</ref> * {{flag|Sudan}} ([[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|until 2019]], occasionally since 2023)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Irish |first3=John |title=Sudan closes door on support for Hamas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/after-fall-bashir-sudan-closes-door-support-hamas-2021-09-23/ |publisher=Reuters |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="allies"/><ref name="auto3"/> * {{flag|Syria}} (until 2011, occasionally since 2022)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/experts-weigh-in-on-regional-impact-of-syria-hamas-rapprochement-teaser-/6798449.html|title=Experts Weigh in on Regional Impact of Syria-Hamas Rapprochement|date=October 20, 2022|access-date=October 8, 2023|publisher=VOA News}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last=Gidda |first=Mirren |title=Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left |url=https://time.com/3033681/hamas-gaza-palestine-israel-egypt/ |magazine=Time |date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref> * {{flag|Turkey}} (partly)<ref name="auto3"/> * {{flag|Venezuela}}<ref name=PAL>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190125-hamas-plo-slam-slam-blatant-us-interference-in-venezuela-affairs/|title=Hamas, PLO slam 'blatant US interference' in Venezuela affairs|date=25 January 2019|website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> '''Non-state allies:''' * {{flag|Hezbollah}} * {{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Houthi Movement|Houthis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/yemen-houthis-release-saudi-palestinian-hamas-prisoners.html|title=Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=5 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/hamas-awards-shield-of-honor-to-houthi-representative-in-yemen-sparking-outrage-in-saudi-arabia/ |title=Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia |website=JNS.org |date=16 June 2021}}</ref> * {{flagicon|SADR}} [[Polisario Front]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2023 |title=Polisario reaffirms its determination to continue struggle until right to self-determination is restored |url=https://new.spsrasd.info/en/depeche/polisario-reaffirms-its-determination-continue-struggle-until-right-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014082659/https://new.spsrasd.info/en/depeche/polisario-reaffirms-its-determination-continue-struggle-until-right-self-determination |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2023 |website=Sahara Press Service |language=en |quote=Evoking the serious developments in Palestine, the Permanent Bureau of the Polisario Front reaffirmed the solidarity of the Sahrawi people with the Palestinian people.}}</ref> * {{flag|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}<ref name="toi9oct">{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |title=الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى |language=ar |trans-title= |website=alahednews.com.lb |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000624/https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine|DFLP]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palestinian Factions: Hamas and PIJ {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/palestinians-hamas-and-pij|access-date=2024-06-25|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> * Lions' Den<ref name="roya">{{cite news |title=Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing' |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07|work=Roya News |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007102147/https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> *{{flag|Popular Mobilization Forces}}<ref>{{cite web |title=IRAN UPDATE, OCTOBER 14, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-14-2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=ISW}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Palestine}} <!--- DO NOT USE COPYRIGHTED IMAGES HERE --->[[al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Iran Update, October 17, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-17-2023 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]]}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg}} [[Popular Resistance Committees]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-killed-head-of-military-wing-of-gazas-popular-resistance-committees/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> * [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|30px]] Al-Farouq Brigades in Sinai<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jihadi Group Al-Farouq Brigades Threatens To Launch Attacks Against Israel From Sinai, Warns Egyptian Army Not To Stand In Their Way: It Is The Duty Of Every Muslim To Take Up Arms And Wage Jihad Against Israel, Avenge The Blood Of The Martyrs In Gaza|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/al-farouq-brigades-sinai-duty-muslim-jihad-israel-palestine|access-date=2024-02-13|website=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=hhanes|date=2024-01-18|title=Armed group in the Sinai declares it will fight Israel|url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/01/18/armed-group-in-the-sinai-declares-it-will-fight-israel/|access-date=2024-02-13|website=FDD|language=en}}</ref> | opponents = '''State opponents''' (in alphabetical order): * {{flag|Bahrain}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs stresses importance of providing full protection to citizens, ending battle between Hamas, Israeli Forces |url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=22667 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website= |publisher=Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232441/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=22667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Bahrain denounces Hamas kidnappings |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-denounces-hamas-kidnappings/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232440/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-denounces-hamas-kidnappings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{flag|China}}<ref>[https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1rji11ywlx Chinese ambassador: Hamas attack was 'outrageous,' but peace requires two states]. ''Maayan Hoffman, ILTV'' May 12, 2025</ref> * {{flag|Egypt}}<ref name="allies"/> * {{flag|Israel}} * {{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-716243 |title=Is Jordan planning to restore ties with Hamas? |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> * {{flag|Taiwan}}<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/israeli-envoy-says-taiwan-good-friend-chinas-response-hamas-attacks-disturbing-2023-10-26/ Israeli envoy says Taiwan a good friend, China's response to Hamas attacks 'disturbing']. [[Reuters]]</ref> * {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="time"/> * {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/23916266/us-israel-support-ally-gaza-war-aid | title=How the US became Israel's closest ally | date=October 13, 2023 }}</ref> '''Non-state opponents:''' * {{flag|Fatah}} * {{flag|ISIS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east|title=What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name="Hamas arrests Salafi…">{{cite web |last1=AFP |title=Hamas arrests Salafi sheikh over alleged Islamic State ties - Radical cleric Adnan Khader Mayat detained on Sunday by Gaza security forces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-arrests-salafi-sheikh-over-alleged-islamic-state-ties/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> * [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|30px]] [[al-Qaeda]] {{efn| However, al-Qaeda endorsed the 7 October 2023 attacks. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=2023-10-22|title=Al-Qaida and IS call on followers to strike Israeli, US and Jewish targets|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/22/al-qaida-and-is-call-on-followers-to-strike-israeli-us-and-jewish-targets|access-date=2024-01-23|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> }} }} '''Hamas''' ({{Lang-ar|حَمَاسُ|translit=Ḥamās}}), an [[acronym]] of its official name, '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' ({{lang-ar|حَرَكَةُ الْمُقَاوَمَةِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ}}, <small>[[Literal translation|lit.]] </small>"Islamic Resistance Movement"), is a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Sunni Islam]]ist political movement in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], with a history of [[terrorism]]<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Hamas {{!}} Definition, History, Ideology, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hamas |access-date=April 28, 2025 |quote='''Hamas''', militant Palestinian nationalist and [[Islamism|Islamist]] movement [...] embraced the use of [[violence]], including acts of [[terrorism]] [...] to achieve its goals [. ...] October 7 assault on Israel from the Gaza Strip by Hamas and the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) that resulted in more than 1,200 deaths, primarily Israeli citizens, making it the deadliest day for Israel since its independence. }}</ref> and [[antisemitism]]<ref name="HamasAntisemitism"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET) |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> despite its relative [[popularity]] in the [[Middle East]] and [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> On October 7, 2023, the Hamas took the lead in a series of attacks on Israel,<ref name="Britannica" /> seen by some [[Intellectual|scholars]] as the worst [[Genocidal massacre|massacre]] of [[Jew|Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Oct7"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Under the 2025 Gaza war ceasefire, Hamas is supposed to keep the Gaza Strip as the IDF withdrew.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-reemerge-gaza-israel-war-rcna189088. Retrieved 2025-01-29.</ref> ==Name== ''Hamas'' is an [[acronym]] of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] phrase {{lang-ar|حَرَكَةُ الْمُقَاوَمَةِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ}}, or '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' or "Islamic Resistance Movement". ==History== Hamas was started in [[1987]] by [[Ahmed Yassin]] and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi after the beginning of the [[First Intifada|First Uprising]] against Israeli violence and occupation. It started as the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] branch of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] organization in [[Egypt]]. In the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 legislative election]], the party received 74 out of 132 seats in parliament by campaigning on clean government without corruption and affirming Palestinians' right to defend against Israeli occupation.{{dubious|date=February 2025}} ==Ideas== The party has supported the reestablishment of the Land of Palestine in all historic land, which includes the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], and the State of Israel.<ref name="cfr" /> The 2017 Hamas Charter stated that the party's struggle was with Zionists and Israeli terrorists.{{clarification|date=February 8, 2025}} In 2018, the [[United Nations]] voted to reject an American claim to condemn Hamas. Hamas official Sami Abu Zuhri told the Reuters news agency, "Rejecting the American drafted resolution against the resistance represents a blow to the American administration and reaffirms the legitimacy of the resistance." ==Controversies== ===Violence=== {{Main|Palestinian political violence}} Hamas is known for terrorist attacks on Jewish targets worldwide. Because of its history of [[Suicide bombing|suicide bombings]] and rocket strikes on civilians in [[Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/misc/tags/TAG-hamas-1.5598922|title=Hamas|publisher=Haaretz.com|quote="...in 1993 Hamas launched its first suicide attack inside Israel, a practice that it would uphold from then on, causing massive Israeli civilian casualties."|access-date=December 22, 2019}}</ref> the [[United States]], [[European Union]] and several countries call it a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organisation. Particularly, [[Jordan]] has banned the group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hirst |first=David|date=November 22, 1999 |title=Jordan curbs Hamas |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/22/israel |access-date=November 8, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> [[File:Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages.png|thumb|Hamas gunmen [[Kidnapping|capturing]] [[civilian]] [[Hostage|hostages]] from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Hamas gunmen storming kibbutz in southern Israel.jpg|thumb|Hamas [[Terrorism|militant]] storming the [[kibbutz]] Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Nova massacre dashcam.jpg|thumb|Dashcam photo of a Hamas militiant capturing an Israeli civilian at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, held near Re’im in the southern an-Naqab desert during Operation Al Aqsa Flood.]][[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|Home in Kibbutz Nahal Oz infiltrated by Hamas terrorists on 7 October, 2023.]] In March 2025, families of the hostages filed a lawsuit in New York, accusing the Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP), Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), and Within Our Lifetime of working as Hamas propagandists in America.<ref name="JN2025">{{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Columbia students accused of prior knowledge of 7 October in new Hamas lawsuit |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/columbia-students-accused-of-prior-knowledge-of-7-october-in-new-hamas-lawsuit |last=Sinclair |first=Annabel |date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 31, 2025}}</ref> Particularly, Columbia University's SJP chapter posted an instant story about the Hamas-led attack on October 7, 2023 three minutes before it happened,<ref name="JN2025" /> raising suspicion of them having had foreknowledge.<ref name="JN2025" /> Shlomi Ziv, once held hostage for 246 days, claimed to have been told by a Hamas captor that Columbia University-linked groups were receiving "financial, organisational, and other support" from the Hamas.<ref name="JN2025" /> ===Antisemitism=== {{Main|Antisemitism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Calls for the destruction of Israel}} Antisemitism<ref name="IHRA">{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Stereotypes|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].</ref> is also widespread among the Hamas and their supporters.<ref name="HamasAntisemitism" /> As per [[scholar]] Esther Webman, strongly antisemitic [[rhetoric]] is frequently found in Hamas [[Pamphlet|leaflets]], which tend to equate Jews with [[Zionism|Zionists]] to incite [[terrorism]] against Jews.<ref name=Webman1994>Webman, Esther. ''Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas'', Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. {{ISBN|965-222-592-4}}</ref> The Hamas' Charter frames the group's raison d'être as being "against the Jews [...] Israel, Jews and [[Judaism]] [are a] challenge to Islam and the [[Muslim|Moslem people]]" and makes it clear that<ref name="HamasAntisemitism" /> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Day of judgment|Day of Judgment]] will not come until Moslems fight the Jews [...] The [[Stone|stones]] and [[Tree|trees]] will say O Moslems [...] there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him.}} The Hamas' Charter also blames the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|Freemasons]], [[French Revolution]], [[Russian Revolution]], [[World War I|WWI]] and [[World War II|WWII]] on a "[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jewish Zionist conspiracy]]."<ref name="HamasAntisemitism" /> In August 2003, senior Hamas official [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper ''Al-Risala:''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wymaninstitute.org/articles/2003-denialreport.php|title=David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies: Welcome|date=2 December 2004 |publisher=wymaninstitute.org|access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=It is no longer a secret that the [[Holocaust denial#Just Asking Questions|Zionists were behind the Nazis' murder of many Jews]], and agreed to it, with the [[Task|aim]] of [[Intimidation|intimidating]] them and [[Coercion|forcing]] them to [[Immigration|immigrate]] to Palestine.}} In August 2009, Hamas forbade Palestinian children from studying [[the Holocaust]], demonized by the Hamas as "a [[Holocaust denial|lie invented by the Zionists]]."<ref>[http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/31/1007549/hamas-condemns-un-for-teaching-the-holocaust#When:14:44:00Z "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904093310/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/31/1007549/hamas-condemns-un-for-teaching-the-holocaust |date=2009-09-04 }} ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA)''. 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.</ref> An [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] global [[Opinion poll|poll]] in 2024 found that 97% of Palestinians held deeply entrenched antisemitic beliefs,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Deeply Alarming' {{!}} Kuwait and Indonesia Top List of World's Most Antisemitic Countries, Global Survey Shows |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-01-14/ty-article/.premium/kuwait-and-indonesia-top-list-of-worlds-most-antisemitic-countries-global-survey-shows/00000194-5f7d-df8d-abbd-dfffe5250000 |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[Politico]] |title=Nearly half the world’s population holds antisemitic beliefs |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nearly-half-the-worlds-population-holds-antisemitic-beliefs |last=Greenblatt |first=Jonathan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=We have failed to pass on the memory and lessons of the Holocaust to younger generations — the very future of our world.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] (WSJ) |title=Nearly Half of Adults Worldwide Hold Antisemitic Views, Survey Finds |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/nearly-half-of-adults-worldwide-hold-antisemitic-views-survey-finds-574a1766 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=Antisemitism has surged, especially among the young, as the Holocaust fades from collective memory}}</ref> while 72% of Palestinians were satisfied with Hamas' conduct in the [[Israel–Hamas war]]<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> and 82% supported the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacres]],<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> despite the October 7 massacres being the worst series of [[Genocidal massacre|massacres]] of Jews since the end of the Holocaust.<ref name="Oct7" /> ==Popularity== In early [[2006]], Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|Palestinian legislative election]]. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling [[Fatah]] party, the main part of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]. This was due to how Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and instead allegedly worsened conditions by corruption. There have been no elections since 2006. ==Local work== {{POV|date=February 2025}} Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there are many [[Poverty|poor people]]. Their efforts ended up increasing support to Hamas. In the first half of [[2007]], Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.<ref name=cfr>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#6|title=Hamas|work=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=19 January 2016|archive-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602205041/http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#6|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Nation of Islam]] * [[Islam and fascism]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Hamas}} {{Israel–Hamas war}} {{Military of the Arab world}} {{Military of Asia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Hamas| ]] [[Category:Gaza Strip]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:Islamic terrorism]] [[Category:Religious terrorism]] [[Category:Politics of Palestine]] [[Category:Sunni organizations]] [[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]] [[Category:Gaza–Israel conflict]] [[Category:Nationalist terrorism]] [[Category:Political parties in Asia]] [[Category:Palestinian nationalism]] [[Category:Islamist militant groups]] [[Category:1987 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Nationalist organizations in Palestine]] dhob5so8q3v8bmhfxn7ei00rt35eb6n 0 22224 10331531 10275698 2025-06-15T06:21:34Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 ggg 10331531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sleep''' is a state of resting, which happens in most [[animal]]s, including [[human]]s. During deep sleep, most of the [[muscle]]s that animals can otherwise control are not active, but regain the [[energy]] for the next time they [[awake|wake up]]. Animals during sleep are usually in an [[unconscious]], relaxed state. Like most animals, healthy sleep in humans takes place at [[night]].<ref>''Macmillan dictionary for students'' Macmillan, Pan. 1981, page 936. Retrieved 2009-10-1.</ref> By using the term "animals" we may forget that snakes are also animals, and they are a constant source of danger. Being asleep is in the wild a dangerous state to be in. The fact that it occurs at all is convincing evidence of the essential nature of sleep. '''Asleep''' describes the condition where animals are in the process of sleeping. During this time, they will not [[stimulus|react as quickly]] (if at all) as they would if they were [[awake]]. They can, however, wake up from sleep more easily than from [[hibernation]] or [[coma]]. All [[mammal]]s, [[birds]], many [[reptiles]], [[amphibians]] and [[fish]] have a sleep cycle. In humans, other mammals, and most other animals that were studied, regular sleep is essential for survival. It seems that all animals with complex brains have sleep. We know that sleep is extremely important to human [[health]] and well-being. Humans and animals need sleep but we do not know exactly why. Everyday activities, one’s appearance, and how one expresses oneself all rely on this necessity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/what-happens-when-you-sleep|title=What Happens When You Sleep? - National Sleep Foundation|website=www.sleepfoundation.org|date=22 December 2009 |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> If one is tired (from not getting enough sleep), one will not be able to function properly in common activities. Being sleep-deprived leads to struggling to remember information, altering one’s [[mood]], energy, health, focus and a number of other effects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep optimization: the cost of sleep deficit|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/#t-1611859314513|access-date=2021-09-27|website=sustainabilitist.com|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Sleep deprivation]] (not allowing a person enough sleep) can even be used as [[torture]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/healthy-sleep/health-risks/the-effects-of-sleep-deprivation|title=The Effects of Sleep Deprivation| website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> Sleep deprivation causes negative effects for the person such as: irritability, [[Memory lapse|memory lapses]] or [[Amnesia|loss]], and some aches in different areas of the body. Although you feel that you may have extra time while not sleeping well, it has a negative reflection on your body, and on meals, which you can't taste as before.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Sleep Optimization {{!}} The Sustainabilitist|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/|access-date=2023-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Sleep Optimization {{!}} The Sustainabilitist|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/|access-date=2023-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Also, the [[immune system]] normally releases compounds known as [[cytokine]]s which are used to help fight [[inflammation]] and [[infection]]. If a person does not receive enough sleep, they will not have enough cytokines to protect them from getting sick.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/science-sleep-why-you-need-7-8-hours-night|title=The Science of Sleep: why you need 7 to 8 hours a night|date=2013-05-06|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204249/https://www.healthline.com/health/science-sleep-why-you-need-7-8-hours-night|url-status=dead}}</ref> The body may not have time to complete memory recollection, muscle repair, and release [[hormones]] that regulate growth and appetite.<ref name=":0" /> During daytime, the [[Sun]] is out, and most people are awake. They work, go to school, or complete daily errands and activities. Many people sleep for a short time in the early afternoon for a quick rest—or because they are not able to sleep during the day.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why do people take naps?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHdh_rrG1ek|date=2017-10-09|accessdate=2019-03-25|last=Bun Bun 2}}</ref> This is called a nap. A successful nap should run between 15 and 30 minutes, and longer naps taking 30–60 minutes will result in feeling dazed and less attentive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleep.org/articles/how-long-to-nap/|title=What is the ideal nap length |website=Sleep.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> In some countries, most notably where the [[weather]] is warm, there is a tradition to take a nap early in the afternoon. This tradition is called ''siesta'', and it is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Latin America]]. Some stores and services close while their owners and/or employees take their siesta. Most of what is said above applies widely in the animal kingdom. However, some primitive animals do not appear to sleep, or more correctly, sleep has never been shown. Rather more important is that some animals sleep as we do, at night, but some sleep during the day, and are active at night. This is called being nocturnal. Mammals spent much of their early evolution sleeping during the day and being active at night. They were there, but the dinosaurs ruled the daytime during that age. == Word == The word "sleep" comes from the old [[German language|Old Germanic]] [[verb]]s for sleep.<ref name=ety>{{Cite web |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sleep&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> In Old and Middle High German, it was called "SLAF". The original meaning of the word was "to slap", which was related to the word for "flabby" (not hard or firm).<ref>Alexander Borbély: [http://www.pharma.uzh.ch/static/schlafbuch/TITEL.htm Das Geheimnis des Schlafs]. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1984. {{ISBN|3-421-02734-X}}</ref> Many words related to "sleep" have very different meanings. For example, "sleep" may be used to mean [[death]], so that "putting an animal to sleep" means to kill the animal without pain.<ref name=ety/> "Sleep with someone" can also have a [[sexual intercourse|sexual]] meaning.<ref name=ety/> == What sleep is for == Sleep helps the [[brain]] function. The details are not fully understood, but it is important to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and to work properly. In general, animals (and people) sleep at periodic intervals, such as once a [[day]]. Certain animals send out signals to the others that they will soon go to sleep. [[Yawn|Sleepness]] is such a signal. Both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. Some animals, such as [[cat]]s, sleep many times a day for short periods up to 15 hours a day (or even longer).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do Cats Sleep So Much?|url=https://www.petmd.com/cat/behavior/evr_ct_why_do_cats_sleep_so_much|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.petmd.com|language=en}}</ref> When people sleep, they often have [[dream]]s. Probably some animals do, too. Not only people sleep, but all [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s, and most [[fish]], [[reptile]]s and other animals also too. == Brief stages of sleep == There are four stages during sleep''':<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuck.com/stages/|title=Stages of Sleep - Non-REM and REM Sleep Cycles|website=Tuck Sleep|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204251/https://www.tuck.com/stages/|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' # Stage 1: The lightest sleep of NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep which is the process of falling asleep. # Stage 2: The first stage of NREM sleep; the beginning of falling asleep including regular breathing and heart rates, the [[body temperature]] dropping, and becoming disconnected with the environment. # Stages 3: Deep NREM sleep which involves delta waves or slow waves. It is difficult to wake one up in the course of this stage as they are in deep sleep. Common disorders that occur during this stage are [[sleepwalking]] and talking. # Stage 4: The dreaming stage in which brain waves are more vigorous with rapid eye movement. Awakenings are more common in REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep as opposed to NREM. While humans sleep, REM and NREM are sleep patterns that help with long-term memory, remembering information, procedural memory, and creative thinking.<ref name=":0" /> == Different types of sleep == === REM sleep === In [[mammal]]s and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. It is called [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM-sleep]] (rapid eye movement). Most dreams take place in this phase. as the body becomes relaxed and the eyes move while sleeping. This phase helps prepare one for the next day.<ref name=":0" /> REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night, and the periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. It is often encountered 90 minutes after falling asleep, and continues to occur every 90 minutes.<ref name=":0" /> REM-sleep was first discovered in 1952{{ndash}}53. REM sleep is found in mammals and [[songbirds]], but is "poorly established" in reptiles and fish. According to a survey: :"This remarkable similarity of characteristics may have resulted from a [[convergent evolution]] in mammals and songbirds".<ref>Low P.S. ''et al'' 2008. Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches. ''PNAS'' '''105''', 26, 9081-9086. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440357/] Discussion section.</ref> === NREM sleep === The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). In general, dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in [[adult]] humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and [[healing]]. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep. Sometimes, stages III and IV are combined and called stage III. Adult humans normally sleep in [[Sequence|cycle]]s of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be 4 or 5 of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), and REM. == Getting enough sleep == Women who regularly get less than 8 hours of sleep a night tend to complain more and feel very fatigued throughout the day. Getting the appropriate amount of sleep is extremely important, as it could affect one’s body and increase the chances of serious health problems.'''<ref name=":1" />''' For each age group, there are different amounts of sleep that are recommended:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/sleep/Pages/Healthy-Sleep-Habits-How-Many-Hours-Does-Your-Child-Need.aspx|title=Healthy Sleep Habits: How Many Hours Does Your Child Need?|website=HealthyChildren.org|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pamf.org/youngadults/health/diseases/sleep.html|title=Sleep Needs {{!}} Young Adult Health Information|website=www.pamf.org|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406203319/http://www.pamf.org/youngadults/health/diseases/sleep.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sleephabits.net/sleep-requirements-by-age|title=Sleep Requirements By Age - From Newborn to Old Age|last=Jordan|first=Paul|website=Sleep Habits|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204253/https://sleephabits.net/sleep-requirements-by-age|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''-''' Infants (4 to 12 months): 13 to 15 hours (male); 15-17 hours (female) - Toddlers (1–2 years): 10 to 12 hours (male); 13-15 (female) - Preschoolers (3–5 years): 8 to 10 hours (male); 10-13 hours (female) - Grade Schoolers (6 to 9 years): 7 to 9 hours (male); 9-12 hours (female) - Teenagers (10–25 years): 5 to 7 hours (male); 9-11 hours (female) - Adults (including old age): 5 to 7 hours (male); 8-10 hours (female) The timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. Both are different for different people. Most of women sleep best from 22:00 to 05:00 or 06:00 or even 07:00 in contrast to males that are naturally night owls. Some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. These variations are normal. How much sleep is enough also depends on [[Aging|age]]. Children need more sleep than adults. Newborn babies sleep about 18 hours per day. Small babies sleep many times a day; human babies do not develop [[circadian rhythm]]s before they are 3 – 4 months old. At the age of 1 year, they sleep for about 14 hours. A nine-year-old girl should sleep about 9–10 hours per day and [[teenager]]s, too, also need that much sleep. Women who sleep less than about 9 hours a day perform worse than those who sleep that long.<ref>[http://www.sleepfoundation.org/site/c.huIXKjM0IxF/b.2421185/k.7198/Let_Sleep_Work_for_You.htm ''Let sleep work for you''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045259/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/site/c.huIXKjM0IxF/b.2421185/k.7198/Let_Sleep_Work_for_You.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}. National Sleep Foundation.</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Rhonda Rowland | title = Experts challenge study linking sleep, life span | date = 2002 | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/02/14/sleep.study/index.html | accessdate = 2007-04-22 | archive-date = 2010-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100420034719/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/02/14/sleep.study/index.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Bad habits == Poor habits could affect one’s sleep schedule in many ways without taking notice. A few habits that are very common and ruin sleep are:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.activebeat.com/diet-nutrition/10-bedtime-habits-ruining-your-restful-sleep/|title=10 Bedtime Habits Ruining Your Restful Sleep|date=20 March 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> * Overeating or being too full (since the [[digestive system]] will not work to digest those foods processed) * Sitting in front of a [[Television|TV]], [[Telephone|phone]], or [[video game]] (since powerful light source produced by TV and the excitement can prevent sleep) * Drinking too much (since it will cause one to use the bathroom multiple times during the night) * Not having a bedtime routine * Any type of pain such as back, [[Joint pain|joint]] and [[Toothache|tooth pain]] (these can making sleeping difficult and should be addressed quickly) * Having cold feet (it is better to wear something to keep warm in this case) * Using [[caffeine]] (since this can result in “all-nighters”) * [[Stress (biology)|Stress]] (since this can keep the brain active at night, mentally thinking of all the things on one’s mind) * [[Snoring]] (since one can be awakened by it) == Sleeping problems == A good night’s sleep is extremely important for one’s quality of life. People may have trouble going to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough sleep. This usually means that they are too sleepy in the daytime. There are many things that influence sleep. Also some substances, called [[stimulant]]s – [[coffee]] is an example – can cause poor sleep. When people have just eaten something, the body is busy [[digestion|digesting]] what they have eaten. This can cause poor sleep, too. Worrying and stress can also cause poor sleep. There are many [[disease]]s that cause poor sleep. [[Fever]] can lead to [[nightmare|bad dreams]]. Poor sleep can be a [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effect]] of some medications. [[Sleep disorder]]s directly influence how a person sleeps. Examples of sleep disorders are [[narcolepsy]], sleep apnea and [[circadian rhythm sleep disorder]]s. The four most common sleep disorders are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskasleep.com/blog/the-5-most-common-sleep-disorders-symptoms|title=The 4 Most Common Sleep Disorders: Symptoms and Prevalence|last=Hines|first=Jennifer|website=www.alaskasleep.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204253/https://www.alaskasleep.com/blog/the-5-most-common-sleep-disorders-symptoms|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Insomnia]] which consists of difficulties going to sleep at night, having no energy, waking up often in the middle of the night, waking up earlier than planned, and changing mood behaviors. *[[Sleep apnea]] which is due to the lack of breathing for several seconds which results in the brain awakening and forcing a respiratory effect to breathe harder. As a result of the multiple occurrences during the night, the body cannot go back to sleep, leading to fatigue. *[[Restless legs syndrome|Restless leg syndrome]] is a need to move one’s leg while resting. Having the urge to move one's feet during the night may affect the ability to fall and stay asleep. *Narcolepsy, the inability to control the brain’s sleep/wakefulness cycle which leads to daytime sleepiness and falling asleep at unexpected times. Sleep specialists - [[Medical doctor|doctors]] specialized in sleeping problems - often suggest better sleep [[hygiene]] to people with sleeping problems. Sleep hygiene means things people can try, such as:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verywellfamily.com/set-good-sleep-habits-in-your-child-620513|title=Ways to get good sleep habits in your child|last=Lee|first=Katherine|website=Verywell Family|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204250/https://www.verywellfamily.com/set-good-sleep-habits-in-your-child-620513|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep Optimization: Sleep planning|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/#t-1611862660751|access-date=2021-09-27|website=sustainabilitist.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * get to sleep quick and early * avoid extreme emotion in the hours before sleep * try to get up at the same time every day (sticking to a routine) * sleep in a cool, quiet and very [[dark]] place with the right mattress, lighting, blanket, pillow and temperature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/7-bedroom-essentials-for-a-good-nights-sleep-208741|title=7 Bedroom Essentials for a Good Night's Sleep|website=Apartment Therapy|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> * avoid bright [[light]] the last hour before bedtime. Eat dinner at least 3 hours before bedtime so the digestive system has time to break it down. * avoid a big [[meal]] just before bedtime * get enough [[exercise]] every day * sleep in varying positions. However, avoid sleeping on the stomach as it starts to flatten the curve of the spine, which can lead to severe lower back pains<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatist.com/happiness/best-sleep-positions|title=The best (and worst) positions for sleeping |date=2014-10-21|website=Greatist|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Circadian rhythm]] * [[Worker]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.aasmnet.org American Academy of Sleep Medicine] * [http://www.sleepfoundation.org National Sleep Foundation] * [http://www.worldsleepfoundation.com World Sleep Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523102639/http://www.worldsleepfoundation.com/ |date=2009-05-23}} * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncsdr/index.htm National Center on Sleep Disorders Research] * {{cite web | title=It's the little things: daily routines | url=https://www.pbs.org/wholechild/providers/little.html | work=The Whole Child - For Early Care Providers|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service ([[PBS]])}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:VOA Special English words]] [[Category:Sleep| ]] [[Category:Consciousness]] 1170pth21c1htcirr58attesbvf4fsj 10331581 10331531 2025-06-15T08:05:01Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10331531 by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) 10331581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sleeping-girl.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sleeping is associated with a state of muscle relaxation and limited perception of environmental stimuli.]] '''Sleep''' is a state of resting, which happens in most [[animal]]s, including [[human]]s. During deep sleep, most of the [[muscle]]s that animals can otherwise control are not active, but regain the [[energy]] for the next time they [[awake|wake up]]. Animals during sleep are usually in an [[unconscious]], relaxed state. Like most animals, healthy sleep in humans takes place at [[night]].<ref>''Macmillan dictionary for students'' Macmillan, Pan. 1981, page 936. Retrieved 2009-10-1.</ref> By using the term "animals" we may forget that snakes are also animals, and they are a constant source of danger. Being asleep is in the wild a dangerous state to be in. The fact that it occurs at all is convincing evidence of the essential nature of sleep. '''Asleep''' describes the condition where animals are in the process of sleeping. During this time, they will not [[stimulus|react as quickly]] (if at all) as they would if they were [[awake]]. They can, however, wake up from sleep more easily than from [[hibernation]] or [[coma]]. All [[mammal]]s, [[birds]], many [[reptiles]], [[amphibians]] and [[fish]] have a sleep cycle. In humans, other mammals, and most other animals that were studied, regular sleep is essential for survival. It seems that all animals with complex brains have sleep. We know that sleep is extremely important to human [[health]] and well-being. Humans and animals need sleep but we do not know exactly why. Everyday activities, one’s appearance, and how one expresses oneself all rely on this necessity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/what-happens-when-you-sleep|title=What Happens When You Sleep? - National Sleep Foundation|website=www.sleepfoundation.org|date=22 December 2009 |access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> If one is tired (from not getting enough sleep), one will not be able to function properly in common activities. Being sleep-deprived leads to struggling to remember information, altering one’s [[mood]], energy, health, focus and a number of other effects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep optimization: the cost of sleep deficit|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/#t-1611859314513|access-date=2021-09-27|website=sustainabilitist.com|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Sleep deprivation]] (not allowing a person enough sleep) can even be used as [[torture]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/healthy-sleep/health-risks/the-effects-of-sleep-deprivation|title=The Effects of Sleep Deprivation| website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> Sleep deprivation causes negative effects for the person such as: irritability, [[Memory lapse|memory lapses]] or [[Amnesia|loss]], and some aches in different areas of the body. Although you feel that you may have extra time while not sleeping well, it has a negative reflection on your body, and on meals, which you can't taste as before.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Sleep Optimization {{!}} The Sustainabilitist|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/|access-date=2023-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=Sleep Optimization {{!}} The Sustainabilitist|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/|access-date=2023-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Also, the [[immune system]] normally releases compounds known as [[cytokine]]s which are used to help fight [[inflammation]] and [[infection]]. If a person does not receive enough sleep, they will not have enough cytokines to protect them from getting sick.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/science-sleep-why-you-need-7-8-hours-night|title=The Science of Sleep: why you need 7 to 8 hours a night|date=2013-05-06|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204249/https://www.healthline.com/health/science-sleep-why-you-need-7-8-hours-night|url-status=dead}}</ref> The body may not have time to complete memory recollection, muscle repair, and release [[hormones]] that regulate growth and appetite.<ref name=":0" /> During daytime, the [[Sun]] is out, and most people are awake. They work, go to school, or complete daily errands and activities. Many people sleep for a short time in the early afternoon for a quick rest—or because they are not able to sleep during the day.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why do people take naps?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHdh_rrG1ek|date=2017-10-09|accessdate=2019-03-25|last=Bun Bun 2}}</ref> This is called a nap. A successful nap should run between 15 and 30 minutes, and longer naps taking 30–60 minutes will result in feeling dazed and less attentive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sleep.org/articles/how-long-to-nap/|title=What is the ideal nap length |website=Sleep.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> In some countries, most notably where the [[weather]] is warm, there is a tradition to take a nap early in the afternoon. This tradition is called ''siesta'', and it is most common in [[Spain]] and [[Latin America]]. Some stores and services close while their owners and/or employees take their siesta. Most of what is said above applies widely in the animal kingdom. However, some primitive animals do not appear to sleep, or more correctly, sleep has never been shown. Rather more important is that some animals sleep as we do, at night, but some sleep during the day, and are active at night. This is called being nocturnal. Mammals spent much of their early evolution sleeping during the day and being active at night. They were there, but the dinosaurs ruled the daytime during that age. == Word == The word "sleep" comes from the old [[German language|Old Germanic]] [[verb]]s for sleep.<ref name=ety>{{Cite web |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sleep&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> In Old and Middle High German, it was called "SLAF". The original meaning of the word was "to slap", which was related to the word for "flabby" (not hard or firm).<ref>Alexander Borbély: [http://www.pharma.uzh.ch/static/schlafbuch/TITEL.htm Das Geheimnis des Schlafs]. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1984. {{ISBN|3-421-02734-X}}</ref> Many words related to "sleep" have very different meanings. For example, "sleep" may be used to mean [[death]], so that "putting an animal to sleep" means to kill the animal without pain.<ref name=ety/> "Sleep with someone" can also have a [[sexual intercourse|sexual]] meaning.<ref name=ety/> == What sleep is for == Sleep helps the [[brain]] function. The details are not fully understood, but it is important to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and to work properly. In general, animals (and people) sleep at periodic intervals, such as once a [[day]]. Certain animals send out signals to the others that they will soon go to sleep. [[Yawn|Sleepness]] is such a signal. Both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. Some animals, such as [[cat]]s, sleep many times a day for short periods up to 15 hours a day (or even longer).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do Cats Sleep So Much?|url=https://www.petmd.com/cat/behavior/evr_ct_why_do_cats_sleep_so_much|access-date=2021-09-27|website=www.petmd.com|language=en}}</ref> When people sleep, they often have [[dream]]s. Probably some animals do, too. Not only people sleep, but all [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s, and most [[fish]], [[reptile]]s and other animals also too. == Brief stages of sleep == There are four stages during sleep''':<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuck.com/stages/|title=Stages of Sleep - Non-REM and REM Sleep Cycles|website=Tuck Sleep|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204251/https://www.tuck.com/stages/|url-status=dead}}</ref>''' # Stage 1: The lightest sleep of NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep which is the process of falling asleep. # Stage 2: The first stage of NREM sleep; the beginning of falling asleep including regular breathing and heart rates, the [[body temperature]] dropping, and becoming disconnected with the environment. # Stages 3: Deep NREM sleep which involves delta waves or slow waves. It is difficult to wake one up in the course of this stage as they are in deep sleep. Common disorders that occur during this stage are [[sleepwalking]] and talking. # Stage 4: The dreaming stage in which brain waves are more vigorous with rapid eye movement. Awakenings are more common in REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep as opposed to NREM. While humans sleep, REM and NREM are sleep patterns that help with long-term memory, remembering information, procedural memory, and creative thinking.<ref name=":0" /> == Different types of sleep == === REM sleep === In [[mammal]]s and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. It is called [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM-sleep]] (rapid eye movement). Most dreams take place in this phase. as the body becomes relaxed and the eyes move while sleeping. This phase helps prepare one for the next day.<ref name=":0" /> REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night, and the periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night. It is often encountered 90 minutes after falling asleep, and continues to occur every 90 minutes.<ref name=":0" /> REM-sleep was first discovered in 1952{{ndash}}53. REM sleep is found in mammals and [[songbirds]], but is "poorly established" in reptiles and fish. According to a survey: :"This remarkable similarity of characteristics may have resulted from a [[convergent evolution]] in mammals and songbirds".<ref>Low P.S. ''et al'' 2008. Mammalian-like features of sleep structure in zebra finches. ''PNAS'' '''105''', 26, 9081-9086. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440357/] Discussion section.</ref> === NREM sleep === The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). In general, dreams do not occur during this time. There are three or four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in [[adult]] humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and [[healing]]. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep. Sometimes, stages III and IV are combined and called stage III. Adult humans normally sleep in [[Sequence|cycle]]s of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be 4 or 5 of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III (IV), and REM. == Getting enough sleep == Women who regularly get less than 8 hours of sleep a night tend to complain more and feel very fatigued throughout the day. Getting the appropriate amount of sleep is extremely important, as it could affect one’s body and increase the chances of serious health problems.'''<ref name=":1" />''' For each age group, there are different amounts of sleep that are recommended:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/sleep/Pages/Healthy-Sleep-Habits-How-Many-Hours-Does-Your-Child-Need.aspx|title=Healthy Sleep Habits: How Many Hours Does Your Child Need?|website=HealthyChildren.org|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pamf.org/youngadults/health/diseases/sleep.html|title=Sleep Needs {{!}} Young Adult Health Information|website=www.pamf.org|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406203319/http://www.pamf.org/youngadults/health/diseases/sleep.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sleephabits.net/sleep-requirements-by-age|title=Sleep Requirements By Age - From Newborn to Old Age|last=Jordan|first=Paul|website=Sleep Habits|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204253/https://sleephabits.net/sleep-requirements-by-age|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''-''' Infants (4 to 12 months): 13 to 15 hours (male); 15-17 hours (female) - Toddlers (1–2 years): 10 to 12 hours (male); 13-15 (female) - Preschoolers (3–5 years): 8 to 10 hours (male); 10-13 hours (female) - Grade Schoolers (6 to 9 years): 7 to 9 hours (male); 9-12 hours (female) - Teenagers (10–25 years): 5 to 7 hours (male); 9-11 hours (female) - Adults (including old age): 5 to 7 hours (male); 8-10 hours (female) The timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. Both are different for different people. Most of women sleep best from 22:00 to 05:00 or 06:00 or even 07:00 in contrast to males that are naturally night owls. Some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. These variations are normal. How much sleep is enough also depends on [[Aging|age]]. Children need more sleep than adults. Newborn babies sleep about 18 hours per day. Small babies sleep many times a day; human babies do not develop [[circadian rhythm]]s before they are 3 – 4 months old. At the age of 1 year, they sleep for about 14 hours. A nine-year-old girl should sleep about 9–10 hours per day and [[teenager]]s, too, also need that much sleep. Women who sleep less than about 9 hours a day perform worse than those who sleep that long.<ref>[http://www.sleepfoundation.org/site/c.huIXKjM0IxF/b.2421185/k.7198/Let_Sleep_Work_for_You.htm ''Let sleep work for you''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045259/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/site/c.huIXKjM0IxF/b.2421185/k.7198/Let_Sleep_Work_for_You.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}. National Sleep Foundation.</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Rhonda Rowland | title = Experts challenge study linking sleep, life span | date = 2002 | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/02/14/sleep.study/index.html | accessdate = 2007-04-22 | archive-date = 2010-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100420034719/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/02/14/sleep.study/index.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Bad habits == Poor habits could affect one’s sleep schedule in many ways without taking notice. A few habits that are very common and ruin sleep are:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.activebeat.com/diet-nutrition/10-bedtime-habits-ruining-your-restful-sleep/|title=10 Bedtime Habits Ruining Your Restful Sleep|date=20 March 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> * Overeating or being too full (since the [[digestive system]] will not work to digest those foods processed) * Sitting in front of a [[Television|TV]], [[Telephone|phone]], or [[video game]] (since powerful light source produced by TV and the excitement can prevent sleep) * Drinking too much (since it will cause one to use the bathroom multiple times during the night) * Not having a bedtime routine * Any type of pain such as back, [[Joint pain|joint]] and [[Toothache|tooth pain]] (these can making sleeping difficult and should be addressed quickly) * Having cold feet (it is better to wear something to keep warm in this case) * Using [[caffeine]] (since this can result in “all-nighters”) * [[Stress (biology)|Stress]] (since this can keep the brain active at night, mentally thinking of all the things on one’s mind) * [[Snoring]] (since one can be awakened by it) == Sleeping problems == A good night’s sleep is extremely important for one’s quality of life. People may have trouble going to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough sleep. This usually means that they are too sleepy in the daytime. There are many things that influence sleep. Also some substances, called [[stimulant]]s – [[coffee]] is an example – can cause poor sleep. When people have just eaten something, the body is busy [[digestion|digesting]] what they have eaten. This can cause poor sleep, too. Worrying and stress can also cause poor sleep. There are many [[disease]]s that cause poor sleep. [[Fever]] can lead to [[nightmare|bad dreams]]. Poor sleep can be a [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effect]] of some medications. [[Sleep disorder]]s directly influence how a person sleeps. Examples of sleep disorders are [[narcolepsy]], sleep apnea and [[circadian rhythm sleep disorder]]s. The four most common sleep disorders are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskasleep.com/blog/the-5-most-common-sleep-disorders-symptoms|title=The 4 Most Common Sleep Disorders: Symptoms and Prevalence|last=Hines|first=Jennifer|website=www.alaskasleep.com|language=en-us|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204253/https://www.alaskasleep.com/blog/the-5-most-common-sleep-disorders-symptoms|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Insomnia]] which consists of difficulties going to sleep at night, having no energy, waking up often in the middle of the night, waking up earlier than planned, and changing mood behaviors. *[[Sleep apnea]] which is due to the lack of breathing for several seconds which results in the brain awakening and forcing a respiratory effect to breathe harder. As a result of the multiple occurrences during the night, the body cannot go back to sleep, leading to fatigue. *[[Restless legs syndrome|Restless leg syndrome]] is a need to move one’s leg while resting. Having the urge to move one's feet during the night may affect the ability to fall and stay asleep. *Narcolepsy, the inability to control the brain’s sleep/wakefulness cycle which leads to daytime sleepiness and falling asleep at unexpected times. Sleep specialists - [[Medical doctor|doctors]] specialized in sleeping problems - often suggest better sleep [[hygiene]] to people with sleeping problems. Sleep hygiene means things people can try, such as:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verywellfamily.com/set-good-sleep-habits-in-your-child-620513|title=Ways to get good sleep habits in your child|last=Lee|first=Katherine|website=Verywell Family|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325204250/https://www.verywellfamily.com/set-good-sleep-habits-in-your-child-620513|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sleep Optimization: Sleep planning|url=https://sustainabilitist.com/hub/health/physical-health/sleep-optimization/#t-1611862660751|access-date=2021-09-27|website=sustainabilitist.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * get to sleep quick and early * avoid extreme emotion in the hours before sleep * try to get up at the same time every day (sticking to a routine) * sleep in a cool, quiet and very [[dark]] place with the right mattress, lighting, blanket, pillow and temperature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/7-bedroom-essentials-for-a-good-nights-sleep-208741|title=7 Bedroom Essentials for a Good Night's Sleep|website=Apartment Therapy|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> * avoid bright [[light]] the last hour before bedtime. Eat dinner at least 3 hours before bedtime so the digestive system has time to break it down. * avoid a big [[meal]] just before bedtime * get enough [[exercise]] every day * sleep in varying positions. However, avoid sleeping on the stomach as it starts to flatten the curve of the spine, which can lead to severe lower back pains<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatist.com/happiness/best-sleep-positions|title=The best (and worst) positions for sleeping |date=2014-10-21|website=Greatist|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Circadian rhythm]] * [[Worker]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.aasmnet.org American Academy of Sleep Medicine] * [http://www.sleepfoundation.org National Sleep Foundation] * [http://www.worldsleepfoundation.com World Sleep Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523102639/http://www.worldsleepfoundation.com/ |date=2009-05-23}} * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/ncsdr/index.htm National Center on Sleep Disorders Research] * {{cite web | title=It's the little things: daily routines | url=https://www.pbs.org/wholechild/providers/little.html | work=The Whole Child - For Early Care Providers|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service ([[PBS]])}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:VOA Special English words]] [[Category:Sleep| ]] [[Category:Consciousness]] 6tep65sko9wgvpv708w4vmj1ny9ci7w 0 25147 10330916 10231006 2025-06-14T21:42:13Z DenisJT2022 1456026 10330916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox rail company |name = ScotRail |other_name = {{native name|gd|Rèile na h-Alba}} |image = File:British Rail Class 158 738.JPG |image_size = |franchise = ScotRail<br>October 17 2004 – March 31 2015 |logo = |logo_size = 250px |regions = [[Scotland]] |abbr = SR |secregions = [[North West England]]<br>[[North East England]] |fleet = 311 |stationsop = 344 |routekm = 3032.0 |parent_company = [[Abellio]] |website = {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316194950/http://www.scotrail.co.uk/|title=www.scotrail.co.uk}} }} '''ScotRail'''<ref>[http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/SC185018 Companies House extract company no SC185018] First ScotRail Limited</ref> was a [[train operating company]] in the [[United Kingdom]] owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/rail/scotrail-franchise/scotrail-franchise|title = ScotRail franchise|website = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Queiro|first=Alicia|date=10 August 2014|title=ScotRail franchise: How will Abellio deal change Scotland's railways?|work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29537484}}</ref> [[ScotRail.|ScotRail]] ==History== [[File:170433 at Edinburgh Waverley.JPG|left|thumb|An old First ScotRail train]] National Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004. On July 28, 2003, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23552016.html Shortlist of ScotRail bidders puts three in the ring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222746/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23552016.html |date=2016-10-18 }} ''Herald Scotland'' 28 October 2003</ref> On June 11, 2004, Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2887785/FirstGroup-clinches-Scottish-rail-franchise.html FirstGroup clinches Scottish rail franchise] ''The Telegraph'' 12 June 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.scotrail.co.uk/content/first-welcomes-award-scotrail-franchise First Welcomes Award of ScotRail Franchise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140742/http://www.scotrail.co.uk/content/first-welcomes-award-scotrail-franchise |date=2014-10-06 }} First ScotRail Press Release 11 June 2004</ref> It originally traded as ''First ScotRail'' before being rebranded as ''ScotRail'' in September 2008.<ref>Railways Act 2005</ref> On October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015. ==References== {{Reflist}} <br />{{s-start}} {{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[ScotRail (National Express)]]}} {{s-ttl | rows = 2 | title = Operator of [[ScotRail (brand)|ScotRail franchise]] | years = 2004–2015 }} {{s-aft|after=[[Abellio ScotRail]]}} |- {{s-aft|after=[[Caledonian Sleeper]]<br>Caledonian Sleeper franchise}} {{s-end}}{{Current UK TOCs}} {{FirstGroup}} {{Railways in Scotland}} [[Category:Rail transport in Scotland]] [[Category:First Group railway companies]] [[Category:British train operating companies]] [[Category:Companies of Scotland]] {{Transport-stub}} 23yi7txjsread2jcm9jfggbrl423xtr 10330919 10330916 2025-06-14T21:46:05Z DenisJT2022 1456026 10330919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox rail company |name = ScotRail |other_name = {{native name|gd|Rèile na h-Alba}} |image = File:British Rail Class 158 738.JPG |image_size = |franchise = ScotRail<br>October 17 2004 – March 31 2015 |logo = |logo_size = 250px |regions = [[Scotland]] |abbr = SR |secregions = [[North West England]]<br>[[North East England]] |fleet = 311 |stationsop = 344 |routekm = 3032.0 |parent_company = [[Abellio]] |website = {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316194950/http://www.scotrail.co.uk/|title=www.scotrail.co.uk}} }} '''ScotRail'''<ref>[http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/SC185018 Companies House extract company no SC185018] First ScotRail Limited</ref> was a [[train operating company]] in the [[United Kingdom]] owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/rail/scotrail-franchise/scotrail-franchise|title = ScotRail franchise|website = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Queiro|first=Alicia|date=10 August 2014|title=ScotRail franchise: How will Abellio deal change Scotland's railways?|work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29537484}}</ref> ==History== [[File:170433 at Edinburgh Waverley.JPG|left|thumb|An old First ScotRail train]] National Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004. On July 28, 2003, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23552016.html Shortlist of ScotRail bidders puts three in the ring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222746/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23552016.html |date=2016-10-18 }} ''Herald Scotland'' 28 October 2003</ref> On June 11, 2004, Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2887785/FirstGroup-clinches-Scottish-rail-franchise.html FirstGroup clinches Scottish rail franchise] ''The Telegraph'' 12 June 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.scotrail.co.uk/content/first-welcomes-award-scotrail-franchise First Welcomes Award of ScotRail Franchise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140742/http://www.scotrail.co.uk/content/first-welcomes-award-scotrail-franchise |date=2014-10-06 }} First ScotRail Press Release 11 June 2004</ref> It originally traded as ''First ScotRail'' before being rebranded as ''ScotRail'' in September 2008.<ref>Railways Act 2005</ref> On October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015. ==References== {{Reflist}} <br />{{s-start}} {{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[ScotRail (National Express)]]}} {{s-ttl | rows = 2 | title = Operator of [[ScotRail (brand)|ScotRail franchise]] | years = 2004–2015 }} {{s-aft|after=[[Abellio ScotRail]]}} |- {{s-aft|after=[[Caledonian Sleeper]]<br>Caledonian Sleeper franchise}} {{s-end}}{{Current UK TOCs}} {{FirstGroup}} {{Railways in Scotland}} [[Category:Rail transport in Scotland]] [[Category:First Group railway companies]] [[Category:British train operating companies]] [[Category:Companies of Scotland]] {{Transport-stub}} nas3vq70i4gy61ft13owoae965mo8h4 0 26033 10331113 10052618 2025-06-15T00:05:45Z 2404:4408:9317:5000:4876:56E7:8262:9511 added slight clarity changes 10331113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance | logo = Wii.svg | logo_size = 110px | logo_alt = Wii logo | image = [[File:Wii-console.jpg|250px]]<br>[[File:Wii-Mini-Console-Set-H.jpg|250px]] | image_size = 260px | alt = Wii with Wii Remote | caption = Top image: Wii (RVL-001) with [[Wii Remote]]<br>Bottom image: [[Wii#Wii Mini|Wii Mini]] (RVL-201) | aka = Nintendo Revolution <small>(code name)</small> | developer = [[Nintendo]] | manufacturer = [[Foxconn]] | type = [[Home video game console]] | generation = [[Seventh generation of video game consoles|Seventh generation]] | releasedate = {{collapsible list| title=November 19, 2006| '''Wii:''' {{vgrelease|NA|November 17, 2006<ref name=NArelease>{{cite web|first1=Kathleen|last1=Sanders|first2=Matt|last2=Casamassina|url=http://ign.com/articles/2006/09/14/us-wii-price-launch-date-revealed|title=US Wii Price, Launch Date Revealed|website=IGN|date=September 13, 2006|accessdate=January 17, 2015|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019021234/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/14/us-wii-price-launch-date-revealed|url-status=live}}</ref>|JP|December 2, 2006<ref name=JPrelease>{{cite web|last1=Sanders|first1=Kathleen|title=Japanese Wii Price, Release Date Revealed|url=http://ign.com/articles/2006/09/14/japanese-wii-price-release-date-revealed|website=IGN|accessdate=January 17, 2015|date=September 13, 2006|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152537/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/14/japanese-wii-price-release-date-revealed|url-status=live}}</ref>|AUS|December 7, 2006<ref name=AUSrelease>{{cite web|author1=Nintendo Australia|title=Wii Australian Details|url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/pr/12068/wii-australian-details|website=Nintendo World Report|accessdate=January 17, 2015|date=September 15, 2006|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019021233/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/pr/12068/wii-australian-details|url-status=live}}</ref>|EU|December 8, 2006<ref name=EUrelease>{{cite web|author1=Nintendo of Europe|title=Europe Gets Wii Last|url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/pr/12069/europe-gets-wii-last|website=Nintendo World Report|accessdate=January 17, 2015|date=September 15, 2006|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019021233/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/pr/12069/europe-gets-wii-last|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|HK|September 20, 2007}}{{vgrelease|SAF|September 28, 2007|KOR|April 26, 2008|ROC|July 12, 2008}}'''[[#Wii Family Edition|Wii Family Edition]]:''' {{vgrelease|NA|October 23, 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=New black Wii bundle includes Mario CD |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/31328/newsnew-black-wii-bundle-includes-mario-cd/ |work=[[Nintendo]] |accessdate=November 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114130448/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/31328/newsnew-black-wii-bundle-includes-mario-cd/ |archivedate=November 14, 2011 }}</ref>|EU|November 4, 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Nintendo launches Wii Family Edition on 4th November and Wii Fit Plus bundle on 2nd December|url=https://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/news/2011/45337.html|work=[[Nintendo]]|accessdate=November 23, 2011}}</ref>|AUS|November 11, 2011}}'''[[#Wii Mini|Wii Mini]]:''' {{vgrelease|CAN|December 7, 2012<ref name="NinWiiMini">{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/ONIEEqvK1pbPyTbW2lWO6QnPUiqqvuuI|title=Nintendo introduces Wii Mini that's all about games|publisher=Nintendo of Canada|date=November 22, 2012|accessdate=November 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810074012/https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/ONIEEqvK1pbPyTbW2lWO6QnPUiqqvuuI|archive-date=August 10, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>|UK|March 15, 2013|EU|March 22, 2013<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com.au/gaming/news/a461694/wii-mini-confirmed-for-europe-launching-next-month.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907235732/http://www.digitalspy.com.au/gaming/news/a461694/wii-mini-confirmed-for-europe-launching-next-month.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 7, 2015|title=Wii Mini confirmed for Europe, launching next month - Gaming News - Digital Spy|date=September 7, 2015|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref>|NA|November 17, 2013<ref name="Wii mini Official Site - Buy Now">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/wiimini/buynow/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107012351/https://www.nintendo.com/wiimini/buynow/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2013|title=Wii mini Official Site - Buy Now|date=November 7, 2013|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref>}} }} | lifespan = 2006–2013 (RVL-001)<br>2011-2013 (RVL-101)<br>2012-2017 (RVL-201) | price = {{ubl|[[United States dollar|US$]]249.99|[[Japanese yen|JP¥]]25,000|[[Pound sterling|GB£]]179.99|[[Australian dollar|AU$]]399.95}}<small>([[Wii launch#Release dates and pricing|details]])</small> | discontinued = '''Wii/Wii Family Edition:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|October 21, 2013<ref name=GSJapOnly>{{cite web |last=Makuch |first=Eddie |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/wii-discontinuation-in-japan-won-t-affect-availability-in-united-states/1100-6415717/ |title=Wii discontinuation in Japan won't affect availability in United States |website=GameSpot |date=October 22, 2013 |accessdate=October 24, 2013 |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019021233/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/wii-discontinuation-in-japan-won-t-affect-availability-in-united-states/1100-6415717/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/time-also-called-on-wii-in-europe/0123162|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026130505/http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/time-also-called-on-wii-in-europe/0123162|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 26, 2013|title=Time also called on Wii in Europe {{!}} Games industry news {{!}} MCV|date=October 26, 2013|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref>}}'''Wii Mini:'''<br>{{vgrelease|WW|November 13, 2017}} | unitssold = Worldwide: 101.63 million <small>({{as of|2019|09|30|lc=y|df=US}})</small><!--<ref name="nintendosales"/>--><!-- SEE DISCUSSION PAGE ON SALES NUMBER --> <small>([[Wii#System Sales|details]])</small> | unitsshipped = | media = {{collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left|title=Physical and digital| * [[Wii Optical Disc]] * [[GameCube Game Disc]] <small>(original model only)</small> * [[Digital distribution in video games|Digital distribution]] <small>([[Wii Shop Channel]])</small> }} | os = [[Wii system software]] | cpu = 729&nbsp;MHz [[IBM]] [[PowerPC]] "[[Broadway (microprocessor)|Broadway]]"<br>32 kB L1 cache and 3 x 128 byte L2 caches<ref>{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition |year=2008 |publisher=Craig Glenday |isbn=9781904994206 |page=31 |edition=2008}}</ref> | memory = 88&nbsp;[[Megabyte|MB]] (total), 24&nbsp;MB MoSys 1T-SRAM, 324&nbsp;MHz, 2.7&nbsp;GB/s bandwidth | storage = 512&nbsp;MB Internal [[flash memory]] | memory card = [[Secure Digital|SD]]/[[SDHC]] card<br>[[GameCube Memory Card]] <small>(original model only)</small> | display = {{collapsible list| title=Video output formats| * [[Composite video]] <small>([[480i]], [[576i]]&nbsp;(PAL))</small> * [[S-Video]] <small>(480i&nbsp;(NTSC consoles only))</small> * RGB&nbsp;[[SCART]] <small>(576i&nbsp;(PAL consoles only))</small> * [[Component video]] ([[YPbPr|{{YPbPr}}]]) <small>(480i, 576i&nbsp;(PAL), [[480p]])</small> }} | GPU = 243&nbsp;MHz [[ATI Technologies|ATI]] [[Hollywood (graphics chip)|"Hollywood"]] | controllers = [[Wii Remote]] ([[Wii Remote Plus|Plus]])<br>[[Wii Balance Board]]<br>[[GameCube controller]] <small>(original model only)</small><br>[[Nintendo DS]] | connectivity = [[Wi-Fi]] [[IEEE 802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]<br>[[Bluetooth]]<br />2 × [[Universal Serial Bus|USB 2.0]]<ref name=1upspec>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3154939|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522225319/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3154939|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2016|title=Wii Get It Now: Technical Specs from 1UP.com|publisher=1up.com|accessdate=May 2, 2008|last=McDonough|first=Amy}}</ref><br>[[Local area network|LAN]] Adapter (via USB 2.0)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6155664.stm|title=Factfile: The Wii|date=November 17, 2006|access-date=September 3, 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=September 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011342/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6155664.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | service = [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection]] <small>(closed May 20, 2014)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/network/en_na/network_status.jsp|title=- Nintendo - Current Network Status|accessdate=December 5, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006020259/http://www.nintendo.com/consumer/network/en_na/network_status.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vyWpoM6CBIe6FjW8NIY7bvzOrgBURhzw|title=Nintendo|work=Nintendo.com|accessdate=December 5, 2014|archive-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119041342/https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vyWpoM6CBIe6FjW8NIY7bvzOrgBURhzw|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[WiiConnect24]] <small>(closed June 27, 2013)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/04/nintendo_to_pull_the_plug_on_several_online_wii_channels|title=Nintendo to Pull the Plug on Several Online Wii Channels|author=Nintendo Life|work=Nintendo Life|date=12 April 2013 |accessdate=December 5, 2014|archive-date=November 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106163003/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/04/nintendo_to_pull_the_plug_on_several_online_wii_channels|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en-americas-support.nintendo.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/3512/p/604|title=Discontinuation of WiiConnect24 Services {{!}} Wii & Wii mini {{!}} Nintendo Support|website=en-americas-support.nintendo.com|language=en-US|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404212551/https://en-americas-support.nintendo.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/3512/p/604|url-status=live}}</ref><br>[[Wii Shop Channel]] <small>(closed January 31, 2019)</small><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/9/29/16386918/wii-shop-channel-closing-nintendo|title=Wii Shop Channel closing down in 2019|work=Polygon|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729171241/https://www.polygon.com/2017/9/29/16386918/wii-shop-channel-closing-nintendo|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- As quoted by Iwata, "Using a design called WiiConnect24, the console automatically enters standby mode without the fan running, but still operating key functions." This does not at all say that the online service itself is WiiConnect24. --> | topgame = ''[[Wii Sports]]'' <small>([[Pack-in game|pack-in]], except in Japan and South Korea)</small> 82.90 million <small>({{as of|2020|03|31|lc=y|df=US}})</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/sales/software/wii.html|title=IR Information : Sales Data - Top Selling Software Sales Units - Wii Software|work=Nintendo Co., Ltd.|access-date=2020-06-14|archive-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118111108/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/sales/software/wii.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br>''[[Mario Kart Wii]]'', 37.32&nbsp;million <small>({{as of|2020|03|31|lc=y|df=US}})</small><ref name=wiim15>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/sales/software/wii.html|title=Top Selling Software Sales Units|date=March 31, 2020|publisher=Nintendo Co., Ltd.|accessdate=May 7, 2020|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118111108/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/sales/software/wii.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | compatibility = [[GameCube|Nintendo GameCube]]<br><small>(original model only)</small><!-- Hardware compatibility only. Do not list Virtual Console as "compatible". Actual compatibility is with physical media, not emulated software. --> | predecessor = Nintendo GameCube<!-- Stop linking this. It is already linked above. See [[WP:MOS]] for more info. --> | successor = [[Wii U]] | title = Wii }} The '''Wii''' ({{IPAc-en|w|iː}}, {{respell|WEE}}; also known as the '''Nintendo Wii''') is a [[video game console|video game home console]] made by [[Nintendo]].<ref name="ign launch">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Wii Launch Guide|url=http://wii.ign.com/launchguide/hardware1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028073931/http://wii.ign.com/launchguide/hardware1.html|archive-date=October 28, 2006|accessdate=2010-05-15|website=|publisher=IGN}}</ref> It first came out on November 19, 2006, in [[North America]]. It plays [[video games]] made just for the ''Wii.'' The original model also plays games for the [[Nintendo GameCube]].<ref name="ign launch"/> It was succeeded by the [[Wii U]] on November 18, 2012 which can play and use all Wii games and controllers. With over 101 million units sold, the Wii is Nintendo's second-highest-selling home console, after the [[Nintendo Switch]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Life|first=Nintendo|date=2022-05-10|title=Nintendo Switch Has Now Sold Over 107 Million Units|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/05/nintendo-switch-has-now-sold-over-107-million-units|access-date=2022-09-23|website=Nintendo Life|language=en-GB}}</ref> The original Wii and Wii Family Edition were discontinued on October 21, 2013, although the Wii Mini was still in production until November 13, 2017. The Wii received positive reviews. ==Hardware== *CPU: [[IBM]] "Broadway" processor at 729&nbsp;MHz<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-10|title=Wii Technical Specification - Hyrule.net|url=http://hyrule.net/forum/index.php?showtopic=333|access-date=2024-09-19|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2011-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810001712/http://hyrule.net/forum/index.php?showtopic=333|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> *GPU: [[ATI Technologies|ATI]] "Hollywood" at 243&nbsp;MHz *Memory: 88 MB RAM *Storage: 512 MB of flash memory ==Wii Channels== <!--- rewrite to not use categories for each channel ([[WP:NOTWIKIA]]) --> There are many things called Channels on the Wii. They are called channels because, just like on TV, you can look through channels by pressing − and +. Each Wii Channel does something different. Some of them need to connect to the [[Internet]] to work, using either [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection]] or WiiConnect24, but some information that has been saved can be viewed without a connection to the Internet. WiiConnect24 could not be used anymore on June 27, 2013. ===Disc Channel=== Games can be played on this channel after a Wii game disc or Nintendo GameCube disc is put in the disc slot. === Wii Shop Channel === The Wii Shop Channel was used to buy and [[download]] [[Virtual Console]] (old) games, [[WiiWare]] games, and other Wii channels. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. The Wii Shop Channel closed on January 31, 2019. ===Mii Channel=== The Mii Channel is where a player can make an avatar called a [[Mii]] to represent themselves, either in the Mii Channel's online feature Mii Parade, or in games that allow using Miis and most other Wii channels mentioned here. ===News Channel=== The News Channel was used to look up news on different topics, ranging from national news to sports and entertainment. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. ===Forecast Channel=== The Forecast Channel was used to check the weather forecast for most cities around the world. There was a feature that let you select your local area to receive weather updates. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. ===Everybody Votes Channel=== The Everybody Votes Channel was a channel containing regularly updated polls. There were three national polls (updated on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays) along with one worldwide poll. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. ===Internet Channel=== The Internet Channel allowed users to access the [[World Wide Web|web]]. It is based on the [[Opera (web browser)|Opera Browser]]. You would need an Internet connection to use this channel. On September 1, 2009, the Internet Channel became free to download after an update was released to support [[Adobe Flash]]. Refunds consisting of a free Virtual Console NES title worth 500 Wii Points were offered by Nintendo to Wii owners who had downloaded it before for the same price.{{cn}} ===Check Mii Out Channel=== The Check Mii Out Channel (known as the Mii Contest Channel in [[Europe]]) was used to send and pick up other Miis, and was also used in voting contests to see which Mii was the best. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. ===Nintendo Channel=== The Nintendo Channel was used to watch videos, collect and send feedback on certain Wii titles, and download [[Nintendo DS]] game demos to a Nintendo DS using the DS Download Service. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. ===Today and Tomorrow Channel=== The Today and Tomorrow Channel is a channel that was only released in Europe on September 9, 2009, used to view daily horoscopes. Up to six Mii characters can be registered. It offers advice on five topics: love, work, study, communication, and money. It also offers hints on food, fun, and care. Another feature is a Mii compatibility check. ===Homebrew Channel=== [http://hbc.hackmii.com/ The Homebrew Channel] is an unofficial (it does not come with the Wii) channel used for loading unofficial software, or [[Homebrew (video games)|homebrew]]. With Homebrew, you can do many things that the Wii cannot normally do on its own (play DVDs, play backups, stream media from a computer, run [[:wikt:emulators|emulators]], etc.). ===Wii Speak Channel=== The Wii Speak Channel is downloadable once you buy the [[Wii Speak]], used in certain games like ''[[Animal Crossing: City Folk]]''. An Internet connection is required to use the Wii Speak Channel. ==Wii Remote== [[File:Wii Remote.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Wii Remote in a person's hand]] The Wii Remote is a controller that is like a regular television remote. The Wii Remote uses [[accelerometer]]s and [[infrared]] light sensors (from [[LED]]s inside a 'sensor bar') to know where it is in [[3D]] space.<ref name="remote_accel">{{cite web|last=Wisniowski|first=Howard|date=|title=Analog Devices And Nintendo Collaboration Drives Video Game Innovation With iMEMS Motion Signal Processing Technology|url=http://www.analog.com/en/press-release/May_09_2006_ADI_Nintendo_Collaboration/press.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625055416/http://www.analog.com/en/press-release/May_09_2006_ADI_Nintendo_Collaboration/press.html|archive-date=June 25, 2009|accessdate=2010-05-15|website=|publisher=Analog Devices, Inc}}</ref> This lets people control the game using [[wikt:physical|physical]] movement and by pressing buttons. The controller connects to the console using [[Bluetooth]]. It has a rumble feature (the controller shakes when the game being played tells it to do so) and a [[speaker]] inside the remote. An attachment to the Wii Remote that comes with the Wii console and can also be bought by itself in stores is the ''Nunchuk'' controller. It also has an accelerometer and an [[analog signal|analog]] stick with two buttons, and it connects to the bottom of the Wii Remote with a wire. A [[wrist]] strap can also be used to stop the player from dropping or throwing the Wii Remote. Because of problems with the straps, Nintendo has given all players a free stronger replacement for all straps.<ref name="strap">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nintendo Issue Replacement Wii Wrist Straps|url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/news_151206_wrist.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108115627/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/news_151206_wrist.html|archive-date=January 8, 2007|accessdate=2010-05-15|website=|publisher=Official Nintendo Magazine}}</ref> It also comes with a cover called the Wii Remote Jacket, which protects the Wii Remote and the thing that it hits from being damaged or broken.<ref name="jacket">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nintendo Announces New Wii Remote Jacket Accessory|url=http://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/meGSAugqYGKxlEMVLDtePEEQweFFdtSM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214005824/http://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/meGSAugqYGKxlEMVLDtePEEQweFFdtSM|archive-date=December 14, 2007|accessdate=2010-05-15|website=|publisher=Nintendo}}</ref> It also gives a stronger grip, which makes it harder for the Wii Remote to slide out of players' hands. === Attachments for the Wii Remote === Nintendo and many other companies have made attachments for the Wii Remote. They are usually connected by a wire or by a small plug at the bottom of the Wii Remote. ==== Nunchuk ==== [[File:Wii nunchuk controller side.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Nunchuk, looked at from the side]] The Nunchuk is the most common attachment for the Wii Remote. It is made to fit perfectly into someone's hand. It comes packaged with the Wii. The Nunchuk has an analog stick on the front and two buttons on the back. A Nunchuk is needed for many Wii games, as it is required to move characters around the game. The name "Nunchuk" is a play on the word "Nunchuck" or "[[nunchaku]]". ==== Wii Motion Plus ==== The Wii Motion Plus connects to the bottom of the Wii remote to help the sensors find the remote more accurately. It improves the playing of some games. ==== Classic Controller ==== [[File:DSC03401 (172092547).jpg|thumb|left]] Nintendo has released a "classic" controller for the Wii. The design is similar to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]'s controller, but it has two analog sticks and four shoulder buttons instead of two. It was mainly made for playing older games that can be bought from the Wii Shop Channel. ==== Zapper ==== There is also a case that looks like a [[gun]] for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. It is named the Zapper after a [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] gun controller. When the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk are placed inside it, the shape of the controller in the player's hands changes. The Zapper does not actually plug into the Wii Remote. It just holds it in place. The Zapper also included a free, short game to help the player get used to it. ==== Instruments ==== There are many pretend instruments made by Nintendo and other companies for playing [[music video games]] like ''[[Guitar Hero (series)|Guitar Hero]]'' and ''[[Rock Band]]''. So far, they have made [[guitar]]s and [[drums]]. They plug into the bottom of the Wii Remote. There are also [[microphone]]s that plug into the [[USB]] port on the back of the Wii console. ==== Wheel ==== There is also a plastic wheel. These came with ''[[Mario Kart Wii]]'' and other racing or car driving games. The Wii remote goes into the middle of the wheel. There are some built-in buttons on the wheel to make it easier to reach the buttons on the remote. ==Models== ===Wii Family Edition=== A revision of the Wii (also called the '''RVL-101''') that was released close the end of its lifecycle was announced on August 17, 2011. This model is designed to only sit horizontally (with the buttons changed accordingly) and is incompatible with the Nintendo GameCube's software and its accessories. This model was released in North America on October 23, 2011, in Europe on November 4, 2011, and in Australia on November 11, 2011. It was not released in any Asian countries. The Wii Family Edition includes a black console, the game ''[[New Super Mario Bros. Wii]]'', and the ''[[Super Mario Galaxy|Super Mario Galaxy: Original Soundtrack]]''. ===Wii Mini=== [[File:Wii mini.png|thumb|200px|A red Wii Mini]] Another late-cycle revision of the Wii (also called the '''RVL-201''') was announced on November 27, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nintendo reveals Wii Mini game machine|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/ingame/nintendo-reveals-wii-mini-game-machine-1C7280227|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216175839/http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/ingame/nintendo-reveals-wii-mini-game-machine-1C7280227|archive-date=2013-02-16|access-date=|website=NBC News}}</ref> As its name suggests, the Wii Mini is the smallest model of the Wii. Like the Family Edition, it is not compatible with GameCube games or its accessories. In addition, it also does not have online features and several built-in channels, such as the Photo Channel and the Weather Channel, similar to the Wii Mode on the Wii U. It also can only sit horizontally. The main feature is its notable redesign. Unlike the original Wii and Family Edition, which are mostly white, the Wii Mini is black with a red frame. All the buttons are located on the top of the console, and it lacks online support for Wii games. Additionally, the Wii Mini has a manually operated top-loading disc drive (similar to that of the GameCube) instead of the slots that former models have. The console launched in [[Canada]] on December 7, 2012 for $99.99. It was then released in Europe on March 15, 2013 at a cost of at least $79.99. It was then launched in the UK on March 22, 2013 for $99.99. It was finally launched in North America on November 17, 2013, bundled with a red Wii Remote Plus and a red Nunchuk for $99.99. Like its predecessor, the Wii Mini was not released in any Asian countries and it was not released in Australia either. The Wii Mini is the third home Nintendo console since the SNES and NES to receive a redesign right after their respective successors launched though the NES 101 model launched two years after the SNES launched. The N64 received no redesigns of any kind, and the GameCube had a small revision that lacked the unused Serial Port 2 (though the cover still remains) and the unpopular Digital AV Out port. == Reception == ''[[The Guardian]]'' titled the Wii one of the 10 most influential video game consoles.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=Keith|date=2017-02-24|title=10 most influential games consoles – in pictures|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gallery/2017/feb/24/10-most-influential-games-consoles-in-pictures|access-date=2022-08-26|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ''[[IGN]]'' ranked the Wii 10th among the best video game consoles.<ref>{{Citation|title=Top 25 Video Game Consoles - IGN.com|url=https://www.ign.com/lists/top-25-consoles|language=en|access-date=2022-08-26}}</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Xbox 360]] *[[Nintendo 64]] *[[GameCube|Nintendo GameCube]] *[[Nintendo DS]] *[[Nintendo DSi]] *[[Nintendo DSi XL]] *[[Nintendo 3DS]] *[[Wii U]] *[[Nintendo Switch]] *[[Wii Points]] ==Sources== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat|Wii}} * [http://www.wii.com/ Official ''Wii'' website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928040528/http://wii.com/ |date=2006-09-28 }} {{Nintendo hardware}} [[Category:Wii]] [[Category:Seventh generation consoles]] mxok9ewws5oj2r6ixhss51380y76wcl 0 27221 10330606 9798061 2025-06-14T18:39:54Z Priharisid 1555874 10330606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Christian leader | type = pope | name = Julius II | image = Pope Julius II.jpg | motto = | birth_name = Giuliano della Rovere | birth_date = December 5, 1443 | birth_place = [[Albisola]], [[Italy]] | death_date = February 21, 1513 | death_place = [[Rome]], [[Italy]] | term_start = 1 November 1503 | term_end = 21 February 1513 | predecessor = [[Pope Pius III|Pius III]] | successor = [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]] | other = Julius }} '''Pope Julius II''' ({{lang-la|Iulius Secundus}}; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born ''Giuliano della Rovere'', was an [[Italy|Italian]] priest of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[List of popes|217th]] [[Pope]] from 1503 until his death in 1513.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm "List of Popes,"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2009); retrieved 2011-11-9.</ref> He was known as "the Warrior Pope."<ref>Schaff, Philip ''et al.'' (1910). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9VwsAAAAYAAJ&dq=the+warrior+pope&pg=PA466 "Julius II,"] ''History of the Christian Church,'' Volume 5, Part 2, p. 466.</ref> He was the nephew of [[Pope Sixtus IV]].<ref>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. (1839). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOSs-ZldYPgC&pg=PA146 "Julius II,"] ''Penny cyclopaedia,'' Vol. 13, p. 146.</ref> ==Early life == Giuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.<ref name="catholic">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm "Pope Julius II,"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia''; retrieved 2011-11-9.</ref> His uncle would become [[Pope Sixtus IV]].<ref name="catholic"/> ==Cardinal== In 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]].<ref name="catholic"/> ==Pope== Rovere was elected pope in 1503;<ref name="catholic"/> and he chose to be called Julius II. Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.<ref name="catholic"/> In 1506, Pope Julius he established the [[Swiss Guard]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15276b.htm "The Vatican,"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia''; retrieved 2011-11-9.</ref> <!-- citation support needed? It is a common error that many associate the burial place of Julius as being in [[San Pietro in Vincoli]] as the location for the so-called "[[Tomb of Julius]]" by [[Michelangelo]]. However, this tomb was not completed until 1545 and represents a much abbreviated version of the planned original, which was initially intended for the new [[St Peter's Basilica]]. Instead, as was always intended, Julius was buried in [[St Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. His remains, along with those of his uncle, [[Pope Sixtus IV]], were later desecrated during the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome]] in 1527. Today, the remains of both lie in St. Peter's in the floor in front of the monument to [[Pope Clement X]]. A simple marble tombstone marks the site. While Julius II's political and warlike achievements would alone entitle him to rank amongst the most remarkable of the occupants of the papal chair, his chief title to honour is to be found in his patronage of art and literature. He did much to improve and beautify the city. In 1506 he laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter's Basilica, and he was a friend and patron of [[Donato Bramante|Bramante]], [[Raffaello Santi|Raphael]], and [[Michelangelo]]. Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the [[Sistine Chapel]] for Julius. Julius II is usually depicted with a beard, after his appearance in his celebrated [[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|portrait]] by [[Raphael]], but the pope only wore his beard from 27 June 1511 to March 1512, as a sign of mourning at the loss of the city of [[Bologna]] by the [[Papal States]], making him the first pope since antiquity to wear a beard, a practice otherwise forbidden by [[canon law]] since the 13th century. Julius shaved his beard again before his death, and his immediate successors were clean-shaven; however, [[Pope Clement VII]] again adopted the beard as a sign of mourning after the 1527 [[sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]], and thenceforward all Popes were bearded until the death of [[Pope Innocent XII]] in 1700. --> ==Related pages == * [[List of popes]] * [[List of popes from the della Rovere family]] ==References== [[File:CoA_della_Rovere_popes.svg|thumb|120px|right|Coat of arms of Julius II]] {{Reflist|1}} ==More reading== * Shaw, Christine. (1993). ''Julius II: the Warrior Pope.'' Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|9780631167389}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/417355755 OCLC 417355755] ==Other websites== {{Commons category-inline|Iulius II}} * {{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Julius II}} * [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic Hierarchy], [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/brov.html Julius II] * [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030210828/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm |date=2011-10-30 }}, [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1471.htm#Dellarovere Cardinal della Rovere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113155500/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1471.htm#Dellarovere |date=2018-01-13 }} {{start box}} {{succession box|before=[[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]|title=[[List of popes|Pope]]|years=1503&ndash;1513|after=[[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]}} {{end}} {{Popes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Julius 02}} [[Category:Italian popes]] [[Category:1443 births]] [[Category:1513 deaths]] [[Category:House of della Rovere]] kbelp40xj4sxg73y5tm18d70dgaia46 0 27263 10331018 10321905 2025-06-14T22:58:01Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 I'm sure 👍 😌 🙂 😏 ☺ 👌 10331018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Wikipedia in general|Simple English Wikipedia's home page|Main Page|a formal introduction to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:About|the specific language Wikipedia this page is on|Simple English Wikipedia}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = Wikipedia-v2-logo.svg | logocaption = The [[Wikipedia logo]], a globe showing puzzle pieces with [[glyph]]s from several [[writing system]]s | screenshot = Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = [[Main page]] of the Wikipedia's multilingual screenshot | caption = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes |url={{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = No | type = [[Online encyclopedia]] | registration = Optional<ref group=notes>Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected page]]s, creating pages in the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.</ref> | language = 334 languages | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} active users<ref group=notes>To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref> and [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} registered users and 1,067 administrators (English) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = [[Jimmy Wales]]<br/>[[Larry Sanger]]<ref name="Sidener">>{{Cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |title = Everyone's Encyclopedia |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |work = [[U-T San Diego]] |publication-date = December 6, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114101809/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = January 14, 2016 |url-status = dead |access-date = October 15, 2006 }}</ref> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2001|1|15}} | oclc = 52075003 | current_status = Active | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= roadchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013 }}</ref> | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons licenses|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]; media licensing varies }}'''Wikipedia''' is a [[Free content|free content online]] [[online encyclopedia|encyclopedia]] [[website]] in 394 [[language]]s of the world in which 395 languages are currently active and 184 are closed. It is written and maintained by a community of [[Volunteering|volunteers]], known as [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]]. Users can freely use it, share it, and change it, without having to pay. It is also one of the biggest [[wiki]] [[organization]]s. People can choose to give money to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects. It is an [[open content]] website. This means anyone can copy or edit it and make changes to it if they follow the [[Wikipedia:Guidelines|rules]] for copying or editing. Wikipedia is owned by an [[United States|American]] [[organization]], the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], which is in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[California]]. Wikipedia's name is a combination of two words, ''[[wiki]]'' and ''[[encyclopedia]].''<ref>Andreas Kaplan, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp.617-626</ref> Wikipedia was started on January 9, 2001, by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] as part of an earlier [[online encyclopedia]] named [[Nupedia]]. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate [[website]] of its own. It is a wiki that uses the [[computer software|software]] [[MediaWiki]] (like all other [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects). Anyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones. Wikipedia has a [[standard]] [[page layout]] for all pages in the encyclopedia. As of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 [[language]]s and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias. The regular [[English Wikipedia]] is the largest [[List of Wikipedias|Wikipedia edition]]. == History == Wikipedia began as a related project for [[Nupedia]]. Nupedia was a free [[English language|English-language]] [[online encyclopedia]] project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]] which was a [[web portal]] company. The important people of the company were [[Jimmy Wales]], [[CEO|the person in charge]] of Bomis, and [[Larry Sanger]], the [[:wikt:editing|editor-in-chief]] of Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when [[Richard Stallman]] requested them.<ref name="stallman1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|author=Richard M. Stallman|author-link=Richard Stallman|date=2007-06-20|publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=2008-01-04}}</ref> Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|author=Jonathan Sidener|date=2004-12-06|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|access-date=2006-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215094756/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date=2004-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Meyers>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Meyers|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software |work=New York Times |date=2001-09-20|access-date=2007-11-22|quote=&nbsp;'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.}}</ref> Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref name=Sanger>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Wikipedia Is Up!|date=January 17, 2001|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date=2008-12-26|archive-date=2001-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Sanger created the [[wikt:strategy|strategy]] of using a [[wiki]] to reach Wales' goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|title=Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?|access-date=2007-02-20}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, [[Larry Sanger]] proposed on the Nupedia [[mailing list]] to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger|title=Let's Make a Wiki|date=2001-01-10|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref> Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001. It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name=WikipediaHome>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date=2001-03-31|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|access-date=2001-03-31}}</ref> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=102236018 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)</ref> was enforced in its initial months and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]], and from [[search engine|people who looked it up]]. It grew to about 20,000 articles and 18 languages by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics |title=Multilingual statistics |work=Wikipedia |date=March 30, 2005 |access-date=2008-12-25}}</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003. After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever. It is even larger than the [[Yongle Encyclopedia]] (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed.|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|volume=18|pages=257–286}} Encyclopedia Britannica </ref> The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 3 million articles in August 2009. The number of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around the spring of 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |author=Bobbie Johnson}}</ref> In October 2014, the [[Wikipedia Monument]] was unveiled to the public in [[Poland]] to honor all the contributors of Wikipedia. <ref>{{cite web |title=Poland to honor Wikipedia with monument |url=https://www.apnews.com/60148fe4e1864baaa24396c1b7ccc59e |website=AP News |accessdate=15 August 2023 |language=en |date=9 October 2014}}</ref> According to the TechCrunch website, on 23 January 2020, Wikipedia reached more than 6 million articles on the [[English Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/wikipedia-english-six-million-articles|title=Wikipedia now has more than 6 million articles in English}}</ref> On 13 January 2021, the English Wikipedia reached one billion edits, where the billionth edit was made by [[Steven Pruitt]].<ref name="vice.com">{{cite web |title=The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en |date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |url-status=live }}</ref> [[MIT Press]] published an [[open access]] book of essays ''[[Wikipedia @ 20]]: Stories of an Unfinished Revolution'', edited by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner with contributions from prominent Wikipedians, Wikimedians, researchers, journalists, librarians and other experts reflecting on particular histories and themes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20|title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution|date=2020-10-13|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53817-6|editor-last=Reagle|editor-first=Joseph|location=Cambridge, MA, USA|language=en|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie}}</ref> By November 2021, Wikipedia had fallen to the thirteenth-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa |access-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 20th anniversary === In January 2021, [[Wikipedia:20th anniversary|Wikipedia's 20th anniversary]] was noted in the media.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/ |first1=Heather |last1=Kelly |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |title=Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online |quote=The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades |date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kent">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/ |first1=German |last1=Kent |work=[[CNET]] |title=In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever |quote=Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable.|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410 |title=World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |quote=The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis and the website's future.|format=Audio}}</ref><ref name="Wales">{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a |title=As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers |quote=Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site |date=January 14, 2021 |first1=Jimmy |last1=Wales |authorlink1=Jimmy Wales |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> 10piece-english-M.png|The logo used on the [[English Wikipedia]] on January 15, 2011 Old wikipedia logo.png|The first view of the [[Wikipedia logo]] Wikipedia Monument 4.JPG|[[Wikipedia Monument]] Nupedia logo and wordmark.png|Wikipedia originally developed from another [[online encyclopedia]] project, [[Nupedia]]. </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Simple English Wikipedia]] * [[Epistemic community]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project) * [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ |date=2007-08-31 }} at the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/tech/wikipedia.html CBC News: I, editor] * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia] - [[Citizendium]] {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|July 19, 2006}} {{Wikimedia Foundation}} {{Wikipedias}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Websites established in 2001]] [[Category:Encyclopedia websites]] [[Category:Free encyclopedias]] q6km8fjrtovy4xvmpvbh90litbzszcx 10331020 10331018 2025-06-14T22:59:50Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 👌 👌 👌 👌 👌 👌 10331020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Wikipedia in general|Simple English Wikipedia's home page|Main Page|a formal introduction to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:About|the specific language Wikipedia this page is on|Simple English Wikipedia}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = Wikipedia-v2-logo.svg | logocaption = The [[Wikipedia logo]], a globe showing puzzle pieces with [[glyph]]s from several [[writing system]]s | screenshot = Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = [[Main page]] of the Wikipedia's multilingual screenshot | caption = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes |url={{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = No | type = [[Online encyclopedia]] | registration = Optional<ref group=notes>Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected page]]s, creating pages in the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.</ref> | language = 334 languages | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} active users<ref group=notes>To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref> and [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} registered users and 1,067 administrators (English) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = [[Jimmy Wales]]<br/>[[Larry Sanger]]<ref name="Sidener">>{{Cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |title = Everyone's Encyclopedia |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |work = [[U-T San Diego]] |publication-date = December 6, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114101809/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = January 14, 2016 |url-status = dead |access-date = October 15, 2006 }}</ref> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2001|1|15}} | oclc = 52075003 | current_status = Active | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= roadchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013 }}</ref> | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons licenses|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]; media licensing varies }}'''Wikipedia''' is a [[Free content|free content online]] [[online encyclopedia|encyclopedia]] [[website]] in 394 [[language]]s of the world in which 395 languages are currently active and 184 are closed. It is written and maintained by a community of [[Volunteering|volunteers]], known as [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]]. Users can freely use it, share it, and change it, without having to pay. It is also one of the biggest [[wiki]] [[organization]]s. People can choose to give money to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects. It is an [[open content]] website. This means anyone can copy or edit it and make changes to it if they follow the [[Wikipedia:Guidelines|rules]] for copying or editing. Wikipedia is owned by an [[United States|American]] [[organization]], the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], which is in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[California]]. Wikipedia's name is a combination of two words, ''[[wiki]]'' and ''[[encyclopedia]].''<ref>Andreas Kaplan, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp.617-626</ref> Wikipedia was started on January 9, 2001, by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] as part of an earlier [[online encyclopedia]] named [[Nupedia]]. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate [[website]] of its own. It is a wiki that uses the [[computer software|software]] [[MediaWiki]] (like all other [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects). Anyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones. Wikipedia has a [[standard]] [[page layout]] for all pages in the encyclopedia. As of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 [[language]]s and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias. The regular [[English Wikipedia]] is the largest [[List of Wikipedias|Wikipedia edition]]. == History == Wikipedia began as a related project for [[Nupedia]]. Nupedia was a free [[English language|English-language]] [[online encyclopedia]] project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]] which was a [[web portal]] company. The important people of the company were [[Jimmy Wales]], [[CEO|the person in charge]] of Bomis, and [[Larry Sanger]], the [[:wikt:editing|editor-in-chief]] of Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when [[Richard Stallman]] requested them.<ref name="stallman1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|author=Richard M. Stallman|author-link=Richard Stallman|date=2007-06-20|publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=2008-01-04}}</ref> Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|author=Jonathan Sidener|date=2004-12-06|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|access-date=2006-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215094756/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date=2004-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Meyers>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Meyers|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software |work=New York Times |date=2001-09-20|access-date=2007-11-22|quote=&nbsp;'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.}}</ref> Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref name=Sanger>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Wikipedia Is Up!|date=January 17, 2001|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date=2008-12-26|archive-date=2001-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Sanger created the [[wikt:strategy|strategy]] of using a [[wiki]] to reach Wales' goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|title=Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?|access-date=2007-02-20}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, [[Larry Sanger]] proposed on the Nupedia [[mailing list]] to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger|title=Let's Make a Wiki|date=2001-01-10|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref> Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001. It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name=WikipediaHome>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date=2001-03-31|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|access-date=2001-03-31}}</ref> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=102236018 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)</ref> was enforced in its initial months and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]], and from [[search engine|people who looked it up]]. It grew to about 20,000 articles and 18 languages by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics |title=Multilingual statistics |work=Wikipedia |date=March 30, 2005 |access-date=2008-12-25}}</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003. After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever. It is even larger than the [[Yongle Encyclopedia]] (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed.|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|volume=18|pages=257–286}} Encyclopedia Britannica </ref> The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 3 million articles in August 2009. The number of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around the spring of 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |author=Bobbie Johnson}}</ref> In October 2014, the [[Wikipedia Monument]] was unveiled to the public in [[Poland]] to honor all the contributors of Wikipedia. <ref>{{cite web |title=Poland to honor Wikipedia with monument |url=https://www.apnews.com/60148fe4e1864baaa24396c1b7ccc59e |website=AP News |accessdate=15 August 2023 |language=en |date=9 October 2014}}</ref> According to the TechCrunch website, on 23 January 2020, Wikipedia reached more than 6 million articles on the [[English Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/wikipedia-english-six-million-articles|title=Wikipedia now has more than 6 million articles in English}}</ref> On 13 January 2021, the English Wikipedia reached one billion edits, where the billionth edit was made by [[Steven Pruitt]].<ref name="vice.com">{{cite web |title=The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en |date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |url-status=live }}</ref> [[MIT Press]] published an [[open access]] book of essays ''[[Wikipedia @ 20]]: Stories of an Unfinished Revolution'', edited by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner with contributions from prominent Wikipedians, Wikimedians, researchers, journalists, librarians and other experts reflecting on particular histories and themes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20|title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution|date=2020-10-13|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53817-6|editor-last=Reagle|editor-first=Joseph|location=Cambridge, MA, USA|language=en|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie}}</ref> By November 2021, Wikipedia had fallen to the thirteenth-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa |access-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 20th anniversary === In January 2021, [[Wikipedia:20th anniversary|Wikipedia's 20th anniversary]] was noted in the media.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/ |first1=Heather |last1=Kelly |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |title=Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online |quote=The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades |date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kent">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/ |first1=German |last1=Kent |work=[[CNET]] |title=In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever |quote=Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable.|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410 |title=World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |quote=The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis and the website's future.|format=Audio}}</ref><ref name="Wales">{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a |title=As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers |quote=Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site |date=January 14, 2021 |first1=Jimmy |last1=Wales |authorlink1=Jimmy Wales |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Old wikipedia logo.png|The first view of the [[Wikipedia logo]] </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Simple English Wikipedia]] * [[Epistemic community]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project) * [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ |date=2007-08-31 }} at the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/tech/wikipedia.html CBC News: I, editor] * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia] - [[Citizendium]] {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|July 19, 2006}} {{Wikimedia Foundation}} {{Wikipedias}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Websites established in 2001]] [[Category:Encyclopedia websites]] [[Category:Free encyclopedias]] h0m7kfzpekeh19wewplae1oslbdnh62 10331021 10331020 2025-06-14T22:59:56Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by M7 10266418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Wikipedia in general|Simple English Wikipedia's home page|Main Page|a formal introduction to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:About|the specific language Wikipedia this page is on|Simple English Wikipedia}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = Wikipedia-v2-logo.svg | logocaption = The [[Wikipedia logo]], a globe showing puzzle pieces with [[glyph]]s from several [[writing system]]s | screenshot = Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = [[Main page]] of the Wikipedia's multilingual screenshot | caption = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes |url={{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = No | type = [[Online encyclopedia]] | registration = Optional<ref group=notes>Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected page]]s, creating pages in the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.</ref> | language = 334 languages | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} active users<ref group=notes>To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref> and [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} registered users and 1,067 administrators (English) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = [[Jimmy Wales]]<br/>[[Larry Sanger]]<ref name="Sidener">>{{Cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |title = Everyone's Encyclopedia |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |work = [[U-T San Diego]] |publication-date = December 6, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114101809/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = January 14, 2016 |url-status = dead |access-date = October 15, 2006 }}</ref> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2001|1|15}} | oclc = 52075003 | current_status = Active | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= roadchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013 }}</ref> | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons licenses|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]; media licensing varies }}'''Wikipedia''' is a [[Free content|free content online]] [[online encyclopedia|encyclopedia]] [[website]] in 344 [[language]]s of the world in which 342 languages are currently active and 14 are closed. It is written and maintained by a community of [[Volunteering|volunteers]], known as [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]]. Users can freely use it, share it, and change it, without having to pay. It is also one of the biggest [[wiki]] [[organization]]s. People can choose to give money to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects. It is an [[open content]] website. This means anyone can copy or edit it and make changes to it if they follow the [[Wikipedia:Guidelines|rules]] for copying or editing. Wikipedia is owned by an [[United States|American]] [[organization]], the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], which is in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[California]]. Wikipedia's name is a combination of two words, ''[[wiki]]'' and ''[[encyclopedia]].''<ref>Andreas Kaplan, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp.617-626</ref> Wikipedia was started on January 9, 2001, by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] as part of an earlier [[online encyclopedia]] named [[Nupedia]]. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate [[website]] of its own. It is a wiki that uses the [[computer software|software]] [[MediaWiki]] (like all other [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects). Anyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones. Wikipedia has a [[standard]] [[page layout]] for all pages in the encyclopedia. As of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 [[language]]s and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias. The regular [[English Wikipedia]] is the largest [[List of Wikipedias|Wikipedia edition]]. [[File:Wikipedia Main Page.png|thumb|[[Main Page]] of the [[English Wikipedia]] on June 7, 2023]] == History == Wikipedia began as a related project for [[Nupedia]]. Nupedia was a free [[English language|English-language]] [[online encyclopedia]] project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]] which was a [[web portal]] company. The important people of the company were [[Jimmy Wales]], [[CEO|the person in charge]] of Bomis, and [[Larry Sanger]], the [[:wikt:editing|editor-in-chief]] of Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when [[Richard Stallman]] requested them.<ref name="stallman1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|author=Richard M. Stallman|author-link=Richard Stallman|date=2007-06-20|publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=2008-01-04}}</ref> Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|author=Jonathan Sidener|date=2004-12-06|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|access-date=2006-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215094756/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date=2004-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Meyers>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Meyers|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software |work=New York Times |date=2001-09-20|access-date=2007-11-22|quote=&nbsp;'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.}}</ref> Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref name=Sanger>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Wikipedia Is Up!|date=January 17, 2001|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date=2008-12-26|archive-date=2001-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Sanger created the [[wikt:strategy|strategy]] of using a [[wiki]] to reach Wales' goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|title=Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?|access-date=2007-02-20}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, [[Larry Sanger]] proposed on the Nupedia [[mailing list]] to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger|title=Let's Make a Wiki|date=2001-01-10|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref> Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001. It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name=WikipediaHome>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date=2001-03-31|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|access-date=2001-03-31}}</ref> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=102236018 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)</ref> was enforced in its initial months and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]], and from [[search engine|people who looked it up]]. It grew to about 20,000 articles and 18 languages by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics |title=Multilingual statistics |work=Wikipedia |date=March 30, 2005 |access-date=2008-12-25}}</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003. After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever. It is even larger than the [[Yongle Encyclopedia]] (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed.|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|volume=18|pages=257–286}} Encyclopedia Britannica </ref> The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 3 million articles in August 2009. The number of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around the spring of 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |author=Bobbie Johnson}}</ref> In October 2014, the [[Wikipedia Monument]] was unveiled to the public in [[Poland]] to honor all the contributors of Wikipedia. <ref>{{cite web |title=Poland to honor Wikipedia with monument |url=https://www.apnews.com/60148fe4e1864baaa24396c1b7ccc59e |website=AP News |accessdate=15 August 2023 |language=en |date=9 October 2014}}</ref> According to the TechCrunch website, on 23 January 2020, Wikipedia reached more than 6 million articles on the [[English Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/wikipedia-english-six-million-articles|title=Wikipedia now has more than 6 million articles in English}}</ref> On 13 January 2021, the English Wikipedia reached one billion edits, where the billionth edit was made by [[Steven Pruitt]].<ref name="vice.com">{{cite web |title=The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en |date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |url-status=live }}</ref> [[MIT Press]] published an [[open access]] book of essays ''[[Wikipedia @ 20]]: Stories of an Unfinished Revolution'', edited by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner with contributions from prominent Wikipedians, Wikimedians, researchers, journalists, librarians and other experts reflecting on particular histories and themes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20|title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution|date=2020-10-13|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53817-6|editor-last=Reagle|editor-first=Joseph|location=Cambridge, MA, USA|language=en|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie}}</ref> By November 2021, Wikipedia had fallen to the thirteenth-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa |access-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 20th anniversary === In January 2021, [[Wikipedia:20th anniversary|Wikipedia's 20th anniversary]] was noted in the media.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/ |first1=Heather |last1=Kelly |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |title=Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online |quote=The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades |date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kent">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/ |first1=German |last1=Kent |work=[[CNET]] |title=In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever |quote=Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable.|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410 |title=World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |quote=The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis and the website's future.|format=Audio}}</ref><ref name="Wales">{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a |title=As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers |quote=Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site |date=January 14, 2021 |first1=Jimmy |last1=Wales |authorlink1=Jimmy Wales |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> 10piece-english-M.png|The logo used on the [[English Wikipedia]] on January 15, 2011 Old wikipedia logo.png|The first view of the [[Wikipedia logo]] Wikipedia Monument 4.JPG|[[Wikipedia Monument]] Nupedia logo and wordmark.png|Wikipedia originally developed from another [[online encyclopedia]] project, [[Nupedia]]. </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Simple English Wikipedia]] * [[Epistemic community]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project) * [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ |date=2007-08-31 }} at the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/tech/wikipedia.html CBC News: I, editor] * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia] - [[Citizendium]] {{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia.ogg|July 19, 2006}} {{Wikimedia Foundation}} {{Wikipedias}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Websites established in 2001]] [[Category:Encyclopedia websites]] [[Category:Free encyclopedias]] hph8klmfvfz57twjepgozrw2oosr9kt 0 28104 10331255 10149999 2025-06-15T01:28:57Z Wrj203 1620056 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 10331255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Jack London | image = Jack London young.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = London in 1903 | birth_name = John Griffith Chaney | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1876|1|12}} | birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]<br />[[United States]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1916|11|22|1876|1|12}} | death_place = [[Glen Ellen, California]]<br />United States | occupation = [[Novelist]], [[journalist]], [[short story]] writer and [[essayist]] | movement = [[realism (arts)|Realism]] and [[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]] | signature = Jack London Signature.svg }} '''John Griffith "Jack" London''' (born '''John Griffith Chaney''',{{sfn|Reesman|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fbrV_fwgcq4C&pg=PA23 23]}} January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916)<ref>"[http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9048828 London, Jack]". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. Retrieved 2011-10-05.</ref> was an [[Americans|American]] [[writer]]. He wrote many [[book]]s. He lived in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] but also spent a lot of time in [[Hawaii]] and [[Alaska]]. His most famous book was ''[[The Call of the Wild]]''. ''The Call of the Wild'' is about a [[dog]] named Buck who is taken to Alaska to work with a pack of dogs pulling a [[sled]]. This book took place during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]]. Many people bought ''The Call of the Wild'' and Jack London became a famous writer. He had wrote other books about dogs and [[wolf|wolves]]. Another one of his famous books is ''[[White Fang]]''. Jack London was also a [[hobo]] at one time. He wrote a book about this called ''The Road''. Jack London had [[politics|political]] beliefs. He was a [[socialism|socialist]]. One of his famous books is ''The Iron Heel'', which is the story of the [[government]] using force against the socialist movement. He also spent some time at [[sea]] and making a living as an "[[oyster]] [[pirate]]". He wrote many books about [[sailing]] and [[boat]]s. One of his best-known books about life at sea was ''[[The Sea Wolf]]''. He married [[Charmian London]] born Kittredge (second wife). She was an athletic woman and an intellectual companion that broke the mold of Victorian womanhood—though they grew apart when she turned to socialite circles. His feminism was matched by models of sensitive "virility" and he sorted out the master-slave model of government in order to find alternatives. [3] <!-- She was an athletic woman and an intellectual companion that broke the mold of Victorian womanhood—though they grew apart when she turned to socialite circles. His feminism was matched by models of sensitive "virility" and he sorted out the master-slave model of government in order to find alternatives.[3]--> <!--, but Wolf House (his dream home) burnt to the ground in what could have been arson.[4]-->. He had built "Wolf House" and located his model pig farm in Glen Ellen; with his leanings for the dispossessed and the downtrodden when a hobo he had hired burnt it (with its animals) over losing his job there because he was caught in the act of abusing the animals. Jack London grew depressed, suddenly put on lots of weight eating unhealthy foods such as ducks that were barely cooked. He passed on November 22, 1916 at age 40. The couple had no children. '''Political Views:''' Jack London is known for siding with the "underdogs" as can be seen in his short stories of Northern territories involving full-fledged dog characters as important as his human heroes or anti-heroes. His name appeared in many union or socialist-leaning reels for a while, because of his observations such as "the varnished shoes" always step on and elevate over muddy boots. And then he reverted that order and estimated that the varnished shoes invariable lost to the muddy clogs (eventually making it hard for him to get any lasting sympathies with any political parties). The ''The Iron Heel'' is a journalistic study checking how much a single worker earns against the cost of living in London (UK) during the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]]; how much a couple earns if he marries and they have children; how there is no way for such a family to earn a living wage. His ''South-Sea Tales'' are difficult to read because of the racist undertone he said was prompted by the war and the detention and treatment of white prisoners, and because of the sadomasochistic undertones. '''Animal Studies:''' Jack London's stories involving dogs show divergent cultural attitudes toward the species. He has been accused of being "homocentric" in his depiction of dogs to the point that they were read metaphorically as low-cost labourers whose humanity is barely recognized. Sensible owner of dogs will admire how London made a real effort to approximate dogs' thought process and the self-sacrificial labor they may offer to a loved human leader as a member of their pack, as opposed to a careless abusive and dangerous owner. This second alternative is relatable in "To Build a Fire" where a dog makes no effort to signal danger to his owner once the man threw him on thin ice to test its strength. The story has gained a political aura because, remembering this tale and being surrounded by ennemies, [[Che Guevara]] began to build a fire in the desert when he thought all was lost—and it is the last activity of the human hero of the short story who aims to die with decorum and dignity while thinking of the way he foresees he will be eventually discovered after his death. As well it has regularly been published as children literature because of its animal character. Today it is read with renewed interest because of the way humans and animals relate to their native land and to the elements. ==References== # Reesman 2009, p. 23. {{reflist}}3. Cf. Saiz, Peter Ralph, "Political Tyranny and the Master-Slave Paradigm in Selected Sea-Tales of Herman Melville and Jack London", PhD thesis Purdue University 2003. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3113867/ Cf. also, Huebert, David, "Species Panic: Interspecies Erotics in Post-1900 American literature", PhD thesis University of Western Ontario 2018. 4. Cf. http://santarosahistory.com/wordpress/2016/11/the-case-for-arson-at-wolf-house/. Cf.Fresneau-Woodward, Servanne, "Nature animale et paysages naturels dans l'oeuvre de Jack London" Doctorat, Université de Paris X https://www.theses.fr/1987PA100174 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730014739/http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100174 |date=2021-07-30 }} 5. Cf. S. Woodward, “Problèmes de traduction à propos de ‘To Build a Fire’ (1908)”, in ''Excavatio,'' vol. 32 (2021): [15 pages] http://aizen.zolanaturalismassoc.org/excavatio/articles/v32/8Woodward.pdf: Jack London’s originality lies in his attention to the thought processes and emotions of domestic animals, as well as the company these animals provide for humans trying to survive in the frozen lands of the North American continent. London’s perspective is largely Darwinian, whereas his French translators are influenced by a Cartesian conception of the animal-machine, an approach that affects the translations destined for a Belgian or French reading public. London’s adaptation of “race” and “milieu” has a colonial base, made up of a mosaic of communities concerned that immigrants are not merely poorly adjusted foreigners rejected by the environment they are living in. “To Build a Fire” is an emblematic novella about a man who discovers to what extent he is dependent on nature and his animal condition. Human words are too generic to take into account local variations for the realities from one continent to another. Translations from English to French (earlier ones and more recent versions) underscore the insight that automatic linguistic operations, imbued with stereotypes to describe the relations between animals and nature, and demonstrate to what extent it is difficult to evaluate the human condition through language. [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:Writers from San Francisco]] [[Category:Writers from Alaska]] [[Category:Writers from Hawaii]] [[Category:1876 births]] [[Category:1916 deaths]] 898zifzvzpqm6fjted32izfbozbkl2i 10331257 10331255 2025-06-15T01:29:31Z Wrj203 1620056 Copyedit of a proper noun 10331257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Jack London | image = Jack London young.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = London in 1903 | birth_name = John Griffith Chaney | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1876|1|12}} | birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]<br />[[United States]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1916|11|22|1876|1|12}} | death_place = [[Glen Ellen, California]]<br />United States | occupation = [[Novelist]], [[journalist]], [[short story]] writer and [[essayist]] | movement = [[realism (arts)|Realism]] and [[Naturalism (literature)|Naturalism]] | signature = Jack London Signature.svg }} '''John Griffith "Jack" London''' (born '''John Griffith Chaney''',{{sfn|Reesman|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fbrV_fwgcq4C&pg=PA23 23]}} January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916)<ref>"[http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9048828 London, Jack]". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. Retrieved 2011-10-05.</ref> was an [[Americans|American]] [[writer]]. He wrote many [[book]]s. He lived in the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]] but also spent a lot of time in [[Hawaii]] and [[Alaska]]. His most famous book was ''[[The Call of the Wild]]''. ''The Call of the Wild'' is about a [[dog]] named Buck who is taken to Alaska to work with a pack of dogs pulling a [[sled]]. This book took place during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]]. Many people bought ''The Call of the Wild'' and Jack London became a famous writer. He had wrote other books about dogs and [[wolf|wolves]]. Another one of his famous books is ''[[White Fang]]''. Jack London was also a [[hobo]] at one time. He wrote a book about this called ''The Road''. Jack London had [[politics|political]] beliefs. He was a [[socialism|socialist]]. One of his famous books is ''The Iron Heel'', which is the story of the [[government]] using force against the socialist movement. He also spent some time at [[sea]] and making a living as an "[[oyster]] [[pirate]]". He wrote many books about [[sailing]] and [[boat]]s. One of his best-known books about life at sea was ''[[The Sea Wolf]]''. He married [[Charmian London]] born Kittredge (second wife). She was an athletic woman and an intellectual companion that broke the mold of Victorian womanhood—though they grew apart when she turned to socialite circles. His feminism was matched by models of sensitive "virility" and he sorted out the master-slave model of government in order to find alternatives. [3] <!-- She was an athletic woman and an intellectual companion that broke the mold of Victorian womanhood—though they grew apart when she turned to socialite circles. His feminism was matched by models of sensitive "virility" and he sorted out the master-slave model of government in order to find alternatives.[3]--> <!--, but Wolf House (his dream home) burnt to the ground in what could have been arson.[4]-->. He had built "Wolf House" and located his model pig farm in Glen Ellen; with his leanings for the dispossessed and the downtrodden when a hobo he had hired burnt it (with its animals) over losing his job there because he was caught in the act of abusing the animals. Jack London grew depressed, suddenly put on lots of weight eating unhealthy foods such as ducks that were barely cooked. He passed on November 22, 1916 at age 40. The couple had no children. '''Political Views:''' Jack London is known for siding with the "underdogs" as can be seen in his short stories of Northern territories involving full-fledged dog characters as important as his human heroes or anti-heroes. His name appeared in many union or socialist-leaning reels for a while, because of his observations such as "the varnished shoes" always step on and elevate over muddy boots. And then he reverted that order and estimated that the varnished shoes invariable lost to the muddy clogs (eventually making it hard for him to get any lasting sympathies with any political parties). The ''The Iron Heel'' is a journalistic study checking how much a single worker earns against the cost of living in London (UK) during the [[Industrial Revolution]]; how much a couple earns if he marries and they have children; how there is no way for such a family to earn a living wage. His ''South-Sea Tales'' are difficult to read because of the racist undertone he said was prompted by the war and the detention and treatment of white prisoners, and because of the sadomasochistic undertones. '''Animal Studies:''' Jack London's stories involving dogs show divergent cultural attitudes toward the species. He has been accused of being "homocentric" in his depiction of dogs to the point that they were read metaphorically as low-cost labourers whose humanity is barely recognized. Sensible owner of dogs will admire how London made a real effort to approximate dogs' thought process and the self-sacrificial labor they may offer to a loved human leader as a member of their pack, as opposed to a careless abusive and dangerous owner. This second alternative is relatable in "To Build a Fire" where a dog makes no effort to signal danger to his owner once the man threw him on thin ice to test its strength. The story has gained a political aura because, remembering this tale and being surrounded by ennemies, [[Che Guevara]] began to build a fire in the desert when he thought all was lost—and it is the last activity of the human hero of the short story who aims to die with decorum and dignity while thinking of the way he foresees he will be eventually discovered after his death. As well it has regularly been published as children literature because of its animal character. Today it is read with renewed interest because of the way humans and animals relate to their native land and to the elements. ==References== # Reesman 2009, p. 23. {{reflist}}3. Cf. Saiz, Peter Ralph, "Political Tyranny and the Master-Slave Paradigm in Selected Sea-Tales of Herman Melville and Jack London", PhD thesis Purdue University 2003. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3113867/ Cf. also, Huebert, David, "Species Panic: Interspecies Erotics in Post-1900 American literature", PhD thesis University of Western Ontario 2018. 4. Cf. http://santarosahistory.com/wordpress/2016/11/the-case-for-arson-at-wolf-house/. Cf.Fresneau-Woodward, Servanne, "Nature animale et paysages naturels dans l'oeuvre de Jack London" Doctorat, Université de Paris X https://www.theses.fr/1987PA100174 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730014739/http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100174 |date=2021-07-30 }} 5. Cf. S. Woodward, “Problèmes de traduction à propos de ‘To Build a Fire’ (1908)”, in ''Excavatio,'' vol. 32 (2021): [15 pages] http://aizen.zolanaturalismassoc.org/excavatio/articles/v32/8Woodward.pdf: Jack London’s originality lies in his attention to the thought processes and emotions of domestic animals, as well as the company these animals provide for humans trying to survive in the frozen lands of the North American continent. London’s perspective is largely Darwinian, whereas his French translators are influenced by a Cartesian conception of the animal-machine, an approach that affects the translations destined for a Belgian or French reading public. London’s adaptation of “race” and “milieu” has a colonial base, made up of a mosaic of communities concerned that immigrants are not merely poorly adjusted foreigners rejected by the environment they are living in. “To Build a Fire” is an emblematic novella about a man who discovers to what extent he is dependent on nature and his animal condition. Human words are too generic to take into account local variations for the realities from one continent to another. Translations from English to French (earlier ones and more recent versions) underscore the insight that automatic linguistic operations, imbued with stereotypes to describe the relations between animals and nature, and demonstrate to what extent it is difficult to evaluate the human condition through language. [[Category:American novelists]] [[Category:Writers from San Francisco]] [[Category:Writers from Alaska]] [[Category:Writers from Hawaii]] [[Category:1876 births]] [[Category:1916 deaths]] 6081uz3wxyonbs6u9vi20hktj5jdmwl 0 28527 10330346 10094746 2025-06-14T17:06:29Z 189.224.123.31 /* The pentagram in literature */ 10330346 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pentagram (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|a pentagram]] [[File:Pentacle (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|This is a pentacle: a pentagram in a circle]] [[File:Amiens Rose Nord 3.jpg|thumb|A pentagram in [[Amiens]] Cathedral]] A '''pentagram''' is a five-pointed star, with all lines the same length and all [[angle]]s the same. A 'pentangle', 'star pentagon', or 'pentalpha' means the same thing. It is a type of [[pentagon]]. The word ''pentacle'' originally meant 'any symbol that defies against pureness spirits'. There are many of such symbols, only a few of which include a pentagram. During the modern age of [[Wicca]], the word 'pentacle' acquired a second definition, due to sounding similar to the word 'pentagram', and the fact that wiccan pentacles use a pentagram. That second definition of 'pentacle' is 'a circumscribed pentagram', which means 'a pentagram drawn inside a circle so that the points of the pentagram touch the circle'. The pentagram has been portrayed as a satanic symbol in popular media. ==Religious meanings== In [[ancient history|ancient times]], the pentagram was used as a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[symbol]]. It stood for the five [[injury|wounds]] that [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] received during [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]] (the nails in each hand and foot, and the [[spear]] wound in his side).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Child |first1=Heather |last2=Colles |first2=Dorothy |date=1971 |title=Christian symbols ancient and modern |url= |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons |page= |isbn=0-7135-1960-6}}</ref> In the past, the pentagram was commonly seen as a symbol for good and for protection against [[evil]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transcendental Magic, its Doctrine and Ritual |trans-title=Dogme et rituel de la haute magie |publisher=Weiser |location=York Beach, Maine |first=Éliphas |last=Lévi |date=1999 |origyear= 1854 (first published) |oclc=263626874}}</ref> One of the earliest recorded uses for the pentagram was by the Pythagoreans as a sign of initiation for its mathematical relation to the golden ratio and common presence in naturally occurring shapes. In [[Taoism]], a pentagram shows how the five classical oriental elements (earth, water, wood, fire, and [[metal]]) are related. Today, the pentacle, commonly mistaken as a pentagram, is the most commonly used symbol of [[Wicca]].<ref name="ABCwitchcraft">{{cite book |title=An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present |first=Doreen |last=Valiente |publisher=Phoenix Publishing |location=Custer, Washington |year=1988 |origyear=1973 |page=264 |isbn=0-919345-77-8}}</ref> Some post-Gardnerian wiccans, imitating Taoism, associate the five points of the pentagram with the four classical Greek elements (fire, water, earth, and air) and [[spirit]].<ref name="ABCwitchcraft" /> Some [[Satanism|Satanists]], especially members of the [[Church of Satan]], use an upside-down pentacle as a symbol for their religion. The Church of Satan's official symbol is an upside-down pentacle with a [[goat]] head inside, called the ''Sigil of [[Baphomet]].''<ref name="costm">{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/BaphometSigil.html|title=The Sigil of Satan|publisher=ChurchofSatan.com|accessdate=2012-11-10}}</ref><ref name="usgovtm">{{cite web |url=http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:2zrjj.3.1 |title=United States Patent and Trademark Office |accessdate=November 10, 2012 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810184158/http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:2zrjj.3.1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (A 'sigil' is a symbol of a supernatural being). It was originally the influential 1800s French occultist [[Eliphas Levi]] who associated the pentagram with the goat-headed baphomet, by drawing a pentagram on the baphomet's forehead. [[Anton LaVey]], who created the Church of Satan in 1966, took the idea from Levi. ==The pentagram in literature== In ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]],'' a [[14th century]] [[Romance (love)|romance]] story, the pentagram is mentioned as a symbol for Gawain's good character and truth.<ref>Arthur, Ross G. ''Medieval Sign Theory and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. pp.&nbsp;22, 26. {{ISBN|0-8020-5717-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Morgan |first1= Gerald |date= 1979 |title= The Significance of the Pentangle Symbolism in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" |journal= The Modern Language Review |volume= 74 |issue= 4 |pages= 769–790 |doi= 10.2307/3728227 |jstor=3728227 }}<!--|accessdate=June 28, 2013--></ref> More recently, the meaning of the pentagram was discussed in ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' by [[Dan Brown]]. According to the book, the pentagram actually belonged to the ancient religion of [[Paganism|Pagan]] Sun Worship, and was tied to the female planet [[Venus]]: every 8 years Venus traces a perfect pentagram across the sky.<ref name=dvc>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Dan |date=March 31, 2009 |title=The Da Vinci Code |url= |location= |publisher=Anchor |page= |isbn=978-0307474278}}</ref> The book says that the pentagram was a symbol for the sacred female, but was later taken by [[Christianity]] and said to mean the [[devil]] in order to destroy beliefs that females were sacred.<ref name=dvc /> {{commonscat|Pentagrama}} Gerardo Gutiérrez alejo negrito CEDENA CARTEL DEL NORESTE ESPERANDO AUTORIZACIÓN LA LTRA Z /_E GUTIÉRREZ MK NEGRITO ==Other uses== A pentacle is on the flag of [[Morocco]], as well as [[Ethiopia]]'s.<ref>{{cite web |url= |title=Flags of the World: Africa:: Morocco |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=cia.gov |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency – The World Factbook |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= |title=Flags of the World: Africa:: Ethiopia|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=cia.gov |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency – The World Factbook |quote=}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Polygons}} [[Category:Symbols]] [[Category:Religious symbols]] mkoa6cto42mygvblw26ud3khq4lx74q 10330530 10330346 2025-06-14T17:51:48Z Barras 40117 [[User:Awesome Aasim/rcpatrol|RCP]] reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/189.224.123.31|189.224.123.31]] ([[User_talk:189.224.123.31|Talk]]); changed back to last revision by [[Special:Contributions/Dataer|Dataer]] 10094746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pentagram (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|a pentagram]] [[File:Pentacle (fixed width).svg|thumb|upright|This is a pentacle: a pentagram in a circle]] [[File:Amiens Rose Nord 3.jpg|thumb|A pentagram in [[Amiens]] Cathedral]] A '''pentagram''' is a five-pointed star, with all lines the same length and all [[angle]]s the same. A 'pentangle', 'star pentagon', or 'pentalpha' means the same thing. It is a type of [[pentagon]]. The word ''pentacle'' originally meant 'any symbol that defies against pureness spirits'. There are many of such symbols, only a few of which include a pentagram. During the modern age of [[Wicca]], the word 'pentacle' acquired a second definition, due to sounding similar to the word 'pentagram', and the fact that wiccan pentacles use a pentagram. That second definition of 'pentacle' is 'a circumscribed pentagram', which means 'a pentagram drawn inside a circle so that the points of the pentagram touch the circle'. The pentagram has been portrayed as a satanic symbol in popular media. ==Religious meanings== In [[ancient history|ancient times]], the pentagram was used as a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[symbol]]. It stood for the five [[injury|wounds]] that [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] received during [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]] (the nails in each hand and foot, and the [[spear]] wound in his side).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Child |first1=Heather |last2=Colles |first2=Dorothy |date=1971 |title=Christian symbols ancient and modern |url= |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons |page= |isbn=0-7135-1960-6}}</ref> In the past, the pentagram was commonly seen as a symbol for good and for protection against [[evil]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transcendental Magic, its Doctrine and Ritual |trans-title=Dogme et rituel de la haute magie |publisher=Weiser |location=York Beach, Maine |first=Éliphas |last=Lévi |date=1999 |origyear= 1854 (first published) |oclc=263626874}}</ref> One of the earliest recorded uses for the pentagram was by the Pythagoreans as a sign of initiation for its mathematical relation to the golden ratio and common presence in naturally occurring shapes. In [[Taoism]], a pentagram shows how the five classical oriental elements (earth, water, wood, fire, and [[metal]]) are related. Today, the pentacle, commonly mistaken as a pentagram, is the most commonly used symbol of [[Wicca]].<ref name="ABCwitchcraft">{{cite book |title=An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present |first=Doreen |last=Valiente |publisher=Phoenix Publishing |location=Custer, Washington |year=1988 |origyear=1973 |page=264 |isbn=0-919345-77-8}}</ref> Some post-Gardnerian wiccans, imitating Taoism, associate the five points of the pentagram with the four classical Greek elements (fire, water, earth, and air) and [[spirit]].<ref name="ABCwitchcraft" /> Some [[Satanism|Satanists]], especially members of the [[Church of Satan]], use an upside-down pentacle as a symbol for their religion. The Church of Satan's official symbol is an upside-down pentacle with a [[goat]] head inside, called the ''Sigil of [[Baphomet]].''<ref name="costm">{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/BaphometSigil.html|title=The Sigil of Satan|publisher=ChurchofSatan.com|accessdate=2012-11-10}}</ref><ref name="usgovtm">{{cite web |url=http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:2zrjj.3.1 |title=United States Patent and Trademark Office |accessdate=November 10, 2012 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810184158/http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4810:2zrjj.3.1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (A 'sigil' is a symbol of a supernatural being). It was originally the influential 1800s French occultist [[Eliphas Levi]] who associated the pentagram with the goat-headed baphomet, by drawing a pentagram on the baphomet's forehead. [[Anton LaVey]], who created the Church of Satan in 1966, took the idea from Levi. ==The pentagram in literature== In ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]],'' a [[14th century]] [[Romance (love)|romance]] story, the pentagram is mentioned as a symbol for Gawain's good character and truth.<ref>Arthur, Ross G. ''Medieval Sign Theory and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. pp.&nbsp;22, 26. {{ISBN|0-8020-5717-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Morgan |first1= Gerald |date= 1979 |title= The Significance of the Pentangle Symbolism in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" |journal= The Modern Language Review |volume= 74 |issue= 4 |pages= 769–790 |doi= 10.2307/3728227 |jstor=3728227 }}<!--|accessdate=June 28, 2013--></ref> More recently, the meaning of the pentagram was discussed in ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' by [[Dan Brown]]. According to the book, the pentagram actually belonged to the ancient religion of [[Paganism|Pagan]] Sun Worship, and was tied to the female planet [[Venus]]: every 8 years Venus traces a perfect pentagram across the sky.<ref name=dvc>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Dan |date=March 31, 2009 |title=The Da Vinci Code |url= |location= |publisher=Anchor |page= |isbn=978-0307474278}}</ref> The book says that the pentagram was a symbol for the sacred female, but was later taken by [[Christianity]] and said to mean the [[devil]] in order to destroy beliefs that females were sacred.<ref name=dvc /> {{commonscat|Pentagrams}} ==Other uses== A pentacle is on the flag of [[Morocco]], as well as [[Ethiopia]]'s.<ref>{{cite web |url= |title=Flags of the World: Africa:: Morocco |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=cia.gov |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency – The World Factbook |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= |title=Flags of the World: Africa:: Ethiopia|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=cia.gov |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency – The World Factbook |quote=}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Polygons}} [[Category:Symbols]] [[Category:Religious symbols]] efl8wrgww6in7zgakdbk8ol50a378am 0 29894 10331041 10323682 2025-06-14T23:03:57Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Indus | native_name =सिन्धु | native_name_lang =[[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] | name_other = Sindh/u (Hindoo/Hindu) or Mehran <ref name=britannica-indus-1>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmad|first1=Nafis |last2=Lodrick|first2=Deryck |title=Indus River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |date=6 February 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River |access-date= 5 February 2021}}</ref> | image = Nanga Parbat Indus Gorge.jpg | image_size = 240px | image_caption = The [[Indus Gorge]] is formed as the Indus River bends around the [[Nanga Parbat]] massif, shown towering behind, defining the western anchor of the [[Himalaya]]n mountain range. | map = Indus_(fleuve).png | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Pakistan|Paki/(stan)]], [[India]] and [[China]]..<br>{{small|Sovereignty in the [[Kashmir]] region is disputed}} | subdivision_type2 = States and Provinces | subdivision_name2 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[Ladakh]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], and [[Sindh]], | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = [[Leh]], [[Skardu]], [[Dasu]], [[Besham]], [[Thakot]], [[Swabi]], [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Bhakkar]], [[Sukkur]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Karachi]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|3,180|km|mi}} as Mapped. {{cvt|3,249|km|mi}} actual as mentioned in History Books. | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = [[Indus Delta]], [[Arabian Sea]], Pakistan | discharge1_min = {{convert|1,200|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|5,533|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312752687|title=Critical Evaluation and Assessment of Average Annual Precipitation in The Indus, The Ganges and The Brahmaputra Basins, Northern India - Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modelling (HiCOM)|last1=Amir|first1=Khan|last2=Naresh|first2=Pant|last3=Anuj|first3=Goswami|last4=Ravish|first4=Lal|last5=Rajesh|first5=Joshi|date=Dec 2015}}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{convert|58,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = [[Sukkur]] | discharge2_min = | source1 = [[Lake Manasarovar]]<ref>{{cite journal |date=2018-11-15 |title=Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation variability in annual, seasonal and extreme values over upper Indus River basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809517312796 |journal=Atmospheric Research |language=en |volume=213 |pages=346–60 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.019 |issn=0169-8095|last1=Ahmad |first1=Ijaz |last2=Zhang |first2=Fan |last3=Tayyab |first3=Muhammad |last4=Anjum |first4=Muhammad Naveed |last5=Zaman |first5=Muhammad |last6=Liu |first6=Junguo |last7=Farid |first7=Hafiz Umar |last8=Saddique |first8=Qaisar |bibcode=2018AtmRe.213..346A|s2cid=125980503 }}</ref> | source1_location = [[Tibetan Plateau]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | source2 = | source2_location = | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = [[Shiquanhe, Ngari Prefecture]], Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|32|29|54|N|79|41|28|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{cvt|4,255|m|ft}} | mouth = [[Arabian Sea]] (primary), [[Rann of Kutch]] (secondary) | mouth_location = [[Indus River Delta]] (primary), [[Kori Creek]] (secondary) | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|59|40|N|67|25|51|E|type:_river}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1,165,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} {{convert|1,081,718|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="researchgate.net"/> | tributaries_left = [[Zanskar River]], [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]], [[Soan River]], [[Panjnad River]], [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]], [[Luni River]] | tributaries_right = [[Shyok River]], [[Hunza River]], [[Gilgit River]], [[Swat River]], [[Kunar River]], [[Kabul River]], [[Kurram River]], [[Gomal River]], [[Zhob River]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge3_location=[[Mithankot]]|discharge3_avg={{convert|5,812.326|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Rivers Network">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-asia/itemlist/category/827-indus-delta|title=Rivers Network|year=2020|access-date=2022-07-31|archive-date=2022-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629124830/https://www.riversnetwork.org/rbo/index.php/river-blogs/central-asia/itemlist/category/827-indus-delta|url-status=dead}}</ref>|discharge4_location=[[Tarbela Dam]]|discharge4_avg={{convert|2,469|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}|discharge2_avg={{convert|5,673.486|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Rivers Network"/>|name_native_lang=san}} [[File:Babur crossing the Indus in the heat of battle.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Babur]] crossing the Hindu(s) River. ]] The '''Indus River''' or '''Indus''' (from [[Sanskrit]]: '''सिन्धु)''' is a river in [[Asia]]. It flows through [[Tibet]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is one of the main rivers of the [[Indus Plain|Indo]]-[[North Indian Plain|Gangetic]] Plain. The river is 3180 km long. It is [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] longest river and is a [[National symbols of Pakistan|national symbol]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=usman|date=2023-01-26|title=What are the Six Rivers in Pakistan?|url=https://www.learnatnoon.com/s/en-pk2/what-are-the-six-rivers-in-pakistan/|access-date=2023-12-01|website=Noon Academy|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[river]] has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. It discharges about 6,600 cubic meters per second. The word ''Indus'' and the related word ''"Hindu"'' are derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Names of Pakistan|Sindhu]]''.<ref>"Cognate" means descended from a common ancestor, of the same family, coming from the same stock or root. ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', vol 1, p337.</ref> The [[Ancient Greek]]s used the word ''Indós''; ''Hinduš'' was [[Old Persian]]; ''Sindhu'' in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Sanskrit]]. Latest languages on the sub-continent use either ''Sindh'' (modern Sindhi) or ''Sindhu'' or very similar words. The Names "'''Ind'''ia" and "[[Indonesia|'''Indo'''nesia]]" are both named after the Indus.<ref>''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'' vol 2, p989.</ref> == River basin == The Indus water system of rivers comprises the main Indus and its major tributaries: the [[Kabul River]] and [[Kurram River]] on the right bank, and the [[Jhelum River]], [[Chenab River]], [[Ravi River]], [[Beas River]] and the [[Sutlej]] on the left. The first two join the Indus soon after it leaves the mountains, and the others lower down in the plains. The whole of the Beas and the head reaches of the Ravi and Sutlej are in the Republic of India, while those of the Chenab and Jhelum lie mostly in the disputed Kashmir state. The entire basin covers an area of about 384,000 square miles of open land, of which 204,000 lie in Pakistan. In addition, there are about 29,000 square miles which lie outside the Indus basin but are dependent on the Indus river system for their water requirements and irrigation supplies. Without the Indus waters, agriculture in Pakistan would be very uncertain, because there is not much [[rain]]. Even now when Pakistan is being rapidly industrialised, it needs its water resources, because much of its industry uses agriculture produce for its raw materials. Almost all of the basin in Pakistan receives an overall rainfull of less than 15 inches, 60% of its area receiving less than 10 inches, while, 16% receives less than 5 inches. The rainfull is not evenly distributed throughout the year but is concentrated during the [[monsoon]]s. == Course == Rising in western Tibet, the Indus runs at first across a high plateau, then the ground falls away and the river, dropping rapidly, gathering momentum and rushing north-west, collects the waters from innumerable glacier-fed streams, and runs north-west between the world's greatest mountain ranges, the Karakoram and the Himalayas. In [[Kashmir]] it crosses the [[United Nations]] cease-fire line and, in [[Baltistan District]], enters [[Azad Kashmir]]. From here on it is Pakistan's river; Pakistan's first town on the upper Indus, Skardu, at 7,500 feet above sea-level, stands on a bluff near the junction of the Indus and one of its great right-bank tributaries, the Shigar. The majority of the people live in Skardu town; others inhabit small and scattered villages along the Indus and Shigar valleys, or tiny hamlets high on the surrounding mountains. ==Related pages== *[[Indus Valley civilization]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat-inline|Indus River}} * [http://blankonthemap.free.fr Blankonthemap] The Northern Kashmir WebSite * [http://www.kotaddu.110mb.com/ All About Indus River Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418052324/http://www.kotaddu.110mb.com/ |date=2009-04-18 }} * [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=2011-02-09 }} See '''Indus River'''. Peace Palace Libray * [http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ Northern Areas Development Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511194625/http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ |date=2008-05-11 }} * [http://www.macp-pk.org/home.asp The Mountain Areas Conservancy Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190239/http://www.macp-pk.org/home.asp |date=2016-03-03 }} * [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_fullscale.cfm?mapID=355&theme=2 Indus River watershed map (World Resources Institute)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413151625/http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_fullscale.cfm?mapID=355&theme=2 |date=2005-04-13 }} * [http://wrmin.nic.in/international/industreaty.htm Indus Treaty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220042511/http://wrmin.nic.in/international/industreaty.htm |date=2005-12-20 }} * [http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/03/stories/2005060303651500.htm Baglihar Dam issue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617080858/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/03/stories/2005060303651500.htm |date=2005-06-17 }} * [http://www.redtailcanyon.com/items/3755.aspx Indus] * [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/g200/g156.html Indus Wildlife] [[Category:Rivers of Pakistan]] [[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] 2j7ulidgijsonp900h8re2a1xcsg2hd 0 30754 10331079 10293389 2025-06-14T23:23:38Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} The history of of [[Saudi Arabia]] as a [[nation state]] began with the [[House of Saud|Al Saud]] dynasty in 1727.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2022|title=Saudi Arabia to commemorate 'Founding Day' on Feb. 22 annually: Royal order|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/01/27/Saudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001180301/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/01/27/Saudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Kingdom {{!}} kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/Pages/CountryDevelopment36143.aspx|access-date=15 February 2022|website=www.mofa.gov.sa|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302002523/https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/Pages/CountryDevelopment36143.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The territory that is modern [[Saudi Arabia]] was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations. The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world.<ref>[https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/saudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo/: 88,000-Year-Old Finger Bone Pushes Back Human Migration Dates], www.nationalgeographic.com</ref> It was founded in the area of [[Nejd]], the central part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. The Sa'udi [[Emirate|emirate's]] leadership is a traditional form of rule on Arabia since the 18th century. Over the next century and a half the family went through a lot of opposition and hurdles. The family faced opposition from powerful families of Arabia but also rulers of [[Egypt]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite thesis|title=Diriyah narrated by its built environment : the story of the first Saudi State (1744-1818)|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/127856|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|year=2020|degree=Thesis|first=Nawaf Bin Ayyaf(Nawaf Bin Abdulaziz Bin Ayyaf)|last=Almogren|hdl=1721.1/127856 }}</ref> [[File:Saudi Arabia 2003 CIA map.jpg|center|399x399px|Map of '''Saudi Arabia'''.]] In 1902 [[Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud]], also known as Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, took over the city of [[Riyadh]] from another family named [[Al-Rashid]].<ref name=":0" /> He continued to win more areas, and on 8 January 1926, he became the King of [[Hejaz]] and the [[Sultan]] of [[Nejd]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz|last=Al Kahtani|first=Mohammad Zaid|publisher=University of Leeds|date=December 2004}}</ref> On 20 May in 1927, the government of the [[United Kingdom]] accepted him as the King of those areas ruled by him (the [[Nejd]] and [[Hejaz]]).<ref name=":1" /> His kingdom now became a [[sovereignty]]. The modern [[nation state]] of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932 as 'the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia' declared by King Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud.<ref name=":0" /> [[Petroleum]] oil was found in Saudi Arabia on 3 March in 1938, which made the country rich since the [[Petroleum industry|export of oil]] started to bring in a lot of money.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Society|first=National Geographic|date=11 March 2021|title=Oil Discovered in Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar3/oil-discovered-saudi-arabia/|access-date=4 May 2022|website=National Geographic Society|language=en}}</ref> But the history of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] contains more history, which led to the development of the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] state. Inhabitants and cultures can be traced back 63,000 years ago.<ref name=":7" /> The most significant event that happened in the [[Peninsula]] is the rise of the [[Islam]]ic religion presented by [[Prophet Muhammad]]. The [[Rashidun Empire|Rashidun]] Caliphate, [[Umayyad Caliphate]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]] and [[Fatimid Caliphate]] all occupied the Arabian Peninsula and thus helped it develop to how we know it today. More dynasties were there in history, but the Islamic [[holy]] cities of Mecca and Medina were under the protection of the [[Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan|Hashemite]] [[Sharifs of Mecca]] from the 10th century onwards.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> == Early history == === Pre-Islamic Arabia === Pre-Islamic Arabia is the time before 610 AD. This is the year when the [[Prophet Muhammad]] started propagating the religion of Islam and so is when the religion of [[Islam]] started. The term ‘pre-Islamic Arabia’ is useful because it signals the importance of Islam and its influence in forming the [[Arabian Peninsula|Peninsula]] as we know it today with all its religions and cultures. But it also shows a relation between the rise of Islam and the native Arabs living through conquest, trade and innovations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988171901|title=A History of the Muslim World to 1750: The Making of a Civilization|last=Egger|first=Vernon|date=2018|isbn=978-1-138-21592-4|edition=Second|location=New York, NY|oclc=988171901}}</ref> This era covers thousands of years with many different cultures and communities. The oldest evidence that point to inhabitants of the Peninsula is perhaps 63,000 years old.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Delagnes|first1=Anne|last2=Tribolo|first2=Chantal|last3=Bertran|first3=Pascal|last4=Brenet|first4=Michel|last5=Crassard|first5=Rémy|last6=Jaubert|first6=Jacques|last7=Khalidi|first7=Lamya|last8=Mercier|first8=Norbert|last9=Nomade|first9=Sébastien|last10=Peigné|first10=Stéphane|last11=Sitzia|first11=Luca|date=1 September 2012|title=Inland human settlement in southern Arabia 55,000 years ago. New evidence from the Wadi Surdud Middle Paleolithic site complex, western Yemen|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248412000565|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=63|issue=3|pages=452–474|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.008|pmid=22766480 |issn=0047-2484}}</ref> There are inhabitants that had [[Trade|trading]] relations with many parts of the ancient world, but the hot and harsh climate had made large [[Human settlement|settlements]] difficult. So [[bedouin]] groups were naturally also present. Some settlements had always existed around [[Oasis|oases]]; these are places in the [[desert]]s where growth and water are available. For instance there was a culture called the [[Dilmun]] culture among them, which was very old and existed along the [[Persian Gulf]]. It was as old as the ancient [[civilization]]s of the [[Sumer]]ians and [[Egypt]]ians. But also the [[Kindite kingdom]] and other ancient communities were present.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1108874312|title=A literary history of the Arabs|last=Nicholson|first=Reynold Alleyne|date=2019|publisher=Alpha Editions |isbn=978-93-5360-451-6|oclc=1108874312}}</ref> It is better to refer to the [[History of Arabia]] page when discussing the pre-Islamic era. This page (History of Saudi Arabia) will cover more of the post-Islamic era because of its strong relationship with Saudi Arabia. {{Main article|History of Arabia}} === Post-Islamic Arabia === ==== The birth of Islam ==== The [[Hejaz]] area became an important center as [[Islam]] rose in the 620s. After [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] of the [[Quraysh]] tribe started calling to Islam in 610, the already existing cities of [[Medina]] (formerly called ''[[Yathrib]]'') and [[Mecca]] eventually became the holiest places of [[Islam]] and thus most of [[Muslims]]. The number of followers rapidly began to grow after the migration (or [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]]) of Muhammad and his companions in 622 from Mecca to Medina. During the completion of the religion, both these cities became the holiest places in the Muslim World. [[Masjid al-Haram]] and [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Al-Masjid al-Nabaw]] I am the main locations of [[pilgrimage]] where Muslim hopes to visit the [[Kaaba]] primarily in Masjid al-Haram and the Prophet's tomb in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at least once in their lifetime.[[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun empire-slide.gif|thumb|423x423px|Expansion of the '''Rashidun Caliphate''' (632-655).]] Muhammad and his companions went through the Arabian Peninsula in the following years and united the divided [[tribes of Arabia]] under one flag. This led to Medina becoming the capital of the newly established Islamic state ruled by the [[Prophets of Islam|Prophet Muhammad]].<ref name=":4" /> After Muhammad died in 632, a new head of the state, called [[caliph]], was named: [[Abu Bakr]]. He was the first of the four caliphs whose [[caliphate]] was called that of the [[Rashidun Empire|Rashidun]], which means 'rightly guided'. After dealing with the [[Ridda wars]], wars against rebellious tribes who rebelled after Muhammad's death, he started to [[campaign]] against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. Abu Bakr himself did not live to see the results of his initiative after suffering a natural death in 634. But his successors did.<ref name=":4" /> [[Umar]] was the second caliph and managed to lead the Muslims to conquer [[Roman Egypt]] and even expand to present day [[Libya]] in the west. Umar's caliphate eventually went all the way to the [[Indus River]] in the east after conquering the [[Sassanid Empire]]. Eventually in 644 it was neither the past [[famine]]s or [[plague]]s that killed Umar, but a [[Persian people|Persian]] slave.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833763900|title=Muslim Identities: an Introduction to Islam|last=Hughes|first=Aaron W.|date=2013|isbn=978-0-231-53192-4|location=New York|oclc=833763900}}</ref> [[Uthman ibn Affan]] followed Umar as a caliph and ruled the longest of the four caliphs. In his twelve years of rule he [[Standardization|standardized]] the [[Qur'an]], spread the empire westwards to the [[Maghreb]] and even a part of [[Spain]] and eastward further into [[Central Asia]]. He was also [[Assassinated|assasinated]] which lead to [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] being the fourth [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] caliph and the first [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[imam]].<ref name=":5" /> {{Main article|Islam}} ==== The Umayyad and Abbasid Empire ==== The death and assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib in 661 gave birth to a new era where the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] thrived and continued to expand the land left by the Rashidun. == Modern history == === Wahhabism and the First Saudi State === After Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab got exiled from [[Uyaynah]], he sought refuge in [[Diriyah]], where some of his followers were residing. At that time, Muhammad bin Saud was the local chieftain of Diriyah. Two brothers and the wife of Muhammad bin Saud were followers of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab's [[ideology]]. They encouraged cooperation between Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab. Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab needed military support to secure his ideology and preaching, while Muhammad bin Saud needed pastoral support. Fulfilling these needs eventually led to an alliance between the scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and the local ruler Muhammad bin Saud creating the First Saudi State, the Emirate of Diriyah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39259081|title=The history of Saudi Arabia|last=Vasilʹev|first=A. M.|date=1998|publisher=Saqi Books|isbn=0-86356-935-8|location=London|oclc=39259081}}</ref> When Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, his son [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud]] who was a dedicated student of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, became the leader of the Emirate of Diriyah. In his reign, the Emirate of Diriyah expanded in [[territory]] throughout [[Arabian Peninsula|the Arabian Peninsula.]] In the eastern part of the [[peninsula]], Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud got [[Al-Hasa]], [[Qatar]], [[Al-Buraimi]] and [[Bahrain]] under his influence. In the western part of the Peninsula, Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud conquered parts of the Hejaz region. During the conquests of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud, the Saudi State got involved in a war with the [[Ottomans]]. At this stage, the campaigns of the Ottomans against the Saudi State failed, and Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud was expanding his territory inside Ottoman territories. With the death of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud in 1803, his son [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] became ruler. Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud conquered the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] for a few years, which gave him the title of [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]].<ref name=":3" /> Eventually the [[Egyptians]], who were supported and led by the Ottomans, destroyed the powers of Al Saud in 1818. It marked the end of the First Saudi State.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Ibn_Saud.png|thumb|Portrait of King '''Abdulaziz Ibn Saud''' of Saudi Arabia. <small>''(23 September 1932 – 9 November 1953)''</small>]] === Ottoman domination === By 1824, the Al Saud family regained control over parts of the Nejd region. This is seen as the beginning of the Second Saudi State, the [[Emirate of Nejd]]. The Saudi ruler, [[Turki bin Ali]], made [[Riyadh]] the capital of its state. It remains the capital of the Saudi State today. Turki bin Ali succeeded in retaking most of the lands lost to the Ottomans. In 1865 the Ottomans launched an attack on the Saudi State again. This time with help from the [[Al Rasheed]] family of Ha'il, who are another powerful family of the Nejd region.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/history|access-date=18 May 2022|website=saudiembassy.net|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226024122/https://www.saudiembassy.net/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Al Rasheed family defeated the Saudi State in 1891, which marked the end of the Second Saudi State. [[Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud]], who was the Saudi leader at that time, retreated into the desert and eventually to [[Kuwait]] with his family.<ref name=":2" /> === Kingdom of Saudi Arabia === In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son [[Ibn Saud|Abdulaziz]] regained Saudi territory from the Al Rasheed family. He even regained control over Mecca and Medina from 1924 to 1925. In 1932 he declared the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]], as it is known till today.<ref name=":42" /> === Boundaries === The discussion for Saudi Arabia to fixate definite boundaries with its neighboring countries started from 1920 onwards. It finalized its boundaries with [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], and [[Kuwait]]. On borders with Iraq and Kuwait, two [[neutral]] zones were created – one with Iraq and the other one with Kuwait. In 1934, borders with Yemen were almost finalized.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia (1932–1934).svg|alt=Flag of Saudi Arabia (1932-1934)|thumb|204x204px|Flag of '''Saudi Arabia''' ''(1932-1934)'']]In 1965, Saudi Arabia gave some of its areas to Jordan, and Jordan gave some of its areas to Saudi Arabia. In 1971, the neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait was split between these two countries. Likewise, Saudi Arabia and Iraq decided in 1981 to split the neutral zone between them. This zone was split between the two countries in 1984. Still, Saudi Arabia's borders with the [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Oman]] were not final. The border with [[Qatar]] was finalized in 2001. === Politics === King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud died in 1953.<ref name=":1" /> His son, who was named [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]], became the king. He reigned for 11 years. In 1964, he was forced to step down, and his half-brother, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], became the king. Faisal had the support of the senior members of the royal family and the [[Religion|religious]] leaders.<ref name=":0" /> Faisal also held the post of the [[Prime Minister]].<ref name=":0" /> This tradition of being both the King and the Prime Minister still continues in Saudi Arabia. All Kings after Faisal have followed this practice. Faisal took several new steps for [[economic development]] of Saudi Arabia. During his reign, many important political events also happened like the ones noted below: *'' Differences between Saudi Arabia and Egypt over Yemen:'' Egypt supported the new government of Yemen, while Saudi Arabia supported the royal family of Yemen to continue in power.<ref name=":0" /> *'' The [[Six-Day War|Six-Day (Arab-Israeli) War]] of June 1967:'' Saudi Arabia did not directly fight in this war. But, after the war, it provided [[Finanace|financial]] support to Egypt, [[Syria]], and Jordan.<ref name=":0" /> *'' Stopping of supply of oil to the [[United States|USA]] and [[Europe]]:'' In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil-producing countries stopped supplying petroleum oil to the USA and Europe as they began to see Western interests as a threat.<ref name=":0" /> In 1975, King Faisal was [[Assassination|assassinated]] by one of his [[:wikt:nephew|nephew]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53223452|title=A brief history of Saudi Arabia|last=Wynbrandt|first=James|date=2004|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=0-8160-5203-4|location=New York|oclc=53223452}}</ref> The nephew was found guilty, and he was sentenced to death. King Faisal's half-brother [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khalid]] became the King and the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. During the reign of King Khalid, Saudi Arabia's importance in regional politics increased. The economic growth of the country also continued at a steady rate until his death.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=GDP growth (annual %) - Saudi Arabia {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=SA|access-date=17 May 2022|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> === King Fahd's period === [[File:Fahd of Saudi Arabia Portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of King '''Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' of Saudi Arabia<small>''(13 June 1982 – 1 August 2005)''</small>]] King Khalid died in 1982. After his death, Fahd became the King. At the same time, he also became the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. His half-brother [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Prince Abdullah]] became the [[Crown Prince]].<ref name=":2" /> The income of Saudi Arabia became less during King Fahd's reign.<ref name=":6" /> This was a result of lower price of petroleum oil. King Fahd's government used an economic policy that helped the country to survive with a lower income.<ref name=":2" /> King Fahd helped Iraq during the [[Iran-Iraq war]]. Iraq's economy had become terrible on account of this war. The King also discussed with these two countries to stop fighting. Both countries (Iran and Iraq) stopped the fight in August 1988. The King also helped in making the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC) a more vital organization. The GCC is an organization of six countries [[Persian Gulf]]. The purpose of the organization is to increase the development of and cooperation among the member countries.<ref name=":2" /> === Gulf War === In 1990, [[Saddam Hussein]] was ruling Iraq. The [[Gulf War]] of 1991 was when he invaded Kuwait. Many people thought that his army would also invade Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893677956|title=The Gulf War : Operation Desert Storm 1990-1991|last=Tucker-Jones|first=Anthony|date=2014|isbn=978-1-4738-3708-9|location=South Yorkshire, England|oclc=893677956}}</ref> King Fahd allowed some [[Western world|Western]] countries and the USA to send their forces to the country. Many Muslims were against that their most holy land was used by non-Muslim [[soldier]]s.<ref name=":0" /> During and after the Gulf War, King Fahd’s role was vital. During the war, he allowed the entry of the royal family of Kuwait inside Saudi Arabia and was followed by 400,000 other persons from Kuwait to stay temporarily. The King let the troops of countries like the USA mount attacks on Kuwait to liberate it. He also helped arrange support from former Muslim countries for the liberation of Kuwait. Iraqi forces were eventually ousted from Kuwait. === Terrorism === The presence of troops from Western countries has angered many Muslims. One of them was the rich man [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/636564978|title=Osama bin Laden|last=Scheuer|first=Michael|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973866-3|location=Oxford [England]|oclc=636564978}}</ref> He was forced to leave Saudi Arabia when he disagreed and opposed the King of Saudi Arabia. Other than Osma bin Laden and his followers, several other persons and groups did not like the presence of Western troops inside Saudi Arabia. Those who opposed the presence of Western troops were persons and groups who attacked people. They tried mainly to attack the foreign forces in Saudi Arabia. Some examples of such attacks are given below: *Five Americans and two East Indian personnel were killed when four terrorists triggered a bomb near Riyadh's Saudi Arabian National Guard headquarters in November 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OPM-SANG recalls tragic day as bombing anniversary recognized|url=https://www.army.mil/article/230215/opm_sang_recalls_tragic_day_as_bombing_anniversary_recognized|access-date=17 May 2022|website=army.mil|language=en}}</ref> *Khobar Towers Bombing: A [[truck bomb]] killed 19 troops of the USA in June 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=25 Years Later: Remembering Khobar Towers|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2671543/25-years-later-remembering-khobar-towers/|access-date=17 May 2022|website=Air Force|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in [[New York (state)|New York]] had resulted into many deaths and big destruction. After enquiry, it came to light that out of 19 suspected persons for these attacks, 15 were from Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Golden|first1=Tim|last2=Rotella|first2=Sebastian|date=23 January 2020|title=The Saudi Connection: Inside the 9/11 Case That Divided the F.B.I.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/magazine/9-11-saudi-arabia-fbi.html|access-date=17 May 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Such things attracted the attention of the government of Saudi Arabia. The government started a policy to check such activities. Even then, [[Terrorism|terrorist]] activities of such persons and groups continued.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/saudi-arabia/|access-date=17 May 2022|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US}}</ref> === Present position === *Death of King [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]]: He died in August 2005. After his death, his brother Prince [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]] became the king.<ref name=":2" /> *Death of King Abdullah: In 2015, King Abdullah died of sickness. His half-brother Prince [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Salman]] became king.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 January 2015|title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz dies|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> *Oil hub: Saudi Arabia has the world's largest oil reserves. The government is giving a lot of importance to the developments of [[infrastructure]], [[science]], and [[technology]]. Many [[economist]]s, and other scholars think that the country is on its way to becoming a leading country in the [[Middle East]]. ==Related pages== *[[Saudi Arabia]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:History of Saudi Arabia|*]] [[Category:History of the Middle East|Saudi Arabia]] qpf7cjn52cgltvwqy01ucnjs4od0oor 0 36008 10331826 10073731 2025-06-15T11:35:28Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Jermain Defoe<br><small>[[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]</small> | image = Jermain-Defoe (cropped).jpg | caption = Defoe in 2009 | full_name = Jermain Colin Defoe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828 |title=Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|7|df=y}}<ref name=Hugman1011>{{cite book |editor-first=Barry J. |editor-last=Hugman |title=The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11 |url=https://archive.org/details/pfafootballerswh0000unse_v9b9 |year=2010 |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-84596-601-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pfafootballerswh0000unse_v9b9/page/112 112]}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Beckton]], England | height = {{convert|1.71|m|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/teams/first-team/jermain-defoe |title=Jermain Defoe |publisher=AFC Bournemouth |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200531/https://www.afcb.co.uk/teams/first-team/jermain-defoe/ |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]<br>(under-18s coach) | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[Senrab F.C.|Senrab]] | youthyears2 = 1997–1999 | youthclubs2 = [[Charlton Athletic F.C. Academy|Charlton Athletic]] | youthyears3 = 1999 | youthclubs3 = [[West Ham United F.C. Reserves and Academy|West Ham United]] | years1 = 1999–2004 | clubs1 = [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] | caps1 = 93 | goals1 = 29 | years2 = 2000–2001 | clubs2 = → [[AFC Bournemouth]] (loan) | caps2 = 29 | goals2 = 18 | years3 = 2004–2008 | clubs3 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | caps3 = 139 | goals3 = 43 | years4 = 2008 | clubs4 = → [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] (loan) | caps4 = 1 | goals4 = 1 | years5 = 2008–2009 | clubs5 = [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] | caps5 = 30 | goals5 = 14 | years6 = 2009–2014 | clubs6 = [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | caps6 = 135 | goals6 = 47 | years7 = 2014 | clubs7 = [[Toronto FC]] | caps7 = 19 | goals7 = 11 | years8 = 2014 | clubs8 = → [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] (loan) | caps8 = 2 | goals8 = 1 | years9 = 2015–2017 | clubs9 = [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] | caps9 = 87 | goals9 = 34 | years10 = 2017–2020 | clubs10 = [[AFC Bournemouth]] | caps10 = 28 | goals10 = 4 | years11 = 2019–2020 | clubs11 = → [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] (loan) | caps11 = 37 | goals11 = 21 | years12 = 2020–2022 | clubs12 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] | caps12 = 17 | goals12 = 4 | years13 = 2022 | clubs13 = [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] | caps13 = 7 | goals13 = 0 | totalcaps = 624 | totalgoals = 227 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[England national under-16 football team|England U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2000–2001 | nationalteam2 = [[England national under-18 football team|England U18]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2001–2003 | nationalteam3 = [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]] | nationalcaps3 = 23 | nationalgoals3 = 7 | nationalyears4 = 2004–2017 | nationalteam4 = [[England national football team|England]] | nationalcaps4 = 57 | nationalgoals4 = 20 | manageryears1 = 2021 | managerclubs1 = [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] (caretaker) }} '''Jermain Defoe''' (born 7 October 1982) is a former [[England|English]] [[Association football|football]] player. He played more than 600 league games including two spells at [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]. He made over 50 appearances for the [[England national football team|England national team]]. ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[Canadian Championship]], [[Scottish FA Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[Football League Cup]], [[Scottish League Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="6"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] |[[1999–2000 West Ham United F.C. season|1999–2000]]<ref name=sb9900>{{soccerbase season|17118|1999|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0 |- |[[2000–01 West Ham United F.C. season|2000–01]]<ref name=sb0001>{{soccerbase season|17118|2000|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |1||0||colspan="2"|—||1||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||1 |- |[[2001–02 West Ham United F.C. season|2001–02]]<ref name=sb0102>{{soccerbase season|17118|2001|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |35||10||3||4||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||39||14 |- |[[2002–03 West Ham United F.C. season|2002–03]]<ref name=sb0203>{{soccerbase season|17118|2002|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |38||8||2||2||2||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||42||11 |- |[[2003–04 West Ham United F.C. season|2003–04]]<ref name=sb0304/> |[[Football League First Division|First Division]] |19||11||0||0||3||4||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||22||15 |- !colspan="2"|Total !93!!29!!5!!6!!7!!6!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!105!!41 |- |[[AFC Bournemouth]] (loan) |[[2000–01 AFC Bournemouth season|2000–01]]<ref name=sb0001/> |[[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] |29||18||1||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}||0||31||19 |- |rowspan="6"|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] |[[2003–04 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2003–04]]<ref name=sb0304>{{soccerbase season|17118|2003|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |15||7||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||15||7 |- |[[2004–05 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2004–05]]<ref name=sb0405>{{soccerbase season|17118|2004|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |35||13||5||4||4||5||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||44||22 |- |[[2005–06 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2005–06]]<ref name=sb0506>{{soccerbase season|17118|2005|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |36||9||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||38||9 |- |[[2006–07 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2006–07]]<ref name=sb0607>{{soccerbase season|17118|2006|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |34||10||5||1||5||4||4{{efn|name=UC|Appearances in [[UEFA Cup]]}}||3||colspan="2"|—||48||18 |- |[[2007–08 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2007–08]]<ref name=sb0708/> |Premier League |19||4||2||0||5||1||5{{efn|name=UC}}||3||colspan="2"|—||31||8 |- !colspan="2"|Total !139!!43!!13!!5!!15!!10!!9!!6!!colspan="2"|—!!176!!64 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] |[[2007–08 Portsmouth F.C. season|2007–08]]<ref name=sb0708>{{soccerbase season|17118|2007|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |12||8||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||12||8 |- |[[2008–09 Portsmouth F.C. season|2008–09]]<ref name=sb0809/> |Premier League |19||7||0||0||0||0||4{{efn|name=UC}}||2||1{{efn|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||24||9 |- !colspan="2"|Total !31!!15!!0!!0!!0!!0!!4!!2!!1!!0!!36!!17 |- |rowspan="7"|Tottenham Hotspur |[[2008–09 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2008–09]]<ref name=sb0809>{{soccerbase season|17118|2008|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |8||3||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||10||4 |- |[[2009–10 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2009–10]]<ref name=sb0910>{{soccerbase season|17118|2009|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |34||18||7||5||2||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||43||24 |- |[[2010–11 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2010–11]]<ref name=sb1011>{{soccerbase season|17118|2010|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |22||4||2||2||0||0||6{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||3||colspan="2"|—||30||9 |- |[[2011–12 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2011–12]]<ref name=sb1112>{{soccerbase season|17118|2011|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |25||11||6||3||1||0||6{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||3||colspan="2"|—||38||17 |- |[[2012–13 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2012–13]]<ref name=sb1213>{{soccerbase season|17118|2012|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |34||11||0||0||1||0||8{{efn|name=UEL}}||4||colspan="2"|—||43||15 |- |[[2013–14 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season|2013–14]]<ref name=sb1314>{{soccerbase season|17118|2013|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |14||1||0||0||3||2||5{{efn|name=UEL}}||7||colspan="2"|—||22||10 |- !colspan="2"|Total !137!!48!!16!!10!!8!!4!!25!!17!!colspan="2"|—!!186!!79 |- |[[Toronto FC]] |[[2014 Toronto FC season|2014]]<ref name=Soccerway>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jermain-defoe/2950/ |title=J. Defoe: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419081327/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jermain-defoe/2950/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Major League Soccer]] |19||11||2||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||21||12 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] |[[2014–15 Sunderland A.F.C. season|2014–15]]<ref name=sb1415>{{soccerbase season|17118|2014|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |17||4||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||19||4 |- |[[2015–16 Sunderland A.F.C. season|2015–16]]<ref name=sb1516>{{soccerbase season|17118|2015|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |Premier League |33||15||0||0||1||3||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||34||18 |- |[[2016–17 Sunderland A.F.C. season|2016–17]]<ref name=sb1617>{{soccerbase season|17118|2016|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> |Premier League |37||15||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||40||15 |- !colspan="2"|Total !87!!34!!4!!0!!2!!3!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!93!!37 |- |rowspan="3"|AFC Bournemouth |[[2017–18 AFC Bournemouth season|2017–18]]<ref name=sb1718>{{soccerbase season|17118|2017|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> |Premier League |24||4||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||26||4 |- |[[2018–19 AFC Bournemouth season|2018–19]]<ref name=sb1819/> |Premier League |4||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||8||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !28!!4!!0!!0!!6!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!34!!4 |- |rowspan="2"|[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] (loan) |[[2018–19 Rangers F.C. season|2018–19]]<ref name=sb1819>{{soccerbase season|17118|2018|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> |[[Scottish Premiership]] |17||8||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||8 |- |[[2019–20 Rangers F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref name=sb1920>{{soccerbase season|17118|2019|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |Scottish Premiership |20||13||2||1||3||1||7{{efn|name=UEL}}||2||colspan="2"|—||32||17 |- |rowspan="3"|Rangers |[[2020–21 Rangers F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref name=sb2021>{{soccerbase season|17118|2020|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |Scottish Premiership |15||4||2||1||2||1||1{{efn|name=UEL}}||1||colspan="2"|—||20||7 |- |[[2021–22 Rangers F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name=sb2122>{{soccerbase season|17118|2021|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |Scottish Premiership |2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !54!!25!!7!!2!!5!!2!!8!!3!!colspan="2"|—!!74!!32 |- |Sunderland |[[2021–22 Sunderland A.F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name=sb2122SAFC>{{soccerbase season|17118|2021|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |[[EFL League One|League One]] |7||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||7||0 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !624!!227!!48!!25!!43!!25!!46!!28!!2!!0!!763!!305 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref>{{NFT player|2151|name=Defoe, Jermain|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="11"|[[England national football team|England]] |2004||8||1 |- |2005||7||0 |- |2006||6||2 |- |2007||5||0 |- |2008||6||3 |- |2009||6||5 |- |2010||7||4 |- |2011||1||0 |- |2012||6||2 |- |2013||3||2 |- |2017||2||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!57!!20 |} :''Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Defoe goal.''<ref name=englandstats>{{cite web |url=https://englandstats.com/player.php?pid=1131 |title=Player info: Jermain Defoe |website=Englandstats.com |publisher=Davey Naylor |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Jermain Defoe |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Cap !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |align="center"|1 |8 September 2004||[[Silesian Stadium]], Chorzów, Poland||align="center"|5||{{fb|Poland}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|2–1||[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||align="center"|<ref name="Poland 1–2 England">{{cite news |title=Poland 1–2 England |website=BBC Sport |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/3631194.stm |date=8 September 2004 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|2 |rowspan="2"|2 September 2006||rowspan="2"|[[Old Trafford]], Manchester, England||rowspan="2" align="center"|18||rowspan="2"|{{fb|Andorra}}||align="center"|3–0||rowspan="2" align="center"|5–0||rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying|UEFA Euro 2008 qualification]]||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=England 5–0 Andorra |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/5289630.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=2 September 2006 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|3 |align="center"|4–0 |- |align="center"|4 |rowspan="2"|1 June 2008||rowspan="2"|[[Hasely Crawford Stadium]], Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago||rowspan="2" align="center"|28||rowspan="2"|{{fb|Trinidad and Tobago}}||align="center"|2–0||rowspan="2" align="center"|3–0||rowspan="2"|[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinidad & Tobago 0–3 England |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/7425208.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=1 June 2008 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|5 |align="center"|3–0 |- |align="center"|6 |11 October 2008||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||align="center"|31||{{fb|Kazakhstan}}||align="center"|5–1||align="center"|5–1||[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Stevenson |title=England 5–1 Kazakhstan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/7656615.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=11 October 2008 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|7 |rowspan="2"|10 June 2009||rowspan="2"|Wembley Stadium, London, England||rowspan="2" align="center"|34||rowspan="2"|{{fb|Andorra}}||align="center"|4–0||rowspan="2" align="center"|6–0||rowspan="2"|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref name="England 6–0 Andorra">{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=England 6–0 Andorra |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8087976.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=10 June 2009 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|8 |align="center"|5–0 |- |align="center"|9 |rowspan="2"|12 August 2009||rowspan="2"|[[Amsterdam Arena]], Amsterdam, Netherlands||rowspan="2" align="center"|35||rowspan="2"|{{fb|Netherlands}}||align="center"|1–2||rowspan="2" align="center"|2–2||rowspan="2"|Friendly||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref name="Netherlands 2–2 England">{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Netherlands 2–2 England |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8194165.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=12 August 2009 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|10 |align="center"|2–2 |- |align="center"|11 |5 September 2009||Wembley Stadium, London, England||align="center"|36||{{fb|Slovenia}}||align="center"|2–0||align="center"|2–1||Friendly||align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=England 2–1 Slovenia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/8234270.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=5 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|12 |23 June 2010||[[Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium]], Port Elizabeth, South Africa||align="center"|42||{{fb|Slovenia}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|1–0||[[2010 FIFA World Cup]]||align="center"|<ref name="Slovenia 0–1 England">{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Slovenia 0–1 England |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_37/default.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|13 |rowspan="3"|3 September 2010||rowspan="3"|Wembley Stadium, London, England||rowspan="3" align="center"|44||rowspan="3"|{{fb|Bulgaria}}||align="center"|1–0||rowspan="3" align="center"|4–0||rowspan="3"|[[UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying|UEFA Euro 2012 qualification]]||rowspan="3" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=England 4–0 Bulgaria |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8952514.stm |website=BBC Sport |date=3 September 2010 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|14 |align="center"|2–0 |- |align="center"|15 |align="center"|4–0 |- |align="center"|16 |15 August 2012||[[Stade de Suisse]], Bern, Switzerland||align="center"|49||{{fb|Italy}}||align="center"|2–1||align="center"|2–1||Friendly||align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Alistair |last=Magowan |title=England 2–0 Italy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19238374 |website=BBC Sport |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|17 |7 September 2012||[[Zimbru Stadium]], Chișinău, Moldova||align="center"|50||{{fb|Moldova}}||align="center"|3–0||align="center"|5–0||[[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Moldova 0–5 England |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19460608 |website=BBC Sport |date=7 September 2012 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|18 |rowspan="2"|22 March 2013||rowspan="2"|[[San Marino Stadium]], Serravalle, San Marino||rowspan="2" align="center"|53||rowspan="2"|{{fb|San Marino}}||align="center"|3–0||rowspan="2" align="center"|8–0||rowspan="2"|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=San Marino 0–8 England |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/21653049 |website=BBC Sport |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> |- |align="center"|19 |align="center"|8–0 |- |align="center"|20 |26 March 2017||Wembley Stadium, London, England||align="center"|56||{{fb|Lithuania}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|2–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||align="center"|<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=England 2–0 Lithuania |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39302168 |website=BBC Sport |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> |} ==Honours== '''Tottenham Hotspur''' *[[EFL Cup|Football League Cup]]: [[2007–08 Football League Cup|2007–08]]<ref name=bbc241218>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46673806 |title=Jermain Defoe gets League Cup winners' medal – 10 years after Tottenham beat Chelsea |website=BBC Sport |date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> '''Rangers''' *[[Scottish Premiership]]: [[2020–21 Scottish Premiership|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rangers top-flight champions for first time since 2011 after Celtic drop points |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56306235|work=BBC Sport|date=7 March 2021|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> *[[Scottish League Cup]] runner-up: [[2019–20 Scottish League Cup|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/club-news/defoe-wins-runners-up-medal-in-cup/ |title=Defoe wins runners-up medal in cup |work=Bournmounth F.C. |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] Player of the Year: 2004<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/jermain-is-members-clubltbrgtplayer-of-the-year-2004-281204/ |title=Jermain is members club Player of the Year |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur F.C. |date=28 December 2004}}</ref> *[[Premier League Player of the Month]]: [[2009–10 Premier League#Monthly awards|August 2009]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/1526/Jermain-Defoe/overview |title=Jermain Defoe: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> *[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] Supporters' Player of the Year: [[2015–16 Sunderland A.F.C. season|2015–16]]<ref name="chroniclelive.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Jermain Defoe picks up another player of the year award for Sunderland |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/jermain-defoe-picks-up-another-11500520 |newspaper=Teesside Gazette |location=Middlesbrough}}</ref> *Sunderland Player of the Year: 2015–16<ref name="chroniclelive.co.uk"/> *[[Football Writers' Association|North-East FWA Player of the Year]]: 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballwriters.co.uk/editorial/saint-maximin-voted-north-east-fwa-player-of-the-year/|title=Saint-Maximin voted North-East FWA Player of the Year|website=footballwriters.co.uk|date=13 January 2022|accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref> '''Orders''' *[[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]: [[2018 Birthday Honours|2018]]<ref name=OBE>{{London Gazette |issue=62310 |supp=y |page=B11 |date=9 June 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{England Squad 2010 World Cup}} {{multistub|sports-bio|UK}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Defoe, Jermain}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Black British sportspeople]] [[Category:Footballers from London]] [[Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players]] [[Category:Portsmouth F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Sunderland A.F.C. players]] [[Category:Toronto FC players]] [[Category:West Ham United F.C. players]] [[Category:AFC Bournemouth players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:English Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Association football coaches]] jxukoergn1zshbznp4fd9mqr22u4ghi 0 44202 10330244 10207381 2025-06-14T16:06:01Z Equilibrial 332166 10330244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Slave Manifest of the S.S. Texas from La Salle to New Orleans Arrived March 5, 1860 (Front).jpg|thumb|alt=|A manifest of [[slave]]s being shipped on the SS ''Texas'' in 1860. It lists the slaves' names, genders, ages, heights, and other details.]] A '''manifest''' or '''ship's manifest''' is a [[document]] that lists the [[cargo]], [[passenger]]s, and [[crew]] of a [[ship]], [[aircraft]], or [[vehicle]]. It is made for the use of [[customs]] and other officials. If the list is just a list of passengers, it is a '''passenger manifest''' or '''passenger list'''. A list of cargo is a '''cargo manifest''' or '''cargo list'''. The manifest may be used by people having an interest in the transport to ensure that passengers and cargo listed as having been placed on board the transport at the beginning of its passage continue to be on board when it arrives at its destination. == Related pages == * [[Passenger name record]] [[Category:Documents]] [[Category:Transport]] {{transport-stub}} rn1avzkzljhlai026vwftzwjy0jtzjs 0 44557 10331282 9965545 2025-06-15T01:39:42Z 180.150.36.182 10331282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Update|reason=#Special editions needs updating}} {{italictitle}} {{Infobox media franchise | title = Big Brother | creator = [[John de Mol Jr.]] | origin = ''[[Big Brother (Dutch TV series)|Big Brother]]'' (Netherlands) | owner = [[Banijay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Brother |url=https://www.banijayrights.com/programmes/9338 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=banijayrights.com}}</ref> | years = 1999–present }} [[File:Big Brother 20.jpg|thumb|The "Big Brother Eye" has become a popular logo for the series]]'''''Big Brother''''' is a TV [[Reality television|reality]] show with many different versions across the world. It is a group of contestants (called housemates) who live in a house together and are isolated from the rest of the world. The winner gets money as a prize. == Format == [[File:International Logo of Big Brother.png|thumbnail|Original logo]] Contestants, known as housemates, enter a house and they do not bring any of their belongings except clothes. They are completely cut-off from the outside world and are watched by cameras every day. Housemates must complete tasks so that they can get food or other prizes. As the series goes on, the housemates get voted out by the viewers until only one remains. There is also a celebrity version of Big Brother. == Big Brother around the world == [[File:Big brother countries.PNG|thumb|Countries with a series of Big Brother|left]] The series was developed by [[Endemol]], and the first season was shown in the [[Netherlands]]. The show's format has since been copied in over forty countries, including [[Big Brother Brasil|Brazil]], [[Big Brother (Israeli TV series)|Israel]], [[Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series)|Bulgaria]], [[Big Brother (German TV series)|Germany]], [[Grande Fratello|Italy]], [[Gran Hermano|Spain]], [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|India]], [[Big Brother (UK)|United Kingdom]] and [[Big Brother (American TV series)|US]]. == Special editions == In some countries, there are also special editions of the show, for example ''[[Big Brother VIP]]'' or ''[[Big Brother: All Stars]]''. Usually, some of the rules in these special editions are a little bit different from the original ones. === ''Big Brother VIP'' / ''Celebrity Big Brother'' === ''[[Big Brother VIP]]'' is the name of the [[special edition]] of the show, in which all the housemates are famous people. It has been released in many of the countries airing ''Big Brother'', for example [[Bulgaria]] - ''[[VIP Brother]]''; [[Mexico]] - ''[[Big Brother VIP]]''; [[UK]] - ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (UK)|Celebrity Big Brother]]''. The duration of the show is often only a month and in some countries the [[wikt:nominate|nominations]] and [[eviction]]s are twice a week. Sometimes the big prize is given for [[charity (practice)|charity]] or there is no big prize at all. == Versions == As of {{date}}, ''Big Brother'' has produced 508 winners in over 63 franchises. <section begin="Big Brother series" /> :{{color box|#90EE90|border=silver}} Currently airing<!-- Seasons --> (15) :{{color box|#E0B0FF|border=silver}} An upcoming season (9) :{{color box|white|border=silver}} Status unknown (13) :{{color box|#FFC0CB|border=silver}} No longer airing (30)<!-- Bigg Boss seasons/franchise in India should count separately by each language like Canada. --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; line-height:18px; width:100%;" |+ |- ! width="15%" style="text-align:center" | Country/Region ! width="20%" style="text-align:center" | Official name ! width="15%" style="text-align:center" | Network(s) ! width="32%" style="text-align:center" | Winner(s) ! width="18%" style="text-align:center" | Presenter(s) |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" | [[Africa]]<br>{{small|([[Angola]], [[Botswana]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ghana]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberia]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Africa]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Zambia]])}} | ''[[Big Brother Africa]]'' | [[M-Net]]<br>[[Africa Magic]]<br>[[Mzansi Magic]]<br>[[DStv]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Africa (season 1)|Season 1, 2003]]: Cherise Makubale * [[Big Brother Africa (season 2)|Season 2, 2007]]: {{nowrap|Richard Dyle Bezuidenhout}} * [[Big Brother Africa (season 3)|Season 3, 2008]]: Ricardo Venancio * [[Big Brother Africa (season 4)|Season 4, 2009]]: Kevin Chuwang * [[Big Brother Africa (season 5)|Season 5, 2010]]: [[Uti Nwachukwu]] * [[Big Brother Africa (season 6)|Season 6, 2011]]: Karen Igho & Wendall Parsons * [[Big Brother Africa (season 7)|Season 7, 2012]]: Keagan Petersen * [[Big Brother Africa (season 8)|Season 8, 2013]]: Dillish Matthews * [[Big Brother Africa (season 9)|Season 9, 2014]]: Idris Sultan }} | {{plainlist| * [[Mark Pilgrim (presenter)|Mark Pilgrim]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Kabelo Ngakane]] {{small|(2–3)}} * [[IK Osakioduwa]] {{small|(4–9)}} }} |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#90EE90" align="left" | [[Albania]] | ''[[Big Brother Albania]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[Top Channel]]<br>[[DigitAlb]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 1)|Season 1, 2008]]: Arbër Çepani * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 2)|Season 2, 2009]]: Qetsor Ferunaj * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 3)|Season 3, 2010]]: Jetmir Salaj * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 4)|Season 4, 2010–11]]: Ermela Mezuraj * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 5)|Season 5, 2012]]: Arbër Zeka * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 6)|Season 6, 2013]]: Anaidi Kaloti * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 7)|Season 7, 2014]]: Nevila Omeri * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 8)|Season 8, 2015]]: Vesel Kurtishaj * [[Big Brother (Albanian season 9)|Season 9, 2017]]: Danjel Dedndreaj & Fotini Derxho }} | {{plainlist| * [[Arbana Osmani]] {{small|(1–7, 9)}} * [[:sq:Ledion Liço|Ledion Liço]] {{small|(8)}} }} |- | ''[[Big Brother VIP (Albanian TV series)|Big Brother VIP]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://top-channel.tv/2021/05/17/big-brother-vip-vjen-ne-top-channel-se-shpejti-nisin-audicionet-per-banoret-e-shtepise5/|title="Big Brother Vip" vjen në Top Channel/ Së shpejti nisin audicionet për banorët e shtëpisë|work=Top Channel|date=17 May 2021}}</ref> | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother VIP (Albanian season 1)|Season 1, 2021–22]]: Ilir Shaqiri * [[Big Brother VIP (Albanian season 2)|Season 2, 2022–23]]: [[Luiz Ejlli]] * [[Big Brother VIP (Albanian season 3)|Season 3, 2024]]: [[Egla Ceno]] * [[Big Brother VIP (Albanian season 4)|Season 4, 2024–25]]: '''''Current season''''' }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[:sq:Ledion Liço|Ledion Liço]] {{small|(3–)}} * '''Former''' * [[Arbana Osmani]] {{small|(1–2)}} }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Angola]]<br>[[Mozambique]]<ref>[[Mozambique]] became also eligible to participate since 2016.</ref> | ''[[Big Brother Angola]]'' {{small|(1–2)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://selfservice.dstv.com/self-service/announcements/big-brother-angola-on-dstv-portuguesa/|title=Big Brother Angola on DStv Portuguesa|publisher=[[DStv]]|date=15 May 2014|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-date=25 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233304/http://selfservice.dstv.com/self-service/announcements/big-brother-angola-on-dstv-portuguesa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>''Big Brother Angola e Moçambique'' {{small|(3)}} | [[Africa Magic#Affiliates|Jango Magic]]<br>DStv | align="left" | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Angola: Tesouro|Season 1, 2014]]: Larama da Silva * [[Big Brother Angola: Duplo Impacto|Season 2, 2015]]: Luna Vambano & Mr. Norway Vunge * [[Big Brother Angola: Xtremo|Season 3, 2016]]: Anderson Mistake & Papetchulo }} | align="left" | {{plainlist| * Dicla Burity {{small|(1–3)}} * Emerson Miranda {{small|(3)}} }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" | [[Arab world]]<br>{{small|([[Bahrain]], [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Somalia]], [[Syria]] and [[Tunisia]])}} | [[Big Brother: The Boss|''Big Brother'': الرئيس]]<br>{{small|''Big Brother: The Boss''}} | [[MBC 2 (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)|MBC 2]] | Season 1, 2004: ''Discontinued''<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3522897.stm | title=Arab Big Brother show suspended | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=1 March 2004}}</ref> | align="left" | Razan Moughrabi |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Argentina]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'' | [[Telefe]]<br>[[DirecTV]] {{small|(live;1–3, 6–7, 11)}}<br>[[Cablevisión (Argentina)|Cablevisión]] {{small|(live; 4–5)}}<br>Multicanal {{small|(live; 4)}}<br>TDT {{small|(live; 6–7)}}<br>[[Pluto TV]] {{small|(live; 10)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)#Season 1 (2001)|Season 1, 2001]]: Marcelo Corazza * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)#Season 2 (2001)|Season 2, 2001]]: Roberto Parra * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)#Season 3 (2002–03)|Season 3, 2002–03]]: Viviana Colmenero * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)#Season 4 (2007)|Season 4, 2007]]: Marianela Mirra * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)#Season 5 (2007)|Season 5, 2007]]: Esteban Morais * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine season 6)|Season 6, 2010–11]]: Cristian Urrizaga * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine season 7)|Season 7, 2011–12]]: Rodrigo Fernández * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine season 10)|Season 10, 2022–23]]: Marcos Ginocchio * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine season 11)|Season 11, 2023–24]]: '''''Current season''''' }} | align="left" |'''Main host:'''{{plainlist| * [[Soledad Silveyra]] {{small|(1–3)}} * [[Jorge Rial]] {{small|(4–7)}} * [[Mariano Peluffo]] {{small|(7)}} * [[Santiago del Moro]] {{small|(10–)}} }} '''Debate:'''{{plainlist| * Juan Alberto Badía {{small|(1–3)}} * [[Mariano Peluffo]] {{small|(4–7)}} * [[Santiago del Moro]] {{small|(10–)}} }} |- | [[América TV]]<br>DirecTV {{small|(live)}}<br>Cablevisión {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine season 8)|Season 8, 2015]]: Francisco Delgado * [[Gran Hermano (Argentine season 9)|Season 9, 2016]]: Luis Fabián Galesio }} | align="left" |'''Main host:'''{{plainlist| * [[Jorge Rial]]}} '''Debate:'''{{plainlist| * [[Pamela David]] }} |- | ''[[Gran Hermano (Argentine TV series)#Gran Hermano Famosos (2007)|Gran Hermano Famosos]]'' | Telefe<br>Cablevisión {{small|(live)}}<br>Multicanal {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2007: Diego Leonardi }} | align="left" |'''Main host:'''{{plainlist| * [[Jorge Rial]]}} '''Debate:'''{{plainlist| * [[Mariano Peluffo]] }} |- | rowspan="5" style="background:white;" align="left" | [[Australia]] | rowspan="3" | ''[[Big Brother (Australian TV series)|Big Brother Australia]]'' | [[Network 10]]<br>[[TVNZ 2|TV2]] {{small|(1–3, 5)}}<br>[[Prime (New Zealand TV channel)|Prime]] {{small|(4)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Australian season 1)|Season 1, 2001]]: Ben Williams * [[Big Brother (Australian season 2)|Season 2, 2002]]: Peter Corbett * [[Big Brother (Australian season 3)|Season 3, 2003]]: [[Regina Bird]] * [[Big Brother (Australian season 4)|Season 4, 2004]]: [[Trevor Butler]] * [[Big Brother (Australian season 5)|Season 5, 2005]]: Greg Matthew * [[Big Brother (Australian season 6)|Season 6, 2006]]: Jamie Brooksby * [[Big Brother (Australian season 7)|Season 7, 2007]]: Aleisha Cowcher * [[Big Brother (Australian season 8)|Season 8, 2008]]: Terri Munro }} | align="left" | [[Gretel Killeen]] {{small|(1–7)}}<br>[[Kyle Sandilands]] {{small|(8)}}<br>[[Jackie O (radio host)|Jackie O]] {{small|(8)}} |- | [[Nine Network]]<br>TV3 {{small|(10–11)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Australian season 9)|Season 9, 2012]]: Benjamin Norris * [[Big Brother (Australian season 10)|Season 10, 2013]]: Tim Dormer * [[Big Brother (Australian season 11)|Season 11, 2014]]: Ryan Ginns }} | rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Sonia Kruger]] |- | [[Seven Network]]<br>[[Three (TV channel)|Three]] {{small|(12)}}<br>[[RTL 5]] {{small|(12)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://showbizznetwork.nl/artikel/70302/rtl5-gaat-australische-big-brother-uitzenden|title=RTL5 gaat Australische Big Brother uitzenden|trans-title=RTL5 will broadcast Australian Big Brother|work=showbizznetwork.nl|date=23 February 2021|access-date=31 March 2021|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gids.tv/tv-gids/uitzending/big-brother-australia/4771724|title=Big Brother Australia – Gids.tv: Seizoen 12 Aflevering 1|publisher=gids.tv|access-date=31 March 2021|language=nl|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401234424/https://www.gids.tv/tv-gids/uitzending/big-brother-australia/4771724|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[Nelonen Media#Ruutu.fi|Ruutu.fi]] {{small|(12)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nelonen.fi/ohjelmat/big-brother-australia/2151473-mita-tapahtuu-bb-talossa-down-under-big-brother-australia-alkaa-ruudussa|title=Mitä tapahtuu BB-talossa Down Under? Big Brother Australia alkaa Ruudussa!|trans-title=What happens at BB House Down Under? Big Brother Australia starts on Ruutu!|work=[[Nelonen (television)|Nelonen]]|date=30 November 2020|access-date=31 March 2021|language=fi}}</ref><br>[[TVNZ+|TVNZ OnDemand]] {{small|(''13'')}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Australian season 12)|Season 12, 2020]]: Chad Hurst * [[Big Brother (Australian season 13)|Season 13, 2021]]: Marley Biyendolo * [[Big Brother (Australian season 14)|Season 14, 2022]]: [[Regina Bird|Reggie Sorensen]] * [[Big Brother (Australian season 15)|Season 15, 2023]]: Tay & Ari Wilcoxson * Season 16, TBA: '''''Upcoming season'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-02 |title=Exclusive: Big Brother Australia will not return to Aussie screens in 2024 |url=https://tvblackbox.com.au/page/2024/01/02/exclusive-big-brother-australia-will-not-return-to-aussie-screens-in-2024/?feed_id=161667 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=tvblackbox.com.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> }} |- | ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (Australian TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' | Network 10 | align="left" | Season 1, 2002: [[Dylan Lewis]] | align="left" | [[Gretel Killeen]] |- | ''[[Big Brother VIP (Australian TV series)|Big Brother VIP]]'' | Seven Network | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2021: [[Luke Toki]] }} | align="left" | [[Sonia Kruger]] |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC0CB;" | [[Balkans]]<br>{{small|([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]] and [[Serbia]])}} | ''[[Big Brother (Serbian TV series)|Veliki Brat]]''<br>{{small|''Big Brother''}} | [[Nova BH|Pink BH]] {{small|(1–4)}}<br>[[Pink M]] {{small|(1–4)}}<br>[[B92]] {{small|(1–3, 5)}}<br>[[A1 Televizija|A1]] {{small|(3)}}<br>[[Pink (Serbia)|Pink]] {{small|(4)}}<br>[[RTL (Croatian TV channel)|RTL]] {{small|(4–5)}}<br>[[OBN (TV channel)|OBN]] {{small|(5)}}<br>[[Radio Televizija Republike Srpske|RTRS]] {{small|(5)}}<br>[[Sitel (TV channel)|Sitel]] {{small|(5)}}<br>[[Prva Srpska Televizija|Prva]] {{small|(5)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Serbian season 1)|Season 1, 2006]]: Ivan Ljuba * [[Big Brother (Serbian season 2)|Season 2, 2007]]: ''Discontinued''<ref>Due to the car accident that killed three former housemates, Elmir Kuduzović, Stevan Zečević and Zorica Lazić, the producer decided to discontinue the series. The winning prize was divided by the surviving housemates.</ref> * [[Big Brother (Serbian season 3)|Season 3, 2009]]: Vladimir Arsić „Arsa" * [[Big Brother (Serbian season 4)|Season 4, 2011]]: Marijana Čvrljak * [[Big Brother (Serbian season 5)|Season 5, 2015]]: Darko "Spejko" Petkovski }} | {{plainlist| * [[Marijana Mićić]] {{small|(1, 3–4)}} * Irina Vukotić {{small|(1, 3)}} * [[Ana Mihajlovski|Ana Grubin]] {{small|(2)}} * [[Antonija Blaće]] {{small|(4–5)}} * [[Wikluh Sky|Sky Wikluh]] {{small|(5)}} }} |- | ''Veliki Brat VIP''<br>{{small|''Big Brother VIP''}} | Pink M {{small|(1–4)}}<br>Pink BH {{small|(1–4)}}<br>B92 {{small|(1–2, 5)}}<br>Pink {{small|(3–4)}}<br>A1 {{small|(4)}}<br>[[BN Televizija|BN]] {{small|(5)}}<br>Prva {{small|(5)}}<br>OBN {{small|(5)}}<br>Sitel {{small|(5)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother VIP (Serbian season 1)|Season 1, 2007]]: [[Saša Ćurčić|Saša Ćurčić „Đani"]] * [[Big Brother VIP (Serbian season 2)|Season 2, 2008]]: Mirjana „Mimi" Đurović * [[Big Brother VIP (Serbian season 3)|Season 3, 2009]]: [[Miki Đuričić|Miroslav „Miki" Đuričić]] * [[Big Brother VIP (Serbian season 4)|Season 4, 2010]]: Milan Marić „Švaba" * [[Big Brother VIP (Serbian season 5)|Season 5, 2013]]: Žarko Stojanović }} | {{plainlist| * [[Ana Mihajlovski|Ana Grubin]] {{small|(1–2)}} * Irina Vukotić {{small|(1)}} * Milan Kalinić {{small|(2–3)}} * [[Marijana Mićić]] {{small|(3–5)}} * [[Dragan Marinković]] {{small|(4)}} }} |- | ''[[Big Brother (Serbian season 1)#Generalna Proba|Veliki Brat: Generalna Proba]]''<ref>This version was only produced in [[Serbia]].</ref><br>{{small|''Veliki Brat: General Rehearsal''}} | B92 | align="left" | Season 1, 2006: Jelena Provči & Marko Miljković | align="left" | [[Marijana Mićić]] |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Belgium]] | ''[[Big Brother (Belgian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[VTM 2|Kanaal Twee]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Belgian season 1)|Season 1, 2000]]: Steven Spillebeen * [[Big Brother (Belgian season 2)|Season 2, 2001]]: Ellen Dufour * [[Big Brother (Belgian season 3)|Season 3, 2002]]: Kelly Vandevenne * [[Big Brother (Belgian season 4)|Season 4, 2003]]: Kristof van Camp * [[Big Brother (Belgian season 5)|Season 5, 2006]]: Kirsten Janssens * [[Big Brother (Belgian season 6)|Season 6, 2007]]: Diana Ferrante }} | align="left" | Walter Grootaers |- | ''Big Brother''<br>{{small|(Netherlands and Belgium)}}<ref name="BB2021NLBE_1" /><ref name="BB2021NLBE_2" /> | [[Play4 (TV channel)|VIER/Play4]]<br>[[Telenet (provider)|Telenet]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 7, 2021]]: Jill Goede<ref name="Big Brother keert terug op tv">{{cite web|url=https://www.rtlboulevard.nl/entertainment/tv/artikel/5145866/big-brother-keert-terug-op-tv|title=Big Brother keert terug op tv|date=7 June 2020|access-date=8 June 2020|work=RTL Boulevard}}</ref> * [[Big Brother 2022 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 8, 2022]]: Salar Abassi Abrassi * [[Big Brother 2023 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 9, 2023]]: Bart Vandenbroek <ref name="‘Big Brother’ opent opnieuw zijn deuren: schrijf je in voor een nieuw seizoen">{{cite web|url=https://www.hln.be/tv/big-brother-opent-opnieuw-zijn-deuren-schrijf-je-in-voor-een-nieuw-seizoen~aa3cebbe/|title='Big Brother' opent opnieuw zijn deuren: schrijf je in voor een nieuw seizoen|date=29 August 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|work=hln.be}}</ref> * [[Big Brother 2024 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 10, 2024]]: '''''Current season''''' }} | align="left" |'''Current'''<br>[[Geraldine Kemper]]<br>Tatyana Beloy {{small|(9-)}}<br> '''Former'''<br>[[Peter Van de Veire]] {{small|(7-8)}} |- |''Big Brother VIPs'' | [[VTM (TV channel)|VTM]]<br>Kanaal Twee | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother VIPs (Belgian season 1)|Season 1, 2001]]: Sam Gooris * [[Big Brother VIPs (Belgian season 2)|Season 2, 2006]]: Pim Symoens }} | align="left" | ''No presenters'' |- | ''Big Brother All-Stars'' | Kanaal Twee | align="left" | [[Big Brother All Stars (Belgian TV series)|Season 1, 2003]]: Heidi Zutterman | align="left" | Walter Grootaers |- | style="background:#90EE90" align="left" | [[Brazil]] | ''[[Big Brother Brasil]]'' | [[TV Globo]]<br>[[Multishow]]<br>[[Globoplay]] {{small|(live on [[Pay-per-view|PPV]])}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Brasil 1|Season 1, 2002]]: [[:pt:Kleber Bambam|Kleber de Paula]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 2|Season 2, 2002]]: Rodrigo Leonel * [[Big Brother Brasil 3|Season 3, 2003]]: Dhomini Ferreira * [[Big Brother Brasil 4|Season 4, 2004]]: Cida dos Santos * [[Big Brother Brasil 5|Season 5, 2005]]: [[Jean Wyllys]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 6|Season 6, 2006]]: Mara Viana * [[Big Brother Brasil 7|Season 7, 2007]]: Diego Gasques * [[Big Brother Brasil 8|Season 8, 2008]]: Rafinha Ribeiro * [[Big Brother Brasil 9|Season 9, 2009]]: Maximiliano Porto * [[Big Brother Brasil 10|Season 10, 2010]]: [[Marcelo Dourado]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 11|Season 11, 2011]]: Maria Melillo * [[Big Brother Brasil 12|Season 12, 2012]]: Fael Cordeiro * [[Big Brother Brasil 13|Season 13, 2013]]: Fernanda Keulla * [[Big Brother Brasil 14|Season 14, 2014]]: [[Vanessa Mesquita]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 15|Season 15, 2015]]: Cézar Lima * [[Big Brother Brasil 16|Season 16, 2016]]: Munik Nunes * [[Big Brother Brasil 17|Season 17, 2017]]: Emilly Araújo * [[Big Brother Brasil 18|Season 18, 2018]]: [[:pt:GleiciDamasceno|Gleici Damasceno]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 19|Season 19, 2019]]: Paula von Sperling * [[Big Brother Brasil 20|Season 20, 2020]]: [[Thelma Assis]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 21|Season 21, 2021]]: [[Juliette Freire]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 22|Season 22, 2022]]: [[:simple:Arthur Aguiar|Arthur Aguiar]] * [[Big Brother Brasil 23|Season 23, 2023]]: Amanda Meirelles * [[Big Brother Brasil 24|Season 24, 2024]]: '''Current season''' }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Tadeu Schmidt {{small|(22–)}} * '''Former''' * [[Marisa Orth]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Pedro Bial]] {{small|(1–16)}} * [[Tiago Leifert]] {{small|(17–21)}} }} |- | rowspan="4" align="left" style="background:#E0B0FF" | [[Bulgaria]] | ''[[Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Nova (Bulgarian TV channel)|Nova Television]]<br>[[Nova+]] {{small|(live; 1–4)}}<br>[[Diema Family]] {{small|(live; 5)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother 1 (Bulgarian season)|Season 1, 2004–05]]: Zdravko Vasilev * [[Big Brother 2 (Bulgarian season)|Season 2, 2005]]: Miroslav Atanasov * [[Big Brother 3 (Bulgarian season)|Season 3, 2006]]: Lyubov Stancheva * [[Big Brother 4 (Bulgarian season)|Season 4, 2008]]: Georgi Alurkov * [[Big Brother 5 (Bulgarian season)|Season 5, 2015]]: Nikita Jönsson * Season 6, 2024: '''''Upcoming season''''' }} | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Niki Kunchev]] {{small|(1–3, 5)}}<br>[[Milen Tsvetkov]] {{small|(4)}}<br>''TBA'' {{small|(6)}}<br>'''Co-host:'''<br>Evelina Pavlova {{small|(1–2)}}<br>Rumen Lukanov {{small|(4)}}<br>[[Aleksandra Sarchadjieva]] {{small|(5)}} |- | ''[[Big Brother Family]]'' | Nova Television<br>Diema Family {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2010: Eli & Veselin Kuzmovi }} | align="left" | [[Niki Kunchev]] |- | ''[[VIP Brother]]'' | Nova Television<br>Nova+ {{small|(live; 1–2)}}<br>[[Diema]] 2 {{small|(live; 3)}}<br>Diema Family {{small|(live; 4-6)}} | {{plainlist| * [[VIP Brother (season 1)|Season 1, 2006]]: Konstantin Slavchev * [[VIP Brother (season 2)|Season 2, 2007]]: Hristina Stefanova * [[VIP Brother (season 3)|Season 3, 2009]]: Deyan Slavchev – Deo * [[VIP Brother (season 4)|Season 4, 2012]]: [[Kaffe (band)|Orlin Pavlov]] * [[VIP Brother (season 5)|Season 5, 2013]]: [[Stanka Zlateva]] * [[VIP Brother (season 6)|Season 6, 2014]]: Vladislav Karamfilov – Vladi Vargala * [[VIP Brother (season 7)|Season 7, 2015]]: Georgi Tashev – Gino Biancalana * [[VIP Brother (season 8)|Season 8, 2016]]: Miglena Angelova * [[VIP Brother (season 9)|Season 9, 2017]]: Yonislav Yotov – Toto * [[VIP Brother (season 10)|Season 10, 2018]]: [[Atanas Kolev (rapper)|Atanas Kolev]] }} | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Niki Kunchev]]<br>'''Co-host:'''<br>Evelina Pavlova {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Dimitar Rachkov]] {{small|(3)}}<br> Maria Ignatova {{small|(3)}}<br>[[Aleksandra Sarchadjieva]] {{small|(4–10)}}<br>Miglena Angelova {{small|(9)}}<br>[[Azis]] {{small|(10)}}<br> |- | ''[[Big Brother All-Stars (Bulgarian TV series)|Big Brother All Stars]]'' {{small|(1–4)}}<br>''Big Brother: Most Wanted'' {{small|(5–6)}} | Nova Television<br>Diema Family {{small|(live; 1-3)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother All Stars 2012|Season 1, 2012]]: Nikola Nasteski – Lester * [[Big Brother All Stars 2013|Season 2, 2013]]: Zlatka Dimitrova * [[Big Brother All Stars 2014|Season 3, 2014]]: Todor Slavkov * [[Big Brother All Stars 2015|Season 4, 2015]]: [[Desi Slava|Desislava]] * [[Big Brother All Stars 2017|Season 5, 2017]]: Georgi Tashev – Gino Biancalana * [[Big Brother All Stars 2018|Season 6, 2018]]: Stefan Ivanov – Wosh MC }} | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Niki Kunchev]]<br>'''Co-host:'''<br>[[Aleksandra Sarchadjieva]]<br>[[Azis]] {{small|(6)}}<br> |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#90EE90" align="left" | [[Canada]]<br>{{small|'''(English)'''}} | rowspan="2" | ''[[Big Brother Canada]]'' | [[Slice (TV channel)|Slice]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Canada (season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: Jillian MacLaughlin * [[Big Brother Canada (season 2)|Season 2, 2014]]: Jon Pardy }} | rowspan="2" align="left" | [[Arisa Cox]] |- | [[Global Television Network|Global]]<br>[[7plus]] {{small|(10–)}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Knox|first=David|title=Upfronts 2022: 7plus {{!}} TV Tonight|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2021/10/upfronts-2022-7plus.html/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=tvtonight.com.au/|date=13 October 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref> | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Canada (season 3)|Season 3, 2015]]: Sarah Hanlon * [[Big Brother Canada (season 4)|Season 4, 2016]]: Nicholas & Philippe Paquette * [[Big Brother Canada (season 5)|Season 5, 2017]]: Kevin Martin * [[Big Brother Canada (season 6)|Season 6, 2018]]: Paras Atashnak * [[Big Brother Canada (season 7)|Season 7, 2019]]: Dane Rupert * [[Big Brother Canada (season 8)|Season 8, 2020]]: ''Discontinued''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/news/big-brother-canada-special-statement-regarding-end-of-production/|title=Big Brother Canada Special Statement Regarding End of Production|date=24 March 2020|work=bigbrothercanada.ca|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324171441/https://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/news/big-brother-canada-special-statement-regarding-end-of-production/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Big Brother Canada (season 9)|Season 9, 2021]]: Tychon Carter-Newman * [[Big Brother Canada (season 10)|Season 10, 2022]]: Kevin Jacobs *[[Big Brother Canada (season 11)|Season 11, 2023]]: Terrell "Ty" McDonald *[[Big Brother Canada (season 12)|Season 12, 2024]]: '''''Current Season'''''<ref>{{cite tweet |user=BigBrotherCA |number=1666569712505876488 |title=I am so, so excited to announce that Big Brother Canada will be back for Season 12. |date=7 June 2023}}</ref> }} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | Canada<br>{{small|'''(French)'''}} | ''[[Loft Story (Canadian TV series)|Loft Story]]'' | rowspan="2" | TQS<ref>On 31 August 2009, TQS changed its name to [[V (TV network)|V]].</ref> | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2003: Julie Lemay & Samuel Tissot * Season 2, 2006: Mathieu Baron & Stéphanie Bélanger * Season 3, 2006: Shawn-Edward, Jean-Philippe Anwar & Kim Rusk * Season 4, 2007: Mathieu Surprenant * Season 5, 2008: Charles-Éric Boncoeur }} | {{plainlist| * Renée-Claude Brazeau {{small|(1)}} * Isabelle Maréchal {{small|(2)}} * Marie Plourde {{small|(3–5)}} }} |- | ''Loft Story: La Revanche''<br>{{small|''Loft Story: The Revenge''}} | align="left" | Season 6, 2009: Sébastien Tremblay | align="left" | Pierre-Yves Lord |- | ''[[Big Brother (Quebec TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | V | align="left" | Season 1, 2010: Vincent Durand Dubé | align="left" | Chéli Sauvé-Castonguay |- | ''[[Big Brother Célébrités]]'' | [[Noovo]] |{{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Célébrités (season 1)|Season 1, 2021]]: Jean-Thomas Jobin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bellmedia.ca/fr/salle-de-presse/presse/big-brother-celebrites-debarque-sur-noovo-cet-hiver/|title=Big Brother Célébrités débarque sur Noovo cet hiver!|publisher=bellmedia.ca|date=24 August 2020|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> * [[Big Brother Célébrités (season 2)|Season 2, 2022]]: [[Stephanie Harvey]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/television/2021-07-05/une-deuxieme-saison-pour-big-brother-celebrites.php|title=Une deuxième saison pour Big Brother Célébrités|newspaper=La Presse |publisher=lapresse.ca|date=5 July 2021|access-date=26 August 2021|last1=Laplante |first1=Coralie }}</ref> * [[Big Brother Célébrités (season 3)|Season 3, 2023]]: [[Mona de Grenoble]] * Season 4, 2024: '''''Current season''''' }} | align="left" | Marie-Mai Bouchard |- | style="background:#E0B0FF;" align="left" | [[Chile]] | ''[[Gran Hermano (Chilean TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'' | [[Chilevisión]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2023: Constanza Capelli<br>Season 2, 2024:'''''Upcoming Season''''' | align="left" | [[Diana Bolocco]] |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[China]] | ''[[Big Brother China|室友一起宅 – Big Brother China]]''<br>{{small|''Housemates, Let's Stay Together''}} | [[Youku]].com<br>[[Tudou]].com | align="left" | Pilot season, 2015–16: Tan Xiangjun | align="left" | Zhou Wentao {{small|(Live Final)}}<br>Yang Ruilei {{small|(Live Final)}} |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Colombia]] | rowspan="2" | ''[[Gran Hermano (Colombian TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'' | [[Caracol Televisión]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2003: Mónica Patricia Tejón | align="left" | Adriana Arango |- |[[Citytv Bogotá]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-11950621 | title=Gran hermano, por Citytv | newspaper=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]] | access-date=24 May 2014 | language=es}}</ref> | align="left" | Season 2, 2012: Diana Hernández | align="left" | Agmeth Escaf |- | [[La Casa de los Famosos Colombia|''La casa de los Famosos Colombia'']]<br>{{small|''The House of the Famous Colombia''}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=RCN anuncia la edición local de La casa de los famosos y más novedades para 2024 |url=https://todotvnews.com/rcn-confirma-que-realizara-el-reality-la-casa-de-los-famosos-version-colombia/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=TTV News |language=es-ES}}</ref> |[[RCN Televisión|Canal RCN]]<br>[[Vix (streaming service)|ViX]] {{small|(live)}} |Season 1, 2024: '''''Current season''''' |[[Carla Giraldo]]<br>Cristina Hurtado |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Croatia]] | ''[[Big Brother (Croatian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | rowspan="2" | RTL | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 1)|Season 1, 2004]]: Saša Tkalčević * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 2)|Season 2, 2005]]: Hamdija Seferović * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 3)|Season 3, 2006]]: Danijel Rimanić * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 4)|Season 4, 2007]]: Vedran Lovrenčić * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 5)|Season 5, 2008]]: Krešimir Duvančić * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 6)|Season 6, 2016]]: [[Romano Obilinović]] * [[Big Brother (Croatian season 7)|Season 7, 2018]]: Antonio Orač }} | {{plainlist| * Daria Knez {{small|(1)}} * Neno Pavinčić {{small|(1, 6)}} * Boris Mirković {{small|(1–3)}} * Renata Sopek {{small|(2–4)}} * [[Antonija Blaće]] {{small|(2–5, 7)}} * Filip Brajković {{small|(4)}} * Marko Lušić {{small|(5)}} * Korana Gvozdić {{small|(5)}} * Marijana Batinić {{small|(6)}} }} |- | ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (Croatian TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' | align="left" | Season 1, 2008: Danijela Dvornik | align="left" | [[Antonija Blaće]]<br>Marko Lušić |- | rowspan="2" style="background:white;" align="left" | [[Czech Republic]] | ''[[Big Brother (Czech TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[TV Nova (Czech Republic)|TV Nova]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2005: David Šín }} | {{plainlist| * Eva Aichmajerová {{small|(1)}} * Lejla Abbasová {{small|(1)}} * Leoš Mareš {{small|(1)}} }} |- | ''Big Brother Česko & Slovensko''<br>{{small|(Czech Republic and Slovakia)}} | [[TV Nova (Czech Republic)|TV Nova]]<br>[[Voyo]] | {{Plainlist|* Season 2, 2023-24: Stanislav Liška<ref name="CZ-SK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parabola.cz/zpravicky/37356/big-brother-se-vraci-nova-a-markiza-hledaji-obyvatele-domu-plneho-kamer/|title=Big Brother se vrací. Nova a Markíza hledají obyvatele domu plného kamer|date=20 June 2023|website=Parabola.cz|language=cs|access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>}} |Míra Hejda {{small|(2)}} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Denmark]] | rowspan="2" | ''[[Big Brother (Danish TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Kanal 4|TvDanmark]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2001: Jill Liv Nielsen * Season 2, 2001: Carsten B. Berthelsen * Season 3, 2003: Johnni Johansen }} | align="left" | Lisbeth Janniche |- | [[Kanal 5 (Danish TV channel)|Kanal 5]]<br>[[The Voice TV]] {{small|(live; 4)}}<br>[[7'eren]] {{small|(live; 5–6)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Danish season 4)|Season 4, 2012]]: Amanda Heisel * [[Big Brother (Danish season 5)|Season 5, 2013]]: Bjørn Clausen * [[Big Brother (Danish season 6)|Season 6, 2014]]: David Feldstedt }} | {{plainlist| * Marie Egede {{small|(4)}} * Anne Kejser {{small|(5)}} * [[Oliver Bjerrehuus]] {{small|(6)}} }} |- | ''Big Brother VIP'' | rowspan="2" | TvDanmark | align="left" | Season 1, 2003: Thomas Bickham | rowspan="2" align="left" | Lisbeth Janniche |- | ''Big Brother Reality All-Stars'' | align="left" | Season 1, 2004: Jill Liv Nielsen |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Ecuador]] | ''[[Gran Hermano (Ecuadorian TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'' | [[Ecuavisa]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2003: David Burbano | align="left" | [[Toty Rodríguez]] |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Finland]] | rowspan="2" | ''[[Big Brother (Finnish TV series)|Big Brother Suomi]]'' | [[Sub (TV channel)|Sub]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 1)|Season 1, 2005]]: Perttu Sirviö * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 2)|Season 2, 2006]]: Sari Nygren * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 3)|Season 3, 2007]]: [[Sauli Koskinen]] * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 4)|Season 4, 2008]]: Anniina Mustajärvi * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 5)|Season 5, 2009]]: Aso Alanso * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 6)|Season 6, 2010]]: Niko Nousiainen * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 7)|Season 7, 2011]]: Janica Kortman * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 8)|Season 8, 2012]]: Teija Kurvinen * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 10)|Season 10, 2014]]: Andte Gaup-Juuso }} | {{plainlist| * Mari Sainio (Kakko) {{small|(1–2, 10)}} * [[Vappu Pimiä]] {{small|(3–5)}} * Susanna Laine {{small|(6–7)}} * Elina Kottonen {{small|(6–8)}} }} |- | [[Nelonen (television)|Nelonen]]<br>[[Jim (TV channel)|Jim]] {{small|(11; Daily recaps)}}<br>Ruutu.fi {{small|(stream; live 24/7)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 11)|Season 11, 2019]]: Kristian Heiskari * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 12)|Season 12, 2020]]: Joel Jämsinen * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 14)|Season 14, 2021]]: Jasmiina Yildiz * [[Big Brother (Finnish season 15)|Season 15, 2022]]: Reeo Tiiainen }} | align="left" | Elina Kottonen {{small|(11–12, 14)}}<br>Kimmo Vehviläinen {{small|(11–14)}}<br>Alma Hätönen {{small|(11–12, 14)}}<br>Anni Hautala {{small|(13, 15–)}}<br>Tinni Wikström {{small|(13)}}<br>Sami Kuronen {{small|(15–)}}<br>Janni Hussi {{small|(15–)}} |- | rowspan="2" | ''Julkkis Big Brother'' {{small|(9)}}<br>{{small|''Celebrity Big Brother''}}<br>''Big Brother Suomi VIP'' {{small|(13)}} | Sub | align="left" | [[Julkkis Big Brother|Season 9, 2013]]: Jori Kopponen | align="left" | Mari Sainio |- | Nelonen<br>Ruutu.fi {{small|(stream; live 24/7)}} | align="left" | [[Big Brother (Finnish season 13)|Season 13, 2021]]: [[Petra Olli|Petra Maarit Olli]] | align="left" | Anni Hautala<br>Tinni Wikström<br>Kimmo Vehviläinen |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#E0B0FF" align="left" | [[France]] | ''[[Loft Story (French TV series)|Loft Story]]'' | [[M6 (TV channel)|M6]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2001: Christophe Mercy & Loana Petrucciani * Season 2, 2002: Karine Delgado & Thomas Saillofest }} | align="left" | [[Benjamin Castaldi]] |- | rowspan="2" | ''[[Secret Story (French TV series)|Secret Story]]'' | [[TF1]]<br>[[TFX (TV channel)|NT1]] {{small|(Daily recaps: 9)}}<br>[[Canal+ (French TV provider)|CanalSat]] {{small|(live; 1)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Secret Story (French season 1)|Season 1, 2007]]: Marjorie, Cyrielle & Johanna Bluteau * [[Secret Story (French season 2)|Season 2, 2008]]: Matthias Pohl * [[Secret Story (French season 3)|Season 3, 2009]]: Emilie Nefnaf * [[Secret Story (French season 4)|Season 4, 2010]]: Benoît Dubois * [[Secret Story (French season 5)|Season 5, 2011]]: Marie Garet * [[Secret Story (French season 6)|Season 6, 2012]]: [[Nadège Lacroix]] * [[Secret Story (French season 7)|Season 7, 2013]]: Anaïs Camizuli * [[Secret Story (French season 8)|Season 8, 2014]]: Leila Ben Khalifa * [[Secret Story (French season 9)|Season 9, 2015]]: Émilie Fiorelli * Season 12, 2024: '''''Upcoming Season'''''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.banijay.com/blog/2023/11/01/secret-story-returns-to-france-with-tf1/ | title=Secret Story Returns to France with TF1 | date=November 2023 }}</ref> }} | rowspan="2" align="left" | {{plainlist| * [[Benjamin Castaldi]] {{small|(1–8)}} * [[Christophe Beaugrand]] {{small|(9–present)}} * '''''After Secret''''' * Adrien Lemaître {{small|(3–9)}} * [[Nadège Lacroix]] {{small|(7)}} * Leila Ben Khalifa {{small|(9)}} * [[Julie Taton]] {{small|(9–10)}} * Emilie Fiorelli {{small|(10)}} * Julien Geloën {{small|(11)}} }} |- | NT1 | {{plainlist| * [[Secret Story (French season 10)|Season 10, 2016]]: Julien Geloën * [[Secret Story (French season 11)|Season 11, 2017]]: Noré Tir }} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#E0B0FF;" align="left" | [[Germany]] | rowspan="3" |''[[Big Brother (German TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[RTL Zwei|RTL II]]<br>Single TV {{small|(2)}}<br>[[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL]] {{small|(2–3)}}<br>[[MTV2 Pop]] {{small|(4–5)}}<br>[[Tele 5]] {{small|(4–6)}}<br>[[9Live]] {{small|(8)}}<br>[[VIVA (German TV channel)|VIVA]] {{small|(5, 9)}}<br>Premiere {{small|(live; 5–9)}}<br>Clipfish {{small|(live; 10–11)}}<br>[[Sky Deutschland|Sky]] {{small|(live; 10–11)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (German season 1)|Season 1, 2000]]: John Milz * [[Big Brother (German season 2)|Season 2, 2000]]: Alida Nadine Kurras * [[Big Brother (German season 3)|Season 3, 2001]]: Karina Schreiber * [[Big Brother (German season 4)|Season 4, 2003]]: Jan Geilhufe * [[Big Brother (German season 5)|Season 5, 2004–05]]: Sascha Sirtl * [[Big Brother (German season 6)|Season 6, 2005–06]]: Michael Knopf * [[Big Brother (German season 7)|Season 7, 2007]]: Michael Carstensen * [[Big Brother (German season 8)|Season 8, 2008]]: Silke Kaufmann * [[Big Brother (German season 9)|Season 9, 2008–09]]: Daniel Schöller * [[Big Brother (German season 10)|Season 10, 2010]]: Timo Grätsch * [[Big Brother (German season 11)|Season 11, 2011]]: Marc Sonnen }} | {{plainlist| * [[Percy Hoven]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Oliver Geissen]] {{small|(2–3)}} * [[Aleksandra Bechtel]] {{small|(4, 10–11)}} * [[Ruth Moschner]] {{small|(5–6)}} * [[Oliver Petszokat]] {{small|(6)}} * Charlotte Karlinder {{small|(7–8)}} * Miriam Pielhau {{small|(8–9)}} * [[Sonja Zietlow]] {{small|(Opening show, 11)}} }} |- | [[sixx]]<br>Sky {{small|(live)}}<br>7TV {{small|(stream)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (German season 12)|Season 12, 2015]]: Lusy Skaya }} | {{plainlist| * Jochen Bendel }} |- | [[Sat.1]]<br>sixx {{small|(Weekly recaps; 13)}}<br>[[Joyn (streaming platform)|Joyn]] {{small|(live feed, daily & weekly recaps; 14–)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (German season 13)|Season 13, 2020]]: Cedric Beidinger * [[Big Brother (German season 14)|Season 14, 2024]]: Marcus Bräuer * [[Big Brother (German season 15)|Season 15, 2025]]: '''''Upcoming Season''''' }} | {{plainlist| * [[Jochen Schropp]] }} |- | ''[[Promi Big Brother]]'' | Sat.1<br>sixx {{small|(Daily recaps; 2–4, 6–8)}}<br>[[IGTV]] {{small|(Daily recaps; 7–)}}<br>[[:de: Sat.1 emotions|Sat.1 emotions]] {{small|(1)}}<br>Sky {{small|(live 3 hours; 1, live; 3)}}<br>[[:de: maxdome|maxdome]] {{small|(live; 2)}}<br>Bild {{small|(live; 4)}}<br>7TV {{small|(stream; 2–6)}}<br>Joyn {{small|(stream; 7–; live feed; 11–)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Promi Big Brother (season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: Jenny Elvers * [[Promi Big Brother (season 2)|Season 2, 2014]]: Aaron Troschke * [[Promi Big Brother (season 3)|Season 3, 2015]]: [[David Odonkor]] * [[Promi Big Brother (season 4)|Season 4, 2016]]: [[:de:Benjamin Tewaag|Ben Tewaag]] * [[Promi Big Brother (season 5)|Season 5, 2017]]: Jens Hilbert * [[Promi Big Brother (season 6)|Season 6, 2018]]: Silvia Wollny * [[Promi Big Brother (season 7)|Season 7, 2019]]: Janine Meissner * [[Promi Big Brother (season 8)|Season 8, 2020]]: Werner Hansch * [[Promi Big Brother (season 9)|Season 9, 2021]]: [[Melanie Müller]] * [[Promi Big Brother (season 10)|Season 10, 2022]]: Rainer Gottwald * [[Promi Big Brother (season 11)|Season 11, 2023]]: Yeliz Koc * [[Promi Big Brother (season 12)|Season 12, 2024]]: Leyla Lahouar * [[Promi Big Brother (season 13)|Season 13, 2025]]: '''''Upcoming Season''''' }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Jochen Schropp]] {{small|(2–)}} * Marlene Lufen {{small|(6–)}} * '''Former''' * [[Cindy aus Marzahn]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Oliver Pocher]] {{small|(1)}} * Jochen Bendel {{small|(5)}} }} |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Greece]]<br>[[Cyprus]] | rowspan="3" |''[[Big Brother (Greek TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[ANT1]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Greek season 1)|Season 1, 2001]]: Giorgos Triantafyllidis * [[Big Brother (Greek season 2)|Season 2, 2002]]: Alexandros Moskhos * [[Big Brother (Greek season 3)|Season 3, 2003]]: Thodores Jspógloy * [[Big Brother (Greek season 4)|Season 4, 2005]]: Nikos Papadopoulos }} | {{plainlist| * [[Andreas Mikroutsikos]] {{small|(1–3)}} * [[Tatiana Stefanidou]] {{small|(4)}} }} |- | [[Alpha TV]]<br>[[Sigma TV]]<br>[[Nova (Greece)|Nova]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Greek season 5)|Season 5, 2010–11]]: Giannis Foukakis }} | {{plainlist| * [[Roula Koromila]] }} |- | [[Skai TV]]<br>Sigma TV | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Greek season 6)|Season 6, 2020]]: Anna-Maria Psycharaki * [[Big Brother (Greek season 7)|Season 7, 2021]]: Nikos Taklis }} | {{plainlist| * Harry Varthakouris {{small|(6)}} * Grigoris Gountaras {{small|(7)}} * Natali Kakava {{small|(7)}} }} |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#E0B0FF;" align="left" | [[Hungary]] | ''[[Big Brother (Hungarian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[TV2 (Hungarian TV channel)|TV2]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2002: Éva Párkányi * Season 2, 2003: Zsófi Tóth }} | rowspan="2" | {{plainlist| * Claudia Liptai * Attila Till }} |- | ''Big Brother VIP'' | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2003: Gábor Bochkor * Season 2, 2003: Lajos Boros * Season 3, 2003: [[Ganxsta Zolee|Zolee Ganxsta]] }} |- | ''[[Való Világ]] powered by Big Brother''<ref>Seasons 1 through 7 were not based on the ''Big Brother'' license.</ref> | [[RTL Kettő]]<br>[[RTL+]] {{small|(stream)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Való Világ (season 8)|Season 8, 2016]]: Soma Farkas * [[Való Világ (season 9)|Season 9, 2018–19]]: Zsuzsanna Varga * [[Való Világ (season 10)|Season 10, 2020–21]]: Vivien Szilágyi * Season 11, 2022–23: Krisztina Karnics * Season 12, 2024: '''''Upcoming season''''' }} | align="left" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * Peti Puskás {{small|(9–)}} * Vanda Schumacher {{small|(11–)}} * '''Former''' * Bence Istenes {{small|(6–8)}} * Anikó Nádai {{small|(8–11)}} }} |- | rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFFF" align="left" | [[India]]<br>{{small|(Hindi-language)}} | rowspan="2" | ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''<br>{{small|(Television edition)}} | [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]] | align="left" | [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Season 1, 2006–07]]: [[Rahul Roy]] | align="left" | [[Arshad Warsi]] |- | rowspan="2" |[[Colors TV]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Season 2, 2008]]: [[Ashutosh Kaushik]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 3)|Season 3, 2009]]: [[Vindu Dara Singh]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Season 4, 2010–11]]: [[Shweta Tiwari]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Season 5, 2011–12]]: [[Juhi Parmar]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Season 6, 2012–13]]: [[Urvashi Dholakia]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Season 7, 2013]]: [[Gauahar Khan]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Season 8, 2014–15]]: [[Gautam Gulati]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Season 9, 2015–16]]: [[Prince Narula]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Season 10, 2016–17]]: Manveer Gurjar * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Season 11, 2017–18]]: [[Shilpa Shinde]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Season 12, 2018]]: [[Dipika Kakar]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Season 13, 2019–20]]: [[Sidharth Shukla]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Season 14, 2020–21]]: [[Rubina Dilaik]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Season 15, 2021–22]]: [[Tejasswi Prakash]] * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Season 16, 2022–23]]: MC Stan * [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Season 17, 2023–24]]: [[Munawar Faruqui]] }} |{{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Salman Khan]] {{small|(4–)}} * '''Former''' * [[Shilpa Shetty]] {{small|(2)}} * [[Amitabh Bachchan]] {{small|(3)}} * [[Sanjay Dutt]] {{small|(5)}} }} |- | style="background:white;" align="left" |''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol]]''<br>{{small|(Spin-Off)}} |{{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss Halla Bol|Season 1, 2015]]: [[Gautam Gulati]] }} |{{plainlist| * [[Farah Khan]] }} |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#90EE90:" align="left" |''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''<br>{{small|(Digital edition)}} |[[Voot]] |{{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|Season 1, 2021]]: [[Divya Agarwal]] }} |[[Karan Johar]] |- |[[JioCinema]] |{{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Season 2, 2023]]: [[Elvish Yadav]] }} |[[Salman Khan]] |- | rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFFF" |India<br>{{small|(Kannada-language)}} | rowspan="3" | ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada]]'' | ETV Kannada | align="left" | [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: [[Vijay Raghavendra]] | rowspan="5" align="left" | [[Sudeepa]] |- | [[Star Suvarna|Suvarna TV]] | align="left" | [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 2)|Season 2, 2014]]: [[Akul Balaji]] |- | [[Colors Kannada]] {{small|(3–4; 7–8)}}<br>[[Colors Super]] {{small|(4–6)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 3)|Season 3, 2015–16]]: [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]] * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 4)|Season 4, 2016–17]]: Pratham * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 5)|Season 5, 2017–18]]: [[Chandan Shetty]] * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 6)|Season 6, 2018–19]]: Shashi Kumar * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 7)|Season 7, 2019–20]]: Shine Shetty * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 8)|Season 8, 2021]]: Manju Pavagada<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2021|title=Bigg Boss Kannada Season 8 cancelled due to raging Covid-19 pandemic|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-kannada-season-8-cancelled-due-to-raging-covid-19-pandemic-7307294/|access-date=8 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sudeep's Bigg Boss Kannada 8 'second innings' to begin this week|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sudeep-bigg-boss-kannada-8-second-innings-to-begin-this-week-7368883/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 }}</ref> * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 9)|Season 9, 2022]]: [[Roopesh Shetty]] * [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 10)|Season 10, 2023-24]]: Karthik Mahesh }} |- |''Bigg Boss Mini Season''<br>{{small|(Spin-Off)}} |Colors Kannada |{{plainlist| * Season 1, 2021: No Winner}} |- |''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Kannada TV series)|Bigg Boss Kannada OTT]]''<br>{{small|(Digital edition)}} |[[Voot]] |{{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss OTT Kannada (Season 1)|Season 1, 2022]]: [[Roopesh Shetty]], Aryavardhan Guruji, Rakesh Adiga and Sanya Iyer}} |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB" |India<br>{{small|(Bengali-language)}} | rowspan="2" |''[[Bigg Boss Bangla]]'' | ETV Bangla | align="left" | [[Bigg Boss (Bangla season 1)|Season 1, 2013]]: [[Aneek Dhar]] | align="left" | [[Mithun Chakraborty]] |- | [[Colors Bangla]] | align="left" | [[Bigg Boss (Bangla season 2)|Season 2, 2016]]: Joyjeet Banerjee | align="left" | [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFFF" | India<br>{{small|(Tamil-language)}} | ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''<br>{{small|(Television edition)}} | [[Star Vijay]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 1)|Season 1, 2017]]: [[Arav Kizar|Arav]] * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)|Season 2, 2018]]: [[Riythvika]] * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 3)|Season 3, 2019]]: [[Mugen Rao]] * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Season 4, 2020–21]]: [[Aari Arjuna|Aari Aarjunan]] * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 5)|Season 5, 2021–22]]: [[Raju Jeyamohan]] * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Season 6, 2022-23]]: [[Mohammed Azeem]] * [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 7)|Season 7, 2023]]: [[Archana Ravichandran]] }} | align="left" | [[Kamal Haasan]] |- | ''[[Bigg Boss Ultimate]]''<br>{{small|(Digital edition)}} | [[Disney+ Hotstar]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss Ultimate (Season 1)|Season 1, 2022]]: Balaji Murugadoss }} |[[Silambarasan]] |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFFFFF" | India<br>{{small|(Telugu-language)}} | ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''<br>{{small|(Television edition)}} | [[Star Maa]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 1)|Season 1, 2017]]: [[Siva Balaji]] * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)|Season 2, 2018]]: [[Kaushal Manda]] * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|Season 3, 2019]]: [[Rahul Sipligunj]] * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 4)|Season 4, 2020]]: [[Abijeet|Abijeet Duddala]] * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 5)|Season 5, 2021]]: VJ Sunny * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 6)|Season 6, 2022]]: [[L. V. Revanth]] * [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 7)|Season 7, 2023]]: Pallavi Prashanth }} | {{plainlist|* '''Current''' * [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] {{small|(3–)}} * '''Former''' * [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. NTR]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] {{small|(2)}}}} |- | ''[[Bigg Boss Non-Stop]]''<br>{{small|(Digital edition)}} | [[Disney+ Hotstar]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss Non-Stop (season 1)|Season 1, 2022]]: [[Bindu Madhavi]] }} |[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] |- | style="background:white" | India<br>{{small|(Marathi-language)}} | ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi]]'' | [[Colors Marathi]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Season 1, 2018]]: [[Megha Dhade]] * [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 2)|Season 2, 2019]]: [[Shiv Thakare]] * [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 3)|Season 3, 2021]]: Vishal Nikam * [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Season 4, 2022–23]]: Akshay Kelkar }} | {{plainlist| * [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] }} |- | style="background:#E0B0FF" | India<br>{{small|(Malayalam-language)}} | ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)|Bigg Boss Malayalam]]'' | [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] | {{plainlist| * [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 1)|Season 1, 2018]]: [[Sabumon Abdusamad]] * [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 2)|Season 2, 2020]]: ''Discontinued''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-2-to-be-discontinued-due-to-coronavirus-q7dpzi|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 2 to be discontinued due to coronavirus|date=18 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|work=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/biggboss/asianet-to-stop-the-telecast-of-bigg-boss-season-2-q7fjh2|script-title=ml:ബിഗ് ബോസ് സീസണ്‍ 2വിന്‍റെ സംപ്രേഷണം ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റ് നിര്‍ത്തിവെക്കുന്നു|trans-title=Asianet has stopped broadcasting Bigg Boss Season 2|date=19 March 2020|access-date=25 March 2020|work=Asianet News|language=ml}}</ref> * [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 3)|Season 3, 2021]]: [[Manikuttan]] * [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 4)|Season 4, 2022]]: Dilsha Prasannan * [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)|Season 5, 2023]]: Akhil Marar * [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 6)|Season 6, 2024]]: '''''Upcoming season''''' }} | align="left" | [[Mohanlal]] |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Indonesia]] | ''[[Big Brother (Indonesian TV series)|Big Brother Indonesia]]'' | [[Trans TV]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2011: Alan Wangsa | {{plainlist| * Ferdi Hassan * Indra Herlambang * Sarah Sechan * Shara Aryo }} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:white;" align="left" | [[Israel]] | rowspan="2" |''[[Big Brother (Israeli TV series)|האח הגדול]]''<br>{{small|{{transliteration|he|ISO|HaAh HaGadol}}}}<br>{{small|''Big Brother''}} | [[Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel)|Channel 2]]-[[Keshet Media Group|Keshet]]<br>[[Hot (Israel)|Hot]] {{small|(live)}}<br>[[Yes (company)|yes]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 1)|Season 1, 2008]]: Shifra Cornfeld * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 2)|Season 2, 2009–10]]: Eliraz Sade * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 3)|Season 3, 2010–11]]: Yaakov "Jackie" Menahem * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 4)|Season 4, 2012]]: Yekutiel "Kuti" Sabag * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 5)|Season 5, 2013]]: [[Tahounia Rubel]] * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 6)|Season 6, 2014]]: [[Tal Gilboa]] * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 7)|Season 7, 2015–16]]: Shay Mika Ifrah * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 8)|Season 8, 2016–17]]: Avihai Ohana }} | {{plainlist| * [[Erez Tal]] {{small|(1–8)}} * [[Assi Azar]] {{small|(1–6)}} * [[:he:קורין גדעון|Korin Gideon]] {{small|(7–8)}} }} |- | [[Channel 13 (Israel)|Channel 13]]<br>Channel 26 {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 9)|Season 9, 2018]]: Israel Ogalbo * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 10)|Season 10, 2020]]: Tikva Gidon * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 11)|Season 11, 2020–21]]: [[Zehava Ben]] * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 12)|Season 12, 2022]]: Talia Ovadia * [[Big Brother (Israeli season 13)|Season 13, 2023]]: Yuval Maatook }} | align="left" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[:he:לירון ויצמן|Liron Weizman]] * [[Guy Zu-Aretz]] {{small|(10–)}} * '''Former''' * [[Ofer Shechter]] {{small|(9)}} * [[:he:אסי ישראלוף|Asi Israelof]] {{small|(9)}} }} |- | rowspan="2" |''VIP האח הגדול''<br>{{small|{{transliteration|he|ISO|HaAh HaGadol VIP}}}}<br>{{small|''Big Brother VIP''}} | Channel 2-Keshet<br>Hot {{small|(live)}}<br>Yes {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother VIP (Israeli season 1)|Season 1, 2009]]: Dudi Melitz * [[Big Brother VIP (Israeli season 2)|Season 2, 2015]]: [[Moshik Afia]] }} | {{plainlist| * [[Erez Tal]] {{small|(1–2)}} * [[Assi Azar]] {{small|(1–2)}} }} |- | Channel 13<br>Channel 26 {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother VIP (Israeli season 3)|Season 3, 2019]]: Asaf Goren * [[Big Brother VIP (Israeli season 4)|Season 4, 2021]]: [[Oren Hazan]] }} | align="left" | {{plainlist| * [[:he:לירון ויצמן|Liron Weizman]] * [[Guy Zu-Aretz]] }} |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Italy]] | ''[[Grande Fratello]]'' | [[Canale 5]]<br>[[Italia 1]] {{small|(Daily recaps; 13–)}}<br>[[Stream TV]] {{small|(live; 1–3)}}<br>[[Sky Italia|Sky]] {{small|(live; 4–5, 8–9)}}<br>[[Mediaset Premium]] {{small|(live; 6–14)}}<br>[[Mediaset Extra]] {{small|(live; 15–)}}<br>[[La5]] {{small|(live; 11–)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Grande Fratello (season 1)|Season 1, 2000]]: Cristina Plevani * [[Grande Fratello (season 2)|Season 2, 2001]]: Flavio Montrucchio * [[Grande Fratello (season 3)|Season 3, 2003]]: Floriana Secondi * [[Grande Fratello (season 4)|Season 4, 2004]]: Serena Garitta * [[Grande Fratello (season 5)|Season 5, 2004]]: Jonathan Kashanian * [[Grande Fratello (season 6)|Season 6, 2006]]: Augusto De Megni * [[Grande Fratello (season 7)|Season 7, 2007]]: Milo Coretti * [[Grande Fratello (season 8)|Season 8, 2008]]: Mario Ferretti * [[Grande Fratello (season 9)|Season 9, 2009]]: Ferdi Berisa * [[Grande Fratello (season 10)|Season 10, 2009–10]]: Mauro Marin * [[Grande Fratello (season 11)|Season 11, 2010–11]]: Andrea Cocco * [[Grande Fratello (season 12)|Season 12, 2011–12]]: Sabrina Mbarek * [[Grande Fratello (season 13)|Season 13, 2014]]: Mirco Petrilli * [[Grande Fratello (season 14)|Season 14, 2015]]: Federica Lepanto * [[Grande Fratello (season 15)|Season 15, 2018]]: Alberto Mezzetti * [[Grande Fratello (season 16)|Season 16, 2019]]: Martina Nasoni * [[Grande Fratello (season 17)|Season 17, 2023–24]]: Perla Vatiero * [[Grande Fratello (season 18)|Season 17, 2024–25]]: '''''Current season''''' }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Alfonso Signorini]] {{small|(17–)}} * '''Former''' * Daria Bignardi {{small|(1–2)}} * [[Barbara D'Urso]] {{small|(3–5, 15–16)}} * [[Alessia Marcuzzi]] {{small|(6–14)}} }} |- | ''[[Grande Fratello VIP]]'' | Canale 5<br>Italia 1 {{small|(Daily recaps)}}<br>Mediaset Extra {{small|(live)}}<br>La5 {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 1)|Season 1, 2016]]: Alessia Macari * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 2)|Season 2, 2017]]: Daniele Bossari * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 3)|Season 3, 2018]]: Walter Nudo * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 4)|Season 4, 2020]]: Paola Di Benedetto * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 5)|Season 5, 2020–21]]: [[Tommaso Zorzi]] * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 6)|Season 6, 2021–22]]: Jessica Hailé Selassié * [[Grande Fratello VIP (season 7)|Season 7, 2022–23]]: Nikita Pelizon }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Alfonso Signorini]] {{small|(4–7)}} * '''Former''' * [[Ilary Blasi]] {{small|(1–3)}} }} |- | style="background:#90EE90" align="left" | [[Kosovo]] | ''[[Big Brother VIP Kosova]]'' | [[Klan Kosova]]<br>Artmotion {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2022–23: Arkimed "Stresi" Lushaj * Season 2, 2023–24: [[Lumbardh Salihu]] * Season 3, 2024–25: '''''Current season''''' }} | {{plainlist| * Alaudin Hamiti * Jonida Vokshi }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Lithuania]] | ''[[Secret Story (Lithuanian TV series)|Paslapčių namai]]''<br>{{small|''The House of Secrets''}} | [[TV3 (Lithuania)|TV3]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2013: Gintautas Katulis | {{plainlist| * Agnė Grigaliūnienė * Marijus Mikutavičius }} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#E0B0FF;" align="left" | [[Mexico]] | rowspan="2" | ''[[Big Brother México]]''<br>''Big Brother PM'' {{small|(4)}}<!-- The fourth season still be called Big Brother México. --> | [[Televisa]]<br>[[Sky México|Sky]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2002: Rocío Cárdenas * Season 2, 2003: Silvia Irabien * Season 3, 2005: Evelyn Nieto }} | {{plainlist| * [[Adela Micha]] {{small|(1–2)}} * [[Verónica Castro]] {{small|(3)}} }} |- | [[Canal 5 (Mexican TV channel)|Canal 5]]<br>Sky {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother México (season 4)|Season 4, 2015]]: Eduardo "Chile" Miranda }} | align="left" | [[Adela Micha]] |- | ''Big Brother VIP'' | Televisa<br>Sky {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2002: [[Galilea Montijo]] * Season 2, 2003: [[Omar Chaparro]] * Season 3, 2004: Eduardo Videgaray * Season 4, 2004: Roxanna Castellanos * Season 5, 2005: [[Sasha Sökol]] }} | {{plainlist| * [[Víctor Trujillo]] {{small|(1)}} * Verónica Castro {{small|(2–4)}} }} |- |''[[La casa de los famosos México|La Casa De Los Famosos México]]''<br>{{small|''The House of the Famous Mexico''}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Casa de los Famosos México ya tiene conductor: Diego de Erice se añadió al reality show |url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2023/05/04/la-casa-de-los-famosos-mexico-ya-tiene-conductor-diego-de-erice-se-anadio-al-famoso-reality-show/ |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=infobae |date=4 May 2023 |language=es-ES}}</ref> |[[Las Estrellas]]<br>[[Canal 5 (Mexican TV channel)|Canal 5]]<br>[[Vix (streaming service)|ViX]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2023: [[Wendy Guevara]] * Season 2, 2024: '''''Upcoming season''''' }} |[[Galilea Montijo]]<br /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=TIM |first=Televisa |title=Odalys Ramírez y Raquel Bigorra se destapan como integrantes de 'La Casa de los Famosos México' |url=https://www.lasestrellas.tv/reality/la-casa-de-los-famosos-mexico/odalys-ramirez-y-raquel-bigorra-las-nuevas-integrantes-de-la-casa-de-los-famosos-mexico |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Las Estrellas TV |language=es-MX}}</ref><br>[[Diego de Erice]]<br />Odalys Ramirez<ref name=":0" /> |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Mongolia]] | ''Big Brother Mongolia'' | Mongol TV | align="left" | Season 1, 2021: Enku Bulgan | {{plainlist| ''Unknown'' * }} |- | rowspan="7" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Netherlands]] | rowspan="3" | ''[[Big Brother (Dutch TV series)|Big Brother]]''<br>{{small|'''(Original edition)'''}} | [[Veronica TV|Veronica]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Dutch season 1)|Season 1, 1999]]: [[Bart Spring in 't Veld]] * [[Big Brother (Dutch season 2)|Season 2, 2000]]: Bianca Hagenbeek }} | {{plainlist| * Rolf Wouters {{small|(1)}} * [[Daphne Deckers]] {{small|(1)}} * Esther Duller {{small|(2)}} * Beau Van Erven Dorens {{small|(2)}} }} |- | [[RTL 7|Yorin]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Dutch season 3)|Season 3, 2001]]: Sandy Boots * [[Big Brother (Dutch season 4)|Season 4, 2002]]: Jeanette Godefroy }} | {{plainlist| * [[Patty Brard]] {{small|(3)}} * [[Martijn Krabbé]] {{small|(4)}} }} |- | [[Tien (TV channel)|Talpa]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Dutch season 5)|Season 5, 2005]]: Joost Hoebink * [[Big Brother (Dutch season 6)|Season 6, 2006]]: Jeroen Visser }} | {{plainlist| * [[Bridget Maasland]] {{small|(5–6)}} * [[Ruud de Wild]] {{small|(5)}} }} |- | ''[[Big Brother (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Big Brother]]''<br>{{small|(Netherlands and Belgium)}}<ref name="BB2021NLBE_1">{{cite web|url=https://endemolshine.nl/mediabericht-bigbrother-2021/|title=EndemolShine produceert Big Brother voor RTL 5, Videoland en SBS België|date=23 July 2020|access-date=23 July 2020|work=EndemolShine Nederland|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724082115/https://endemolshine.nl/mediabericht-bigbrother-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BB2021NLBE_2">Co-produced version with [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]] taking part.</ref> | RTL 5<br>[[Videoland (Netherlands)|Videoland]] {{small|(stream; live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother 2021 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 7, 2021]]: Jill Goede<ref name="Big Brother keert terug op tv" /> * [[Big Brother 2022 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 8, 2022]]: Salar Abassi Abrassi * [[Big Brother 2023 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 9, 2023]]: Bart Vandenbroek * [[Big Brother 2024 (Dutch and Belgian TV series)|Season 10, 2024]]: '''''Current season''''' }} | align="left" |'''Current'''<br>[[Geraldine Kemper]]<br>Tatyana Beloy {{small|(9-)}}<br> '''Former'''<br>[[Peter Van de Veire]] {{small|(7-8)}} |- | rowspan="2" | ''Big Brother VIPs'' {{small|(1)}}<br>''Hotel Big Brother'' {{small|(2)}} | Veronica | align="left" | Season 1, 2000: No winner | align="left" | ''Unknown'' |- | Talpa | align="left" | Season 2, 2006: No winner | align="left" | Caroline Tensen |- | ''[[Secret Story (Dutch TV series)|Secret Story]]'' | [[Net5]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2011: Sharon Hooijkaas | {{plainlist| * Renate Verbaan * Bart Boonstra }} |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#E0B0FF" align="left" | [[Nigeria]] | rowspan="2" | ''Big Brother Nigeria'' {{small|(1)}}<br>''[[Big Brother Naija]]'' {{small|(2–8)}} | M-Net<br>DStv {{small|(live)}} | align="left" | [[Big Brother Nigeria|Season 1, 2006]]: [[Katung Aduwak]] | {{plainlist| * Olisa Adibua * Michelle Dede }} |- | Africa Magic<br>GOtv<br>DStv {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Naija (season 2)|Season 2, 2017]]: Efe Ejeba * [[Big Brother Naija (season 3)|Season 3, 2018]]: [[Miracle|Miracle Ikechukwu Igbokwe]] * [[Big Brother Naija (season 4)|Season 4, 2019]]: [[Mercy Eke]] * [[Big Brother Naija (season 5)|Season 5, 2020]]: [[Laycon|Olamilekan "Laycon" Agbeleshe]] * [[Big Brother Naija (season 6)|Season 6, 2021]]: [[Whitemoney|Hazel Oyeze "Whitemoney" Onou]] * [[Big Brother Naija (season 7)|Season 7, 2022]]: [[Phyna|Ijeoma Josephina "Phyna" Otabor]] * [[Big Brother Naija (season 8)|Season 8, 2023]]: Ilebaye Odiniya * Season 9, 2024: '''''Upcoming season''''' }} | align="left" | [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]] |- | ''[[Big Brother Titans]]''<br>{{small|(Nigeria and South Africa)}} | [[Africa Magic]]<br>[[DStv]] {{small|(stream; live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2023 : Khosi Twala }} | align="left" | Lawrence Maleka<br>[[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]] |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Norway]] | rowspan="2" | ''[[Big Brother (Norwegian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[TVNorge|TVN]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2001: Lars Joakim Ringom * Season 2, 2002: Veronica Agnes Roso * Season 3, 2003: Eva Lill Baukhol }} | {{plainlist| * Arve Juritzen {{small|(1–2)}} * Trygve Rønningen {{small|(3)}} }} |- | [[TV 2 Bliss]] | align="left" | Season 4, 2011: Tine Barstad | {{plainlist| * [[Petter Pilgaard]] * Sarah Natasha Melbye }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" | [[Pacific Region]]<br>{{small|([[Chile]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Peru]])}} | ''[[Gran Hermano del Pacífico]]'' | [[RTS (Ecuadorian TV channel)|RedTeleSistema]]<br>[[La Red (Chilean TV channel)|RED Televisión]]<br>[[ATV (Peruvian TV channel)|ATV]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2005: Juan Sebastián López | {{plainlist| * Lorena Meritano {{small|(Main)}} * Álvaro Ballera & Álvaro García {{small|(Regional)}} * [[Janine Leal]] {{small|(Regional)}} * Juan Francisco Escobar {{small|(Regional)}} }} |- | style="background:white;" align="left" |[[Pakistan]] | ''[[Tamasha (2022 TV series)|Tamasha]]'' | [[ARY Digital]]<br>[[ARY ZAP|ARY Zap]] | {{plainlist| * [[Tamasha (season 1)|Season 1, 2022]]: [[Umer Aalam]] * [[Tamasha (season 2)|Season 2, 2023]]: [[Aruba Mirza]] }} | {{plainlist| * [[Adnan Siddiqui]] }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Panama]] | ''[[Big Brother Panamá]]'' | [[TVN (Panamanian TV network)|TVN]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2016: Katherine Sandoval | {{plainlist| * Rolando Sterling * Gaby Garrido }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Peru]] | ''[[Secret Story (Peruvian TV series)|La Casa de Los Secretos]]''<br>{{small|''The House of Secrets''}} | [[:es:Latina Televisión|Frecuencia Latina]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2012: Álvaro de la Torre | {{plainlist| * Carla García * Jason Day }} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#E0B0FF;" align="left" | [[Philippines]] | ''[[Pinoy Big Brother]]''<br>{{small|(Civilian edition)}} | rowspan="4" | [[A2Z (Philippine TV channel)|A2Z]] {{small|(9–)}}<br>[[Kapamilya Channel]] {{small|(9–)}}<br>[[ABS-CBN]] {{small|(1–8)}}<br>[[The Filipino Channel|TFC]] {{small|(Worldwide)}}<br>[[Sky Cable]] {{small|(live)}}<br>[[Studio 23]] {{small|(live; 1–3)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Season 1|Season 1, 2005]]: [[Nene Tamayo]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Season 2|Season 2, 2007]]: [[Beatriz Saw]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Double Up|Season 3, 2009–10]]: [[Melai Cantiveros|Melisa Cantiveros]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Unlimited|Season 4, 2011–12]]: [[Slater Young]] }} | {{plainlist| * [[Toni Gonzaga]] {{small|(1–4)}} * [[Bianca Gonzalez]] {{small|(2–4)}} * [[Mariel Rodriguez]] {{small|(1–3)}} * [[Willie Revillame]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Robi Domingo]] {{small|(4)}} }} |- | ''Pinoy Big Brother''<br>{{small|(Mixed edition)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Pinoy Big Brother: All In|Season 5, 2014]]: [[Daniel Matsunaga]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: 737|Season 6, 2015]]: [[Miho Nishida]] & [[Jimboy Martin]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Lucky 7|Season 7, 2016–17]]: [[Maymay Entrata]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Otso|Season 8, 2018–19]]: [[Yamyam Gucong]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Connect|Season 9, 2020–21]]: Liofer Pinatacan * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10|Season 10, 2021–22]]: Anji Salvacion * Season 11, 2024: '''''Upcoming season''''' }} | {{plainlist| * [[John Prats]] {{small|(5)}} * [[Alex Gonzaga]] {{small|(5*,8)}} * Bianca Gonzalez {{small|(5–10)}} * Toni Gonzaga {{small|(5–10)}} * Robi Domingo {{small|(5–10)}} * Mariel Rodriguez {{small|(7)}} * [[Kim Chiu]] {{small|(8–10)}} * [[Melisa Cantiveros]] {{small|(8–10)}} * [[Enchong Dee]] {{small|(6*, 9–10)}} * [[Maymay Entrata]] {{small|(9–10)}} * [[Edward Barber (actor)|Edward Barber]] {{small|(9–10)}} * [[Richard Juan]] {{small|(9–10)}} }} |- | ''Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition'' | {{plainlist| * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition 1|Season 1, 2006]]: [[Keanna Reeves]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition 2|Season 2, 2007–08]]: Ruben Gonzaga }} | {{plainlist| * Toni Gonzaga {{small|(1–2)}} * Mariel Rodriguez {{small|(1–2)}} * [[Luis Manzano]] {{small|(1)}} * Bianca Gonzalez {{small|(2)}} }} |- | ''Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition'' | {{plainlist| * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 1|Season 1, 2006]]: [[Kim Chiu]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition Plus|Season 2, 2008]]: [[Ejay Falcon]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Clash 2010|Season 3, 2010]]: [[James Reid (Pinoy Big Brother)#Teenternational Housemates|James Reid]] * [[Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4|Season 4, 2012]]: [[Myrtle Sarrosa|Myrtle Abigail Sarrosa]] }} | {{plainlist| * Bianca Gonzalez {{small|(1–4)}} * Mariel Rodriguez {{small|(1–3)}} * Toni Gonzaga {{small|(2–4)}} * Luis Manzano {{small|(2)}} * Robi Domingo {{small|(4)}} * [[John Prats]] {{small|(4)}} }} |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Poland]] | rowspan="3" | ''[[Big Brother (Polish TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[TVN (Polish TV channel)|TVN]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Polish season 1)|Season 1, 2001]]: [[Janusz Dzięcioł]] * [[Big Brother (Polish season 2)|Season 2, 2001]]: Marzena Wieczorek * [[Big Brother (Polish season 3)|Season 3, 2002]]: Piotr Borucki }} | {{plainlist| * Grzegorz Miecugow {{small|(1–3)}} * [[Martyna Wojciechowska]] {{small|(1–3)}} * Andrzej Sołtysik {{small|(2–3)}} }} |- | [[TV4 (Polish TV channel)|TV4]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Polish season 4)|Season 4, 2007]]: Jolanta Rutowicz * [[Big Brother (Polish season 5)|Season 5 (part 2), 2008]]: Janusz Strączek }} | {{plainlist| * Jakub Klawiter {{small|(4–5)}} * Karina Kunkiewicz {{small|(4)}} * Małgorzata Kosik {{small|(5)}} }} |- | [[TVN 7]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Polish season 6)|Season 6, 2019]]: Magda Wójcik * [[Big Brother (Polish season 7)|Season 7, 2019]]: Kamil Lemieszewski }} | {{plainlist| * Agnieszka Woźniak-Starak {{small|(6)}} * Gabi Drzewiecka {{small|(7)}} }} |- | ''Big Brother VIP'' | TV4 | align="left" | Season 5 (part 1), 2008: Jarosław Jakimowicz | {{plainlist| * Jakub Klawiter * Małgorzata Kosik }} |- | rowspan="8" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[Portugal]] | ''[[Big Brother (Portuguese TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Televisão Independente|TVI]]<br>[[:pt:TVI Reality|TVI Reality]] {{small|(live; 5–)}}<br>[[TVI Internacional]] {{small|(5)}}<br>TVI Eventos {{small|(live; 1)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2000: Zé Maria Seleiro * Season 2, 2001: Henrique Guimarães * Season 3, 2001: Catarina Cabral * Season 4, 2003: Fernando Geraldes * [[Big Brother (Portuguese season 5)|Season 5, Spring 2020]]: Soraia Moreira * [[Big Brother (Portuguese season 6)|Season 6, Autumn 2020]]: Zena Pacheco * Season 7, 2021: Ana Barbosa * [[Big Brother (Portuguese TV series)#Big Brother 2022|Season 8, 2022]]: Miguel Vicente<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvi.iol.pt/bigbrother/big-brother/miguel-vicente/o-grande-vencedor-desta-edicao-do-big-brother-e-miguel-vicente|title=O grande vencedor desta edição do Big Brother é… Miguel Vicente!|publisher=tvi.iol.pt|date=1 January 2023|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> * [[Big Brother (Portuguese TV series)#Big Brother 2023|Season 9, 2023]]: Francisco Monteiro * Season 10, 2024: '''''Upcoming season''''' <ref name="tvi.iol.pt">{{cite web|url=https://selfie.iol.pt/famosos/big-brother/big-brother-desafio-final-revelado-o-apresentador-da-nova-edicao-do-reality-show-da-tvi/20231213/6579e5a5d34e371fc0bae91a|title="Big Brother - Desafio Final": revelado o apresentador da nova edição do reality show da TVI|publisher=tvi.iol.pt|date=13 December 2023|access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref> }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Cristina Ferreira]] {{small|(8–)}} * '''Former''' * [[:pt:Teresa Guilherme|Teresa Guilherme]] {{small|(1–4; 6)}} * Cláudio Ramos {{small|(5; 7)}} * [[Manuel Luís Goucha]] {{small|(7)}} }} |- | ''Big Brother Famosos'' {{small|(1–2, 4–)}}<br>''Big Brother VIP'' {{small|(3)}} | TVI<br>TVI Direct {{small|(live; VIP)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2002: Ricardo Vieira * Season 2, 2002: Vítor Norte * Season 3, 2013: Pedro Guedes * Season 4, 2022: Francisco "Kasha" Pereira * Season 5, 2022: [[Bernardo Sousa (rally driver)|Bernardo Sousa]] }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Cristina Ferreira]] {{small|(4–)}} * '''Former''' * [[:pt:Teresa Guilherme|Teresa Guilherme]] {{small|(1–3)}} }} |- | ''[[Big Brother: Duplo Impacto]]''<br>{{small|''Big Brother: Double Impact''}} | rowspan="2" | TVI<br>TVI Reality {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2021: Joana Albuquerque }} | {{plainlist| * [[:pt:Teresa Guilherme|Teresa Guilherme]] * Cláudio Ramos }} |- | ''Big Brother: Desafio Final''<br>{{small|''Big Brother: Final Challenge''}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2022: Bruna Gomes * Season 2, 2024: '''''Current season''''' <ref name="tvi.iol.pt" /> }} | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' *Cláudio Ramos {{small|(2–)}} * '''Former''' * [[Cristina Ferreira]] {{small|(1)}} }} |- | ''[[Secret Story (Portuguese TV series)|Secret Story: Casa dos Segredos]]''<br>{{small|''Secret Story: House of Secrets''}} | rowspan="4" | TVI<br>TVI Reality {{small|(live; 6–)}}<br>TVI Direct {{small|(live; 1–5)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Secret Story 1 (Portuguese season)|Season 1, 2010]]: António Queirós * [[Secret Story 2 (Portuguese season)|Season 2, 2011]]: João Mota * [[Secret Story 3 (Portuguese season)|Season 3, 2012]]: Rúben Boa Nova * [[Secret Story 4 (Portuguese season)|Season 4, 2013]]: Luís Nascimento * [[Secret Story 5 (Portuguese season)|Season 5, 2014]]: Elisabete Moutinho * [[Secret Story 6 (Portuguese season)|Season 6, 2016]]: Helena Patrício * [[Secret Story 7 (Portuguese season)|Season 7, 2018]]: Tiago Rufino }} | {{plainlist| * [[:pt:Júlia Pinheiro|Júlia Pinheiro]] {{small|(1)}} * [[:pt:Teresa Guilherme|Teresa Guilherme]] {{small|(2–6)}} * [[Manuel Luís Goucha]] {{small|(7)}} }} |- | ''Secret Story: Desafio Final''<br>{{small|''Secret Story: Final Challenge''}} | {{plainlist| * [[Secret Story: Desafio Final 1|Season 1, 2013]]: Cátia Palhinha * [[Secret Story: Desafio Final 2|Season 2, 2014]]: Érica Silva * [[Secret Story: Desafio Final 3|Season 3, 2015]]: Sofia Sousa * [[Secret Story: Desafio Final 4|Season 4, 2017]]: Carlos Sousa }} | rowspan="2" align="left" | [[:pt:Teresa Guilherme|Teresa Guilherme]] |- | ''[[Secret Story: Luta Pelo Poder]]''<br>{{small|''Secret Story: Power Struggle''}} | align="left" | Season 1, 2015: Bruno Sousa |- | ''[[Secret Story: O Reencontro]]''<br>{{small|''Secret Story: The Reunion''}} | align="left" | Season 1, 2018: Carina Ferreira | align="left" | [[Manuel Luís Goucha]] |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Romania]] | ''[[Big Brother (Romanian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Prima TV]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2003: Sorin Pavel Fisteag * Season 2, 2004: Iustin Popovici }} | {{plainlist| * Andreea Raicu * Virgil Ianțu }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Russia]] | ''[[Big Brother (Russian TV series)|Большой Брат]]''<br>{{small|{{transliteration|ru|ISO|Bolshoy Brat}}}}<br>{{small|''Big Brother''}} | [[TNT (Russian TV channel)|TNT]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2005: Anastasia Yagaylova | align="left" | [[Ingeborga Dapkunaite]] |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Scandinavia]]<br>{{small|(Norway and Sweden)}}<ref>Co-produced version with [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]] taking part.</ref> | rowspan="2" |''[[Big Brother (Norwegian and Swedish TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Kanal 5 (Swedish TV channel)|Kanal 5]]<br>[[FEM (TV channel)|FEM]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2005: Britt Goodwin * Season 2, 2006: Jessica Lindgren }} | {{plainlist| * Brita Møystad Engseth {{small|(1–2)}} * [[Adam Alsing]] {{small|(1)}} * [[Hannah Widell|Hannah Rosander]] {{small|(2)}} }} |- | [[Kanal 9]]<br>FEM | align="left" | [[Big Brother (Norwegian and Swedish season 3)|Season 3, 2014]]: Anders Olsson | {{plainlist| * Pia Lykke * [[Adam Alsing]] }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Second Life]] | ''[[Big Brother Second Life]]'' | [[World Wide Web]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2006: Madlen Flint | align="left" | ''None'' |- | rowspan="2" style="background:white;" align="left" | [[Slovakia]] | ''[[Big Brother (Slovak TV series)|Big Brother: Súboj]]'' {{small|(1)}}<br>{{small|''Big Brother: Duel''}} | [[Markíza]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2005: Richard Tkáč }} | align="left" | Viliam Rozboril {{small|(1)}}<br>Zuzana Belohorcová {{small|(1)}} |- | ''Big Brother Česko & Slovensko''<br>{{small|(Czech Republic and Slovakia)}} | [[Markíza]]<br>[[Voyo]] | {{Plainlist|* Season 2, 2023-24: Stanislav Liška<ref name="CZ-SK" />}} | Míra Hejda {{small|(2)}} |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Slovenia]] | ''[[Big Brother (Slovenian TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Kanal A]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Slovenian season 1)|Season 1, 2007]]: Andrej Novak * [[Big Brother (Slovenian season 2)|Season 2, 2008]]: Naske Mehić * [[Big Brother (Slovenian season 3)|Season 3, 2015]]: Pia Filipčič * [[Big Brother (Slovenian season 4)|Season 4, 2016]]: Mirela Lapanović }} | {{plainlist| * '''Main hosts''': * Nina Osenar {{small|(1–2)}} * Ana Maria Mitič {{small|(3)}} * Manja Plešnar {{small|(4)}} * '''Co-hosts''': * Matej Grm-Gušti {{small|(2)}} * Emi Nikočević {{small|(4)}} * Tibor Baiee {{small|(4)}} }} |- | ''[[Big Brother Slavnih]]''<br>{{small|''Big Brother Famous''}} | [[Pop (Slovenian TV channel)|Pop TV]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2010: Jože Činč }} | align="left" | Nina Osenar |- | rowspan="5" style="background:#90EE90" align="left" | [[South Africa]] |''[[Big Brother (South African TV series)|Big Brother South Africa]]'' | rowspan="5" | [[M-Net]]<br>[[Mzansi Magic]]<br>[[DStv]] {{small|(live)}} | {{plainlist| * [[#Season 1 Big Brother South Africa|Season 1, 2001]]: Ferdinand Rabie * [[#Season 2 Big Brother South Africa|Season 2, 2002]]: Richard Cawood }} | {{plainlist| * [[Mark Pilgrim (presenter)|Mark Pilgrim]] * Gerry Rantseli }} |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Big Brother (South African TV series)|Big Brother Mzansi]]'' |- | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Mzansi (season 1)|Season 1, 2014]]: Mandla Hlatshwayo * [[Big Brother Mzansi (season 2)|Season 2, 2015]]: Nkanyiso "Ace" Khumalo & Ntombi Tshabalala * [[Big Brother Mzansi (season 3)|Season 3, 2022]]: Michelle "Mphowabadimo" Mvundla * [[Big Brother Mzansi (season 4)|Season 4, 2024]]: '''''Current season''''' }} | align="left" | Lungile Radu {{small|(1–2)}}<br>Lawrence Maleka {{small|(3–)}} |- | ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (South African TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' | align="left" | Season 1, 2002: Bill Flynn | {{plainlist| * [[Mark Pilgrim (presenter)|Mark Pilgrim]] * Gerry Rantseli }} |- | ''[[Big Brother Titans]]''<br>{{small|(Nigeria and South Africa)}} | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2023 : Khosi Twala }} | align="left" | Lawrence Maleka<br>[[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]] |- | rowspan="7" style="background:white;" align="left" | [[Spain]] | ''[[Gran Hermano (Spanish TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'' | [[Telecinco]] {{small|(Main show and Debate)}}<br>[[Telecinco Estrellas]] {{small|(9)}}<br>Telecinco 2 {{small|(10)}}<br>[[LaSiete]] {{small|(11–14)}}<br>[[Nueve (Spanish TV channel)|Nueve]] {{small|(14)}}<br>[[Divinity (TV channel)|Divinity]] {{small|(15–18)}}<br>[[Be Mad]] {{small|(live; 18)}}<br>[[Quiero Television|Quiero TV]] {{small|(live; 1–3)}}<br>[[:es:Vía Digital|Vía Digital]] {{small|(live; 4–5)}}<br>[[Canal+ (Spanish TV provider)|Digital+]] {{small|(live; 6–11)}}<br>[[:es:Gran Hermano 24 horas|GH 24H]] {{small|(live; 12)}}<br>Mitele.es {{small|(live; 13–18)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 1)|Season 1, 2000]]: Ismael Beiro * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 2)|Season 2, 2001]]: Sabrina Mahí * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 3)|Season 3, 2002]]: Javito García * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 4)|Season 4, 2002–03]]: Pedro Oliva * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 5)|Season 5, 2003–04]]: Nuria Yáñez * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 6)|Season 6, 2004]]: Juanjo Mateo * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 7)|Season 7, 2005–06]]: Pepe Herrero * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 8)|Season 8, 2006]]: Naiala Melo * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 9)|Season 9, 2007]]: Judit Iglesias * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 10)|Season 10, 2008–09]]: Iván Madrazo * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 11)|Season 11, 2009–10]]: Ángel Muñoz * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 12)|Season 12, 2010–11]]: Laura Campos * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 13)|Season 13, 2012]]: Pepe Flores * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 14)|Season 14, 2013]]: Susana Molina * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 15)|Season 15, 2014]]: Paula González * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 16)|Season 16, 2015]]: Sofía Suescun * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 17)|Season 17, 2016]]: Beatriz Retamal * [[Gran Hermano (Spanish season 18)|Season 18, 2017]]: Hugo Sierra }} | align="left" |'''Main host:'''<br>[[Mercedes Milá]] {{small|(1–2, 4–16)}}<br>[[Pepe Navarro (journalist)|Pepe Navarro]] {{small|(3)}}<br>[[Jorge Javier Vázquez]] {{small|(17–18)}}<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Jesús Vázquez (television presenter)|Jesús Vázquez]] {{small|(4–5)}}<br>[[Carolina Ferre]] {{small|(6)}}<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(7–9, 11–13, 15–18)}}<br>[[Jorge Javier Vázquez]] {{small|(10)}}<br>Frank Blanco {{small|(14)}} |- | ''[[Gran Hermano VIP]]'' | Telecinco {{small|(Main show and Debate)}}<br>[[Cuatro (TV channel)|Cuatro]] {{small|(7)}}<br>Divinity {{small|(3–6)}}<br>Be Mad {{small|(live; 6)}}<br>Mitele.es {{small|(live; 3–8)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 1)|Season 1, 2004]]: Marlène Mourreau * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 2)|Season 2, 2005]]: Ivonne Armant * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 3)|Season 3, 2015]]: [[Belén Esteban]] * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 4)|Season 4, 2016]]: Laura Matamoros * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 5)|Season 5, 2017]]: [[Alyson Eckmann]] * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 6)|Season 6, 2018]]: Miriam Saavedra * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 7)|Season 7, 2019]]: Adara Molinero * [[Gran Hermano VIP (season 8)|Season 8, 2023]]: Naomi Asensi <ref name="mediaset.es">{{Cite web |last=mediaset.es |date=15 June 2023 |title=Marta Flich presentará la nueva edición de 'GH VIP', que regresará en otoño a Telecinco |url=https://www.mediaset.es/comunicacion/television/20230615/marta-flich-gh-vip-telecinco_18_09805667.html |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=Mediaset |language=es}}</ref> }} | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Jesús Vázquez (television presenter)|Jesús Vázquez]] {{small|(1–2)}}<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(3–5; 7)}}<br>[[Jorge Javier Vázquez]] {{small|(6–7)}}<br>[[Marta Flich]] {{small|(8–)}}<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Carolina Ferre]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(2–3; 7)}}<br>[[Sandra Barneda]] {{small|(4–6)}}<br>[[Ion Aramendi]] {{small|(8-)}} |- | ''[[Gran Hermano: La Re-vuelta|Gran Hermano 12+1: La Re-vuelta]]''<br>{{small|''Gran Hermano 12+1: The Revolt''}} | Telecinco {{small|(Main show and Debate)}}<br>LaSiete<br>Mitele.es {{small|(live)}} | align="left" | Season 1, 2012: [[Alessandro Livi]] | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Mercedes Milá]]<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Jordi González]] |- | ''[[Gran Hermano Dúo]]'' | Telecinco {{small|(Main show and Debate)}}<br>Divinity<br>Be Mad {{small|(live)}}<br>Mitele.es {{small|(live)}}<br>[[CincoMAS]] {{small|(Americas)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Gran Hermano Dúo|Season 1, 2019]]: [[María Jesús Ruiz]] * [[Gran Hermano Dúo 2|Season 2, 2024]]: Lucía Sánchez }} | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Jorge Javier Vázquez]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(1)}}<ref>From Gala 12, Jordi González replaced Jorge Javier Vázquez as main host. Due to Vázquez was hospitalized for health problem.</ref><br>[[Marta Flich]] {{small|(2-)}}<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Ion Aramendi]] {{small|(2-)}} |- | ''Gran Hermano: El Reencuentro'' {{small|(1)}}<br>''El Reencuentro'' {{small|(2)}}<br>{{small|''The Reunion''}} | Telecinco {{small|(Main show and Debate)}}<br>LaSiete<br>Digital+ {{small|(live; 1)}} | {{plainlist| * [[El Reencuentro (season 1)|Season 1, 2010]]: Pepe Herrero & Raquel López * [[El Reencuentro (season 2)|Season 2, 2011]]: Juan Miguel Martínez & [[Yola Berrocal]] }} | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Mercedes Milá]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(2)}}<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Christian Gálvez (TV presenter)|Christian Gálvez]] {{small|(2)}} |- | ''[[El Tiempo del Descuento]]'' | Telecinco<br>CincoMAS {{small|(Americas)}} | align="left" | Season 1, 2020: Gianmarco Onestini | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Jorge Javier Vázquez]]<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Nuria Marín Font]] |- | ''[[Secret Story (Spanish TV series)|Secret Story]]'' | Telecinco | align="left" | Season 1, 2021: Luca Onestini<br>Season 2, 2022: Rafa Martinez<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2021|title=Mediaset España prepara una edición de 'Secret Story' con caras nuevas en televisión y Carlos Sobera, Sandra Barneda y Toñi Moreno como presentadores|url=https://www.telecinco.es/secret-story/nueva-edicion-caras-nuevas_18_3252122485.html|access-date=21 December 2021|website=telecinco|language=es-ES}}</ref> | align="left" | '''Main host:'''<br>[[Jorge Javier Vázquez]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Carlos Sobera]] {{small|(2)}}<br>'''Countdown:'''<br>[[Carlos Sobera]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Sandra Barneda]] {{small|(2)}}<br>'''Debate:'''<br>[[Jordi González]] {{small|(1)}}<br>[[Toñi Moreno]] {{small|(2)}} |- | rowspan="5" style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Sweden]] | rowspan="4" | ''[[Big Brother (Swedish TV series)|Big Brother Sverige]]'' | Kanal 5 | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2000: Angelica Freij * Season 2, 2002: Ulrica Andersson * Season 3, 2003: Danne Sörensen * Season 4, 2004: Carolina Gynning }} | align="left" | [[Adam Alsing]] |- | TV11 | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Swedish season 5)|Season 5, 2011]]: Simon Danielsson * [[Big Brother (Swedish season 6)|Season 6, 2012]]: Hanna Johansson }} | align="left" | [[Gry Forssell]] |- | [[Kanal 11 (Swedish TV channel)|Kanal 11]] | align="left" | [[Big Brother (Swedish season 7)|Season 7, 2015]]: Christian Sahlström | align="left" | [[Adam Alsing]] |- | [[Sjuan]]<br>TV4 Play {{small|(stream)}}<br>[[C More Entertainment|C More]] {{small|(live)}}<br>[[TV4 (Sweden)|TV4]] {{small|(8; Premiere)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (Swedish season 8)|Season 8, 2020]]: Sami Jakobsson * [[Big Brother (Swedish season 9)|Season 9, 2021]]: Tanja Helen Ingebretsen Kallin }} | align="left" | Malin Stenbäck {{small|(8–)}}<br>Arantxa Álvarez {{small|(9)}}<br>Adrian Boberg {{small|(8; Premiere)}} |- | ''Big Brother Stjärnveckan''<br>{{small|''Big Brother Week of the Stars''}} | Kanal 5 | align="left" | [[Big Brother Sweden#Big Brother Stjärnveckan|Season 1, 2002]]: Anki Lundberg | align="left" | [[Adam Alsing]] |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Switzerland]] | ''[[Big Brother (Swiss TV series)|Big Brother Schweiz]]''<br>{{small|''Big Brother Switzerland''}} | [[TV3 (Swiss TV channel)|TV3]] | {{plainlist| * Season 1, 2000: Daniela Hahn * Season 2, 2001: Christian Ponleitner }} | {{plainlist| * Daniel Fohrler {{small|(1)}} * Eva Wannemacher {{small|(2)}} }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Thailand]] | ''[[Big Brother Thailand]]'' | [[iTV (Thailand)|iTV]] {{small|(1–2)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother Thailand (season 1)|Season 1, 2005]]: Nipon Perktim * [[Big Brother Thailand (season 2)|Season 2, 2006]]: Arisa Sonthirod}} | {{plainlist| * Saranyu Vonkarjun {{small|(1–2)}} * Nana Raibeena {{small|(2)}} }} |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Turkey]] | ''[[Big Brother Türkiye]]'' | [[Star TV (Turkish TV channel)|Star TV]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2015–16: Sinan Aydemir | align="left" | [[Asuman Krause]] |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Ukraine]] | ''[[Big Brother (Ukrainian TV series)|Big Brother Україна]]''<br>{{small|''Big Brother Ukraine''}} | K1 | align="left" | Season 1, 2011: Kristina Kotvickaja | {{plainlist| * Olha Horbachova * Oleksiy Kurban }} |- | rowspan="10" style="background:#90EE90;" align="left" | [[United Kingdom]] <!-- PLEASE USE THE TERM "SERIES" TO CLARIFY THE CURRENT EDITION, ENGLISH (UK) LANGUAGE DOESN'T USE "SEASON" TO DEFINE PERIODS OF TV SHOWS. --> | rowspan="3" | ''[[Big Brother (British TV series)|Big Brother]]'' | [[Channel 4]]<br>[[S4C]] {{small|(1–10)}}<br>TVN Lingua {{small|(2–4)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (British series 1)|Series 1, 2000]]: [[Craig Phillips]] * [[Big Brother (British series 2)|Series 2, 2001]]: [[Brian Dowling (presenter)|Brian Dowling]] * [[Big Brother (British series 3)|Series 3, 2002]]: [[Kate Lawler]] * [[Big Brother (British series 4)|Series 4, 2003]]: [[Cameron Stout]] * [[Big Brother (British series 5)|Series 5, 2004]]: [[Nadia Almada]] * [[Big Brother (British series 6)|Series 6, 2005]]: Anthony Hutton * [[Big Brother (British series 7)|Series 7, 2006]]: [[Pete Bennett]] * [[Big Brother (British series 8)|Series 8, 2007]]: [[Brian Belo]] * [[Big Brother (British series 9)|Series 9, 2008]]: [[Rachel Rice]] * [[Big Brother (British series 10)|Series 10, 2009]]: Sophie Reade * [[Big Brother (British series 11)|Series 11, 2010]]: [[Josie Gibson]] }} | align="left" | [[Davina McCall]] |- | [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]]<br>[[MTV (British and Irish TV channel)|MTV]] {{small|(16–19)}}<br>TV3 {{small|(16–18)}}<br>[[Virgin Media One]] {{small|(19)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (British series 12)|Series 12, 2011]]: [[Aaron Allard-Morgan]] * [[Big Brother (British series 13)|Series 13, 2012]]: Luke Anderson * [[Big Brother (British series 14)|Series 14, 2013]]: Sam Evans * [[Big Brother (British series 15)|Series 15, 2014]]: Helen Wood * [[Big Brother (British series 16)|Series 16, 2015]]: Chloe Wilburn * [[Big Brother (British series 17)|Series 17, 2016]]: Jason Burrill * [[Big Brother (British series 18)|Series 18, 2017]]: Isabelle Warburton * [[Big Brother (British series 19)|Series 19, 2018]]: Cameron Cole }} | {{plainlist| * [[Brian Dowling (presenter)|Brian Dowling]] {{small|(12–13)}} * [[Emma Willis]] {{small|(14–19)}} }} |- | [[ITV2]]<br>[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] {{small|(20, launch show)}}<br>[[ITVX]]{{small| (stream, live feed)}}<br>[[Virgin Media One]] | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother (British series 20)|Series 20, 2023]]: Jordan Sangha * Series 21, 2024: '''''Upcoming Series'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Brother 2024: Release date speculation and latest news |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/reality-tv/big-brother-2024-release-date/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=Radio Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> }} | align="left" | [[Will Best]]<br>[[AJ Odudu]] |- | rowspan="3" | ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' | Channel 4<br>[[BBC One]] {{small|(1)}}<br>S4C {{small|(2–7)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 1)|Series 1, 2001]]: [[Jack Dee]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 2)|Series 2, 2002]]: [[Mark Owen]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 3)|Series 3, 2005]]: [[Mark "Bez" Berry|Bez]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 4)|Series 4, 2006]]: [[Chantelle Houghton]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5)|Series 5, 2007]]: [[Shilpa Shetty]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 6)|Series 6, 2009]]: [[Ulrika Jonsson]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 7)|Series 7, 2010]]: [[Alex Reid (fighter)|Alex Reid]] }} | align="left" | [[Davina McCall]] |- | Channel 5<br>MTV {{small|(15–22)}}<br>TV3 {{small|(16–18)}}<br>3e {{small|(19–22)}}<br>[[Virgin Media Two]] {{small|(22)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 8)|Series 8, 2011]]: [[Paddy Doherty (TV personality)|Paddy Doherty]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 9)|Series 9, Winter 2012]]: [[Denise Welch]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 10)|Series 10, Summer 2012]]: [[Julian Clary]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 11)|Series 11, Winter 2013]]: [[Rylan Clark]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 12)|Series 12, Summer 2013]]: [[Charlotte Crosby]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 13)|Series 13, Winter 2014]]: [[Jim Davidson]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 14)|Series 14, Summer 2014]]: [[Gary Busey]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 15)|Series 15, Winter 2015]]: [[Katie Price]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 16)|Series 16, Summer 2015]]: [[James Hill (TV personality)|James Hill]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 17)|Series 17, Winter 2016]]: [[Scotty T|Scott 'Scotty T' Timlin]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 18)|Series 18, Summer 2016]]: [[Stephen Bear]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 19)|Series 19, Winter 2017]]: [[Coleen Nolan]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 20)|Series 20, Summer 2017]]: [[Sarah Harding]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 21)|Series 21, Winter 2018]]: [[Courtney Act|Shane Jenek / Courtney Act]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 22)|Series 22, Summer 2018]]: [[Ryan Thomas]] }} | {{plainlist| * [[Brian Dowling (presenter)|Brian Dowling]] {{small|(8–11)}} * [[Emma Willis]] {{small|(12–22)}} }} |- |[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]<br>[[ITVX]] |[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 23)|Series 23, 2024]]: ''Current series'' | align="left" | [[Will Best]]<br>[[AJ Odudu]] |- | ''[[Teen Big Brother: The Experiment|Teen Big Brother]]'' | rowspan="4" |Channel 4/[[E4 (TV channel)|E4]]<br>S4C | align="left" | Series 1, 2003: Paul Brennan | align="left" | [[Dermot O'Leary]] |- | ''[[Big Brother Panto]]'' | align="left" | Series 1, 2004–05: No winner | align="left" | [[Jeff Brazier]]<br>[[June Sarpong]] |- | ''[[Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack]]'' | align="left" | Series 1, 2008: John Loughton | align="left" | [[Dermot O'Leary]] |- | ''[[Ultimate Big Brother]]'' | align="left" | Series 1, 2010: [[Brian Dowling (presenter)|Brian Dowling]] | align="left" | [[Davina McCall]] |- | rowspan="5" style="background:#E0B0FF" align="left" | [[United States]]<br>{{small|'''(English)'''}} | ''[[Big Brother (American TV series)|Big Brother]]''<br>{{small|(Broadcast edition)}} | rowspan="2" | [[CBS]]<br>[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime 2]] {{small|(8–14)}}<br />[[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] {{small|(15–21)}}<br>CBS.com/[[AOL]] {{small|(Live; 1)}}<br>CBS All Access {{small|(Live; 15–22)}}<br>[[Paramount+]] {{small|(Live; 23–)}}<br>[[Pluto TV]] {{small|(Live; 25–)}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=1 August 2023 |title='Big Brother' Season 25 Live Feeds Head To Pluto TV |url=https://deadline.com/2023/08/big-brother-season-25-live-feeds-pluto-tv-paramount-plus-1235452160/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother 1 (American season)|Season 1, 2000]]: Eddie McGee * [[Big Brother 2 (American season)|Season 2, 2001]]: [[Will Kirby]] * [[Big Brother 3 (American season)|Season 3, 2002]]: Lisa Donahue * [[Big Brother 4 (American season)|Season 4, 2003]]: Jun Song * [[Big Brother 5 (American season)|Season 5, 2004]]: Drew Daniel * [[Big Brother 6 (American season)|Season 6, 2005]]: Maggie Ausburn * [[Big Brother 8 (American season)|Season 8, 2007]]: [[Dick Donato]] * [[Big Brother 9 (American season)|Season 9, Winter 2008]]: [[Adam Jasinski]] * [[Big Brother 10 (American season)|Season 10, Summer 2008]]: [[Dan Gheesling]] * [[Big Brother 11 (American season)|Season 11, 2009]]: [[Jordan Lloyd]] * [[Big Brother 12 (American season)|Season 12, 2010]]: [[Hayden Moss]] * [[Big Brother 13 (American season)|Season 13, 2011]]: [[Rachel Reilly]] * [[Big Brother 14 (American season)|Season 14, 2012]]: [[Ian Terry]] * [[Big Brother 15 (American season)|Season 15, 2013]]: [[Andy Herren]] * [[Big Brother 16 (American season)|Season 16, 2014]]: [[Derrick Levasseur]] * [[Big Brother 17 (American season)|Season 17, 2015]]: Steve Moses * [[Big Brother 18 (American season)|Season 18, 2016]]: [[Nicole Franzel]] * [[Big Brother 19 (American season)|Season 19, 2017]]: Josh Martinez * [[Big Brother 20 (American season)|Season 20, 2018]]: Kaycee Clark * [[Big Brother 21 (American season)|Season 21, 2019]]: Jackson Michie * [[Big Brother 23 (American season)|Season 23, 2021]]: [[Xavier Prather]] * [[Big Brother 24 (American season)|Season 24, 2022]]: [[Taylor Hale]] * [[Big Brother 25 (American season)|Season 25, 2023]]: Jagateshwar "Jag" Bains * [[Big Brother 26 (American season)|Season 26, 2024]]: '''''Upcoming Season''''' }} | rowspan="2" align="left" | {{plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Julie Chen]] Moonves * '''Former''' * Ian O'Malley {{small|(1)}} }} |- | ''Big Brother: All-Stars'' | {{plainlist| * [[Big Brother 7 (American season)|Season 7, 2006]]: Mike "Boogie" Malin * [[Big Brother 22 (American season)|Season 22, 2020]]: [[Cody Calafiore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/cbs-2019-2020-schedule-new-fall-shows|title=UPFRONTS: CBS'S NEW SHOWS AND 2019–20 SCHEDULE|last=Dietz|first=Jason|date=15 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623111753/https://www.metacritic.com/feature/cbs-2019-2020-schedule-new-fall-shows|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbspressexpress.com/cbs-entertainment/shows/big-brother/releases/view?id=52674|title=CBS UNVEILS 2019–2020 PRIMETIME LINEUP; 8 NEW SERIES JOIN 24 RETURNING SHOWS|date=15 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2015|work=CBS Press Express}}</ref> }} |- | ''[[Big Brother: Over the Top]]''<br>{{small|(Digital edition)}} | CBS All Access | align="left" | Season 1, 2016: Morgan Willett | rowspan="2" | [[Julie Chen]] Moonves |- | ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'' | CBS<br>Pop<br>CBS All Access {{small|(Live; 1–2)}}<br>Paramount+ {{small|(Live; 3–)}} | {{plainlist| * [[Celebrity Big Brother 1 (American season)|Season 1, 2018]]: [[Marissa Jaret Winokur]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother 2 (American season)|Season 2, 2019]]: [[Tamar Braxton]] * [[Celebrity Big Brother 3 (American season)|Season 3, 2022]]: [[Miesha Tate]] }} |- |''[[Big Brother Reindeer Games]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Big Brother' to air 'Reindeer Games' all-stars mini-season |url=https://ew.com/tv/big-brother-reindeer-games-all-stars-legends-season/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref> |CBS<br>Paramount+ |Season 1, 2023: [[Nicole Franzel|Nicole Franzel-Arroyo]] |{{plainlist| * Derek Xiao * Tiffany Mitchell * Jordan Lloyd}} |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#90EE90" align="left" | United States<br>{{small|'''(Spanish)'''}} | ''[[Gran Hermano (American TV series)|Gran Hermano]]'' | rowspan="2" | [[Telemundo]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2016: Pedro Orta<ref>{{cite web|title=Auditions Begin for Telemundo's Upcoming "Gran Hermano" (Big Brother) Scheduled to Premiere in 2016 for the First Time in Spanish in the United States|url=http://www.nbcumv.com/news/auditions-begin-telemundo%27s-upcoming-%22gran-hermano%22-big-brother-scheduled-premiere-2016-first|website=NBC Universal Media Village|publisher=NBC Universal|access-date=28 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | align="left" |[[Giselle Blondet]] |- | ''[[La casa de los famosos]]''<br>{{small|''The House of the Famous''}} | {{plainlist| * [[La casa de los famosos (season 1)|Season 1, 2021]]: [[Alicia Machado]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Telemundo Revives 'Celebrity Big Brother' as 'La Casa De Los Famosos' and Confirms Gabriela Spanic|url=https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/telemundo-revives-celebrity-big-brother-as-la-casa-de-los-famosos-and-confirms-gabriela-spanic.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729085612/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/telemundo-revives-celebrity-big-brother-as-la-casa-de-los-famosos-and-confirms-gabriela-spanic.html/|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2021|website=cheatsheet.com|date=29 July 2021|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> * [[La casa de los famosos (season 2)|Season 2, 2022]]: [[Ivonne Montero]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laopinion.com/2021/11/16/es-oficial-habra-la-casa-de-los-famosos-2-segunda-temporada-en-telemundo/|title = ¡Es oficial! Habrá 'La Casa de los Famosos 2', segunda temporada, en Telemundo|date = 16 November 2021}}</ref> *[[La casa de los famosos (season 3)|Season 3, 2023]]: [[Madison Anderson]] *[[La casa de los famosos (season 4)|Season 4, 2024]]: '''''Current Season''''' }} | align="left" |'''Current'''<br>Nacho Lozano (4–)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Telemundo confirma la salida de Héctor Sandarti como conductor de La Casa de los Famosos: los detalles |url=https://eldiariony.com/2023/09/13/telemundo-confirma-la-salida-de-hector-sandarti-como-conductor-de-la-casa-de-los-famosos-los-detalles/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=El Diario NY |language=es}}</ref><br>[[Jimena (singer)|Jimena Gallego]] '''Former'''<br>[[Héctor Sandarti]] (1–3) |- | style="background:#FFC0CB;" align="left" | [[Vietnam]] | ''[[Người Giấu Mặt]]''<br>{{small|''The person who hides his face''}}<br>{{small|''Big Brother Vietnam''}} | [[VTV6]] | align="left" | Season 1, 2013–14: Hoàng Sơn Việt | align="left" | Huy Khánh |}<section end="Big Brother series" /> {{notelist}} == References == <references /> [[Category:1999 television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s television series]] [[Category:2000s television series]] [[Category:2010s television series]] [[Category:Big Brother| ]] ajxq0ekkt82cjrelhof9he6cqnr1rjt 0 44785 10329873 10329689 2025-06-14T12:42:55Z 1.152.104.17 10329873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2009}} '''Nu metal''' is a style of [[Heavy metal music|metal music]] that uses elements of [[hip hop]] and [[heavy metal music]], as well as the usual heavy metal instruments such as [[guitar]]s, [[drum]]s and [[Bass guitar|bass]]. Nu metal bands often include electronic instruments such as [[DJ|DJ decks]] and [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]. Nu metal was very successful in the late [[1990s]] and early [[2000s]]. The most successful bands of this genre include [[Linkin Park]] (with more than 100 million records sold around the world), [[Korn]] (with 35 million), [[Deftones]], [[Limp Bizkit]] (with 35 million) and [[Slipknot]] (around 15 million records). ==Bands (selection)== * [[Deftones]] * [[Dope (band)|Dope]] * [[Korn]] * [[Limp Bizkit]] * [[Linkin Park]] * [[P.O.D.]] * [[Sevendust]] * [[Slipknot]] * [[System of a Down]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rock music]] [[Category:Heavy metal subgenres]] {{music-stub}} 3zub488feebc6ccqpljdnksa7jppolp 10331274 10329873 2025-06-15T01:35:19Z 180.150.36.182 10331274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2009}} '''Nu metal''' is a style of [[Heavy metal music|metal music]] that uses elements of [[hip hop]] and [[heavy metal music]], as well as the usual heavy metal instruments such as [[guitar]]s, [[drum]]s and [[Bass guitar|bass]]. Nu metal bands often include electronic instruments such as [[DJ|DJ decks]] and [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]. Nu metal was very successful in the late [[1990s]] and early [[2000s]]. The most successful bands of this genre include [[Linkin Park]] (with more than 100 million records sold around the world), [[Korn]] (with 35 million), [[Deftones]], [[Limp Bizkit]] (with 35 million) and [[Slipknot]] (around 15 million records). ==Bands== * [[Deftones]] * [[Dope (band)|Dope]] * [[Korn]] * [[Limp Bizkit]] * [[Linkin Park]] * [[P.O.D.]] * [[Sevendust]] * [[Slipknot]] * [[System of a Down]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rock music]] [[Category:Heavy metal subgenres]] {{music-stub}} 18ssu5nx4d65mtesffoxivvnm06098m 0 45266 10331224 9343311 2025-06-15T01:17:56Z Wrj203 1620056 Copyedit 10331224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{issues| {{redlinks|date=September 2011}} {{update|date=May 2012}} }} The '''Mass Transit Railway''' or '''MTR''' (in Chinese, 香港鐵路有限公司, literally "Hong Kong Railway Company"; or 港鐵 for short) is the main [[rapid transit]] [[railway]] system in [[Hong Kong]]. Since the MTR service first opened in 1979, the network has grown to more than 150 stations.<ref>''[http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/mass_transit_railway/index.htm "Mass Transit Railway"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104083004/http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/mass_transit_railway/index.htm|date=2007-01-04}}'', [[Transport Department]] ([[Hong Kong Government]]), retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> Built and run by [[MTR Corporation Limited]], the MTR system is a very popular mode of [[public transport]] in Hong Kong, with around 2.46 million<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/patronage.php "MTR Patronage Figures for February 2006"]'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> passengers riding each day. == Construction == Hong Kong's growing [[economy]] and the quick increase in population created a lot of traffic problems. The Hong Kong government made a study of these problems.<ref name="initial">Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates (1967), ''Hong Kong Mass Transport Study'', as shown in [[:File:Freeman, Fox, Wilbur & Associates - Mass Transportation Study (1967).PNG|map above mentioned]].</ref> The first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was quickly popular, so later they built more lines to cover more ground. == Network == {|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;font-size:85%;font-align:center;" |- !colspan=2| Line and colour ! style="width:58px;"|Opening year ! style="width:65px;"|Latest extension !colspan="2"| Termini !Length ([[Kilometre|km]])<ref name="business-overview">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/en/publications/images/business_overview_e.pdf|title=Business Overview|date=January 2014|publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]|accessdate=2014-05-24|page=5}}</ref> ! style="width:67px;"|Stations ! style="width:85px;"|Running time (minutes)<ref name="business-overview" /> ! Depot ! style="width:60px;"|[[Rail gauge|Gauge]] ! style="width:70px;"|[[Voltage]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Kwun Tong Line]] |style="background-color:#00ab4e"| | 1979 || 2016 || [[Whampoa Station|Whampoa]] || [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]] |13.8|| 17 || 35 || [[Kowloon Bay]] || rowspan="8" | 1432&nbsp;mm || rowspan="8" | [[Direct current|DC]] 1500 V |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tsuen Wan Line]] |style="background-color:#ed1d24"| || 1982 || {{n/a}} || [[Central Station (MTR)|Central]] || [[Tsuen Wan Station|Tsuen Wan]] |16.0|| 16 || 30 || [[Tsuen Wan]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]] |style="background-color:#007dc5"| | 1985 || 2015 || [[Kennedy Town Station|Kennedy Town]] || [[Chai Wan Station|Chai Wan]] |16.3<ref name="Highways-Dept">{{cite web|url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/existing/railway_network/isl/index.html|title=Island Line|date=14 April 2015|publisher=Highways Department The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427184224/https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/existing/railway_network/isl/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| 17 || 34 || [[Chai Wan]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]] |style="background-color:#f7943e"| | 1998 || 2005 ||rowspan=2| [[Hong Kong Station|Hong Kong]] || [[Tung Chung Station|Tung Chung]] |31.1|| 8 || 28 ||rowspan=3| [[Siu Ho Wan]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] |style="background-color:#00888a"| | 1998 || 2005 || [[AsiaWorld-Expo Station|AsiaWorld-Expo]] |35.2|| 5 || 28 |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Disneyland Resort Line]] |style="background-color:#f173ac"| | 2005 || {{n/a}} || [[Sunny Bay Station|Sunny Bay]] || [[Disneyland Resort Station|Disneyland Resort]] |3.3|| 2 || 4 |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] |style="background-color:#7d499d"| | 2002 || 2009 ||[[North Point Station|North Point]] || [[Po Lam Station|Po Lam]] /<br />[[LOHAS Park Station|LOHAS Park]] |11.9|| 8 || 15 / 20 || [[Tseung Kwan O]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[South Island Line]] |style="background-color:#c1cd23"| |2016 |{{n/a}} |[[Admiralty Station (MTR)|Admiralty]] |[[South Horizons Station|South Horizons]] |7.4 |5 |11 |[[Wong Chuk Hang]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[East Rail Line]] |width=5px style="background-color:#53b7e8"| | 1910 || 2022 || [[Admiralty Station (MTR)|Admiralty]] || [[Lo Wu Station|Lo Wu]] /<br />[[Lok Ma Chau Station|Lok Ma Chau]] |46|| 16 || 45 / 50 || [[Ho Tung Lau]] || rowspan="4" | [[Standard gauge|1435&nbsp;mm]] ||rowspan=2| [[Alternating current|AC]] 25000 V |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tuen Ma Line]] |style="background-color:#923011"| | 2004 || 2021 || [[Tuen Mun Station|Tuen Mun]] || [[Wu Kai Sha Station|Wu Kai Sha]] |56.2|| 27|| 73 || [[Tai Wai]] and [[Pat Heung]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Light Rail (MTR)|Light Rail]] (12 routes) |style="background-color:#d3a809"| | 1988 || 2003 || colspan="2" | Different termini for each route |36.2|| 68 || Varies || [[Tuen Mun]]|| [[Direct current|DC]] 750 V |} <br /> <div class="center"> [[File:Hong Kong Railway Route Map en.svg|center|750px|System map of the MTR effective from 16 August 2009.]]</div> == History of the MTR == [[File:MIS route map en.svg|thumb|right|250px|Route Map of the original system.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Causeway Bay.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Causeway Bay station on the Island Line.]] [[File:PrinceEdwardMTRStation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Prince Edward (MTR)|Prince Edward]] station in [[Kowloon]], part of the Kwun Tong Line and the Tsuen Wan Line.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Central.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Central Station plaque on the Island Line and Tsuen Wan Line.]] [[File:The most crowded interchange station in HK.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Admiralty Station on the Tsuen Wan Line and the Island Line.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Hong Kong.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Hong Kong station on the Tung Chung Line and Airport Express.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Tiu Keng Leng.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Tiu Keng Leng station on the Kwun Tong Line and Tsueng Kwan O Line.]] [[File:HK MTR DisneyResortLine Sunny Bay platform trains.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Sunny Bay station on the Tung Chung Line and Disneyland Resort Line.]] ===Initial proposal=== During the 1960s, the [[Government of Hong Kong|government]] of Hong Kong thought they need to accommodate increasing road traffic that growing [[Economy of Hong Kong|Hong Kong's economy]] would bring. [[Britain|British]] transport consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transport system of Hong Kong. The [[Consultant|consultants]] released the ''Hong Kong Mass Transport Study'' in September 1967, which proposed the construction of a mass transport underground railway system in Hong Kong.<ref name=initial /> In 1970, an underground network with four lines was laid out and planned as part of the British consultants' new report, ''Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies''. The four lines were to be the [[Kwun Tong Line (MTR)|Kwun Tong Line]], [[Tsuen Wan Line (MTR)|Tsuen Wan Line]], [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]], and [[East Kowloon Line (MTR)|East Kowloon Line]].<ref>Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates (1970), ''Hong Kong Mass Transport Further Study''.</ref> However, the lines that were eventually constructed were somewhat different. In 1972, the Hong Kong government authorised construction of the ''Initial System'', a 20-km system that roughly translates to the Kwun Tong Line today (except the line now extends to [[Tiu Keng Leng (MTR)|Tiu Keng Leng]]). Negotiations with four major construction [[consortium|consortia]] started in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on the British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from [[Japan]] signed an agreement to construct the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year it pulled out from the agreement, because of the Arab oil crisis.<ref name="thepast">[http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_History.htm "''The History''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007153839/http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_History.htm |date=2007-10-07 }}, Hong Kong Mass Transit InfoCenter, retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> === Modified Initial System (Kwun Tong Line / Tsuen Wan Line)=== In early 1975, a government agency known as the Mass Transport Provisional Authority was established to take charge of the project. It announced that the Initial System would be slightly reduced to 15.6 kilometres, and renamed it the Modified Initial System. Plans for a single contract were also abandoned in favour of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts. In addition, the government-owned Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was established to replace the Mass Transport Provisional Authority. (This was the company succeeded by the [[MTR Corporation Limited]] on [[30 June]] [[2000]]) Construction of the Modified Initial System (now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line) started in November 1975. On [[1 October]] [[1979]], the northern section was opened, with trains running from [[Shek Kip Mei (MTR)|Shek Kip Mei]] to [[Kwun Tong (MTR)|Kwun Tong]]. The route from [[Tsim Sha Tsui (MTR)|Tsim Sha Tsui]] to Shek Kip Mei was opened in December of the same year.<ref name="thepast" /> In 1980, the first [[Victoria Harbour|harbour]] crossing was made by an MTR train as the '''<span style="color:green">[[Kwun Tong Line (MTR)|Kwun Tong Line]]</span>''' was extended to [[Central (MTR)|Chater]] station, now known as [[Central (MTR)|Central]] station. Trains were extended to six cars. === Tsuen Wan Line === The government approved construction of the Tsuen Wan Line in 1977 and works commenced in November 1978. This was a10.5-kilometre section from [[Prince Edward (MTR)|Prince Edward]] to [[Tsuen Wan (MTR)|Tsuen Wan]]. The line started service on [[10 May]] [[1982]]<ref name="thepast" /> with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) at [[HK$]]4.1 billion. When service of this line started, the section of the Kwun Tong Line from Chater to [[Mong Kok (MTR)|Argyle]], present-day [[Mong Kok (MTR)|Mong Kok]] station, was transferred to the Tsuen Wan Line. [[Yau Ma Tei (MTR)|Waterloo]] became the terminus of the Kwun Tong Line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change was made because system planners expected traffic of the Tsuen Wan Line would exceed that of the Kwun Tong Line. A [[bypass]] was needed from the northwestern [[New Territories]] to [[Hong Kong Island]]. Launched in 1998, the [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]] serves that purpose.<ref name="thepast" /> Since the line's opening in 1982, this is the only line whose alignment has virtually remained the same for the past 23 years. For example, the Kwun Tong Line's alignment has changed for 2 times since its opening - the taking over of Tsuen Wan Line from Mong Kok to Central, and the taking over of Eastern Harbour Crossing section by the Tseung Kwan O Line. ===Island Line=== Government approvals were granted for construction of the Island Line in December, 1980. Construction commenced in October, 1981. On [[31 May]] [[1985]] the Island Line was opened with service between [[Admiralty (MTR)|Admiralty]] and [[Chai Wan (MTR)|Chai Wan]] stations. Both Admiralty and [[Central (MTR)|Central]] stations became interchange stations with the Tsuen Wan Line. Furthermore, each train was extended to eight cars.<ref name="thepast" /> On [[23 May]] [[1986]], service reached [[Sheung Wan (MTR)|Sheung Wan]] station. Construction for this station was delayed for one year as government offices which sat on top of the station had to be removed to a new location before construction could start. ===Eastern Harbour Crossing extension=== In 1984, the government approved the construction of the [[Eastern Harbour Crossing]], a tunnel to be used by cars and MTR trains. The [[Kwun Tong Line (MTR)|Kwun Tong Line]] was extended across the harbour to [[Quarry Bay (MTR)|Quarry Bay]], which became an interchange station for the Kwun Tong Line and the [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]]. The extension was launched on [[5 August]] [[1989]]. An intermediate station, [[Lam Tin (MTR)|Lam Tin]], started operations on [[1 October]] [[1989]].<ref name="thepast" /> ===Airport Express and Tung Chung Line=== The decision was made in October 1989 to construct a new international airport at [[Chek Lap Kok]] on [[Lantau Island]] to replace the overcrowded [[Kai Tak International Airport]].<ref>[http://home.netvigator.com/~wonglt/his/ar1.htm ''"The Airport Railway Project"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311023453/http://home.netvigator.com/~wonglt/his/ar1.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}, Heavy Iron Station, retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> The government invited the MTR to build a train line, then known as the Lantau Airport Railway, to the airport. But construction did not begin until the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] and British governments settled their financial and land disagreements in November 1994. In the end, the new line was included in the financing plans of the new [[Hong Kong International Airport]] as the airport was not considered viable without direct public transport links. Construction costs were also shared by the MTR which was granted many large-scale developments in the construction plans for the new stations. The Lantau Airport Railway turned into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express. The Tung Chung Line was officially opened on [[21 June]] [[1998]] by [[Hong Kong Chief Executive]] [[Tung Chee Hwa]], and service commenced the next day. The Airport Express opened for service on [[6 July]] [[1998]] along with the new Hong Kong International Airport.<ref name="thepast" /> The Airport Express line is the second most popular means of transport to the Airport. In 2005, 22% of the commuters took the Airport Express to and from the airport.<ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/2005frpt_e/F109.pdf MTR Annual Report 2005 Page 20]</ref> === Tseung Kwan O Line === [[File:Po Lam MTR Station Exit A.JPG|thumb|The [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] was opened in 2002 to serve new housing developments]] The Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works involved extending the [[Hong Kong Island]] end of the [[Kwun Tong Line]] from [[Quarry Bay Station|Quarry Bay]] to [[North Point Station|North Point]] via a 4.2–kilometre tunnel. The project was started due to overcrowding at Quarry Bay and persistent passenger complaints about the five-minute walk from the [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]] platforms to the Kwun Tong Line platform. Construction began in September 1997 and was completed in September 2001 at a cost of [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]3.0 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_QBR.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007154107/http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_QBR.htm|archivedate=7 October 2007|title=Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works|publisher=Hong Kong Mass Transit InfoCenter|date=27 October 2003|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> (US$385&nbsp;million). The tried-and-true [[cross-platform interchange]] arrangement is repeated here. Construction of the [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] was approved on 18 August 1998 to serve new housing developments. Construction began on 24 April 1999 and the line officially opened in 2002, taking over the train tracks running through the [[Eastern Harbour Tunnel]] from the Kwun Tong Line, running from [[Po Lam Station|Po Lam]] to North Point. When the line was opened, the Kwun Tong Line was diverted to [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]] on the new line. Construction costs were partly covered by the Hong Kong Government and private developers which linked construction of the Tseung Kwan O Line to new real estate and commercial developments. Previously less developed areas were opened up for development with more transport options.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_TKE.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007154014/http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_TKE.htm|archivedate=7 October 2007|title=Tseung Kwan O Extension|publisher=Hong Kong Mass Transit InfoCenter|date=27 October 2003|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> === West Rail Line === [[File:Long Ping Station.jpg|thumb|[[West Rail Line]] [[Long Ping Station]]]] While the construction of the Tung Chung Line was still underway, the plan to build a railway corridor serving the northwestern New Territories was conceived. Space had been reserved for the addition of an interchange station and two extra tracks (to allow nonstop service for the Airport Express) between [[Olympic Station|Olympic]] and [[Lai King Station|Lai King]]. Originally known as the Airport Railway Phase 2, the contracts of the West Rail Line Interface Works were awarded shortly after construction works of the West Rail commenced. The project comprised Mei Foo Interchange (modification of the existing Mei Foo station on the Tsuen Wan Line to provide a pedestrian link to the West Rail Line [[Mei Foo Station]]); [[Nam Cheong Station]] (an interchange station on the Tung Chung Line, jointly operated by the MTRCL and KCRC) and quadruplication works (the additional two tracks, four kilometres in length, allow the Tung Chung Line trains to stop at Nam Cheong without blocking the passage of [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] trains).<ref name="kcrworks">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/extensions_2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020715/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/extensions_2.html|archivedate=11 March 2007|title=Recently Completed Projects|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> The works were completed in stages. The Tung Chung Line trains have been diverted to the new track since mid May 2003, whereas the Mei Foo station interchange subway and the Nam Cheong station were opened at the same time the West Rail Line opened for public use in December 2003. The [[Kowloon Southern Link]] extension from [[Nam Cheong Station]] to [[East Tsim Sha Tsui Station]] was opened on 16 August 2009, with West Rail Line trains now terminating at [[Hung Hom Station]], interchange station for East Rail Line. === Interchange stations === [[File:MTR multiple cross platform interchange.svg|thumb|The multiple [[cross-platform interchange|cross-platform-interchange]] system between [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng station]] and [[Yau Tong Station|Yau Tong station]]]] The interchange between the Tsuen Wan Line and the Kwun Tong Line, the Island Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, as well as that between the Kwun Tong Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, are two stations long, allowing [[cross-platform interchange]] wherein a passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. For example, when passengers are travelling on the [[Kwun Tong Station|Kwun Tong Line]] towards [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]], getting off at [[Yau Tong Station|Yau Tong]] would allow them to switch trains across the platform for the [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] towards [[North Point Station|North Point]]. Whereas, staying on the train and reaching [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]] would allow them to board the Tseung Kwan O Line trains towards [[Po Lam Station|Po Lam]]/[[LOHAS Park Station|LOHAS Park]]. This design makes interchanging more convenient and passengers do not have the need to change to different levels. However this interchange arrangement is not available for all transferring passengers at [[Kowloon Tong Station|Kowloon Tong]], [[Central Station (MTR)|Central]], [[Hong Kong Station|Hong Kong]], [[Nam Cheong Station|Nam Cheong]] (Except transfer between Tuen Mun and Hong Kong bound trains), [[Mei Foo Station|Mei Foo]], [[Tai Wai Station]] (Except alighting from Ma On Shan Line to change southbound trains for East Rail Line) and [[Sunny Bay Station|Sunny Bay]] (Except alighting from Tung Chung bound trains to Disneyland Resort Line) stations, mainly because this service is available only when there are two continuous stations shared as interchange stations by two lines. Two major works were undertaken to facilitate interchange between Kwun Tong Line and East Rail Line. The modification of [[Kowloon Tong Station]] started in June 2001. A new pedestrian link to Kowloon Tong Station southern concourse and a new entrance (Exit D) were opened on 15 April 2004 to cope with the increase in interchange passenger flow.<ref name="kcrworks" /> Modification to [[Tsim Sha Tsui Station]] involved upgrading station facilities and concourse layout to facilitate access from the [[East Tsim Sha Tsui Station]] via its pedestrian links. New entrances to the subway links were opened on 19 September 2004 (Exit G) and 30 March 2005 (Exit F), with the whole scheme completed in May 2005. === Ma On Shan Line === The Ma On Shan Line was constructed by the KCR to serve Ma On Shan and City One residential areas and operation of the line was outsourced to the MTR. The system mostly runs on a viaduct between the middle of roads with stations, stopping right next to major buildings. The only time the trains don't run on viaducts is when the railway meets the route 2 highway, where it runs in the middle and then raises back to a viaduct. The railway is slightly different from all other Hong Kong railways because the trains run on the right, not the left; this is so that passengers can easily interchange from the Ma On Shan line to the East Rail Line towards Hong Hum. The majority of passengers using the line get off the train at Tai Wai to interchange to the East Rail Line, using the line as a feeder route. === Disneyland extension === [[File:HK MTR DisneyResortLine Sunny Bay platform trains.JPG|thumb|A Disneyland Resort Line train waiting to depart]] The [[Disneyland Resort Line]], previously known as Penny's Bay Rail Link, provides service to the [[Hong Kong Disneyland Resort]] which was opened on 12 September 2005. Service to [[Sunny Bay Station|Sunny Bay]] station on the [[Tung Chung Line]] started in 2005. The new line and the Disneyland Resort station opened on 1 August 2005. It is a 3.5–kilometre single-track railway that runs between Sunny Bay station and Disneyland Resort station. The Disneyland Resort station itself was designed to blend in with the ambience of the resort. The line currently operates fully automated, trains running every four to ten minutes without a driver, and the carriages were changed from the existing M-Train rolling stock to match the recreational and adventurous nature of the 3.5-minute journey.<ref name="disney">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/drllaunch/drllaunch_e.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310033007/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/drllaunch/drllaunch_e.htm|archivedate=10 March 2007|title=MTR Disneyland Resort Line|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> === Further expansion of the Airport Express === The [[AsiaWorld-Expo Station]] is an extension of the Airport Express serving the [[AsiaWorld-Expo]] at Hong Kong International Airport. The station opened on 20 December 2005 along with the exhibition centre. Airport Express trains were expanded to eight carriages from the previous seven. There are additional trains on the Tung Chung line during major exhibitions and events.<ref name="mtrexpan">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308145301/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm|archivedate=8 March 2007|title=Projects in Progress (Hong Kong)|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> [[File:Maritime Square.jpg|thumb|[[Maritime Square]], one of the major properties financing the MTR]] === Privatisation and merger === {{Main|MTR Corporation Limited}} On 5 October 2000, the operator of the MTR network, [[MTR Corporation Limited]] (MTRCL), became Hong Kong's first rail company to be [[privatisation|privatised]], marking the beginning of the Hong Kong government's initiative to dissolve its interests in public [[utility|utilities]]. Prior to its listing on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]], the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was wholly owned by the Hong Kong government. The offering involved the sale of about one billion [[share (finance)|shares]], and the company now has the largest [[shareholder]] base of any company listed in Hong Kong. In June 2001, MTRCL was transferred to the [[Hang Seng Index]]. MTRCL has developed properties next to stations to complement its already profitable railway business. Many recently built stations were incorporated into large housing estates or shopping complexes. [[Tsing Yi Station|Tsing Yi]] station is built next to the [[Maritime Square]] shopping centre and directly underneath the [[Maritime Square|Tierra Verde]] housing estate. On 11 April 2006, MTRCL signed a non-binding [[memorandum of understanding]] with the [[Hong Kong government]], the owner of [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]], to merge the two railway networks in spite of the strong opposition by the KCRC staff.<ref name="merger1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/corporate/file_rep/PR-06-027a-E.pdf|title=MTR Corporation Signs Memorandum of Understanding with The Government on Terms of Proposed Rail Merger|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="merger2">{{cite web |url=http://www.kcrc.com/html/eng/archives/merger_update/press_release_merger_eng_.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201005718/http://www.kcrc.com/html/eng/archives/merger_update/press_release_merger_eng_.pdf |archivedate=1 December 2007 |title=KCRC welcomes Government's announcement on way forward for rail merger |publisher=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |date=11 April 2006|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> The minority shareholders of the corporation approved the proposal at an extraordinary general meeting on 9 October 2007, allowing MTRCL to take over the operation of the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway|KCR]] network and combine the fare system of the two networks on 2 December 2007.<ref name="Mergerapprove">{{cite news|title = Rail merger proposal approved by shareholders (兩鐵合併獲股東表決通過)|language = Chinese|publisher = Ming Pao Instant News|url = http://www.mpinews.com/htm/INews/20071009/gb21826c.htm|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011201222/http://www.mpinews.com/htm/INews/20071009/gb21826c.htm|archivedate = 11 October 2007|date= 9 October 2007|accessdate=9 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="MergerPDF">{{cite web|title = Poll Result of the Extraordinary General Meeting held on 9 October 2007|work = MTR Corporation|publisher = Hong Kong Stock Exchange|date= 9 October 2007|url = http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/sehk/Results_Announcement_e.pdf|accessdate =9 October 2007}}</ref> On 2 December 2007 the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]] (KCRC) granted a 50-year service concession (which may be extended) of the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway|KCR network]] to MTRCL, in return for making annual payments to KCRC, thereby merging the railway operations of the two corporations under MTRCL's management. At the same time MTRCL changed its [[Chinese languages|Chinese]] name from "地鐵有限公司" (Subway Limited Company) to "香港鐵路有限公司" (Hong Kong Railway Limited Company), but left its [[English language|English]] name unchanged. After the merger, the MTR network included three more lines, [[East Rail Line]], [[West Rail Line]] and [[Ma On Shan Line]], as well as the [[Light Rail (MTR)|Light Rail]] network and [[Guangdong Through Train (MTR)|Guangdong Through Train]] to [[Guangzhou]]. ==Safety on the MTR== [[File:MTR Hong Kong platform screen doors.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Platform screen doors]] on the Kwun Tong Line at [[Tiu Keng Leng (MTR)|Tiu Keng Leng]].]] Various campaigns and activities are taken to help ensure that the MTR is a [[safety|safe]] system to travel on. Poster campaigns displaying information on topics such as [[escalator]] safety are a common sight in all MTR stations, and announcements are made regularly as safety reminders to travelling passengers. Bylaws have been recently introduced to deter potentially dangerous actions on the MTR, such as the ban of [[Flammability|flammable goods]] on the MTR and rushing into trains when the doors are closing. F[[fine|ine]]s and [[imprisonment]] have been imposed for such offenses.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/fb2d3fd8a4e2a3264825647c0030a9e1/790a05aa06e35b004825698400283481?OpenDocument ''"Chapter 556B - Mass Transit Railway By-laws"''], [[Department of Justice (Hong Kong)]], retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> Metallic [[balloon]]s are also banned due to previous incidents on [[KCR]] and on MTR's Island Line where a metallic balloon interfered with the operation of the [[Overhead lines|overhead power lines]]. Police officers patrol on trains and stations, and police posts are available at some stations. The [[Hong Kong Police Force]] has a Railway District responsible for the MTR and the [[KCR]]. [[Closed-circuit television]] cameras are installed in stations.<ref>López, M.J.J. (1996). ''Crime Prevention Guidelines for the Construction & Management of Metro Systems''. Den Haag: RCM-advies, pg. 32-35.</ref> [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]], the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] and [[Tseung Kwan O Line (MTR)|Tseung Kwan O Line]], except [[Quarry Bay (MTR)|Quarry Bay]] station, had [[platform screen doors]]. These doors prevent people from falling onto the rails. They separate the stations from the tunnels, hence allowing substantial energy savings on station [[air-conditioning]] and tunnel [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]].<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/service/service_door.htm "Platform Screen Door (2002/8)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020625/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/service/service_door.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> Automatic platform gates have also been installed at the [[Sunny Bay (MTR)|Sunny Bay]] and [[Disneyland Resort (MTR)|Disneyland Resort]] stations. In June 2000, The MTR Corporation proceeded with its plans to retrofit 2,960 pairs of platform screen doors at all 30 underground stations on the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, and Island Line in a six-year programme. The programme made MTR the world's first railway to undertake the retrofitting of PSDs on a passenger-carrying system already in operation. A prototype design was first introduced at [[Choi Hung (MTR)|Choi Hung]] station in the 3rd quarter of 2001. [[HK$]]0.10 per passenger trip was levied on [[Octopus card]] users to help fund the [[HK$]]2 billion retrofit programme. The whole installation scheme was completed in October 2005. The original completion year was 2006. The MTR Corporation said that part of the cost had to be assumed by passengers.<ref>''[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200501/05/0105194.htm "Funding of platform screen door retrofit programme"]'', [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]], [[5 January]] [[2005]].</ref> ==Station facilities, amenities and services== [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Tung Chung.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Easy access facilities in an MTR station, elevator and extra wide entry and exit gates.]] [[File:Maxims.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Maxim's Cakes]] are a common sight in MTR Shops.]] [[File:Ifc hong kong station.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Hong Kong (MTR)|Hong Kong]] station on the Airport Express at [[International Finance Centre|IFC]]. Flight passengers can check in here.]] With the high level of daily passenger traffic, facilities of MTR stations are built with [[durable|durability]] and [[accessibility]] in mind. The [[elevator]]s and [[escalator]]s in stations are heavy duty, with the elevators installed by [[Otis Elevator Company]]/[[Fujitec]] and the escalators installed by [[Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterranée]] and Otis Elevator Company. After extensive retrofits, the MTR system has become, in general, [[Easy Access|disabled-friendly]]—the trains have dedicated [[wheelchair]] space, the stations have special floor tiles to guide the [[Blindness|blind]] safely on the platforms, and there are extra wide entry and exit gates for [[wheelchair]]s as well. Main line stations do not have [[toilet]] facilities, although their installation has been contemplated. Only stations on the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] and [[Disneyland Resort Line (MTR)|Disneyland Resort Line]] have access to toilet facilities. ===Interchange stations=== The MTR network is unique in its arrangement of interchange stations. Interchange stations between the Island, Tsuen Wan, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O lines are arranged in pairs; this allows [[cross-platform interchange]]. A passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. This not only makes it more convenient for passengers, it also reduces the amount of traffic per station. Riders are made aware of the closest connection point by way of in-train visual and auditory messages. ===Telecommunications network coverage=== A full [[GSM]] ([[GSM frequency ranges|GSM-900]] and [[GSM frequency ranges|GSM-1800]]), [[IS-95|CDMA]] and [[IS-136|TDMA]] mobile phone network is in place throughout the MTR system. Passengers can stay connected underground. Full [[3G]] network coverage in all stations and tunnels (except West Rail Line) for the MTR system has been provided by [[3 (telecommunications)|3 Hong Kong]], [[SmarTone-Vodafone]] and [[Pacific Century Cyberworks|PCCW Mobile]].<ref>''[http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/June2005/1550.htm "First 3G Operator to Connect to Four Major MTR line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121234556/http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/June2005/1550.htm |date=2012-01-21 }}'', ''www.3G.co.uk'', retrieved [[7 June]] [[2005]].</ref> ===Free magazines and newspapers=== ''[[Recruit (magazine)|Recruit]]'' was the first free magazine which was solely distributed in MTR stations since July 1992. However, in July 2002, the contract between the magazine and MTR was terminated. Another recruitment magazine ''Jiu Jik'' (招職), published by ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', replaced ''Recruit'' as the only free recruitment magazine distributed in MTR stations on every Tuesdays and Fridays. ===Extra services for Airport Express=== The Airport Express also offer value-added services to travellers on the line. Toilets and [[Airport|check-in facilities]] are available at every station on the line. A free Airport Express shuttle [[bus]] service transports travellers from stations to their respective [[hotel]]s as well. Flight passengers can even have in-town check-in at the station, which offers a more convenient and time-saving routine.<ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_compli_e.htm Complimentary service exclusively for Airport Express Passengers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423140537/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_compli_e.htm |date=2006-04-23 }}, [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ==Fares and tickets== As of January 2005, there were two different fare classes on the MTR: Adult and concessionary. Children below the age of 12, [[senior citizen]]s 65 years or older, and full-time Hong Kong students between the ages of 12 and 25 qualify for the concessionary rate. Children below the age of 3 travel free. The fare payable by a passenger depends on the approximate distance travelled. Stations fall into fare "zones" depending on the distance from the origin. The fare to all stations in a "zone" is the same and increases with distance, especially if the journey involves a harbour crossing. Adult fares range from [[Hong Kong Dollar|HK$]]3.80 to $26.00. Concessionary fares are usually half the adult fare, and range from HK$2.40 to $13.00. Fares for the Airport Express Line are significantly higher. The price of using MTR is very low. For example, the price of going from [[Tsing Yi]] to [[Causeway Bay]] by taxi is around [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]200. Travelling the same distance by MTR costs HK$11.80 for grown up people and HK$5.40 for young and very old people.<ref name="jourplanner">Based on ''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php "MTR Journey Planner"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214184225/http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php |date=2006-12-14 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[18 March]] [[2008]].</ref> People can buy a one way [[ticket]] or a [[Octopus card]] to enter MTR. Octopus card is a contact-less [[smart card]]. ===Octopus cards=== The [[Octopus card]] is a rechargeable contactless [[smart card]]. It was launched in September 1997 for use on both the MTR and the [[KCR]] and now is the most widely used [[electronic cash system]] for transactions in Hong Kong as many retailers are fitted with readers.<ref>''[http://www.octopus.com.hk/history/en/index.jsp "Our History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516142729/http://www.octopus.com.hk/about-us/corporate-profile/our-history/en/index.html|date=2012-05-16}}'', [[Octopus Cards Ltd.]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> It uses [[RFID|radio frequency identification]] ([[RFID]]) technology so that users need only hold the card in front of the reader. Physical contact is not required, and the card need not even be taken out because the reader can penetrate through material. This fare collection system has been so popular that many cities such as [[Singapore]], [[London]], [[Chicago]], and [[Taipei]] have adopted the idea, launching their own version of [[Smart card|smart cards]]. Except for the Airport Express, MTR fares are slightly lower when using an Octopus card compared to using single journey tickets. For example, the cost of the 3-minute journey from [[Admiralty (MTR)|Admiralty]] to [[Tsim Sha Tsui (MTR)|Tsim Sha Tsui]] across the [[Victoria Harbour]] is ([[as of 2005]]) HK$7.9 using the Octopus card, compared with HK$9.0 for a single-journey ticket.<ref name="jourplanner" /> ===Tourist pass=== Two types of tourist passes are available: one allows unlimited rides for a single day (at HK$50), while the other allows three days of unlimited rides on the MTR, with a stored value of HK$20, refundable deposit of HK$50 and choice of either a single (HK$220) or return (HK$300) trip on the Airport Express. Tourists are required to produce proof of tourist status, (e.g. passports or, in the case of [[Mainland China|Mainland]] travellers, entry permits) when purchasing the pass, and whenever requested by a ticket inspector during spot-checks.<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_tourtickete.htm "Hong Kong Tourist Transport Passes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218234719/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_tourtickete.htm |date=2006-12-18 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ===Other fares=== The [[magnet]]ic fare card system is used for single journey tickets. These tickets are pre-paid for between pre-determined stations, and are good for only one trip. There are no return tickets, except on the Airport Express. Fares for the Airport Express are different from main line fares. Apart from single tickets, same-day return tickets (same price as a single), and one-month return tickets are also available. A one-day pass can be used for unlimited travel to/from [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] within the same day, and costs HK$50. This pass can be purchased from any MTR Customer Service Centres or Airport Express Customer Service Centres.<ref name="disney" /> ==MTR rolling stock== [[File:MTR Hong Kong M-Stock train.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Interior of the refurbished M-Train, the oldest trains on the MTR.]] [[File:Ma On Shan Line Train1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A train approaching City One Station,Ma On Shan Line]] Four variations of rolling stock operate on the MTR on 1.5kV DC [[Overhead lines|overhead electrification]]. All trains are [[electric multiple unit]]s, with [[Automatic Train Control|ATC]] and [[Automatic train protection|ATP]], operating on 1432&nbsp;mm [[rail gauge]]. Except for the rolling stock of the Airport Express, all trains are designed with features to cope with high density passenger traffic on stopping services. Examples are the [[latitudinal]] seating arrangement, additional [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] [[fan (implement)|fans]] and 5 doors on each side per car. The [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]] and the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] use dedicated rolling stock designs specified to their respective lines. Initially in 7-car formations, they have now been lengthened to eight cars. These two variations were built jointly by [[Adtranz]] (now [[Bombardier]] Transportations) and [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] between 1994 and 1997.<ref name=lantau>''[http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hong_kong/ "Lantau Line and Airport Railway, Hong Kong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205023025/http://www.railway-technology.com/Projects/lantau-line-airport-railway |date=2012-02-05 }}'', Railway Technology, retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]].</ref> The other lines are operated using a mixture of the other two variations, known as the "M-Train" and the "K-Stock". The "M-Stock" (or CM-Stock") of "M-Train" are the oldest trains on the MTR, built originally by [[Metro Cammell]] (now [[Alstom]])<ref>''[http://www.transport.alstom.com/home/Products_and_Services/RAIL_VEHICLES/Passenger_trains/Urban_trains/10918.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/Products_and_Services/RAIL_VEHICLES/Passenger_trains/Urban_trains/&docLink=7628 "Metro in Hong Kong"]'', [[Alstom|Alstom Transportations]], retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> and refurbished by [[United Goninan]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040315123138/http://www.unitedgoninan.com.au/goninan/news/news06.htm "United Group Limited secures $40 million Hong Kong rail maintenance contract"]'', [[United Goninan]], from [[Internet Archive]]</ref> The "M-Train" is the only variation that uses [[Sliding door|sliding doors]], as opposed to others which use plug-doors. The "K-Stock" are built jointly by [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] and [[ROTEM]],<ref>''[http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/Business_Activities/RollingStock/Emu/EMU_hongkong.asp "Electric Multiple Unit - For Hong Kong MTR Limited"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020430/http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/Business_Activities/RollingStock/Emu/EMU_hongkong.asp|date=2007-03-12}}'', [[Rotem]]'s XG EMU, retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> and a further order of 32 cars is due to be in service on the Tung Chung Line by 2007.<ref>''[http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/board/read.asp?seq=13&page=1 "New trains ordered for Tung Chung Line, Hong Kong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020347/http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/board/read.asp?seq=13&page=1|date=2007-03-12}}'', [[Rotem]] press release, retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm#3 ''"Additional Tung Chung Line Trains"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308145301/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm#3 |date=2007-03-08 }}, [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> The [[Disneyland Resort Line (MTR)|Disneyland Resort Line]] uses driverless "M-Trains" with their appearance overhauled to suit the line.<ref name="lantau" /> Windows on each carriage and the handrails inside are made into the shape of [[Mickey Mouse]]'s head, and there are bronze-made [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] characters decorating the interior of the carriages. ==Art promotion== [[File:Art in MTR living art stage.jpg|thumb|250px|A stage for live art performances in the "arttube", a subway connecting [[Hong Kong (MTR)|Hong Kong Station]] and [[Central (MTR)|Central Station]] .]] With the objective "not only bring MTR passengers more time for life, but also more time for [[art]]", the "[[Art in MTR]]" Initiative has been a success since its reception in 1998, where the Airport Express Artwork Programme was the pioneer project. Thereafter, live performances, art exhibitions, display of artwork by established and emerging artists, students and young children have been brought into the MTR stations. MTR Corporation Limited have made art part of the station [[architecture]] when building new stations or renovating existing ones. Artworks are exhibited in different forms on the network, including "arttube", open art gallery, community art galleries, roving art, living art, and art in station architecture.<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/artinmtr04/artinart_e.htm "art in mtr"]'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ==The future== [[File:FutureMTRNetworkAfterMerger.png|right|thumb|200px|What MTR might look like if it took over the [[KCR]] network.]] [[MTR Corporation Limited]] has suggested several future projects to the Hong Kong Government. It has also been suggested to improve parts of MTR that are running now. [[Airport (MTR)|Airport Station]] on the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] will have a new platform to serve passengers flying out of [[Hong Kong International Airport]]'s Skyplaza. New [[Rapid transit|subway]] links to the stations are also being made, and it has been proposed to lengthen the [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] with a branch line to [[Tseung Kwan O South (MTR)|Tseung Kwan O South]], and the [[Kwun Tong Line]] as far as [[Whampoa Garden]], also linking with the Sha Tin to Central Link expansion.<ref name="mtrexpan" /> The [[West Island Line and South Island Line]], first suggested to the government by MTR on 21 January 2003, was finally accepted on 30 June 2005. It was made up of the West Island Line that took the Island Line to [[Kennedy Town]], and the South Island Line (East section) from [[Admiralty (MTR)|Admiralty]] to Ap Lei Chau and South Island Line (West section) that connects the other two lines.<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/sil-introduction.htm "West Island Line & South Island Line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315213623/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/sil-introduction.htm |date=2007-03-15 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Ccat}} ; MTR service * [http://www.mtr.com.hk MTR Corporation Limited] * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/images/maps/mtr_map2.jpg Map of the Hong Kong MTR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215054454/http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/images/maps/mtr_map2.jpg |date=2006-12-15 }} * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php Journey time and Fare Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214184225/http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php |date=2006-12-14 }} ;Related products * [http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/en/index.jsp Information on Octopus Cards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918202449/http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/en/index.jsp |date=2009-09-18 }} ; Other * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uxuFcLnbgs Video of the effect of SARS on the Hong Kong MTR (Subway System)]—Video of the effect of SARS on the Hong Kong MTR (Subway System) {{Attached KML}} [[Category:MTR| ]] cncwat5xgnn30xumf5g48vhzr1cbts9 10331228 10331224 2025-06-15T01:18:55Z Wrj203 1620056 Copyedit 10331228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{issues| {{redlinks|date=September 2011}} {{update|date=May 2012}} }} The '''Mass Transit Railway''' or '''MTR''' (in Chinese, 香港鐵路有限公司, literally "Hong Kong Railway Company"; or 港鐵 for short) is the main [[rapid transit]] [[railway]] system in [[Hong Kong]]. Since the MTR service first opened in 1979, the network has grown to more than 150 stations.<ref>''[http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/mass_transit_railway/index.htm "Mass Transit Railway"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104083004/http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/mass_transit_railway/index.htm|date=2007-01-04}}'', [[Transport Department]] ([[Hong Kong Government]]), retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> Built and run by [[MTR Corporation Limited]], the MTR system is a very popular mode of [[public transport]] in Hong Kong, with around 2.46 million<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/patronage.php "MTR Patronage Figures for February 2006"]'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> passengers riding each day. == Construction == Hong Kong's growing [[economy]] and the quick increase in population created a lot of traffic problems. The Hong Kong government made a study of these problems.<ref name="initial">Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates (1967), ''Hong Kong Mass Transport Study'', as shown in [[:File:Freeman, Fox, Wilbur & Associates - Mass Transportation Study (1967).PNG|map above mentioned]].</ref> The first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was quickly popular, so later they built more lines to cover more ground. == Network == {|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;font-size:85%;font-align:center;" |- !colspan=2| Line and colour ! style="width:58px;"|Opening year ! style="width:65px;"|Latest extension !colspan="2"| Termini !Length ([[Kilometre|km]])<ref name="business-overview">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/corporate/en/publications/images/business_overview_e.pdf|title=Business Overview|date=January 2014|publisher=[[MTR Corporation]]|accessdate=2014-05-24|page=5}}</ref> ! style="width:67px;"|Stations ! style="width:85px;"|Running time (minutes)<ref name="business-overview" /> ! Depot ! style="width:60px;"|[[Rail gauge|Gauge]] ! style="width:70px;"|[[Voltage]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Kwun Tong Line]] |style="background-color:#00ab4e"| | 1979 || 2016 || [[Whampoa Station|Whampoa]] || [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]] |13.8|| 17 || 35 || [[Kowloon Bay]] || rowspan="8" | 1432&nbsp;mm || rowspan="8" | [[Direct current|DC]] 1500 V |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tsuen Wan Line]] |style="background-color:#ed1d24"| || 1982 || {{n/a}} || [[Central Station (MTR)|Central]] || [[Tsuen Wan Station|Tsuen Wan]] |16.0|| 16 || 30 || [[Tsuen Wan]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]] |style="background-color:#007dc5"| | 1985 || 2015 || [[Kennedy Town Station|Kennedy Town]] || [[Chai Wan Station|Chai Wan]] |16.3<ref name="Highways-Dept">{{cite web|url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/existing/railway_network/isl/index.html|title=Island Line|date=14 April 2015|publisher=Highways Department The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427184224/https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/road_and_railway/existing/railway_network/isl/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| 17 || 34 || [[Chai Wan]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]] |style="background-color:#f7943e"| | 1998 || 2005 ||rowspan=2| [[Hong Kong Station|Hong Kong]] || [[Tung Chung Station|Tung Chung]] |31.1|| 8 || 28 ||rowspan=3| [[Siu Ho Wan]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] |style="background-color:#00888a"| | 1998 || 2005 || [[AsiaWorld-Expo Station|AsiaWorld-Expo]] |35.2|| 5 || 28 |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Disneyland Resort Line]] |style="background-color:#f173ac"| | 2005 || {{n/a}} || [[Sunny Bay Station|Sunny Bay]] || [[Disneyland Resort Station|Disneyland Resort]] |3.3|| 2 || 4 |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] |style="background-color:#7d499d"| | 2002 || 2009 ||[[North Point Station|North Point]] || [[Po Lam Station|Po Lam]] /<br />[[LOHAS Park Station|LOHAS Park]] |11.9|| 8 || 15 / 20 || [[Tseung Kwan O]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[South Island Line]] |style="background-color:#c1cd23"| |2016 |{{n/a}} |[[Admiralty Station (MTR)|Admiralty]] |[[South Horizons Station|South Horizons]] |7.4 |5 |11 |[[Wong Chuk Hang]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[East Rail Line]] |width=5px style="background-color:#53b7e8"| | 1910 || 2022 || [[Admiralty Station (MTR)|Admiralty]] || [[Lo Wu Station|Lo Wu]] /<br />[[Lok Ma Chau Station|Lok Ma Chau]] |46|| 16 || 45 / 50 || [[Ho Tung Lau]] || rowspan="4" | [[Standard gauge|1435&nbsp;mm]] ||rowspan=2| [[Alternating current|AC]] 25000 V |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Tuen Ma Line]] |style="background-color:#923011"| | 2004 || 2021 || [[Tuen Mun Station|Tuen Mun]] || [[Wu Kai Sha Station|Wu Kai Sha]] |56.2|| 27|| 73 || [[Tai Wai]] and [[Pat Heung]] |- style="text-align:center;" ! [[Light Rail (MTR)|Light Rail]] (12 routes) |style="background-color:#d3a809"| | 1988 || 2003 || colspan="2" | Different termini for each route |36.2|| 68 || Varies || [[Tuen Mun]]|| [[Direct current|DC]] 750 V |} <br /> <div class="center"> [[File:Hong Kong Railway Route Map en.svg|center|750px|System map of the MTR effective from 16 August 2009.]]</div> == History of the MTR == [[File:MIS route map en.svg|thumb|right|250px|Route Map of the original system.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Causeway Bay.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Causeway Bay station on the Island Line.]] [[File:PrinceEdwardMTRStation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Prince Edward (MTR)|Prince Edward]] station in [[Kowloon]], part of the Kwun Tong Line and the Tsuen Wan Line.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Central.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Central Station plaque on the Island Line and Tsuen Wan Line.]] [[File:The most crowded interchange station in HK.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Admiralty Station on the Tsuen Wan Line and the Island Line.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Hong Kong.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Hong Kong station on the Tung Chung Line and Airport Express.]] [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Tiu Keng Leng.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Tiu Keng Leng station on the Kwun Tong Line and Tsueng Kwan O Line.]] [[File:HK MTR DisneyResortLine Sunny Bay platform trains.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Sunny Bay station on the Tung Chung Line and Disneyland Resort Line.]] ===Initial proposal=== During the 1960s, the [[Government of Hong Kong|government]] of Hong Kong thought they need to accommodate increasing road traffic that growing [[Economy of Hong Kong|Hong Kong's economy]] would bring. [[Britain|British]] transport consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transport system of Hong Kong. The [[Consultant|consultants]] released the ''Hong Kong Mass Transport Study'' in September 1967, which proposed the construction of a mass transport underground railway system in Hong Kong.<ref name=initial /> In 1970, an underground network with four lines was laid out and planned as part of the British consultants' new report, ''Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies''. The four lines were to be the [[Kwun Tong Line (MTR)|Kwun Tong Line]], [[Tsuen Wan Line (MTR)|Tsuen Wan Line]], [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]], and [[East Kowloon Line (MTR)|East Kowloon Line]].<ref>Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates (1970), ''Hong Kong Mass Transport Further Study''.</ref> However, the lines that were eventually constructed were somewhat different. In 1972, the Hong Kong government authorised construction of the ''Initial System'', a 20-km system that roughly translates to the Kwun Tong Line today (except the line now extends to [[Tiu Keng Leng (MTR)|Tiu Keng Leng]]). Negotiations with four major construction [[consortium|consortia]] started in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on the British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from [[Japan]] signed an agreement to construct the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year it pulled out from the agreement, because of the Arab oil crisis.<ref name="thepast">[http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_History.htm "''The History''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007153839/http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_History.htm |date=2007-10-07 }}, Hong Kong Mass Transit InfoCenter, retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> === Modified Initial System (Kwun Tong Line / Tsuen Wan Line)=== In early 1975, a government agency known as the Mass Transport Provisional Authority was established to take charge of the project. It announced that the Initial System would be slightly reduced to 15.6 kilometres, and renamed it the Modified Initial System. Plans for a single contract were also abandoned in favour of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts. In addition, the government-owned Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was established to replace the Mass Transport Provisional Authority. (This was the company succeeded by the [[MTR Corporation Limited]] on [[30 June]] [[2000]]) Construction of the Modified Initial System (now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line) started in November 1975. On [[1 October]] [[1979]], the northern section was opened, with trains running from [[Shek Kip Mei (MTR)|Shek Kip Mei]] to [[Kwun Tong (MTR)|Kwun Tong]]. The route from [[Tsim Sha Tsui (MTR)|Tsim Sha Tsui]] to Shek Kip Mei was opened in December of the same year.<ref name="thepast" /> In 1980, the first [[Victoria Harbour|harbour]] crossing was made by an MTR train as the '''<span style="color:green">[[Kwun Tong Line (MTR)|Kwun Tong Line]]</span>''' was extended to [[Central (MTR)|Chater]] station, now known as [[Central (MTR)|Central]] station. Trains were extended to six cars. === Tsuen Wan Line === The government approved construction of the Tsuen Wan Line in 1977 and works commenced in November 1978. This was a10.5-kilometre section from [[Prince Edward (MTR)|Prince Edward]] to [[Tsuen Wan (MTR)|Tsuen Wan]]. The line started service on [[10 May]] [[1982]]<ref name="thepast" /> with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) at [[HK$]]4.1 billion. When service of this line started, the section of the Kwun Tong Line from Chater to [[Mong Kok (MTR)|Argyle]], present-day [[Mong Kok (MTR)|Mong Kok]] station, was transferred to the Tsuen Wan Line. [[Yau Ma Tei (MTR)|Waterloo]] became the terminus of the Kwun Tong Line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change was made because system planners expected traffic of the Tsuen Wan Line would exceed that of the Kwun Tong Line. A [[bypass]] was needed from the northwestern [[New Territories]] to [[Hong Kong Island]]. Launched in 1998, the [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]] serves that purpose.<ref name="thepast" /> Since the line's opening in 1982, this is the only line whose alignment has virtually remained the same for the past 23 years. For example, the Kwun Tong Line's alignment has changed for 2 times since its opening - the taking over of Tsuen Wan Line from Mong Kok to Central, and the taking over of Eastern Harbour Crossing section by the Tseung Kwan O Line. ===Island Line=== Government approvals were granted for construction of the Island Line in December, 1980. Construction commenced in October, 1981. On [[31 May]] [[1985]] the Island Line was opened with service between [[Admiralty (MTR)|Admiralty]] and [[Chai Wan (MTR)|Chai Wan]] stations. Both Admiralty and [[Central (MTR)|Central]] stations became interchange stations with the Tsuen Wan Line. Furthermore, each train was extended to eight cars.<ref name="thepast" /> On [[23 May]] [[1986]], service reached [[Sheung Wan (MTR)|Sheung Wan]] station. Construction for this station was delayed for one year as government offices which sat on top of the station had to be removed to a new location before construction could start. ===Eastern Harbour Crossing extension=== In 1984, the government approved the construction of the [[Eastern Harbour Crossing]], a tunnel to be used by cars and MTR trains. The [[Kwun Tong Line (MTR)|Kwun Tong Line]] was extended across the harbour to [[Quarry Bay (MTR)|Quarry Bay]], which became an interchange station for the Kwun Tong Line and the [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]]. The extension was launched on [[5 August]] [[1989]]. An intermediate station, [[Lam Tin (MTR)|Lam Tin]], started operations on [[1 October]] [[1989]].<ref name="thepast" /> ===Airport Express and Tung Chung Line=== The decision was made in October 1989 to construct a new international airport at [[Chek Lap Kok]] on [[Lantau Island]] to replace the overcrowded [[Kai Tak International Airport]].<ref>[http://home.netvigator.com/~wonglt/his/ar1.htm ''"The Airport Railway Project"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311023453/http://home.netvigator.com/~wonglt/his/ar1.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}, Heavy Iron Station, retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> The government invited the MTR to build a train line, then known as the Lantau Airport Railway, to the airport. But construction did not begin until the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] and British governments settled their financial and land disagreements in November 1994. In the end, the new line was included in the financing plans of the new [[Hong Kong International Airport]] as the airport was not considered viable without direct public transport links. Construction costs were also shared by the MTR which was granted many large-scale developments in the construction plans for the new stations. The Lantau Airport Railway turned into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express. The Tung Chung Line was officially opened on [[21 June]] [[1998]] by [[Hong Kong Chief Executive]] [[Tung Chee Hwa]], and service commenced the next day. The Airport Express opened for service on [[6 July]] [[1998]] along with the new Hong Kong International Airport.<ref name="thepast" /> The Airport Express line is the second most popular means of transport to the Airport. In 2005, 22% of the commuters took the Airport Express to and from the airport.<ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/2005frpt_e/F109.pdf MTR Annual Report 2005 Page 20]</ref> === Tseung Kwan O Line === [[File:Po Lam MTR Station Exit A.JPG|thumb|The [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] was opened in 2002 to serve new housing developments]] The Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works involved extending the [[Hong Kong Island]] end of the [[Kwun Tong Line]] from [[Quarry Bay Station|Quarry Bay]] to [[North Point Station|North Point]] via a 4.2–kilometre tunnel. The project was started due to overcrowding at Quarry Bay and persistent passenger complaints about the five-minute walk from the [[Island Line (MTR)|Island Line]] platforms to the Kwun Tong Line platform. Construction began in September 1997 and was completed in September 2001 at a cost of [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]3.0 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_QBR.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007154107/http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_QBR.htm|archivedate=7 October 2007|title=Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works|publisher=Hong Kong Mass Transit InfoCenter|date=27 October 2003|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> (US$385&nbsp;million). The tried-and-true [[cross-platform interchange]] arrangement is repeated here. Construction of the [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] was approved on 18 August 1998 to serve new housing developments. Construction began on 24 April 1999 and the line officially opened in 2002, taking over the train tracks running through the [[Eastern Harbour Tunnel]] from the Kwun Tong Line, running from [[Po Lam Station|Po Lam]] to North Point. When the line was opened, the Kwun Tong Line was diverted to [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]] on the new line. Construction costs were partly covered by the Hong Kong Government and private developers which linked construction of the Tseung Kwan O Line to new real estate and commercial developments. Previously less developed areas were opened up for development with more transport options.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_TKE.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007154014/http://www.theskytrain.net/hkmtr/Past_TKE.htm|archivedate=7 October 2007|title=Tseung Kwan O Extension|publisher=Hong Kong Mass Transit InfoCenter|date=27 October 2003|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> === West Rail Line === [[File:Long Ping Station.jpg|thumb|[[West Rail Line]] [[Long Ping Station]]]] While the construction of the Tung Chung Line was still underway, the plan to build a railway corridor serving the northwestern New Territories was conceived. Space had been reserved for the addition of an interchange station and two extra tracks (to allow nonstop service for the Airport Express) between [[Olympic Station|Olympic]] and [[Lai King Station|Lai King]]. Originally known as the Airport Railway Phase 2, the contracts of the West Rail Line Interface Works were awarded shortly after construction works of the West Rail commenced. The project comprised Mei Foo Interchange (modification of the existing Mei Foo station on the Tsuen Wan Line to provide a pedestrian link to the West Rail Line [[Mei Foo Station]]); [[Nam Cheong Station]] (an interchange station on the Tung Chung Line, jointly operated by the MTRCL and KCRC) and quadruplication works (the additional two tracks, four kilometres in length, allow the Tung Chung Line trains to stop at Nam Cheong without blocking the passage of [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] trains).<ref name="kcrworks">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/extensions_2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020715/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/extensions_2.html|archivedate=11 March 2007|title=Recently Completed Projects|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> The works were completed in stages. The Tung Chung Line trains have been diverted to the new track since mid May 2003, whereas the Mei Foo station interchange subway and the Nam Cheong station were opened at the same time the West Rail Line opened for public use in December 2003. The [[Kowloon Southern Link]] extension from [[Nam Cheong Station]] to [[East Tsim Sha Tsui Station]] was opened on 16 August 2009, with West Rail Line trains now terminating at [[Hung Hom Station]], interchange station for East Rail Line. === Interchange stations === [[File:MTR multiple cross platform interchange.svg|thumb|The multiple [[cross-platform interchange|cross-platform-interchange]] system between [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng station]] and [[Yau Tong Station|Yau Tong station]]]] The interchange between the Tsuen Wan Line and the Kwun Tong Line, the Island Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, as well as that between the Kwun Tong Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, are two stations long, allowing [[cross-platform interchange]] wherein a passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. For example, when passengers are travelling on the [[Kwun Tong Station|Kwun Tong Line]] towards [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]], getting off at [[Yau Tong Station|Yau Tong]] would allow them to switch trains across the platform for the [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] towards [[North Point Station|North Point]]. Whereas, staying on the train and reaching [[Tiu Keng Leng Station|Tiu Keng Leng]] would allow them to board the Tseung Kwan O Line trains towards [[Po Lam Station|Po Lam]]/[[LOHAS Park Station|LOHAS Park]]. This design makes interchanging more convenient and passengers do not have the need to change to different levels. However this interchange arrangement is not available for all transferring passengers at [[Kowloon Tong Station|Kowloon Tong]], [[Central Station (MTR)|Central]], [[Hong Kong Station|Hong Kong]], [[Nam Cheong Station|Nam Cheong]] (Except transfer between Tuen Mun and Hong Kong bound trains), [[Mei Foo Station|Mei Foo]], [[Tai Wai Station]] (Except alighting from Ma On Shan Line to change southbound trains for East Rail Line) and [[Sunny Bay Station|Sunny Bay]] (Except alighting from Tung Chung bound trains to Disneyland Resort Line) stations, mainly because this service is available only when there are two continuous stations shared as interchange stations by two lines. Two major works were undertaken to facilitate interchange between Kwun Tong Line and East Rail Line. The modification of [[Kowloon Tong Station]] started in June 2001. A new pedestrian link to Kowloon Tong Station southern concourse and a new entrance (Exit D) were opened on 15 April 2004 to cope with the increase in interchange passenger flow.<ref name="kcrworks" /> Modification to [[Tsim Sha Tsui Station]] involved upgrading station facilities and concourse layout to facilitate access from the [[East Tsim Sha Tsui Station]] via its pedestrian links. New entrances to the subway links were opened on 19 September 2004 (Exit G) and 30 March 2005 (Exit F), with the whole scheme completed in May 2005. === Ma On Shan Line === The Ma On Shan Line was constructed by the KCR to serve Ma On Shan and City One residential areas and operation of the line was outsourced to the MTR. The system mostly runs on a viaduct between the middle of roads with stations, stopping right next to major buildings. The only time the trains don't run on viaducts is when the railway meets the route 2 highway, where it runs in the middle and then raises back to a viaduct. The railway is slightly different from all other Hong Kong railways because the trains run on the right, not the left; this is so that passengers can easily interchange from the Ma On Shan line to the East Rail Line towards Hong Hum. The majority of passengers using the line get off the train at Tai Wai to interchange to the East Rail Line, using the line as a feeder route. === Disneyland extension === [[File:HK MTR DisneyResortLine Sunny Bay platform trains.JPG|thumb|A Disneyland Resort Line train waiting to depart]] The [[Disneyland Resort Line]], previously known as Penny's Bay Rail Link, provides service to the [[Hong Kong Disneyland Resort]] which was opened on 12 September 2005. Service to [[Sunny Bay Station|Sunny Bay]] station on the [[Tung Chung Line]] started in 2005. The new line and the Disneyland Resort station opened on 1 August 2005. It is a 3.5–kilometre single-track railway that runs between Sunny Bay station and Disneyland Resort station. The Disneyland Resort station itself was designed to blend in with the ambience of the resort. The line currently operates fully automated, trains running every four to ten minutes without a driver, and the carriages were changed from the existing M-Train rolling stock to match the recreational and adventurous nature of the 3.5-minute journey.<ref name="disney">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/drllaunch/drllaunch_e.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310033007/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/drllaunch/drllaunch_e.htm|archivedate=10 March 2007|title=MTR Disneyland Resort Line|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> === Further expansion of the Airport Express === The [[AsiaWorld-Expo Station]] is an extension of the Airport Express serving the [[AsiaWorld-Expo]] at Hong Kong International Airport. The station opened on 20 December 2005 along with the exhibition centre. Airport Express trains were expanded to eight carriages from the previous seven. There are additional trains on the Tung Chung line during major exhibitions and events.<ref name="mtrexpan">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308145301/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm|archivedate=8 March 2007|title=Projects in Progress (Hong Kong)|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> [[File:Maritime Square.jpg|thumb|[[Maritime Square]], one of the major properties financing the MTR]] === Privatisation and merger === {{Main|MTR Corporation Limited}} On 5 October 2000, the operator of the MTR network, [[MTR Corporation Limited]] (MTRCL), became Hong Kong's first rail company to be [[privatisation|privatised]], marking the beginning of the Hong Kong government's initiative to dissolve its interests in public [[utility|utilities]]. Prior to its listing on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]], the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was wholly owned by the Hong Kong government. The offering involved the sale of about one billion [[share (finance)|shares]], and the company now has the largest [[shareholder]] base of any company listed in Hong Kong. In June 2001, MTRCL was transferred to the [[Hang Seng Index]]. MTRCL has developed properties next to stations to complement its already profitable railway business. Many recently built stations were incorporated into large housing estates or shopping complexes. [[Tsing Yi Station|Tsing Yi]] station is built next to the [[Maritime Square]] shopping centre and directly underneath the [[Maritime Square|Tierra Verde]] housing estate. On 11 April 2006, MTRCL signed a non-binding [[memorandum of understanding]] with the [[Hong Kong government]], the owner of [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]], to merge the two railway networks in spite of the strong opposition by the KCRC staff.<ref name="merger1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/corporate/file_rep/PR-06-027a-E.pdf|title=MTR Corporation Signs Memorandum of Understanding with The Government on Terms of Proposed Rail Merger|publisher=MTR Corporation Limited|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="merger2">{{cite web |url=http://www.kcrc.com/html/eng/archives/merger_update/press_release_merger_eng_.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201005718/http://www.kcrc.com/html/eng/archives/merger_update/press_release_merger_eng_.pdf |archivedate=1 December 2007 |title=KCRC welcomes Government's announcement on way forward for rail merger |publisher=Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation |date=11 April 2006|accessdate=8 March 2007}}</ref> The minority shareholders of the corporation approved the proposal at an extraordinary general meeting on 9 October 2007, allowing MTRCL to take over the operation of the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway|KCR]] network and combine the fare system of the two networks on 2 December 2007.<ref name="Mergerapprove">{{cite news|title = Rail merger proposal approved by shareholders (兩鐵合併獲股東表決通過)|language = Chinese|publisher = Ming Pao Instant News|url = http://www.mpinews.com/htm/INews/20071009/gb21826c.htm|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011201222/http://www.mpinews.com/htm/INews/20071009/gb21826c.htm|archivedate = 11 October 2007|date= 9 October 2007|accessdate=9 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="MergerPDF">{{cite web|title = Poll Result of the Extraordinary General Meeting held on 9 October 2007|work = MTR Corporation|publisher = Hong Kong Stock Exchange|date= 9 October 2007|url = http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/investrelation/sehk/Results_Announcement_e.pdf|accessdate =9 October 2007}}</ref> On 2 December 2007 the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation]] (KCRC) granted a 50-year service concession (which may be extended) of the [[Kowloon-Canton Railway|KCR network]] to MTRCL, in return for making annual payments to KCRC, thereby merging the railway operations of the two corporations under MTRCL's management. At the same time MTRCL changed its [[Chinese languages|Chinese]] name from "地鐵有限公司" (Subway Limited Company) to "香港鐵路有限公司" (Hong Kong Railway Limited Company), but left its [[English language|English]] name unchanged. After the merger, the MTR network included three more lines, [[East Rail Line]], [[West Rail Line]] and [[Ma On Shan Line]], as well as the [[Light Rail (MTR)|Light Rail]] network and [[Guangdong Through Train (MTR)|Guangdong Through Train]] to [[Guangzhou]]. ==Safety on the MTR== [[File:MTR Hong Kong platform screen doors.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Platform screen doors]] on the Kwun Tong Line at [[Tiu Keng Leng (MTR)|Tiu Keng Leng]].]] Various campaigns and activities are taken to help ensure that the MTR is a [[safety|safe]] system to travel on. Poster campaigns displaying information on topics such as [[escalator]] safety are a common sight in all MTR stations, and announcements are made regularly as safety reminders to travelling passengers. Bylaws have been recently introduced to deter potentially dangerous actions on the MTR, such as the ban of [[Flammability|flammable goods]] on the MTR and rushing into trains when the doors are closing. [[Fine|Fines]] and [[imprisonment]] have been imposed for such offenses.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/fb2d3fd8a4e2a3264825647c0030a9e1/790a05aa06e35b004825698400283481?OpenDocument ''"Chapter 556B - Mass Transit Railway By-laws"''], [[Department of Justice (Hong Kong)]], retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> Metallic [[balloon]]s are also banned due to previous incidents on [[KCR]] and on MTR's Island Line where a metallic balloon interfered with the operation of the [[Overhead lines|overhead power lines]]. Police officers patrol on trains and stations, and police posts are available at some stations. The [[Hong Kong Police Force]] has a Railway District responsible for the MTR and the [[KCR]]. [[Closed-circuit television]] cameras are installed in stations.<ref>López, M.J.J. (1996). ''Crime Prevention Guidelines for the Construction & Management of Metro Systems''. Den Haag: RCM-advies, pg. 32-35.</ref> [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]], the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] and [[Tseung Kwan O Line (MTR)|Tseung Kwan O Line]], except [[Quarry Bay (MTR)|Quarry Bay]] station, had [[platform screen doors]]. These doors prevent people from falling onto the rails. They separate the stations from the tunnels, hence allowing substantial energy savings on station [[air-conditioning]] and tunnel [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]].<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/service/service_door.htm "Platform Screen Door (2002/8)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020625/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/service/service_door.htm |date=2007-03-11 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> Automatic platform gates have also been installed at the [[Sunny Bay (MTR)|Sunny Bay]] and [[Disneyland Resort (MTR)|Disneyland Resort]] stations. In June 2000, The MTR Corporation proceeded with its plans to retrofit 2,960 pairs of platform screen doors at all 30 underground stations on the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, and Island Line in a six-year programme. The programme made MTR the world's first railway to undertake the retrofitting of PSDs on a passenger-carrying system already in operation. A prototype design was first introduced at [[Choi Hung (MTR)|Choi Hung]] station in the 3rd quarter of 2001. [[HK$]]0.10 per passenger trip was levied on [[Octopus card]] users to help fund the [[HK$]]2 billion retrofit programme. The whole installation scheme was completed in October 2005. The original completion year was 2006. The MTR Corporation said that part of the cost had to be assumed by passengers.<ref>''[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200501/05/0105194.htm "Funding of platform screen door retrofit programme"]'', [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]], [[5 January]] [[2005]].</ref> ==Station facilities, amenities and services== [[File:MTR Hong Kong station Tung Chung.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Easy access facilities in an MTR station, elevator and extra wide entry and exit gates.]] [[File:Maxims.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Maxim's Cakes]] are a common sight in MTR Shops.]] [[File:Ifc hong kong station.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Hong Kong (MTR)|Hong Kong]] station on the Airport Express at [[International Finance Centre|IFC]]. Flight passengers can check in here.]] With the high level of daily passenger traffic, facilities of MTR stations are built with [[durable|durability]] and [[accessibility]] in mind. The [[elevator]]s and [[escalator]]s in stations are heavy duty, with the elevators installed by [[Otis Elevator Company]]/[[Fujitec]] and the escalators installed by [[Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterranée]] and Otis Elevator Company. After extensive retrofits, the MTR system has become, in general, [[Easy Access|disabled-friendly]]—the trains have dedicated [[wheelchair]] space, the stations have special floor tiles to guide the [[Blindness|blind]] safely on the platforms, and there are extra wide entry and exit gates for [[wheelchair]]s as well. Main line stations do not have [[toilet]] facilities, although their installation has been contemplated. Only stations on the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] and [[Disneyland Resort Line (MTR)|Disneyland Resort Line]] have access to toilet facilities. ===Interchange stations=== The MTR network is unique in its arrangement of interchange stations. Interchange stations between the Island, Tsuen Wan, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O lines are arranged in pairs; this allows [[cross-platform interchange]]. A passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. This not only makes it more convenient for passengers, it also reduces the amount of traffic per station. Riders are made aware of the closest connection point by way of in-train visual and auditory messages. ===Telecommunications network coverage=== A full [[GSM]] ([[GSM frequency ranges|GSM-900]] and [[GSM frequency ranges|GSM-1800]]), [[IS-95|CDMA]] and [[IS-136|TDMA]] mobile phone network is in place throughout the MTR system. Passengers can stay connected underground. Full [[3G]] network coverage in all stations and tunnels (except West Rail Line) for the MTR system has been provided by [[3 (telecommunications)|3 Hong Kong]], [[SmarTone-Vodafone]] and [[Pacific Century Cyberworks|PCCW Mobile]].<ref>''[http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/June2005/1550.htm "First 3G Operator to Connect to Four Major MTR line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121234556/http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/June2005/1550.htm |date=2012-01-21 }}'', ''www.3G.co.uk'', retrieved [[7 June]] [[2005]].</ref> ===Free magazines and newspapers=== ''[[Recruit (magazine)|Recruit]]'' was the first free magazine which was solely distributed in MTR stations since July 1992. However, in July 2002, the contract between the magazine and MTR was terminated. Another recruitment magazine ''Jiu Jik'' (招職), published by ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', replaced ''Recruit'' as the only free recruitment magazine distributed in MTR stations on every Tuesdays and Fridays. ===Extra services for Airport Express=== The Airport Express also offer value-added services to travellers on the line. Toilets and [[Airport|check-in facilities]] are available at every station on the line. A free Airport Express shuttle [[bus]] service transports travellers from stations to their respective [[hotel]]s as well. Flight passengers can even have in-town check-in at the station, which offers a more convenient and time-saving routine.<ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_compli_e.htm Complimentary service exclusively for Airport Express Passengers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423140537/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_compli_e.htm |date=2006-04-23 }}, [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ==Fares and tickets== As of January 2005, there were two different fare classes on the MTR: Adult and concessionary. Children below the age of 12, [[senior citizen]]s 65 years or older, and full-time Hong Kong students between the ages of 12 and 25 qualify for the concessionary rate. Children below the age of 3 travel free. The fare payable by a passenger depends on the approximate distance travelled. Stations fall into fare "zones" depending on the distance from the origin. The fare to all stations in a "zone" is the same and increases with distance, especially if the journey involves a harbour crossing. Adult fares range from [[Hong Kong Dollar|HK$]]3.80 to $26.00. Concessionary fares are usually half the adult fare, and range from HK$2.40 to $13.00. Fares for the Airport Express Line are significantly higher. The price of using MTR is very low. For example, the price of going from [[Tsing Yi]] to [[Causeway Bay]] by taxi is around [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]200. Travelling the same distance by MTR costs HK$11.80 for grown up people and HK$5.40 for young and very old people.<ref name="jourplanner">Based on ''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php "MTR Journey Planner"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214184225/http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php |date=2006-12-14 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[18 March]] [[2008]].</ref> People can buy a one way [[ticket]] or a [[Octopus card]] to enter MTR. Octopus card is a contact-less [[smart card]]. ===Octopus cards=== The [[Octopus card]] is a rechargeable contactless [[smart card]]. It was launched in September 1997 for use on both the MTR and the [[KCR]] and now is the most widely used [[electronic cash system]] for transactions in Hong Kong as many retailers are fitted with readers.<ref>''[http://www.octopus.com.hk/history/en/index.jsp "Our History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516142729/http://www.octopus.com.hk/about-us/corporate-profile/our-history/en/index.html|date=2012-05-16}}'', [[Octopus Cards Ltd.]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> It uses [[RFID|radio frequency identification]] ([[RFID]]) technology so that users need only hold the card in front of the reader. Physical contact is not required, and the card need not even be taken out because the reader can penetrate through material. This fare collection system has been so popular that many cities such as [[Singapore]], [[London]], [[Chicago]], and [[Taipei]] have adopted the idea, launching their own version of [[Smart card|smart cards]]. Except for the Airport Express, MTR fares are slightly lower when using an Octopus card compared to using single journey tickets. For example, the cost of the 3-minute journey from [[Admiralty (MTR)|Admiralty]] to [[Tsim Sha Tsui (MTR)|Tsim Sha Tsui]] across the [[Victoria Harbour]] is ([[as of 2005]]) HK$7.9 using the Octopus card, compared with HK$9.0 for a single-journey ticket.<ref name="jourplanner" /> ===Tourist pass=== Two types of tourist passes are available: one allows unlimited rides for a single day (at HK$50), while the other allows three days of unlimited rides on the MTR, with a stored value of HK$20, refundable deposit of HK$50 and choice of either a single (HK$220) or return (HK$300) trip on the Airport Express. Tourists are required to produce proof of tourist status, (e.g. passports or, in the case of [[Mainland China|Mainland]] travellers, entry permits) when purchasing the pass, and whenever requested by a ticket inspector during spot-checks.<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_tourtickete.htm "Hong Kong Tourist Transport Passes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218234719/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/train/ae_tourtickete.htm |date=2006-12-18 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ===Other fares=== The [[magnet]]ic fare card system is used for single journey tickets. These tickets are pre-paid for between pre-determined stations, and are good for only one trip. There are no return tickets, except on the Airport Express. Fares for the Airport Express are different from main line fares. Apart from single tickets, same-day return tickets (same price as a single), and one-month return tickets are also available. A one-day pass can be used for unlimited travel to/from [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] within the same day, and costs HK$50. This pass can be purchased from any MTR Customer Service Centres or Airport Express Customer Service Centres.<ref name="disney" /> ==MTR rolling stock== [[File:MTR Hong Kong M-Stock train.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Interior of the refurbished M-Train, the oldest trains on the MTR.]] [[File:Ma On Shan Line Train1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A train approaching City One Station,Ma On Shan Line]] Four variations of rolling stock operate on the MTR on 1.5kV DC [[Overhead lines|overhead electrification]]. All trains are [[electric multiple unit]]s, with [[Automatic Train Control|ATC]] and [[Automatic train protection|ATP]], operating on 1432&nbsp;mm [[rail gauge]]. Except for the rolling stock of the Airport Express, all trains are designed with features to cope with high density passenger traffic on stopping services. Examples are the [[latitudinal]] seating arrangement, additional [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] [[fan (implement)|fans]] and 5 doors on each side per car. The [[Tung Chung Line (MTR)|Tung Chung Line]] and the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] use dedicated rolling stock designs specified to their respective lines. Initially in 7-car formations, they have now been lengthened to eight cars. These two variations were built jointly by [[Adtranz]] (now [[Bombardier]] Transportations) and [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] between 1994 and 1997.<ref name=lantau>''[http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/hong_kong/ "Lantau Line and Airport Railway, Hong Kong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205023025/http://www.railway-technology.com/Projects/lantau-line-airport-railway |date=2012-02-05 }}'', Railway Technology, retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]].</ref> The other lines are operated using a mixture of the other two variations, known as the "M-Train" and the "K-Stock". The "M-Stock" (or CM-Stock") of "M-Train" are the oldest trains on the MTR, built originally by [[Metro Cammell]] (now [[Alstom]])<ref>''[http://www.transport.alstom.com/home/Products_and_Services/RAIL_VEHICLES/Passenger_trains/Urban_trains/10918.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/Products_and_Services/RAIL_VEHICLES/Passenger_trains/Urban_trains/&docLink=7628 "Metro in Hong Kong"]'', [[Alstom|Alstom Transportations]], retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> and refurbished by [[United Goninan]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20040315123138/http://www.unitedgoninan.com.au/goninan/news/news06.htm "United Group Limited secures $40 million Hong Kong rail maintenance contract"]'', [[United Goninan]], from [[Internet Archive]]</ref> The "M-Train" is the only variation that uses [[Sliding door|sliding doors]], as opposed to others which use plug-doors. The "K-Stock" are built jointly by [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] and [[ROTEM]],<ref>''[http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/Business_Activities/RollingStock/Emu/EMU_hongkong.asp "Electric Multiple Unit - For Hong Kong MTR Limited"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020430/http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/Business_Activities/RollingStock/Emu/EMU_hongkong.asp|date=2007-03-12}}'', [[Rotem]]'s XG EMU, retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref> and a further order of 32 cars is due to be in service on the Tung Chung Line by 2007.<ref>''[http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/board/read.asp?seq=13&page=1 "New trains ordered for Tung Chung Line, Hong Kong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020347/http://www.rotem.co.kr/eng/board/read.asp?seq=13&page=1|date=2007-03-12}}'', [[Rotem]] press release, retrieved [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm#3 ''"Additional Tung Chung Line Trains"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308145301/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/inprogress_hongkong_e.htm#3 |date=2007-03-08 }}, [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[19 March]] [[2006]]</ref> The [[Disneyland Resort Line (MTR)|Disneyland Resort Line]] uses driverless "M-Trains" with their appearance overhauled to suit the line.<ref name="lantau" /> Windows on each carriage and the handrails inside are made into the shape of [[Mickey Mouse]]'s head, and there are bronze-made [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] characters decorating the interior of the carriages. ==Art promotion== [[File:Art in MTR living art stage.jpg|thumb|250px|A stage for live art performances in the "arttube", a subway connecting [[Hong Kong (MTR)|Hong Kong Station]] and [[Central (MTR)|Central Station]] .]] With the objective "not only bring MTR passengers more time for life, but also more time for [[art]]", the "[[Art in MTR]]" Initiative has been a success since its reception in 1998, where the Airport Express Artwork Programme was the pioneer project. Thereafter, live performances, art exhibitions, display of artwork by established and emerging artists, students and young children have been brought into the MTR stations. MTR Corporation Limited have made art part of the station [[architecture]] when building new stations or renovating existing ones. Artworks are exhibited in different forms on the network, including "arttube", open art gallery, community art galleries, roving art, living art, and art in station architecture.<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/artinmtr04/artinart_e.htm "art in mtr"]'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], retrieved [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ==The future== [[File:FutureMTRNetworkAfterMerger.png|right|thumb|200px|What MTR might look like if it took over the [[KCR]] network.]] [[MTR Corporation Limited]] has suggested several future projects to the Hong Kong Government. It has also been suggested to improve parts of MTR that are running now. [[Airport (MTR)|Airport Station]] on the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] will have a new platform to serve passengers flying out of [[Hong Kong International Airport]]'s Skyplaza. New [[Rapid transit|subway]] links to the stations are also being made, and it has been proposed to lengthen the [[Tseung Kwan O Line]] with a branch line to [[Tseung Kwan O South (MTR)|Tseung Kwan O South]], and the [[Kwun Tong Line]] as far as [[Whampoa Garden]], also linking with the Sha Tin to Central Link expansion.<ref name="mtrexpan" /> The [[West Island Line and South Island Line]], first suggested to the government by MTR on 21 January 2003, was finally accepted on 30 June 2005. It was made up of the West Island Line that took the Island Line to [[Kennedy Town]], and the South Island Line (East section) from [[Admiralty (MTR)|Admiralty]] to Ap Lei Chau and South Island Line (West section) that connects the other two lines.<ref>''[http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/sil-introduction.htm "West Island Line & South Island Line"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315213623/http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/extensions/sil-introduction.htm |date=2007-03-15 }}'', [[MTR Corporation Limited]], [[17 April]] [[2006]]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Ccat}} ; MTR service * [http://www.mtr.com.hk MTR Corporation Limited] * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/images/maps/mtr_map2.jpg Map of the Hong Kong MTR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215054454/http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/images/maps/mtr_map2.jpg |date=2006-12-15 }} * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php Journey time and Fare Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214184225/http://www.mtr.com.hk/jplanner/jplanner/planner_index.php |date=2006-12-14 }} ;Related products * [http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/en/index.jsp Information on Octopus Cards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918202449/http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/en/index.jsp |date=2009-09-18 }} ; Other * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uxuFcLnbgs Video of the effect of SARS on the Hong Kong MTR (Subway System)]—Video of the effect of SARS on the Hong Kong MTR (Subway System) {{Attached KML}} [[Category:MTR| ]] j583xv2yqb3erem5z56279744vmec0k 0 45562 10329997 10312111 2025-06-14T13:31:11Z 2409:4060:201E:8535:0:0:16C3:40AC More information 10329997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the fruit|the Italian singer|Mango (singer)}}Botanical survey by Tithi Thapa '''Topic: Mango plant (Mangifera indica).[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#/editor/0]'''{{Taxobox | name = Mangifera indica | image = MANGO249.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Unripe mango fruits | regnum = [[Plantae]] | phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Anacardiaceae]] | genus = '''''Mangifera''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} A '''mango''' is a type of [[fruit]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=9 amazing Mango fruit Nutrition facts and Health benefits|url=https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/mango-fruit.html|access-date=2022-06-30|website=Nutrition And You.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The mango [[tree]] is native to South [[Asia]], from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely [[Cultivation|cultivated]] fruits in the [[tropics]]. It is harvested in the [[month]] of [[March]] (summer season) until the mid of June. [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as [[Langra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Langra]], [[Dusshera]], [[Chausa]], [[Tota]], and [[Safadi]]. [[Alphonso mango|Alphonso mangoes]] can be found in various parts of western India. These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of [[Nigeria]], [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]]. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes. == Benefits of Mango == * High in nutrients * Low-calorie intake * Mango may aid in the prevention of diabetes * Mango contains immune-boosting nutrients * Helps to maintain heart health * Mango may support your eye health * It reduces the risk of certain cancers * Mango may improve digestion * A versatile and easy-to-use food Mango also has a variety of other health advantages. You may learn more about these advantages [https://blogtail.in/how-does-mango-affect-your-health/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708133003/https://blogtail.in/how-does-mango-affect-your-health/ |date=2022-07-08 }}. == Mango trees == [[Image:Mango tree Chinawal.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A mango tree]] The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its [[wood]]. However, mango trees can be converted to [[lumber]] once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from [[fungi]] and [[insects]].<ref name = "Database">{{cite web|title=Mango|url=http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango/|website=The Wood Database|accessdate=30 August 2014|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111123922/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wood is used for musical instruments such as [[Ukelele]]s,<ref name = "Database"/> plywood and low-cost furniture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic importance of Mangifera indica|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|website=Green Clean Guide|accessdate=30 August 2014|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207140530/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wood is also known to produce [[Phenol|phenolic substances]] that can cause [[dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of natural toxins|url=https://archive.org/details/plantfungaltoxin0000unse|date=1983|publisher=Dekker|isbn=0824718933|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/plantfungaltoxin0000unse/page/425 425]}}</ref> It was the state tree of [[Junagadh State]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Symbols of Bangladesh}} {{Fruits}} {{Herbs & spices}} [[Category:Plants of Asia]] [[Category:Tropical fruit]] [[Category:Anacardiaceae]] [[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] [[Category:National symbols of India]] [[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]] [[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]] de71yg50vab6hjduz8734u7ikttu26g 10330538 10329997 2025-06-14T17:53:38Z Barras 40117 [[User:Awesome Aasim/rcpatrol|RCP]] reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2409:4060:201E:8535:0:0:16C3:40AC|2409:4060:201E:8535:0:0:16C3:40AC]] ([[User_talk:2409:4060:201E:8535:0:0:16C3:40AC|Talk]]); changed back to last revision by [[Special:Contributions/Shubhsamant09|Shubhsamant09]] 10312111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the fruit|the Italian singer|Mango (singer)}}'''Topic: Mango plant (Mangifera indica).[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango#/editor/0]'''{{Taxobox | name = Mangifera indica | image = MANGO249.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Unripe mango fruits | regnum = [[Plantae]] | phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Anacardiaceae]] | genus = '''''Mangifera''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} A '''mango''' is a type of [[fruit]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=9 amazing Mango fruit Nutrition facts and Health benefits|url=https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/mango-fruit.html|access-date=2022-06-30|website=Nutrition And You.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The mango [[tree]] is native to South [[Asia]], from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely [[Cultivation|cultivated]] fruits in the [[tropics]]. It is harvested in the [[month]] of [[March]] (summer season) until the mid of June. [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as [[Langra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Langra]], [[Dusshera]], [[Chausa]], [[Tota]], and [[Safadi]]. [[Alphonso mango|Alphonso mangoes]] can be found in various parts of western India. These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of [[Nigeria]], [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]]. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes. == Benefits of Mango == * High in nutrients * Low-calorie intake * Mango may aid in the prevention of diabetes * Mango contains immune-boosting nutrients * Helps to maintain heart health * Mango may support your eye health * It reduces the risk of certain cancers * Mango may improve digestion * A versatile and easy-to-use food Mango also has a variety of other health advantages. You may learn more about these advantages [https://blogtail.in/how-does-mango-affect-your-health/ here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708133003/https://blogtail.in/how-does-mango-affect-your-health/ |date=2022-07-08 }}. == Mango trees == [[Image:Mango tree Chinawal.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A mango tree]] The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its [[wood]]. However, mango trees can be converted to [[lumber]] once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from [[fungi]] and [[insects]].<ref name = "Database">{{cite web|title=Mango|url=http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango/|website=The Wood Database|accessdate=30 August 2014|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111123922/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wood is used for musical instruments such as [[Ukelele]]s,<ref name = "Database"/> plywood and low-cost furniture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic importance of Mangifera indica|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|website=Green Clean Guide|accessdate=30 August 2014|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207140530/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wood is also known to produce [[Phenol|phenolic substances]] that can cause [[dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of natural toxins|url=https://archive.org/details/plantfungaltoxin0000unse|date=1983|publisher=Dekker|isbn=0824718933|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/plantfungaltoxin0000unse/page/425 425]}}</ref> It was the state tree of [[Junagadh State]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Symbols of Bangladesh}} {{Fruits}} {{Herbs & spices}} [[Category:Plants of Asia]] [[Category:Tropical fruit]] [[Category:Anacardiaceae]] [[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]] [[Category:National symbols of India]] [[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]] [[Category:National symbols of the Philippines]] i1ay1a9fh8qxlzjgb74wzao6ou35tui 0 45791 10331275 8864927 2025-06-15T01:35:34Z 180.150.36.182 10331275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:D274.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Piano]] [[File:YamahaKeyboard.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A musical keyboard]] A '''keyboard instrument''' is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard. In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals. The ways in which the sound is made varies a lot: * In the [[piano]], [[Hammer (piano)|hammers]] hit the [[Strings (music)|strings]]. * In the [[Pipe organ|organ]], [[air]] is sent through [[pipe]]s. * In the [[electronic organ]] or [[synthesizer]], sound is made [[Electronics|electronically]]. * In the [[harpsichord]], the strings are plucked by [[Feather|quills]] or “jacks”. * In the [[clavichord]], the strings are hit by a [[metal]] “tangent”. In the [[17th century|17th]] and [[18th century|18th centuries]], the word ''Clavier'' was used in [[Germany]] to mean any kind of keyboard instrument. Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same. [[File:Harpsichord 1980.JPG|thumb|A modern harpsichord with two manuals (keyboards). It is a copy of a [[Baroque music|Baroque]] instrument.]] The development of electronic instruments in the [[20th century]] has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments. These include the [[ondes Martenot]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ondes Martenot|url=http://www.thomasbloch.net/en_ondes-martenot.html|publisher=Thomas Bloch|accessdate=1 January 2017}}</ref> and the synthesizer. Nowadays, people often talk about a ''keyboard'' meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. “He plays the keyboard”). The plural form of the word is "keyboards". [[Yamaha]] have now made the most successful keyboards, selling over 770,000 a year == Types of keyboards == Keyboard types include: * Arranger keyboards * Digital workstation keyboard == Arranger keyboard == Arrangers are mainly aimed at performers. Arrangers are mainly identified by their automatic [[accompaniment]] styles. They are used widely by musicians who perform by their own, more like a one-man band. Arrangers offer extensive libraries containing prerecorded accompaniment tracks in nearly every music style imaginable. The instrument can support their singing with onboard effects, vocal harmony, and lyric display while providing MIDI and/or audio file playback. Music played by the keyboardist can often be recorded and saved into a memory bank. Arrangers also help in writing songs and can provide realistic [[drum]] styles that match with the tempo and style the [[musician]] developed. The top seller for arrangers include Yamaha and Korg which are used by many keyboardist worldwide. == Workstation keyboard == A keyboard workstation is a keyboard that is used to change the features of a variety of sounds on a keyboard. Workstation allows one to create new voices using filters, effects and modulations. It also allows for mixing sounds. Top brands for these are Nord, Yamaha, Korg, Casio which are used by many keyboardists worldwide. ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Keyboard instruments}} [[Category:Keyboard instruments| ]] b73cl7r0a4mqrvchb9gdcqwx1tapzqy 0 47890 10330284 10321609 2025-06-14T16:44:09Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Hodori_(1986_Asiad_and_1988_Seoul_Olympics_Mascot).png|Hodori_(1986_Asiad_and_1988_Seoul_Olympics_Mascot).png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: [[:c:COM:DW|Derivative work]] of non-free content ([[:c: 10330284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic games|1988|Summer|Olympics | image = 1988年夏季オリンピックエンブレム.png | image_size = 200px | motto = ''Harmony and Progress''<br />([[Korean language|Korean]]: 화합과 전진) | nations = 159 | athletes = 8,391 (6,197 men, 2,194 women) | events = 237 in 23 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (31 disciplines) | opening = 17 September | closing = 2 October | opened_by = [[President of South Korea|President]] [[Roh Tae-woo]]<ref name="Opening and Cauldron">{{cite press release |title=Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | cauldron = Sohn Mi-chung<br />Chung Sun-man<br />[[Kim Won-tak]]<ref name="Opening and Cauldron"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/seoul-1988-torch-relay|title=Seoul 1988 Torch Relay|access-date=2 June 2018|website=www.olympic.org}}</ref> | stadium = [[Seoul Olympic Stadium]] | summer_prev = [[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles 1984]] | summer_next = [[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona 1992]] | winter_prev = [[1988 Winter Olympics|Calgary 1988]] | winter_next = [[1992 Winter Olympics|Albertville 1992]] }} [[File:1988 Summer Olympic games countries.png|thumb|Map of countries who took part in the 1988 Olympics (in green).]] The '''[[1988]] [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]]''', officially known as the '''Games of the XXIV Olympiad''', were held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] from September 17 to October 2. ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/seoul-1988 IOC page on the Seoul 1988 Olympics] {{Commonscat}} {{Olympic Games}} {{Sport-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1988 Summer Olympics| ]] [[Category:1980s in South Korean sport]] 2g7218twznjgmxn8f71y4tow0sbr56w 0 52066 10331012 9151962 2025-06-14T22:47:26Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 yellow 10331012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|Red|FFF000}} [[File:Lapis lazuli block.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[lapis lazuli]] with its azure color]] '''Azure''' is a [[color]] that looks like the color of the [[sky]] on a bright, clear day. It is a pure [[chroma]] on the [[Light-emitting diode|RGB]] [[color wheel]] halfway between [[blue]] and [[cyan]]. The [[complementary color]] of azure is [[Orange (color)|orange]]. ==Meaning of azure== * Azure is one of the [[Colour|national colors]] of [[Italy]] on its [[Coat of Arms]]. [[Nation]]s which use tones of Azure in their [[flag]]s include [[Argentina]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Estonia]], [[Guatemala]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Namibia]], [[Palau]], [[San Marino]], [[Somalia]], [[Sweden]], and [[Ukraine]]. The [[European Union]] uses a vivid tone of azure called ''royal blue'' (the [[web color]] royal blue) as the background color for its flag. * The flag of the [[United Nations]] is a tone of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue" (shown below). It is also the color of the helmets worn by the [[Helmet|United Nations peacekeeping forces]]. * In [[Poetry]], azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or [[Heaven]]. ''Azure'' is often used in [[France]] to describe the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. ==Where the name comes from== The word ''azure'' comes from the [[Persian language|Persian]] لاژورد ''lazhward''. Lazhward was the name of a place. This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone. Now we call this stone "[[lapis lazuli]]". It means "stone of Lazhward". The word came to [[Old French]] by the twelfth century. The French used this word to talk about the colors of [[coat of arms|coats of arms]]. From the [[French language|French]] the word came to the [[English language|English]]. The first recorded use of ''azure'' as a color name in [[English language|English]] was in 1374.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190</ref> {{clear}} ==Heraldry== [[File:Heraldic Shield Azure.svg|left|122px|Azure tincture]] In [[heraldry]], the word ''azure'' simply means "[[blue]]". Azure is said to represent [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] and [[sapphire]]s. It belongs to the class of tinctures called "[[Colour|colors]]". In [[engraving]], it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either '''az.''' or '''b.''' as an abbreviation. In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "[[sky blue]]". Neither azure nor [[Sky blue|bleu celeste]] is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade. {{-}} ==Tones of azure color comparison chart== {| table width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f0ffff;"| Azure Mist (web color "Azure") (Hex: #F0FFFF) (RGB: 240, 255, 255) |- |style = "background-color: #f0f8ff;"| Alice Blue (web color) (Hex: #F0F8FF) (RGB: 240, 248, 255) |- |style="background-color: #e7feff;"| Bubbles (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E7FEFF) (RGB: 231, 254, 255) |- |style="background-color: #bcd4e6;"| Beau Blue (Plochere) (Hex: #BCD4E6) (RGB: 188, 212, 230) |- |style="background-color: #8cb6e8;"| Pinewood Computer Core Complex Elevator Button (Hex: #8CB6E8) (RGB: 140, 182, 232) |- |style = "background-color: #89cff0;"| Baby Blue (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #89CFF0) (RGB: 137, 207, 240) |- | style="background-color: #93ccea;" | Light Cornflower Blue (Crayola: Cornflower) (Hex: #93CCEA) (RGB: 147, 204, 234) |- |style="background-color: #9bddff;"| Columbia Blue (Columbia University) (Hex: #9BDDFF) (RGB: 155, 221, 255) |- |style="background-color: #a1caf1;"| Baby Blue Eyes (Plochere) (Hex: #A1CAF1) (RGB: 161, 202, 241) |- | style="background-color: #87Cefa;" | Light Sky Blue (web color) (Hex: #87CEFA) (RGB: 135, 206, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #87ceeb;"| Sky Blue (web color) (Hex: #87CEEB) (RGB: 135, 206, 235) |- | style="background-color: #76d7ea;" | Medium Sky Blue (Crayola: Sky Blue) (Hex: #76D7EA) (RGB: 118, 215, 234) |- |style = "background-color: #00bfff;"| Capri (Maerz & Paul) (web color "Deep Sky Blue") (Hex: #00BFFF) (RGB: 0, 191, 255) |- |style = "background-color: #73c2Fb;"| Maya Blue (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #73C2FB) (RGB: 115, 194, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #8ab9f1;"| Jordy Blue (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #8AB9F1) (RGB: 138, 185, 241) |- |style = "background-color: #7cb9e8;"| Aero (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #7CB9E8) (RGB: 124, 185, 232) |- |style = "background-color: #45b1e8;"| Picton Blue (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #45B1E8) (RGB: 69, 177, 232) |- |style = "background-color: #00afca; color: #ffffff;"| Khazakstani Azure (Khazakstani Flag) (Hex: #00AFCA) (RGB: 0, 175, 202) |- |style = "background-color: #42adde; color: #ffffff;"| Ukrainian Azure (Ukrainian Flag) (Hex: #42ADDE) (RGB: 66, 173, 222) |- |style = "background-color: #5b92e5; color: #ffffff;"| United Nations Azure (United Nations Blue) (UN Flag) (Hex: #5B92E5) (RGB: 91, 146, 229) |- |style = "background-color: #6495ed; color: #ffffff;"| Bleu de France (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #318CE7) (RGB: 49, 140, 231) |- |style = "background-color: #318ce7; color: #ffffff;"| Cornflower Blue (web color) (Hex: #6495ED) (RGB: 100, 149, 237) |- |style = "background-color: #1e90ff; color: #ffffff;"| Dodger Blue (web color) (Hex: #1E90FF) (RGB: 30, 144, 255) |- | style="background-color: #007fff; color: #ffffff;" | Azure (color wheel) (Hex: #007FFF) (RGB: 0, 127, 255) |- |style = "background-color: #0070ff; color: #ffffff;"| Brandeis Blue (Brandeis University) (Hex: #0070FF) (RGB: 0, 112, 255) |- | style="background-color: #0066ff; color: #ffffff;" | Deep Azure (Crayola: Blue) (Hex: #0066FF) (RGB: 0, 102, 255) |- | style="background-color: #2580ec; color: #ffffff;" | Teknikk X8400 (Hex: #2580EC) (RGB: 37, 128, 236) |- |style = "background-color: #4169e1; color: #ffffff;"| Royal Blue (web color) (Hex: #4169E1) (RGB: 65, 105, 225) |- |style = "background-color: #0073cf; color: #ffffff;"| True Blue (UCLA sports teams) (Hex: #0073CF) (RGB: 0, 115, 207) |- |style = "background-color: #0066cc; color: #ffffff;"| Bright Navy Blue (Navy Blue (Crayola)) (Hex: #0066CC) (RGB: 0, 102, 204) |- |style = "background-color: #1560bd; color: #ffffff;"| Denim (Crayola) (Hex: #1560BD) (RGB: 21, 96, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #1164b4; color: #ffffff;"| Green-Blue (Crayola) (Hex: #1164B4) (RGB: 17, 100, 180) |- |style = "background-color: #007bb8; color: #ffffff;"| Star Command Blue (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007BB8) (RGB: 0, 123, 184) |- | style="background-color: #458ac6; color: #ffffff;" | Medium Azure (Azure Blue) (Pantone TPX 17-4139) (Hex: #458AC6) (RGB: 69, 138, 198) |- |style = "background-color: #5d89ba; color: #ffffff;"| Silver Lake Blue (Pantone TPX 17-4030) (Hex: #5D89BA) (RGB: 93, 137, 186) |- |style = "background-color: #5d8aa8; color: #ffffff;"| Air Force Blue (RAF) (Royal Air Force flag) (Hex: #5D8AA8) (RGB: 93, 138, 168) |- |style = "background-color: #72a0c1; color: #ffffff;"| Air Superiority Blue (U.S. Federal Standard 595 #FS 5450) (Hex: #72A0C1) (RGB: 114, 160, 193) |- |style = "background-color: #a2add0; color: #ffffff;"| Wild Blue Yonder (Crayola) (Hex: #A2ADD0) (RGB: 162, 173, 208) |- |style = "background-color: #70a3cc; color: #ffffff;"| Forget-Me-Not (ISCC-NBS #181) (Hex: #70A3CC) (RGB: 112, 163, 204) |- | style="background-color: #74acdf; color: #ffffff;" | Argentinian Azure (Vexillogy) (color of Argentinian flag) (Hex: #74ACDF) (RGB: 116, 172, 223) |- |style = "background-color: #4997d0; color: #ffffff;"| Celestial Blue (Blue Heaven) (Plochere) (Hex: #4997D0) (RGB: 73, 151, 208) |- |style = "background-color: #417dc1; color: #ffffff;"| Tufts Blue (Tufts University) (Hex: #417DC1) (RGB: 72, 145, 206) |- |style = "background-color: #4682b4; color: #ffffff;"| Steel Blue (web color) (Hex: #4682B4) (RGB: 70, 130, 180) |- |style = "background-color: #007ba7; color: #ffffff;"| Cerulean (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #007BA7) (RGB: 0, 123, 167) |- |style = "background-color: #0072bb; color: #ffffff;"| French Blue (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #0072BB) (RGB: 0, 114, 187) |- | style="background-color: #006db0; color: #ffffff;" | Honolulu Blue (Detroit Lions) (Hex: #006DBA) (RGB: 0, 109, 176) |- |style = "background-color: #5072a7; color: #ffffff;"| Blue Yonder (Pantone TPX 18-3937) (Hex: #5072A7) (RGB: 80, 114, 167) |- |style = "background-color: #26619c; color: #ffffff;"| Lapis Lazuli (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #26619c) (RGB: 38, 97, 156) |- | style="background-color: #005b99; color: #ffffff;" | Swedish Azure (Swedish flag<ref>Most actual Swedish flags are lighter tones of azure.</ref>) (Hex: #005B99) (RGB: 0, 91, 153) |- | style="background-color: #0F52BA; color: #ffffff;" | Sapphire (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #0F52BA) (RGB: 15, 82, 186) |- |style = "background-color: #0038a8; color: #ffffff;"| Royal Azure (Pantone Blue #286) (Hex: #0038A8) (RGB: 0, 56, 186) |- |style = "background-color: #00308F; color: #ffffff;"| Air Force Blue (USAF) (United States Air Force) (Hex: #00308F) (RGB: 0, 48, 143) |- |style = "background-color: #002366; color: #ffffff;"| Royal Blue (traditional) (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #002366) (RGB: 0, 35, 102) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of blue}} 1ktubdv0djlls42ldd0yeqsy4piowyt 10331032 10331012 2025-06-14T23:01:35Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by 173.177.13.6 9151962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{colorswatch|azure|007FFF}} [[File:Lapis lazuli block.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[lapis lazuli]] with its azure color]] '''Azure''' is a [[color]] that looks like the color of the [[sky]] on a bright, clear day. It is a pure [[chroma]] on the [[Light-emitting diode|RGB]] [[color wheel]] halfway between [[blue]] and [[cyan]]. The [[complementary color]] of azure is [[Orange (color)|orange]]. ==Meaning of azure== * Azure is one of the [[Colour|national colors]] of [[Italy]] on its [[Coat of Arms]]. [[Nation]]s which use tones of Azure in their [[flag]]s include [[Argentina]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Estonia]], [[Guatemala]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Namibia]], [[Palau]], [[San Marino]], [[Somalia]], [[Sweden]], and [[Ukraine]]. The [[European Union]] uses a vivid tone of azure called ''royal blue'' (the [[web color]] royal blue) as the background color for its flag. * The flag of the [[United Nations]] is a tone of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue" (shown below). It is also the color of the helmets worn by the [[Helmet|United Nations peacekeeping forces]]. * In [[Poetry]], azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or [[Heaven]]. ''Azure'' is often used in [[France]] to describe the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. ==Where the name comes from== The word ''azure'' comes from the [[Persian language|Persian]] لاژورد ''lazhward''. Lazhward was the name of a place. This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone. Now we call this stone "[[lapis lazuli]]". It means "stone of Lazhward". The word came to [[Old French]] by the twelfth century. The French used this word to talk about the colors of [[coat of arms|coats of arms]]. From the [[French language|French]] the word came to the [[English language|English]]. The first recorded use of ''azure'' as a color name in [[English language|English]] was in 1374.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190</ref> {{clear}} ==Heraldry== [[File:Heraldic Shield Azure.svg|left|122px|Azure tincture]] In [[heraldry]], the word ''azure'' simply means "[[blue]]". Azure is said to represent [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] and [[sapphire]]s. It belongs to the class of tinctures called "[[Colour|colors]]". In [[engraving]], it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either '''az.''' or '''b.''' as an abbreviation. In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "[[sky blue]]". Neither azure nor [[Sky blue|bleu celeste]] is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade. {{-}} ==Tones of azure color comparison chart== {| table width=100% |- |style = "background-color: #f0ffff;"| Azure Mist (web color "Azure") (Hex: #F0FFFF) (RGB: 240, 255, 255) |- |style = "background-color: #f0f8ff;"| Alice Blue (web color) (Hex: #F0F8FF) (RGB: 240, 248, 255) |- |style="background-color: #e7feff;"| Bubbles (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #E7FEFF) (RGB: 231, 254, 255) |- |style="background-color: #bcd4e6;"| Beau Blue (Plochere) (Hex: #BCD4E6) (RGB: 188, 212, 230) |- |style="background-color: #8cb6e8;"| Pinewood Computer Core Complex Elevator Button (Hex: #8CB6E8) (RGB: 140, 182, 232) |- |style = "background-color: #89cff0;"| Baby Blue (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #89CFF0) (RGB: 137, 207, 240) |- | style="background-color: #93ccea;" | Light Cornflower Blue (Crayola: Cornflower) (Hex: #93CCEA) (RGB: 147, 204, 234) |- |style="background-color: #9bddff;"| Columbia Blue (Columbia University) (Hex: #9BDDFF) (RGB: 155, 221, 255) |- |style="background-color: #a1caf1;"| Baby Blue Eyes (Plochere) (Hex: #A1CAF1) (RGB: 161, 202, 241) |- | style="background-color: #87Cefa;" | Light Sky Blue (web color) (Hex: #87CEFA) (RGB: 135, 206, 250) |- |style = "background-color: #87ceeb;"| Sky Blue (web color) (Hex: #87CEEB) (RGB: 135, 206, 235) |- | style="background-color: #76d7ea;" | Medium Sky Blue (Crayola: Sky Blue) (Hex: #76D7EA) (RGB: 118, 215, 234) |- |style = "background-color: #00bfff;"| Capri (Maerz & Paul) (web color "Deep Sky Blue") (Hex: #00BFFF) (RGB: 0, 191, 255) |- |style = "background-color: #73c2Fb;"| Maya Blue (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #73C2FB) (RGB: 115, 194, 215) |- |style = "background-color: #8ab9f1;"| Jordy Blue (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #8AB9F1) (RGB: 138, 185, 241) |- |style = "background-color: #7cb9e8;"| Aero (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #7CB9E8) (RGB: 124, 185, 232) |- |style = "background-color: #45b1e8;"| Picton Blue (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #45B1E8) (RGB: 69, 177, 232) |- |style = "background-color: #00afca; color: #ffffff;"| Khazakstani Azure (Khazakstani Flag) (Hex: #00AFCA) (RGB: 0, 175, 202) |- |style = "background-color: #42adde; color: #ffffff;"| Ukrainian Azure (Ukrainian Flag) (Hex: #42ADDE) (RGB: 66, 173, 222) |- |style = "background-color: #5b92e5; color: #ffffff;"| United Nations Azure (United Nations Blue) (UN Flag) (Hex: #5B92E5) (RGB: 91, 146, 229) |- |style = "background-color: #6495ed; color: #ffffff;"| Bleu de France (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #318CE7) (RGB: 49, 140, 231) |- |style = "background-color: #318ce7; color: #ffffff;"| Cornflower Blue (web color) (Hex: #6495ED) (RGB: 100, 149, 237) |- |style = "background-color: #1e90ff; color: #ffffff;"| Dodger Blue (web color) (Hex: #1E90FF) (RGB: 30, 144, 255) |- | style="background-color: #007fff; color: #ffffff;" | Azure (color wheel) (Hex: #007FFF) (RGB: 0, 127, 255) |- |style = "background-color: #0070ff; color: #ffffff;"| Brandeis Blue (Brandeis University) (Hex: #0070FF) (RGB: 0, 112, 255) |- | style="background-color: #0066ff; color: #ffffff;" | Deep Azure (Crayola: Blue) (Hex: #0066FF) (RGB: 0, 102, 255) |- | style="background-color: #2580ec; color: #ffffff;" | Teknikk X8400 (Hex: #2580EC) (RGB: 37, 128, 236) |- |style = "background-color: #4169e1; color: #ffffff;"| Royal Blue (web color) (Hex: #4169E1) (RGB: 65, 105, 225) |- |style = "background-color: #0073cf; color: #ffffff;"| True Blue (UCLA sports teams) (Hex: #0073CF) (RGB: 0, 115, 207) |- |style = "background-color: #0066cc; color: #ffffff;"| Bright Navy Blue (Navy Blue (Crayola)) (Hex: #0066CC) (RGB: 0, 102, 204) |- |style = "background-color: #1560bd; color: #ffffff;"| Denim (Crayola) (Hex: #1560BD) (RGB: 21, 96, 189) |- |style = "background-color: #1164b4; color: #ffffff;"| Green-Blue (Crayola) (Hex: #1164B4) (RGB: 17, 100, 180) |- |style = "background-color: #007bb8; color: #ffffff;"| Star Command Blue (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007BB8) (RGB: 0, 123, 184) |- | style="background-color: #458ac6; color: #ffffff;" | Medium Azure (Azure Blue) (Pantone TPX 17-4139) (Hex: #458AC6) (RGB: 69, 138, 198) |- |style = "background-color: #5d89ba; color: #ffffff;"| Silver Lake Blue (Pantone TPX 17-4030) (Hex: #5D89BA) (RGB: 93, 137, 186) |- |style = "background-color: #5d8aa8; color: #ffffff;"| Air Force Blue (RAF) (Royal Air Force flag) (Hex: #5D8AA8) (RGB: 93, 138, 168) |- |style = "background-color: #72a0c1; color: #ffffff;"| Air Superiority Blue (U.S. Federal Standard 595 #FS 5450) (Hex: #72A0C1) (RGB: 114, 160, 193) |- |style = "background-color: #a2add0; color: #ffffff;"| Wild Blue Yonder (Crayola) (Hex: #A2ADD0) (RGB: 162, 173, 208) |- |style = "background-color: #70a3cc; color: #ffffff;"| Forget-Me-Not (ISCC-NBS #181) (Hex: #70A3CC) (RGB: 112, 163, 204) |- | style="background-color: #74acdf; color: #ffffff;" | Argentinian Azure (Vexillogy) (color of Argentinian flag) (Hex: #74ACDF) (RGB: 116, 172, 223) |- |style = "background-color: #4997d0; color: #ffffff;"| Celestial Blue (Blue Heaven) (Plochere) (Hex: #4997D0) (RGB: 73, 151, 208) |- |style = "background-color: #417dc1; color: #ffffff;"| Tufts Blue (Tufts University) (Hex: #417DC1) (RGB: 72, 145, 206) |- |style = "background-color: #4682b4; color: #ffffff;"| Steel Blue (web color) (Hex: #4682B4) (RGB: 70, 130, 180) |- |style = "background-color: #007ba7; color: #ffffff;"| Cerulean (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #007BA7) (RGB: 0, 123, 167) |- |style = "background-color: #0072bb; color: #ffffff;"| French Blue (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #0072BB) (RGB: 0, 114, 187) |- | style="background-color: #006db0; color: #ffffff;" | Honolulu Blue (Detroit Lions) (Hex: #006DBA) (RGB: 0, 109, 176) |- |style = "background-color: #5072a7; color: #ffffff;"| Blue Yonder (Pantone TPX 18-3937) (Hex: #5072A7) (RGB: 80, 114, 167) |- |style = "background-color: #26619c; color: #ffffff;"| Lapis Lazuli (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #26619c) (RGB: 38, 97, 156) |- | style="background-color: #005b99; color: #ffffff;" | Swedish Azure (Swedish flag<ref>Most actual Swedish flags are lighter tones of azure.</ref>) (Hex: #005B99) (RGB: 0, 91, 153) |- | style="background-color: #0F52BA; color: #ffffff;" | Sapphire (Maerz and Paul) (Hex: #0F52BA) (RGB: 15, 82, 186) |- |style = "background-color: #0038a8; color: #ffffff;"| Royal Azure (Pantone Blue #286) (Hex: #0038A8) (RGB: 0, 56, 186) |- |style = "background-color: #00308F; color: #ffffff;"| Air Force Blue (USAF) (United States Air Force) (Hex: #00308F) (RGB: 0, 48, 143) |- |style = "background-color: #002366; color: #ffffff;"| Royal Blue (traditional) (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #002366) (RGB: 0, 35, 102) |} ==Related pages== *[[List of colors]] ==References== <references/> {{Shades of blue}} o0hmjnevhbw717uh65l3dpvygzwhjr5 0 55419 10330908 10310732 2025-06-14T21:36:43Z 185.24.61.185 10330908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kurdistan | native_name = {{Native name|ku|کوردستان}} | common_name = Kurdistan | status = Stateless nation | image_flag = Flag of Kurdistan.svg | flag_caption = Flag of Kurdistan | national_anthem = {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Lang|ku|ئەی ڕەقیب}}}}|{{Nowrap|{{Transliteration|ku|Ey Reqîb}}}}|{{Nowrap|"Oh, enemy!"}}|{{Center|[[File:ئەی ڕەقیب - تاكا بك.ogg]]}}}} | image_map = Kurdish-inhabited areas (orthographic projection with inset).svg | image_map_caption = Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], 1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdish lands |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/kurdish_lands_92.jpg |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Kurdish lands. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93682579/ |website=Library of Congress|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> | languages_type = Languages | languages = {{Unbulleted list|[[Kurdish languages]]|Zaza–Gorani languages}} | demonym = [[Kurdish people|Kurd]] | today = {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|Turkey ([[Turkish Kurdistan|Northern Kurdistan]])}}|{{Nowrap|Iraq ([[Iraqi Kurdistan|Southern Kurdistan]])}}|{{Nowrap|Iran ([[Iranian Kurdistan|Eastern Kurdistan]])}}|{{Nowrap|Syria ([[Syrian Kurdistan|Western Kurdistan]])}}}} }} '''Kurdistan''' ({{lang-ku|کوردستان|Kurdistān|lit=Land of the arabs}}; {{IPA-ku|ˌkʊɾdɪˈstɑːn||Ku-Kurdistan.oga}}),<ref name="BritannicaKurdistan">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kurdistan |title=Kurdistan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref> or '''Greater Kurdistan''',<ref>[http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/25122018 Turkey demands Google remove Greater Kurdistan map] by ''[[Rudaw]]'', December 25, 2018</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kaya|first= Zeynep|date=2020|title= Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism |publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages= 2, 137, 177, 197|quote= }}</ref> is the region in the [[Middle East]] where the [[Kurds]] inhabit<ref name="Zaken">{{cite book |last1=Zaken |first1=Mordechai |year=2007 |title=Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival |quote=Kurdistan was never a sovereign state, though the area with an ethnic and linguistic majority of Kurdish population is defined as Kurdistan. |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=9789004161900 |pages=1–2}}</ref> and the Kurdish culture, [[Kurdish languages|languages]], and national [[Cultural identity|identity]] have historically been based.<ref name="DetailedInfo"> * {{cite book |title=Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/agha-shaikh-and-state-9781856490191 |last=van Bruinessen |first=Martin |date=October 4, 1991 |edition=1 |isbn=9781856490191 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |volume=11 |last=Meho |first=Lokman I. |title=The Kurds and Kurdistan: a general background |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/53287233/meho-bibliography-2001-libre.pdf?1495808311=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Kurds_and_Kurdistan_a_general_backgr.pdf&Expires=1733852190&Signature=Ry7CSsGqGJxiq1xscLUJg1~V3nbM-BtSzam9fLF8vIDD2uLNPmUHsRxL4hxyv~FHxpyI6T6S55t6hVtwF0-iEkiX9Yo5mRVCS4p~Q1omgQPL2SXmGjMQiwnydp2~Me5djg8rxrQwESbBPHH333Dd8oIZnRKvWr2ghozlAiilxWvfSFOmnWzCqt-U69ktFQSgO9Yb5Bx8PBzvBXR1EIA647QEF0yawAmSbZKq5gh0ndRQt8rWMb~qSF00vvTfCk7c1hg6pnGgccjXEvSJ5h-gJ5UB~OGWk370q3FAUkURedFAeFXpEJPdL~xpIg2BqDWhnNecO~N5QPWJ4Bg6mD6QJA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |title=The Political Geography of Kurdistan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.271 |last=Dahlman |first=Carl |volume=43 |issue=4 |year=2002 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.271 |pages=271–299 |access-date=December 10, 2024 |quote=Published online: 10 May 2013}} * M. T. O'Shea, ''Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan'', 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 77) * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of International Studies |title=Kurdistan Region: A Country Proile |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52415371/Kurdistan_Region_a_country_profile-libre.pdf?1491040103=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DKurdistan_Region_A_Country_Profile.pdf&Expires=1733852076&Signature=YH-2EN2wZ~cX5En4paw3pWIwUANmFJN8tOJGhocTaLKoBG1ZQOITiLNhmn0O6BgUe0W5SMRYFjwCuk8CmhQNNXM6wSIjhTEamgtvDziF~aZIfuqo-GyO1Q3SHsR645n2L1Vxp2casbViJt~LkD6z7pygMvQKFyMkZhaaq1vACRuQDbFb4G~vsvZun0xvkXazFhK0iuTSAiRSLu0T~Re2r~HGlYdRqjoawN8nLA5g99T2gM-TUAJMXn68m~uWCI2gP-Wpx87HAcZHJAePYKzoiKMJjj~cIsvo-Tz1CPsaOJqE-C4zaxjtKp-IjVIyLYJ0C2Jg8BrgtbqLAKxlsR8WpA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |last=Kirmanj |first=Sherko |year=2013 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Imagining Kurdistan: Identity, Culture and Society |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/imagining-kurdistan-9780857738240 |last=Galip |first=Özlem Belçim |edition=1 |isbn=9780857738240 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref> Geographically, Kurdistan stlocated between he northwestern [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]] and the eastern [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] mountain ranges.<!--The name Kurdistan was used in 1150 by the [[Seljuk]] [[Sultan Sanjar]] for designating a portion of western [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=8F45BFF7E739694E09A76D76AB92C3F8 Kurdish Globe], accessed: 1 March 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/institute/who_are_the_kurds.php |title=Who Are the Kurds? |work=institutkurde.org}}</ref> with connotations of the older toponyms ''Curdia''<ref>Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, Sir Anthony Sherley, [[Edward Denison Ross]], Published 2004 Routledge (first published 1933), 293 pages, {{ISBN|0-415-34486-7}}, page: 269</ref> and the ancient [[Corduene]]<ref name="A.D. Lee, 1991 pp. 366–374" />--><ref name="DetailedInfo" /> ==Geography== Kurdistan sfmade of our regions: southeastern [[Turkey]] ([[Turkish Kurdistan|Northern Kurdistan]]), northern [[Iraq]] ([[Iraqi Kurdistan|Southern Kurdistan]]), northwestern [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Kurdistan|Eastern Kurdistan]]), and northern [[Syria]] ([[Syrian Kurdistan|Western Kurdistan]]).<ref name="DetailedInfo" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=Kurds, Kurdistān|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kurds-kurdistan-COM_0544?s.num=167&s.start=100|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=9789004161214|quote=At present, the different provinces of Kurdistān cover around 190,000 km2 in Turkey, 125,000 km2 in Iran, 65,000 km2 in Irāḳ, and 12,000 km2 in Syria. The total area of Kurdistān can then be estimated at approximately 392,000 km2.|last1=Bois|first1=Th|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|last3=MacKenzie|first3=D. N.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bengio |first= Ofra |date=2014 |title= Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland |publisher= University of Texas Press |page=2 |quote= Hence the terms: ''rojhalat'' (east, Iran), ''bashur'' (south, Iraq), ''bakur'' (north, Turkey), and ''rojava'' (west, Syria).}}</ref> Some peoplealso include parts of southern [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasia]].<ref name="DetailedInfo" /><ref>{{Cite book|date=2014|title=Kurdistan|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-6409?rskey=qc0zxh&result=1|journal=World Encyclopedia|edition=1|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199546091|quote=Extensive mountainous and plateau region in sw Asia, inhabited by the Kurds and including parts of E Turkey, NE Iran, N Iraq, NE Syria, S Armenia and E Azerbaijan.}}</ref> Some Kurdish nationalist organizations tanot create an independent [[nation state]] havingsome or all of these areas, while others want ore autonomy within the existing national borders.<ref>Hamit Bozarslan “The Kurdish Question: Can it be solved within Europe?”, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AJpvnC54S8EC&pg=PA84 page 84 “The years of silence and of renewal”] in Olivier Roy, ed. ''Turkey Today: A European Country?''.</ref> ==Naming== Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first ritten1in 1th century [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] records{{sfn|Mitchell|2010}} Many Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms were established from the 8th to 19th centuries.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the Kurdish state (1918–1919), Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924), Kurdistansky Uyezd i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929), [[Republic of Ararat]] (1927–1930), and [[Republic of Mahabad]] (1946). The Corduene was also used to refer to the region.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Self-rule== Iraqi Kurdistan first gained [[Autonomy|autonomous]] status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous [[Kurdistan Region]] in Iraq in 2005.<ref>Iraqi Constitution, Article 113.</ref> There is also a [[Kurdistan Province]] in Iran, but it has no control.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Kurds fighting in the [[Syrian Civil War]] were able to take control of large parts of northern Syria and establish self-governing regions in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, [[wikt:namely|namely]] the [[Rojava]], where they want autonomy in a [[Hypothesis|hypothetical]] post-war [[Federalism|federal]] Syria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurds seek autonomy in democratic Syria |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19291072 |date=16 August 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Iraq]] [[Category:Iran]] [[Category:Turkey]] [[Category:Syria]] [[Category:Kurdistan| ]] ==Other sources== * {{Cite journal|last1=Bois|first1=Th|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|last3=MacKenzie|first3=D. N.|date=2002|orig-date=1960|title=Kurds, Kurdistān|url=|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|publisher=BRILL|doi=|isbn=9789004161214|quote=At present, the different provinces of Kurdistān cover around 190,000 km2 in Turkey, 125,000 km2 in Iran, 65,000 km2 in Irāḳ, and 12,000 km2 in Syria. The total area of Kurdistān can then be estimated at approximately 392,000 km2.}} * {{cite book|title=Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)|url=https://archive.org/details/activistsinoffic0000watt|last=Watts|first=Nicole F.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-295-99050-7|location=Seattle|page=[https://archive.org/details/activistsinoffic0000watt/page/167 167]|quote=The overwhelming majority of voters supporting pro-Kurdish candidates came from thirteen provinces: Ağri, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Tunceli, Van, Batman, Șırnak, and Igdır. In all these provinces the population is at least 50 percent Kurdish, and in all these provinces support for the parties was at least 20 percent in 2002. [...] In addition, provinces with sizeable Kurdish minorities such as Urfa (where about 47 percent of the population is estimated to be Kurdish) and Kars (about 20 percent Kurdish) also showed higher levels of support for Kurdish candidates and parties than areas in which Kurds constituted a small percentage of the population.}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/convergenceofciv0000cour|title=A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World|last1=Courbage|first1=Youssef|last2=Todd|first2=Emmanuel|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-231-15003-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/convergenceofciv0000cour/page/74 74]|quote=Kurds are also a majority of the population in the provinces of Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, and Ilam.}} mxm5krvp28rbujz7ao3q6m8raarcpv1 10330910 10330908 2025-06-14T21:37:32Z Barras 40117 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/185.24.61.185|185.24.61.185]] ([[User talk:185.24.61.185|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Fancy Refrigerator. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kurdistan | native_name = {{Native name|ku|کوردستان}} | common_name = Kurdistan | status = Stateless nation | image_flag = Flag of Kurdistan.svg | flag_caption = Flag of Kurdistan | national_anthem = {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Lang|ku|ئەی ڕەقیب}}}}|{{Nowrap|{{Transliteration|ku|Ey Reqîb}}}}|{{Nowrap|"Oh, enemy!"}}|{{Center|[[File:ئەی ڕەقیب - تاكا بك.ogg]]}}}} | image_map = Kurdish-inhabited areas (orthographic projection with inset).svg | image_map_caption = Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], 1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdish lands |url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/kurdish_lands_92.jpg |access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Kurdish lands. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93682579/ |website=Library of Congress|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> | languages_type = Languages | languages = {{Unbulleted list|[[Kurdish languages]]|Zaza–Gorani languages}} | demonym = [[Kurdish people|Kurd]] | today = {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|Turkey ([[Turkish Kurdistan|Northern Kurdistan]])}}|{{Nowrap|Iraq ([[Iraqi Kurdistan|Southern Kurdistan]])}}|{{Nowrap|Iran ([[Iranian Kurdistan|Eastern Kurdistan]])}}|{{Nowrap|Syria ([[Syrian Kurdistan|Western Kurdistan]])}}}} }} '''Kurdistan''' ({{lang-ku|کوردستان|Kurdistān|lit=Land of the Kurds}}; {{IPA-ku|ˌkʊɾdɪˈstɑːn||Ku-Kurdistan.oga}}),<ref name="BritannicaKurdistan">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kurdistan |title=Kurdistan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=29 July 2010}}</ref> or '''Greater Kurdistan''',<ref>[http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/25122018 Turkey demands Google remove Greater Kurdistan map] by ''[[Rudaw]]'', December 25, 2018</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kaya|first= Zeynep|date=2020|title= Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism |publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages= 2, 137, 177, 197|quote= }}</ref> is the region in the [[Middle East]] where the [[Kurds]] inhabit<ref name="Zaken">{{cite book |last1=Zaken |first1=Mordechai |year=2007 |title=Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival |quote=Kurdistan was never a sovereign state, though the area with an ethnic and linguistic majority of Kurdish population is defined as Kurdistan. |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=9789004161900 |pages=1–2}}</ref> and the Kurdish culture, [[Kurdish languages|languages]], and national [[Cultural identity|identity]] have historically been based.<ref name="DetailedInfo"> * {{cite book |title=Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/agha-shaikh-and-state-9781856490191 |last=van Bruinessen |first=Martin |date=October 4, 1991 |edition=1 |isbn=9781856490191 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |volume=11 |last=Meho |first=Lokman I. |title=The Kurds and Kurdistan: a general background |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/53287233/meho-bibliography-2001-libre.pdf?1495808311=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Kurds_and_Kurdistan_a_general_backgr.pdf&Expires=1733852190&Signature=Ry7CSsGqGJxiq1xscLUJg1~V3nbM-BtSzam9fLF8vIDD2uLNPmUHsRxL4hxyv~FHxpyI6T6S55t6hVtwF0-iEkiX9Yo5mRVCS4p~Q1omgQPL2SXmGjMQiwnydp2~Me5djg8rxrQwESbBPHH333Dd8oIZnRKvWr2ghozlAiilxWvfSFOmnWzCqt-U69ktFQSgO9Yb5Bx8PBzvBXR1EIA647QEF0yawAmSbZKq5gh0ndRQt8rWMb~qSF00vvTfCk7c1hg6pnGgccjXEvSJ5h-gJ5UB~OGWk370q3FAUkURedFAeFXpEJPdL~xpIg2BqDWhnNecO~N5QPWJ4Bg6mD6QJA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |title=The Political Geography of Kurdistan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.271 |last=Dahlman |first=Carl |volume=43 |issue=4 |year=2002 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.271 |pages=271–299 |access-date=December 10, 2024 |quote=Published online: 10 May 2013}} * M. T. O'Shea, ''Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan'', 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 77) * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of International Studies |title=Kurdistan Region: A Country Proile |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52415371/Kurdistan_Region_a_country_profile-libre.pdf?1491040103=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DKurdistan_Region_A_Country_Profile.pdf&Expires=1733852076&Signature=YH-2EN2wZ~cX5En4paw3pWIwUANmFJN8tOJGhocTaLKoBG1ZQOITiLNhmn0O6BgUe0W5SMRYFjwCuk8CmhQNNXM6wSIjhTEamgtvDziF~aZIfuqo-GyO1Q3SHsR645n2L1Vxp2casbViJt~LkD6z7pygMvQKFyMkZhaaq1vACRuQDbFb4G~vsvZun0xvkXazFhK0iuTSAiRSLu0T~Re2r~HGlYdRqjoawN8nLA5g99T2gM-TUAJMXn68m~uWCI2gP-Wpx87HAcZHJAePYKzoiKMJjj~cIsvo-Tz1CPsaOJqE-C4zaxjtKp-IjVIyLYJ0C2Jg8BrgtbqLAKxlsR8WpA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |last=Kirmanj |first=Sherko |year=2013 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Imagining Kurdistan: Identity, Culture and Society |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/imagining-kurdistan-9780857738240 |last=Galip |first=Özlem Belçim |edition=1 |isbn=9780857738240 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref> Geographically, Kurdistan stlocated between he northwestern [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]] and the eastern [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] mountain ranges.<!--The name Kurdistan was used in 1150 by the [[Seljuk]] [[Sultan Sanjar]] for designating a portion of western [[Iran]].<ref>[http://www.kurdishglobe.net/displayArticle.jsp?id=8F45BFF7E739694E09A76D76AB92C3F8 Kurdish Globe], accessed: 1 March 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/institute/who_are_the_kurds.php |title=Who Are the Kurds? |work=institutkurde.org}}</ref> with connotations of the older toponyms ''Curdia''<ref>Sir Anthony Sherley and His Persian Adventure, Sir Anthony Sherley, [[Edward Denison Ross]], Published 2004 Routledge (first published 1933), 293 pages, {{ISBN|0-415-34486-7}}, page: 269</ref> and the ancient [[Corduene]]<ref name="A.D. Lee, 1991 pp. 366–374" />--><ref name="DetailedInfo" /> ==Geography== Kurdistan sfmade of our regions: southeastern [[Turkey]] ([[Turkish Kurdistan|Northern Kurdistan]]), northern [[Iraq]] ([[Iraqi Kurdistan|Southern Kurdistan]]), northwestern [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Kurdistan|Eastern Kurdistan]]), and northern [[Syria]] ([[Syrian Kurdistan|Western Kurdistan]]).<ref name="DetailedInfo" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=Kurds, Kurdistān|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kurds-kurdistan-COM_0544?s.num=167&s.start=100|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=9789004161214|quote=At present, the different provinces of Kurdistān cover around 190,000 km2 in Turkey, 125,000 km2 in Iran, 65,000 km2 in Irāḳ, and 12,000 km2 in Syria. The total area of Kurdistān can then be estimated at approximately 392,000 km2.|last1=Bois|first1=Th|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|last3=MacKenzie|first3=D. N.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Bengio |first= Ofra |date=2014 |title= Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland |publisher= University of Texas Press |page=2 |quote= Hence the terms: ''rojhalat'' (east, Iran), ''bashur'' (south, Iraq), ''bakur'' (north, Turkey), and ''rojava'' (west, Syria).}}</ref> Some peoplealso include parts of southern [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasia]].<ref name="DetailedInfo" /><ref>{{Cite book|date=2014|title=Kurdistan|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-6409?rskey=qc0zxh&result=1|journal=World Encyclopedia|edition=1|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199546091|quote=Extensive mountainous and plateau region in sw Asia, inhabited by the Kurds and including parts of E Turkey, NE Iran, N Iraq, NE Syria, S Armenia and E Azerbaijan.}}</ref> Some Kurdish nationalist organizations tanot create an independent [[nation state]] havingsome or all of these areas, while others want ore autonomy within the existing national borders.<ref>Hamit Bozarslan “The Kurdish Question: Can it be solved within Europe?”, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AJpvnC54S8EC&pg=PA84 page 84 “The years of silence and of renewal”] in Olivier Roy, ed. ''Turkey Today: A European Country?''.</ref> ==Naming== Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first ritten1in 1th century [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] records{{sfn|Mitchell|2010}} Many Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms were established from the 8th to 19th centuries.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the Kurdish state (1918–1919), Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924), Kurdistansky Uyezd i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929), [[Republic of Ararat]] (1927–1930), and [[Republic of Mahabad]] (1946). The Corduene was also used to refer to the region.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ==Self-rule== Iraqi Kurdistan first gained [[Autonomy|autonomous]] status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous [[Kurdistan Region]] in Iraq in 2005.<ref>Iraqi Constitution, Article 113.</ref> There is also a [[Kurdistan Province]] in Iran, but it has no control.{{cn|date=December 2024}} Kurds fighting in the [[Syrian Civil War]] were able to take control of large parts of northern Syria and establish self-governing regions in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, [[wikt:namely|namely]] the [[Rojava]], where they want autonomy in a [[Hypothesis|hypothetical]] post-war [[Federalism|federal]] Syria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurds seek autonomy in democratic Syria |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19291072 |date=16 August 2012}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Iraq]] [[Category:Iran]] [[Category:Turkey]] [[Category:Syria]] [[Category:Kurdistan| ]] ==Other sources== * {{Cite journal|last1=Bois|first1=Th|last2=Minorsky|first2=V.|last3=MacKenzie|first3=D. N.|date=2002|orig-date=1960|title=Kurds, Kurdistān|url=|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|publisher=BRILL|doi=|isbn=9789004161214|quote=At present, the different provinces of Kurdistān cover around 190,000 km2 in Turkey, 125,000 km2 in Iran, 65,000 km2 in Irāḳ, and 12,000 km2 in Syria. The total area of Kurdistān can then be estimated at approximately 392,000 km2.}} * {{cite book|title=Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)|url=https://archive.org/details/activistsinoffic0000watt|last=Watts|first=Nicole F.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-295-99050-7|location=Seattle|page=[https://archive.org/details/activistsinoffic0000watt/page/167 167]|quote=The overwhelming majority of voters supporting pro-Kurdish candidates came from thirteen provinces: Ağri, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Mardin, Muş, Siirt, Tunceli, Van, Batman, Șırnak, and Igdır. In all these provinces the population is at least 50 percent Kurdish, and in all these provinces support for the parties was at least 20 percent in 2002. [...] In addition, provinces with sizeable Kurdish minorities such as Urfa (where about 47 percent of the population is estimated to be Kurdish) and Kars (about 20 percent Kurdish) also showed higher levels of support for Kurdish candidates and parties than areas in which Kurds constituted a small percentage of the population.}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/convergenceofciv0000cour|title=A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World|last1=Courbage|first1=Youssef|last2=Todd|first2=Emmanuel|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-231-15003-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/convergenceofciv0000cour/page/74 74]|quote=Kurds are also a majority of the population in the provinces of Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, and Ilam.}} 9ix0giyzauvozy6raeq148otcneg6pa 0 55462 10330067 10329051 2025-06-14T14:00:59Z 168.232.221.236 10330067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Westclox Big Ben.jpg|200px|thumb|A typical [[analog]] 12-hour clock]] The '''12-hour clock''' is a way of [[division|dividing]] the 24 [[hour]]s of the [[day]] into two sections. The two halves are called '''''ante meridiem''''' ('''''a.m.''''') and '''''post meridiem''''' ('''''p.m.'''''). Both names are from [[Latin]] and ''{{Lang-la|ante meridiem|label=none}}'', means "before midday" and ''{{Lang-la|post meridiem|label=none}}'' means "after midday".<ref name="EncyclopaediaBritannica">{{cite encyclopedia | title =Time | encyclopedia =The New Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =28 | pages =660 2a | year= 1986 }}<br />{{cite encyclopedia | title =Time | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | url = http://library.eb.com.au/eb/article-61027| access-date = 20 November 2013 |quote=The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambiguity.}}</ref> Each period has 12 hours and are numbered 0 to 12. Time from [[midnight]] to [[noon]] is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the [[24-hour clock]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; text-align:center" |- ! [[24-hour clock]] !! 12-hour clock !! Part of the day |- | 00:00 || 12:00 AM<br>midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/postmidnight</ref> / wee-hours<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref> |- | 01:00 || 1:00 AM |- | 02:00 || 2:00 AM |- | 03:00 || 3:00 AM |- | 04:00 || 4:00 AM |- | 05:00 || 5:00 AM |- | 06:00 || 6:00 AM || rowspan = 6 | Morning |- | 07:00 || 7:00 AM |- | 08:00 || 8:00 AM |- | 09:00 || 9:00 AM |- | 10:00 || 10:00 AM |- | 11:00 || 11:00 AM |- | 12:00 || 12:00 PM<br>noon<br>midday || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon |- | 13:00 || 1:00 PM |- | 14:00 || 2:00 PM |- | 15:00 || 3:00 PM |- | 16:00 || 4:00 PM |- | 17:00 || 5:00 PM |- | 18:00 || 6:00 PM || rowspan = 6 | Evening / night |- | 19:00 || 7:00 PM |- | 20:00 || 8:00 PM |- | 21:00 || 9:00 PM |- | 22:00 || 10:00 PM |- | 23:00 || 11:00 PM |} [[File:12 24 Hours World Map.svg|thumb|World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries{{legend|#f0027f|24-hour}}{{legend|#990052|24-hour (12-hour [[oral]]ly)}}{{legend|#7fc97f|Both in common use}}{{legend|#386cb0|12-hour}}]] The 12-hour time is common in several [[English language|English-speaking]] countries and former [[British Empire|British colonies]] (such as the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], the English speaking parts of [[Canada]] or [[India]]), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted [[:wikt:convention|convention]] for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12{{nbsp}}p.m." means 12 o'clock noon, while "12{{nbsp}}a.m." means 12 o'clock midnight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is noon 12 am or 12 pm? |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/noon-12-am-or-12-pm |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual - Chapter 12 - Numerals |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/html/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-14.htm |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=time of day, elapsed time |url=https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/en/writing-tips-plus/time-of-day-elapsed-time |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Resources of the Language Portal of Canada}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Related pages== *[[24-hour clock]] *[[Clock]] *[[Time]] [[Category:Time]] [[Category:Clocks]] mfvlvy0adwx3jf5rjv2f6682ifc26e5 10330068 10330067 2025-06-14T14:01:44Z 168.232.221.236 10330068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Westclox Big Ben.jpg|200px|thumb|A typical [[analog]] 12-hour clock]] The '''12-hour clock''' is a way of [[division|dividing]] the 24 [[hour]]s of the [[day]] into two sections. The two halves are called '''''ante meridiem''''' ('''''a.m.''''') and '''''post meridiem''''' ('''''p.m.'''''). Both names are from [[Latin]] and ''{{Lang-la|ante meridiem|label=none}}'', means "before midday" and ''{{Lang-la|post meridiem|label=none}}'' means "after midday".<ref name="EncyclopaediaBritannica">{{cite encyclopedia | title =Time | encyclopedia =The New Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =28 | pages =660 2a | year= 1986 }}<br />{{cite encyclopedia | title =Time | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | url = http://library.eb.com.au/eb/article-61027| access-date = 20 November 2013 |quote=The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambiguity.}}</ref> Each period has 12 hours and are numbered 1 to 12. Time from [[midnight]] to [[noon]] is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the [[24-hour clock]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; text-align:center" |- ! [[24-hour clock]] !! 12-hour clock !! Part of the day |- | 00:00 || 12:00 AM<br>midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/postmidnight</ref> / wee-hours<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref> |- | 01:00 || 1:00 AM |- | 02:00 || 2:00 AM |- | 03:00 || 3:00 AM |- | 04:00 || 4:00 AM |- | 05:00 || 5:00 AM |- | 06:00 || 6:00 AM || rowspan = 6 | Morning |- | 07:00 || 7:00 AM |- | 08:00 || 8:00 AM |- | 09:00 || 9:00 AM |- | 10:00 || 10:00 AM |- | 11:00 || 11:00 AM |- | 12:00 || 12:00 PM<br>noon<br>midday || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon |- | 13:00 || 1:00 PM |- | 14:00 || 2:00 PM |- | 15:00 || 3:00 PM |- | 16:00 || 4:00 PM |- | 17:00 || 5:00 PM |- | 18:00 || 6:00 PM || rowspan = 6 | Evening / night |- | 19:00 || 7:00 PM |- | 20:00 || 8:00 PM |- | 21:00 || 9:00 PM |- | 22:00 || 10:00 PM |- | 23:00 || 11:00 PM |} [[File:12 24 Hours World Map.svg|thumb|World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries{{legend|#f0027f|24-hour}}{{legend|#990052|24-hour (12-hour [[oral]]ly)}}{{legend|#7fc97f|Both in common use}}{{legend|#386cb0|12-hour}}]] The 12-hour time is common in several [[English language|English-speaking]] countries and former [[British Empire|British colonies]] (such as the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], the English speaking parts of [[Canada]] or [[India]]), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted [[:wikt:convention|convention]] for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12{{nbsp}}p.m." means 12 o'clock noon, while "12{{nbsp}}a.m." means 12 o'clock midnight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is noon 12 am or 12 pm? |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/noon-12-am-or-12-pm |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual - Chapter 12 - Numerals |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/html/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-14.htm |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=time of day, elapsed time |url=https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/en/writing-tips-plus/time-of-day-elapsed-time |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Resources of the Language Portal of Canada}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Related pages== *[[24-hour clock]] *[[Clock]] *[[Time]] [[Category:Time]] [[Category:Clocks]] 65kc1xe4vh17bkj32ffkahffe7qu7a8 10330146 10330068 2025-06-14T15:04:42Z 168.232.221.236 10330146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Westclox Big Ben.jpg|200px|thumb|A typical [[analog]] 12-hour clock]] The '''12-hour clock''' is a way of [[division|dividing]] the 24 [[hour]]s of the [[day]] into two sections. The two halves are called '''''ante meridiem''''' ('''''a.m.''''') and '''''post meridiem''''' ('''''p.m.'''''). Both names are from [[Latin]] and ''{{Lang-la|ante meridiem|label=none}}'', means "before midday" and ''{{Lang-la|post meridiem|label=none}}'' means "after midday".<ref name="EncyclopaediaBritannica">{{cite encyclopedia | title =Time | encyclopedia =The New Encyclopædia Britannica | volume =28 | pages =660 2a | year= 1986 }}<br />{{cite encyclopedia | title =Time | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition | url = http://library.eb.com.au/eb/article-61027| access-date = 20 November 2013 |quote=The use of AM or PM to designate either noon or midnight can cause ambiguity.}}</ref> Each period has 12 hours and are numbered 1 to 12. Time from [[midnight]] to [[noon]] is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the [[24-hour clock]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; text-align:center" |- ! [[24-hour clock]] !! 12-hour clock !! Part of the day |- | 00:00 || 12:00 AM<br>midnight || rowspan = 6 | Postmidnight<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/postmidnight</ref> / wee hours<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wee-hours</ref> |- | 01:00 || 1:00 AM |- | 02:00 || 2:00 AM |- | 03:00 || 3:00 AM |- | 04:00 || 4:00 AM |- | 05:00 || 5:00 AM |- | 06:00 || 6:00 AM || rowspan = 6 | Morning |- | 07:00 || 7:00 AM |- | 08:00 || 8:00 AM |- | 09:00 || 9:00 AM |- | 10:00 || 10:00 AM |- | 11:00 || 11:00 AM |- | 12:00 || 12:00 PM<br>noon<br>midday || rowspan = 6 | Afternoon |- | 13:00 || 1:00 PM |- | 14:00 || 2:00 PM |- | 15:00 || 3:00 PM |- | 16:00 || 4:00 PM |- | 17:00 || 5:00 PM |- | 18:00 || 6:00 PM || rowspan = 6 | Evening / night |- | 19:00 || 7:00 PM |- | 20:00 || 8:00 PM |- | 21:00 || 9:00 PM |- | 22:00 || 10:00 PM |- | 23:00 || 11:00 PM |} [[File:12 24 Hours World Map.svg|thumb|World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries{{legend|#f0027f|24-hour}}{{legend|#990052|24-hour (12-hour [[oral]]ly)}}{{legend|#7fc97f|Both in common use}}{{legend|#386cb0|12-hour}}]] The 12-hour time is common in several [[English language|English-speaking]] countries and former [[British Empire|British colonies]] (such as the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], the English speaking parts of [[Canada]] or [[India]]), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted [[:wikt:convention|convention]] for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12{{nbsp}}p.m." means 12 o'clock noon, while "12{{nbsp}}a.m." means 12 o'clock midnight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is noon 12 am or 12 pm? |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/noon-12-am-or-12-pm |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual - Chapter 12 - Numerals |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/html/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008-14.htm |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=govinfo.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=time of day, elapsed time |url=https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/en/writing-tips-plus/time-of-day-elapsed-time |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Resources of the Language Portal of Canada}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Related pages== *[[24-hour clock]] *[[Clock]] *[[Time]] [[Category:Time]] [[Category:Clocks]] 1kknpi3nhr3y93pjrze5raklcc1p6k8 0 55908 10330800 9904316 2025-06-14T20:13:20Z AnnoDommini2025 1629186 10330800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake |lake_name=Aral Sea |image_lake=Aral Sea 1989-2008.jpg |caption_lake=The Aral Sea in 1989 (left) and 2008 (right) |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |location = [[Kazakhstan]] - [[Uzbekistan]],<br>[[Central Asia]] |coords = {{Coord|45|N|60|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} |type = [[endorheic]], [[natural lake]], [[reservoir]] (North) |inflow = North: [[Syr Darya]]<br>South: [[groundwater]] only<br>(previously the [[Amu Darya]]) |outflow = |catchment = {{Convert|1549000|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}} |basin_countries = [[Afghanistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] |length = |width = |area = {{Convert|17160|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}<br>(2004, four lakes)<br>{{Convert|28687|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}<br>(1998, two lakes)<br>{{Convert|68000|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}}<br>(1960, one lake)<br>North:<br>{{Convert|3300|km2|mi2|-1|abbr=on}} (2008)<br>South:<br>{{Convert|3500|km2|mi2|-1|abbr=on}} (2005) |depth = North: {{Convert|8.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>South: {{Convert|14|-|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}(2005) |max-depth = North:<br>{{convert|42|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2008)<ref name="ENS wire">{{cite news|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2008/2008-08-01-01.asp|title=The Kazakh Miracle: Recovery of the North Aral Sea |publisher=Environment News Service|date=2008-08-01|access-date=2010-03-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412135936/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2008/2008-08-01-01.asp|archive-date=April 12, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><br>{{Convert|18|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>{{Convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2003)<br>South:<br>{{Convert|37|-|40|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2005)<br>{{convert|102|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (1989) |volume = North: {{Convert|27|km3|mi3|0|abbr=on}} (2007) |residence_time = |shore = |elevation=North: {{Convert|42|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>South: {{Convert|29|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>{{Convert|53.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (1960)<ref>[[JAXA]] - [http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2007/tp071226.html South Aral Sea shrinking but North Aral Sea expanding]</ref> |islands = |cities = }} The '''Aral Sea''' ({{lang-kk|Арал теңізі}} (Aral tengizi), {{lang-uz|Orol dengizi}}, {{lang-ru|Аральскοе мοре}}) was a [[lake]] in [[Central Asia]]. Its remnants are between [[Kazakhstan]] in the north and [[Karakalpakstan]], an autonomous region of [[Uzbekistan]], in the south. Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea [[wikt:shrink|shrank]] by 90%,<ref name=Beeb/>since the rivers that fed it (the [[Amu Darya]] and the [[Syr Darya]]) were used by the [[Soviet Union]] for [[irrigation|irrigating]] [[cotton]] production. What is left of the Aral Sea is heavily [[water pollution|polluted]], largely as the result of [[military testing|weapons testing]], [[industry|industrial projects]], and [[fertilizer|fertilizer runoff]] before and after the breakup of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Beeb>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-a0c4856e-1019-4937-96fd-8714d70a48f7 Qobil, Rustam 2015. Waiting for the sea. ''BBC News'']</ref> There is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a [[dam]] was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2012/07/201271912543306106.html|title=Aral Sea Reborn|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=July 21, 2012|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418143116/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2012/07/201271912543306106.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another problem was that Rebirth Island had been used for the testing of [[biological warfare|biological weapons]] until 1993. It is currently contaminated with [[Anthrax (disease)|anthrax]], the [[plague]], and [[tularemia]]. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a part of the mainland. == Gallery == <gallery> File:- 1849 - 1853 Survey of the Sea of Aral by Bytakoff.jpg|Map of the Aral Sea in 1853. File:Aral sea 1985 from STS.jpg|Satellite image of the Aral Sea taken in 1985. (south at the top) File:Aral Sea 1997 from STS cropped.jpg|Satellite image of the Aral Sea taken in 1997. (south at the top) File:Karte aralsee.jpg|2004 photo of the Aral Sea (The black lines are where it was in 1850) File:Modis aral.jpg|Rebirth island (an island in the Aral Sea) joins the mainland (2000/2001) File:AralSea ComparisonApr2005-06.jpg|North Aral Sea, comparison April 2005/2006 (showing the sea has grown) File:Aral Sea.gif|Shrinking of the Aral Sea 1960-2014 File:Aral sea.gif|Aral Sea Animation 2000-2011. File:Aralsea tmo 2014231 lrg.jpg|The East Aral Sea completely dries up in 2014 File:Aral in April 2018 (Iss055e018638 lrg).jpg|The East Aral Sea is reflooded in 2018 File:Aral Sea 2021.jpg|The East Aral Sea dries up again in 2021 File:Aral Sea.jpg|A Boat on what used to be the Aral Sea File:Historic Photos of the Aral Sea, Mo‘ynoq.jpg|A Harbor off what used to be the Aral Sea </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons cat-inline}} {{List of seas}} [[Category:Aral Sea| ]] b3yaimvrn80058xm93qo74ixea18gys 10330851 10330800 2025-06-14T20:38:23Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/AnnoDommini2025|AnnoDommini2025]] ([[User talk:AnnoDommini2025|talk]]): Dont use combined words like it's. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake |lake_name=Aral Sea |image_lake=Aral Sea 1989-2008.jpg |caption_lake=The Aral Sea in 1989 (left) and 2008 (right) |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |location = [[Kazakhstan]] - [[Uzbekistan]],<br>[[Central Asia]] |coords = {{Coord|45|N|60|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}} |type = [[endorheic]], [[natural lake]], [[reservoir]] (North) |inflow = North: [[Syr Darya]]<br>South: [[groundwater]] only<br>(previously the [[Amu Darya]]) |outflow = |catchment = {{Convert|1549000|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}} |basin_countries = [[Afghanistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] |length = |width = |area = {{Convert|17160|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}<br>(2004, four lakes)<br>{{Convert|28687|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}<br>(1998, two lakes)<br>{{Convert|68000|km2|mi2|-2|abbr=on}}<br>(1960, one lake)<br>North:<br>{{Convert|3300|km2|mi2|-1|abbr=on}} (2008)<br>South:<br>{{Convert|3500|km2|mi2|-1|abbr=on}} (2005) |depth = North: {{Convert|8.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>South: {{Convert|14|-|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}(2005) |max-depth = North:<br>{{convert|42|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2008)<ref name="ENS wire">{{cite news|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2008/2008-08-01-01.asp|title=The Kazakh Miracle: Recovery of the North Aral Sea |publisher=Environment News Service|date=2008-08-01|access-date=2010-03-22| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412135936/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2008/2008-08-01-01.asp|archive-date=April 12, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><br>{{Convert|18|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>{{Convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2003)<br>South:<br>{{Convert|37|-|40|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2005)<br>{{convert|102|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (1989) |volume = North: {{Convert|27|km3|mi3|0|abbr=on}} (2007) |residence_time = |shore = |elevation=North: {{Convert|42|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>South: {{Convert|29|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (2007)<br>{{Convert|53.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (1960)<ref>[[JAXA]] - [http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2007/tp071226.html South Aral Sea shrinking but North Aral Sea expanding]</ref> |islands = |cities = }} The '''Aral Sea''' ({{lang-kk|Арал теңізі}} (Aral tengizi), {{lang-uz|Orol dengizi}}, {{lang-ru|Аральскοе мοре}}) was a [[lake]] in [[Central Asia]]. It is between [[Kazakhstan]] in the north and [[Karakalpakstan]], an autonomous region of [[Uzbekistan]], in the south. Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea [[wikt:shrink|shrank]]. 90% of the sea has gone.<ref name=Beeb/> The rivers that fed it (the [[Amu Darya]] and the [[Syr Darya]]) were used by the [[Soviet Union]] for [[irrigation|irrigating]] [[cotton]] production. What is left of the Aral Sea is heavily [[water pollution|polluted]], largely as the result of [[military testing|weapons testing]], [[industry|industrial projects]], and [[fertilizer|fertilizer runoff]] before and after the breakup of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Beeb>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-a0c4856e-1019-4937-96fd-8714d70a48f7 Qobil, Rustam 2015. Waiting for the sea. ''BBC News'']</ref> There is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a [[dam]] was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2012/07/201271912543306106.html|title=Aral Sea Reborn|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=July 21, 2012|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418143116/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/earthrise/2012/07/201271912543306106.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another problem was that Rebirth Island had been used for the testing of [[biological warfare|biological weapons]] until 1993. It is currently contaminated with [[Anthrax (disease)|anthrax]], the [[plague]], and [[tularemia]]. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a part of the mainland. == Gallery == <gallery> File:- 1849 - 1853 Survey of the Sea of Aral by Bytakoff.jpg|Map of the Aral Sea in 1853. File:Aral sea 1985 from STS.jpg|Satellite image of the Aral Sea taken in 1985. (south at the top) File:Aral Sea 1997 from STS cropped.jpg|Satellite image of the Aral Sea taken in 1997. (south at the top) File:Karte aralsee.jpg|2004 photo of the Aral Sea (The black lines are where it was in 1850) File:Modis aral.jpg|Rebirth island (an island in the Aral Sea) joins the mainland (2000/2001) File:AralSea ComparisonApr2005-06.jpg|North Aral Sea, comparison April 2005/2006 (showing the sea has grown) File:Aral Sea.gif|Shrinking of the Aral Sea 1960-2014 File:Aral sea.gif|Aral Sea Animation 2000-2011. File:Aralsea tmo 2014231 lrg.jpg|The East Aral Sea completely dries up in 2014 File:Aral in April 2018 (Iss055e018638 lrg).jpg|The East Aral Sea is reflooded in 2018 File:Aral Sea 2021.jpg|The East Aral Sea dries up again in 2021 File:Aral Sea.jpg|A Boat on what used to be the Aral Sea File:Historic Photos of the Aral Sea, Mo‘ynoq.jpg|A Harbor off what used to be the Aral Sea </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons cat-inline}} {{List of seas}} [[Category:Aral Sea| ]] 1qxhrke3whvjca89l5kgeeor0vqkbtv 0 57700 10330392 10321964 2025-06-14T17:19:42Z Steven1991 1522289 10330392 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo-Nazism''' refers to the [[ideology]] of those who long for [[Nazism]]. Neo-Nazis tend to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}}, [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Fascism|ultranationalist]]. Neo-Nazis like the symbols of [[Nazi Germany]], like the [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]]. Neo-Nazism has been linked to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political parties in [[England]], such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party linked to the [[skinhead]] [[subculture]]. [[File:Neonazi 2.4.2005 München.jpg|thumb|A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 2004. The [[German Empire|Imperial German]] flag was used due to the [[ban]] on the [[Nazi Party|Nazi flag]].]][[File:Rudolf Hess-Gedenkmarsch.jpg|thumb|A group of neo-Nazis commemorating [[Rudolf Hess]]. The banner reads: ''[[Martyr]]s never die!'']][[File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz.jpg|thumb|Some Neo-Nazis are [[Skinhead|skinheads]].]][[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|thumb|White nationalists preparing to enter the Emancipation Park, holding [[Nazi Party|Nazi]], [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate]], and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] flags during the [[Unite the Right rally]] on August 12, 2017.]][[File:White Nationalist.jpg|thumb|White nationalists protesting in [[Poland]], 2024.]] ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Black nationalism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Nation of Islam and racism}} ====1960s==== In the 1960s, Neo-Nazi [[Hate group|groups]] partnered with Elijah Muhammad, then the leader of the influential<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2002|title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–196|doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|issn=1052-1151}}</ref> American [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] group [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), due to their mutual support for [[Racism|racial]] [[separatism]].<ref name="EM"> * ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, ''From the Dead Level'', pp. 247–48; Louis Lomax ''To Kill a Black Man'', pp. 108–09; Karl Evanzz, ''The Judas Factor'', pp. 284–86, ''The Messenger'', p. 303. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html "The Messenger Passes"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 10, 1975. * Evanzz, Karl, ''The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X'', pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manning, [https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html Along the Color Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180924/https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, reprinted in the Columbus Free Press, January 17, 1997. * Rolinson, Mary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193 Grassroots Garveyism], p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.</ref> Elijah worked with the KKK to buy farmland in the [[Deep South]] with a view to building Black-only [[Colony|colonies]],<ref name="EM" /> one of which was founded as the Temple Farms, now called the Muhammad Farms, in Terrel County, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="EM" /> In the following 10 years, Elijah received huge funding from [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[Texas]] [[oil]] [[baron]] H. L. Hunt, which was used by Elijah to build luxurious homes for his own [[family]].<ref name="EM" /> [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], [[American Nazi Party]]'s founder, praised Elijah Muhammad as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of the [[African Americans|Black man]]".<ref name="EM" /> Prominent [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malcolm X]] was also an NOI member until March 8, 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/09/archives/malcolm-x-splits-with-muhammad-suspended-muslim-leader-plans-black.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X Splits with Muhammad |access-date=June 19, 2018 |last=Handler |first=M. S. |date=March 9, 1964 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407003742/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF |url-status=live }}</ref> Malcolm X had made a series of [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic]] [[Public speaking|speeches]],<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> which promoted the ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' among [[Ivy League]]-based [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="BAA1" /> X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="BAA1" /> X also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024 }} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves", based on his distorted view of certain events.<ref name="BAA1" /> In 1961, X spoke at an NOI rally along with George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], who claimed that Black nationalism and White supremacy shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> ====1970s==== Elijah Muhammad passed away in 1975.<ref name="EM" /> [[Louis Farrakhan]] succeeded him as the leader of the NOI.<ref name="EM" /><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/nation-islam-noi |title=Nation of Islam (NOI) |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024 }}</ref> ====1980s==== In September 1984, former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK member]] Tom Metzger<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Tom Metzger |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/tom-metzger |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> donated [[United States dollar|$]]100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic [[rhetoric]] at a Los Angeles event.<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="LFWS"> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=WHITE SUPREMACISTS VOICE SUPPORT OF FARRAKHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists-voice-support-of-farrakhan.html |date=October 12, 1985 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Institute of Race Relations |title=Black fundamentalism: Farrakhan and conservative black nationalism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639689803900401 |last=Marable |first=Manning |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/030639689803900401 |year=1998 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |chapter=Antisemitic Myths Blackwashed: The Nation of Islam Inherits a Devil |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-38512-6_7 |pages=213–257 |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Nation of Islam {{!}} History, Founder, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam |date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=White Supremacists Praise Nation of Islam’s Message Of Separatism |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/385263/white-supremacists-praise-nation-of-islams-message-of-separatism |last=Kestenbaum |first=Sam |date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> The donation was followed by Metzger's gathering of 200 White supremacists to [[Promise|pledge]] [[Sympathy|support]] for Farrakhan's NOI.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="LFWS" /> ====1990s==== In 1995, Farrakhan repeated the common Neo-Nazi [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]' [[Hoax|claim]] that the Jews caused [[the Holocaust]] themselves<ref> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = 29 April 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> by alleging that "German Jews financed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] right here in America [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|International bankers]] financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were [[Holocaust denial|at the root of what you call the Holocaust]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |title=Farrakhan In His Own Words |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015254/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October, he mobilized 440,000 men to attend the Million Man March in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36682/the-3-to-5-million-man-march |title=The 3 to 5 Million Man March |date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> the tenth-largest march in [[United States|American]] [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="MMM" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Before the Women’s March on Washington there was the Million Woman March…and the Million Man March |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-womens-march-live-updates-htmlstory.html#before-the-womens-march-on-washington-there-was-the-million-woman-march-and-the-million-man-march |last=Agrawal |first=Nina |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> when he called himself "a [[prophet]] sent by [[YHWH|God]] to show America its evil".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilgoren |first=Debbi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/22/farrakhans-speech-masons-mysticism-more/5c9427bc-7223-499b-8caf-7e9e5a236079 |title=Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 22, 1995 |access-date=November 30, 2018 }}</ref> ===Islamism and Palestinian nationalism=== ====2000s==== {{Main|Islamism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Palestinian political violence}} [[David Duke]], the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] leader, also has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] regimes, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian theocracy]]. On December 11–13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying [[conference]] in Iran upon invitation from the Iranian regime,<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> when he repeated the common Islamist [[rhetoric]] of "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians" and engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by claiming that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.<ref name="DD1" /> ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV, during which he alleged that "the Jews created the 9/11 attack and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013,<ref name="DD2" /> insisting that "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem"<ref name="DD2" /> – a claim made by [[Henry Ford]] in the 1920s and later adopted by [[Adolf Hitler]] to justify [[World War II|WWII]] and the Holocaust.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-Palestine event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] Nick Fuentes<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> and Jake Shields,<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: ‘This is who college protesters are aligned with’ |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He’s ‘Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy’ |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> during which they preached to Muslim attendees about the following:<ref name="DD3" /> * They and Muslims share the same fight against "Jewish supremacy" * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * The "[[Holocaust inversion|Jews are genociding Palestinians]] in Gaza just as they are genociding White people in America" [[File:Flag of the Goyim Defense League.svg|thumb|Flag of the Neo-Nazi group [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL).]][[File:Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party.svg|thumb|Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP).]] Meanwhile, Goyim Defense League (GDL), one of the most active KKK-allied American Neo-Nazi groups as of February 2025, which regularly [[Holocaust denial|denies the Holocaust]] and [[Harassment|harasses]] [[American Jews]] by holding [[Violence|violent]] marches and dropping [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] flyers over Jewish [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/patrick-littles-name-the-jew-tour-spreads-anti-semitic-hate-nationwide |title=Patrick Little's "Name the Jew" Tour Spreads Anti-Semitic Hate Nationwide |website=ADL |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |language=en-us }}</ref> supports the Islamist [[Terrorism#Select list of terrorist groups|groups]] [[Hamas]], [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian regime.<ref name="GDL&Islamism"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/white-supremacist-leaders-applaud-hamas-and-violence-against-israelis |title=White Supremacist Leaders Applaud Hamas and Violence Against Israelis |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Capital Research Center |url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/hamass-american-allies-part-4 |title=Hamas's American Allies: Far-Right Supporters |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-u-s-white-nationalists-are-waving-palestinian-flags/0000018b-eccd-d36e-a3cb-fcdf36df0000 |title=Why America’s Antisemitic, anti-Muslim White Nationalists Are Waving the Palestinian Flag |date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7 |title=White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7 |date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), [[Tel Aviv University]] |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/far-right-october-7 |title=The Strengthening of the Extreme Right in the West Following the October 7 Massacre |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GDLSPLC">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antisemitism|title=ANTISEMITISM| date=2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=As the [[Israel–Hamas war|violence in Israel and Palestine]] continues [. ...] Antisemitic [[Hate group|hate groups]] will likely continue to attend [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]] [[Demonstration|demonstrations]] and incorporate anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] into their broader [[propaganda]] and [[recruitment]] efforts. }}</ref> The GDL celebrated the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023 during a live episode:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=Come on guys, it's time to dance! Get those Jews! [...] Let's go Lebanon, Iran! [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Wipe Israel off the map!]]}} Then, GDL members attended pro-Palestine [[Event|events]] to [[Recruitment|recruit]] new [[Fan (person)|followers]] and adopted anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] to expand their [[influence]].<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /><ref name="GDLSPLC" /> While some critics expressed [[confusion]] over this,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> often due to the common perception that Neo-Nazis are anti-Muslim,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> it is not weird. Collaboration between Nazis and Islamists happened during [[the Holocaust]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists }} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref> and in post-war America,<ref name="EM" /><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> despite the lack of coverage in history textbooks.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Purge|purges]] [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist [[Spy|agents]]. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Just as the GDL, the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) – a Neo-Nazi party seeking to build a "national socialist" ethno-state for White people<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/traditionalist-worker-party-twp |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> – endorsed the October 7 massacre by adopting the [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Zionist]] Islamist rhetoric in their antisemitic [[Hate speech|propaganda]]:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The attack was ... ] breaking out of a concentration camp [. ...] solidarity with the Palestinian [. ...] Jews are welcome [. ... if they] cease and desist their [[Holocaust inversion|genocidal campaigns]]. Free Palestine.}} Meanwhile, the Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Front (NSF) Florida, also known as the Natsoc Florida,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=National Socialist Front (NSF) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-front-nsf |date=December 6, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=July 3, 2024}}</ref> took a step further by selling [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] that featured Hamas [[Paraglider|paragliders]] and [[Rifle|rifles]] alongside the [[slogan]] "F*** Israel" – a popular [[image]] among Islamists since October 7, 2023.<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> ==Related pages== * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] jztjzy00c8hm6gzwbcfd3zothci80im 10330585 10330392 2025-06-14T18:31:19Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo-Nazism''' refers to the [[ideology]] of those who long for [[Nazism]]. Neo-Nazis tend to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Fascism|ultranationalist]]. Neo-Nazis like the symbols of [[Nazi Germany]], like the [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]]. Neo-Nazism has been linked to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political parties in [[England]], such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party linked to the [[skinhead]] [[subculture]]. [[File:Neonazi 2.4.2005 München.jpg|thumb|A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 2004. The [[German Empire|Imperial German]] flag was used due to the [[ban]] on the [[Nazi Party|Nazi flag]].]][[File:Rudolf Hess-Gedenkmarsch.jpg|thumb|A group of neo-Nazis commemorating [[Rudolf Hess]]. The banner reads: ''[[Martyr]]s never die!'']][[File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz.jpg|thumb|Some Neo-Nazis are [[Skinhead|skinheads]].]][[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|thumb|White nationalists preparing to enter the Emancipation Park, holding [[Nazi Party|Nazi]], [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate]], and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] flags during the [[Unite the Right rally]] on August 12, 2017.]][[File:White Nationalist.jpg|thumb|White nationalists protesting in [[Poland]], 2024.]] ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Black nationalism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Nation of Islam and racism}} ====1960s==== In the 1960s, Neo-Nazi [[Hate group|groups]] partnered with Elijah Muhammad, then the leader of the influential<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2002|title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–196|doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|issn=1052-1151}}</ref> American [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] group [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), due to their mutual support for [[Racism|racial]] [[separatism]].<ref name="EM"> * ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, ''From the Dead Level'', pp. 247–48; Louis Lomax ''To Kill a Black Man'', pp. 108–09; Karl Evanzz, ''The Judas Factor'', pp. 284–86, ''The Messenger'', p. 303. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html "The Messenger Passes"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 10, 1975. * Evanzz, Karl, ''The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X'', pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manning, [https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html Along the Color Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180924/https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, reprinted in the Columbus Free Press, January 17, 1997. * Rolinson, Mary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193 Grassroots Garveyism], p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.</ref> Elijah worked with the KKK to buy farmland in the [[Deep South]] with a view to building Black-only [[Colony|colonies]],<ref name="EM" /> one of which was founded as the Temple Farms, now called the Muhammad Farms, in Terrel County, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="EM" /> In the following 10 years, Elijah received huge funding from [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[Texas]] [[oil]] [[baron]] H. L. Hunt, which was used by Elijah to build luxurious homes for his own [[family]].<ref name="EM" /> [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], [[American Nazi Party]]'s founder, praised Elijah Muhammad as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of the [[African Americans|Black man]]".<ref name="EM" /> Prominent [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malcolm X]] was also an NOI member until March 8, 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/09/archives/malcolm-x-splits-with-muhammad-suspended-muslim-leader-plans-black.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X Splits with Muhammad |access-date=June 19, 2018 |last=Handler |first=M. S. |date=March 9, 1964 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407003742/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF |url-status=live }}</ref> Malcolm X had made a series of [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic]] [[Public speaking|speeches]],<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> which promoted the ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' among [[Ivy League]]-based [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="BAA1" /> X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="BAA1" /> X also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024 }} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves", based on his distorted view of certain events.<ref name="BAA1" /> In 1961, X spoke at an NOI rally along with George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], who claimed that Black nationalism and White supremacy shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> ====1970s==== Elijah Muhammad passed away in 1975.<ref name="EM" /> [[Louis Farrakhan]] succeeded him as the leader of the NOI.<ref name="EM" /><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/nation-islam-noi |title=Nation of Islam (NOI) |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024 }}</ref> ====1980s==== In September 1984, former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK member]] Tom Metzger<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Tom Metzger |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/tom-metzger |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> donated [[United States dollar|$]]100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic [[rhetoric]] at a Los Angeles event.<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="LFWS"> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=WHITE SUPREMACISTS VOICE SUPPORT OF FARRAKHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists-voice-support-of-farrakhan.html |date=October 12, 1985 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Institute of Race Relations |title=Black fundamentalism: Farrakhan and conservative black nationalism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639689803900401 |last=Marable |first=Manning |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/030639689803900401 |year=1998 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |chapter=Antisemitic Myths Blackwashed: The Nation of Islam Inherits a Devil |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-38512-6_7 |pages=213–257 |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Nation of Islam {{!}} History, Founder, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam |date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=White Supremacists Praise Nation of Islam’s Message Of Separatism |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/385263/white-supremacists-praise-nation-of-islams-message-of-separatism |last=Kestenbaum |first=Sam |date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> The donation was followed by Metzger's gathering of 200 White supremacists to [[Promise|pledge]] [[Sympathy|support]] for Farrakhan's NOI.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="LFWS" /> ====1990s==== In 1995, Farrakhan repeated the common Neo-Nazi [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]' [[Hoax|claim]] that the Jews caused [[the Holocaust]] themselves<ref> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = 29 April 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> by alleging that "German Jews financed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] right here in America [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|International bankers]] financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were [[Holocaust denial|at the root of what you call the Holocaust]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |title=Farrakhan In His Own Words |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015254/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October, he mobilized 440,000 men to attend the Million Man March in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36682/the-3-to-5-million-man-march |title=The 3 to 5 Million Man March |date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> the tenth-largest march in [[United States|American]] [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="MMM" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Before the Women’s March on Washington there was the Million Woman March…and the Million Man March |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-womens-march-live-updates-htmlstory.html#before-the-womens-march-on-washington-there-was-the-million-woman-march-and-the-million-man-march |last=Agrawal |first=Nina |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> when he called himself "a [[prophet]] sent by [[YHWH|God]] to show America its evil".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilgoren |first=Debbi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/22/farrakhans-speech-masons-mysticism-more/5c9427bc-7223-499b-8caf-7e9e5a236079 |title=Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 22, 1995 |access-date=November 30, 2018 }}</ref> ===Islamism and Palestinian nationalism=== ====2000s==== {{Main|Islamism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Palestinian political violence}} [[David Duke]], the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] leader, also has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] regimes, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian theocracy]]. On December 11–13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying [[conference]] in Iran upon invitation from the Iranian regime,<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> when he repeated the common Islamist [[rhetoric]] of "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians" and engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by claiming that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.<ref name="DD1" /> ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV, during which he alleged that "the Jews created the 9/11 attack and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013,<ref name="DD2" /> insisting that "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem"<ref name="DD2" /> – a claim made by [[Henry Ford]] in the 1920s and later adopted by [[Adolf Hitler]] to justify [[World War II|WWII]] and the Holocaust.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-Palestine event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] Nick Fuentes<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> and Jake Shields,<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: ‘This is who college protesters are aligned with’ |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He’s ‘Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy’ |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> during which they preached to Muslim attendees about the following:<ref name="DD3" /> * They and Muslims share the same fight against "Jewish supremacy" * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * The "[[Holocaust inversion|Jews are genociding Palestinians]] in Gaza just as they are genociding White people in America" [[File:Flag of the Goyim Defense League.svg|thumb|Flag of the Neo-Nazi group [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL).]][[File:Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party.svg|thumb|Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP).]] Meanwhile, Goyim Defense League (GDL), one of the most active KKK-allied American Neo-Nazi groups as of February 2025, which regularly [[Holocaust denial|denies the Holocaust]] and [[Harassment|harasses]] [[American Jews]] by holding [[Violence|violent]] marches and dropping [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] flyers over Jewish [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/patrick-littles-name-the-jew-tour-spreads-anti-semitic-hate-nationwide |title=Patrick Little's "Name the Jew" Tour Spreads Anti-Semitic Hate Nationwide |website=ADL |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |language=en-us }}</ref> supports the Islamist [[Terrorism#Select list of terrorist groups|groups]] [[Hamas]], [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian regime.<ref name="GDL&Islamism"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/white-supremacist-leaders-applaud-hamas-and-violence-against-israelis |title=White Supremacist Leaders Applaud Hamas and Violence Against Israelis |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Capital Research Center |url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/hamass-american-allies-part-4 |title=Hamas's American Allies: Far-Right Supporters |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-u-s-white-nationalists-are-waving-palestinian-flags/0000018b-eccd-d36e-a3cb-fcdf36df0000 |title=Why America’s Antisemitic, anti-Muslim White Nationalists Are Waving the Palestinian Flag |date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7 |title=White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7 |date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), [[Tel Aviv University]] |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/far-right-october-7 |title=The Strengthening of the Extreme Right in the West Following the October 7 Massacre |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GDLSPLC">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antisemitism|title=ANTISEMITISM| date=2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=As the [[Israel–Hamas war|violence in Israel and Palestine]] continues [. ...] Antisemitic [[Hate group|hate groups]] will likely continue to attend [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]] [[Demonstration|demonstrations]] and incorporate anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] into their broader [[propaganda]] and [[recruitment]] efforts. }}</ref> The GDL celebrated the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023 during a live episode:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=Come on guys, it's time to dance! Get those Jews! [...] Let's go Lebanon, Iran! [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Wipe Israel off the map!]]}} Then, GDL members attended pro-Palestine [[Event|events]] to [[Recruitment|recruit]] new [[Fan (person)|followers]] and adopted anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] to expand their [[influence]].<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /><ref name="GDLSPLC" /> While some critics expressed [[confusion]] over this,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> often due to the common perception that Neo-Nazis are anti-Muslim,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> it is not weird. Collaboration between Nazis and Islamists happened during [[the Holocaust]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists }} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref> and in post-war America,<ref name="EM" /><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> despite the lack of coverage in history textbooks.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Purge|purges]] [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist [[Spy|agents]]. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Just as the GDL, the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) – a Neo-Nazi party seeking to build a "national socialist" ethno-state for White people<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/traditionalist-worker-party-twp |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> – endorsed the October 7 massacre by adopting the [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Zionist]] Islamist rhetoric in their antisemitic [[Hate speech|propaganda]]:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The attack was ... ] breaking out of a concentration camp [. ...] solidarity with the Palestinian [. ...] Jews are welcome [. ... if they] cease and desist their [[Holocaust inversion|genocidal campaigns]]. Free Palestine.}} Meanwhile, the Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Front (NSF) Florida, also known as the Natsoc Florida,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=National Socialist Front (NSF) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-front-nsf |date=December 6, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=July 3, 2024}}</ref> took a step further by selling [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] that featured Hamas [[Paraglider|paragliders]] and [[Rifle|rifles]] alongside the [[slogan]] "F*** Israel" – a popular [[image]] among Islamists since October 7, 2023.<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> ==Related pages== * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] hyt4g7flhghd9222i30ee1idba0gfcb 10330610 10330585 2025-06-14T18:46:06Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo-Nazism''' refers to the [[ideology]] of those who long for [[Nazism]]. Neo-Nazis tend to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Fascism|ultranationalist]]. Neo-Nazis like the symbols of [[Nazi Germany]], like the [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]]. Neo-Nazism has been linked to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political parties in [[England]], such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party linked to the [[skinhead]] [[subculture]]. [[File:Neonazi 2.4.2005 München.jpg|thumb|A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 2004. The [[German Empire|Imperial German]] flag was used due to the [[ban]] on the [[Nazi Party|Nazi flag]].]][[File:Rudolf Hess-Gedenkmarsch.jpg|thumb|A group of neo-Nazis commemorating [[Rudolf Hess]]. The banner reads: ''[[Martyr|Martyrs]] never die!'']][[File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz.jpg|thumb|Some Neo-Nazis are [[Skinhead|skinheads]].]][[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|thumb|White nationalists preparing to enter the Emancipation Park, holding [[Nazi Party|Nazi]], [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate]], and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] flags during the [[Unite the Right rally]] on August 12, 2017.]][[File:White Nationalist.jpg|thumb|White nationalists protesting in [[Poland]], 2024.]] ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Black nationalism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Nation of Islam and racism}} ====1960s==== In the 1960s, Neo-Nazi [[Hate group|groups]] partnered with Elijah Muhammad, then the leader of the influential<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2002|title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–196|doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|issn=1052-1151}}</ref> American [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] group [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), due to their mutual support for [[Racism|racial]] [[separatism]].<ref name="EM"> * ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, ''From the Dead Level'', pp. 247–48; Louis Lomax ''To Kill a Black Man'', pp. 108–09; Karl Evanzz, ''The Judas Factor'', pp. 284–86, ''The Messenger'', p. 303. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html "The Messenger Passes"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 10, 1975. * Evanzz, Karl, ''The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X'', pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manning, [https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html Along the Color Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180924/https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, reprinted in the Columbus Free Press, January 17, 1997. * Rolinson, Mary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193 Grassroots Garveyism], p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.</ref> Elijah worked with the KKK to buy farmland in the [[Deep South]] with a view to building Black-only [[Colony|colonies]],<ref name="EM" /> one of which was founded as the Temple Farms, now called the Muhammad Farms, in Terrel County, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="EM" /> In the following 10 years, Elijah received huge funding from [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[Texas]] [[oil]] [[baron]] H. L. Hunt, which was used by Elijah to build luxurious homes for his own [[family]].<ref name="EM" /> [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], [[American Nazi Party]]'s founder, praised Elijah Muhammad as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of the [[African Americans|Black man]]".<ref name="EM" /> Prominent [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malcolm X]] was also an NOI member until March 8, 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/09/archives/malcolm-x-splits-with-muhammad-suspended-muslim-leader-plans-black.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X Splits with Muhammad |access-date=June 19, 2018 |last=Handler |first=M. S. |date=March 9, 1964 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407003742/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF |url-status=live }}</ref> Malcolm X had made a series of [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic]] [[Public speaking|speeches]],<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> which promoted the ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' among [[Ivy League]]-based [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="BAA1" /> X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="BAA1" /> X also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves", based on his distorted view of certain events.<ref name="BAA1" /> In 1961, X spoke at an NOI rally along with George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], who claimed that Black nationalism and White supremacy shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> ====1970s==== Elijah Muhammad passed away in 1975.<ref name="EM" /> [[Louis Farrakhan]] succeeded him as the leader of the NOI.<ref name="EM" /><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/nation-islam-noi |title=Nation of Islam (NOI) |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> ====1980s==== In September 1984, former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK member]] Tom Metzger<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Tom Metzger |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/tom-metzger |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> donated [[United States dollar|$]]100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic [[rhetoric]] at a Los Angeles event.<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="LFWS"> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=WHITE SUPREMACISTS VOICE SUPPORT OF FARRAKHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists-voice-support-of-farrakhan.html |date=October 12, 1985 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Institute of Race Relations |title=Black fundamentalism: Farrakhan and conservative black nationalism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639689803900401 |last=Marable |first=Manning |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/030639689803900401 |year=1998 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |chapter=Antisemitic Myths Blackwashed: The Nation of Islam Inherits a Devil |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-38512-6_7 |pages=213–257 |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=White Supremacists Praise Nation of Islam’s Message Of Separatism |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/385263/white-supremacists-praise-nation-of-islams-message-of-separatism |last=Kestenbaum |first=Sam |date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Nation of Islam {{!}} History, Founder, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam |date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> The donation was followed by Metzger's gathering of 200 White supremacists to [[Promise|pledge]] [[Sympathy|support]] for Farrakhan's NOI.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="LFWS" /> ====1990s==== In 1995, Farrakhan repeated the common Neo-Nazi [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]' [[Hoax|claim]] that the Jews caused [[the Holocaust]] themselves<ref> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> by alleging that "German Jews financed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] right here in America [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|International bankers]] financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were [[Holocaust denial|at the root of what you call the Holocaust]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |title=Farrakhan In His Own Words |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015254/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October, he mobilized 440,000 men to attend the Million Man March in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36682/the-3-to-5-million-man-march |title=The 3 to 5 Million Man March |date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> the tenth-largest march in [[United States|American]] [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="MMM" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Before the Women’s March on Washington there was the Million Woman March…and the Million Man March |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-womens-march-live-updates-htmlstory.html#before-the-womens-march-on-washington-there-was-the-million-woman-march-and-the-million-man-march |last=Agrawal |first=Nina |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> when he called himself "a [[prophet]] sent by [[YHWH|God]] to show America its evil".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilgoren |first=Debbi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/22/farrakhans-speech-masons-mysticism-more/5c9427bc-7223-499b-8caf-7e9e5a236079 |title=Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 22, 1995 |access-date=November 30, 2018 }}</ref> ===Islamism and Palestinian nationalism=== ====2000s==== {{Main|Islamism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Palestinian political violence}} [[David Duke]], the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] leader, also has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] regimes, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian theocracy]]. On December 11–13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying [[conference]] in Iran upon invitation from the Iranian regime,<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> when he repeated the common Islamist [[rhetoric]] of "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians" and engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by claiming that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.<ref name="DD1" /> ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV, during which he alleged that "the Jews created the 9/11 attack and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013,<ref name="DD2" /> insisting that "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem"<ref name="DD2" /> – a claim made by [[Henry Ford]] in the 1920s and later adopted by [[Adolf Hitler]] to justify [[World War II|WWII]] and the Holocaust.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-Palestine event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] Nick Fuentes<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> and Jake Shields,<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: ‘This is who college protesters are aligned with’ |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He’s ‘Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy’ |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> during which they preached to Muslim attendees about the following:<ref name="DD3" /> * They and Muslims share the same fight against "Jewish supremacy" * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * The "[[Holocaust inversion|Jews are genociding Palestinians]] in Gaza just as they are genociding White people in America" [[File:Flag of the Goyim Defense League.svg|thumb|Flag of the Neo-Nazi group [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL).]][[File:Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party.svg|thumb|Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP).]] Meanwhile, Goyim Defense League (GDL), one of the most active KKK-allied American Neo-Nazi groups as of February 2025, which regularly [[Holocaust denial|denies the Holocaust]] and [[Harassment|harasses]] [[American Jews]] by holding [[Violence|violent]] marches and dropping [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] flyers over Jewish [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/patrick-littles-name-the-jew-tour-spreads-anti-semitic-hate-nationwide |title=Patrick Little's "Name the Jew" Tour Spreads Anti-Semitic Hate Nationwide |website=ADL |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |language=en-us }}</ref> supports the Islamist [[Terrorism#Select list of terrorist groups|groups]] [[Hamas]], [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian regime.<ref name="GDL&Islamism"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/white-supremacist-leaders-applaud-hamas-and-violence-against-israelis |title=White Supremacist Leaders Applaud Hamas and Violence Against Israelis |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Capital Research Center |url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/hamass-american-allies-part-4 |title=Hamas's American Allies: Far-Right Supporters |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-u-s-white-nationalists-are-waving-palestinian-flags/0000018b-eccd-d36e-a3cb-fcdf36df0000 |title=Why America’s Antisemitic, anti-Muslim White Nationalists Are Waving the Palestinian Flag |date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7 |title=White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7 |date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for National Security Studies, [[Tel Aviv University]] |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/far-right-october-7 |title=The Strengthening of the Extreme Right in the West Following the October 7 Massacre |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GDLSPLC">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antisemitism|title=ANTISEMITISM| date=2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=As the [[Israel–Hamas war|violence in Israel and Palestine]] continues [. ...] Antisemitic [[Hate group|hate groups]] will likely continue to attend [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]] [[Demonstration|demonstrations]] and incorporate anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] into their broader [[propaganda]] and [[recruitment]] efforts. }}</ref> The GDL celebrated the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023 during a live episode:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=Come on guys, it's time to dance! Get those Jews! [...] Let's go Lebanon, Iran! [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Wipe Israel off the map!]]}} Then, GDL members attended pro-Palestine [[Event|events]] to [[Recruitment|recruit]] new [[Fan (person)|followers]] and adopted anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] to expand their [[influence]].<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /><ref name="GDLSPLC" /> While some critics expressed [[confusion]] over this,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> often due to the common perception that Neo-Nazis are anti-Muslim,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> it is not weird. Collaboration between Nazis and Islamists happened during [[the Holocaust]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists }} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref> and in post-war America,<ref name="EM" /><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> despite the lack of coverage in history textbooks.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Purge|purges]] [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist [[Spy|agents]]. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Just as the GDL, the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) – a Neo-Nazi party seeking to build a "national socialist" ethno-state for White people<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/traditionalist-worker-party-twp |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> – endorsed the October 7 massacre by adopting the [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Zionist]] Islamist rhetoric in their antisemitic [[Hate speech|propaganda]]:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The attack was ... ] breaking out of a concentration camp [. ...] solidarity with the Palestinian [. ...] Jews are welcome [. ... if they] cease and desist their [[Holocaust inversion|genocidal campaigns]]. Free Palestine.}} Meanwhile, the Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Front (NSF) Florida, also known as the Natsoc Florida,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=National Socialist Front (NSF) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-front-nsf |date=December 6, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=July 3, 2024}}</ref> took a step further by selling [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] that featured Hamas [[Paraglider|paragliders]] and [[Rifle|rifles]] alongside the [[slogan]] "F*** Israel" – a popular [[image]] among Islamists since October 7, 2023.<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] nym85ihnighqj6d38lr3k7s0v2uivh5 10330611 10330610 2025-06-14T18:47:31Z Steven1991 1522289 Undid revision 10330610 by [[Special:Contributions/Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) Erroneous editing summary. Revert 10330611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo-Nazism''' refers to the [[ideology]] of those who long for [[Nazism]]. Neo-Nazis tend to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Fascism|ultranationalist]]. Neo-Nazis like the symbols of [[Nazi Germany]], like the [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]]. Neo-Nazism has been linked to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political parties in [[England]], such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party linked to the [[skinhead]] [[subculture]]. [[File:Neonazi 2.4.2005 München.jpg|thumb|A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 2004. The [[German Empire|Imperial German]] flag was used due to the [[ban]] on the [[Nazi Party|Nazi flag]].]][[File:Rudolf Hess-Gedenkmarsch.jpg|thumb|A group of neo-Nazis commemorating [[Rudolf Hess]]. The banner reads: ''[[Martyr]]s never die!'']][[File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz.jpg|thumb|Some Neo-Nazis are [[Skinhead|skinheads]].]][[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|thumb|White nationalists preparing to enter the Emancipation Park, holding [[Nazi Party|Nazi]], [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate]], and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] flags during the [[Unite the Right rally]] on August 12, 2017.]][[File:White Nationalist.jpg|thumb|White nationalists protesting in [[Poland]], 2024.]] ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Black nationalism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Nation of Islam and racism}} ====1960s==== In the 1960s, Neo-Nazi [[Hate group|groups]] partnered with Elijah Muhammad, then the leader of the influential<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2002|title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–196|doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|issn=1052-1151}}</ref> American [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] group [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), due to their mutual support for [[Racism|racial]] [[separatism]].<ref name="EM"> * ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, ''From the Dead Level'', pp. 247–48; Louis Lomax ''To Kill a Black Man'', pp. 108–09; Karl Evanzz, ''The Judas Factor'', pp. 284–86, ''The Messenger'', p. 303. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html "The Messenger Passes"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 10, 1975. * Evanzz, Karl, ''The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X'', pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manning, [https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html Along the Color Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180924/https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, reprinted in the Columbus Free Press, January 17, 1997. * Rolinson, Mary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193 Grassroots Garveyism], p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.</ref> Elijah worked with the KKK to buy farmland in the [[Deep South]] with a view to building Black-only [[Colony|colonies]],<ref name="EM" /> one of which was founded as the Temple Farms, now called the Muhammad Farms, in Terrel County, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="EM" /> In the following 10 years, Elijah received huge funding from [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[Texas]] [[oil]] [[baron]] H. L. Hunt, which was used by Elijah to build luxurious homes for his own [[family]].<ref name="EM" /> [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], [[American Nazi Party]]'s founder, praised Elijah Muhammad as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of the [[African Americans|Black man]]".<ref name="EM" /> Prominent [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malcolm X]] was also an NOI member until March 8, 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/09/archives/malcolm-x-splits-with-muhammad-suspended-muslim-leader-plans-black.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X Splits with Muhammad |access-date=June 19, 2018 |last=Handler |first=M. S. |date=March 9, 1964 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407003742/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF |url-status=live }}</ref> Malcolm X had made a series of [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic]] [[Public speaking|speeches]],<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> which promoted the ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' among [[Ivy League]]-based [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="BAA1" /> X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="BAA1" /> X also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024 }} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves", based on his distorted view of certain events.<ref name="BAA1" /> In 1961, X spoke at an NOI rally along with George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], who claimed that Black nationalism and White supremacy shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> ====1970s==== Elijah Muhammad passed away in 1975.<ref name="EM" /> [[Louis Farrakhan]] succeeded him as the leader of the NOI.<ref name="EM" /><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/nation-islam-noi |title=Nation of Islam (NOI) |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024 }}</ref> ====1980s==== In September 1984, former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK member]] Tom Metzger<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Tom Metzger |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/tom-metzger |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> donated [[United States dollar|$]]100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic [[rhetoric]] at a Los Angeles event.<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="LFWS"> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=WHITE SUPREMACISTS VOICE SUPPORT OF FARRAKHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists-voice-support-of-farrakhan.html |date=October 12, 1985 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Institute of Race Relations |title=Black fundamentalism: Farrakhan and conservative black nationalism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639689803900401 |last=Marable |first=Manning |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/030639689803900401 |year=1998 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |chapter=Antisemitic Myths Blackwashed: The Nation of Islam Inherits a Devil |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-38512-6_7 |pages=213–257 |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Nation of Islam {{!}} History, Founder, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam |date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=White Supremacists Praise Nation of Islam’s Message Of Separatism |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/385263/white-supremacists-praise-nation-of-islams-message-of-separatism |last=Kestenbaum |first=Sam |date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> The donation was followed by Metzger's gathering of 200 White supremacists to [[Promise|pledge]] [[Sympathy|support]] for Farrakhan's NOI.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="LFWS" /> ====1990s==== In 1995, Farrakhan repeated the common Neo-Nazi [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]' [[Hoax|claim]] that the Jews caused [[the Holocaust]] themselves<ref> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = 29 April 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> by alleging that "German Jews financed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] right here in America [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|International bankers]] financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were [[Holocaust denial|at the root of what you call the Holocaust]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |title=Farrakhan In His Own Words |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015254/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October, he mobilized 440,000 men to attend the Million Man March in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36682/the-3-to-5-million-man-march |title=The 3 to 5 Million Man March |date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> the tenth-largest march in [[United States|American]] [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="MMM" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Before the Women’s March on Washington there was the Million Woman March…and the Million Man March |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-womens-march-live-updates-htmlstory.html#before-the-womens-march-on-washington-there-was-the-million-woman-march-and-the-million-man-march |last=Agrawal |first=Nina |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> when he called himself "a [[prophet]] sent by [[YHWH|God]] to show America its evil".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilgoren |first=Debbi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/22/farrakhans-speech-masons-mysticism-more/5c9427bc-7223-499b-8caf-7e9e5a236079 |title=Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 22, 1995 |access-date=November 30, 2018 }}</ref> ===Islamism and Palestinian nationalism=== ====2000s==== {{Main|Islamism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Palestinian political violence}} [[David Duke]], the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] leader, also has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] regimes, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian theocracy]]. On December 11–13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying [[conference]] in Iran upon invitation from the Iranian regime,<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> when he repeated the common Islamist [[rhetoric]] of "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians" and engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by claiming that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.<ref name="DD1" /> ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV, during which he alleged that "the Jews created the 9/11 attack and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013,<ref name="DD2" /> insisting that "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem"<ref name="DD2" /> – a claim made by [[Henry Ford]] in the 1920s and later adopted by [[Adolf Hitler]] to justify [[World War II|WWII]] and the Holocaust.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-Palestine event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] Nick Fuentes<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> and Jake Shields,<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: ‘This is who college protesters are aligned with’ |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He’s ‘Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy’ |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> during which they preached to Muslim attendees about the following:<ref name="DD3" /> * They and Muslims share the same fight against "Jewish supremacy" * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * The "[[Holocaust inversion|Jews are genociding Palestinians]] in Gaza just as they are genociding White people in America" [[File:Flag of the Goyim Defense League.svg|thumb|Flag of the Neo-Nazi group [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL).]][[File:Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party.svg|thumb|Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP).]] Meanwhile, Goyim Defense League (GDL), one of the most active KKK-allied American Neo-Nazi groups as of February 2025, which regularly [[Holocaust denial|denies the Holocaust]] and [[Harassment|harasses]] [[American Jews]] by holding [[Violence|violent]] marches and dropping [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] flyers over Jewish [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/patrick-littles-name-the-jew-tour-spreads-anti-semitic-hate-nationwide |title=Patrick Little's "Name the Jew" Tour Spreads Anti-Semitic Hate Nationwide |website=ADL |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |language=en-us }}</ref> supports the Islamist [[Terrorism#Select list of terrorist groups|groups]] [[Hamas]], [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian regime.<ref name="GDL&Islamism"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/white-supremacist-leaders-applaud-hamas-and-violence-against-israelis |title=White Supremacist Leaders Applaud Hamas and Violence Against Israelis |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Capital Research Center |url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/hamass-american-allies-part-4 |title=Hamas's American Allies: Far-Right Supporters |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-u-s-white-nationalists-are-waving-palestinian-flags/0000018b-eccd-d36e-a3cb-fcdf36df0000 |title=Why America’s Antisemitic, anti-Muslim White Nationalists Are Waving the Palestinian Flag |date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7 |title=White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7 |date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), [[Tel Aviv University]] |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/far-right-october-7 |title=The Strengthening of the Extreme Right in the West Following the October 7 Massacre |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GDLSPLC">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antisemitism|title=ANTISEMITISM| date=2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=As the [[Israel–Hamas war|violence in Israel and Palestine]] continues [. ...] Antisemitic [[Hate group|hate groups]] will likely continue to attend [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]] [[Demonstration|demonstrations]] and incorporate anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] into their broader [[propaganda]] and [[recruitment]] efforts. }}</ref> The GDL celebrated the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023 during a live episode:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=Come on guys, it's time to dance! Get those Jews! [...] Let's go Lebanon, Iran! [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Wipe Israel off the map!]]}} Then, GDL members attended pro-Palestine [[Event|events]] to [[Recruitment|recruit]] new [[Fan (person)|followers]] and adopted anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] to expand their [[influence]].<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /><ref name="GDLSPLC" /> While some critics expressed [[confusion]] over this,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> often due to the common perception that Neo-Nazis are anti-Muslim,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> it is not weird. Collaboration between Nazis and Islamists happened during [[the Holocaust]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists }} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref> and in post-war America,<ref name="EM" /><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> despite the lack of coverage in history textbooks.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Purge|purges]] [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist [[Spy|agents]]. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Just as the GDL, the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) – a Neo-Nazi party seeking to build a "national socialist" ethno-state for White people<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/traditionalist-worker-party-twp |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> – endorsed the October 7 massacre by adopting the [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Zionist]] Islamist rhetoric in their antisemitic [[Hate speech|propaganda]]:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The attack was ... ] breaking out of a concentration camp [. ...] solidarity with the Palestinian [. ...] Jews are welcome [. ... if they] cease and desist their [[Holocaust inversion|genocidal campaigns]]. Free Palestine.}} Meanwhile, the Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Front (NSF) Florida, also known as the Natsoc Florida,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=National Socialist Front (NSF) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-front-nsf |date=December 6, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=July 3, 2024}}</ref> took a step further by selling [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] that featured Hamas [[Paraglider|paragliders]] and [[Rifle|rifles]] alongside the [[slogan]] "F*** Israel" – a popular [[image]] among Islamists since October 7, 2023.<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> ==Related pages== * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] hyt4g7flhghd9222i30ee1idba0gfcb 10330612 10330611 2025-06-14T18:47:46Z Steven1991 1522289 Undid revision 10330611 by [[Special:Contributions/Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) Downsizing + formatting 10330612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo-Nazism''' refers to the [[ideology]] of those who long for [[Nazism]]. Neo-Nazis tend to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Fascism|ultranationalist]]. Neo-Nazis like the symbols of [[Nazi Germany]], like the [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]]. Neo-Nazism has been linked to [[Far-right politics|far-right]] political parties in [[England]], such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party linked to the [[skinhead]] [[subculture]]. [[File:Neonazi 2.4.2005 München.jpg|thumb|A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 2004. The [[German Empire|Imperial German]] flag was used due to the [[ban]] on the [[Nazi Party|Nazi flag]].]][[File:Rudolf Hess-Gedenkmarsch.jpg|thumb|A group of neo-Nazis commemorating [[Rudolf Hess]]. The banner reads: ''[[Martyr|Martyrs]] never die!'']][[File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz.jpg|thumb|Some Neo-Nazis are [[Skinhead|skinheads]].]][[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|thumb|White nationalists preparing to enter the Emancipation Park, holding [[Nazi Party|Nazi]], [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate]], and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] flags during the [[Unite the Right rally]] on August 12, 2017.]][[File:White Nationalist.jpg|thumb|White nationalists protesting in [[Poland]], 2024.]] ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Black nationalism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Nation of Islam and racism}} ====1960s==== In the 1960s, Neo-Nazi [[Hate group|groups]] partnered with Elijah Muhammad, then the leader of the influential<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2002|title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–196|doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|issn=1052-1151}}</ref> American [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] group [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), due to their mutual support for [[Racism|racial]] [[separatism]].<ref name="EM"> * ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, ''From the Dead Level'', pp. 247–48; Louis Lomax ''To Kill a Black Man'', pp. 108–09; Karl Evanzz, ''The Judas Factor'', pp. 284–86, ''The Messenger'', p. 303. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html "The Messenger Passes"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 10, 1975. * Evanzz, Karl, ''The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X'', pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manning, [https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html Along the Color Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180924/https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, reprinted in the Columbus Free Press, January 17, 1997. * Rolinson, Mary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193 Grassroots Garveyism], p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.</ref> Elijah worked with the KKK to buy farmland in the [[Deep South]] with a view to building Black-only [[Colony|colonies]],<ref name="EM" /> one of which was founded as the Temple Farms, now called the Muhammad Farms, in Terrel County, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="EM" /> In the following 10 years, Elijah received huge funding from [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[Texas]] [[oil]] [[baron]] H. L. Hunt, which was used by Elijah to build luxurious homes for his own [[family]].<ref name="EM" /> [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], [[American Nazi Party]]'s founder, praised Elijah Muhammad as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of the [[African Americans|Black man]]".<ref name="EM" /> Prominent [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malcolm X]] was also an NOI member until March 8, 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/09/archives/malcolm-x-splits-with-muhammad-suspended-muslim-leader-plans-black.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X Splits with Muhammad |access-date=June 19, 2018 |last=Handler |first=M. S. |date=March 9, 1964 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407003742/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF |url-status=live }}</ref> Malcolm X had made a series of [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic]] [[Public speaking|speeches]],<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> which promoted the ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' among [[Ivy League]]-based [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="BAA1" /> X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="BAA1" /> X also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves", based on his distorted view of certain events.<ref name="BAA1" /> In 1961, X spoke at an NOI rally along with George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], who claimed that Black nationalism and White supremacy shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> ====1970s==== Elijah Muhammad passed away in 1975.<ref name="EM" /> [[Louis Farrakhan]] succeeded him as the leader of the NOI.<ref name="EM" /><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/nation-islam-noi |title=Nation of Islam (NOI) |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> ====1980s==== In September 1984, former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK member]] Tom Metzger<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Tom Metzger |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/tom-metzger |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> donated [[United States dollar|$]]100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic [[rhetoric]] at a Los Angeles event.<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="LFWS"> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=WHITE SUPREMACISTS VOICE SUPPORT OF FARRAKHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists-voice-support-of-farrakhan.html |date=October 12, 1985 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Institute of Race Relations |title=Black fundamentalism: Farrakhan and conservative black nationalism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639689803900401 |last=Marable |first=Manning |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/030639689803900401 |year=1998 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |chapter=Antisemitic Myths Blackwashed: The Nation of Islam Inherits a Devil |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-38512-6_7 |pages=213–257 |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=White Supremacists Praise Nation of Islam’s Message Of Separatism |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/385263/white-supremacists-praise-nation-of-islams-message-of-separatism |last=Kestenbaum |first=Sam |date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Nation of Islam {{!}} History, Founder, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam |date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> The donation was followed by Metzger's gathering of 200 White supremacists to [[Promise|pledge]] [[Sympathy|support]] for Farrakhan's NOI.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="LFWS" /> ====1990s==== In 1995, Farrakhan repeated the common Neo-Nazi [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]' [[Hoax|claim]] that the Jews caused [[the Holocaust]] themselves<ref> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> by alleging that "German Jews financed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] right here in America [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|International bankers]] financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were [[Holocaust denial|at the root of what you call the Holocaust]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |title=Farrakhan In His Own Words |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015254/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October, he mobilized 440,000 men to attend the Million Man March in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36682/the-3-to-5-million-man-march |title=The 3 to 5 Million Man March |date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> the tenth-largest march in [[United States|American]] [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="MMM" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Before the Women’s March on Washington there was the Million Woman March…and the Million Man March |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-womens-march-live-updates-htmlstory.html#before-the-womens-march-on-washington-there-was-the-million-woman-march-and-the-million-man-march |last=Agrawal |first=Nina |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> when he called himself "a [[prophet]] sent by [[YHWH|God]] to show America its evil".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilgoren |first=Debbi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/22/farrakhans-speech-masons-mysticism-more/5c9427bc-7223-499b-8caf-7e9e5a236079 |title=Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 22, 1995 |access-date=November 30, 2018 }}</ref> ===Islamism and Palestinian nationalism=== ====2000s==== {{Main|Islamism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Palestinian political violence}} [[David Duke]], the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] leader, also has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] regimes, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian theocracy]]. On December 11–13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying [[conference]] in Iran upon invitation from the Iranian regime,<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> when he repeated the common Islamist [[rhetoric]] of "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians" and engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by claiming that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.<ref name="DD1" /> ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV, during which he alleged that "the Jews created the 9/11 attack and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013,<ref name="DD2" /> insisting that "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem"<ref name="DD2" /> – a claim made by [[Henry Ford]] in the 1920s and later adopted by [[Adolf Hitler]] to justify [[World War II|WWII]] and the Holocaust.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-Palestine event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] Nick Fuentes<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> and Jake Shields,<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: ‘This is who college protesters are aligned with’ |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He’s ‘Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy’ |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> during which they preached to Muslim attendees about the following:<ref name="DD3" /> * They and Muslims share the same fight against "Jewish supremacy" * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * The "[[Holocaust inversion|Jews are genociding Palestinians]] in Gaza just as they are genociding White people in America" [[File:Flag of the Goyim Defense League.svg|thumb|Flag of the Neo-Nazi group [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL).]][[File:Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party.svg|thumb|Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP).]] Meanwhile, Goyim Defense League (GDL), one of the most active KKK-allied American Neo-Nazi groups as of February 2025, which regularly [[Holocaust denial|denies the Holocaust]] and [[Harassment|harasses]] [[American Jews]] by holding [[Violence|violent]] marches and dropping [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] flyers over Jewish [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/patrick-littles-name-the-jew-tour-spreads-anti-semitic-hate-nationwide |title=Patrick Little's "Name the Jew" Tour Spreads Anti-Semitic Hate Nationwide |website=ADL |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |language=en-us }}</ref> supports the Islamist [[Terrorism#Select list of terrorist groups|groups]] [[Hamas]], [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian regime.<ref name="GDL&Islamism"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/white-supremacist-leaders-applaud-hamas-and-violence-against-israelis |title=White Supremacist Leaders Applaud Hamas and Violence Against Israelis |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Capital Research Center |url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/hamass-american-allies-part-4 |title=Hamas's American Allies: Far-Right Supporters |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-u-s-white-nationalists-are-waving-palestinian-flags/0000018b-eccd-d36e-a3cb-fcdf36df0000 |title=Why America’s Antisemitic, anti-Muslim White Nationalists Are Waving the Palestinian Flag |date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7 |title=White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7 |date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for National Security Studies, [[Tel Aviv University]] |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/far-right-october-7 |title=The Strengthening of the Extreme Right in the West Following the October 7 Massacre |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GDLSPLC">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antisemitism|title=ANTISEMITISM| date=2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=As the [[Israel–Hamas war|violence in Israel and Palestine]] continues [. ...] Antisemitic [[Hate group|hate groups]] will likely continue to attend [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]] [[Demonstration|demonstrations]] and incorporate anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] into their broader [[propaganda]] and [[recruitment]] efforts. }}</ref> The GDL celebrated the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023 during a live episode:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=Come on guys, it's time to dance! Get those Jews! [...] Let's go Lebanon, Iran! [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Wipe Israel off the map!]]}} Then, GDL members attended pro-Palestine [[Event|events]] to [[Recruitment|recruit]] new [[Fan (person)|followers]] and adopted anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] to expand their [[influence]].<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /><ref name="GDLSPLC" /> While some critics expressed [[confusion]] over this,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> often due to the common perception that Neo-Nazis are anti-Muslim,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> it is not weird. Collaboration between Nazis and Islamists happened during [[the Holocaust]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists }} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref> and in post-war America,<ref name="EM" /><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> despite the lack of coverage in history textbooks.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Purge|purges]] [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist [[Spy|agents]]. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Just as the GDL, the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) – a Neo-Nazi party seeking to build a "national socialist" ethno-state for White people<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/traditionalist-worker-party-twp |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> – endorsed the October 7 massacre by adopting the [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Zionist]] Islamist rhetoric in their antisemitic [[Hate speech|propaganda]]:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The attack was ... ] breaking out of a concentration camp [. ...] solidarity with the Palestinian [. ...] Jews are welcome [. ... if they] cease and desist their [[Holocaust inversion|genocidal campaigns]]. Free Palestine.}} Meanwhile, the Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Front (NSF) Florida, also known as the Natsoc Florida,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=National Socialist Front (NSF) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-front-nsf |date=December 6, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=July 3, 2024}}</ref> took a step further by selling [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] that featured Hamas [[Paraglider|paragliders]] and [[Rifle|rifles]] alongside the [[slogan]] "F*** Israel" – a popular [[image]] among Islamists since October 7, 2023.<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] nym85ihnighqj6d38lr3k7s0v2uivh5 10331153 10330612 2025-06-15T00:31:31Z Steven1991 1522289 Intro shortening 10331153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neo-Nazism''' refers to the [[ideology]] of those who long for [[Nazism]]. Neo-Nazis tend to be [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]], [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Fascism|ultranationalist]]. Neo-Nazis like the symbols of [[Nazi Germany]], like the [[Swastika#In Nazi Germany|swastika]]. [[File:Neonazi 2.4.2005 München.jpg|thumb|A demonstration organised by the youth movement of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[National Democratic Party of Germany]] in 2004. The [[German Empire|Imperial German]] flag was used due to the [[ban]] on the [[Nazi Party|Nazi flag]].]][[File:Rudolf Hess-Gedenkmarsch.jpg|thumb|A group of neo-Nazis commemorating [[Rudolf Hess]]. The banner reads: ''[[Martyr|Martyrs]] never die!'']][[File:Neonazi-skinheads-weiss-und-stolz.jpg|thumb|Some Neo-Nazis are [[Skinhead|skinheads]].]][[File:Charlottesville 'Unite the Right' Rally (35780274914) crop.jpg|thumb|White nationalists preparing to enter the Emancipation Park, holding [[Nazi Party|Nazi]], [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate]], and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] flags during the [[Unite the Right rally]] on August 12, 2017.]][[File:White Nationalist.jpg|thumb|White nationalists protesting in [[Poland]], 2024.]] ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Black nationalism=== {{Main|Black nationalism|Nation of Islam and racism}} ====1960s==== In the 1960s, Neo-Nazi [[Hate group|groups]] partnered with Elijah Muhammad, then the leader of the influential<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curtis|first=Edward E.|date=2002|title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=167–196|doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167|issn=1052-1151}}</ref> American [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] group [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), due to their mutual support for [[Racism|racial]] [[separatism]].<ref name="EM"> * ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 6, 1967, p. E-15, July 2, 1967, January 30, 1975, p. B7; Hakim Jamal, ''From the Dead Level'', pp. 247–48; Louis Lomax ''To Kill a Black Man'', pp. 108–09; Karl Evanzz, ''The Judas Factor'', pp. 284–86, ''The Messenger'', p. 303. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021927/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917218-1,00.html "The Messenger Passes"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 10, 1975. * Evanzz, Karl, ''The Judas Factor, The Plot to Kill Malcolm X'', pp. 205–206, Thunder's Mouth Press, NY, 1992; Marable, Manning, [https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html Along the Color Line] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180924/https://freepress.org/Backup/UnixBackup/pubhtml/manning/racism-1.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}, reprinted in the Columbus Free Press, January 17, 1997. * Rolinson, Mary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TjiezD52cZoC&dq=muhammad+farms%2C+terrell&pg=PA193 Grassroots Garveyism], p. 193, UNC Press Books, 2007.</ref> Elijah worked with the KKK to buy farmland in the [[Deep South]] with a view to building Black-only [[Colony|colonies]],<ref name="EM" /> one of which was founded as the Temple Farms, now called the Muhammad Farms, in Terrel County, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="EM" /> In the following 10 years, Elijah received huge funding from [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[Texas]] [[oil]] [[baron]] H. L. Hunt, which was used by Elijah to build luxurious homes for his own [[family]].<ref name="EM" /> [[George Lincoln Rockwell]], [[American Nazi Party]]'s founder, praised Elijah Muhammad as "the [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] of the [[African Americans|Black man]]".<ref name="EM" /> Prominent [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] [[Malcolm X]] was also an NOI member until March 8, 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/09/archives/malcolm-x-splits-with-muhammad-suspended-muslim-leader-plans-black.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X Splits with Muhammad |access-date=June 19, 2018 |last=Handler |first=M. S. |date=March 9, 1964 |page=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407003742/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF |url-status=live }}</ref> Malcolm X had made a series of [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic]] [[Public speaking|speeches]],<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> which promoted the ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' among [[Ivy League]]-based [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="BAA1" /> X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="BAA1" /> X also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves", based on his distorted view of certain events.<ref name="BAA1" /> In 1961, X spoke at an NOI rally along with George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the [[American Nazi Party]], who claimed that Black nationalism and White supremacy shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> ====1970s==== Elijah Muhammad passed away in 1975.<ref name="EM" /> [[Louis Farrakhan]] succeeded him as the leader of the NOI.<ref name="EM" /><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/nation-islam-noi |title=Nation of Islam (NOI) |date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> ====1980s==== In September 1984, former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK member]] Tom Metzger<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Tom Metzger |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/tom-metzger |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> donated [[United States dollar|$]]100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic [[rhetoric]] at a Los Angeles event.<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="LFWS"> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=WHITE SUPREMACISTS VOICE SUPPORT OF FARRAKHAN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/12/us/white-supremacists-voice-support-of-farrakhan.html |date=October 12, 1985 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Institute of Race Relations |title=Black fundamentalism: Farrakhan and conservative black nationalism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030639689803900401 |last=Marable |first=Manning |volume=39 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/030639689803900401 |year=1998 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present |chapter=Antisemitic Myths Blackwashed: The Nation of Islam Inherits a Devil |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-38512-6_7 |pages=213–257 |last1=Perry |first1=Marvin |last2=Schweitzer |first2=Frederick M. |year=2002 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=White Supremacists Praise Nation of Islam’s Message Of Separatism |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/385263/white-supremacists-praise-nation-of-islams-message-of-separatism |last=Kestenbaum |first=Sam |date=October 16, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Nation of Islam {{!}} History, Founder, Beliefs, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nation-of-Islam |date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> The donation was followed by Metzger's gathering of 200 White supremacists to [[Promise|pledge]] [[Sympathy|support]] for Farrakhan's NOI.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="LFWS" /> ====1990s==== In 1995, Farrakhan repeated the common Neo-Nazi [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]' [[Hoax|claim]] that the Jews caused [[the Holocaust]] themselves<ref> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> by alleging that "German Jews financed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] right here in America [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|International bankers]] financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were [[Holocaust denial|at the root of what you call the Holocaust]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |title=Farrakhan In His Own Words |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=March 20, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015254/https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/anti-semitism/united-states/farrakhan-in-his-own-words-2015-03-20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October, he mobilized 440,000 men to attend the Million Man March in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36682/the-3-to-5-million-man-march |title=The 3 to 5 Million Man March |date=January 16, 2009 }}</ref> the tenth-largest march in [[United States|American]] [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="MMM" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Before the Women’s March on Washington there was the Million Woman March…and the Million Man March |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-womens-march-live-updates-htmlstory.html#before-the-womens-march-on-washington-there-was-the-million-woman-march-and-the-million-man-march |last=Agrawal |first=Nina |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2025 }}</ref> when he called himself "a [[prophet]] sent by [[YHWH|God]] to show America its evil".<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilgoren |first=Debbi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/10/22/farrakhans-speech-masons-mysticism-more/5c9427bc-7223-499b-8caf-7e9e5a236079 |title=Farrakhan's Speech: Masons, Mysticism, More |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 22, 1995 |access-date=November 30, 2018 }}</ref> ===Islamism and Palestinian nationalism=== ====2000s==== {{Main|Islamism}}{{Further|Islam and fascism|Palestinian political violence}} [[David Duke]], the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] leader, also has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] regimes, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian theocracy]]. On December 11–13, 2006, Duke attended a Holocaust-denying [[conference]] in Iran upon invitation from the Iranian regime,<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> when he repeated the common Islamist [[rhetoric]] of "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians" and engaged in [[Holocaust denial]] by claiming that "[T]he Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> He was one of the 70 participants of the conference.<ref name="DD1" /> ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV, during which he alleged that "the Jews created the 9/11 attack and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013,<ref name="DD2" /> insisting that "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem"<ref name="DD2" /> – a claim made by [[Henry Ford]] in the 1920s and later adopted by [[Adolf Hitler]] to justify [[World War II|WWII]] and the Holocaust.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |date=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-Palestine event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] Nick Fuentes<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> and Jake Shields,<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: ‘This is who college protesters are aligned with’ |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He’s ‘Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy’ |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> during which they preached to Muslim attendees about the following:<ref name="DD3" /> * They and Muslims share the same fight against "Jewish supremacy" * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|"Jews plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * The "[[Holocaust inversion|Jews are genociding Palestinians]] in Gaza just as they are genociding White people in America" [[File:Flag of the Goyim Defense League.svg|thumb|Flag of the Neo-Nazi group [[Goyim Defense League]] (GDL).]][[File:Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party.svg|thumb|Flag of the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP).]] Meanwhile, Goyim Defense League (GDL), one of the most active KKK-allied American Neo-Nazi groups as of February 2025, which regularly [[Holocaust denial|denies the Holocaust]] and [[Harassment|harasses]] [[American Jews]] by holding [[Violence|violent]] marches and dropping [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] flyers over Jewish [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/patrick-littles-name-the-jew-tour-spreads-anti-semitic-hate-nationwide |title=Patrick Little's "Name the Jew" Tour Spreads Anti-Semitic Hate Nationwide |website=ADL |date=August 23, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |language=en-us }}</ref> supports the Islamist [[Terrorism#Select list of terrorist groups|groups]] [[Hamas]], [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]] and the Iranian regime.<ref name="GDL&Islamism"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/white-supremacist-leaders-applaud-hamas-and-violence-against-israelis |title=White Supremacist Leaders Applaud Hamas and Violence Against Israelis |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Capital Research Center |url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/hamass-american-allies-part-4 |title=Hamas's American Allies: Far-Right Supporters |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-21/ty-article-opinion/.premium/why-u-s-white-nationalists-are-waving-palestinian-flags/0000018b-eccd-d36e-a3cb-fcdf36df0000 |title=Why America’s Antisemitic, anti-Muslim White Nationalists Are Waving the Palestinian Flag |date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7 |title=White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7 |date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for National Security Studies, [[Tel Aviv University]] |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/far-right-october-7 |title=The Strengthening of the Extreme Right in the West Following the October 7 Massacre |date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref><ref name="GDLSPLC">{{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/antisemitism|title=ANTISEMITISM| date=2024 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=As the [[Israel–Hamas war|violence in Israel and Palestine]] continues [. ...] Antisemitic [[Hate group|hate groups]] will likely continue to attend [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]] [[Demonstration|demonstrations]] and incorporate anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] into their broader [[propaganda]] and [[recruitment]] efforts. }}</ref> The GDL celebrated the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023 during a live episode:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=Come on guys, it's time to dance! Get those Jews! [...] Let's go Lebanon, Iran! [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Wipe Israel off the map!]]}} Then, GDL members attended pro-Palestine [[Event|events]] to [[Recruitment|recruit]] new [[Fan (person)|followers]] and adopted anti-Zionist [[rhetoric]] to expand their [[influence]].<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /><ref name="GDLSPLC" /> While some critics expressed [[confusion]] over this,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> often due to the common perception that Neo-Nazis are anti-Muslim,<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> it is not weird. Collaboration between Nazis and Islamists happened during [[the Holocaust]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-wartime-propagandist |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East. |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/book-reviews/nazis-islamists-and-the-making-of-the-modern |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Schwanitz |first2=Wolfgang G. |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-official-record-what-the-mufti-said-to-hitler |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |quote=The Arabs were Germany’s natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists }} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Hitler’s Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini |url=https://honestreporting.com/hitlers-palestinian-ally-grand-mufti-amin-al-husseini |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/artc-erdan-presents-between-mufti-and-hitler-at-un-meeting-on-gaza-war |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |title=Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration |url=https://jcpa.org/article/haj-amin-al-husseini-the-nazis-and-the-holocaust-the-origins-nature-and-aftereffects-of-collaboration |last=Herf |first=Jeffrey |date=January 5, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-06-15/ty-article-magazine/revealed-photos-of-palestinian-mufti-visiting-nazi-germany/0000017f-ef6e-d0f7-a9ff-efefa25a0000 |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/amin-al-husseini-nazi-concentration-camp |last=Schwanitz |first=Wolfgang G. |date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/part-ii-a-war-of-words-the-muftis-meeting-with-hitler-in-berlin/2024/07/07 |author=Alex Grobman PhD. |date=July 7, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/373997/hamas-fascist-jew-hatred-but-the-palestinian-arab-nationalism-and-nazi-connection-goes-way-back |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref> and in post-war America,<ref name="EM" /><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> despite the lack of coverage in history textbooks.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Purge|purges]] [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist [[Spy|agents]]. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Just as the GDL, the Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) – a Neo-Nazi party seeking to build a "national socialist" ethno-state for White people<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/traditionalist-worker-party-twp |date=February 12, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref> – endorsed the October 7 massacre by adopting the [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Zionist]] Islamist rhetoric in their antisemitic [[Hate speech|propaganda]]:<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The attack was ... ] breaking out of a concentration camp [. ...] solidarity with the Palestinian [. ...] Jews are welcome [. ... if they] cease and desist their [[Holocaust inversion|genocidal campaigns]]. Free Palestine.}} Meanwhile, the Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Front (NSF) Florida, also known as the Natsoc Florida,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=National Socialist Front (NSF) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/national-socialist-front-nsf |date=December 6, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2025 |quote=July 3, 2024}}</ref> took a step further by selling [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] that featured Hamas [[Paraglider|paragliders]] and [[Rifle|rifles]] alongside the [[slogan]] "F*** Israel" – a popular [[image]] among Islamists since October 7, 2023.<ref name="GDL&Islamism" /> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:21st century]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] kpkozzoyeejqqvth78v5gkjlw602wur 0 57962 10331109 10205614 2025-06-15T00:02:49Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Homlessness, Dublin City, Sunday, 24 July, 2016.jpg|thumb|Homelessness]] [[File:Peter, a homeless man in Downtown Los Angeles, begging in Civic Center.jpg|thumb|Homeless African American man begging for change]] [[File:Homeless Crisis 18.JPG|thumb]]'''Homelessness''' means not having a place to stay. The word "homelessness" includes people who sleep on the street; people staying at [[Warming center|warming centers]] or [[Homeless shelter|homeless shelters]]; and people living in places not meant for humans to live in (like abandoned buildings, [[Vehicle|vehicles]], and parking [[Garage|garages]]). Homelessness occurs for many reasons. The risk is especially high when people are unable to buy or maintain [[Affordable housing|housing they can afford]]. Homeless people live in many parts of the world, including [[San Francisco]] in [[California]], [[Dublin]] in [[Ireland]] and [[Tallinn]] in [[Estonia]]. [[International human rights law]] includes the [[right to housing]]. ==Homeless people== [[File:Street Sleeper 4 by David Shankbone.JPG|thumb|Person sleeping in big city]] === Terms === [[Academic journal|Academic articles]] and [[government]] reports use the phrase "homeless people". However, there are different words to describe homelessness. Some (like "bum" or "vagrant") are based on [[Stereotype|stereotypes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2023-03-04|title=Beware Of The Power Words Like 'Homeless' And 'Bum' Carry|language=en-US|work=Invisible People|url=https://invisiblepeople.tv/beware-of-the-power-words-like-homeless-and-bum-carry/|access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref> Today, some argue that the better term is "unhoused person".<ref name=":0" /> A 2023 article stated:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>The public should stop using [[Pejorative|offensive labels]] like “bum,” “homeless guy,” and “bag lady” to help wipe away [[Social stigma|negative associations]] conjured up by these outdated terms. When we say “homeless,” many thoughts come to mind depending on who you are and your experience... The same person is viewed differently depending on how you describe them: “homeless” or “priced out of housing.”</blockquote>Some [[slang]] phrases confuse the definition of homelessness. For instance, in [[slang]], a "vagabond" is someone who travels without enough money to stay in good hotels. Similarly, police reports sometimes use the word "transient" to describe people from out of town or who are passing through. These individuals might in fact be homeless - but they might also have homes elsewhere and are just traveling away from home. === Counts === In the [[United States]], the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD) requires a homeless "enumeration" (count) every two years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025|title=Point-in-Time Count and Housing Inventory Count|url=https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/hdx/pit-hic/#2024-pit-count-and-hic-guidance|access-date=2025-04-20|website=US Department of Housing and Urban Development|language=en-us}}</ref> They classify "homeless" in a careful way, and their definition has been adopted by many other agencies and [[Church (building)|church]] groups. In [[Metro Vancouver]], homeless people are counted by the [[British Columbia]] (B.C.) [[Non-Profit Housing Society]]. The Society conducts the homeless count with the help of about 1,200 [[Volunteering|volunteers]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprovince.com/news/local-news/metro-vancouvers-homeless-count-campaign-needs-600-volunteers/wcm/08aa0edc-fa0d-41e2-a4e4-f1024f74c302 | title=Metro Vancouver's homeless count campaign needs 600 volunteers }}</ref> ==HUD definitions== HUD spreads information about what does and does not work when providing shelter for homeless people. The information about the things that work is called "best practices". According to HUD's criteria, a person must lack a fixed, regular, and decent place to sleep at night. Also, they must be living in:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025|title=Category 1: Literally Homeless|url=https://www.hudexchange.info/homelessness-assistance/coc-esg-virtual-binders/coc-esg-homeless-eligibility/four-categories/category-1/|access-date=2025-04-20|website=US Department of Housing and Urban Development|language=en-us}}</ref> # A supervised shelter (including [[welfare]] hotels, homeless shelters, [[warming centers]], and transitional housing); OR # A place that provides a temporary residence for people waiting for space in a place like a [[hospital]], [[jail]] or [[hospice]]; OR # A place that was not designed for humans to live and sleep, like a [[vehicle]], public [[park]] or [[sidewalk]]. === "Chronic homelessness" === HUD defines a person as "chronically homeless" if:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025|title=Definition of Chronic Homelessness|url=https://www.hudexchange.info/homelessness-assistance/coc-esg-virtual-binders/coc-esg-homeless-eligibility/definition-of-chronic-homelessness/|access-date=2025-04-20|website=US Department of Housing and Urban Development|language=en-us}}</ref> # The person is "an unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition". # The person has been homeless for a year or more; or the person has been homeless four times in the past three years. Studies suggest that the costs of chronic homelessness are far greater than the other types of homelessness. ==Health care== Health care for the homeless is a major [[public health]] challenge. === Increased risk === Many homeless people develop serious medical conditions caused at least partially by living in unclean environments, not having places to wash up, and not having medical supplies. Living in a group setting, like a shelter, further increases the risk of infectious disease spreading because people are crowded together.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|date=2024-10-15|title=About Homelessness and Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/homelessness-and-health/about/index.html|access-date=2025-04-20|website=United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> [[Mental illness]], [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] and [[Substance abuse|substance use disorder]] are also common problems.<ref name=":1" /> Homelessness raises the risk for: * [[Infectious disease|Infectious diseases]] like [[Virus|Viral]] [[Hepatitis]] (especially [[Hepatitis C]]), [[Tuberculosis]] (TB), [[HIV|Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)]], and [[COVID-19]]<ref name=":1" /> * Non-infectious diseases like [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[heart disease]], and [[Respiratory disease|chronic lung disease]]<ref name=":1" /> * [[Injury|Injuries]] and [[Assault|assaults]] === Skin problems === Skin disorders are also common among homeless people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Sarah J.|last2=Amerson|first2=Erin H.|last3=Chang|first3=Aileen Y.|date=2020-09-01|title=Dermatologic Care of Persons Experiencing Homelessness: Key Concepts in an Era of Housing Instability|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9161239/|journal=JAMA dermatology|volume=156|issue=9|pages=945–946|doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0902|issn=2168-6084|pmc=9161239|pmid=32401270}}</ref> According to a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] article in ''JAMA [[Dermatology]],'' homeless people have higher rates of many skin problems:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Sarah J.|last2=Amerson|first2=Erin H.|last3=Chang|first3=Aileen Y.|date=2020-09-01|title=Dermatologic Care of Persons Experiencing Homelessness: Key Concepts in an Era of Housing Instability|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9161239/|journal=JAMA dermatology|volume=156|issue=9|pages=945–946|doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.0902|issn=2168-6084|pmc=9161239|pmid=32401270}}</ref> * [[Skin cancer]] * Chronic [[Wound|wounds]] * [[Fungus|Fungal]] infections * Skin problems caused by [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]] * [[Parasitic disease|Ectoparasitic]] infections (caused by [[Parasitism|parasites]] that live on the skin) * Skin problems caused by [[Injection|injecting]] [[illegal drugs]] ("shooting up") * Skin [[Abscess|abscesses]] caused by a [[Bacteria|bacterial]] infection from Group A [[streptococcus]] Homeless people can experience skin cancer and other conditions when exposed to extreme [[cold]] and hot [[sun]]. Additionally, it is difficult to find places to [[shower]] or wash up. This can contribute to skin conditions or wound infections. === Food scarcity === Many homeless people struggle to find good, affordable food. As a result, they tend to suffer from medical conditions. These conditions can include obesity if a person eats a lot of poor-quality food with empty [[Calorie|calories]] (which is often the most inexpensive form of food available). === Dental problems === Many homeless people also have more severe [[Dentistry|dental problems]] than the general population does. Causes include not having access to washrooms for [[oral hygiene]]; not having oral hygiene supplies like a [[toothbrush]]; not having access to affordable [[dentistry]]; and (in some cases) eating too many [[Confectionery|sweets]], which may be the only food available. ==Vulnerability Index== The [[vulnerability index|vulnerability Index]] is a tool for finding out who among the street homeless population needs health care and housing the most.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090106121337/http://www.endhomelessness.org/files/2061_file_Kanis_handout_vi101.pdf http://www.endhomelessness.org/files/2061_file_Kanis_handout_vi101.pdf]</ref> The vulnerability index is the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of [[Boston]] Healthcare for the Homeless. He was concerned about the causes of death of homeless individuals living on the street. A national drive is underway by [[Common Ground]] for HUD to do the vulnerability index at the same time as the homelessness count.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakingground.org/|title=Homepage - Breaking Ground|website=breakingground.org}}</ref> The Index's supporters say that it will help to get needy individuals off the street.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071224145153/http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/homeless/programs/coc/ http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/homeless/programs/coc/]</ref> It has been tried out in various places outside the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], including [[New Mexico]] and Santa Monica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vulnerabilityindex.blogspot.com/|title=Vulnerability Index|website=vulnerabilityindex.blogspot.com}}</ref> ==Main causes== [[File:Homeless is sleeping at bus stop.JPG|thumb|230x230px| Homeless man sleeping on a bench at a bus stop.]] Many reports and studies have examined the main reasons for homelessness. These include: * Lack of [[affordable housing]] * Low-paying jobs (up to 40% - 60% of homeless people in the United States have jobs, but still cannot afford housing)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=United States Interagency Council on Homelessness|title=Homelessness Data & Trends|url=https://www.usich.gov/guidance-reports-data/data-trends|access-date=2025-04-20|website=United States Interagency Council on Homelessness|language=en}}</ref> * [[Addiction]] and lack of needed services * [[Mental illness]] and lack of needed services * [[Domestic violence]] * [[Unemployment]] or [[underemployment]] * Social [[exclusion]] * [[Discrimination]] that lowers [[self-esteem]] * Careless lifestyle * [[Poverty]], especially destitution (having no money at all) * [[Prison]] release and re-entry into society due to a [[criminal record]] that can cause [[recidivism]] * Change and cuts in [[welfare]] * [[Natural disaster]]s ===Developing and undeveloped countries=== The number of homeless people worldwide has grown steadily in the past few years. Homelessness is a severe problem in some [[Third World]] nations like [[Brazil]], [[India]], [[Nigeria]], and [[South Africa]], with millions of children living and working on the streets there. Homelessness has also become a problem in [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Japan]]. ==History== === England === In the [[16th century|sixteenth century]] in [[England]], the government tried several strategies to address homelessness. First, they tried giving housing to homeless people instead of punishing them. However, in the eighteenth century, these houses were replaced by workhouses. Soon being homeless became a crime: in 1824 the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] government [[1824 Vagrancy Act|made it illegal]] to [[Begging|beg]] or sleep on the street. Workhouses were later replaced by [[dormitory]] housing ("spikes"). By the early 1930s in England, there were 30,000 people living in these places. === The United States === In the 1980s, in the United States, Congressman Stewart B. McKinney helped to get some new laws passed about homelessness. In 1987, the [[McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act]] became law. Organisations in some cities, like New York and Boston, tried to help the growing number of homeless people in a new way. As of 2024, there were 771,400 homeless people in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is homeless in the United States? A 2025 update {{!}} Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis|url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2025/who-is-homeless-in-the-united-states-a-2025-update|access-date=2025-04-20|website=www.minneapolisfed.org|language=en}}</ref> According to a report by the California State Senate's Housing Committee, as of 2022, there were 181,399 homeless people living in California - 28% of the country's homeless population.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2024|title=Fact Sheet: Homelessness in California|url=https://shou.senate.ca.gov/sites/shou.senate.ca.gov/files/Homelessness%20in%20CA%202023%20Numbers%20-%201.2024.pdf|access-date=2025-04-20|website=California State Senate Housing Committee}}</ref> === Other countries === Many other countries, towns, and cities have (or used to have) areas where all the poor, homeless, and disabled people live. ("[[Skid Row (Los Angeles)|Skid Row]]" in [[Los Angeles]] is one example.) In smaller towns, especially during the [[Great Depression]], [[hobo]]s camped near [[Train track|train tracks]] and hopped onto trains to get from place to place. Over time, as the number of homeless people grew, many places that had previously allowed homeless people to [[loitering|loiter]] (like churches, [[Public library|public libraries]] and public atriums) became stricter. According to the World Population Review, countries with large homeless populations include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homelessness by Country 2025|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/homelessness-by-country|access-date=2025-04-20|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> * [[Pakistan]]: 8,000,000 homeless people (as of 2023) * [[Syria]]: 5,300,000 (as of 2023) * [[Bangladesh]]: 5,000,000 (as of 2019) * [[Nigeria]]: 4,500,000 (as of 2022) * [[Argentina]]: 3,600,000 (as of 2020) * [[Sudan]]: 3,000,000 (as of 2023) * [[Nepal]]: 2,500,000 (as of 2023) * [[Myanmar]]: 1,500,000 (as of 2023) * [[Somalia]]: 1,400,000 (as of 2023) ==Homelessness in the popular media== === Popular films === * 1966: {{imdb title|id=0059020|title=Cathy Come Home}}, an influential film by Ken Loach. It brought awareness to homelessness in the UK and led indirectly to the formation of several [[Charitable organization|charitable organizations]] and changes in [[legislation]]. * 1986. {{imdb title|id=0090966|title=Down and Out in Beverly Hills}} * 1991. {{imdb title|id=0102303|title=Life Stinks}} * 1994. {{imdb title|id=0111732|title=With Honors}} * 1997. {{imdb title|id=0157154|title=La Vendedora de Rosas}} * 2003. {{imdb title|id=0338109|title=Homeless to Harvard: the Liz Murray Story}}, the story of [[Liz Murray]] * 2006. {{imdb title|id=0454921|title=The Pursuit of Happiness}}, the story of [[Chris Gardner]] === Books === * 2005 ''Without a Net: Middle Class and Homeless (With Kids) in America'' by [http://www.mishakennedy.com Michelle Kennedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424174616/http://www.mishakennedy.com/ |date=2007-04-24 }} === Documentary films === * 1985: {{imdb title|id=0226494|title=Streetwise}}, which follows homeless [[Seattle]] youth * 1997: {{imdb title|id=0226494|title=The Street: A Film with the Homeless}}, focusing on the homeless people in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] * 2000: {{imdb title|id=0235327|title=Dark Days}}, addressing homeless adults living in New York's [[Amtrak]] [[Tunnel|tunnels]] * 2001: {{imdb title|id=0264476|title=Children Underground}}, which follows the lives of homeless children in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] * 2003: {{imdb title|id=0356220|title=À Margem da Imagem}}, which addresses homelessness in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. Its [[English language|English]] title is "On the Fringes of São Paulo: Homeless" * 2004: {{imdb title|id=0431126|title=Homeless in America}} * 2005: {{imdb title|id=0442947|title=Children of Leningradsky}}, which follows homeless children in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] * 2005: {{imdb title|id=0838195|title=Reversal of Fortune}}, tracking what homeless people did if they were given $100,000 and could use it however they wanted * 2007: [http://www.wideyedfilms.com/ ''Easy Street''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115021812/http://www.wideyedfilms.com/ |date=2009-01-15 }}, which addresses homeless people in [[Florida]] === TV documentaries === * 1988: {{imdb title|id=0247411|title=Home Sweet Homeless}} === Visual Arts === * 2005: [[Photography|Photographic]] expose by [[Michel Mersereau]] entitled [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101075425/http://bluebeatdesign.com/cracks/cracks.html "Between The Cracks"] ==Related pages== * [[Refugee]] * [[Poverty]] * [[Discrimination]] * [[Right to housing]] * [[Street children]] * [[Warming center]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== Duke, Alan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121109051405/http://www.cnn.com/2011/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/01/24/ted.williams.rehab/ "'Golden voice' Ted Williams departs drug rehab"], ''CNN'', January 25, 2011 ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|Homelessness|commonscat=yes}} * [http://www.homeless.org.au/statistics/ Homeless Statistics] for Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States, all data from around the year 2001. * [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], [https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/305/index.html "Home at Last?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112223756/https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/305/index.html |date=2020-11-12 }}, [[NOW (TV series)|NOW]] series program, first aired on February 2, 2007. The topic was what will most help homeless people reenter the fabric of society. * {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Poverty/Homelessness}} * [http://chuckcurrie.blogs.com/chuck_currie/homelessness/ Homelessness], Current information on U.S. homelessness written by The Rev. [[Chuck Currie]], former National Coalition for the Homeless board member. * [http://www.feantsa.org/ Homelessness in Europe] FEANTSA is the European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless is an umbrella of not-for-profit organisations which participate in or contribute to the fight against homelessness in Europe. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100504094227/http://www.noticiaspsh.org/ Homelessness in Spain] News, agenda, documents, multimedia and other info about the homeless people in Spain. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rPFvLUWkzsTV News] Positive media coverage of homeless man, a former radio announcer, [[Ted Williams (voice-over artist)|Ted Williams]], who found job offers after being re-discovered while homeless in January 2011, and called "the man with the golden voice". * [https://www.youtube.com/c/InvisiblePeople Invisible People] a [[YouTube]] profile mostly consisting of interviews with homeless people. [[Category:Homelessness| ]] fgvbs9yaglrzt50725mziy42k66hdxa 0 58885 10329999 10328367 2025-06-14T13:31:23Z Willixalexander 1625577 Added the infobox and put references. 10329999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mark Shuttleworth | image = Markshuttleworth-dublin-20101116.jpg | caption = Shuttleworth in [[Dublin]], 2011 | birth_name = Mark Richard Shuttleworth | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|9|18}} | birth_place = [[Welkom]], [[Free State Province|Orange Free State]], {{nowrap|[[South Africa]]}} | nationality = South African and British | occupation = Businessman | website = {{Official URL}} | module = }} '''Mark Richard Shuttleworth''' was born 18 September 1978. He is a [[South Africa]]n [[business]] person. He is the founder and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] (chief executive officer) of a company called [[Canonical]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Canonical|url=https://www.canonical.com/about|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408174354/https://www.canonical.com/about|archive-date=8 April 2017|access-date=10 August 2017|publisher=Canonical Ltd}}</ref>He the first [[South Africa|South African]] and [[Africa|African]] in [[outer space|space]]. In 2002, He bought himself his space travel for 9 days.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 2001|title=Nasa makes space tourism U-turn|work=BBC News Online|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1706176.stm|access-date=2 September 2012|quote=approval to plans to make the South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 April 2002|title=Space tourist lifts off|work=BBC News Online|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1945950.stm|access-date=2 September 2012|quote=South African internet millionaire Mark Shuttleworth is heading for a short stay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2004|title=International Space Station: Soyuz 3 Taxi Flight Crew: Mark Richard Shuttleworth|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/taxi4/shuttleworth.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204004443/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/crew/exp4/taxi4/shuttleworth.html|archive-date=4 February 2002|access-date=2 September 2012|quote=Mark was born on 18 September 1973 in mining town Welkom, in South Africa's Free State province}}</ref> He is also the leader of the [[Ubuntu]] project.<ref name=":0" />[[Image:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mark Shuttleworth]] == References == <references /> {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shuttleworth, Mark}} [[Category:South African businesspeople]] [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Living people]] imhnxcnjxudnw4b5zeyon3ygvobp1ua 0 58943 10330966 10328024 2025-06-14T22:26:21Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted to revision 9994254 by Davey2010: rvv. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330966 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a partial listing of movies produced and/or distributed by '''[[Universal Pictures]]''', the main [[Production company|production]]/[[Distribution company|distribution]] arm of [[Universal Studios]], a subsidiary of [[NBCUniversal]] and Comcast. == List of movies == ===1920s=== * ''[[White Youth]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Flaming Disc]]'' (1920) * ''[[Am I Dreaming?]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Dragon's Net]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Adorable Savage]]'' (1920) * ''[[Putting It Over]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Fire Eater]]'' (1921) * ''[[A Battle of Wits (1921 movie)|A Battle of Wits]]'' (1921) * ''[[Dream Girl (movie)|Dream Girl]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Millionaire (movie)|The Millionaire]]'' (1921) * ''[[A Daughter of the Law]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Conflict]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Rage of Paris]]'' (1921) * ''[[No Woman Knows]]'' (1921) * ''[[Action (movie)|Action]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Danger Man]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Kiss (1921 movie)|The Kiss]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Heart of Arizona]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Beautiful Gambler]]'' (1921) * ''[[Desperate Trails]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Man Tamer]]'' (1921) * ''[[Cheated Love]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Blazing Trail]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Freeze-Out]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Diamond Queen]]'' (1921) * ''[[Foolish Wives]]'' (1922) * '' [[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 movie)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1923) * '' [[The Phantom of the Opera (1925 movie)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' (1925) * ''[[The Man Who Laughs (1928 movie)|The Man Who Laughs]]'' (1928) * ''[[Melody of Love (movie)|Melody of Love]]'' (1928, Universal's first all-talkie) * ''[[Show Boat (movie)|Show Boat]]'' (1929) * ''[[Broadway (1929 movie)|Broadway]]'' (1929, first Universal talkie with color sequences) ===1930s=== * ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (movie)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' (1930) * ''[[King of Jazz]]'' (1930, first Universal all-color talkie) * ''[[Dracula (1931 movie)|Dracula]]'' (1931) * ''[[Frankenstein (1931 movie)|Frankenstein]]'' (1931) * ''[[Back Street]]'' (1932) * ''[[The Mummy (1932 movie)|The Mummy]]'' (1932) * ''[[Counsellor at Law]]'' (1933) * ''[[The Invisible Man (1933 movie)|The Invisible Man]]'' (1933) * ''[[The Black Cat (1934 movie)|The Black Cat]]'' (1934) * ''[[Imitation of Life (1934 movie)|Imitation of Life]]'' (1934) * ''[[Bride of Frankenstein]]'' (1935) * ''[[Magnificent Obsession]]'' (1935) * ''[[Show Boat (movie)|Show Boat]]'' (1936) * ''[[My Man Godfrey]]'' (1936) * ''[[Three Smart Girls]]'' (1936) * ''[[Dracula's Daughter]]'' (1936) * ''[[One Hundred Men and a Girl]]'' (1937) * ''[[Destry Rides Again]]'' (1939) * ''[[East Side of Heaven]]'' (1939) * ''[[My Little Chickadee]]'' (1939) * ''[[Son of Frankenstein]]'' (1939) ===1940s=== * ''[[Enemy Agent]]'' (1940) * ''[[The Bank Dick]]'' (1940) * ''[[Black Friday (1940 movie)|Black Friday]]'' (1940) * ''[[Buck Privates]]'' (1941) * ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 movie)|The Wolf Man]]'' (1941) * ''[[House of Frankenstein]]'' (1945) * ''[[House of Dracula]]'' (1945) * ''[[The Egg & I]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Killers (1946 movie)|The Killers]]'' (1946) * ''[[Great Expectations (movie)|Great Expectations]]'' (1947, U.S. distribution only) * ''[[The Naked City]]'' (1948) * ''[[Hamlet (1948 movie)|Hamlet]]'' (1948, U.S. distribution only) * ''[[Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein]]'' (1948) ===1950s=== * ''[[Francis the Talking Mule]]'' (1950) * ''[[Harvey (movie)|Harvey]]'' (1950) * ''[[Winchester '73 (1950 movie)|Winchester '73]]'' (1950) * ''[[The World in His Arms]]'' (1952) * ''[[Abbott and Costello Go to Mars]]'' (1953) * ''[[Magnificent Obsession (1954 movie)|Magnificent Obsession]]'' (1954) * ''[[The Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'' (1954) * ''[[Revenge of the Creature]]'' (1955) * ''[[The Creature Walks Among Us]]'' (1956) * ''[[Written on the Wind]]'' (1956) * ''[[Touch of Evil]]'' (1958) * ''[[Pillow Talk]]'' (1959) * ''[[Imitation of Life (1959 movie)|Imitation of Life]]'' (1959, remake of 1934 movie) * ''[[The Snow Queen (1957 movie)|The Snow Queen]]'' (1959, English dub, distributor) ===1960s=== * ''[[Spartacus (movie)|Spartacus]]'' (1960) * ''[[Flower Drum Song]]'' (1961) * ''[[Lover Come Back]]'' (1961, distribution) * ''[[Cape Fear (1962 movie)|Cape Fear]]'' (1962) * ''[[That Touch of Mink]]'' (1962, distribution) * ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (movie)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (1962) * ''[[Captain Newman, M.D.]]'' (1963) * ''[[The Birds (movie)|The Birds]]'' (1963) * ''[[Send Me No Flowers]]'' (1963) * ''[[Island of the Blue Dolphins]]'' (1964) * ''[[Marnie]]'' (1964) * ''[[Charade]]'' (1964) * ''[[Mirage (movie)|Mirage]]'' (1965) * ''[[Pinocchio in Outer Space]]'' (1965, distributor) * ''[[The Ipcress File]]'' (1965) * ''[[Arabesque (1966 movie)|Arabesque]]'' (1966) * ''[[Gambit (movie)|Gambit]]'' (1966) * ''[[The Rare Breed]]'' (1966) * ''[[Torn Curtain]]'' (1966) * ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie]]'' (1967) * ''[[The War Wagon]]'' (1967) * ''[[The Party (1968 movie)|The Party]]'' (1968) * ''[[Sweet Charity]]'' (1969) * ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]'' (1969) ===1970s=== * ''[[Airport (1970 movie)|Airport]]'' and its sequels (1974, 1977, and 1979, respectively) * ''[[Shoot Out]]'' (1971) * ''[[The Andromeda Strain (movie)|The Andromeda Strain]]'' (1971) * ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1972) * ''[[Slaughterhouse-Five (movie)|Slaughterhouse-Five]]'' (1972) * ''[[American Graffiti]]'' (1973, plus sequel in 1979) * ''[[The Sting]]'' (1973, plus sequel in 1983) * ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (movie)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' (1973) * ''[[Earthquake (movie)|Earthquake]]'' (1974) * ''[[The Black Windmill]]'' (1974) * ''[[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]]'' (1975, plus sequels in 1978, 1983, and 1987) * ''[[The Hindenburg]]'' (1975) * ''[[Swashbuckler (movie)|Swashbuckler]]'' (1976) * ''[[Midway (1976 movie)|Midway]]'' (1976) * ''[[Slap Shot (movie)|Slap Shot]]'' (1977) * ''[[The Slipper and the Rose]]'' (1977) * ''[[MacArthur (movie)|MacArthur]]'' (1977) * ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' (1977, plus sequels in 1980 and 1983) * ''[[Sorcerer (movie)|Sorcerer]]'' (1977, co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]) * ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (movie)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' (1978, co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]) * ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978) * ''[[Jaws 2]]'' (1978) * ''[[National Lampoon's Animal House]]'' (1978) * ''[[Dracula (1979 movie)|Dracula]]'' (1979) * ''[[Yanks]]'' (1979, co-production with [[United Artists]]) * ''[[1941 (movie)|1941]]'' (1979) ===1980s=== * ''[[The Blues Brothers (movie)|The Blues Brothers]]'' (1980) * ''[[The Island (1980 movie)|The Island]]'' (1980) * ''[[Xanadu (movie)|Xanadu]]'' (1980) * ''[[On Golden Pond]]'' (1981, distribution only, produced by [[ITC Entertainment]]) * ''[[Halloween II]]'' (1981) * ''[[The Great Muppet Caper]]'' (1981, distribution only, produced by [[ITC Entertainment]]) * ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982) * ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]'' (1982) * ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'' (1982) * ''[[The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas]]'' (1982) * ''[[Sophie's Choice (movie)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (1982, distribution only) * ''[[Cat People (1982 movie)|Cat People]]'' (1982) * ''[[The Thing (1982 movie)|The Thing]]'' (1982) * ''[[The Dark Crystal]]'' (1982, distribution only, produced by [[ITC Entertainment]]) * ''[[Jaws 3-D]]'' (1983) * ''[[Rumble Fish]]'' (1983) * ''[[Monty Python's The Meaning of Life]]'' (1983) * ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'' (1983) * ''[[Sixteen Candles]]'' (1984) * ''[[Firestarter]]'' (1984) * ''[[Gotcha! (1985 movie)|Gotcha!]]'' (1985) * ''Back to the Future'' (1985, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Breakfast Club]]'' (1985) * ''[[Weird Science (movie)|Weird Science]]'' (1985) * ''[[Fletch (movie)|Fletch]]'' (1985, plus the 1989 sequel) * ''[[Brazil (1985 movie)|Brazil]]'' (1985, co-production with [[20th Century Fox]]) * ''[[Howard the Duck]]'' (1985) * '' [[An American Tail]]'' (1986, plus its three sequels) * ''[[Jaws: The Revenge]]'' (1987) * ''[[Harry and the Hendersons]]'' (1987, and later the 1990s TV series) * ''[[Prince of Darkness (1987 movie)|Prince of Darkness]]'' (1987) * ''[[Dragnet (1987 movie)|Dragnet]]'' (1987) * ''[[*batteries not included]]'' (1987) * ''[[The Land Before Time]]'' (1988, plus sequels, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Lucasmovie Ltd.]]) * ''[[They Live]]'' (1988) * ''[[The Great Outdoors (movie)|The Great Outdoors]]'' (1988) * ''[[Phantasm II]]'' (1988) * ''[[Watchers (1988 movie)|Watchers]]'' (1988) * ''[[Field of Dreams]]'' (1989) * ''[[The 'Burbs]]'' (1989) * ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' (1989, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989) * ''[[Born on the Fourth of July]]'' (1989) * ''[[Uncle Buck]]'' (1989) ===1990s=== * ''[[Jetsons: The Movie]]'' (1990, co-production with [[Hanna Barbera]]) * ''[[Tremors (movie)|Tremors]]'' (1990) * ''[[Problem Child (1990 movie)|Problem Child]]'' (1990) * ''[[Henry & June]]'' (1990) * ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' (1990, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Darkman]]'' (1990) (plus its two sequels) * ''[[Cry-Baby]]'' (1990, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Child's Play 2]]'' (1990) * ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' (1990) * ''[[Problem Child 2]]'' (1991) * ''[[Child's Play 3]]'' (1991) * ''[[Backdraft (movie)|Backdraft]]'' (1991) * ''[[Jungle Fever]]'' (1991) * ''[[Cape Fear (1991 movie)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991) * ''[[Fried Green Tomatoes]]'' (1991) * ''[[Beethoven]]'' (1992, co-production with [[Northern Lights Entertainment]]) * ''[[Scent of a Woman]]'' (1992) * ''[[Judgment Night]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Largo Entertainment]]) * ''[[Beethoven's 2nd]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Northern Lights Entertainment]]) * ''[[Carlitos Way]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story]]'' (1993) * ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Real McCoy (movie)|The Real McCoy]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (movie)|We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead]]'' (1994) * ''[[The Flintstones (movie)|The Flintstones]]'' (1994, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Hanna-Barbera]]) * ''[[The Shadow (movie)|The Shadow]]'' (1994, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[The Little Rascals (movie)|The Little Rascals]]'' (1994, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[King World Productions|King World]]) * ''[[The Cowboy Way (movie)|The Cowboy Way]]'' (1994) * ''[[The River Wild]]'' (1994) * ''[[The War (movie)|The War]]'' (1994) * ''[[Reality Bites]]'' (1994) * ''[[Street Fighter (movie)|Street Fighter]]'' (1994, distributor) (plus [[20th Century Fox]] live-action sequel in 2009) * ''[[Junior (movie)|Junior]]'' (1994) * ''[[Apollo 13 (movie)|Apollo 13]]'' (1995) * ''[[Babe (movie)|Babe]]'' (1995) * ''[[Billy Madison]]'' (1995) * ''[[Waterworld]]'' (1995) * ''[[Casino (movie)|Casino]]'' (1995) * ''[[The Hunted]]'' (1995, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[Casper (movie)|Casper]]'' (1995, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Balto (movie)|Balto]]'' (1995) * ''[[Twelve Monkeys]]'' (1995) * ''[[Ed (movie)|Ed]]'' (1996) * ''[[Flipper (1996 movie)|Flipper]]'' (1996) * ''[[Happy Gilmore]]'' (1996) * ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie]]'' (1996) * ''[[The Chamber (movie)|The Chamber]]'' (1996) * ''[[Twister]]'' (1996, co-production with [[Warner Bros.]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Nutty Professor (1996 movie)|The Nutty Professor]]'' (1996, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Daylight (movie)|Daylight]]'' (1996) * ''[[Dante's Peak]]'' (1997) * ''[[The Jackal]]'' (1997) * ''[[Leave It to Beaver (movie)|Leave It to Beaver]]'' (1997) * ''[[Liar Liar]]'' (1997) * ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' (1997, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Small Soldiers]]'' (1998, co-production with [[DreamWorks]]) * ''[[Patch Adams (movie)|Patch Adams]]'' (1998) * ''[[Meet Joe Black]]'' (1998) * ''[[BASEketball|Baseketball]]'' (1998) * ''[[Babe: Pig in the City]]'' (1998, sequel to ''[[Babe (movie)|Babe]]'', distributor) * ''[[Blues Brothers 2000]]'' (1998) * ''[[Bride of Chucky]]'' (1998) * ''[[Mercury Rising]]'' (1998) * ''[[Psycho (1998 movie)|Psycho]]'' (1998, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[October Sky]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Mummy (1999 movie)|The Mummy]]'' (1999) * ''[[American Pie (movie)|American Pie]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Hurricane (1999 movie)|The Hurricane]]'' (1999) * ''[[Snow Falling on Cedars (movie)|Snow Falling on Cedars]]'' (1999) * ''[[End of Days]]'' (1999) * ''[[Angela's Ashes (movie)|Angela's Ashes]]'' (1999, co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]) ===2000s=== * ''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas (movie)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'' (2000, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Isn't She Great]]'' (2000, distributor) * ''[[Erin Brockovich (movie)|Erin Brockovich]]'' (2000, international distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]]) * ''[[The Skulls]]'' (2000, co-production with [[Newmarket Films]]) * ''[[U-571 (movie)|U-571]]'' (2000, distributor) * ''[[Gladiator (movie)|Gladiator]]'' (2000, international distribution co-production with [[DreamWorks]], and [[Scott Free Productions]]) * ''[[Screwed]]'' (2000, distributor) * ''[[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps]]'' (2000, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Bring It On]]'' (2000, co-production with Beacon Pictures) * ''[[The Watcher]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Family Man]]'' (2000) * ''[[Meet the Parents]]'' (2000, co-production with [[DreamWorks]]) * ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou? (movie)|O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000, international distribution, co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Touchstone Pictures]]) * ''[[Head Over Heels]]'' (2001) * ''[[Hannibal (movie)|Hannibal]]'' (2001, international distribution, co-production with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]], [[Dino De Laurentiis]], Working Title Films and StudioCanal) * ''[[The Fast and the Furious]]'' (2001, co-production with [[Original Film]]) * ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' (2001, co-production with Alphaville) * ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' (2001, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Captain Corelli's Mandolin (movie)|Captain Corelli's Mandolin]]'' (2001, USA distribution, co-production with [[Miramax Films]]) * ''[[The Musketeer]]'' (2001, USA distribution only, co-production with [[Miramax Films]]) * ''[[Mulholland Drive|Mulholland Dr]].'' (2001, distribution only in [[USA]]) * ''[[K-PAX (movie)|K-PAX]]'' (2001, USA distribution, co-production with [[Intermedia Films]] and [[Lawrence Gordon Productions]]) * ''[[Spy Game]]'' (2001, distributor) * ''[[A Beautiful Mind (movie)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' (2001, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]], and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[How High]]'' (2001, distributor) * ''[[Brotherhood of the Wolf]]'' (2002, distribution only in [[USA]] and [[Australia]]) * ''[[Big Fat Liar]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]]) * ''[[Dragonfly (movie)|Dragonfly]]'' (2002, USA distribution, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[40 Days and 40 Nights]]'' (2002) (USA distribution, co-production with [[Miramax Films]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Harrison's Flowers]]'' (2002, distributor) * ''[[The Scorpion King]]'' (2002, co-production with Alphaville) * ''[[About a Boy]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Undercover Brother]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Bourne Identity]]'' (2002, co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]) * ''[[Blue Crush]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Red Dragon (movie)|Red Dragon]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]] and [[Dino de Laurentiis]]) * ''[[The Truth About Charlie]]'' (2002, distributor) * ''[[8 Mile]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Emperor's Club]]'' (2002) * ''[[Empire (movie)|Empire]]'' (2002, distribution only in most countries, including [[USA]]) * ''[[The Guru]]'' (2003, distributor) * ''[[The Life of David Gale]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Intermedia Films]]) * ''[[Two Brothers]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Pathé]]) * ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Original Film]]) * ''[[Hulk (movie)|Hulk]]'' (2003, co-production with Marvel Studios, Valhalla Motion Pictures and Good Machine Studios) * ''[[Johnny English]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and [[StudioCanal]]) * ''[[Seabiscuit (movie)|Seabiscuit]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]] and [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[American Wedding]]'' (2003) * ''[[The Rundown]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]]) * ''[[Intolerable Cruelty]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and Alphaville) * ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Studio Canal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[20th Century Fox]]) * ''[[The Cat in the Hat (movie)|The Cat in The Hat]]'' (2003, co-production with [[DreamWorks]] and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Honey (2003 movie)|Honey]]'' (2003, co-production with Working Title Films) * ''[[Peter Pan (2003 movie)|Peter Pan]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Along Came Polly]]'' (2004, co-production with Jersey Films) * ''[[Dawn of the Dead]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[Connie and Carla]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[Van Helsing]]'' (2004, co-production with Alphaville) * ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'' (2004, co-production with Radar Pictures & One Race Films) * ''[[The Bourne Supremacy (movie)|The Bourne Supremacy]]'' (2004, co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]) * ''[[Thunderbirds]]'' (2004, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Wimbledon (movie)|Wimbledon]]'' (2004) * ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Rogue Pictures]], [[StudioCanal]], [[Film4 Productions]], [[Working Title Films]] and [[Big Talk Productions]]; Rogue Pictures handled U.S. distribution while Universal distributed it in countries outside the [[USA]]) * ''[[Friday Night Lights]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Ray (movie)|Ray]] ''(2004, distribution co-production with Bristol Bay Productions) * ''[[Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason]]'' (2004, USA distribution, co-production with [[Miramax Films]]) * ''[[Meet the Fockers]]'' (2004, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]]) * ''[[In Good Company]]'' (2004) * ''[[White Noise (movie)|White Noise]]'' (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films) * ''[[The Wedding Date]]'' (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films) * ''[[Inside Deep Throat]]'' (2005, distribution only in [[USA]]) * ''[[The Interpreter]]'' (2005, co-production with [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Kicking & Screaming]]'' (2005) * ''[[Cinderella Man]]'' (2005, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Perfect Man]]'' (2005) * ''[[Land of the Dead]]'' (2005, co-production with [[Wild Bunch]]) * ''[[The Skeleton Key]]'' (2005) * ''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]'' (2005, co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]) * ''[[Serenity (movie)|Serenity]]'' (2005) * ''[[Two for the Money (movie)|Two for the Money]]'' (2005, distribution only; with Morgan Creek Productions) * ''[[Doom (movie)|Doom]]'' (2005, co-production with DiBonaventura Productions) * ''[[Prime (movie)|Prime]]'' (2005) * ''[[Jarhead (movie)|Jarhead]]'' (2005) * ''[[Pride & Prejudice]]'' (2005, distributed in countries outside [[USA]]; co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[First Descent]]'' (2005, distribution only in [[USA]]) * ''[[King Kong (2005 movie)|King Kong]]'' (2005, co-production with [[WingNut Films]]) * ''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]'' (2005, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]], [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Alliance Atlantis Communications]]) * ''[[The Producers]]'' (2005, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]]) * ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' (2006, USA distribution, co-production with [[Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20120918164957/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117928677.html ''Variety'']</ref> [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Curious George]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Universal Animation Studios]]) * ''[[Inside Man]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Slither (movie)|Slither]]'' (2006, co-production with Gold Circle Films) * ''[[American Dreamz]]'' (2006) * ''[[United 93 (movie)|United 93]]'' (2006, co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[The Break-Up]]'' (2006) * ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'' (2006, co-production with Original Film and [[Relativity Media]]; first film teamed up with Relativity Media) * ''[[You, Me and Dupree]]'' (2006) * ''[[Miami Vice (movie)|Miami Vice]]'' (2006) * ''[[Accepted]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Shady Acres Entertainment]]) * ''[[Idlewild]]'' (2006) * ''[[The Black Dahlia]]'' (2006) * ''[[Man of the Year (2006 movie)|Man of the Year]]'' (2006) (co-production with [[Morgan Creek|Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[Let's Go to Prison]]'' (2006, distribution only; produced by [[Carsey Werner Films]]); (co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Holiday]]'' (2006, international distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], Relativity Media and [[Waverly Films]]) * ''[[The Good Shepherd]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]] and [[American Zoetrope]]) * ''[[Children of Men]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[Alpha Dog]]'' (2007, USA distribution only) * ''[[Smokin' Aces]]'' (2007, co-production with [[StudioCanal]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Because I Said So (2007 movie)|Because I Said So]]'' (2007) * ''[[Breach (movie)|Breach]]'' (2007) * ''[[Dead Silence]]'' (2007) (co-production with [[Twisted Pictures]]) * ''[[Hot Fuzz]]'' (2007, distribution in most countries outside of the [[USA]]) * ''[[Georgia Rule]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[Knocked Up]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]) * ''[[Evan Almighty]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]], [[Shady Acres Entertainment]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Original Film]]) * ''[[I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Happy Madison Productions]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Shady Acres Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Bourne Ultimatum (movie)|The Bourne Ultimatum]]'' (2007, co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]) * ''[[Illegal Tender]]'' (2007) * ''[[Mr. Bean's Holiday]]'' (2007, co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Sydney White]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[The Kingdom (movie)|The Kingdom]]'' (2007) * ''[[Elizabeth: The Golden Age]]'' (2007) * ''[[American Gangster]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Charlie Wilson's War]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[Untraceable]]'' (2008, international distribution, co-production with Screen Gems and [[Lakeshore Entertainment]]) * ''[[Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[Definitely, Maybe]]'' (2008, co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Doomsday]]'' (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by [[Rogue Pictures]]) * ''[[Leatherheads]]'' (2008) * ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]) * ''[[Baby Mama]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Incredible Hulk (movie)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (2008) (co-production with [[Marvel Studios]] and Valhalla Motion Pictures) * ''[[Wanted]]'' (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, DiBonaventura Productions and [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[Hellboy 2: The Golden Army]]'' (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures, Dark Horse Entertainment and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Mamma Mia!: The Movie]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]], Littlestar and [[Playtone]]) * ''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]'' (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, Alphaville and [[Sommers Company]]) * ''[[Death Race]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Flash of Genius]]'' (2008, USA, Japan and France distribution, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Express]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Changeling]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Malpaso Productions]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Role Models]]'' (2008, co-production with [[New Regency]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Frost/Nixon]]'' (2008) (co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Working Title Films]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Tale of Desperaux]]'' (2008) (co-production with [[Framestore CFC]], [[Larger Than Life Productions]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Universal Animation Studios]]) * ''[[The Unborn]]'' (2009) (distribution only in some countries; co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Rogue Pictures]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]) * ''[[Duplicity]]'' (2009, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' (2009), co-produced with [[One Race Films]], [[Original Film]] and [[Relativity Media]] * ''[[State of Play]]'' (2009, co-production with [[Andell Entertainment]], [[Working Title Films]], [[Studio Canal]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Soloist]]'' (2009, international distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]], [[StudioCanal]], [[Participant Media]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Drag Me to Hell]]'' (2009) (co-produced with [[Ghost House Pictures]]) * ''[[Land of the Lost]]'' (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media and [[Sid and Marty Krofft|Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures]]) * ''[[Public Enemies]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Brüno]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]] and [[Four By Two Films]]) * ''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Universal Animation Studios]]) * ''[[Funny People]]'' (2009) (USA distribution; co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Apatow Productions]], [[Happy Madison Productions|Happy Madison]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[A Band Apart]] and [[The Weinstein Company]]) * ''[[Love Happens]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Couples Retreat]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Fourth Kind]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] and Dead Crow Productions) * ''[[The Boat That Rocked|Pirate Radio]]'' (2009) (international distribution, co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[It's Complicated (movie)|It's Complicated]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) ===2010s=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:130px;"| Release date ! Title ! Notes |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 8, 2010 || ''[[Leap Year (2010 movie)|Leap Year]]'' || USA/Netherlands/Singapore distribution only, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and Benderspink |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 12, 2010 || ''[[The Wolfman (2010 movie)|The Wolfman]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Scott Stuber|Stuber Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 12, 2010 || ''[[Green Zone (movie)|Green Zone]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 19, 2010 || ''[[Repo Men]]'' || co-production with [[Scott Stuber|Stuber Pictures]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 26, 2010 || ''[[Kick-Ass (movie)|Kick-Ass]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[Marv Films]] and [[Plan B Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 12, 2010 || ''[[Robin Hood (2010 movie)|Robin Hood]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Ridley Scott|Scott Free Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 21, 2010 || ''[[MacGruber (movie)|MacGruber]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Rogue Pictures]], [[Relativity Media]] and Michaels-Goldwyn |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 4, 2010 || ''[[Get Him to the Greek]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]], [[Spyglass Entertainment]], and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 9, 2010 || ''[[Despicable Me]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 30, 2010 || ''[[Charlie St. Cloud (movie)|Charlie St. Cloud]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Marc Platt Productions]] and Charlie Film Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 13, 2010 || ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]'' || co-production with [[Big Talk Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 20, 2010 || ''[[Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang|Nanny McPhee Returns]]'' || released as ''Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang'' in the UK, co-production with [[StudioCanal]], [[Relativity Media]], [[Working Title Films]] and Three Strange Angels |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 17, 2010 || ''[[Devil (2010 movie)|Devil]]'' || distribution only; produced by The Night Chronicles and [[Media Rights Capital]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 12, 2010 || ''[[Skyline (2010 movie)|Skyline]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with [[Rogue Pictures|Rogue]], [[Relativity Media]], Hydraulic Entertainment, Transmission and Rat Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 22, 2010 || ''[[Little Fockers]]'' || U.S. distribution; co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures|DW Studios]], [[Relativity Media]], [[TriBeCa Productions]] and Everyman Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 14, 2011 ||''[[The Dilemma]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and [[Wild West Picture Show Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 4, 2011 || ''[[Sanctum (movie)|Sanctum]]'' || US/UK/Australia/New Zealand distribution only, co-production with Wayfare Entertainment, [[Relativity Media]] and [[FilmNation Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 4, 2011 || ''[[The Adjustment Bureau]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], Gambit Pictures and Electric Shepherd Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 18, 2011 || ''[[Paul (movie)|Paul]]'' || co-produced with [[Working Title Films]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Big Talk Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 1, 2011 || ''[[Hop (movie)|Hop]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 8, 2011 || ''[[Your Highness]]'' || co-production with [[Scott Stuber|Stuber Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 29, 2011 || ''[[Fast Five]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]] and [[One Race Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 13, 2011 || ''[[Bridesmaids (2011 movie)|Bridesmaids]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 1, 2011 || ''[[Larry Crowne]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with Vendôme Pictures and [[Playtone]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 29, 2011 || ''[[Cowboys & Aliens]]'' || U.S. distribution; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]], [[Paramount Pictures]] (international), [[Relativity Media]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[K/O Paper Products]], [[Platinum Studios]] and Fairview Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 5, 2011 || |''[[The Change-Up]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Relativity Media]] and Big Kid Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 2, 2011 || ''[[A Dangerous Method]]'' || Germany and Austria distribution only, co-production with [[Téléfilm Canada]], [[Recorded Picture Company]], [[Corus Entertainment]], and [[Astral Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 30, 2011 || ''[[Dream House (2011 movie)|Dream House]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with Morgan Creek Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 14, 2011 || ''[[The Thing (2011 movie)|The Thing]]'' || co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]] and [[Strike Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 21, 2011 || ''[[Johnny English Reborn]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[StudioCanal]], and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 4, 2011 || ''[[Tower Heist]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 13, 2012 || ''[[Contraband (2012 movie)|Contraband]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[Relativity Media]], [[Blueeyes Productions]], Closest to the Hole and Leverage Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 3, 2012 || ''[[Big Miracle]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and [[Steve Golin#Anonymous Content|Anonymous Content]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 10, 2012 || ''[[Safe House (2012 movie)|Safe House]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Scott Stuber|Bluegrass Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 24, 2012 || ''[[Wanderlust (2012 movie)|Wanderlust]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Apatow Productions]], and A Hot Dog Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 2, 2012 || ''[[The Lorax (movie)|Dr. Seuss' The Lorax]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 6, 2012 || ''[[American Reunion]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Zide/Perry Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 27, 2012 || ''[[The Five-Year Engagement]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Apatow Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 18, 2012 || ''[[Battleship (movie)|Battleship]]'' || co-production with [[Hasbro]], [[Peter Berg|Film 44]], and Bluegrass Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 1, 2012 || ''[[Snow White & the Huntsman]]'' || co-production with [[Joe Roth|Roth Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 29, 2012 || ''[[Ted (movie)|Ted]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], [[Fuzzy Door Productions]], Bluegrass Films, and Smart Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 6, 2012 || ''[[Savages (2012 movie)|Savages]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and Ixtlan Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 10, 2012 || ''[[The Bourne Legacy (movie)|The Bourne Legacy]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]] and [[Captivate Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 17, 2012 || ''[[ParaNorman]]'' || international distribution only, co-production with [[Focus Features]] and [[Laika (company)|Laika]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 5, 2012 || ''[[Pitch Perfect]]'' || co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 2, 2012 || ''[[The Man with the Iron Fists]]'' || co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]] and Arcade Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 16, 2012 || ''[[Anna Karenina (2012 movie)|Anna Karenina]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]] and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 19, 2012 || ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'' || European distribution only;<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/universal-pictures-kathryn-bigelow-osama-bin-laden-international-rights/ |title=Universal Pictures Acquires International Rights To Kathryn Bigelow's Bin Laden Pic |magazine=Deadline |date=May 15, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2015}}</ref> produced by [[Columbia Pictures]], First Light Productions and [[Annapurna Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 21, 2012 || ''[[This Is 40]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2012 || ''[[Les Misérables (2012 movie)|Les Misérables]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Cameron Mackintosh|Cameron Mackintosh Ltd.]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 18, 2013 || ''[[Mama (2013 movie)|Mama]]'' || co-production with Toma 78 and De Milo Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 8, 2013 || ''[[Identity Thief]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Scott Stuber|Scott Stuber Productions]], [[Aggregate Films]] and Bluegrass Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 5, 2013 || ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (3-D rerelease) || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 19, 2013 || ''[[Oblivion (2013 movie)|Oblivion]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Peter Chernin|Chernin Entertainment]], Monolith Pictures and [[Radical Studios]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 24, 2013 || ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[One Race Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 7, 2013 || ''[[The Purge]]'' || co-production with [[Platinum Dunes]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 3, 2013 || ''[[Despicable Me 2]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 19, 2013 || ''[[R.I.P.D.]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Original Film]], [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] and 101st Street Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 2, 2013 || ''[[2 Guns]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with [[Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films|Emmett/Furla Films]], [[Marc E. Platt|Marc Platt Productions]], Oasis Ventures Entertainment Ltd., Empyre Media Capital, Herrick Entertainment, Envision Entertainment, and [[Boom! Studios]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 16, 2013 || ''[[Kick-Ass 2 (movie)|Kick-Ass 2]]'' || co-production with [[Marv Films]] and [[Plan B Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 23, 2013 || ''[[The World's End (movie)|The World's End]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[Relativity Media]], [[Studiocanal]], [[Big Talk Productions]] and [[Working Title Films]], also distribution outside the US, and Focus Features released in the USA. |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 6, 2013 || ''[[Riddick (movie)|Riddick]]'' ||distribution worldwide except Canada and UK, co-production with [[Radar Pictures]] and [[One Race Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2"| September 27, 2013 || ''[[Rush (2013 movie)|Rush]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with Exclusive Media Group, [[Working Title Films]], [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Revolution Films]], and [[Cross Creek Pictures]] |- | ''[[Witching & Bitching]]'' || Spanish film; Co-production with Enrique Productions and La Ferme! Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 1, 2013 || ''[[About Time (2013 movie)|About Time]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 1, 2013 || ''[[Man of Tai Chi]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[China Film Group]], [[Wanda Media]] and [[Village Roadshow Pictures Asia]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 15, 2013 || ''[[The Best Man Holiday]]'' || co-production with Blackmaled Productions and Sean Daniel Company |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2013 || ''[[47 Ronin (2013 movie)|47 Ronin]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], H2F Entertainment, Mid Atlantic Films, [[Moving Picture Company]], and Stuber Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2013 || ''[[Lone Survivor]]'' || USA/UK distribution only; co-production with [[Emmett/Furla Films]], Film 44, [[Foresight Unlimited]], Herrick Entertainment, Spikings Entertainment, Envision Entertainment, Closest to the Hole Productions, [[Weed Road Pictures]] and Leverage Management |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 17, 2014 || ''[[Ride Along (movie)|Ride Along]]'' || co-production with [[Cube Vision]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Rainforest Films]]; last film to teamed up with Relativity Media |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 14, 2014 || ''[[Endless Love (2014 movie)|Endless Love]]'' || co-production with [[Scott Stuber|Bluegrass Films]] and [[Fake Empire Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 28, 2014 || ''[[Non-Stop (movie)|Non-Stop]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with [[Silver Pictures]], [[StudioCanal]], and [[Anton Capital Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 9, 2014 || ''[[Neighbors (2014 movie)|Neighbors]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]] and [[Point Grey Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 30, 2014 || ''[[A Million Ways to Die in the West]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], [[Fuzzy Door Productions]], and Bluegrass Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 18, 2014 || ''[[The Purge: Anarchy]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Platinum Dunes]] and Why Not Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 25, 2014 || ''[[Lucy (2014 movie)|Lucy]]'' || distribution worldwide except France, China, and the Benelux countries; co-production of [[EuropaCorp]], [[TF1 Films Production]], [[Canal+]], [[Ciné+]] and [[TF1]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 1, 2014 || ''[[Get on Up (movie)|Get on Up]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], Jagged Films, and Wyolah Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 29, 2014 || ''[[As Above, So Below (movie)|As Above, So Below]]'' || distribution only; produced by Legendary Pictures and Brothers Dowdle |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 19, 2014 || ''[[A Walk Among the Tombstones (movie)|A Walk Among the Tombstones]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Cross Creek Pictures]], [[Endgame Entertainment]], [[1984 Private Defense Contractors]], Exclusive Media, [[Jersey Films]] and [[Double Feature Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 26, 2014 || ''[[The Boxtrolls]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[Focus Features]] and [[Laika (company)|Laika]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 17, 2014 || ''[[Dracula Untold]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Michael De Luca Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 24, 2014 || ''[[Ouija (2014 movie)|Ouija]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Platinum Dunes]], [[Hasbro Studios]], and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 14, 2014 || ''[[Dumb and Dumber To]]'' || US/Canada/UK/Spain/Germany/Australia distribution only;<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fleming |first=Mike |url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/06/toldja-dumb-and-dumber-to-proves-no-brainer-for-universal-studio-locks-deal-for-farrellys-jim-carrey-jeff-daniels/ |title=TOLDJA! 'Dumb And Dumber To' Proves No-Brainer For Universal; Studio Locks Deal For Farrellys, Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels Pic |magazine=Deadline |date=June 18, 2013 |access-date=December 25, 2015}}</ref> co-production with [[New Line Cinema]], [[Red Granite Pictures]] and Conundrum Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2014 || ''[[Unbroken (movie)|Unbroken]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], Jolie Pas, and 3 Arts Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 16, 2015 || ''[[Blackhat (movie)|Blackhat]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and Forward Pass |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 23, 2015 || ''[[The Boy Next Door (movie)|The Boy Next Door]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], Smart Entertainment and [[Nuyorican Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 6, 2015 || ''[[Seventh Son (movie)|Seventh Son]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Thunder Road Films]] and [[China Film Group]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 13, 2015 || ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey (movie)|Fifty Shades of Grey]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[Michael De Luca|Michael De Luca Productions]], and [[Trigger Street Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 3, 2015 || ''[[Furious 7]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[One Race Films]], [[Media Rights Capital]], and [[China Film Group Corporation|China Film]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 17, 2015 || ''[[Unfriended]]'' || co-production with [[Bazelevs Company]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 15, 2015 || ''[[Pitch Perfect 2]]'' || co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 12, 2015 || ''[[Jurassic World]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 26, 2015 || ''[[Ted 2]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], [[Fuzzy Door Productions]], [[Bluegrass Films]], and Smart Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 10, 2015 || ''[[Minions (movie)|Minions]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 17, 2015 || ''[[Trainwreck (movie)|Trainwreck]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 14, 2015 || ''[[Straight Outta Compton (movie)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]], [[Cube Vision]], Crucial Films, and Broken Chair Flickz |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 11, 2015 || ''[[The Visit (2015 American movie)|The Visit]]'' || co-production with Blinding Edge Pictures and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 18, 2015 || ''[[Everest (2015 movie)|Everest]]'' || co-production with [[Walden Media]], [[Cross Creek Pictures]], and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 25, 2015 || ''[[The Green Inferno (movie)|The Green Inferno]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions|Blumhouse Tilt]], [[High Top Releasing]], [[Worldview Entertainment]], Dragonfly Entertainment and Sobras International Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 9, 2015 || ''[[Steve Jobs (2015 movie)|Steve Jobs]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Scott Rudin Productions]], [[Mark Gordon Company]], Entertainment 360, Decibel Films and Cloud Eight Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 16, 2015 || ''[[Crimson Peak]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and DDY |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 23, 2015 || ''[[Jem and the Holograms]]'' || co-production with [[Hasbro Studios]], Allspark Pictures, [[Blumhouse Productions]], and SB Projects |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 13, 2015 || ''[[By the Sea (2015 movie)|By the Sea]]'' || co-production with Jolie Pas and [[Plan B Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 20, 2015 || ''[[Legend (2015 movie)|Legend]]'' || co-production with [[Anton Capital Entertainment]], [[Working Title Films]], [[Cross Creek Pictures]] and [[StudioCanal]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 4, 2015 || ''[[Krampus (movie)|Krampus]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]]<ref name="insight-nov2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129061233/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |archive-date=November 29, 2015 |access-date=April 14, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 18, 2015 || ''[[Sisters (2015 movie)|Sisters]]'' || co-production with [[Little Stranger (company)|Little Stranger]] and Everyman Pictures<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 15, 2016 || ''[[Ride Along 2]]'' || co-production with [[Cube Vision]], [[Will Packer Productions]], and MBST Entertainment<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 5, 2016 || ''[[Hail, Caesar!]]'' || co-production with [[Coen brothers|Mike Zoss Productions]] and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 25, 2016 || ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Gold Circle Films]], [[HBO Films]], and [[Playtone]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 8, 2016 || ''[[The Boss (2016 movie)|The Boss]]'' || co-production with [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] and On the Day Productions<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 22, 2016 || ''[[The Huntsman: Winter's War]]'' || co-production with [[Joe Roth|Roth Films]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 20, 2016 || ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]] and [[Point Grey Pictures]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 3, 2016 || ''[[Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Apatow Productions]], [[The Lonely Island]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 10, 2016 || ''[[Warcraft (movie)|Warcraft]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Blizzard Entertainment]], [[Atlas Entertainment]], and [[China Film Group Corporation]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 17, 2016 || ''[[Central Intelligence]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]], [[RatPac Entertainment]], [[Perfect World Pictures]], [[Bluegrass Films]] and Principato-Young Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 1, 2016 || ''[[The Purge: Election Year]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref name="insight-jun">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604205449/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 8, 2016 || ''[[The Secret Life of Pets]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 29, 2016 || ''[[Jason Bourne (movie)|Jason Bourne]]'' || co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]], [[Captivate Entertainment]] and [[Pearl Street Films]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 16, 2016 || ''[[Bridget Jones's Baby]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 7, 2016 || ''[[The Girl on the Train (2016 movie)|The Girl on the Train]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Amblin Partners]], [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 14, 2016 || ''[[Kevin Hart: What Now?]]'' || <ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 14, 2016 || ''[[Ordinary World (movie)|Ordinary World]]'' || distribution only; produced by Let It Play and Process Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/08/ordinary-world-release-date-demian-bichir-t-j-miller-join-walden-oscilloscope-acquires-lost-in-paris-1201810293/|title='Ordinary World' Gets Fall Release Date; 'Walden' Adds Demián Bichir & T.J. Miller|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=August 30, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 21, 2016 || ''[[Ouija: Origin of Evil]]'' || co-production with Allspark Pictures, [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Hasbro Studios]], and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 11, 2016 || ''[[Almost Christmas (movie)|Almost Christmas]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 9, 2016 || ''[[Frank & Lola]]'' || co-distribution with Paladin;<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/20/frank-lola-trailer-michael-shannon|title=Michael Shannon falls for a femme fatale in smoldering Frank & Lola trailer — exclusive|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/10/frank-lola-december-release-michael-shannon-imogen-poots-sundance-film-festival-1201837836/|title=Michael Shannon & Imogen Poots Romantic Noir 'Frank & Lola' Sets December Date|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=October 17, 2016|access-date=October 17, 2016}}</ref> produced by [[Parts and Labor]], [[Killer Films]], Lola Pictures, FullDawa Films and Great Point Media |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 21, 2016 || ''[[Sing (2016 American movie)|Sing]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 20, 2017 || ''[[Split (2017 movie)|Split]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref name="insight-oct2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |access-date=April 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026183041/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-date=October 26, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 27, 2017 || ''[[A Dog's Purpose (movie)|A Dog's Purpose]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Amblin Partners]], [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]], [[Walden Media]], and Pariah Entertainment Group<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 10, 2017 || ''[[Fifty Shades Darker (movie)|Fifty Shades Darker]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], Trigger Street Productions and [[Michael De Luca Productions]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 17, 2017 || ''[[The Great Wall (movie)|The Great Wall]]'' || distribution outside of China only; produced by [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Atlas Entertainment]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 24, 2017 || ''[[Get Out]]'' || distribution only; produced by Darko Entertainment, [[Blumhouse Productions]] and QC Entertainment<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 14, 2017 || ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], Chris Morgan Productions, and [[One Race Films]]<ref name="insight-apr2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401031536/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |access-date=April 14, 2017 |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 9, 2017 || ''[[The Mummy (2017 movie)|The Mummy]]'' || co-production with [[Perfect World Pictures]], Sean Daniel Company and Secret Hideout<ref name="insight">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/F9-being-pushed-back-a-year-coronavirus-pandemic-1284242|title='F9' Pushed Back a Year Amir Coronavirus Pandemic|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=12 March 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 30, 2017 || ''[[Despicable Me 3]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 21, 2017 || ''[[Girls Trip]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 29, 2017 || ''[[American Made (movie)|American Made]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Cross Creek Pictures]], Quadrant Pictures, Hercules Film Fund, and Kylin Pictures<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 13, 2017 || ''[[Happy Death Day]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 20, 2017 || ''[[The Snowman (2017 movie)|The Snowman]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and Another Park Film<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 27, 2017 || ''[[Thank You for Your Service (2017 movie)|Thank You for Your Service]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and [[Amblin Partners]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2"| December 22, 2017 || ''[[Pitch Perfect 3]]'' || co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] and Brownstone<ref name=insight/> |- || ''[[The Post (movie)|The Post]]'' || international distribution only;<ref>{{cite news|title=Twentieth Century Fox & Amblin Entertainment Start Production on Steven Spielberg's "THE PAPERS" Starring Meryl Streep & Tom Hanks|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170606006382/en/Twentieth-Century-Fox-Amblin-Entertainment-Start-Production|access-date=November 9, 2017|work=[[Business Wire]]|date=June 6, 2017|format=Press release}}</ref> produced by [[Amblin Partners]], [[20th Century Fox]], [[Amblin Entertainment]], Pascal Pictures, and Star Thrower Entertainment<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 5, 2018 || ''[[Insidious: The Last Key]]'' || US distribution only; produced by [[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures International Productions]], [[Blumhouse Productions]], and [[Entertainment One]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 9, 2018 || ''[[Fifty Shades Freed (movie)|Fifty Shades Freed]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[Trigger Street Productions]], and [[Michael De Luca Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 23, 2018 || ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Entertainment|Legendary Pictures]] and Upper Room Productions<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 6, 2018 || ''[[Blockers (movie)|Blockers]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]], [[DMG Entertainment]], Hurwitz & Schlossberg Productions, and [[Point Grey Pictures]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 13, 2018 || ''[[Truth or Dare (2018 movie)|Truth or Dare]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/902155-universal-dates-blumhouse-horror-movie-truth-or-dare-for-2018|title=Universal Dates Blumhouse Horror Movie Truth or Dare for 2018|work=ComingSoon.net|last1=Perry|first1=Spencer|date=November 9, 2017|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 11, 2018 || ''[[Breaking In (2018 movie)|Breaking In]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer Productions]] and Practical Pictures<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 22, 2018 || ''[[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]], and [[Legendary Pictures]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 4, 2018 || ''[[The First Purge]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/purge-4-movie-gets-release-date-977286|title=New 'Purge' Movie Gets Summer 2018 Release Date|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 13, 2018 || ''[[Skyscraper (2018 movie)|Skyscraper]]'' || distribution only, produced by [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Flynn Picture Company]] and [[Dwayne Johnson|Seven Bucks Productions]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Ashley|title=Dwayne Johnson's 'Skyscraper' Gets Summer 2018 Release Date|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dwayne-johnsons-skyscraper-gets-summer-2018-release-date-986529|date=March 15, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 20, 2018 || ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Playtone]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 21, 2018 || ''[[The House with a Clock in Its Walls (movie)|The House with a Clock in Its Walls]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and Mythology Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|title='The House With A Clock In Its Walls' Sets Alarm For Next September|url=https://deadline.com/2017/09/the-house-with-a-clock-in-its-walls-amblin-september-2018-release-date-1202177293/|website=Deadline|date=26 September 2017 |access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 28, 2018 || ''[[Night School (2018 movie)|Night School]]'' || distribution only; produced by HartBeat Productions and [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name="insight-sept2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926150134/https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases|work=[[Variety Insight]]|archive-date=September 26, 2018 |access-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 12, 2018 || ''[[First Man (movie)|First Man]]'' || co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and Temple Hill Entertainment<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movie/first-man-2018|title=First Man|website=Coming Soon|date=March 7, 2017|access-date=May 4, 2020|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402201710/https://www.comingsoon.net/movie/first-man-2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 19, 2018 || ''[[Halloween (2018 movie)|Halloween]]'' || co-production with [[Compass International Pictures|Trancas International Films]], [[Miramax]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Rough House Pictures<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 26, 2018 || ''[[Johnny English Strikes Again]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 9, 2018 || ''[[The Grinch (movie)|The Grinch]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 16, 2018 || ''[[Green Book (movie)|Green Book]]'' || Winner of the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]<br>US distribution only; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[Participant Media]]<ref name="Green Book">{{cite web |last1=Hipes |first1=Patrick |title=Universal Dates 'Green Book', Shifting 'Welcome To Marwen' To December |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/green-book-movie-release-date-welcome-to-marwen-universal-1202417242/ |website=Deadline |access-date=June 26, 2018 |date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 14, 2018 || ''[[Mortal Engines (movie)|Mortal Engines]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 21, 2018 || ''[[Welcome to Marwen]]'' || co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[ImageMovers]]<ref name=insight/><ref name="Green Book"/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 18, 2019 || ''[[Glass (2019 movie)|Glass]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with [[Buena Vista International]], [[Blinding Edge Pictures]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Couch|first1=Aaron|title=M. Night Shyamalan Confirms Sequel for 'Unbreakable' and 'Split'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/m-night-shyamalan-confirms-sequel-unbreakable-split-997515|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 13, 2019 || ''[[Happy Death Day 2U]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 22, 2019 || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and Mad Hatter Entertainment.<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 22, 2019 || ''[[Us (2019 movie)|Us]]'' || co-production with Monkeypaw Productions, QC Entertainment, and Blumhouse Productions<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 12, 2019 || ''[[Little (movie)|Little]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Entertainment|Legendary Pictures]] and [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 10, 2019 || ''[[The Hustle (movie)|The Hustle]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Roger Birnbaum|Cave 76 Productions]] and Camp Sugar Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 17, 2019 || ''[[A Dog's Journey (movie)|A Dog's Journey]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Walden Media]]<ref name="Amblin19/20">{{cite web|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Universal Dates Judd Apatow-Pete Davidson Comedy & DreamWorks' 'The Turning' For 2020|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/pete-davidson-judd-apatow-comedy-the-turning-universal-movie-opening-dates-12025476625/|website=Deadline|access-date=February 2, 2019|date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 31, 2019 || ''[[Ma (movie)|Ma]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Wyolah Films<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 7, 2019 || ''[[The Secret Life of Pets 2]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 28, 2019 || ''[[Yesterday (2019 movie)|Yesterday]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Danny Boyle-Richard Curtis Comedy Eyes Fall 2019 Release, Two Months Before James Bond|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/danny-boyle-richard-curtis-comedy-eyes-sept-2019-release-two-months-before-james-bond-1202365674/|website=Deadline|access-date=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 2, 2019 || ''[[Hobbs & Shaw|Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]] and [[Dwayne Johnson|Seven Bucks Productions]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title='Fast & Furious' Spinoff With Dwayne Johnson & Jason Statham Shifts To August 2019 – Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/dwayne-johnson-jason-statham-fast-furious-spin-off-summer-2019-release-1202182987/|access-date=May 15, 2018|work=Deadline|date=May 9, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 16, 2019 || ''[[Good Boys (movie)|Good Boys]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]] and [[Point Grey Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Universal Releasing Point Grey's 'Good Boys' In Late Summer 2019|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/seth-rogen-produced-good-boys-universal-release-date-1202380304/|website=Deadline|access-date=May 1, 2018|date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=June 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630203534/https://deadline.com/2018/05/seth-rogen-produced-good-boys-universal-release-date-1202380304/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 27, 2019 || ''[[Abominable (2019 movie)|Abominable]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and [[Pearl Studio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/universal-delays-dreamworks-animation-s-how-train-your-dragon-3-sets-everest-feature|title=Universal Delays DreamWorks Animation's 'How to Train Your Dragon 3,' Sets 'Everest' Feature|last=Wolfe|first=Jennifer|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=December 7, 2016|access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref><ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 11, 2019 || ''[[The Addams Family (2019 movie)|The Addams Family]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|BRON Creative]], [[Cinesite]], [[Nitrogen Studios]] and The Jackal Group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/eighth-grade-star-elsie-fisher-joins-animated-addams-family-movie-1138730|title='Eighth Grade' Star Elsie Fisher Joins Animated 'Addams Family' Movie (Exclusive)|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=30 August 2018 }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 8, 2019 || ''[[Last Christmas (movie)|Last Christmas]]'' || distribution only; produced by Feigco Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 27, 2019 || ''[[Queen & Slim]]'' || distribution only; produced by Makeready, Hillman Grad Productions, 3Blackdot, De La Revolución Films and [[Entertainment One]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jr |first1=Mike Fleming |title=Makeready Sets 'Queen & Slim'; Daniel Kaluuya Stars, Melina Matsoukas Directs Lena Waithe Script |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/daniel-kaluuya-melina-matsoukas-lena-waithe-james-frey-queen-and-slim-makeready-1202429679/ |access-date=January 17, 2019|work=Deadline |date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 13, 2019 || ''[[Black Christmas (2019 movie)|Black Christmas]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/blumhouse-black-christmas-remake-sophia-takal-imogen-poots/|title=Blumhouse to Remake 'Black Christmas' with Director Sophia Takal|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=June 13, 2019|access-date=July 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614002737/http://collider.com/blumhouse-black-christmas-remake-sophia-takal-imogen-poots/|archive-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 20, 2019 || ''[[Cats (2019 movie)|Cats]]'' || co-production with Monumental Pictures, [[The Really Useful Group]], [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/cats-musical-movie-wicked-1202923412/|title='Cats' Lands December 2019 Release Date, 'Wicked' Delayed|website=variety|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=August 31, 2018|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2019 || ''[[1917 (2019 movie)|1917]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Neal Street Productions]] and New Republic Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/universal-dates-sam-mendes-1917-for-christmas-2019-1202519846/|title=Universal Dates Sam Mendes' '1917' For Christmas 2019|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|date=December 13, 2018|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> |} ===2020s=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:130px;"| Release date ! style="width:350px;"| Title ! Notes |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 17, 2020 || ''[[Dolittle (film)|Dolittle]]'' || co-production with [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]] and [[Team Downey]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 24, 2020 || ''[[The Turning (2020 film)|The Turning]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 14, 2020 || ''[[The Photograph (2020 film)|The Photograph]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 28, 2020 || ''[[The Invisible Man (2020 film)|The Invisible Man]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Goalpost Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 13, 2020 || ''[[The Hunt (2020 film)|The Hunt]]''|| co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]{{#tag:ref|In mid-March 2020, [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|movie theaters]] began to close because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] lockdown measures. Three days after the film's release, on March 16, 2020, Universal Pictures announced that the film would be available [[Digital distribution|digitally]] through [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in the United States and Canada on March 20, before the end of the usual 90-day theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/universal-trolls-world-tour-the-hunt-invisible-man-coronavirus-1203535541/|title=Universal to Make 'Trolls World Tour,' 'The Hunt,' 'Invisible Man' Available Early on Home Entertainment|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=March 16, 2020|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317144646/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/universal-trolls-world-tour-the-hunt-invisible-man-coronavirus-1203535541/|archive-date=March 17, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 10, 2020 || ''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]{{#tag:ref|The film was originally planned to be released theatrically in the United States on this date. However, on March 16, [[Universal Pictures]] announced that the film would be released simultaneously in [[drive-in theater]]s, as [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|regular movie theaters closed]] due to the restrictions caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and through [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, South Korea, and Italy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|title='Trolls World Tour' Straight to Streaming — Sign of the Times or the New Normal?|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/trolls-world-tour-streaming-theatrical-window-future-1234573263/|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 9, 2020|archive-date=April 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409210301/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/trolls-world-tour-streaming-theatrical-window-future-1234573263/|url-status=live}}</ref> This affected the number of projections and the box office performance of the screenings. As the pandemic receded, the film was released back in regular theaters.|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 12, 2020 || ''[[The King of Staten Island]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]{{#tag:ref|Released on [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in United States and Canada on this date, and later released in theaters in select countries with relaxed [[COVID-19]] restrictions beginning June 25, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Pete Davidson & Judd Apatow Movie 'King of Staten Island' Skips Theatrical, Hits VOD This Summer|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/pete-davidson-judd-apatow-movie-king-of-staten-island-vod-release-1202918973/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428032001/https://deadline.com/2020/04/pete-davidson-judd-apatow-movie-king-of-staten-island-vod-release-1202918973/|archive-date=April 28, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|title='Peninsula' Thrills To $21M In Overseas Bow; 'Train To Busan' Sequel Helps Imax Score First $1M Global Weekend Since March – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/international-box-office-peninsula-unhinged-china-reopening-cinemas-tenet-1202990723/|date=July 21, 2020|access-date=July 21, 2020|archive-date=July 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723011319/https://deadline.com/2020/07/international-box-office-peninsula-unhinged-china-reopening-cinemas-tenet-1202990723/|url-status=live}}</ref> As the pandemic receded, the film was released back in regular theaters.|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 18, 2020 || ''[[You Should Have Left]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Blumhouse Productions]]{{#tag:ref|Released on [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in United States and Canada on this date due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|movie theater closures]] since mid March because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/06/universal-continues-vod-reign-with-the-king-of-staten-island-1202236052/|title=Universal Continues VOD Reign with 'The King of Staten Island'|work=[[IndieWire]]|last=Brueggemann|first=Tom|date=June 8, 2020|access-date=June 9, 2020|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609165545/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/06/universal-continues-vod-reign-with-the-king-of-staten-island-1202236052/|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 2, 2020 || ''[[Vampires vs. the Bronx]]'' *|| co-production with [[Broadway Video]] and Caviar; distributed by [[Netflix]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 13, 2020 || ''[[Freaky (film)|Freaky]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Divide/Conquer]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 25, 2020 || ''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 4, 2020 || ''[[All My Life (2020 film)|All My Life]]'' || co-production with Broken Road Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 25, 2020 || ''[[News of the World (film)|News of the World]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with [[Playtone]], Pretty Pictures and [[Perfect World Pictures]]; international distribution by [[Netflix]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 26, 2021 || ''[[Nobody (2021 film)|Nobody]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]], Odenkirk Provissiero Entertainment, Eighty Two Films and [[Perfect World Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 14, 2021 || ''[[Profile (2018 film)|Profile]]'' || international distribution outside the CIS only; produced by [[Bazelevs Company]] and Interface Films |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 4, 2021 || ''[[Spirit Untamed]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 18, 2021 || ''[[The Sparks Brothers]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[MRC (company)|MRC]] and Complete Fiction<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2021/02/the-sparks-brothers-documentary-edgar-wright-focus-features-acquisition-1234698865/|title= Focus Features Picks Up Edgar Wright's MRC Documentary 'The Sparks Brothers' – Sundance|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=February 23, 2021|access-date=February 23, 2021|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301163702/https://deadline.com/2021/02/the-sparks-brothers-documentary-edgar-wright-focus-features-acquisition-1234698865/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-sparks-brothers-release-date-theaters-edgar-wright-1234718186/|title=Edgar Wright's 'The Sparks Brothers' Gets Summer U.S. Release Date In Theaters|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=March 19, 2021|access-date=March 19, 2021|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153927/https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-sparks-brothers-release-date-theaters-edgar-wright-1234718186/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 23, 2021 || ''[[Good on Paper]]'' *|| co-production with Burn Later Productions and Meridian Content; distributed by [[Netflix]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2021/iliza-shlesinger-ryan-hansen-in-trailer-for-comedy-good-on-paper/|title=Iliza Shlesinger & Ryan Hansen in Trailer for Comedy 'Good on Paper'|website=First Showing|first=Alex|last=Billington|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518133211/https://www.firstshowing.net/2021/iliza-shlesinger-ryan-hansen-in-trailer-for-comedy-good-on-paper/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 25, 2021 || ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[One Race Films]], Perfect Storm Entertainment and [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]]<ref name="insight">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/F9-being-pushed-back-a-year-coronavirus-pandemic-1284242|title='F9' Pushed Back a Year Amir Coronavirus Pandemic|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313102705/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/f9-being-pushed-back-a-year-coronavirus-pandemic-1284242|archive-date=March 13, 2020|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="march 2021 updates"/> |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | July 2, 2021 || ''[[The Boss Baby: Family Business]]'' § || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/boss-baby-2-theaters-peacock-same-day-1234958078/|title='Boss Baby 2' to Hit Theaters and Peacock on Same Day|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524234240/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/boss-baby-2-theaters-peacock-same-day-1234958078/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|title='Boss Baby 2' With Alec Baldwin to Hit Theaters in Spring 2021|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/boss-baby-2-alec-baldwin-hit-theaters-spring-2021-1007888|accessdate=May 26, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191702/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/boss-baby-2-alec-baldwin-hit-theaters-spring-2021-1007888|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Forever Purge]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Platinum Dunes]] and Man in a Tree Productions<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Fifth 'Purge' Film Gets Summer 2020 Slaydate|url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/the-purge-5-release-date-2020-1202613733/|date=May 13, 2019|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=March 14, 2019|archive-date=May 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513173926/https://deadline.com/2019/05/the-purge-5-release-date-2020-1202613733/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 23, 2021 || ''[[Old (film)|Old]]'' || co-production with [[Blinding Edge Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=M. Night Shyamalan Thriller Gets 2021 Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/m-night-shyamalan-movie-release-date-2021-1202967664/|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 23, 2020|access-date=September 26, 2020|archive-date=September 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910114834/https://deadline.com/2020/06/m-night-shyamalan-movie-release-date-2021-1202967664/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: M. Night Shyamalan's 'Old' Is Inspired by Graphic Novel 'Sandcastle'|url=https://collider.com/m-night-shyamalan-old-sandcastle-graphic-novel-movie/|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=September 26, 2020|access-date=September 26, 2020|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927002924/https://collider.com/m-night-shyamalan-old-sandcastle-graphic-novel-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 13, 2021 || ''[[Respect (2021 American film)|Respect]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]], [[Jonathan Glickman|Glickmania]] and One Community<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/aretha-franklin-biopic-respect-pushed-7-months-tomb-raider-2-now-unset/|title=Aretha Franklin Biopic 'Respect' Pushed 7 Months, 'Tomb Raider 2' Now Unset|work=[[TheWrap]]|last=Verhoeven|first=Beatrice|date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028001402/https://www.thewrap.com/aretha-franklin-biopic-respect-pushed-7-months-tomb-raider-2-now-unset/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 27, 2021 || ''[[Candyman (2021 film)|Candyman]]'' || distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; co-production with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Monkeypaw Productions]] and [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Hughes|first=William|title=Nia DaCosta's Candyman delayed until August 27, 2021|url=https://www.avclub.com/nia-dacostas-candyman-delayed-until-2021-1845036132|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=September 12, 2020|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022085432/https://news.avclub.com/nia-dacostas-candyman-delayed-until-2021-1845036132|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 17, 2021 || ''[[This Is the Night (2021 film)|This Is the Night]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Man in a Tree Productions<ref>{{cite web|last=Priola|first=Victoria|date=May 30, 2018|title=Now filming: On the set of James DeMonaco's new Staten Island movie|url=https://www.silive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/05/staten_island_purge_director_j.html|access-date=June 7, 2018|work=[[Silive.com]]|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144628/https://www.silive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/05/staten_island_purge_director_j.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 24, 2021 || ''[[Dear Evan Hansen (film)|Dear Evan Hansen]]'' || co-production with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/dear-evan-hansen-film-tony-award-winning-musical-wonder-stephen-chbosky-marc-platt-1202222391/|title=Tony Award-Winning Musical 'Dear Evan Hansen' Will Be Universal Pictures, Marc Platt Film; 'Wonder's Stephen Chbosky May Direct|last=Busch|first=Anita|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 29, 2018|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917122008/https://deadline.com/2018/11/dear-evan-hansen-film-tony-award-winning-musical-wonder-stephen-chbosky-marc-platt-1202222391/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/kaitlyn-dever-dear-evan-hansen-movie-universal-pictures-ben-platt-stephen-chbosky-1202955736/|title=Kaitlyn Dever In Talks For Universal Movie Adaptation Of 'Dear Evan Hansen'|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184610/https://deadline.com/2020/06/kaitlyn-dever-dear-evan-hansen-movie-universal-pictures-ben-platt-stephen-chbosky-1202955736/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal's 'Dear Evan Hansen' Pic Gets Theatrical Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/dear-evan-hansen-movie-release-date-ben-platt-amy-adams-julianne-moore-1234683675/|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211324/https://deadline.com/2021/01/dear-evan-hansen-movie-release-date-ben-platt-amy-adams-julianne-moore-1234683675/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 1, 2021 || ''[[The Addams Family 2]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]], [[Cinesite]], [[Nitrogen Studios]], and The Jackal Group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/addams-family-2-in-works-fall-2021-release-1202760482/|title='The Addams Family 2' Is In The Works After Great $35M+ 4-Day Weekend, MGM/UAR Set Fall 2021 Release|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=October 15, 2019|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=October 15, 2019|archive-date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015161717/https://deadline.com/2019/10/addams-family-2-in-works-fall-2021-release-1202760482/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 8, 2021 || ''[[No Time to Die]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and [[Eon Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Bond 25' Looks To Shake Up Easter 2020|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/bond-25-moves-back-two-months-in-2020-1202558710/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|date=February 15, 2019|archive-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216115834/https://deadline.com/2019/02/bond-25-moves-back-two-months-in-2020-1202558710/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 15, 2021 || ''[[Halloween Kills]]'' § || co-production with [[Miramax]], [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Compass International Pictures|Trancas International Pictures]], and [[Rough House Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movieinsider.com/m16395/untitled-blumhouse-horror-project-oct-2020|title=Halloween Kills|date=May 6, 2018|work=[[Movie Insider]]|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034635/https://www.movieinsider.com/m16395/untitled-blumhouse-horror-project-oct-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 5, 2021 || ''[[Finch (film)|Finch]]'' * || co-production with [[ImageMovers]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Walden Media]] and Misher Films; distributed by [[Apple TV+]]{{refn|name=Finch|group=N|The film was originally scheduled to be released by [[Universal Pictures]], but distribution rights were sold to Apple TV+.}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 12, 2021 || ''[[Belfast (film)|Belfast]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]] and TKBC<ref>{{cite web|title=Focus Features Boards Kenneth Branagh's Autobiographical Film 'Belfast' Starring Caitriona Balfe, Jamie Dornan & Judi Dench|url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/jamie-dornan-caitriona-balfe-belfast-kenneth-branagh-judi-dench-focus-features-1234657398/|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 16, 2020|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153926/https://deadline.com/2020/12/jamie-dornan-caitriona-balfe-belfast-kenneth-branagh-judi-dench-focus-features-1234657398/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kenneth Branagh's Drama 'Belfast' Sets Release Date|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/kenneth-branagh-belfast-release-date-1234932678/|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=April 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401143258/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/kenneth-branagh-belfast-release-date-1234932678/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 24, 2021 || ''[[House of Gucci]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]] and [[Scott Free Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MGM Buys Ridley Scott's 'Gucci' Film With Lady Gaga Set to Star (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mgm-buys-ridley-scotts-gucci-film-lady-gaga-set-star-1289108|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|last2=Kit|first2=Borys|date=April 8, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408234045/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mgm-buys-ridley-scotts-gucci-film-lady-gaga-set-star-1289108|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 26, 2021 || ''[[Licorice Pizza]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Focus Features]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]] and Ghoulardi Film Company<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 17, 2020|title=Paul Thomas Anderson's 1970s High School Movie Moving From Focus to MGM|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paul-thomas-andersons-1970s-high-school-movie-moving-focus-mgm-1303665|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=September 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916192124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paul-thomas-andersons-1970s-high-school-movie-moving-focus-mgm-1303665|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 22, 2021 || ''[[Sing 2]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name="auto"/> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 7, 2022 || ''[[The 355]]'' || US and UK distribution only; co-production with [[Freckle Films]], [[FilmNation Entertainment]] and [[Genre Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jessica-chastains-female-led-spy-film-355-lands-january-2021-release-1233336|title=Jessica Chastain's Female-Led Spy Film '355' Lands January 2021 Release|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=August 20, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=September 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929142619/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jessica-chastains-female-led-spy-film-355-lands-january-2021-release-1233336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='The 355': Simon Kinberg Femme Action Ensemble Going Earlier In 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-355-simon-kinberg-femme-action-ensemble-heads-to-mlk-weekend-2022-1234620498/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=May 5, 2021|access-date=May 9, 2021|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509025547/https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-355-simon-kinberg-femme-action-ensemble-heads-to-mlk-weekend-2022-1234620498/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 21, 2022 || ''[[Redeeming Love (2022 film)|Redeeming Love]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with Nthibah Pictures, [[Pinnacle Peak Pictures]] and [[Mission Pictures International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/redeeming-love-trailer-release-date-abigail-cowen-in-universal-pic-1234858435/|title='Redeeming Love' Trailer, Release Date: Abigail Cowen & Tom Lewis Star In Universal Romance Pic|last=Grobar|first=Matt|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 19, 2021|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 11, 2022 || ''[[Marry Me (2022 film)|Marry Me]]'' § || co-production with [[Perfect World Pictures]] and [[Nuyorican Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-owen-wilson-rom-com-marry-me-sets-pre-valentines-day-release-in-2021/|title=Jennifer Lopez-Owen Wilson Rom-Com 'Marry Me' Sets Pre-Valentine's Day Release in 2021|work=[[TheWrap]]|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=September 14, 2020|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221125002/https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-owen-wilson-rom-com-marry-me-sets-pre-valentines-day-release-in-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Welk|first=Brian|title=Jennifer Lopez Rom-Com 'Marry Me' Bumped to Valentine's Day 2022|url=https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-rom-com-marry-me-bumped-to-valentines-day-2022/|date=February 8, 2021|work=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208234944/https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-rom-com-marry-me-bumped-to-valentines-day-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 18, 2022 || ''[[Dog (2022 film)|Dog]]'' || Canadian distribution only; produced by [[FilmNation Entertainment]] and Free Association; distributed in the U.S. by [[United Artists Releasing]] through the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] label |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 25, 2022 || ''[[Cyrano (film)|Cyrano]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]] and [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MGM Lands 'Cyrano'; Joe Wright-Directed Working Title Stage Adaptation Stars Peter Dinklage, Haley Bennett, Brian Tyree Henry & Ben Mendelsohn|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/cyrano-peter-dinklage-haley-bennett-brian-tyree-henry-ben-mendelsohn-mgm-working-title-joe-wright-1203003668/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 4, 2020|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=September 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923202523/https://deadline.com/2020/08/cyrano-peter-dinklage-haley-bennett-brian-tyree-henry-ben-mendelsohn-mgm-working-title-joe-wright-1203003668/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 8, 2022 || ''[[Ambulance (2022 film)|Ambulance]]'' || co-production with [[New Republic Pictures]], Bay Films and [[Endeavor (company)|Endeavor Content]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/no-time-to-die-eyes-second-weekend-in-october-for-theatrical-release-1234678075/|title='No Time To Die' Eyes Second Weekend In October For Theatrical Release; Universal Fills Easter With 'Nobody'|date=January 21, 2021|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012650/https://deadline.com/2021/01/no-time-to-die-eyes-second-weekend-in-october-for-theatrical-release-1234678075/|archive-date=January 22, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="december 2021 updates">{{cite web|title='Ambulance' Zooms To Early April|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/ambulance-release-date-change-jake-gyllenhaal-movie-1234891420/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2021|access-date=December 15, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215030039/https://deadline.com/2021/12/ambulance-release-date-change-jake-gyllenhaal-movie-1234891420/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | April 22, 2022 || ''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2020|title='The Boss Baby' Sequel Bumped to September 2021, 'The Bad Guys' Moves to 2022|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-boss-baby-sequel-bumped-to-september-2021-the-bad-guys-moves-to-2022/|access-date=December 28, 2020|last=Welk|first=Brian|work=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=December 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228213330/https://www.thewrap.com/the-boss-baby-sequel-bumped-to-september-2021-the-bad-guys-moves-to-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dwa 2022"/> |- | ''[[The Northman]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Regency Enterprises]], [[Perfect World Pictures]] and Parts and Labor<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evangelista |first1=Chris |title=The Northman: Release Date, Cast And More |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/619424/the-northman-release-date-cast-and-more/ |access-date=30 November 2021 |work=Slash Film |date=29 September 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 13, 2022 || ''[[Firestarter (2022 film)|Firestarter]]'' § || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Weed Road Pictures<ref>{{cite web|title='Firestarter': Stephen King Classic Reignites With Universal, Blumhouse & Akiva Goldsman Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/firestarter-remaake-blumhouse-akiva-goldsman-stephen-king-universal-1202078846/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 27, 2017|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120213103/https://deadline.com/2017/04/firestarter-remaake-blumhouse-akiva-goldsman-stephen-king-universal-1202078846/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Zac Efron to Star in 'Firestarter' Remake from Blumhouse|url=https://collider.com/zac-efron-firestarter-remake-blumhouse/|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=September 29, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124082552/https://collider.com/zac-efron-firestarter-remake-blumhouse/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 3, 2022 || ''[[Watcher (film)|Watcher]]'' || international distribution with [[Focus Features]] only; produced by [[Image Nation Abu Dhabi]] and Spooky Pictures; [[IFC Films|IFC Midnight]] and [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]] handle US distribution<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mike Fleming Jr. |title=IFC Midnight & Shudder Buy North American Rights To Sundance Thriller 'Watcher' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/ifc-sundance-thriller-watcher-1234922706/ |access-date=April 18, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=January 31, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 10, 2022 || ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]]<ref name=insight/><ref>{{Cite web|title='Jurassic World: Dominion' Delays Summer 2021 Release to 2022|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jurassic-world-dominion-delays-summer-2021-release-to-2022|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=October 7, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009121015/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jurassic-world-dominion-delays-summer-2021-release-to-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 17, 2022 || ''[[Brian and Charles]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[BFI]], [[Film4 Productions]] and Mr Box Productions |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 24, 2022 || ''[[The Black Phone]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Crooked Highway<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|date=October 30, 2020|title='Doctor Strange' Director Scott Derrickson Boards Blumhouse Horror Movie 'Black Phone'|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/scott-derrickson-black-phone-blumhouse-1234820046/|access-date=February 12, 2021|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212202346/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/scott-derrickson-black-phone-blumhouse-1234820046/|archive-date=February 12, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Sets Winter 2022 Release For Blumhouse Scott Derrickson Horror Movie 'The Black Phone'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/the-black-phone-scott-derrickson-film-universal-blumhouse-release-date-1234745209/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 27, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210737/https://deadline.com/2021/04/the-black-phone-scott-derrickson-film-universal-blumhouse-release-date-1234745209/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/the-black-phone-summer-release-date-1234892785/|title=Blumhouse's ''The Black Phone'' Will Now Ring In The Summer|date=December 16, 2021|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 17, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="3" | July 1, 2022 || ''[[The Forgiven (2021 film)|The Forgiven]]''|| international distribution with [[Focus Features]] only; produced by House of Un-American Activities, [[Brookstreet Pictures]], [[Film4 Productions]], Assemble Media, Head Gear Films, Metrol Technology and LipSync Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 14, 2020 |title='The Forgiven': Focus Features, Matt Smith, Christopher Abbott, More, Join Ralph Fiennes & Jessica Chastain Pic; First Look Images For Film Now Wrapped After COVID Delay |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/the-forgiven-focus-features-matt-smith-christopher-abbott-more-join-ralph-fiennes-first-look-images-for-film-now-wrapped-after-covid-delay-1234597175/ |access-date=October 18, 2020 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/minions-rise-gru-lands-new-summer-2021-release-sing-2-wicked-delayed-1287889|title='Minions: Rise of Gru' Lands New Summer 2021 Release; 'Sing 2,' 'Wicked' Delayed|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 1, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020|archive-date=April 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225845/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/minions-rise-gru-lands-new-summer-2021-release-sing-2-wicked-delayed-1287889|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="march 2021 updates">{{cite web|title=Universal Shifts Summer Release Date For 'F9', 'Minions: The Rise Of Gru' Heads To 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/f9-minions-the-rise-of-gru-universal-release-date-change-1234706609/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 4, 2021|access-date=March 4, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304180121/https://deadline.com/2021/03/f9-minions-the-rise-of-gru-universal-release-date-change-1234706609/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Mr. Malcolm's List]]'' || international distribution outside Canada and France only; produced by Blinder Films, Rebelle Media, [[Refinery29]], and Untitled Entertainment; [[Bleecker Street (company)|Bleecker Street]] handles the North American distribution<ref>{{cite web|title=Zawe Ashton, Theo James & Ashley Park Join 'Mr Malcolm's List'; Universal Takes International Rights|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/zawe-ashton-theo-james-ashley-park-mr-malcolms-list-universal-international-rights-1234717953/|last=Grater|first=Tom|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 19, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 22, 2022 || ''[[Nope (film)|Nope]]'' || co-production with [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Sets Release Date For Jordan Peele's Next Movie|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/universal-sets-release-date-for-jordan-peeles-next-movie-1234611766/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 9, 2020|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115220117/https://deadline.com/2020/11/universal-sets-release-date-for-jordan-peeles-next-movie-1234611766/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 5, 2022 || ''[[Easter Sunday (film)|Easter Sunday]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Amblin Partners]] and [[Rideback (production company)|Rideback]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Amblin and Rideback Team for Jo Koy Comedy 'Easter Sunday' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amblin-rideback-team-jo-koy-comedy-easter-sunday-1279759|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 18, 2020|access-date=February 20, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030012913/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amblin-rideback-team-jo-koy-comedy-easter-sunday-1279759|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jay Chandrasekhar to Direct Family Comedy 'Easter Sunday' for Amblin (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jay-chandrasekhar-to-direct-family-comedy-easter-sunday-for-amblin-exclusive|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 16, 2021|access-date=February 20, 2021|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217233928/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jay-chandrasekhar-to-direct-family-comedy-easter-sunday-for-amblin-exclusive|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 12, 2022 || ''[[Emily the Criminal]]'' || international distribution only; produced by Low Spark Films, Fear Knot Productions and Evil Hag Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/universal-pictures-content-group-takes-international-rights-to-sundance-hit-emily-the-criminal-exclusive/5167274.article|url-access=limited|title=Universal Pictures Content Group takes international rights to Sundance hit ''Emily The Criminal'' (exclusive)|date=February 4, 2022|first=Jeremy|last=Kay|website=[[Screen Daily]]|access-date=February 7, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 19, 2022 || ''[[Beast (2022 American film)|Beast]]'' || co-production with [[RVK Studios]] and [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Idris Elba to Star in Survival Thriller 'Beast' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/idris-elba-to-star-in-survival-thriller-beast-exclusive|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 30, 2020|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320171557/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/idris-elba-to-star-in-survival-thriller-beast-exclusive|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beast|url=https://productionlist.com/production/beast/|work=Production List|date=March 15, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320171603/https://productionlist.com/production/beast/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Dates Idris Elba Thriller 'Beast' For Summer 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/universal-dates-idris-elba-thriller-beast-for-summer-2022-1234759681/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518210301/https://deadline.com/2021/05/universal-dates-idris-elba-thriller-beast-for-summer-2022-1234759681/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 26, 2022 || ''[[Three Thousand Years of Longing]]'' || Canadian distribution only; produced by [[FilmNation Entertainment]] and Kennedy Mitchell Miller; distributed in the U.S. by [[United Artists Releasing]] through the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] label |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 16, 2022 || ''[[The Silent Twins (2022 film)|The Silent Twins]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], Madant, Extreme Emotions, 42, and Kindred Spirit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/letitia-wright-tamara-lawrance-silent-twins-movie-true-story-1234730240/|title=Focus Features Acquires 'Silent Twins' With Letitia Wright & Tamara Lawrance|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 8, 2021|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153929/https://deadline.com/2021/04/letitia-wright-tamara-lawrance-silent-twins-focus-features-1234730240/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2" | September 30, 2022 || ''[[Bros (film)|Bros]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] and Global Solutions<ref>{{cite web|title=Nick Stoller To Direct Romantic Comedy Starring Billy Eichner, With Judd Apatow Producing|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/billy-eichner-judd-apatow-nick-stoller-untitled-romantic-comedy-universal-1202550087/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 5, 2019|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117234255/https://deadline.com/2019/02/billy-eichner-judd-apatow-nick-stoller-untitled-romantic-comedy-universal-1202550087/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Pictures Ramping Down Production On 'Jurassic World: Dominion', 'Flint Strong' & Untitled Billy Eichner Comedy In Wake Of Coronavirus|url=https://deadline.com/2020/03/jurassic-world-dominion-billy-eichner-movie-universal-stops-movies-coronavirus-1202883272/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 13, 2020|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124205613/https://deadline.com/2020/03/jurassic-world-dominion-billy-eichner-movie-universal-stops-movies-coronavirus-1202883272/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Billy Eichner Universal Romantic Comedy 'Bros' Sets Late Summer 2022 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/billy-eichner-universal-romantic-comedy-bros-sets-late-summer-2022-release-1234707877/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 5, 2021|access-date=March 5, 2021|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305180140/https://deadline.com/2021/03/billy-eichner-universal-romantic-comedy-bros-sets-late-summer-2022-release-1234707877/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Entertainment One|eOne Features]], Superbe Films, Moonriver Content and Hero Squared<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crew-united.com/en/Mrs-Harris-Goes-to-Paris__280313.html |title=Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris |website=Crew United |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803170418/https://www.crew-united.com/en/Mrs-Harris-Goes-to-Paris__280313.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fne">{{cite web |last=Varga |first=Denes |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/121563-focus-features-picks-up-british-hungarian-coproduction-mrs-harris-goes-to-paris |title=Focus Features Picks Up British/Hungarian Coproduction Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris |website=[[Film New Europe Association|Film New Europe]] |date=2 April 2021 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712074308/https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/121563-focus-features-picks-up-british-hungarian-coproduction-mrs-harris-goes-to-paris |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 7, 2022 || ''[[Tár]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], Standard Film Company and EMJAG Productions |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2" | October 14, 2022 || ''[[Halloween Ends]]'' § || co-production with [[Miramax]], [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Compass International Pictures|Trancas International Pictures]], and [[Rough House Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Unveils Titles, Sets Release Dates for Two New 'Halloween' Films|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-unveils-titles-sets-release-dates-two-new-halloween-films-1225671/|last=Real|first=Evan|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=July 19, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2022|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616013143/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-unveils-titles-sets-release-dates-two-new-halloween-films-1225671/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Till (film)|Till]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Orion Pictures]], Frederick Zollo Productions and [[Eon Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/01/2022-movies-calendar-and-the-most-anticipated-of-the-year.html|title = 41 Movies We Can't Wait to See in 2022|date = January 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/|title = Chinonye Chukwu to Helm Film on How Mamie till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing|date = August 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="univ">{{cite web|title=Warner Bros. to Release MGM Movies Internationally, Except for ''Bond 26''|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Rebecxa|last=Rubin|date=14 August 2022|access-date=15 August 2022|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/warner-bros-mgm-international-theatrical-distribution-1235341060/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 21, 2022 || ''[[Ticket to Paradise (2022 film)|Ticket to Paradise]]'' || co-production with [[Julia Roberts|Red Om Films]], [[Smokehouse Pictures]] and [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title=George Clooney & Julia Roberts Re-Team In 'Ticket To Paradise;' Ol Parker Directs For Universal, Working Title|url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/george-clooney-julia-roberts-reteam-ticket-to-paradise-universal-pictures-working-title-romantic-comedy-1234701238/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 26, 2021|access-date=February 26, 2021|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182358/https://deadline.com/2021/02/george-clooney-julia-roberts-reteam-ticket-to-paradise-universal-pictures-working-title-romantic-comedy-1234701238/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=George Clooney & Julia Roberts Reteam 'Ticket To Paradise' Sets Fall 2022 Theatrical Release|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/julia-roberts-george-clooney-movie-ticket-to-paradise-fall-2022-theatrical-release-1234728528/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 6, 2021|access-date=April 6, 2021|archive-date=April 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406170818/https://deadline.com/2021/04/julia-roberts-george-clooney-movie-ticket-to-paradise-fall-2022-theatrical-release-1234728528/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 28, 2022 || ''[[Armageddon Time]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], RT Features, MadRiver Pictures, Keep Your Head and Spacemaker Productions |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 11, 2022 || ''[[The Fabelmans]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/cowboys-aliens-sequel-cancelled-why/|title=Cowboys & Aliens Creator Says Studio Politics Killed Plans For Sequel|work=[[Screen Rant]]|last=Fink|first=Richard|date=July 31, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/steven-spielbergs-the-fabelmans-based-on-filmmakers-childhood-sets-2022-theatrical-release-1234885646/|title=Steven Spielberg's ''The Fabelmans'', Based On Filmmaker's Childhood, Sets 2022 Theatrical Release|date=December 6, 2021|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 18, 2022 || ''[[She Said (film)|She Said]]''|| co-production with [[Annapurna Pictures]] and [[Plan B Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Carey Mulligan And Zoe Kazan To Portray The New York Times Reporters Who Broke The Harvey Weinstein Sex Scandal Story In Plan B & Annapurna Drama For Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/carey-mulligan-zoe-kazan-megan-twohey-jodi-kantor-harvey-wenstein-1234769853/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=June 12, 2021|archive-date=June 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611201119/https://deadline.com/2021/06/carey-mulligan-zoe-kazan-megan-twohey-jodi-kantor-harvey-wenstein-1234769853/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2021/07/she-said-release-date-harvey-weinstein-case-carey-mulligan-zoe-kazan-1234794070/|title='She Said' Gets Release Date; Pic Based On Book About Harvey Weinstein Case Stars Carey Mulligan & Zoe Kazan|last=Pederson|first=Erik|date=July 15, 2021|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 2, 2022 || ''[[Violent Night]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 21, 2022 || ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Puss In Boots 2' In The Works: 'Spider-Verse' Oscar Winner Bob Persichetti Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/puss-in-boots-2-spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-bob-persichetti-to-direct-1202565786/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 27, 2019|date=February 26, 2019|archive-date=February 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227222241/https://deadline.com/2019/02/puss-in-boots-2-spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-bob-persichetti-to-direct-1202565786/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dwa 2022">{{cite web|title=Universal Sets Release Dates For Dreamworks Animation 'Puss In Boots' Sequel & 'The Bad Guys'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/universal-sets-release-dates-for-dreamworks-animation-puss-in-boots-sequel-the-bad-guys-1234716632/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=March 17, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320171554/https://deadline.com/2021/03/universal-sets-release-dates-for-dreamworks-animation-puss-in-boots-sequel-the-bad-guys-1234716632/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PussInBootsChristmas2022">{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title='Puss In Boots: The Last Wish' Heads To Christmas Time |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/puss-in-boots-the-last-wish-release-date-1235009625/ |website=Deadline |access-date=April 25, 2022 |date=April 25, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 23, 2022 || ''[[Women Talking (film)|Women Talking]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Orion Pictures]], [[Plan B Entertainment]] and Hear/Say Productions<ref name="univ"/> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 6, 2023 || ''[[M3GAN]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=McClintock|first1=Pamela|date=January 19, 2022|title=Allison Williams Thriller ''M3GAN'' Sets January 2023 Release in Theaters|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/allison-williams-m3gan-release-date-1235077459/|publisher=[[MRC (company)#PMRC|PMRC]]|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Universal Shifts 'M3GAN' Up To First Week In 2023 |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2022/10/19/m3gan-opening-early-2023-james-wan-jason-blum-universal-movies/?sh=7b1145cb69d6 |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en-US |date=19 October 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 3, 2023 || ''[[Knock at the Cabin]]'' || co-production with [[Blinding Edge Pictures]] and [[FilmNation Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/m-night-shyamalan-knock-at-the-cabin-new-release-date-title-revealed-1234855706/|title=M. Night Shyamalan's 'Knock At The Cabin' Gets New Release Date And Official Title|last=Haring|first=Bruce|date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 24, 2023 || ''[[Cocaine Bear]]'' || co-production with [[Brownstone Productions]] and [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Phil Lord, Chris Miller Team With 'Ready or Not' Directors for Bear Horror-Comedy (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/phil-lord-chris-miller-team-ready-not-directors-bear-horror-comedy-1247090|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 16, 2019|access-date=March 10, 2021|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102020444/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/phil-lord-chris-miller-team-ready-not-directors-bear-horror-comedy-1247090|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Banks To Direct 'Cocaine Bear' Thriller For Universal, Phil Lord & Chris Miller|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/elizabeth-banks-cocaine-bear-universal-phil-lord-chris-miller-1234710078/|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 9, 2021|access-date=March 10, 2021|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309233654/https://deadline.com/2021/03/elizabeth-banks-cocaine-bear-universal-phil-lord-chris-miller-1234710078/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 5, 2023 || ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]] and [[Nintendo]]<ref name="Deadline 2023">{{cite web | title='Super Mario Bros. Movie' Opening Earlier This Spring | website=Deadline | date=28 Feb 2023 | url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/super-mario-bros-movie-release-date-spring-1235274239/ | access-date=28 Feb 2023}}</ref><ref name="variety-mario">{{cite news |last1=Donnelly |first1=Matt |date=23 September 2021 |title=Super Mario Bros. Movie Lands All-Star Voice Cast: Chris Pratt, Anya Taylor-Joy, Keegan-Michael Key, Seth Rogen |work=Variety (magazine) |publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC. |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/super-mario-bros-movie-cast-chris-pratt-1235072946/ |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=The Super Mario Movie Has Been Delayed Until April 2023 |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/04/the-super-mario-movie-has-been-delayed-until-april-2023 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Nintendo Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 7, 2023 || ''[[Praise This]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]]; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Trey |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Universal Updates Slate of Upcoming Will Packer Films |url=https://www.thewrap.com/issa-rae-and-lakeith-stanfield-love-story-the-photograph-dated-for-valentines-day-release-at-universal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410082332/https://www.thewrap.com/issa-rae-and-lakeith-stanfield-love-story-the-photograph-dated-for-valentines-day-release-at-universal/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 17, 2019 |work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Tina Gordon to Direct Universal, Will Packer's 'Praise This' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/little-director-tina-gordon-will-packer-universals-praise-this-1203239947/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029080819/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/little-director-tina-gordon-will-packer-universals-praise-this-1203239947/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=April 24, 2020 |title='Spider-Man' Sequels Pushed Back Amid Sony Release Schedule Shuffle |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/spider-man-sequels-delayed-1234589657/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425120147/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/spider-man-sequels-delayed-1234589657/ |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2022-05-02 |title=Original Films From LeBron James, Will Packer & John Woo To Premiere On Peacock In 2023 |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/original-films-from-lebron-james-will-packer-john-woo-to-premiere-on-peacock-in-2023-1235014097/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Praise This' Trailer: Chloe Bailey and Anjelika Washington Take the Lead in Musical Comedy|url=https://collider.com/praise-this-trailer-chloe-bailey/|website=Collider|last=Remley|first=Hilary|date=March 6, 2023|access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 14, 2023 || ''[[Renfield (film)|Renfield]]'' || co-production with [[Skybound Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/about-renfield-release-date-april-2023-1235099693/|title=Universal Sets Nicholas Hoult's ''Renfield'' for 2023 Release|date=February 25, 2022|first=Aaron|last=Couch|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 12, 2023 || ''[[Book Club: The Next Chapter]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.|Fifth Season]], [[CJ ENM]] and Makeready |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 19, 2023 || ''[[Fast X]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]], [[One Race Films]] and Perfect Storm Entertainment<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Lawrence|first=Derek|title=The road to the end: 'Fast & Furious 10' sets 2023 release date|url=https://ew.com/movies/fast-and-furious-10-release-date-2023/|date=2021-08-17|access-date=2021-08-18|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fast10&11Release">{{Cite web|title=F9 Star Vin Diesel on Major Cameos for Fast & Furious 10 and 11|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/f9-vin-diesel-major-cameos-for-fast-furious-10-and-11/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[ComicBook.com]]|date=June 26, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fast10&11Filming">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-27|title=Vin Diesel Confirms Fast and Furious 10 & 11 Start Filming in January 2022|url=https://screenrant.com/fast-furious-10-11-start-filming-january-2022/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=2021-08-18|title='Fast & Furious 10' Release Date Shifted To May 2023|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/fast-and-furious-10-release-date-moves-1234891264/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 2, 2023 || ''[[Shooting Stars (2023 film)|Shooting Stars]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[SpringHill Company]]; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Diego |date=2023-03-28 |title=First Teaser for 'Shooting Stars' Takes a Look at Lebron James' Early Years |url=https://collider.com/shooting-stars-teaser-release-date-lebron-james-movie/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 30, 2023 || ''[[Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thegww.com/exclusive-dreamworks-animation-sets-meet-the-gillmans-for-2022/ | title=EXCLUSIVE: Dreamworks Animation Sets 'Meet the Gillmans' for 2022 | date=16 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://fullcirclecinema.com/2021/06/16/dreamworks-laura-dern-lana-condor-michael-sheen-meet-the-gillmans/ | title=DreamWorks Eyeing Laura Dern & Lana Condor for 'Meet the Gillmans' | date=16 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zahed|first=Ramin|title=Trailer Premiere: Director Kirk DeMicco and Producer Kelly Cooney Cilella Give Us the Scoop on DreamWorks' ''Ruby Gillman: Teenage Kraken''|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/03/kirk-demicco-and-kelly-cooney-cilella-give-us-the-scoop-on-dreamworks-ruby-gillman-teenage-kraken-plus-trailer/ |website=Animation Magazine|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 21, 2023 || ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' || Winner of the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]<br>Winner of the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama]]<br>co-production with [[Syncopy Inc.]] and [[Atlas Entertainment]]<ref>[https://deadline.com/2021/10/cillian-murphy-j-robert-oppenheimer-christopher-nolans-universal-film-july-2023-1234852888/ Cillian Murphy Confirmed to Star As J. Robert Oppenheimer In Christopher Nolan’s Next Film At Universal, Film Will Bow in July 2023]</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 11, 2023 || ''[[The Last Voyage of the Demeter]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], Storyworks Productions, [[Studio Babelsberg]], [[Phoenix Pictures]] and Wise Owl Media<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=Javier Botet Will Haunt the 'Last Voyage of the Demeter' as Dracula in Upcoming Amblin Horror Film |url=https://collider.com/last-voyage-of-the-demeter-cast-javier-botet-dracula/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 18, 2023 || ''[[Strays (2023 film)|Strays]]'' || co-production with [[Erik Feig|Picturestart]], Rabbit Hole Productions and [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Phil Lord and Chris Miller, Picturestart Set Live-Action Comedy 'Strays' at Universal (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/lord-miller-strays-movie-unviersal-1234983167/|last=Donnelly|first=Matt|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 27, 2021|access-date=May 29, 2021|archive-date=May 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529201002/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/lord-miller-strays-movie-unviersal-1234983167/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/strays-release-date-will-ferrell-jamie-foxx-1234934459/|title=''Strays'': Universal Dates Will Ferrell, Jamie Foxx & Will Forte Comedy For Summer 2023|date=February 15, 2022|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/strays-release-date-will-ferrell-jamie-foxx-1234934459/|title=''Strays'': Universal Dates Will Ferrell, Jamie Foxx & Will Forte Comedy For Summer 2023|date=February 15, 2022|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=2023-05-08 |title=Universal Moves 'Strays' to August as 'Please Don't Destroy' Comedy Pivots to Peacock |url=https://www.thewrap.com/strays-delayed-please-dont-destroy-peacock-universal-movies/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 1, 2023 || ''[[Oracle (2023 film)|Oracle]]'' '''*''' || co-production with [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]]; distributed by [[Max (streaming service)|Max]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/ryan-destiny-heather-graham-oracle-will-packer-productions-1234611442/ |title=Ryan Destiny, Heather Graham Join Horror Film 'Oracle' From Will Packer Productions |first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 9, 2020|access-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://blexmedia.com/ryan-destiny-oracle-trailer/|title=Ryan Destiny Leads Psychological Thriller 'Oracle' [TRAILER]|website=Blex Media|date=October 1, 2023|access-date=November 15, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 6, 2023 || ''[[The Exorcist: Believer]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Morgan Creek Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Untitled Blumhouse Productions Project|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl527139585/?ref_=bo_rs_table_2|access-date=January 27, 2021|website=Box Office Mojo|archive-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201061638/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl527139585/?ref_=bo_rs_table_2|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 27, 2023 || ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)|Five Nights at Freddy's]]'' § || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Striker Entertainment |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | November 17, 2023 || ''[[Please Don't Destroy: The Treasure of Foggy Mountain]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] and Mosaic Media Group; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/please-dont-destroy-snl-movie-judd-apatow-1235183628/|title=Universal Pictures Nabs Buddy Comedy From 'SNL' Please Don't Destroy Group|website=Hollywood Reporter|date=July 20, 2022|first=Etan|last=Vlessing|access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Buddy Comedy From 'SNL' Trio Please Don't Destroy Pivots From Theaters To Peacock, Sets Premiere Date |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/please-dont-destroy-movie-streaming-premiere-date-peacock-1235359507/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Coggan|first=Devan|title=''SNL's'' Please Don't Destroy trio is looking for lost treasure in feature film first look|url=https://ew.com/movies/please-dont-destroy-treasure-of-foggy-mountain-first-look|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=August 16, 2023|access-date=August 16, 2023}}</ref> |- | ''[[Trolls Band Together]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2021-11-22|title=''Trolls 3'' Lands Release Date, DreamWorks Animation Title Will Be Exclusive Theatrical|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/trolls-3-release-date-theatrical-exclusive-window-1234878949/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 22, 2023 || ''[[Genie (2023 film)|Genie]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and Linden Productions; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melissa McCarthy To Star In Richard Curtis-Scripted Christmas Comedy For Universal, Working Title & Peacock; Sam Boyd To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/melissa-mccarthy-stars-richard-curtis-scripted-christmas-comedy-universal-working-title-peacock-sam-boyd-directs-1235199151/|access-date=March 17, 2023|website=Deadline|date=December 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2023-11-01 |title=Melissa McCarthy, Paapa Essiedu's Peacock Comedy 'Genie' From 'Love Actually's Richard Curtis Gets Premiere Date, Trailer, First Look Photos |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/melissa-mccarthy-movie-genie-premiere-date-trailer-first-look-1235589552/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 1, 2023 || ''[[Eileen (film)|Eileen]]'' || international distribution with [[Focus Features]] only; produced by [[Fifth Season (company)|Fifth Season]], [[Film4 Productions]], [[Likely Story]], Lost Winds Entertainment and Omniscient Productions<ref>{{cite web|title=Focus acquires international rights to 'Eileen' starring Anne Hathaway, Thomasin McKenzie|website=[[Screen International]]|date=11 July 2023|access-date=12 August 2023|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/focus-acquires-international-rights-to-eileen-starring-anne-hathaway-thomasin-mckenzie-exclusive/5183786.article}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 22, 2023 || ''[[Migration (2023 film)|Migration]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name="deadlinedates">{{cite news |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title='Despicable Me 4', 'Migration' Get Release Dates From Illumination, Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/despicable-me-4-migration-get-release-dates-from-illumination-universal-1234956816/ |access-date=February 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 5, 2024 || ''[[Night Swim]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vlessing |first1=Etan |title=Wyatt Russell, Kerry Condon to Star in 'Night Swim' Horror Pic |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/wyatt-russell-kerry-condon-blumhouse-night-swim-1235294351/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 10, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=2023-04-07 |title=Blumhouse Horror ''Night Swim'' Moves Up January Release |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/blumhouse-horror-night-swim-january-release-1235369239/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 2, 2024 || ''[[Argylle]]'' || theatrical distribution only; produced by [[Apple Studios]], [[Marv Studios]] and Cloudy Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Apple's Matthew Vaughn Spy Thriller 'Argylle' Set For February Release Through Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/apples-matthew-vaughn-spy-thriller-argylle-set-for-february-2-release-through-universal-1235418298/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 8, 2024 || ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=DreamWorks Animation's 'Kung Fu Panda 4' Is Happening; Universal Sets 2024 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/dreamworks-animations-kung-fu-panda-4-is-happening-universal-sets-2024-release-1235091150/|access-date=August 12, 2022|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 5, 2024 || ''[[Monkey Man (film)|Monkey Man]]'' || distribution outside Latin America & Spain only; co-production with [[Bron Studios]], [[Thunder Road Films]], Minor Realm, S'Ya Concept and [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/monkey-man-dev-patel-jordan-peele-release-1235805732/|title=Dev Patel's 'Monkey Man' Springs From Netflix To Monkeypaw & Universal, Sets April Theatrical Release, Trailer Drops|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 26, 2024}}</ref> |- |style="text-align:right;" | April 12, 2024 || ''[[Woody Woodpecker Goes to Camp]]'' * || co-production with [[Universal Animation Studios]] and [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Universal 1440 Entertainment|Universal 1440 Entertainment]]; distributed by [[Netflix]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slatter |first=Sean |date=2021-09-12 |title=Universal 1440 Entertainment's 'Woody Woodpecker' sequel filming in Victoria |url=https://if.com.au/universal-1440-entertainments-woody-woodpecker-sequel-filming-in-victoria/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=IF Magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Jamie |date=2024-02-01 |title=Netflix Announces New Hybrid 'Woody Woodpecker' Feature, Coming April 12 |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/netflix-announces-new-hybrid-woody-woodpecker-feature-coming-april-12-237526.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Cartoon Brew |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 19, 2024 || ''[[Abigail (2024 film)|Abigail]]'' || co-production with [[Radio Silence Productions]] and Project X Entertainment<ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |title='Scream' Filmmaking Team Radio Silence Reunites With Project X On Untitled Monster Movie At Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/scream-radio-silence-untitled-monster-movie-universal-1235321476/ |website=Deadline |access-date=15 May 2023 |date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Radio Silence Universal Monster Thriller Adds Angus Cloud, Kathryn Newton & Will Catlett; Sets Spring 2024 Release |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/universal-radio-silence-monster-thriller-kathryn-newton-angus-cloud-will-catlett-1235365261/ |website=Deadline |access-date=15 May 2023 |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align:right;" | April 26, 2024 || ''[[The American Society of Magical Negroes]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], Sight Unseen and Juba Lane<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2024|title=''The American Society Of Magical Negroes'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-american-society-of-magical-negroes-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4nzcw|access-date=March 26, 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 3, 2024 || ''[[The Fall Guy (2024 film)|The Fall Guy]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]] and Entertainment 360<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zee |first=Michaela |date=2023-11-15 |title='The Fall Guy' Release Date Moved to May, Stakes Out 'Deadpool 3' Slot |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/the-fall-guy-release-date-may-deadpool-3-slot-1235791085/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 21, 2024 || ''[[The Bikeriders]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Regency Enterprises]] and Tri-State Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/the-bikeriders-focus-features-tom-hardy-austin-butler-1235634377/amp/|title=Tom Hardy, Austin Butler & Jodie Comer New Regency Pic 'The Bikeriders' Zooms Over To Focus Features|website=Deadline|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=November 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-bikeriders-new-release-date-2024/|title=Focus Features Sets June Release for 'The Bikeriders' Starring Austin Butler and Tom Hardy|website=The Wrap|first=Adam|last=Chitwood|date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 3, 2024 || ''[[Despicable Me 4]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sakoui|first1=Anousha|last2=Palmeri|first2=Christopher|title=In Dismal Summer, 'Despicable Me 3' Producer Delivers $1 Billion|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-12/in-dismal-summer-despicable-me-3-producer-delivers-1-billion|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|access-date=September 28, 2017|date=September 12, 2017|archive-date=September 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135104/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-12/in-dismal-summer-despicable-me-3-producer-delivers-1-billion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="deadlinedates"/> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 19, 2024 || ''[[Twisters (film)|Twisters]]'' || North American and select international distribution only; co-production with [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]] and Domain Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/twisters-sequel-forecast-spring-start-universal-amblin-finalize-director-1235147353/|work=Deadline|title=The Dish: 'Twisters' Forecast For Spring Start As Universal, Amblin Finalize Director For Sequel|author=Fleming, Mike Jr.|date=October 17, 2022|accessdate=October 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=December 20, 2022 |title='Twister' Sequel Sets Summer 2024 Release Date |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/twisters-release-date-1235466673/?fbclid=IwAR12BfARPrqDBFhPWQeHsFB3ynPy8Xgud8ypXjIL73CU20Ny9EHL4y5Xm8k |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 23, 2024 || ''[[The Killer (2024 film)|The Killer]]'' ‡ || distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]; co-production with [[Atlas Entertainment]], [[Star China Media|Fortune Star Media Limited]] and A Better Tomorrow Films<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-killer-exclusive-first-look-at-john-woo-and-peacocks-reimagining-of-the-action-classic|title=The Killer: Exclusive First Look at John Woo and Peacock's Reimagining of the Action Classic|first=Jim|last=Vejvoda|website=IGN|date=June 21, 2024|access-date=June 23, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 13, 2024 || ''[[Speak No Evil (2024 film)|Speak No Evil]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/james-mcavoy-blumhouse-reteam-speak-no-evil-gaesterne-1235377044/ |title= James McAvoy, Blumhouse Reteam for Horror Thriller 'Speak No Evil'|first=Aaron|last=Couch|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 17, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 20, 2024 || ''[[The Substance]]'' || copyright holder only; produced by [[Working Title Films]] and Blacksmith; distributed by [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Cineuropa]]|title=Review: ''The Substance''|first=Fabien|last=Lemercier|url= https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/462560/|date=20 May 2024|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 27, 2024 || ''[[The Wild Robot]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Drew |title=Director Chris Sanders Returns to DreamWorks Animation With 'The Wild Robot' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-wild-robot-movie-chris-sanders-dreamworks-animation/ |website=TheWrap |access-date=28 September 2023 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/dreamworks-animation-the-wild-robot-release-date-1235677979/|title=DreamWorks Animation's 'The Wild Robot' To Bring Life To Early Fall 2024 Box Office|website=Deadline Hollywood|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=December 19, 2023|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=DreamWorks Animation's 'The Wild Robot' Will Go One Week Later In The Fall |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/the-wild-robot-release-date-1235893235/ |website=Deadline |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 11, 2024 || ''[[Piece by Piece (2024 film)|Piece by Piece]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[The Lego Group]], [[I Am Other|i am OTHER]] and [[Tremolo Productions]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Earl |first=William |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/pharrell-williams-biopic-lego-animated-1235888902/ |title=Pharrell Williams Creating a Lego Animated Biopic With Focus Features |work=[[Variety Magazine|Variety]] |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=April 24, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 22, 2024 || ''[[Wicked (2024 film)|Wicked: Part One]]'' || co-production with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=April 1, 2020|title='Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401205258/https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|archive-date=April 1, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name="deadline.com">{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Universal Releasing 'Wicked' Musical In Two Parts |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/wicked-universal-two-part-release-1235010059/ |website=Deadline |access-date=April 26, 2022 |date=April 26, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 6, 2024 || ''[[Rumours (2024 film)|Rumours]]'' || select international distribution only; produced by Square Peg, Buffalo Gal Pictures and Maze Pictures |} {{reflist|group=N}} ==Upcoming== <!--DO NOT REMOVE ANY FILMS THAT ARE UNTITLED BUT WITH CONFIRMED RELEASE DATES.--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:130px;" | Release date ! scope="col" style="width:350px;" | Title ! Notes !Production status |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 25, 2024 || ''[[Nosferatu (2024 film)|Nosferatu]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Studio 8 (company)|Studio 8]] and [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Maiden Voyage Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis|first=Ben|date=2023-11-20 |title=''Nosferatu'' Will Conjure Vampiric Terror In Robert Eggers' 'Old-School Gothic' Horror: 'It's A Scary Film' – World-First Image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/nosferatu-robert-eggers-first-look-gothic-horror-world-exclusive/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/nosferatu-release-date-first-image-unveiled-1235640311/|title=Focus Features Dates Robert Eggers' 'Nosferatu' For Christmas 2024|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=November 28, 2023|access-date=November 28, 2023}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Completed |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 17, 2025 || ''[[Wolf Man (2025 film)|Wolf Man]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Motel Movies<ref>{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Christopher Abbott Replacing Ryan Gosling to Star in 'Wolf Man' for Blumhouse, Universal (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/wolfman-ryan-gosling-drops-out-christopher-abbott-1235746506/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 13, 2023|access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=D’Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=March 29, 2024|title=Blumhouse's 'Wolf Man' Runs From Fall To MLK Weekend 2025; 'The Woman In The Yard' Unset For Now|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/the-wolf-man-the-woman-in-the-yard-release-dates-1235871933/|access-date=March 29, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=July 8, 2020|title=Ryan Gosling's 'Wolfman' Howling At Universal As Director Leigh Whannell & Blumhouse Join The Pack|url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/wolfman-ryan-gosling-leigh-whannell-universal-pictures-blumhouse-the-invisible-man-1202980413/|access-date=September 18, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 31, 2025 || ''[[Dog Man (film)|Dog Man]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=December 9, 2020 |title=DreamWorks Developing Dav Pilkey's 'Dog Man' as Animated Feature |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/dreamworks-developing-dav-pilkeys-dog-man-as-animated-feature/|access-date=January 28, 2021 |work=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Amidi|first1=Amid |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Dreamworks Shifting Away From In-House Production In Los Angeles; Sony Imageworks Is A New Production Partner |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/studios/dreamworks-shifting-away-from-in-house-production-in-los-angeles-sony-imageworks-is-new-production-partner-233466.html|access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title='Dog Man' Movie Based On Books From 'Captain Underpants' Creator Set For 2025 Release From Universal And DWA |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/dog-man-movie-release-date-universal-dreamworks-1235807860/ |website=Deadline |access-date=29 January 2024 |date=29 January 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 7, 2025 || ''[[Love Hurts (2025 film)|Love Hurts]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=January 4, 2024 |title=Ke Huy Quan Set For Uni Actioner 'With Love' From 87North |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/ke-huy-quan-with-love-movie-universal-1235695293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104214925/https://deadline.com/2024/01/ke-huy-quan-with-love-movie-universal-1235695293/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ke Huy Quan 87North Universal Action Movie 'With Love' Sets Winter 2025 Release|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/ke-huy-quan-with-love-release-date-1235858857/}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 14, 2025 || ''[[Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy]]'' § || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[Miramax]] and [[StudioCanal]]; releasing on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in the U.S.<ref name="Deadline">{{cite web|title=Renée Zellweger, Hugh Grant & Emma Thompson To Return For 'Bridget Jones: Mad About The Boy'; Chiwetel Ejiofor, Leo Woodall Also Set|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=9 April 2024|access-date=9 April 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-renee-zellweger-returning-universal-1235878931/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Renee Zellweger to Return for 'Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy' With Hugh Grant, Emma Thompson|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Katcy|last=Stephan|date=9 April 2024|access-date=10 April 2024|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-renee-zellweger-hugh-grant-1235965369/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Isla Fisher & Nico Parker Among New Additions To 'Bridget Jones: Mad About The Boy' As 9 Are Set To Return|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=May 29, 2024|access-date=May 29, 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-adds-13-to-cast-1235943579/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 28, 2025 || ''[[The Woman in the Yard]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Blumhouse Sets ''The Woman In The Yard'' With Danielle Deadwyler As Star & EP; Jaume Collet-Serra To Direct, EP|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/blumhouse-the-woman-in-the-yard-jaume-co@llet-serra-danielle-deadwyler-1235825651/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 14, 2024|access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date">{{cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title=Universal Dates 'Five Nights At Freddy's 2,' 'Woman In The Yard' & 'Drop'; 'The Black Phone', 'M3GAN' Sequels Pushed |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/five-nights-at-freddys-2-sets-release-date-m3gan-sequel-pushed-1235919529/ |website=Deadline |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=16 May 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | Completed |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 11, 2025 || ''[[Drop (film)|Drop]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref name="FNAF2Date" /> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 9, 2025 || ''[[Golden (film)|Golden]]'' | co-production with [[I Am Other|i am OTHER]] and Gil Netter Productions<ref>{{cite news |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title=Kelvin Harrison Jr. To Lead Universal Musical From Michel Gondry, Pharrell Williams; Da'Vine Joy Randolph Circling – The Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/kelvin-harrison-jr-to-lead-atlantis-movie-michel-gondry-pharrell-williams-1235865126/amp/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=Deadline Hollywood |date=March 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=2024-08-29 |title=Michel Gondry, Pharrell Williams Musical Gets Title, High-Profile May 2025 Release Date |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/michel-gondry-musical-pharrell-williams-release-date-1235987147/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="7" | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 13, 2025 || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2025 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2023-02-15 |title='How to Train Your Dragon' Live-Action Movie in the Works from Dean DeBlois, Universal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-movie-in-the-works-from-dean-deblois-universal-1235326802/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title='How To Train Your Dragon' Live-Action Feature Pushed Due To Actors Strike |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-movie-release-date-1235592783/ |website=Deadline |access-date=3 November 2023 |date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Diego |date=2024-01-15 |title='How To Train Your Dragon' Live Action Takes Flight as Production Begins |url=https://collider.com/how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-filming/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 27, 2025 || ''[[M3GAN 2.0]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2023-01-18 |title='M3GAN 2.0' To Happen In 2025 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/m3gan-2-release-date-1235226429/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Ryan |date=2024-02-14 |title='M3GAN 2.0' Release Date Pushed Back Several Months |url=https://collider.com/megan-2-release-date-pushed-back/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date" /> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 2, 2025 || ''[[Jurassic World Rebirth]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=January 22, 2024|title=New Jurassic World Movie in the Works With David Koepp Writing (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/new-jurassic-world-movie-in-the-works-1235792506/|access-date=January 22, 2024|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=D’Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=February 5, 2024|title='Jurassic World' New Movie Eyes Summer 2025 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/jurassic-world-new-movie-2025-release-1235815586/|access-date=February 5, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 1, 2025 || ''[[The Bad Guys 2]]''|| distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=DreamWorks Animation Sets 'The Bad Guys 2' For Late Summer 2025 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/the-bad-guys-2-release-date-1235868833/ |website=Deadline |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 15, 2025 || ''[[Nobody 2]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]], Odenkirk Provissiero Entertainment and Eighty Two Films<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shanfeld |first1=Ethan |title='Nobody 2' With Bob Odenkirk Lands 'The Night Comes for Us' Director Timo Tjahjanto, Filming to Start Late Summer |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/nobody-2-bob-odenkirk-director-timo-tjahjanto-1236043497/ |website=Variety |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=24 June 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 12, 2025 || ''[[Untitled Downton Abbey: A New Era sequel|Downton Abbey 3]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]] and [[Carnival Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title='Downton Abbey 3' Opening Doors In Fall 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=26 June 2024|access-date=26 June 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/downton-abbey-3-release-date-1235983837/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 19, 2025 || ''[[Him (2025 film)|Him]]'' || co-production with [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Marlon Wayans To Star In Psychological Horror Pic ''Goat'' For Universal And Monkeypaw; Justin Tipping Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/marlon-wayans-goat-universal-monkeypaw-1235791769/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=2024-01-15|access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Universal Sets Fall 2025 Release Of Monkeypaw's 'Him' Starring Marlon Wayans |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/monkeypaw-marlon-wayans-him-release-date-1235910196/ |website=Deadline |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=9 May 2024}}</ref> | Completed |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 26, 2025 || ''[[Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/gabbys-dollhouse-dreamworks-animation-release-date-1235895407/|title=DreamWorks Animation Dates Big Screen Version Of Netflix Streaming Series ''Gabby's Dollhouse'' For Fall 2025|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Anthony D'Alessandro|date=April 25, 2024|access-date=April 26, 2024}}</ref> | In production |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 3, 2025 || ''[[Michael (2025 film)|Michael]]'' || international distribution except Japan only; produced by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] and [[GK Films]]<ref>{{cite web|last=D’Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 11, 2024|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Gets Global Release Date Via Lionsgate & Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-michael-1235718111/|access-date=January 11, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 17, 2025 || ''[[The Black Phone 2]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=October 27, 2023|title=Universal Pictures Sets Release Date for Blumhouse's 'The Black Phone 2' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-pictures-blumhouse-black-phone-2-release-date-1235630125/|access-date=October 28, 2023|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date" /> | Filming |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 21, 2025 || ''[[Wicked: Part Two]]'' || co-production with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=April 1, 2020|title='Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401205258/https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|archive-date=April 1, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name="deadline.com"/> | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 5, 2025 || ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)#Sequels|Five Nights at Freddy's 2]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Scott Cawthon Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2024-01-08 |title=Josh Hutcherson Says 'Five Nights at Freddy's 2' Is in the Works and He's 'Dying to Get Back on Set,' Jennifer Lawrence Texted Him About Film's Box Office |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/five-nights-at-freddys-2-script-josh-hutcherson-1235863907/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=2024-04-10 |title='Five Nights at Freddy's' Sequel in the Works at Universal, Blumhouse |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/five-nights-at-freddys-sequel-1235871387/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date" /> | Filming |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 2, 2026 || ''[[SOULM8TE]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Atomic Monster & Blumhouse Expand 'M3GAN' Universe With 'SOULM8TE', Set New Year's 2026 Release |url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/m3gan-movie-soulm8te-release-date-1235979125/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |title='M3GAN' Getting Horror Spinoff 'SOULM8TE' From Atomic Monster, Blumhouse |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/m3gan-spinoff-soulm8te-atomic-monster-blumhouse-1235928158/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref> | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 13, 2026 || ''Reminders of Him'' || co-production with Heartbones Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Universal Bringing Colleen Hoover's 'Reminders Of Him' To Big Screen; Sets February 2026 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/colleen-hoover-reminders-of-him-universal-release-date-1236109158/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 7, 2024|access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="5" | Pre-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 13, 2026 | [[The Exorcist (franchise)#Untitled The Exorcist reboot (2026)|Untitled ''The Exorcist'' reboot]] | co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Morgan Creek Entertainment]], [[Intrepid Pictures]] and [[Mike Flanagan (filmmaker)|Red Room Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/the-exorcist-trilogy-canceled-mike-flanagan-new-movie-1235608632/ |title=Next 'Exorcist' Movie Shifts Gears With Mike Flanagan Set to Direct a New Take |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Aaron |last=Couch |date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |title=Mike Flanagan's Reimagined 'Exorcist' Film to Hit Theaters in March 2026 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/exorcist-next-movie-release-date-1235926225/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 3, 2026 || [[The Super Mario Bros. Movie#Sequel|Untitled ''The Super Mario Bros. Movie'' sequel]] || co-production with [[Nintendo]] and [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Jeremy |date=2023-11-12 |title=Universal Confirms 'Super Mario Bros. Movie 2' |url=https://insidethemagic.net/2023/11/universal-studios-confirms-super-mario-bros-2-nintendo-illumination-chris-pratt-jack-black-luigi-princess-peach-m3gan-david-harbour-jh1/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Inside the Magic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Durbin|first=Tommy|date=2023-11-18|title=Universal Confirms 'Super Mario Bros' Will Become A Franchise |url=https://www.cultureslate.com/news/universal-confirms-super-mario-bros-will-become-a-franchise |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=CultureSlate |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=MAR10 Day 2024 | date=March 10, 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfjmQlWRHgQ |access-date=2024-03-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sequel">{{cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=March 10, 2024 |title=New 'Super Mario Bros.' World Animated Movie in the Works From Illumination, Nintendo |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/new-animated-super-mario-bros-world-movie-nintendo-illumination-release-date-1235936648/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 15, 2026 || Untitled [[Steven Spielberg]] film || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Universal Dates Steven Spielberg Event Movie For Summer 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/steven-spielberg-universal-event-movie-2026-1235928524/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=May 23, 2024 |date=May 23, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 12, 2026 || Untitled [[Daniels (directors)|Daniels]] film || <ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=The Daniels' Next Movie At Universal Hits Cinemas Summer 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/the-daniels-universal-movie-release-date-1235842409/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=11 March 2024 |date=29 February 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 1, 2026 || ''[[Shrek 5]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref name="Lang">{{cite news |last=Lang |first=Brett |date=November 6, 2018 |title='Shrek,' 'Puss in Boots' Getting Rebooted (EXCLUSIVE) |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/shrek-puss-in-boots-reboot-1203020785/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106210745/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/shrek-puss-in-boots-reboot-1203020785/ |archive-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |date=2023-04-04 |title='Shrek 5' With Original Cast, Donkey Spinoff With Eddie Murphy, 'Sing 3' and More Teased by Illumination's Chris Meledandri (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/shrek-5-donkey-spinoff-secret-life-of-pets-sing-sequels-1235571967/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Chris |last=McPherson |url=https://collider.com/shrek-5-update-donkey-movie-eddie-murphy/ |title=Eddie Murphy Finally Delivers Huge Update on 'Shrek 5' and 'Donkey' Spin-Off Movie [Exclusive] |date=June 24, 2024 |accessdate=June 24, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharf |first1=Zack |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |title='Shrek 5' Set for July 2026 With Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz Returning |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/shrek-5-release-date-cast-mike-myers-eddie-murphy-cameron-diaz-1235242895/ |website=Variety |access-date=9 July 2024 |date=9 July 2024}}</ref> | In production |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 17, 2026 || Untitled [[Christopher Nolan]] film || co-production with [[Syncopy Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |title=Christopher Nolan Sets Next Movie At Universal In Imax For Summer 2026 With Matt Damon Eyed To Star|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/christopher-nolan-new-movie-matt-damon-release-date-1236099940/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=8 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Pre-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 23, 2026 || Untitled [[Jordan Peele]] film || co-production with [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2023-12-25 |title=Universal Dates Two Movies From Jordan Peele's Monkeypaw For 2024 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/jordan-peele-movies-2024-release-dates-1235304656/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/jordan-peele-next-movie-pulled-2024-release-calendar-8419720|title=Jordan Peele's next movie pulled from 2024 release calendar|first=Wesley|last=Stenzel|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=December 22, 2023|access-date=December 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Jordan Peele's Fourth Directorial Lands October 2026 Theatrical Release |url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/jordan-peele-fourth-movie-theatrical-release-1235976049/ |website=Deadline |access-date=17 June 2024 |date=17 June 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 30, 2027 || [[Minions: The Rise of Gru#Sequel|''Minions 3'']] || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=July 11, 2024 |title=Universal Sets Illumination's 'Minions 3' For Independence Day 2027 Frame; Franchise Nearing $5B Global |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/minions-3-release-date-1236007484/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} ===Undated films=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! Release window ! Title ! Notes ! Production Status |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | 2026 || ''[[Fast XI]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[One Race Films]], [[Seven Bucks Productions]] and [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]]<ref name="Fast10&11Release" /><ref name="Fast10&11Filming" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Vin Diesel Announces Fast & Furious 11 Release Date |url=https://www.cbr.com/fast-and-furious-11-release-date/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/vin-diesel-confirms-fast-furious-franchise-ending-teases-grand-finale-1235836260/|title=Vin Diesel Confirms 'Fast & Furious' Franchise Ending, Teases "Grand Finale"|website=Deadline|first=Bruce|last=Haring|date=February 23, 2024|access-date=February 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Chris |date=May 4, 2024 |title='Fast 11' Will Be Released in 2026, Says Director Louis Leterrier [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/fast-11-filming-release-window/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504203917/https://collider.com/fast-11-filming-release-window/ |archive-date=May 4, 2024 |access-date=May 4, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> | rowspan="4" | Pre-production |- | rowspan="9" style="text-align:right;" | TBA | ''24/7'' || co-production with [[Paul Feig|Feigco Entertainment]], [[Kerry Washington|Simpson Street]], and [[UnbeliEVAble Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Lands '24-7' With Eva Longoria & Kerry Washington To Star|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/eva-longoria-kerry-washington-24-7-movie-1202107362/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 6, 2017|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022118/https://deadline.com/2017/06/eva-longoria-kerry-washington-24-7-movie-1202107362/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eva Longoria Bastón to Make Directorial Debut With Universal Comedy '24-7' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eva-longoria-making-directorial-debut-comedy-24-7-1161739|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=November 15, 2018|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108122114/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eva-longoria-making-directorial-debut-comedy-24-7-1161739|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Pitt, Kerry Washington & Cate Blanchett Projects Among 13 Films Scoring California Tax Credits|url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/brad-pitt-kerry-washington-cate-blanchett-california-film-tax-incentives-movie-list-1202783596/|last=Patten|first=Dominic|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041429/https://deadline.com/2019/11/brad-pitt-kerry-washington-cate-blanchett-california-film-tax-incentives-movie-list-1202783596/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Ashley's War'' || co-production with [[Hello Sunshine (company)|Hello Sunshine]] and [[Made Up Stories (company)|Made Up Stories]]<ref>{{cite web|title='Homeland' Director Lesli Linka Glatter To Direct Adaptation Of 'Ashley's War' For Universal; Molly Smith Metzler Penning Script|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/homeland-director-lesli-linka-glatter-ashleys-war-universal-molly-smith-metzler-1234613600/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115132355/https://deadline.com/2020/11/homeland-director-lesli-linka-glatter-ashleys-war-universal-molly-smith-metzler-1234613600/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tax credits march 2021">{{cite web|title=Coen Brothers, Eva Longoria & Steven Soderbergh Films Among 22 Features Allocated CA Tax Credits|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/eva-longoria-coen-brothers-steven-soderbergh-reese-witherspoon-jason-bateman-tax-credits-california-film-1234703726/|last=Patten|first=Dominic|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 1, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> |- | ''[[Distant (2024 film)|Distant]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], C2 Motion Picture Group, Range Media Group and Automatik Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/universal-movie-release-dates-jo-koys-easter-sunday-distant-corey-hawkins-the-last-voyage-of-the-demeter-1234796851/|title=Universal Dates Jo Koy's ''Easter Sunday'', Sci-Fi ''Distant'' & Corey Hawkins Pic ''The Last Voyage Of The Demeter''| date= July 20, 2021| first= Anthony| last= D'Alessandro| website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233304/https://deadline.com/2021/07/universal-movie-release-dates-jo-koys-easter-sunday-distant-corey-hawkins-the-last-voyage-of-the-demeter-1234796851/|archive-date=July 20, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|10|3}} | Completed |- | ''The Mole People'' || co-production with [[Skybound Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Digs In On Revamp Of 'The Mole People'; Chris Winterbauer Scripting, Skybound's Robert Kirkman & Dave Alpert Producing|url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/the-mole-people-universal-remake-chris-winterbauer-skybound-robert-kirkman-dave-alpert-producing-1235311775/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 28, 2023|access-date=March 28, 2023}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Pre-production |- | ''Naughty'' || co-production with [[LuckyChap Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Universal Lands Hot Christmas Comedy Package 'Naughty' From Olivia Wilde, LuckyChap & 'Cocaine Bear' Writer Jimmy Warden|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/olivia-wilde-naughty-christmas-movie-universal-pictures-luckychap-1235667930/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2023|access-date=December 14, 2023}}</ref> |- | ''New Kid'' || co-production with [[SpringHill Company]] and A Penny for Your Thoughts Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title=Prentice Penny To Direct & Exec Produce Adaptation Of Jerry Craft's Graphic Novel 'New Kid' For Universal; Eli Wilson Pelton To Write Script |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/prentice-penny-to-direct-adaptation-of-new-kid-graphic-novel-for-universal-1234924137/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- | Untitled [[James Bond]] film | international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and [[Eon Productions]]<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2022 |title=Warner Bros Forms Multi-Year Pact to Distribute MGM Movies Overseas Beginning with 'Bones and All', 'Creed III'; How Bond Will be Handled |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015706/https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2022 |title=Warner Bros. To Release MGM Movies Internationally, Except for 'Bond 26' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/warner-bros-mgm-international-theatrical-distribution-1235341060/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815004006/https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/warner-bros-mgm-international-theatrical-distribution-1235341060/ |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 15, 2022}}</ref> || TBA |- | Untitled [[Snoop Dogg]] biopic film || co-production with [[Death Row Records|Death Row Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Snoop Dogg Gives Update on Upcoming Biopic, Directed by Allen Hughes|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Angelique|last=Jackson|date=20 April 2023|access-date=21 November 2023|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/snoop-dogg-biopic-allen-hughes-1235588970/amp/}}</ref> | Pre-production |- | ''War of the Worlds'' || co-production with Screenlife<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Cube To Star In Untitled Patrick Aiello/Timur Bekmambetov Sci-FI Pic For Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2020/09/ice-cube-to-star-in-untitled-patrick-aiello-timur-bekmambetov-sci-fi-pic-for-universal-1234584529/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216185210/https://deadline.com/2020/09/ice-cube-to-star-in-untitled-patrick-aiello-timur-bekmambetov-sci-fi-pic-for-universal-1234584529/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2024|10|30}} || Completed |} === In development === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! Title ! Notes |- | ''Batshit'' |co-production with Silk Mass Banner<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Universal Picks Up Timely Spec Script 'Batsh**' (Exclusive) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-batshit-script-ryan-belenzon-jeff-gelber-1235125576/ |access-date=August 11, 2022}}</ref> |- | ''Big Tree'' |co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Brian Selznick Book 'Big Tree,' Inspired by a Steven Spielberg and Chris Meledandri Idea, Set for Publication in 2023 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/brian-selznick-novel-big-tree-steven-spielberg-chris-meledandri-1235162079/ |access-date=September 16, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | ''[[Creature from the Black Lagoon#Reboot|Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'' |co-production with [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=James Wan Developing 'Creature From The Black Lagoon' Movie For Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/james-wan-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-movie-1236037274/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 12, 2024|access-date=August 12, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Just Cause (video game series)#Film adaptation|Just Cause]]'' |co-production with [[87North Productions]], [[Avalanche Studios]], [[Square Enix]] and Story Kitchen<ref>{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title='Just Cause' Movie in the Works from 'Blue Beetle' Director Ángel Manuel Soto, 87North|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/just-cause-movie-in-the-works-1235910913/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 29, 2024|access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Monster High]]'' |co-production with [[Mattel Films]] and [[Akiva Goldsman#Weed Road Pictures|Weed Road Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephan |first=Katcy |date=5 June 2024 |title='Monster High' Film in Development From Mattel Films and Universal Pictures |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/monster-high-movie-mattel-universal-1236025573/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- | ''Naughty'' |co-production with [[LuckyChap Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Universal Lands Hot Christmas Comedy Package 'Naughty' From Olivia Wilde, LuckyChap & 'Cocaine Bear' Writer Jimmy Warden|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/olivia-wilde-naughty-christmas-movie-universal-pictures-luckychap-1235667930/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2023|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''Par for the Course'' |co-production with [[Point Grey Pictures]] and Fifth Chance<ref>{{cite web|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|title=Quinta Brunson, Stephanie Hsu to Co-Star in Comedy Feature 'Par for the Course' for Universal|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/quinta-brunson-stephanie-hsu-par-course-1235966218/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 5, 2024|access-date=August 5, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''Phantom'' |co-production with Get Lifted Film Company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Universal Plots French Quarter-Set Adaptation Of 'Phantom Of The Opera;' Studio Buys John Fusco Spec, Harvey Mason Jr, John Legend & Mike Jackson Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/universal-plots-french-quarter-set-adaptation-of-phantom-of-the-opera-studio-buys-john-fusco-spec-harvey-mason-jr-john-legend-mike-jackson-producing-1234888818/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 10, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''[[Ruiner (video game)#Film adaptation|Ruiner]]'' |co-production with [[87North Productions]], Oddball Entertainment, Story Kitchen and Reikon Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/wes-ball-ruiner-video-game-movie-universal-pictures-1236112353/|title=Wes Ball to Direct 'Ruiner' Video Game Movie For Universal Pictures|last=Jackson|first=Angelique|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|date=August 20, 2024|access-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Scar Tissue (autobiography)#Television series and film|Scar Tissue]]'' |co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Options Rights To Red Hot Chili Peppers Frontman Anthony Kiedis' Autobiography ''Scar Tissue''; Brian Grazer Producing Biopic|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/universal-red-hot-chili-peppers-anthony-kiedis-scar-tissue-1235795458/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 17, 2024|access-date=January 17, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Shinobi (series)#In other media|Shinobi]]'' |co-production with [[Marc Platt Productions]], Story Kitchen and [[Sega Sammy Group]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|title=Sega Video Game ''Shinobi'' Sets Movie Adaptation With ''Extraction'' Director, Universal Pictures|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/shinobi-video-game-movie-universal-1236171980/|website=Variety|date=October 8, 2024|access-date=October 9, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''Shots! Shots! Shots!'' |co-production with [[Rideback (production company)|Rideback]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2022-05-19 |title=Universal Acquires Action-Comedy 'Shots! Shots! Shots!'; Jason Momoa To Star |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/jason-momoa-to-star-in-action-comedy-shots-shots-shots-for-universal-1235028556/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Sing 2#Sequel|Sing 3]]'' |co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |date=2023-04-04 |title='Shrek 5' With Original Cast, Donkey Spinoff With Eddie Murphy, 'Sing 3' and More Teased by Illumination's Chris Meledandri (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/shrek-5-donkey-spinoff-secret-life-of-pets-sing-sequels-1235571967/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''Stranded Asset'' |co-production with [[Chris Pratt|Indivisible Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title='Stranded Asset': Sam Richardson To Star In Universal Pic He Penned With Jen D'Angelo; Chris Pratt To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/stranded-asset-sam-richardson-reteams-with-chris-pratt-universal-pic-1234834164/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website= |date=September 15, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''The Cruel Prince'' |co-production with [[Michael De Luca|Michael De Luca Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Universal, Mike De Luca Win 'Spiderwick Chronicles' Holly Black Novel 'The Cruel Prince' |url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/the-cruel-prince-universal-pictures-michael-de-luca-productions-spiderwick-chronicles-author-holly-black-1202121457/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 28, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''The Hider'' |co-production with [[Team Downey]] and [[Safehouse Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Universal Pictures Lands Rights To Short Story 'The Hider' With Robert Downey Jr. Eyed To Star|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/universal-pictures-the-hider-robert-downey-jr-1236112866/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=October 10, 2024|access-date=October 12, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Night of the Hunter (novel)#Screen and stage adaptations|The Night of the Hunter]]'' |co-production with [[Peter Gethers|KramMar Delicious Mystery Productions]] and [[Pascal Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Scott Derrickson To Direct ''Night Of The Hunter'' Adaptation For Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/night-of-the-hunter-movie-from-scott-derrickson-in-works-universal-1235869054/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=29 November 2024 |date=March 26, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''The Premonition: A Pandemic Story'' |co-production with [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]] and [[Amy Pascal|Pascal Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Universal Lands Michael Lewis Pandemic Book 'The Premonition'; Lord & Miller Will Direct And Produce With Amy Pascal |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/michael-lewis-the-premonition-universal-pandemic-movie-phil-lord-christopher-miller-direct-amy-pascal-1234753413/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 10, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''The Seasons of Passage'' |co-production with [[Intrepid Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Mike Flanagan To Direct, Intrepid Pictures To Produce 'The Season Of Passage' For Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/mike-flanagan-to-direct-universal-movie-season-of-passage-1234734449/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 14, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Secret Life of Pets 2#Sequel|The Secret Life of Pets 3]]'' |co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite podcast |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-gary-and-kenny-show/id1523714904?i=1000518392475 |title=The Not Despicable Producer of Despicable Me |website=The Gary and Kenny Show |access-date=September 16, 2022 }}</ref> |- | [[Shrek (franchise)#Untitled Donkey spin-off film|Untitled Donkey spin-off]] |distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref name="Lang" /> |- | Untitled [[Leah McKendrick]] monster film |co-production with [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Leah McKendrick To Write And Direct Untitled Monster Movie For Atomic Monster And Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/leah-mckendrick-untitled-monster-movie-atomic-monster-universal-1236030157/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 2, 2024|access-date=August 2, 2024}}</ref> |- | Untitled [[Kenny and Keith Lucas|Lucas Brothers]] comedy film |co-production with [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2020-08-19 |title=Universal and Lord & Miller Developing Untitled Comedy From The Lucas Brothers |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/universal-lord-miller-the-lucas-brothers-1203017489/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Untitled [[Nicholas Sparks]] film | rowspan="1" |co-production with [[Anonymous Content]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2022-05-17 |title='The Notebook' Author Nicholas Sparks Inks First-Look Deal With Universal, Will Produce Three Features For Studio Alongside Anonymous Content; Adaptation Of His Novel 'The Wish' First Up |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/nicholas-sparks-inks-first-look-deal-with-universal-pictures-1235025891/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Untitled live-action/animated Lego film|Untitled live-action/animated ''Lego'' film]] |co-production with [[The Lego Group]] and [[Rideback (production company)|Rideback]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gearan |first=Hannah |date=2022-08-08 |title=The LEGO Movie 3 Gets Encouraging Update From Producer |url=https://screenrant.com/lego-movie-3-updates-producer-response/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=ScreenRant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brail |first=Nathaniel |date=2022-08-06 |title=LEGO Movie Producer Teases Next Film Will Be a Reinvention |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/lego-movie-producer-teases-next-film-will-be-a-reinvention/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=ComicBook.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=2023-07-18 |title='Masters of the Universe' Movie Dead at Netflix After at Least $30 Million in Development; Mattel Shopping for New Buyer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/masters-of-the-universe-movie-dead-netflix-1235673281/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jirak |first=Jamie |date=2023-07-19 |title=New LEGO Movie to Be Live-Action and Animation Hybrid From The Lost City Directors |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/new-lego-movie-to-be-live-action-and-animation-hybrid-from-the-lost-city-directors/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=ComicBook.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Various untitled live-action Lego films|Untitled live-action ''Lego'' film directed by Jake Kasdan]] |rowspan="4"|co-production with [[The Lego Group]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=One |first1=Pascal |last2=One |first2=Pascal |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Live-Action Lego Movies in the Works From Jake Kasdan, Patty Jenkins and Joe Cornish for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/live-action-lego-movies-jake-kasdan-patty-jenkins-joe-cornish-universal-1236196639/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2024-10-31 |title=Kevin & Dan Hageman Tapped To Script Lego Ninjago Movie For Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/lego-ninjago-movie-kevin-hageman-dan-hageman-in-works-universal-1236163709/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Various untitled live-action Lego films|Untitled live-action ''Lego'' film directed by Patty Jenkins]] |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Various untitled live-action Lego films|Untitled live-action ''Lego'' film directed by Joe Cornish]] |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Untitled live-action Lego Ninjago film|Untitled live-action ''Lego Ninjago'' film]] |- | [[The Wild Robot#Sequel|Untitled ''The Wild Robot'' sequel]] | distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |last2=Ntim |first2=Zac |date=October 12, 2024|title=''The Wild Robot'' Sequel In The Works At DreamWorks With Director Chris Sanders |url= https://deadline.com/2024/10/the-wild-robot-sequel-dreamworks-chris-sanders-dreamworks-animation-1236114190/}}</ref> |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)#Film adaptation|Wishbone]]'' |co-production with [[Mattel Films]] |- | ''[[The Woman in Me (memoir)|The Woman in Me]]'' |co-production with [[Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Britney Spears Best-Seller 'The Woman In Me' Snapped Up By Universal, Jon M. Chu Attached To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/britney-spears-the-woman-in-me-universal-1236029086/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 1, 2024|access-date=August 1, 2024}}</ref> |} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.universalpictures.com/ Universal Pictures] * {{IMDb company|id=0005073|company=Universal Pictures}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Universal Pictures movies}} [[Category:Lists of movies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures movies|*]] [[Category:American movies by studio|Universal]] [[Category:Filmographies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures]] bl3683ceqjfzxyqwwidj78keuik0sl5 10330967 10330966 2025-06-14T22:26:32Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r 10330967 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a partial listing of movies produced and/or distributed by '''[[Universal Pictures]]''', the main [[Production company|production]]/[[Distribution company|distribution]] arm of [[Universal Studios]], a subsidiary of [[NBCUniversal]] and Comcast. == List of movies == ===1920s=== * ''[[White Youth]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Flaming Disc]]'' (1920) * ''[[Am I Dreaming?]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Dragon's Net]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Adorable Savage]]'' (1920) * ''[[Putting It Over]]'' (1920) * ''[[The Fire Eater]]'' (1921) * ''[[A Battle of Wits (1921 movie)|A Battle of Wits]]'' (1921) * ''[[Dream Girl (movie)|Dream Girl]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Millionaire (movie)|The Millionaire]]'' (1921) * ''[[A Daughter of the Law]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Conflict]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Rage of Paris]]'' (1921) * ''[[No Woman Knows]]'' (1921) * ''[[Action (movie)|Action]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Danger Man]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Kiss (1921 movie)|The Kiss]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Heart of Arizona]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Beautiful Gambler]]'' (1921) * ''[[Desperate Trails]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Man Tamer]]'' (1921) * ''[[Cheated Love]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Blazing Trail]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Freeze-Out]]'' (1921) * ''[[The Diamond Queen]]'' (1921) * ''[[Foolish Wives]]'' (1922) * '' [[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 movie)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1923) * '' [[The Phantom of the Opera (1925 movie)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'' (1925) * ''[[The Man Who Laughs (1928 movie)|The Man Who Laughs]]'' (1928) * ''[[Melody of Love (movie)|Melody of Love]]'' (1928, Universal's first all-talkie) * ''[[Show Boat (movie)|Show Boat]]'' (1929) * ''[[Broadway (1929 movie)|Broadway]]'' (1929, first Universal talkie with color sequences) ===1930s=== * ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (movie)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' (1930) * ''[[King of Jazz]]'' (1930, first Universal all-color talkie) * ''[[Dracula (1931 movie)|Dracula]]'' (1931) * ''[[Frankenstein (1931 movie)|Frankenstein]]'' (1931) * ''[[Back Street]]'' (1932) * ''[[The Mummy (1932 movie)|The Mummy]]'' (1932) * ''[[Counsellor at Law]]'' (1933) * ''[[The Invisible Man (1933 movie)|The Invisible Man]]'' (1933) * ''[[The Black Cat (1934 movie)|The Black Cat]]'' (1934) * ''[[Imitation of Life (1934 movie)|Imitation of Life]]'' (1934) * ''[[Bride of Frankenstein]]'' (1935) * ''[[Magnificent Obsession]]'' (1935) * ''[[Show Boat (movie)|Show Boat]]'' (1936) * ''[[My Man Godfrey]]'' (1936) * ''[[Three Smart Girls]]'' (1936) * ''[[Dracula's Daughter]]'' (1936) * ''[[One Hundred Men and a Girl]]'' (1937) * ''[[Destry Rides Again]]'' (1939) * ''[[East Side of Heaven]]'' (1939) * ''[[My Little Chickadee]]'' (1939) * ''[[Son of Frankenstein]]'' (1939) ===1940s=== * ''[[Enemy Agent]]'' (1940) * ''[[The Bank Dick]]'' (1940) * ''[[Black Friday (1940 movie)|Black Friday]]'' (1940) * ''[[Buck Privates]]'' (1941) * ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 movie)|The Wolf Man]]'' (1941) * ''[[House of Frankenstein]]'' (1945) * ''[[House of Dracula]]'' (1945) * ''[[The Egg & I]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Killers (1946 movie)|The Killers]]'' (1946) * ''[[Great Expectations (movie)|Great Expectations]]'' (1947, U.S. distribution only) * ''[[The Naked City]]'' (1948) * ''[[Hamlet (1948 movie)|Hamlet]]'' (1948, U.S. distribution only) * ''[[Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein]]'' (1948) ===1950s=== * ''[[Francis the Talking Mule]]'' (1950) * ''[[Harvey (movie)|Harvey]]'' (1950) * ''[[Winchester '73 (1950 movie)|Winchester '73]]'' (1950) * ''[[The World in His Arms]]'' (1952) * ''[[Abbott and Costello Go to Mars]]'' (1953) * ''[[Magnificent Obsession (1954 movie)|Magnificent Obsession]]'' (1954) * ''[[The Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'' (1954) * ''[[Revenge of the Creature]]'' (1955) * ''[[The Creature Walks Among Us]]'' (1956) * ''[[Written on the Wind]]'' (1956) * ''[[Touch of Evil]]'' (1958) * ''[[Pillow Talk]]'' (1959) * ''[[Imitation of Life (1959 movie)|Imitation of Life]]'' (1959, remake of 1934 movie) * ''[[The Snow Queen (1957 movie)|The Snow Queen]]'' (1959, English dub, distributor) ===1960s=== * ''[[Spartacus (movie)|Spartacus]]'' (1960) * ''[[Flower Drum Song]]'' (1961) * ''[[Lover Come Back]]'' (1961, distribution) * ''[[Cape Fear (1962 movie)|Cape Fear]]'' (1962) * ''[[That Touch of Mink]]'' (1962, distribution) * ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (movie)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (1962) * ''[[Captain Newman, M.D.]]'' (1963) * ''[[The Birds (movie)|The Birds]]'' (1963) * ''[[Send Me No Flowers]]'' (1963) * ''[[Island of the Blue Dolphins]]'' (1964) * ''[[Marnie]]'' (1964) * ''[[Charade]]'' (1964) * ''[[Mirage (movie)|Mirage]]'' (1965) * ''[[Pinocchio in Outer Space]]'' (1965, distributor) * ''[[The Ipcress File]]'' (1965) * ''[[Arabesque (1966 movie)|Arabesque]]'' (1966) * ''[[Gambit (movie)|Gambit]]'' (1966) * ''[[The Rare Breed]]'' (1966) * ''[[Torn Curtain]]'' (1966) * ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie]]'' (1967) * ''[[The War Wagon]]'' (1967) * ''[[The Party (1968 movie)|The Party]]'' (1968) * ''[[Sweet Charity]]'' (1969) * ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]'' (1969) ===1970s=== * ''[[Airport (1970 movie)|Airport]]'' and its sequels (1974, 1977, and 1979, respectively) * ''[[Shoot Out]]'' (1971) * ''[[The Andromeda Strain (movie)|The Andromeda Strain]]'' (1971) * ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1972) * ''[[Slaughterhouse-Five (movie)|Slaughterhouse-Five]]'' (1972) * ''[[American Graffiti]]'' (1973, plus sequel in 1979) * ''[[The Sting]]'' (1973, plus sequel in 1983) * ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (movie)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' (1973) * ''[[Earthquake (movie)|Earthquake]]'' (1974) * ''[[The Black Windmill]]'' (1974) * ''[[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]]'' (1975, plus sequels in 1978, 1983, and 1987) * ''[[The Hindenburg]]'' (1975) * ''[[Swashbuckler (movie)|Swashbuckler]]'' (1976) * ''[[Midway (1976 movie)|Midway]]'' (1976) * ''[[Slap Shot (movie)|Slap Shot]]'' (1977) * ''[[The Slipper and the Rose]]'' (1977) * ''[[MacArthur (movie)|MacArthur]]'' (1977) * ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' (1977, plus sequels in 1980 and 1983) * ''[[Sorcerer (movie)|Sorcerer]]'' (1977, co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]) * ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (movie)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' (1978, co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]) * ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978) * ''[[Jaws 2]]'' (1978) * ''[[National Lampoon's Animal House]]'' (1978) * ''[[Dracula (1979 movie)|Dracula]]'' (1979) * ''[[Yanks]]'' (1979, co-production with [[United Artists]]) * ''[[1941 (movie)|1941]]'' (1979) ===1980s=== * ''[[The Blues Brothers (movie)|The Blues Brothers]]'' (1980) * ''[[The Island (1980 movie)|The Island]]'' (1980) * ''[[Xanadu (movie)|Xanadu]]'' (1980) * ''[[On Golden Pond]]'' (1981, distribution only, produced by [[ITC Entertainment]]) * ''[[Halloween II]]'' (1981) * ''[[The Great Muppet Caper]]'' (1981, distribution only, produced by [[ITC Entertainment]]) * ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982) * ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]'' (1982) * ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'' (1982) * ''[[The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas]]'' (1982) * ''[[Sophie's Choice (movie)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (1982, distribution only) * ''[[Cat People (1982 movie)|Cat People]]'' (1982) * ''[[The Thing (1982 movie)|The Thing]]'' (1982) * ''[[The Dark Crystal]]'' (1982, distribution only, produced by [[ITC Entertainment]]) * ''[[Jaws 3-D]]'' (1983) * ''[[Rumble Fish]]'' (1983) * ''[[Monty Python's The Meaning of Life]]'' (1983) * ''[[Scarface (1983 movie)|Scarface]]'' (1983) * ''[[Sixteen Candles]]'' (1984) * ''[[Firestarter]]'' (1984) * ''[[Gotcha! (1985 movie)|Gotcha!]]'' (1985) * ''Back to the Future'' (1985, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Breakfast Club]]'' (1985) * ''[[Weird Science (movie)|Weird Science]]'' (1985) * ''[[Fletch (movie)|Fletch]]'' (1985, plus the 1989 sequel) * ''[[Brazil (1985 movie)|Brazil]]'' (1985, co-production with [[20th Century Fox]]) * ''[[Howard the Duck]]'' (1985) * '' [[An American Tail]]'' (1986, plus its three sequels) * ''[[Jaws: The Revenge]]'' (1987) * ''[[Harry and the Hendersons]]'' (1987, and later the 1990s TV series) * ''[[Prince of Darkness (1987 movie)|Prince of Darkness]]'' (1987) * ''[[Dragnet (1987 movie)|Dragnet]]'' (1987) * ''[[*batteries not included]]'' (1987) * ''[[The Land Before Time]]'' (1988, plus sequels, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Lucasmovie Ltd.]]) * ''[[They Live]]'' (1988) * ''[[The Great Outdoors (movie)|The Great Outdoors]]'' (1988) * ''[[Phantasm II]]'' (1988) * ''[[Watchers (1988 movie)|Watchers]]'' (1988) * ''[[Field of Dreams]]'' (1989) * ''[[The 'Burbs]]'' (1989) * ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' (1989, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989) * ''[[Born on the Fourth of July]]'' (1989) * ''[[Uncle Buck]]'' (1989) ===1990s=== * ''[[Jetsons: The Movie]]'' (1990, co-production with [[Hanna Barbera]]) * ''[[Tremors (movie)|Tremors]]'' (1990) * ''[[Problem Child (1990 movie)|Problem Child]]'' (1990) * ''[[Henry & June]]'' (1990) * ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'' (1990, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Darkman]]'' (1990) (plus its two sequels) * ''[[Cry-Baby]]'' (1990, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Child's Play 2]]'' (1990) * ''[[Kindergarten Cop]]'' (1990) * ''[[Problem Child 2]]'' (1991) * ''[[Child's Play 3]]'' (1991) * ''[[Backdraft (movie)|Backdraft]]'' (1991) * ''[[Jungle Fever]]'' (1991) * ''[[Cape Fear (1991 movie)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991) * ''[[Fried Green Tomatoes]]'' (1991) * ''[[Beethoven]]'' (1992, co-production with [[Northern Lights Entertainment]]) * ''[[Scent of a Woman]]'' (1992) * ''[[Judgment Night]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Largo Entertainment]]) * ''[[Beethoven's 2nd]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Northern Lights Entertainment]]) * ''[[Carlitos Way]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story]]'' (1993) * ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Real McCoy (movie)|The Real McCoy]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (movie)|We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story]]'' (1993, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead]]'' (1994) * ''[[The Flintstones (movie)|The Flintstones]]'' (1994, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Hanna-Barbera]]) * ''[[The Shadow (movie)|The Shadow]]'' (1994, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[The Little Rascals (movie)|The Little Rascals]]'' (1994, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[King World Productions|King World]]) * ''[[The Cowboy Way (movie)|The Cowboy Way]]'' (1994) * ''[[The River Wild]]'' (1994) * ''[[The War (movie)|The War]]'' (1994) * ''[[Reality Bites]]'' (1994) * ''[[Street Fighter (movie)|Street Fighter]]'' (1994, distributor) (plus [[20th Century Fox]] live-action sequel in 2009) * ''[[Junior (movie)|Junior]]'' (1994) * ''[[Apollo 13 (movie)|Apollo 13]]'' (1995) * ''[[Babe (movie)|Babe]]'' (1995) * ''[[Billy Madison]]'' (1995) * ''[[Waterworld]]'' (1995) * ''[[Casino (movie)|Casino]]'' (1995) * ''[[The Hunted]]'' (1995, co-production with [[Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.]]) * ''[[Casper (movie)|Casper]]'' (1995, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Balto (movie)|Balto]]'' (1995) * ''[[Twelve Monkeys]]'' (1995) * ''[[Ed (movie)|Ed]]'' (1996) * ''[[Flipper (1996 movie)|Flipper]]'' (1996) * ''[[Happy Gilmore]]'' (1996) * ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie]]'' (1996) * ''[[The Chamber (movie)|The Chamber]]'' (1996) * ''[[Twister]]'' (1996, co-production with [[Warner Bros.]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Nutty Professor (1996 movie)|The Nutty Professor]]'' (1996, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Daylight (movie)|Daylight]]'' (1996) * ''[[Dante's Peak]]'' (1997) * ''[[The Jackal]]'' (1997) * ''[[Leave It to Beaver (movie)|Leave It to Beaver]]'' (1997) * ''[[Liar Liar]]'' (1997) * ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' (1997, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Small Soldiers]]'' (1998, co-production with [[DreamWorks]]) * ''[[Patch Adams (movie)|Patch Adams]]'' (1998) * ''[[Meet Joe Black]]'' (1998) * ''[[BASEketball|Baseketball]]'' (1998) * ''[[Babe: Pig in the City]]'' (1998, sequel to ''[[Babe (movie)|Babe]]'', distributor) * ''[[Blues Brothers 2000]]'' (1998) * ''[[Bride of Chucky]]'' (1998) * ''[[Mercury Rising]]'' (1998) * ''[[Psycho (1998 movie)|Psycho]]'' (1998, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[October Sky]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Mummy (1999 movie)|The Mummy]]'' (1999) * ''[[American Pie (movie)|American Pie]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Hurricane (1999 movie)|The Hurricane]]'' (1999) * ''[[Snow Falling on Cedars (movie)|Snow Falling on Cedars]]'' (1999) * ''[[End of Days]]'' (1999) * ''[[Angela's Ashes (movie)|Angela's Ashes]]'' (1999, co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]) ===2000s=== * ''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas (movie)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]'' (2000, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Isn't She Great]]'' (2000, distributor) * ''[[Erin Brockovich (movie)|Erin Brockovich]]'' (2000, international distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]]) * ''[[The Skulls]]'' (2000, co-production with [[Newmarket Films]]) * ''[[U-571 (movie)|U-571]]'' (2000, distributor) * ''[[Gladiator (movie)|Gladiator]]'' (2000, international distribution co-production with [[DreamWorks]], and [[Scott Free Productions]]) * ''[[Screwed]]'' (2000, distributor) * ''[[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps]]'' (2000, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Bring It On]]'' (2000, co-production with Beacon Pictures) * ''[[The Watcher]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Family Man]]'' (2000) * ''[[Meet the Parents]]'' (2000, co-production with [[DreamWorks]]) * ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou? (movie)|O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000, international distribution, co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Touchstone Pictures]]) * ''[[Head Over Heels]]'' (2001) * ''[[Hannibal (movie)|Hannibal]]'' (2001, international distribution, co-production with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]], [[Dino De Laurentiis]], Working Title Films and StudioCanal) * ''[[The Fast and the Furious]]'' (2001, co-production with [[Original Film]]) * ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' (2001, co-production with Alphaville) * ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' (2001, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]) * ''[[Captain Corelli's Mandolin (movie)|Captain Corelli's Mandolin]]'' (2001, USA distribution, co-production with [[Miramax Films]]) * ''[[The Musketeer]]'' (2001, USA distribution only, co-production with [[Miramax Films]]) * ''[[Mulholland Drive|Mulholland Dr]].'' (2001, distribution only in [[USA]]) * ''[[K-PAX (movie)|K-PAX]]'' (2001, USA distribution, co-production with [[Intermedia Films]] and [[Lawrence Gordon Productions]]) * ''[[Spy Game]]'' (2001, distributor) * ''[[A Beautiful Mind (movie)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' (2001, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]], and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[How High]]'' (2001, distributor) * ''[[Brotherhood of the Wolf]]'' (2002, distribution only in [[USA]] and [[Australia]]) * ''[[Big Fat Liar]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]]) * ''[[Dragonfly (movie)|Dragonfly]]'' (2002, USA distribution, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[40 Days and 40 Nights]]'' (2002) (USA distribution, co-production with [[Miramax Films]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Harrison's Flowers]]'' (2002, distributor) * ''[[The Scorpion King]]'' (2002, co-production with Alphaville) * ''[[About a Boy]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Undercover Brother]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Bourne Identity]]'' (2002, co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]) * ''[[Blue Crush]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Red Dragon (movie)|Red Dragon]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]] and [[Dino de Laurentiis]]) * ''[[The Truth About Charlie]]'' (2002, distributor) * ''[[8 Mile]]'' (2002, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Emperor's Club]]'' (2002) * ''[[Empire (movie)|Empire]]'' (2002, distribution only in most countries, including [[USA]]) * ''[[The Guru]]'' (2003, distributor) * ''[[The Life of David Gale]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Intermedia Films]]) * ''[[Two Brothers]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Pathé]]) * ''[[Bruce Almighty]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Original Film]]) * ''[[Hulk (movie)|Hulk]]'' (2003, co-production with Marvel Studios, Valhalla Motion Pictures and Good Machine Studios) * ''[[Johnny English]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and [[StudioCanal]]) * ''[[Seabiscuit (movie)|Seabiscuit]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]] and [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[American Wedding]]'' (2003) * ''[[The Rundown]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]]) * ''[[Intolerable Cruelty]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and Alphaville) * ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003, co-production with [[Studio Canal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[20th Century Fox]]) * ''[[The Cat in the Hat (movie)|The Cat in The Hat]]'' (2003, co-production with [[DreamWorks]] and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Honey (2003 movie)|Honey]]'' (2003, co-production with Working Title Films) * ''[[Peter Pan (2003 movie)|Peter Pan]]'' (2003, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Along Came Polly]]'' (2004, co-production with Jersey Films) * ''[[Dawn of the Dead]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[Connie and Carla]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[Van Helsing]]'' (2004, co-production with Alphaville) * ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'' (2004, co-production with Radar Pictures & One Race Films) * ''[[The Bourne Supremacy (movie)|The Bourne Supremacy]]'' (2004, co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]) * ''[[Thunderbirds]]'' (2004, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Wimbledon (movie)|Wimbledon]]'' (2004) * ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Rogue Pictures]], [[StudioCanal]], [[Film4 Productions]], [[Working Title Films]] and [[Big Talk Productions]]; Rogue Pictures handled U.S. distribution while Universal distributed it in countries outside the [[USA]]) * ''[[Friday Night Lights]]'' (2004, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Ray (movie)|Ray]] ''(2004, distribution co-production with Bristol Bay Productions) * ''[[Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason]]'' (2004, USA distribution, co-production with [[Miramax Films]]) * ''[[Meet the Fockers]]'' (2004, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]]) * ''[[In Good Company]]'' (2004) * ''[[White Noise (movie)|White Noise]]'' (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films) * ''[[The Wedding Date]]'' (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films) * ''[[Inside Deep Throat]]'' (2005, distribution only in [[USA]]) * ''[[The Interpreter]]'' (2005, co-production with [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Kicking & Screaming]]'' (2005) * ''[[Cinderella Man]]'' (2005, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films and [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Perfect Man]]'' (2005) * ''[[Land of the Dead]]'' (2005, co-production with [[Wild Bunch]]) * ''[[The Skeleton Key]]'' (2005) * ''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]'' (2005, co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]) * ''[[Serenity (movie)|Serenity]]'' (2005) * ''[[Two for the Money (movie)|Two for the Money]]'' (2005, distribution only; with Morgan Creek Productions) * ''[[Doom (movie)|Doom]]'' (2005, co-production with DiBonaventura Productions) * ''[[Prime (movie)|Prime]]'' (2005) * ''[[Jarhead (movie)|Jarhead]]'' (2005) * ''[[Pride & Prejudice]]'' (2005, distributed in countries outside [[USA]]; co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[First Descent]]'' (2005, distribution only in [[USA]]) * ''[[King Kong (2005 movie)|King Kong]]'' (2005, co-production with [[WingNut Films]]) * ''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]'' (2005, USA distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]], [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Alliance Atlantis Communications]]) * ''[[The Producers]]'' (2005, USA distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]]) * ''[[Nanny McPhee]]'' (2006, USA distribution, co-production with [[Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20120918164957/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117928677.html ''Variety'']</ref> [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Curious George]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Universal Animation Studios]]) * ''[[Inside Man]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]) * ''[[Slither (movie)|Slither]]'' (2006, co-production with Gold Circle Films) * ''[[American Dreamz]]'' (2006) * ''[[United 93 (movie)|United 93]]'' (2006, co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[The Break-Up]]'' (2006) * ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]'' (2006, co-production with Original Film and [[Relativity Media]]; first film teamed up with Relativity Media) * ''[[You, Me and Dupree]]'' (2006) * ''[[Miami Vice (movie)|Miami Vice]]'' (2006) * ''[[Accepted]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Shady Acres Entertainment]]) * ''[[Idlewild]]'' (2006) * ''[[The Black Dahlia]]'' (2006) * ''[[Man of the Year (2006 movie)|Man of the Year]]'' (2006) (co-production with [[Morgan Creek|Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[Let's Go to Prison]]'' (2006, distribution only; produced by [[Carsey Werner Films]]); (co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Holiday]]'' (2006, international distribution, co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], Relativity Media and [[Waverly Films]]) * ''[[The Good Shepherd]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]] and [[American Zoetrope]]) * ''[[Children of Men]]'' (2006, co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[Alpha Dog]]'' (2007, USA distribution only) * ''[[Smokin' Aces]]'' (2007, co-production with [[StudioCanal]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Because I Said So (2007 movie)|Because I Said So]]'' (2007) * ''[[Breach (movie)|Breach]]'' (2007) * ''[[Dead Silence]]'' (2007) (co-production with [[Twisted Pictures]]) * ''[[Hot Fuzz]]'' (2007, distribution in most countries outside of the [[USA]]) * ''[[Georgia Rule]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[Knocked Up]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]) * ''[[Evan Almighty]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]], [[Shady Acres Entertainment]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Original Film]]) * ''[[I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Happy Madison Productions]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Shady Acres Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Bourne Ultimatum (movie)|The Bourne Ultimatum]]'' (2007, co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]) * ''[[Illegal Tender]]'' (2007) * ''[[Mr. Bean's Holiday]]'' (2007, co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Sydney White]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[The Kingdom (movie)|The Kingdom]]'' (2007) * ''[[Elizabeth: The Golden Age]]'' (2007) * ''[[American Gangster]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Charlie Wilson's War]]'' (2007, co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Morgan Creek Productions]]) * ''[[Untraceable]]'' (2008, international distribution, co-production with Screen Gems and [[Lakeshore Entertainment]]) * ''[[Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[Definitely, Maybe]]'' (2008, co-production with [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Doomsday]]'' (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by [[Rogue Pictures]]) * ''[[Leatherheads]]'' (2008) * ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]) * ''[[Baby Mama]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Incredible Hulk (movie)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (2008) (co-production with [[Marvel Studios]] and Valhalla Motion Pictures) * ''[[Wanted]]'' (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, DiBonaventura Productions and [[Spyglass Entertainment]]) * ''[[Hellboy 2: The Golden Army]]'' (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures, Dark Horse Entertainment and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Mamma Mia!: The Movie]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]], Littlestar and [[Playtone]]) * ''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]'' (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, Alphaville and [[Sommers Company]]) * ''[[Death Race]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Flash of Genius]]'' (2008, USA, Japan and France distribution, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and [[Strike Entertainment]]) * ''[[The Express]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Changeling]]'' (2008, co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Malpaso Productions]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Role Models]]'' (2008, co-production with [[New Regency]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Frost/Nixon]]'' (2008) (co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Working Title Films]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Tale of Desperaux]]'' (2008) (co-production with [[Framestore CFC]], [[Larger Than Life Productions]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[Universal Animation Studios]]) * ''[[The Unborn]]'' (2009) (distribution only in some countries; co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Rogue Pictures]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]) * ''[[Duplicity]]'' (2009, co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' (2009), co-produced with [[One Race Films]], [[Original Film]] and [[Relativity Media]] * ''[[State of Play]]'' (2009, co-production with [[Andell Entertainment]], [[Working Title Films]], [[Studio Canal]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Soloist]]'' (2009, international distribution, co-production with [[DreamWorks]], [[StudioCanal]], [[Participant Media]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[Drag Me to Hell]]'' (2009) (co-produced with [[Ghost House Pictures]]) * ''[[Land of the Lost]]'' (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media and [[Sid and Marty Krofft|Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures]]) * ''[[Public Enemies]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Brüno]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]] and [[Four By Two Films]]) * ''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Universal Animation Studios]]) * ''[[Funny People]]'' (2009) (USA distribution; co-production with [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Apatow Productions]], [[Happy Madison Productions|Happy Madison]] and [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[A Band Apart]] and [[The Weinstein Company]]) * ''[[Love Happens]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Couples Retreat]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) * ''[[The Fourth Kind]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] and Dead Crow Productions) * ''[[The Boat That Rocked|Pirate Radio]]'' (2009) (international distribution, co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[StudioCanal]] and [[Working Title Films]]) * ''[[It's Complicated (movie)|It's Complicated]]'' (2009) (co-production with [[Relativity Media]]) ===2010s=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:130px;"| Release date ! Title ! Notes |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 8, 2010 || ''[[Leap Year (2010 movie)|Leap Year]]'' || USA/Netherlands/Singapore distribution only, co-production with [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and Benderspink |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 12, 2010 || ''[[The Wolfman (2010 movie)|The Wolfman]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Scott Stuber|Stuber Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 12, 2010 || ''[[Green Zone (movie)|Green Zone]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 19, 2010 || ''[[Repo Men]]'' || co-production with [[Scott Stuber|Stuber Pictures]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 26, 2010 || ''[[Kick-Ass (movie)|Kick-Ass]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[Marv Films]] and [[Plan B Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 12, 2010 || ''[[Robin Hood (2010 movie)|Robin Hood]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Ridley Scott|Scott Free Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 21, 2010 || ''[[MacGruber (movie)|MacGruber]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Rogue Pictures]], [[Relativity Media]] and Michaels-Goldwyn |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 4, 2010 || ''[[Get Him to the Greek]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]], [[Spyglass Entertainment]], and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 9, 2010 || ''[[Despicable Me]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 30, 2010 || ''[[Charlie St. Cloud (movie)|Charlie St. Cloud]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Marc Platt Productions]] and Charlie Film Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 13, 2010 || ''[[Scott Pilgrim vs. the World]]'' || co-production with [[Big Talk Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 20, 2010 || ''[[Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang|Nanny McPhee Returns]]'' || released as ''Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang'' in the UK, co-production with [[StudioCanal]], [[Relativity Media]], [[Working Title Films]] and Three Strange Angels |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 17, 2010 || ''[[Devil (2010 movie)|Devil]]'' || distribution only; produced by The Night Chronicles and [[Media Rights Capital]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 12, 2010 || ''[[Skyline (2010 movie)|Skyline]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with [[Rogue Pictures|Rogue]], [[Relativity Media]], Hydraulic Entertainment, Transmission and Rat Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 22, 2010 || ''[[Little Fockers]]'' || U.S. distribution; co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures|DW Studios]], [[Relativity Media]], [[TriBeCa Productions]] and Everyman Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 14, 2011 ||''[[The Dilemma]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Spyglass Entertainment]] and [[Wild West Picture Show Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 4, 2011 || ''[[Sanctum (movie)|Sanctum]]'' || US/UK/Australia/New Zealand distribution only, co-production with Wayfare Entertainment, [[Relativity Media]] and [[FilmNation Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 4, 2011 || ''[[The Adjustment Bureau]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], Gambit Pictures and Electric Shepherd Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 18, 2011 || ''[[Paul (movie)|Paul]]'' || co-produced with [[Working Title Films]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Big Talk Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 1, 2011 || ''[[Hop (movie)|Hop]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 8, 2011 || ''[[Your Highness]]'' || co-production with [[Scott Stuber|Stuber Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 29, 2011 || ''[[Fast Five]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]] and [[One Race Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 13, 2011 || ''[[Bridesmaids (2011 movie)|Bridesmaids]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 1, 2011 || ''[[Larry Crowne]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with Vendôme Pictures and [[Playtone]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 29, 2011 || ''[[Cowboys & Aliens]]'' || U.S. distribution; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]], [[Paramount Pictures]] (international), [[Relativity Media]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[K/O Paper Products]], [[Platinum Studios]] and Fairview Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 5, 2011 || |''[[The Change-Up]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Relativity Media]] and Big Kid Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 2, 2011 || ''[[A Dangerous Method]]'' || Germany and Austria distribution only, co-production with [[Téléfilm Canada]], [[Recorded Picture Company]], [[Corus Entertainment]], and [[Astral Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 30, 2011 || ''[[Dream House (2011 movie)|Dream House]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with Morgan Creek Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 14, 2011 || ''[[The Thing (2011 movie)|The Thing]]'' || co-production with [[Morgan Creek Productions]] and [[Strike Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 21, 2011 || ''[[Johnny English Reborn]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[StudioCanal]], and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 4, 2011 || ''[[Tower Heist]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]] and [[Relativity Media]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 13, 2012 || ''[[Contraband (2012 movie)|Contraband]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[Relativity Media]], [[Blueeyes Productions]], Closest to the Hole and Leverage Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 3, 2012 || ''[[Big Miracle]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and [[Steve Golin#Anonymous Content|Anonymous Content]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 10, 2012 || ''[[Safe House (2012 movie)|Safe House]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Scott Stuber|Bluegrass Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 24, 2012 || ''[[Wanderlust (2012 movie)|Wanderlust]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Apatow Productions]], and A Hot Dog Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 2, 2012 || ''[[The Lorax (movie)|Dr. Seuss' The Lorax]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 6, 2012 || ''[[American Reunion]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Zide/Perry Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 27, 2012 || ''[[The Five-Year Engagement]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Apatow Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 18, 2012 || ''[[Battleship (movie)|Battleship]]'' || co-production with [[Hasbro]], [[Peter Berg|Film 44]], and Bluegrass Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 1, 2012 || ''[[Snow White & the Huntsman]]'' || co-production with [[Joe Roth|Roth Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 29, 2012 || ''[[Ted (movie)|Ted]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], [[Fuzzy Door Productions]], Bluegrass Films, and Smart Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 6, 2012 || ''[[Savages (2012 movie)|Savages]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and Ixtlan Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 10, 2012 || ''[[The Bourne Legacy (movie)|The Bourne Legacy]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]] and [[Captivate Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 17, 2012 || ''[[ParaNorman]]'' || international distribution only, co-production with [[Focus Features]] and [[Laika (company)|Laika]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 5, 2012 || ''[[Pitch Perfect]]'' || co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 2, 2012 || ''[[The Man with the Iron Fists]]'' || co-production with [[Strike Entertainment]] and Arcade Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 16, 2012 || ''[[Anna Karenina (2012 movie)|Anna Karenina]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]] and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 19, 2012 || ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'' || European distribution only;<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/universal-pictures-kathryn-bigelow-osama-bin-laden-international-rights/ |title=Universal Pictures Acquires International Rights To Kathryn Bigelow's Bin Laden Pic |magazine=Deadline |date=May 15, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2015}}</ref> produced by [[Columbia Pictures]], First Light Productions and [[Annapurna Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 21, 2012 || ''[[This Is 40]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2012 || ''[[Les Misérables (2012 movie)|Les Misérables]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Cameron Mackintosh|Cameron Mackintosh Ltd.]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 18, 2013 || ''[[Mama (2013 movie)|Mama]]'' || co-production with Toma 78 and De Milo Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 8, 2013 || ''[[Identity Thief]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Scott Stuber|Scott Stuber Productions]], [[Aggregate Films]] and Bluegrass Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 5, 2013 || ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (3-D rerelease) || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 19, 2013 || ''[[Oblivion (2013 movie)|Oblivion]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Peter Chernin|Chernin Entertainment]], Monolith Pictures and [[Radical Studios]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 24, 2013 || ''[[Fast & Furious 6]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Relativity Media]] and [[One Race Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 7, 2013 || ''[[The Purge]]'' || co-production with [[Platinum Dunes]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 3, 2013 || ''[[Despicable Me 2]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 19, 2013 || ''[[R.I.P.D.]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], [[Original Film]], [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] and 101st Street Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 2, 2013 || ''[[2 Guns]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with [[Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films|Emmett/Furla Films]], [[Marc E. Platt|Marc Platt Productions]], Oasis Ventures Entertainment Ltd., Empyre Media Capital, Herrick Entertainment, Envision Entertainment, and [[Boom! Studios]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 16, 2013 || ''[[Kick-Ass 2 (movie)|Kick-Ass 2]]'' || co-production with [[Marv Films]] and [[Plan B Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 23, 2013 || ''[[The World's End (movie)|The World's End]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[Relativity Media]], [[Studiocanal]], [[Big Talk Productions]] and [[Working Title Films]], also distribution outside the US, and Focus Features released in the USA. |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 6, 2013 || ''[[Riddick (movie)|Riddick]]'' ||distribution worldwide except Canada and UK, co-production with [[Radar Pictures]] and [[One Race Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2"| September 27, 2013 || ''[[Rush (2013 movie)|Rush]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with Exclusive Media Group, [[Working Title Films]], [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Revolution Films]], and [[Cross Creek Pictures]] |- | ''[[Witching & Bitching]]'' || Spanish film; Co-production with Enrique Productions and La Ferme! Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 1, 2013 || ''[[About Time (2013 movie)|About Time]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]] and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 1, 2013 || ''[[Man of Tai Chi]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[China Film Group]], [[Wanda Media]] and [[Village Roadshow Pictures Asia]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 15, 2013 || ''[[The Best Man Holiday]]'' || co-production with Blackmaled Productions and Sean Daniel Company |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2013 || ''[[47 Ronin (2013 movie)|47 Ronin]]'' || co-production with [[Relativity Media]], H2F Entertainment, Mid Atlantic Films, [[Moving Picture Company]], and Stuber Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2013 || ''[[Lone Survivor]]'' || USA/UK distribution only; co-production with [[Emmett/Furla Films]], Film 44, [[Foresight Unlimited]], Herrick Entertainment, Spikings Entertainment, Envision Entertainment, Closest to the Hole Productions, [[Weed Road Pictures]] and Leverage Management |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 17, 2014 || ''[[Ride Along (movie)|Ride Along]]'' || co-production with [[Cube Vision]], [[Relativity Media]], and [[Rainforest Films]]; last film to teamed up with Relativity Media |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 14, 2014 || ''[[Endless Love (2014 movie)|Endless Love]]'' || co-production with [[Scott Stuber|Bluegrass Films]] and [[Fake Empire Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 28, 2014 || ''[[Non-Stop (movie)|Non-Stop]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with [[Silver Pictures]], [[StudioCanal]], and [[Anton Capital Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 9, 2014 || ''[[Neighbors (2014 movie)|Neighbors]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]] and [[Point Grey Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 30, 2014 || ''[[A Million Ways to Die in the West]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], [[Fuzzy Door Productions]], and Bluegrass Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 18, 2014 || ''[[The Purge: Anarchy]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Platinum Dunes]] and Why Not Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 25, 2014 || ''[[Lucy (2014 movie)|Lucy]]'' || distribution worldwide except France, China, and the Benelux countries; co-production of [[EuropaCorp]], [[TF1 Films Production]], [[Canal+]], [[Ciné+]] and [[TF1]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 1, 2014 || ''[[Get on Up (movie)|Get on Up]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], Jagged Films, and Wyolah Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 29, 2014 || ''[[As Above, So Below (movie)|As Above, So Below]]'' || distribution only; produced by Legendary Pictures and Brothers Dowdle |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 19, 2014 || ''[[A Walk Among the Tombstones (movie)|A Walk Among the Tombstones]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Cross Creek Pictures]], [[Endgame Entertainment]], [[1984 Private Defense Contractors]], Exclusive Media, [[Jersey Films]] and [[Double Feature Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 26, 2014 || ''[[The Boxtrolls]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[Focus Features]] and [[Laika (company)|Laika]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 17, 2014 || ''[[Dracula Untold]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Michael De Luca Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 24, 2014 || ''[[Ouija (2014 movie)|Ouija]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Platinum Dunes]], [[Hasbro Studios]], and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 14, 2014 || ''[[Dumb and Dumber To]]'' || US/Canada/UK/Spain/Germany/Australia distribution only;<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fleming |first=Mike |url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/06/toldja-dumb-and-dumber-to-proves-no-brainer-for-universal-studio-locks-deal-for-farrellys-jim-carrey-jeff-daniels/ |title=TOLDJA! 'Dumb And Dumber To' Proves No-Brainer For Universal; Studio Locks Deal For Farrellys, Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels Pic |magazine=Deadline |date=June 18, 2013 |access-date=December 25, 2015}}</ref> co-production with [[New Line Cinema]], [[Red Granite Pictures]] and Conundrum Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2014 || ''[[Unbroken (movie)|Unbroken]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], Jolie Pas, and 3 Arts Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 16, 2015 || ''[[Blackhat (movie)|Blackhat]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and Forward Pass |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 23, 2015 || ''[[The Boy Next Door (movie)|The Boy Next Door]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], Smart Entertainment and [[Nuyorican Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 6, 2015 || ''[[Seventh Son (movie)|Seventh Son]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Thunder Road Films]] and [[China Film Group]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 13, 2015 || ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey (movie)|Fifty Shades of Grey]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[Michael De Luca|Michael De Luca Productions]], and [[Trigger Street Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 3, 2015 || ''[[Furious 7]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[One Race Films]], [[Media Rights Capital]], and [[China Film Group Corporation|China Film]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 17, 2015 || ''[[Unfriended]]'' || co-production with [[Bazelevs Company]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 15, 2015 || ''[[Pitch Perfect 2]]'' || co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 12, 2015 || ''[[Jurassic World]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 26, 2015 || ''[[Ted 2]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]], [[Fuzzy Door Productions]], [[Bluegrass Films]], and Smart Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 10, 2015 || ''[[Minions (movie)|Minions]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 17, 2015 || ''[[Trainwreck (movie)|Trainwreck]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 14, 2015 || ''[[Straight Outta Compton (movie)|Straight Outta Compton]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]], [[Cube Vision]], Crucial Films, and Broken Chair Flickz |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 11, 2015 || ''[[The Visit (2015 American movie)|The Visit]]'' || co-production with Blinding Edge Pictures and [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 18, 2015 || ''[[Everest (2015 movie)|Everest]]'' || co-production with [[Walden Media]], [[Cross Creek Pictures]], and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 25, 2015 || ''[[The Green Inferno (movie)|The Green Inferno]]'' || U.S. distribution only; co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions|Blumhouse Tilt]], [[High Top Releasing]], [[Worldview Entertainment]], Dragonfly Entertainment and Sobras International Pictures |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 9, 2015 || ''[[Steve Jobs (2015 movie)|Steve Jobs]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Scott Rudin Productions]], [[Mark Gordon Company]], Entertainment 360, Decibel Films and Cloud Eight Films |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 16, 2015 || ''[[Crimson Peak]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and DDY |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 23, 2015 || ''[[Jem and the Holograms]]'' || co-production with [[Hasbro Studios]], Allspark Pictures, [[Blumhouse Productions]], and SB Projects |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 13, 2015 || ''[[By the Sea (2015 movie)|By the Sea]]'' || co-production with Jolie Pas and [[Plan B Entertainment]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 20, 2015 || ''[[Legend (2015 movie)|Legend]]'' || co-production with [[Anton Capital Entertainment]], [[Working Title Films]], [[Cross Creek Pictures]] and [[StudioCanal]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 4, 2015 || ''[[Krampus (movie)|Krampus]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]]<ref name="insight-nov2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129061233/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |archive-date=November 29, 2015 |access-date=April 14, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 18, 2015 || ''[[Sisters (2015 movie)|Sisters]]'' || co-production with [[Little Stranger (company)|Little Stranger]] and Everyman Pictures<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 15, 2016 || ''[[Ride Along 2]]'' || co-production with [[Cube Vision]], [[Will Packer Productions]], and MBST Entertainment<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 5, 2016 || ''[[Hail, Caesar!]]'' || co-production with [[Coen brothers|Mike Zoss Productions]] and [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 25, 2016 || ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Gold Circle Films]], [[HBO Films]], and [[Playtone]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 8, 2016 || ''[[The Boss (2016 movie)|The Boss]]'' || co-production with [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] and On the Day Productions<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 22, 2016 || ''[[The Huntsman: Winter's War]]'' || co-production with [[Joe Roth|Roth Films]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 20, 2016 || ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]] and [[Point Grey Pictures]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 3, 2016 || ''[[Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Apatow Productions]], [[The Lonely Island]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 10, 2016 || ''[[Warcraft (movie)|Warcraft]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Blizzard Entertainment]], [[Atlas Entertainment]], and [[China Film Group Corporation]]<ref name=insight-nov2015/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 17, 2016 || ''[[Central Intelligence]]'' || international distribution only; co-production with [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], [[New Line Cinema]], [[RatPac Entertainment]], [[Perfect World Pictures]], [[Bluegrass Films]] and Principato-Young Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 1, 2016 || ''[[The Purge: Election Year]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref name="insight-jun">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604205449/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 8, 2016 || ''[[The Secret Life of Pets]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 29, 2016 || ''[[Jason Bourne (movie)|Jason Bourne]]'' || co-production with [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]], [[Captivate Entertainment]] and [[Pearl Street Films]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 16, 2016 || ''[[Bridget Jones's Baby]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 7, 2016 || ''[[The Girl on the Train (2016 movie)|The Girl on the Train]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Amblin Partners]], [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 14, 2016 || ''[[Kevin Hart: What Now?]]'' || <ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 14, 2016 || ''[[Ordinary World (movie)|Ordinary World]]'' || distribution only; produced by Let It Play and Process Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/08/ordinary-world-release-date-demian-bichir-t-j-miller-join-walden-oscilloscope-acquires-lost-in-paris-1201810293/|title='Ordinary World' Gets Fall Release Date; 'Walden' Adds Demián Bichir & T.J. Miller|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=August 30, 2016|access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 21, 2016 || ''[[Ouija: Origin of Evil]]'' || co-production with Allspark Pictures, [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Hasbro Studios]], and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref name=insight-jun/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 11, 2016 || ''[[Almost Christmas (movie)|Almost Christmas]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 9, 2016 || ''[[Frank & Lola]]'' || co-distribution with Paladin;<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/20/frank-lola-trailer-michael-shannon|title=Michael Shannon falls for a femme fatale in smoldering Frank & Lola trailer — exclusive|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/10/frank-lola-december-release-michael-shannon-imogen-poots-sundance-film-festival-1201837836/|title=Michael Shannon & Imogen Poots Romantic Noir 'Frank & Lola' Sets December Date|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=October 17, 2016|access-date=October 17, 2016}}</ref> produced by [[Parts and Labor]], [[Killer Films]], Lola Pictures, FullDawa Films and Great Point Media |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 21, 2016 || ''[[Sing (2016 American movie)|Sing]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 20, 2017 || ''[[Split (2017 movie)|Split]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref name="insight-oct2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |access-date=April 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026183041/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-date=October 26, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 27, 2017 || ''[[A Dog's Purpose (movie)|A Dog's Purpose]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Amblin Partners]], [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]], [[Walden Media]], and Pariah Entertainment Group<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 10, 2017 || ''[[Fifty Shades Darker (movie)|Fifty Shades Darker]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], Trigger Street Productions and [[Michael De Luca Productions]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 17, 2017 || ''[[The Great Wall (movie)|The Great Wall]]'' || distribution outside of China only; produced by [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Atlas Entertainment]]<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 24, 2017 || ''[[Get Out]]'' || distribution only; produced by Darko Entertainment, [[Blumhouse Productions]] and QC Entertainment<ref name=insight-oct2016/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 14, 2017 || ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], Chris Morgan Productions, and [[One Race Films]]<ref name="insight-apr2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401031536/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases |work=[[Variety Insight]] |access-date=April 14, 2017 |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 9, 2017 || ''[[The Mummy (2017 movie)|The Mummy]]'' || co-production with [[Perfect World Pictures]], Sean Daniel Company and Secret Hideout<ref name="insight">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/F9-being-pushed-back-a-year-coronavirus-pandemic-1284242|title='F9' Pushed Back a Year Amir Coronavirus Pandemic|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=12 March 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 30, 2017 || ''[[Despicable Me 3]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 21, 2017 || ''[[Girls Trip]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 29, 2017 || ''[[American Made (movie)|American Made]]'' || co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]], [[Cross Creek Pictures]], Quadrant Pictures, Hercules Film Fund, and Kylin Pictures<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 13, 2017 || ''[[Happy Death Day]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 20, 2017 || ''[[The Snowman (2017 movie)|The Snowman]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and Another Park Film<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 27, 2017 || ''[[Thank You for Your Service (2017 movie)|Thank You for Your Service]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and [[Amblin Partners]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2"| December 22, 2017 || ''[[Pitch Perfect 3]]'' || co-production with [[Gold Circle Films]] and Brownstone<ref name=insight/> |- || ''[[The Post (movie)|The Post]]'' || international distribution only;<ref>{{cite news|title=Twentieth Century Fox & Amblin Entertainment Start Production on Steven Spielberg's "THE PAPERS" Starring Meryl Streep & Tom Hanks|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170606006382/en/Twentieth-Century-Fox-Amblin-Entertainment-Start-Production|access-date=November 9, 2017|work=[[Business Wire]]|date=June 6, 2017|format=Press release}}</ref> produced by [[Amblin Partners]], [[20th Century Fox]], [[Amblin Entertainment]], Pascal Pictures, and Star Thrower Entertainment<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 5, 2018 || ''[[Insidious: The Last Key]]'' || US distribution only; produced by [[Sony Pictures|Sony Pictures International Productions]], [[Blumhouse Productions]], and [[Entertainment One]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 9, 2018 || ''[[Fifty Shades Freed (movie)|Fifty Shades Freed]]'' || co-production with [[Focus Features]], [[Trigger Street Productions]], and [[Michael De Luca Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 23, 2018 || ''[[Pacific Rim: Uprising]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Entertainment|Legendary Pictures]] and Upper Room Productions<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 6, 2018 || ''[[Blockers (movie)|Blockers]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]], [[DMG Entertainment]], Hurwitz & Schlossberg Productions, and [[Point Grey Pictures]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 13, 2018 || ''[[Truth or Dare (2018 movie)|Truth or Dare]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/902155-universal-dates-blumhouse-horror-movie-truth-or-dare-for-2018|title=Universal Dates Blumhouse Horror Movie Truth or Dare for 2018|work=ComingSoon.net|last1=Perry|first1=Spencer|date=November 9, 2017|access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 11, 2018 || ''[[Breaking In (2018 movie)|Breaking In]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer Productions]] and Practical Pictures<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 22, 2018 || ''[[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]], and [[Legendary Pictures]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 4, 2018 || ''[[The First Purge]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/purge-4-movie-gets-release-date-977286|title=New 'Purge' Movie Gets Summer 2018 Release Date|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 17, 2017|access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 13, 2018 || ''[[Skyscraper (2018 movie)|Skyscraper]]'' || distribution only, produced by [[Legendary Pictures]], [[Flynn Picture Company]] and [[Dwayne Johnson|Seven Bucks Productions]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Ashley|title=Dwayne Johnson's 'Skyscraper' Gets Summer 2018 Release Date|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dwayne-johnsons-skyscraper-gets-summer-2018-release-date-986529|date=March 15, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| July 20, 2018 || ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Pictures]] and [[Playtone]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 21, 2018 || ''[[The House with a Clock in Its Walls (movie)|The House with a Clock in Its Walls]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and Mythology Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|title='The House With A Clock In Its Walls' Sets Alarm For Next September|url=https://deadline.com/2017/09/the-house-with-a-clock-in-its-walls-amblin-september-2018-release-date-1202177293/|website=Deadline|date=26 September 2017 |access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 28, 2018 || ''[[Night School (2018 movie)|Night School]]'' || distribution only; produced by HartBeat Productions and [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name="insight-sept2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926150134/https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php |title=Film releases|work=[[Variety Insight]]|archive-date=September 26, 2018 |access-date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 12, 2018 || ''[[First Man (movie)|First Man]]'' || co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]] and Temple Hill Entertainment<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movie/first-man-2018|title=First Man|website=Coming Soon|date=March 7, 2017|access-date=May 4, 2020|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402201710/https://www.comingsoon.net/movie/first-man-2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 19, 2018 || ''[[Halloween (2018 movie)|Halloween]]'' || co-production with [[Compass International Pictures|Trancas International Films]], [[Miramax]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Rough House Pictures<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 26, 2018 || ''[[Johnny English Strikes Again]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 9, 2018 || ''[[The Grinch (movie)|The Grinch]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 16, 2018 || ''[[Green Book (movie)|Green Book]]'' || Winner of the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]<br>US distribution only; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[Participant Media]]<ref name="Green Book">{{cite web |last1=Hipes |first1=Patrick |title=Universal Dates 'Green Book', Shifting 'Welcome To Marwen' To December |url=https://deadline.com/2018/06/green-book-movie-release-date-welcome-to-marwen-universal-1202417242/ |website=Deadline |access-date=June 26, 2018 |date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 14, 2018 || ''[[Mortal Engines (movie)|Mortal Engines]]'' || co-production with [[Media Rights Capital]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 21, 2018 || ''[[Welcome to Marwen]]'' || co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[ImageMovers]]<ref name=insight/><ref name="Green Book"/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| January 18, 2019 || ''[[Glass (2019 movie)|Glass]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with [[Buena Vista International]], [[Blinding Edge Pictures]] and [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Couch|first1=Aaron|title=M. Night Shyamalan Confirms Sequel for 'Unbreakable' and 'Split'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/m-night-shyamalan-confirms-sequel-unbreakable-split-997515|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 13, 2019 || ''[[Happy Death Day 2U]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| February 22, 2019 || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and Mad Hatter Entertainment.<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| March 22, 2019 || ''[[Us (2019 movie)|Us]]'' || co-production with Monkeypaw Productions, QC Entertainment, and Blumhouse Productions<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| April 12, 2019 || ''[[Little (movie)|Little]]'' || co-production with [[Legendary Entertainment|Legendary Pictures]] and [[Will Packer Productions]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 10, 2019 || ''[[The Hustle (movie)|The Hustle]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Roger Birnbaum|Cave 76 Productions]] and Camp Sugar Productions |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 17, 2019 || ''[[A Dog's Journey (movie)|A Dog's Journey]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Walden Media]]<ref name="Amblin19/20">{{cite web|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Universal Dates Judd Apatow-Pete Davidson Comedy & DreamWorks' 'The Turning' For 2020|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/pete-davidson-judd-apatow-comedy-the-turning-universal-movie-opening-dates-12025476625/|website=Deadline|access-date=February 2, 2019|date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| May 31, 2019 || ''[[Ma (movie)|Ma]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Wyolah Films<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 7, 2019 || ''[[The Secret Life of Pets 2]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination Entertainment]]<ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| June 28, 2019 || ''[[Yesterday (2019 movie)|Yesterday]]'' || co-production with [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Danny Boyle-Richard Curtis Comedy Eyes Fall 2019 Release, Two Months Before James Bond|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/danny-boyle-richard-curtis-comedy-eyes-sept-2019-release-two-months-before-james-bond-1202365674/|website=Deadline|access-date=April 17, 2018|date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 2, 2019 || ''[[Hobbs & Shaw|Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]] and [[Dwayne Johnson|Seven Bucks Productions]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title='Fast & Furious' Spinoff With Dwayne Johnson & Jason Statham Shifts To August 2019 – Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/dwayne-johnson-jason-statham-fast-furious-spin-off-summer-2019-release-1202182987/|access-date=May 15, 2018|work=Deadline|date=May 9, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| August 16, 2019 || ''[[Good Boys (movie)|Good Boys]]'' || co-production with [[Good Universe]] and [[Point Grey Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Universal Releasing Point Grey's 'Good Boys' In Late Summer 2019|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/seth-rogen-produced-good-boys-universal-release-date-1202380304/|website=Deadline|access-date=May 1, 2018|date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=June 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630203534/https://deadline.com/2018/05/seth-rogen-produced-good-boys-universal-release-date-1202380304/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| September 27, 2019 || ''[[Abominable (2019 movie)|Abominable]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and [[Pearl Studio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/universal-delays-dreamworks-animation-s-how-train-your-dragon-3-sets-everest-feature|title=Universal Delays DreamWorks Animation's 'How to Train Your Dragon 3,' Sets 'Everest' Feature|last=Wolfe|first=Jennifer|work=[[Animation World Network]]|date=December 7, 2016|access-date=December 19, 2016}}</ref><ref name=insight/> |- | style="text-align:right;"| October 11, 2019 || ''[[The Addams Family (2019 movie)|The Addams Family]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|BRON Creative]], [[Cinesite]], [[Nitrogen Studios]] and The Jackal Group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/eighth-grade-star-elsie-fisher-joins-animated-addams-family-movie-1138730|title='Eighth Grade' Star Elsie Fisher Joins Animated 'Addams Family' Movie (Exclusive)|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=30 August 2018 }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 8, 2019 || ''[[Last Christmas (movie)|Last Christmas]]'' || distribution only; produced by Feigco Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;"| November 27, 2019 || ''[[Queen & Slim]]'' || distribution only; produced by Makeready, Hillman Grad Productions, 3Blackdot, De La Revolución Films and [[Entertainment One]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jr |first1=Mike Fleming |title=Makeready Sets 'Queen & Slim'; Daniel Kaluuya Stars, Melina Matsoukas Directs Lena Waithe Script |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/daniel-kaluuya-melina-matsoukas-lena-waithe-james-frey-queen-and-slim-makeready-1202429679/ |access-date=January 17, 2019|work=Deadline |date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 13, 2019 || ''[[Black Christmas (2019 movie)|Black Christmas]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/blumhouse-black-christmas-remake-sophia-takal-imogen-poots/|title=Blumhouse to Remake 'Black Christmas' with Director Sophia Takal|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=June 13, 2019|access-date=July 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614002737/http://collider.com/blumhouse-black-christmas-remake-sophia-takal-imogen-poots/|archive-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 20, 2019 || ''[[Cats (2019 movie)|Cats]]'' || co-production with Monumental Pictures, [[The Really Useful Group]], [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/cats-musical-movie-wicked-1202923412/|title='Cats' Lands December 2019 Release Date, 'Wicked' Delayed|website=variety|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=August 31, 2018|access-date=August 31, 2018}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;"| December 25, 2019 || ''[[1917 (2019 movie)|1917]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Neal Street Productions]] and New Republic Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/universal-dates-sam-mendes-1917-for-christmas-2019-1202519846/|title=Universal Dates Sam Mendes' '1917' For Christmas 2019|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|date=December 13, 2018|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> |} ===2020s=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:130px;"| Release date ! style="width:350px;"| Title ! Notes |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 17, 2020 || ''[[Dolittle (film)|Dolittle]]'' || co-production with [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]] and [[Team Downey]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 24, 2020 || ''[[The Turning (2020 film)|The Turning]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 14, 2020 || ''[[The Photograph (2020 film)|The Photograph]]'' || co-production with [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 28, 2020 || ''[[The Invisible Man (2020 film)|The Invisible Man]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Goalpost Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 13, 2020 || ''[[The Hunt (2020 film)|The Hunt]]''|| co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]{{#tag:ref|In mid-March 2020, [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|movie theaters]] began to close because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] lockdown measures. Three days after the film's release, on March 16, 2020, Universal Pictures announced that the film would be available [[Digital distribution|digitally]] through [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in the United States and Canada on March 20, before the end of the usual 90-day theatrical run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/universal-trolls-world-tour-the-hunt-invisible-man-coronavirus-1203535541/|title=Universal to Make 'Trolls World Tour,' 'The Hunt,' 'Invisible Man' Available Early on Home Entertainment|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=March 16, 2020|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317144646/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/universal-trolls-world-tour-the-hunt-invisible-man-coronavirus-1203535541/|archive-date=March 17, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 10, 2020 || ''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]{{#tag:ref|The film was originally planned to be released theatrically in the United States on this date. However, on March 16, [[Universal Pictures]] announced that the film would be released simultaneously in [[drive-in theater]]s, as [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|regular movie theaters closed]] due to the restrictions caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and through [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, South Korea, and Italy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|title='Trolls World Tour' Straight to Streaming — Sign of the Times or the New Normal?|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/trolls-world-tour-streaming-theatrical-window-future-1234573263/|access-date=April 9, 2020|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=April 9, 2020|archive-date=April 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409210301/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/trolls-world-tour-streaming-theatrical-window-future-1234573263/|url-status=live}}</ref> This affected the number of projections and the box office performance of the screenings. As the pandemic receded, the film was released back in regular theaters.|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 12, 2020 || ''[[The King of Staten Island]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]]{{#tag:ref|Released on [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in United States and Canada on this date, and later released in theaters in select countries with relaxed [[COVID-19]] restrictions beginning June 25, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Pete Davidson & Judd Apatow Movie 'King of Staten Island' Skips Theatrical, Hits VOD This Summer|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/pete-davidson-judd-apatow-movie-king-of-staten-island-vod-release-1202918973/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428032001/https://deadline.com/2020/04/pete-davidson-judd-apatow-movie-king-of-staten-island-vod-release-1202918973/|archive-date=April 28, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|title='Peninsula' Thrills To $21M In Overseas Bow; 'Train To Busan' Sequel Helps Imax Score First $1M Global Weekend Since March – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/international-box-office-peninsula-unhinged-china-reopening-cinemas-tenet-1202990723/|date=July 21, 2020|access-date=July 21, 2020|archive-date=July 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723011319/https://deadline.com/2020/07/international-box-office-peninsula-unhinged-china-reopening-cinemas-tenet-1202990723/|url-status=live}}</ref> As the pandemic receded, the film was released back in regular theaters.|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 18, 2020 || ''[[You Should Have Left]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Blumhouse Productions]]{{#tag:ref|Released on [[Video on demand|premium VOD]] in United States and Canada on this date due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|movie theater closures]] since mid March because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/06/universal-continues-vod-reign-with-the-king-of-staten-island-1202236052/|title=Universal Continues VOD Reign with 'The King of Staten Island'|work=[[IndieWire]]|last=Brueggemann|first=Tom|date=June 8, 2020|access-date=June 9, 2020|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609165545/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/06/universal-continues-vod-reign-with-the-king-of-staten-island-1202236052/|url-status=live}}</ref>|group="nb"}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 2, 2020 || ''[[Vampires vs. the Bronx]]'' *|| co-production with [[Broadway Video]] and Caviar; distributed by [[Netflix]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 13, 2020 || ''[[Freaky (film)|Freaky]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Divide/Conquer]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 25, 2020 || ''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 4, 2020 || ''[[All My Life (2020 film)|All My Life]]'' || co-production with Broken Road Entertainment |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 25, 2020 || ''[[News of the World (film)|News of the World]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with [[Playtone]], Pretty Pictures and [[Perfect World Pictures]]; international distribution by [[Netflix]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 26, 2021 || ''[[Nobody (2021 film)|Nobody]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]], Odenkirk Provissiero Entertainment, Eighty Two Films and [[Perfect World Pictures]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 14, 2021 || ''[[Profile (2018 film)|Profile]]'' || international distribution outside the CIS only; produced by [[Bazelevs Company]] and Interface Films |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 4, 2021 || ''[[Spirit Untamed]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 18, 2021 || ''[[The Sparks Brothers]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[MRC (company)|MRC]] and Complete Fiction<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2021/02/the-sparks-brothers-documentary-edgar-wright-focus-features-acquisition-1234698865/|title= Focus Features Picks Up Edgar Wright's MRC Documentary 'The Sparks Brothers' – Sundance|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=February 23, 2021|access-date=February 23, 2021|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301163702/https://deadline.com/2021/02/the-sparks-brothers-documentary-edgar-wright-focus-features-acquisition-1234698865/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-sparks-brothers-release-date-theaters-edgar-wright-1234718186/|title=Edgar Wright's 'The Sparks Brothers' Gets Summer U.S. Release Date In Theaters|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=March 19, 2021|access-date=March 19, 2021|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153927/https://deadline.com/2021/03/the-sparks-brothers-release-date-theaters-edgar-wright-1234718186/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 23, 2021 || ''[[Good on Paper]]'' *|| co-production with Burn Later Productions and Meridian Content; distributed by [[Netflix]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstshowing.net/2021/iliza-shlesinger-ryan-hansen-in-trailer-for-comedy-good-on-paper/|title=Iliza Shlesinger & Ryan Hansen in Trailer for Comedy 'Good on Paper'|website=First Showing|first=Alex|last=Billington|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518133211/https://www.firstshowing.net/2021/iliza-shlesinger-ryan-hansen-in-trailer-for-comedy-good-on-paper/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 25, 2021 || ''[[F9 (film)|F9]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[One Race Films]], Perfect Storm Entertainment and [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]]<ref name="insight">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/F9-being-pushed-back-a-year-coronavirus-pandemic-1284242|title='F9' Pushed Back a Year Amir Coronavirus Pandemic|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313102705/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/f9-being-pushed-back-a-year-coronavirus-pandemic-1284242|archive-date=March 13, 2020|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="march 2021 updates"/> |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | July 2, 2021 || ''[[The Boss Baby: Family Business]]'' § || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/boss-baby-2-theaters-peacock-same-day-1234958078/|title='Boss Baby 2' to Hit Theaters and Peacock on Same Day|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=May 24, 2021|access-date=May 24, 2021|archive-date=May 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524234240/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/boss-baby-2-theaters-peacock-same-day-1234958078/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|title='Boss Baby 2' With Alec Baldwin to Hit Theaters in Spring 2021|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/boss-baby-2-alec-baldwin-hit-theaters-spring-2021-1007888|accessdate=May 26, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191702/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/boss-baby-2-alec-baldwin-hit-theaters-spring-2021-1007888|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Forever Purge]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Platinum Dunes]] and Man in a Tree Productions<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Fifth 'Purge' Film Gets Summer 2020 Slaydate|url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/the-purge-5-release-date-2020-1202613733/|date=May 13, 2019|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=March 14, 2019|archive-date=May 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513173926/https://deadline.com/2019/05/the-purge-5-release-date-2020-1202613733/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 23, 2021 || ''[[Old (film)|Old]]'' || co-production with [[Blinding Edge Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=M. Night Shyamalan Thriller Gets 2021 Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/m-night-shyamalan-movie-release-date-2021-1202967664/|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 23, 2020|access-date=September 26, 2020|archive-date=September 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910114834/https://deadline.com/2020/06/m-night-shyamalan-movie-release-date-2021-1202967664/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: M. Night Shyamalan's 'Old' Is Inspired by Graphic Novel 'Sandcastle'|url=https://collider.com/m-night-shyamalan-old-sandcastle-graphic-novel-movie/|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=September 26, 2020|access-date=September 26, 2020|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927002924/https://collider.com/m-night-shyamalan-old-sandcastle-graphic-novel-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 13, 2021 || ''[[Respect (2021 American film)|Respect]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]], [[Jonathan Glickman|Glickmania]] and One Community<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/aretha-franklin-biopic-respect-pushed-7-months-tomb-raider-2-now-unset/|title=Aretha Franklin Biopic 'Respect' Pushed 7 Months, 'Tomb Raider 2' Now Unset|work=[[TheWrap]]|last=Verhoeven|first=Beatrice|date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028001402/https://www.thewrap.com/aretha-franklin-biopic-respect-pushed-7-months-tomb-raider-2-now-unset/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 27, 2021 || ''[[Candyman (2021 film)|Candyman]]'' || distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; co-production with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Monkeypaw Productions]] and [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Hughes|first=William|title=Nia DaCosta's Candyman delayed until August 27, 2021|url=https://www.avclub.com/nia-dacostas-candyman-delayed-until-2021-1845036132|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=September 12, 2020|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022085432/https://news.avclub.com/nia-dacostas-candyman-delayed-until-2021-1845036132|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 17, 2021 || ''[[This Is the Night (2021 film)|This Is the Night]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Man in a Tree Productions<ref>{{cite web|last=Priola|first=Victoria|date=May 30, 2018|title=Now filming: On the set of James DeMonaco's new Staten Island movie|url=https://www.silive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/05/staten_island_purge_director_j.html|access-date=June 7, 2018|work=[[Silive.com]]|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144628/https://www.silive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/05/staten_island_purge_director_j.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 24, 2021 || ''[[Dear Evan Hansen (film)|Dear Evan Hansen]]'' || co-production with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/dear-evan-hansen-film-tony-award-winning-musical-wonder-stephen-chbosky-marc-platt-1202222391/|title=Tony Award-Winning Musical 'Dear Evan Hansen' Will Be Universal Pictures, Marc Platt Film; 'Wonder's Stephen Chbosky May Direct|last=Busch|first=Anita|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 29, 2018|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917122008/https://deadline.com/2018/11/dear-evan-hansen-film-tony-award-winning-musical-wonder-stephen-chbosky-marc-platt-1202222391/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/kaitlyn-dever-dear-evan-hansen-movie-universal-pictures-ben-platt-stephen-chbosky-1202955736/|title=Kaitlyn Dever In Talks For Universal Movie Adaptation Of 'Dear Evan Hansen'|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=September 18, 2020|archive-date=September 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916184610/https://deadline.com/2020/06/kaitlyn-dever-dear-evan-hansen-movie-universal-pictures-ben-platt-stephen-chbosky-1202955736/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal's 'Dear Evan Hansen' Pic Gets Theatrical Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/dear-evan-hansen-movie-release-date-ben-platt-amy-adams-julianne-moore-1234683675/|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211324/https://deadline.com/2021/01/dear-evan-hansen-movie-release-date-ben-platt-amy-adams-julianne-moore-1234683675/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 1, 2021 || ''[[The Addams Family 2]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]], [[Cinesite]], [[Nitrogen Studios]], and The Jackal Group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/addams-family-2-in-works-fall-2021-release-1202760482/|title='The Addams Family 2' Is In The Works After Great $35M+ 4-Day Weekend, MGM/UAR Set Fall 2021 Release|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=October 15, 2019|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=October 15, 2019|archive-date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015161717/https://deadline.com/2019/10/addams-family-2-in-works-fall-2021-release-1202760482/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 8, 2021 || ''[[No Time to Die]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and [[Eon Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Bond 25' Looks To Shake Up Easter 2020|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/bond-25-moves-back-two-months-in-2020-1202558710/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|date=February 15, 2019|archive-date=February 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216115834/https://deadline.com/2019/02/bond-25-moves-back-two-months-in-2020-1202558710/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 15, 2021 || ''[[Halloween Kills]]'' § || co-production with [[Miramax]], [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Compass International Pictures|Trancas International Pictures]], and [[Rough House Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movieinsider.com/m16395/untitled-blumhouse-horror-project-oct-2020|title=Halloween Kills|date=May 6, 2018|work=[[Movie Insider]]|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034635/https://www.movieinsider.com/m16395/untitled-blumhouse-horror-project-oct-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 5, 2021 || ''[[Finch (film)|Finch]]'' * || co-production with [[ImageMovers]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Walden Media]] and Misher Films; distributed by [[Apple TV+]]{{refn|name=Finch|group=N|The film was originally scheduled to be released by [[Universal Pictures]], but distribution rights were sold to Apple TV+.}} |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 12, 2021 || ''[[Belfast (film)|Belfast]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]] and TKBC<ref>{{cite web|title=Focus Features Boards Kenneth Branagh's Autobiographical Film 'Belfast' Starring Caitriona Balfe, Jamie Dornan & Judi Dench|url=https://deadline.com/2020/12/jamie-dornan-caitriona-balfe-belfast-kenneth-branagh-judi-dench-focus-features-1234657398/|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 16, 2020|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153926/https://deadline.com/2020/12/jamie-dornan-caitriona-balfe-belfast-kenneth-branagh-judi-dench-focus-features-1234657398/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kenneth Branagh's Drama 'Belfast' Sets Release Date|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/kenneth-branagh-belfast-release-date-1234932678/|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=April 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401143258/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/kenneth-branagh-belfast-release-date-1234932678/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 24, 2021 || ''[[House of Gucci]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]] and [[Scott Free Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MGM Buys Ridley Scott's 'Gucci' Film With Lady Gaga Set to Star (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mgm-buys-ridley-scotts-gucci-film-lady-gaga-set-star-1289108|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|last2=Kit|first2=Borys|date=April 8, 2020|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=April 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408234045/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mgm-buys-ridley-scotts-gucci-film-lady-gaga-set-star-1289108|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 26, 2021 || ''[[Licorice Pizza]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Focus Features]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]] and Ghoulardi Film Company<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=July 17, 2020|title=Paul Thomas Anderson's 1970s High School Movie Moving From Focus to MGM|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paul-thomas-andersons-1970s-high-school-movie-moving-focus-mgm-1303665|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=September 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916192124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paul-thomas-andersons-1970s-high-school-movie-moving-focus-mgm-1303665|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 22, 2021 || ''[[Sing 2]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name="auto"/> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 7, 2022 || ''[[The 355]]'' || US and UK distribution only; co-production with [[Freckle Films]], [[FilmNation Entertainment]] and [[Genre Films]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jessica-chastains-female-led-spy-film-355-lands-january-2021-release-1233336|title=Jessica Chastain's Female-Led Spy Film '355' Lands January 2021 Release|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=August 20, 2019|access-date=August 20, 2019|archive-date=September 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929142619/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jessica-chastains-female-led-spy-film-355-lands-january-2021-release-1233336/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='The 355': Simon Kinberg Femme Action Ensemble Going Earlier In 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-355-simon-kinberg-femme-action-ensemble-heads-to-mlk-weekend-2022-1234620498/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=May 5, 2021|access-date=May 9, 2021|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509025547/https://deadline.com/2021/05/the-355-simon-kinberg-femme-action-ensemble-heads-to-mlk-weekend-2022-1234620498/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 21, 2022 || ''[[Redeeming Love (2022 film)|Redeeming Love]]'' || US distribution only; co-production with Nthibah Pictures, [[Pinnacle Peak Pictures]] and [[Mission Pictures International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/redeeming-love-trailer-release-date-abigail-cowen-in-universal-pic-1234858435/|title='Redeeming Love' Trailer, Release Date: Abigail Cowen & Tom Lewis Star In Universal Romance Pic|last=Grobar|first=Matt|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 19, 2021|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 11, 2022 || ''[[Marry Me (2022 film)|Marry Me]]'' § || co-production with [[Perfect World Pictures]] and [[Nuyorican Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-owen-wilson-rom-com-marry-me-sets-pre-valentines-day-release-in-2021/|title=Jennifer Lopez-Owen Wilson Rom-Com 'Marry Me' Sets Pre-Valentine's Day Release in 2021|work=[[TheWrap]]|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=September 14, 2020|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221125002/https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-owen-wilson-rom-com-marry-me-sets-pre-valentines-day-release-in-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Welk|first=Brian|title=Jennifer Lopez Rom-Com 'Marry Me' Bumped to Valentine's Day 2022|url=https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-rom-com-marry-me-bumped-to-valentines-day-2022/|date=February 8, 2021|work=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208234944/https://www.thewrap.com/jennifer-lopez-rom-com-marry-me-bumped-to-valentines-day-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 18, 2022 || ''[[Dog (2022 film)|Dog]]'' || Canadian distribution only; produced by [[FilmNation Entertainment]] and Free Association; distributed in the U.S. by [[United Artists Releasing]] through the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] label |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 25, 2022 || ''[[Cyrano (film)|Cyrano]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]], [[Bron Studios|Bron Creative]] and [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MGM Lands 'Cyrano'; Joe Wright-Directed Working Title Stage Adaptation Stars Peter Dinklage, Haley Bennett, Brian Tyree Henry & Ben Mendelsohn|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/cyrano-peter-dinklage-haley-bennett-brian-tyree-henry-ben-mendelsohn-mgm-working-title-joe-wright-1203003668/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 4, 2020|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=September 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923202523/https://deadline.com/2020/08/cyrano-peter-dinklage-haley-bennett-brian-tyree-henry-ben-mendelsohn-mgm-working-title-joe-wright-1203003668/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 8, 2022 || ''[[Ambulance (2022 film)|Ambulance]]'' || co-production with [[New Republic Pictures]], Bay Films and [[Endeavor (company)|Endeavor Content]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/no-time-to-die-eyes-second-weekend-in-october-for-theatrical-release-1234678075/|title='No Time To Die' Eyes Second Weekend In October For Theatrical Release; Universal Fills Easter With 'Nobody'|date=January 21, 2021|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012650/https://deadline.com/2021/01/no-time-to-die-eyes-second-weekend-in-october-for-theatrical-release-1234678075/|archive-date=January 22, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="december 2021 updates">{{cite web|title='Ambulance' Zooms To Early April|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/ambulance-release-date-change-jake-gyllenhaal-movie-1234891420/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2021|access-date=December 15, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215030039/https://deadline.com/2021/12/ambulance-release-date-change-jake-gyllenhaal-movie-1234891420/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | April 22, 2022 || ''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2020|title='The Boss Baby' Sequel Bumped to September 2021, 'The Bad Guys' Moves to 2022|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-boss-baby-sequel-bumped-to-september-2021-the-bad-guys-moves-to-2022/|access-date=December 28, 2020|last=Welk|first=Brian|work=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=December 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228213330/https://www.thewrap.com/the-boss-baby-sequel-bumped-to-september-2021-the-bad-guys-moves-to-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dwa 2022"/> |- | ''[[The Northman]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Regency Enterprises]], [[Perfect World Pictures]] and Parts and Labor<ref>{{cite news |last1=Evangelista |first1=Chris |title=The Northman: Release Date, Cast And More |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/619424/the-northman-release-date-cast-and-more/ |access-date=30 November 2021 |work=Slash Film |date=29 September 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 13, 2022 || ''[[Firestarter (2022 film)|Firestarter]]'' § || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Weed Road Pictures<ref>{{cite web|title='Firestarter': Stephen King Classic Reignites With Universal, Blumhouse & Akiva Goldsman Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/firestarter-remaake-blumhouse-akiva-goldsman-stephen-king-universal-1202078846/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 27, 2017|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120213103/https://deadline.com/2017/04/firestarter-remaake-blumhouse-akiva-goldsman-stephen-king-universal-1202078846/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Zac Efron to Star in 'Firestarter' Remake from Blumhouse|url=https://collider.com/zac-efron-firestarter-remake-blumhouse/|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=September 29, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124082552/https://collider.com/zac-efron-firestarter-remake-blumhouse/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 3, 2022 || ''[[Watcher (film)|Watcher]]'' || international distribution with [[Focus Features]] only; produced by [[Image Nation Abu Dhabi]] and Spooky Pictures; [[IFC Films|IFC Midnight]] and [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]] handle US distribution<ref>{{cite news |author1=Mike Fleming Jr. |title=IFC Midnight & Shudder Buy North American Rights To Sundance Thriller 'Watcher' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/ifc-sundance-thriller-watcher-1234922706/ |access-date=April 18, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |date=January 31, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 10, 2022 || ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]] and [[Perfect World Pictures]]<ref name=insight/><ref>{{Cite web|title='Jurassic World: Dominion' Delays Summer 2021 Release to 2022|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jurassic-world-dominion-delays-summer-2021-release-to-2022|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=October 7, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009121015/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jurassic-world-dominion-delays-summer-2021-release-to-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 17, 2022 || ''[[Brian and Charles]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[BFI]], [[Film4 Productions]] and Mr Box Productions |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 24, 2022 || ''[[The Black Phone]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Crooked Highway<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|date=October 30, 2020|title='Doctor Strange' Director Scott Derrickson Boards Blumhouse Horror Movie 'Black Phone'|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/scott-derrickson-black-phone-blumhouse-1234820046/|access-date=February 12, 2021|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212202346/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/scott-derrickson-black-phone-blumhouse-1234820046/|archive-date=February 12, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Sets Winter 2022 Release For Blumhouse Scott Derrickson Horror Movie 'The Black Phone'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/the-black-phone-scott-derrickson-film-universal-blumhouse-release-date-1234745209/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 27, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210737/https://deadline.com/2021/04/the-black-phone-scott-derrickson-film-universal-blumhouse-release-date-1234745209/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/the-black-phone-summer-release-date-1234892785/|title=Blumhouse's ''The Black Phone'' Will Now Ring In The Summer|date=December 16, 2021|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 17, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="3" | July 1, 2022 || ''[[The Forgiven (2021 film)|The Forgiven]]''|| international distribution with [[Focus Features]] only; produced by House of Un-American Activities, [[Brookstreet Pictures]], [[Film4 Productions]], Assemble Media, Head Gear Films, Metrol Technology and LipSync Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=October 14, 2020 |title='The Forgiven': Focus Features, Matt Smith, Christopher Abbott, More, Join Ralph Fiennes & Jessica Chastain Pic; First Look Images For Film Now Wrapped After COVID Delay |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/the-forgiven-focus-features-matt-smith-christopher-abbott-more-join-ralph-fiennes-first-look-images-for-film-now-wrapped-after-covid-delay-1234597175/ |access-date=October 18, 2020 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/minions-rise-gru-lands-new-summer-2021-release-sing-2-wicked-delayed-1287889|title='Minions: Rise of Gru' Lands New Summer 2021 Release; 'Sing 2,' 'Wicked' Delayed|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 1, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020|archive-date=April 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401225845/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/minions-rise-gru-lands-new-summer-2021-release-sing-2-wicked-delayed-1287889|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="march 2021 updates">{{cite web|title=Universal Shifts Summer Release Date For 'F9', 'Minions: The Rise Of Gru' Heads To 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/f9-minions-the-rise-of-gru-universal-release-date-change-1234706609/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 4, 2021|access-date=March 4, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304180121/https://deadline.com/2021/03/f9-minions-the-rise-of-gru-universal-release-date-change-1234706609/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Mr. Malcolm's List]]'' || international distribution outside Canada and France only; produced by Blinder Films, Rebelle Media, [[Refinery29]], and Untitled Entertainment; [[Bleecker Street (company)|Bleecker Street]] handles the North American distribution<ref>{{cite web|title=Zawe Ashton, Theo James & Ashley Park Join 'Mr Malcolm's List'; Universal Takes International Rights|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/zawe-ashton-theo-james-ashley-park-mr-malcolms-list-universal-international-rights-1234717953/|last=Grater|first=Tom|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 19, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 22, 2022 || ''[[Nope (film)|Nope]]'' || co-production with [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Sets Release Date For Jordan Peele's Next Movie|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/universal-sets-release-date-for-jordan-peeles-next-movie-1234611766/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 9, 2020|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115220117/https://deadline.com/2020/11/universal-sets-release-date-for-jordan-peeles-next-movie-1234611766/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 5, 2022 || ''[[Easter Sunday (film)|Easter Sunday]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Amblin Partners]] and [[Rideback (production company)|Rideback]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Amblin and Rideback Team for Jo Koy Comedy 'Easter Sunday' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amblin-rideback-team-jo-koy-comedy-easter-sunday-1279759|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 18, 2020|access-date=February 20, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030012913/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/amblin-rideback-team-jo-koy-comedy-easter-sunday-1279759|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jay Chandrasekhar to Direct Family Comedy 'Easter Sunday' for Amblin (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jay-chandrasekhar-to-direct-family-comedy-easter-sunday-for-amblin-exclusive|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 16, 2021|access-date=February 20, 2021|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217233928/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jay-chandrasekhar-to-direct-family-comedy-easter-sunday-for-amblin-exclusive|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 12, 2022 || ''[[Emily the Criminal]]'' || international distribution only; produced by Low Spark Films, Fear Knot Productions and Evil Hag Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/universal-pictures-content-group-takes-international-rights-to-sundance-hit-emily-the-criminal-exclusive/5167274.article|url-access=limited|title=Universal Pictures Content Group takes international rights to Sundance hit ''Emily The Criminal'' (exclusive)|date=February 4, 2022|first=Jeremy|last=Kay|website=[[Screen Daily]]|access-date=February 7, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 19, 2022 || ''[[Beast (2022 American film)|Beast]]'' || co-production with [[RVK Studios]] and [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Idris Elba to Star in Survival Thriller 'Beast' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/idris-elba-to-star-in-survival-thriller-beast-exclusive|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 30, 2020|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320171557/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/idris-elba-to-star-in-survival-thriller-beast-exclusive|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Beast|url=https://productionlist.com/production/beast/|work=Production List|date=March 15, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320171603/https://productionlist.com/production/beast/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Dates Idris Elba Thriller 'Beast' For Summer 2022|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/universal-dates-idris-elba-thriller-beast-for-summer-2022-1234759681/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518210301/https://deadline.com/2021/05/universal-dates-idris-elba-thriller-beast-for-summer-2022-1234759681/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 26, 2022 || ''[[Three Thousand Years of Longing]]'' || Canadian distribution only; produced by [[FilmNation Entertainment]] and Kennedy Mitchell Miller; distributed in the U.S. by [[United Artists Releasing]] through the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] label |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 16, 2022 || ''[[The Silent Twins (2022 film)|The Silent Twins]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], Madant, Extreme Emotions, 42, and Kindred Spirit<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/letitia-wright-tamara-lawrance-silent-twins-movie-true-story-1234730240/|title=Focus Features Acquires 'Silent Twins' With Letitia Wright & Tamara Lawrance|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 8, 2021|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153929/https://deadline.com/2021/04/letitia-wright-tamara-lawrance-silent-twins-focus-features-1234730240/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2" | September 30, 2022 || ''[[Bros (film)|Bros]]'' || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] and Global Solutions<ref>{{cite web|title=Nick Stoller To Direct Romantic Comedy Starring Billy Eichner, With Judd Apatow Producing|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/billy-eichner-judd-apatow-nick-stoller-untitled-romantic-comedy-universal-1202550087/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 5, 2019|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117234255/https://deadline.com/2019/02/billy-eichner-judd-apatow-nick-stoller-untitled-romantic-comedy-universal-1202550087/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Pictures Ramping Down Production On 'Jurassic World: Dominion', 'Flint Strong' & Untitled Billy Eichner Comedy In Wake Of Coronavirus|url=https://deadline.com/2020/03/jurassic-world-dominion-billy-eichner-movie-universal-stops-movies-coronavirus-1202883272/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 13, 2020|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124205613/https://deadline.com/2020/03/jurassic-world-dominion-billy-eichner-movie-universal-stops-movies-coronavirus-1202883272/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Billy Eichner Universal Romantic Comedy 'Bros' Sets Late Summer 2022 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/billy-eichner-universal-romantic-comedy-bros-sets-late-summer-2022-release-1234707877/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 5, 2021|access-date=March 5, 2021|archive-date=March 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305180140/https://deadline.com/2021/03/billy-eichner-universal-romantic-comedy-bros-sets-late-summer-2022-release-1234707877/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Entertainment One|eOne Features]], Superbe Films, Moonriver Content and Hero Squared<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crew-united.com/en/Mrs-Harris-Goes-to-Paris__280313.html |title=Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris |website=Crew United |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803170418/https://www.crew-united.com/en/Mrs-Harris-Goes-to-Paris__280313.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fne">{{cite web |last=Varga |first=Denes |url=https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/121563-focus-features-picks-up-british-hungarian-coproduction-mrs-harris-goes-to-paris |title=Focus Features Picks Up British/Hungarian Coproduction Mrs. Harris Goes to Paris |website=[[Film New Europe Association|Film New Europe]] |date=2 April 2021 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712074308/https://www.filmneweurope.com/news/hungary-news/item/121563-focus-features-picks-up-british-hungarian-coproduction-mrs-harris-goes-to-paris |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 7, 2022 || ''[[Tár]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], Standard Film Company and EMJAG Productions |- | style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2" | October 14, 2022 || ''[[Halloween Ends]]'' § || co-production with [[Miramax]], [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Compass International Pictures|Trancas International Pictures]], and [[Rough House Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Unveils Titles, Sets Release Dates for Two New 'Halloween' Films|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-unveils-titles-sets-release-dates-two-new-halloween-films-1225671/|last=Real|first=Evan|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=July 19, 2019 |access-date=September 23, 2022|archive-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616013143/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-unveils-titles-sets-release-dates-two-new-halloween-films-1225671/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''[[Till (film)|Till]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Orion Pictures]], Frederick Zollo Productions and [[Eon Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/01/2022-movies-calendar-and-the-most-anticipated-of-the-year.html|title = 41 Movies We Can't Wait to See in 2022|date = January 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/emmett-till-mamie-till-mobley-chinonye-chukwu-director-movie-atrocious-murder-1203024820/|title = Chinonye Chukwu to Helm Film on How Mamie till Mobley Turned Son Emmett Till's Brutal Murder into Civil Rights Movement Catalyst; Barbara Broccoli, Whoopi Goldberg Producing|date = August 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="univ">{{cite web|title=Warner Bros. to Release MGM Movies Internationally, Except for ''Bond 26''|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Rebecxa|last=Rubin|date=14 August 2022|access-date=15 August 2022|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/warner-bros-mgm-international-theatrical-distribution-1235341060/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 21, 2022 || ''[[Ticket to Paradise (2022 film)|Ticket to Paradise]]'' || co-production with [[Julia Roberts|Red Om Films]], [[Smokehouse Pictures]] and [[Working Title Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title=George Clooney & Julia Roberts Re-Team In 'Ticket To Paradise;' Ol Parker Directs For Universal, Working Title|url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/george-clooney-julia-roberts-reteam-ticket-to-paradise-universal-pictures-working-title-romantic-comedy-1234701238/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 26, 2021|access-date=February 26, 2021|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182358/https://deadline.com/2021/02/george-clooney-julia-roberts-reteam-ticket-to-paradise-universal-pictures-working-title-romantic-comedy-1234701238/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=George Clooney & Julia Roberts Reteam 'Ticket To Paradise' Sets Fall 2022 Theatrical Release|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/julia-roberts-george-clooney-movie-ticket-to-paradise-fall-2022-theatrical-release-1234728528/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=April 6, 2021|access-date=April 6, 2021|archive-date=April 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406170818/https://deadline.com/2021/04/julia-roberts-george-clooney-movie-ticket-to-paradise-fall-2022-theatrical-release-1234728528/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 28, 2022 || ''[[Armageddon Time]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], RT Features, MadRiver Pictures, Keep Your Head and Spacemaker Productions |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 11, 2022 || ''[[The Fabelmans]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/cowboys-aliens-sequel-cancelled-why/|title=Cowboys & Aliens Creator Says Studio Politics Killed Plans For Sequel|work=[[Screen Rant]]|last=Fink|first=Richard|date=July 31, 2021|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/steven-spielbergs-the-fabelmans-based-on-filmmakers-childhood-sets-2022-theatrical-release-1234885646/|title=Steven Spielberg's ''The Fabelmans'', Based On Filmmaker's Childhood, Sets 2022 Theatrical Release|date=December 6, 2021|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 6, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 18, 2022 || ''[[She Said (film)|She Said]]''|| co-production with [[Annapurna Pictures]] and [[Plan B Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Carey Mulligan And Zoe Kazan To Portray The New York Times Reporters Who Broke The Harvey Weinstein Sex Scandal Story In Plan B & Annapurna Drama For Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/carey-mulligan-zoe-kazan-megan-twohey-jodi-kantor-harvey-wenstein-1234769853/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=June 12, 2021|archive-date=June 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611201119/https://deadline.com/2021/06/carey-mulligan-zoe-kazan-megan-twohey-jodi-kantor-harvey-wenstein-1234769853/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2021/07/she-said-release-date-harvey-weinstein-case-carey-mulligan-zoe-kazan-1234794070/|title='She Said' Gets Release Date; Pic Based On Book About Harvey Weinstein Case Stars Carey Mulligan & Zoe Kazan|last=Pederson|first=Erik|date=July 15, 2021|access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 2, 2022 || ''[[Violent Night]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]] |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 21, 2022 || ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Puss In Boots 2' In The Works: 'Spider-Verse' Oscar Winner Bob Persichetti Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/puss-in-boots-2-spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-bob-persichetti-to-direct-1202565786/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 27, 2019|date=February 26, 2019|archive-date=February 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227222241/https://deadline.com/2019/02/puss-in-boots-2-spider-man-into-the-spider-verse-bob-persichetti-to-direct-1202565786/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dwa 2022">{{cite web|title=Universal Sets Release Dates For Dreamworks Animation 'Puss In Boots' Sequel & 'The Bad Guys'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/universal-sets-release-dates-for-dreamworks-animation-puss-in-boots-sequel-the-bad-guys-1234716632/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=March 17, 2021|archive-date=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320171554/https://deadline.com/2021/03/universal-sets-release-dates-for-dreamworks-animation-puss-in-boots-sequel-the-bad-guys-1234716632/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PussInBootsChristmas2022">{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title='Puss In Boots: The Last Wish' Heads To Christmas Time |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/puss-in-boots-the-last-wish-release-date-1235009625/ |website=Deadline |access-date=April 25, 2022 |date=April 25, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 23, 2022 || ''[[Women Talking (film)|Women Talking]]'' || international distribution outside Italy, Scandinavia, Portugal, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia), the Middle East and Israel only; produced by [[Orion Pictures]], [[Plan B Entertainment]] and Hear/Say Productions<ref name="univ"/> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 6, 2023 || ''[[M3GAN]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=McClintock|first1=Pamela|date=January 19, 2022|title=Allison Williams Thriller ''M3GAN'' Sets January 2023 Release in Theaters|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/allison-williams-m3gan-release-date-1235077459/|publisher=[[MRC (company)#PMRC|PMRC]]|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Universal Shifts 'M3GAN' Up To First Week In 2023 |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2022/10/19/m3gan-opening-early-2023-james-wan-jason-blum-universal-movies/?sh=7b1145cb69d6 |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en-US |date=19 October 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 3, 2023 || ''[[Knock at the Cabin]]'' || co-production with [[Blinding Edge Pictures]] and [[FilmNation Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/m-night-shyamalan-knock-at-the-cabin-new-release-date-title-revealed-1234855706/|title=M. Night Shyamalan's 'Knock At The Cabin' Gets New Release Date And Official Title|last=Haring|first=Bruce|date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 24, 2023 || ''[[Cocaine Bear]]'' || co-production with [[Brownstone Productions]] and [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Phil Lord, Chris Miller Team With 'Ready or Not' Directors for Bear Horror-Comedy (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/phil-lord-chris-miller-team-ready-not-directors-bear-horror-comedy-1247090|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 16, 2019|access-date=March 10, 2021|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102020444/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/phil-lord-chris-miller-team-ready-not-directors-bear-horror-comedy-1247090|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Elizabeth Banks To Direct 'Cocaine Bear' Thriller For Universal, Phil Lord & Chris Miller|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/elizabeth-banks-cocaine-bear-universal-phil-lord-chris-miller-1234710078/|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 9, 2021|access-date=March 10, 2021|archive-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309233654/https://deadline.com/2021/03/elizabeth-banks-cocaine-bear-universal-phil-lord-chris-miller-1234710078/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 5, 2023 || ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]] and [[Nintendo]]<ref name="Deadline 2023">{{cite web | title='Super Mario Bros. Movie' Opening Earlier This Spring | website=Deadline | date=28 Feb 2023 | url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/super-mario-bros-movie-release-date-spring-1235274239/ | access-date=28 Feb 2023}}</ref><ref name="variety-mario">{{cite news |last1=Donnelly |first1=Matt |date=23 September 2021 |title=Super Mario Bros. Movie Lands All-Star Voice Cast: Chris Pratt, Anya Taylor-Joy, Keegan-Michael Key, Seth Rogen |work=Variety (magazine) |publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC. |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/super-mario-bros-movie-cast-chris-pratt-1235072946/ |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=The Super Mario Movie Has Been Delayed Until April 2023 |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/04/the-super-mario-movie-has-been-delayed-until-april-2023 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=Nintendo Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 7, 2023 || ''[[Praise This]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]]; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Trey |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Universal Updates Slate of Upcoming Will Packer Films |url=https://www.thewrap.com/issa-rae-and-lakeith-stanfield-love-story-the-photograph-dated-for-valentines-day-release-at-universal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410082332/https://www.thewrap.com/issa-rae-and-lakeith-stanfield-love-story-the-photograph-dated-for-valentines-day-release-at-universal/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 17, 2019 |work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Tina Gordon to Direct Universal, Will Packer's 'Praise This' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/little-director-tina-gordon-will-packer-universals-praise-this-1203239947/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029080819/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/little-director-tina-gordon-will-packer-universals-praise-this-1203239947/ |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=April 24, 2020 |title='Spider-Man' Sequels Pushed Back Amid Sony Release Schedule Shuffle |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/spider-man-sequels-delayed-1234589657/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425120147/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/spider-man-sequels-delayed-1234589657/ |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |access-date=April 25, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2022-05-02 |title=Original Films From LeBron James, Will Packer & John Woo To Premiere On Peacock In 2023 |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/original-films-from-lebron-james-will-packer-john-woo-to-premiere-on-peacock-in-2023-1235014097/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Praise This' Trailer: Chloe Bailey and Anjelika Washington Take the Lead in Musical Comedy|url=https://collider.com/praise-this-trailer-chloe-bailey/|website=Collider|last=Remley|first=Hilary|date=March 6, 2023|access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 14, 2023 || ''[[Renfield (film)|Renfield]]'' || co-production with [[Skybound Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/about-renfield-release-date-april-2023-1235099693/|title=Universal Sets Nicholas Hoult's ''Renfield'' for 2023 Release|date=February 25, 2022|first=Aaron|last=Couch|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 12, 2023 || ''[[Book Club: The Next Chapter]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Endeavor Group Holdings, Inc.|Fifth Season]], [[CJ ENM]] and Makeready |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 19, 2023 || ''[[Fast X]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]], [[One Race Films]] and Perfect Storm Entertainment<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Lawrence|first=Derek|title=The road to the end: 'Fast & Furious 10' sets 2023 release date|url=https://ew.com/movies/fast-and-furious-10-release-date-2023/|date=2021-08-17|access-date=2021-08-18|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fast10&11Release">{{Cite web|title=F9 Star Vin Diesel on Major Cameos for Fast & Furious 10 and 11|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/f9-vin-diesel-major-cameos-for-fast-furious-10-and-11/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[ComicBook.com]]|date=June 26, 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fast10&11Filming">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-27|title=Vin Diesel Confirms Fast and Furious 10 & 11 Start Filming in January 2022|url=https://screenrant.com/fast-furious-10-11-start-filming-january-2022/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=2021-08-18|title='Fast & Furious 10' Release Date Shifted To May 2023|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/fast-and-furious-10-release-date-moves-1234891264/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 2, 2023 || ''[[Shooting Stars (2023 film)|Shooting Stars]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[SpringHill Company]]; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Diego |date=2023-03-28 |title=First Teaser for 'Shooting Stars' Takes a Look at Lebron James' Early Years |url=https://collider.com/shooting-stars-teaser-release-date-lebron-james-movie/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 30, 2023 || ''[[Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thegww.com/exclusive-dreamworks-animation-sets-meet-the-gillmans-for-2022/ | title=EXCLUSIVE: Dreamworks Animation Sets 'Meet the Gillmans' for 2022 | date=16 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://fullcirclecinema.com/2021/06/16/dreamworks-laura-dern-lana-condor-michael-sheen-meet-the-gillmans/ | title=DreamWorks Eyeing Laura Dern & Lana Condor for 'Meet the Gillmans' | date=16 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zahed|first=Ramin|title=Trailer Premiere: Director Kirk DeMicco and Producer Kelly Cooney Cilella Give Us the Scoop on DreamWorks' ''Ruby Gillman: Teenage Kraken''|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/03/kirk-demicco-and-kelly-cooney-cilella-give-us-the-scoop-on-dreamworks-ruby-gillman-teenage-kraken-plus-trailer/ |website=Animation Magazine|date=March 16, 2023|access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 21, 2023 || ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' || Winner of the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]<br>Winner of the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama]]<br>co-production with [[Syncopy Inc.]] and [[Atlas Entertainment]]<ref>[https://deadline.com/2021/10/cillian-murphy-j-robert-oppenheimer-christopher-nolans-universal-film-july-2023-1234852888/ Cillian Murphy Confirmed to Star As J. Robert Oppenheimer In Christopher Nolan’s Next Film At Universal, Film Will Bow in July 2023]</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 11, 2023 || ''[[The Last Voyage of the Demeter]]'' || distribution in North and Latin America, France, German-speaking Europe, Asia (excluding India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Vietnam and Indonesia) and Russia only; co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], Storyworks Productions, [[Studio Babelsberg]], [[Phoenix Pictures]] and Wise Owl Media<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-30 |title=Javier Botet Will Haunt the 'Last Voyage of the Demeter' as Dracula in Upcoming Amblin Horror Film |url=https://collider.com/last-voyage-of-the-demeter-cast-javier-botet-dracula/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 18, 2023 || ''[[Strays (2023 film)|Strays]]'' || co-production with [[Erik Feig|Picturestart]], Rabbit Hole Productions and [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Phil Lord and Chris Miller, Picturestart Set Live-Action Comedy 'Strays' at Universal (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/lord-miller-strays-movie-unviersal-1234983167/|last=Donnelly|first=Matt|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 27, 2021|access-date=May 29, 2021|archive-date=May 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529201002/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/lord-miller-strays-movie-unviersal-1234983167/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/strays-release-date-will-ferrell-jamie-foxx-1234934459/|title=''Strays'': Universal Dates Will Ferrell, Jamie Foxx & Will Forte Comedy For Summer 2023|date=February 15, 2022|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/strays-release-date-will-ferrell-jamie-foxx-1234934459/|title=''Strays'': Universal Dates Will Ferrell, Jamie Foxx & Will Forte Comedy For Summer 2023|date=February 15, 2022|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=2023-05-08 |title=Universal Moves 'Strays' to August as 'Please Don't Destroy' Comedy Pivots to Peacock |url=https://www.thewrap.com/strays-delayed-please-dont-destroy-peacock-universal-movies/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 1, 2023 || ''[[Oracle (2023 film)|Oracle]]'' '''*''' || co-production with [[Will Packer|Will Packer Productions]]; distributed by [[Max (streaming service)|Max]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/ryan-destiny-heather-graham-oracle-will-packer-productions-1234611442/ |title=Ryan Destiny, Heather Graham Join Horror Film 'Oracle' From Will Packer Productions |first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 9, 2020|access-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://blexmedia.com/ryan-destiny-oracle-trailer/|title=Ryan Destiny Leads Psychological Thriller 'Oracle' [TRAILER]|website=Blex Media|date=October 1, 2023|access-date=November 15, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 6, 2023 || ''[[The Exorcist: Believer]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Morgan Creek Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Untitled Blumhouse Productions Project|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl527139585/?ref_=bo_rs_table_2|access-date=January 27, 2021|website=Box Office Mojo|archive-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201061638/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl527139585/?ref_=bo_rs_table_2|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 27, 2023 || ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)|Five Nights at Freddy's]]'' § || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Striker Entertainment |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | November 17, 2023 || ''[[Please Don't Destroy: The Treasure of Foggy Mountain]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[Apatow Productions]] and Mosaic Media Group; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/please-dont-destroy-snl-movie-judd-apatow-1235183628/|title=Universal Pictures Nabs Buddy Comedy From 'SNL' Please Don't Destroy Group|website=Hollywood Reporter|date=July 20, 2022|first=Etan|last=Vlessing|access-date=July 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Buddy Comedy From 'SNL' Trio Please Don't Destroy Pivots From Theaters To Peacock, Sets Premiere Date |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/please-dont-destroy-movie-streaming-premiere-date-peacock-1235359507/ |access-date=May 8, 2023 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Coggan|first=Devan|title=''SNL's'' Please Don't Destroy trio is looking for lost treasure in feature film first look|url=https://ew.com/movies/please-dont-destroy-treasure-of-foggy-mountain-first-look|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=August 16, 2023|access-date=August 16, 2023}}</ref> |- | ''[[Trolls Band Together]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2021-11-22|title=''Trolls 3'' Lands Release Date, DreamWorks Animation Title Will Be Exclusive Theatrical|url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/trolls-3-release-date-theatrical-exclusive-window-1234878949/|access-date=2021-11-22|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 22, 2023 || ''[[Genie (2023 film)|Genie]]'' ‡ || co-production with [[Working Title Films]] and Linden Productions; distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melissa McCarthy To Star In Richard Curtis-Scripted Christmas Comedy For Universal, Working Title & Peacock; Sam Boyd To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/melissa-mccarthy-stars-richard-curtis-scripted-christmas-comedy-universal-working-title-peacock-sam-boyd-directs-1235199151/|access-date=March 17, 2023|website=Deadline|date=December 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2023-11-01 |title=Melissa McCarthy, Paapa Essiedu's Peacock Comedy 'Genie' From 'Love Actually's Richard Curtis Gets Premiere Date, Trailer, First Look Photos |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/melissa-mccarthy-movie-genie-premiere-date-trailer-first-look-1235589552/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 1, 2023 || ''[[Eileen (film)|Eileen]]'' || international distribution with [[Focus Features]] only; produced by [[Fifth Season (company)|Fifth Season]], [[Film4 Productions]], [[Likely Story]], Lost Winds Entertainment and Omniscient Productions<ref>{{cite web|title=Focus acquires international rights to 'Eileen' starring Anne Hathaway, Thomasin McKenzie|website=[[Screen International]]|date=11 July 2023|access-date=12 August 2023|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/focus-acquires-international-rights-to-eileen-starring-anne-hathaway-thomasin-mckenzie-exclusive/5183786.article}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 22, 2023 || ''[[Migration (2023 film)|Migration]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref name="deadlinedates">{{cite news |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title='Despicable Me 4', 'Migration' Get Release Dates From Illumination, Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/despicable-me-4-migration-get-release-dates-from-illumination-universal-1234956816/ |access-date=February 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 5, 2024 || ''[[Night Swim]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vlessing |first1=Etan |title=Wyatt Russell, Kerry Condon to Star in 'Night Swim' Horror Pic |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/wyatt-russell-kerry-condon-blumhouse-night-swim-1235294351/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 10, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=2023-04-07 |title=Blumhouse Horror ''Night Swim'' Moves Up January Release |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/blumhouse-horror-night-swim-january-release-1235369239/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 2, 2024 || ''[[Argylle]]'' || theatrical distribution only; produced by [[Apple Studios]], [[Marv Studios]] and Cloudy Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Apple's Matthew Vaughn Spy Thriller 'Argylle' Set For February Release Through Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/apples-matthew-vaughn-spy-thriller-argylle-set-for-february-2-release-through-universal-1235418298/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 8, 2024 || ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=DreamWorks Animation's 'Kung Fu Panda 4' Is Happening; Universal Sets 2024 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/dreamworks-animations-kung-fu-panda-4-is-happening-universal-sets-2024-release-1235091150/|access-date=August 12, 2022|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 5, 2024 || ''[[Monkey Man (film)|Monkey Man]]'' || distribution outside Latin America & Spain only; co-production with [[Bron Studios]], [[Thunder Road Films]], Minor Realm, S'Ya Concept and [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/monkey-man-dev-patel-jordan-peele-release-1235805732/|title=Dev Patel's 'Monkey Man' Springs From Netflix To Monkeypaw & Universal, Sets April Theatrical Release, Trailer Drops|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 26, 2024}}</ref> |- |style="text-align:right;" | April 12, 2024 || ''[[Woody Woodpecker Goes to Camp]]'' * || co-production with [[Universal Animation Studios]] and [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Universal 1440 Entertainment|Universal 1440 Entertainment]]; distributed by [[Netflix]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slatter |first=Sean |date=2021-09-12 |title=Universal 1440 Entertainment's 'Woody Woodpecker' sequel filming in Victoria |url=https://if.com.au/universal-1440-entertainments-woody-woodpecker-sequel-filming-in-victoria/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=IF Magazine |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Jamie |date=2024-02-01 |title=Netflix Announces New Hybrid 'Woody Woodpecker' Feature, Coming April 12 |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/netflix-announces-new-hybrid-woody-woodpecker-feature-coming-april-12-237526.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Cartoon Brew |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 19, 2024 || ''[[Abigail (2024 film)|Abigail]]'' || co-production with [[Radio Silence Productions]] and Project X Entertainment<ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |title='Scream' Filmmaking Team Radio Silence Reunites With Project X On Untitled Monster Movie At Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/scream-radio-silence-untitled-monster-movie-universal-1235321476/ |website=Deadline |access-date=15 May 2023 |date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Radio Silence Universal Monster Thriller Adds Angus Cloud, Kathryn Newton & Will Catlett; Sets Spring 2024 Release |url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/universal-radio-silence-monster-thriller-kathryn-newton-angus-cloud-will-catlett-1235365261/ |website=Deadline |access-date=15 May 2023 |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align:right;" | April 26, 2024 || ''[[The American Society of Magical Negroes]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], Sight Unseen and Juba Lane<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2024|title=''The American Society Of Magical Negroes'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-american-society-of-magical-negroes-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4nzcw|access-date=March 26, 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 3, 2024 || ''[[The Fall Guy (2024 film)|The Fall Guy]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]] and Entertainment 360<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zee |first=Michaela |date=2023-11-15 |title='The Fall Guy' Release Date Moved to May, Stakes Out 'Deadpool 3' Slot |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/the-fall-guy-release-date-may-deadpool-3-slot-1235791085/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 21, 2024 || ''[[The Bikeriders]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Regency Enterprises]] and Tri-State Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/the-bikeriders-focus-features-tom-hardy-austin-butler-1235634377/|title=Tom Hardy, Austin Butler & Jodie Comer New Regency Pic 'The Bikeriders' Zooms Over To Focus Features|website=Deadline|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=November 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-bikeriders-new-release-date-2024/|title=Focus Features Sets June Release for 'The Bikeriders' Starring Austin Butler and Tom Hardy|website=The Wrap|first=Adam|last=Chitwood|date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 3, 2024 || ''[[Despicable Me 4]]'' || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sakoui|first1=Anousha|last2=Palmeri|first2=Christopher|title=In Dismal Summer, 'Despicable Me 3' Producer Delivers $1 Billion|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-12/in-dismal-summer-despicable-me-3-producer-delivers-1-billion|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|access-date=September 28, 2017|date=September 12, 2017|archive-date=September 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135104/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-12/in-dismal-summer-despicable-me-3-producer-delivers-1-billion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="deadlinedates"/> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 19, 2024 || ''[[Twisters (film)|Twisters]]'' || North American and select international distribution only; co-production with [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], [[Amblin Entertainment]], [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]] and Domain Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/twisters-sequel-forecast-spring-start-universal-amblin-finalize-director-1235147353/|work=Deadline|title=The Dish: 'Twisters' Forecast For Spring Start As Universal, Amblin Finalize Director For Sequel|author=Fleming, Mike Jr.|date=October 17, 2022|accessdate=October 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=December 20, 2022 |title='Twister' Sequel Sets Summer 2024 Release Date |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/twisters-release-date-1235466673/?fbclid=IwAR12BfARPrqDBFhPWQeHsFB3ynPy8Xgud8ypXjIL73CU20Ny9EHL4y5Xm8k |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 23, 2024 || ''[[The Killer (2024 film)|The Killer]]'' ‡ || distributed by [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]; co-production with [[Atlas Entertainment]], [[Star China Media|Fortune Star Media Limited]] and A Better Tomorrow Films<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/the-killer-exclusive-first-look-at-john-woo-and-peacocks-reimagining-of-the-action-classic|title=The Killer: Exclusive First Look at John Woo and Peacock's Reimagining of the Action Classic|first=Jim|last=Vejvoda|website=IGN|date=June 21, 2024|access-date=June 23, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 13, 2024 || ''[[Speak No Evil (2024 film)|Speak No Evil]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/james-mcavoy-blumhouse-reteam-speak-no-evil-gaesterne-1235377044/ |title= James McAvoy, Blumhouse Reteam for Horror Thriller 'Speak No Evil'|first=Aaron|last=Couch|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 17, 2023}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 20, 2024 || ''[[The Substance]]'' || copyright holder only; produced by [[Working Title Films]] and Blacksmith; distributed by [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Cineuropa]]|title=Review: ''The Substance''|first=Fabien|last=Lemercier|url= https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/462560/|date=20 May 2024|access-date=28 September 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 27, 2024 || ''[[The Wild Robot]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Drew |title=Director Chris Sanders Returns to DreamWorks Animation With 'The Wild Robot' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-wild-robot-movie-chris-sanders-dreamworks-animation/ |website=TheWrap |access-date=28 September 2023 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/dreamworks-animation-the-wild-robot-release-date-1235677979/|title=DreamWorks Animation's 'The Wild Robot' To Bring Life To Early Fall 2024 Box Office|website=Deadline Hollywood|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=December 19, 2023|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=DreamWorks Animation's 'The Wild Robot' Will Go One Week Later In The Fall |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/the-wild-robot-release-date-1235893235/ |website=Deadline |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 11, 2024 || ''[[Piece by Piece (2024 film)|Piece by Piece]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[The Lego Group]], [[I Am Other|i am OTHER]] and [[Tremolo Productions]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Earl |first=William |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/pharrell-williams-biopic-lego-animated-1235888902/ |title=Pharrell Williams Creating a Lego Animated Biopic With Focus Features |work=[[Variety Magazine|Variety]] |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=April 24, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 22, 2024 || ''[[Wicked (2024 film)|Wicked: Part One]]'' || co-production with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=April 1, 2020|title='Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401205258/https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|archive-date=April 1, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name="deadline.com">{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Universal Releasing 'Wicked' Musical In Two Parts |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/wicked-universal-two-part-release-1235010059/ |website=Deadline |access-date=April 26, 2022 |date=April 26, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 6, 2024 || ''[[Rumours (2024 film)|Rumours]]'' || select international distribution only; produced by Square Peg, Buffalo Gal Pictures and Maze Pictures |} {{reflist|group=N}} ==Upcoming== <!--DO NOT REMOVE ANY FILMS THAT ARE UNTITLED BUT WITH CONFIRMED RELEASE DATES.--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:130px;" | Release date ! scope="col" style="width:350px;" | Title ! Notes !Production status |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 25, 2024 || ''[[Nosferatu (2024 film)|Nosferatu]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]], [[Studio 8 (company)|Studio 8]] and [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Maiden Voyage Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis|first=Ben|date=2023-11-20 |title=''Nosferatu'' Will Conjure Vampiric Terror In Robert Eggers' 'Old-School Gothic' Horror: 'It's A Scary Film' – World-First Image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/nosferatu-robert-eggers-first-look-gothic-horror-world-exclusive/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/nosferatu-release-date-first-image-unveiled-1235640311/|title=Focus Features Dates Robert Eggers' 'Nosferatu' For Christmas 2024|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=November 28, 2023|access-date=November 28, 2023}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Completed |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 17, 2025 || ''[[Wolf Man (2025 film)|Wolf Man]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Motel Movies<ref>{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Christopher Abbott Replacing Ryan Gosling to Star in 'Wolf Man' for Blumhouse, Universal (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/wolfman-ryan-gosling-drops-out-christopher-abbott-1235746506/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 13, 2023|access-date=December 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=D’Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=March 29, 2024|title=Blumhouse's 'Wolf Man' Runs From Fall To MLK Weekend 2025; 'The Woman In The Yard' Unset For Now|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/the-wolf-man-the-woman-in-the-yard-release-dates-1235871933/|access-date=March 29, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=July 8, 2020|title=Ryan Gosling's 'Wolfman' Howling At Universal As Director Leigh Whannell & Blumhouse Join The Pack|url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/wolfman-ryan-gosling-leigh-whannell-universal-pictures-blumhouse-the-invisible-man-1202980413/|access-date=September 18, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 31, 2025 || ''[[Dog Man (film)|Dog Man]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=December 9, 2020 |title=DreamWorks Developing Dav Pilkey's 'Dog Man' as Animated Feature |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/dreamworks-developing-dav-pilkeys-dog-man-as-animated-feature/|access-date=January 28, 2021 |work=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Amidi|first1=Amid |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Dreamworks Shifting Away From In-House Production In Los Angeles; Sony Imageworks Is A New Production Partner |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/studios/dreamworks-shifting-away-from-in-house-production-in-los-angeles-sony-imageworks-is-new-production-partner-233466.html|access-date=October 8, 2023 |website=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title='Dog Man' Movie Based On Books From 'Captain Underpants' Creator Set For 2025 Release From Universal And DWA |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/dog-man-movie-release-date-universal-dreamworks-1235807860/ |website=Deadline |access-date=29 January 2024 |date=29 January 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 7, 2025 || ''[[Love Hurts (2025 film)|Love Hurts]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=January 4, 2024 |title=Ke Huy Quan Set For Uni Actioner 'With Love' From 87North |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/ke-huy-quan-with-love-movie-universal-1235695293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104214925/https://deadline.com/2024/01/ke-huy-quan-with-love-movie-universal-1235695293/ |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ke Huy Quan 87North Universal Action Movie 'With Love' Sets Winter 2025 Release|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/ke-huy-quan-with-love-release-date-1235858857/}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 14, 2025 || ''[[Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy]]'' § || co-production with [[Working Title Films]], [[Miramax]] and [[StudioCanal]]; releasing on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in the U.S.<ref name="Deadline">{{cite web|title=Renée Zellweger, Hugh Grant & Emma Thompson To Return For 'Bridget Jones: Mad About The Boy'; Chiwetel Ejiofor, Leo Woodall Also Set|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=9 April 2024|access-date=9 April 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-renee-zellweger-returning-universal-1235878931/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Renee Zellweger to Return for 'Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy' With Hugh Grant, Emma Thompson|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Katcy|last=Stephan|date=9 April 2024|access-date=10 April 2024|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-renee-zellweger-hugh-grant-1235965369/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Isla Fisher & Nico Parker Among New Additions To 'Bridget Jones: Mad About The Boy' As 9 Are Set To Return|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=May 29, 2024|access-date=May 29, 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/bridget-jones-mad-about-the-boy-adds-13-to-cast-1235943579/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 28, 2025 || ''[[The Woman in the Yard]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Blumhouse Sets ''The Woman In The Yard'' With Danielle Deadwyler As Star & EP; Jaume Collet-Serra To Direct, EP|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/blumhouse-the-woman-in-the-yard-jaume-co@llet-serra-danielle-deadwyler-1235825651/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 14, 2024|access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date">{{cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title=Universal Dates 'Five Nights At Freddy's 2,' 'Woman In The Yard' & 'Drop'; 'The Black Phone', 'M3GAN' Sequels Pushed |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/five-nights-at-freddys-2-sets-release-date-m3gan-sequel-pushed-1235919529/ |website=Deadline |access-date=16 May 2024 |date=16 May 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | Completed |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 11, 2025 || ''[[Drop (film)|Drop]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Platinum Dunes]]<ref name="FNAF2Date" /> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 9, 2025 || ''[[Golden (film)|Golden]]'' | co-production with [[I Am Other|i am OTHER]] and Gil Netter Productions<ref>{{cite news |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title=Kelvin Harrison Jr. To Lead Universal Musical From Michel Gondry, Pharrell Williams; Da'Vine Joy Randolph Circling – The Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/kelvin-harrison-jr-to-lead-atlantis-movie-michel-gondry-pharrell-williams-1235865126/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=Deadline Hollywood |date=March 21, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=2024-08-29 |title=Michel Gondry, Pharrell Williams Musical Gets Title, High-Profile May 2025 Release Date |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/michel-gondry-musical-pharrell-williams-release-date-1235987147/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="7" | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 13, 2025 || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2025 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]] and [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2023-02-15 |title='How to Train Your Dragon' Live-Action Movie in the Works from Dean DeBlois, Universal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-movie-in-the-works-from-dean-deblois-universal-1235326802/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title='How To Train Your Dragon' Live-Action Feature Pushed Due To Actors Strike |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-movie-release-date-1235592783/ |website=Deadline |access-date=3 November 2023 |date=3 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Diego |date=2024-01-15 |title='How To Train Your Dragon' Live Action Takes Flight as Production Begins |url=https://collider.com/how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-filming/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 27, 2025 || ''[[M3GAN 2.0]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2023-01-18 |title='M3GAN 2.0' To Happen In 2025 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/m3gan-2-release-date-1235226429/ |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Rourke |first=Ryan |date=2024-02-14 |title='M3GAN 2.0' Release Date Pushed Back Several Months |url=https://collider.com/megan-2-release-date-pushed-back/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date" /> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 2, 2025 || ''[[Jurassic World Rebirth]]'' || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]] and [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=January 22, 2024|title=New Jurassic World Movie in the Works With David Koepp Writing (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/new-jurassic-world-movie-in-the-works-1235792506/|access-date=January 22, 2024|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=D’Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=February 5, 2024|title='Jurassic World' New Movie Eyes Summer 2025 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/jurassic-world-new-movie-2025-release-1235815586/|access-date=February 5, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 1, 2025 || ''[[The Bad Guys 2]]''|| distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=DreamWorks Animation Sets 'The Bad Guys 2' For Late Summer 2025 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/the-bad-guys-2-release-date-1235868833/ |website=Deadline |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | August 15, 2025 || ''[[Nobody 2]]'' || co-production with [[87North Productions]], Odenkirk Provissiero Entertainment and Eighty Two Films<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shanfeld |first1=Ethan |title='Nobody 2' With Bob Odenkirk Lands 'The Night Comes for Us' Director Timo Tjahjanto, Filming to Start Late Summer |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/nobody-2-bob-odenkirk-director-timo-tjahjanto-1236043497/ |website=Variety |access-date=24 June 2024 |date=24 June 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 12, 2025 || ''[[Untitled Downton Abbey: A New Era sequel|Downton Abbey 3]]'' || international distribution only; produced by [[Focus Features]] and [[Carnival Films]]<ref>{{cite web|title='Downton Abbey 3' Opening Doors In Fall 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=26 June 2024|access-date=26 June 2024|url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/downton-abbey-3-release-date-1235983837/}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 19, 2025 || ''[[Him (2025 film)|Him]]'' || co-production with [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Marlon Wayans To Star In Psychological Horror Pic ''Goat'' For Universal And Monkeypaw; Justin Tipping Directing|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/marlon-wayans-goat-universal-monkeypaw-1235791769/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=2024-01-15|access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Universal Sets Fall 2025 Release Of Monkeypaw's 'Him' Starring Marlon Wayans |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/monkeypaw-marlon-wayans-him-release-date-1235910196/ |website=Deadline |access-date=9 May 2024 |date=9 May 2024}}</ref> | Completed |- | style="text-align:right;" | September 26, 2025 || ''[[Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/gabbys-dollhouse-dreamworks-animation-release-date-1235895407/|title=DreamWorks Animation Dates Big Screen Version Of Netflix Streaming Series ''Gabby's Dollhouse'' For Fall 2025|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Anthony D'Alessandro|date=April 25, 2024|access-date=April 26, 2024}}</ref> | In production |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 3, 2025 || ''[[Michael (2025 film)|Michael]]'' || international distribution except Japan only; produced by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] and [[GK Films]]<ref>{{cite web|last=D’Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 11, 2024|title=Antoine Fuqua's Michael Jackson Biopic Gets Global Release Date Via Lionsgate & Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/michael-jackson-biopic-release-date-michael-1235718111/|access-date=January 11, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 17, 2025 || ''[[The Black Phone 2]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=October 27, 2023|title=Universal Pictures Sets Release Date for Blumhouse's 'The Black Phone 2' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-pictures-blumhouse-black-phone-2-release-date-1235630125/|access-date=October 28, 2023|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date" /> | Filming |- | style="text-align:right;" | November 21, 2025 || ''[[Wicked: Part Two]]'' || co-production with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=April 1, 2020|title='Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot|url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401205258/https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/|archive-date=April 1, 2020|access-date=April 1, 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name="deadline.com"/> | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | December 5, 2025 || ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)#Sequels|Five Nights at Freddy's 2]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and Scott Cawthon Productions<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=William |date=2024-01-08 |title=Josh Hutcherson Says 'Five Nights at Freddy's 2' Is in the Works and He's 'Dying to Get Back on Set,' Jennifer Lawrence Texted Him About Film's Box Office |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/five-nights-at-freddys-2-script-josh-hutcherson-1235863907/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=2024-04-10 |title='Five Nights at Freddy's' Sequel in the Works at Universal, Blumhouse |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/five-nights-at-freddys-sequel-1235871387/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="FNAF2Date" /> | Filming |- | style="text-align:right;" | January 2, 2026 || ''[[SOULM8TE]]'' || co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]] and [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Atomic Monster & Blumhouse Expand 'M3GAN' Universe With 'SOULM8TE', Set New Year's 2026 Release |url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/m3gan-movie-soulm8te-release-date-1235979125/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |title='M3GAN' Getting Horror Spinoff 'SOULM8TE' From Atomic Monster, Blumhouse |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/m3gan-spinoff-soulm8te-atomic-monster-blumhouse-1235928158/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref> | Post-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | February 13, 2026 || ''Reminders of Him'' || co-production with Heartbones Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title=Universal Bringing Colleen Hoover's 'Reminders Of Him' To Big Screen; Sets February 2026 Release|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/colleen-hoover-reminders-of-him-universal-release-date-1236109158/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 7, 2024|access-date=October 7, 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="5" | Pre-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | March 13, 2026 | [[The Exorcist (franchise)#Untitled The Exorcist reboot (2026)|Untitled ''The Exorcist'' reboot]] | co-production with [[Blumhouse Productions]], [[Morgan Creek Entertainment]], [[Intrepid Pictures]] and [[Mike Flanagan (filmmaker)|Red Room Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/the-exorcist-trilogy-canceled-mike-flanagan-new-movie-1235608632/ |title=Next 'Exorcist' Movie Shifts Gears With Mike Flanagan Set to Direct a New Take |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Aaron |last=Couch |date=May 29, 2024 |access-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |title=Mike Flanagan's Reimagined 'Exorcist' Film to Hit Theaters in March 2026 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/exorcist-next-movie-release-date-1235926225/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | April 3, 2026 || [[The Super Mario Bros. Movie#Sequel|Untitled ''The Super Mario Bros. Movie'' sequel]] || co-production with [[Nintendo]] and [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Jeremy |date=2023-11-12 |title=Universal Confirms 'Super Mario Bros. Movie 2' |url=https://insidethemagic.net/2023/11/universal-studios-confirms-super-mario-bros-2-nintendo-illumination-chris-pratt-jack-black-luigi-princess-peach-m3gan-david-harbour-jh1/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Inside the Magic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Durbin|first=Tommy|date=2023-11-18|title=Universal Confirms 'Super Mario Bros' Will Become A Franchise |url=https://www.cultureslate.com/news/universal-confirms-super-mario-bros-will-become-a-franchise |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=CultureSlate |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=MAR10 Day 2024 | date=March 10, 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfjmQlWRHgQ |access-date=2024-03-10 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sequel">{{cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=March 10, 2024 |title=New 'Super Mario Bros.' World Animated Movie in the Works From Illumination, Nintendo |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/new-animated-super-mario-bros-world-movie-nintendo-illumination-release-date-1235936648/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | May 15, 2026 || Untitled [[Steven Spielberg]] film || co-production with [[Amblin Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Universal Dates Steven Spielberg Event Movie For Summer 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/steven-spielberg-universal-event-movie-2026-1235928524/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=May 23, 2024 |date=May 23, 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 12, 2026 || Untitled [[Daniels (directors)|Daniels]] film || <ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=The Daniels' Next Movie At Universal Hits Cinemas Summer 2026 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/the-daniels-universal-movie-release-date-1235842409/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=11 March 2024 |date=29 February 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 1, 2026 || ''[[Shrek 5]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref name="Lang">{{cite news |last=Lang |first=Brett |date=November 6, 2018 |title='Shrek,' 'Puss in Boots' Getting Rebooted (EXCLUSIVE) |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/shrek-puss-in-boots-reboot-1203020785/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106210745/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/shrek-puss-in-boots-reboot-1203020785/ |archive-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |date=2023-04-04 |title='Shrek 5' With Original Cast, Donkey Spinoff With Eddie Murphy, 'Sing 3' and More Teased by Illumination's Chris Meledandri (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/shrek-5-donkey-spinoff-secret-life-of-pets-sing-sequels-1235571967/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Chris |last=McPherson |url=https://collider.com/shrek-5-update-donkey-movie-eddie-murphy/ |title=Eddie Murphy Finally Delivers Huge Update on 'Shrek 5' and 'Donkey' Spin-Off Movie [Exclusive] |date=June 24, 2024 |accessdate=June 24, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharf |first1=Zack |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |title='Shrek 5' Set for July 2026 With Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz Returning |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/shrek-5-release-date-cast-mike-myers-eddie-murphy-cameron-diaz-1235242895/ |website=Variety |access-date=9 July 2024 |date=9 July 2024}}</ref> | In production |- | style="text-align:right;" | July 17, 2026 || Untitled [[Christopher Nolan]] film || co-production with [[Syncopy Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |title=Christopher Nolan Sets Next Movie At Universal In Imax For Summer 2026 With Matt Damon Eyed To Star|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/christopher-nolan-new-movie-matt-damon-release-date-1236099940/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |access-date=8 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Pre-production |- | style="text-align:right;" | October 23, 2026 || Untitled [[Jordan Peele]] film || co-production with [[Monkeypaw Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2023-12-25 |title=Universal Dates Two Movies From Jordan Peele's Monkeypaw For 2024 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/jordan-peele-movies-2024-release-dates-1235304656/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/jordan-peele-next-movie-pulled-2024-release-calendar-8419720|title=Jordan Peele's next movie pulled from 2024 release calendar|first=Wesley|last=Stenzel|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=December 22, 2023|access-date=December 26, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Jordan Peele's Fourth Directorial Lands October 2026 Theatrical Release |url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/jordan-peele-fourth-movie-theatrical-release-1235976049/ |website=Deadline |access-date=17 June 2024 |date=17 June 2024}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:right;" | June 30, 2027 || [[Minions: The Rise of Gru#Sequel|''Minions 3'']] || co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=July 11, 2024 |title=Universal Sets Illumination's 'Minions 3' For Independence Day 2027 Frame; Franchise Nearing $5B Global |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/minions-3-release-date-1236007484/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} ===Undated films=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! Release window ! Title ! Notes ! Production Status |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:right;" | 2026 || ''[[Fast XI]]'' || co-production with [[Original Film]], [[One Race Films]], [[Seven Bucks Productions]] and [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]]<ref name="Fast10&11Release" /><ref name="Fast10&11Filming" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Vin Diesel Announces Fast & Furious 11 Release Date |url=https://www.cbr.com/fast-and-furious-11-release-date/ |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/vin-diesel-confirms-fast-furious-franchise-ending-teases-grand-finale-1235836260/|title=Vin Diesel Confirms 'Fast & Furious' Franchise Ending, Teases "Grand Finale"|website=Deadline|first=Bruce|last=Haring|date=February 23, 2024|access-date=February 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Chris |date=May 4, 2024 |title='Fast 11' Will Be Released in 2026, Says Director Louis Leterrier [Exclusive] |url=https://collider.com/fast-11-filming-release-window/|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504203917/https://collider.com/fast-11-filming-release-window/ |archive-date=May 4, 2024 |access-date=May 4, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> | rowspan="4" | Pre-production |- | rowspan="9" style="text-align:right;" | TBA | ''24/7'' || co-production with [[Paul Feig|Feigco Entertainment]], [[Kerry Washington|Simpson Street]], and [[UnbeliEVAble Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Lands '24-7' With Eva Longoria & Kerry Washington To Star|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/eva-longoria-kerry-washington-24-7-movie-1202107362/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 6, 2017|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022118/https://deadline.com/2017/06/eva-longoria-kerry-washington-24-7-movie-1202107362/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eva Longoria Bastón to Make Directorial Debut With Universal Comedy '24-7' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eva-longoria-making-directorial-debut-comedy-24-7-1161739|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=November 15, 2018|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108122114/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eva-longoria-making-directorial-debut-comedy-24-7-1161739|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brad Pitt, Kerry Washington & Cate Blanchett Projects Among 13 Films Scoring California Tax Credits|url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/brad-pitt-kerry-washington-cate-blanchett-california-film-tax-incentives-movie-list-1202783596/|last=Patten|first=Dominic|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921041429/https://deadline.com/2019/11/brad-pitt-kerry-washington-cate-blanchett-california-film-tax-incentives-movie-list-1202783596/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | ''Ashley's War'' || co-production with [[Hello Sunshine (company)|Hello Sunshine]] and [[Made Up Stories (company)|Made Up Stories]]<ref>{{cite web|title='Homeland' Director Lesli Linka Glatter To Direct Adaptation Of 'Ashley's War' For Universal; Molly Smith Metzler Penning Script|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/homeland-director-lesli-linka-glatter-ashleys-war-universal-molly-smith-metzler-1234613600/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 12, 2020|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115132355/https://deadline.com/2020/11/homeland-director-lesli-linka-glatter-ashleys-war-universal-molly-smith-metzler-1234613600/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tax credits march 2021">{{cite web|title=Coen Brothers, Eva Longoria & Steven Soderbergh Films Among 22 Features Allocated CA Tax Credits|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/eva-longoria-coen-brothers-steven-soderbergh-reese-witherspoon-jason-bateman-tax-credits-california-film-1234703726/|last=Patten|first=Dominic|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 1, 2021|access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> |- | ''[[Distant (2024 film)|Distant]]'' || distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Pictures]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], C2 Motion Picture Group, Range Media Group and Automatik Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/universal-movie-release-dates-jo-koys-easter-sunday-distant-corey-hawkins-the-last-voyage-of-the-demeter-1234796851/|title=Universal Dates Jo Koy's ''Easter Sunday'', Sci-Fi ''Distant'' & Corey Hawkins Pic ''The Last Voyage Of The Demeter''| date= July 20, 2021| first= Anthony| last= D'Alessandro| website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210720233304/https://deadline.com/2021/07/universal-movie-release-dates-jo-koys-easter-sunday-distant-corey-hawkins-the-last-voyage-of-the-demeter-1234796851/|archive-date=July 20, 2021|url-status=live|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|10|3}} | Completed |- | ''The Mole People'' || co-production with [[Skybound Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Digs In On Revamp Of 'The Mole People'; Chris Winterbauer Scripting, Skybound's Robert Kirkman & Dave Alpert Producing|url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/the-mole-people-universal-remake-chris-winterbauer-skybound-robert-kirkman-dave-alpert-producing-1235311775/|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 28, 2023|access-date=March 28, 2023}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | Pre-production |- | ''Naughty'' || co-production with [[LuckyChap Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Universal Lands Hot Christmas Comedy Package 'Naughty' From Olivia Wilde, LuckyChap & 'Cocaine Bear' Writer Jimmy Warden|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/olivia-wilde-naughty-christmas-movie-universal-pictures-luckychap-1235667930/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2023|access-date=December 14, 2023}}</ref> |- | ''New Kid'' || co-production with [[SpringHill Company]] and A Penny for Your Thoughts Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title=Prentice Penny To Direct & Exec Produce Adaptation Of Jerry Craft's Graphic Novel 'New Kid' For Universal; Eli Wilson Pelton To Write Script |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/prentice-penny-to-direct-adaptation-of-new-kid-graphic-novel-for-universal-1234924137/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- | Untitled [[James Bond]] film | international distribution only; produced by [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] and [[Eon Productions]]<ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2022 |title=Warner Bros Forms Multi-Year Pact to Distribute MGM Movies Overseas Beginning with 'Bones and All', 'Creed III'; How Bond Will be Handled |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815015706/https://deadline.com/2022/08/warner-bros-mgm-international-distribution-deal-james-bond-007-1235091889/ |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 14, 2022 |title=Warner Bros. To Release MGM Movies Internationally, Except for 'Bond 26' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/warner-bros-mgm-international-theatrical-distribution-1235341060/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815004006/https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/warner-bros-mgm-international-theatrical-distribution-1235341060/ |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=August 15, 2022}}</ref> || TBA |- | Untitled [[Snoop Dogg]] biopic film || co-production with [[Death Row Records|Death Row Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Snoop Dogg Gives Update on Upcoming Biopic, Directed by Allen Hughes|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Angelique|last=Jackson|date=20 April 2023|access-date=21 November 2023|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/snoop-dogg-biopic-allen-hughes-1235588970/}}</ref> | Pre-production |- | ''War of the Worlds'' || co-production with Screenlife<ref>{{cite web|title=Ice Cube To Star In Untitled Patrick Aiello/Timur Bekmambetov Sci-FI Pic For Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2020/09/ice-cube-to-star-in-untitled-patrick-aiello-timur-bekmambetov-sci-fi-pic-for-universal-1234584529/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216185210/https://deadline.com/2020/09/ice-cube-to-star-in-untitled-patrick-aiello-timur-bekmambetov-sci-fi-pic-for-universal-1234584529/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update after|2024|10|30}} || Completed |} === In development === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! Title ! Notes |- | ''Batshit'' |co-production with Silk Mass Banner<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Universal Picks Up Timely Spec Script 'Batsh**' (Exclusive) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/universal-batshit-script-ryan-belenzon-jeff-gelber-1235125576/ |access-date=August 11, 2022}}</ref> |- | ''Big Tree'' |co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]] and [[Amblin Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Brian Selznick Book 'Big Tree,' Inspired by a Steven Spielberg and Chris Meledandri Idea, Set for Publication in 2023 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/brian-selznick-novel-big-tree-steven-spielberg-chris-meledandri-1235162079/ |access-date=September 16, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | ''[[Creature from the Black Lagoon#Reboot|Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'' |co-production with [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=James Wan Developing 'Creature From The Black Lagoon' Movie For Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/james-wan-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-movie-1236037274/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 12, 2024|access-date=August 12, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Just Cause (video game series)#Film adaptation|Just Cause]]'' |co-production with [[87North Productions]], [[Avalanche Studios]], [[Square Enix]] and Story Kitchen<ref>{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title='Just Cause' Movie in the Works from 'Blue Beetle' Director Ángel Manuel Soto, 87North|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/just-cause-movie-in-the-works-1235910913/|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 29, 2024|access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Monster High]]'' |co-production with [[Mattel Films]] and [[Akiva Goldsman#Weed Road Pictures|Weed Road Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephan |first=Katcy |date=5 June 2024 |title='Monster High' Film in Development From Mattel Films and Universal Pictures |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/monster-high-movie-mattel-universal-1236025573/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- | ''Naughty'' |co-production with [[LuckyChap Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Universal Lands Hot Christmas Comedy Package 'Naughty' From Olivia Wilde, LuckyChap & 'Cocaine Bear' Writer Jimmy Warden|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/olivia-wilde-naughty-christmas-movie-universal-pictures-luckychap-1235667930/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2023|access-date=November 29, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''Par for the Course'' |co-production with [[Point Grey Pictures]] and Fifth Chance<ref>{{cite web|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|title=Quinta Brunson, Stephanie Hsu to Co-Star in Comedy Feature 'Par for the Course' for Universal|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/quinta-brunson-stephanie-hsu-par-course-1235966218/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 5, 2024|access-date=August 5, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''Phantom'' |co-production with Get Lifted Film Company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Universal Plots French Quarter-Set Adaptation Of 'Phantom Of The Opera;' Studio Buys John Fusco Spec, Harvey Mason Jr, John Legend & Mike Jackson Producing |url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/universal-plots-french-quarter-set-adaptation-of-phantom-of-the-opera-studio-buys-john-fusco-spec-harvey-mason-jr-john-legend-mike-jackson-producing-1234888818/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 10, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''[[Ruiner (video game)#Film adaptation|Ruiner]]'' |co-production with [[87North Productions]], Oddball Entertainment, Story Kitchen and Reikon Games<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/wes-ball-ruiner-video-game-movie-universal-pictures-1236112353/|title=Wes Ball to Direct 'Ruiner' Video Game Movie For Universal Pictures|last=Jackson|first=Angelique|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|date=August 20, 2024|access-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Scar Tissue (autobiography)#Television series and film|Scar Tissue]]'' |co-production with [[Imagine Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Options Rights To Red Hot Chili Peppers Frontman Anthony Kiedis' Autobiography ''Scar Tissue''; Brian Grazer Producing Biopic|url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/universal-red-hot-chili-peppers-anthony-kiedis-scar-tissue-1235795458/|last=Kroll|first=Justin|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=January 17, 2024|access-date=January 17, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[Shinobi (series)#In other media|Shinobi]]'' |co-production with [[Marc Platt Productions]], Story Kitchen and [[Sega Sammy Group]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|title=Sega Video Game ''Shinobi'' Sets Movie Adaptation With ''Extraction'' Director, Universal Pictures|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/shinobi-video-game-movie-universal-1236171980/|website=Variety|date=October 8, 2024|access-date=October 9, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''Shots! Shots! Shots!'' |co-production with [[Rideback (production company)|Rideback]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2022-05-19 |title=Universal Acquires Action-Comedy 'Shots! Shots! Shots!'; Jason Momoa To Star |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/jason-momoa-to-star-in-action-comedy-shots-shots-shots-for-universal-1235028556/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''[[Sing 2#Sequel|Sing 3]]'' |co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |date=2023-04-04 |title='Shrek 5' With Original Cast, Donkey Spinoff With Eddie Murphy, 'Sing 3' and More Teased by Illumination's Chris Meledandri (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/shrek-5-donkey-spinoff-secret-life-of-pets-sing-sequels-1235571967/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''Stranded Asset'' |co-production with [[Chris Pratt|Indivisible Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |title='Stranded Asset': Sam Richardson To Star In Universal Pic He Penned With Jen D'Angelo; Chris Pratt To Produce |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/stranded-asset-sam-richardson-reteams-with-chris-pratt-universal-pic-1234834164/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website= |date=September 15, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''The Cruel Prince'' |co-production with [[Michael De Luca|Michael De Luca Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Universal, Mike De Luca Win 'Spiderwick Chronicles' Holly Black Novel 'The Cruel Prince' |url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/the-cruel-prince-universal-pictures-michael-de-luca-productions-spiderwick-chronicles-author-holly-black-1202121457/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 28, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''The Hider'' |co-production with [[Team Downey]] and [[Safehouse Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Universal Pictures Lands Rights To Short Story 'The Hider' With Robert Downey Jr. Eyed To Star|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/universal-pictures-the-hider-robert-downey-jr-1236112866/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=October 10, 2024|access-date=October 12, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Night of the Hunter (novel)#Screen and stage adaptations|The Night of the Hunter]]'' |co-production with [[Peter Gethers|KramMar Delicious Mystery Productions]] and [[Pascal Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Scott Derrickson To Direct ''Night Of The Hunter'' Adaptation For Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/night-of-the-hunter-movie-from-scott-derrickson-in-works-universal-1235869054/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=29 November 2024 |date=March 26, 2024}}</ref> |- | ''The Premonition: A Pandemic Story'' |co-production with [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]] and [[Amy Pascal|Pascal Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Universal Lands Michael Lewis Pandemic Book 'The Premonition'; Lord & Miller Will Direct And Produce With Amy Pascal |url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/michael-lewis-the-premonition-universal-pandemic-movie-phil-lord-christopher-miller-direct-amy-pascal-1234753413/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 10, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''The Seasons of Passage'' |co-production with [[Intrepid Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |title=Mike Flanagan To Direct, Intrepid Pictures To Produce 'The Season Of Passage' For Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/mike-flanagan-to-direct-universal-movie-season-of-passage-1234734449/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 14, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> |- | ''[[The Secret Life of Pets 2#Sequel|The Secret Life of Pets 3]]'' |co-production with [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]<ref>{{Cite podcast |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-gary-and-kenny-show/id1523714904?i=1000518392475 |title=The Not Despicable Producer of Despicable Me |website=The Gary and Kenny Show |access-date=September 16, 2022 }}</ref> |- | [[Shrek (franchise)#Untitled Donkey spin-off film|Untitled Donkey spin-off]] |distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref name="Lang" /> |- | Untitled [[Leah McKendrick]] monster film |co-production with [[Atomic Monster]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|title=Leah McKendrick To Write And Direct Untitled Monster Movie For Atomic Monster And Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/leah-mckendrick-untitled-monster-movie-atomic-monster-universal-1236030157/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 2, 2024|access-date=August 2, 2024}}</ref> |- | Untitled [[Kenny and Keith Lucas|Lucas Brothers]] comedy film |co-production with [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Lord Miller Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2020-08-19 |title=Universal and Lord & Miller Developing Untitled Comedy From The Lucas Brothers |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/universal-lord-miller-the-lucas-brothers-1203017489/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | Untitled [[Nicholas Sparks]] film | rowspan="1" |co-production with [[Anonymous Content]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2022-05-17 |title='The Notebook' Author Nicholas Sparks Inks First-Look Deal With Universal, Will Produce Three Features For Studio Alongside Anonymous Content; Adaptation Of His Novel 'The Wish' First Up |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/nicholas-sparks-inks-first-look-deal-with-universal-pictures-1235025891/ |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Untitled live-action/animated Lego film|Untitled live-action/animated ''Lego'' film]] |co-production with [[The Lego Group]] and [[Rideback (production company)|Rideback]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gearan |first=Hannah |date=2022-08-08 |title=The LEGO Movie 3 Gets Encouraging Update From Producer |url=https://screenrant.com/lego-movie-3-updates-producer-response/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=ScreenRant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brail |first=Nathaniel |date=2022-08-06 |title=LEGO Movie Producer Teases Next Film Will Be a Reinvention |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/lego-movie-producer-teases-next-film-will-be-a-reinvention/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=ComicBook.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=2023-07-18 |title='Masters of the Universe' Movie Dead at Netflix After at Least $30 Million in Development; Mattel Shopping for New Buyer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/masters-of-the-universe-movie-dead-netflix-1235673281/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jirak |first=Jamie |date=2023-07-19 |title=New LEGO Movie to Be Live-Action and Animation Hybrid From The Lost City Directors |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/new-lego-movie-to-be-live-action-and-animation-hybrid-from-the-lost-city-directors/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=ComicBook.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Various untitled live-action Lego films|Untitled live-action ''Lego'' film directed by Jake Kasdan]] |rowspan="4"|co-production with [[The Lego Group]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=One |first1=Pascal |last2=One |first2=Pascal |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Live-Action Lego Movies in the Works From Jake Kasdan, Patty Jenkins and Joe Cornish for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/live-action-lego-movies-jake-kasdan-patty-jenkins-joe-cornish-universal-1236196639/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=2024-10-31 |title=Kevin & Dan Hageman Tapped To Script Lego Ninjago Movie For Universal |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/lego-ninjago-movie-kevin-hageman-dan-hageman-in-works-universal-1236163709/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Various untitled live-action Lego films|Untitled live-action ''Lego'' film directed by Patty Jenkins]] |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Various untitled live-action Lego films|Untitled live-action ''Lego'' film directed by Joe Cornish]] |- | [[The Lego Movie (franchise)#Untitled live-action Lego Ninjago film|Untitled live-action ''Lego Ninjago'' film]] |- | [[The Wild Robot#Sequel|Untitled ''The Wild Robot'' sequel]] | distribution only; produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |last2=Ntim |first2=Zac |date=October 12, 2024|title=''The Wild Robot'' Sequel In The Works At DreamWorks With Director Chris Sanders |url= https://deadline.com/2024/10/the-wild-robot-sequel-dreamworks-chris-sanders-dreamworks-animation-1236114190/}}</ref> |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)#Film adaptation|Wishbone]]'' |co-production with [[Mattel Films]] |- | ''[[The Woman in Me (memoir)|The Woman in Me]]'' |co-production with [[Marc Platt Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Britney Spears Best-Seller 'The Woman In Me' Snapped Up By Universal, Jon M. Chu Attached To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/britney-spears-the-woman-in-me-universal-1236029086/|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=August 1, 2024|access-date=August 1, 2024}}</ref> |} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.universalpictures.com/ Universal Pictures] * {{IMDb company|id=0005073|company=Universal Pictures}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Universal Pictures movies}} [[Category:Lists of movies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures movies|*]] [[Category:American movies by studio|Universal]] [[Category:Filmographies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures]] c44qnds55zhy2casrxajb6nrq9phhjl 0 60256 10331471 10299616 2025-06-15T05:26:40Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wiktionary|institution}} An '''institution''' is a [[social structure]] in which people [[cooperation|cooperate]] and which influences the [[behavior]] of [[people]] and the way they live. An institution has a purpose. Institutions are permanent, which means that they do not end when one person is gone. An institution has rules and can enforce rules of human behavior. The word "institution" can be used in two ways. It can mean a very broad idea, or a very "specific" (narrow) one. For example: * [[Government]] is an institution in the broad sense. [[Westminster]] [[Parliament]] is an institution in the specific sense. * [[Education]] is an institution in the broad sense. [[Harvard University]] is an institution in the specific sense. Institutions, in the broad sense, are found in every society. The way that each institution works is different in different cultures. Some important institutions are: * [[Marriage]]- This is how society protects itself by controlling the way people live together, have children and care for them. * [[Education]]- A society controls how young ones are prepared to be useful adult members of society. * [[Kinship]]- Society controls how people who are related, or not related, should act to each other. This includes [[inheritance]]. * [[Religion]]- Societies have ways in which people's religious beliefs are celebrated. * [[Law]]- Societies decide what is right and wrong, and what punishments there are for doing wrong. * [[Trade]]- Societies have ways of controlling the way food and other goods pass from one person to another. * [[Defense (military)|Defence]]- Societies set up institutions to protect themselves against attack. Some societies have many institutions in the "specific" sense. These societies have an organised government, schools, hospitals, churches, clubs, armies, markets, courts and places for entertainment. Some societies have very few of these things, but this does not mean that there are no "institutions". The way in which the people relate to each other may have just as many "controls" as in a society with schools, markets and a government. An example of a society that has lots of "specific" institutions is [[Western Europe]]. [[History|Historians]] look at institutions to find differences between eras or periods. They sometimes judge political and military events by the effect that they had on institutions. == References == * Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann (1966), ''The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge'', Anchor Books, Garden City, NY. * Greif, Avner (2006), [http://www-econ.stanford.edu/faculty/Greif_Instutions/GreifBook.html ''Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609121000/http://www-econ.stanford.edu/faculty/Greif_Instutions/GreifBook.html |date=2007-06-09 }}, Cambridge University Press. * North, D. (1990), ''Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Schotter, A. (1981), ''The Economic Theory of Social Institutions''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. == Related pages == * [[State]] * Establishment == Other websites == * [http://www.isnie.org International Society for New Institutional Economics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412065104/http://www.isnie.org/ |date=2011-04-12 }} * [http://www.institutionalreform.org Institutional reform] == References == [[Category:Social sciences]] dajpqoaor7xa94phtxomlj0se1t87tb 0 61515 10331833 8920472 2025-06-15T11:40:04Z 24.47.179.93 10331833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Satoru Iwata | office = 4th [[President (corporate title)|President]] and [[CEO]] of [[Nintendo]] | native_name = 岩田 聡 | native_name_lang = ja | image = Satoru Iwata - Game Developers Conference 2011 - Day 2 (1).jpg | alt = Satoru Iwata presenting at the Game Developers Conference in 2011 | caption = Iwata at [[Game Developers Conference]] in 2011 | predecessor = [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]] | successor = [[Tatsumi Kimishima]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|12|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Sapporo, Japan]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|7|11|1959|12|6|mf=y}} | death_place = Kyoto University Hospital, [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]] | nationality = [[Japanese people|Japanese]] | spouse = Kayoko Iwata<br />(m. ?–2015; his death)<ref name="GuardianObit"/> | alma_mater = [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]] | death_cause = Complications from [[Cholangiocarcinoma|bile duct growth]] | module = | term_start = May 24, 2002 | term_end = July 11, 2015 | signature = Satoru Iwata's signature.svg }} {{Japanese name|Iwata}} {{Nihongo|'''Satoru Iwata'''|岩田 聡|Iwata Satoru|extra=December&nbsp;6, 1959&nbsp;– July&nbsp;11, 2015|lead=yes}} was a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] businessman, [[video game programmer]] and gamer. He was the fourth [[president]] and [[CEO]] of [[Nintendo]]. He is widely regarded as someone who helped make [[video game]]s liked by a wider audience by focusing on making entertaining games rather than advanced hardware. On July 11 of 2015, Iwata died of [[bile duct cancer]] at age 55. Iwata was posthumously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the [[Golden Joystick Awards|2015 Golden Joystick Awards]] and the 2016 [[DICE Awards]]. ==Early life== Iwata was born and raised in [[Sapporo]], [[Japan]] on December 6, 1959. His father was a municipal mayor.<ref name="la times">{{cite news | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-nintendo-president-satoru-iwata-dies-at-55-20150712-story.html | title = Nintendo's Satoru Iwata dies at 55; under him, Wii created hordes of new gamers | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = July 12, 2015 | accessdate = July 12, 2015 | first = Todd | last = Martens }}</ref> Iwata got his first computer, a [[Commodore PET]], in 1978.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=57}} He took the machine apart, and he studied the machine because he wanted to understand it. The computer had a [[central processing unit]] ([[MOS Technology 6502|MOS 6502]]) similar to the one used by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES). The NES was a gaming console for which he would later make games.<ref name="Guardian0713">{{cite news|first1=Rich|last1=Stanton|first2=Keith|last2=Stuart|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 26, 2015|title=Satoru Iwata changed the whole games industry and now leaves it in mourning|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/13/satoru-iwata-games-nintendo-president}}</ref><ref name="Gamasutra">{{cite web|first=John |last=Andersen |work=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]] |date=October 9, 2015 |accessdate=October 11, 2015 |title=A former mentor recalls the early career of Satoru Iwata |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/254169/A_former_mentor_recalls_the_early_career_of_Satoru_Iwata.php |archivedate=October 11, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6cD2alRSz?url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/254169/A_former_mentor_recalls_the_early_career_of_Satoru_Iwata.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iwata expressed interest in the creation of [[video game]]s early on and during his [[high school]] years, began producing electronic games at his home. The several simple number games Iwata produced made use of an electronic calculator he shared with his schoolmates. Following high school, Iwata was admitted to the [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]], where he majored in [[computer science]].{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=57}}<ref name="NewsLimited">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/the-man-behind-the-casual-gaming-boom/story-e6frfro0-1111118263048|title=Satoru Iwata {{endash}} the man behind Nintendo's casual gaming boom|first=Kiyoshi|last=Takenaka|work=[[news.com.au]]|publisher=[[News Corp Australia|News Limited]]|date=December 9, 2008|accessdate=March 27, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007202946/http://www.news.com.au/technology/the-man-behind-the-casual-gaming-boom/story-e6frfro0-1111118263048|archivedate=October 7, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC0713">{{cite web|first1=Tessa|last1=Wong|first2=Heather|last2=Chen|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 31, 2015|title=Satoru Iwata: Nintendo's gamer CEO|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33502916}}</ref> Tomohiko Uematsu, an engineering professor, said Iwata was very good at software programming. He said that Iwata could write programs faster and better than any of his other students.<ref name="TokyoITAug4">{{cite web|publisher=[[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=October 8, 2015|title=岩田聡氏を悼んで|trans-title=Mourning Mr. Satoru Iwata|url=http://www.titech.ac.jp/news/2015/031926.html|language=Japanese}}</ref> While attending the school, he did an unpaid internship at [[Commodore International|Commodore Japan]]. There, he helped the head engineer—Yash Terakura<ref name="Gamasutra"/>—with technical and [[Software development|software-development]] work.{{sfn|Bagnall|2011|loc=chpt. 15}} One of his main reasons for taking the job was to spend more time around computers and learn details of computers.<ref name="Gamasutra"/>{{sfn|Hasegawa|2010|p=45}} Terakura would later be a mentor to Iwata. Terakura taught him about hardware engineering.<ref name="Gamasutra"/> Iwata and some of his friends rented an apartment in [[Akihabara]]. They formed a club where they would create and code games.<ref name="Eurogamer">{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Robinson|work=[[Eurogamer]]|publisher=Gamer Network|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 17, 2015|title= Satoru Iwata: a gentle revolutionary |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-07-13-it-would-have-been-more-frightening-to-take-the-conventional-path-remembering-iwata}}</ref> Classmates living in nearby apartments called Iwata's room "Game Center Iwata".{{refn|group=nb|{{Nihongo|ゲームセンター岩田|Gēmusentā Iwata}}<ref name="TokyoITAug4"/>}}<ref name="TokyoITAug4"/> He would often show his games to the [[Seibu Department Stores|Seibu department store]]'s computer department. By 1980, a group of employees there invited him to join their company, [[HAL Laboratory|HAL Laboratory, Inc.]]<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="RG-35">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Retro Gamer]]|publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]]|title=Before They Were Famous|issue=35|page=76|first=John|last=Szczepaniak}}</ref>{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}} ==HAL Laboratory== While attending the school, he worked part-time as a programmer for [[HAL Laboratory|HAL Laboratory, Inc.]]<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="RG-35" /><ref name="IGNprofile"/> HAL became the first company to make a license with [[Namco]] for developing games.<ref name="1999Interview">{{cite magazine|magazine=Used Games|year=1999|accessdate=July 13, 2016|title=Satoru Iwata – 1999 Developer Interview|url=http://shmuplations.com/iwata/}}</ref> He joined the company full-time after graduating in 1982. Iwata was its fifth employee and only programmer.<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="RG-35"/>{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}}<ref name="IGNprofile">{{cite web|first=James|last=Burns|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=July 16, 2004|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Profile: Satoru Iwata|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/07/16/profile-satoru-iwata|page=1}}</ref> Around the same time, Iwata's father was elected mayor of [[Muroran, Hokkaido|Muroran]].{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}} Iwata's family did not agree with Iwata's career choice. His father did not talk to him for six months after Iwata joined HAL.<ref name="IGNprofile"/> Iwata became the company's coordinator of software production in 1983. While he was coordinator, he helped HAL make a relationship with Nintendo so they would be able to makee games for the Nintendo Entertainment System. He went to [[Kyoto]] himself to ask for permission to work on games for the NES. Nintendo said yes.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}} His first published game was ''[[Joust (video game)|Joust]]'' for the NES—a [[Porting|port]] of the 1982&nbsp;[[arcade game]].<ref name="Gamasutra"/> Other video games he worked on were ''[[Balloon Fight]]'', ''[[NES Open Tournament Golf]]'', ''[[EarthBound]]'', and the ''[[Kirby (series)|Kirby]]'' games.<ref name="Guardian0713"/><ref>{{cite interview|first1=Toshihiko|last1=Nakago|first2=Takashi|last2=Tezuka|interviewer=Satoru Iwata|publisher=Nintendo|date=November 13, 2009|url=http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wii/nsmb/1/0|title=New Super Mario Bros.: Volume 2|series=Iwata Asks|accessdate=November 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview|first=Satoru|last=Iwata|interviewer=Yasuhiro Nagata|url=http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wii/special_edition_interview/0/0|series=Iwata Asks|title=Special Edition Interview: Turning the Tables: Asking Iwata|publisher=Nintendo|date=October 5, 2006|accessdate=November 22, 2013}}</ref> Nintendo contacted other developers to make ''Open Tournament Golf''; however, all of them did not want to as they did not believe the large amount of data could be kept in an NES cartridge. Iwata said he could develop the game. It was very difficult for Iwata; he had to create his own [[data compression]] method in order to fit all 18&nbsp;golf courses into the game. HHAL had to make [[parallax scrolling]] for ''[[F-1 Race]]'' because the NES hardware did not support it.<ref name="1999Interview"/> Because Iwata was good at programming, programmers and gamers started respecting him. He would often continue to work on weekends and holidays (Japanese holidays, New Year's Eve-Day, Christmas and Japanese Independence Day) because he wanted to.{{sfn|Hasegawa|2010|pp=45–46}} HAL was about to be [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]], so Iwata was promoted to president of HAL in 1993 when Nintendo's then-President, [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]], asked him to be promoted.<ref name="Eurogamer"/> With Nintendo's help, Iwata helped turn the company around from its ¥1.5&nbsp;billion debt and manage its finances.<ref name="la times"/><ref name="Guardian0713"/><ref name="RG-35"/>{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=61}} It took about 6 years. Iwata did not have much managing experience. Because of this, Iwata learned how to make himself better. He often read books about managing. He also asked for [[advice]] from others.<ref>{{cite web|first=Toshi|last=Nakamura|work=[[Kotaku]]|publisher=[[Gawker Media]]|date=July 22, 2015|accessdate=July 26, 2015|title=''Smash Bros.'' Creator Remembers Satoru Iwata|url=http://kotaku.com/smash-bros-creator-remembers-satoru-iwata-1719451777}}</ref> Although he was not part of Nintendo at the time, Iwata helped with developing [[Pokémon Gold and Silver|''Pokémon Gold'' and ''Silver'']] by creating compression tools used for graphics in the games.<ref name="IA-HG3">{{cite interview|first1=Shigeki|last1=Morimoto|first2=Tsunekazu|last2=Ishihara|subject-link1=Shigeki Morimoto|interviewer=Satoru Iwata|publisher=Nintendo|date=September 4, 2009|accessdate=July 12, 2015|series=Iwata Asks|title=Pokémon HeartGold Version & SoulSilver Version: Just Being President Was A Waste!|url=http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/ds/pokemon/0/2}}</ref> While working as a go-between for [[Game Freak]] and Nintendo, he helped program ''[[Pokémon Stadium]]'' for the [[Nintendo 64]]. All he had to do was read the original coding in [[Pokémon Red and Blue|''Pokémon Red'' and ''Green'']] and [[porting]] the battle system into the new game in just one week.<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="IA-HG3"/> [[Tsunekazu Ishihara]], the president of [[The Pokémon Company]], said that Iwata was important in bringing ''Pokémon'' to Western markets. While being president of HAL, he created the plan for [[Video game localization|localization]] after reviewing the code for ''Red'' and ''Green''. They were released in the West two years after they were released in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/262899/Pokemon_chief_Iwata_was_the_one_who_brought_Pokemon_to_the_West.php | title = Pokemon chief: Iwata was the one who brought Pokemon to the West | work = [[Gamasutra]] | date = December 30, 2015 | accessdate = December 30, 2015 | first = Alex | last = Wawro }}</ref> He also helped [[Masahiro Sakurai]] develop ''[[Super Smash Bros. (video game)|Super Smash Bros.]]'' for the Nintendo 64.<ref name="Eurogamer"/> ==Nintendo== ===Early years (2000–02)=== In 2000, Iwata became the head of Nintendo's corporate planning division. He was also put on the board of directors.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=57}} Over the next two years, he wanted to game development cheaper and shorter while making sure the quality was still good.<ref name="IGNprofile2">{{cite web|first=James|last=Burns|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=July 16, 2004|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Profile: Satoru Iwata|page=2|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/07/16/profile-satoru-iwata?page=2}}</ref> During his first two years at Nintendo, the company saw profit increase 20 and 41&nbsp;percent. Iwata's work helped do this.<ref name="IGNprofile"/> When Yamauchi, the company's president since 1949, retired on May&nbsp;24, 2002,<ref>{{cite web|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Yamauchi Retires|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/yamauchi-retires}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Lucas M.|last=Thomas|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=May 24, 2012|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Hiroshi Yamauchi: Nintendo's Legendary President|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/05/25/hiroshi-yamauchi-nintendos-legendary-president}}</ref> Iwata became Nintendo's fourth president.<ref name="ap">{{Cite web|url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/495d344a0d10421e9baa8ee77029cfbd/Article_2015-07-12-AS--Japan-Obit-Nintendo%20President/id-62869fddfd054d72b98981cf64a6cfab |title=Nintendo President Satoru Iwata Dies of Tumor |first=Yuri |last=Kageyama |date=July 12, 2015 |accessdate=July 12, 2015 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archivedate=August 1, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aRru22RK?url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/495d344a0d10421e9baa8ee77029cfbd/Article_2015-07-12-AS--Japan-Obit-Nintendo%20President/id-62869fddfd054d72b98981cf64a6cfab |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the first Nintendo president that was not in the Yamauchi family through blood or marriage.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/business/satoru-iwata-nintendo-chief-executive-dies-at-55.html|title=Satoru Iwata, Nintendo Chief Executive, dies at 55|first=Liam|last=Stack|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 13, 2015|newspaper=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> Yamauchi asked Iwata for one things: "that Nintendo have new ideas and create hardware that shows that ideal. And make software that has the same standard."<ref name="Eurogamer"/> Nintendo was a company that wanted [[individualism]], with a policy created by Yamauchi to create new development positions when needed. However, this prevent good collaboration between departments.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=77}} When Iwata was promoted, Nintendo was still a profitable company. However, they were not doing as well as other console makers. The [[GameCube]] was selling poorly compared to competitors, with [[Sony]]'s [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox]] outselling it.<ref name="la times"/> His presidency also happened when online gaming became popular. Nintendo had not started doing online gaming. He was careful about doing it, saying: "We're not against the idea of going online. We're just practical."<ref name="IGNprofile3">{{cite web|first=James|last=Burns|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=July 16, 2004|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Profile: Satoru Iwata|page=3|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/07/16/profile-satoru-iwata?page=3}}</ref> He also created a relationship between Nintendo and [[Capcom]] that helped the GameCube.<ref name="Eurogamer"/> During an interview in 2002, Iwata said that he felt the gaming industry was becoming too [[exclusive]]. He wanted to make hardware and games that all people would want to play rather than focusing on good graphics.<ref name="IGNprofile3"/> One of the first things he did as president was to meet directly with the company's 40&nbsp;department heads and 150&nbsp;other employees. This was very different from Yamauchi; Yamauchi did not meet with employees often, and he usually had only one speech every year. Iwata was knew that just because he is president, that would not mean everyone would agree with him. He decided to talk to them on a personal level. If employees disagreed with his view, Iwata would suggest they follow their idea instead of his own. He said "creators only improve themselves if they take risks".{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=83–85}} Iwata also brought more data and science into the business part of the company. Yamauchi made decisions using intuition and experience, Iwata had ideas with a lot of data to convince people.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=87–88}} Iwata also promoted Miyamoto, [[Genyo Takeda]], Yoshihiro Mori, and Shinji Hatano to representative directors on the company's board of directors. Their positions had the same power as his own.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2003|accessdate=September 14, 2015|title=2003 Annual Report|url=https://www.nintendo.com/corp/report/fiscal2003.pdf|page=72}}</ref><ref name="Finances2014">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2014|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=Annual Report 2014 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2014/annual1403e.pdf|page=1}}</ref> ===Revitalization of the company (2003–09)=== {{Image frame|width=306|content=[[File:Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg|150px|alt=A blue variant of the original Nintendo DS]] [[File:Wii-console.jpg|150px|alt=The Nintendo Wii and Wii Remote]]|caption=Iwata directed Nintendo to make the [[Nintendo DS]] ''(left)'' and [[Wii]] ''(right)'' units, which was financially successful for the company|align=right}} Following up on his 2002&nbsp;interview,<ref name="IGNprofile3"/> Iwata said there was a problem in the gaming market in his keynote speech at the 2003 [[Tokyo Game Show]]. During this speech, he thought about the history of the industry and that there was less interest in video games.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=27–31}} Starting at the end of the 1990s, were fewer sales in the Japanese market. This continued into the early 2000s. Competition between Nintendo and Sony meant consoles were more focused on powerful hardware. However, the Nintendo 64 was too difficult for developers to make games. Because of this, software was not as good.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=26–27}} Iwata asked for an analysis to be done. Nintendo decided that focusing on hardware was not the best way to promote video games. They decided to focus on software.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=27–31}} In 2004, there was a big change within Nintendo. Iwata merged various departments created under Yamauchi. He wanted to have collaborative work throughout the company.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=77}} He later created a "User Expansion Project" in 2005. Employees normally not related to game development would give ideas for new games.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=81}} In a March&nbsp;2004 interview, Iwata said: "Games have come to a dead end."<ref name="GameSpot030104"/> He said that developers wasted far too much time focusing on core gamers; he said that they would not make a profit if they did not make games for the normal game player. He also wanted to show that Nintendo, a "conservative" company, would become a big new creator of entertainment.<ref name="GameSpot030104">{{cite web|work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=March 1, 2004 |accessdate=July 27, 2015 |title=Nintendo DS going wireless? |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/nintendo-ds-going-wireless/1100-6090345/ |archivedate=July 27, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aKiH6TEp?url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/nintendo-ds-going-wireless/1100-6090345/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iwata created a "[[Blue Ocean Strategy|blue ocean]]" strategy to help Nintendo compete against the other console makers. Instead of competing against them about powerful hardware, Iwata decided to make interesting and entertaining hardware and games.<ref name="GuardianObit">{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Boxer|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=July 14, 2015|title=Satoru Iwata obituary|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/14/satoru-iwata|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715020513/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/14/satoru-iwata|archivedate=July 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian0713"/><ref name="BBC0713"/><ref name="Eurogamer"/> ===Financial downturn (2010–14)=== {{bar box |float=right |title=Nintendo net sales by fiscal year (2006–15){{#tag:ref|All totals are in JPY values of their respective years.|group="nb"|name="value"}} |titlebar=#DDD |left1=Fiscal&nbsp;year |right2=Sales&nbsp;(mil&nbsp;¥) |width=330px |bars= {{bar pixel|2006<ref name="Finances2006">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2006|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2006 Annual Financial Report|url=https://www.nintendo.com/corp/report/06AnnualReport.pdf|page=15}}</ref>|green|50.8||508,827}} {{bar pixel|2007<ref name="Finances2007">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|date=April 26, 2007|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2007 Annual Financial Report: Consolidated Financial Statements|url=https://www.nintendo.com/corp/report/FY07FinancialResults.pdf|page=1}}</ref>|green|96.6||966,534}} {{bar pixel|2008<ref name="Finances2008">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2008|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2008 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2008/annual0803e.pdf|page=15}}</ref>|green|167.2||1,672,423}} {{bar pixel|2009<ref name="Finances2009">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2009|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2009 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2009/annual0903e.pdf|page=17}}</ref>|green|183.8||1,838,622}} {{bar pixel|2010<ref name="Finances2010">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2010|accessdate=September 2, 2015|title=2010 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2010/annual1003e.pdf|page=17}}</ref>|green|118.2||1,182,177}} {{bar pixel|2011<ref name="Finances2011">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2011|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2011 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2011/annual1103e.pdf|page=17}}</ref>|green|101.4||1,014,345}} {{bar pixel|2012<ref name="Finances2012">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2015|title=Financial Results Briefing for the Nine-Month Period Ended December 2011|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2012/120127e.pdf|page=1}}</ref>|black|64.7||647,652}} {{bar pixel|2013<ref name="Finances2013">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2011|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2013 Annual Financial Report|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2013/annual1303e.pdf|page=21}}</ref>|black|63.5||635,422}} {{bar pixel|2014<ref name="Finances2014"/>|black|57.1||571,726}} {{bar pixel|2015<ref name="Finances2015">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2015|accessdate=September 2, 2015|title=Annual Report 2015 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2015/annual1503e.pdf|page=1}}</ref>|green|54.9||549,780}} |caption=Nintendo's annual net sales in millions of [[Japanese yen|yen]]<br />Note: Green indicates an operating income while black indicates an operating loss. }} The [[Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Wii U]] were not as successful as the DS and Wii. Nintendo's finances became worse starting in 2010.<ref name="Finances2012"/><ref name="Profitable2015">{{cite magazine|first=Victor|last=Luckerson|date=May 7, 2015|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|accessdate=July 21, 2015|title=Why Nintendo is Suddenly Profitable Again|url=http://time.com/3850264/nintendo-sales-wii-u-3ds-universal-studios/}}</ref> ==Death== On July 11, 2015, Iwata died of [[bile duct cancer]] at age 55.<ref name="iwatadeath">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2015/150713e.pdf|title=Notification of Death and Personnel Change of a Representative Director (President)|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|accessdate=July 13, 2015|date=July 12, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713000056/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2015/150713e.pdf|archivedate=July 13, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== * [https://miiverse.nintendo.net/users/SatoruIwataA Satoru Iwata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108050137/https://miiverse.nintendo.net/users/SatoruIwataA |date=2017-11-08 }} at Nintendo Miiverse * [http://cube.ign.com/articles/617/617814p1.html Seattle Post Intelligence: Satoru Iwata Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215161827/http://cube.ign.com/articles/617/617814p1.html |date=2008-12-15 }} * [http://games.kikizo.com/features/satoruiwata_vidint.asp Satoru Iwata Kikizo Video Interview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040610163632/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/505/505234p1.html Gamespy: ''Nintendo's New Direction''] - A discussion with Nintendo President Satoru Iwata * [http://cube.ign.com/articles/595/595089p1.html Heart of a Gamer speech at GDC '05] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724162958/http://cube.ign.com/articles/595/595089p1.html |date=2008-07-24 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016113755/http://blogs.mercurynews.com/aei/2007/07/an_interview_with_satoru_iwata_ceo_of_nintendo.html A+E Interactive E3 2007 Interview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011002714/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/levelup/archive/2007/09/05/nintendo-president-satoru-iwata-takes-victory-lap.aspx Level Up E3 2007 Interview] {{DEFAULTSORT:Iwata, Satoru}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:2015 deaths]] [[Category:Japanese businesspeople]] [[Category:Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Japan]] [[Category:People from Sapporo]] [[Category:Nintendo people]] om9z32sr7ne4f74lg6rxetukgs3yp6o 10331835 10331833 2025-06-15T11:40:15Z 24.47.179.93 Undid revision 10331833 by [[Special:Contributions/24.47.179.93|24.47.179.93]] ([[User talk:24.47.179.93|talk]]) 10331835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Satoru Iwata | office = 4th [[President (corporate title)|President]] and [[CEO]] of [[Nintendo]] | native_name = 岩田 聡 | native_name_lang = ja | image = Satoru Iwata - Game Developers Conference 2011 - Day 2 (1).jpg | alt = Satoru Iwata presenting at the Game Developers Conference in 2011 | caption = Iwata at [[Game Developers Conference]] in 2011 | predecessor = [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]] | successor = [[Tatsumi Kimishima]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1959|12|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Sapporo, Japan]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|7|11|1959|12|6|mf=y}} | death_place = Kyoto University Hospital, [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]] | nationality = [[Japanese people|Japanese]] | spouse = Kayoko Iwata<br />(m. ?–2015; his death)<ref name="GuardianObit"/> | alma_mater = [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]] | death_cause = Complications from [[Cholangiocarcinoma|bile duct growth]] | module = | term_start = May 24, 2002 | term_end = July 11, 2015 | signature = Satoru Iwata's signature.svg }} {{Japanese name|Iwata}} {{Nihongo|'''Satoru Iwata'''|岩田 聡|Iwata Satoru|extra=December&nbsp;6, 1959&nbsp;– July&nbsp;11, 2015|lead=yes}} was a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] businessman, [[video game programmer]] and gamer. He was the fourth [[president]] and [[CEO]] of [[Nintendo]]. He is widely regarded as someone who helped make [[video game]]s liked by a wider audience by focusing on making entertaining games rather than advanced hardware. On July 11, 2015, Iwata died of [[bile duct cancer]] at age 55. Iwata was posthumously awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the [[Golden Joystick Awards|2015 Golden Joystick Awards]] and the 2016 [[DICE Awards]]. ==Early life== Iwata was born and raised in [[Sapporo]], [[Japan]] on December 6, 1959. His father was a municipal mayor.<ref name="la times">{{cite news | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-nintendo-president-satoru-iwata-dies-at-55-20150712-story.html | title = Nintendo's Satoru Iwata dies at 55; under him, Wii created hordes of new gamers | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = July 12, 2015 | accessdate = July 12, 2015 | first = Todd | last = Martens }}</ref> Iwata got his first computer, a [[Commodore PET]], in 1978.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=57}} He took the machine apart, and he studied the machine because he wanted to understand it. The computer had a [[central processing unit]] ([[MOS Technology 6502|MOS 6502]]) similar to the one used by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES). The NES was a gaming console for which he would later make games.<ref name="Guardian0713">{{cite news|first1=Rich|last1=Stanton|first2=Keith|last2=Stuart|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 26, 2015|title=Satoru Iwata changed the whole games industry and now leaves it in mourning|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/13/satoru-iwata-games-nintendo-president}}</ref><ref name="Gamasutra">{{cite web|first=John |last=Andersen |work=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]] |date=October 9, 2015 |accessdate=October 11, 2015 |title=A former mentor recalls the early career of Satoru Iwata |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/254169/A_former_mentor_recalls_the_early_career_of_Satoru_Iwata.php |archivedate=October 11, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6cD2alRSz?url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/254169/A_former_mentor_recalls_the_early_career_of_Satoru_Iwata.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iwata expressed interest in the creation of [[video game]]s early on and during his [[high school]] years, began producing electronic games at his home. The several simple number games Iwata produced made use of an electronic calculator he shared with his schoolmates. Following high school, Iwata was admitted to the [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]], where he majored in [[computer science]].{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=57}}<ref name="NewsLimited">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/the-man-behind-the-casual-gaming-boom/story-e6frfro0-1111118263048|title=Satoru Iwata {{endash}} the man behind Nintendo's casual gaming boom|first=Kiyoshi|last=Takenaka|work=[[news.com.au]]|publisher=[[News Corp Australia|News Limited]]|date=December 9, 2008|accessdate=March 27, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007202946/http://www.news.com.au/technology/the-man-behind-the-casual-gaming-boom/story-e6frfro0-1111118263048|archivedate=October 7, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC0713">{{cite web|first1=Tessa|last1=Wong|first2=Heather|last2=Chen|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 31, 2015|title=Satoru Iwata: Nintendo's gamer CEO|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33502916}}</ref> Tomohiko Uematsu, an engineering professor, said Iwata was very good at software programming. He said that Iwata could write programs faster and better than any of his other students.<ref name="TokyoITAug4">{{cite web|publisher=[[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=October 8, 2015|title=岩田聡氏を悼んで|trans-title=Mourning Mr. Satoru Iwata|url=http://www.titech.ac.jp/news/2015/031926.html|language=Japanese}}</ref> While attending the school, he did an unpaid internship at [[Commodore International|Commodore Japan]]. There, he helped the head engineer—Yash Terakura<ref name="Gamasutra"/>—with technical and [[Software development|software-development]] work.{{sfn|Bagnall|2011|loc=chpt. 15}} One of his main reasons for taking the job was to spend more time around computers and learn details of computers.<ref name="Gamasutra"/>{{sfn|Hasegawa|2010|p=45}} Terakura would later be a mentor to Iwata. Terakura taught him about hardware engineering.<ref name="Gamasutra"/> Iwata and some of his friends rented an apartment in [[Akihabara]]. They formed a club where they would create and code games.<ref name="Eurogamer">{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Robinson|work=[[Eurogamer]]|publisher=Gamer Network|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 17, 2015|title= Satoru Iwata: a gentle revolutionary |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-07-13-it-would-have-been-more-frightening-to-take-the-conventional-path-remembering-iwata}}</ref> Classmates living in nearby apartments called Iwata's room "Game Center Iwata".{{refn|group=nb|{{Nihongo|ゲームセンター岩田|Gēmusentā Iwata}}<ref name="TokyoITAug4"/>}}<ref name="TokyoITAug4"/> He would often show his games to the [[Seibu Department Stores|Seibu department store]]'s computer department. By 1980, a group of employees there invited him to join their company, [[HAL Laboratory|HAL Laboratory, Inc.]]<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="RG-35">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Retro Gamer]]|publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]]|title=Before They Were Famous|issue=35|page=76|first=John|last=Szczepaniak}}</ref>{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}} ==HAL Laboratory== While attending the school, he worked part-time as a programmer for [[HAL Laboratory|HAL Laboratory, Inc.]]<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="RG-35" /><ref name="IGNprofile"/> HAL became the first company to make a license with [[Namco]] for developing games.<ref name="1999Interview">{{cite magazine|magazine=Used Games|year=1999|accessdate=July 13, 2016|title=Satoru Iwata – 1999 Developer Interview|url=http://shmuplations.com/iwata/}}</ref> He joined the company full-time after graduating in 1982. Iwata was its fifth employee and only programmer.<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="RG-35"/>{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}}<ref name="IGNprofile">{{cite web|first=James|last=Burns|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=July 16, 2004|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Profile: Satoru Iwata|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/07/16/profile-satoru-iwata|page=1}}</ref> Around the same time, Iwata's father was elected mayor of [[Muroran, Hokkaido|Muroran]].{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}} Iwata's family did not agree with Iwata's career choice. His father did not talk to him for six months after Iwata joined HAL.<ref name="IGNprofile"/> Iwata became the company's coordinator of software production in 1983. While he was coordinator, he helped HAL make a relationship with Nintendo so they would be able to makee games for the Nintendo Entertainment System. He went to [[Kyoto]] himself to ask for permission to work on games for the NES. Nintendo said yes.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=58}} His first published game was ''[[Joust (video game)|Joust]]'' for the NES—a [[Porting|port]] of the 1982&nbsp;[[arcade game]].<ref name="Gamasutra"/> Other video games he worked on were ''[[Balloon Fight]]'', ''[[NES Open Tournament Golf]]'', ''[[EarthBound]]'', and the ''[[Kirby (series)|Kirby]]'' games.<ref name="Guardian0713"/><ref>{{cite interview|first1=Toshihiko|last1=Nakago|first2=Takashi|last2=Tezuka|interviewer=Satoru Iwata|publisher=Nintendo|date=November 13, 2009|url=http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wii/nsmb/1/0|title=New Super Mario Bros.: Volume 2|series=Iwata Asks|accessdate=November 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview|first=Satoru|last=Iwata|interviewer=Yasuhiro Nagata|url=http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wii/special_edition_interview/0/0|series=Iwata Asks|title=Special Edition Interview: Turning the Tables: Asking Iwata|publisher=Nintendo|date=October 5, 2006|accessdate=November 22, 2013}}</ref> Nintendo contacted other developers to make ''Open Tournament Golf''; however, all of them did not want to as they did not believe the large amount of data could be kept in an NES cartridge. Iwata said he could develop the game. It was very difficult for Iwata; he had to create his own [[data compression]] method in order to fit all 18&nbsp;golf courses into the game. HHAL had to make [[parallax scrolling]] for ''[[F-1 Race]]'' because the NES hardware did not support it.<ref name="1999Interview"/> Because Iwata was good at programming, programmers and gamers started respecting him. He would often continue to work on weekends and holidays (Japanese holidays, New Year's Eve-Day, Christmas and Japanese Independence Day) because he wanted to.{{sfn|Hasegawa|2010|pp=45–46}} HAL was about to be [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]], so Iwata was promoted to president of HAL in 1993 when Nintendo's then-President, [[Hiroshi Yamauchi]], asked him to be promoted.<ref name="Eurogamer"/> With Nintendo's help, Iwata helped turn the company around from its ¥1.5&nbsp;billion debt and manage its finances.<ref name="la times"/><ref name="Guardian0713"/><ref name="RG-35"/>{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=61}} It took about 6 years. Iwata did not have much managing experience. Because of this, Iwata learned how to make himself better. He often read books about managing. He also asked for [[advice]] from others.<ref>{{cite web|first=Toshi|last=Nakamura|work=[[Kotaku]]|publisher=[[Gawker Media]]|date=July 22, 2015|accessdate=July 26, 2015|title=''Smash Bros.'' Creator Remembers Satoru Iwata|url=http://kotaku.com/smash-bros-creator-remembers-satoru-iwata-1719451777}}</ref> Although he was not part of Nintendo at the time, Iwata helped with developing [[Pokémon Gold and Silver|''Pokémon Gold'' and ''Silver'']] by creating compression tools used for graphics in the games.<ref name="IA-HG3">{{cite interview|first1=Shigeki|last1=Morimoto|first2=Tsunekazu|last2=Ishihara|subject-link1=Shigeki Morimoto|interviewer=Satoru Iwata|publisher=Nintendo|date=September 4, 2009|accessdate=July 12, 2015|series=Iwata Asks|title=Pokémon HeartGold Version & SoulSilver Version: Just Being President Was A Waste!|url=http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/ds/pokemon/0/2}}</ref> While working as a go-between for [[Game Freak]] and Nintendo, he helped program ''[[Pokémon Stadium]]'' for the [[Nintendo 64]]. All he had to do was read the original coding in [[Pokémon Red and Blue|''Pokémon Red'' and ''Green'']] and [[porting]] the battle system into the new game in just one week.<ref name="Eurogamer"/><ref name="IA-HG3"/> [[Tsunekazu Ishihara]], the president of [[The Pokémon Company]], said that Iwata was important in bringing ''Pokémon'' to Western markets. While being president of HAL, he created the plan for [[Video game localization|localization]] after reviewing the code for ''Red'' and ''Green''. They were released in the West two years after they were released in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/262899/Pokemon_chief_Iwata_was_the_one_who_brought_Pokemon_to_the_West.php | title = Pokemon chief: Iwata was the one who brought Pokemon to the West | work = [[Gamasutra]] | date = December 30, 2015 | accessdate = December 30, 2015 | first = Alex | last = Wawro }}</ref> He also helped [[Masahiro Sakurai]] develop ''[[Super Smash Bros. (video game)|Super Smash Bros.]]'' for the Nintendo 64.<ref name="Eurogamer"/> ==Nintendo== ===Early years (2000–02)=== In 2000, Iwata became the head of Nintendo's corporate planning division. He was also put on the board of directors.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=57}} Over the next two years, he wanted to game development cheaper and shorter while making sure the quality was still good.<ref name="IGNprofile2">{{cite web|first=James|last=Burns|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=July 16, 2004|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Profile: Satoru Iwata|page=2|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/07/16/profile-satoru-iwata?page=2}}</ref> During his first two years at Nintendo, the company saw profit increase 20 and 41&nbsp;percent. Iwata's work helped do this.<ref name="IGNprofile"/> When Yamauchi, the company's president since 1949, retired on May&nbsp;24, 2002,<ref>{{cite web|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Yamauchi Retires|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/yamauchi-retires}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Lucas M.|last=Thomas|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=May 24, 2012|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Hiroshi Yamauchi: Nintendo's Legendary President|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/05/25/hiroshi-yamauchi-nintendos-legendary-president}}</ref> Iwata became Nintendo's fourth president.<ref name="ap">{{Cite web|url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/495d344a0d10421e9baa8ee77029cfbd/Article_2015-07-12-AS--Japan-Obit-Nintendo%20President/id-62869fddfd054d72b98981cf64a6cfab |title=Nintendo President Satoru Iwata Dies of Tumor |first=Yuri |last=Kageyama |date=July 12, 2015 |accessdate=July 12, 2015 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archivedate=August 1, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aRru22RK?url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/495d344a0d10421e9baa8ee77029cfbd/Article_2015-07-12-AS--Japan-Obit-Nintendo%20President/id-62869fddfd054d72b98981cf64a6cfab |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the first Nintendo president that was not in the Yamauchi family through blood or marriage.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/business/satoru-iwata-nintendo-chief-executive-dies-at-55.html|title=Satoru Iwata, Nintendo Chief Executive, dies at 55|first=Liam|last=Stack|date=July 13, 2015|accessdate=July 13, 2015|newspaper=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> Yamauchi asked Iwata for one things: "that Nintendo have new ideas and create hardware that shows that ideal. And make software that has the same standard."<ref name="Eurogamer"/> Nintendo was a company that wanted [[individualism]], with a policy created by Yamauchi to create new development positions when needed. However, this prevent good collaboration between departments.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=77}} When Iwata was promoted, Nintendo was still a profitable company. However, they were not doing as well as other console makers. The [[GameCube]] was selling poorly compared to competitors, with [[Sony]]'s [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox]] outselling it.<ref name="la times"/> His presidency also happened when online gaming became popular. Nintendo had not started doing online gaming. He was careful about doing it, saying: "We're not against the idea of going online. We're just practical."<ref name="IGNprofile3">{{cite web|first=James|last=Burns|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=July 16, 2004|accessdate=July 19, 2015|title=Profile: Satoru Iwata|page=3|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/07/16/profile-satoru-iwata?page=3}}</ref> He also created a relationship between Nintendo and [[Capcom]] that helped the GameCube.<ref name="Eurogamer"/> During an interview in 2002, Iwata said that he felt the gaming industry was becoming too [[exclusive]]. He wanted to make hardware and games that all people would want to play rather than focusing on good graphics.<ref name="IGNprofile3"/> One of the first things he did as president was to meet directly with the company's 40&nbsp;department heads and 150&nbsp;other employees. This was very different from Yamauchi; Yamauchi did not meet with employees often, and he usually had only one speech every year. Iwata was knew that just because he is president, that would not mean everyone would agree with him. He decided to talk to them on a personal level. If employees disagreed with his view, Iwata would suggest they follow their idea instead of his own. He said "creators only improve themselves if they take risks".{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=83–85}} Iwata also brought more data and science into the business part of the company. Yamauchi made decisions using intuition and experience, Iwata had ideas with a lot of data to convince people.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=87–88}} Iwata also promoted Miyamoto, [[Genyo Takeda]], Yoshihiro Mori, and Shinji Hatano to representative directors on the company's board of directors. Their positions had the same power as his own.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2003|accessdate=September 14, 2015|title=2003 Annual Report|url=https://www.nintendo.com/corp/report/fiscal2003.pdf|page=72}}</ref><ref name="Finances2014">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2014|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=Annual Report 2014 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2014/annual1403e.pdf|page=1}}</ref> ===Revitalization of the company (2003–09)=== {{Image frame|width=306|content=[[File:Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg|150px|alt=A blue variant of the original Nintendo DS]] [[File:Wii-console.jpg|150px|alt=The Nintendo Wii and Wii Remote]]|caption=Iwata directed Nintendo to make the [[Nintendo DS]] ''(left)'' and [[Wii]] ''(right)'' units, which was financially successful for the company|align=right}} Following up on his 2002&nbsp;interview,<ref name="IGNprofile3"/> Iwata said there was a problem in the gaming market in his keynote speech at the 2003 [[Tokyo Game Show]]. During this speech, he thought about the history of the industry and that there was less interest in video games.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=27–31}} Starting at the end of the 1990s, were fewer sales in the Japanese market. This continued into the early 2000s. Competition between Nintendo and Sony meant consoles were more focused on powerful hardware. However, the Nintendo 64 was too difficult for developers to make games. Because of this, software was not as good.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=26–27}} Iwata asked for an analysis to be done. Nintendo decided that focusing on hardware was not the best way to promote video games. They decided to focus on software.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|pp=27–31}} In 2004, there was a big change within Nintendo. Iwata merged various departments created under Yamauchi. He wanted to have collaborative work throughout the company.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=77}} He later created a "User Expansion Project" in 2005. Employees normally not related to game development would give ideas for new games.{{sfn|Inoue|2009|p=81}} In a March&nbsp;2004 interview, Iwata said: "Games have come to a dead end."<ref name="GameSpot030104"/> He said that developers wasted far too much time focusing on core gamers; he said that they would not make a profit if they did not make games for the normal game player. He also wanted to show that Nintendo, a "conservative" company, would become a big new creator of entertainment.<ref name="GameSpot030104">{{cite web|work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=March 1, 2004 |accessdate=July 27, 2015 |title=Nintendo DS going wireless? |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/nintendo-ds-going-wireless/1100-6090345/ |archivedate=July 27, 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6aKiH6TEp?url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/nintendo-ds-going-wireless/1100-6090345/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iwata created a "[[Blue Ocean Strategy|blue ocean]]" strategy to help Nintendo compete against the other console makers. Instead of competing against them about powerful hardware, Iwata decided to make interesting and entertaining hardware and games.<ref name="GuardianObit">{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Boxer|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=July 14, 2015|title=Satoru Iwata obituary|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/14/satoru-iwata|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715020513/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/14/satoru-iwata|archivedate=July 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian0713"/><ref name="BBC0713"/><ref name="Eurogamer"/> ===Financial downturn (2010–14)=== {{bar box |float=right |title=Nintendo net sales by fiscal year (2006–15){{#tag:ref|All totals are in JPY values of their respective years.|group="nb"|name="value"}} |titlebar=#DDD |left1=Fiscal&nbsp;year |right2=Sales&nbsp;(mil&nbsp;¥) |width=330px |bars= {{bar pixel|2006<ref name="Finances2006">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2006|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2006 Annual Financial Report|url=https://www.nintendo.com/corp/report/06AnnualReport.pdf|page=15}}</ref>|green|50.8||508,827}} {{bar pixel|2007<ref name="Finances2007">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|date=April 26, 2007|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2007 Annual Financial Report: Consolidated Financial Statements|url=https://www.nintendo.com/corp/report/FY07FinancialResults.pdf|page=1}}</ref>|green|96.6||966,534}} {{bar pixel|2008<ref name="Finances2008">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2008|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2008 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2008/annual0803e.pdf|page=15}}</ref>|green|167.2||1,672,423}} {{bar pixel|2009<ref name="Finances2009">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2009|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2009 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2009/annual0903e.pdf|page=17}}</ref>|green|183.8||1,838,622}} {{bar pixel|2010<ref name="Finances2010">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2010|accessdate=September 2, 2015|title=2010 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2010/annual1003e.pdf|page=17}}</ref>|green|118.2||1,182,177}} {{bar pixel|2011<ref name="Finances2011">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2011|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2011 Annual Financial Report: Financial Section|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2011/annual1103e.pdf|page=17}}</ref>|green|101.4||1,014,345}} {{bar pixel|2012<ref name="Finances2012">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=September 2, 2015|title=Financial Results Briefing for the Nine-Month Period Ended December 2011|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2012/120127e.pdf|page=1}}</ref>|black|64.7||647,652}} {{bar pixel|2013<ref name="Finances2013">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2011|accessdate=September 3, 2015|title=2013 Annual Financial Report|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2013/annual1303e.pdf|page=21}}</ref>|black|63.5||635,422}} {{bar pixel|2014<ref name="Finances2014"/>|black|57.1||571,726}} {{bar pixel|2015<ref name="Finances2015">{{cite report|publisher=Nintendo|year=2015|accessdate=September 2, 2015|title=Annual Report 2015 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2015/annual1503e.pdf|page=1}}</ref>|green|54.9||549,780}} |caption=Nintendo's annual net sales in millions of [[Japanese yen|yen]]<br />Note: Green indicates an operating income while black indicates an operating loss. }} The [[Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Wii U]] were not as successful as the DS and Wii. Nintendo's finances became worse starting in 2010.<ref name="Finances2012"/><ref name="Profitable2015">{{cite magazine|first=Victor|last=Luckerson|date=May 7, 2015|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|accessdate=July 21, 2015|title=Why Nintendo is Suddenly Profitable Again|url=http://time.com/3850264/nintendo-sales-wii-u-3ds-universal-studios/}}</ref> ==Death== On July 11, 2015, Iwata died of [[bile duct cancer]] at age 55.<ref name="iwatadeath">{{cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2015/150713e.pdf|title=Notification of Death and Personnel Change of a Representative Director (President)|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|accessdate=July 13, 2015|date=July 12, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713000056/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2015/150713e.pdf|archivedate=July 13, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== * [https://miiverse.nintendo.net/users/SatoruIwataA Satoru Iwata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108050137/https://miiverse.nintendo.net/users/SatoruIwataA |date=2017-11-08 }} at Nintendo Miiverse * [http://cube.ign.com/articles/617/617814p1.html Seattle Post Intelligence: Satoru Iwata Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215161827/http://cube.ign.com/articles/617/617814p1.html |date=2008-12-15 }} * [http://games.kikizo.com/features/satoruiwata_vidint.asp Satoru Iwata Kikizo Video Interview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040610163632/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/505/505234p1.html Gamespy: ''Nintendo's New Direction''] - A discussion with Nintendo President Satoru Iwata * [http://cube.ign.com/articles/595/595089p1.html Heart of a Gamer speech at GDC '05] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724162958/http://cube.ign.com/articles/595/595089p1.html |date=2008-07-24 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016113755/http://blogs.mercurynews.com/aei/2007/07/an_interview_with_satoru_iwata_ceo_of_nintendo.html A+E Interactive E3 2007 Interview] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011002714/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/levelup/archive/2007/09/05/nintendo-president-satoru-iwata-takes-victory-lap.aspx Level Up E3 2007 Interview] {{DEFAULTSORT:Iwata, Satoru}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:2015 deaths]] [[Category:Japanese businesspeople]] [[Category:Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Japan]] [[Category:People from Sapporo]] [[Category:Nintendo people]] 678owonj2pflowgjo92c5gxrvax544c 0 62767 10331277 9925256 2025-06-15T01:36:27Z 180.150.36.182 10331277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tulsa, Oklahoma | settlement_type = [[City]] | image_skyline = Tulsa skyline picture.jpg | image_size = 280 | image_caption = Downtown Tulsa skyline | image_flag = Flag of Tulsa, Oklahoma (2018).svg | image_seal = Seal of Tulsa, Oklahoma.svg | nickname = "Oil Capital of the World", "Tulsey Town", "T-Town", "Green Country", "Buckle of the Bible Belt", "The 918" | motto = "A New Kind Of Energy" | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Tulsa|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}} | map_caption = Interactive map of Tulsa | coordinates = {{coord|36|07|53|N|95|56|14|W|type:city_region:US-OK|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Oklahoma|Counties]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Oklahoma]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Osage County, Oklahoma|Osage]], [[Rogers County, Oklahoma|Rogers]], [[Tulsa County, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Wagoner County, Oklahoma|Wagoner]] | established_title = | established_date = 1830 | government_type = [[mayor-council government|Mayor-Council]] | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Tulsa, Oklahoma|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[G. T. Bynum]] | leader_party = [[United States Republican Party|R]] | area_footnotes = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 20, 2022}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 201.85 | area_total_km2 = 522.79 | area_land_sq_mi = 197.76 | area_land_km2 = 512.21 | area_water_sq_mi = 4.09 | area_water_km2 = 10.58 | elevation_m = 194 | elevation_ft = 722 | population_total = 413066 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|48th]] in the United States<br />[[List of municipalities in Oklahoma|2nd]] in Oklahoma | population_density_sq_mi = 2088.67 | population_density_km2 = 806.44 | population_urban = 722,810 ([[List of United States urban areas|US: 60th]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 824.9 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2,136.5 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> | population_metro = 1023988 ([[List of metropolitan statistical areas|US: 54th]]) | population_demonym = Tulsan | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{collapsible list |title = ZIP Codes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |publisher=USPS |title=ZIP Code Lookup |access-date=August 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101160345/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archive-date=January 1, 2008 }}</ref> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:center;display:none |74101–74108, 74110, 74112, 74114–74117, 74119–74121, 74126, 74127–74137, 74141, 74145–74150, 74152–74153, 74155–74159, 74169–74172, 74182, 74186–74187, 74192–74193}} | area_code = [[area codes 539 and 918|539/918]] | website = [http://www.cityoftulsa.org/ www.cityoftulsa.org] | footnotes = | timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]] | utc_offset = −6 | timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]] | utc_offset_DST = −5 | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 40-75000 | blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID | blank1_info = 1100962<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1100962}}</ref> | unit_pref = Imperial }} '''Tulsa''' is the second largest city in [[Oklahoma]], [[United States]]. There are 413,066 people living in Tulsa, as of 2020. It is the 48th largest city in the United States. It is the county seat of [[Tulsa County, Oklahoma|Tulsa County]], the most densely populated county in Oklahoma. == In Tulsa == * Philbrook Museum - an art museum * Gilcrease Museum * Big Splash - a water amusement park * Bell's Amusement Park(now closed) * Southroads Mall * Woodland Hills Mall * LaFortune Park * Golden Driller Statue * Tulsa Zoo Oklahoma ==Related pages== * [[Tulsa Public Schools]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.cityoftulsa.org/ Official City Website] * [http://www.tulsachamber.com/ Tulsa Chamber of Commerce] * [http://ww3.visittulsa.com/ Tulsa Convention & Visitors Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212225941/http://ww3.visittulsa.com/ |date=2007-12-12 }} * [http://www.tulsapolice.org/ Official Tulsa Police Website] * [http://www.vision2025.info/ Vision 2025] {{commons}} {{Tulsa County, Oklahoma}} {{Oklahoma}} {{USLargestCities}} [[Category:Tulsa, Oklahoma| ]] [[Category:County seats in Oklahoma]] {{US-geo-stub}} krpyf4k0clih0ns0g7siliwaxxxjukq 0 63075 10330602 10102931 2025-06-14T18:37:57Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330602 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''heat pump''' is a machine that moves [[heat]] from a cold place to a hot place. Examples include:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heat Pump Systems|url=https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-systems#:~:text=Heat%20pumps%20offer%20an%20energy,and%20the%20warm%20space%20warmer.|access-date=2024-10-30|website=Energy.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=yifei|date=2024-09-03|title=Best Heat Pump Manufacturers|url=https://www.newntide.com/blog/best-heat-pump-brands-and-manufacturers-of-2024/|access-date=2024-10-30|website=NEWNTIDE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=8 Manufacturers Complete Heat Pump Challenge {{!}} ACHR News|url=https://www.achrnews.com/articles/163556-8-manufacturers-complete-heat-pump-challenge|access-date=2024-10-30|website=www.achrnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Merrett|first=Neil|date=2024-10-24|title=Heat pump industry heads to Westminster for ‘myth busting’ event|url=https://www.hvnplus.co.uk/news/heat-pump-industry-heads-to-westminster-for-myth-busting-event-24-10-2024/|access-date=2024-10-30|website=Heating and Ventilation News|language=en}}</ref> * [[Refrigerator]]. It moves heat from the inside to the outside. This keeps the food inside cold, so it will not spoil. * [[Air conditioner]]. It moves heat from the inside of a building to the outside. * [[Peltier device]]. It moves heat from one side to the other by means of an electric current. * Some buildings are heated with heat pumps, also. In the [[winter]], the heat pump moves heat from the outside to the inside. Sometimes this works better than heating with a [[radiator]]. == How it works == Usually, heat flows from a hot place to a cold place, according to the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. Heat will not move from a cold place to a warmer place by itself. Because of this, a heat pump must use extra [[energy]] to move the heat. This is sort of like [[pump]]ing water uphill. Most heat pumps use [[electric motor]]s to provide energy. Some heat pumps use heat energy, supplied by a [[flame]] or an [[electric heater]]. [[File:Heatpump.svg|thumb|300px|A simple picture of a heat pump's [[refrigeration cycle]]: compressor (4) compresses fluid; hot fluid (1) gives up heat, fluid passes through expansion valve (2), fluid takes up heat (3) and gives off cold.]] Most heat pumps have a [[refrigeration cycle]] using a compressor. A refrigeration cycle uses a [[fluid]] which moves through [[tube]]s and carries the heat. The fluid is called a [[refrigerant]]. During the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid. When the refrigerant changes from a (compressed) liquid to a gas, it absorbs heat energy from the environment. When the refrigerant changes from a gas back to a liquid, it loses heat energy. The heat pump is set up so that the refrigerant gains heat from one place that will be cooled, and moves it to another place that will be warmed. A heat pump forces the refrigerant to change from a gas to a liquid. It uses a [[Gas compressor|compressor]] to do this. Often, an [[electric]] [[motor]] drives the compressor. The compressor compresses the [[refrigerant]], and this makes it change from a gas to a liquid. Compressing will heat up the liquid extensively. At the other end of the cycle, the refrigerant boils again, absorbing heat from its surroundings, it cools them down. So where the refrigerant is changing from a liquid to a gas, it feels cooler. This is the complete cycle, from the cooling side to the heating side: On the cooling side, heat is taken up to boil the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas. Then the fluid moves to the heating side.There, the compressor forces the refrigerant back to a liquid again. This makes it give up its heat. So heat has moved from the cooling side to the heating side. Then, the cycle repeats. If the cooling side is the inside of a refrigerator, it gets cold. If the cooling side is the inside of a building, and the warming side is the outside of the building, the inside of the building gets cold. This is how an [[air conditioner]] works. If the cooling side is the outside of the building, and the warming side is the inside of the building, this is how a heat pump can heat a building during the winter. == United Kingdom == The [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] sees heat pumps as an important part of moving away from [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]]. They want to see 600,000 new heat pumps per year by 2028. There is a [[grant]] of £7,500 to help with the cost. In 2024 not many people were fitting them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Low uptake of heat pumps slowing efforts to decarbonise Britain’s homes|url=https://www.ft.com/content/26be08bc-5449-4a50-b76c-6cb157a8f93c|access-date=2024-03-18|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Heat pumps}} *[http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/infosource/home/index.cfm?act=online&id=4427&format=PDF&lang=01&PrintView=N&Text=N Heating and Cooling with a Heat pump (PDF)] *[http://www.hptcj.or.jp/about_e/contribution/pdf/hpe-all.pdf Heat pumps Long Awaited Way out of the Global Warming (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923213433/http://www.hptcj.or.jp/about_e/contribution/pdf/hpe-all.pdf |date=2020-09-23 }} - Information from Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technology Center of Japan {{HVAC}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Engineering]] [[Category:HVAC]] 9hc06ket2srxjyppizjvhs336sagoe9 0 63442 10331453 10289383 2025-06-15T04:58:54Z Surayeproject3 1462426 10331453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Assyrians (gold and blue Assur).svg|thumb|Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians]] '''Assyrians''', also known as '''Syriacs''', '''Chaldeans''', or '''Arameans''', are a [[Christian]] [[ethnic group|ethnoreligious group]] whose origins remain in what is today northern [[Iraq]], northwestern [[Iran]], southeastern [[Turkey]], and more recently northeastern [[Syria]]. They claim descent from ancient [[Assyria]], a civilization that once existed in northern [[Mesopotamia]] from 2600 BC. ==History== The Assyrians became [[Christian]] in the [[Roman Empire]] 1st to the 3rd centuries in [[Syria]] and Assyria. Along with the [[Arameans]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], and [[Nabataeans]], they were among the first people to practice [[Christianity]].<ref name= "RP">{{cite book| last= Etheredge| first= Laura|title=Iraq| url= https://archive.org/details/iraq0000unse_f9x6|year=2011|publisher=Rosen Publishing |isbn= 9781615303045| page=[https://archive.org/details/iraq0000unse_f9x6/page/72 72]}}</ref> During the [[Muslim conquest]] in the 6th century, Assyrians became second-class citizens, and those who fought back [[Arabization]] and conversion to [[Islam]] were affected by strong religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination. They also did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims.<ref>{{cite book| first= Clinton | last= Bennett | year= 2005 | title= Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates | publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group | pages= 162, 163 | isbn=0-8264-5481-X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NY7RzLXR79wC |access-date= 2012-07-07}}</ref> [[File:Southwestern part of the Sasanian Empire.jpg|thumb|Map of Asōristān (226–637 AD)]] In the 7th century, Mesopotamia began to see the arrival of [[Arab people|Arabs]], [[Kurds]] and other [[Iranian peoples]], and then [[Turkic peoples]]. Assyrians were set apart and then slowly became a minority in their own homeland, bit they remained in large numbers in Upper [[Mesopotamia]] as late as the 14th century. The city of Assur was still in use by Assyrians until the mid-14th century, when Turco-[[Mongols|Mongol]] ruler [[Timur]], a Muslim, carried a mass murder against Assyrians in the name of Islam. The Assyrian population was then greatly lessened in its homeland.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.assur.de/Themen/Stadtgeschichte_Engl/body_stadtgeschichte_engl.html |title=History of Ashur |work= Assur.de |access-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously- and culturally-driven slaughters throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, such as from Kurdish emirs and the [[Ottoman]]s. The notable event was the [[Assyrian genocide]], which was committed by the Ottomans during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsaJPgAACAAJ|title=Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin|last=Wigram|first=William Ainger|date=1920|publisher=Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge|language=en}}</ref><ref>Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281</ref> Most recently, the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] by the [[United States]] and its allies, and the [[Syrian civil war]] since 2011 have forced out much of the remaining Assyrian community from its homeland because of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Bathification of Iraqi Society |url=http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/20030516_CPAORD_1_De-Ba_athification_of_Iraqi_Society_.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509145453/http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/20030516_CPAORD_1_De-Ba_athification_of_Iraqi_Society_.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=}}</ref> ==Culture== ===Language=== Assyrians speak modern languages of [[Aramaic]], but many also speak [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Farsi]] depending on what country they came from. Those in the diaspora speak the national language of that country, which is typically [[English language|English]], [[Germany|German]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], or [[French language|French]]. Assyrians remaining in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] may speak or understand [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Aramaic language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language | encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Religion=== [[File:Assyrian cuisine in Geznakh.jpg|thumb|Assyrian cuisine]] Assyrians belong to many [[Christian denominations]], such as the Syriac [[Orthodox Church]], which has over 1 million members around the world, the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], with about 600,000 members,<ref>J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.</ref> the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], with an estimated 400,000 members,<ref>{{cite web |title=Adherents.com |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_41.html#303 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031001183203/http://adherents.com/Na/Na_41.html#303 |archive-date=October 1, 2003 |access-date=2013-09-18 |publisher=Adherents.com}}</ref> and the [[Ancient Church of the East]], with some 100,000 members. Chaldean Catholic Assyrians are the largest Christian community in Iraq,<ref name="Iraq">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIyjeUAR5zYC|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2004|isbn=9780810843301|page=56|author1=Edmund Ghareeb|author2=Beth Dougherty}}</ref> but are generally more [[Arabization|Arabized]] than other Assyrian communities and even held many high positions in the [[Ba'ath Party]] of Iraq A few Assyrians have accepted [[Protestantism]]. There are some [[Atheism|atheist]] Assyrians, but they still associate with some denomination.<ref>{{cite conference| url = https://globalization.osu.cz/publ/beyond_globalisation.pdf#page=71| title = Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World| first = Artur| last = Boháč| year = 2010| editor1-first=Přemysl| editor1-last=Mácha| editor2-first=Vincenc| editor2-last=Kopeček| book-title = Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context| publisher = University of Ostrava| location = [[Ostrava]]| page = 71| isbn = 978-80-7368-717-5| quote = Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect. | language = en}}</ref> ===Music=== Assyrian music is a mixture of traditional folk music and western modern music genres: [[pop music]], [[soft rock]], and also [[electronic dance music]]. Instruments that are traditionally used by Assyrians include the zurna and davula, but they now also include guitars, pianos, violins, and synthesizers (keyboards and electronic drums. ===Dance=== Assyrians have many traditional dances, which mostly for special occasions like weddings. Assyrian dance is a mix of both native and general [[Near East|Near Eastern]] elements. Assyrian [[Folk dance|folk dances]] are mainly made up of [[circle dance]]s that are danced in a line that is usually curved, where the dancers vine around the dancehall. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is khigga, which is commonly danced as the bride and the groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. ===Food and drink=== Assyrian food is similar to that of other [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] cuisines and is rich in [[Grain|grains]], [[meat]], [[Potato|potatoes]], [[cheese]], [[bread]], [[tomatoes]], [[barley]], [[herbs]], [[spices]], as well as [[Herb|herbs]], fermented [[dairy]] products, and [[pickle]]s. [[Rice]] is given with every meal with a stew put over it. [[Tea]] is a popular drink. ==Identity== [[File:FlagofAssyria.svg|thumb|Assyrian flag (since 1968)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/assyria.html |title=Assyria |publisher=Crwflags.com |access-date=2008-11-16| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081012054550/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/assyria.html| archive-date= 12 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>]] Historically, the region of [[Assyria]] was a [[Melting point|melting pot]] of many peoples that included [[Sumer]]ians, [[Urartu|Urartian]]s, [[Hurrian]]s, [[Babylonian]]s, [[Akkad]]ians, [[Amorite]]s, [[Arameans]], [[Jews]], and [[Hittites]]. Assyrians are likely now a mixture of those ancient groups, which generally mixed with their neighbors.<ref>William F. Ainsworth, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia (London 1842), vol. II, p. 272, cited in John Joseph, The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East (BRILL 2000), pp. 2 and 4</ref> Today, some Assyrians call themselves Aramean, Syriac or Chaldean for religious, geographic and tribal reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hays|first=Jeffrey|title=ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES {{!}} Facts and Details|url=https://factsanddetails.com/world/cat55/sub392/entry-5794.html|access-date=2022-10-04|website=factsanddetails.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanish |first=Shak |date=2008-03-22 |title=The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10604367&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA240186433&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Digest of Middle East Studies |language=English |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=32–48|doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x }}</ref> Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East may feel pressure to call themselves "Arabs,"<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/558|title=Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism|author=Jonathan Eric Lewis|journal=Middle East Forum|date=June 2003|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/releases/20070416140021.htm |title=Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs |publisher=Aina.org |access-date=2008-11-16}}</ref> "Turks," or "Kurds."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20061120133220.htm |title=In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians |publisher=Aina.org |access-date=2008-11-16}}</ref> ==Homeland== [[File:Assyria Map.jpg|thumb|The Assyrian homeland in what is now northern Iraq]] [[File:Assyrian world population.png|thumb|Assyrian world population.<br> {{legend|#440055|more than 500,000}} {{legend|#aa00d4|100,000 - 500,000}} {{legend|#dd55ff|50,000 - 100,000}} {{legend|#eeaaff|10,000 - 50,000}} {{legend|#F9D6FE|less than 10,000}}]] The Assyrian homeland includes the old cities of [[Nineveh]] ([[Mosul]]), Nuhadra (Dohuk), Arrapha/Beth Garmai (Kirkuk), Al Qosh, Tesqopa and Arbela ([[Arbil, Iraq|Arbil]]) in Iraq; Urmia in Iran; and Hakkari (a large region that comprises the modern towns of [[Yüksekova]], [[Hakkâri]], Çukurca, Şemdinli and Uludere), [[Edessa]]/Urhoy (Urfa), [[Harran]], Amida ([[Diyarbakır]]) and Tur Abdin (Midyat and Kafro), in Turkey.<ref>Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)</ref> ===Subgroups=== There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, and Chaldean. * The Eastern subgroup historically lived in Hakkari in the northern [[Zagros Mountains]], the Simele and Sapna Valleys in Dohuk, and parts of the Nineveh and Urmia Plains. Its members speak Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects and are religiously diverse,<ref name="Minahan 2002, p. 209">[[#Minahan|Minahan 2002]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-05-30|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Minahan|reason= }}, p. 209</ref> some being Protestant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vander Werff|first=Lyle L. |title=Christian mission to Muslims: the record : Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938|publisher=William Carey Library|year=1977|series=The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies|pages=[https://archive.org/details/christianmission0000vand/page/366 366]|isbn=978-0-87808-320-6|url=https://archive.org/details/christianmission0000vand|url-access=registration}}</ref> * The Chaldean subgroup is similar the Eastern subone and is often likened with the followers of the Chaldean Catholic Church<ref name='BBC'>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7271828.stm |title=Who are the Chaldean Christians? |date=March 13, 2008 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=March 26, 2010}}</ref> though not all Chaldean Catholics identify as Chaldean.{{sfn|Nisan|2002|p=x}}{{sfn|Travis|2010|p=238}} Its members are traditionally speakers of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects, but there speak Turoyo, a Central Neo-Aramaic language. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics live in the western Nineveh Plains villages of Alqosh, Batnaya, Tel Keppe and Tesqopa, in the Nahla valley, and in Aqra.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-turkey-christians-factbox/factbox-christians-in-turkey-idUSTRE50L08O20090122 FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey]</ref> * The Western subgroup historically lived in Tur Abdin<ref>The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.</ref><ref>Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.</ref> and speaks mainly Turoyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Šlomo Surayt |url=https://textbook.surayt.com/en/Online%20Course/0 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=textbook.surayt.com}}</ref> Most are part of the West Syriac Rite churches<ref name="Minahan 2002, p. 209"/> such as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Syriac Catholic Church. Besides the original Assyrian village, Tur Abdin, there were also large populations in the towns of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Harput, and Adiyaman. ===Diaspora=== Many Assyrians have gone to the [[Caucasus]], [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[Australia]], and [[Northern Europe]] during the past century. Thousands more live in Assyrian [[diaspora]] communities in the former [[Soviet Union]], [[New Zealand]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20160721201009.htm|title=Falling for ISIS Propaganda About Christians|website=www.aina.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aina.org/articles/dtcitaic.htm|title=Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community|author=Eden Naby}}</ref> Outside of the homeland, most Assyrians live in [[Sweden]] (100,000),<ref name="Demographics of Sweden">[http://www.eurfedling.org/Sweden.htm Demographics of Sweden], Swedish Language Council "Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000."</ref> [[Germany]] (100,000),<ref name="Erzdiözese">{{cite web|url=http://www.sokad.de/index.php/erzdioezese |title=Erzdiözese |access-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305015143/http://sokad.de/index.php/erzdioezese |archive-date=5 March 2015 }}</ref> the United States (80,000),<ref name="Data Access and Dissemination Systems DADS 2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212055845/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2020|title=American FactFinder – Results|authors=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> and Australia (70,000).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20 |title=CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN AUSTRALIA, 2016 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709233002/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Script== [[File:Assyrian-Alphabet3.svg|thumb|Assyrian alphabet (ʾEsṭrangēlā)]] Assyrians mostly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] [[abjad]]s that come directly from the [[Aramaic alphabet]] and share similarities with the [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]], [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], and [[Arabic alphabet]]s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578972/Syriac-alphabet | title=Syriac alphabet | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date=June 16, 2012}}</ref> Many Assyrian people also use the [[Latin alphabet]], especially in [[social media]], for its ease. The oldest sort of the alphabet is the ''{{transliteration|sem|ʾEsṭrangēlā}}'' script.<ref>[[William Hatch (theologian)|Hatch, William]] (1946). ''An album of dated Syriac manuscripts''. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24. {{ISBN|1-931956-53-7}}.</ref> Even though it is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has been reused again the 10th century, and was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in September 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the ''{{transliteration|sem|Maḏnḥāyā}}'' type of the alphabet, which is known as a "modern" simpler type. The West Syriac dialect is normally written in the ''{{transliteration|sem|Serṭā}}'' form of the alphabet. Most of the letters come from ʾEsṭrangēlā but are simplified.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle|Nestle, Eberhard]] (1888). ''Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar''. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as ''Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary'', by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889. p. 5].</ref> == Genetics == Late-20th-century [[DNA]] investigation by [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza|Cavalli-Sforza]], Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile, which separate, the population from any other.<ref name="assyrianfoundation.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.assyrianfoundation.org/genetics.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816235456/http://www.assyrianfoundation.org/genetics.htm|url-status=dead|title=Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East|archive-date=August 16, 2000}}</ref> Genetic study of the Assyrians of [[Persia]] shows that they were "closed," with little mixture with the Muslim [[Persians]] and that an single Assyrian's genetic makeup is comparatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Akbari M.T. |author2=Papiha Sunder S. |author3=Roberts D.F. |author4=Farhud Daryoush D. | year = 1986 | title = Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 38 | issue = 1| pages = 84–98 |pmid=3456196 |pmc=1684716 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1= Luigi Luca |last1=Cavalli-Sforza|author-link=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |first2=Paolo |last2=Menozzi|first3= Alberto |last3=Piazza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC |title=The History and Geography of Human Genes|page= 243|isbn=978-0691087504|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> The genetic information goes well with history that religion played a big role in keeping the Assyrian population's separate identity during the Christian era.<ref name="assyrianfoundation.org"/> In a 2006 study of the [[Y chromosome]] DNA of six regional [[Armenian people|Armenian]] populations, including Assyrians and Syrians, researchers found that the Semitic people (Assyrians and Syrians) are very different from one another.<ref name="Iran and the Caucasus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rau.am/downloads/publ.kafedr/episkoposyan_medbiolog/Yepiskoposian_I%26C_06.pdf |title=Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia" |access-date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2015-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017200047/http://www.rau.am/downloads/publ.kafedr/episkoposyan_medbiolog/Yepiskoposian_I%26C_06.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia," including 340 people from seven ethnic communities such as Assyrian, Jewish, [[Zoroastrian]], Armenian, [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]], and the [[Arab people|Arab]]s in Iran, Iraq, and [[Kuwait]] found that Assyrians were more ethnically alike compared than all other ethnic groups that were sampled in the study.<ref name="pubmed.gov">{{cite journal | pmid = 18505046 | doi=10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2 | volume=80 | issue=1 | title=Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_human-biology_2008-02_80_1/page/73 | date=Feb 2008 | journal=Hum Biol | pages=73–81 | quote = The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities. [[Endogamy]] was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little intermixture with other populations. | last1=Banoei | first1=M. M. | last2=Chaleshtori | first2=M. H. | last3=Sanati | first3=M. H. | last4=Shariati | first4=P | last5=Houshmand | first5=M | last6=Majidizadeh | first6=T | last7=Soltani | first7=N. J. | last8=Golalipour | first8=M | s2cid=10417591 }}</ref> A 2011 study from the Armenian National Academy of Sciences showed that Assyrians are genetically far from Arabs and are closer to other populations of the Near East and the [[South Caucasus]].<ref>Cinnioğlu C., King R., Kivisild T., et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum. Genet., 114, 127-148, 2004.</ref> It was also shown that Assyrians are closely related to the people of [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] and [[Karabakh]] in [[eastern Armenia]] and are far from all Arab groups, which belong to a different group.<ref>Quintana-Murci L., Krausz C., Zerjal T., et al. Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 68, 537-542, 2001.</ref> A 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi groups was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi [[Yazidis]] were closer together but far from the other Northern Iraqi populations and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, modern Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may have a stronger relationship to the original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dogan|first1=Serkan|title=A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=11|pages=e0187408|date=3 November 2017|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0187408|pmid=29099847|pmc=5669434|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1287408D|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Assyria]] * [[Assyrian genocide]] * [[Assyrian continuity]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Assyrian people]] [[Category:Mesopotamian people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]] [[Category:Semitic peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples]] f57ottxt3gwmfhn7o547aqfriqpkr7n 0 64014 10331150 10139592 2025-06-15T00:31:10Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grand Prismatic Spring and Midway Geyser Basin from above.jpg|Grand Prismatic Spring and Midway Geyser Basin in [[Yellowstone National Park]]|thumb]] [[Image:GM Guelma Hammam Challala01.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Guelma]] in [[Algeria]]]] [[File:HotSpring 8344.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Hot spring in Lassen Volcanic National Park]] A '''hot spring''' is a [[Spring (water)|spring]] produced by the emergence of [[Geothermal energy|geothermal]]ly heated [[groundwater]] from the Earth's [[crust (geology)|crust]]. Hot springs are in many places, especially in [[mountain]]s. The [[water]] issuing from a hot spring is heated by [[geothermal energy]], i.e., heat from the [[Earth]]'s [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]]. == Definitions == [[File:natural iron hot spring.jpg|right|thumb|"Blood Pond" hot spring in Beppu, [[Japan]]|150px]] There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase ''hot spring'' defined as * any geothermal spring <ref>{{cite web|title=MSN Encarta definition of hot spring|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861692101|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwr3UrtU?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861692101|archivedate=2009-11-01|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-01-14}}</ref> * a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings <ref>[http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=hot+spring Miriam-Webster Online dictionary definition of hot spring]</ref><ref>For example, ambient ground temperature is usually around {{convert|55|-|57|F|C}} in the eastern [[United States]]</ref> * a spring with water temperatures above {{convert|50|°C|°F}} <ref>US [[NOAA]] Geophysical Data Center definition</ref> * a natural spring with water temperature above [[body temperature]] – normally between {{convert|36.5|and|37.5|°C|°F}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wordsmyth.net/live/home.php?script=search&matchent=hot+spring&matchtype=exact |title=Wordsmyth definition of hot spring |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-date=2007-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310220940/http://www.wordsmyth.net/live/home.php?script=search&matchent=hot+spring&matchtype=exact |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/35/H0293500.html |title=American Heritage dictionary, fourth edition (2000) definition of hot spring |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-date=2007-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310162547/http://www.bartleby.com/61/35/H0293500.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/hot+spring Infoplease definition of hot spring]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hot+spring&r=66 |title=Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. definition of hot spring |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-date=2009-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123111108/http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hot+spring&r=66 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca">{{cite journal |doi=10.1139/e03-083 |author=Allan Pentecost, B. Jones, R.W. Renaut |title=What is a hot spring? |journal=Can. J. Earth Sci. |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1443–6 |year=2003 |bibcode=2003CaJES..40.1443P |url=http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjes_e03-083_40_ns_nf_cjes |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-date=2007-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311064433/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjes_e03-083_40_ns_nf_cjes |url-status=dead }} provides a critical discussion of the definition of a hot spring.</ref> * a natural spring of water greater than {{convert|21.1|°C|°F|0}} (synonymous with thermal spring) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hot+spring&r=66 |title=Wordnet 2.0 definition of hot spring |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-date=2009-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123111108/http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hot+spring&r=66 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ultralingua.com/onlinedictionary/?service=ee&text=hot+spring Ultralingua Online Dictionary definition of hot spring]</ref><ref>[http://www.rhymezone.com/r/rhyme.cgi?Word=hot_spring Rhymezone definition of hot spring]</ref><ref>[http://lookwayup.com/lwu.exe/lwu/d?s=f&w=hot_spring Lookwayup definition of hot spring]</ref> * a natural discharge of [[groundwater]] with elevated temperatures <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/hotsprin.html |title=Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition, article on hot spring |access-date=2011-01-14 |archive-date=2007-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211173244/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ho/hotsprin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Geothermal energy]] * [[Geyser]] * [[Hydrothermal vent]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Geology]] pskxtf7b4xecuy55zkymfay8vf70l17 0 64353 10330953 10314792 2025-06-14T22:18:22Z Davey2010 314522 Lint error: Reference tags without correct match - fixed 10330953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reality television''' is a genre of [[television]] programming which presents unscripted [[drama]]tic or [[humor]]ous situations, document actual events, and have ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although reality television has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe shows since 2000. Documentaries, news and sports shows are not called reality shows. There are many different kinds of reality television shows, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-type shows, such as ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]''. Critics say that the term "reality television" is not accurate. Many shows portray a changed and highly influenced form of [[reality]], with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes told to act certain ways, and with events on screen sometimes changed by editing. ==Types of reality television== * '''[[Documentary]]-style'''—watching people do their daily personal and professional activities ** '''Special living environment'''—People who did not know each other before the show must live together. They are often given tasks to complete together. Examples: ''[[The Real World]]'', ''[[Road Rules]]'' ** '''Celebrity reality'''—A celebrity living his or her normal everyday life. Examples: ''[[The Anna Nicole Show]]'', ''[[The Osbournes]]''. Sometimes the celebrities are given a task. Examples: ''[[The Surreal Life]]'', ''[[The Simple Life]]'', ''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]]'' ** '''Professional activities'''—Professionals doing their day-to-day business at their jobs. Examples: ''[[COPS]]'', ''[[Miami Ink]]'', ''[[American Chopper]]'' * '''Elimination/Game shows'''—Participants compete to win a prize, sometimes while living together. Example: ''[[The Amazing Race]]'' ** '''Dating-based competition'''—A person chooses one person to date out of a group of suitors. Examples: ''[[The Bachelor]]'', ''[[Temptation Island]]'' ** '''Job search'''—Contestants compete to see who is the best at a certain skill. Examples: ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'' (for modeling), ''[[The Apprentice]]'' (for business skills), ''[[Hell's Kitchen (American TV Series)|Hell's Kitchen]]"(for cooking)<ref> ** '''[[Game show]]s''' are most numerous, and can be made quickly and cheaply in a [[television studio]]'''.''' * '''Self-improvement/make-over'''—A person or group of people try to improve themselves or their lives. Examples: ''[[Extreme Makeover]]'', ''[[The Biggest Loser]]'', ''[[Supernanny]]'', ''[[Queer Eye for the Straight Guy]]'' * '''Home renovation'''—Improving homes. Examples: ''[[Changing Rooms]]'', ''[[Trading Spaces]]'', ''[[Extreme Makeover:Home Edition]]'' * '''Dating shows'''—People go on a date. Unlike dating competition shows which have the same contestants all season, dating shows have new people each episode. Example: ''[[Blind Date]]'' * '''Talk shows'''—A host interviews people, often about strange or outrageous topics that will cause conflict on-screen. Examples: ''[[The Jerry Springer Show]]'', ''[[Maury (TV series)|Maury]]'' * '''Hidden cameras'''—A hidden camera records random people in a staged situation. The situations are often meant to confuse, amuse or scare the person. Examples: ''[[Candid Camera]]'', ''[[Punk'd]]'', ''[[Scare Tactics]]'' * '''Hoaxes'''—The show is a [[Practical jokes|prank]] or trick on one or more cast members. They know that they are on a TV show, they just do not know the true nature of the show. Examples: ''[[The Joe Schmo Show]]'', ''[[Invasion Iowa]]'' ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Reality television series| ]] [[Category:Television genres]] hkr6fnble4ht6f3m4brsq0xkkvtm5m1 0 64390 10330773 10233487 2025-06-14T20:02:10Z 24.22.169.154 change this to the 10330773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Cuban Missile Crisis | place = [[Cuba]], [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] | partof = the [[Cold War]] | image = Soviet-R-12-nuclear-ballistic missile.jpg | image_size = 277px | caption = Soviet R-12 ballistic missile | date = 16 October 1962 - <br>28 October 1962 | result = *Peace memorandum between the United States and Cuba in which the United States would not ever invade Cuba without direct provocation and Cuba will not aim missiles again at the USA without direct provocation. | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Cuba (WFB 2000).jpg|size=25px}} '''[[Cuba]]''' | combatant3 = | combatant2 = {{flag|United States}} | commander1 = '''[[Fidel Castro]]'''<br>[[Juan Almeida Bosque]]<br>[[Che Guevara]]<br>[[Efigenio Ameijeiras]]<br>[[Raúl Castro]]<br>[[Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado]] | commander2 = '''[[John F. Kennedy]]'''<br>[[Curtis LeMay]]<br>[[Alexsys Soriano]]<br>[[Maxwell Davenport Taylor|Maxwell Taylor]]<br>[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<br>[[Robert Kennedy]]<br>[[Robert McNamara]] | units1 = [[BMTE|Brigada Movil de Tropas Especiales]] | units2 = [[United States Army]] | strength1 = 123,000 | strength2 = 180,000 }}<blockquote>The '''Cuban Missile Crisis''' was an event that happened in 1962. It was a serious confrontation between the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United States]], and [[Cuba]] during the [[Cold War]]. In [[Russia]], it is known as the '''Caribbean Crisis'''. Cuba calls it the '''October Crisis'''.</blockquote>The crisis started because the Soviet Union was building sites for [[Ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]] in Cuba, so that they could target the United States. This caused the United States and the Soviet Union to create a [[Proxy war|proxy]] [[conflict]] directed at Cuba, causing them to indirectly attack each other because of Cuba. Together with the earlier [[Berlin Blockade]], this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the [[Cold War]]. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=B. Gregory Marfleet|title=The Operational Code of John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Comparison of Public and Private Rhetoric |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-psychology_2000-09_21_3/page/545|journal=Political Psychology |volume=21|number=3 |year=2000 |page=545|doi=10.1111/0162-895X.00203 |issn=0162-895X }}</ref> There was a [[coup d'état|coup]] in Cuba in 1959. A small group led by [[Fidel Castro]] took power in the [[Cuban Revolution]]. The new [[government]] took over [[United States|American]] businesses. The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that. This U.S. [[embargo]] against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any [[city]] in America. Cuba was seen by the U.S. as a [[Communism|communist]] country, like the Soviet Union. In October 1962, American ships did not let Soviet ships carrying missiles go into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America did not attack Cuba. During the crisis, the United States secretly agreed to remove their [[Jupiter missile]]<nowiki/>s from [[Turkey]] if all the Russian nuclear weapons were taken out of Cuba. == Background == [[File:LeMay Cuban Missile Crisis.jpg|thumb|left|President Kennedy meets with reconnaissance pilots and General Curtis Lemay]] Americans feared that the Soviet Union would expand [[communism]] or [[socialism]]. The [[US]] and the [[USSR]] were the main parties in the [[Cold War]] that began in 1945. The US did not want a country in the [[Caribbean]] to be openly allied with the USSR. That would also make the [[Monroe Doctrine]] useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in [[Americas|the Americas]]. The US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] in April 1961, which had been launched under President [[John F. Kennedy]] by [[CIA]]-trained forces of Cuban [[exile]]s. Afterward, former President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do".<ref name=Absher>{{cite journal |title=Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis |first=Kenneth Michael |last=Absher |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College |year=2009 |url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=935 |journal= |access-date=2015-04-09 |archive-date=2010-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055113/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=935 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bay of Pigs invasion left Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive. One Soviet adviser wrote that he was "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak".<ref name="Absher" /> In late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of [[covert operation]]s against Castro's government. Named ''Operation Mongoose'', they were unsuccessful.<ref name=chronology>{{citation | url = http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/missile.htm | title = [excerpts from] The Cuban Missile Crisis - An In-Depth Chronology | first = Jane | last = Franklin | accessdate = 2009-05-03 | archive-date = 2007-01-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070111225922/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/missile.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> In February 1962, the US started an economic embargo against Cuba.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58824 | title = Proclamation 3447–Embargo on all trade with Cuba | author = The American Presidency Project}}</ref> In September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the [[US Congress]] to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened.<ref>Cuban resolution, October U.S. Public Law 87-733, S.J. Res. 230</ref> The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month. == Crisis == Castro and Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded. Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon. If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in [[Latin America]]. He said that he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words.... the logical answer was missiles".<ref>quote in Weldes J. 1999. ''Constructing national interests: the United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis''. University of Minnesota Press, p29.</ref> Tensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962. On October 14, United States [[reconnaissance]] saw the [[missile]] bases being built in Cuba. The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the [[President of the United States]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and the [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]] reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed not to invade Cuba. Khrushchev wanted the [[PGM-19 Jupiter|Jupiter]] and [[PGM-17 Thor|Thor]] missiles in [[Turkey]] to be removed. The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.<ref>Mark J. White 1995. ''The Cuban Missile Crisis''. London: Macmillan, p228.</ref> == Causes == === Fidel Castro === [[File:Fidel Castro 1950s.jpg|thumb|Fidel Castro]] In Cuba, [[Fidel Castro]] took power from [[General Batista]] on January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military [[dictator]] in Cuba. He was very [[right-wing]], and had [[Mafia]] connections and the support of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The [[country|countries]] were also [[military]] friends. This was shown by the [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|US base]] at [[Guantánamo Bay]]. When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba.<ref>''A Thousand days: [[John F. Kennedy]] in the White House'' [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr]] 1965</ref> The United States decided to break off [[economics|economic]] relations with Cuba<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58824 Proclamation 3447--Embargo on all trade with Cuba] The American Presidency Project</ref> (which means that they would stop buying things from them). They stopped American [[foreign aid]] going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban [[sugar]] (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices. === Nikita Khrushchev === Castro turned to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|USSR]], a [[great power]]. He signed a [[contract]] with [[Nikita Khrushchev]], the Russian chairman at the time. The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 [[million]] [[Metric ton|tons]] of Cuban sugar per [[year]], in exchange for Castro's communist support. He declared himself a [[Marxism|Marxist]]-[[Lenin]]ist on December 2, 1961. The reasons that Khrushchev wanted to help Cuba were: * He wanted a Communist state close to United States; * He wanted to test the new US president, [[John F. Kennedy]]; * He wanted a chance to get the American missile sites out of [[Turkey]], which was close to Russia. === The Bay of Pigs === {{Main|Bay of Pigs Invasion}} Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missiles could hit any major city in the United States Kennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html|title=Revelations from the Russian Archives|website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> by sending a [[United States Navy]] U-2 Spy Plane to take pictures of Cuba,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-21/graybeal3.html|title= Interview with Syndey Graybeal -29. Jan 1998}}</ref> he saw the missile sites and thought the worst: that Cuba was preparing to attack the United States. == Kennedy's options == The US was angry when they found out about the missile sites. Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called ''13 Days''). Kennedy had to act fast. At first, he did not know what he could do. Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border;1px" { ! Options !! Pros !! Cons |- | '''Do nothing''' || Avoids any immediate war || Kennedy would look weak to the USSR and the rest of the world. Leaves active nuclear missiles very close to the US. |- | '''Attack''' || Would destroy most missile sites. || Lots of soldiers would die and Cuba could launch nuclear missiles at the US, killing millions of people and thus causing a war between the US and the USSR. |- | '''Diplomatic pressure''' || Would avoid a war and might convince USSR to remove the missiles || The USSR would probably not give up and could end up by making it look more powerful than the US and its allies. |- | '''Blockade''' || No casualties. Would make it difficult for the USSR to send military equipment (like missiles) and other supplies. || The missile sites that were already in Cuba would still be there. A [[blockade]] is also an act of war and could start a real war against the USSR. |} On October 20, Kennedy chose to [[blockade]] Cuba to stop all ships going there, rather than listen to his advisers, who wanted to attack.<ref>[http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/ The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18-29, 1962, audio recordings]</ref> == Khrushchev's options == The USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were prevented by the [[US Navy]] from reaching Cuba. [[Nikita Khrushchev]] sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26. Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it. They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress. In a paper called "Forty Years After 13 Days," Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev: {{cquote|''Everyone needs peace; both capitalists, if they have not lost their reason, and still more, communists.<br />War is our enemy and a calamity for all people. <br />If indeed war should break out, then it would not be in our power to stop it, for such is the logic of war. I have participated in two wars and I know that war ends only when it has rolled through cities and villages, everywhere sowing death and destruction.<br />I should like you to agree that one cannot give way to pressures; it is necessary to control them.<br />If people do not show wisdom, then in the final analysis they will come to a clash, like blind moles, and then reciprocal extermination will begin.<br />If you have not lost your self-control, then Mr. President we and you ought not now to pull on the end of a rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter the knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it. And then it will be necessary to cut that knot.<br />And what that will mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly what terrible forces our countries possess. Let us not only relax the forces pulling on the end of the rope; let us take means to untie the knot. We are ready for this.''|40|40|Nikita Khrushchev<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_11/cubanmissile.asp |title=Cuban Missile Crisis documents on Arms Control Association |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-date=2004-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218031020/http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_11/cubanmissile.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Khrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a [[nuclear war]]. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted. The very next day, a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy. This one looked more official than the first. It also said that the US must take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba. This would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities. The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and would not be happy. Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so different from the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second. Khrushchev agreed to the secret message. On November 1, the missile sites were removed, and the problems were over. Khrushchev's goals in the crisis had various results: # A communist country was closer to the United States. Cuba came out of the crisis still a communist country. # Kennedy was pushed in the crisis. In the end, his desire for peace was important to ending the crisis. # The missile sites in Turkey were removed, but not in the way that Khrushchev had wanted. The United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won. == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == {{spoken article|Simple en Cuban Missile Crisis.ogg|2009-03-16}} '''For students' use''' * [http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/ 14 Days in October: The Cuban Missile Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428080536/http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/ |date=2006-04-28 }} - a site geared toward high-school students * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/causesofthecubacrisisrev1.shtml Cuban Missile Crisis on BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118172911/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/causesofthecubacrisisrev1.shtml |date=2008-01-18 }} * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDcubanmissile.htm Cuban Missile Crisis at Spartacus schoolnet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206051759/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDcubanmissile.htm |date=2010-12-06 }} '''Complex''' * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/subchron.htm IV. Chronology of Submarine. Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis. October 1, 1962 - November 14, 1962. Prepared by Jeremy Robinson-Leon and William Burr.] * [https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/cubamis/book1.pdf CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509001742/https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/cubamis/book1.pdf |date=2007-05-09 }} (.pdf, 354 pgs.) U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, McAuliffe, M. ed., CIA History Staff, 1992. * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/index.htm Declassified Documents, etc.] - Provided by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University. * [http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/ Tapes of debates between JFK and his advisors during the crisis] * [http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm President Kennedy's Address to the Nation on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312072731/http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm |date=2011-03-12 }} * [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/ Nuclear Files.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727133411/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/ |date=2011-07-27 }} Introduction, timeline and articles regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis * [http://www.documentary-film.net/search/video-listings.php?e=21 Cuba Havana Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904090007/http://www.documentary-film.net/search/video-listings.php?e=21 |date=2010-09-04 }} Bye Bye Havana is a documentary revealing what Cubans are thinking about today * [http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/HqUSAREUR/USAREUR_HqUSAREUR%201.htm October, 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3, DEFCON 2] * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis Cuban Missile Crises] -Citizendium [[Category:1962 in the United States]] [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Fidel Castro]] [[Category:1960s in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:John F. Kennedy]] [[Category:Nuclear weapons]] ah5p0dbo55insb5lcznsv64ko38a7ia 10330776 10330773 2025-06-14T20:02:41Z 24.22.169.154 10330776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Cuban Missile Crisis | place = [[Cuba]], [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] | partof = the [[Cold War]] | image = Soviet-R-12-nuclear-ballistic missile.jpg | image_size = 277px | caption = Soviet R-12 ballistic missile | date = 16 October 1962 - <br>28 October 1962 | result = *Peace memorandum between the United States and Cuba in which the United States would not ever invade Cuba without direct provocation and Cuba will not aim missiles again at the USA without direct provocation. | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Cuba (WFB 2000).jpg|size=25px}} '''[[Cuba]]''' | combatant3 = | combatant2 = {{flag|United States}} | commander1 = '''[[Fidel Castro]]'''<br>[[Juan Almeida Bosque]]<br>[[Che Guevara]]<br>[[Efigenio Ameijeiras]]<br>[[Raúl Castro]]<br>[[Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado]] | commander2 = '''[[John F. Kennedy]]'''<br>[[Curtis LeMay]]<br>[[Alexsys Soriano]]<br>[[Maxwell Davenport Taylor|Maxwell Taylor]]<br>[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<br>[[Robert Kennedy]]<br>[[Robert McNamara]] | units1 = [[BMTE|Brigada Movil de Tropas Especiales]] | units2 = [[United States Army]] | strength1 = 123,000 | strength2 = 180,000 }}The '''Cuban Missile Crisis''' was an event that happened in 1962. It was a serious confrontation between the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United States]], and [[Cuba]] during the [[Cold War]]. In [[Russia]], it is known as the '''Caribbean Crisis'''. Cuba calls it the '''October Crisis'''. The crisis started because the Soviet Union was building sites for [[Ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]] in Cuba, so that they could target the United States. This caused the United States and the Soviet Union to create a [[Proxy war|proxy]] [[conflict]] directed at Cuba, causing them to indirectly attack each other because of Cuba. Together with the earlier [[Berlin Blockade]], this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the [[Cold War]]. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=B. Gregory Marfleet|title=The Operational Code of John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Comparison of Public and Private Rhetoric |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-psychology_2000-09_21_3/page/545|journal=Political Psychology |volume=21|number=3 |year=2000 |page=545|doi=10.1111/0162-895X.00203 |issn=0162-895X }}</ref> There was a [[coup d'état|coup]] in Cuba in 1959. A small group led by [[Fidel Castro]] took power in the [[Cuban Revolution]]. The new [[government]] took over [[United States|American]] businesses. The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that. This U.S. [[embargo]] against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any [[city]] in America. Cuba was seen by the U.S. as a [[Communism|communist]] country, like the Soviet Union. In October 1962, American ships did not let Soviet ships carrying missiles go into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America did not attack Cuba. During the crisis, the United States secretly agreed to remove their [[Jupiter missile]]<nowiki/>s from [[Turkey]] if all the Russian nuclear weapons were taken out of Cuba. == Background == [[File:LeMay Cuban Missile Crisis.jpg|thumb|left|President Kennedy meets with reconnaissance pilots and General Curtis Lemay]] Americans feared that the Soviet Union would expand [[communism]] or [[socialism]]. The [[US]] and the [[USSR]] were the main parties in the [[Cold War]] that began in 1945. The US did not want a country in the [[Caribbean]] to be openly allied with the USSR. That would also make the [[Monroe Doctrine]] useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in [[Americas|the Americas]]. The US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] in April 1961, which had been launched under President [[John F. Kennedy]] by [[CIA]]-trained forces of Cuban [[exile]]s. Afterward, former President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do".<ref name=Absher>{{cite journal |title=Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis |first=Kenneth Michael |last=Absher |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College |year=2009 |url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=935 |journal= |access-date=2015-04-09 |archive-date=2010-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055113/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=935 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Bay of Pigs invasion left Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive. One Soviet adviser wrote that he was "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak".<ref name="Absher" /> In late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of [[covert operation]]s against Castro's government. Named ''Operation Mongoose'', they were unsuccessful.<ref name=chronology>{{citation | url = http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/missile.htm | title = [excerpts from] The Cuban Missile Crisis - An In-Depth Chronology | first = Jane | last = Franklin | accessdate = 2009-05-03 | archive-date = 2007-01-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070111225922/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~hbf/missile.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> In February 1962, the US started an economic embargo against Cuba.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58824 | title = Proclamation 3447–Embargo on all trade with Cuba | author = The American Presidency Project}}</ref> In September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the [[US Congress]] to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened.<ref>Cuban resolution, October U.S. Public Law 87-733, S.J. Res. 230</ref> The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month. == Crisis == Castro and Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded. Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon. If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in [[Latin America]]. He said that he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words.... the logical answer was missiles".<ref>quote in Weldes J. 1999. ''Constructing national interests: the United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis''. University of Minnesota Press, p29.</ref> Tensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962. On October 14, United States [[reconnaissance]] saw the [[missile]] bases being built in Cuba. The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the [[President of the United States]] [[John F. Kennedy]] and the [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[U Thant]] reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed not to invade Cuba. Khrushchev wanted the [[PGM-19 Jupiter|Jupiter]] and [[PGM-17 Thor|Thor]] missiles in [[Turkey]] to be removed. The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.<ref>Mark J. White 1995. ''The Cuban Missile Crisis''. London: Macmillan, p228.</ref> == Causes == === Fidel Castro === [[File:Fidel Castro 1950s.jpg|thumb|Fidel Castro]] In Cuba, [[Fidel Castro]] took power from [[General Batista]] on January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military [[dictator]] in Cuba. He was very [[right-wing]], and had [[Mafia]] connections and the support of the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The [[country|countries]] were also [[military]] friends. This was shown by the [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|US base]] at [[Guantánamo Bay]]. When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba.<ref>''A Thousand days: [[John F. Kennedy]] in the White House'' [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr]] 1965</ref> The United States decided to break off [[economics|economic]] relations with Cuba<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58824 Proclamation 3447--Embargo on all trade with Cuba] The American Presidency Project</ref> (which means that they would stop buying things from them). They stopped American [[foreign aid]] going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban [[sugar]] (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices. === Nikita Khrushchev === Castro turned to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|USSR]], a [[great power]]. He signed a [[contract]] with [[Nikita Khrushchev]], the Russian chairman at the time. The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 [[million]] [[Metric ton|tons]] of Cuban sugar per [[year]], in exchange for Castro's communist support. He declared himself a [[Marxism|Marxist]]-[[Lenin]]ist on December 2, 1961. The reasons that Khrushchev wanted to help Cuba were: * He wanted a Communist state close to United States; * He wanted to test the new US president, [[John F. Kennedy]]; * He wanted a chance to get the American missile sites out of [[Turkey]], which was close to Russia. === The Bay of Pigs === {{Main|Bay of Pigs Invasion}} Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missiles could hit any major city in the United States Kennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html|title=Revelations from the Russian Archives|website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> by sending a [[United States Navy]] U-2 Spy Plane to take pictures of Cuba,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-21/graybeal3.html|title= Interview with Syndey Graybeal -29. Jan 1998}}</ref> he saw the missile sites and thought the worst: that Cuba was preparing to attack the United States. == Kennedy's options == The US was angry when they found out about the missile sites. Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called ''13 Days''). Kennedy had to act fast. At first, he did not know what he could do. Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border;1px" { ! Options !! Pros !! Cons |- | '''Do nothing''' || Avoids any immediate war || Kennedy would look weak to the USSR and the rest of the world. Leaves active nuclear missiles very close to the US. |- | '''Attack''' || Would destroy most missile sites. || Lots of soldiers would die and Cuba could launch nuclear missiles at the US, killing millions of people and thus causing a war between the US and the USSR. |- | '''Diplomatic pressure''' || Would avoid a war and might convince USSR to remove the missiles || The USSR would probably not give up and could end up by making it look more powerful than the US and its allies. |- | '''Blockade''' || No casualties. Would make it difficult for the USSR to send military equipment (like missiles) and other supplies. || The missile sites that were already in Cuba would still be there. A [[blockade]] is also an act of war and could start a real war against the USSR. |} On October 20, Kennedy chose to [[blockade]] Cuba to stop all ships going there, rather than listen to his advisers, who wanted to attack.<ref>[http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/ The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18-29, 1962, audio recordings]</ref> == Khrushchev's options == The USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were prevented by the [[US Navy]] from reaching Cuba. [[Nikita Khrushchev]] sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26. Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it. They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress. In a paper called "Forty Years After 13 Days," Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev: {{cquote|''Everyone needs peace; both capitalists, if they have not lost their reason, and still more, communists.<br />War is our enemy and a calamity for all people. <br />If indeed war should break out, then it would not be in our power to stop it, for such is the logic of war. I have participated in two wars and I know that war ends only when it has rolled through cities and villages, everywhere sowing death and destruction.<br />I should like you to agree that one cannot give way to pressures; it is necessary to control them.<br />If people do not show wisdom, then in the final analysis they will come to a clash, like blind moles, and then reciprocal extermination will begin.<br />If you have not lost your self-control, then Mr. President we and you ought not now to pull on the end of a rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter the knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it. And then it will be necessary to cut that knot.<br />And what that will mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly what terrible forces our countries possess. Let us not only relax the forces pulling on the end of the rope; let us take means to untie the knot. We are ready for this.''|40|40|Nikita Khrushchev<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_11/cubanmissile.asp |title=Cuban Missile Crisis documents on Arms Control Association |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-date=2004-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218031020/http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2002_11/cubanmissile.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Khrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a [[nuclear war]]. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted. The very next day, a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy. This one looked more official than the first. It also said that the US must take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba. This would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities. The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and would not be happy. Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so different from the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second. Khrushchev agreed to the secret message. On November 1, the missile sites were removed, and the problems were over. Khrushchev's goals in the crisis had various results: # A communist country was closer to the United States. Cuba came out of the crisis still a communist country. # Kennedy was pushed in the crisis. In the end, his desire for peace was important to ending the crisis. # The missile sites in Turkey were removed, but not in the way that Khrushchev had wanted. The United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won. == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == {{spoken article|Simple en Cuban Missile Crisis.ogg|2009-03-16}} '''For students' use''' * [http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/ 14 Days in October: The Cuban Missile Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428080536/http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/ |date=2006-04-28 }} - a site geared toward high-school students * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/causesofthecubacrisisrev1.shtml Cuban Missile Crisis on BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118172911/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/causesofthecubacrisisrev1.shtml |date=2008-01-18 }} * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDcubanmissile.htm Cuban Missile Crisis at Spartacus schoolnet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206051759/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDcubanmissile.htm |date=2010-12-06 }} '''Complex''' * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB75/subchron.htm IV. Chronology of Submarine. Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis. October 1, 1962 - November 14, 1962. Prepared by Jeremy Robinson-Leon and William Burr.] * [https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/cubamis/book1.pdf CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509001742/https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/cubamis/book1.pdf |date=2007-05-09 }} (.pdf, 354 pgs.) U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, McAuliffe, M. ed., CIA History Staff, 1992. * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/index.htm Declassified Documents, etc.] - Provided by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University. * [http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/ Tapes of debates between JFK and his advisors during the crisis] * [http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm President Kennedy's Address to the Nation on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312072731/http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm |date=2011-03-12 }} * [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/ Nuclear Files.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727133411/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis/ |date=2011-07-27 }} Introduction, timeline and articles regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis * [http://www.documentary-film.net/search/video-listings.php?e=21 Cuba Havana Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904090007/http://www.documentary-film.net/search/video-listings.php?e=21 |date=2010-09-04 }} Bye Bye Havana is a documentary revealing what Cubans are thinking about today * [http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/HqUSAREUR/USAREUR_HqUSAREUR%201.htm October, 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3, DEFCON 2] * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis Cuban Missile Crises] -Citizendium [[Category:1962 in the United States]] [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Fidel Castro]] [[Category:1960s in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:John F. Kennedy]] [[Category:Nuclear weapons]] bdoripbzkbeh1273vtv26jxed878lvj 0 64582 10331040 10324010 2025-06-14T23:03:19Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | name = Mother Teresa | image = MotherTeresa 090.jpg | caption = Mother Teresa | birth_date = {{birth date|1910|8|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Skopje]], [[Ottoman Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1997|9|5|1910|8|26|df=y}} | death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[India]] | occupation = Roman Catholic nun, humanitarian<ref>PBS Online Newshour (September 5, 1997).[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/1997/teresa.html Mother Teresa Dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195603/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/1997/teresa.html |date=2013-10-29 }}, www.pbs.org. Retrieved August, 2007</ref> }} '''Mother Teresa''' (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an [[Albanians|Albanian]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[nun]] who started the [[Missionaries of Charity]] and won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1979 for her [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian]] work.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html | title = Mother Teresa - The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 | publisher = Nobelprize.org|accessdate = 2009-09-03}}</ref> For over forty years, she cared for poor, sick, orphaned, and dying people in [[Calcutta]] (Kolkata), [[India]]. She was guided in part by the ideals of [[Canonization|Saint]] [[Francis of Assisi]]. She was born in [[Skopje]], Macedonia, and died in Calcutta. As the Missionaries of Charity grew under her leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s Mother Teresa was well known internationally as an [[charity (practice)|advocate for the poor and helpless]]. This was due in part to a movie and book called ''Something Beautiful for God'' by [[Malcolm Muggeridge]]. Mother Teresa strongly opposed [[abortion]]. She once said: "The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/mothertere158101.html |title=The greatest destroyer of peace... |work=BrainyQuote |accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> Following her death, [[Pope John Paul II]] first [[Beatification|beatified]] Mother Teresa. Then on 4 September 2016, in a ceremony at Saint Peter's Church in [[Vatican City]], he [[Canonization|named her a saint]]. He also gave her the title '''Blessed Teresa of Calcutta'''.<ref>Associate Press, [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/10/14/rome.teresa.ap/index.html "Full house for Mother Teresa ceremony"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040305160745/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/10/14/rome.teresa.ap/index.html |date=2004-03-05 }} October 14, (2003; retrieved from [http://ww.cnn.com CNN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730200820/http://ww.cnn.com/ |date=2013-07-30 }} on May 30, 2007.</ref><ref>"Blessed Mother Teresa," in Encyclopædia Britannica (2007). Retrieved May 30, 2007, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071751/Blessed-Mother-Teresa Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref> Saint Mother Teresa received many awards for her work. These included the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1979 and the [[Bharat Ratna]] (India's highest civilian award) in 1980. ==Criticism== Both before and after her death, Mother Teresa received criticism, especially in recent years as debate about abortion grew. In 1995 [[Christopher Hitchens]] wrote a very critical book about Mother Teresa called ''The Missionary Position''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTgJIjK67rEC|title=The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in theory and practice|author=Hitchens, Christopher|publisher=Verso|year=1995|isbn=9781859840542}}</ref> In the book, he argued that instead of trying to help the poor, Mother Teresa encouraged them to endure pain and continue suffering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://evilandgood.wetpaint.com/page/Was+Mother+Teresa+Evil%3F|title=Was Mother Teresa Evil? - Good and Evil: Empirical Studies|work=Evil and Good|accessdate=2 June 2012|archive-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218093527/http://evilandgood.wetpaint.com/page/Was+Mother+Teresa+Evil%3F|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://evilandgood.wetpaint.com/page/Was+Mother+Teresa+Evil%3F |title=Was Mother Teresa Evil? - Good and Evil: Empirical Studies |access-date=2012-06-02 |archive-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218093527/http://evilandgood.wetpaint.com/page/Was+Mother+Teresa+Evil%3F |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also suggested that she opposed ending [[poverty]] and raising women's [[social status]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html |title=The fanatic, fraudulent Mother Teresa |first= Christopher |last=Hitchens |work=Slate Magazine |date=October 20, 2003|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.population-security.org/swom-96-09.htm |title=Exposing Mother Teresa|author=Swomley, John M.|work=population-security.org |date=October 1996 |accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> Later, in a 2003 article for ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', Hitchens wrote: "Mother Teresa was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html |title=The fanatic, fraudulent Mother Teresa|author=Hitchens, Christopher|work=Slate Magazine |date=October 20, 2003 |accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza]], named after her. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.calcuta.org Mother Teresa of Kolkata information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171512/http://www.calcuta.org/ |date=2014-02-01 }} {{in lang|es}} * [https://ipnewshub.blogspot.com/2021/10/speech-on-mother-teresa-in-english.html Speech On Mother Teresa In English : Nobel Peace Prize Speech] {{Nobel Peace Prize}} {{nobelprize|Peace}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Teresa, Mother}} [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:1997 deaths]] [[Category:Albanian people]] [[Category:Christian saints]] [[Category:Deaths from heart failure]] [[Category:Nuns]] [[Category:Order of Merit]] [[Category:People from Skopje]] [[Category:Roman Catholics]] c7t0ym2bhysr769b88vuccuiamomyxh 0 64803 10331346 10176860 2025-06-15T02:41:24Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 "and an exposition" - no explanation for what this refers to and there isn't anything that could be described as one in the opera. 10331346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox opera | name = ''Don Giovanni'' | image = Mozart drawing Doris Stock 1789.jpg | caption = Mozart, 1789 | genre = [[Opera]] in 2 acts | composer = [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] | librettist = [[Lorenzo da Ponte]] | language = [[Italian language|Italian]] | premiere_location = National Theatre<br />[[Prague]], [[Bohemia]]<br />29 October 1787 | other = {{Collapsible list |title=Operas by Mozart |''[[Idomeneo]]'' (1781) |''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' (1782) |''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' (1786) |''Don Giovanni'' (1787) |''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (1790) |''[[The Magic Flute]]'' (1791) }}}} '''''Don Giovanni''''' <ref>K. 527, Ital: ''Il dissoluto punito, o sia il Don Giovanni''.</ref> is an [[Italian language|Italian]] [[opera]] in two acts. It is about the character better known as [[Don Juan]]. The music was written by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]. The [[libretto]] was written by [[Lorenzo da Ponte]]. The opera was first [[wikt:perform|performed]] at the National Theatre in [[Prague]] on 29 October 1787.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=22-23}} It was a great success. ''Don Giovanni'' is about a [[wikt:libertine|libertine]] and murderer who refuses to [[wikt:repent|repent]] when given the chance. He is taken alive to [[Hell]]. The story was originally a [[folktale]]. Plays, operas, and even a ballet were produced on the theme by the time Mozart and da Ponte started work on their opera. ''Don Giovanni'' was performed across Europe after its success in Prague. It was performed in the [[United States]] in 1826, staged by da Ponte himself. In 1979, Joseph Losey made a movie of the opera. In 2013, ''Don Giovanni'' was tenth on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title= Opera Statistics |url= http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en#opera |publisher= Operabase |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> ==Principal characters== * Don Giovanni - [[baritone]] * Donna Anna - [[soprano]] * Donna Elvira - soprano * Zerlina - soprano * Don Ottavio - [[tenor]] * Leporello - [[bass (vocal range)|bass]] * Masetto - bass * Commendatore - bass == Story of the opera == {{Listen|type=music|filename=Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Don Giovanni - Overtüre.ogg|title=Overture to ''Don Giovanni'' (6:49)|image=[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1880) 249 xyz.jpg|100px]]|description=''(Left'') The statue of the Commendatore surprises Don Giovanni (Illustration, 1880); Overture played by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra}} The [[overture]] opens with a somber musical passage in D minor. This passage is also played when the statue of the Commendatore calls for Don Giovanni to repent at the end of the opera. A quick, bright section in D major follows this slow passage. It is not related to music in opera. It is spirited, vigorous, and robust. It quietly dies away as the curtain rises on the first act. '''Act I.''' Scene 1. The garden of the Commendatore's house in [[Seville]], [[Spain]]. Night. Don Giovanni has failed to [[wikt:seduce|seduce]] Donna Anna. Her father [[wikt:defend|defends]] her. Don Giovanni [[wikt:kill#Verb|kills]] him in a [[duel]]. He runs away with his [[servant]] Leporello. Donna Anna and her [[fiance|fiancé]] Don Ottavio find the dead Commendatore. They promise to bring the murderer to justice. [[File:Don-Giovanni.jpg|thumb|left|Don Giovanni and Zerlina]] Scene 2. A street in Seville. Don Giovanni's wife Donna Elvira has just come to Seville from Burgos. She is looking for Don Giovanni. He married her, and then left her. He enters the street with Leporello. He sees Elvira and leaves. Leporello stays behind. He tells Elvira about Giovanni's bad behavior with women. Scene 3. The countryside near Seville. Don Giovanni takes an interest in a [[peasant]] girl named Zerlina. He tries to [[wikt:seduce|seduce]] her. Elvira takes Zerlina away with her. Anna and Ottavio meet Don Giovanni. He does not want to talk to them. He hurries away. They know he is the murderer. They promise again to bring him to justice. Giovanni comes back when they leave. He orders Leporello to prepare a party. Scene 4. A garden at Don Giovanni's [[palace]]. Masetto and Zerlina are going to the party. Masetto doubts Zerlina loves him. She tells him to beat her, if that will make him feel better. The two make up. They go into the palace. Anna, Ottavio, and Elvira come into the garden. Their faces are covered with [[mask]]s. They promise to bring Don Giovanni to justice. They go into the palace. Scene 5. The [[ballroom]] in Don Giovanni's palace. The guests are having a gay time. Don Giovanni pulls Zerlina into another room. She [[wikt:scream|screams]]. Don Giovanni comes into the room. He tells everyone that Leporello attacked Zerlina. No one is fooled. Anna, Elvira, and Ottavio take off their masks. Ottavio has a [[pistol]]. Don Giovanni runs away. '''Act II.''' [[File:Don Giovanni Act2 set design Prague 1790s - NGO 1p1205.jpg|thumb|250px|Cemetery scene for Prague, 1790s]] Scene 1. Evening on a street in Seville. Don Giovanni wants to seduce Elvira's maid. He changes clothes with Leporello. When Elvira enters, Leporello is sent off with the lady. She thinks he is Don Giovanni. Giovanni sings a serenade. Masetto and his friends come in. They are looking for Don Giovanni. He beats Masetto and runs off. Zerlina finds Masetto and comforts him. Scene 2. A nearby street. Leporello wants to get rid of Elvira. She may discover he is not Giovanni. The two hear others coming into the street. They hide behind a wall. Anna, Ottavio, Zerlina, and Masetto open a door in the wall, and find Leporello. They want to punish him. He runs away. Ottavio says he will go to the police. Scene 3. (This scene is cut in modern performances.) A street. Zerlina threatens Leporello with a [[razor]]. A servant ties Leporello to a chair. When Leporello is left alone, he escapes. Zerlina comes back with Elvira and Masetto. They believe Don Giovanni must have helped Leporello escape. Elvira is left alone. She thinks of her love for Don Giovanni. She is certain he will be punished. [[File:Don Juan and the statue of the Commander mg 0119.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Don Giovanni is taken to Hell]] Scene 4. A [[cemetery]] in Seville. Don Giovanni and Leporello make [[joke]]s about Elvira. A strange voice is heard. It tells the two that justice is near. The voice is coming from a [[statue]] of the murdered Commendatore. Giovanni orders Leporello to invite the statue to dinner. The two leave to get dinner ready. Scene 5. A room in Donna Anna's house. Anna is feeling great sorrow over her father's death. Ottavio says his love will comfort her. She is shocked with this suggestion. Ottavio says she is cruel to him. She asks him not to say such things. She tells him that her sorrow is so deep that she can think only of her dead father. Scene 6. A room in Don Giovanni's palace. Don Giovanni is eating dinner. Elvira begs him to [[wikt:repent|repent]] and change his way of life before it is too late. He laughs at her, and she leaves. Suddenly, the statue comes into the room. It orders Giovanni to repent. He refuses. Flames rise, and [[demon]]s scream. The statue takes Giovanni's hand. Hell opens. The two disappear in the flames. Anna, Ottavio, Elvira, Zerlina, and Massetto come into the room with the police. They are looking for Don Giovanni. Leporello tells them that Giovanni has met his end. They are pleased, and make plans for happier days. {{-}} == Background == [[File:Lorenzo da Ponte.jpg|thumb|Lorenzo da Ponte]] ''Don Giovanni'' is based on a character in [[Europe]]an [[folklore]]. This character is known as Don Juan. In 1581, the first play about Don Juan was written in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] by Juan de la Cueva. Other plays were also written.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=42-43}} The most famous Don Juan play was ''The Playboy of Seville and His Stone Guest'' by a Spanish [[monk]] named Tirso de Molina.{{sfn|Zaslaw|Cowdery|1990|p=61}} This play is the source of all the Don Juan stories and plays that were written after it. Da Ponte even used some words from it when he was writing ''Don Giovanni''.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=42-43}} Traveling actors performed the Don Juan plays in [[France]] and [[Italy]] . The Don Juan character became well known. There were French, German, and Italian plays.{{sfn|Angermüller|2008|p=163}} [[Molière]] wrote ''[[Dom Juan]]'' in 1665, and Thomas Shadwell wrote an English play in 1676. Carlo Goldoni wrote an Italian play in 1736. Mozart and da Ponte probably knew the Goldoni play.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=44-45}} The first opera was a French one written in 1713. It was a comic opera. [[Gluck]] wrote a ballet for Vienna in 1761. Vincenzo Righini wrote an opera that was performed in Vienna and Prague in 1777 {{mdash}} ten years before ''Don Giovanni''. There were other operas written about Don Juan. The best known opera was one by Giovanni Bertati and Giuseppe Gazzaniga. It was performed in [[Venice]] in 1787. It was a great success.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|p=45}} Da Ponte knew this opera. He made use of Bertati's libretto when he wrote ''Don Giovanni''.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|p=46}} == Mozart and da Ponte == [[File:Bertramka Mozart Museum.JPG|thumb|left|Villa Bertramka in [[Prague]]]] Mozart and da Ponte first met in [[Vienna]] in 1783. At that time, da Ponte promised to write a libretto for Mozart. Three years later, he [[wikt:adapt|adapted]] a French play called ''The Marriage of Figaro'' to an opera libretto for Mozart. In three months, Mozart had completed the music. ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' had its first [[performance]] in Vienna on May 1, 1786. It was a great success. In January 1787, Mozart went to [[Prague]] for the first performance of ''Figaro'' in that [[city]]. The opera was a wild success. The manager of the [[opera house]] hired Mozart to write an opera for Prague. In Vienna, Mozart asked da Ponte for a libretto. Da Ponte gave him ''Don Giovanni''. Mozart started work on this new opera.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=21-22}} [[File:Stavovske divadlo.jpg|thumb|National Theatre in Prague]] Mozart wrote most of ''Don Giovanni'' in the summer of 1787 in Vienna. Early in October, he went to Prague. He completed the opera in Prague at the Villa Bertramka, the home of friends. The first performance of the opera was [[wikt:postpone|postponed]]. The curtain rose on the world premiere of ''Don Giovanni'' at the National Theatre in Prague on October 29, 1787. The opera was a great success.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=22-23}} One [[critic]] wrote: "On Monday the 29th the Italian Opera performed Maestro Mozart's eagerly awaited ''Don Giovanni'' ... Music lovers and musicians say that nothing to equal it has every been seen before in Prague ... Mozart himself conducted and he was given three cheers ... The opera is uncommonly difficult to perform ... The crowd of spectators bears witness to its general acclaim."{{sfn|Angermüller|1988|pp=164-165}} There are many [[legend]]s about the making of ''Don Giovanni''. One legend says Luigi Bassi, the 22 year old singer playing Don Giovanni, wanted more music to sing. He was said to have forced Mozart to rewrite a [[duet]] five times. Another legend says Mozart [[wikt:flirt#Verb|flirted]] with all three [[soprano]]s in the opera. When one would reject his passes, he would simply move on to the next. Another legend says Mozart's wife Constanze kept her husband awake with funny stories the night before the first performance so he could complete the [[overture]] to the opera.{{sfn|Bleiler|1964|pp=22-23}} == Vienna performance == [[File:Don Giovanni-german advert.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Poster for the Vienna performance]] Mozart left Prague for Vienna in November 1787. Music lovers in Vienna had heard good [[wikt:report#Noun|reports]] of ''Don Giovanni''. The [[Emperor]] ordered the opera to be produced at the Burgtheater. Mozart wrote some new music for the characters of Elvira and Ottavio. He also wrote a [[duet]] for Zerlina and Leporello. ''Don Giovanni'' was first performed in Vienna on May 7, 1788.{{sfn|Zaslaw|Cowdery|1990|p=63}} Mozart's sister-in-law Aloysia Lange sang Donna Anna.{{sfn|Harewood|1989|p=18}} Legend says the performance in Vienna ended with Don Giovanni going to Hell. The final scene for Anna, Elvira, Zerlina, Ottavio, Masetto, and Leporello was probably cut. Mozart wrote some new music for the Vienna performance. He may have had to cut the last scene to keep the performance within a certain length of time. The opera was not as successful in Vienna as it was in Prague. It was dropped at the Burgtheater after fifteen performances.{{sfn|Zaslaw|Cowdery|1990|p=63}} == Other performances == ''Don Giovanni'' was performed all over [[Germany]]. It was performed in [[Poland]] in 1789. It was performed in [[German language|German]] in [[Amsterdam]] and [[St Petersburg]]. The opera was popular in [[France]], in both [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[French language|French]] [[wikt:version|version]]s. The first performance of ''Don Giovanni'' in [[Italy]] was at Bergamo in 1811. It was performed in [[Rome]] the same year. Its first performance in [[England]] may have been an [[amateur]] performance. In 1817 though, it was presented in both [[English language|English]] and Italian. Lorenzo da Ponte produced the first American performance of ''Don Giovanni'' in [[New York City]] in 1826.{{sfn|Sadie|2006|pp=155-156}} == Joseph Losey's movie == [[File:Larotonda2009.JPG|thumb|Villa Capra near Venice]] In 1979, Joseph Losey made a movie of the opera. Baritone Ruggero Raimondi played Don Giovanni. Edda Moser, Kiri Te Kanawa and Teresa Berganza played the three ladies in the opera. The movie was made in [[Venice]] instead of Spain. It used [[Renaissance]] [[architect]] [[Andrea Palladio]]'s Villa Capra near Venice as its setting. [[Vincent Canby]] wrote in the ''[[New York Times]]'' on November 6, 1979: " ... the climactic confrontation between the Don and the Commendatore is surprisingly tepid visually. I've seen better descents into hell at our own [[Metropolitan Opera]] and in any number of Hammer horror pictures. Mr. Losey and his associates haven't destroyed "Don Giovanni," but then they haven't illuminated it either. Their film is a busy, disorienting spectacle, superbly sung ... " == Modern responses to the opera == [[File:Max Slevogt Das Champagnerlied Don Giovanni Andrade.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Don Giovanni by Max Slevogt, 1902]] The Earl of Harewood writes: "''Don Giovanni'' is too full of [[aria]]s, many of them famous, for its own dramatic good. Perhaps it is a problem with most eighteenth-century opera. Singers demanded them, the public expected them; and of course the aria ... is a potent operatic weapon, the moment for the [[composer]] to comment in depth on the drama he has set going. But ... arias hold up the action in a way it is sometimes hard to defend, because you feel it was the singer who wanted it so."{{sfn|Harewood|1989|pp=18-19}} He points to Ottavio's "Il mio tesoro", his "Dalla sua pace", and Anna's "Non mi dir" as each being a "magnificent opportunity for singer", but wonders how much they actually contribute to the drama. But Zerlina's "Batti, batti" and Anna's "Or sai chi l'onore" are quite different. These arias contribute to the drama and move it forward.{{sfn|Harewood|1989|pp=18-19}} Nicholas Kenyon writes: "The power ''Don Giovanni'' unleashes is almost too great; if it is an uneven work then it is only imperfect in the way that ''[[King Lear]]'' is imperfect, from an excess of feeling. As Abert summarized it, in spite of the finale, 'the point of the opera is not to proclaim a universal moral, but to depict the decisive battle between two tremendous forces.{{sfn|Kenyon|2006|p=331}} "We sense the ultimate connection between even the most restless, passion-ridden human existence and the whole universe.' Like ''Figaro'', ''Giovanni'' has held the stage from its premiere through to the present; it has fitted the nineteenth-century's wish for a Romantic, powerful Mozart and the twentieth-century's for a politicised, critical Mozart".{{sfn|Kenyon|2006|p=331}} {{-}} ==Notes== {{reflist|3}} ==References== * {{cite book |last=Angermüller |first=Rudolph |year=1988 |title=Mozart's Operas |url=https://archive.org/details/mozartsoperas0000ange |place=New York |publisher=Rizzoli |isbn=0-8478-0993-5}} * {{cite book |last=Bleiler | first=Ellen H. |year=1964 |title=Don Giovanni |place=New York |publisher=Dover Publications, Inc.}} * {{cite book |last=Harewood |first=George Henry Hubert Lascelles, Earl of |year=1989 |title=Kobbe's Illustrated Opera Book |url=https://archive.org/details/kobbesillustrate00hare |place=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |isbn=0-399-13475-1}} * {{cite book |last=Kenyon |first=Nicholas |year=2006 |title=The Pegasus Pocket Guide to Mozart |url=https://archive.org/details/pegasuspocketgui0000keny |place=New York |publisher=Pegasus Books |isbn=1-933648-23-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Sadie |first1=Stanley |last2=Macy |first2=Laura |year=2006 |edition=2nd |title=The Grove Book of Operas |url=https://archive.org/details/grovebookofopera00sadi |place=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-530907-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Zaslaw |first1=Neal |last2=Cowdery |first2=William |year=1990 |title=The Compleat Mozart |url=https://archive.org/details/compleatmozartgu0000unse |place=New York and London |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. |isbn=0-393-02886-0}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/history/stories/synopsis.aspx?customid=14 Metropolitan Opera: Synopsis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516005631/http://www.metoperafamily.org/metopera/history/stories/synopsis.aspx?customid=14 |date=2013-05-16 }} [[Category:1780s operas]] [[Category:Operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] pztobw5m7ihftq37lxp5k5v8klem29l 0 64815 10329854 10188643 2025-06-14T12:31:34Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10329854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosource}} '''Guest workers''' are people brought into a country to work in different industries. They are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally. Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers. In some countries, guest workers are not allowed to stay for a long period of time. In [[Germany]], many guest workers are from [[Turkey]]. Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities in which they live. Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s. Many [[Korea|Koreans]] in [[Japan]] came as guest workers in the early 20th century and in [[Arab world|Arab countries]] late in the late 20th century. ==Related pages== * [[Migrant worker]] ==Other websites == {{commons|Foreign workers}} *[http://whiteglove.com.my/manpower/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=1&Itemid=47 Foreign workers in Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010084834/http://whiteglove.com.my/manpower/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=1&Itemid=47 |date=2007-10-10 }} - News update *[https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/221/index.html The PBS newsmagazine NOW] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415151217/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/221/index.html |date=2013-04-15 }} focuses on America's "Guest Workers" including interviews with actual guest workers who work in Montana's forests *[http://www.burmasolidairty.org Burma Migrant Worker Issues]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0906ness.html Migrant labor activism in New York City] from [[Dollars & Sense]] magazine *[http://www.mwtv.or.kr Migrant Workers Television(MWTV) in Seoul Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619021613/http://www.mwtv.or.kr/ |date=2007-06-19 }} *[http://www.december18.net December 18 vzw - International Advocacy and Resource Center on Migrant Workers Rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211142340/http://www.december18.net/ |date=2010-02-11 }} *[http://www.migrante.org/ Migrante International] *[http://www.nooneisillegal.org/ No One is Illegal] *[http://global-culture.org/blog/2006/06/29/more-guest-workers/ Global Culture: essay on migrant workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018003138/http://global-culture.org/blog/2006/06/29/more-guest-workers/ |date=2007-10-18 }} *[http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-2/migrant.htm Migrant Farmworkers and Their Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312111742/http://www.ericdigests.org/1995-2/migrant.htm |date=2016-03-12 }} [[Category:Employment]] [[Category:Immigration]] az3sllwovte3t62g8iifzroc0mmxgkq 0 65655 10329840 10319634 2025-06-14T12:24:29Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Cristiano Ronaldo isn't goalkeeper 10329840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Cristiano Ronaldo<!-- Do not add order of merits per Template:Infobox person. --> | image = Cristiano Ronaldo playing for Al Nassr FC against Persepolis, September 2023 (cropped).jpg | caption = Ronaldo with [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]] in 2023 | full_name = Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro<ref name="CNNFacts">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/14/world/europe/cristiano-ronaldo-fast-facts/index.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=CNN}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|2|5|df=y}}<ref name="real2018"/> | birth_place = [[Funchal]], [[Madeira]], Portugal<ref name="real2018"/> | height = 1.89 m<ref name="real2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos?pid=1330528088945|title=Cristiano Ronaldo (CR7) {{!}} Official Website {{!}} Real Madrid CF|date=2018|website=realmadrid.com|publisher=[[Real Madrid CF]]|access-date=29 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129183438/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos?pid=1330528088945|archive-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Varies between 1.85 and 1.89 by source. [[FIFA]] and ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' give 1.85,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: List of players: Portugal |publisher=[[FIFA]] |page=22 |date=15 November 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130184801/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kay |first=Stanley |date=16 August 2017 |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/08/16/cristiano-ronaldo-height-how-tall-real-madrid |title=How Tall is Cristiano Ronaldo? |magazine=Sports Illustrated |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713093712/https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/08/16/cristiano-ronaldo-height-how-tall-real-madrid |url-status=live }}</ref> {{ill|Luca Caioli|es||fi}} 1.86,{{sfn|Caioli|2016|loc=Facts and figures}} [[Premier League]] and [[Eurosport]] 1.87,<ref name="Premier League l050">{{cite web | website=Premier League Football | title=Cristiano Ronaldo | date=11 July 2023 | url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/2522/Cristiano-Ronaldo/overview | access-date=5 August 2023 | archive-date=17 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417224152/https://www.premierleague.com/players/2522/Cristiano-Ronaldo/overview | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/cristiano-ronaldo_prs27317/person.shtml |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |publisher=Eurosport |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013103145/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Portuguese Football Federation]] 1.89.<ref name="FPF"/>}} | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | currentclub = [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]] | clubnumber = 7 | youthyears1 = 1992–1995 | youthclubs1 = [[CF Andorinha|Andorinha]] | youthyears2 = 1995–1997 | youthclubs2 = [[C.D. Nacional|Nacional]] | youthyears3 = 1997–2002 | youthclubs3 = [[Sporting CP Youth Academy|Sporting CP]] | years1 = 2002–2003 | clubs1 = [[Sporting CP B]] | caps1 = 2 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2002–2003 | clubs2 = [[Sporting CP]] | caps2 = 25 | goals2 = 5 | years3 = 2003–2009 | clubs3 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | caps3 = 196 | goals3 = 120 | years4 = 2009–2018 | clubs4 = [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | caps4 = 438 | goals4 = 450 | years5 = 2018–2021 | clubs5 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | caps5 = 98 | goals5 = 81 | years6 = 2021–2022 | clubs6 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | caps6 = 40 | goals6 = 19 | years7 = 2023– | clubs7 = [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]] | caps7 = 53 | goals7 = 54<!-- LEAGUE ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2001 | nationalteam1 = [[Portugal national under-15 football team|Portugal U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 9 | nationalgoals1 = 7 | nationalyears2 = 2001–2002 | nationalteam2 = [[Portugal national under-17 football team|Portugal U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 5 | nationalyears3 = 2003 | nationalteam3 = [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2002–2003 | nationalteam4 = [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal U21]] | nationalcaps4 = 10 | nationalgoals4 = 3 | nationalyears5 = 2004 | nationalteam5 = [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal U23]] | nationalcaps5 = 3 | nationalgoals5 = 2 | nationalyears6 = 2003– | nationalteam6 = [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] | nationalcaps6 = [[List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps#Men's footballers with 100 or more international caps|212]] | nationalgoals6 = [[List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo|130]] | club-update = 22:05, 27 May 2024 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 23:45, 5 July 2024 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}}<!--DO NOT EDIT OUT HOST NATION FOR TEAM COMPETITIONS--> {{MedalCountry|{{fb|POR}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA European Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[UEFA Euro 2016|2016 France]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[UEFA Euro 2004|2004 Portugal]]|}} {{Medal|B|[[UEFA Euro 2012|2012 Poland-Ukraine]]|{{refn|group=note|Although there was no third-place playoff, both losing semi-finalists (Germany and Portugal) were awarded bronze medals by UEFA.<ref name=regulations2012>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/euro/91/87/57/918757_download.pdf |title=Regulations for UEFA Euro 2012 |publisher=UEFA |date=September 2009 |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215034039/https://www.uefa.com/multimediafiles/download/competitions/euro/91/87/57/918757_download.pdf}}</ref>}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019 Portugal]]|}} {{Medal|Competition|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]}} {{Medal|3rd|[[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|2017 Russia]]|}} | module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = Cristiano Ronaldo Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cristiano Ronaldo signature}} }} '''Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of Prince Henry|GOIH]] [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|ComM]]}} ({{IPA-pt|kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁɔˈnaldu}}; born 5 February 1985), better known as '''Ronaldo,''' is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] professional [[footballer]] who plays as the [[forward]] position. He is the [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of the [[Portugal national football team|Portuguese national team]], and he is currently playing at Saudi Arabian football club [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]]. He is considered to be one of the greatest footballers of all time, also won many trophies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/3-reasons-why-cristiano-ronaldo-is-easily-the-greatest-footballer-of-all-time|title=3 reasons why Cristiano Ronaldo is easily the greatest footballer of all time|date=8 January 2019|website=sportskeeda.com|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/cristiano-ronaldo-is-the-greatest-footballer-ever-says-zinedine-zidane/story-1T6NK2X7m773jSysx2FOfL.html|title=Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest footballer ever, says Zinedine Zidaneiajekdjhuehdhehjejejeudi|date=8 December 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.90min.in/posts/6476916-jorge-mendes-says-cristiano-ronaldo-is-the-greatest-of-all-time-will-break-pele-s-scoring-record|title=Jorge Mendes Says Cristiano Ronaldo is the Greatest of All Time & Will Break Pele's Scoring Record|date=16 October 2019|website=90min.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109150426/https://www.90min.in/posts/6476916-jorge-mendes-says-cristiano-ronaldo-is-the-greatest-of-all-time-will-break-pele-s-scoring-record|archive-date=9 November 2019|access-date=9 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsjoe.ie/football/cristiano-ronaldo-reinvented-thats-hes-greatest-120944|title=Cristiano Ronaldo has reinvented himself AGAIN - that's why he's the greatest|website=SportsJOE.ie|date=19 April 2017 |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2712448-why-cristiano-ronaldo-should-be-talked-about-as-the-goat|title=Why Cristiano Ronaldo Should Be Talked About as the GOAT|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Richard|website=Bleacher Report|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.my/football/champions-league/62496/dutch-legend-ruud-gullit-picks-between-lionel-messi-and-cristiano-ronaldo-as-greatest-of-all-time/|title=Dutch legend Ruud Gullit picks between Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as greatest of all time|date=15 March 2019|website=FOX Sports Malaysia|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109150425/https://www.foxsports.com.my/football/champions-league/62496/dutch-legend-ruud-gullit-picks-between-lionel-messi-and-cristiano-ronaldo-as-greatest-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ronaldo began his professional career with [[Sporting CP]] at age 16 in 2002 and signed for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a year later. He won three [[wikt:back-to-back|back-to-back]] Premier League titles in 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09. In 2007-08, Ronaldo helped United win the [[2007-08 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]]. In 2008-09, he won his first [[Ballon d'Or]] in December. At one point Ronaldo was the most expensive professional footballer of all time, after moving from Manchester United to [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] for about £80 million in July 2009. In 2009, Ronaldo was included in the "World Player of the Decade 2000s", ranking third behind [[Lionel Messi]] (who came second) and [[Ronaldinho]] (who came first).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2010 |title=World Soccer |url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/Awards/index.php |access-date=12 July 2022 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516143714/http://www.worldsoccer.com/Awards/index.php |archive-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He won his first trophy with Real Madrid in 2011, the 2010-11 Copa del Rey. In the [[2012–13 Real Madrid CF season|next season]], he won the his first La Liga title. In the 2011-12 season, he won the [[Supercopa de España]]. The following season, he won his 2nd Ballon d'Or. In the 2013-14 season, he won the [[Copa del Rey]], and his second [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] with a record 17 goals. In that year, Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or again, along with his second [[FIFA Club World Cup]] in December 2014. In 2016, Ronaldo won his third [[2015–16 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]], and scored the winning penalty in the final against [[Atlético Madrid]], winning his 4th Ballon d'Or in December. In 2017, he won his second [[2016-17 La Liga|La Liga title]] for the first time in five years, another [[2016–17 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]], and his second Club World Cup. Ronaldo's last season with Real Madrid was the 2017-18 season, where he won his 5th and most recent Ballon d'Or in 2017, and also won his fifth [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] and scored two goals in the final against [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]. With his third [[wikt:consecutive|consecutive]] Champions League, he became the first player to win the [[UEFA Champions League]] five times.<ref name="UEFA.com-2018">{{cite web|last=UEFA.com|title=Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles|date=26 May 2018 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2475340.html|access-date=21 May 2019|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> He would later go on to transfer to Juventus in July 2018. Ronaldo left the club holding the record for being the top goal scorer in Real Madrid's history and remaining the only player in La Liga's history to score 30 or more goals in six consecutive seasons.<ref name="The Week UK">{{cite web|title=Messi vs. Ronaldo: records, goals, hat-tricks, Ballon d'Or and Fifa Best award wins|url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/football/90293/ronaldo-vs-messi-the-rivalry-statistics-goals-and-awards-ballon-dor|access-date=9 August 2019|website=The Week UK}}</ref> Ronaldo began his career with Portugal at the of 18. He scored his first goal at [[UEFA Euro 2004]] and helped Portugal reach the final. The first World Cup he played at was the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. He scored a goal and helped Portugal earn fourth place. Two years later, he became Portugal's full captain. Since then, he has appeared at five Euro's: [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008]], [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]], [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]], [[UEFA Euro 2020|2020]], and [[UEFA Euro 2024|2024]]. He has also appeared at three World Cups: [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]], and [[2022 FIFA World Cup]]. == Early life == Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born in [[Funchal]], [[Madeira Islands]] in early 1985 to Maria Dolores dos Santos and José Dinis Aveiro.<ref>{{cite book| last = Caioli| first = Luca| title = Messi, Neymar, Ronaldo - 2017 Updated Edition: Head to Head with the World's Greatest chuteya Players|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QL7kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8| date = 6 October 2016| publisher = Icon Books| language = en| isbn = 978-1-78578-112-4 }}</ref> He has one [[Sibling|brother]] named Hugo, and two sisters named Katia and Elma.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Tim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/08/manchesterunited.portugal |title=He's got the world at his feet |work=The Guardian |date=8 June 2008 |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927042123/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/08/manchesterunited.portugal |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ronaldo was [[Diagnosis|diagnosed]] with a [[Tachycardia|racing heart (Tachycardia)]] at age 15 in 2000. In 1997, 12-year-old Ronaldo went on a trial with [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pahwa|first=Varun|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: The Success Story Of A Legend|url=https://uprisehigh.com/get-inspired/cristiano-ronaldo-the-success-story-of-a-legend/|access-date=22 November 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> He impressed the club enough to be signed for £1,500. He then moved from Funchal to [[Lisbon]], to join the Sporting youth academy. In 1999, at age 14 he was expelled from school for throwing a chair at his teacher.<ref name="expelled">{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo: I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher |url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/529372/cristiano-ronaldo-i-was-expelled-from-school-for-throwing-a-chair-at-the-teacher |work=Now Magazine |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429171348/http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/529372/cristiano-ronaldo-i-was-expelled-from-school-for-throwing-a-chair-at-the-teacher |archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> Growing up, Ronaldo idolized the Brazilian legends [[Ronaldinho]] and [[Ronaldo|Ronaldo Nazário]], and has described them as leaving "a beautiful history in football".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.allfootballapp.com/news/EPL/%E2%80%9CLeft-a-beautiful-history-in-football%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-Ronaldo-reveals-his-2-idols-in-the-game/2750394|title="Left a beautiful history in football" – Ronaldo reveals his 2 idols in the game &#124; All Football|website=m.allfootballapp.com}}</ref> == Club career == === Sporting CP === Ronaldo played his first professional match against [[Inter Milan]] on 14 August 2002. He came in as a sub during the second half.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 February 2020|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus forward scores on 1,000th senior appearance|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51516799|access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> On 7 October 2002, Ronaldo played a role in his first game in the Portuguese [[Primeira Liga]], against [[Moreirense F.C.|Moreirense]]. He scored two goals, and Sporting won 3–0. Ronaldo came to the attention of [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] manager [[Alex Ferguson]] in August 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3–1 in the first game ever played at the [[Estádio José Alvalade]] in [[Lisbon]]. His performance impressed the United players. === Manchester United === On 12 August 2003, Ronaldo joined [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] from [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP]] for a fee of £12.24 million.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 August 2003|title=Man Utd sign Ronaldo|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3142959.stm|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> He was Manchester United's first Portuguese player. He wanted the number 28, which he wore at Sporting, but was eventually given the number 7. This number had been worn by [[George Best]], [[Eric Cantona]] and [[David Beckham]] before him. He played his first game for the club on 16 August 2003 in a 4-0 win against [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 August 2003|title=Ferguson hails Ronaldo debut|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3157145.stm|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> Many people were impressed with his debut, including legendary United player [[George Best]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Justin |url=http://sabotagetimes.com/reportage/legends-george-best-on-ronaldos-man-united-debut/ |title=George Best on Ronaldo's Debut For Man Utd |date=12 June 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014 |work=Sabotage Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085222/http://sabotagetimes.com/reportage/legends-george-best-on-ronaldos-man-united-debut/ |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ronaldo's first goal with Manchester United was a free kick. He scored it in a 3-0 win against [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]] on 1 November 2003.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 November 2003|title=Man Utd see off Pompey|work=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3207091.stm|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809002543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3207091.stm|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|Cristiano Ronaldo playing for Manchester United in 2006]]Ronaldo won his first trophy in England, the [[2003-04 FA Cup]], in May 2004, when Manchester United beat [[Millwall F.C.|Millwall]] 3-0. Ronaldo scored the first goal of the match.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd win FA Cup |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/3725063.stm |work=BBC Sport |date=22 May 2004 |access-date=26 January 2011}}</ref> Ronaldo scored his first [[UEFA Champions League]] goals in a 7-1 victory against [[A.S. Roma|Roma]] in April 2007. He scored two goals that day in his 30th Champions League match. That year, he played in the FA Cup Final, but United lost 1-0 to [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]. Even though he lost the FA Cup final, he did not end the season without a title because he won his [[2006-07 Premier League|first Premier League title]]. In the 2007-08 season, Ronaldo scored his first and only hat-trick for Manchester United in a 6–0 win against [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] on 12 January 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7172817.stm|title=Man Utd 6-0 Newcastle|date=12 January 2008|access-date=1 June 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|2008 Champions League final]] against Chelsea, he scored a header as the match ended 1-1 after extra time. Although he missed his penalty, Manchester United won the shootout 6-5 and Ronaldo won his first UEFA Champions League.<ref name="Burton-2008">{{Cite web|last=Burton|first=Chris|date=22 May 2008|title=United are kings of Europe|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/man-utd-vs-chelsea/report/103061|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Sky Sports}}</ref> On 15 November 2008, Ronaldo scored his 100th goal for United in a 5-0 win against [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]. He also scored two free-kicks: the first one was his 100th goal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Weaver |first=Paul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/nov/17/premierleague-manchesterunited |title=United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse |date=17 November 2008 |access-date=29 August 2014 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> He scored a total of 42 goals. He won the [[European Golden Boot]], an award given to the top scorer of every European national league. He won the first [[FIFA Puskas Award]] in 2009. The Puskas Award is given to whoever scores the best goal of that year. The goal was a 40-yard strike into the top-left corner against [[FC Porto]] on 15 April 2009 in the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] quarter-finals. That goal was the only goal of the game. It was also an important goal because it sent United to the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 December 2009|title=Ronaldo's 'incredible, fantastic' goal|publisher=FIFA|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1151584.html|url-status=dead|access-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224170408/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D1151584.html|archive-date=24 December 2009}}</ref> In the semi-final against Arsenal, Ronaldo scored two goals. One of them was a free kick from 40&nbsp;yards out. His goals helped Man United qualify for the final, where they lost to Barcelona 2-0. === Real Madrid === [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo RM 1.jpg|thumb|Ronaldo playing in his debut for Real Madrid against [[Deportivo de La Coruña|RC Deportivo]] on 29 August 2009]] Ronaldo joined Real Madrid on 1 July 2009 for a fee of €94 million. That was a world record transfer fee at the time. He also signed a six-year contract with the club.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8121951.stm#:~:text=Cristiano%20Ronaldo%20has%20completed%20his,to%20the%20fans%20on%20Monday|title=Ronaldo completes £80m Real move|date=1 July 2009|access-date=1 June 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> At his presentation as a Real Madrid player, 80,000 people greeted him at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]]. This is the world record, breaking the 25-year record of 75,000 people at [[Diego Maradona]]'s presentation for [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ogden|first=Mark|date=11 June 2009|title=Cristiano Ronaldo transfer: Real Madrid agree £80&nbsp;million fee with Manchester United|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/5505073/Cristiano-Ronaldo-transfer-Real-Madrid-agree-80-million-fee-with-Manchester-United.html|access-date=5 November 2010}}</ref> He wore the number 9 in his first season because number 7 was taken by [[Raúl González]]. Ronaldo had to wait until Raul left the club in the summer of 2010 to wear number 7.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cristianoronaldocr7.info/cristiano-ronaldo-biography/|title=Cristiano Ronaldo Biography|date=22 October 2018|access-date=23 October 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172710/http://cristianoronaldocr7.info/cristiano-ronaldo-biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his debut (first appearance) on 29 August 2009, in a La Liga game against [[Deportivo de La Coruña]]. He scored a goal and Real Madrid won 3-2. On 23 October 2010, Ronaldo scored 4 goals in a match for the first time in his career during a 6-1 win against [[Racing de Santander]].<ref>{{cite news|date=23 October 2010|title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory|work=BBC Sport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/9121629.stm|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Ronaldo scored a header in extra time in the [[2010-11 Copa del Rey|2011 Copa del Rey]] final against rivals Barcelona. His goal was the match-winner, so that was Ronaldo's first trophy in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 April 2011|title=Madrid clinch Copa del Rey|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0,19764,11065_3365041,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423012003/http://www.skysports.com/football/match_report/0%2C19764%2C11065_3365041%2C00.html|archive-date=23 April 2011|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> At the end of the 2010-11 season, he became the first player to score 40 goals in La Liga.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 May 2011|title=Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13485792|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107100925/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/13485792|archive-date=7 January 2016}}</ref> On 2 November 2011, Ronaldo scored both goals in a 2-0 [[2011–12 UEFA Champions League|Champions League group stage]] win against [[Olympique Lyonnais|Olympique Lyon]]. The second goal was his 100th goal for Real Madrid. He achieved this in just 105 matches.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2011|title=Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 100 Real Madrid goals with a brace against Lyon|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1716/champions-league/2011/11/02/2740211/cristiano-ronaldo-reaches-100-real-madrid-goals-with-brace|access-date=13 January 2021|website=Goal (website)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th goal for club as Real Madrid qualify for knock out stages of Champions League|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/champions-league/8866649/Cristiano-Ronaldo-scores-100th-goal-for-club-as-Real-Madrid-qualify-for-knock-out-stages-of-Champions-League.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The Telegraph|date=2 November 2011 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He scored his 100th La Liga goal for his club in just 92 appearances in a 5-1 win against [[Real Sociedad]] on 24 March 2012.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 March 2011|title=Madrid and Barca victorious|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/1039908|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081230/http://www.espnfc.com/story/1039908|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Ronaldo began the 2012-13 season by winning the [[2012 Supercopa de España]]. He scored in both legs, as Real Madrid won against Barca.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/aug/23/barcelona-real-madrid-live-mbm |title=Barcelona 3–2 Real Madrid – as it happened |work=The Guardian |date=23 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204074245/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/aug/23/barcelona-real-madrid-live-mbm |archive-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012, he scored his first hat-trick in the Champions League in a 4-1 win against [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Tynan|first=Gordon|date=4 October 2012|title=Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat-trick|work=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/champions-league-roundup-cristiano-ronaldo-grabs-another-real-madrid-hattrick-8196517.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903110527/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/champions-league-roundup-cristiano-ronaldo-grabs-another-real-madrid-hattrick-8196517.html|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> On 6 January 2013, Ronaldo captained his club for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marioni|first=Massimo|date=7 January 2013|title=Iker Casillas rejects captain's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo|url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/01/07/iker-casillas-rejects-captains-armband-gesture-from-cristiano-ronaldo-3341136/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120091158/http://metro.co.uk/2013/01/07/iker-casillas-rejects-captains-armband-gesture-from-cristiano-ronaldo-3341136/|archive-date=20 January 2013|access-date=25 January 2013|work=Metro UK}}</ref> In May 2013, he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid in a 6-2 win against [[Málaga C.F.|Málaga]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Hayward|date=8 May 2013|title=Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/1956/europe/2013/05/08/3964637/cristiano-ronaldo-reaches-200-goals-for-real-madrid-with|access-date=10 May 2013|work=Goal (website)}}</ref> He finished as the Champions League top scorer that season. Ronaldo won his second [[Ballon D'Or]] in 2013.<ref name="ESPN.co.uk-2014">{{Cite web|date=13 January 2014|title=Ronaldo wins 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/273547.html|access-date=13 January 2021|publisher=ESPN|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323234711/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/sport/story/273547.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2013-14 season, Ronaldo broke the record for most goals in one Champions League season by scoring his 17th goal with a penalty in extra time in the final against [[Atlético Madrid]] that Real Madrid won 4–1.<ref name="UEFA.com-2014">{{Cite web|date=24 May 2014|title=Record-breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0252-0cdc68c5ee7f-854c7d82fcc8-1000--record-breaking-ronaldo-takes-scoring-honours/|access-date=5 June 2014|publisher=UEFA|language=en}}</ref> The previous record was 14 goals, set by Messi in the 2011-12 season. In the [[2014–15 La Liga|2014-15]] season, Ronaldo set a new personal record by scoring 61 goals in all competitions. This achievement helped him win his third Ballon d'Or.<ref name="Ronaldo">{{cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/news/y=2015/m=1/news=ronaldo-kessler-low-and-kellermann-triumph-at-fifa-ballon-d-or-2014-2505871.html|title=Ronaldo, Kessler, Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014|publisher=FIFA|access-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602042817/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/news/y=2015/m=1/news=ronaldo-kessler-low-and-kellermann-triumph-at-fifa-ballon-d-or-2014-2505871.html|archive-date=2 June 2016}}</ref> He scored five goals in one match for the first time in his career in a 9-1 win vs. [[Granada C.F.|Granada]] on 5 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 April 2015|title=Real Madrid 9-1 Granada CF|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32121102}}</ref> He became Real Madrid's all-time top scorer when he scored 5 goals against [[RCD Espanyol]] in a 6-0 away win on 12 September 2015. This brought his total goal tally to 230 goals in 203 games. The previous record holder was Raul.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2015|title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores five goals at Espanyol for Real Madrid record|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/09/12/ronaldo-scores-5-goals--real-madrid-record/72176664/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2015|title=Cristiano Ronaldo breaks Real Madrid scoring record with five at Espanyol|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/liga/2015-2016/cristiano-ronaldo-hits-hat-trick-inside-20-mins-for-real-madrid-equals-all-time-goals-record_sto4908063/story.shtml|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Eurosport}}</ref> On 18 April 2017, he became the first player to reach 100 goals in the [[UEFA Champions League]], after he scored a [[hat-trick]] in a 4-2 [[Extra time|extra-time]] win against [[Bayern Munich]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2406572.html#/|title=Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal|date=12 April 2017|publisher=UEFA|access-date=4 February 2018}}</ref> On 18 March 2018, Ronaldo reached his 50th career hat-trick in a 6-3 win against [[Girona FC|Girona]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 March 2018|title=Real Madrid 6-3 Girona|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43453095|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> Ronaldo scored an amazing [[Bicycle kick|bicycle-kick]] in a [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase|UEFA Champions League]] match against Juventus on 3 April 2018. He got a [[standing ovation]], or round of applause, from the Juventus fans after scoring that goal.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 April 2018|title=Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick: Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43636379|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Real Madrid went on to play [[2018 UEFA Champions League Final|the final]] against [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Real Madrid became champions, so that was Ronaldo's 5th Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UEFA.com|date=26 May 2018|title=Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat-trick|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2021711--real-madrid-vs-liverpool/postmatch/report/|access-date=19 September 2020|publisher=UEFA|language=en}}</ref> === Juventus === On 10 July 2018, He joined [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] of Italy. He signed a 4-year contract worth 112 Million Euros.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-italy-juv-idUSKBN1K029Y|title=Ronaldo signs for Juventus from Real Madrid|date=10 July 2018|agency=Reuters|access-date=2 June 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44785173|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Juventus sign Real Madrid forward for £99.2m|date=10 July 2018|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2 June 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> The transfer was the highest paid for a player over 30 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harmer|first=Alfie Potts|date=16 July 2018|title=7 Most Expensive Signings Over the Age of 30|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2018/07/16/7-most-expensive-signings-over-the-age-of-30/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=HITC|publisher=GRV Media|language=en-GB}}</ref> People called it "the deal of the century".<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2018|title=Ronaldo completes Juventus move|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44785173|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> He scored his first goal for the club on 16 September against [[U.S. Sassuolo Calcio|US Sassuolo]]. Juventus won 2-1 at home. Three days later, on 19 September, he was controversially sent off against [[Valencia C.F.]] for "violent behavior".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo's red card in Champions League a reminder Juventus star can be as petulant as he is prolific|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/ronaldos-red-card-a-reminder-cristiano-can-be-as-petulant-as/15i31j671fj621lfkfa03hiven|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Goal (website)}}</ref> He was crying as he received the red card and said he "did nothing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.as.com/en/2018/09/19/football/1537386430_463079.html|title=Cristiano Ronaldo sent off for Juventus against Valencia|last=AS|first=Diario|date=19 September 2018|website=AS.com|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413134804/https://en.as.com/en/2018/09/19/football/1537386430_463079.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ronaldo won his first trophy with the club, the [[Supercoppa Italiana|2018 Supercoppa Italiana]], in January 2019. In the match, he scored the only goal from a header against [[AC Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Burnton|first=Simon|date=16 January 2019|title=Juventus 1–0 Milan: Supercoppa Italiana – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jan/16/juventus-v-milan-supercoppa-italiana-live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 January 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> === Return to Manchester United === On 31 August 2021, Ronaldo returned to Manchester United and the Premier League, where in the 2021-2022 season, scored 18 goals in the premier league.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2021|title=Man United sign Cristiano Ronaldo from Juventus|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/soccer-transfers/story/4465497/cristiano-ronaldo-signs-for-manchester-united-stunning-old-trafford-return-confirmed|access-date=19 September 2021|publisher=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> === Al-Nassr === On 30 December 2022, Ronaldo signed for Saudi Arabian club [[Al Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] on a 2-year deal worth 200 million euros annually. In June 2024, Ronaldo had broken the goal record for a [[Saudi Professional League|Saudi Pro League]] season by scoring 35 goals in the 2024/2025 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ronaldo: Record Saudi season 'one of the best' |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/40270863/cristiano-ronaldo-saudi-pro-league-best |website=ESPN.com |accessdate=15 June 2024 |language=en |date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ronaldo sets Saudi Pro League season scoring record |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/05/28/ronaldo-sets-saudi-pro-league-season-scoring-record// |website=Africanews |accessdate=15 June 2024 |language=en |date=28 June 2024}}</ref> == International career == [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo - Dagur Brynjólfsson.jpg|thumb|351x351px|Cristiano Ronaldo captaining Portugal in 2010. Ronaldo became Portugal's captain in 2007.]] === Youth === Ronaldo began his international career with the Portugal under-15s in 2001. In 2002, he played the U-17 Euro with Portugal's U-17. In June 2003, Ronaldo won the [[Toulon Tournament]] with the [[Portugal under-20 national football team|Portugal U-20]]. He also played with the U21s in 2003 during the 2004 U-21 Euro qualification stages. He also played with the [[Portugal national under-23 football team|Portugal under-23 team]] at the [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Summer Olympics]], where he scored one goal against [[Morocco national under-23 football team|Morocco]]. === Senior === He kept progressing through the youth national teams until he played his first senior game for [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] when he was 18 on 20 August 2003 against [[Kazakhstan national football team|Kazakhstan]]. He scored his first goal for Portugal in a game against [[Greece national football team|Greece]] at the [[UEFA Euro 2004]]. Ronaldo was selected to play at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], also his first World Cup. He scored a goal against [[Iran national football team|Iran]] during the tournament. That goal was also his first World Cup goal. In the match against [[England national football team|England]], Ronaldo's teammate at Manchester United, [[Wayne Rooney]], was sent off. Ronaldo went up to the referee and appeared to ask the referee to give Rooney a red card. Rooney pushed Ronaldo as he was talking to the ref. After Rooney left the pitch, Ronaldo was caught on camera winking at the Portugal bench.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 July 2006|title=Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card|publisher=ESPN|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373212|url-status=live|access-date=17 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161806/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373212|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> Even though the referee said Rooney would've gotten the red card if Ronaldo complained or not, these actions caused a lot of fans to hate Ronaldo because they believed he influenced the referee's decision.<ref>{{cite news|last=Spanton|first=Tim|date=2 July 2006|title=Ronaldo: I never asked for Rooney red card|work=The Sun|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373109|url-status=live|access-date=10 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220192642/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373109|archive-date=20 December 2008}}</ref> Ronaldo became [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] on 6 February 2007. At [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]], he scored one goal against [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]]. Portugal was eliminated in the quarter-finals by barely losing to [[Germany national football team|Germany]] 3-2.<ref>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Henry|date=20 June 2008|title=Euro 2008: German power leaves Portugal in despair|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/2303651/Euro-2008-German-power-leaves-Portugal-in-despair.html|access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> In the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010 World Cup]], Ronaldo only scored one goal in a 7-0 win against [[North Korea national football team|North Korea]], but was the [[man of the match]] in all of Portugal's 3 group stage games.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2010|title=Full-time report Côte d'Ivoire-Portugal|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round=249722/match=300061489/report.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513034839/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round%3D249722/match%3D300061489/report.html|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=26 June 2012|publisher=FIFA|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2010|title=Full-time report North Korea-Portugal|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round=249722/match=300061487/report.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618010543/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round%3D249722/match%3D300061487/report.html|archive-date=18 June 2012|access-date=26 June 2012|publisher=FIFA|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 June 2010|title=Full-time report Brazil-Portugal|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round=249722/match=300111111/report.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513030008/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/matches/round%3D249722/match%3D300111111/report.html|archive-date=13 May 2012|access-date=26 June 2012|publisher=FIFA|format=PDF}}</ref> Portugal were eliminated in the round of 16 by Spain 1-0, and Spain went on to win the World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2010|title=World Cup 2010: David Villa raises the roof as Spain push past Portugal|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/29/spain-portugal-world-cup-2010-report|access-date=18 November 2018|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> His first international hat-trick came in a 4-2 win against [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]] on 6 September 2013. In that match, he scored 3 goals in 15&nbsp;minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo treble seals Portugal comeback against Northern Ireland|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/06/northern-ireland-portugal-matchreport|url-status=live|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233324/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/06/northern-ireland-portugal-matchreport|archive-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> He became Portugal's all time top scorer when he scored twice against [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] in March 2014, with Portugal winning 5-1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2014|title=Ronaldo tops Portugal's highest goal-scorer list|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ronaldo-becomes-portugals-highest-goal-scorer-breaks-pauleta-record/20140306.htm|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> At the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 World Cup]], Ronaldo scored a goal against [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]], and assisted a last minute equalizer in a 2-2 draw against the [[United States national soccer team|United States]]. Ronaldo scored a back heel goal in a 3-3 draw against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] in Euro 2016. This goal made him the first player to score in four Euros.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2016|title=Ronaldo is the first man to score in four Euros|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/portugal/story/2893127/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-first-to-score-in-four-european-championships|access-date=19 September 2020|publisher=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> Although he had to leave the game early because he got injured in the [[UEFA Euro 2016 Final]], Portugal still won 1-0 in extra time because of a goal from [[Eder (Portuguese footballer)|Eder]]. In the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]] held in [[Russia]], Ronaldo scored 4 goals. In Portugal's first group game, he scored a hat trick against Spain in a 3-3 draw. After that, he scored the winning goal against Morocco. In the last group game, he missed a penalty in a 1-1 draw against Iran. Portugal qualified for the knockout stages by finishing second in the group. They were eliminated by Uruguay 2-1. Ronaldo became one of only four players to score at 4 World Cups. He has played at 4 of them: [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], and [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]. In June 2019, Ronaldo won the [[UEFA Nations League]] with Portugal, his second international title. In the final, Portugal beat The Netherlands 1-0. == Playing style == Ronaldo can play on both wings and also as a striker since he is very strong with both feet, even though he is naturally right-footed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2018|title=Styles of Play|url=https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/tournament-guides/mens-world-cup-2018-guide/messi-vs-ronaldo/styles-of-play/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Soccer Politics / The Politics of Football|language=en-US}}</ref> He is also one of the fastest players in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://the18.com/soccer-news/fastest-soccer-players-in-the-world-today-2018-edition|title=Fastest Soccer Players In The World Today (2018 Edition)|website=The18|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vocal.media/cleats/fastest-soccer-players-in-history|title=Fastest Soccer Players in History|website=Cleats|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> He has good heading ability because he is over 6&nbsp;feet tall and jumps high. He is also known for his powerful "knuckleball" [[free kick]]s. The "knuckleball" technique is when the ball spins very little and creates an unpredictable motion. He combines this with his powerful shot, making it hard for [[goalkeeper]]s to stop his shots. Ronaldo has also been known for his dribbling, as he likes to do many tricks and [[Dummy (football)|feints]] with the ball to pass [[Defender (football)|defenders]], such as the [[Step over|step-over]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=Who is Better Messi or Ronaldo? The Great Debate is Settled|url=https://www.lineups.com/articles/who-is-better-messi-or-ronaldo/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Lineups|language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020115937/https://www.lineups.com/articles/who-is-better-messi-or-ronaldo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> When he was at Manchester United, he would play as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] and try to send [[Cross (association football)|crosses]] into the middle. At Real Madrid, he changed his playing style by moving towards the middle and becoming more of a [[striker]]. He also focused more on scoring goals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Mike L.|date=22 September 2015|title=The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo|url=https://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-evolution-of-cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-manchester-united/|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Grantland|language=en-US}}</ref> When he arrived to Juventus, he stayed with this playing style of being a goal scorer and target man. However, he dribbled with the ball more because he sometimes liked to play his traditional winger position and go one-on-one with defenders. He also sent crosses more frequently than he did in his last few seasons at Real Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2018|title=Tactical Analysis of how Juventus are using Cristiano Ronaldo this season|url=https://totalfootballanalysis.com/player-analysis/cristiano-ronaldo-juventus-tactical-analysis-2|access-date=19 September 2020|website=Total Football Analysis Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Reception === Ronaldo has been criticized for "[[Diving (association football)|diving]]" by many people, including his Manchester United manager [[Alex Ferguson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1844766-10-biggest-divers-in-world-football|title=10 Biggest Divers in World Football|last=Sunderland|first=Tom|website=Bleacher Report|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport.es/en/news/sir-alex-ferguson-admits-cristiano-ronaldo-was-diver-4734422|title=Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver|date=8 December 2015|website=Sport|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> He has also been criticized for being [[Arrogance|arrogant]], such as complaining for not receiving set-pieces (free-kicks and penalties) when he gets fouled, having too much self-confidence, not celebrating with teammates after scoring goals, and getting excessively angry with others after losing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishnews.com/sport/footballsoccer/2017/05/05/news/ronaldo-narcissistic-arrogant-selfish---and-indisputably-great-1017552/|title=Ronaldo: Narcissistic, arrogant, selfish - and indisputably great|date=5 May 2017|website=The Irish News|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/741635-world-football-8-most-arrogant-players-in-the-world-today|title=World Football: Cristiano Ronaldo and 8 Most Arrogant Players in the World Today|last=Lacey|first=Ryan|website=Bleacher Report|language=en|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> Examples of this are when he threw a [[Reporter|reporter's]] [[microphone]] into a lake before a [[UEFA Euro 2016]] match,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/revealed-why-ronaldo-threw-a-reporters-mic-in-a-lake/az17zticq8471cljwjy0u2utb|title=REVEALED: Why Ronaldo launched reporter's microphone into a lake {{!}} Goal.com|website=Goal (website)|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> and negative comments made at the [[Iceland national football team|Iceland national team]] after playing against them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36535204|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Portugal captain criticises Iceland's 'small mentality'|date=14 June 2016|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2 June 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Ronaldo's father, José Aveiro, died of [[liver disease]] at age 52 in September 2005. Ronaldo was 20 years old at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fay|first=Sean|title=Cristiano Ronaldo Pays Tribute to His Father on 10th Anniversary of His Death|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2562397-cristiano-ronaldo-pays-tribute-to-his-father-on-10th-anniversary-of-his-death|access-date=1 June 2020|website=Bleacher Report|language=en}}</ref> Ronaldo said that he does not like to drink alcohol, mostly because of his dad's death, but has on some very few occasions.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 May 2018|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: The tragic story behind the Portuguese's hate for alcohol|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/football/features/cristiano-ronaldo-the-tragic-story-behind-the-portugueses-hate-for-alcohol/|access-date=21 May 2019|website=Sports Wallah|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023022947/https://www.sportswallah.com/football/features/cristiano-ronaldo-the-tragic-story-behind-the-portugueses-hate-for-alcohol/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2006, Ronaldo opened his first [[Boutique|fashion boutique]] under the name "CR7" (his initials and shirt number) on the island he was born in, [[Madeira]]. He opened a second boutique in [[Lisbon]] in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blas|first=Luis|date=29 May 2009|title=Cristiano Ronaldo y su "discreta" marca de ropa CR7|url=https://www.trendenciashombre.com/tendencias/cristiano-ronaldo-y-su-discreta-marca-de-ropa-cr7|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Trendencias Hombre|language=es}}</ref> and a third in 2009, located in [[Madrid]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 March 2009|title=Cristiano Ronaldo opens a new fashion boutique in Madrid|url=https://thespoiler.co.uk/cristiano-ronaldo-opens-new-fashion-boutique-madrid/|access-date=31 March 2021|website=The Spoiler|language=en-GB}}</ref> In December 2013, Ronaldo opened his museum called ''Museu CR7'', which has all of his trophies and awards from his career.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 December 2013|title=Cristiano Ronaldo's new museum in pictures|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2013/12/16/4482257/in-pictures-cristiano-ronaldos-new-museum|access-date=30 March 2018|website=Goal (website)}}</ref> Ronaldo became a father on 17 June 2010. He had a son named Cristiano Jr. He was born in the [[United States]] through an American [[Surrogacy|surrogate]] he met in a restaurant, and Ronaldo announced that he had full [[Child custody|custody]]. Ronaldo has never publicly revealed information about his son's mother, but he says he will reveal it to Cristiano Jr. when he gets older. On 8 June 2017, Ronaldo confirmed on social media that he had become the father to [[twin]]s, Mateo and Eva. They were born to a [[Surrogacy|surrogate]] mother in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ronaldo posts first picture of 'two new loves' after birth of twins|language=en-GB|work=Evening Standard|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/cristiano-ronaldo-announces-he-has-become-father-of-twins-a3576131.html|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saunders|first=Emmeline|date=8 July 2017|title=Truth behind Cristiano Ronaldo's newborn twins revealed|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/truth-behind-cristiano-ronaldos-newborn-10760528|access-date=2 June 2020|website=mirror}}</ref> In November 2017, his girlfriend Georgina Rodriguez gave birth to their first daughter, Alana.<!--rem deprecated source (thesun)--> Ronaldo has had many relationships. He was in a relationship with Russian model [[Irina Shayk]] from 2010–2015.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 January 2015|title=Soccer Star Cristiano Ronaldo Confirms Break Up With Russian Girlfriend Irina Shayk|work=International Business Times|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/soccer-star-cristiano-ronaldo-confirms-break-russian-model-girlfriend-irina-shayk-1788274|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> In 2016, he began to date Spanish model Georgina Rodriguez. They were publicly seen for the first time at [[Disneyland Paris]] in November 2016. Ronaldo is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. He does not have [[tattoo]]s because it would prevent him from [[Blood donation|donating blood]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Chizoba|date=26 June 2017|title=Cristiano Ronaldo True Religion With Proof|url=https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/cristiano-ronaldo-true-religion-with-proof/|access-date=21 May 2019|website=Nigerian Infopedia|archive-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221181920/http://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/cristiano-ronaldo-true-religion-with-proof/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 9 November 2015, a [[movie]] about his [[lifestyle]] and his [[career]] was released. The title of the movie is ''Ronaldo''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2015|title=Ronaldo, the movie: Critics' views of 'cringe-inducing... insightful... surprising' new film|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/liga/2015-2016/ronaldo-critics-views-of-cringe-inducing.-insightful.-surprising-new-movie_sto4986111/story.shtml|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Eurosport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2015|title=Watch: Cristiano Ronaldo and Alex Ferguson reunited on red carpet for documentary premiere|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/11984301/Watch-live-Ronaldo-documentary-world-premiere-in-London.html|access-date=2 June 2020|website=The Daily Telegraph|language=en|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427224208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/11984301/Watch-live-Ronaldo-documentary-world-premiere-in-London.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 March 2017, Madeira [[Airport]] was renamed to [[Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport]]. A [[bust]] of Ronaldo was also revealed as part of the official renaming ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 March 2017|title=Cristiano Ronaldo gets airport named in his honour ... and a dubious bust|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/mar/29/cristiano-ronaldo-gets-airport-named-in-his-honour-and-a-dubious-bust|access-date=21 May 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He is currently the most followed [[Instagram]] user, with over 600 million followers as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mata|first=William|date=14 August 2023|title=The most followed Instagram accounts in 2023|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/most-followed-instagram-accounts-2023-cristiano-ronaldo-b1068800.html|access-date=11 November 2023|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref> He passed [[Selena Gomez]] as the most followed person in 2018, with 144 million followers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=Gill|date=29 October 2018|title=Cristiano Ronaldo Passes Selena Gomez as Most Followed Person on Instagram|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2803387-cristiano-ronaldo-passes-selena-gomez-as-most-followed-person-on-instagram|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Bleacher Report|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2018|title=Cristiano Ronaldo news: Juventus forward becomes most followed person on Instagram|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/cristiano-ronaldo-becomes-most-followed-person-on-instagram/tawnjumuf2bd1ngafkpg3w7kb|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Goal (website)}}</ref> === Legal Issues === In June 2018, Ronaldo was given a [[Sentence (law)|suspended jail sentence]] of 2 years and a fine of €18.8 million for [[tax evasion]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2019|title=Ronaldo fined €19m for tax fraud, avoids jail|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/juventus/story/3755778/juventus-cristiano-ronaldo-fined-for-tax-fraud-avoids-jail-term|access-date=2 June 2020|publisher=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> In 2017, a woman claimed she was [[rape]]d by Ronaldo at a [[hotel]] in [[Las Vegas]] in June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 April 2017|title=Rape Allegations against Real Madrid Star Ronaldo: 'It Has To Be Less!'|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/rape-allegations-against-real-madrid-star-ronaldo-it-has-to-be-less-a-1144878.html|access-date=22 March 2021|website=DER Spiegel|language=en}}</ref> Many articles state that Ronaldo and the woman both met each other at the nightclub of the hotel. Ronaldo later invited her to his suite, and that was where the rape occurred. Ronaldo paid that woman $375,000 to stay quiet, and an agreement was made between Ronaldo's lawyers and the woman's lawyers that if she publicly shared information about what happened, she had to pay the $375,000 back. Ronaldo himself denies raping the woman and calls it "[[fake news]]." In July 2019, [[prosecutor]]s said they would not [[Indictment|charge]] Ronaldo because there was not enough [[Evidence (law)|evidence]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dawson|first=Alan|title=The Cristiano Ronaldo rape allegations started with a chance meeting at a Las Vegas nightclub. Here's a timeline of everything that's happened so far.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/cristiano-ronaldo-denies-rape-allegations-timeline-everything-we-know-so-far-2019-3|access-date=2 June 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=SPIEGEL|first=DER|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: American Woman Accuses Ronaldo of Rape|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/cristiano-ronaldo-american-woman-accuses-ronaldo-of-rape-a-1230627.html|access-date=2 June 2020|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=28 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 April 2017|title=DER SPIEGEL Football Leaks Exclusive: Cristiano Ronaldo Rape Allegation|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/der-spiegel-football-leaks-exclusive-cristiano-ronaldo-rape-allegation-a-1143910.html|access-date=2 June 2020|work=Der Spiegel|language=en}}</ref> == Career statistics == === Club === {{updated|match played 19 May 2021}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season, and competition |- ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup<ref group="lower-alpha">Includes the [[Taça de Portugal]], [[FA Cup]], [[Copa del Rey]], and [[Coppa Italia]]</ref> ! colspan="2" |[[EFL Cup|League Cup]] ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA#Club|Europe]]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UCL">All appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]], unless where noted.</ref> ! colspan="2" |Other<ref group="lower-alpha">Includes the [[FA Community Shield]], [[Supercoppa Italiana]], [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]], [[UEFA Super Cup]], and [[FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref> ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals |- | rowspan="2" |Sporting CP B<ref name="Playmakerstats.com">{{Cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Matches in 2002-03|url=https://www.playmakerstats.com/player_results.php?id=1579&epoca_id=132&ps=0|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Playmakerstats.com}}</ref> |2002–03 |[[Segunda Divisão]] |2||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||2||0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !2||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||2||0 |- | rowspan="2" |[[Sporting CP]]<ref name="Playmakerstats.com" /> |[[2002–03 Primeira Liga|2002–03]] |[[Primeira Liga]] |25||3||3||2|| colspan="2" |—||3<ref group="lower-alpha">One appearance in [[2002–03 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], two appearances in [[2002–03 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]]</ref>||0||0||0||31||5 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !25||3||3||2|| colspan="2" |—||3||0||0||0||31||5 |- | rowspan="7" |[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://www.stretfordend.co.uk/playermenu/ronaldo.html |publisher=StretfordEnd.co.uk |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430070139/http://www.stretfordend.co.uk/playermenu/ronaldo.html |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[2003–04 Premier League|2003–04]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo: Matches in 2003-04|url=https://www.playmakerstats.com/player_results.php?grp=1&edicao_id=0&epoca_id=133&eve=&id=1579&op=zoomstats&tpstats=club|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Playmakerstats.com}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |29||4||5||2||1||0||5||0||0||0||40||6 |- |[[2004–05 Premier League|2004–05]] |[[Premier League]] |33||5||7||4||2||0||8||0||0||0||50||9 |- |[[2005–06 Premier League|2005–06]] |[[Premier League]] |33||9||2||0||4||2||8||1<ref group="lower-alpha">Goal scored in the third qualifying round against [[Debreceni VSC]]</ref>|| colspan="2" |—||47||12 |- |[[2006–07 Premier League|2006–07]] |[[Premier League]] |34||17||7||3||1||0||11||3|| colspan="2" |—||53||23 |- |[[2007–08 Premier League|2007–08]] |[[Premier League]] |34||31||3||3||0||0||11||8||1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CS">Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]</ref>||0||49||42 |- |[[2008–09 Premier League|2008–09]] |[[Premier League]] |33||18||2||1||4||2||12||4||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="FCW">All appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref>||1||53||26 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !196!!84!!26!!13!!12!!4!!55!!16!!3!!1!!292!!118 |- | rowspan="10" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |[[2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]]<ref name="first La Liga season">{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo 2009–10 stats|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2009-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226212657/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2009-10|archive-date=26 December 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|publisher=BDFutbol}}</ref> |[[La Liga]] |29||26||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||7|| colspan="2" |—||35||33 |- |[[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]]<ref name="second season Madrid">{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo 2010–11 statistics|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2010-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226213053/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2010-11|archive-date=26 December 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|publisher=BDFutbol}}</ref> |La Liga |34||40{{efn|<!--BEFORE EDITING: Marca are the only ones who count Ronaldo's goal away to Real Sociedad. La Liga, UEFA and FIFA all list Ronaldo as having 40 goals after the end of Round 37. DO ''not'' EDIT-->Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against [[Real Sociedad]]. ''[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]'', which awards the [[Pichichi Trophy]], attribute it to Ronaldo, while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to [[Pepe (footballer, born 1983)|Pepe]].<ref name="pepegoal">{{cite news |title=Pepe's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo |url=http://www.marca.com/2010/09/18/futbol/1adivision/1284847182.html |newspaper=Marca|location=Spain |date=18 September 2010 |access-date=4 December 2010 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112084933/http://www.marca.com/2010/09/18/futbol/1adivision/1284847182.html |archive-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=goal}} ||8||7|| colspan="2" |—||12||6|| colspan="2" |—||54||53 |- |[[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo Stats 2011–12|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2011-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226212652/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2011-12|archive-date=26 December 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|publisher=BDFutbol}}</ref> |La Liga |38||46||5||3|| colspan="2" |—||10||10||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCE">All appearances in [[Supercopa de España]]</ref>||1||55||60 |- |[[2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo 2012–13 statistics|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2012-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226212649/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2012-13|archive-date=26 December 2013|access-date=25 December 2013|publisher=BDFutbol}}</ref> |La Liga |34||34||7||7|| colspan="2" |—||12||12||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SCE" />||2||55||55 |- |[[2013–14 La Liga|2013–14]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo 2013–14 statistics|url=http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2013-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903035703/http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j12429.html?temp=2013-14|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|publisher=BDFutbol}}</ref> |La Liga |30||31||6||3|| colspan="2" |—||11||17|| colspan="2" |—||47||51 |- |[[2014–15 La Liga|2014–15]]<ref name="SW">{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos-aveiro/382/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022005/http://int.soccerway.com/players/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos-aveiro/382/|archive-date=12 May 2017|access-date=8 April 2017|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> |La Liga |35||48||2||1|| colspan="2" |—||12||10||5<ref group="lower-alpha">One appearance and two goals in [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances in [[2014 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]], two appearances in [[2014 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref>||2||54||61 |- |[[2015–16 La Liga|2015–16]]<ref name="SW" /> |La Liga |36||35||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||16|| colspan="2" |—||48||51 |- |[[2016–17 La Liga|2016–17]] |La Liga |29||25||2||1|| colspan="2" |—||13||12||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="FCW" />||4||46||42 |- |[[2017–18 La Liga|2017–18]] |La Liga |27||26||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||15||4<ref group="lower-alpha">One appearance in [[2017 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], one appearance and one goal in [[2017 Supercopa de España|Supercopa de España]], two appearances and two goals in [[2017 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref>||3||44||44 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !292!!311!!30!!22!! colspan="2" |—!!101!!105!!15!!12!!438!!450 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] |[[2018–19 Serie A|2018–19]]<ref name="SW" /> |[[Serie A]] |31||21||2||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||6||1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SI">Appearance in [[Supercoppa Italiana]]</ref>||1||43||28 |- |[[2019–20 Serie A|2019–20]]<ref name="SW" /> |Serie A |33||31||4||2|| colspan="2" |—||8||4||1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="SI" />||1||46||37 |- |[[2020–21 Serie A|2020–21]]<ref name="SW" /> |Serie A |33||29||4||2|| colspan="2" |—||6||4||1<ref name="SI" group="lower-alpha" />||1||44||36 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !97!!81!!10!!4!! colspan="2" |—!!23!!14!!3!!2!!133!!101 |- ! colspan="3" |Career Total !612!!479!!69!!41!!12!!4!!182!!135!!21!!15!!896!!674 |} ;Notes {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} === International === {{updated|17 November 2019}}<ref name="fpf.pt">{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://www.fpf.pt/National-Teams/Football/Male/Senior-A/Players/Player-detail/Id/669554/SoccerType/11/CRISTIANO-RONALDO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512070533/http://www.fpf.pt/National-Teams/Football/Male/Senior-A/Players/Player-detail/Id/669554/SoccerType/11/CRISTIANO-RONALDO |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2014 |website=fpf.pt |publisher=Portuguese Football Federation |access-date=8 October 2015 }}</ref>*{{cite news |first=Roberto |last=Mamrud |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/cronaldo-intlg.html |title=Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro – Century of International Appearances |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |date=29 August 2013 |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828073246/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/cronaldo-intlg.html |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=live }}*{{NFT player|id=5279|name=Cristiano Ronaldo|accessdate=18 June 2010}}<ref name="YouthCaps">{{cite web|url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Pesquisar-Jogadores-Internacionais/Cristiano-Ronaldo|title=Cristiano Ronaldo|work=Portuguese Football Federation|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727211502/http://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Pesquisar-Jogadores-Internacionais/Cristiano-Ronaldo|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! rowspan="2" |National team!! rowspan="2" |Year!! colspan="2" |Competitive ! colspan="2" |Friendly ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="18" |[[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] |2003||0||0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |- |2004||11||7 |5 |0 |16 |7 |- |2005||7||2 |4 |0 |11 |2 |- |2006||10||4 |4 |2 |14 |6 |- |2007||9||5 |1 |0 |10 |5 |- |2008||5||1 |3 |0 |8 |1 |- |2009||5||0 |2 |1 |7 |1 |- |2010||6||3 |5 |0 |11 |3 |- |2011||6||5 |2 |2 |8 |7 |- |2012||9||4 |4 |1 |13 |5 |- |2013||6||7 |3 |3 |9 |10 |- |2014||5||3 |4 |2 |9 |5 |- |2015||4||3 |1 |0 |5 |3 |- |2016||10||10 |3 |3 |13 |13 |- |2017||10||10 |1 |1 |11 |11 |- |2018||4||4 |3 |2 |7 |6 |- |2019||10||14 |0 |0 |10 |14 |- |2020||2||2 |1 |0 |3 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !124 !85 !54 !18 !164 !103 |} == Honours == === Club === ==== Manchester United ==== * [[English Premier League]]: [[2006–07 Premier League|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Premier League|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Premier League|2008–09]] * [[FA Cup]]: [[2003–04 FA Cup|2003–04]] * [[Football League Cup]]: 2005–06, 2008–09 * [[FA Community Shield]]: 2007 * [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|2007–08]]<ref name="Burton-2008" /> * [[FIFA Club World Cup]]: 2008 ==== Real Madrid ==== * [[La Liga]]: [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]], [[2016-17 La Liga|2016–17]] * [[Copa del Rey]]: [[2010–11 Copa del Rey|2010–11]], [[2013–14 La Liga - Results of first round|2013–14]] * [[Supercopa de España]]: [[2012 Supercopa de España|2012]], [[2017 Supercopa de España|2017]] * [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]], [[2015–16 UEFA Champions League|2015–16,]] [[2016–17 UEFA Champions League|2016–17]], [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League|2017-18]]<ref name="UEFA.com-2018" /> * [[UEFA Super Cup]]: 2014, 2017 * [[FIFA Club World Cup]]: 2014, 2016, [[2017 FIFA Club World Cup|2017]] ==== Juventus ==== * [[Supercoppa Italiana]]: 2019 * [[Serie A]]: [[2018-19 Serie A|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Serie A|2019–20]] === International === [[File:Por-Mar (4).jpg|thumb|right|Cristiano Ronaldo at the 2018 World Cup]] ==== Portugal ==== * [[UEFA European Football Championship|UEFA European Championship]]:[[2016 UEFA European Championship|'''2016''']] * [[UEFA Nations League]]:[[2019 UEFA Nations League|'''2019''']] === Individual === [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo - Ballon d'Or (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ronaldo with his third [[Ballon d'Or]]]] * [[Ballon d'Or]]: 2008, 2013,<ref name="ESPN.co.uk-2014" /> 2014,<ref name="Ronaldo" /> 2016, 2017<ref name="The Week UK" /> * [[FIFA World Player of the Year]]: 2008 * [[The Best FIFA Men's Player]]: 2016, 2017 * UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2014, 2016, 2017 * UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2007–08 * FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year: 2003–04, 2004–05 * [[European Golden Shoe]]: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15 * IFFHS World's Best Top Goal Scorer: 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 * IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017 * [[Portuguese Football Federation|Portuguese Player of the Year]]: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 * [[FIFA Puskás Award]]: 2009 * FIFA [[FIFPro]] World XI: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 * UEFA Team of the Year: 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 * [[FIFA Club World Cup]] Golden Boot: 2016, [[2017 FIFA Club World Cup|2017]] * FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2016 * FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball: 2008, 2014, 2017 * [[UEFA Champions League]] Squad of the Season: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19 * [[UEFA Champions League]] top scorer: 2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14,<ref name="UEFA.com-2014" /> 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17 * [[UEFA European Championship]] Team of the Tournament: 2004, 2012, 2016 * [[UEFA European Championship]] top scorer: 2012 * Young Player of the Year: 2006–07 * Premier League Team of the Year: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09 * Premier League Golden Boot: 2007–08 * Premier League Player of the Season: 2006-07, 2007-08 * [[Pichichi Trophy]]: 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15 * FA Cup top goalscorer: 2004–05 * La Liga Best Player: 2013–14 * [[La Liga Awards|La Liga Team of the Season]]: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16 * [[Copa del Rey]] top goalscorer: [[2010–11 popo del reyy|2010–11]] * Serie A Team of the Year: 2018–19, 2019–20 * globe soccer awards fifa best player=2014,2016,2017,,2019 == Other websites == * [http://www.cristianoronaldo.com/ Cristiano Ronaldo Official Website] * [https://www.juventus.com/en/teams/first-team/forwards/cristiano-ronaldo/index.php Juventus Official Profile] * [https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/cristiano-ronaldo-dos-santos Real Madrid Official Profile] * {{Soccerway|name=Cristiano Ronaldo}} * {{NFT player|2=Cristiano Ronaldo}} * [https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/22774/cristiano-ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo] at ESPN * [https://www.goal.com/en-us/player/cristiano-ronaldo/h17s3qts1dz1zqjw19jazzkl Cristiano Ronaldo] at Goal.com * == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group="note"}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= }<ref name="FPF">{{cite web|url=https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Cristiano-Ronaldo|title=Cristiano Ronaldo|publisher=[[Portuguese Football Federation]]|language=pt|access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>*{{cite web |title=Cristiano Ronaldo |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/de/player/5279/Cristiano_Ronaldo.html |website=national-football-teams.com |language=de |access-date=13 September 2023}} }} {{UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament}} {{UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament}} {{UEFA Club Footballer of the Year}} {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2004}} {{Portugal squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}} {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{Portugal squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2012}} {{Portugal squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2016}} {{Portugal squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} {{Portugal squad UEFA Euro 2020}} {{Portugal squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ronaldo, Cristiano}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cristiano Ronaldo| ]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Ballon d'Or winners]] [[Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Real Madrid players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]] [[Category:People from Funchal]] [[Category:Portugal at UEFA Euro 2004]] [[Category:Portugal at the 2006 FIFA World Cup]] [[Category:Portugal at UEFA Euro 2008]] [[Category:Portugal at the 2010 FIFA World Cup]] [[Category:Portugal at UEFA Euro 2012]] [[Category:Portugal at the 2014 FIFA World Cup]] [[Category:Portugal at UEFA Euro 2016]] [[Category:Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup]] [[Category:Portugal at UEFA Euro 2020]] [[Category:Portugal at the 2022 FIFA World Cup]] [[Category:Al Nassr FC players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]] nj7hja8za4bdc1r350g4rpn9gy8fk0g 0 66815 10331091 8813085 2025-06-14T23:34:34Z Wukuendo 1292020 Add section and wiki-link 10331091 wikitext text/x-wiki Something is '''modular''' when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, [[Lego]] pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together. ==Related pages== *[[Modular_programming|Modular Programming]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] 84v86o0k02gffuk0wiy3c3qhzf3buc4 0 70484 10330025 10311180 2025-06-14T13:41:48Z Minorax 844779 Redirected page to [[Crux]] 10330025 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Crux]] gq3ugdxknd44honrh7zbspj4pig1pgv 0 72143 10330292 10307148 2025-06-14T16:47:05Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:London_2012_Olympics_logo.png|London_2012_Olympics_logo.png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: [[:c:COM:DW|Derivative work]] of non-free content ([[:c:COM:CSD#F3|F3]]). 10330292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic games|2012|Summer|Olympics| | host_city = [[London]], United Kingdom | motto = ''Inspire a Generation '' | nations = 204 | athletes = 10,768 (5,992 men, 4,776 women) | events = 302 in 26 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (39 disciplines) | opening = 27 July | closing = 12 August | opened_by = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen]] [[Elizabeth II]]<ref name="Opening and Cauldron">{{cite press release |title=Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | cauldron = {{Plainlist| * [[Callum Airlie]] * [[Jordan Duckitt]] * [[Desiree Henry]] * [[Katie Kirk]] * [[Cameron MacRitchie]] * [[Aidan Reynolds]] * [[Adelle Tracey]]<ref name="Opening and Cauldron"/> * {{nowrap|Austin Playfoot (relight)}}&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/cauldron-moved-into-position-olympic-stadium.html|title=Cauldron moved into position in Olympic Stadium|publisher=London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee|date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731191336/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/cauldron-moved-into-position-olympic-stadium.html|archive-date=31 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} | stadium = [[London Stadium|Olympic Stadium]] | summer_prev = [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing 2008]] | summer_next = [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio 2016]] | winter_prev = [[2010 Winter Olympics|Vancouver 2010]] | winter_next = [[2014 Winter Olympics|Sochi 2014]] |image=|image_size=250px}} [[Image:15-11-05 101 Monument.jpg|thumb|right|A London 2012 Olympics banner at [[The Monument]] in London.]] The '''2012 Summer Olympic Games''', officially known as the '''Games of the XXX Olympiad''', were held in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] from 27 July to 12 August 2012, followed by the [[2012 Paralympics|2012 Paralympic Games]] from 29 August to 9 September. London became the first city to host the modern [[Olympic Games]] three times; London also hosted the [[1908 Summer Olympics]] and the [[1948 Summer Olympics]]. == The bidding process == By the bid submission deadline of 15 July 2003, nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Olympics. These cities were [[Havana]], [[Istanbul]], [[Leipzig]], [[London]], [[Madrid]], [[Moscow]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Paris]], and [[Rio de Janeiro]]. On 18 May 2004 the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, and Paris. The IOC inspection team visited the five candidate cities during February and March 2005. On 6 June 2005, the [[International Olympic Committee]] released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. Although these reports did not contain any scores or rankings, the evaluation report for Paris was seen as the most positive, followed closely by London. During the process, many thought Paris was most likely to win the nomination, largely because this was its third bid in recent years. In late August 2004, reports came out predicting a [[London]] and [[Paris]] tie in the 2012 bid.<ref name="wrongd">{{cite news |publisher = GamesBids|access-date = 2004-08-31 |url = http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1093970849|title = London And Paris Tie In 2012 Bid}}</ref> On 6 July 2005, London was announced as the winner of the bid at the [[Raffles The Plaza|Raffles City Convention Centre]] in [[Singapore]]. ==The Games== Athletes from 204 National Olympic Countries took part.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=112731&articlenewsgroup=-1|date=13 January 2011|access-date=3 May 2011|title=Executive Board concludes first meeting of the new year|publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> In addition, four individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag—one from [[South Sudan]] and three from the region of the former [[Netherlands Antilles]]<ref>[http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/features/item/195044-london-2012-refugee-runs-for-world-family-walk-50km-to-watch "London 2012: Refugee runs for world, family walk 50km to watch,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815172854/http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/features/item/195044-london-2012-refugee-runs-for-world-family-walk-50km-to-watch |date=2012-08-15 }} NDTV (New Delhi Television), 11 August 2012; retrieved 2012-8-16.</ref> ===Participating nations=== Listed below are NOCs who have qualified at least one athlete. As of 7 June 2011, 101 nations have qualified at least one athlete. <!--spacing---> <!--Please do not add a nation until they have qualified at least one athlete--> {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} * {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algeria]]<ref name=wsbfinals>{{cite web|title=World Series of Boxing - Results|url=http://www.worldseriesboxing.com/finals/individual-championships/results.aspx|date=28 May 2011|publisher=AIBA|access-date=28 May 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * {{flagicon|AND}} [[Andorra]]<ref name="iaaf">{{cite web|title=iaaf.org - Top Lists|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/index.html|publisher=IAAF|access-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ARG|2012 Summer|}} [[Argentina]]<ref name="issf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.issf-sports.org/results/og_qualification/quota_places/quota_places_by_nation_and_name.ashx |title=Quota places by NATION and Name |date=8 March 2011 |publisher=ISSF |access-date=19 March 2011 |archive-date=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405211236/http://www.issf-sports.org/results/og_qualification/quota_places/quota_places_by_nation_and_name.ashx |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|AUS|2012 Summer|}} [[Australia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|AUT|2012 Summer|}} [[Austria]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|BAH|2012 Summer|}} [[Bahamas]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|BLR|2012 Summer|}} [[Belarus]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|BEL|2012 Summer|}} [[Belgium]]<ref name="equestrian">{{Cite web |url=http://www.horsesport.org/events/games/olympic-games/press-releases/london-2012-olympic-places-announced-following-alltech-fei |title=LONDON 2012 OLYMPIC PLACES ANNOUNCED FOLLOWING ALLTECH FEI WORLD EQUESTRIAN GAMES |date=14 October 2010 |publisher=FEI |access-date=19 March 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507073301/http://www.horsesport.org/events/games/olympic-games/press-releases/london-2012-olympic-places-announced-following-alltech-fei |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|BIH|2012 Summer|}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|BRA|2012 Summer|}} [[Brazil]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|BUL|2012 Summer|}} [[Bulgaria]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|CAN|2012 Summer|}} [[Canada]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|CAY|2012 Summer|}} [[Cayman Islands]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|CHI|2012 Summer|}} [[Chile]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|CHN|2012 Summer|}} [[China]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|COL|2012 Summer|}} [[Colombia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/newsid=1339135/index.html |title=Brazil reign again, Colombia make history |date=22 November 2010 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=19 March 2011 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212002520/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/newsid=1339135/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|COD|2012 Summer|}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|CIV|2012 Summer|}} [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|CRO|2012 Summer|}} [[Croatia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|CUB|2012 Summer|}} [[Cuba]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|CYP|2012 Summer|}} [[Cyprus]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|CZE|2012 Summer|}} [[Czech Republic]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|DEN|2012 Summer|}} [[Denmark]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|DOM|2012 Summer|}} [[Dominican Republic]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|ECU|2012 Summer|}} [[Ecuador]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|EGY|2012 Summer|}} [[Egypt]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|ERI|2012 Summer|}} [[Eritrea]]<ref name="cycling">{{Cite web|url=http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2010/11/14/eritrea-s-daniel-teklehaimanot-wins-3rd-african-title-in-cycling-ethiopia-finished-third|title=Eritrea's Daniel Teklehaimanot wins 3rd African Title in Cycling; Ethiopia finished third|date=15 January 2010|publisher=nazret.com|access-date=19 March 2011|archive-date=24 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175308/http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2010/11/14/eritrea-s-daniel-teklehaimanot-wins-3rd-african-title-in-cycling-ethiopia-finished-third|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ETH|2012 Summer|}} [[Ethiopia]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|EST|2012 Summer|}} [[Estonia]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|FIN|2012 Summer|}} [[Finland]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|FRA|2012 Summer|}} [[France]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|GEO|2012 Summer|}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|GER|2012 Summer|}} [[Germany]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|GHA|2012 Summer|}} [[Ghana]]<ref name="iaaf"/> {{Col-break}} * {{flagicon|GBR|2012 Summer|}} [[Great Britain]]<ref name="issf"/> '''(Host)''' * {{flagicon|GRE|2012 Summer|}} [[Greece]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|GRN|2012 Summer|}} [[Grenada]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|GUA|2012 Summer|}} [[Guatemala]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|HAI|2012 Summer|}} [[Haiti]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|HKG|2012 Summer|}} [[Hong Kong]]<ref name="tabletennis">{{cite web|title=Direct Qualifiers for 2012 London Olympic Games - Provisional list|url=http://www.ittf.com/World_Events/2012OG/Players_byWR_OG2012.pdf|publisher=International Table Tennis Federation|access-date=17 May 2011|archive-date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809193041/http://www.ittf.com/World_Events/2012OG/Players_byWR_OG2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|HUN|2012 Summer|}} [[Hungary]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|IND|2012 Summer|}} [[India]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|IRI|2012 Summer|}} [[Iran]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|IRL|2012 Summer|}} [[Ireland]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|ISR|2012 Summer|}} [[Israel]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|ITA|2012 Summer|}} [[Italy]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|JAM|2012 Summer|}} [[Jamaica]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|JPN|2012 Summer|}} [[Japan]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|KAZ|2012 Summer|}} [[Kazakhstan]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|KEN|2012 Summer|}} [[Kenya]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|PRK|2012 Summer|}} [[North Korea]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|KOR|2012 Summer|}} [[South Korea]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|KUW|2012 Summer|}} [[Kuwait]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|LAT|2012 Summer|}} [[Latvia]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|LBA|2012 Summer|}} [[Libya]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|LTU|2012 Summer|}} [[Lithuania]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tarptautinė lengvosios atletikos federacija paskelbė Londono olimpiados normatyvus|url=http://sportas.delfi.lt/national/tarptautine-lengvosios-atletikos-federacija-paskelbe-londono-olimpiados-normatyvus.d?id=44455205|access-date=25 May 2011|language=lt}}</ref> * {{flagicon|LUX|2012 Summer|}} [[Luxembourg]]<ref name="tabletennis"/> * {{flagicon|MLT|2012 Summer|}} [[Malta]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|MEX|2012 Summer|}} [[Mexico]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|MDA|2012 Summer|}} [[Moldova]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|MGL|2012 Summer|}} [[Mongolia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|MAR|2012 Summer|}} [[Morocco]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|NAM|2012 Summer|}} [[Namibia]]<ref name="cycling"/> * {{flagicon|NED|2012 Summer|}} [[Netherlands]]<ref name="equestrian"/> * {{flagicon|NZL|2012 Summer|}} [[New Zealand]]<ref name="equestrian"/> * {{flagicon|NGR|2012 Summer|}} [[Nigeria]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|NOR|2012 Summer|}} [[Norway]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|PAK|2012 Summer|}} [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan seal London 2012 berth with Asian Games triumph|url=http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/content/transnews/0,10869,1181-144740-19728-15688-311577-15058-5039-layout169-161956-news-item,00.html|publisher=International Hockey Federation|access-date=25 May 2011|date=25 November 2010|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213091147/http://www.fihockey.org/vsite/vcontent/content/transnews/0,10869,1181-144740-19728-15688-311577-15058-5039-layout169-161956-news-item,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Col-break}} * {{flagicon|PAN|2012 Summer|}} [[Panama]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|PER|2012 Summer|}} [[Peru]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|POL|2012 Summer|}} [[Poland]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|POR|2012 Summer|}} [[Portugal]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|PUR|2012 Summer|}} [[Puerto Rico]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|QAT|2012 Summer|}} [[Qatar]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|ROU|2012 Summer|}} [[Romania]]<ref name="tabletennis"/> * {{flagicon|RUS|2012 Summer|}} [[Russia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|SKN|2012 Summer|}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|SMR|2012 Summer|}} [[San Marino]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|KSA|2012 Summer|}} [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref name="equestrian"/> * {{flagicon|SRB|2012 Summer|}} [[Serbia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|SIN|2012 Summer|}} [[Singapore]]<ref name="tabletennis"/> * {{flagicon|SVK|2012 Summer|}} [[Slovakia]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|SLO|2012 Summer|}} [[Slovenia]]<ref name="tabletennis"/> * {{flagicon|RSA|2012 Summer|}} [[South Africa]]<ref name="cycling"/> * {{flagicon|Sri Lanka|2012 Summer|}} [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|ESP|2012 Summer|}} [[Spain]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|SUD|2012 Summer|}} [[Sudan]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|SWE|2012 Summer|}} [[Sweden]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Quota places for 2012 Olympic Games London|url=http://torino2011.len.eu/files/2011-03-13-winners-medals.pdf|publisher=European Aquatics|access-date=25 May 2011|archive-date=2012-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320222511/http://torino2011.len.eu/files/2011-03-13-winners-medals.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|SUI|2012 Summer|}} [[Switzerland]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|TPE|2012 Summer|}} [[Chinese Taipei]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|TJK|2012 Summer|}} [[Tajikistan]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|TAN|2012 Summer|}} [[Tanzania]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|THA|2012 Summer|}} [[Thailand]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|TRI|2012 Summer|}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|TUR|2012 Summer|}} [[Turkey]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|UGA|2012 Summer|}} [[Uganda]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|UKR|2012 Summer|}} [[Ukraine]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|USA|2012 Summer|}} [[United States]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|URU|2012 Summer|}} [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Brazil hit heights once more|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/newsid=1382702/index.html|publisher=FIFA|access-date=25 May 2011|date=14 February 2011|archive-date=17 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217225729/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/newsid=1382702/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|UZB|2012 Summer|}} [[Uzbekistan]]<ref name="issf"/> * {{flagicon|VIE|2012 Summer|}} [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Phuoc qualifies for London 2012|url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Sports/211373/Phuoc-qualifies-for-London-2012-.html|access-date=25 May 2011|newspaper=Viet Nam News|date=17 May 2011}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ZAM|2012 Summer|}} [[Zambia]]<ref name="iaaf"/> * {{flagicon|ZIM|2012 Summer|}} [[Zimbabwe]]<ref name="iaaf"/> {{Col-end}} === Medal table === {{main|2012 Summer Olympics medal table}} ===Sports=== The 2012 Summer Olympics event has 26 sports. The International Olympic Committee executive board met on 13 August 2009 and approved the addition of women's boxing. The [[International Boxing Federation]] proposed that 40 athletes compete in five different weight classes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IOC backs golf, rugby for 2016 Olympics; women's boxing for 2012 |publisher=CTV Olympics|url=http://www.ctvolympics.ca/news-centre/newsid=14036.html?cid=rsstsn|last=Wilson|first=Stephen|date=13 August 2009|access-date=13 August 2009|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-1-of-4}} * [[Aquatics]] ** {{OlympicEvent|Diving|2012 Summer|number=8}} ** {{OlympicEvent|Swimming|2012 Summer|number=34}} ** {{OlympicEvent|Synchronized swimming|2012 Summer|number=2}} ** {{OlympicEvent|Water polo|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Archery|2012 Summer|number=4}} * {{OlympicEvent|Athletics|2012 Summer|number=47}} * {{OlympicEvent|Badminton|2012 Summer|number=5}} * {{OlympicEvent|Basketball|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Boxing|2012 Summer|number=13}} {{Col-2-of-4}} * {{OlympicEvent|Canoeing|2012 Summer}} ** Sprint (12) ** Slalom (4) * {{OlympicEvent|Cycling|2012 Summer}} ** BMX (2) ** Mountain biking (2) ** Road (4) ** Track (10) * {{OlympicEvent|Equestrian|2012 Summer}} ** Dressage (2) ** Eventing (2) ** Jumping (2) {{Col-2-of-4}} * {{OlympicEvent|Fencing|2012 Summer|number=10}} * {{OlympicEvent|Field hockey|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Football|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Gymnastics|2012 Summer}} ** Artistic (14) ** Rhythmic (2) ** Trampoline (2) * {{OlympicEvent|Handball|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Judo|2012 Summer|number=14}} * {{OlympicEvent|Modern pentathlon|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Rowing|2012 Summer|number=14}} * {{OlympicEvent|Sailing|2012 Summer|number=10}} {{Col-3-of-4}} * {{OlympicEvent|Shooting|2012 Summer|number=15}} * {{OlympicEvent|Table tennis|2012 Summer|number=4}} * {{OlympicEvent|Taekwondo|2012 Summer|number=8}} * {{OlympicEvent|Tennis|2012 Summer|number=5}} * {{OlympicEvent|Triathlon|2012 Summer|number=2}} * {{OlympicEvent|Volleyball|2012 Summer}} ** Volleyball (2) ** Beach volleyball (2) * {{OlympicEvent|Weightlifting|2012 Summer|number=15}} * {{OlympicEvent|Wrestling|2012 Summer}} ** Freestyle (11) ** Greco-Roman (7) {{col-end}} == Motto == The official motto for the 2012 Summer Olympics is "Inspire a generation". It was chosen to highlight the organiser's commitment to inspire the world to get involved in sporting events through the olympic games' legacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9210790/London-2012-Olympics-Inspire-a-Generation-unveiled-as-official-slogan-for-Games.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: 'Inspire a Generation' unveiled as official slogan for Games|last=Magnay|first=Jacquelin|journal=The Daily Telegraph |date=2012-04-18|access-date=2020-06-15|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> == Mascots == The official mascots for the Olympics and Paralympic Games were revealed in May 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/8690467.stm|title=London 2012 unveils Games mascots Wenlock & Mandeville|date=2010-05-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-06-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> They were called Wenlock and Mandeville. == Sponsors == The 2012 Olympics had many sponsors. Some of the most popular ones are [[McDonald's]], [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Samsung]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Adidas]], and [[Panasonic]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://london2012.com/ Official London 2012 Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311022155/http://www.london2012.com/ |date=2009-03-11 }} * [http://www.china.org.cn/sports/2012londonolympics/node_7154906.htm/ London Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531055701/http://china.org.cn/sports/2012londonolympics/node_7154906.htm |date=2012-05-31 }} All news and info about the Games {{Olympic Games}} [[Category:2012 Summer Olympics| ]] [[Category:2012 in sports]] gihpif41a41gd9ti1e6hxlqbg209vzz 0 72516 10331715 10322468 2025-06-15T10:06:01Z 112.206.240.179 10331715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Coco Lee | image = CoCo_Lee_at_Shanghai_2013718_(cropped).jpg | caption = Lee in 2013 | native_name = 李玟 | native_name_lang = zh | birth_name = Ferren Lee ({{linktext|李|美|琳}}) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1975|1|17}} | birth_place = [[British Hong Kong]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2023|7|5|1975|1|17|df=y}} | death_cause = Suicide | death_place = [[Hong Kong]] | alma_mater = [[University of California, Irvine]] | nationality = | occupation = Singer, songwriter, actress, dancer | years_active = 1992–2023 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Bruce Rockowitz]]|27 October 2011|5 July 2023}} | module = {{infobox musical artist | embed = yes | origin = [[British Hong Kong]] | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Chinese pop|C-pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Soul music|soul]] | label = [[Capital Artists]] <br> [[Fancy Pie]] <br> [[Sony Music Entertainment]] <br> [[550 Music]] <br> [[Epic Records|Epic]] <br> [[Sony BMG]] <br> [[Warner Music Group]] <br> [[Universal Music Group]] }} | module2 = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes | c = 李玟 | j = Lei5 Man4 | p = Lǐ Mín | altname = Ferren Lee | c2 = 李美琳 | j2 = lei5 mei5 lam4 | p2 = Lǐ Měilín }} }} {{family name hatnote|[[Li (李)|Lee]]|lang=Chinese}} '''Coco Lee''' ({{zh|first=j|p=Lǐ mín|c={{linktext|李|玟}}}}; born '''Ferren Lee''', 17 January 1975 – 5 July 2023)<ref name="hkapple-2009">{{cite news|url= http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/art/20090621/12901804 | title= 為 Coco者 |publisher= [[Apple Daily]] |author1=軻貴妃 | work= 副刊 |date= 21 June 2009 |access-date= 13 April 2016 |quote=（Coco──原本叫李美琳的李玟）|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/entertainment/2171112|title=快訊／李玟驚傳過世！享年48歲 親姊姊發文證實噩耗│TVBS新聞網|website=News.tvbs.com.tw|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="epochtimes2003-n278056">{{cite news |url= http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/3/2/21/n278056.htm |title= 星運因名字而改變？藝人真名紀錄冊大公開 |publisher= [[Epoch Times]] |author1= |date= 21 February 2003 |accessdate= 13 April 2016 |quote= （李玟的原名是「李美林」……李玟本名「李美琳」……） |language= zh |archive-date= 5 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160505004653/http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/3/2/21/n278056.htm |url-status= live }}[http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/3/2/21/n278056.htm epochtimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231519/http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/3/2/21/n278056.htm |date=2017-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="hkapple-2009"/> was a [[Hong Kong]]-born [[United States|American]] singer and songwriter. Her real name is Ferren Lee-Kelly and 李美林 Lǐ Měi Lín in Chinese (although she also used the stage name 李玟 Lǐ Wen when she wrote songs). She sang [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] and [[English language|English]]. ==Early life== CoCo Lee was born in [[Hong Kong]] to a [[Chinese Indonesian]] father <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8iIL3wzAow |title=李玟讲述甜蜜爱情 自曝与男友前妻成好友 - part 1 (00:21) |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=20 November 2011 |year=2009 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301135829/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8iIL3wzAow |url-status=live }}</ref> and a Hong Kong Chinese mother. Her father died when she was young, and CoCo moved at age 10 with her mother, and her 2 sisters to [[California]], [[United States]]. She went through school while trying out her singing voice and she followed her older sisters in entering many local singing contests. CoCo Lee went to high school in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]. CoCo later went for a short time to the University of California, Irvine. CoCo is close to her mother, who has at times managed her career. After Lee's high school graduation in 1993, she went on holiday in [[Hong Kong]], probably seeing her two sisters Carol and Nancy Lee take part in the [[Miss Hong Kong]] Pageant, and while there, she became runner-up in the 12th Annual [[New Talent Singing Awards]]. The following day, the local [[record label]] Capital artists Records contacted her. ==Record companies== CoCo Lee appeared in some compilations with other singers with Capital artists. Then, in 1994 she worked with Fancy Pie Records and recorded four albums with them. She later signed with another record company in 1996 by [[Sony Music]], who has continued to represent her until 2008. After that, she changed her record company and decided to work with Warner Music (Taiwan). ==Career== [[File:CoCo Lee.jpg|thumb|Coco Lee, 16 September 2006.]] CoCo sang the song ''A Love Before Time'' for the action-drama [[movie]] '''''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'''''. People around the world could see her when she sang this song live at the 2001 [[Academy Awards]] ceremony. In 2002, CoCo was the star singer at a [[National Basketball Association#Teams|Houston Rockets]] [[basketball]] game. She became the first [[Asian|East Asian]] [[singer]] to ever sing the [[United States|American]] [[National Anthem]] at a major world sporting event. Aside from her fame in singing [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] music, CoCo's English-language songs have also become famous. Her love song ''Before I Fall In Love'' was included in the soundtrack of the [[romance movie]] '''''Runaway Bride'''''. [[Walt Disney Pictures]] also hired her to sing the title song and be the voice of the heroine Fa Mulan in the [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] version of '''''[[Mulan]]'''''. She recorded the song ''Reflections'', which she also sang at the 2005 opening of the [[Hong Kong]] [[Disneyland]] with [[Lea Salonga]]. A ''Reflections'' [[music video|PV]] was also filmed. She also sang an [[English language|English]] version which appears on her maxi single ''Take a chance on love''. CoCo was also an [[actress]]. She co-starred in the Chinese [[comedy]] [[movie]] ''Master of Everything (Bamboo Shoot)'' with [[John Lone]], which won the Best Foreign Film award at the 2005 Beverly Hills Film Festival. While in character within the movie, she sings one of her own songs, ''Di da di''. In the world of [[fashion]], CoCo was an Omega Global Ambassador in 2004, and [[Chanel]] named CoCo its first "Asian-Pacific Celebrity Ambassadress" in 2001. She got her nickname "CoCo" from being an admirer of CoCo Chanel. In June 2005, CoCo's [[engagement]] to [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[millionaire]] [[businessman]] [[Bruce Rockowitz]] was made public, although it seems to have happened some months earlier. Even though Rockowitz is 18 years older than she, her mother approved the [[marriage]]. CoCo returned to the [[San Francisco]] bay area in 2007 for a live concert at the Shoreline Amphitheatre on 22 September 2007 with special guest [[Alex To]]. It was her first live performance in her hometown in several years. In 2008, Coco was chosen to sing one of the Olympic songs, "Forever Friends", opposite Sun Nan. On 17 July 2009, she had a solo concert at [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]] in [[Los Angeles]]. She's the first Chinese singer to ever performed in this place. She notably sang 3 Michael Jackson's songs ''Gone too soon'', ''Rock with you'' and ''The way you make me feel'' in homage to her idol. On 14 August, she released her new Mandarin album ''East to west'' with [[Warner Music]]. The main hit singles are ''Party time'', ''Beautiful theme song'' and ''Turn''. It also contains the cover of [[Jay Sean]]'s ''[[Maybe (Jay Sean song)|Maybe]]'' called ''Love now'' and ''BYOB'', a song to encourage people to bring and recycle their own shopping bags to save the environment. She recorded the song ''Smile Shanghai'' (微笑上海) with other artists including JJ Lin, Andy Lau, Jam Hsiao or Jane Zhang for Shanghai World Expo 2010. On March, 27 2010, Lee began her "East2West" World Tour Concert in Taipei at Taipei Arena. She pursued at the Encore Theatre in Wynn Casino in Las Vegas on 3 and 4 July, then in Singapore Indoor Stadium in Singapore on 2 October and in Nanning on 16 December. In March 2011, Lee was one of many artists participating in the recording of "Artists 311 Love Beyond Borders" (愛心無國界311燭光晚會) official theme song called ''Succomb not to sorrow'' (不要輸給心痛) in Cantonese version. On 7 April 2011, her song ''Dreams on oriental seas'' (梦在东方的海上) featuring [[Sun Nan]] was broadcasted. It had been named as he theme for the 14th FINA world championships. It took take place in Shanghai in July 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=14th FINA World Championships 2011 - People's Republic of China {{!}} FINA Official|url=https://www.fina.org/competitions/517/www.fina.org/competitions/517/14th-fina-world-championships-2011|access-date=2022-12-28|website=FINA - Fédération Internationale De Natation|language=en}}</ref> On 8 June 2011, Lee announced that she recently set up her own studio. That way, she was more free to write and produce music that she loved. Her newest album was planned for Summer 2011. On 25 June, her song ''Four seas alliance'' (四海盟約), the theme song for the 2011 China television drama ''Water Margin'' (水滸傳), was broadcasted. ==Final days and death== Lee attempted [[suicide]] on 2 July 2023, and was sent to the hospital in an unconscious state. She died three days later. She was 48 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/entertainment/2171112|title=快訊／李玟驚傳過世！享年48歲 親姊姊發文證實噩耗│TVBS新聞網|website=News.tvbs.com.tw|access-date=5 July 2023}}</ref> ==Voice== CoCo Lee's voice has been favourably compared with that of Mariah Carey and other western artistes, due to her tonality, strength and [[vocal range]]. Her voice is classified as a [[soprano|light-lyric soprano]], with a vocal range of three octaves. Her lowest recorded note is an E3 and highest recorded note is E6. Her highest chest voice note is F6 in the song Before I Fall in Love. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== ;Fancy Pie Records releases * June 1994: ''Love from Now On'' * December 1994: ''Promise Me'' * June 1995: ''Brave Enough to Love'' * September 1995: ''Woman in Love'' * December 1995 : ''You are in my heart concert'' * August 1996 : ''Beloved Collection'' * May 1997: ''Dance with the wind'' ;Sony Music releases * March 1996: ''CoCo Lee'' (or ''Love me longer'') * November 1996: ''CoCo's Party'' * June 1997: ''Sincere'' * November 1997: ''CoCo Lee'' (Cantonese album) * January 1998: ''DiDaDi'' (HMV Music Chart: #1) * July 1998: ''Sunny Day'' * December 1998 : ''Million fans concert'' * May 1999: ''Today Until Forever'' ;550 Music release * November 1999: ''Just No Other Way'' (HMV Music Chart: #1) ;Sony Music releases * January 2000 : ''The Best of My Love'' * August 2000: ''True lover you and Me'' * October 2001: ''Promise'' * June 2002 : ''D. IS CoCo'' ;Sony BMG releases * March 2005: ''Exposed'' (HMV Music Chart: #1) * September 2006: ''Just Want You'' (HMV Music Chart: #1) * May 2008 : ''1994–2008 Best Collection'' ;Warner Music releases * August 2009: ''East To West'' ===Maxi singles=== ;Sony Music releases * April 1998 : Di da di color remix * August 1998 : Take a chance on love ;550 Music releases * 1999 : Do you want my love * 2000 : Wherever you go ===Compilations=== ;Capital Artists releases * June 1993 : ''Red hot hits 93' Autumn edition'' (火熱動感93'勁秋版) ;Capital Artists and Fancy Pie releases * September 1994 : ''Red hot hits 94' Love Party<ref>{{Cite web|title=天翼爱音乐|url=https://www.imusic.cn/pic/07/13/50_20080618_152357_5137s.jpg&#91;&#93;|access-date=2022-12-28|website=www.imusic.cn|archive-date=2022-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228165159/https://www.imusic.cn/pic/07/13/50_20080618_152357_5137s.jpg%5B%5D|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' (火熱動感94'戀愛''Party'') * November 1994 : ''Statement of love, duet songs'' (愛情宣言, 情歌對唱) * December 1994 : ''Merry Christmas'' (聖誕禮讚) * 1995 : ''I'm still your lover'' (best of ''Love from now on'' and ''Promise me'')<ref>{{Citation|title=李玟 - 我依然是你的情人|url=https://www.discogs.com/master/2023279-李玟-我依然是你的情人|language=en|access-date=2022-12-28}}</ref> ===Asian Chart-topping hits and singles=== ''Not exhaustive'' * "Yesterday's passion" * "Di Da Di" * "Take a Chance on Love" * "Do You Want My Love" Hot Dance Music/Club Play: #49 * "Before I Fall in Love" * "Wherever You Go" * "A Love Before Time" (English and Mandarin for the soundtrack of ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'') * "Reflection" * "No Doubt" feat. Blaaze * "All Around the World" * "So Good" * "Hip-Hop Tonight" * "Brave Enough to Love" * "Another Sad Love Song" (Dance Version) * "The Ninth Night" * "Dangerous Lover" * "I Have a Dream" (2008 [[Single (music)|Single]]) * "Bring Your Own Bag (BYOB)" (Recycling Jingle) * "Party time" * "Turn" * "Beautiful theme song" ==Videography== [[File:076 Coco street concert mod.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Coco (on the left), performing "Hip Hop Tonight"]] ;Fancy Pie releases * 1995 : ''Foot print'' (VCD) * 1995 : ''You're in my heart concert'' (VCD) ;Sony Music releases * 1996 : ''Coco's workout camp'' (VCD) * 1998 : ''Coco in Italy'' (VCD + photo book) * 1998 : ''Di da di'' (VCD) * 1998 : ''Sunny day'' (VCD) * 1999 : ''Million fans concert'' (VCD/DVD) ;550 Music releases * 2000 : ''Just no other way, The Video Collection'' (VCD) ;Sony Music releases * 2002 : ''Coco so crazy'' (VCD) * 2002 : ''All my Coco'' (DVD) * 2004 : ''Master of everything'' (DVD/VCD) ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.facebook.com/#/cocolee117?ref=ts Coco's Facebook fans page] * [https://twitter.com/cocolee117 Her Twitter] * [http://www.cocolee-jp.com listen to her songs online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921034759/http://www.cocolee-jp.com/ |date=21 September 2020 }} * [http://www.cocobbs.com official forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210183301/http://www.cocobbs.com/ |date=2010-02-10 }} * [http://www.yesasia.com Buy her albums] * http://www.cocolee.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123142918/http://www.cocolee.com/ |date=23 January 2020 }} * http://www.cocofans.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413120028/http://www.cocofans.com/ |date=2016-04-13 }} * http://www.cocolee.net * {{imdb name | id=0497052 | name=CoCo Lee}} * [http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/people/cocolee.html Miss Teen Chinatown 1991] profile at [http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com San Francisco Chinatown web site] * [http://squatmagazine.com/article.php?articleId=182 Coco Lee Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174936/http://squatmagazine.com/article.php?articleId=182 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.amw168.com/display-albums2/Lee_Coco_李玟-11827.html Coco Lee's Lyrics and Pinyin Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119155113/http://amw168.com/display-albums2/Lee_Coco_%E6%9D%8E%E7%8E%9F-11827.html |date=19 November 2010 }} * [http://www.meetcoco.com Coco Lee & Alex To live in Mountain View,CA September 23,2007] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, CoCo}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:2023 deaths]] [[Category:Hong Kong singers]] [[Category:C-pop singers]] [[Category:American composers]] [[Category:Singer-songwriters from California]] [[Category:Hong Kong actors]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:American dance musicians]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American hip hop singers]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:American soul singers]] [[Category:Mezzo-sopranos]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] mxborsuqiucznyzr0lb4ylvs6huk2gg 0 72824 10330313 10302357 2025-06-14T16:57:07Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Tokyo_2020_Summer_Olympics.png|Tokyo_2020_Summer_Olympics.png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 10330313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic games|2020|Summer|Olympics| | host_city = [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] | image = | caption = Emblem of the 2020 Summer Olympics | motto = ''United by Emotion'' | nations = 206 | athletes = 11,656 | events = 339 in 33 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (50 disciplines) | opening = 23 July 2021 | closing = 8 August 2021 | opened_by = [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] [[Naruhito]] | cauldron = [[Naomi Osaka]] | stadium = [[Japan National Stadium]] (known as Olympic Stadium during Games) | summer_prev = [[2016 Summer Olympics|Rio 2016]] | summer_next = ''[[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024]]'' | winter_prev = [[2018 Winter Olympics|PyeongChang 2018]] | winter_next = [[2022 Winter Olympics|Beijing 2022]] }} The '''2020 Summer Olympics''', officially known as the '''Games of the XXXII Olympiad''', was a sporting event in [[Tokyo]], Japan from 23 July to 8 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/news/detail/new-tokyo-2020-olympics-2021-dates-revealed/|title=New Tokyo 2020 Olympic dates will be 23 July to 8 August 2021|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref> Tokyo was announced as the host city at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013. The winning bid, Tokyo, was announced on 7 September 2013.<ref name="ioc" >[http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=112731&articlenewsgroup=-1 Executive Board concludes first meeting of the new year] January 13, 2011.</ref> The event was originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, but was postponed to 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/mar/24/tokyo-olympics-to-be-postponed-to-2021-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic|title=Tokyo Olympics postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus pandemic|website=The Guardian|date=March 24, 2020|access-date=March 24, 2020}}</ref> ==Olympic bids== The following was the bid results {|class=wikitable |- |+ 2020 Summer Olympics host city election<ref name="Statesman-AP">{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Stephen |title=Results of the IOC vote to host the 2020 Summer Olympics |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26134743/results-of-the-ioc-vote-to-host-the/ |access-date=11 December 2018 |work=Austin American-Statesman |agency=Associated Press |date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304171720/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26134743/results-of-the-ioc-vote-to-host-the/ |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! City ! Team ! Round 1 ! Runoff ! Round 2 |- | [[Tokyo]] | {{JPN}} | style="text-align:center;"| '''42''' | style="text-align:center;" | — | style="text-align:center;"|'''60''' |- | [[Istanbul]] | {{TUR}} | style="text-align:center;"| 26 | style="text-align:center;" | '''49''' | style="text-align:center;"| 36 |- | [[Madrid]] | {{ESP}} | style="text-align:center;"| 26 | style="text-align:center;" | 45 | style="text-align:center;"|— |} ==Sports== The Sports played in the competition will be similar to those played in previous Olympic years. Popular sports that will be played include Athletics, Swimming, Tennis, gymnastics, and diving. The international Olympic committee said that there will be at least 25 sports played in addition to these. All sports competitions will feature athletes from many countries playing to try and win a medal, which is given to the winning player or team. == Competing Nations == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !National Olympic Committees |- | * Afghanistan (5) * Albania (9) * Algeria (38) * American Samoa (6) * Andorra (2) * Angola (20) * Antigua and Barbuda (6) * Argentina (185) * Armenia (17) * Aruba (3) * Australia (479) * Austria (73) * Azerbaijan (44) * Bahamas (15) * Bahrain (32) * Bangladesh (6) * Barbados (8) * Belarus (103) * Belgium (123) * Belize (3) * Benin (7) * Bermuda (2) * Bhutan (4) * Bolivia (5) * Bosnia and Herzegovina (7) * Botswana (13) * Brazil (310) * British Virgin Islands (3) * Brunei (2) * Bulgaria (42) * Burkina Faso (7) * Burundi (6) * Cambodia (3) * Cameroon (12) * Canada (378) * Cape Verde (6) * Cayman Islands (5) * Central African Republic (2) * Chad (3) * Chile (51) * China (410) * Colombia (67) * Comoros (3) * Cook Islands (6) * Costa Rica (13) * Croatia (60) * Cuba (67) * Cyprus (15) * Czech Republic (109) * Democratic Republic of the Congo (6) * Denmark (104) * Djibouti (4) * Dominica (2) * Dominican Republic (65) * East Timor (3) * Ecuador (46) * Egypt (137) * El Salvador (5) * Equatorial Guinea (3) * Eritrea (13) * Estonia (33) * Eswatini (4) * Ethiopia (36) * Federated States of Micronesia (3) * Fiji (32) * Finland (45) * France (380) * Gabon (5) * The Gambia (4) * Georgia (33) * Germany (392) * Ghana (12) * Great Britain (375) * Greece (75) * Grenada (6) * Guam (5) * Guatemala (24) * Guinea (4) * Guinea-Bissau (4) * Guyana (7) * Haiti (6) * Honduras (23) * Hong Kong (43) * Hungary (172) * Iceland (4) * India (120) * Indonesia (28) * Iran (65) * Iraq (3) * Ireland (120) * Israel (89) * Italy (366) * Ivory Coast (26) * Jamaica (54) * Japan (600) '''(host)''' * Jordan (14) * Kazakhstan (97) * Kenya (85) * Kiribati (3) * Kosovo (11) * Kuwait (10) * Kyrgyzstan (16) * Laos (4) * Latvia (32) * Lebanon (6) * Lesotho (2) * Liberia (3) * Libya (4) * Liechtenstein (5) * Lithuania (42) * Luxembourg (12) * Madagascar (6) * Malawi (5) * Malaysia (30) * Maldives (4) * Mali (4) * Malta (6) * Marshall Islands (2) * Mauritania (2) * Mauritius (8) * Mexico (160) * Moldova (20) * Monaco (6) * Mongolia (43) * Montenegro (34) * Morocco (44) * Mozambique (10) * Myanmar (2) * Namibia (11) * Nauru (2) * Nepal (5) * Netherlands (267) * New Zealand (215) * Nicaragua (8) * Niger (7) * Nigeria (53) * North Macedonia (8) * Norway (93) * Oman (5) * Pakistan (10) * Palau (3) * Palestine (5) * Panama (10) * Papua New Guinea (8) * Paraguay (8) * Peru (35) * Philippines (19) * Poland (206) * Portugal (92) * Puerto Rico (37) * Qatar (15) * Refugee Olympic Team (29) * Republic of the Congo (3) * ROC <small>(334)</small> * Romania (102) * Rwanda (5) * Saint Kitts and Nevis (2) * Saint Lucia (5) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (3) * Samoa (8) * San Marino (5) * São Tomé and Príncipe (3) * Saudi Arabia (31) * Senegal (9) * Serbia (87) * Seychelles (5) * Sierra Leone (3) * Singapore (23) * Slovakia (41) * Slovenia (53) * Solomon Islands (3) * Somalia (2) * South Africa (177) * South Korea (235) * South Sudan (2) * Spain (328) * Sri Lanka (9) * Sudan (4) * Suriname (2) * Sweden (133) * Switzerland (113) * Syria (6) * Chinese Taipei (68) * Tajikistan (10) * Tanzania (3) * Thailand (41) * Togo (4) * Tonga (6) * Trinidad and Tobago (25) * Tunisia (63) * Turkey (105) * Turkmenistan (9) * Tuvalu (2) * Uganda (25) * Ukraine (149) * United Arab Emirates (5) * United States (615) * Uruguay (11) * Uzbekistan (67) * Vanuatu (3) * Venezuela (43) * Vietnam (18) * Virgin Islands (4) * Yemen (5) * Zambia (27) * Zimbabwe (5) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Olympic Games}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Summer Olympics, 2020}} [[Category:2021 in sports]] [[Category:2021 in Japan]] [[Category:21st century in Tokyo]] [[Category:July 2021 events]] [[Category:August 2021 events]] [[Category:2020 Summer Olympics| ]] 61o1c4tjnlmopopeahe695cslc9b9lo 0 72847 10331789 4220891 2025-06-15T11:03:34Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:music-stub|music-stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Double stopping''' means playing two [[note (music)|notes]] at once on a [[bow (music)|bowed]] [[string instrument]] by drawing the bow across two strings at once while "stopping" two notes by pressing the fingers down on the fingerboard: one finger on each of the two strings being played. On instruments such as the [[violin]] the player is mostly playing one note at a time. It is not difficult to play two open strings at once, but fingering two strings at once can be very difficult, so double stopping is an advanced technique. Sometimes triple or quadruple stopping is needed. This is sometimes called multiple stopping. It is not really possible to play three or four notes at the same time on a violin. The [[bridge (instrument)|bridge]] is curved so that the player can bow on one string without hitting the others by accident. Multiple stopping is done by playing first two strings and then, while still letting the sound from these two ring, quickly playing the other two strings. Multiple stopping was used a lot in [[Renaissance music]] when playing the [[viol]]. [[Baroque music|Baroque]] composers such as [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] in [[Germany]] or [[Arcangelo Corelli]] in [[Italy]] often require double stopping when writing for solo string instruments. It is also used a lot in [[virtuoso]] music of composers in the [[Romantic music|Romantic]] period such as [[Niccolò Paganini]]. [[Category:Musical performance techniques]] {{music-stub}} 2wdm3w8xoikg43fbi50imd8qnz4o5ow 0 75427 10330000 4413045 2025-06-14T13:31:52Z Johnsoniensis 361992 /* Types of robes */ see also 10330000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Badjas.jpg|thumb|Common robe]] A '''robe''' is a type of [[clothing]]. It is loose-fitting and sometimes ties in the front. == Types of robes == There are different types of robes. These include the following: * Bathrobe - usually worn at home after taking a [[bath]]. They are also sometimes worn at night, or in the morning. * [[Graduation]] robe - A gown [[tradition]]ally worn at a [[high school]] graduation, or [[college]] graduation. * [[Judge]]'s robe - Part of a judge's clothing. Other jobs may call for robes, such as a [[barrister]]. * [[Wizard]]'s robe - in fantasy, wizards are usually shown wearing robes. ==See also== *[[Academic dress]] {{stub}} [[Category:Clothing]] 3kr48j8li43qzpjlx56ymwja6vdo9o0 0 75536 10330813 10328881 2025-06-14T20:20:03Z 2603:8001:1900:2794:7D20:B95B:2482:E180 /* Music career */ 10330813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Beyoncé | image = Beyoncé - Tottenham Hotspur Stadium - 1st June 2023 (10 of 118) (52946364598) (best crop).jpg | alt = Beyoncé holding a microphone to her mouth | caption = Beyoncé in 2023 | birth_name = Beyoncé Giselle Knowles | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|9|4}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], Texas, U.S.<!--As per WP:LINKDIRECT and Template:infobox person, birthplace indicates city, state, then country. No need to spell out "United States; 'U.S.' is fine.--> | other_names = <!--Not necessary to list Beyoncé Knowles-Carter or Sasha Fierce (which is not a name that Beyoncé is professionally or legally known by. See: Template:Infobox person. -->{{hlist|Harmonies by the Hive<ref>{{Cite web|website=Vulture|last=Curto|first=Justin|date=April 30, 2021|title=Yes, 'Harmonies by The Hive' is Beyoncé|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/harmonies-by-the-hive-beyonce-dj-khaled-album.html| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/harmonies-by-the-hive-beyonce-dj-khaled-album.html| archive-date=October 27, 2021|access-date=May 8, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |Queen Bey<ref name="Queen-Bey2" /> |Queen B<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gay |first=Jason |date=February 10, 2013 |title=Beyoncé Knowles: The Queen B |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/beyonce-knowles-the-queen-b| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.vogue.com/article/beyonce-knowles-the-queen-b| archive-date=October 27, 2021 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=October 18, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |[[Third Ward, Houston|Third Ward]] Trill<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Brittany|url=https://globalgrind.cassiuslife.com/3834088/beyonce-alter-ego-third-ward-trill-jay-z-album-details/| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://globalgrind.cassiuslife.com/3834088/beyonce-alter-ego-third-ward-trill-jay-z-album-details/| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Beyoncé credited as 'Third Ward Trill' on Jay-Z's album, 'Magna Carta Holy Grail'|publisher=Global Grind|date=July 9, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |}} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * record producer * actress * businesswoman * philanthropist }} | works = {{hlist|[[Beyoncé albums discography|Albums]]{{efn|For her works with [[Destiny's Child]] and [[the Carters]], see [[Destiny's Child discography]], [[List of Destiny's Child songs]] and [[The Carters#Discography|the Carters discography]]}}|[[Beyoncé singles discography|singles]]|[[List of songs recorded by Beyoncé|songs]]|[[Beyoncé videography|videos]]|[[List of Beyoncé live performances|performances]]}}<!--Beyoncé's fashion and business works are in "organizations"--> | organization = {{flatlist| * [[BeyGood]] * [[Parkwood Entertainment]] * [[Ivy Park]] * [[Cécred]] * [[SirDavis]] | years_active = 1990–present<!--Do not change the year to 1997. Although that was the year Beyoncé finally got her big break when she was in Destiny's Child, she actually began her career in 1990 as a child.--> }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jay-Z]]|April 4, 2008}} | children = 3, including [[Blue Ivy Carter|Blue Ivy]] | parents = {{ubl|[[Mathew Knowles]]|[[Tina Knowles]]}} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Solange Knowles]] (sister) * [[Angela Beyincé]] (cousin) }} | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé|Full list]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Pop music|pop]] * [[hip-hop]] * [[afrobeats]] * [[Dance music|dance]] * [[Country music|country]]<ref>Genre citations: * {{Cite web |work=Unorthodox Reviews |date=December 5, 2022 |title=5 Times Beyoncé's Music Was Inspired by Africa |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/beyonce-music-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930053132/https://www.unorthodoxreviews.com/beyonce-music-africa |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2024 }} * {{Cite web |last=Paradza |first=James Chikomborero |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Beyoncé has helped usher in a renaissance for African artists |url=https://theconversation.com/beyonce-has-helped-usher-in-a-renaissance-for-african-artists-188099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804173746/https://theconversation.com/beyonce-has-helped-usher-in-a-renaissance-for-african-artists-188099 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2024 }} * {{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Billboard Teams Up With Afro Nation to Launch New U.S. Afrobeats Songs Chart |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/billboard-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235046800/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161158/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/billboard-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235046800/ |archive-date=September 21, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Billboard }} * {{Cite magazine |date=July 29, 2022 |title='Renaissance' Is A Love Letter To The Black Queer Roots Of Dance Music |url=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/renaissance-love-letter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201180813/https://www.essence.com/entertainment/renaissance-love-letter/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Essence }} *{{cite magazine |title= Beyoncé 'Renaissance' review: dance album sees star at her most unguarded |date= July 29, 2022 |magazine= [[Rolling Stone]] |url= https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/album-reviews/beyonce-renaissance-new-album-review-20862/ }} * {{cite web |title= A Brief History of Beyoncé Making Dance Music |date= July 26, 2022 |website= [[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |url= https://www.vulture.com/2022/07/beyonce-dance-songs.html |access-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-date= June 14, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240614094901/https://www.vulture.com/2022/07/beyonce-dance-songs.html |url-status= live }} * {{Cite magazine |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Beyoncé Has Always Been Country |url=https://time.com/6694806/beyonce-country-music/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314003327/https://time.com/6694806/beyonce-country-music/ |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Time }} * {{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Everything We Know About Beyoncé's 'Act II: Cowboy Carter' So Far |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/beyonces-act-ii-everything-we-know/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316192745/https://www.billboard.com/lists/beyonces-act-ii-everything-we-know/the-release-date/ |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Billboard }} * {{Cite web |title=Beyoncé and Country Music – Exhibits |url=https://www.blackmusicproject.com/exhibit/beyonce-and-country-music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305220807/https://www.blackmusicproject.com/exhibit/beyonce-and-country-music |archive-date=March 5, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |publisher=Black Music Project }} *{{cite magazine |title= Beyoncé's New Country Song 'Texas Hold 'Em' Is a Tribute to Her Roots |date= February 11, 2024 |magazine= [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |url= https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a46723611/beyonce-texas-hold-em-song-lyrics-meaning/ |access-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240618194647/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a46723611/beyonce-texas-hold-em-song-lyrics-meaning/ |url-status= live }} * {{cite magazine |title= Beyoncé's "Daddy Lessons" Is Classic Country |date= 2016 |magazine= [[American Songwriter]] |url= https://americansongwriter.com/beyonces-daddy-lessons-is-classic-country/ |access-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-date= June 14, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240614133613/https://americansongwriter.com/beyonces-daddy-lessons-is-classic-country/ |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parkwood Entertainment|Parkwood]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Music World Entertainment|Music World]] }} | current_member_of = [[The Carters]] | past_member_of = [[Destiny's Child]] <!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. --> | website = {{URL|beyonce.com}} }} | signature = Beyoncé autograph.svg | signature_size = 150px }} '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''' ({{respell|bee|YON|say}}) (born September 4, 1981), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Beyoncé,''' is an [[United States|American]] singer, songwriter, record producer, actress, businesswoman, dancer and model. She is known as a lead singer of female [[Pop music|pop]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] group [[Destiny's Child]]. She released her first solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', in 2003, when Destiny's Child was on a break. Since then, she has released six more albums, which have all produced hit singles. She has sold over 250 million records worldwide as a solo artist, and as the lead singer of the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. She is the most awarded musicians in Grammys of all time, with 32 wins during her career, as well as her nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyonce {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Beyonce|access-date=March 20, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 6, 2023|title=Beyoncé breaks record with 32nd Grammy, snubbed again for top album honor|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/beyonce-breaks-record-with-32nd-grammy-snubbed-again-for-top-album-honor|access-date=February 9, 2023|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us}}</ref> ==Early life== Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born at Park Plaza Hospital in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 1, 2011|title=Jordan, Prof. (Virgil) Craig, (born 25 July 1947), Professor of Breast Medical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, since 2014|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u253997|journal=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u253997}}</ref> Her mother is Tina Knowles (née Beyincé; currently Lawson) with her [[Creole peoples|Creole]] descent, which means she has some African and French roots. Her father is Mathew Knowles, who is African American. Knowles went to several [[performing arts school]]s, and took part in singing and dancing competitions as a child. Her younger sister, [[Solange Knowles|Solange]], is also a musician. ==Music career== In her youth, she started the girl group Girls Tyme. Her father Mathew became her manager. Knowles became very famous in the late 1990s. She became the lead singer of the [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[girl group]] [[Destiny's Child]]. The group became the world's best-selling girl group of all time, selling over 85 million records worldwide. Destiny's Child took a break from recording music. Knowles released her solo debut album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', in 2003. Two singles from the album—"[[Crazy in Love]]" and "[[Baby Boy]]"—reached number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart. The album became one of the most successful albums of that year. ''Dangerously in Love'' was given five [[Grammy Awards]]. After Destiny's Child split, Knowles released her second album. ''[[B'Day]]'' was released in 2006, and its singles "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]", "[[Irreplaceable]]" and "[[Beautiful Liar]]" reached the top ten in the United States. Her third album ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' was released in 2008. "[[If I Were a Boy]]", "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]", "[[Halo (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Halo]]" and "[[Sweet Dreams]]" became [[hit single]]s for Knowles. "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" became another number-one single on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The album earned six Grammys in 2010, the most Grammys won by a woman in one night. Only Adele would do this again at the 2012 Grammys. [[File:Beyonce Knowles with necklaces.jpg|thumb|Beyoncé in 2012]] Her next album, ''[[4 (Beyoncé Knowles)|4]]'' (2011), became her fourth number one album on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart. She became the third artist in history to have her first four albums debut at number one. Beyoncé released her fifth album ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' on iTunes on December 13, 2013. The public did not know about the album before it was released. The album has fourteen songs and 17 videos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/beyonce-guerrilla-releases-entire-new-album-on-itunes-9002322.html|title=Beyonce releases entire new album 'Beyoncé' on iTunes - News - Music - The Independent|work=The Independent|date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> It has been given good reviews. It entered the ''Billboard'' 200 at number one. This made her the first female artist in the history of the chart to have her first five albums enter the chart at the top.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5840086/its-official-beyonce-makes-history-with-fifth-no-1-album|title=It's Official: Beyonce Makes History With Fifth No. 1 Album|magazine=Billboard|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Knowles performed "Drunk in Love" with JAY-Z at the 2014 Grammy Awards. She was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Part II (On the Run)" with JAY-Z.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-and-jay-z-open-grammys-with-steamy-drunk-in-love-performance-20140126|title=Beyonce and Jay Z Open Grammys With Steamy 'Drunk in Love' Performance|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=September 7, 2015|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104170617/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-and-jay-z-open-grammys-with-steamy-drunk-in-love-performance-20140126|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2016, Beyoncé was a guest performer at Super Bowl 50. She performed "Formation", the [[lead single]] from her sixth studio album, ''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]''. The performance was controversial, as it had elements of the #BlackLivesMatter movement along with influences from the Black Panthers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2016/02/12/backlash-to-beyonce-super-bowl-performance-continues-to-grow.html|title=FOX News|first=Diana|last=Falzone|date=February 12, 2016|website=Backlash to Beyonce's Super Bowl performance continues to grow|publisher=FOX News Network, LLC|access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref> She announced The Formation World Tour in a commercial after the Super Bowl performance. In April 2016, an hour-long film, ''Lemonade'', was shown on HBO. After the film aired, the ''Lemonade'' album was released. The album became her best-reviewed of her career. It entered the charts at number one in the US and Canada. ''Lemonade'' features the singles "Formation", "Sorry", and "Hold Up". It won the Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album in 2017, while the music video for "Formation" won the award for Best [[Music video|Music Video]]. In 2017, Beyoncé released the promotional single "Die with You". She later contributed to the remix of "Mi Gente" by J Balvin and Willy William. This caused the song to jump to number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. On December 1, 2017, an acoustic duet between Beyoncé and [[Ed Sheeran]] of Sheeran's song "[[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)|Perfect]]" was released and was at the top of the iTunes charts in 32 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kworb.net/ww/|title=Worldwide iTunes Song Chart|website=kworb.net|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref> The song became Beyoncé's sixth US number-one as a solo artist and her tenth number-one song in the US including songs with Destiny's Child. Knowles was featured on a remix of rapper [[Megan Thee Stallion]]'s song "[[Savage (song)|Savage]]"; it became Knowles’ seventh number-one song in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9390912/megan-thee-stallion-reacts-savage-no-1-beyonce-flowers|title=Megan Thee Stallion Reacts To 'Savage' No 1|date=May 27, 2020|magazine=Billboard|access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> On June 20, 2022, she released "[[Break My Soul]]", the lead single from her seventh studio album, ''[[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)|Renaissance]]'' and the album was released on July 29, 2022. "Break My Soul" became her eighth solo US number-one (twelfth overall), while the album's next single, "[[Cuff It]]", reached number ten on the Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=January 9, 2023|title=Beyhive Celebrates Beyoncé as 'Cuff It' Hits Hot 100 Top 10|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-cuff-it-hot-100-top-10-reactions-1235195983/|access-date=February 9, 2023|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Artistry== Knowles has a three octave [[mezzo-soprano]] vocal range. Other sources state that she possesses a [[alto|contralto]] vocal range at age of 30s. Jon Pareles of [[The New York Times]] commented that her voice is "velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting". Jody Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Knowles' unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. ==Other projects== ===Acting career=== Her first role in a movie was for the [[musical movie|musical]] ''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]'' (2001). Her first major movie was ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' (2002). The movie ''[[Dreamgirls]]'' (2006) was nominated for two [[Golden Globe Awards]]. Her other movies ''[[Cadillac Records]]'' (2008) and ''[[Obsessed]]'' (2009) did not do so well. In 2019, she starred as Nala in the 2019 drama-live action remake ''[[The Lion King (2019 movie)|The Lion King]]''. ===Fashion=== In 2005, Knowles and her mother created a fashion line called [[House of Deréon]]. In 2016, she also introduced a fitness-wear collection called Ivy Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ivypark.com/|title=Ivy Park|access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref> ===Perfume=== In 2010, she released her first perfume which she called Heat. ===Model=== In 2013, Knowles became H&M's new swimwear model since she gave birth to her daughter [[Blue Ivy Carter|Blue Ivy]] just a year prior. ===Endorsements=== She became a spokesperson for [[L'Oréal]], [[Pepsi]], [[Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Nintendo]], and [[Vizio]]. ==Ranking== In 2010, Knowles was ranked first on ''[[Forbes]]'' list of the "100 Most Powerful and Influential Musicians in the World",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/beyonce-lady-gaga-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-musicians_slide.html |title=Celebrity 100: Musicians |work=[[Forbes]] |date=June 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654KSUnXB?url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/beyonce-lady-gaga-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-musicians_slide.html |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and second on its list of the "100 Most Powerful and Influential Celebrities in the World".<ref>{{cite news |author=Dorothy Pomerantz, Lacey Rose |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/oprah-winfrey-lady-gaga-twilight-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-intro.html |title=The World's Most Powerful Celebrities |work=Forbes |date=June 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654Kf48Ww?url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/oprah-winfrey-lady-gaga-twilight-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-intro.html |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20360857_20589758,00.html|title=Beyonce Knowles Is PEOPLE Magazine World's Most Beautiful : People.com|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> ==Awards== Many of Knowles' recordings and movies were given many nominations, with many winning them. These include 32 Grammy Awards, 24 [MTV Video Music Awards], three [American Music Awards], a Billboard Millennium Award, and a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame] with Destiny's Child. In 2009, ''[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]'' named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the 2000s decade. They also ranked her 4th for Artist of the Decade.<ref name="Female artist of the decade">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |title=Radio Songs Artists |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[Prometheus Global Media] |date=December 31, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-date=July 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720052938/http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position%23/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Rank">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009&begin=1&order=position |title=Artists of the Decade Music Chart |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |access-date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> The [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), named Knowles as the Top Certified Artist of the 2000s.<ref name="RIAA artist of the decade">{{cite magazine |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |title=Beyoncé Tops Decade's RIAA Sales |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=February 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654L74M9o?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/news/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lamy Johnathan, Cara Duckworth, Liz Kennedy |url=https://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |title=RIAA Tallies the Decade's Top Gold and Platinum Award Winners |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) |date=February 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654LDUPGr?url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the US, she has sold over 17 million copies as of May 2014. She has sold more than 30.4 million [[digital download|digital singles]] as of January 2012.<ref name="2011musicreport">{{cite press release|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report|title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report|publisher=[Business Wire]|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64TshZep3?url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report|archive-date=January 6, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Worldwide, she has sold 245 million records. This makes her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.<ref name="Newstateman">{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/09/world-fashion-gay-india-church |title=The 50 people who matter today: 41–50 |work=[[New Statesman]] |location=London |date=September 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654LQhSps?url=http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/09/world-fashion-gay-india-church |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Knowles appeared on [VH1]'s 2010 list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".<ref>{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Mark|url=http://www.pvh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/|title=VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Music (Complete List)|work=VH1|date=February 13, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65vGgxvII?url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/|archive-date=March 4, 2012|access-date=June 27, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> They ranked her third on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012. ==Personal life== In 2000, she met [[Jay-Z]] and began dating this same year. Jay-Z proposed her on his 38th birthday on December 4, 2007. The couple married on April 4, 2008. On January 7, 2012, she gave birth to their first daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, via natural birth in Lennox Hill Hospital, New York. Beyoncé is a [[feminist]]. In the February 2013 issue of GQ magazine she said, "You know, equality is a myth, and for some reason, everyone accepts the fact that women don’t make as much money as men do. I don’t understand that. Why do we have to take a backseat? I truly believe that women should be financially independent from their men. And let’s face it, money gives men the power to run the show. It gives men the power to define value. They define what’s sexy. And men define what’s feminine. It’s ridiculous."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/01/14/1445271/beyonce-gender-pay-gap/#|title=Beyonce Calls Out The Gender Pay Gap: 'Equality Is A Myth' - ThinkProgress|work=ThinkProgress|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Beyoncé joined the Ban Bossy campaign in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/03/10/ban-bossy-sheryl-sandberg-beyonce-gardner/6262309/|title=Beyonce, Jennifer Garner, Jane Lynch join 'Ban Bossy" campaign|date=March 10, 2014|work=USA TODAY|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> In December 2013, it was revealed that she and her husband Jay-Z were longtime [[vegan]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/53212-jay-z-and-beyonce-pledge-to-go-vegan/|title=Jay Z and Beyoncé Pledge to Go Vegan|work=Pitchfork|date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> She wrote the foreword to the book ''The 22-Day Revolution'' by trainer Marco Borges, which was released in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Amazon|url=https://archive.org/details/22dayrevolutionp0000borg|isbn=978-0451474841|last1=Borges|first1=Marco|year=2015|publisher=Penguin }}</ref> In 2020, Beyoncé stated that she is no longer vegan and became a pescatarian which she soften her vegan diet and added fish and [[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3]] to her diet because she said her brain was malfunctioning. On February 1, 2017, Beyoncé announced via [[Instagram]] that she was expecting twins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BP-rXUGBPJa/?taken-by=beyonce|title=Instagram|author=Beyoncé|date=February 1, 2017|website=Instagram|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter, Rumi and a son, Sir on June 13, 2017 via [[cesarean section]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apple.news/ARN-g9zdqTi6cR4HYRG95IA|first=Melody|last=Chiu|date=June 17, 2017|access-date=June 17, 2017|title='Crazy in Love'—Times Two! Beyoncé and Jay Z Welcome Twins|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jul/14/beyonce-photo-twins-instagram-sir-carter-rumi|title=Beyoncé publishes photo of her twins on Instagram|last=Harmon|first=Steph|date=July 14, 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=November 21, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ==Discography== {{Main|Beyoncé discography}} * ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003): 20 million copies sold. * ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006): 15 million copies sold.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/02/04/oprah-woods-hollywood-biz-media-cz_lg_0204blackstars_slide_10.html?thisSpeed=undefined |title=In Pictures: The 10 Top-Earning African-American Stars |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6D5YVgzgE?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/02/04/oprah-woods-hollywood-biz-media-cz_lg_0204blackstars_slide_10.html?thisSpeed=undefined |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' (2008): 19 million copies sold. * ''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' (2011): 5 million copies sold. * ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' (2013) 11 million copies sold. * [[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|''Lemonade'']] (2016) The audio CD/DVD set earned 653,000 total copies sold in the week ending April 28, 2016, according to Nielsen Music. Pure album sales comprised 485,000 of that sum. * ''[[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)|Renaissance]]'' (2022) * ''[[Cowboy Carter]]'' (2024) <!--Do not add MOVIE SOUNDTRACKS OR VIDEO RELEASES HERE! Studio albums only! --> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Films |- !Title !Year !Role !Notes |- !''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |2002 |Foxxy Cleopatra |Leading role |- !''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |2003 |Lilly |Supporting role |- !''[[The Pink Panther (2006 movie)|The Pink Panther]]'' |rowspan="2"|2006 |Xania |Supporting role |- !''[[Dreamgirls]]'' |Deena Jones |Leading role |- !''[[Cadillac Records]]'' |2008 |Etta James |Leading role |- !''Obsessed'' |2009 |Sharon Charles |Leading role |- !''[[Epic (2013 movie)|Epic]]'' |2013 |Queen Tara |Voice role |- !''[[The Lion King (2019 movie)|The Lion King]]'' |2019 |Nala |Voice role |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Documentaries |- !Title !Year !Role |- !''Fade to Black'' |2004 |Herself |- !''Beyoncé Shine – An Unauthorized Story on Beyoncé Knowles'' |2010 |Herself |- !''Life Is But a Dream'' |rowspan="2"|2013 |Herself |- !''Beyoncé: Finding Her Destiny'' |Herself |- !''Beyoncé: Fierce and Fabulous'' |2014 |Herself |- !''Coldplay: A Head Full of Dreams'' |2018 |Herself |- !''Homecoming'' |2019 |Herself |- !Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé |2023 |Herself |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Television |- !Title !Year !Role !Notes |- !''[[Smart Guy]]'' |1998 |Herself |Episode: "A Date With Destiny" |- !''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]'' |2001 |Carmen Brown |Television movie |- !''[[The Famous Jett Jackson]]'' |2003 |Herself |Episode: "Backstage Pass" |- !''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' |2008, 2013 |Herself |Musical guest |- !''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!]]'' |rowspan="2"|2009 |Shine (voice) |4 episodes |- !''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol'' |Shine (voice) |Television movie |- !''[[American Idol]]'' |rowspan="3"|2011 |Herself |Mentor (season 10) |- !''A Night with Beyoncé'' |Herself |Television special |- !''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]]'' |Herself |Episode: "Kim's Fairytale Wedding" |- !''Lip Sync Battle'' |2016 |Herself |Contestant |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Beyoncé Knowles |commonscat=yes |n=yes |q=yes |s=no |b=no |v=no |d=y}} * {{Official website|https://beyonce.com/}} * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p349078|label=Beyoncé}} * {{Amazon Music artist|B000T2D81C}} * {{Discogs artist|Beyoncé|Beyoncé}} * {{IMDb name|461498|Beyoncé}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beyonce}} [[Category:Beyoncé| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Houston]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Singer-songwriters from Texas]] [[Category:African-American musicians]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:American Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Singers from Houston]] [[Category:Destiny's Child members]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:American R&B singers]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:American hip hop singers]] [[Category:American soul singers]] [[Category:American dance musicians]] [[Category:American trap musicians]] [[Category:American funk musicians]] [[Category:Urban pop musicians]] [[Category:Award winning singers]] 40jg8jnan6nupbfdnmknx263ptldu2c 10330816 10330813 2025-06-14T20:20:52Z 2603:8001:1900:2794:7D20:B95B:2482:E180 10330816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Beyoncé | image = Beyoncé - Tottenham Hotspur Stadium - 1st June 2023 (10 of 118) (52946364598) (best crop).jpg | alt = Beyoncé holding a microphone to her mouth | caption = Beyoncé in 2023 | birth_name = Beyoncé Giselle Knowles | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|9|4}} | birth_place = [[Houston]], Texas, U.S.<!--As per WP:LINKDIRECT and Template:infobox person, birthplace indicates city, state, then country. No need to spell out "United States; 'U.S.' is fine.--> | other_names = <!--Not necessary to list Beyoncé Knowles-Carter or Sasha Fierce (which is not a name that Beyoncé is professionally or legally known by. See: Template:Infobox person. -->{{hlist|Harmonies by the Hive<ref>{{Cite web|website=Vulture|last=Curto|first=Justin|date=April 30, 2021|title=Yes, 'Harmonies by The Hive' is Beyoncé|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/harmonies-by-the-hive-beyonce-dj-khaled-album.html| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/harmonies-by-the-hive-beyonce-dj-khaled-album.html| archive-date=October 27, 2021|access-date=May 8, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |Queen Bey<ref name="Queen-Bey2" /> |Queen B<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gay |first=Jason |date=February 10, 2013 |title=Beyoncé Knowles: The Queen B |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/beyonce-knowles-the-queen-b| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://www.vogue.com/article/beyonce-knowles-the-queen-b| archive-date=October 27, 2021 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=October 18, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |[[Third Ward, Houston|Third Ward]] Trill<ref>{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Brittany|url=https://globalgrind.cassiuslife.com/3834088/beyonce-alter-ego-third-ward-trill-jay-z-album-details/| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211027/https://globalgrind.cassiuslife.com/3834088/beyonce-alter-ego-third-ward-trill-jay-z-album-details/| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Beyoncé credited as 'Third Ward Trill' on Jay-Z's album, 'Magna Carta Holy Grail'|publisher=Global Grind|date=July 9, 2013|access-date=June 29, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |}} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * record producer * actress * businesswoman * philanthropist }} | works = {{hlist|[[Beyoncé albums discography|Albums]]{{efn|For her works with [[Destiny's Child]] and [[the Carters]], see [[Destiny's Child discography]], [[List of Destiny's Child songs]] and [[The Carters#Discography|the Carters discography]]}}|[[Beyoncé singles discography|singles]]|[[List of songs recorded by Beyoncé|songs]]|[[Beyoncé videography|videos]]|[[List of Beyoncé live performances|performances]]}}<!--Beyoncé's fashion and business works are in "organizations"--> | organization = {{flatlist| * [[BeyGood]] * [[Parkwood Entertainment]] * [[Ivy Park]] * [[Cécred]] * [[SirDavis]] | years_active = 1990–present<!--Do not change the year to 1997. Although that was the year Beyoncé finally got her big break when she was in Destiny's Child, she actually began her career in 1990 as a child.--> }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Jay-Z]]|April 4, 2008}} | children = 3, including [[Blue Ivy Carter|Blue Ivy]] | parents = {{ubl|[[Mathew Knowles]]|[[Tina Knowles]]}} | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Solange Knowles]] (sister) * [[Angela Beyincé]] (cousin) }} | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé|Full list]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Pop music|pop]] * [[hip-hop]] * [[afrobeats]] * [[Dance music|dance]] * [[Country music|country]]<ref>Genre citations: * {{Cite web |work=Unorthodox Reviews |date=December 5, 2022 |title=5 Times Beyoncé's Music Was Inspired by Africa |url=https://unorthodoxreviews.com/beyonce-music-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930053132/https://www.unorthodoxreviews.com/beyonce-music-africa |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2024 }} * {{Cite web |last=Paradza |first=James Chikomborero |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Beyoncé has helped usher in a renaissance for African artists |url=https://theconversation.com/beyonce-has-helped-usher-in-a-renaissance-for-african-artists-188099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804173746/https://theconversation.com/beyonce-has-helped-usher-in-a-renaissance-for-african-artists-188099 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2024 }} * {{Cite magazine |last=Aniftos |first=Rania |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Billboard Teams Up With Afro Nation to Launch New U.S. Afrobeats Songs Chart |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/billboard-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235046800/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161158/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/billboard-us-afrobeats-songs-chart-1235046800/ |archive-date=September 21, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Billboard }} * {{Cite magazine |date=July 29, 2022 |title='Renaissance' Is A Love Letter To The Black Queer Roots Of Dance Music |url=https://www.essence.com/entertainment/renaissance-love-letter/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201180813/https://www.essence.com/entertainment/renaissance-love-letter/ |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Essence }} *{{cite magazine |title= Beyoncé 'Renaissance' review: dance album sees star at her most unguarded |date= July 29, 2022 |magazine= [[Rolling Stone]] |url= https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/album-reviews/beyonce-renaissance-new-album-review-20862/ }} * {{cite web |title= A Brief History of Beyoncé Making Dance Music |date= July 26, 2022 |website= [[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |url= https://www.vulture.com/2022/07/beyonce-dance-songs.html |access-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-date= June 14, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240614094901/https://www.vulture.com/2022/07/beyonce-dance-songs.html |url-status= live }} * {{Cite magazine |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Beyoncé Has Always Been Country |url=https://time.com/6694806/beyonce-country-music/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314003327/https://time.com/6694806/beyonce-country-music/ |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Time }} * {{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Everything We Know About Beyoncé's 'Act II: Cowboy Carter' So Far |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/beyonces-act-ii-everything-we-know/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316192745/https://www.billboard.com/lists/beyonces-act-ii-everything-we-know/the-release-date/ |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |magazine=Billboard }} * {{Cite web |title=Beyoncé and Country Music – Exhibits |url=https://www.blackmusicproject.com/exhibit/beyonce-and-country-music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305220807/https://www.blackmusicproject.com/exhibit/beyonce-and-country-music |archive-date=March 5, 2024 |access-date=March 16, 2024 |publisher=Black Music Project }} *{{cite magazine |title= Beyoncé's New Country Song 'Texas Hold 'Em' Is a Tribute to Her Roots |date= February 11, 2024 |magazine= [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |url= https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a46723611/beyonce-texas-hold-em-song-lyrics-meaning/ |access-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240618194647/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a46723611/beyonce-texas-hold-em-song-lyrics-meaning/ |url-status= live }} * {{cite magazine |title= Beyoncé's "Daddy Lessons" Is Classic Country |date= 2016 |magazine= [[American Songwriter]] |url= https://americansongwriter.com/beyonces-daddy-lessons-is-classic-country/ |access-date= June 18, 2024 |archive-date= June 14, 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240614133613/https://americansongwriter.com/beyonces-daddy-lessons-is-classic-country/ |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parkwood Entertainment|Parkwood]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] * [[Music World Entertainment|Music World]] }} | current_member_of = [[The Carters]] | past_member_of = [[Destiny's Child]] <!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. --> | website = {{URL|beyonce.com}} }} | signature = Beyoncé autograph.svg | signature_size = 150px }} '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''' ({{respell|bee|YON|say}}) (born September 4, 1981), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Beyoncé,''' is an [[United States|American]] singer, songwriter, record producer, actress, businesswoman, dancer and model. She is known as a lead singer of female [[Pop music|pop]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] group [[Destiny's Child]]. She released her first solo album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', in 2003, when Destiny's Child was on a break. Since then, she has released six more albums, which have all produced hit singles. She has sold over 250 million records worldwide as a solo artist, and as the lead singer of the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. She is the most awarded musicians in Grammys of all time, with 32 wins during her career, as well as her nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyonce {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Beyonce|access-date=March 20, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 6, 2023|title=Beyoncé breaks record with 32nd Grammy, snubbed again for top album honor|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/beyonce-breaks-record-with-32nd-grammy-snubbed-again-for-top-album-honor|access-date=February 9, 2023|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us}}</ref> ==Early life== Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born at Park Plaza Hospital in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 1, 2011|title=Jordan, Prof. (Virgil) Craig, (born 25 July 1947), Professor of Breast Medical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, since 2014|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u253997|journal=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u253997}}</ref> Her mother is Tina Knowles (née Beyincé; currently Lawson) with her [[Creole peoples|Creole]] descent, which means she has some African and French roots. Her father is Mathew Knowles, who is African American. Knowles went to several [[performing arts school]]s, and took part in singing and dancing competitions as a child. Her younger sister, [[Solange Knowles|Solange]], is also a musician. ==Music career== In her youth, she started the girl group Girls Tyme. Her father Mathew became her manager. Knowles became very famous in the late 1990s. She became the lead singer of the [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[girl group]] [[Destiny's Child]]. The group became the world's best-selling girl group of all time, selling over 85 million records worldwide. Destiny's Child took a break from recording music. Knowles released her solo debut album, ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'', in 2003. Two singles from the album—"[[Crazy in Love]]" and "[[Baby Boy]]"—reached number one on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart. The album became one of the most successful albums of that year. ''Dangerously in Love'' was given five [[Grammy Awards]]. After Destiny's Child split, Knowles released her second album. ''[[B'Day]]'' was released in 2006, and its singles "[[Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)|Déjà Vu]]", "[[Irreplaceable]]" and "[[Beautiful Liar]]" reached the top ten in the United States. Her third album ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' was released in 2008. "[[If I Were a Boy]]", "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]", "[[Halo (Beyoncé Knowles song)|Halo]]" and "[[Sweet Dreams]]" became [[hit single]]s for Knowles. "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" became another number-one single on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The album earned six Grammys in 2010, the most Grammys won by a woman in one night. Only Adele would do this again at the 2012 Grammys. [[File:Beyonce Knowles with necklaces.jpg|thumb|Beyoncé in 2010]] Her next album, ''[[4 (Beyoncé Knowles)|4]]'' (2011), became her fourth number one album on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart. She became the third artist in history to have her first four albums debut at number one. Beyoncé released her fifth album ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' on iTunes on December 13, 2013. The public did not know about the album before it was released. The album has fourteen songs and 17 videos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/beyonce-guerrilla-releases-entire-new-album-on-itunes-9002322.html|title=Beyonce releases entire new album 'Beyoncé' on iTunes - News - Music - The Independent|work=The Independent|date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> It has been given good reviews. It entered the ''Billboard'' 200 at number one. This made her the first female artist in the history of the chart to have her first five albums enter the chart at the top.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5840086/its-official-beyonce-makes-history-with-fifth-no-1-album|title=It's Official: Beyonce Makes History With Fifth No. 1 Album|magazine=Billboard|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Knowles performed "Drunk in Love" with JAY-Z at the 2014 Grammy Awards. She was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Part II (On the Run)" with JAY-Z.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-and-jay-z-open-grammys-with-steamy-drunk-in-love-performance-20140126|title=Beyonce and Jay Z Open Grammys With Steamy 'Drunk in Love' Performance|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=September 7, 2015|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104170617/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-and-jay-z-open-grammys-with-steamy-drunk-in-love-performance-20140126|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2016, Beyoncé was a guest performer at Super Bowl 50. She performed "Formation", the [[lead single]] from her sixth studio album, ''[[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|Lemonade]]''. The performance was controversial, as it had elements of the #BlackLivesMatter movement along with influences from the Black Panthers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2016/02/12/backlash-to-beyonce-super-bowl-performance-continues-to-grow.html|title=FOX News|first=Diana|last=Falzone|date=February 12, 2016|website=Backlash to Beyonce's Super Bowl performance continues to grow|publisher=FOX News Network, LLC|access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref> She announced The Formation World Tour in a commercial after the Super Bowl performance. In April 2016, an hour-long film, ''Lemonade'', was shown on HBO. After the film aired, the ''Lemonade'' album was released. The album became her best-reviewed of her career. It entered the charts at number one in the US and Canada. ''Lemonade'' features the singles "Formation", "Sorry", and "Hold Up". It won the Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album in 2017, while the music video for "Formation" won the award for Best [[Music video|Music Video]]. In 2017, Beyoncé released the promotional single "Die with You". She later contributed to the remix of "Mi Gente" by J Balvin and Willy William. This caused the song to jump to number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. On December 1, 2017, an acoustic duet between Beyoncé and [[Ed Sheeran]] of Sheeran's song "[[Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)|Perfect]]" was released and was at the top of the iTunes charts in 32 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kworb.net/ww/|title=Worldwide iTunes Song Chart|website=kworb.net|access-date=December 2, 2017}}</ref> The song became Beyoncé's sixth US number-one as a solo artist and her tenth number-one song in the US including songs with Destiny's Child. Knowles was featured on a remix of rapper [[Megan Thee Stallion]]'s song "[[Savage (song)|Savage]]"; it became Knowles’ seventh number-one song in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/9390912/megan-thee-stallion-reacts-savage-no-1-beyonce-flowers|title=Megan Thee Stallion Reacts To 'Savage' No 1|date=May 27, 2020|magazine=Billboard|access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> On June 20, 2022, she released "[[Break My Soul]]", the lead single from her seventh studio album, ''[[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)|Renaissance]]'' and the album was released on July 29, 2022. "Break My Soul" became her eighth solo US number-one (twelfth overall), while the album's next single, "[[Cuff It]]", reached number ten on the Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=January 9, 2023|title=Beyhive Celebrates Beyoncé as 'Cuff It' Hits Hot 100 Top 10|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/beyonce-cuff-it-hot-100-top-10-reactions-1235195983/|access-date=February 9, 2023|magazine=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Artistry== Knowles has a three octave [[mezzo-soprano]] vocal range. Other sources state that she possesses a [[alto|contralto]] vocal range at age of 30s. Jon Pareles of [[The New York Times]] commented that her voice is "velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting". Jody Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Knowles' unique rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. ==Other projects== ===Acting career=== Her first role in a movie was for the [[musical movie|musical]] ''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]'' (2001). Her first major movie was ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' (2002). The movie ''[[Dreamgirls]]'' (2006) was nominated for two [[Golden Globe Awards]]. Her other movies ''[[Cadillac Records]]'' (2008) and ''[[Obsessed]]'' (2009) did not do so well. In 2019, she starred as Nala in the 2019 drama-live action remake ''[[The Lion King (2019 movie)|The Lion King]]''. ===Fashion=== In 2005, Knowles and her mother created a fashion line called [[House of Deréon]]. In 2016, she also introduced a fitness-wear collection called Ivy Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ivypark.com/|title=Ivy Park|access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref> ===Perfume=== In 2010, she released her first perfume which she called Heat. ===Model=== In 2013, Knowles became H&M's new swimwear model since she gave birth to her daughter [[Blue Ivy Carter|Blue Ivy]] just a year prior. ===Endorsements=== She became a spokesperson for [[L'Oréal]], [[Pepsi]], [[Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Nintendo]], and [[Vizio]]. ==Ranking== In 2010, Knowles was ranked first on ''[[Forbes]]'' list of the "100 Most Powerful and Influential Musicians in the World",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/beyonce-lady-gaga-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-musicians_slide.html |title=Celebrity 100: Musicians |work=[[Forbes]] |date=June 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654KSUnXB?url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/beyonce-lady-gaga-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-musicians_slide.html |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and second on its list of the "100 Most Powerful and Influential Celebrities in the World".<ref>{{cite news |author=Dorothy Pomerantz, Lacey Rose |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/oprah-winfrey-lady-gaga-twilight-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-intro.html |title=The World's Most Powerful Celebrities |work=Forbes |date=June 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654Kf48Ww?url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/22/oprah-winfrey-lady-gaga-twilight-business-entertainment-celeb-100-10-intro.html |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, she was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20360857_20589758,00.html|title=Beyonce Knowles Is PEOPLE Magazine World's Most Beautiful : People.com|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> ==Awards== Many of Knowles' recordings and movies were given many nominations, with many winning them. These include 32 Grammy Awards, 24 [MTV Video Music Awards], three [American Music Awards], a Billboard Millennium Award, and a star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame] with Destiny's Child. In 2009, ''[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]'' named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the 2000s decade. They also ranked her 4th for Artist of the Decade.<ref name="Female artist of the decade">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |title=Radio Songs Artists |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[Prometheus Global Media] |date=December 31, 2009 |access-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-date=July 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720052938/http://www.billboard.com/charts-decade-end/hot-100-songs?year=2009&begin=41&order=position%23/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009#/charts-decade-end/radio-songs-artists?year=2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Rank">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts-decade-end/artists-of-the-decade?year=2009&begin=1&order=position |title=Artists of the Decade Music Chart |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |access-date=February 8, 2011}}</ref> The [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), named Knowles as the Top Certified Artist of the 2000s.<ref name="RIAA artist of the decade">{{cite magazine |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |title=Beyoncé Tops Decade's RIAA Sales |magazine=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |date=February 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654L74M9o?url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/news/e3id4ade3d3e7f8db80b4071ff7aba918fc |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lamy Johnathan, Cara Duckworth, Liz Kennedy |url=https://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |title=RIAA Tallies the Decade's Top Gold and Platinum Award Winners |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) |date=February 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654LDUPGr?url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=C91C40E1-A65A-0F81-EBB3-8FE3B7C0ECEA |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the US, she has sold over 17 million copies as of May 2014. She has sold more than 30.4 million [[digital download|digital singles]] as of January 2012.<ref name="2011musicreport">{{cite press release|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report|title=The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report|publisher=[Business Wire]|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64TshZep3?url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report|archive-date=January 6, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> Worldwide, she has sold 245 million records. This makes her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.<ref name="Newstateman">{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/09/world-fashion-gay-india-church |title=The 50 people who matter today: 41–50 |work=[[New Statesman]] |location=London |date=September 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/654LQhSps?url=http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/09/world-fashion-gay-india-church |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Knowles appeared on [VH1]'s 2010 list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".<ref>{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Mark|url=http://www.pvh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/|title=VH1's 100 Greatest Women in Music (Complete List)|work=VH1|date=February 13, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65vGgxvII?url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/|archive-date=March 4, 2012|access-date=June 27, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> They ranked her third on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012. ==Personal life== In 2000, she met [[Jay-Z]] and began dating this same year. Jay-Z proposed her on his 38th birthday on December 4, 2007. The couple married on April 4, 2008. On January 7, 2012, she gave birth to their first daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, via natural birth in Lennox Hill Hospital, New York. Beyoncé is a [[feminist]]. In the February 2013 issue of GQ magazine she said, "You know, equality is a myth, and for some reason, everyone accepts the fact that women don’t make as much money as men do. I don’t understand that. Why do we have to take a backseat? I truly believe that women should be financially independent from their men. And let’s face it, money gives men the power to run the show. It gives men the power to define value. They define what’s sexy. And men define what’s feminine. It’s ridiculous."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/01/14/1445271/beyonce-gender-pay-gap/#|title=Beyonce Calls Out The Gender Pay Gap: 'Equality Is A Myth' - ThinkProgress|work=ThinkProgress|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> Beyoncé joined the Ban Bossy campaign in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/03/10/ban-bossy-sheryl-sandberg-beyonce-gardner/6262309/|title=Beyonce, Jennifer Garner, Jane Lynch join 'Ban Bossy" campaign|date=March 10, 2014|work=USA TODAY|access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> In December 2013, it was revealed that she and her husband Jay-Z were longtime [[vegan]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/53212-jay-z-and-beyonce-pledge-to-go-vegan/|title=Jay Z and Beyoncé Pledge to Go Vegan|work=Pitchfork|date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> She wrote the foreword to the book ''The 22-Day Revolution'' by trainer Marco Borges, which was released in April 2015.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Amazon|url=https://archive.org/details/22dayrevolutionp0000borg|isbn=978-0451474841|last1=Borges|first1=Marco|year=2015|publisher=Penguin }}</ref> In 2020, Beyoncé stated that she is no longer vegan and became a pescatarian which she soften her vegan diet and added fish and [[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3]] to her diet because she said her brain was malfunctioning. On February 1, 2017, Beyoncé announced via [[Instagram]] that she was expecting twins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BP-rXUGBPJa/?taken-by=beyonce|title=Instagram|author=Beyoncé|date=February 1, 2017|website=Instagram|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter, Rumi and a son, Sir on June 13, 2017 via [[cesarean section]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apple.news/ARN-g9zdqTi6cR4HYRG95IA|first=Melody|last=Chiu|date=June 17, 2017|access-date=June 17, 2017|title='Crazy in Love'—Times Two! Beyoncé and Jay Z Welcome Twins|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jul/14/beyonce-photo-twins-instagram-sir-carter-rumi|title=Beyoncé publishes photo of her twins on Instagram|last=Harmon|first=Steph|date=July 14, 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=November 21, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ==Discography== {{Main|Beyoncé discography}} * ''[[Dangerously in Love]]'' (2003): 20 million copies sold. * ''[[B'Day]]'' (2006): 15 million copies sold.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/02/04/oprah-woods-hollywood-biz-media-cz_lg_0204blackstars_slide_10.html?thisSpeed=undefined |title=In Pictures: The 10 Top-Earning African-American Stars |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6D5YVgzgE?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/02/04/oprah-woods-hollywood-biz-media-cz_lg_0204blackstars_slide_10.html?thisSpeed=undefined |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' (2008): 19 million copies sold. * ''[[4 (Beyoncé album)|4]]'' (2011): 5 million copies sold. * ''[[Beyoncé (album)|Beyoncé]]'' (2013) 11 million copies sold. * [[Lemonade (Beyoncé album)|''Lemonade'']] (2016) The audio CD/DVD set earned 653,000 total copies sold in the week ending April 28, 2016, according to Nielsen Music. Pure album sales comprised 485,000 of that sum. * ''[[Renaissance (Beyoncé album)|Renaissance]]'' (2022) * ''[[Cowboy Carter]]'' (2024) <!--Do not add MOVIE SOUNDTRACKS OR VIDEO RELEASES HERE! Studio albums only! --> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Films |- !Title !Year !Role !Notes |- !''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' |2002 |Foxxy Cleopatra |Leading role |- !''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' |2003 |Lilly |Supporting role |- !''[[The Pink Panther (2006 movie)|The Pink Panther]]'' |rowspan="2"|2006 |Xania |Supporting role |- !''[[Dreamgirls]]'' |Deena Jones |Leading role |- !''[[Cadillac Records]]'' |2008 |Etta James |Leading role |- !''Obsessed'' |2009 |Sharon Charles |Leading role |- !''[[Epic (2013 movie)|Epic]]'' |2013 |Queen Tara |Voice role |- !''[[The Lion King (2019 movie)|The Lion King]]'' |2019 |Nala |Voice role |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Documentaries |- !Title !Year !Role |- !''Fade to Black'' |2004 |Herself |- !''Beyoncé Shine – An Unauthorized Story on Beyoncé Knowles'' |2010 |Herself |- !''Life Is But a Dream'' |rowspan="2"|2013 |Herself |- !''Beyoncé: Finding Her Destiny'' |Herself |- !''Beyoncé: Fierce and Fabulous'' |2014 |Herself |- !''Coldplay: A Head Full of Dreams'' |2018 |Herself |- !''Homecoming'' |2019 |Herself |- !Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé |2023 |Herself |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Television |- !Title !Year !Role !Notes |- !''[[Smart Guy]]'' |1998 |Herself |Episode: "A Date With Destiny" |- !''[[Carmen: A Hip Hopera]]'' |2001 |Carmen Brown |Television movie |- !''[[The Famous Jett Jackson]]'' |2003 |Herself |Episode: "Backstage Pass" |- !''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' |2008, 2013 |Herself |Musical guest |- !''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!]]'' |rowspan="2"|2009 |Shine (voice) |4 episodes |- !''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol'' |Shine (voice) |Television movie |- !''[[American Idol]]'' |rowspan="3"|2011 |Herself |Mentor (season 10) |- !''A Night with Beyoncé'' |Herself |Television special |- !''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]]'' |Herself |Episode: "Kim's Fairytale Wedding" |- !''Lip Sync Battle'' |2016 |Herself |Contestant |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Beyoncé Knowles |commonscat=yes |n=yes |q=yes |s=no |b=no |v=no |d=y}} * {{Official website|https://beyonce.com/}} * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p349078|label=Beyoncé}} * {{Amazon Music artist|B000T2D81C}} * {{Discogs artist|Beyoncé|Beyoncé}} * {{IMDb name|461498|Beyoncé}} {{Beyoncé Knowles}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beyonce}} [[Category:Beyoncé| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Houston]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Singer-songwriters from Texas]] [[Category:African-American musicians]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:American Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Singers from Houston]] [[Category:Destiny's Child members]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]] [[Category:American R&B singers]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:American hip hop singers]] [[Category:American soul singers]] [[Category:American dance musicians]] [[Category:American trap musicians]] [[Category:American funk musicians]] [[Category:Urban pop musicians]] [[Category:Award winning singers]] 8lxy5bx6xpx0tshnts3823njs651hfa 0 76893 10331349 9941611 2025-06-15T02:45:01Z 2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04 ffyddydhd 10331349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} The '''raccoon''' (''Procyon lotor'', '''common raccoon''',) is a [[mammal]]. Raccoons are curious, clever, and solitary. They are originally from [[North America]]. They have spread through [[Central America]], and live in various [[habitat]]s. They have escaped in some parts of [[Eurasia]] (see map), and now live there as well. Raccoons are in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Caniformia]], and are related to the [[mustelidae|mustelids]]. The raccoon has short legs, a pointed nose, small ears, grayish-brown fur, and a bushy tail. The raccoon's most distinctive features are its multi-purpose front [[paw]]s, its facial '[[mask]]', and its striped tail. Moreover, raccoons are noted for their [[intelligence]]. Studies show they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years.<ref name=Hoh>Hohmann, Ulf; Bartussek, Ingo & Böer, Bernhard 2001. ''Der Waschbär''. Reutlingen, Germany: Oertel+Spörer, pp. 71–72. {{ISBN|978-3-88627-301-0}}</ref> Raccoons are usually [[nocturnal]]. Their food is about 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] foods, and 27% [[vertebrate]]s. Raccoons are [[omnivore]]s.<ref>MacClintock, Dorcas 1981. ''A natural history of raccoons''. Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press. {{ISBN|978-1-930665-67-5}}</ref> They feed on [[Mouse|mice]], [[squirrel]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[Snake|snakes]], [[Egg (biology)|eggs]], [[insect]]s, [[worm]]s, [[fruit]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]]. Their predators are [[red fox]]es, [[Wolf|wolves]], [[coyote]]s, [[bear]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[Hawk|hawks]], [[owl]]s, [[Puma|cougars]], and [[lynx|lynxes]]. Most raccoons live in the wild. Being around [[human]]s does not bother them. They often [[nest]] in empty [[building]]s, [[garage]]s, [[shed]]s, and even the [[attic]]s of [[house]]s. Raccoons do not [[hibernate]] in the [[winter]]. Those that live further [[north]] where it is colder, grow thick [[coat]]s to keep them [[warm]] and spend long periods sleeping. Raccoons that live in captivity can survive up to 20 years. In the wild, they usually live only 1–3 years. Two other species of raccoon, the crab-eating raccoon (''P. cancrivorus'') and the Cozumel Island raccoon (''P. pygmaeus''), are extremely similar to the common raccoon. The crab-eating raccoon is quite widespread in eastern [[South America]]. After a [[gestation]] period (pregnancy) of about 65 days, two to five young are born in spring. Newborn raccoons are called "kits". *A raccoon climbed a building in Minnesota.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44465587 Daredevil raccoon's Minnesota skyscraper climb. BBC News]</ref> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline|Procyon lotor}}<br/> {{wikispecies-inline|Procyon lotor}}<br/> {{Taxonbar|from=Q121439}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Procyonids]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:Omnivores]] {{biology-stub}} 03pxaa8ssvo1b4tsloaoc364j7d7dim 10331350 10331349 2025-06-15T02:45:07Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] ([[User talk:2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|talk]]) to last version by Pólux 9941611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{speciesbox | name = Raccoon | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |last1=Timm |first1=R. |last2=Cuarón |first2=A.D. |last3=Reid |first3=F. |last4=Helgen |first4=K. |last5=González-Maya |first5=J.F. | title = ''Procyon lotor'' | volume= 2016 | page = e.T41686A45216638 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.en }}</ref> | image = Raccoon climbing in tree - Cropped and color corrected.jpg | image_caption = California raccoon (''P. l. psora''), [[Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge]] in [[California]] | genus = Procyon | species = lotor | authority = ([[Linnaeus, 1758]]) | range_map = Raccoon-range.png | range_map_caption = Native range in red, introduced range in blue | synonyms = ''Ursus lotor'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small> }} The '''raccoon''' (''Procyon lotor'', '''common raccoon''',) is a [[mammal]]. Raccoons are curious, clever, and solitary. They are originally from [[North America]]. They have spread through [[Central America]], and live in various [[habitat]]s. They have escaped in some parts of [[Eurasia]] (see map), and now live there as well. Raccoons are in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Caniformia]], and are related to the [[mustelidae|mustelids]]. The raccoon has short legs, a pointed nose, small ears, grayish-brown fur, and a bushy tail. The raccoon's most distinctive features are its multi-purpose front [[paw]]s, its facial '[[mask]]', and its striped tail. Moreover, raccoons are noted for their [[intelligence]]. Studies show they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years.<ref name=Hoh>Hohmann, Ulf; Bartussek, Ingo & Böer, Bernhard 2001. ''Der Waschbär''. Reutlingen, Germany: Oertel+Spörer, pp. 71–72. {{ISBN|978-3-88627-301-0}}</ref> Raccoons are usually [[nocturnal]]. Their food is about 40% [[invertebrate]]s, 33% [[plant]] foods, and 27% [[vertebrate]]s. Raccoons are [[omnivore]]s.<ref>MacClintock, Dorcas 1981. ''A natural history of raccoons''. Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press. {{ISBN|978-1-930665-67-5}}</ref> They feed on [[Mouse|mice]], [[squirrel]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[bird]]s, [[fish]], [[frog]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[Snake|snakes]], [[Egg (biology)|eggs]], [[insect]]s, [[worm]]s, [[fruit]], and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]]. Their predators are [[red fox]]es, [[Wolf|wolves]], [[coyote]]s, [[bear]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[Hawk|hawks]], [[owl]]s, [[Puma|cougars]], and [[lynx|lynxes]]. Most raccoons live in the wild. Being around [[human]]s does not bother them. They often [[nest]] in empty [[building]]s, [[garage]]s, [[shed]]s, and even the [[attic]]s of [[house]]s. Raccoons do not [[hibernate]] in the [[winter]]. Those that live further [[north]] where it is colder, grow thick [[coat]]s to keep them [[warm]] and spend long periods sleeping. Raccoons that live in captivity can survive up to 20 years. In the wild, they usually live only 1–3 years. Two other species of raccoon, the crab-eating raccoon (''P. cancrivorus'') and the Cozumel Island raccoon (''P. pygmaeus''), are extremely similar to the common raccoon. The crab-eating raccoon is quite widespread in eastern [[South America]]. After a [[gestation]] period (pregnancy) of about 65 days, two to five young are born in spring. Newborn raccoons are called "kits". *A raccoon climbed a building in Minnesota.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44465587 Daredevil raccoon's Minnesota skyscraper climb. BBC News]</ref> == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline|Procyon lotor}}<br/> {{wikispecies-inline|Procyon lotor}}<br/> {{Taxonbar|from=Q121439}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Procyonids]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:Omnivores]] {{biology-stub}} 1dqczneuldgoxmlhk26pa90rtsy4gmx 0 80259 10331193 10313474 2025-06-15T00:58:18Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Armenian genocide denial''' refers to the false [[belief]] that the [[Armenian genocide]]{{efn|Introduction to the Armenian genocide:<br /> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=The Armenian Genocide (1915-16): In Depth |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-in-depth |access-date=May 28, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=24 April 1915: Deportation of Armenian Intellectuals |url=https://hmd.org.uk/resource/24-april-1915-deportation-of-armenian-intellectuals |access-date=May 28, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Armenian genocide: a complete history |url=https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Education.122/current_category.118/resourceguide_detail.html |last=Kévorkian |first=Raymond |year=2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. |isbn=9781848855618 |access-date=November 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=De Gruyter |title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400865581/html |last=Suny |first=Ronald Grigor |volume=23 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |doi=10.1515/9781400865581 |access-date=November 16, 2024 }}|group=lower-alpha}} did not happen or was not as bad as it was. From 1915 until 1923, the [[Islamism|Islamic]] [[Ottoman Empire]] tried to wipe out the [[Armenians]]. About 1,500,000 Armenians were killed.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web|title = 8 facts about the Armenian genocide 100 years ago - CNN.com|url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/world/armenian-mass-killings/index.html|website = CNN| date=23 April 2015 |accessdate = 2015-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 100 Years Ago, 1.5 Million Armenians Were Systematically Killed. Today, It's Still Not A 'Genocide.'|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/23/armenian-genocide-controversy_n_7121008.html|website = The Huffington Post| date=23 April 2015 |accessdate = 2015-12-13}}</ref> [[File:States recognising the Armenian Genocide.svg|thumb|451x451px|Countries that recognize the Armenian Genocide in blue. Countries that deny the Armenian Genocide in red]] ==Denialist claims== Below is a [[summary]] of the common claims made by Armenian genocide deniers: {| {{Table|hide|sort}} ! Type !! Claims |- ! Common | * "The genocide was a legitimate state action that could not be challenged on legal or moral grounds"<ref name="TA">{{cite book| last=Akçam| first=Taner| author-link=Taner Akçam |title=The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire| date=2012| publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15333-9 |quote=What must be understood is that the thesis known in Turkey as the 'official version'{{nbsp}}... takes as its starting point the assumption that the events of 1915 were derived from governmental actions that were, in essence, within the bounds of what are considered normal and legal actions for a state entity and cannot therefore be explained through a recourse to criminality or criminal law. According to this assumption, under certain conditions a government or a state can resort to actions such as 'forcible deportation,' even if they result in the deaths of its own citizens, and there are no moral or legal grounds upon which such actions can be faulted. }}</ref> * "Armenians were to be [[Victim blaming|blamed]] for it, so there was no genocide"<ref name="RGS">{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Ronald Grigory |title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1 |quote=The Turkish state and those few historians who reject the notion of genocide have argued that the tragedy was the result of a reasonable and understandable response of a government to a rebellious and seditious population in time of war and mortal danger to the state's survival{{nbsp}}... There was no genocide, and the Armenians were to blame for it. They were rebellious, seditious subjects who presented a danger to the empire and got what they deserved{{nbsp}}... Still—the denialists claim—despite the existential threat posed by the Armenians and their Russian allies to the survival of the empire, there was no intention or effort by the Young Turk regime to eliminate the Armenians as a people. }}</ref> * "Armenians rebelled in the eastern Ottoman provinces. They worked for [[Russian Empire|Russia]], so fighting them was not a genocide"<ref> * {{cite journal|last=Moses |first=A. Dirk |title=Genocide vs. Security: a False Opposition |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=2013 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=463–509 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2013.856095 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2013.856095|url-access=subscription|quote=This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about 'the Armenians' as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The ''collective guilt'' accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years now. }} * {{cite journal |last1=Kaligian |first1=Dikran |title=Anatomy of Denial: Manipulating Sources and Manufacturing a Rebellion |journal=Genocide Studies International |date=2014 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=208–223 |doi=10.3138/gsi.8.2.06 |quote=One of the key arguments made by genocide deniers is that the deportations, and whatever 'unfortunate excesses' occurred during them, were not part of a plan of extermination but rather a response to an Armenian rebellion in the eastern provinces in collaboration with Russia. }} * {{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=Geoffrey |title=An Inconvenient Genocide: Who Now Remembers the Armenians? |date=2015 |publisher=Biteback Publishing |isbn=978-1-84954-822-9 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqmrBAAAQBAJ&q=%22in+war+can+never+justify+the+deliberate+killing+of+civilians%22&pg=PT99 |language=en |quote='Necessity' in war can never justify the deliberate killing of civilians: if they are suspected of treason or loyalty to the enemy they may be detained or interned, or prosecuted, but not sent on marches from which they are expected not to return. }}</ref> |- ! Other | * "Fewer than 300,000 Armenians died"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hovannisian |first1=Richard G. |author1-link=Richard G. Hovannisian |title=Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide |date=2001 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-349-66019-3 |pages=796–812 |language=en |chapter=Denial: The Armenian Genocide as a Prototype }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bloxham |first1=Donald |title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-922688-7 |language=en }}</ref> * "Some Armenians were spared, like Armenian Catholics and Protestants, so there was no genocide"<ref name="TA" /> * "Many of the sources are [[Forgery|made up]]. The survivors and [[Western world|Western]] [[Diplomacy|diplomats]] lied"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akçam |first1=Taner |title=Killing Orders: Talat Pasha's Telegrams and the Armenian Genocide |date=2018 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-319-69787-1 |language=en |quote=On one hand, there are successive Turkish governments that have destroyed any and all evidence that would show the events of 1915 to have been a systematic program of annihilation; this has included all of the case files from the post-war trials of the Unionists (1919–1921){{nbsp}}... On the other hand, there is the chorus of historians who reiterate the line that, in the absence of solid, reliable documentary evidence—in other words, 'smoking guns' from the Ottoman archives or elsewhere—proving otherwise, there can be no objective claim of a government-sponsored genocide against the Armenians{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> * "Armenians were the ones who committed a genocide against Turks", as shown by the "Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum"<ref> * {{cite book |last1=Marchand |first1=Laure |last2=Perrier |first2=Guillaume |title=Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-9720-4 |pages=111–112 |language=en |quote=The Iğdır genocide monument is the ultimate caricature of the Turkish government's policy of denying the 1915 genocide by rewriting history and transforming victims into guilty parties. }} * {{cite book |last1=Cheterian |first1=Vicken |title=Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide |date=2015 |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.|Hurst]] |isbn=978-1-84904-458-5 |language=en |quote=Some of the proponents of this official narrative have even gone so far as to claim that the Armenians were the real aggressors, and that Muslim losses were greater than those of the Armenians. }} * {{cite journal |last1=Gürpınar |first1=Doğan |title=The Manufacturing of Denial: the Making of the Turkish 'Official Thesis' on the Armenian Genocide Between 1974 and 1990 |journal=Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies |date=2016 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=217–240 |doi=10.1080/19448953.2016.1176397 |quote=Maintaining that 'the best defence is a good offence', the new strategy involved accusing Armenians in response for perpetrating genocide against the Turks. The violence committed by the Armenian committees under the Russian occupation of Eastern Anatolia and massacring of tens of thousands of Muslims (Turks and Kurds) in revenge killings in 1916–17 was extravagantly displayed, magnified and decontextualized. }}</ref> |- |} ==History== ===Origins of Armenian genocide denial in Turkey=== The Armenian genocide started in 1915, but since 1789, Turkey has denied many acts of violence towards the Armenian people.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Göçek|first=Fatma Müge|title=Young Turk Denial of the Act of Violence, 1908–1918|date=2014-11-03|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199334209.003.0003|work=Denial of Violence|pages=4|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2023-05-15}}</ref> [[Fatma Gocek,]] who studies the Armenian genocide, believes that because Turkey has denied violence towards Armenians since 1789, Turkey was more likely to deny the Armenian genocide.<ref name=":0" /> Since the Armenian genocide happened, the main claim of denial used by the Ottoman Empire (later the Republic of Turkey) has remained the same.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|publisher=Wayne State University|year=1998|pages=273}}</ref>The Ottoman Empire believes that the genocide never happened, that Turkey is not responsible for the genocide and that “Genocide” is too strong word to use to describe what happened.<ref name=":1" /> The leaders of the Ottoman Empire thought they could not say the Armenian Genocide was real.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.001.0001|title=The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity|last=Akçam|first=Taner|date=2012-04-15|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15333-9|pages=xi}}</ref> This was because most of the countries the Ottoman Empire was allied with had mainly [[Christianity|Christian]] people.<ref name=":2" /> Armenians were also Christian, and if the Ottoman Empire’s allies found out the Ottoman Empire used violence against other Christians, the allies would have been upset.<ref name=":2" /> Thus, the leaders of the Ottoman Empire attempted to frame the deportations as a response to a national security threat posed by the Armenians.<ref name=":2" /> During the time the genocide was happening, [[Enver Pasha]], told the American ambassador Henry Morgenthau Sr. that the Armenians were [[Separatism|separatists]], [[Treason|traitors]] and [[Violence|violent]] towards Ottoman soldiers and that was why the Ottoman government had to displace them.<ref name="RGS" /> This was untrue, Armenians were only violent after the genocide had started.<ref name="RGS" /> After [[World War I]], Talat Pasha followed Enver's strategy to deny the Armenian Genocide.<ref name="RGS" /> The Armenians did not participate in violence against the government until after the genocide had started.<ref name="RGS" /> The violence the Armenians participated in was for their [[Self-defence|self-defense]].<ref name="RGS" /> The Ottoman Empire tried to prove they were not responsible for the genocide by trying to place the blame on other groups.<ref name=":1" /> The Ottoman Empire blamed corrupt officials, [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], and criminals for the events of the genocide.<ref name=":1" /> [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]] was the founder of Turkey, and still holds a very important role in how Turkish people see themselves.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Melson|first=Robert|date=2008|title=A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, Taner Akçam (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), xii + 467 pp., $30.00|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|volume=22|pages=113-114}}</ref> Ataturk originally supported justice for people responsible for the genocide.<ref name=":4" /> He said the genocide was * “[A] Shameful [act]”<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=A shameful act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility|last=Akcam|first=Taner|publisher=Metropolitan Books|year=2006|location=New York|pages=345-346}}</ref> ** and said * “What were the Allied powers waiting for before hanging these scoundrels”<ref name=":5" /> ** Ataturk meant that the [[Allied Powers of World War I|Allied powers]] of World War 1 should have sentenced the people responsible for the genocide to death. In 1920 the [[Treaty of Sevres]] was signed.<ref name=":4" /> This would have resulted in a loss of land and loss of [[sovereignty]] (the ability for a country to govern itself independently) for Turkey.<ref name=":4" /> In 1921 Greece invaded Turkey.<ref name=":4" /> In two ways Turkey’s territory and sovereignty were threatened.<ref name=":4" /> Because of this, Ataturk changed his opinion on the Armenian Genocide so he could bring Turks together. Ataturk denied the Armenian Genocide to promote [[nationalism]] and unity against the two major threats (The Treaty of Sevres and the Greek invasion).<ref name=":4" /> Later, Turkey began a campaign claiming that people who survived the genocide were lying.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Turkey and the Armenian Ghost: On the Trail of the Genocide|last=Marchand, Guillame Perrier, Debbie Blythe|first=Laure|publisher=MQUP|year=2015|location=Montreal|pages=116}}</ref> Turkey also said that foreigners who said the Armenian Genocide happened were part of a group conspiring against Turkey (trying to cause harm to Turkey).<ref name=":6" /> Also, Turkey said any documents proving the Armenian Genocide happened were fake.<ref name=":6" /> ==Armenian genocide denial in modern Turkey== Today, denial of the Armenian Genocide is a large part of Turkish nationalism and how Turks define themselves.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Bilali|first=Rezarta|date=2013|title=National Narrative and Social Psychological Influences in Turks’ Denial of the Mass Killings of Armenians as Genocide|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josi.12001|journal=Journal of Social Issues|volume=69|issue=1|pages=20|doi=10.1111/josi.12001|issn=0022-4537}}</ref> If a Turk agreed that the Armenian Genocide was real, this would go against how Turks see their country.<ref name=":7" /> This would cause problems with self and national-[[Identity politics|identity]].<ref name=":7" /> Many in Turkey still do not believe the Armenian Genocide happened.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Oranlı|first=Imge|date=2020-11-24|title=Epistemic Injustice ''from Afar'': Rethinking the Denial of Armenian Genocide|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2020.1839593|journal=Social Epistemology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=121-122|doi=10.1080/02691728.2020.1839593|issn=0269-1728}}</ref> This is because of five reasons. Firstly, there were laws which said that people who publicly said they believe the Armenian Genocide is real could go to jail.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Consequences of Denial: The Armenian Genocide|url=https://archive.org/details/consequencesofde0000alay|last=Alayarian|first=Aida|publisher=Karnac Books|year=2008|location=London|pages=xiv, 125}}</ref> Secondly, people who believe in the Armenian Genocide are seen as traitors.<ref name=":8" /> This creates a lot of social pressure to continue denial.<ref name=":8" /> Thirdly, many Turkish people do not learn about Armenian history.<ref name=":8" /> Fourthly, many Turkish and Kurdish people gained property and wealth because of the genocide.<ref name=":8" /> When Armenian people were removed from their homes, their homes and belongings were divided between other people.<ref name=":8" /> Fifthly, Turkish people were affected by social amnesia (a group of people start to forget their past because other people remove evidence of the truth).<ref name=":9" /> ==Research== In 1990, [[psychologist]] Robert Jay Lifton got a letter from the Turkish [[Ambassador]] to the United States. In the letter, the Ambassador asked Lifton how he could have talked about the Armenian Genocide in one of his books (because the Ambassador believed the Genocide never happened). By mistake, the Ambassador also included a draft of a letter written by [[Intellectual|scholar]] Heath Lowry, which told him how to keep the Armenian Genocide from being talked about in books. Lowry was later named to a chair (an important position) at [[Princeton University]]. Princeton had been given a $750,000 grant from the Republic of Turkey. This led to many arguments about [[ethics]] in scholarship.[http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/1][https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DD1F39F931A35755C0A960958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/L/Lifton,%20Robert%20Jay] [[Open University of Israel]] scholar Yair Auron has talked about the different ways the Turkish government has tried to make it seem like the Armenian Genocide never happened:<ref>Auron, Yair. ''The Banality of Denial'', p. 47</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Since the 1980s, the Turkish government has supported the establishment of "institutes" affiliated with respected [[university|universities]], whose apparent purpose is to further research on Turkish history and culture, but which also tend to act in ways that further denial.}} Auron is saying that since the 1980s, the Turkish government has given money to some good universities to create "institutes" that should study Turkish history and culture more in details. However, these institutes helped to deny the Genocide and the events of it even more. [[University of California, Los Angeles]] scholar Leo Kuper, in a review on Ervin Staub's ''The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence'', wrote:<ref>"Review (The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. by Ervin Staub)", Leo Kuper // Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 19, No. 5. (Sep., 1990), p. 683</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The Armenian genocide is a contemporary current issue, given the persistent aggressive denial of the crime by the Turkish government - not withstanding its own judgment in courts martial after the first World War, that its leading ministers had deliberately planned and carried out the annihilation of Armenians, with the participation of many regional administrators.}} Kuper is saying that the Turkish government keeps saying the Genocide never happened. But in [[Court-martial|courts-martial]] after [[World War I]], the Turkish government admitted that it organized, planned, and committed the genocide of Armenians. ==Issues== ===Laws in Turkey=== In the aftermath of the [[Armenian Genocide]], the newly founded [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] created an organization that investigated how many Armenians had died between 1915 and 1918. It was discovered that 800.000 people had died during this time, though many historians believe the death toll is much higher. The founder of modern Turkey, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], admitted to the killing of Armenians more than once after the [[World War I]], and many within his movement agreed accountability was needed. This changed in the following years, when it was discovered that many of Turkey's founders were involved in the genocide. Since these men were celebrated as heroes during the First World War, their crimes were not recognized by Turkey. [[Turkey]] continues to deny the murder of the Armenian people in the [[Ottoman Empire]] was a [[genocide]]. While there is no a specific law in Turkey today that forbids people from talking about the genocide, there have been many cases of Turkey using the law to stop education on the Armenian Genocide. Scholars of history have named several reasons why does Turkey still continues to deny the Armenian Genocide. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Belinda |last2=Akcam |first2=Taner |date=2005 |title=Turks, Armenians, and the "G-Word" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209979 |journal=World Policy Journal |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=81–93 |issn=0740-2775 }}</ref> For instance, many Turkish policymakers have expressed that admitting to the genocide would result in Armenia calling for [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]], or even demand back the territories they lost in World War I.<ref>{{cite journal |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |date=2015 |title=The G-Word: The Armenian Massacre and the Politics of Genocide |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483226 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=136–148 |issn=0015-7120 }}</ref> ===International Laws=== Some countries, for example, [[Switzerland]], have laws which punish thoese people who deny genocides or [[crimes against humanity]].<ref name="Article merlin.obs.coe.int">{{cite web |title=Article |url=https://merlin.obs.coe.int/article/7434 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=merlin.obs.coe.int }}</ref> A Turkish politician [[Dogu Perinçek]] was found guilty by this Swiss law in March 2007 because he said that the Armenian genocide is “a great international lie.” <ref>{{cite web |date=2015-10-16 |title=Human Rights Court: Denial of Armenian genocide is not a crime |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/human-rights-court-denial-of-armenian-genocide-is-not-a-crime |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB }}</ref> He did not agree with the court`s decision, and he said that the decision went against his freedom of speech (the right to express ones opinion without legal intervention). He went against the court`s decision, and his law case went to [[the European Court of Human Rights]]. The court decided that Dogu Perinçek is not guilty and that this law is against the freedom of expression.<ref name="Article merlin.obs.coe.int" /> ===Mass media=== In the June 6, 2005 edition of the ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME Europe]]'' magazine, the Ankara Chamber of Commerce paid for tourism advertisements. These advertisements included [[DVD|DVDs]] accusing Armenian people of killing Turkish people. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Vick|first=Karl|date=2005-09-30|title=In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History|language=en-US|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092902240.html|access-date=2023-05-09|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ''TIME Europe'' later apologized for sharing the [[DVD]] and published a letter saying the DVDs were wrong. The February 12, 2007 edition of ''TIME Europe'' had a page that said that the Armenian genocide did really happen. It also included a DVD of a [[documentary]] by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide.<ref>{{Cite web|last=fm|date=2007-02-02|title=TIME carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide|url=https://www.financialmirror.com/2007/02/02/time-carries-documentary-adopts-policy-on-armenian-genocide/|access-date=2023-05-09|website=Financial Mirror|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2014, Armenian-American singer-songwriter [[Serj Tankian]] wrote a letter addressed to the "People of Turkey" in which he posed the question "Must I fight propoganda and corruption internationally to regain justice?" In it he talks about how the Denial of the Armenian Genocide has impacted him, and how he feels Turkey could do better moving forward.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-05|title=Serj Tankian writes a letter to the people of Turkey {{!}} Music of Armenia|url=http://www.musicofarmenia.com/serj-tankian-writes-letter-people-turkey|access-date=2023-05-09|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2018-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205145638/http://www.musicofarmenia.com/serj-tankian-writes-letter-people-turkey|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day=== The 24th of April is the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. In 2015, exactly 100 years after the genocide, lots of seminars, workshops, and events were organized in the capital city of Armenia, [[Yerevan]]. Presidents, politicians and important people from all around the world were invited, and the [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recip Tayyip Erdogan]] as well.<ref name="Armenians mark 100 years since genocide">{{Cite web|date=2015-04-24|title=Armenians mark 100 years since genocide|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150424-armenians-mark-100-years-genocide-turkey|access-date=2023-04-25|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Erdogan answered back with an invitation for a celebration of the [[battle of Gallipoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey invites Armenian president to 100th anniversary of Gallipoli War|url=https://www.tert.am/en/news/2015/01/16/erdogan-sargsyan/1561256|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425140742/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2015/01/16/erdogan-sargsyan/1561256|archive-date=2023-04-25|access-date=2023-04-25|website=www.tert.am|language=en}}</ref> For the first time, the celebration of this battle was on the same day as the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. This decision might have been a trick to turn international attention away from the Armenian Genocide. Armenian president at that time, [[Armen Sargystan]], said in his answer to Erdogan`s invitation that “it is not our rule to be hosted by guests.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=It isn't our rule to be hosted by guest - Armenian leader to Turkey's Erdogan|url=https://www.tert.am/en/news/2015/01/16/sargsyan4/1561656|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425140743/https://www.tert.am/en/news/2015/01/16/sargsyan4/1561656|archive-date=2023-04-25|access-date=2023-04-25|website=www.tert.am|language=en}}</ref> On this day, there were protests all around the world. For example, in [[Tehran]], around 1,000 people protested in front of the Turkish embassy. Even in [[Istanbul]] around 100 people called for the recognition of the Armenian genocide.<ref name="Armenians mark 100 years since genocide" /> ==Countries that recognise the Armenian genocide== The following countries recognize the Armenian genocide:<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries that Recognize the Armenian Genocide |url=https://www.armenian-genocide.org/recognition_countries.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=www.armenian-genocide.org }}</ref> # [[Argentina]] # [[Austria]] # [[Belgium]] # [[Bolivia]] # [[Brazil]] # [[Canada]] # [[Chile]] # [[Cyprus]] # [[Czech Republic]] # [[Denmark]] # [[France]] # [[Germany]] # [[Greece]] # [[Italy]] # [[Latvia]] # [[Lebanon]] # [[Lithuania]] # [[Luxembourg]] # [[Mexico]] # [[Netherlands]] # [[Paraguay]] # [[Poland]] # [[Portugal]] # [[Russia]] # [[Slovakia]] # [[Sweden]] # [[Switzerland]] # [[Syria]] # [[Vatican City]] # [[Venezuela]] # [[United States]] # [[Uruguay]] ===United States=== ====Ronald Reagan==== On April 22 1981, [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] talked about the [[Armenian genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in reference to a speech he made about the Holocaust, saying "Like the genocide of the Armenians before it ... the lessons of the Holocaust must never be forgotten".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ronald Reagan|url=https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.63/current_category.4/affirmation_detail.html|access-date=2023-05-09|website=www.armenian-genocide.org}}</ref> ====Joe Biden==== In 2021, US President [[Joe Biden]] said that the killing of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was a genocide.<ref name="What Biden's Recognition of Armenian Genocide Means to Armenian-Americans">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=What Biden's Recognition of Armenian Genocide Means to Armenian-Americans|url=https://time.com/5959135/biden-armenia-genocide/|access-date=2023-04-28|website=Time|language=en}}</ref> This was the first time when an American president formally and publicly recognised this event as a genocide.<ref name="What Biden's Recognition of Armenian Genocide Means to Armenian-Americans" /> This decision made relationships between USA and Turkey more complicated but was important for Armenians living in the United States. ==Related pages== * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[Holodomor denial]] * [[Bosnian genocide#Denial|Bosnian genocide denial]] * [[Rwandan genocide denial]] * [[Cambodian genocide denial]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Falsification of history}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Disinformation]] [[Category:Genocide denial]] [[Category:Anti-Armenianism]] [[Category:Armenian Genocide]] [[Category:Conspiracy theories]] dm89ifwn673l4bix00af0evp0fd8lyl 0 81592 10331279 10169559 2025-06-15T01:37:17Z 180.150.36.182 10331279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Garth Brooks | image = Garth Brooks 2019 By Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Garth Brooks in Los Angeles, California March 2019 | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Troyal Garth Brooks | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|2|7}} | origin = [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], [[United States|U.S.]] | instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[guitar]] (primary instruments)<br>[[Piano]]<br>[[Saxophone]] | genre = [[Country music|Country]] | occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]] | Years_active = 1985–2001<br>2005–present | label = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], Liberty, Pearl, [[RCA Records Nashville|RCA Nashville]] | associated_acts = [[Carrie Underwood]] | website = {{URL|https://www.garthbrooks.com/}} }} '''Troyal Garth Brooks''', commonly known as Garth Brooks, (born February 7, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[country music]] [[singer]] and [[songwriter]]. He uses [[Rock music|rock]] elements in his recordings and live performances. Brooks was successful in the country singles and country album charts and later also proved popular in the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience.<ref name="johnsonag">{{cite web | last = Johnson | first = Kevin C. | title = Country music may survive A.G. (After Garth) | publisher = St. Louis Post-Dispatch | date = November 11, 2000 | url = http://www.planetgarth.com/news/article.php?cid=428 | accessdate = 2007-04-03 | archive-date = 2007-10-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012094802/https://www.planetgarth.com/news/article.php?cid=428 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Brooks has had one of the most successful careers in [[Pop music|popular music]] history, with over 70 hit singles and 15 charted albums to his credit. Throughout the 1990s he broke records for both sales and concert attendance. In 1999, looking to expand his career boundaries, Brooks began a [[multimedia]] project involving a fictitious [[alter ego]] known as Chris Gaines. He started performing at bars while studying advertising in college and also working as a bouncer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://concerty.com/artist/garth-brooks-445819|title=Garth Brooks Biography|website=Concerty.com}}</ref> In 2001, Brooks officially [[Retirement|retired]] from recording and performing, after having conflicts between his career and family.<ref name="johnsonag"/> During this time he has sold millions of albums through an exclusive distribution deal with [[Walmart]] and has released new singles from time to time.<ref name="boxset">{{cite web | title = Garth cracks a Million - again | publisher = Country Weekly | date = December 8, 2005 | url = https://www.countryweekly.com/scoop/1607 | accessdate = 2007-03-16 | archive-date = 2006-10-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061021120218/http://www.countryweekly.com/scoop/1607 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="ledoux">{{cite web | title = Garth Brooks Boxed Set is Single Biggest Music Event in Wal-Mart History | publisher = Wal-Mart | date = November 29, 2005 | url = https://www.walmart.com/catalog/garth/news_2005-11-29.jsp?dept=4104 | accessdate = 2007-03-16 | archive-date = 2012-08-06 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/69iAuoSzk?url=https://www.walmart.com/catalog/garth/news_2005-11-29.jsp?dept=4104 | url-status = dead }}</ref> On November 6, 2007, ''[[The Ultimate Hits]]'' was released. Brooks came out of retirement in 2007 when he opened a new [[arena]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]].<ref name=Hodak>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/brittany-hodak/garth-brooks-superfans-an_b_5585333.html |title=Garth Brooks, Superfans, and Millennials: Why the World Will be Watching Garth's "Comeback" |author=Brittany Hodak |date=14 July 2014 |website= |publisher= TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. |accessdate=9 August 2014 }}</ref> He left retirement again in 2013 to play at the Encore Casino in [[Las Vegas]].<ref name=Hodak/> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable" ! Year ! Album details |- | 1989 | ''[[Garth Brooks (album)|Garth Brooks]]'' * Release date: April 12, 1989 * Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol Nashville]] |- | 1990 | ''[[No Fences]]'' * Release date: August 27, 1990 * Label: Capitol Nashville |- | 1991 | ''[[Ropin' the Wind]]'' * Release date: September 10, 1991 * Label: Liberty Records |- | 1992 | ''[[The Chase (album)|The Chase]]'' * Release date: September 22, 1992 * Label: Liberty Records |- | 1993 | ''[[In Pieces]]'' * Release date: August 31, 1993 * Label: Liberty Records |- | 1995 | ''[[Fresh Horses (album)|Fresh Horses]]'' * Release date: November 21, 1995 * Label: Capitol Nashville |- | 1997 | ''[[Sevens (album)|Sevens]]'' * Release date: November 25, 1997 * Label: Capitol Nashville |- | 2001 | ''[[Scarecrow (Garth Brooks album)|Scarecrow]]'' * Release date: November 13, 2001 * Label: Capitol Nashville |- | 2005 | ''[[The Lost Sessions]]'' * Release date: November 25, 2005 * Label: Pearl Records |- | 2014 | ''[[Man Against Machine]]'' * Release date: November 11, 2014 * Label: Pearl Records |- | 2016 | ''[[Gunslinger]]'' * Release date: November 25, 2016 * Label: Pearl Records |- | 2020 | ''Fun'' * Release date: November 20, 2020 * Label: Pearl Records |- | 2023 | ''Time Traveler'' * Release date: November 7, 2023 * Label: Pearl Records |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Garth Brooks}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brooks, Garth}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American country guitarists]] [[Category:Country musicians from Oklahoma]] [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from Oklahoma]] [[Category:Singers from Oklahoma]] [[Category:RCA Records artists]] [[Category:Garth Brooks| ]] t7fruprce6ujfv2zatorgw4qjp8pupl 0 83156 10331043 9745770 2025-06-14T23:05:56Z 146.198.197.180 I wrote the story as I recalled it from childhood 10331043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fairy tale | name = The Story of the Three Bears | image = [[File:Robert Southey - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg|220px]] | caption = Robert Southey (date unknown) | title_orig = | other_titles = The Three Bears | translator = | author = Robert Southey | country = England | language = English | characters = Three Bears<br />'''Old Woman''' | genre = Literary fairy tale | published_in = ''The Doctor'' | publication_type = Essay and story collection | publisher = Longman, Rees, etc. | media_type = Print | pub_date = 1837 | notable_adaptations = }} "'''The Story of the Three Bears'''" is a literary [[fairy tale]]. It was written by [[Robert Southey]] and first published in 1837 in a collection of his essays and stories. Southey's story is about an old woman who enters the house of three [[bachelor]] bears during their absence. She eats their food, breaks a chair, and sleeps in a bed. She runs away when discovered. In time, the three bachelor bears became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. The old woman became a little girl called Goldilocks. The story supports several interpretations. It has been [[adaptation|adapted]] to [[animation|animated]] [[movie]]s, a [[live action]] movie, and a short [[opera]].As far as I can remember it was a dad bear a mum bear and a baby bear, it was never three male bears. == Story == Three male bears{{mdash}}"a Little, Small, Wee Bear ... a Middle-sized Bear ... and a Great, Huge Bear"{{mdash}} live in a house in the woods. They each have a [[porridge]] pot, a chair, and a bed. One morning, they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools. A little old woman{{mdash}}"an impudent, bad old Woman"{{mdash}}enters the house during the bears' absence. She eats the little bear's porridge, breaks his little chair, and falls asleep in his little bed. The bears come home, and discover the old woman asleep. She wakes, sees the bears, jumps out the window, and fall to her death{{mdash}}never to be seen again.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|pp=318{{ndash}}26}}</ref> == Origin == "The Story of the Three Bears" was written by English writer Robert Southey.<ref name=tatar245>{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=245}}</ref> It was published in 1837 his 4-volume collection of essays and stories called ''The Doctor''.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=33}}</ref> Southey probably heard a version of the story as a boy from his uncle William Tyler. It was this version that was probably the basis for the story Southey included in ''The Doctor''.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=34}}</ref> It is unknown where or how his uncle learned the story.<ref name=opie199/> Southey had known the story for a long time before he published it. He had been telling it to family and friends since 1813.<ref name=dorson94>{{harvnb|Dorson|2001|p=94}}</ref> [[File:Page 89 illustration in More English Fairy Tales.png|thumb|left|upright|An illustration from ''More English Fairy Tales'' (1894) shows Scrapefoot (a fox) falling from a window.]] A very similar version of the story predates Southey's published one of 1837. In 1831, a lady named Eleanor Mure wrote the story in rhyming verse for her nephew's fourth birthday.<ref name=opie199>{{harvnb|Opie|1992|p=199}}</ref> In both Southey's and Mure's versions, the character who enters the bears' house is an ugly old woman. The two versions differ only in some small details: Southey's bears have porridge, for example, while Mure's bears have milk.<ref name=opie199/> The same year Southey published the story, a rhyming version was written by William Nicol.<ref name=opie199/> Southey wrote on 3 July 1837 that he had received Nicol's version. He liked it. He thought it would bring the story more attention from children.<ref name=Curry65>{{harvnb|Curry|1921|p=65}}</ref> Nicol's version was published in 1841 with illustrations.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=47}}</ref> The story of the three bears resembles parts of "[[Snow White]]", or a story from [[Norway]] about a princess and three princes dressed in bear skins.<ref name=opie200>{{harvnb|Opie|1992|p=200}}</ref> [[Charles Dickens]] included a story about [[goblin]]s in his 1865 [[novel]] ''Our Mutual Friend'' that also resembles "The Three Bears".<ref name=oberxii>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=xii}}</ref> A story called "Scrapefoot" may be the original for "The Three Bears". This story has a [[fox]] (not a human) as the intruder in the bears' house.<ref name=opie199/> == Goldilocks == About 12 years after Southey's story was published, writer Joseph Cundall changed the old woman into a little girl in his book ''Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children''. Cundall made this change because there were many children's books about old women at the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|pp=109{{ndash}}10}}</ref> Once the little girl entered the story, she stayed there. She was known over the years as Silverhair, Silverlocks, Goldenlocks, and other names. She finally became [[Goldilocks]] sometime in the early 20th century. In time, the three male bears of Southey's original became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. What was once a scary little story about a nosy, ugly old woman and three male bears became a cozy little story about a nosy, pretty little girl and a family of bears. In versions of the story from the [[Victorian Era]], Southey's "[T]here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out, and down came her's, plump upon the ground" was changed to read "and down she came" instead. All mention of the human "bottom" was wiped out. == Interpretations == [[File:The Three Bears - Project Gutenberg etext 19993.jpg|thumb|Illustration from ''Childhood's Favorites and Fairy Stories'']] In ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'' (2002), [[Harvard]] [[professor]] [[Maria Tatar]] writes that the story is sometimes regarded as a [[cautionary tale]]. It warns children about the dangers of wandering off into unknown places. She points out that the story is often presented today as one about what is "just right" for oneself. In earlier times however, the story was about interfering with someone else's property.<ref name=tatar246>{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=246}}</ref><ref name=tatar251>{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=251}}</ref> In ''The Uses of Enchantment'' (1976), child [[psychologist]] [[Bruno Bettelheim]] discusses Goldilock's struggle to grow beyond her Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems.<ref name="Schultz93"/> The story does not encourage children to solve the problems of growing up, Bettelheim writes, and does not end with the traditional "happily ever after" promise for those who solve their Oedipal issues. He believes the tale does not allow the child reader to gain emotional maturity.<ref>{{harvnb|Bettelheim|1976|pp=215{{ndash}}24}}</ref> Tatar writes, "[Bettelheim's] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales, that is, in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child. While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes "[[Cinderella]]" does, it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just 'trying out' things that do not belong to you."<ref name="Tatar246">{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=246}}</ref> The story supports a [[Freud]]ian [[anal stage]] interpretation. In ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations" (1977), Professor Emeritus of the University of California, David [[Alan C. Elms]] makes such an interpretation and points to the story's emphasis upon orderliness{{mdash}}one of the character traits Freud associated with the [[anal stage]] of human development{{mdash}}as compelling evidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Elms|1977|pp=264{{ndash}}69}}</ref> Elms traces the story's anality to Southey and to his dirt-obsessed aunt who passed her obsession on to him in "somewhat milder form".<ref name="Schultz93">{{harvnb|Schultz|2005|p=93}}</ref> == Adaptations == The [[Walt Disney]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studios have both made [[animation|animated]] [[movies]] about the Three Bears{{mdash}}Disney in 1922 and MGM in 1939.<ref>Disney</ref><ref>MGM</ref> Coronet Films made a short [[live action]] movie in 1958 that had real bears and a real child playing the characters.<ref>Coronet</ref> ''Faerie Tale Theatre'' made a [[television]] version in 1984. It stars Tatum O'Neal as Goldilocks. Kurt Schwertsik wrote a 35-minute [[opera]] called ''[[Roald Dahl]]'s Goldilocks''. Baby Bear is accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks. The tables are turned when the defense shows that the bears have had a lot of touble because of that "brazen little crook" Goldilocks. The was first presented in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.<ref>''Roald Dahl's Goldilocks''</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |author=Booker, Christopher |year=2005 |title=The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tujDvUEpY10C&pg=PA229 |chapter=The Rule of Three |isbn=0-8264-5209-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Briggs, Katherine Mary |year=2002 |origyear=1977 |title=British Folk Tales and Legends |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-28602-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_K17hW40SkC&pg=PA128 }} * {{Cite web |title=Coronet: Goldilocks and the Three Bears |publisher=[[Internet Archive]] |accessdate=2009-02-21 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldilocks_and_the_three_bears }} * {{Cite book |author=Curry, Charles Madison |year=1921 |title=Children's Literature |publisher=Rand McNally & Company |isbn=9781344646789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIUMAAAAYAAJ&dq=three+bears&pg=PA179 }} * {{Cite web |title=Disney: Goldilocks and the Three Bears |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts |accessdate=2009-02-21 |url=http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/goldielocksandthethreebears.html |archive-date=2009-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223141453/http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/goldielocksandthethreebears.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |author=Dorson, Richard Mercer |year=2001 |origyear=1968 |title=The British Folklorists |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-415-20426-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiCjLRGRkS4C&pg=PA94 }} * {{Cite journal |author=Elms, Alan C. |date=July–September 1977 |title="The Three Bears": Four Interpretations |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=90 |issue=357|pages=257–273 |doi=10.2307/539519 |jstor=539519 }} * {{Cite web |title=MGM: Goldilocks and the Three Bears |accessdate=2010-11-12 |url=http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/3138-Goldilocks_And_The_Three_Bears.html |archive-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117210452/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/3138-Goldilocks_And_The_Three_Bears.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |author=Ober, Warren U. |year=1981 |title=The Story of the Three Bears |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofthreebear0000unse_l0t2 |publisher=Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints |isbn=0-8201-1362-X }} * {{Cite book |author=Opie, Iona |author2=Opie, Peter |year=1992 |origyear=1974 |title=The Classic Fairy Tales |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-211559-6}} * {{Cite web |title=Roald Dahl's Goldilocks (1997) |accessdate=2009-01-03 |url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5058 }} * {{Cite book |author=Schultz, William Todd |year=2005 |title=Handbook of Psychobiography |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516827-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd0VgVIPuCcC&pg=PA93 }} * {{Cite book |author=Seal, Graham |year=2001 |title=Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-216-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&pg=PA92 }} * {{Cite book |author=Tatar, Maria |year=2002 |title=The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-05163-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehzvhjL5_W8C&q=goldilocks }} {{refend}} == Other websites == {{wikisource}} {{Wikisource|Scrapefoot}} {{commons category|The Three Bears}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.timesonindia.com/2017/02/goldilocks-three-bears-and-its-writer.html |title=Goldilocks Three Bears and its Writer Robert Southey |last=Rasheed |first=Farhan |date=24 February 2017 |publisher=Times On India |access-date=19 February 2020 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225215903/http://www.timesonindia.com/2017/02/goldilocks-three-bears-and-its-writer.html |archive-date=25 February 2017}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=yZUNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 "The Story of the Three Bears", versified by George Nicol, 2nd edition, 1839] {{DEFAULTSORT:Story of the Three Bears}} [[Category:Fairy tales]] [[Category:1830s works]] 2dy3dvjkewsqqe67zpwp2c08c7oxd8j 10331055 10331043 2025-06-14T23:11:12Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10331043 by [[Special:Contributions/146.198.197.180|146.198.197.180]] ([[User talk:146.198.197.180|talk]]) 10331055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fairy tale | name = The Story of the Three Bears | image = [[File:Robert Southey - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg|220px]] | caption = Robert Southey (date unknown) | title_orig = | other_titles = The Three Bears | translator = | author = Robert Southey | country = England | language = English | characters = Three Bears<br />'''Old Woman''' | genre = Literary fairy tale | published_in = ''The Doctor'' | publication_type = Essay and story collection | publisher = Longman, Rees, etc. | media_type = Print | pub_date = 1837 | notable_adaptations = }} "'''The Story of the Three Bears'''" is a literary [[fairy tale]]. It was written by [[Robert Southey]] and first published in 1837 in a collection of his essays and stories. Southey's story is about an old woman who enters the house of three [[bachelor]] bears during their absence. She eats their food, breaks a chair, and sleeps in a bed. She runs away when discovered. In time, the three bachelor bears became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. The old woman became a little girl called Goldilocks. The story supports several interpretations. It has been [[adaptation|adapted]] to [[animation|animated]] [[movie]]s, a [[live action]] movie, and a short [[opera]]. == Story == Three male bears{{mdash}}"a Little, Small, Wee Bear ... a Middle-sized Bear ... and a Great, Huge Bear"{{mdash}} live in a house in the woods. They each have a [[porridge]] pot, a chair, and a bed. One morning, they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools. A little old woman{{mdash}}"an impudent, bad old Woman"{{mdash}}enters the house during the bears' absence. She eats the little bear's porridge, breaks his little chair, and falls asleep in his little bed. The bears come home, and discover the old woman asleep. She wakes, sees the bears, jumps out the window, and fall to her death{{mdash}}never to be seen again.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|pp=318{{ndash}}26}}</ref> == Origin == "The Story of the Three Bears" was written by English writer Robert Southey.<ref name=tatar245>{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=245}}</ref> It was published in 1837 his 4-volume collection of essays and stories called ''The Doctor''.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=33}}</ref> Southey probably heard a version of the story as a boy from his uncle William Tyler. It was this version that was probably the basis for the story Southey included in ''The Doctor''.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=34}}</ref> It is unknown where or how his uncle learned the story.<ref name=opie199/> Southey had known the story for a long time before he published it. He had been telling it to family and friends since 1813.<ref name=dorson94>{{harvnb|Dorson|2001|p=94}}</ref> [[File:Page 89 illustration in More English Fairy Tales.png|thumb|left|upright|An illustration from ''More English Fairy Tales'' (1894) shows Scrapefoot (a fox) falling from a window.]] A very similar version of the story predates Southey's published one of 1837. In 1831, a lady named Eleanor Mure wrote the story in rhyming verse for her nephew's fourth birthday.<ref name=opie199>{{harvnb|Opie|1992|p=199}}</ref> In both Southey's and Mure's versions, the character who enters the bears' house is an ugly old woman. The two versions differ only in some small details: Southey's bears have porridge, for example, while Mure's bears have milk.<ref name=opie199/> The same year Southey published the story, a rhyming version was written by William Nicol.<ref name=opie199/> Southey wrote on 3 July 1837 that he had received Nicol's version. He liked it. He thought it would bring the story more attention from children.<ref name=Curry65>{{harvnb|Curry|1921|p=65}}</ref> Nicol's version was published in 1841 with illustrations.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=47}}</ref> The story of the three bears resembles parts of "[[Snow White]]", or a story from [[Norway]] about a princess and three princes dressed in bear skins.<ref name=opie200>{{harvnb|Opie|1992|p=200}}</ref> [[Charles Dickens]] included a story about [[goblin]]s in his 1865 [[novel]] ''Our Mutual Friend'' that also resembles "The Three Bears".<ref name=oberxii>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|p=xii}}</ref> A story called "Scrapefoot" may be the original for "The Three Bears". This story has a [[fox]] (not a human) as the intruder in the bears' house.<ref name=opie199/> == Goldilocks == About 12 years after Southey's story was published, writer Joseph Cundall changed the old woman into a little girl in his book ''Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children''. Cundall made this change because there were many children's books about old women at the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Ober|1981|pp=109{{ndash}}10}}</ref> Once the little girl entered the story, she stayed there. She was known over the years as Silverhair, Silverlocks, Goldenlocks, and other names. She finally became [[Goldilocks]] sometime in the early 20th century. In time, the three male bears of Southey's original became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. What was once a scary little story about a nosy, ugly old woman and three male bears became a cozy little story about a nosy, pretty little girl and a family of bears. In versions of the story from the [[Victorian Era]], Southey's "[T]here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out, and down came her's, plump upon the ground" was changed to read "and down she came" instead. All mention of the human "bottom" was wiped out. == Interpretations == [[File:The Three Bears - Project Gutenberg etext 19993.jpg|thumb|Illustration from ''Childhood's Favorites and Fairy Stories'']] In ''The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales'' (2002), [[Harvard]] [[professor]] [[Maria Tatar]] writes that the story is sometimes regarded as a [[cautionary tale]]. It warns children about the dangers of wandering off into unknown places. She points out that the story is often presented today as one about what is "just right" for oneself. In earlier times however, the story was about interfering with someone else's property.<ref name=tatar246>{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=246}}</ref><ref name=tatar251>{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=251}}</ref> In ''The Uses of Enchantment'' (1976), child [[psychologist]] [[Bruno Bettelheim]] discusses Goldilock's struggle to grow beyond her Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems.<ref name="Schultz93"/> The story does not encourage children to solve the problems of growing up, Bettelheim writes, and does not end with the traditional "happily ever after" promise for those who solve their Oedipal issues. He believes the tale does not allow the child reader to gain emotional maturity.<ref>{{harvnb|Bettelheim|1976|pp=215{{ndash}}24}}</ref> Tatar writes, "[Bettelheim's] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales, that is, in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child. While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes "[[Cinderella]]" does, it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just 'trying out' things that do not belong to you."<ref name="Tatar246">{{harvnb|Tatar|2002|p=246}}</ref> The story supports a [[Freud]]ian [[anal stage]] interpretation. In ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations" (1977), Professor Emeritus of the University of California, David [[Alan C. Elms]] makes such an interpretation and points to the story's emphasis upon orderliness{{mdash}}one of the character traits Freud associated with the [[anal stage]] of human development{{mdash}}as compelling evidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Elms|1977|pp=264{{ndash}}69}}</ref> Elms traces the story's anality to Southey and to his dirt-obsessed aunt who passed her obsession on to him in "somewhat milder form".<ref name="Schultz93">{{harvnb|Schultz|2005|p=93}}</ref> == Adaptations == The [[Walt Disney]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studios have both made [[animation|animated]] [[movies]] about the Three Bears{{mdash}}Disney in 1922 and MGM in 1939.<ref>Disney</ref><ref>MGM</ref> Coronet Films made a short [[live action]] movie in 1958 that had real bears and a real child playing the characters.<ref>Coronet</ref> ''Faerie Tale Theatre'' made a [[television]] version in 1984. It stars Tatum O'Neal as Goldilocks. Kurt Schwertsik wrote a 35-minute [[opera]] called ''[[Roald Dahl]]'s Goldilocks''. Baby Bear is accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks. The tables are turned when the defense shows that the bears have had a lot of touble because of that "brazen little crook" Goldilocks. The was first presented in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.<ref>''Roald Dahl's Goldilocks''</ref> == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |author=Booker, Christopher |year=2005 |title=The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tujDvUEpY10C&pg=PA229 |chapter=The Rule of Three |isbn=0-8264-5209-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Briggs, Katherine Mary |year=2002 |origyear=1977 |title=British Folk Tales and Legends |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-28602-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_K17hW40SkC&pg=PA128 }} * {{Cite web |title=Coronet: Goldilocks and the Three Bears |publisher=[[Internet Archive]] |accessdate=2009-02-21 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldilocks_and_the_three_bears }} * {{Cite book |author=Curry, Charles Madison |year=1921 |title=Children's Literature |publisher=Rand McNally & Company |isbn=9781344646789 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIUMAAAAYAAJ&dq=three+bears&pg=PA179 }} * {{Cite web |title=Disney: Goldilocks and the Three Bears |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts |accessdate=2009-02-21 |url=http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/goldielocksandthethreebears.html |archive-date=2009-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223141453/http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1922/goldielocksandthethreebears.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |author=Dorson, Richard Mercer |year=2001 |origyear=1968 |title=The British Folklorists |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-415-20426-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiCjLRGRkS4C&pg=PA94 }} * {{Cite journal |author=Elms, Alan C. |date=July–September 1977 |title="The Three Bears": Four Interpretations |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |volume=90 |issue=357|pages=257–273 |doi=10.2307/539519 |jstor=539519 }} * {{Cite web |title=MGM: Goldilocks and the Three Bears |accessdate=2010-11-12 |url=http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/3138-Goldilocks_And_The_Three_Bears.html |archive-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117210452/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/3138-Goldilocks_And_The_Three_Bears.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |author=Ober, Warren U. |year=1981 |title=The Story of the Three Bears |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofthreebear0000unse_l0t2 |publisher=Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints |isbn=0-8201-1362-X }} * {{Cite book |author=Opie, Iona |author2=Opie, Peter |year=1992 |origyear=1974 |title=The Classic Fairy Tales |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-211559-6}} * {{Cite web |title=Roald Dahl's Goldilocks (1997) |accessdate=2009-01-03 |url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5058 }} * {{Cite book |author=Schultz, William Todd |year=2005 |title=Handbook of Psychobiography |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516827-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd0VgVIPuCcC&pg=PA93 }} * {{Cite book |author=Seal, Graham |year=2001 |title=Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-216-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&pg=PA92 }} * {{Cite book |author=Tatar, Maria |year=2002 |title=The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-05163-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehzvhjL5_W8C&q=goldilocks }} {{refend}} == Other websites == {{wikisource}} {{Wikisource|Scrapefoot}} {{commons category|The Three Bears}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.timesonindia.com/2017/02/goldilocks-three-bears-and-its-writer.html |title=Goldilocks Three Bears and its Writer Robert Southey |last=Rasheed |first=Farhan |date=24 February 2017 |publisher=Times On India |access-date=19 February 2020 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225215903/http://www.timesonindia.com/2017/02/goldilocks-three-bears-and-its-writer.html |archive-date=25 February 2017}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=yZUNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 "The Story of the Three Bears", versified by George Nicol, 2nd edition, 1839] {{DEFAULTSORT:Story of the Three Bears}} [[Category:Fairy tales]] [[Category:1830s works]] c0ua757c3xvj77kqb7r35bsee4369fu 0 85575 10331790 4224451 2025-06-15T11:04:30Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:music-stub|music-stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mélodie''''' is the [[French language|French]] word for “[[melody]]”. The word is used in music to mean songs written by [[France|French]] [[composer]]s of [[classical music]] from the mid-[[19th century]] to the present. The ''mélodie'' in French music is similar to the ''[[Lied]]'' in [[Germany|German]] music. "''Mélodie''" is not the same as ''[[chanson]]'' (the French word for “song”). The word "''chanson''" is used for [[folksong]]s or [[popular song]]s. ==History== In Germany composers of classical music had been writing great songs from about 1800, but in France the ''mélodie'' became important about 50 years later. While some German ''Lieder'' were based on [[folksong]], the texts of the ''mélodie''s were usually poems by serious [[poet]]s. [[Hector Berlioz]] was the first composer to call some of his compositions ''mélodie''s. His ''Les Nuits d'Été'' (1841) is one of the greatest of all [[song cycle]]s. [[Charles Gounod]] wrote about 200 ''mélodie''s. He used texts by famous poets such as [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]]. [[Gabriel Fauré]] wrote more than 100 ''mélodie''s, many based on poems by [[Paul Verlaine|Verlaine]]. [[Henri Duparc]] wrote seventeen ''mélodie''s. These are what he is known for. [[Claude Debussy]] and [[Maurice Ravel]] were very famous composers who wrote a lot of music, including ''mélodie''s that are often sung today. Ravel’s melodies are unusual because they are often based on folksong. Other composers of ''mélodie'' at the time include [[Albert Roussel]], [[Reynaldo Hahn]] and [[André Caplet]]. ''Mélodie''s continue to be composed today, though perhaps the last really popular composer of them was [[Francis Poulenc]], who died in 1963. ==Performing ''mélodie''s== In the French ''mélodie'' the poet’s feelings are often suggested or hinted at rather than stated in an obvious way. There is a very close relationship between the text (words) and the melody. To sing ''mélodie'' really well a singer must know the French language very well and understand a lot about French poetry. The rules about singing in the French language can be quite complicated. It is important to know when to let the last sound of a word run into the next word ([[elision]]). Several books have been written about this. Although many famous singers are well known for singing French ''mélodie'', the most famous singer from the past was [[Pierre Bernac]]. He gave many song [[recital]]s with the composer [[Francis Poulenc]] who accompanied him on the piano. He wrote a book on how to sing ''mélodie''s. {{DEFAULTSORT:Melodie}} [[Category:Song forms]] {{music-stub}} h0fokdxvmvybxv2156o007m0158cv1f 0 86591 10331793 4224532 2025-06-15T11:05:11Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:stub|stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331793 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''gustatory system''' is the [[sensory system]] for the [[sense]] of [[taste]]. == Function == The [[human body]] can be [[stumuli|stimulated]] by certain things. This stimuli is measured by [[sensory receptor]]s and the energy is converted to something our [[brain]] can understand. There are receptors in our tongue which can measure four main things. === Salt === This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth. === Sour === Sour tastes are usually received from [[acid]]ic [[chemical compound|compounds]]. === Bitter === Bitter tastes are important, since poisons are usually bitter and therefore we need to know whether or not to spit a bitter food out. This is the most complicated receptor found in the mouth. === Sweet === Food which has a lot of [[carbohydrate]]s such as [[glucose]] are sweet. [[Category:Sensory system]] {{stub}} f8cyqip4ca121af2hubshrd55tzgjwj 0 88806 10331007 10189559 2025-06-14T22:44:52Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 epislon 10331007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|other uses|Alpha (disambiguation)}} {{Greek alphabet|letter=epsilon|Image=Epsilon|size=32kbps}} '''Alpha''' (uppercase/lowercase '''Α α'''), is the first letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], used to stand for the "a" sound in [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek language|Modern Greek]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 1. Letters that came from it are the [[roman alphabet|Roman]] [[A]] and [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] [[А]]. Alpha is often used in [[physics]] and [[chemistry]] as a [[symbol]] or in the names of things, for example [[alpha particle]]s (which are two [[proton]]s and two [[neutron]]s bound together into a [[particle]] the same as a [[helium]] [[Nucleus (physics)|nucleus]]). The symbol is also used a lot in [[mathematics]] in [[algebra]], for example in naming angles, and in [[statistics]], to represent [[statistical significance]] level.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=Greek/Hebrew/Latin-based Symbols in Mathematics|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/greek-hebrew-latin-symbols/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greek alphabet letters & symbols (α,β,γ,δ,ε,...)|url=https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/greek_alphabet.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.rapidtables.com}}</ref> Alpha is also used in the modern day as a slang term to describe someone who is superior to another. It gets it roots from an [[Alpha male|Alpha Male]], or a wolf that is the head of the pack. Additionally, alpha can refer to [[Generation Alpha|Gen Alpha]] or someone born between 2012 and 2024 (Inclusive) or a few years earlier or later. S''ee, [[Sigma male|Sigma Male]]'' == Related pages == * [[Alpha male]] * [[NATO phonetic alphabet]] * [[Generation Alpha]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Greek alphabet]] [[Category:Vowel letters]] {{europe-stub}} ed2v76zhsnynq67hk4n14j6f41h9d88 10331035 10331007 2025-06-14T23:01:42Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 10107066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|other uses|Alpha (disambiguation)}} {{Greek alphabet|letter=alpha}} '''Alpha''' (uppercase/lowercase '''Α α'''), is the first letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], used to stand for the "a" sound in [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek language|Modern Greek]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 1. Letters that came from it are the [[roman alphabet|Roman]] [[A]] and [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] [[А]]. Alpha is often used in [[physics]] and [[chemistry]] as a [[symbol]] or in the names of things, for example [[alpha particle]]s (which are two [[proton]]s and two [[neutron]]s bound together into a [[particle]] the same as a [[helium]] [[Nucleus (physics)|nucleus]]). The symbol is also used a lot in [[mathematics]] in [[algebra]], for example in naming angles, and in [[statistics]], to represent [[statistical significance]] level.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=Greek/Hebrew/Latin-based Symbols in Mathematics|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/greek-hebrew-latin-symbols/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greek alphabet letters & symbols (α,β,γ,δ,ε,...)|url=https://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/greek_alphabet.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.rapidtables.com}}</ref> Alpha is also used in the modern day as a slang term to describe someone who is superior to another. It gets it roots from an [[Alpha male|Alpha Male]], or a wolf that is the head of the pack. Additionally, alpha can refer to [[Generation Alpha|Gen Alpha]] or someone born between 2012 and 2024 (Inclusive) or a few years earlier or later. S''ee, [[Sigma male|Sigma Male]]'' == Related pages == * [[Alpha male]] * [[NATO phonetic alphabet]] * [[Generation Alpha]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Greek alphabet]] [[Category:Vowel letters]] {{europe-stub}} bm4x41h000jvik0n9r1lc37znksxxps 0 91649 10331492 8429992 2025-06-15T05:39:28Z Gliwi 201410 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wappen Mulda-Sachsen.png]] → [[File:DEU Mulda (Sachsen) COA.svg]] PNG → SVG 10331492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Mulda Saegewerk1.jpg |image_caption = The sawmill of Mulda |name = Mulda |image_coa = DEU Mulda (Sachsen) COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|47|N|13|25|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Mulda-Sa. in FG.png |state = Sachsen |district = [[Mittelsachsen Rural District|Mittelsachsen]] |elevation = 505 |area = 43.08 |population = 2874 |Stand = 2006-12-31 |postal_code = 09619 |area_code = 037320 |licence = FG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14522390 |mayor = Reiner Stiehl }} '''Mulda''' is a [[municipality]] in [[Saxony]], [[Germany]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Mulda/Sa.}} {{multistub|geo|Europe}} [[Category:Mittelsachsen Rural District]] hzwwzs5lgkxquh3f287d9ev9fzpj3ft 0 97596 10331413 10282174 2025-06-15T03:35:08Z 180.150.36.182 10331413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Folk rock''' music is a mixture of [[folk music]] with modern [[rock music]]. Folk rock began in the mid 1960s with performers like [[The Byrds]].<ref name=pc33>{{Pop Chronicles|33| 2|the Byrds}}</ref> Folk singer [[Bob Dylan]] created a sensation at the 1965 Newport Festival when he used [[electric guitar]] in his performance.<ref name=pc32>{{Pop Chronicles|32| |Bob Dylan}}</ref> This led to many groups wanting to play folk music in the rock style. These groups included [[Fairport Convention]], [[Steeleye Span]], [[Pentangle]] and [[Alan Stivell]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} {{Rock music}} [[Category:Fusion music genres]] [[Category:Folk music]] [[Category:Rock music]] 8l3rg02450dueg3boch6m8b80v3nnfw 0 97945 10331363 10321431 2025-06-15T02:55:14Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 10331363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox television | image = ArthurTVLogo.svg | genre = {{Plainlist| *[[Comedy-drama]] *[[Slice of life]] *[[Problem solving]] *[[Educational entertainment|Edutainment]] }} | based_on = {{based_on|Characters|[[Marc Brown (author)|Marc Brown]]}} | developer = {{Plainlist| *Kathy Waugh *Marc Brown }} | director = Greg Bailey | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| *Judy Henderson *Jerry de Villiers Jr. }} | opentheme = {{Theme song|"Believe in Yourself"|[[Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers]]}} | endtheme = "Believe in Yourself" (instrumental) | composer = [[Ray Fabi (music composer)|Ray Fabi]] | country = {{Plainlist| *[[United States]] *[[Canada]] }} | language = [[English language|English]] | num_seasons = 25 | num_episodes = 253 (493 segments) | list_episodes = List of Arthur episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *Marc Brown <small>(seasons 10–25)</small> *[[Micheline Charest]] <small>(seasons 1–4)</small> *Carol Greenwald *Peter Moss <small>(seasons 5–6)</small> *Andrew Porporino *Lesley Taylor *Toper Taylor *Pierre Valette *David Thomas *Pamela Slavin *Vince Commisso }} | producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Ronald A. Weinberg]] <small>(seasons 1–4)</small> *Cassandra Schafhausen *Lesley Taylor *Greg Bailey *Diane Dallaire *Tolon Brown }} | runtime = 26 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| *[[Marc Brown Studios]] <small>(seasons 5–25; uncredited in seasons 5–7 & 9–25)</small> *[[Cookie Jar Group]]{{efn|Previously known as the CINAR Films for the first two seasons, and then later known as CINAR Corporation between the third and eighth seasons}} <small>(seasons 1–15)</small> *[[9 Story Media Group]]{{efn|Known as 9 Story Entertainment for the sixteenth and seventeenth seasons}} <small>(seasons 16–19)</small> *Oasis Animation <small>(seasons 20–25)</small> *[[WGBH-TV|WGBH Boston]] }} | network = [[PBS]] <small>([[PBS Kids]])</small> (US)<br/>[[TVOKids]] (Canada) | first_aired = {{start date|1996|10|7}} | last_aired = {{end date|2022|2|21}} | related = ''[[Postcards from Buster]]'' }} '''''Arthur''''' is an [[animated television series]] aimed at 4-to-8-years-old children,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childtrends.org/Lifecourse/programs/Arthur.htm|title=Arthur - Television Program|website=Child Trends|date=September 7, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423064904/http://www.childtrends.org/Lifecourse/programs/Arthur.htm|archive-date=April 23, 2008|access-date=October 28, 2017}}</ref> developed by [[Kathy Waugh]] for [[PBS]] and produced by [[WGBH-TV|WGBH Boston]]. The television series is based on the ''Arthur'' book series that is written and illustrated by [[Marc Brown (author)|Marc Brown]]. The series concluded during its 25-season run, the series broadcast 253 half-hour episodes (including specials) ran from October 7, 1996 to February 21, 2022 on [[PBS Kids]] (formerly [[PBS Kids Go!]]) in the US and January 6, 1997 to May 19, 2022 on [[TVOKids]] in Canada. It was the fifth [[list of longest-running American television series|longest-running]] animated series in the United States, behind ''[[The Simpsons]]'', ''[[South Park]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', and ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''. ==Characters== {{main|List of Arthur characters}} [[Arthur Read|Arthur Timothy Read]] is the main character and protagonist of the series, who focuses the immediate family with most episodes involving Arthur, his youngest sister Dora Winifred and Kate, their parents David and Jane, and their dog Pal. His closest friends include Alan "The Brain" Powers, Binky Barnes, Buster Baxter, Francine Frensky, Mary Alice Crosswire, and Sue Ellen Armstrong, along with others as Fern Walters, George Lundgren, Jenna Morgan, and Prunella Deegan as frequent supporting characters. The adults in ''Arthur'' play important roles: Mr. and Mrs. Read display a significant amount of stress from parenting, Arthur's friends' parents are shown struggling in middle-class jobs, and Mr. Ratburn's endures and expectations of teaching elementary school. Even in difficult, adult situations, these grownups maintain a cheerful attitude. Arthur, Dora Winifred, and Kate also visit their paternal grandmother, Thora Read, and maternal grandfather, Grandpa Dave. ==Films== ''Arthur's Missing Pal'' released on August 22, 2006 in DVD by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb title|0169414|Arthur (TV series)}} * {{tv.com|2804|Arthur (TV series)}} {{Navboxes | title = ''Arthur'' | list = {{Arthur (TV series)}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} }} {{wikiquote}} [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1996 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1996 television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2020s American animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American children's television series]] [[Category:2020s American television series]] [[Category:2020s American television series endings]] [[Category:2020s animated television series]] [[Category:2020s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2020s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2020s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2020s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2020s children's television series]] [[Category:2022 American television series endings]] [[Category:2022 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2022 television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American sitcoms]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Animated television series about cats]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Animated television series about dogs]] [[Category:Animated television series about monsters]] [[Category:Arthur (TV series)]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:CBBC shows]] [[Category:CBeebies]] [[Category:Children's animated television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series about talking animals]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning programs]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Flash animation]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Peabody Award winners]] [[Category:Television series about animals]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Television series by Cookie Jar Entertainment]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] 4q2bnp37dmj7vmfq8nyb7spcaops75s 0 100600 10330063 10321051 2025-06-14T13:56:15Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''[[The Simpsons]]''''' is an animated television sitcom. This is a list of ''The Simpsons'' characters. ==The Simpson family== * '''[[Homer Simpson]]''', the father, who is [[Obesity|overweight]], lazy and works at a nuclear [[power plant|power]] plant and likes doughnuts:) * '''[[Marge Simpson]] '''(née Bouvier), the mother, a housewife, who is very tolerant (understanding) of her family. * '''[[Bart Simpson]]''', the 10-year-old son, who gets in trouble. * '''[[Lisa Simpson]]''', the 8-year-old daughter, who is very smart. * '''[[Maggie Simpson]]''', the baby girl, who can not talk. She talks once and never speaks again. She is always doing mischief. * '''[[Abraham Simpson|"Grandpa" Abe Simpson]]''', the father of Homer Simpson. He lives in an old folk's home. * '''Patty and Selma Bouvier''', Marge's sisters, who have rough voices and often smoke [[cigarette]]s. Note that in one episode, Patty is revealed to be a [[lesbian]]. Selma has been married several times. * '''Mona Simpson''', the deceased mother of Homer Simpson; wife of Abe Simpson. * '''[[Santa's Little Helper]]''', the family [[dog]], a former racing [[greyhound]]. * '''[[Snowball (The Simpsons)|Snowball]]s (I-V)''' and '''Coltrane''', pet [[cats]]. All have died at one point in the series. The current cat is Snowball V (though she is called Snowball II) * '''Ling Bouvier''', The adopted daughter of Patty and Selma * '''Amos Simpson''', He is the oldest Simpsons relative known he is probably born in the 1500s or 1600s. * '''Jacqueline Bouvier''', Marge's mother. * '''Clancy Bouvier''', Marge's deceased father. == Other characters == Some of the many different characters who appeared on the show include: * '''[[Mr. Burns]]''', Homer's greedy, evil [[boss]]. * '''[[Waylon Smithers]]''', [[Mr. Burns]]' assistant * '''[[Moe Szyslak]]''', a grumpy [[Bar (business)|bartender]]. * '''[[Barney Gumble]]''', one of Homer's friends, a gifted [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]]. * '''Kent Brockman''', a television [[news]] [[news reporter|journalist]]. * '''Mayor Quimby''', the corrupt [[mayor]] of Springfield. * '''Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson''', two of Homer's coworkers. * '''Krusty the Clown''', TV star and host of a popular [[Child|Children]]'s/[[Comedy]]/[[Variety]] show who smokes and drinks a lot. * '''Dr. Hibbert''', the Simpsons' family doctor. * '''[[Ned Flanders]]''', the Simpsons' [[religion|religious]] [[religion|devout]] neighbor he has two shy children and his wife Maude died in season 11. * '''Rod and Todd Flanders''', Ned's children. * '''Maude Flanders''', Ned's dead wife. * '''Kang and Kodos''', two aliens that appear in every treehouse of horror their other sibling roger doesn't appear in any other treehouse of horror except the first * '''[[Milhouse Van Houten]]''', Bart's [[nerd]]y best friend his parents are Kirk and Luann. * '''Sherri and Terri''', they’re two twins there's not munch known about them * '''[[Nelson Muntz]]''', school [[Bullying|bully]] * '''Comic Book Guy''', [[comic book]] store owner * '''Apu Nahasapeemapetilon''', convenience store owner his wife is Manjula he has eight infant children. There have been protests that he is a [[Racism|racist]] [[stereotype]] of [[South Asia|South Asian]] people. * '''Martin Prince''', he is the bully's target besides Milhouse and he is also very smart. * '''[[Principal Skinner|Seymour Skinner]]''', [[principal]] of the [[school]] * '''[[Chief Wiggum]]''', incompetent chief of [[police]] who's son is Ralph. * '''Ralph Wiggum''', the weird son of Chief Wiggum. * '''Jasper Beardly''', friend of Grandpa's. * '''Captain McCallister''', sea [[captain]]. * '''Otto Mann''', bus driver. {{anchor|Bumblebee Man}} * '''Bumblebee Man''', [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking TV actor. * '''Itchy and Scratchy''', cartoon cat and mouse who are a different more violent version of [[Tom and Jerry]]. * '''Jimbo Jones''', leader of the bullies when Nelson is not around and strongest of the bullies. * '''Snake''' (Jailbird), robber and criminal. * '''Old Gil Gunderson''', a salesman who has bad luck. * '''Sideshow Bob (Robert Terwilliger)''', was Krusty the Clown's assistant before he was jailed after framing Krusty for [[armed robbery]]. ** He was [[wedding|married]] to Selma once, has tried to kill Bart several times, and has gone to prison. * '''Fat Tony''', the town's chief gangster who has a group of mobsters, including Legs and Louie, and occasionally Icepick and Johnny Tightlips. He died in Season 22 and was replaced by his slimmer cousin. * '''Sideshow Cecil (Cecil Terwilliger)''', Sideshow Bob's somewhat evil brother, who was also once a clown. * '''Janey Powell''', Lisa's best friend. * '''Ranier Wolfcastle''', The [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]-like [[Hollywood]] action hero of Springfield who is in a lot of movies in Springfield. * '''Dewey Largo''', the Springfield Elementary music teacher. * '''Tobias Drundridge''', the [[Stereotype|stereotypical]] Australian boy [[telephone]]d by Bart in the episode "[[Bart vs. Australia]]". * '''Superintendent Chalmers''', The superintendent of all Springfield elementary schools who does not like Principal Skinner. * '''Agnes Skinner''', The mean mother of Principal Skinner. * '''[[Edna Krabappel|Mrs. Krabappel]] and Ms. Hoover''', Bart and Lisa's teachers, who both do not want to teach because they do not have relationships. * '''[[Groundskeeper Willie]]''', janitor at Springfield Elementary School. * '''Cletus''', the hillbilly of Springfield, has a wife named Brandine and have about 30 children. * '''Hans Moleman''', a man who drinks and says he's only 31 years old, while he looks old. * '''Sideshow Mel''', Krusty's second assistant who replaced Bob after going to prison for trying to frame Krusty for [[armed robbery]]. He does not say much on the Krusty show (talks with a whistle) and once tried to get gum out of his hair with a bone ....it just made matters worse. * '''Dolph Starbeam''' youngest of the bully trio * '''Professor Frink''' He is the [[nerd]] of the show. * '''Kearney Zzyzwick''' Toughest of the bullies. * '''The Yes Guy''' Recurring character that answers everything with a strung out Y-y-y-y-e-e-e-e-s-s-s? * '''Squeaky Voice Teen''', recurring character that has a squeaky voice and is known to have a job advertising burgers. * '''Wendell Borton''', a kid that usually would throw up. * '''[[Troy McClure]]''', an actor in TV, Radio and films he once almost married Selma. * '''Lionel Hutz''', an incompetent lawyer. * '''Judge Roy Snyder''', the main judge in Springfield's court. * '''Lou and Eddie''', police cops of Springfield. * '''Legs and Louie''', Mafia members. * '''[[Reverend Lovejoy]]''', reverend of the church. * '''Helen Lovejoy''', wife of the reverend. * '''Üter Zörker''', German exchange student who eats chocolate. * '''Database''', smartest of all the children in school. * '''Manjula''', Apu's wife. * '''Kirk and Luann''', Milhouse's parents. * '''Old Jewish man''', one of Abe's friends. * '''Allison Taylor''', one of Lisa's only friends. * '''Arnie Pye''', Brockman's rival. * '''Blue Haired Lawyer''', one of Mr. Burns' lawyers. * '''Richard and Lewis''', one of Bart's friends. * '''Dr. Marvin Monroe''', psychologist. * '''Rich Texan''', crazy Texan. * '''Drederick Tatum''', boxer. * '''Wiseguy''', has jobs everywhere. * '''Sanjay''', Apu's brother. * '''Sam and Larry''', barflies at Moe's. * '''Bernice''', Hibbert's wife. * '''Mrs. Glick''', Retirement castle resident. * '''Disco Stu''', loves disco. * '''Hyman Krustofski''', Krusty's father. * '''Lindsey Naegle''', business woman. *'''Sophie Krustofsky''', Krusty's daughter. * '''Martin Prince Sr.''', Martin's dad. * '''Martha Prince''', Martin's mom. * '''Brandine Spuckler''', Cletus's wife. * '''Luigi''', Italian chef. * '''Radioactive man''', Comic book character. * '''Duffman''', mascot of duff. * '''Doris Freedman''', Lunchlady and mother of Squeaky Voiced Teen. * '''Cookie Kwan''', one of Marge's friend. * '''Benjamin, Doug and Gary''', nerds at Springfield University. * '''Akira''', Asian guy who works at the Happy Sumo. * '''Artie Ziff''', Marge's prom date. * '''Arthur Crandall and Gabbo''', ventriloquist and puppet. * '''Gerald''', Maggie's enemy. * '''Bill and Marty''', radio hosts of KBBL. * '''Billy''', Troy McClure's assistant. * '''Birch Barlow''', works at the radio. * '''Bleeding Gums Murphy''', Lisa's saxophone teacher and idol. * '''Blinky''', mutated fish with three eyes. * '''Booberella''', vampire actor of children's television. * '''Brunella Pommelhorst''', gym teacher. * '''Capitol City Goofball''', mascot of Capitol City. * '''Lance Murdock''', daredevil. * '''Charlie''', works at the Nuclear Plant. * '''Kumiko''', married wife of Comic Book Guy. * '''Chase/Pyro''', Luann's boyfriend. * '''Lugash''', gym teacher. * '''Corporal Punishment''', character in the Krusty the Clown Show. He never speaks. * '''Crazy Cat Lady''', old lady who owns a lot of cats. * '''Crusher and Lowblow''', Burn's goons. * '''Dave Shutton''', reporter. * '''Declan Desmond''', documentary maker. * '''Doctor Colossus''', blue, evil, crazy guy. * '''Fallout boy''', Radioactive man's sidekick. * '''Francesca Terwilliger''', Sideshow Bob's wife. * '''Frankie The Squealer''', target of the mafia. * '''Gino''', Sideshow Bob's son. * '''Gloria''', Snake's girlfriend. * '''God''', the all mighty. * '''Grady and Julio''', two gay men. * '''Greta''', Wolfcastle's daughter. * '''Gunter and Ernst''', two tiger tamers. * '''Anastasia''', tiger pet of Gunter and Ernst. * '''Happy Little Elves''', one of Lisa's favorite cartoons. * '''Jack Marley''', former Nuclear Plant worker. * '''Jay Sherman''', film critic. * '''Jebediah Springfield''', founder of Springfield. * '''Johnny Tightlips''', mafia member. * '''Joey''', another mafia member who temporarily joined the Callibricis goons then appears in the mafia again. * '''Jub-Jub''', Selma's pet. * '''Constance Harm''', strict judge. * '''Just Stamp the Ticket man''', angry and sarcastic man. * '''Dr. J. Loren Pryor''', psychologist. * '''Kearney Zzyzwicz Jr.''', Kearney's son. * '''Leopold''', Chalmer's assistant. * '''Lois Pennycandy''', Krusty's attractive assistant. * '''Lucius Sweet''', Tatum's boxing manager. * '''Lurleen Lumpkin''', country singer. * '''Martha Prince''', Mayor's wife. * '''Mary Bailey''', governor. * '''Mary Spuckler''', Bart's ex. * '''Mayor Quimby's Body Guards''', Body Guards. * '''Ms. Albright''', Sunday school teacher. * '''Miss Springfield''', Mayor Quimby's girlfriend. * '''Mr. Costington''', owner of Costington's. * '''Mr. Teeny''', Krusty's monkey. * '''Eddie Muntz''', Nelson's dad. * '''Mrs. Muntz''', Nelson's mom. * '''Octuplets''', Apu and Manjula's babies. * '''Jake''', barber. * '''Opal''', TV star of the Opal Show. * '''Patches and Poor Violet''', orphans. * '''Plopper''', Homer's pet pig. * '''Poochie''', former dog character in the Itchy & Scratchy Show. * '''Princess Kashmir''', belly dancer. * '''Principal Dondelinger''', Homer and Marge's former principal. * '''Rachel Jordan''', Christian singer. * '''Roger Meyers Jr.''', boss of the Itchy & Scratchy crew. * '''Ruth Powers''', Marge's criminal and drunken friend. * '''Sarah Wiggum''', Chief Wiggum's wife. * '''Scott Christian''', former news reporter. * '''Shauna Chalmers''', Jimbo's ex. * '''Stampy''', Bart's former elephant pet. * '''State Comptroller Atkins''', State Comptroller. * '''Tina Ballerina''', character in the Krusty the Clown Show. * '''The Warden''', warden of Juvie. * '''Vanderbilts''', rich couple. * '''Weasels''', Nelson two twin cronies. * '''Mr. Winfield''', former neighbor of The Simpsons. * '''Sylvia Winfield''', former neighbor of The Simpsons. * '''Hank Scorpio''', evil guy who befriends Homer. * '''Frank Grimes''', former employee of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. * '''Frank Grimes Jr.''', Frank Grimes' son. * '''Shary Bobbins''', magic babysitter. * '''Trent Steel,''' business man that inspires Homer to change his name to "Max Power" * '''Dr. Nick''', an incompetent doctor, who most likely doesn't even has a medical license ==Other websites== * [https://simpsonswiki.com/wiki/Category:Characters Characters index] on the WikiSimpsons fan site {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simpsons characters}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters|*]] [[Category:Lists of television characters]] gfntrvsovd4ikxidku7z6eyijpqmpgx 10330367 10330063 2025-06-14T17:11:52Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''[[The Simpsons]]''''' is an animated television sitcom. This is a list of ''The Simpsons'' characters. ==The Simpson family== * '''[[Homer Simpson]]''', the father, who is [[Obesity|overweight]], lazy and works at a nuclear [[power plant|power]] plant and likes doughnuts:) * '''[[Marge Simpson]] '''(née Bouvier), the mother, a housewife, who is very tolerant (understanding) of her family. * '''[[Bart Simpson]]''', the 10-year-old son, who gets in trouble. * '''[[Lisa Simpson]]''', the 8-year-old daughter, who is very smart. * '''[[Maggie Simpson]]''', the baby girl, who can not talk. She talks once and never speaks again. She is always doing mischief. * '''[[Abraham Simpson|"Grandpa" Abe Simpson]]''', the father of Homer Simpson. He lives in an old folk's home. * '''Patty and Selma Bouvier''', Marge's sisters, who have rough voices and often smoke [[cigarette]]s. Note that in one episode, Patty is revealed to be a [[lesbian]]. Selma has been married several times. * '''Mona Simpson''', the deceased mother of Homer Simpson; wife of Abe Simpson. * '''[[Santa's Little Helper]]''', the family [[dog]], a former racing [[greyhound]]. * '''[[Snowball (The Simpsons)|Snowball]]s (I-V)''' and '''Coltrane''', pet [[cats]]. All have died at one point in the series. The current cat is Snowball V (though she is called Snowball II) * '''Ling Bouvier''', The adopted daughter of Patty and Selma * '''Amos Simpson''', He is the oldest Simpsons relative known he is probably born in the 1500s or 1600s. * '''Jacqueline Bouvier''', Marge's mother. * '''Clancy Bouvier''', Marge's deceased father. == Other characters == Some of the many different characters who appeared on the show include: * '''[[Mr. Burns]]''', Homer's greedy, evil [[boss]]. * '''[[Waylon Smithers]]''', [[Mr. Burns]]' assistant * '''[[Moe Szyslak]]''', a grumpy [[Bar (business)|bartender]]. * '''[[Barney Gumble]]''', one of Homer's friends, a gifted [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]]. * '''Kent Brockman''', a television [[news]] [[news reporter|journalist]]. * '''Mayor Quimby''', the corrupt [[mayor]] of Springfield. * '''Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson''', two of Homer's coworkers. * '''Krusty the Clown''', TV star and host of a popular [[Child|Children]]'s/[[Comedy]]/[[Variety]] show who smokes and drinks a lot. * '''Dr. Hibbert''', the Simpsons' family doctor. * '''[[Ned Flanders]]''', the Simpsons' [[religion|religious]] [[religion|devout]] neighbor he has two shy children and his wife Maude died in season 11. * '''Rod and Todd Flanders''', Ned's children. * '''Maude Flanders''', Ned's dead wife. * '''Kang and Kodos''', two aliens that appear in every treehouse of horror their other sibling roger doesn't appear in any other treehouse of horror except the first * '''[[Milhouse Van Houten]]''', Bart's [[nerd]]y best friend his parents are Kirk and Luann. * '''Sherri and Terri''', they’re two twins there's not munch known about them * '''[[Nelson Muntz]]''', school [[Bullying|bully]] * '''Comic Book Guy''', [[comic book]] store owner * '''Apu Nahasapeemapetilon''', convenience store owner his wife is Manjula he has eight infant children. There have been protests that he is a [[Racism|racist]] [[stereotype]] of [[South Asia|South Asian]] people. * '''Martin Prince''', he is the bully's target besides Milhouse and he is also very smart. * '''[[Principal Skinner|Seymour Skinner]]''', [[principal]] of the [[school]] * '''[[Chief Wiggum]]''', incompetent chief of [[police]] who's son is Ralph. * '''Ralph Wiggum''', the weird son of Chief Wiggum. * '''Jasper Beardly''', friend of Grandpa's. * '''Captain McCallister''', sea [[captain]]. * '''Otto Mann''', bus driver. {{anchor|Bumblebee Man}} * '''Bumblebee Man''', [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking TV actor. * '''Itchy and Scratchy''', cartoon cat and mouse who are a different more violent version of [[Tom and Jerry]]. * '''Jimbo Jones''', leader of the bullies when Nelson is not around and strongest of the bullies. * '''Snake''' (Jailbird), robber and criminal. * '''Old Gil Gunderson''', a salesman who has bad luck. * '''Sideshow Bob (Robert Terwilliger)''', was Krusty the Clown's assistant before he was jailed after framing Krusty for [[armed robbery]]. ** He was [[wedding|married]] to Selma once, has tried to kill Bart several times, and has gone to prison. * '''Fat Tony''', the town's chief gangster who has a group of mobsters, including Legs and Louie, and occasionally Icepick and Johnny Tightlips. He died in Season 22 and was replaced by his slimmer cousin. * '''Sideshow Cecil (Cecil Terwilliger)''', Sideshow Bob's somewhat evil brother, who was also once a clown. * '''Janey Powell''', Lisa's best friend. * '''Ranier Wolfcastle''', The [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]-like [[Hollywood]] action hero of Springfield who is in a lot of movies in Springfield. * '''Dewey Largo''', the Springfield Elementary music teacher. * '''Tobias Drundridge''', the [[Stereotype|stereotypical]] Australian boy [[telephone]]d by Bart in the episode "[[Bart vs. Australia]]". * '''Superintendent Chalmers''', The superintendent of all Springfield elementary schools who does not like Principal Skinner. * '''Agnes Skinner''', The mean mother of Principal Skinner. * '''[[Edna Krabappel|Mrs. Krabappel]] and Ms. Hoover''', Bart and Lisa's teachers, who both do not want to teach because they do not have relationships. * '''[[Groundskeeper Willie]]''', janitor at Springfield Elementary School. * '''Cletus''', the hillbilly of Springfield, has a wife named Brandine and have about 30 children. * '''[[Hans Moleman]]''', a man who drinks and says he's only 31 years old, while he looks old. * '''Sideshow Mel''', Krusty's second assistant who replaced Bob after going to prison for trying to frame Krusty for [[armed robbery]]. He does not say much on the Krusty show (talks with a whistle) and once tried to get gum out of his hair with a bone ....it just made matters worse. * '''Dolph Starbeam''' youngest of the bully trio * '''Professor Frink''' He is the [[nerd]] of the show. * '''Kearney Zzyzwick''' Toughest of the bullies. * '''The Yes Guy''' Recurring character that answers everything with a strung out Y-y-y-y-e-e-e-e-s-s-s? * '''Squeaky Voice Teen''', recurring character that has a squeaky voice and is known to have a job advertising burgers. * '''Wendell Borton''', a kid that usually would throw up. * '''[[Troy McClure]]''', an actor in TV, Radio and films he once almost married Selma. * '''[[:en:Lionel Hutz|Lionel Hutz]]''', an incompetent lawyer. * '''Judge Roy Snyder''', the main judge in Springfield's court. * '''Lou and Eddie''', police cops of Springfield. * '''Legs and Louie''', Mafia members. * '''[[Reverend Lovejoy]]''', reverend of the church. * '''Helen Lovejoy''', wife of the reverend. * '''Üter Zörker''', German exchange student who eats chocolate. * '''Database''', smartest of all the children in school. * '''Manjula''', Apu's wife. * '''Kirk and Luann''', Milhouse's parents. * '''Old Jewish man''', one of Abe's friends. * '''Allison Taylor''', one of Lisa's only friends. * '''Arnie Pye''', Brockman's rival. * '''Blue Haired Lawyer''', one of Mr. Burns' lawyers. * '''Richard and Lewis''', one of Bart's friends. * '''Dr. Marvin Monroe''', psychologist. * '''Rich Texan''', crazy Texan. * '''Drederick Tatum''', boxer. * '''Wiseguy''', has jobs everywhere. * '''Sanjay''', Apu's brother. * '''Sam and Larry''', barflies at Moe's. * '''Bernice''', Hibbert's wife. * '''Mrs. Glick''', Retirement castle resident. * '''Disco Stu''', loves disco. * '''Hyman Krustofski''', Krusty's father. * '''Lindsey Naegle''', business woman. *'''Sophie Krustofsky''', Krusty's daughter. * '''Martin Prince Sr.''', Martin's dad. * '''Martha Prince''', Martin's mom. * '''Brandine Spuckler''', Cletus's wife. * '''Luigi''', Italian chef. * '''Radioactive man''', Comic book character. * '''Duffman''', mascot of duff. * '''Doris Freedman''', Lunchlady and mother of Squeaky Voiced Teen. * '''Cookie Kwan''', one of Marge's friend. * '''Benjamin, Doug and Gary''', nerds at Springfield University. * '''Akira''', Asian guy who works at the Happy Sumo. * '''Artie Ziff''', Marge's prom date. * '''Arthur Crandall and Gabbo''', ventriloquist and puppet. * '''Gerald''', Maggie's enemy. * '''Bill and Marty''', radio hosts of KBBL. * '''Billy''', Troy McClure's assistant. * '''Birch Barlow''', works at the radio. * '''Bleeding Gums Murphy''', Lisa's saxophone teacher and idol. * '''Blinky''', mutated fish with three eyes. * '''Booberella''', vampire actor of children's television. * '''Brunella Pommelhorst''', gym teacher. * '''Capitol City Goofball''', mascot of Capitol City. * '''Lance Murdock''', daredevil. * '''Charlie''', works at the Nuclear Plant. * '''Kumiko''', married wife of Comic Book Guy. * '''Chase/Pyro''', Luann's boyfriend. * '''Lugash''', gym teacher. * '''Corporal Punishment''', character in the Krusty the Clown Show. He never speaks. * '''Crazy Cat Lady''', old lady who owns a lot of cats. * '''Crusher and Lowblow''', Burn's goons. * '''Dave Shutton''', reporter. * '''Declan Desmond''', documentary maker. * '''Doctor Colossus''', blue, evil, crazy guy. * '''Fallout boy''', Radioactive man's sidekick. * '''Francesca Terwilliger''', Sideshow Bob's wife. * '''Frankie The Squealer''', target of the mafia. * '''Gino''', Sideshow Bob's son. * '''Gloria''', Snake's girlfriend. * '''God''', the all mighty. * '''Grady and Julio''', two gay men. * '''Greta''', Wolfcastle's daughter. * '''Gunter and Ernst''', two tiger tamers. * '''Anastasia''', tiger pet of Gunter and Ernst. * '''Happy Little Elves''', one of Lisa's favorite cartoons. * '''Jack Marley''', former Nuclear Plant worker. * '''Jay Sherman''', film critic. * '''Jebediah Springfield''', founder of Springfield. * '''Johnny Tightlips''', mafia member. * '''Joey''', another mafia member who temporarily joined the Callibricis goons then appears in the mafia again. * '''Jub-Jub''', Selma's pet. * '''Constance Harm''', strict judge. * '''Just Stamp the Ticket man''', angry and sarcastic man. * '''Dr. J. Loren Pryor''', psychologist. * '''Kearney Zzyzwicz Jr.''', Kearney's son. * '''Leopold''', Chalmer's assistant. * '''Lois Pennycandy''', Krusty's attractive assistant. * '''Lucius Sweet''', Tatum's boxing manager. * '''Lurleen Lumpkin''', country singer. * '''Martha Prince''', Mayor's wife. * '''Mary Bailey''', governor. * '''Mary Spuckler''', Bart's ex. * '''Mayor Quimby's Body Guards''', Body Guards. * '''Ms. Albright''', Sunday school teacher. * '''Miss Springfield''', Mayor Quimby's girlfriend. * '''Mr. Costington''', owner of Costington's. * '''Mr. Teeny''', Krusty's monkey. * '''Eddie Muntz''', Nelson's dad. * '''Mrs. Muntz''', Nelson's mom. * '''Octuplets''', Apu and Manjula's babies. * '''Jake''', barber. * '''Opal''', TV star of the Opal Show. * '''Patches and Poor Violet''', orphans. * '''Plopper''', Homer's pet pig. * '''Poochie''', former dog character in the Itchy & Scratchy Show. * '''Princess Kashmir''', belly dancer. * '''Principal Dondelinger''', Homer and Marge's former principal. * '''Rachel Jordan''', Christian singer. * '''Roger Meyers Jr.''', boss of the Itchy & Scratchy crew. * '''Ruth Powers''', Marge's criminal and drunken friend. * '''Sarah Wiggum''', Chief Wiggum's wife. * '''Scott Christian''', former news reporter. * '''Shauna Chalmers''', Jimbo's ex. * '''Stampy''', Bart's former elephant pet. * '''State Comptroller Atkins''', State Comptroller. * '''Tina Ballerina''', character in the Krusty the Clown Show. * '''The Warden''', warden of Juvie. * '''Vanderbilts''', rich couple. * '''Weasels''', Nelson two twin cronies. * '''Mr. Winfield''', former neighbor of The Simpsons. * '''Sylvia Winfield''', former neighbor of The Simpsons. * '''Hank Scorpio''', evil guy who befriends Homer. * '''Frank Grimes''', former employee of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. * '''Frank Grimes Jr.''', Frank Grimes' son. * '''Shary Bobbins''', magic babysitter. * '''Trent Steel,''' business man that inspires Homer to change his name to "Max Power" * '''Dr. Nick''', an incompetent doctor, who most likely doesn't even has a medical license ==Other websites== * [https://simpsonswiki.com/wiki/Category:Characters Characters index] on the WikiSimpsons fan site {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simpsons characters}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters|*]] [[Category:Lists of television characters]] 4u668fi4biqg4s5jy89ryy2cuhf0aw0 10330372 10330367 2025-06-14T17:12:57Z CallumBen13 1611993 /* Other characters */ 10330372 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''[[The Simpsons]]''''' is an animated television sitcom. This is a list of ''The Simpsons'' characters. ==The Simpson family== * '''[[Homer Simpson]]''', the father, who is [[Obesity|overweight]], lazy and works at a nuclear [[power plant|power]] plant and likes doughnuts:) * '''[[Marge Simpson]] '''(née Bouvier), the mother, a housewife, who is very tolerant (understanding) of her family. * '''[[Bart Simpson]]''', the 10-year-old son, who gets in trouble. * '''[[Lisa Simpson]]''', the 8-year-old daughter, who is very smart. * '''[[Maggie Simpson]]''', the baby girl, who can not talk. She talks once and never speaks again. She is always doing mischief. * '''[[Abraham Simpson|"Grandpa" Abe Simpson]]''', the father of Homer Simpson. He lives in an old folk's home. * '''Patty and Selma Bouvier''', Marge's sisters, who have rough voices and often smoke [[cigarette]]s. Note that in one episode, Patty is revealed to be a [[lesbian]]. Selma has been married several times. * '''Mona Simpson''', the deceased mother of Homer Simpson; wife of Abe Simpson. * '''[[Santa's Little Helper]]''', the family [[dog]], a former racing [[greyhound]]. * '''[[Snowball (The Simpsons)|Snowball]]s (I-V)''' and '''Coltrane''', pet [[cats]]. All have died at one point in the series. The current cat is Snowball V (though she is called Snowball II) * '''Ling Bouvier''', The adopted daughter of Patty and Selma * '''Amos Simpson''', He is the oldest Simpsons relative known he is probably born in the 1500s or 1600s. * '''Jacqueline Bouvier''', Marge's mother. * '''Clancy Bouvier''', Marge's deceased father. == Other characters == Some of the many different characters who appeared on the show include: * '''[[Mr. Burns]]''', Homer's greedy, evil [[boss]]. * '''[[Waylon Smithers]]''', [[Mr. Burns]]' assistant * '''[[Moe Szyslak]]''', a grumpy [[Bar (business)|bartender]]. * '''[[Barney Gumble]]''', one of Homer's friends, a gifted [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]]. * '''Kent Brockman''', a television [[news]] [[news reporter|journalist]]. * '''Mayor Quimby''', the corrupt [[mayor]] of Springfield. * '''Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson''', two of Homer's coworkers. * '''Krusty the Clown''', TV star and host of a popular [[Child|Children]]'s/[[Comedy]]/[[Variety]] show who smokes and drinks a lot. * '''Dr. Hibbert''', the Simpsons' family doctor. * '''[[Ned Flanders]]''', the Simpsons' [[religion|religious]] [[religion|devout]] neighbor he has two shy children and his wife Maude died in season 11. * '''Rod and Todd Flanders''', Ned's children. * '''Maude Flanders''', Ned's dead wife. * '''Kang and Kodos''', two aliens that appear in every treehouse of horror their other sibling roger doesn't appear in any other treehouse of horror except the first * '''[[Milhouse Van Houten]]''', Bart's [[nerd]]y best friend his parents are Kirk and Luann. * '''Sherri and Terri''', they’re two twins there's not munch known about them * '''[[Nelson Muntz]]''', school [[Bullying|bully]] * '''Comic Book Guy''', [[comic book]] store owner * '''Apu Nahasapeemapetilon''', convenience store owner his wife is Manjula he has eight infant children. There have been protests that he is a [[Racism|racist]] [[stereotype]] of [[South Asia|South Asian]] people. * '''Martin Prince''', he is the bully's target besides Milhouse and he is also very smart. * '''[[Principal Skinner|Seymour Skinner]]''', [[principal]] of the [[school]] * '''[[Chief Wiggum]]''', incompetent chief of [[police]] who's son is Ralph. * '''Ralph Wiggum''', the weird son of Chief Wiggum. * '''Jasper Beardly''', friend of Grandpa's. * '''Captain McCallister''', sea [[captain]]. * '''Otto Mann''', bus driver. {{anchor|Bumblebee Man}} * '''Bumblebee Man''', [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking TV actor. * '''Itchy and Scratchy''', cartoon cat and mouse who are a different more violent version of [[Tom and Jerry]]. * '''Jimbo Jones''', leader of the bullies when Nelson is not around and strongest of the bullies. * '''Snake''' (Jailbird), robber and criminal. * '''Old Gil Gunderson''', a salesman who has bad luck. * '''Sideshow Bob (Robert Terwilliger)''', was Krusty the Clown's assistant before he was jailed after framing Krusty for [[armed robbery]]. ** He was [[wedding|married]] to Selma once, has tried to kill Bart several times, and has gone to prison. * '''Fat Tony''', the town's chief gangster who has a group of mobsters, including Legs and Louie, and occasionally Icepick and Johnny Tightlips. He died in Season 22 and was replaced by his slimmer cousin. * '''Sideshow Cecil (Cecil Terwilliger)''', Sideshow Bob's somewhat evil brother, who was also once a clown. * '''Janey Powell''', Lisa's best friend. * '''Ranier Wolfcastle''', The [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]-like [[Hollywood]] action hero of Springfield who is in a lot of movies in Springfield. * '''Dewey Largo''', the Springfield Elementary music teacher. * '''Tobias Drundridge''', the [[Stereotype|stereotypical]] Australian boy [[telephone]]d by Bart in the episode "[[Bart vs. Australia]]". * '''Superintendent Chalmers''', The superintendent of all Springfield elementary schools who does not like Principal Skinner. * '''Agnes Skinner''', The mean mother of Principal Skinner. * '''[[Edna Krabappel|Mrs. Krabappel]] and Ms. Hoover''', Bart and Lisa's teachers, who both do not want to teach because they do not have relationships. * '''[[Groundskeeper Willie]]''', janitor at Springfield Elementary School. * '''Cletus''', the hillbilly of Springfield, has a wife named Brandine and have about 30 children. * '''[[Hans Moleman]]''', a man who drinks and says he's only 31 years old, while he looks old. * '''Sideshow Mel''', Krusty's second assistant who replaced Bob after going to prison for trying to frame Krusty for [[armed robbery]]. He does not say much on the Krusty show (talks with a whistle) and once tried to get gum out of his hair with a bone ....it just made matters worse. * '''Dolph Starbeam''' youngest of the bully trio * '''Professor Frink''' He is the [[nerd]] of the show. * '''Kearney Zzyzwick''' Toughest of the bullies. * '''The Yes Guy''' Recurring character that answers everything with a strung out Y-y-y-y-e-e-e-e-s-s-s? * '''Squeaky Voice Teen''', recurring character that has a squeaky voice and is known to have a job advertising burgers. * '''Wendell Borton''', a kid that usually would throw up. * '''[[Troy McClure]]''', an actor in TV, Radio and films he once almost married Selma. * '''Lionel Hutz''', an incompetent lawyer. * '''Judge Roy Snyder''', the main judge in Springfield's court. * '''Lou and Eddie''', police cops of Springfield. * '''Legs and Louie''', Mafia members. * '''[[Reverend Lovejoy]]''', reverend of the church. * '''Helen Lovejoy''', wife of the reverend. * '''Üter Zörker''', German exchange student who eats chocolate. * '''Database''', smartest of all the children in school. * '''Manjula''', Apu's wife. * '''Kirk and Luann''', Milhouse's parents. * '''Old Jewish man''', one of Abe's friends. * '''Allison Taylor''', one of Lisa's only friends. * '''Arnie Pye''', Brockman's rival. * '''Blue Haired Lawyer''', one of Mr. Burns' lawyers. * '''Richard and Lewis''', one of Bart's friends. * '''Dr. Marvin Monroe''', psychologist. * '''Rich Texan''', crazy Texan. * '''Drederick Tatum''', boxer. * '''Wiseguy''', has jobs everywhere. * '''Sanjay''', Apu's brother. * '''Sam and Larry''', barflies at Moe's. * '''Bernice''', Hibbert's wife. * '''Mrs. Glick''', Retirement castle resident. * '''Disco Stu''', loves disco. * '''Hyman Krustofski''', Krusty's father. * '''Lindsey Naegle''', business woman. *'''Sophie Krustofsky''', Krusty's daughter. * '''Martin Prince Sr.''', Martin's dad. * '''Martha Prince''', Martin's mom. * '''Brandine Spuckler''', Cletus's wife. * '''Luigi''', Italian chef. * '''Radioactive man''', Comic book character. * '''Duffman''', mascot of duff. * '''Doris Freedman''', Lunchlady and mother of Squeaky Voiced Teen. * '''Cookie Kwan''', one of Marge's friend. * '''Benjamin, Doug and Gary''', nerds at Springfield University. * '''Akira''', Asian guy who works at the Happy Sumo. * '''Artie Ziff''', Marge's prom date. * '''Arthur Crandall and Gabbo''', ventriloquist and puppet. * '''Gerald''', Maggie's enemy. * '''Bill and Marty''', radio hosts of KBBL. * '''Billy''', Troy McClure's assistant. * '''Birch Barlow''', works at the radio. * '''Bleeding Gums Murphy''', Lisa's saxophone teacher and idol. * '''Blinky''', mutated fish with three eyes. * '''Booberella''', vampire actor of children's television. * '''Brunella Pommelhorst''', gym teacher. * '''Capitol City Goofball''', mascot of Capitol City. * '''Lance Murdock''', daredevil. * '''Charlie''', works at the Nuclear Plant. * '''Kumiko''', married wife of Comic Book Guy. * '''Chase/Pyro''', Luann's boyfriend. * '''Lugash''', gym teacher. * '''Corporal Punishment''', character in the Krusty the Clown Show. He never speaks. * '''Crazy Cat Lady''', old lady who owns a lot of cats. * '''Crusher and Lowblow''', Burn's goons. * '''Dave Shutton''', reporter. * '''Declan Desmond''', documentary maker. * '''Doctor Colossus''', blue, evil, crazy guy. * '''Fallout boy''', Radioactive man's sidekick. * '''Francesca Terwilliger''', Sideshow Bob's wife. * '''Frankie The Squealer''', target of the mafia. * '''Gino''', Sideshow Bob's son. * '''Gloria''', Snake's girlfriend. * '''God''', the all mighty. * '''Grady and Julio''', two gay men. * '''Greta''', Wolfcastle's daughter. * '''Gunter and Ernst''', two tiger tamers. * '''Anastasia''', tiger pet of Gunter and Ernst. * '''Happy Little Elves''', one of Lisa's favorite cartoons. * '''Jack Marley''', former Nuclear Plant worker. * '''Jay Sherman''', film critic. * '''Jebediah Springfield''', founder of Springfield. * '''Johnny Tightlips''', mafia member. * '''Joey''', another mafia member who temporarily joined the Callibricis goons then appears in the mafia again. * '''Jub-Jub''', Selma's pet. * '''Constance Harm''', strict judge. * '''Just Stamp the Ticket man''', angry and sarcastic man. * '''Dr. J. Loren Pryor''', psychologist. * '''Kearney Zzyzwicz Jr.''', Kearney's son. * '''Leopold''', Chalmer's assistant. * '''Lois Pennycandy''', Krusty's attractive assistant. * '''Lucius Sweet''', Tatum's boxing manager. * '''Lurleen Lumpkin''', country singer. * '''Martha Prince''', Mayor's wife. * '''Mary Bailey''', governor. * '''Mary Spuckler''', Bart's ex. * '''Mayor Quimby's Body Guards''', Body Guards. * '''Ms. Albright''', Sunday school teacher. * '''Miss Springfield''', Mayor Quimby's girlfriend. * '''Mr. Costington''', owner of Costington's. * '''Mr. Teeny''', Krusty's monkey. * '''Eddie Muntz''', Nelson's dad. * '''Mrs. Muntz''', Nelson's mom. * '''Octuplets''', Apu and Manjula's babies. * '''Jake''', barber. * '''Opal''', TV star of the Opal Show. * '''Patches and Poor Violet''', orphans. * '''Plopper''', Homer's pet pig. * '''Poochie''', former dog character in the Itchy & Scratchy Show. * '''Princess Kashmir''', belly dancer. * '''Principal Dondelinger''', Homer and Marge's former principal. * '''Rachel Jordan''', Christian singer. * '''Roger Meyers Jr.''', boss of the Itchy & Scratchy crew. * '''Ruth Powers''', Marge's criminal and drunken friend. * '''Sarah Wiggum''', Chief Wiggum's wife. * '''Scott Christian''', former news reporter. * '''Shauna Chalmers''', Jimbo's ex. * '''Stampy''', Bart's former elephant pet. * '''State Comptroller Atkins''', State Comptroller. * '''Tina Ballerina''', character in the Krusty the Clown Show. * '''The Warden''', warden of Juvie. * '''Vanderbilts''', rich couple. * '''Weasels''', Nelson two twin cronies. * '''Mr. Winfield''', former neighbor of The Simpsons. * '''Sylvia Winfield''', former neighbor of The Simpsons. * '''Hank Scorpio''', evil guy who befriends Homer. * '''Frank Grimes''', former employee of the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. * '''Frank Grimes Jr.''', Frank Grimes' son. * '''Shary Bobbins''', magic babysitter. * '''Trent Steel,''' business man that inspires Homer to change his name to "Max Power" * '''Dr. Nick''', an incompetent doctor, who most likely doesn't even has a medical license ==Other websites== * [https://simpsonswiki.com/wiki/Category:Characters Characters index] on the WikiSimpsons fan site {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Simpsons characters}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters|*]] [[Category:Lists of television characters]] 6s3fo2jj8xvefz8e7dduy7emobubbpf 0 105337 10331570 9341076 2025-06-15T07:37:50Z 2400:FF00:3B0:4DA2:1848:E6D3:B085:AE I have deleted the last two paragraphs because I felt like it had the things which is not related to business 10331570 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''partnership''' is when two or more [[people]] [[Employment|work]] together to complete a task. Those people are '''partners'''. Partner may share a [[business]] together for the [[profit]] of each other. If one business partner ends up making money they both share the profit. Some partners are not individuals but [[corporation]]s or other groups. {{stub}} [[Category:Business organizations]] [[Category:Relationships]] ezsarmkxsorg427yuhxrqerv5jfcum3 0 105819 10331795 4228710 2025-06-15T11:07:50Z Barras 40117 10331795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2009}}{{italictitle}} [[Image:Seanhannitykingofprussia.JPG|thumb|right|260px|[[Sean Hannity]], the main host of '''''The Sean Hannity Show''''']] '''The Sean Hannity Show''' is an [[United States|American]] [[radio]] [[show]] with [[conservatism|conservative]] [[talk show]] host [[Sean Hannity]]. It is a [[political]] talk show, but many times will cover things other than the mainstream [[media]]. The ''Hannity'' program is the second highest rated program, behind only [[The Rush Limbaugh Show]].{{fact|date=April 2009}} On the show, ''Sean'' and the [[people]] who [[Telephone|call]] in often say to each other "you're a great American!" == Other websites == * [http://www.hannity.com Hannity's radio website] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sean Hannity Show, The}} [[Category:Radio programs]] euarao27b33eixrrtp5idi05d54ppz3 10331796 10331795 2025-06-15T11:08:04Z Barras 40117 10331796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2009}}{{italictitle}} [[Image:Seanhannitykingofprussia.JPG|thumb|right|260px|[[Sean Hannity]], the main host of '''''The Sean Hannity Show''''']] '''The Sean Hannity Show''' is an [[United States|American]] [[radio]] [[show]] with [[conservatism|conservative]] [[talk show]] host [[Sean Hannity]]. It is a [[political]] talk show, but many times will cover things other than the mainstream [[media]]. The ''Hannity'' program is the second highest rated program, behind only [[The Rush Limbaugh Show]].{{fact|date=April 2009}} On the show, ''Sean'' and the [[people]] who [[Telephone|call]] in often say to each other "you're a great American!" == Other websites == * [http://www.hannity.com Hannity's radio website] {{tv-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sean Hannity Show, The}} [[Category:Radio programs]] 4h0529hno5v6ziaigisdxok4pp8k2j5 0 106674 10330636 10148162 2025-06-14T19:05:05Z 2600:1004:B0B9:7488:3D:5D86:DE43:B9C5 /* Feature films */ 10330636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:VeggieTales_logo.svg|right|frameless]] '''''VeggieTales''''', otherwise spelled "'''''Veggie Tales'''''", is a [[Children's television series|children's]] [[animated]] [[direct-to-video]] series created by Big Idea. They have [[vegetables]] in stories with moral themes based on [[Christianity]]. The original series lasted from December 23, 1993 to March 3, 2015. It was eventually cancelled around 2018. In March 2019, Phil Vischer announced on his Twitter that a revival spin-off titled ''The VeggieTales Show'' would be released in the fall of that year, along with an untitled '<nowiki/>''VeggieTales''<nowiki/>' movie with an unclear release date. == History == The show was created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki when they wanted to create a series of videos teaching children about stories and lessons from the [[Bible]], while making it fun and entertaining. Phil originally started out in 1990 when he wanted to use [[candy bar]]s as a basis. However, his wife objected the idea as she thought it was a bad influence on kids. So he drew a [[cucumber]] and thought that was the best choice, [[vegetable]]s. He chose these objects as he said they were easy to animate as compared to characters with limbs, clothes, or hair because of the limitations on 3D graphics during the early 1990s. In order to create VeggieTales, Phil had to follow a few rules given to him by his mother. They included: 1) you will not portray Jesus Christ as a vegetable, and 2) try not imply that vegetables can have redemptive relationships with God. Phil then joined with Mike Nawrocki, who they both did [[puppet]] shows in Bible college. Phil did one on "The Princess and the Pea," but telling it from the pea's perspective, but never made it as a puppet show. Ultimately, the sketches Phil drew became the basis for ''VeggieTales''. The name itself came from Mike Nawrocki, as he felt it was a good title as it was about vegetables telling stories. While ''[[Toy Story]]'' is considered the first animated film to use [[computer-generated imagery|computer imagery]] for film, ''VeggieTales'' is the first video series using that type of animation prior to the film's release. The series started with only either one or two episode(s) per year, until the company grew and produced three videos per year as of 2014. Since then, no new episodes of the series have been produced, likely due to Big Idea being too busy making and focusing on the [[Netflix]] series. In 2014, shortly after the release of Beauty and the Beet (the last episode to feature the original look of the characters), Netflix released 11 minute shorts exclusively along with new redesigns of the original cast. In a recent podcast, Phil says that they have colored iris' (similar to the Sonic the Hedgehog series) and their mouths are more dynamic. He also says that Archibald's hair looks swirly. === "Cancellation"/Hiatus === Following the release of the episode Noah's Ark on March 3, 2015, Big Idea did not announce any new plans for further ''VeggieTales'' home video releases, seemingly focusing solely on the Netflix series. In June 2017, Mike Nawrocki appeared on the Christian talk show Today's Life, and said "If there's ever an opportunity to do something VeggieTales-related again, I would love to do that." Furthermore, Nawrocki's LinkedIn profile states that he left his position at Big Idea in February 2016. The second and final season of VeggieTales in the City subsequently premiered on Netflix in late 2017. At the 2018 Christian Worldview Film Festival, Mike Nawrocki confirmed that he was no longer working on ''VeggieTales'', and there was nothing in production. Phil Vischer stated that he was not returning to work on new episodes, and on July 1, 2018, he explained on Twitter that the team who specifically produced home video releases was dismissed in 2015, while the Netflix series team wrapped up their work in Summer 2017. Comcast shut down Big Idea's offices in Nashville shortly afterward. Vischer has confirmed that Big Idea's employees continue to work for Big Idea, and have not been laid off. This could mean that the show may still continue in the future. === Revival === On March 28th, Eric Metaxas posted a tweet featuring him with Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki. He said that TBN had purchased the rights to ''VeggieTales'' and are making a new series. Later on, Phil posted a tweet correcting the misconception; it turns out TBN only purchased licensing rights and will use the characters. Phil and Mike are going to be key writers for a new spin-off show that is currently known as The VeggieTales Show, which was released in late 2019. On the same day, Phil Vischer confirmed that Universal had also started early development on a VeggieTales feature film. It will also have Phil's involvement, possibly as a key writer. == Episode Set-Ups == * Every episode (with the exception of some special episodes) starts on a [[kitchen]] countertop where Bob and Larry introduce themselves and receive a [[letter]] from a kid. After reading the letter, Bob and Larry would have small discussions on how they would answer the kids letter via a story. * After the first segment of an episode, Silly Songs with Larry are served as the shows intermissions where Larry appears on the countertop and sing ridiculous songs. * After Silly Songs with Larry, the second segment of that episode is then shown. Are <u>You</u> My Neighbor? is the first VeggieTales episode to have it's main segment served as the second segment while the first two episodes main segments were shown first. * At the end of every show, Bob and Larry would receive a verse from Qwerty as the What Have We Learned song is played. The episode then ends with Bob and Larry saying "''God made you special, and he loves you very much"'' and the credits roll. == Characters == * Bob the [[Tomato]] * Larry the [[Cucumber]] * Junior [[Asparagus]] * Laura [[Carrot]] * Petunia [[Rhubarb]] * Madame [[Blueberry]] * Annie [[Onion]] * Jimmy and Jerry [[Gourd]] * Pa [[Grape]] * Archibald [[Asparagus]] * Scooter [[Carrot]] * Mr. Lunt [[Gourd]] * Mr. Nezzer * The French [[Pea]]s == Videos == # Where's God When <u>I'm</u> S-Scared? # God Wants <u>Me</u> to Forgive Them!?! # Are <u>You</u> <u>My</u> Neighbor? # Rack, Shack and Benny # Dave and the Giant Pickle # The Toy That Saved Christmas # Very Silly Songs! # Larry-Boy! and the Fib from Outer Space! # [[Josh and the Big Wall!]] # Madame Blueberry # The End of Silliness? # Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed # King George and the Ducky # Esther...The Girl Who Became Queen # Lyle the Kindly Viking # The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown # The Star of Christmas # The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment! # The Ballad of Little Joe # An Easter Carol # A Snoodle's Tale # Sumo of the Opera # Duke and the Great Pie War # Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush # Lord of the Beans # Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler # LarryBoy and the Bad Apple # Gideon: Tuba Warrior # Moe and the Big Exit # The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's # Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue # Abe and the Amazing Promise # Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella # Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving # Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't # Sweetpea Beauty # It's a Meaningful Life # 'Twas the Night Before Easter # Princess and the Popstar # The Little Drummer Boy # Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men # The Penniless Princess # The League of Incredible Vegetables # The Little House That Stood # MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle # Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas # Veggies in Space: The Fennel Frontier # Celery Night Fever # Beauty and the Beet # Noah's Ark == Feature films == # Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie # The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie # LarryBoy # Annie: A VeggieTales Movie – Starring: Shelby Vischer # Untitled VeggieTales Movie [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:Series of movies]] [[Category:1993 television series debuts]] atcz3dtgxc7pi11zrzt5kw3y0tq28du 0 109841 10331799 4229375 2025-06-15T11:09:58Z Barras 40117 10331799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}}{{Taxobox | name = ''Udanoceratops'' | fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]] | image = Udanoceratops sketch2.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]] | superordo = [[Dinosaur]]ia | ordo = [[Ornithischia]] | subordo = [[Cerapoda]] | infraordo = [[Ceratopsia]] | familia = [[Leptoceratopsidae]] | genus = '''''Udanoceratops''''' |genus_authority=Kurzanov, 1992 |subdivision_ranks=[[Species]] |subdivision= *''U. tschizhovi'' <small>Kurzanov, 1992 ([[type species|type]])</small> }} '''Udanoceratops''' had a very large [[skull]] (1.5 times the size of the next largest protoceratopid [[Montanoceratops]]) with no nasal horn. It most resembles [[Leptoceratops]] but with larger nasal apertures, less [[teeth]] in the upper jaw and more in the lower jaw - there are also differences in its teeth and skull bones. It has a mixture of advanced and primitive features and may turn out to be a [[ceratopsid]]. {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Ceratopsids]] l0ogk1awhaez5y6m8sil82gz5x0351h 3 110626 10331588 10329472 2025-06-15T08:16:06Z 2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E /* That 'Sam' Guy... */ new section 10331588 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Djsasso/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 12 |maxarchivesize = 75K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} {| class="messagebox" style="background: AntiqueWhite;" |- |This talk page is '''automatically archived''' by [[User:SassoBot|SassoBot]]. Any sections older than '''30''' days are automatically archived. 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We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Template:Template rating]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]] ([[User talk:Batrachoseps|talk]]) 13:39, 15 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]]: Why did you leave this message here? Djsasso didn't create the template. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 15:08, 15 October 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Djsasso imported the template. Twinkle notified the person who last edited it on enwiki before it was imported, RexxS, who has never edited here. [[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]] ([[User talk:Batrachoseps|talk]]) 16:07, 15 October 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]]: Ah, got it! Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:36, 15 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{re|Auntof6|Batrachoseps}} In a lot of cases templates like these can be accidentally imported, as during import you can accidentally import other templates, so it may not be worth sending the message manually. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 18:53, 15 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Template:1925-26 NHL season by team == <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Template:1925-26 NHL season by team]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Template:1925-26 NHL season by team]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:20, 9 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:AbuseFilter/86]] == Hello, I appreciate your previous efforts to filter 86, but due to recent consensus ([[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_163#Disable_filter_86_or_opt_out_simplewiki_from_global_filter_123?]]), the local filter has been disabled and replaced with a global abuse filter. Further questions can be sent to the proposer. Thank you very much for your hard work. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:44, 24 November 2024 (UTC) == We cordially invite you to participate in our research == Hello！ We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting a study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia.Actually, we are very interested in your experiences with editing simple english articles and how we might improve coverage of articles in the Simple English edition. We believe that your help will make a great contribution to our research. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider participating in our study, please contact me. [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 01:17, 27 January 2025 (UTC) == You deleted my work == You deleted [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ibrahim A. Abdullahi|my work]] when the outcome was supposed to be no consensus. You and I know that's not the right thing. I humbly request for the restoration. Thank you! [[User:Elinamomoh|Elinamomoh]] ([[User talk:Elinamomoh|talk]]) 09:47, 25 February 2025 (UTC) :{{tpw}} @[[User:Elinamomoh|Elinamomoh]]: There were no comments on the RFD. When that happens, we do what's called a [[WP:SOFTDELETE|soft delete]]. You could have commented on the RFD before it was closed, but since there were no comments, Djsasso did the standard procedure of deleting. You are entitled to ask for the article to be restored, but not to claim that the delete was wrong. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 10:37, 25 February 2025 (UTC) ::Gentle apology for saying that the delete was wrong. I humbly request that you restore it. [[User:Elinamomoh|Elinamomoh]] ([[User talk:Elinamomoh|talk]]) 13:43, 25 February 2025 (UTC) == That 'Sam' Guy... == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) 08:16, 15 June 2025 (UTC) qe9z10zi66nc7fq2k1h6z8xsbtmp6rb 10331653 10331588 2025-06-15T09:14:52Z Barras 40117 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) to last version by Cactusisme 10312900 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Djsasso/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 12 |maxarchivesize = 75K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} {| class="messagebox" style="background: AntiqueWhite;" |- |This talk page is '''automatically archived''' by [[User:SassoBot|SassoBot]]. Any sections older than '''30''' days are automatically archived. 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We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Template:Template rating]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]] ([[User talk:Batrachoseps|talk]]) 13:39, 15 October 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]]: Why did you leave this message here? Djsasso didn't create the template. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 15:08, 15 October 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] Djsasso imported the template. Twinkle notified the person who last edited it on enwiki before it was imported, RexxS, who has never edited here. [[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]] ([[User talk:Batrachoseps|talk]]) 16:07, 15 October 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:Batrachoseps|Batrachoseps]]: Ah, got it! Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:36, 15 October 2024 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{re|Auntof6|Batrachoseps}} In a lot of cases templates like these can be accidentally imported, as during import you can accidentally import other templates, so it may not be worth sending the message manually. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 18:53, 15 October 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Template:1925-26 NHL season by team == <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Template:1925-26 NHL season by team]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Template:1925-26 NHL season by team]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:20, 9 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:AbuseFilter/86]] == Hello, I appreciate your previous efforts to filter 86, but due to recent consensus ([[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_163#Disable_filter_86_or_opt_out_simplewiki_from_global_filter_123?]]), the local filter has been disabled and replaced with a global abuse filter. Further questions can be sent to the proposer. Thank you very much for your hard work. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:44, 24 November 2024 (UTC) == We cordially invite you to participate in our research == Hello！ We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting a study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia.Actually, we are very interested in your experiences with editing simple english articles and how we might improve coverage of articles in the Simple English edition. We believe that your help will make a great contribution to our research. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider participating in our study, please contact me. [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 01:17, 27 January 2025 (UTC) == You deleted my work == You deleted [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ibrahim A. Abdullahi|my work]] when the outcome was supposed to be no consensus. You and I know that's not the right thing. I humbly request for the restoration. Thank you! [[User:Elinamomoh|Elinamomoh]] ([[User talk:Elinamomoh|talk]]) 09:47, 25 February 2025 (UTC) :{{tpw}} @[[User:Elinamomoh|Elinamomoh]]: There were no comments on the RFD. When that happens, we do what's called a [[WP:SOFTDELETE|soft delete]]. You could have commented on the RFD before it was closed, but since there were no comments, Djsasso did the standard procedure of deleting. You are entitled to ask for the article to be restored, but not to claim that the delete was wrong. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 10:37, 25 February 2025 (UTC) ::Gentle apology for saying that the delete was wrong. I humbly request that you restore it. [[User:Elinamomoh|Elinamomoh]] ([[User talk:Elinamomoh|talk]]) 13:43, 25 February 2025 (UTC) bn5ykyhabeys8aahrdsj3xeqwqov202 0 112362 10331338 10312126 2025-06-15T02:26:18Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 restore redirect as the current version was a C&P of En article without simplification 10331338 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mongol Empire]] qy1w1y52qlbgumgmqjzl421uxmdzwy9 0 112849 10331118 10328244 2025-06-15T00:09:39Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Jean Vanhaelen *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Terry Carter ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] jpl20sogi2u9ylyuda1sagrsizm8kf6 10331125 10331118 2025-06-15T00:17:08Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Otis Brayboy & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] 9dyg0xbkfas23e3nlm0xfdjxmb5mi4k 10331127 10331125 2025-06-15T00:18:50Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, John Flagg & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] c2jsxhbuhgttzy4jnswbpfndt2vzdg0 10331132 10331127 2025-06-15T00:20:39Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Otis Brayboy & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] 9dyg0xbkfas23e3nlm0xfdjxmb5mi4k 10331141 10331132 2025-06-15T00:24:12Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] fnz6b86m0y97zxfsehm5ineeqskemlz 10331142 10331141 2025-06-15T00:24:41Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (some episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] nuufb7subho5hmpoajkb7f0a3yi1jdn 10331143 10331142 2025-06-15T00:25:13Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (6 episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] en2xzla4p5jblrf3fox2cour56jkxfv 10331145 10331143 2025-06-15T00:26:54Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (some episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] nuufb7subho5hmpoajkb7f0a3yi1jdn 10331152 10331145 2025-06-15T00:31:28Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (some episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Gary Andrews & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] fppb0shv2i49fwtopjxebww0ixycd6p 10331157 10331152 2025-06-15T00:33:27Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (some episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Lyndon Ruddy, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] nuufb7subho5hmpoajkb7f0a3yi1jdn 10331159 10331157 2025-06-15T00:34:51Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (some episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department/Splitting Supervisor - Lyndon Ruddy *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] n80p19ok8o6vbjwoa4iu8fcqs4tntij 10331160 10331159 2025-06-15T00:35:59Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:E5B5:BD22:E713:BB45 /* Crew */ 10331160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animation]] * Adventure * [[Comedy]] * Musical }} | runtime = 21–23 minutes | creator = [[Janice Burgess]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| *[[Janice Burgess]] *[[Kay Wilson Stallings]] *[[Scott Dyer]] *[[Doug Murphy]] *Robert Scull *Jonny Belt}} | voices = {{Plainlist| *[[LaShawn Tináh Jefferies]] *[[Jake Goldberg]] *Christopher Grant Jr. *Gianna Bruzzese *[[Jonah Bobo]]}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * Evan Lurie * [[Douglas Wieselman]] <!-- The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. --> }} | country = {{Plainlist| * United States * Canada }} | language = English | company = {{Plainlist| *Nickelodeon Animation Studio *Nickelodeon Studios Florida (pilot) *[[Nick Jr. Digital]] (pilot) *[[Nelvana]]}} | director = {{Plainlist| *Rob Walton (season 1) *Mike Shiell (seasons 1–2) *Dave Palmer (seasons 3–4)}} | network = {{Plainlist| *[[Nickelodeon]] (Seasons 1-2) *[[Nick Jr. Channel]] (Seasons 3-4)}} | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = List of The Backyardigans episodes | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|10|11}} | last_aired = {{End date|2013|07|12}} }} '''''The Backyardigans''''' is a musical kids' television show created by Janice Burgess. The show's on [[Nickelodeon]]. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last episode aired on July 12, 2013. The show ran for 4 seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes are on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the 4th season. However, in 2010, the show's creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different show: Nickelodeon's revival of "Winx Club". Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for "Winx Club" before retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014. ==Characters== *Uniqua, a pink unique creature. Voiced by LaShawn Tinah Jefferies. *Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) & Jake Goldberg (seasons 2-4). *Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1-2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2-3) & Christopher Grant Jr. (season 4). *Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae (seasons 1-2) & Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3-4). *Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo. ==Crew== *Supervising Producer - Jane Crawford *Art Director - Rob Walton *Modeling & Texturing - Stefanie Gignac *Lip Sync Artist - Hong Qi *Picture Editor - Pam Lehn *Education Consultant - Lori Plummer, M.Ed. *Storyboard Artist - Chris Giggie (some episodes) & Brad Goodchild (S3-4) *Design - Andrew Hickson (S3-4) *Animation Department/Splitting Supervisor - Lyndon Ruddy *Animation Department - Dave Pemberton, Chris Giggie & John D. Williamson *Dialogue Editor - Glenn Barna *Sound Effects Editor - Rob Walton *Scanner - Don Spencer ==Episodes== {{main|List of The Backyardigans episodes}} {{:List of The Backyardigans episodes}} ===Season 1=== #Pirate Treasure #The Heart of the Jungle #The Yeti #The Snow Fort #Secret Mission #It's Great to Be a Ghost! #Riding the Range #The Key to the Nile #Knights are Brave and Strong #Viking Voyage #Castaways #Race to the Tower of Power #The Quest for the Flying Rock #Polka Palace Party #Surf's Up #Eureka! #Race Around the World #Monster Detectives #Cave Party #High Tea ==Home media== In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to [[VHS]] across five volumes. Viacom's [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to [[FremantleMedia|Fremantle Home Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|title=FremantleMedia grabs 'Backyardigans' DVD rights|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 28, 2008|access-date=July 13, 2021|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713215953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/fremantlemedia-grabs-backyardigans-dvd-rights-108135/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Broadcast== The show aired on [[Nickelodeon]] and the [[Nick Jr. Channel]] in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Backyardigans}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:Nickelodeon television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] p5f7701pyjy951rybjbmbswihi85m4g 0 113655 10330064 10269219 2025-06-14T13:57:51Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|Fixing broken anchor]]: Reminder of an inactive anchor: [[Nazi Germany#Women's rights|reproductive policies]], Reminder of an inactive anchor: [[Nazi Germany#Capitulation of German forces|collapse of the Nazi regime]], Reminder of an inactive anchor: [[Nazi Germany#Government|government]] 10330064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:German anti-smoking campaign poster Wellcome L0038326.jpg|thumb|A German anti-smoking poster from 1940.]] '''Nazi Germany''' started a strong '''anti-tobacco movement'''<ref name="PHCM252">{{Harvnb|Young|2005|p=252}}</ref> and led the first public anti-[[smoking]] campaign in [[modern history]].<ref name="STR15">{{Harvnb|Szollosi-Janze|2001|p=15}}</ref> In 1940, German scientists found a link between smoking tobacco, and lung cancer.<ref name="Roffo">{{cite journal |last1=Roffo |first1=A. H. |title=The carcinogenic effects of tobacco. Monatsschrift für Krebsbekämpfung Vol. 8, Issue 5, 1940 |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |year=2006 |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=497–502 |pmid=16799736 |language=en |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=2627372|hdl=10665/269668 }}</ref> Anti-tobacco movements grew in many countries from the beginning of the 20th century. But all these had little success. The only exception was Germany where it was supported by the government after the [[Nazi]]s came to power.<ref name="SMMUESHP">{{cite journal |last1=Doll |first1=Richard |title=Uncovering the effects of smoking: historical perspective |journal=Statistical Methods in Medical Research |date=1 April 1998 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=87–117 |doi=10.1177/096228029800700202 |pmid=9654637 |s2cid=154707 |url=http://smm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/2/87 |accessdate=1 June 2008 |language=en |issn=0962-2802 |quote=Societies were formed to discourage smoking at the beginning of the century in several countries, but they had little success except in Germany where they were officially supported by the government after the Nazis seized power. |archive-date=12 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012160222/http://smm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/7/2/87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was the most powerful anti-smoking movement in the world in the 1930s and early 1940s.<ref name="BMJATCNLKAPHG">{{cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=Robert N. |title=The anti-tobacco campaign of the Nazis: a little known aspect of public health in Germany, 1933–45 |journal=BMJ |date=7 December 1996 |volume=313 |issue=7070 |pages=1450–1453 |doi=10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1450 |pmid=8973234 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/313/7070/1450 |accessdate=1 June 2008 |language=en |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=2352989}}</ref> The Nazi leaders opposed smoking and some of them openly said what is wrong with tobacco consumption.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> Research on smoking and its effects on health got better under Nazi rule<ref name=ADLNMPHP>{{citation |last= Proctor |first= Robert N. |title= Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy |publisher= Dimensions, [[Anti-Defamation League]] |year= 1996 |url= http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp |accessdate= 2008-06-01 |archive-date= 2012-12-05 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121205091200/http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref> and was the most important of its type at that time.<ref name="HRCPL1373-74">{{Harvnb|Clark|Briggs |Cooke |2005|pp=1373–74}}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]] did not like tobacco<ref name="NWC219">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=219}}</ref> and the Nazi [[Reproduction |reproductive]] policies were among the causes due to which the Nazis started their campaign against smoking. This campaign was linked with [[antisemitism]] and [[racism]].<ref name="BMJGDS">{{citation|url=http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7480/1424|title=Lifestyle, health, and health promotion in Nazi Germany|author=George Davey Smith|accessdate=2008-07-01|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=329 |issue=7480 |pages=1424–5 |date= Dec 2004 |pmid= 15604167 |pmc=535959 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.329.7480.1424}}</ref> The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign used many methods like restrictions on smoking in public spaces, limiting tobacco advertising, restrictions on tobacco rations for women, restrictions on restaurants and coffeehouses,<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> promoting [[health education]],<ref name="SGHS328">{{Harvnb|Gilman|Zhou|2004|p=328}}</ref> banning smoking in trams, buses and city trains, limiting cigarette rations in the [[Wehrmacht]], organizing medical lectures for soldiers and increasing the [[Tobacco smoking#Taxation|tobacco tax]].<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> The anti-tobacco movement did not have much effect in the early years of the Nazi rule. Tobacco use increased between 1933 and 1939.<ref name="NWC228">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=228}}</ref> But smoking by military personnel declined from 1939 to 1945.<ref name="HRCPL1374">{{Harvnb|Clark|Briggs|Cooke|2005|Ref=CITEREFClarkBriggsCooke2005|p=1374}}</ref> This anti-smoking campaign was more powerful and serious than the anti-tobacco movement in Germany at the beginning of the 21st century.<ref name="NWC228"/> ==Prelude to Nazi anti-tobacco campaign== [[File:Pariert (1898).JPG|250px|An 1898 cartoon of a train in [[Bavaria]]. Woman: Smoking isn't allowed in this compartment, it clearly says "For non-smokers" outside! Smoker: But we aren't smoking outside, we're smoking inside!|thumb]] Anti-tobacco thoughts existed in Germany in the early 1900s. People who disliked smoking formed the first anti-tobacco group in the country named the ''Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze der Nichtraucher'' (German Tobacco Opponents' Association for the Protection of Non-smokers). Established in 1904, this organization existed for a brief period only. The next anti-tobacco organization, the ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in [[Trautenau]], [[Bohemia]]. Other anti-smoking organizations were established in 1912 in the cities of [[Hanover]] and [[Dresden]]. In 1920, a ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in [[Prague]], after [[Czechoslovakia]] was separated from [[Austria]] at the end of World War I. A ''Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in [[Deutschösterreich]]'' (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Austria) was established in [[Graz]] in 1920.<ref>{{citation |last=Proctor |first=Robert |title=The Nazi War on Tobacco: Ideology, Evidence, and Possible Cancer Consequences |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=435–88 |year=1997 |doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0139 |pmid=9302840 |s2cid=39160045 |url=http://environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf |accessdate=2008-07-22 |quote=The first German antitobacco organization was established in 1904 (the short-lived Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze für Nichtraucher); this was followed by a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner based in the town of Trautenau, in Bohemia (1910), and similar associations in Hanover and Dresden (both founded in 1912). When Czechoslovakia was severed from Austria after the First World War, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei was established in Prague (1920); that same year in Graz a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich was founded. |archive-date=2008-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014053354/http://www.environmentaloncology.org/files/file/secrethistorysupport/Chapt%203%20References/REF%207%20proctor.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> These groups published journals advocating nonsmoking. The first such [[German language]] journal was ''Der Tabakgegner'' (The Tobacco Opponent), published by the Bohemian organization between 1912 and 1932. The ''Deutsche Tabakgegner'' (German Tobacco Opponents) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935, and was the second journal on this issue.<ref name="NWC177">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=177}}</ref> The anti-tobacco organizations were also against drinking of [[Ethanol#Alcoholic beverages|alcohol]].<ref name="NWC178">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=178}}</ref> ==Hitler's attitude towards smoking== [[File:Adolf Hitler cropped restored.jpg|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] encouraged his close workers to quit smoking.|thumb|329x329px]] [[Adolf Hitler]] was a heavy smoker in his early life, smoking 25 to 40 cigarettes daily. He gave up when he realized it was a waste of money.<ref name="NWC219"/> In later years, Hitler viewed smoking as "decadent"<ref name="HRCPL1374"/> (meaning that it was bad for his health) and "the wrath of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Red Man]] against the White Man, vengeance for having been given [[hard liquor]]".<ref name="NWC219"/> He was sad that "so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning".<ref name="NWC173">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=173}}</ref> He was unhappy because both [[Eva Braun]] and [[Martin Bormann]] were smokers and was concerned over [[Hermann Göring]]'s continued smoking in public places. He was angered when a statue of Göring showed a cigar in his mouth.<ref name="NWC219"/> Hitler is often considered to be the first national leader to advocate nonsmoking.<ref name="BDDENI119">{{Harvnb|Tillman|2004|p=119}}</ref> Hitler disapproved of the military personnel's freedom to smoke, and during World War II he said on March 2, 1942, "it was a mistake, traceable to the army leadership at the time, at the beginning of the war". He also said that it was "not correct to say that a soldier cannot live without smoking". He promised to end the use of tobacco in the military after the end of the war. Hitler personally encouraged close friends not to smoke and rewarded those who [[Tobacco smoking|quit smoking]]. However, Hitler's dislike for tobacco was only one of several reasons behind the anti-smoking campaign.<ref name="NWC219"/> ==Reproductive policies== The Nazi [[Nazi Germany#Women's rights|reproductive policies]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-06-14|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Nazi Germany#Women's rights|reason= }} were an important factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign.<ref name="BMJGDS"/> Women who smoked were considered to be more likely to age [[wikt:premature|prematurely]], and lose [[physical attractiveness]]; they were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. Werner Huttig of the [[Nazi Party]]'s ''[[Office of Racial Policy|Rassenpolitisches Amt]]'' (Office of Racial Politics) claimed smoking mothers' [[Breastfeeding|breast milk]] contained [[nicotine]].<ref name="NWC187">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=187}}</ref> Martin Staemmler, an important doctor during the Third Reich, said that smoking by [[pregnant]] women resulted in a higher rate of [[stillbirth]]s and [[miscarriage]]s. This was supported by the well-known female [[racial hygiene|racial hygienist]] [[Agnes Bluhm]], in her book published in 1936. The Nazi leadership was concerned about this because they wanted German women to give birth. An article published in a German [[gynecology]] journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain [[Childlessness|childless]] compared to nonsmoking women.<ref name="NWC189">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=189}}</ref> ==Research== Research and studies on tobacco's effects on the population's health were more advanced in Germany than in any other nation by the time the Nazis came to power.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> The [[Lung cancer#Smoking|link]] between [[lung cancer]] and tobacco was first proved in Nazi Germany,<ref name="NWC173"/><ref name=OANFRIPH>{{citation|url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/3/537|title=Odol, Autobahne and a non-smoking Führer: Reflections on the innocence of public health|author=Johan P. Mackenbach|accessdate=2008-06-01 |journal= International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=537–9 |date= June 2005 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyi039|pmid=15746205 }}</ref><ref name="SUF155">{{Harvnb|Schaler|2004|p=155}}</ref> contrary to the popular belief that [[United States|American]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] scientists first discovered it in the 1950s.<ref name="NWC173"/> The term "[[passive smoking]]" ("''Passivrauchen''") was coined in Nazi Germany.<ref name="STR15"/> Research projects funded by the Nazis revealed many disastrous effects of smoking on health.<ref name="INJPR98">{{Harvnb|Coombs|Holladay|2006|p=98}}</ref> Nazi Germany supported [[Epidemiology|epidemiological research]] on the harmful effects of tobacco use.<ref name="PHCM252"/> Hitler personally gave financial support to the ''Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren'' (Scientific Institute for the Study of Tobacco Hazards) at the [[University of Jena]], headed by Karl Astel.<ref name="HRCPL1374"/><ref name="NWC207">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|Ref=CITEREFProctor1999|p=207}}</ref> Established in 1941, it was the most significant anti-tobacco institute in Nazi Germany.<ref name="NWC207"/> Franz H. Müller in 1939 and E. Schairer in 1943 first used [[case-control]] epidemiological methods to study lung cancer among smokers.<ref name="HRCPL1374"/> In 1939, Müller published a study report in a reputed cancer journal in Germany claiming that prevalence of lung cancer was higher among smokers.<ref name="PHCM252"/> Müller, described as the "forgotten father of experimental epidemiology",<ref name="NWC191">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=191}}</ref> was a member of the [[National Socialist Motor Corps]] (NSKK) and the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers’ Party]] (NSDAP). Müller's 1939 medical dissertation was the world's first controlled epidemiological study of the relationship between tobacco and lung cancer. Apart from mentioning the increasing incidents of lung cancer and many of the causes behind it such as dust, exhaust gas from cars, [[tuberculosis]], X-ray and pollutants emitted from factories, Müller's paper pointed out that "the significance of tobacco smoke has been pushed more and more into the foreground".<ref name="NWC194">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=194}}</ref> Physicians in the Third Reich were aware that smoking is responsible for [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiac diseases]], which were considered to be the most serious diseases resulting from smoking. The use of nicotine was sometimes considered to be responsible for increased reports of [[myocardial infarction]] in the country. In the later years of World War II, researchers considered nicotine a factor behind the coronary heart failures suffered by a significant number of military personnel in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. A pathologist of the [[Heer (1935-1945)|Heer]] examined thirty-two young soldiers who had died from myocardial infarction at the front, and documented in a 1944 report that all of them were "enthusiastic smokers". He cited the opinion of pathologist Franz Buchner that cigarettes are "a coronary poison of the first order."<ref name="NWC187"/> ==Anti-tobacco measures== The Nazis used several public relations tactics to convince the general population of Germany not to smoke. Well-known health magazines like the ''Gesundes Volk'' (Healthy People),<ref name="INJPR98"/> ''Volksgesundheit'' (People's Health) and ''Gesundes Leben'' (Healthy Life)<ref name=SHNG>{{citation|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1059950&blobtype=pdf|format=PDF|title=Smoking and health promotion in Nazi Germany|author=George Davey Smith, Sabine A Strobele, Matthias Egger|accessdate=2008-07-21|journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health|volume=48|issue=3|pages=220–3|date=June 1994|doi=10.1136/jech.48.3.220|pmid=8051518|pmc=1059950|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716134457/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1059950/pdf/jepicomh00198-0004.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> published warnings about the health consequences of smoking<ref name="INJPR98"/><ref name=SHNG/> and posters showing the harmful effects of tobacco were displayed. Anti-smoking messages were sent to the people in their workplaces,<ref name="INJPR98"/> often with the help of the [[Hitler Youth|Hitler-Jugend]] (HJ) and the [[League of German Girls|Bund Deutscher Mädel]] (BDM).<ref name="BMJGDS"/><ref name="INJPR98"/><ref name=SHNG/> The anti-smoking campaign undertaken by the Nazis also included health education.<ref name="SGHS328"/><ref name=OANFRIPH/><ref name="MHSDPHB13">{{Harvnb|Berridge|2007|p=13}}</ref> In June 1939, a Bureau against the Hazards of Alcohol and Tobacco was formed and the ''Reichsstelle für Rauschgiftbekämpfung'' (Bureau for the Struggle against Addictive Drugs) also helped in the anti-tobacco campaign. Articles advocating nonsmoking were published in the magazines ''Die Genussgifte'' (The Drugs for Enjoyment), ''Auf der Wacht'' (On the Guard) and ''Reine Luft'' (Clean Air).<ref name="NWC199">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=199}}</ref> Out of these magazines, ''Reine Luft'' was the main journal of the Nazi anti-tobacco movement.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> After recognizing the harmful effects of smoking on health, several items of anti-smoking legislation were enacted.<ref name=BMJSD>{{citation|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/310/6976/396?ijkey=dded75b860ab74f5194afe48718a4f2e5fe51cb0&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha|title=Smoking and death. Public health measures were taken more than 40 years ago|author=George Davey Smith, Sabine Strobele and Matthias Egger|accessdate=2008-06-01|journal=British Medical Journal |pmid= 7866221 |volume=310 |issue=6976 |pages=396 |date= February 1995|doi=10.1136/bmj.310.6976.396|pmc=2548770}}</ref> The later 1930s increasingly saw anti-tobacco laws implemented by the Nazis. In 1938, the [[Luftwaffe]] and the [[Reichspost]] imposed a ban on smoking. Smoking was also banned not only in health care institutions but also in several public offices and in rest homes.<ref name= BMJATCNLKAPHG/> Midwives were restricted from smoking while on duty. In 1939, the Nazi Party outlawed smoking in all of its offices' premises, and [[Heinrich Himmler]], the then chief of the [[Schutzstaffel]] (SS), restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty.<ref name="NWC203">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=203}}</ref> Smoking was also outlawed in schools.<ref name="INJPR98"/> In 1941, tobacco smoking in trams was outlawed in sixty German cities.<ref name="NWC203"/> Smoking was also outlawed in [[bomb shelter]]s; however, some shelters had separate rooms for smoking.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> Special care was taken to prevent women from smoking. The President of the Medical Association in Germany announced, "German women don't smoke".<ref name="PCMCCEA169">{{Harvnb|Daunton|Hilton|2001|p=169}}</ref> Pregnant women and women [[Aging#Dividing the lifespan|below the age of 25 and over the age of 55]] were not given tobacco ration cards during World War II. Restrictions on selling tobacco products to women were imposed on the hospitality and food retailing industry.<ref name="NWC203"/> Anti-tobacco films aimed at women were publicly aired. Editorials discussing the issue of smoking and its effects were published in newspapers. Strict measures were taken in this regard and a district department of the [[National Socialist Factory Cell Organization]] (NSBO) announced that it would expel female members who smoked publicly.<ref name="NCFWTR108">{{Harvnb|Guenther|2004|p=108}}</ref> The next step in the anti-tobacco campaign came in July 1943, when public smoking for persons under the age of 18 was outlawed.<ref name= "BMJGDS"/><ref name=SHNG/><ref name="NWC203"/> In the next year, smoking in buses and city trains was made illegal,<ref name= "HRCPL1374"/> on the personal initiative of Hitler, who feared female ticket takers might be the victims of passive smoking.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> Restrictions were imposed on the advertisement of tobacco products,<ref name="GB206">{{Harvnb|Uekoetter|2006|p=206}}</ref> enacted on December 7, 1941, and signed by Heinrich Hunke, the President of the Advertising Council. Advertisements trying to depict smoking as harmless or as an expression of masculinity were banned. Ridiculing anti-tobacco activists was also outlawed,<ref name="NWC204">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=204}}</ref> as was the use of advertising posters along rail tracks, in rural regions, stadiums, and racing tracks. Advertising by loudspeakers and [[Postage stamps and postal history of Germany#.22Third Reich.22.2C 1933-1945|mail]] was also prohibited.<ref name="NWC206">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=206}}</ref> Restrictions on smoking were also introduced in the Wehrmacht. Cigarette rations in the military were limited to six per soldier per day. Extra cigarettes were often sold to the soldiers, especially when there was no military advance or retreat in the battleground, however, these were restricted to 50 for each person per month. Access to cigarettes was not allowed for the Wehrmacht's female auxiliary personnel. Medical lectures were arranged to persuade military personnel to quit smoking. An ordinance enacted on November 3, 1941, raised tobacco taxes by approximately 80–95% of the retail price. It would be the highest rise in tobacco taxes in Germany for more than 25 years after the [[Nazi Germany#Capitulation of German forces|collapse of the Nazi regime]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-06-14|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Nazi Germany#Capitulation of German forces|reason= }}.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> ==Effectiveness== The early anti-smoking campaign was thought to be a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in Germany.<ref name="NWC228"/> The rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring [[France]], where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential. Between 1932 and 1939, [[per capita]] cigarette consumption in Germany increased from 570 to 900 per year, while the corresponding numbers for France were from 570 to 630.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/><ref name="LEE">{{Harvnb|Lee|1975}}</ref> The cigarette manufacturing companies in Germany made several attempts to weaken the anti-tobacco campaign. They made new journals and tried to show the anti-tobacco movement as "fanatic" and "unscientific".<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> The [[tobacco industry]] also tried to counter the [[Nazi Germany#Government|government]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-06-14|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Nazi Germany#Government|reason= }} campaign to prevent women from smoking and used smoking models in their advertisements.<ref name="PCMCCEA169"/> Despite government regulations, many women in Germany regularly smoked, including the wives of many high-ranking Nazi officials. For instance, [[Magda Goebbels]] smoked even while she was interviewed by a journalist. Fashion illustrations displaying women with cigarettes were often published in prominent publications such as the ''Beyers Mode für Alle'' (Beyers Fashion For All). The cover of the popular song ''[[Lili Marleen]]'' featured singer [[Lale Andersen]] holding a cigarette.<ref name="NCFWTR108"/> The Nazis implemented more anti-tobacco policies at the end of the 1930s and by the early years of [[World War II]], the rate of tobacco usage declined. As a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the Wehrmacht,<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> the total tobacco consumption by soldiers decreased between 1939 and 1945.<ref name="HRCPL1374"/> According to a survey conducted in 1944, the number of smokers increased in the Wehrmacht, but average tobacco consumption per military personnel declined by 23.4% compared to the immediate pre-World War II years. The number of people who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day declined from 4.4% to 0.3%.<ref name=BMJATCNLKAPHG/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-right:60px" |+ '''Cigarette consumption per capita per year in Germany & the United States'''<ref name="NWC228"/> |- | rowspan="2" | | colspan="4" | '''Year''' |- | '''1930''' | '''1935''' | '''1940''' | '''1944''' |- |'''Germany'''||490||510||1,022||743 |- |'''United States'''||1,485||1,564||1,976||3,039 |} The Nazi anti-tobacco policies were not exempt of contradictions. For example, the ''Volksgesundheit'' (People's Health) and ''Gesundheitspflicht'' (Duty to be Healthy) policies were enforced in parallel with the active distribution of cigarettes to people who the Nazis saw "deserving" groups (e.g. frontline soldiers, members of the Hitler Youth). "Undeserving" and stigmatized groups (Jews, war prisoners), however, were denied access to tobacco.<ref>{{citation|title=Tobacco policies in Nazi Germany: not as simple as it seems|last1=UBachinger |first1=E.|last2=McKee|first2=M.|last3=Gilmore|first3=A.|journal= Public Health |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=497–505 |date= May 2008 |pmid=18222506 |doi= 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.005|pmc=2441844 }}</ref> ==Association with antisemitism and racism== Apart from public health concerns, the Nazis were heavily influenced by ideology;<ref name="INJPR98"/> specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of [[racial hygiene]] and bodily purity.<ref name="NWC174">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=174}}</ref> Nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the [[master race]] to smoke<ref name="INJPR98"/> and that tobacco consumption was equal to "racial degeneracy".<ref name="NWC220">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=220}}</ref> The Nazis viewed tobacco as a "genetic poison".<ref name="NWC174"/> Racial hygienists opposed tobacco use, fearing that it would "corrupt" the "German germ plasm".<ref name="NWC179">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=179}}</ref> Nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a "vice" of the "degenerate" [[African]]s.<ref name="NWC174"/> The Nazis claimed that the [[Jew]]s were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects. The [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] in Germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by the Jews.<ref name="NWC179"/> [[Johann von Leers]], editor of the ''Nordische Welt'' (Nordic World), during the opening ceremony of the ''Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren'' in 1941, proclaimed that "Jewish capitalism" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across [[Europe]]. He said that the first tobacco on German soil was brought by the Jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in [[Amsterdam]], the principal European entry point of ''[[Nicotiana]]''.<ref name="NWC208">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=208}}</ref> ==After World War II== [[File:Kleuter viert de bevrijding met een sigaret - Little boy celebrates liberation with a cigarette (4502034465).jpg|252x252px|A Dutch child celebrates the liberation after World War II by smoking a cigarette|thumb]] After the collapse of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, American cigarette manufacturers quickly entered the German market. Illegal [[smuggling]] of tobacco became prevalent,<ref name="NWC245">{{Harvnb|Proctor|1999|p=245}}</ref> and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced.<ref name=ADLNMPHP/> In 1949, approximately 400&nbsp; million cigarettes manufactured in the United States entered Germany illegally every month. In 1954, nearly two billion [[Switzerland|Swiss]] cigarettes were smuggled into Germany and [[Italy]]. As part of the [[Marshall Plan]], the United States sent free tobacco to Germany; the amount of tobacco shipped into Germany in 1948 was 24,000 tons and was as high as 69,000&nbsp; tons in 1949. The [[Federal government of the United States]] spent $70&nbsp; million on this scheme, to the delight of cigarette manufacturing companies in the United States, who profited hugely.<ref name="NWC245"/> Per capita yearly cigarette consumption post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. The present-day anti-tobacco campaign in Germany has been unable to exceed the seriousness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research at the end of the 20th century is described by [[Robert N. Proctor]] as "muted".<ref name="NWC228"/> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== * {{citation | last = Berridge | first = Virginia| year = 2007 | title = Marketing Health: Smoking and the Discourse of Public Health in Britain, 1945-2000 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-926030-0}}. * {{citation|last1 = Bynum | first1 = William F. | last2 = Hardy | first2 = Anne | last3 = Jacyna | first3 = Stephen | last4 = Lawrence | first4 = Christopher | last5 = Tansey | first5 = E. M. | year = 2006 | title = The Western Medical Tradition | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=0-521-47524-4}}. * {{citation | last1 = Clark | first1 = George Norman | last2 = Briggs | first2 = Asa | last3 = Cooke | first3 = A. M. | year = 2005 | title = A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-925334-X}}. * {{citation | last1 = Coombs | first1 = W. Timothy | last2 = Holladay | first2 = Sherry J. | year = 2006 | title = It's Not Just PR: Public Relations in Society | publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]] | isbn=1-4051-4405-X}}. * {{citation | last1 = Daunton | first1 = Martin| last2 = Hilton | first2 = Matthew | year = 2001 | title = The Politics of Consumption: Material Culture and Citizenship in Europe and America | publisher = [[Berg Publishers]] | isbn=1-85973-471-5}}. * {{citation | last1 = Gilman | first1 = Sander L. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = Xun | year = 2004 | title = Smoke: A Global History of Smoking | publisher = Reaktion Books | isbn=1-86189-200-4}}. * {{citation | last = Guenther | first = Irene | year = 2004 | title = Nazi Chic?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich |publisher= Berg Publishers |isbn=1-85973-400-6}}. * {{citation |last= Lee |first= P. N. |year= 1975 |title= Tobacco Consumption in Various Countries |edition= 4th |publisher= London: Tobacco Research Council }}. * {{citation |last=Schaler |first=Jeffrey A. |year= 2004 |title= Szasz Under Fire: A Psychiatric Abolitionist Faces His Critics |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing]] |isbn=0-8126-9568-2}}. * {{citation | last=Szollosi-Janze |first= Margit |year=2001 |title= Science in the Third Reich |publisher= Berg Publishers |isbn=1-85973-421-9}}. * {{citation |last=Tillman |first= Barrett |year= 2004 |title= Brassey's D-Day Encyclopedia: The Normandy Invasion A-Z |publisher= Potomac Books Inc. |isbn=1-57488-760-2}}. * {{citation |last= Uekoetter |first= Frank |year= 2006 |title= The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-84819-9}}. * {{citation |last=Young |first= T. Kue |year= 2005 |title= Population Health: Concepts and Methods |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-515854-7}}. ==Further reading== * {{citation |last=Bachinger |first=E |title= Tobacco policies in Austria during the Third Reich |journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=1033–7 |date= September 2007 |pmid=17705984 |url= http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/2007/00000011/00000009/art00018}} * {{citation |first=Alexander |last=Brooks |title= Guest Column: Forward to the Past |newspaper=[[The Daily Californian]] |date= January 19, 1996}} * {{citation|last=Doll|first=Richard|year=2001|title=Commentary: Lung cancer and tobacco consumption|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=30|issue=1|pages=30–31|doi=10.1093/ije/30.1.30|url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/30/1/30}} * {{citation|last=Haustein|first=Knut-Olaf|title=Fritz Lickint (1898-1960) – Ein Leben als Aufklärer über die Gefahren des Tabaks|publisher=Suchtmedizin in Forschung und Praxis|year=2004|url=http://www.ecomed-medizin.de/sj/sfp/Pdf/aId/6824|language=German|format=PDF}} * {{citation|last=Proctor|first=Robert N|title=Why did the Nazis have the world's most aggressive anti-cancer campaign?|journal=Endeavour|volume=23|issue=2|pages=76–9|year=1999|doi=10.1016/s0160-9327(99)01209-0|pmid=10451929|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V81-3YSXF26-11&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_rdoc=7&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235857%231999%23999769997%23172839%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5857&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=23&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4c0b7b77a2d9673c63735a1dace923e3|accessdate=2008-06-12|archive-date=2009-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416011303/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V81-3YSXF26-11&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_rdoc=7&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235857%231999%23999769997%23172839%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5857&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=23&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4c0b7b77a2d9673c63735a1dace923e3|url-status=dead}} * {{citation | last = Proctor | first = Robert | year = 1988 | title = Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=0-674-74578-7}} * {{Citation | last1 = R. Nicosia | first1 = Francis | last2 = Huener | first2 = Jonathan | year = 2002 | title = Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany | publisher = Berghahn Books | isbn=1-57181-386-1}} [[Category:Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Smoking]] a5fj6pcwoc29y9dmvhtgnt7c9ae1kp9 0 113697 10331800 4230209 2025-06-15T11:11:16Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:biology-stub|biology-stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | image = Noasaurus-sketch3.jpg | name = ''Noasaurus'' | fossil_range = [[Upper Cretaceous]] | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]] | superordo = [[Dinosaur]]ia | ordo = [[Saurischia]] | subordo = [[Theropoda]] | infraordo = [[Ceratosauria]] | superfamilia = [[Abelisaur]]oidea | familia = [[Noasauridae]] | genus = '''''Noasaurus''''' | binomial = ''Noasaurus leali'' | binomial_authority = [[José Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] & Powell, 1980 }} '''Noasaurus''' was a small meat-eating dinosaur. It lived at a time when some of the biggest dinosaurs ever to live were roaming [[South America]]. Although it had some of the same characteristics as raptors that lived in [[North America]] and [[Asia]], it was not a close relative. This little hunter is a good example of how dinosaurs filled lots of roles in the environment. Not only were dinosaurs the biggest hunters, but they were also among the smallest. It was discovered by Jaime Powell and [[José Bonaparte]] in northwestern [[Argentina]]. Its unique foot claw has caused a great deal of discussion regarding the evolutionary lineage of this dinosaur. [[Category:Ceratosaurs]] [[Category:Dinosaurs of South America]] [[Category:Cretaceous dinosaurs]] {{biology-stub}} 0b6pnf0i1xhx1y4mm4boootpiinkvru 0 114693 10331260 9294060 2025-06-15T01:30:44Z 180.150.36.182 10331260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} A '''company''' is a type of [[business]]. The definition of the term varies by country. Some companies, usually larger ones, are organized as [[corporation]]s. It is often a [[business]] organization which makes [[goods]] or [[service]]s in an organized manner and sells them to the public for [[profit]]. It may also be a [[non-profit organization]]. A company may hire people to be the [[Employee|staff]] of the company. The term is also used more broadly for any group who work together, such as the crew of a ship or the cast of a play. [[Category:Companies| ]] 6g5h4izhtbv2dlvvpm121u9u1c6cstn 0 116366 10330028 10256883 2025-06-14T13:42:52Z Minorax 844779 10330028 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Princess Iman bint Al Hussein]] * [[Princess Iman bint Hussein bin Abdullah]] {{disambig}} cmvzr5m5pqnnaghe2jflubw9kjjjvtf 0 116831 10331416 10328622 2025-06-15T03:40:14Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 /* References */ 10331416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Pocoyo.svg | caption = | genre = [[Animation]]<br/>[[Preschool]]<br/>[[Comedy]] | creator = | developer = | writer = | director = Guillermo García Carsí<br />David Cantolla | narrated = Jose María del Río (Castilian Spanish)<br />[[Stephen Fry]] (English, Series 1–2)<br />Stephen Hughes (English, Series 3–4) | theme_music_composer = [[Daniel Heredero]] | composer = Elliot Lawrence | country = Spain<br />United Kingdom (Series 1-2) | language = Spanish<br>English | num_episodes = 182 (+7 added Series 4 episodes) | list_episodes = | executive_producer = [[Kathryn Hart]] for [[Zinkia Entertainment]]<br />Anne Brogan for [[Granada Kids]](Series 1-2)<br />[[Jonathan Doyle]] for Cosgrove Hall Films (Series 1)/[[Granada Kids]] (Series 2) | producer = | cinematography = | editor = | camera = | runtime = 7 minutes | company = [[Zinkia Entertainment]]<br />Cosgrove Hall Films | first_aired = {{start date|2005|05|10|df=y}} | last_aired = present | num_series = 4 | channel = Spain <br> Clan TVE <br> United Kingdom <br> CITV | animator = }} '''''Pocoyo''''' is a children's television series that aired for 4 series since 2005. Pocoyo does not talk very much. He has a few friends - including a bird named Baby Bird, an elephant named Elly, an octopus named Fred, a dog named Loula, a duck named Pato and a girl named Nina who also does not talk very much, but also speaks her own launguage. ==Characters== [[File:Pocoyo.jpg|thumb|Pocoyo representation in a playground]] * '''Pocoyo''' is the main character of the series. He is a young boy full of curiosity who loves to play games and discover new things. He always wears a blue three-flap hat, a blue jacket with a yellow zipper, and a pair of blue pants and shoes. He is 4 years old; his "birthday" is October 14.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pocoyo.blogs.com/pocoyo/2006/10/faq_10.html | title = FAQ (1.0) | date = 2006-10-10 | accessdate = 2007-11-19 | publisher = The Official Pocoyo Blog | archive-date = 2007-12-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227220316/http://pocoyo.blogs.com/pocoyo/2006/10/faq_10.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> His best friends are Baby Bird, Elly, Fred, Loula and Pato. He has a vehicle called the Vamoosh which he can use to travel under the water, in the air or through space. He is voiced by [[Montana Smedley]] in series 2, but occasionally, by [[Alex Marty]] in series 1. * '''The Narrator''' speaks over the entire show and often communicates directly with the characters. Pocoyo has a good relationship with him. He is always really delighted to see and hear him. The Narrator is also at times physically involved in the events of the episodes, making him like a heard-but-not-seen character rather than a strict [[narrator]]. * '''Baby Bird''' is a really small, and loud baby bird. He is the son of his mother Sleepy Bird, who gets into tricky situations from which he is rescued by Pocoyo. Named "Pajarito" in Spanish version (little bird). * '''Elly''' is a pink elephant who wears a blue backpack. She loves making [[biscuits]] and tea. She has a [[doll]] that she loves very much. Despite her size, she is graceful and gentle, capable of [[Ballet|ballet dancing]]. She usually rides around on her pink scooter. * '''Fred the Octopus''' is a red [[octopus]] (shown with only 4 legs instead of 8, as to make animation rendering simpler) who speaks gibberish like Caterpillar. He is also fond of singing. He is in random episodes, sometimes as a main character, sometimes in passing. As of Season 2, he is sometimes referred to as just simply "Fred". He sounds similar to Pee-wee Herman. * '''Loula''' is Pocoyo's orange-yellow [[pet]] puppy and companion. Originally, the character's name was Lucas, in tribute to Creator and Director Guillermo García Carsi's dog, but for the series was lacking female characters so it was changed to Loula. * '''Pato''' is a yellow [[duck]] who wears nothing but a small [[green]] hat. Pato means duck in Spanish, Portuguese, Tagalog, and Papiamento. He is considered a favorite amongst the young children due to his dancing. Although, Pato is the most fussy and impatient character (indicated by his beak that bends in an angle when disappointed or shocked); on occasion he completely loses his temper, jumping up and down and quacking furiously. He is used as a [[jackhammer]], [[missile]] or a hat. He can always become a [[helicopter]] when necessary. * '''The Children''' are a group of kids who, like The Narrator, speak over the show, answering questions asked by The Narrator in order to assist Pocoyo in solving a problem or to let Pocoyo in on what is going on. * '''Nina''' is another human character who is introduced in the 4th Season episode of the same name. She is a young girl similar to Pocoyo (likely younger than him) who has red hair, wears a lime green hoodie with two antennas, lime green shorts, and lime green shoes. Like Pato, She greatly loves plants and nature. She naturally speaks mostly a form of gibberish with Japanese or Spanish accent, but can also speak fluent English, though not as much as Pocoyo. She appears to be very fond of Pocoyo, always playing together like siblings. One image shows Nina kissing Pocoyo's cheeks, implying that they have a relationship. Her name resembles "niña", Spanish for "girl". Thanks to her robotic pet called Roberto (pronounced Roh-bear-toe), it has the ability to shrink where anyone can be shrunk as well. She replaces Loula's bit in the title sequence (except in her debut appearance and the episodes where she is absent). She is voiced by [[Noela Rodriguez]]. ==Episodes== ===Season 1=== # Umbrella, Umbrella # Drum Roll Please # Swept Away # Who's On the Phone? # Fetch Loula Fetch! # A Little Cloud # A Present For Elly # Pocoyo Dance # The Big Sneeze # A Mystery Most Puzzling # Hush # Double Bubble # The Key To It All # Keep Going, Pocoyo! # Sleepy Bird's Surprise # Where's Pocoyo? # Drummer Boy # The Great Race # Don't Touch! # Mystery Footprints # Magical Watering Can # Table for Fun # Twinkle Twinkle # Hiccup # Pato's Postal Service # Puppy Love # Bat and Ball # Elly Spots # Up Up and Away # A Surprise for Pocoyo # Having a Ball # Super Pocoyo # Let's Go Camping! # Pocoyo, Pocoyo # Elly's Big Chase # Pocoyo Gets It Right # Juggling Balls # Fussy Duck # A Dog's Life # Pocoyolympics # Picture This # [[Whale]]'s Birthday === Similar Videos === # Pocoyo's Little Friend # Color My World # Bedtime # A Little Something Between Friends # Giggle Bug # What's in the Box? # Musical Blocks # Paint Me a Picture! # Elly's Doll # Wackily Ever After # Stay at Home ===Season 2=== # Mr Big Duck # Guess What? # All for One # Band of Friends # Upside Down # Mad Mix Machine # The Messy Guest # New on the Planet # Pocoyo's Present # Elly's Ballet Class # Pocoyo's Balloon # Who's' calling Me Now? # Big Scary Slide # Elly's shoes # Duck Stuck # Scary Noises # Not in my backyard # Vamoosh on the loosh # Detective Pocoyo # Scooter Madness # Lost in Space # Boo! # Party Pooper # My Pato # Baby Bird Bother # Dirty Dog # The Seed # Runaway Hat # Invisible Pocoyo # Noise to my Ears # Baby Bird Sitting # Everyone's Present # Magic Act # Picnic Puzzle # Pocoyo's Puppet Show # Pato's Egg # Dance Off! # Get Lost Loula # Sneaky Shoes # Shutterbug # Angry Alien # Pato Underwater # Pato's Paintings # Monster Mystery === Similar Videos === # Poczilla # Elly on Ice # Farewell Friends # Double Trouble # Horse! # Elly's Tea Party # Talent Show # Remember when... ===Season 3: Let's Go Pocoyo=== # Pocoyo's Band # Picnic # Pato's Shower # The Garden # Pato the Postman # Colours # Ready, Steady, Go # Camping # Space mission # Travel with Pato # Playtime # Tennis Everyone # Hide and Seek # Party Time # Wheels # Elly's Bath # The Amazing Tower # Pocoyo's New Toys # Bathing Loula # Magic Fingers # Cooking with Elly # Elly's Market # Pato's Bedtime # A Hole in One # Pocoyo's Camera # Painting with Pocoyo # Playing Dress Up # Magic Box # Pocoyo's Restaurant # Wake Up, Pocoyo! # Ahoy, Pocoyo! # Elly's Computer # Going To The Beach # Big and Small # Face Painting # Pocoyo's Supermarket # Elly's Playhouse # Pocoyo's Puppet Theatre # Up and Down # Pocoyo's Breakfast === Similar Videos === # Traffic Jam # Pato's Living Room # Cinema # Elly's New Doll # Circus # The Best Bedroom # Pocoyo Goes to School # Art # Pocoyo Recycles # Down on the Farm # Nurse Elly # Fishing with Pocoyo ===Season 4=== # Holidays # Christmas Tree # Chicks dig me # Call me # Muck Struck # Nina # Hack Attack # Hole Lotta Trouble # Great Shot! # Disco Fleaver # House of Colors # Summer Hike # Bumbleberry Surprise # Are we there yet? # Tourist Trapped # Time After Time Before Time # Tiny fun park # Halloween Tales # Rock is a hard place # Angry Alien Strikes Back # Magic Words # Sleep Guard # Insert Coin # Space postal service # An Alien Christmas Carol # Dance off part two ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:2005 British television series debuts]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:Spanish animated television series]] [[Category:Nick Jr. original programming]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] rdm6e1frpidc73j7ueoc1dnq2ea6cri 10331418 10331416 2025-06-15T03:43:04Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 /* References */ copyedit 10331418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Pocoyo.svg | caption = | genre = [[Animation]]<br/>[[Preschool]]<br/>[[Comedy]] | creator = | developer = | writer = | director = Guillermo García Carsí<br />David Cantolla | narrated = Jose María del Río (Castilian Spanish)<br />[[Stephen Fry]] (English, Series 1–2)<br />Stephen Hughes (English, Series 3–4) | theme_music_composer = [[Daniel Heredero]] | composer = Elliot Lawrence | country = Spain<br />United Kingdom (Series 1-2) | language = Spanish<br>English | num_episodes = 182 (+7 added Series 4 episodes) | list_episodes = | executive_producer = [[Kathryn Hart]] for [[Zinkia Entertainment]]<br />Anne Brogan for [[Granada Kids]](Series 1-2)<br />[[Jonathan Doyle]] for Cosgrove Hall Films (Series 1)/[[Granada Kids]] (Series 2) | producer = | cinematography = | editor = | camera = | runtime = 7 minutes | company = [[Zinkia Entertainment]]<br />Cosgrove Hall Films | first_aired = {{start date|2005|05|10|df=y}} | last_aired = present | num_series = 4 | channel = Spain <br> Clan TVE <br> United Kingdom <br> CITV | animator = }} '''''Pocoyo''''' is a children's television series that aired for 4 series since 2005. Pocoyo does not talk very much. He has a few friends - including a bird named Baby Bird, an elephant named Elly, an octopus named Fred, a dog named Loula, a duck named Pato and a girl named Nina who also does not talk very much, but also speaks her own launguage. ==Characters== [[File:Pocoyo.jpg|thumb|Pocoyo representation in a playground]] * '''Pocoyo''' is the main character of the series. He is a young boy full of curiosity who loves to play games and discover new things. He always wears a blue three-flap hat, a blue jacket with a yellow zipper, and a pair of blue pants and shoes. He is 4 years old; his "birthday" is October 14.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pocoyo.blogs.com/pocoyo/2006/10/faq_10.html | title = FAQ (1.0) | date = 2006-10-10 | accessdate = 2007-11-19 | publisher = The Official Pocoyo Blog | archive-date = 2007-12-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227220316/http://pocoyo.blogs.com/pocoyo/2006/10/faq_10.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> His best friends are Baby Bird, Elly, Fred, Loula and Pato. He has a vehicle called the Vamoosh which he can use to travel under the water, in the air or through space. He is voiced by [[Montana Smedley]] in series 2, but occasionally, by [[Alex Marty]] in series 1. * '''The Narrator''' speaks over the entire show and often communicates directly with the characters. Pocoyo has a good relationship with him. He is always really delighted to see and hear him. The Narrator is also at times physically involved in the events of the episodes, making him like a heard-but-not-seen character rather than a strict [[narrator]]. * '''Baby Bird''' is a really small, and loud baby bird. He is the son of his mother Sleepy Bird, who gets into tricky situations from which he is rescued by Pocoyo. Named "Pajarito" in Spanish version (little bird). * '''Elly''' is a pink elephant who wears a blue backpack. She loves making [[biscuits]] and tea. She has a [[doll]] that she loves very much. Despite her size, she is graceful and gentle, capable of [[Ballet|ballet dancing]]. She usually rides around on her pink scooter. * '''Fred the Octopus''' is a red [[octopus]] (shown with only 4 legs instead of 8, as to make animation rendering simpler) who speaks gibberish like Caterpillar. He is also fond of singing. He is in random episodes, sometimes as a main character, sometimes in passing. As of Season 2, he is sometimes referred to as just simply "Fred". He sounds similar to Pee-wee Herman. * '''Loula''' is Pocoyo's orange-yellow [[pet]] puppy and companion. Originally, the character's name was Lucas, in tribute to Creator and Director Guillermo García Carsi's dog, but for the series was lacking female characters so it was changed to Loula. * '''Pato''' is a yellow [[duck]] who wears nothing but a small [[green]] hat. Pato means duck in Spanish, Portuguese, Tagalog, and Papiamento. He is considered a favorite amongst the young children due to his dancing. Although, Pato is the most fussy and impatient character (indicated by his beak that bends in an angle when disappointed or shocked); on occasion he completely loses his temper, jumping up and down and quacking furiously. He is used as a [[jackhammer]], [[missile]] or a hat. He can always become a [[helicopter]] when necessary. * '''The Children''' are a group of kids who, like The Narrator, speak over the show, answering questions asked by The Narrator in order to assist Pocoyo in solving a problem or to let Pocoyo in on what is going on. * '''Nina''' is another human character who is introduced in the 4th Season episode of the same name. She is a young girl similar to Pocoyo (likely younger than him) who has red hair, wears a lime green hoodie with two antennas, lime green shorts, and lime green shoes. Like Pato, She greatly loves plants and nature. She naturally speaks mostly a form of gibberish with Japanese or Spanish accent, but can also speak fluent English, though not as much as Pocoyo. She appears to be very fond of Pocoyo, always playing together like siblings. One image shows Nina kissing Pocoyo's cheeks, implying that they have a relationship. Her name resembles "niña", Spanish for "girl". Thanks to her robotic pet called Roberto (pronounced Roh-bear-toe), it has the ability to shrink where anyone can be shrunk as well. She replaces Loula's bit in the title sequence (except in her debut appearance and the episodes where she is absent). She is voiced by [[Noela Rodriguez]]. ==Episodes== ===Season 1=== # Umbrella, Umbrella # Drum Roll Please # Swept Away # Who's On the Phone? # Fetch Loula Fetch! # A Little Cloud # A Present For Elly # Pocoyo Dance # The Big Sneeze # A Mystery Most Puzzling # Hush # Double Bubble # The Key To It All # Keep Going, Pocoyo! # Sleepy Bird's Surprise # Where's Pocoyo? # Drummer Boy # The Great Race # Don't Touch! # Mystery Footprints # Magical Watering Can # Table for Fun # Twinkle Twinkle # Hiccup # Pato's Postal Service # Puppy Love # Bat and Ball # Elly Spots # Up Up and Away # A Surprise for Pocoyo # Having a Ball # Super Pocoyo # Let's Go Camping! # Pocoyo, Pocoyo # Elly's Big Chase # Pocoyo Gets It Right # Juggling Balls # Fussy Duck # A Dog's Life # Pocoyolympics # Picture This # [[Whale]]'s Birthday === Similar Videos === # Pocoyo's Little Friend # Color My World # Bedtime # A Little Something Between Friends # Giggle Bug # What's in the Box? # Musical Blocks # Paint Me a Picture! # Elly's Doll # Wackily Ever After # Stay at Home ===Season 2=== # Mr Big Duck # Guess What? # All for One # Band of Friends # Upside Down # Mad Mix Machine # The Messy Guest # New on the Planet # Pocoyo's Present # Elly's Ballet Class # Pocoyo's Balloon # Who's' calling Me Now? # Big Scary Slide # Elly's shoes # Duck Stuck # Scary Noises # Not in my backyard # Vamoosh on the loosh # Detective Pocoyo # Scooter Madness # Lost in Space # Boo! # Party Pooper # My Pato # Baby Bird Bother # Dirty Dog # The Seed # Runaway Hat # Invisible Pocoyo # Noise to my Ears # Baby Bird Sitting # Everyone's Present # Magic Act # Picnic Puzzle # Pocoyo's Puppet Show # Pato's Egg # Dance Off! # Get Lost Loula # Sneaky Shoes # Shutterbug # Angry Alien # Pato Underwater # Pato's Paintings # Monster Mystery === Similar Videos === # Poczilla # Elly on Ice # Farewell Friends # Double Trouble # Horse! # Elly's Tea Party # Talent Show # Remember when... ===Season 3: Let's Go Pocoyo=== # Pocoyo's Band # Picnic # Pato's Shower # The Garden # Pato the Postman # Colours # Ready, Steady, Go # Camping # Space mission # Travel with Pato # Playtime # Tennis Everyone # Hide and Seek # Party Time # Wheels # Elly's Bath # The Amazing Tower # Pocoyo's New Toys # Bathing Loula # Magic Fingers # Cooking with Elly # Elly's Market # Pato's Bedtime # A Hole in One # Pocoyo's Camera # Painting with Pocoyo # Playing Dress Up # Magic Box # Pocoyo's Restaurant # Wake Up, Pocoyo! # Ahoy, Pocoyo! # Elly's Computer # Going To The Beach # Big and Small # Face Painting # Pocoyo's Supermarket # Elly's Playhouse # Pocoyo's Puppet Theatre # Up and Down # Pocoyo's Breakfast === Similar Videos === # Traffic Jam # Pato's Living Room # Cinema # Elly's New Doll # Circus # The Best Bedroom # Pocoyo Goes to School # Art # Pocoyo Recycles # Down on the Farm # Nurse Elly # Fishing with Pocoyo ===Season 4=== # Holidays # Christmas Tree # Chicks dig me # Call me # Muck Struck # Nina # Hack Attack # Hole Lotta Trouble # Great Shot! # Disco Fleaver # House of Colors # Summer Hike # Bumbleberry Surprise # Are we there yet? # Tourist Trapped # Time After Time Before Time # Tiny fun park # Halloween Tales # Rock is a hard place # Angry Alien Strikes Back # Magic Words # Sleep Guard # Insert Coin # Space postal service # An Alien Christmas Carol # Dance off part two ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:2005 British television series debuts]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:Spanish animated television series]] [[Category:Nick Jr. original programming]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] f2gad0undb3wdx18cqwu7k2z6gt157k 0 117216 10331423 9820295 2025-06-15T03:57:37Z 107.191.2.5 /* Plot */ Fixed grammar 10331423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox VG | title = Kirby's Adventure | image = [[File:Kirby's-Adventure-Logo.png|200px]] | caption = | developer = [[HAL Laboratory]] | publisher = [[Nintendo]] | designer = [[Masahiro Sakurai]], [[Satoru Iwata]] ([[game producer|Producer]]) | engine = | released = '''NES version'''<br />{{vgrelease|JP|March 23, 1993|NA|May 1, 1993|PAL|December 9, 1993}}<br />'''Virtual Console'''<br />Wii<br />{{vgrelease|NA|February 12, 2007|PAL|February 16, 2007|JP|February 27, 2007}}<br />Wii U<br />{{vgrelease|[[International|INT]]|April 17, 2013}}<br />'''Nintendo Switch'''<br>{{vgrelease|[[International|INT]]|February 13, 2019}} | genre = [[Platform game|Platform]] | modes = [[Single player]] | platforms = [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES/Famicom]], [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Virtual Console]], [[Nintendo Switch]] }} '''''Kirby's Adventure''''', called '''''Hoshi no Kabi: Yume no Izumi no Monogatari''''' "Kirby of the Stars: The Story of the Fountain of Dreams" in [[Japan]], is a [[platform game|platform]] [[video game]] made by [[HAL Laboratory]] and published by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] game console. It was remade for the [[Game Boy Advance]] as ''[[Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land]]''. ==Plot== After waking up without dreams, Kirby goes to the Fountain of Dreams to investigate. In doing so, he learns that King Dedede has stolen the Star Rod, by splitting it into seven pieces and giving six fragments to his allies and keeping one himself. Without the Star Rod, all of the inhabitants of Dream Land became restless and cannot dream. Kirby retrieves all fragments, in order to restore the rod and the dreams. Kirby travels throughout seven worlds, defeating most enemies in order to collect the fragments. Once Kirby defeats King Dedede and rebuilds the Star Rod, he places it back into the Fountain of Dreams. However, an ominous black [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] fills the skies as a dark creature named Nightmare emerges from the fountain. It turns out that Nightmare had corrupted the Star Rod, and King Dedede broke it with the intention of protecting Dream Land. Nightmare then flies off into space, and King Dedede inhales Kirby and the Star Rod and spits them into the air. Kirby uses the Star Rod to defeat both forms of Nightmare, and saves Dream Land once again. ==Gameplay== The player can get to the end of each level by walking, jumping and flying. Each level has enemies and things that get in the way, but sometimes these things also help Kirby. If Kirby touches an enemy, he loses a health point (he has six). Sometimes Kirby defeats mini-boss, before heading farther. Unlike the first ''Kirby'' game, it saves the game after each level. Players can go back to any level in the world that they have played by going through doors. There are seven worlds, and each world has between four and six levels, as well as a boss door and a Warp Star door. (Players can visit other worlds using Warp Stars). Except for World 7, each world also has one or more [[Minigame|mini-games]], a place to pick up powers, and an arena where Kirby fights a mini-boss. Kirby can walk, jump, fly and inhale. Kirby can go as high as he wants as long as nothing blocks him, and he can fall back to the ground by exhaling. The puff of air can hurt enemies and break blocks. Kirby can also inhale enemies and other things. He eats any food that he inhales, but enemies and other things remain in his mouth. He can either spit them back out and send them flying (hurting or destroying anything in their path), or he can swallow them. He also has a sliding move where he can kick enemies and blocks. When Kirby swallows an enemy, he "copies" that enemy's power. It is the first game in the series to do this, and Kirby has a lot of powers he can use. Once he has a special power, he can use it to fight enemies and solve puzzles. One example of a puzzle is where Kirby uses the Fire ability to light a [[cannon]]. ==Music== An official [[soundtrack]] was released on July 21, 1994. The vocalist was Mako Miyata. ==Remakes== In 2002, a remake titled Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land was released for the Game Boy Advance. The new version has, in addition to new visuals and sound, different minigames, a multiplayer mode, and other new features. However, it also had some criticism for the omission of certain materials that pushed the NES to the limit, and replaced by what is often considered lazy for the Game Boy Advance. For instance, the rotating pseudo-3D towers in Butter Building were removed. In addition, the difficulty is significantly lower. A demo of the game is available in ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl''. In 2011, a re-release of ''Kirby's Adventure'' named ''3D Classics: Kirby's Adventure'' was released for the [[Nintendo 3DS]]. It is a [[3D]] version of the game. {{Kirby series}} [[Category:1993 video games]] [[Category:Kirby|A]] [[Category:HAL Laboratory games]] [[Category:Nintendo 3DS eShop games]] [[Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games]] [[Category:Platform games]] [[Category:Side-scrolling platform games]] [[Category:Single-player video games]] [[Category:Video game sequels]] [[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] [[Category:Virtual Console games]] [[Category:Virtual Console games for Wii U]] r6h2htsrx25bmcxg2gdaobpvcl92ciu 0 117836 10331804 4231356 2025-06-15T11:13:17Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:US-stub|US-stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:ElliottHallOWU.jpg|thumb|Ohio Wesleyan University]] This is a list of [[college]]s and [[university|universities]] in the '''Great Lakes Colleges Association''': *Albion College *Allegheny College *College of Wooster *Denison University *DePauw University *Earlham College *Hope College *Kalamazoo College *Kenyon College *Oberlin College *[[Ohio Wesleyan University]] *Wabash College ==References== *{{cite web|url=http://www.glca.org/|title=Great Lakes Colleges Association|accessdate=2008-07-08|work=glca.org}} [[Category:Great Lakes Colleges Association| ]] {{US-stub}} oe5trv62pvvxqlf6k8vvfjkw8t77ww2 0 118975 10331806 4231881 2025-06-15T11:14:12Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:biology-stub|biology-stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331806 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''karyotype''' is the number and appearance of [[chromosome]]s in the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] of a [[eukaryote]] [[Cell (biology)|cell]].<ref>Concise Oxford Dictionary</ref><ref name="White M.J.D 1973. p28">White M.J.D. 1973. ''The chromosomes''. 6th ed, Chapman & Hall, London. p28</ref><ref>Stebbins G.L. 1950. ''Variation and evolution in plants''. Chapter XII: The Karyotype. Columbia University Press N.Y.</ref> The term is also used of the complete set of chromosomes in a [[species]], or an individual organism. It describes the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light [[microscope]]. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the [[centromere]]s, any differences between the [[sex chromosome]]s, and any other physical characteristics.<ref>King R.C., Stansfield W.D. and Mulligan P.K. 2006. ''A dictionary of genetics''. 7th ed, Oxford U.P Oxford & N.Y. p242</ref> The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of [[cytogenetics]] ([[cytology]] and [[genetics]]). [[File:NHGRI human male karyotype.png|thumbnail|250px|Karyogram of a human male.]] The basic number of chromosomes in the [[Somatic cell|somatic]] (body) cells of an individual or a species is called the ''somatic number'' and is designated ''2n''. Thus, in humans 2n = 46. In the [[gamete|sex cells]] the chromosome number is ''n'' (humans: n = 23).<ref name="White M.J.D 1973. p28"/> So, in normal [[diploid]] organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be [[sex chromosome]]s. [[polyploidy|Polyploid]] cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and [[ploidy|haploid]] cells have single copies. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as ''karyology''. The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a microphotograph) in a standard format known as a ''karyogram'' or ''idiogram'': in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. This may be used for many purposes; such as, to show genetic disease, what sex the animal is and its [[diploid]] number. In humans, cytologists have used karyotypes to help identify genetic abnormalities a baby might have before it is born. Karyotypes may be studied to gather information about past [[evolutionary]] events, such as [[polyploidy]]. *[[Sex determination]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Chromosomes]] {{biology-stub}} ejlkv3y9foptgkkwpflqh8njcco9cvk 0 119521 10330277 10329385 2025-06-14T16:32:05Z 2001:44C8:6310:689:C81A:98FF:FE77:E90F 10330277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=yes}} {{Infobox royalty | title = King Rama&nbsp;IX | image = King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 1969.jpg | caption = King Bhumibol in 1969 | succession = [[King of Thailand]] | reign = {{nowrap|9 June 1946 – 13 October 2016}} | coronation = 5 May 1950 | cor-type = [[Coronation of Bhumibol Adulyadej|Coronation]] | predecessor = [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama&nbsp;VIII) | successor = [[Vajiralongkorn]] (Rama&nbsp;X) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|12|05}} | birth_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|10|13|1927|12|05}} | death_place = [[Bangkok]], Thailand | burial_date = 26 October 2020 | burial_place = {{ubl|[[Wat Bowonniwet Vihara]]|[[Wat Ratchabophit]]}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Sirikit Kitiyakara]]|28 April 1950}} | issue = {{ubli|[[Ubolratana Rajakanya]]|[[Vajiralongkorn]] (Rama&nbsp;X)|[[Sirindhorn]], Princess Debaratana Rajasuda|[[Chulabhorn]], Princess Srisavangavadhana}} | issue-link = #Issue | issue-pipe = Detail | full name = Phrabat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Mahitalathibet Ramathibodi Chakri Naribodin Sayamintharathirat Boromanatbophit | posthumous name = Phrabat Somdet Phra Boromchanakadhipeshra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Maharat Boromanatbophit | house = [[House of Mahidol|Mahidol]] ([[Chakri dynasty]]){{efn|In the Thai tradition, the ''[[Ratchasakun|house]]'' ({{lang|th|ราชสกุล}}) is distinct from the ''dynasty'' ({{lang|th|ราชวงศ์}}). Bhumibol was the second king of the [[House of Mahidol]] ({{lang|th|ราชสกุลมหิดล}}) and the ninth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]] ({{lang|th|ราชวงศ์จักรี}}).}} | father = [[Mahidol Adulyadej]] | mother = [[Srinagarindra|Sangwan Talapat]] | religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]] | signature = Signature of Bhumibol Adulyadej in English.svg | module = {{Listen voice | filename = พระราชดำรัสรัชกาลที่ 9 อำลาประชาชนก่อนเสด็จพระราชดำเนินเยือนสาธารณรัฐเวียดนาม 17-12-2502.ogg | description = Bhumibol announcing a tour of [[South Vietnam]] | recorded = 17 December 1959}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Bhumibol Adulyadej | pic = Privy Seal of King Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej).svg | picsize = 100px | piccap = Privy seal | tha = ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช | rtgs = Phumiphon Adunyadet }} '''Bhumibol Adulyadej''' (5 December 1927 &ndash; 13 October 2016), was the [[Chakri dynasty|King of Thailand]] from 9 June 1946 until 13 October 2019. Most people in Thailand knew him as "the Great" ({{lang-th|มหาราช}}, ''[[Maharaja]]''). He was also known as '''[[Rama IX (King of Thailand)|Rama IX]]'''. He was one of the world's longest-serving [[head of state|heads of state]].<ref name="longestthai" /> His reign of 73 years and 126 days is the longest of any Thai monarch, the longest of an independent Asian sovereign and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|third longest verified reign]] of any monarch of a sovereign state in history after [[Louis XIV]] and [[Elizabeth II]].<ref name="longestthai">{{cite web |year=1996 |url=http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |title=A Royal Occasion speeches |work=Journal |publisher=Worldhop |access-date=5 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512194220/http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |archive-date=12 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/13/thailand-s-king-bhumibol-dies-triggering-anguish-and-fears-of-unrest.html|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Dies, Triggering Anguish and Fears of Unrest|first=Brien|last=Redmond|date=13 October 2016|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128082807/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/13/thailand-s-king-bhumibol-dies-triggering-anguish-and-fears-of-unrest.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was like a semi-divine figure for some Thais.<ref name="CSM">{{cite news | first=Simon | last=Montlake | title=Backstory: The king and Thai | date=2006-06-12 | publisher=The Christian Science Monitor | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0612/p20s01-woap.html | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="WPDIV">{{cite news | title=World in Brief | date=2007-03-30 | url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/29/AR2007032902503.html | newspaper =The Washington Post | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="GUARDD">{{cite news | first=Ian | last=MacKinnon | title=YouTube ban after videos mock Thai king | date=2007-04-07 | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/apr/07/news.newmedia | work =The Guardian | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref> ==Early life== Bhumibol was born at Mount Auburn Hospital in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. He was taught in [[Switzerland]]. Bhumibol was also a musician, artist, and sailor. ==Wealth== Bhumibol was a billionaire. He used some of his money to pay for over 3,000 development projects, mostly in rural areas. He was very popular in Thailand. ==Death== After a period of failing health and suffering from [[kidney failure]], Bhumibol was hospitalized with [[pulmonary edema]] and [[sepsis]] on October 1, 2016 at the [[Siriraj Hospital]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-01|title=Fears over Thai king's health continue to grow|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fears-over-thai-kings-health-continue-grow-1584351|access-date=2022-03-06|website=International Business Times UK|language=en}}</ref> He died on October 13, 2016 aged 88.<ref name=death>{{cite web|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies, aged 88|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thailands-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies-aged-88|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=13 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/anxious-prayers-ailing-thai-king-outside-hospital-032122339.html|title=Beloved Thai king dies after long illness: palace|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Bhumibol Adulyadej}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Chakri Dynasty|House of Chakri]]|5 December|1927|13 October|2016}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ananda Mahidol]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]]|years=1946–2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Vajiralongkorn]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhumibol Adulyadej}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from renal failure]] [[Category:Monarchs of Thailand]] [[Category:People from Cambridge, Massachusetts]] [[Category:People with Parkinson's disease]] [[Category:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] [[Category:Thai nobility]] [[Category:Deaths from pulmonary edema]] [[Category:Deaths from sepsis]] [[Category:Chakri dynasty]] e8k8e7qhp9vl82iy1ri0hx7u61zo4iq 10330278 10330277 2025-06-14T16:33:10Z 2001:44C8:6310:689:C81A:98FF:FE77:E90F 10330278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=yes}} {{Infobox royalty | title = King Rama&nbsp;IX | image = King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 1969.jpg | caption = King Bhumibol in 1969 | succession = [[King of Thailand]] | reign = {{nowrap|9 June 1946 – 13 October 2019}} | coronation = 5 May 1950 | cor-type = [[Coronation of Bhumibol Adulyadej|Coronation]] | predecessor = [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama&nbsp;VIII) | successor = [[Vajiralongkorn]] (Rama&nbsp;X) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|12|05}} | birth_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|10|13|1927|12|05}} | death_place = [[Bangkok]], Thailand | burial_date = 26 October 2020 | burial_place = {{ubl|[[Wat Bowonniwet Vihara]]|[[Wat Ratchabophit]]}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Sirikit Kitiyakara]]|28 April 1950}} | issue = {{ubli|[[Ubolratana Rajakanya]]|[[Vajiralongkorn]] (Rama&nbsp;X)|[[Sirindhorn]], Princess Debaratana Rajasuda|[[Chulabhorn]], Princess Srisavangavadhana}} | issue-link = #Issue | issue-pipe = Detail | full name = Phrabat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Mahitalathibet Ramathibodi Chakri Naribodin Sayamintharathirat Boromanatbophit | posthumous name = Phrabat Somdet Phra Boromchanakadhipeshra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Maharat Boromanatbophit | house = [[House of Mahidol|Mahidol]] ([[Chakri dynasty]]){{efn|In the Thai tradition, the ''[[Ratchasakun|house]]'' ({{lang|th|ราชสกุล}}) is distinct from the ''dynasty'' ({{lang|th|ราชวงศ์}}). Bhumibol was the second king of the [[House of Mahidol]] ({{lang|th|ราชสกุลมหิดล}}) and the ninth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]] ({{lang|th|ราชวงศ์จักรี}}).}} | father = [[Mahidol Adulyadej]] | mother = [[Srinagarindra|Sangwan Talapat]] | religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]] | signature = Signature of Bhumibol Adulyadej in English.svg | module = {{Listen voice | filename = พระราชดำรัสรัชกาลที่ 9 อำลาประชาชนก่อนเสด็จพระราชดำเนินเยือนสาธารณรัฐเวียดนาม 17-12-2502.ogg | description = Bhumibol announcing a tour of [[South Vietnam]] | recorded = 17 December 1959}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Bhumibol Adulyadej | pic = Privy Seal of King Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej).svg | picsize = 100px | piccap = Privy seal | tha = ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช | rtgs = Phumiphon Adunyadet }} '''Bhumibol Adulyadej''' (5 December 1927 &ndash; 13 October 2016), was the [[Chakri dynasty|King of Thailand]] from 9 June 1946 until 13 October 2019. Most people in Thailand knew him as "the Great" ({{lang-th|มหาราช}}, ''[[Maharaja]]''). He was also known as '''[[Rama IX (King of Thailand)|Rama IX]]'''. He was one of the world's longest-serving [[head of state|heads of state]].<ref name="longestthai" /> His reign of 73 years and 126 days is the longest of any Thai monarch, the longest of an independent Asian sovereign and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|third longest verified reign]] of any monarch of a sovereign state in history after [[Louis XIV]] and [[Elizabeth II]].<ref name="longestthai">{{cite web |year=1996 |url=http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |title=A Royal Occasion speeches |work=Journal |publisher=Worldhop |access-date=5 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512194220/http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |archive-date=12 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/13/thailand-s-king-bhumibol-dies-triggering-anguish-and-fears-of-unrest.html|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Dies, Triggering Anguish and Fears of Unrest|first=Brien|last=Redmond|date=13 October 2016|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128082807/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/13/thailand-s-king-bhumibol-dies-triggering-anguish-and-fears-of-unrest.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was like a semi-divine figure for some Thais.<ref name="CSM">{{cite news | first=Simon | last=Montlake | title=Backstory: The king and Thai | date=2006-06-12 | publisher=The Christian Science Monitor | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0612/p20s01-woap.html | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="WPDIV">{{cite news | title=World in Brief | date=2007-03-30 | url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/29/AR2007032902503.html | newspaper =The Washington Post | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="GUARDD">{{cite news | first=Ian | last=MacKinnon | title=YouTube ban after videos mock Thai king | date=2007-04-07 | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/apr/07/news.newmedia | work =The Guardian | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref> ==Early life== Bhumibol was born at Mount Auburn Hospital in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. He was taught in [[Switzerland]]. Bhumibol was also a musician, artist, and sailor. ==Wealth== Bhumibol was a billionaire. He used some of his money to pay for over 3,000 development projects, mostly in rural areas. He was very popular in Thailand. ==Death== After a period of failing health and suffering from [[kidney failure]], Bhumibol was hospitalized with [[pulmonary edema]] and [[sepsis]] on October 1, 2016 at the [[Siriraj Hospital]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-01|title=Fears over Thai king's health continue to grow|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fears-over-thai-kings-health-continue-grow-1584351|access-date=2022-03-06|website=International Business Times UK|language=en}}</ref> He died on October 13, 2016 aged 88.<ref name=death>{{cite web|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies, aged 88|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thailands-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies-aged-88|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=13 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/anxious-prayers-ailing-thai-king-outside-hospital-032122339.html|title=Beloved Thai king dies after long illness: palace|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Bhumibol Adulyadej}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Chakri Dynasty|House of Chakri]]|5 December|1927|13 October|2016}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ananda Mahidol]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]]|years=1946–2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Vajiralongkorn]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhumibol Adulyadej}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from renal failure]] [[Category:Monarchs of Thailand]] [[Category:People from Cambridge, Massachusetts]] [[Category:People with Parkinson's disease]] [[Category:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] [[Category:Thai nobility]] [[Category:Deaths from pulmonary edema]] [[Category:Deaths from sepsis]] [[Category:Chakri dynasty]] s0jfr1sqku7um90cacd74tbt3mfqskz 10331774 10330278 2025-06-15T10:48:26Z Henri Aja 1041406 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/2001:44C8:6310:689:C81A:98FF:FE77:E90F|2001:44C8:6310:689:C81A:98FF:FE77:E90F]] ([[User talk:2001:44C8:6310:689:C81A:98FF:FE77:E90F|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Henri Aja. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=yes}} {{Infobox royalty | title = King Rama&nbsp;IX | image = King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 1969.jpg | caption = King Bhumibol in 1969 | succession = [[King of Thailand]] | reign = {{nowrap|9 June 1946 – 13 October 2016}} | coronation = 5 May 1950 | cor-type = [[Coronation of Bhumibol Adulyadej|Coronation]] | predecessor = [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama&nbsp;VIII) | successor = [[Vajiralongkorn]] (Rama&nbsp;X) | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|12|05}} | birth_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|10|13|1927|12|05}} | death_place = [[Bangkok]], Thailand | burial_date = 26 October 2020 | burial_place = {{ubl|[[Wat Bowonniwet Vihara]]|[[Wat Ratchabophit]]}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Sirikit Kitiyakara]]|28 April 1950}} | issue = {{ubli|[[Ubolratana Rajakanya]]|[[Vajiralongkorn]] (Rama&nbsp;X)|[[Sirindhorn]], Princess Debaratana Rajasuda|[[Chulabhorn]], Princess Srisavangavadhana}} | issue-link = #Issue | issue-pipe = Detail | full name = Phrabat Somdet Phra Poraminthra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Mahitalathibet Ramathibodi Chakri Naribodin Sayamintharathirat Boromanatbophit | posthumous name = Phrabat Somdet Phra Boromchanakadhipeshra Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej Maharat Boromanatbophit | house = [[House of Mahidol|Mahidol]] ([[Chakri dynasty]]){{efn|In the Thai tradition, the ''[[Ratchasakun|house]]'' ({{lang|th|ราชสกุล}}) is distinct from the ''dynasty'' ({{lang|th|ราชวงศ์}}). Bhumibol was the second king of the [[House of Mahidol]] ({{lang|th|ราชสกุลมหิดล}}) and the ninth king of the [[Chakri dynasty]] ({{lang|th|ราชวงศ์จักรี}}).}} | father = [[Mahidol Adulyadej]] | mother = [[Srinagarindra|Sangwan Talapat]] | religion = [[Theravada Buddhism]] | signature = Signature of Bhumibol Adulyadej in English.svg | module = {{Listen voice | filename = พระราชดำรัสรัชกาลที่ 9 อำลาประชาชนก่อนเสด็จพระราชดำเนินเยือนสาธารณรัฐเวียดนาม 17-12-2502.ogg | description = Bhumibol announcing a tour of [[South Vietnam]] | recorded = 17 December 1959}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | title = Bhumibol Adulyadej | pic = Privy Seal of King Rama IX (Bhumibol Adulyadej).svg | picsize = 100px | piccap = Privy seal | tha = ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช | rtgs = Phumiphon Adunyadet }} '''Bhumibol Adulyadej''' (December 5, 1927 &ndash; October 13, 2016), was the [[Chakri dynasty|King of Thailand]] from 9 June 1946 until 13 October 2016. Most people in Thailand knew him as "the Great" ({{lang-th|มหาราช}}, ''[[Maharaja]]''). He was also known as '''[[Rama IX (King of Thailand)|Rama IX]]'''. He was one of the world's longest-serving [[head of state|heads of state]].<ref name="longestthai" /> His reign of 70 years and 126 days is the longest of any Thai monarch, the longest of an independent Asian sovereign and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|third longest verified reign]] of any monarch of a sovereign state in history after [[Louis XIV]] and [[Elizabeth II]].<ref name="longestthai">{{cite web |year=1996 |url=http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |title=A Royal Occasion speeches |work=Journal |publisher=Worldhop |access-date=5 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512194220/http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |archive-date=12 May 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/13/thailand-s-king-bhumibol-dies-triggering-anguish-and-fears-of-unrest.html|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Dies, Triggering Anguish and Fears of Unrest|first=Brien|last=Redmond|date=13 October 2016|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128082807/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/10/13/thailand-s-king-bhumibol-dies-triggering-anguish-and-fears-of-unrest.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was like a semi-divine figure for some Thais.<ref name="CSM">{{cite news | first=Simon | last=Montlake | title=Backstory: The king and Thai | date=2006-06-12 | publisher=The Christian Science Monitor | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0612/p20s01-woap.html | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="WPDIV">{{cite news | title=World in Brief | date=2007-03-30 | url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/29/AR2007032902503.html | newspaper =The Washington Post | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="GUARDD">{{cite news | first=Ian | last=MacKinnon | title=YouTube ban after videos mock Thai king | date=2007-04-07 | url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2007/apr/07/news.newmedia | work =The Guardian | access-date = 2008-03-04 }}</ref> ==Early life== Bhumibol was born at Mount Auburn Hospital in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], [[United States]]. He was taught in [[Switzerland]]. Bhumibol was also a musician, artist, and sailor. ==Wealth== Bhumibol was a billionaire. He used some of his money to pay for over 3,000 development projects, mostly in rural areas. He was very popular in Thailand. ==Death== After a period of failing health and suffering from [[kidney failure]], Bhumibol was hospitalized with [[pulmonary edema]] and [[sepsis]] on October 1, 2016 at the [[Siriraj Hospital]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-01|title=Fears over Thai king's health continue to grow|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/fears-over-thai-kings-health-continue-grow-1584351|access-date=2022-03-06|website=International Business Times UK|language=en}}</ref> He died on October 13, 2016 aged 88.<ref name=death>{{cite web|title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies, aged 88|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thailands-king-bhumibol-adulyadej-dies-aged-88|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=13 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/anxious-prayers-ailing-thai-king-outside-hospital-032122339.html|title=Beloved Thai king dies after long illness: palace|access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Bhumibol Adulyadej}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Chakri Dynasty|House of Chakri]]|5 December|1927|13 October|2016}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ananda Mahidol]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy of Thailand|King of Thailand]]|years=1946–2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Vajiralongkorn]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhumibol Adulyadej}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from renal failure]] [[Category:Monarchs of Thailand]] [[Category:People from Cambridge, Massachusetts]] [[Category:People with Parkinson's disease]] [[Category:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] [[Category:Thai nobility]] [[Category:Deaths from pulmonary edema]] [[Category:Deaths from sepsis]] [[Category:Chakri dynasty]] 7cufe3gdovspcizr6pfd7ngmq69wpjl 0 120160 10330513 10327613 2025-06-14T17:41:57Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the video game|the series|Ape Escape (series)}} {{Infobox VG | title = Ape Escape | image = | caption = | developer = [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEI]] | publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCEA]] | designer = | engine = | series = ''[[Ape Escape (series)|Ape Escape]]'' | released = {{vgrelease|NA|May 31, 1999}}{{vgrelease|JP|June 24, 1999}}{{vgrelease|PAL|July 2, 1999}} | genre = [[Platform game]] | modes = [[Single-player]] | platforms = [[PlayStation]], [[PlayStation 2]] ([[Backward compatibility]]), [[PlayStation Portable]], [[PlayStation 3]] ([[Backward compatibility]]), [[PlayStation Vita]] ([[Backward compatibility]]) | composer = [[Soichi Terada]] }} '''''Ape Escape''''', known in [[Japan]] as {{nihongo|'''''Saru! Get You!'''''|サルゲッチュ|Saru Getchu}}, is a [[platform game|platform]] [[video game]] for the [[PlayStation]]. It was made by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]. {{Ape Escape series}} {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:1999 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation games]] [[Category:PlayStation Portable games]] 2vm9inr61afua1vbcx9vqj0uu27zpn7 0 120581 10331534 8017092 2025-06-15T06:32:16Z Jon Gua 1375466 10331534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=September 2015}} '''Anabaptists''' are [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian]]s. The word anabaptism comes from the [[Greek language]], meaning "to baptize again". The followers of these movements hold that people should be [[baptized]] after they are believers, denying [[infant baptism]]. This is called [[believer's baptism]]. Infants, by their doctrine, can not be validly baptized, as they cannot decide how they want to achieve [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]]. They arose as part of the Radical wing of the [[Reformation]] of [[16th century]] [[Europe]]. The best-known Anabaptists today are the [[Mennonites]], the [[Amish]], and the [[Hutterites]]. == Beliefs and practices == Anabaptists insisted on believer’s baptism—baptism of people who personally repent and believe in [[Christ]]. They rejected [[infant baptism]] and re-baptized those baptized as babies. They also practiced a simple form of church government, based on community discipline, nonviolence, sharing goods, no oaths or [[military service]], and living out Jesus' teachings such as loving enemies. Their beliefs were written down in the Schleitheim Confession (1527), which listed seven basic rules: believer’s baptism, church discipline, communion, nonresistance, no oaths, separation from evil, and careful choice of church leaders. == History == Anabaptists started in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]], on 21 January 1525, when Conrad Grebel baptised George Blaurock and then others followed. The movement spread to [[Tyrol]], [[Germany]], [[Moravia]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Belgium]]. A radical branch led to the Münster Rebellion (1534–35), where Anabaptists briefly took control of the city, set up a communal government, and enforced polygamy—until the city was recaptured and the leaders executed. After Münster, most Anabaptists rejected violence. Leadership emerged from groups such as the Swiss Brethren, the Hutterites, and the Mennonites (followers of Menno Simons). === Persecution and migration === Anabaptists faced intense persecution from both Catholic and Protestant authorities. They were tortured, drowned, burned, or otherwise killed for rejecting infant baptism, oaths, and military service. Thousands died between 1525 and 1660. They fled Europe, and many Anabaptist groups like the Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites emigrated to North America. == Legacy and modern streams == Today, Anabaptist traditions include [[Mennonites]], [[Amish]], and [[Hutterites]], as well as smaller groups like the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren. Their legacy lives on in their beliefs in believer’s baptism, nonviolence, community life, and following Jesus in daily life. Anabaptist communities now number over a million worldwide, though only a few still live in Europe. {{Christianityfooter}} {{Denominations of Trinitarian Christianity}} [[Category:Anabaptism| ]] [[Category:Christian movements and denominational families]] [[Category:Protestant Reformation]] {{religion-stub}} ivt8squpqqg2nv7thpxkorar3rj5k7b 10331536 10331534 2025-06-15T06:34:29Z Jon Gua 1375466 10331536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anabaptists''' are [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian]]s. The word anabaptism comes from the [[Greek language]], meaning "to baptize again". The followers of these movements hold that people should be [[baptized]] after they are believers, denying [[infant baptism]]. This is called [[believer's baptism]]. Infants, by their doctrine, can not be validly baptized, as they cannot decide how they want to achieve [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]]. They arose as part of the Radical wing of the [[Reformation]] of [[16th century]] [[Europe]]. The best-known Anabaptists today are the [[Mennonites]], the [[Amish]], and the [[Hutterites]]. == Beliefs and practices == Anabaptists insisted on believer’s baptism—baptism of people who personally repent and believe in [[Christ]]. They rejected [[infant baptism]] and re-baptized those baptized as babies. They also practiced a simple form of church government, based on community discipline, nonviolence, sharing goods, no oaths or [[military service]], and living out Jesus' teachings such as loving enemies. Their beliefs were written down in the Schleitheim Confession (1527), which listed seven basic rules: believer’s baptism, church discipline, communion, nonresistance, no oaths, separation from evil, and careful choice of church leaders.<ref>Donald B. Kraybill, ''Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites'', JHU Press, USA, 2010, p. 184</ref> == History == Anabaptists started in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]], on 21 January 1525, when Conrad Grebel baptised George Blaurock and then others followed. The movement spread to [[Tyrol]], [[Germany]], [[Moravia]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Belgium]]. A radical branch led to the Münster Rebellion (1534–35), where Anabaptists briefly took control of the city, set up a communal government, and enforced polygamy—until the city was recaptured and the leaders executed. After Münster, most Anabaptists rejected violence. Leadership emerged from groups such as the Swiss Brethren, the Hutterites, and the Mennonites (followers of Menno Simons). === Persecution and migration === Anabaptists faced intense persecution from both Catholic and Protestant authorities. They were tortured, drowned, burned, or otherwise killed for rejecting infant baptism, oaths, and military service. Thousands died between 1525 and 1660. They fled Europe, and many Anabaptist groups like the Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites emigrated to North America. == Legacy and modern streams == Today, Anabaptist traditions include [[Mennonites]], [[Amish]], and [[Hutterites]], as well as smaller groups like the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren. Their legacy lives on in their beliefs in believer’s baptism, nonviolence, community life, and following Jesus in daily life. Anabaptist communities now number over a million worldwide, though only a few still live in Europe. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Christianityfooter}} {{Denominations of Trinitarian Christianity}} [[Category:Anabaptism| ]] [[Category:Christian movements and denominational families]] [[Category:Protestant Reformation]] {{religion-stub}} lv3k9m1zgm4s0lksuwhsu1kci1xxthv 0 120834 10331512 4383159 2025-06-15T05:48:18Z 2001:4490:4035:CB3:5011:4AF1:1173:813D nature of history of pakistan 10331512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chanhudaro''' (also '''Chanhu Daro''') is an [[Archaeology|archaeological]] site. It was a part of the [[Jhukar phase]] of [[Indus valley civilization]]. The site is located {{convert|130|km|mi|lk=on|abbr=on|0}} south of [[Mohenjo-daro]], in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. People lived in the [[Human settlement|settlement]] between 4000-1700 BC. Chanhudaro is believed to have been a centre for [[manufacturing]] [[carnelian bead]]s. Digging first started in Chanhudaro in the middle of the [[1930s]] by the [[American School of Indic and Iranian Studies]] and the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]. After the creation of Pakistan, [[Mohammed Rafique Mughal]] also did work in the area. {{multistub|Geo|Asia}} [[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]] tvn5pcb7wbywb01lype92h48a2yvv96 0 120842 10331807 4232652 2025-06-15T11:14:50Z Barras 40117 10331807 wikitext text/x-wiki While the '''National Hockey League''' (NHL) follows the general '''rules''' of [[ice hockey]], it is slightly different from those used in international games organized by the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]] such as the [[Ice hockey at the Olympic Games|Olympics]]. ==Other websites== * [http://www.nhl.com/rules/index.html Official NHL Rulebook] {{NHL}} {{sports-stub}} [[Category:National Hockey League]] j0j5qi2433519f0c8r25ahg63rh971l 0 123209 10331335 9003388 2025-06-15T02:24:11Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 merged from [[Gomal Pass]] 10331335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=May 2009}} {{Infobox mountain pass | name = Gomal Pass | other_name = Gumal Pass<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|title=Gumal Pass, Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gumal-Pass|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=28 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> | photo = NO-NB BLDSA GM2b224n.jpg | location = [[Afghanistan]]–[[Pakistan]] border | range = [[Hindu Kush]] | coordinates = {{coord|31.9167|N|69.3167|E|display=inline,title|type:pass}} }} '''Gumal Pass or Gomal Pass''' ({{lang-ur|گومل}}) is a mountain pass on the border of [[Afghanistan]] and the southeastern portion of South Waziristan in [[Pakistan]]'s [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]. It takes its name from the [[Gomal River]]. It is midway between [[Khyber Pass]] and [[Bolan Pass]]. For a long time, has been a trading route for nomadic Powindahs (nomads).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gumal Pass {{!}} pass, Pakistan|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gumal-Pass|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> ==References== <references /> {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Mountain passes of Pakistan]] gfbhikkuedqu7cujth0x16l43li7vy7 0 124838 10331001 9891228 2025-06-14T22:42:00Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 Far to create an amazon app 10331001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BBC Online''' (which used to be called '''bbc.co.uk''') is the website for [[BBC]]'s [[United Kingdom|UK]] online services. It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK and includes features such as [[BBC News]], [[BBC Sport]], BBC Weather, [[BBC iPlayer]] and learning services such as ''Bitesize''. The BBC has had a website for information about its [[TV]] and [[radio]] programmes since 1994 but did not launch officially as '''BBC Online''' until December 1997, following government approval to fund it with the TV licence fee. The website address was registered in 1991. {{BBC}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:BBC Online| ]] gpgajq7yokuujnouv2l9v1s6cjmugaj 10331036 10331001 2025-06-14T23:01:46Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by 2601:14D:4A02:3210:78B6:86CD:9374:3489 9891228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = BBC Online | favicon = | logo = BBC Online 2022.svg | url = {{URL|www.bbc.co.uk}} | commercial = No (Yes if accessed outside the UK) | type = Portal | registration = 1994 | owner = [[BBC]] | author = [[BBC]] | launch_date = 1997 | current_status = Active | revenue = }} '''BBC Online''' (which used to be called '''bbc.co.uk''') is the website for [[BBC]]'s [[United Kingdom|UK]] online services. It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK and includes features such as [[BBC News]], [[BBC Sport]], BBC Weather, [[BBC iPlayer]] and learning services such as ''Bitesize''. The BBC has had a website for information about its [[TV]] and [[radio]] programmes since 1994 but did not launch officially as '''BBC Online''' until December 1997, following government approval to fund it with the TV licence fee. The website address was registered in 1991. {{BBC}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:BBC Online| ]] bwjkh36mv9moiijjedi2do1f6wq2g5n 4 125989 10329813 10329799 2025-06-14T12:05:20Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* TheMaxChannel */ new section 10329813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atsuta Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atsuta_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta%20Faith Pageviews] |- |144 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|Template:Generations of Watatsumi]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9176395|2023-11-06 23:41]] |{{FORMATNUM:19009}} |{{FORMATNUM:20218}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 4s8mo73xsh5767xneu95abps6mqb6nd 10329833 10329813 2025-06-14T12:18:00Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* TheMaxChannel */ Reply 10329833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 1thnwfqlcewe1ztz7h6sqaprc32d00b 10329913 10329833 2025-06-14T13:07:32Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* TheMaxChannel */ Reply 10329913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atsuta Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atsuta_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta%20Faith Pageviews] |- |144 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|Template:Generations of Watatsumi]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9176395|2023-11-06 23:41]] |{{FORMATNUM:19009}} |{{FORMATNUM:20218}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 6kypf20ozhwralhb42gjnt2lni2ul8i 10330171 10329913 2025-06-14T15:23:23Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 /* Three article rule? */ Reply 10330171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atsuta Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atsuta_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta%20Faith Pageviews] |- |144 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|Template:Generations of Watatsumi]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9176395|2023-11-06 23:41]] |{{FORMATNUM:19009}} |{{FORMATNUM:20218}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 30iqhdw6qldng31bhmmpvdm8qddoxzd 10330425 10330171 2025-06-14T17:30:37Z Auntof6 22027 /* Three article rule? */ Reply 10330425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 4jpba99es9f1a9qs1x978cxx7uz3xzy 10330887 10330425 2025-06-14T21:08:38Z 80.233.69.220 10330887 wikitext text/x-wiki F uck:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atsuta Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atsuta_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta%20Faith Pageviews] |- |144 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|Template:Generations of Watatsumi]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9176395|2023-11-06 23:41]] |{{FORMATNUM:19009}} |{{FORMATNUM:20218}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) s8npqz1hwfe2v2by70zehbdd4mm7wh5 10330888 10330887 2025-06-14T21:08:51Z Barras 40117 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/80.233.69.220|80.233.69.220]] ([[User talk:80.233.69.220|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Auntof6. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atsuta Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atsuta_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta%20Faith Pageviews] |- |144 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|Template:Generations of Watatsumi]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9176395|2023-11-06 23:41]] |{{FORMATNUM:19009}} |{{FORMATNUM:20218}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 4jpba99es9f1a9qs1x978cxx7uz3xzy 10331115 10330888 2025-06-15T00:07:45Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* TheMaxChannel */ Reply 10331115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] considering that they seem to be just posting things from this site https://dreamlogos.fandom.com/wiki/NBC_(Russia) to here, and this site seems to be explicitly a hoax wiki, I think they should all be speedy deleted. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 0vjcvez8ax5xmvh5uopirybu1oyf7sp 10331120 10331115 2025-06-15T00:10:48Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* TheMaxChannel */ Reply 10331120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] considering that they seem to be just posting things from this site https://dreamlogos.fandom.com/wiki/NBC_(Russia) to here, and this site seems to be explicitly a hoax wiki, I think they should all be speedy deleted. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] would you be able to mass delete their created pages? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:10, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 73objl21989u45tss6gxeq4tu71v8ak 10331123 10331120 2025-06-15T00:14:16Z Auntof6 22027 /* TheMaxChannel */ Reply 10331123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; 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[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] considering that they seem to be just posting things from this site https://dreamlogos.fandom.com/wiki/NBC_(Russia) to here, and this site seems to be explicitly a hoax wiki, I think they should all be speedy deleted. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] would you be able to mass delete their created pages? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:10, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Any admin can do a mass delete of a user's created pages if they agree it's appropriate. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:14, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 0b0d37vsekclbmpwymn520poalpdn0z 10331151 10331123 2025-06-15T00:31:26Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* TheMaxChannel */ Reply 10331151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 168 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Three article rule? == There currently exists a vague policy that most categories require three items to be considered a category. Categories that have this attribute are either emptied or tagged with [[Template:Popcat|popcat]]. The only exceptions to this rule that I am aware of are categories involving years, birth years, and death years, such as [[:Category:24]], [[:Category:58 deaths]], or [[:Category: 14 births]]. As far as I know, this colloquial rule is not ever documented in a policy, guideline, or essay, except for in [[WP:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|WP:Categories]]. This guideline is very vague, however, such as when it says that a category should have a "minimum of three ''articles''", implying that a category that has three categories but no articles should not be instated. This guideline also does not include any of the aforementioned exceptions to the three category rule. I will now provide three specific examples of common instances in which the three article rule is in a gray area, that I believe deserves discussion and possibly an amendment to current official guidelines. My recent [[WP:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:1200s establishments by continent|RFD request]] displays a gray area to the three article rule. There are currently only [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent|two continents that have a category for 1200s establishments]], and there will probably not be a third content with a category for establishments in the 1200s for a long time. A similar issue to this is when categorizing countries by century. For example, in a category such as [[:en:Category:Establishments in South Sudan by century|Establishments in South Sudan by century]], South Sudan has only existed for one century, and so it is arguably necessary to have a category with only one item in it. There are probably better examples for this for countries that have existed for two centuries as well, but South Sudan comes to mind first. More broadly, I believe that a reasonable exception to the three article rule are disestablishments and establishments. For example, if something was established in 785, categorizing it as [[:Category:780s establishments]] implies that we do not know the specific date in which it was established, and that it was only established circa 780CE. The issue with using the currently-existing three article rule with these three categories is the damage that it currently does to categorization in Simple Wikipedia. When I am looking through [[:Category:21st-century establishments by country]], one would expect finding every single article on Simple Wikipedia about something that was established in the 21st century in a country. However, due to the three article rule, this is not possible. The three article rule thereby unintentionally creates worse organization quality for places with an arbitrarily small age. This can arguably cause biases. Situations like this occur very often. While the three article rule is a useful rule for most situations to make Simple Wikipedia less complex, in other situations it can make navigation more complex. I am curious about other people's opinion about this. Due to the broad nature of this topic, there are obviously many exceptions. Perhaps a category can be considered popcat if its enwiki equivalent has three items, but its simplewiki equivalent does not, and if neither wiki has three items, there is no popcat? In general, however, I think there needs to be a discussion about this, and likely a change in guidelines. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 02:20, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Good post.''' ''I just want to say that I support the use of popcat over blanking.'' Not much to say about your post because I agree (I have not seen this happen in the lists of deaths yet, because I have barely gone into it). Just to show that I read your topic before replying I want to pad this comment by saying that when I have seen a list for "of countries" cats I have looked through the Wiki for text matching that country, or added content in some places (to populate the cat). I mean this is done (to populate the cat) for "in country" cats which need smaller cats to bulk the category. Using popcat to allow a category is (in my opinion) good. However my advice is leaving those cats out for countries that do not have the infrastructure (you can also edit the receiving pages) -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :'''bump'''! -- sig: &#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 23:25, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy]]: Why are you bumping? The discussion is ongoing and isn't close to being archived yet. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:32, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Also, popcat isn't meant to be permanent. A category shouldn't sit with popcat long-term. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I would oppose any rule that depends on what's in another wiki. The rule is about what is currently in the category, not what could be. If it's about what ''could'' be there, then the rule doesn't make sense because any category could have more entries. :I would support expanding the 3-entry rule ''somewhat''. Maybe we handle it the way we handle stub types. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 14:27, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] what do you mean in handling it the way we handle stub types? Thanks, <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:06, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: I mean by discussing and getting consensus about what exceptions to allow. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:52, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::I may hava another example: [[Namibia]]. Namibia became independent from [[South Africa]] in 1990. It is very sparsely populated, about 3 million people live trhere. This gives 3.7 people per square kilometer. Its capital is [[Windhoek]], about 486.000 people live there. Another important city is [[Walvis Bay]], wth about 102.000 peoople. And now the fun starts. Bartolomeu Diaz anchored in what is now Vais Bay in the 1480s.Windhoek was first mentionen as a settlement in 1840, and was founded as a city in 1890 (in what was then Deutsch SüdwestAfrika / German South West Africa. So if I wanted to classify these twons I wouldn't be able to use Establishments in Namibia in thr 1840s/1890s (because Namibia didn't exist them). I would have to use German Oouth West Africa, so the link between German South West Africa, and Naminia is lost. So if I asume cxities were founded when Nabibia was under the Rule og South Africa (After WW I?) I have the establishments in 3 different categories. Big question, is this practical? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:55, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I could see this as a general issue. Another example of this is in the English Wikipedia, [[:en:Establishments in Germany by century]] excludes establishments in Germany for the 11th to 18th centuries, due to the fact that it was occupied by the Holy Roman Empire(I will note that Simple Wikipedia does not do this, and keeps this period of time as establishments in Germany. I am unsure whether that is because of established consensus or because somebody make it like that and nobody has bothered to change it since, and I am assuming it is the latter). It is not historically accurate to say something was established in Germany in the 15th century, just as it is not accurate to say that Windhoek was established in Namibia in 1840. English Wikipedia has seemed to address this kind of thing, since in [[:en:Category:20th-century establishments in South West Africa]], it mentions the succeeding establishments in Namibia, thereby connecting the two. Furthermore, if you go to [[:en:Category:19th-century establishments in Namibia]], it will redirect you to the category on South West Africa(and vice versa for [[:en:Category:21st-century establishments in South West Africa]], interestingly). ::::In fact, since South West Africa transitioned directly into Namibia with little change in territory, this is a fairly straightforward and practical situation. The only thing that needs to happen is to make it abundantly clear that there is a link between the two states. ::::Where I think things can get complicated is in instances where a territory changes in its boundaries. Or, perhaps, the name in which one designates that region is not obvious. When continents or countries are not well-defined, it could be reasonably difficult to define the region with a category. However, this occurs infrequently enough to the point that every instance of it occurring would have to be a case-by-case basis. In general, I believe that Namibia and German South West Africa are not one of those instances. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 23:23, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::::With territory changes I believe it makes sense to use the country/state/whatever that had the territory at the time of the establishment, as it was established ''in'' that country/state/whatever, but then that also brings up the issue of things created during occupations, would that go in the [[de jure]] category or the [[de facto]] category or would that also be in its own special category?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:55, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::As far as I am aware, this is also not the case a lot of the time, an example of which is China. For all points in time, categories uses the modern definition of China, even in places like Manchuria which is historically separate from China. I have never personally seen a category that relates to de jure or de factos, either. I am not an expert on this kind of thing, though, so I am likely wrong. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 04:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You've got and made a few good points. Historically this rule was developed here on ST over a long period of time. I think this is where [[WP:IAR]] comes in use. If a rule is actually hurting the project then there is a good case to be made for ignoring it and doing what makes sense. I'd be very interested to know what more {{ping|Auntof6}} has to say about this as she is very active in the area of categories. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Since not a lot of discussion has been made, I will make a proposal. :In [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]], a redirect called [[WP:POPCAT]] be made to this section, and the wording of the section be revised to as follows (revisions from original are in green): ::"Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two {{font color|green|pages}}. There should be {{font color|green|at least}} three {{font color|green|pages}} that would fit into the category before a new category is started. {{font color|green|Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]]}} ::*{{font color|green|The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]]}} ::{{font color|green|A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics:}} ::*{{font color|green|The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]]}} ::Sub-categories should be considered when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories." :This change highlights the specific issues I had in my original comment. I do not think there are many other exceptions, but if they are, they should be discussed and added to the list. There is also an argument to be made about simplifying the last paragraph on here, but I have not made it part of the proposal due to being irrelevant to the discussion. Let me know what y'all think. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 13:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::If I take the example of the '60s deaths', I get (at the time of this writing), 2 entries for the years 64 and 68. EnWp has 3 entries for 64, they also have [[:en:Clateus]], who seems to have been an early Christian martyr, who died during the persecution of Christians during Nero's reign.For the year 68, Enwp lists 15 pages, we only have two. So what's the disadantage of listing [[Nero]] (wgo died the year 68) in the category "60s deaths", until there's a third entry? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 16:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::The disadvantage would be that the article would stay in the decade category until someone thought to look at it to see if it could be diffused. If I had to guess, I'd say that people don't check the decade categories for that very often. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:04, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Can we handle that with a hidden category: 'catNeedingDiffusion|60s deaths|64 deaths'. Have a bot run periodically, and create a category '64 deaths' (with the given parent) and remove the template? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:15, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::I agree with Auntof6, and I will also make the argument that organizing something by decade implies an ambiguity as to which year in that decade, and putting something by century implies an ambiguity as to which decade in that century. This is also why I have included establishments by year in the list. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 18:01, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|MrMeAndMrMe]]: Very good list. I see that those are all time-related. I would suggest including categories that are about either: ::*A (sovereign) country (current or former) ::*A first-level subdivision of a country ::*People from a country ::I would also support an exception for categories that complete a finite, stable, well-defined set. For example, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] has only two entries, but it's part of the set of IUCN conservation statuses. An example of when this exception would ''not'' apply is winners of a given award that is given out periodically, such as the Academy Award for a given area. At any given time, the list of winners is known and therefore finite and well-defined, but it changes every year so it is not stable. ::Just some thoughts. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:27, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::In the case of sovereign countries and first-level subdivisions, I do not think that these would be particularly useful suggestions. There are simply far too many former countries, and the result of that inclusion would be a number of categories with only a page for the country itself, which is not particularly useful. Giving special status to all sovereign countries implies that every country is notable enough to warrant its own category. Giving special status to all first-level subdivisions implies that every first-level subdivision is notable enough to warrant an article. If both of these exceptions only applied to current countries, however, I would agree. :::Regarding people by country, I agree, and that should be added to the exceptions list. However, I think that only current countries should be an exception, since if there are not 3 people to be categorized to a former country, then those people can be categorized according to a modern demonym. Another non-exception would be categorizing people in that country by century (as in, [[:Category:19th-century American people]] should have at least 3 articles) :::I would support your last exception regarding stable, well-defined sets provided that there are some exceptions. In the case of [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]], however, since there are decidedly way more than 10 species in that category that exist, I think the category should be considered to be underpopulated. I think it could be worded along these lines: :::{{font color|green|"A stable well-defined set is a set that is defined by an authority and does not change periodically. In a category, it is said that a member of the set is included if it exists as a designated page in the category, or is listed in a list in that category. To be populated, a category should have at least 3 members and 2 non-redirecting pages to be fully populated. Of the 2 pages, one should be the list, and the other should be a page dedicated to a member of the set. A list is not needed if the 3 members are all non-redirecting pages. If the stable well-defined set has less than 5 members, the category only needs 2 members instead of 3."}} :::While it is a little convoluted, I have made this definition with these intents in mind: :::*There should be at least two pages in the category :::*If there only one or two members in that category that are notable enough to warrant its own category, then a list can be used to define its members :::*If a set has enough members, at least 3 of them should be part of the category, whether it is part of the list or it is its own dedicated page. Since the IUCN Red List conservation dependent species has so many members, a category with only 2 of its members should not exist :::**Note: A set having "enough members" is defined as 5, but that is an arbitrary, and I think it could range from 3-7. However, if it is set too low, then sets with a small amount of members, no dedicated list page, and only 2 members cannot have its own category, which is against my intention. :::Having given that definition, I do not entirely see the issue of including periodical sets. For example, if a country has had 2 presidents, then a category cannot be made about its presidents. Or [[:Category:22nd-century presidents of the United States]] cannot exist until 2108 instead of 2104. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I would normally just edit my reply, but since I have already posted this proposal, I am going to add a suggested amendment to be added somewhere onto the section. ::{{font color|green|A page can refer to an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category.}} ::I think this better defines what a page refers to, in case it is not clear, especially with [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk/Archive_164#Categorised_redirects|previous community decisions]] (that decision is also currently linked in [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is_there_a_need_for_the_new_category?]]) <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 19:18, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think that the list of criteria put forth by MrMrAndMrMe along with the proposed amendments is the way to go here and would support it as the official guideline. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:24, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Since discussion on this topic has dulled, I will put the full proposed change to [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?]] based on others' replies. :Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to start a new category for just one or two pages. There should be at least 3 pages that can be in a category before the category is started. A page can be an article, category, template, or redirect. However, a redirect should not be the only member of a category. :Some categories do not need three pages. Categories only need one page if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about a year, decade, or century. Examples: [[:Category:49]], [[:Category:630s BC]], or [[:Category:21st century BC]] ::The category is about the year of birth or death of a person. Examples: [[:Category:68 deaths]] or [[:Category:130 births]] ::The category is about the year that something was established or disestablished. Examples: [[:Category:1665 establishments]] or [[:Category:1801 disestablishments]] ::The category has establishments or disestablishments in a country by century or decade. Examples: [[:Category:Establishments in Iraq by century]] or [[:Category:Disestablishments in Japan by decade]] ::The category is about people from a country. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudanese people]] or [[:Category:American people]] :A category only needs two pages if they have any of these characteristics: ::The category is about establishments or disestablishments by country or continent. Examples: [[:Category:1200s establishments by continent]], [[:Category:2021 disestablishments by country]], or [[:Category:7th-century establishments by continent]] ::The category is about a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:South Sudan]] or [[:Category:Canada]] ::The category is about a [[first level administrative subdivision]] from a [[sovereign nation]] that exists right now. Examples: [[:Category:New York (state)]] or [[:Category:Brandenburg]] ::The category is about a notable set of things. This set should well-defined and should not change periodically. Examples: [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] :If a category does not have enough articles, the <nowiki>{{popcat}}</nowiki> template should be added to the category. :Sub-categories should be made when a category starts to get too large to easily find an article in it. There is no set number of articles to require this, but if a category has more than twenty articles, it is usually a good time to think about dividing it into smaller sub-categories. : If there aren't any objections or amendments in, say, another week, it will probably be appropriate to add this to the page officially. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 15:23, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I would rather see the same criteria for all exceptions. Either they need three entries or they don't. ::Also, [[:Category:IUCN Red List conservation dependent species]] is not a good example of a set that doesn't change. The conservation status of a species is subject to change at any time. A better example would be [[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category]], because the list of different statues isn't likely to change much. I would also change the wording to make it clearer that the set can change, but not regularly or often -- "periodically" is a complex word. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Draft articles on Bodhisattvas == I have made two draft articles on Bodhisattvas. Do you think these are up to the language standards here, or are they too complicated? * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:51, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :I am a bit more confident about these ones :* [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama]] :* [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:21, 4 June 2025 (UTC) :One thing I see is in the use of the {{tl|Ill}} template. Before this goes to article space (assuming you get your block resolved): :*The Ill links to Simple should be removed -- there's already a link to that. :*The Ill links to enwiki's draft space should be removed. :I find use of that template to be distracting, but if it's going to be used it should at least link only to other Wikipedia's articles (again, if it goes to article space). Another issue is that the {{tl|Ill}} template apparently uses "expensive parser function calls", so I imagine it's good to minimize its use. For an example of this issue, see [[Talk:Beppyo shrine]]. I also think that this template should have links only to articles that actually exist: at least one I checked doesn't exist on the other Wikipedia. :Other comments below. :'''Amoghapasha''' :*Please unlink the year(s) and century(ies). :*Some sentences need to be divided. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". :'''Thousand-armed Kannon''' :*Language looks simple enough in this one. :*"Related item" heading should be "Related pages" :'''Magatama''' ::Needs some sentences to be divided. A rule of thumb is to try to have only one verb in a sentence. For example, there is this sentence: :::They are very old and come from Ancient Japan. ::That could be divided as follows: :::They are very old. They come from Ancient Japan. ::That puts the verbs "are" and "come" in separate sentences. :'''Mozu Tombs''' :*The sentence "The Imperial Household Agency officially says it is his burial site." seems to be separated from the person it refers to. :*Some punctuation is missing. :*There is a sentence fragment at the end of the last paragraph. :*"See also" should be "Related pages". Although actually the section should be removed because it contains only red links. (The Ill template wouldn't be appropriate there.) :Other general notes: :*Be sure to remove the interwikis before the articles go live. :*About dividing sentences. Compound and complex sentences may seem simple to us, but think of a language learner trying to read them. The more they have to look at together, the harder it is for them to read the text. If we divide sentences into pieces, they don't have to evaluate as much at a time, which makes it easier for them. :HTH -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:37, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] thank you for the help. I thought for interwikis it was good to keep them, since that means a bot automatically connects the page to wikidata. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:53, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Interwikis aren't supposed to be in mainspace any more. Having them might make a bot do the connection, but I don't think the bot removes them afterward. And you can do the connection yourself manually -- it's not hard to do, and you don't even have to get into Wikidata to do it. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Still working on these pages [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 08:31, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::I am working on this one now [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ::::Do you know of any way to do interwiki stuff that would link to the wikidata? I have been getting a bit more interested in wikidata as a project now. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:53, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I'm not sure what you're asking. If you mean to link your drafts to Wikidata, then no. Things in userspace shouldn't link to Wikidata, even if they're going to become articles. If that's not what you meant, please explain further. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I meant putting something on the page that would make the wikidata button pop up on it. For [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)]] I put [[wikidata:Q7254772|d:Q7254772]] at the bottom but it just shows up as an inline link [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: By "Wikidata button," do you mean the link in the left sidebar? That shows up when the page is linked in Wikidata, but you don't link user pages in Wikidata. If/when it becomes an article, you can make the Wikidata link and remove the interwiki links you have hardcoded. :::::::Also, I noticed some other things in that article: :::::::*The Commons template on that page is in the wrong place. Since there's no "Other websites" section, it would go at the top of the references section. :::::::*You have links to other Wikipedias (the Chinese names of stars). You can put the names in Chinese text, but not link them. :::::::*"See Also" should be "Related pages." Although, since none of the articles exist here, that section can be removed. Items in the related pages section should actually exist here, not be redlinked or use the ILL template. :::::::Hope that helps. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:35, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I mean this thing. I fixed the things on the page that you mentioned. ::::::::[[File:Screenshot of wikidata thing.png|thumb]] ::::::::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:40, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Those (the Commons link and the Wikidata link) appear when an article is linked in Wikidata. As I mentioned, user pages don't get linked in Wikidata, so you won't be able to link your draft. It's not like interwikis that you can still hardcode and see them in the list of languages in the sidebar. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:44, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::That's unfortunate. But thank you for helping with that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :You could link or explain terms like, divinity, archaeological, ceremonial etc. Anything that is not on the combined words list. But I think you have done a good job. On another topic, do you want to start a discussion about lifting your block of mainspace? It's been a couple of years since you were blocked and I think it might be time to talk about lifting it. What are your thoughts? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] yes I just passed the 2-year point. And I would like to discuss it. Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:01, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Eyes needed on a few China-related pages == I'd like some extra eyes and input at a few China-related pages that have become messy in my opinion. The articles are... *[[List of Chinese dissidents]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Movies banned in China]] The dissidents article is poorly formatted without explanation as to what makes people dissidents, and the main editor of the article is putting people into categories that they feel fit. Many of the people on the list are just "people who did things that China didn't approve of" like George W. Bush and Nancy Pelosi. The political problems article is mostly categories and bulleted lists of things rather than an actual article. Note that the English Wikipedia has "political problems of China" as a redirect to "politics of China." May be worth exploring for Simple as well. The movies banned in China article has no clear focus. There are songs and TV shows mixed in with movies; again things are mixed into categories that the author feels they fit into; there's even a section titled "Writers of this page cannot figure out the definitive reason." Concerns have been raised on the talk pages of these articles, but more insight is needed from others to help address these article concerns. I'd appreciate more input. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :The articles are definitely notable given the real-world impact of Chinese state authoritarianism. What is necessary in this case is adequate sourcing and well-defined inclusion criteria so that the relevant content would be reliable. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:18, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :[[List_of_Chinese_dissidents#Bad_people_(but_now_a_goodguy)_according_to_China]] is a pretty confusing section. Does it refer to [[:en:Political_rehabilitation|Politically rehabilitated]] people? Apologies for the enwiki link but there is not one here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 18:14, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :These articles are a complete mess. I know we used to have Chinese editors or editors of Chinese decent (Chenzw for example) but I don't think we have many currently. Could we ask for help from someone on the Chinese wikis? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) Due to the secretive style of the CCP, Movie censorship is kinda like "reverse engineering" or "putting pieces of puzzle together" anyways. I mean, you can re-arrange the content to improve the "focus" of the page. The big problem of the page now, or elephant in the room (after the edits by CountryANDWestern) is that [[South Park]] is not being mentioned. Do bear in mind that there is Chinese demand (and also the demand of the poeple in Taiwan) to watch the controversial South Park episode. https://pincong.rocks/article/5906 [[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Due to the clandestine practice of Chinese government...[[User:Yilangderen|Yilangderen]] ([[User talk:Yilangderen|talk]]) 08:43, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Deprecating Template:Nobelprize proposal == Hi, I would like to propose deprecating {{tl|Nobelprize}} in favour of [[:Category:Nobel Peace Prize winners]], The topicon can be added to non-winners and no one would ever know about it whereas categories would be better spotted and reverted if need be. The other issue is the articles are also being put in the "Bogus file options" lint error category because there's an error with the formatting of {{tl|Nobelprize}}, I appreciate some articles have the {{tl|good article}} topicon however this shows the achievements of editors and the article they've significantly expanded .... whereas this topicon just tells people someone's a winner of an award, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:26, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :I agree, I don't see how it's encyclopedically useful. As far as I know we don't add a topicon for any other non-Wikipedia category. We can deprecate it and if someone's up for it we could copy [[:en:Template:Nobelprize|English Wikipedia's version of the template]], which outputs an updated link to the Nobel Prize website. [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 23:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I'm fine with this. Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]]. :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Is anyone here good with the Hebrew language? == I wanted to use the correct title in the reference in [[Highway 20 (Israel)]]. When I go to the link, the title is divided into 3 parts, each part on a separate line. I'm not confident I could get the pieces in the correct right-to-left order, so is there anyone here who understands that? No guessing, please, only people who actually know. If no one does, I might have a non-Wikipedian friend I could ask to look at it. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:14, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Help wanted == I want to display 2 tables in 2 colums. How can I do this?--[[User:Werner100359|Werner100359]] ([[User talk:Werner100359|talk]]) 09:31, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, please see [[Help:Tables]]. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 09:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == EasyAsPai - you reverted a lot of significant info that I added == Dear Sir: I painstakingly added a significant amount of information to the Biography of Mgsr. Ignazio Bedini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Bedini). I am an amateur Wikipedia user and have only added info a handful of times. I am not familiar with all the complex rules on Wikipedia; It is way too complicated. I am not trying to be a Wikipedia editor, and frankly, have no interest in becoming one. But when I see a page with incomplete information about someone or something that I am well familiar with, I try to enter additional information that I know of. You reverted my additions to the above page saying it was "not sourced". How do I source my first hand accounts? I have known Mgsr. Bedini for 55 years; I am 61 now. He was the dean of both my elementary and middle school when I was in 1st grade through 8th grade. He was my teacher during two of those years. He was present very often when my soccer team practiced. He was in the summer camps that I would go to. I have dozens of group photos that include both him and me from different years. He was my parish priest when I was in my 20s. He attended my baptism. I have photos from many of those events and activities, but no newspaper published any articles about them to indicate that he was my teacher or my parish priest or etc, which I can then "source" to make it valid for Wikipedia. I don't know how to add references as footnotes, and I am too busy to spend many hours browsing Wikipedia to figure out how to add a footnote. For parts of the additions that I made to Mgsr. Bedini's biography, I referenced a published interview with him 10 years ago, and also referenced public websites connected to the Catholic Church. Below are sources for some of the information that I added to his bio: https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbedini.html https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/christians-iran-are-flowers-desert https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/world-news-faith-at-work/tehrans-new-catholic-archbishop-is-ordained-offer-the-light-of-the-gospel/ https://adian.bashariyat.org/?p=2174 https://journal.salesianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Bransom-Sons_of_Don_Bosco_Successors_of_the_Apostles-Salesian_Bishops_1884_to_2001-Journal_Salesian_Studies-Vol12_No1-Spring2001.pdf Sincerely, [[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] ([[User talk:Bayareagr8|talk]]) 22:45, 9 June 2025 (UTC)Bayareagr8 :This is Simple English Wikipedia. You want English Wikipedia. You should bring your concerns to that user’s talk page or the article talk page. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:58, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bayareagr8|Bayareagr8]] This is the Simple English Wikipedia. Your edits were on the regular English Wikipedia, so you should discuss it there. If you want to ask that person on their talk page, you can go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:EasyAsPai. If you want help from other people, you can ask at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:4053:80F:EFC3:BEE4|talk]]) 22:59, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == The word might have 'one, main meaning' in English == However, the word is 'not Simple English'. Therefore, [[Invocation]] is now a disambig page.--If administrators (in particular), do not say 'maybe a snow Keep', then I am fine with the article going to AfD.--(There seems to be a handful of these articles, and some are fine with that.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 03:39, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :If you are asking for help from an admin you need to take it to [[WP:AN|administrator'noticeboard]]. This page is for community discussions. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:03, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?) == Diff, <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests|This article (of a current event)]].--(See infobox, "Local protesters, Supported by: ['''within'''] '''Expand'''"). <br><br> No source for edit.--I am going to pass ('''this round''') of getting directly involved. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:52, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 06:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 07:02, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :What exactly are you asking us to do? I'm confused '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:01, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::The IP user is engaging in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history vandalism again]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 22:45, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Does the diff (at "06:52, 10 June") '''indicate''' vandalism? "Yes" or "Probably" or "No", as an answer, would be helpful, so i 'can report vandalism'.--If that is not a simple request, then never mind. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:815F:C7CE:E03C:D13D|talk]]) 00:07, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::You know what you are doing. You do not need to ask questions for which you know the answers. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) <br> Actually, i am not sure, if the following diff, is vandalism, <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_2025_Los_Angeles_protests&diff=10319677&oldid=10319561 <br><br> .--Now, in regard to if a person seems to be non-polite (and also not show good-faith) in this thread, then it might be better that i not engage with such person.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:5D78:19A8:1309:27C5|talk]]) 00:19, 11 June 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Would you please stop flooding this thread with trivial matters as advised by patrolling admins above? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 00:20, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::User blocked for two weeks for general disruption '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::Discussion moved to AN '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Major movie studios]] == Hi, this page seem to have been changed a bit recently. The list has become big 7 instead of big 5, plus the logos sizes look quite odd to me. If someone has some time, we might have to update it a bit. Thanks.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 16:30, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Anniversaries in the year articles == Regarding anniversaries of the creation of certain media, cultural property, and organizations, I do not see them as relevant enough to include in the year articles, in most cases. I think anniversaries should only be included if they have a particularly high amount of coverage, such as the bicentennial of the United States in [[1976]], or perhaps the release of Mickey Mouse into the public domain. The following are examples of what I'm talking about: * [[2029]]: "50th anniversary of the [[Alien (movie)|Alien]]." * [[2043]]: "100th anniversary of [[Droopy Dog|Droopy]]." * [[2052]]: "100th anniversary of the [[Cinerama]]." [[User:Yamazaki Kaoru|Yamazaki Kaoru]] ([[User talk:Yamazaki Kaoru|talk]]) 18:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :I completely agree with you. One could add an arbitrary number of non-notable anniversaries but that wouldn't be encyclopedically useful at all. Feel free to boldly remove them. Cheers, [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:50, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I have gone ahead and removed them myself from the articles you cited. Thanks for pointing this out :). &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 01:56, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree, too. Are all the ones you've seen in future years? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:35, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the creation of an article with many redlinks == I have been trying to create the article "List of black holes", but encountered a problem. I brought the information needed from the English Wikipedia, but it has far too many redlinks (at least ninety percent of the articles linked haven't been made yet). Should I leave them there or remove any entries that haven't been made yet? (I took a relatively long break from Wikipedia, so I have forgotten quite a few things) <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 05:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:SolarX|SolarX]]: Usually I would say to leave the red links, but I'd want to see the article. Can you give us a link to what you've done so far? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:34, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6. We only have 270k articles, we are missing articles on many topics. Redlinks show pretty much only where we need to work on. However, a list with only redlinks might not be worth keeping, while having a list with only redlinks isn't a reason to delete. See also [[WP:RL]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Cosplayers? == I noticed that a lot of articles for fictional characters here have pictures of cosplayers instead of public domain pictures of the characters like on the English Wikipedia. Is there a special reason for this? (And is it something that should ''not'' be changed?) If it is something that people here would like to be changed then I would be happy to make a start on it! [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]]: It might help us answer if you give specific examples. You mention public domain pictures. On Simple English Wikipedia, images used in articles must be in Wikimedia Commons. We don't use "fair use" images (is that what you meant by public domain?). -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::If there's a public domain picture on commons available, then I'd say go ahead and change it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:20, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Extended footnotes == At [[User_talk:Steven1991#Extended_footnotes]], I've raised concerns about the user's use of extended footnotes in Holocaust-related topics. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_uniqueness_debate&oldid=10320922#cite_note-1 Here is an example of the extended footnotes]. Steven1991 has added these footnotes to approximately 40-60 articles in some form. Each of them occurs after a link to the Simple article on [[Holocaust]] or [[Holocaust denial]]. It is my view that such footnotes are unnecessary as we are already linking to our article on the topic. We should not be having these external links to things like "What was the Holocaust?" when we are already linking to our own article that should explain what the Holocaust is in Simple English terms. If there is information in those footnotes that is not already in our articles, we should expand them to incorporate that material with those links as the references. Steven1991 has agreed to not include those footnotes going forward, however, there is dispute about how to handle the existing ones. As I mentioned, it's approximately 40-60 footnotes here. I personally think that they should be removed, but Steven1991 believes that they should stay. I'm seeking community input as a third+ opinion on how we should approach. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :I don’t see a problem with footnoting certain information when it can prevent the main body of an article from being lengthy, nor do I agree that none of them should exist. I don’t think that simply deleting is helpful. As I said, let them stay while following the the agreed way for future articles – that would be easy for everyone. It is unnecessary to remove all of the existing footnotes when they can provide much more useful and accurate information (e.g. external links to authoritative sources like the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] and [[Yad Vashem]]) for the subject being footnoted, which exactly serve the purpose of footnotes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:30, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::Adding footnotes so the article doesn't become lengthy is not a good idea. If all the text is simple then an article becoming lengthy is a good thing. Our aim here is not to create smaller articles than enwiki but to create articles that as just as good but in simple English. We want our readers to find all they want to know inside our articles not become a place that sends people elsewhere for information we should have in the first place. I think you should remove the footnotes that are unnecessary. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::OK, thank you for your input. I would be willing to remove some of them from particular articles. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 14:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I think they should be removed or trimmed down to necessary minimum. It makes no sense to have them in cases like above when we already have a page on the topic. They seem to be already downsizing it, so the concern is getting resolved. If there is concern with any specific page, you can mention that. Thanks,--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*I concur with Fr33kman and BRPever. It looks poor if we need to link to other websites to explain things in our ''simple'' articles. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:25, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 June 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == Moving my drafts into mainspace now that I have been unblocked == I have been recenrtly unblocked and have a lot of draft articles I made over the two years I was blocked I would like to move some of my draft articles into mainspace, but I do not want to be disruptive or potentially end up just blocked immediately again. Here are the drafts I feel like I could move. I also have a list of templates that I made in my userspace that I would like to move. In the unblocking discussion it was mentioned that it was decided because some of my userspace drafts were high quality but there was not that explicit a mention of which pages were good. So here are just the pages I think are my best drafts. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Immanuelle|contribs]]) 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</small> :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Did you forget to include a list? I'd be glad to look at one or two -- I might find some things that would apply to all of them. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Oops, sorry. I didn't see the separate section below. I'll reformat that. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: I left some comments on the talk pages of one of the articles and the talk page of the template used by the article. I pinged you, so you should get notifications. Let me know if you have questions about what I wrote. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 05:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] yep I got the notifications. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 07:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Cool. When you use the move function to implement the pages, please be sure to either blank the userspace pages or ask for them to be deleted. You could use either QD option U1 or R2. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] === Templates === I also have a list of templates in my draftspace that I would like to move into the template namespace. I feel like these would be less disruptive to simply move there. But I want to be sure. {| class="wikitable sortable" |45 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Promising Draft|Template:Promising Draft]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9506364|2024-04-26 06:07]] |{{FORMATNUM:60}} |{{FORMATNUM:467}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising_Draft?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Promising_Draft Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FPromising%20Draft Pageviews] |- |80 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Atsuta Faith|Template:Atsuta Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9450189|2024-03-30 21:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:983}} |{{FORMATNUM:1204}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atsuta Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atsuta_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtsuta%20Faith Pageviews] |- |144 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|Template:Generations of Watatsumi]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9176395|2023-11-06 23:41]] |{{FORMATNUM:19009}} |{{FORMATNUM:20218}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations_of_Watatsumi?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FGenerations%20of%20Watatsumi Pageviews] |- |34 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Myōken Faith|Template:Myōken Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9517168|2024-04-30 23:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:828}} |{{FORMATNUM:2342}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Myōken Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/My%C5%8Dken_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMy%C5%8Dken%20Faith Pageviews] |- |84 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Oki Shrines|Template:Oki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447360|2024-03-29 18:01]] |{{FORMATNUM:622}} |{{FORMATNUM:511}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Oki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |85 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Iki Shrines|Template:Iki Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447322|2024-03-29 17:38]] |{{FORMATNUM:448}} |{{FORMATNUM:788}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Iki_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Shrines Pageviews] |- |98 |[[User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Template:Atago Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9443440|2024-03-27 22:29]] |{{FORMATNUM:1178}} |{{FORMATNUM:3238}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Atago Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Atago_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAtago%20Faith Pageviews] |- |103 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isonokami Faith|Template:Isonokami Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9438264|2024-03-25 16:27]] |{{FORMATNUM:911}} |{{FORMATNUM:1256}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isonokami Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isonokami_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsonokami%20Faith Pageviews] |- |106 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Isotakeru Faith|Template:Isotakeru Faith]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9436295|2024-03-24 17:03]] |{{FORMATNUM:711}} |{{FORMATNUM:1034}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru_Faith?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru Faith|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Isotakeru_Faith Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIsotakeru%20Faith Pageviews] |- |81 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Shinmei shrines|Template:Shinmei shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9449720|2024-03-30 16:57]] |{{FORMATNUM:2306}} |{{FORMATNUM:2866}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei_shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shinmei shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Shinmei_shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShinmei%20shrines Pageviews] |- |83 |[[User:Immanuelle/Template:Tsushima Shrines|Template:Tsushima Shrines]] |[[Special:PermanentLink/9447378|2024-03-29 18:10]] |{{FORMATNUM:695}} |{{FORMATNUM:495}} |[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines Log] &#xB7; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima_Shrines?action=history History] &#xB7; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines|Page History]] &#xB7; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&username=Immanuelle&namespace=2&page=Immanuelle/Tsushima_Shrines Top Edits] &#xB7; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsushima%20Shrines Pageviews] |} [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I decided a lot of the templates here were not really necessary and quick deleted a lot of them. But I moved some of them into mainspace. Filed the userspace pages for deletion. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Only one I didn't touch was [[User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations_of_Watatsumi]] because it is used in a lot of my drafts but has nothing to use it in mainspace. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 11:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == TheMaxChannel == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] considering that they seem to be just posting things from this site https://dreamlogos.fandom.com/wiki/NBC_(Russia) to here, and this site seems to be explicitly a hoax wiki, I think they should all be speedy deleted. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] would you be able to mass delete their created pages? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:10, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Any admin can do a mass delete of a user's created pages if they agree it's appropriate. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:14, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] do you agree this is appropriate? You are an admin right? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:31, 15 June 2025 (UTC) j3zfkuusrd0ng0tmtuaw589ip43piqp 0 126521 10331009 10305886 2025-06-14T22:45:28Z Brigandeur 1566408 Update color citation to css standard 10331009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#D00060;color:white;color:white" |Royal red (Royalred) || <samp>#D00060</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#BE013C;color:white;color:white" |Rose red (Rosered) || <samp>#BE013C</samp> || <samp>190&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:#EB6651;color:white" |Pale red (Palered) || <samp>#EB6651</samp> || <samp>235&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;102&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81</samp> |-style="background:#FF3333;color:white" |Light red (Lightred) || <samp>#FF3333</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#B10304;color:white" |Medium red (Mediumred) || <samp>#B10304</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#850101;color:white" |Deep red (Deepred) || <samp>#850101</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |-style="background:#E34234;color:white" |Vermilion || <samp>#E34234</samp> || <samp>227&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;52</samp> |-style="background:#FF5349;color:black" |Red orange (Redorange) || <samp>#FF5349</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Light autumn red (Lightautumnred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Fall red (Fallred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Autumn red (Autumnred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark autumn red (Darkautumnred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale pink (Palepink) || <samp>#FADADD</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;218&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#FF7DB3;color:white" |Medium pink (Mediumpink) || <samp>#FF7DB3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;125&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#CB416B;color:white" |Dark pink (Darkpink) || <samp>#CB416B</samp> || <samp>203&nbsp;65&nbsp;107</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light violet red (Lightvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#C66359;color:black" |Deep salmon (Deepsalmon) || <samp>#C66359</samp> || <samp>198&nbsp;99&nbsp;89</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale salmon (Palesalmon) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#CD5B45;color:white" |Dark coral (Darkcoral) || <samp>#CD5B45</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;91&nbsp;&nbsp;59</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep coral (Deepcoral) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale orange (Paleorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#D9A465;color:white" |Light orange (Lightorange) || <samp>#D9A465</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:#FF7802;color:white" |Medium orange (Mediumorange) || <samp>#FF7802</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light autumn orange (Lightautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Fall orange (Fallorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Autumn orange (Autumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark autumn orange (Darkautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep orange (Deeporange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Orange yellow (Orangeyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light yellow green (Lightyellowgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Olive green (Olivegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#056608;color:white" |Deep green (Deepgreen) || <samp>#056608</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;102&nbsp;&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium green (Mediumgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#00C957;color:black" |Emerald green (Emeraldgreen) || <samp>#00C957</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;0&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;120</samp> | |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#177245;color:white" |Dark spring green (Darkspringgreen) || <samp>#177245</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;23&nbsp;114&nbsp;69</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Light spring green (Lightspringgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#06B48B;color:white" |Green blue (Greenblue) || <samp>#06B48B</samp> || <samp>6&nbsp;180&nbsp;139</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light winter blue (Lightwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Winter blue (Winterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark winter blue (Darkwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale blue (Paleblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Medium steel blue (Mediumsteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark steel blue (Darksteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#040273;color:white" |Deep blue (Deepblue) || <samp>#040273</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#324AB2;color:white" |Violet blue (Violetblue) || <samp>#324AB2 </samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#736AFF;color:white" |Light slate blue (Lightslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>115&nbsp;106&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale brown (Palebrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light brown (Lightbrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium brown (Mediumbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:#5C4033;color:white" |Dark brown (Darkbrown) || <samp>5C&nbsp;40&nbsp;33</samp> || <samp>92&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;51</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep brown (Deepbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] f1psvigwfes5cd4q7q91gqe0t088em8 10331044 10331009 2025-06-14T23:06:18Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove red and pink colors not source and not supported by browsers by name 10331044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#D00060;color:white;color:white" |Royal red (Royalred) || <samp>#D00060</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#BE013C;color:white;color:white" |Rose red (Rosered) || <samp>#BE013C</samp> || <samp>190&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:#EB6651;color:white" |Pale red (Palered) || <samp>#EB6651</samp> || <samp>235&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;102&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;81</samp> |-style="background:#FF3333;color:white" |Light red (Lightred) || <samp>#FF3333</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#B10304;color:white" |Medium red (Mediumred) || <samp>#B10304</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#850101;color:white" |Deep red (Deepred) || <samp>#850101</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |-style="background:#E34234;color:white" |Vermilion || <samp>#E34234</samp> || <samp>227&nbsp;&nbsp;66&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;52</samp> |-style="background:#FF5349;color:black" |Red orange (Redorange) || <samp>#FF5349</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#C66359;color:black" |Deep salmon (Deepsalmon) || <samp>#C66359</samp> || <samp>198&nbsp;99&nbsp;89</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale salmon (Palesalmon) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#CD5B45;color:white" |Dark coral (Darkcoral) || <samp>#CD5B45</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;91&nbsp;&nbsp;59</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep coral (Deepcoral) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale orange (Paleorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#D9A465;color:white" |Light orange (Lightorange) || <samp>#D9A465</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:#FF7802;color:white" |Medium orange (Mediumorange) || <samp>#FF7802</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light autumn orange (Lightautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Fall orange (Fallorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Autumn orange (Autumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark autumn orange (Darkautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep orange (Deeporange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Orange yellow (Orangeyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light yellow green (Lightyellowgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Olive green (Olivegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#056608;color:white" |Deep green (Deepgreen) || <samp>#056608</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;102&nbsp;&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium green (Mediumgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#00C957;color:black" |Emerald green (Emeraldgreen) || <samp>#00C957</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;0&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;120</samp> | |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#177245;color:white" |Dark spring green (Darkspringgreen) || <samp>#177245</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;23&nbsp;114&nbsp;69</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Light spring green (Lightspringgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#06B48B;color:white" |Green blue (Greenblue) || <samp>#06B48B</samp> || <samp>6&nbsp;180&nbsp;139</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light winter blue (Lightwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Winter blue (Winterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark winter blue (Darkwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale blue (Paleblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Medium steel blue (Mediumsteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark steel blue (Darksteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#040273;color:white" |Deep blue (Deepblue) || <samp>#040273</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#324AB2;color:white" |Violet blue (Violetblue) || <samp>#324AB2 </samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#736AFF;color:white" |Light slate blue (Lightslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>115&nbsp;106&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale brown (Palebrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light brown (Lightbrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium brown (Mediumbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:#5C4033;color:white" |Dark brown (Darkbrown) || <samp>5C&nbsp;40&nbsp;33</samp> || <samp>92&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;51</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep brown (Deepbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] hgcjv9d1kilseciwnvf1k543fghqrkp 10331053 10331044 2025-06-14T23:10:48Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove red colors not source and not supported by browsers by name 10331053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#C66359;color:black" |Deep salmon (Deepsalmon) || <samp>#C66359</samp> || <samp>198&nbsp;99&nbsp;89</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale salmon (Palesalmon) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#CD5B45;color:white" |Dark coral (Darkcoral) || <samp>#CD5B45</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;91&nbsp;&nbsp;59</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep coral (Deepcoral) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale orange (Paleorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#D9A465;color:white" |Light orange (Lightorange) || <samp>#D9A465</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:#FF7802;color:white" |Medium orange (Mediumorange) || <samp>#FF7802</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light autumn orange (Lightautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Fall orange (Fallorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Autumn orange (Autumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark autumn orange (Darkautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep orange (Deeporange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Orange yellow (Orangeyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light yellow green (Lightyellowgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Olive green (Olivegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#056608;color:white" |Deep green (Deepgreen) || <samp>#056608</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;5&nbsp;102&nbsp;&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium green (Mediumgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#00C957;color:black" |Emerald green (Emeraldgreen) || <samp>#00C957</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;0&nbsp;201&nbsp;&nbsp;120</samp> | |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#177245;color:white" |Dark spring green (Darkspringgreen) || <samp>#177245</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;23&nbsp;114&nbsp;69</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Light spring green (Lightspringgreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#06B48B;color:white" |Green blue (Greenblue) || <samp>#06B48B</samp> || <samp>6&nbsp;180&nbsp;139</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light winter blue (Lightwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Winter blue (Winterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark winter blue (Darkwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale blue (Paleblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Medium steel blue (Mediumsteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark steel blue (Darksteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#040273;color:white" |Deep blue (Deepblue) || <samp>#040273</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#324AB2;color:white" |Violet blue (Violetblue) || <samp>#324AB2 </samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#736AFF;color:white" |Light slate blue (Lightslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>115&nbsp;106&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale brown (Palebrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light brown (Lightbrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium brown (Mediumbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:#5C4033;color:white" |Dark brown (Darkbrown) || <samp>5C&nbsp;40&nbsp;33</samp> || <samp>92&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;51</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep brown (Deepbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] hgvqn0zvall3lxxj0z7x372eud9hiva 10331740 10331053 2025-06-15T10:24:05Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove green colors not in source and not supported by browsers by name 10331740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#C66359;color:black" |Deep salmon (Deepsalmon) || <samp>#C66359</samp> || <samp>198&nbsp;99&nbsp;89</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale salmon (Palesalmon) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#CD5B45;color:white" |Dark coral (Darkcoral) || <samp>#CD5B45</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;91&nbsp;&nbsp;59</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep coral (Deepcoral) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale orange (Paleorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#D9A465;color:white" |Light orange (Lightorange) || <samp>#D9A465</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:#FF7802;color:white" |Medium orange (Mediumorange) || <samp>#FF7802</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light autumn orange (Lightautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Fall orange (Fallorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Autumn orange (Autumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark autumn orange (Darkautumnorange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep orange (Deeporange) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Orange yellow (Orangeyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light winter blue (Lightwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Winter blue (Winterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark winter blue (Darkwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale blue (Paleblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Medium steel blue (Mediumsteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark steel blue (Darksteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#040273;color:white" |Deep blue (Deepblue) || <samp>#040273</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#324AB2;color:white" |Violet blue (Violetblue) || <samp>#324AB2 </samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#736AFF;color:white" |Light slate blue (Lightslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>115&nbsp;106&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale brown (Palebrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light brown (Lightbrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium brown (Mediumbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:#5C4033;color:white" |Dark brown (Darkbrown) || <samp>5C&nbsp;40&nbsp;33</samp> || <samp>92&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;51</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep brown (Deepbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] rgh6m5928p4458etual9mmvn9g4pu42 10331749 10331740 2025-06-15T10:29:45Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove orange colors not in source and not supported by browsers by name 10331749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:;color:white" |Light winter blue (Lightwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Winter blue (Winterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark winter blue (Darkwinterblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale blue (Paleblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Medium steel blue (Mediumsteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark steel blue (Darksteelblue) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#040273;color:white" |Deep blue (Deepblue) || <samp>#040273</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#324AB2;color:white" |Violet blue (Violetblue) || <samp>#324AB2 </samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#736AFF;color:white" |Light slate blue (Lightslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>115&nbsp;106&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale brown (Palebrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light brown (Lightbrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium brown (Mediumbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:#5C4033;color:white" |Dark brown (Darkbrown) || <samp>5C&nbsp;40&nbsp;33</samp> || <samp>92&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;51</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep brown (Deepbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] en66021vb4nfkifi8grwnvqh3pof5mj 10331761 10331749 2025-06-15T10:34:47Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove blue colors not in source and not supported by browsers by name 10331761 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale brown (Palebrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light brown (Lightbrown) || <samp>#&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium brown (Mediumbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:#5C4033;color:white" |Dark brown (Darkbrown) || <samp>5C&nbsp;40&nbsp;33</samp> || <samp>92&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;&nbsp;51</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep brown (Deepbrown) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] 01xmnra8vy3fv3dorr7zpesc4jdlr1k 10331766 10331761 2025-06-15T10:38:37Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove brown colors not in source and not supported by browsers by name 10331766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Light aquamarine (Lightaquamarine) || <samp>#93FFE8</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;255&nbsp;232</samp> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark aquamarine (Darkaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Deep aquamarine (Deepaquamarine) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#AFE4DE;color:white" |Light turquoise (Lightturquoise) || <samp>#AFE4DE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep turquoise (Deepturquoise) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep cyan (Deepcyan) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Light blue green (Lightbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#00A59C;color:white" |Blue green (Bluegreen) || <samp>#00A59C</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark blue green (Darkbluegreen) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;165&nbsp;156</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] 3gv0zu11j8i2g1c7vc2krkh2u58sj1x 10331769 10331766 2025-06-15T10:42:24Z Brigandeur 1566408 /* List of HTML Color Names */ Remove cyan colors not in source and not supported by browsers by name 10331769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Web colors''' are [[color]]s used in [[design]]ing [[webpage]]s, and the ways for describing and listing those colors. There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an [[RGB]] ''triplet'' (a set of three [[number]]s, red, green, and blue) in [[hexadecimal]] format (a ''hex triplet'', rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common [[English language|English]] names. Often a [[color tool]] or other [[graphics software]] is used to create color [[value]]s. The first [[version]]s of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] and [[Netscape Navigator]] used the [[X11 color names]] as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as [[X Window System]] [[software|applications]]. Each web color has its own definition, [[sRGB]]. This relates to the [[chromaticity|chromaticities]] of a single [[phosphor]] set, a given [[transfer curve]], [[adaptive whitepoint]], and [[view]]ing [[condition]]s. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world [[computer monitor|monitor]]s and viewing conditions. Even without [[color management]], the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, [[user agent]]s can be different in the [[fidelity]] with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for [[Web-to-print]] applications.<ref>{{cite web|title=Web design details|url=http://www.purei.com/web-design|publisher=www.purei.com|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> ==Hex triplet== A '''hex triplet''' is a six-digit, three-[[byte]] number used in [[HTML]], [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript|JS]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], and other computer programs, to represent [[color]]s. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: :Byte 1: red value (color type red) :Byte 2: green value (color type green) :Byte 3: blue value (color type blue) For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example. ==HTML web colors== Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wium Lie|first=Håkon|last2=Bos|first2=Bert|date=1996-12-17|title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1; Section 6.3 Color units|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813135200/https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/#color-units|archive-date=2024-08-13|access-date=2024-09-05|website=World Wide Web Consortium}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Color<ref>[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/types.html#h-6.5 HTML 4.01 Specification section 6.5 "Colors"]</ref> !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal !Color !Hexadecimal |- |[[Cyan|aqua]] |style="background:#0FF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FFFF |[[gray]] |style="background:#808080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808080 |[[Navy blue|navy]] |style="background:#000080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000080 |[[silver (color)|silver]] |style="background:#C0C0C0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#C0C0C0 |- |[[black]] |style="background:#000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#000000 |[[green]] |style="background:#008000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#008000 |[[olive (color)|olive]] |style="background:#808000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#808000 |[[teal (color)|teal]] |style="background:#008080; color:#fff; font-family:monospace;"|#008080 |- |[[blue]] |style="background:#0000FF; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#0000FF |[[lime (color)|lime]] |style="background:#0F0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#00FF00 |[[purple]] |style="background:#800080; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800080 |[[white]] |style="background:#FFF; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFFFF |- |[[Magenta|fuchsia]] |style="background:#F0F; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FF00FF |[[maroon (color)|maroon]] |style="background:#800000; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#800000 |[[red]] |style="background:#F00; color:#FFF; font-family:monospace;"|#FF0000 |[[yellow]] |style="background:#FF0; color:#000; font-family:monospace;"|#FFFF00 |} ===List of HTML Color Names=== The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. <ref>{{cite web|title=Named Colors|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#named-colors|publisher=W3C|accessdate=21 April 2025}}</ref> {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:crimson;color:white;color:white" |Crimson || <samp>#DC143C</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;&nbsp;60</samp> |-style="background:#F08080;color:black" |Light coral (Lightcoral) || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |Indian red (Indianred) || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#B22222;color:white" |Fire brick (Firebrick) || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |Red || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 </samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |Dark red (Darkred) || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:maroon;color:white" |Maroon || <samp>#800000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |Salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |Light pink (Lightpink) || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:pink;color:white" |Pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;108&nbsp;158</samp> |-style="background:#DB7093;color:white" |Pale violet red (Palevioletred) || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |Hot pink (Hotpink) || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |Deep pink (Deeppink) || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |Peach puff || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:#E9967A;color:black" |Dark salmon (Darksalmon) || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:#FFA07A;color:black" |Light salmon (Lightsalmon) || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |Coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:#FF6347;color:white" |Tomato || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |Orange red (Orangered) || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |Papaya whip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |Moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |Dark orange (Darkorange) || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |Orange || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FAFAD2;color:black" |Light goldenrod yellow (Lightgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Goldenrod yellow (Goldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Dark goldenrod yellow (Darkgoldenrodyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#EEE8AA;color:black" |Pale goldenrod (Palegoldenrod) || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:#FFEC8B;color:black" |Light goldenrod (Lightgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;236&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |Medium goldenrod (Mediumgoldenrod) || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;185&nbsp;&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |Goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#B8860B;color:white" |Dark goldenrod (Darkgoldenrod) || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gold (Palegold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#F1E5AC;color:black" |Light gold (Lightgold) || <samp>#F1E5AC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFBF00;color:black" |Amber || <samp>#FFBF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;191&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFC700;color:black" |Yellow orange (Yelloworange) || <samp>#FFC700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;219&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFD700;color:black" |Gold || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;199&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEBC1D;color:white" |Dark gold (Darkgold) || <samp>#EEBC1D</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep gold (Deepgold) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |Lemon chiffon (Lemonchiffon) || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Light summer yellow (Lightsummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Summer yellow (Summeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Dark summer yellow (Darksummeryellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FFFFCC;color:black" |Cream || <samp>#FFFFCC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:;color:black" |Pale yellow (Paleyellow) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |Light yellow (Lightyellow) || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |Yellow || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#FFE302;color:black" |Medium yellow (Mediumyellow) || <samp>#FFE302</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F8B800;color:black" |Dark yellow (Darkyellow) || <samp>#F8B800</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;184&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#F6BE00;color:black" |Deep yellow (Deepyellow) || <samp>#F6BE00</samp> || <samp>246&nbsp;190&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:olive;color:white" |Olive || <samp>#808000</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |Khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BDB76B;color:white" |Dark khaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |Lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Pale purple (Palepurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#AB82FF;color:white" |Light purple (Lightpurple) || <samp>#AB82FF</samp> || <samp>171&nbsp;130&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#9370DB;color:white" |Medium purple (Mediumpurple) || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |Blue violet (Blueviolet) || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:#7A5299;color:white" |Light violet (Lightviolet) || <samp>#7A5299</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#8F47B3;color:white" |Medium violet (Mediumviolet) || <samp>#8F47B3</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;71&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |Dark violet (Darkviolet) || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep violet (Deepviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:Rebeccapurple;color:white" |Rebecca purple (Rebeccapurple) || <samp>#663399</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;51&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:indigo;color:white" |Indigo || <samp>#4B0082</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;75&nbsp;0&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#BA55D3;color:white" |Medium orchid (Mediumorchid) || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |Dark orchid (Darkorchid) || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;&50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:#D8BFD8;color:white" |Thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:#DDA0DD;color:white" |Plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |Violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |- |-style="background:;color:white" |Light orchid (Lightorchid) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |Orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |Fuchsia or Magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Pale magenta (Palemagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#FF77FF;color:white" |Light magenta (Lightmagenta) || <samp>#FF77FF</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:darkmagenta;color:white" |Dark magenta (Darkmagenta) || <samp>#8B008B</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Deep magenta (Deepmagenta) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:purple;color:white" |Purple || <samp>#800080</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark purple (Darkpurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Deep purple (Deeppurple) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:;color:white" |Dark violet red (Darkvioletred) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#C71585;color:white" |Medium violet red (Mediumvioletred) || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#D02090;color:white" |Violet red (Violetred) || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |- |Red violet (Redviolet) || <samp>#</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |Yellow green (Yellowgreen) || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:#6B8E23;color:white" |Olive drab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:#556B2F;color:white" |Dark olive green (Darkolivegreen) || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:#ADFF2F;color:black" |Green yellow (Greenyellow) || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |Chartreuse || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |Lawn green (Lawngreen) || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |Lime || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:green;color:white" |Green || <samp>#008000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |Dark green (Darkgreen) || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |Pale green (Palegreen) || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:lightgreen;color:black" |Light green (Lightgreen) || <samp>#90EE90</samp> || <samp>144&nbsp;238&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |Lime green (Limegreen) || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |Forest green (Forestgreen) || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#00FA9A;color:black" |Medium spring green (Mediumspringgreen) || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |Spring green (Springgreen) || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:#3CB371;color:white" |Medium sea green (Mediumseagreen) || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:seagreen;color:white" |Sea green (Seagreen) || <samp>#2E8B57</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:#8FBC8F;color:white" |Dark sea green (Darkseagreen) || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |Aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:#66CDAA;color:black" |Medium aquamarine (Mediumaquamarine) || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |Turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:#48D1CC;color:white" |Medium turquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |Dark turquoise (Darkturquoise) || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#AFEEEE;color:black" |Pale turquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#20B2AA;color:white" |Light sea green (Lightseagreen) || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |Light cyan (Lightcyan) || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |Aqua or Cyan || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |Dark cyan (Darkcyan) || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:teal;color:white" |Teal || <samp>#008080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#B0E0E6;color:black" |Powder blue (Powderblue) || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#5F9EA0;color:white" |Cadet blue (Cadetblue) || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background :whitesmoke;color:slategray;text align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |Light blue (Lightblue) || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |Sky blue (Skyblue) || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:#87CEFA;color:black" |Light sky blue (Lightskyblue) || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:#00BFFF;color:white" |Deep sky blue (Deepskyblue) || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#1E90FF;color:white" |Dodger blue (Dodgerblue) || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#B0C4DE;color:black" |Light steel blue (Lightsteelblue) || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |Steel blue (Steelblue) || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#6495ED;color:white" |Cornflower blue (Cornflowerblue) || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:#4169E1;color:white" |Royal blue (Royalblue) || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |Blue || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |Medium blue (Mediumblue) || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |Dark blue (Darkblue) || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |Navy || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |Midnight blue (Midnightblue) || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#7B68EE;color:white" |Medium slate blue (Mediumslateblue) || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#6A5ACD;color:white" |Slate blue (Slateblue) || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#483D8B;color:white" |Dark slate blue (Darkslateblue) || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[HTML]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:#FFF8DC;color:black" |Cornsilk || <samp>#FFF8DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#FFEBCD;color:black" |Blanched almond (Blanchedalmond) || <samp>#FFEBCD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |Bisque || <samp>#FFE4C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:#FFDEAD;color:black" |Navajo white (Navajowhite) || <samp>#FFDEAD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |Wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |Burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |Tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#BC8F8F;color:white" |Rosy brown (Rosybrown) || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#F4A460;color:white" |Sandy brown (Sandybrown) || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:#CD853F;color:white" |Peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:#D2691E;color:white" |Chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |Saddle brown (Saddlebrown) || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |Sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |Brown || <samp>A5&nbsp;2A&nbsp;2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |White || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#E1D9D1;color:black" |Dark white (Darkwhite) || <samp>E1&nbsp;D9&nbsp;D1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |Snow || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |Honeydew || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:#F5FFFA;color:black" |Mint cream (Mintcream) || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |Azure || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |Alice blue (Aliceblue) || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F8F8FF;color:black" |Ghost white (Ghostwhite) || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#F5F5F5;color:black" |White smoke (Whitesmoke) || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFF5EE;color:black" |Seashell || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |Beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |Old lace (Oldlace) || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFFAF0;color:black" |Floral white (Floralwhite) || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |Ivory || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |Antique white (Antiquewhite) || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:#FAF0E6;color:black" |Linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:#FFF0F5;color:black" |Lavender blush (Lavenderblush) || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:#FFE4E1;color:black" |Misty rose (Mistyrose) || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |Gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:#;color:black" |Pale gray (Palegray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |Light gray (Lightgray) || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |Silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |Dark gray (Darkgray) || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |Gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:#696969;color:white" |Dim gray (Dimgray) || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:#71797E;color:white" |Steel gray (Steelgray) || <samp>71&nbsp;79&nbsp;7E</samp> || <samp>113&nbsp;121&nbsp;126</samp> |-style="background:#778899;color:white" |Light slate gray (Lightslategray) || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |Slate gray (Slategray) || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#;color:white" |Medium slate gray (Mediumslategray) || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</samp> |-style="background:#2F4F4F;color:white" |Dark slate gray (Darkslategray) || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |Black || <samp>00&nbsp;00&nbsp;00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==X11 colors (formulated in 1987)== These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the [[World Wide Web]] in 1991. {| |- |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Red colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightcoral;color:black" |lightcoral || <samp>#F08080</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:indianred;color:white" |indianred || <samp>#CD5C5C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;92&nbsp;&nbsp;92</samp> |-style="background:#ff6a6a;color:white" |indianred1 || <samp>#FF6A6A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;106&nbsp;&nbsp;106</samp> |-style="background:#ee6363;color:white" |indianred2 || <samp>#EE6363</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;99</samp> |-style="background:#cd5555;color:white" |indianred3 || <samp>#CD5555</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;&nbsp;85&nbsp;&nbsp;85</samp> |-style="background:#8b3a3a;color:white" |indianred4 || <samp>#8B3A3A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;58&nbsp;&nbsp;58</samp> |-style="background:fireBrick;color:white" |firebrick || <samp>#B22222</samp> || <samp>178&nbsp;&nbsp;34&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:brown;color:white" |brown || <samp>#A52A2A</samp> || <samp>165&nbsp;&nbsp;42&nbsp;&nbsp;42</samp> |-style="background:red;color:white" |red1 || <samp>#FF0000</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkred;color:white" |red4 || <samp>#8B0000</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:salmon;color:black" |salmon || <samp>#FA8072</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;128&nbsp;114</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Pink & Rose colors'''</big> |-style="background:pink;color:black" |pink || <samp>#FFC0CB</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;192&nbsp;203</samp> |-style="background:lightpink;color:black" |lightpink || <samp>#FFB6C1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;182&nbsp;193</samp> |-style="background:hotpink;color:white" |hotpink || <samp>#FF69B4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;105&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:deeppink;color:white" |deeppink1 || <samp>#FF1493</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;20&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:palevioletred;color:white" |palevioletred || <samp>#DB7093</samp> || <samp>219&nbsp;112&nbsp;147</samp> |-style="background:#b03060;color:white" |maroon || <samp>#B03060</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;48&nbsp;96</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Orange colors'''</big> |-style="background:peachpuff;color:black" |peachpuff1 || <samp>#FFDAB9</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;218&nbsp;185</samp> |-style="background:darksalmon;color:black" |darksalmon || <samp>#E9967A</samp> || <samp>233&nbsp;150&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:lightsalmon;color:black" |lightsalmon1 || <samp>#FFA07A</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;160&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:coral;color:white" |coral || <samp>#FF7F50</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;127&nbsp;&nbsp;80</samp> |-style="background:tomato;color:white" |tomato1 || <samp>#FF6347</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;99&nbsp;&nbsp;71</samp> |-style="background:orangered;color:white" |orangered1 || <samp>#FF4500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:papayawhip;color:black" |papayawhip || <samp>#FFEFD5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;239&nbsp;213</samp> |-style="background:moccasin;color:black" |moccasin || <samp>#FFE4B5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;181</samp> |-style="background:darkorange;color:white" |darkorange || <samp>#FF8C00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:orange;color:white" |orange1 || <samp>#FFA500</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;165&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |- | |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Yellow colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightgoldenrodyellow;color:black" |lightgoldenrodyellow || <samp>#FAFAD2</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#ffec8b;color:black" |lightgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFEC8B</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;250&nbsp;210</samp> |-style="background:#eedc82;color:black" |lightgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEDC82</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;220&nbsp;130</samp> |-style="background:#cdbe70;color:black" |lightgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CDBE70</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;190&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:#8b814c;color:black" |lightgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B814C</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;129&nbsp;76</samp> |-style="background:palegoldenrod;color:black" |palegoldenrod || <samp>#EEE8AA</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;232&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:goldenrod;color:white" |goldenrod || <samp>#DAA520</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;165&nbsp;32</samp> |-style="background:#ffc125;color:white" |goldenrod1 || <samp>#FFC125</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;193&nbsp;37</samp> |-style="background:#EEB422;color:white" |goldenrod2 || <samp>#EEB422</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;180&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:#CD9B1D;color:white" |goldenrod3 || <samp>#CD9B1D</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;155&nbsp;29</samp> |-style="background:#8b6914;color:white" |goldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6914</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;105&nbsp;20</samp> |-style="background:darkgoldenrod;color:white" |darkgoldenrod || <samp>#B8860B</samp> || <samp>184&nbsp;134&nbsp;11</samp> |-style="background:#FFB90F;color:white" |darkgoldenrod1 || <samp>#FFB90F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;184&nbsp;15</samp> |-style="background:#eead0e;color:white" |darkgoldenrod2 || <samp>#EEAD0E</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;173&nbsp;14</samp> |-style="background:#cd950c;color:white" |darkgoldenrod3 || <samp>#CD950C</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;149&nbsp;12</samp> |-style="background:#8b6508;color:white" |darkgoldenrod4 || <samp>#8B6508</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;101&nbsp;8</samp> |-style="background:gold;color:black" |gold1 || <samp>#FFD700</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;215&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#EEC900;color:black" |gold2 || <samp>#EEC900</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;201&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#CDAD00;color:black" |gold3 || <samp>#CDAD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;173&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8B7500;color:black" |gold4 || <samp>#8B7500</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;177&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lemonchiffon;color:black" |lemonchiffon1 || <samp>#FFFACD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:#EEE9BF;color:black" |lemonchiffon2 || <samp>#EEE9BF</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;233&nbsp;191</samp> |-style="background:#CDC9A5;color:black" |lemonchiffon3 || <samp>#CDC9A5</samp> || <samp>2O5&nbsp;201&nbsp;165</samp> |-style="background:#8B8970;color:black" |lemonchiffon4 || <samp>#8B8970</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;137&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:lightyellow;color:black" |lightyellow1 || <samp>#FFFFE0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;224</samp> |-style="background:#EEEED1;color:black" |lightyellow2 || <samp>#EEEED1</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:#CDCDB4;color:black" |lightyellow3 || <samp>#CDCDB4</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:#8B8B7A;color:black" |lightyellow4 || <samp>#8B8B7A</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;122</samp> |-style="background:yellow;color:black" |yellow1 || <samp>#FFFF00</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#eeee00;color:black" |yellow2 || <samp>#EEEE00</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;238&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#cdcd00;color:black" |yellow3 || <samp>#CDCD00</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;205&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#8b8b00;color:black" |yellow4 || <samp>#8B8B00</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;139&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:khaki;color:black" |khaki || <samp>#F0E68C</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;230&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:#fff68f;color:black" |khaki1 || <samp>#FFF68F</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;246&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:#eee685;color:black" |khaki2 || <samp>#EEE685</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;230&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#CDC673;color:black" |khaki3 || <samp>#CDC673</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;198&nbsp;115</samp> |-style="background:#8B864E;color:black" |khaki4 || <samp>#8B864E</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;134&nbsp;78</samp> |-style="background:darkkhaki;color:white" |darkkhaki || <samp>#BDB76B</samp> || <samp>189&nbsp;183&nbsp;107</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Violet, Purple & Magenta colors'''</big> |-style="background:lavender;color:black" |lavender || <samp>#E6E6FA</samp> || <samp>230&nbsp;230&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:mediumpurple;color:white" |mediumpurple || <samp>#9370DB</samp> || <samp>147&nbsp;112&nbsp;219</samp> |-style="background:blueviolet;color:white" |blueviolet || <samp>#8A2BE2</samp> || <samp>138&nbsp;43&nbsp;226</samp> |-style="background:darkviolet;color:white" |darkviolet || <samp>#9400D3</samp> || <samp>148&nbsp;0&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:#a020f0;color:white" |purple || <samp>#A020F0</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;32&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mediumorchid;color:white" |mediumorchid || <samp>#BA55D3</samp> || <samp>186&nbsp;85&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:darkorchid;color:white" |darkorchid || <samp>#9932CC</samp> || <samp>153&nbsp;50&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:thistle;color:white" |thistle || <samp>#D8BFD8</samp> || <samp>216&nbsp;191&nbsp;216</samp> |-style="background:plum;color:white" |plum || <samp>#DDA0DD</samp> || <samp>221&nbsp;160&nbsp;221</samp> |-style="background:violet;color:white" |violet || <samp>#EE82EE</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;130&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:orchid;color:white" |orchid || <samp>#DA70D6</samp> || <samp>218&nbsp;112&nbsp;214</samp> |-style="background:fuchsia;color:white" |magenta || <samp>#FF00FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#ff34b3;color:white" |maroon1 || <samp>#FF34B3</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;52&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:#ee30a7;color:white" |maroon2 || <samp>#EE30A7</samp> || <samp>238&nbsp;48&nbsp;167</samp> |-style="background:#cd2990;color:white" |maroon3 || <samp>#CD2990</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;41&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:#8b1c62;color:white" |maroon4 || <samp>#8B1C62</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;28&nbsp;98</samp> |-style="background:mediumvioletred;color:white" |mediumvioletred || <samp>#C71585</samp> || <samp>199&nbsp;21&nbsp;133</samp> |-style="background:#d02090;color:white" |violetred || <samp>#D02090</samp> || <samp>208&nbsp;&nbsp;32&nbsp;144</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Green colors'''</big> |-style="background:yellowgreen;color:white" |yellowgreen || <samp>#9ACD32</samp> || <samp>154&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background:olivedrab;color:white" |olivedrab || <samp>#6B8E23</samp> || <samp>107&nbsp;142&nbsp;&nbsp;35</samp> |-style="background:darkolivegreen;color:white" |darkolivegreen || <samp>#556B2F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;85&nbsp;107&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:greenyellow;color:black" |greenyellow || <samp>#ADFF2F</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;47</samp> |-style="background:chartreuse;color:black" |chartreuse1 || <samp>#7FFF00</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lawngreen;color:black" |lawngreen || <samp>#7CFC00</samp> || <samp>124&nbsp;252&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:lime;color:black" |green1 || <samp>#00FF00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:#008B00;color:white" |green4 || <samp>#008B00</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:darkgreen;color:white" |darkgreen || <samp>#006400</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |-style="background:palegreen;color:black" |palegreen || <samp>#98FB98</samp> || <samp>152&nbsp;251&nbsp;152</samp> |-style="background:limegreen;color:black" |limegreen || <samp>#32CD32</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;50&nbsp;205&nbsp;&nbsp;50</samp> |-style="background-color:forestgreen; color:white" |forestgreen || <samp>#228B22</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;34&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;34</samp> |-style="background:mediumspringgreen;color:black" |mediumspringgreen || <samp>#00FA9A</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;250&nbsp;154</samp> |-style="background:springgreen;color:black" |springgreen1 || <samp>#00FF7F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;127</samp> |-style="background:mediumseagreen;color:white" |mediumseagreen || <samp>#3CB371</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;60&nbsp;179&nbsp;113</samp> |-style="background:#54ff9f;color:black" |seagreen1 || <samp>#54FF9F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;46&nbsp;139&nbsp;&nbsp;87</samp> |-style="background:darkseagreen;color:white" |darkseagreen || <samp>#8FBC8F</samp> || <samp>143&nbsp;188&nbsp;143</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Cyan colors'''</big> |-style="background:aquamarine;color:black" |aquamarine || <samp>#7FFFD4</samp> || <samp>127&nbsp;255&nbsp;212</samp> |-style="background:mediumaquamarine;color:black" |mediumaquamarine || <samp>#66CDAA</samp> || <samp>102&nbsp;205&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:turquoise;color:black" |turquoise || <samp>#40E0D0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;64&nbsp;224&nbsp;208</samp> |-style="background:mediumturquoise;color:white" |mediumturquoise || <samp>#48D1CC</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;209&nbsp;204</samp> |-style="background:darkturquoise;color:white" |darkturquoise || <samp>#00CED1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;206&nbsp;209</samp> |-style="background:paleturquoise;color:black" |paleturquoise || <samp>#AFEEEE</samp> || <samp>175&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:lightseagreen;color:white" |lightseagreen || <samp>#20B2AA</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;32&nbsp;178&nbsp;170</samp> |-style="background:lightcyan;color:black" |lightcyan1 || <samp>#E0FFFF</samp> || <samp>224&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aqua;color:black" |cyan1 || <samp>#00FFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#00eeee;color:white" |cyan2 || <samp>#00EEEE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:#00cdcd;color:white" |cyan3 || <samp>#00CDCD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkcyan;color:white" |cyan4 || <samp>#008B8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:powderblue;color:black" |powderblue || <samp>#B0E0E6</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;224&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:cadetblue;color:white" |cadetblue || <samp>#5F9EA0</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;95&nbsp;158&nbsp;160</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Azure & Blue colors'''</big> |-style="background:lightblue;color:black" |lightblue || <samp>#ADD8E6</samp> || <samp>173&nbsp;216&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:skyblue;color:black" |skyblue || <samp>#87CEEB</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;235</samp> |-style="background:lightskyblue;color:black" |lightskyblue || <samp>#87CEFA</samp> || <samp>135&nbsp;206&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:deepskyblue;color:white" |deepskyblue1 || <samp>#00BFFF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;191&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:dodgerblue;color:white" |dodgerblue1 || <samp>#1E90FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;30&nbsp;144&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:lightsteelblue;color:black" |lightsteelblue || <samp>#B0C4DE</samp> || <samp>176&nbsp;196&nbsp;222</samp> |-style="background:steelblue;color:white" |steelblue || <samp>#4682B4</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;70&nbsp;130&nbsp;180</samp> |-style="background:cornflowerblue;color:white" |cornflowerblue || <samp>#6495ED</samp> || <samp>100&nbsp;149&nbsp;237</samp> |-style="background:royalblue;color:white" |royalblue || <samp>#4169E1</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;65&nbsp;105&nbsp;225</samp> |-style="background-color:#0000FF;color:white" |blue1 || <samp>#0000FF</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:#0000EE;color:white" |blue2 || <samp>#0000EE</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:mediumblue;color:white" |mediumblue || <samp>#0000CD</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkblue;color:white" |blue4 || <samp>#00008B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;139</samp> |-style="background:navy;color:white" |navyblue || <samp>#000080</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:midnightblue;color:white" |midnightblue || <samp>#191970</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;25&nbsp;&nbsp;25&nbsp;112</samp> |-style="background:mediumslateblue;color:white" |mediumslateblue || <samp>#7B68EE</samp> || <samp>123&nbsp;104&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:slateblue;color:white" |slateblue || <samp>#6A5ACD</samp> || <samp>106&nbsp;&nbsp;90&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:darkslateblue;color:white" |darkslateblue || <samp>#483D8B</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;72&nbsp;&nbsp;61&nbsp;139</samp> |} |valign="top"| {| "wikitable sortable" |- !style="background:lightgray"|[[X11]] name !style="background:lightgray"|[[Hexadecimal|Hex]] !style="background:lightgray"|Decimal [[code]]<br>[[RGB color model|R &nbsp; G &nbsp; B]] |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Brown colors'''</big> |-style="background:cornsilk;color:black" |cornsilk1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F8&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;248&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:blanchedalmond;color:black" |blanchedalmond || <samp>FF&nbsp;EB&nbsp;CD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;235&nbsp;205</samp> |-style="background:bisque;color:black" |bisque1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;C4</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;196</samp> |-style="background:navajowhite;color:black" |navajowhite1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;DE&nbsp;AD</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;222&nbsp;173</samp> |-style="background:wheat;color:black" |wheat || <samp>F5&nbsp;DE&nbsp;B3</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;222&nbsp;179</samp> |-style="background:burlywood;color:white" |burlywood || <samp>DE&nbsp;B8&nbsp;87</samp> || <samp>222&nbsp;184&nbsp;135</samp> |-style="background:tan;color:white" |tan || <samp>D2&nbsp;B4&nbsp;8C</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;180&nbsp;140</samp> |-style="background:rosybrown;color:white" |rosybrown || <samp>BC&nbsp;8F&nbsp;8F</samp> || <samp>188&nbsp;143&nbsp;143</samp> |-style="background:sandybrown;color:white" |sandybrown || <samp>F4&nbsp;A4&nbsp;60</samp> || <samp>244&nbsp;164&nbsp;&nbsp;96</samp> |-style="background:Peru;color:white" |peru || <samp>CD&nbsp;85&nbsp;3F</samp> || <samp>205&nbsp;133&nbsp;&nbsp;63</samp> |-style="background:chocolate;color:white" |chocolate || <samp>D2&nbsp;69&nbsp;1E</samp> || <samp>210&nbsp;105&nbsp;&nbsp;30</samp> |-style="background:saddlebrown;color:white" |saddle brown || <samp>8B&nbsp;45&nbsp;13</samp> || <samp>139&nbsp;&nbsp;69&nbsp;&nbsp;19</samp> |-style="background:sienna;color:white" |sienna || <samp>A0&nbsp;52&nbsp;2D</samp> || <samp>160&nbsp;&nbsp;82&nbsp;&nbsp;45</samp> |- |colspan="3" style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''White colors'''</big> |-style="background:white;color:black" |white || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:snow;color:black" |snow1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:honeydew;color:black" |honeydew1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:mintcream;color:black" |mintcream || <samp>F5&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FA</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;255&nbsp;250</samp> |-style="background:azure;color:black" |azure1 || <samp>F0&nbsp;FF&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;255&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:aliceblue;color:black" |aliceblue || <samp>F0&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>240&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:ghostwhite;color:black" |ghostwhite || <samp>F8&nbsp;F8&nbsp;FF</samp> || <samp>248&nbsp;248&nbsp;255</samp> |-style="background:whitesmoke;color:black" |whitesmoke || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:seashell;color:black" |seashell1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F5&nbsp;EE</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;245&nbsp;238</samp> |-style="background:beige;color:black" |beige || <samp>F5&nbsp;F5&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>245&nbsp;245&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:oldlace;color:black" |oldlace || <samp>FD&nbsp;F5&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>253&nbsp;245&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:floralwhite;color:black" |floralwhite || <samp>FF&nbsp;FA&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;250&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:ivory;color:black" |ivory1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;FF&nbsp;F0</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;255&nbsp;240</samp> |-style="background:antiquewhite;color:black" |antiquewhite || <samp>FA&nbsp;EB&nbsp;D7</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;235&nbsp;215</samp> |-style="background:linen;color:black" |linen || <samp>FA&nbsp;F0&nbsp;E6</samp> || <samp>250&nbsp;240&nbsp;230</samp> |-style="background:lavenderblush;color:black" |lavenderblush1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;F0&nbsp;F5</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;240&nbsp;245</samp> |-style="background:mistyrose;color:black" |mistyrose1 || <samp>FF&nbsp;E4&nbsp;E1</samp> || <samp>255&nbsp;228&nbsp;225</samp> |- |colspan=3 style="background:whitesmoke;color:slategray;text-align:left"|<big>'''Gray colors'''</big> |-style="background:gainsboro;color:black" |gainsboro || <samp>DC&nbsp;DC&nbsp;DC</samp> || <samp>220&nbsp;220&nbsp;220</samp> |-style="background:lightgray;color:black" |lightgray || <samp>D3&nbsp;D3&nbsp;D3</samp> || <samp>211&nbsp;211&nbsp;211</samp> |-style="background:silver;color:black" |silver || <samp>C0&nbsp;C0&nbsp;C0</samp> || <samp>192&nbsp;192&nbsp;192</samp> |-style="background:darkgray;color:black" |darkgray || <samp>A9&nbsp;A9&nbsp;A9</samp> || <samp>169&nbsp;169&nbsp;169</samp> |-style="background:gray;color:white" |gray || <samp>80&nbsp;80&nbsp;80</samp> || <samp>128&nbsp;128&nbsp;128</samp> |-style="background:dimgray;color:white" |dimgray || <samp>69&nbsp;69&nbsp;69</samp> || <samp>105&nbsp;105&nbsp;105</samp> |-style="background:lightslategray;color:white" |lightslategray || <samp>77&nbsp;88&nbsp;99</samp> || <samp>119&nbsp;136&nbsp;153</samp> |-style="background:slategray;color:white" |slategray || <samp>70&nbsp;80&nbsp;90</samp> || <samp>112&nbsp;128&nbsp;144</samp> |-style="background:darkslategray;color:white" |darkslategray || <samp>2F&nbsp;4F&nbsp;4F</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;47&nbsp;&nbsp;79&nbsp;&nbsp;79</samp> |-style="background:black;color:white" |black || <samp>#000000</samp> || <samp>&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;0</samp> |} |} ==Chart of selected web colors== This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002. When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color. {{web colors}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Color]] [[Category:Web design]] fb0ok28miirx2vu7hydrn657ulgehdg 0 129874 10329809 9705936 2025-06-14T11:59:26Z 82.59.139.114 /* Cast */ Various improvements. 10329809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Brother Bear 2 | director = [[Ben Gluck]] | producer = Jim Ballantine<br />Carolyn Bates | studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]] | distributor = [[Walt Disney Home Entertainment]] | music = Matthew Gerrard<br />Dave Metzger<br />Robbie Nevil | released = August 29, 2006 | starring = [[Patrick Dempsey]]<br />[[Mandy Moore]]<br />[[Benjamin Bryan]]<br />[[Jim Cummings]]<br />[[Michael Clarke Duncan]]<br />[[Jessie Flower]]<br />[[Wendie Malick]]<br />[[Andrea Martin]]<br />[[Rick Moranis]]<br />[[Kathy Najimy]]<br />[[Catherine O'Hara]]<br />[[Jeremy Suarez]]<br />[[Krista Swan]]<br />[[Wanda Sykes]]<br />[[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]]<br />[[Jack Weber]]<br />[[Dana Gonzales]]<br />Frank Welker | runtime = 73 minutes | language = English }} '''''Brother Bear 2''''' is a 2006 American [[animation|animated]] [[direct-to-video]] [[road movie]] and the [[sequel]] to the animated feature ''Brother Bear'', which was released on August 29, 2006. Melissa Etheridge contributed three songs to the movie. In the movie, the adventures of [[bear]] [[brother]]s Kenai and Koda continue. While the first movie dealt with Kenai's relationship with Koda, this one focuses more on his bond with a young [[human]] of his past, Nita. Only five of the original characters return for the sequel (excluding Denahi): Kenai, Koda, Rutt, Tuke, and Tug, as Jason Raize died on February 3, 2005. Only four of those actors came back to do their original roles: Jeremy Suarez, Rick Moranis, Dave Thomas, and Michael Clarke Duncan. Producer Jim Ballantine was removed from the project and replaced with Carolyn Bates. [[Jason Marsden]], as heard in the first trailer, was originally announced to voice Kenai, after being voiced by [[Joaquin Phoenix]] in the first film; Patrick Dempsey ultimately voiced the character. However, the end credits still note Marsden as one of the additional voices. ==Voice cast== * [[Patrick Dempsey]] as Kenai * [[Mandy Moore]] as Nita * [[Jeremy Suarez]] as Koda * [[Rick Moranis]] as Rutt * [[Dave Thomas (actor)|Dave Thomas]] as Tuke * [[Andrea Martin]] as Anda * [[Catherine O'Hara]] as Kata * [[Wanda Sykes]] as Innoko * [[Wendie Malick]] as Aunt Siqniq * [[Kathy Najimy]] as Aunt Taqqiq * [[Michael Clarke Duncan]] as Tug * [[Jim Cummings]] as Bering / Chikoot * [[Jack Weber]] as Young Kenai. (credited as additional voices) * [[Jessie Flower]] as Young Nita. (credited as additional voices) * [[Tress MacNeille]] as Hoonah. (credited as additional voices) * [[Jeff Bennett]] as Atka. (credited as additional voices) Additional voices were provided by [[Jason Marsden]] and [[Bobb'e J. Thompson]]. ==Reception== ''Brother Bear 2'' did better in critical response than ''[[Brother Bear|Brother Bear 1]]'', with a higher rating of 50% in [[Rotten Tomatoes]], indicating mixed-to-positive reviews. The consensus is "the story seems lacking along with some annoying plot holes, but ''Brother Bear 2'' is a worth-watching fun family film that will entertain kids and adults along the way". ==Other websites== {{wikiquote}} * [http://disney.go.com/disneyvideos/animatedfilms/brotherbear2/ Brother Bear 2 Official DVD xxxxxxxxxxincluding a sneak preview] * {{bcdb title|90695}} * {{imdb title|0465925}} {{Disney direct-to-video animated features}} [[Category:2006 movies]] [[Category:2006 animated movies]] [[Category:Disney animated movies]] [[Category:Movies about bears]] [[Category:Movies about brothers]] [[Category:Direct-to-video movies]] [[Category:Disney direct-to-video movies]] [[Category:Movies set in prehistory]] [[Category:American movies]] i0eckffsu5b7bt1b06p0pqydlb5higy 0 131253 10330090 10041124 2025-06-14T14:42:21Z 2A02:1388:209A:7C21:0:0:A99D:38B1 10330090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Boreas | image = Boree enlevant Orithye Louvre MR1844 n2.jpg | caption = Statue of Boreas abducting Oreithyia in the [[Louvre]], [[France]] | god_of = God of the North Wind, Storms, Winter, Loneliness, Solitude, Absence, Lack, Sadness, Depression, Calmness and Serenity | abode = [[Sky]] | symbol = Conch shell, billowing cloak | consort = [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] | parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]] | siblings = [[Eurus]], [[Notus]], [[Zephyrus]] | children = [[Calaes]], [[Zetes]], | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Aquillo]] }} '''Boreas''' ({{lang-grc|Βορέας}}, ''Boreus'' - “North Wind”) is the Greek god of winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack, sadness, depression, calmness, serenity, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath. ==Mythology== Boreas was the purple-winged god of the north wind, one of the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods). He was also the god of winter who swept down from the cold mountains of Thrake (Thrace), chilling the air with his icy breath. Beyond his mountain home lay Hyperborea, a mythical land of eternal spring untouched by the god's winds. When Boreas sought a wife, he carried off Oreithyia ("Mountain Gale"), daughter of King Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) of Athens, who was playing with her companions in a riverside meadow. Their children included Khione (Chione), goddess of snow, and the Boreades, a pair of winged heroes. Boreas and his brother-winds were often imagined as horse-shaped gods in form. An old Greek folk belief was that the winds Boreas and Zephyros would sweep down upon the mares in early spring and fertilize them in the guise of wind-formed stallions. The horses born from these couplings were the swiftest and finest of their kind. The fabulous horses of King Laomedon of Troy were said to have been sired in this way by Boreas upon the Trojan mares. In Greek vase painting Boreas was depicted as a striding, winged god. Sometimes his hair and beard were spiked with ice. In mosaic art he often appears as a gust blowing head with bloated cheeks up among the clouds. This imagery carried over into post-Classical art, and is frequently found in old maps. Boreas' name is simply the ancient Greek word for "north-wind" which was perhaps in turn derived from the Greek verb boraô meaning "to devour". [[Category:Greek gods and goddesses]] jc0pyzq8m3jpb1du1yih7edbunuhw36 10330094 10330090 2025-06-14T14:43:32Z 2A02:1388:209A:7C21:0:0:A99D:38B1 /* Mythology */Added content 10330094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Boreas | image = Boree enlevant Orithye Louvre MR1844 n2.jpg | caption = Statue of Boreas abducting Oreithyia in the [[Louvre]], [[France]] | god_of = God of the North Wind, Storms, Winter, Loneliness, Solitude, Absence, Lack, Sadness, Depression, Calmness and Serenity | abode = [[Sky]] | symbol = Conch shell, billowing cloak | consort = [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] | parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]] | siblings = [[Eurus]], [[Notus]], [[Zephyrus]] | children = [[Calaes]], [[Zetes]], | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Aquillo]] }} '''Boreas''' ({{lang-grc|Βορέας}}, ''Boreus'' - “North Wind”) is the Greek god of winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack, sadness, depression, calmness, serenity, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath. ==Mythology== Boreas was the purple-winged god of the north wind, one of the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods). He was also the god of winter who swept down from the cold mountains of Thrake (Thrace), chilling the air with his icy breath. Beyond his mountain home lay Hyperborea, a mythical land of eternal spring untouched by the god's winds. When Boreas sought a wife, he carried off Oreithyia ("Mountain Gale"), daughter of King Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) of Athens, who was playing with her companions in a riverside meadow. Their children included Khione (Chione), goddess of snow, and the Boreades, a pair of winged heroes. Boreas and his brother-winds were often imagined as horse-shaped gods in form. An old Greek folk belief was that the winds Boreas and Zephyros would sweep down upon the mares in early spring and fertilize them in the guise of wind-formed stallions. The horses born from these couplings were the swiftest and finest of their kind. The fabulous horses of King Laomedon of Troy were said to have been sired in this way by Boreas upon the Trojan mares. In Greek vase painting Boreas was depicted as a striding, winged god. Sometimes his hair and beard were spiked with ice. In mosaic art he often appears as a gust blowing head with bloated cheeks up among the clouds. This imagery carried over into post-Classical art, and is frequently found in old maps. Boreas' name is simply the ancient Greek word for "north-wind" which was perhaps in turn derived from the Greek verb boraô meaning "to devour". Boreas or, the North wind, was, according to Hesiod (Theog. 379), a son of Astraeus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. He dwelt in a cave of mount Haemus in Thrace. (Callim. hymn. in Del. 63.) He is mixed up with the early legends of Attica in the story of his having carried off Oreithyia, the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he begot Zetes, Calais, and Cleopatra, the wife of Phineus, who are therefore called Boreades. (Ov. Met. vi. 683, &c.; Apollon. Rhod. i. 211; Apollod. iii. 15. § 2; Paus. i. 19. § 6.) In the Persian war, Boreas shewed his friendly disposition towards the Athenians by destroying the ships of the barbarians. (Herod. vii. 189.) He also assisted the Megalopolitans against the Spartans, for which he was honoured at Megalopolis with annual festivals. (Paus. viii. 36. § 3.) According to an Homeric tradition (Il. xx. 223), Boreas begot twelve horses by the mares of Erichthonius, which is commonly explained as a mere figurative mode of expressing the extraordinary swiftness of those horses. On the chest of Cypselus he was represented in the act of carrying off Oreithyia, and here the place of his legs was occupied by tails of serpents. (Paus. v. 19. § 1.) Festivals of Boreas were celebrated at Athens and other places [[Category:Greek gods and goddesses]] tfybwi13d3o9ta272739t5bmy4053pz 10330102 10330094 2025-06-14T14:45:39Z 2A02:1388:209A:7C21:0:0:A99D:38B1 /* Mythology */Added content 10330102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Boreas | image = Boree enlevant Orithye Louvre MR1844 n2.jpg | caption = Statue of Boreas abducting Oreithyia in the [[Louvre]], [[France]] | god_of = God of the North Wind, Storms, Winter, Loneliness, Solitude, Absence, Lack, Sadness, Depression, Calmness and Serenity | abode = [[Sky]] | symbol = Conch shell, billowing cloak | consort = [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] | parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]] | siblings = [[Eurus]], [[Notus]], [[Zephyrus]] | children = [[Calaes]], [[Zetes]], | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Aquillo]] }} '''Boreas''' ({{lang-grc|Βορέας}}, ''Boreus'' - “North Wind”) is the Greek god of winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack, sadness, depression, calmness, serenity, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath. ==Mythology== Boreas was the purple-winged god of the north wind, one of the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods). He was also the god of winter who swept down from the cold mountains of Thrake (Thrace), chilling the air with his icy breath. Beyond his mountain home lay Hyperborea, a mythical land of eternal spring untouched by the god's winds. When Boreas sought a wife, he carried off Oreithyia ("Mountain Gale"), daughter of King Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) of Athens, who was playing with her companions in a riverside meadow. Their children included Khione (Chione), goddess of snow, and the Boreades, a pair of winged heroes. Boreas and his brother-winds were often imagined as horse-shaped gods in form. An old Greek folk belief was that the winds Boreas and Zephyros would sweep down upon the mares in early spring and fertilize them in the guise of wind-formed stallions. The horses born from these couplings were the swiftest and finest of their kind. The fabulous horses of King Laomedon of Troy were said to have been sired in this way by Boreas upon the Trojan mares. In Greek vase painting Boreas was depicted as a striding, winged god. Sometimes his hair and beard were spiked with ice. In mosaic art he often appears as a gust blowing head with bloated cheeks up among the clouds. This imagery carried over into post-Classical art, and is frequently found in old maps. Boreas' name is simply the ancient Greek word for "north-wind" which was perhaps in turn derived from the Greek verb boraô meaning "to devour". Boreas or, the North wind, was, according to Hesiod (Theog. 379), a son of Astraeus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. He dwelt in a cave of mount Haemus in Thrace. (Callim. hymn. in Del. 63.) He is mixed up with the early legends of Attica in the story of his having carried off Oreithyia, the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he begot Zetes, Calais, and Cleopatra, the wife of Phineus, who are therefore called Boreades. (Ov. Met. vi. 683, &c.; Apollon. Rhod. i. 211; Apollod. iii. 15. § 2; Paus. i. 19. § 6.) In the Persian war, Boreas shewed his friendly disposition towards the Athenians by destroying the ships of the barbarians. (Herod. vii. 189.) He also assisted the Megalopolitans against the Spartans, for which he was honoured at Megalopolis with annual festivals. (Paus. viii. 36. § 3.) According to an Homeric tradition (Il. xx. 223), Boreas begot twelve horses by the mares of Erichthonius, which is commonly explained as a mere figurative mode of expressing the extraordinary swiftness of those horses. On the chest of Cypselus he was represented in the act of carrying off Oreithyia, and here the place of his legs was occupied by tails of serpents. (Paus. v. 19. § 1.) Festivals of Boreas were celebrated at Athens and other places. ===Family=== Hesiod, Theogony 378 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "And Eos (Dawn) bare to Astraios (Astraeus, Starry) the strong-hearted Anemoi (Winds), brightening Zephyros (Zephyrus, the West Wind), and Boreas (the North), headlong in his course, and Notos (Notus, the South)--a goddess mating in love with a god." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "From Astraeus and Aurora [Eos] : Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus, Favonius [Zephyros]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6. 18 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "She [Demeter] hastened with quick foot to the house of Astraios (Astraeus) the god of prophecy . . . the Aetai (Winds) [Anemoi], the sons of Astraios, welcomed the goddess with refreshing cups of nectar which was ready mixt in the bowl . . . The four Aetai (Winds) fitted aprons round their waists as their father's waiters. Euros (the East Wind) held out the cups by the mixing-bowl and poured in the nectar, Notos (the South) had the water fready in his jug for the meal, Boreas (the North) brought the ambrosia and set it on the table, Zephyros (the West) fingering the notes of the hoboy made a tune on his reeds of spring-time--a womanish Aetes (Wind) this!" [[Category:Greek gods and goddesses]] b6zrb8cbcr08ids158puithh6zsw5gu 10330197 10330102 2025-06-14T15:40:43Z 2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453 /* Mythology */Added content 10330197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Boreas | image = Boree enlevant Orithye Louvre MR1844 n2.jpg | caption = Statue of Boreas abducting Oreithyia in the [[Louvre]], [[France]] | god_of = God of the North Wind, Storms, Winter, Loneliness, Solitude, Absence, Lack, Sadness, Depression, Calmness and Serenity | abode = [[Sky]] | symbol = Conch shell, billowing cloak | consort = [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] | parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]] | siblings = [[Eurus]], [[Notus]], [[Zephyrus]] | children = [[Calaes]], [[Zetes]], | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Aquillo]] }} '''Boreas''' ({{lang-grc|Βορέας}}, ''Boreus'' - “North Wind”) is the Greek god of winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack, sadness, depression, calmness, serenity, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath. ==Mythology== Boreas was the purple-winged god of the north wind, one of the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods). He was also the god of winter who swept down from the cold mountains of Thrake (Thrace), chilling the air with his icy breath. Beyond his mountain home lay Hyperborea, a mythical land of eternal spring untouched by the god's winds. When Boreas sought a wife, he carried off Oreithyia ("Mountain Gale"), daughter of King Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) of Athens, who was playing with her companions in a riverside meadow. Their children included Khione (Chione), goddess of snow, and the Boreades, a pair of winged heroes. Boreas and his brother-winds were often imagined as horse-shaped gods in form. An old Greek folk belief was that the winds Boreas and Zephyros would sweep down upon the mares in early spring and fertilize them in the guise of wind-formed stallions. The horses born from these couplings were the swiftest and finest of their kind. The fabulous horses of King Laomedon of Troy were said to have been sired in this way by Boreas upon the Trojan mares. In Greek vase painting Boreas was depicted as a striding, winged god. Sometimes his hair and beard were spiked with ice. In mosaic art he often appears as a gust blowing head with bloated cheeks up among the clouds. This imagery carried over into post-Classical art, and is frequently found in old maps. Boreas' name is simply the ancient Greek word for "north-wind" which was perhaps in turn derived from the Greek verb boraô meaning "to devour". Boreas or, the North wind, was, according to Hesiod (Theog. 379), a son of Astraeus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. He dwelt in a cave of mount Haemus in Thrace. (Callim. hymn. in Del. 63.) He is mixed up with the early legends of Attica in the story of his having carried off Oreithyia, the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he begot Zetes, Calais, and Cleopatra, the wife of Phineus, who are therefore called Boreades. (Ov. Met. vi. 683, &c.; Apollon. Rhod. i. 211; Apollod. iii. 15. § 2; Paus. i. 19. § 6.) In the Persian war, Boreas shewed his friendly disposition towards the Athenians by destroying the ships of the barbarians. (Herod. vii. 189.) He also assisted the Megalopolitans against the Spartans, for which he was honoured at Megalopolis with annual festivals. (Paus. viii. 36. § 3.) According to an Homeric tradition (Il. xx. 223), Boreas begot twelve horses by the mares of Erichthonius, which is commonly explained as a mere figurative mode of expressing the extraordinary swiftness of those horses. On the chest of Cypselus he was represented in the act of carrying off Oreithyia, and here the place of his legs was occupied by tails of serpents. (Paus. v. 19. § 1.) Festivals of Boreas were celebrated at Athens and other places. ===Family=== Hesiod, Theogony 378 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "And Eos (Dawn) bare to Astraios (Astraeus, Starry) the strong-hearted Anemoi (Winds), brightening Zephyros (Zephyrus, the West Wind), and Boreas (the North), headlong in his course, and Notos (Notus, the South)--a goddess mating in love with a god." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "From Astraeus and Aurora [Eos] : Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus, Favonius [Zephyros]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6. 18 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "She [Demeter] hastened with quick foot to the house of Astraios (Astraeus) the god of prophecy . . . the Aetai (Winds) [Anemoi], the sons of Astraios, welcomed the goddess with refreshing cups of nectar which was ready mixt in the bowl . . . The four Aetai (Winds) fitted aprons round their waists as their father's waiters. Euros (the East Wind) held out the cups by the mixing-bowl and poured in the nectar, Notos (the South) had the water fready in his jug for the meal, Boreas (the North) brought the ambrosia and set it on the table, Zephyros (the West) fingering the notes of the hoboy made a tune on his reeds of spring-time--a womanish Aetes (Wind) this!. ===Boreas, Oreithtyia and the Boreads=== Boreas abducted Oreithyia from Athens and fathered the winged twins Zetes and Kalais (Calais), know as the Boreades, and daughters Kleopatra (Cleopatra) and Khione (Chione). Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 40A (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "The sons of Boreas [the Boreades]." Pindar, Pythian Ode 4. 180 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "And swift came [to join the Argonauts] two who dwelt beneath the strong foundations of Pangaion's (Pangaeum's) height [a Thrakian (Thracian) mountain]; for gladly with a joyful heart their father Boreas, sovereign of the winds, commanded Zetes and Kalais (Calais) to the task, those heroes whose backs on either side bear fluttering wings of purple." Simonides, Frag 534 (from Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C6th to 5th B.C.) : "Simonides says that Orithyia was carried off from Brilessos (Brilessus) and taken to the Sarpedonian rock in Thrake (Thrace) . . . Orithyia was daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), and Boreas carried her off from Attika (Attica), too her to Thrake (Thrace), had intercouse with her there and fathered Zetes and Kalais (Calais), as Simonides tells in The Sea-battle." Aeschylus, Oreithyia (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : This lost drama described Boreas' marriage suit for the Athenian princess Oreithyia, its rejection by her father and his subsequent abduction of the maiden. Weir Smyth (L.C.L.) notes : "In the two extant fragments, which are cited as examples of pseudo-tragic diction, Boreas, enraged at the rejection of his suit, threatens to display his power in its full force." Aeschylus, Fragments 153 & 154 Oreithyia (from John of Sicily, On Hermogenes' "Kinds of Style”) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "[Boreas threatens :] ‘And check the oven's soaring blaze; for let me not behold some soot, the tenant of the hearth, weaving in a single wreath of torrent flame, I'll fire the roof and cinder it. But now--not yet have I blared my noble strain.’" "[Boreas threatens :] ‘With my two jaws I blow a blast and confound the main.’" Herodotus, Histories 7. 189 (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) : "Boreas had an Attic wife, Orithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), ancient king of Athens." Plato, Phaedrus 229 (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "Phaidros (Phaedrus) : I should like to know, Sokrates (Socrates), whether the place is not somewhere here at which Boreas is said to have carried off Oreithyia from the banks of the Ilissos (Ilissus)? Sokrates : Such is the tradition. Phaidros : And is this the exact spot? The little stream is delightfully clear and bright; I can fancy that there might be maidens playing near. Sokrates : I believe that the spot is not exactly here, but about a quarter of a mile lower down, where you cross to the temple of Artemis, and there is, I think, some sort of an altar of Boreas at the place. Phaidros : I have never noticed it; but I beseech you to tell me, Sokrates, do you believe this tale? Sokrates : The wise are doubtful, and I should not be singular if, like them, I too doubted. I might have a rational explanation that Oreithyia was playing with Pharmakeia (Pharmacia), when a northern gust carried her over the neighbouring rocks; and this being the manner of her death, she was said to have been carried away by Boreas. There is a discrepancy, however, about the locality; according to another version of the story she was taken from Areopagos (Areopagus), and not from this place.'' Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 111 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "[In a list of Argonauts :] Zetes and Kalais (Calais) sons of Boreas." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 199 : "As Oreithyia was playing by the river Ilissos (Ilissus), Boreas kidnapped her and had sex with her. She bore him daughters named Kleopatra (Cleopatra) and Khione (Chione), and winged sons named Zetes and Kalais (Calais)." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 212 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Next came Zetes and Kalias (Calais) [to join the Argonauts], children of Boreas, whom Oreithyia daughter of Erektheus (Erechtheus) had borne to Boreas in the wintry borderland of Thrake (Thrace). It was from Attika (Attica) that Thrakian Boreas had brought her there. She was whirling in the dance on the banks of Ilissos (Ilissus) when he snatched her up and carried her far away to a spot called Sarpedon's Rock, near the flowing waters of Erginos (Erginus), where he wrapped her in a dark cloud and overcame her. And now, these sons of hers could soar into the sky. Astounding spectacle! As they flapped wings on either side of their angles, a glint of gold shone through from spangles on the dusky feathers; an their black locks streaming from head and neck along their backs were tossed by the wind to this side and that." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 1304 ff : "He [Herakles (Heracles)] killed them [the Boreades] in sea-girt Tenos on their way home from the games at Pelias' funeral, made a barrow over them and on top set a couple of pillars, one of which amazes all beholders by swaying to the breath of the roaring North Wind (Boreas)." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 23 f : "[King Phineos (Phineus) of eastern Thrake (Thrace) addresses the Argonauts :] ‘But there is an oracle which says that these Harpyiai shall be dealt with by the two sons of Boreas--no unknown foreigner shall drive them off. That is the truth, if I indeed am Phineos, once famous for his wealth and his prophectic skill, Phineos, Agenor's son, who when he ruled in Thrake won Kleopatra, sister of that pair, with his bridal gifts and brought her to his.’" Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 43. 3 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) : "Kleopatra (Cleopatra), who men said was born of Oreithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), and Boreas." Strabo, Geography 7. 3. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Sophokles (Sophocles) [C5th B.C.], when in his role as a tragic poet he speaks of Oreithyia, tells how she was snatched up by Boreas and carried 'over the whole sea to the ends of the earth and to the sources of night and to the unfoldings of heaven and to [Hyperborea] the ancient garden of Phoibos (Phoebus) [Apollon]." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 19. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "This Ilisos (Ilissus) [at Athens] is the river by which Oreithyia was playing when, according to the story, she was carried off by Boreas. With Oreithyia he lived in wedlock, and because of the tie between him and the Athenians he helped them by destroying most of the foreigners' warships. The Athenians hold that the Ilisos is sacred to other deities as well." [[Category:Greek gods and goddesses]] 95dl15gl9k7hy8wpbw5yjtvj42copxw 10330206 10330197 2025-06-14T15:44:58Z 2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453 /* Mythology */Added content 10330206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Boreas | image = Boree enlevant Orithye Louvre MR1844 n2.jpg | caption = Statue of Boreas abducting Oreithyia in the [[Louvre]], [[France]] | god_of = God of the North Wind, Storms, Winter, Loneliness, Solitude, Absence, Lack, Sadness, Depression, Calmness and Serenity | abode = [[Sky]] | symbol = Conch shell, billowing cloak | consort = [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] | parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]] | siblings = [[Eurus]], [[Notus]], [[Zephyrus]] | children = [[Calaes]], [[Zetes]], | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Aquillo]] }} '''Boreas''' ({{lang-grc|Βορέας}}, ''Boreus'' - “North Wind”) is the Greek god of winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack, sadness, depression, calmness, serenity, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath. ==Mythology== Boreas was the purple-winged god of the north wind, one of the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods). He was also the god of winter who swept down from the cold mountains of Thrake (Thrace), chilling the air with his icy breath. Beyond his mountain home lay Hyperborea, a mythical land of eternal spring untouched by the god's winds. When Boreas sought a wife, he carried off Oreithyia ("Mountain Gale"), daughter of King Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) of Athens, who was playing with her companions in a riverside meadow. Their children included Khione (Chione), goddess of snow, and the Boreades, a pair of winged heroes. Boreas and his brother-winds were often imagined as horse-shaped gods in form. An old Greek folk belief was that the winds Boreas and Zephyros would sweep down upon the mares in early spring and fertilize them in the guise of wind-formed stallions. The horses born from these couplings were the swiftest and finest of their kind. The fabulous horses of King Laomedon of Troy were said to have been sired in this way by Boreas upon the Trojan mares. In Greek vase painting Boreas was depicted as a striding, winged god. Sometimes his hair and beard were spiked with ice. In mosaic art he often appears as a gust blowing head with bloated cheeks up among the clouds. This imagery carried over into post-Classical art, and is frequently found in old maps. Boreas' name is simply the ancient Greek word for "north-wind" which was perhaps in turn derived from the Greek verb boraô meaning "to devour". Boreas or, the North wind, was, according to Hesiod (Theog. 379), a son of Astraeus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. He dwelt in a cave of mount Haemus in Thrace. (Callim. hymn. in Del. 63.) He is mixed up with the early legends of Attica in the story of his having carried off Oreithyia, the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he begot Zetes, Calais, and Cleopatra, the wife of Phineus, who are therefore called Boreades. (Ov. Met. vi. 683, &c.; Apollon. Rhod. i. 211; Apollod. iii. 15. § 2; Paus. i. 19. § 6.) In the Persian war, Boreas shewed his friendly disposition towards the Athenians by destroying the ships of the barbarians. (Herod. vii. 189.) He also assisted the Megalopolitans against the Spartans, for which he was honoured at Megalopolis with annual festivals. (Paus. viii. 36. § 3.) According to an Homeric tradition (Il. xx. 223), Boreas begot twelve horses by the mares of Erichthonius, which is commonly explained as a mere figurative mode of expressing the extraordinary swiftness of those horses. On the chest of Cypselus he was represented in the act of carrying off Oreithyia, and here the place of his legs was occupied by tails of serpents. (Paus. v. 19. § 1.) Festivals of Boreas were celebrated at Athens and other places. ===Family=== Hesiod, Theogony 378 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "And Eos (Dawn) bare to Astraios (Astraeus, Starry) the strong-hearted Anemoi (Winds), brightening Zephyros (Zephyrus, the West Wind), and Boreas (the North), headlong in his course, and Notos (Notus, the South)--a goddess mating in love with a god." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "From Astraeus and Aurora [Eos] : Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus, Favonius [Zephyros]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6. 18 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "She [Demeter] hastened with quick foot to the house of Astraios (Astraeus) the god of prophecy . . . the Aetai (Winds) [Anemoi], the sons of Astraios, welcomed the goddess with refreshing cups of nectar which was ready mixt in the bowl . . . The four Aetai (Winds) fitted aprons round their waists as their father's waiters. Euros (the East Wind) held out the cups by the mixing-bowl and poured in the nectar, Notos (the South) had the water fready in his jug for the meal, Boreas (the North) brought the ambrosia and set it on the table, Zephyros (the West) fingering the notes of the hoboy made a tune on his reeds of spring-time--a womanish Aetes (Wind) this!. ===Boreas, Oreithtyia and the Boreads=== Boreas abducted Oreithyia from Athens and fathered the winged twins Zetes and Kalais (Calais), know as the Boreades, and daughters Kleopatra (Cleopatra) and Khione (Chione). Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 40A (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "The sons of Boreas [the Boreades]." Pindar, Pythian Ode 4. 180 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "And swift came [to join the Argonauts] two who dwelt beneath the strong foundations of Pangaion's (Pangaeum's) height [a Thrakian (Thracian) mountain]; for gladly with a joyful heart their father Boreas, sovereign of the winds, commanded Zetes and Kalais (Calais) to the task, those heroes whose backs on either side bear fluttering wings of purple." Simonides, Frag 534 (from Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C6th to 5th B.C.) : "Simonides says that Orithyia was carried off from Brilessos (Brilessus) and taken to the Sarpedonian rock in Thrake (Thrace) . . . Orithyia was daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), and Boreas carried her off from Attika (Attica), too her to Thrake (Thrace), had intercouse with her there and fathered Zetes and Kalais (Calais), as Simonides tells in The Sea-battle." Aeschylus, Oreithyia (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : This lost drama described Boreas' marriage suit for the Athenian princess Oreithyia, its rejection by her father and his subsequent abduction of the maiden. Weir Smyth (L.C.L.) notes : "In the two extant fragments, which are cited as examples of pseudo-tragic diction, Boreas, enraged at the rejection of his suit, threatens to display his power in its full force." Aeschylus, Fragments 153 & 154 Oreithyia (from John of Sicily, On Hermogenes' "Kinds of Style”) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "[Boreas threatens :] ‘And check the oven's soaring blaze; for let me not behold some soot, the tenant of the hearth, weaving in a single wreath of torrent flame, I'll fire the roof and cinder it. But now--not yet have I blared my noble strain.’" "[Boreas threatens :] ‘With my two jaws I blow a blast and confound the main.’" Herodotus, Histories 7. 189 (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) : "Boreas had an Attic wife, Orithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), ancient king of Athens." Plato, Phaedrus 229 (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "Phaidros (Phaedrus) : I should like to know, Sokrates (Socrates), whether the place is not somewhere here at which Boreas is said to have carried off Oreithyia from the banks of the Ilissos (Ilissus)? Sokrates : Such is the tradition. Phaidros : And is this the exact spot? The little stream is delightfully clear and bright; I can fancy that there might be maidens playing near. Sokrates : I believe that the spot is not exactly here, but about a quarter of a mile lower down, where you cross to the temple of Artemis, and there is, I think, some sort of an altar of Boreas at the place. Phaidros : I have never noticed it; but I beseech you to tell me, Sokrates, do you believe this tale? Sokrates : The wise are doubtful, and I should not be singular if, like them, I too doubted. I might have a rational explanation that Oreithyia was playing with Pharmakeia (Pharmacia), when a northern gust carried her over the neighbouring rocks; and this being the manner of her death, she was said to have been carried away by Boreas. There is a discrepancy, however, about the locality; according to another version of the story she was taken from Areopagos (Areopagus), and not from this place.'' Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 111 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "[In a list of Argonauts :] Zetes and Kalais (Calais) sons of Boreas." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 199 : "As Oreithyia was playing by the river Ilissos (Ilissus), Boreas kidnapped her and had sex with her. She bore him daughters named Kleopatra (Cleopatra) and Khione (Chione), and winged sons named Zetes and Kalais (Calais)." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 212 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Next came Zetes and Kalias (Calais) [to join the Argonauts], children of Boreas, whom Oreithyia daughter of Erektheus (Erechtheus) had borne to Boreas in the wintry borderland of Thrake (Thrace). It was from Attika (Attica) that Thrakian Boreas had brought her there. She was whirling in the dance on the banks of Ilissos (Ilissus) when he snatched her up and carried her far away to a spot called Sarpedon's Rock, near the flowing waters of Erginos (Erginus), where he wrapped her in a dark cloud and overcame her. And now, these sons of hers could soar into the sky. Astounding spectacle! As they flapped wings on either side of their angles, a glint of gold shone through from spangles on the dusky feathers; an their black locks streaming from head and neck along their backs were tossed by the wind to this side and that." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 1304 ff : "He [Herakles (Heracles)] killed them [the Boreades] in sea-girt Tenos on their way home from the games at Pelias' funeral, made a barrow over them and on top set a couple of pillars, one of which amazes all beholders by swaying to the breath of the roaring North Wind (Boreas)." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 23 f : "[King Phineos (Phineus) of eastern Thrake (Thrace) addresses the Argonauts :] ‘But there is an oracle which says that these Harpyiai shall be dealt with by the two sons of Boreas--no unknown foreigner shall drive them off. That is the truth, if I indeed am Phineos, once famous for his wealth and his prophectic skill, Phineos, Agenor's son, who when he ruled in Thrake won Kleopatra, sister of that pair, with his bridal gifts and brought her to his.’" Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 43. 3 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) : "Kleopatra (Cleopatra), who men said was born of Oreithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), and Boreas." Strabo, Geography 7. 3. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Sophokles (Sophocles) [C5th B.C.], when in his role as a tragic poet he speaks of Oreithyia, tells how she was snatched up by Boreas and carried 'over the whole sea to the ends of the earth and to the sources of night and to the unfoldings of heaven and to [Hyperborea] the ancient garden of Phoibos (Phoebus) [Apollon]." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 19. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "This Ilisos (Ilissus) [at Athens] is the river by which Oreithyia was playing when, according to the story, she was carried off by Boreas. With Oreithyia he lived in wedlock, and because of the tie between him and the Athenians he helped them by destroying most of the foreigners' warships. The Athenians hold that the Ilisos is sacred to other deities as well." Propertius, Elegies 2. 26C : "Orithyia when ravished denied that even Boreas was cruel : this god tames both the lands and the deep seas." Propertius, Elegies 3. 6 : "Hateful Aquilo [Boreas], bane of ravished Orithyia." Statius, Thebaid 12. 630 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "[The river] Elisos (Elissus) who privy to Oreithyia's rape concealed beneath his banks the Thracian lover [Boreas]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1. 134 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "Aye Boreas, I conjure thee, receive me on thy pinions in the air, as thou didst ravish thine Athenian bride [Oreithyia]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2. 686 ff : "Phineus came with all speed to the Thrakian (Thracian) land. As for him, I [Zeus] will make him proud with his deep mines of riches, and lead him as goodson to Oreithyia and Thrakian Boreas, as prophetic bridegroom of garlanded Kleopatra (Cleopatra)." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 37. 155 ff : "First Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) [King of Athens] brought his horse Xanthos (Xanthus, Bayard) under the yoke, and fastened in his mare Podarkes (Podarces, Swiftfoot); both sired by North-Wind Boreas in winged coupling when he dragged a Sithonian Harpyia Aellopos (Harpy Aellopus) to himself, and Wind gave them as loveprice to his godfather Erekhtheus when he stole Attic Oreithyia for his bride." Suidas s.v. Gambros Erekhtheos (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Gambros Erekhtheos (Son-in-law of Erekhtheos (Erechtheus)) : Borras [Boreas]. For he married Oreithyia, his [Erekhtheus'] daughter, from whom were born Zetes and Kalais (Calais)." [[Category:Greek gods and goddesses]] pyzal0m7vsuson7fca99y1zwrb8ohn9 10330218 10330206 2025-06-14T15:55:16Z 2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453 /* Mythology */Added all the information 10330218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Boreas | image = Boree enlevant Orithye Louvre MR1844 n2.jpg | caption = Statue of Boreas abducting Oreithyia in the [[Louvre]], [[France]] | god_of = God of the North Wind, Storms, Winter, Loneliness, Solitude, Absence, Lack, Sadness, Depression, Calmness and Serenity | abode = [[Sky]] | symbol = Conch shell, billowing cloak | consort = [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] | parents = [[Astraeus]] and [[Eos]] | siblings = [[Eurus]], [[Notus]], [[Zephyrus]] | children = [[Calaes]], [[Zetes]], | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Aquillo]] }} '''Boreas''' ({{lang-grc|Βορέας}}, ''Boreus'' - “North Wind”) is the Greek god of winter, loneliness, solitude, absence, lack, sadness, depression, calmness, serenity, the north wind, and storms in ancient Greek religion and mythology. He is known for bringing the cold season of winter into the world. His most famous story is about him abducting [[Orithyia of Athens|Oreithyia]] and making her his wife. He is also known for helping the Athenians against the Persians by sinking 400 Persian ships with his strong icy breath. ==Mythology== Boreas was the purple-winged god of the north wind, one of the four seasonal Anemoi (Wind-Gods). He was also the god of winter who swept down from the cold mountains of Thrake (Thrace), chilling the air with his icy breath. Beyond his mountain home lay Hyperborea, a mythical land of eternal spring untouched by the god's winds. When Boreas sought a wife, he carried off Oreithyia ("Mountain Gale"), daughter of King Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) of Athens, who was playing with her companions in a riverside meadow. Their children included Khione (Chione), goddess of snow, and the Boreades, a pair of winged heroes. Boreas and his brother-winds were often imagined as horse-shaped gods in form. An old Greek folk belief was that the winds Boreas and Zephyros would sweep down upon the mares in early spring and fertilize them in the guise of wind-formed stallions. The horses born from these couplings were the swiftest and finest of their kind. The fabulous horses of King Laomedon of Troy were said to have been sired in this way by Boreas upon the Trojan mares. In Greek vase painting Boreas was depicted as a striding, winged god. Sometimes his hair and beard were spiked with ice. In mosaic art he often appears as a gust blowing head with bloated cheeks up among the clouds. This imagery carried over into post-Classical art, and is frequently found in old maps. Boreas' name is simply the ancient Greek word for "north-wind" which was perhaps in turn derived from the Greek verb boraô meaning "to devour". Boreas or, the North wind, was, according to Hesiod (Theog. 379), a son of Astraeus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. He dwelt in a cave of mount Haemus in Thrace. (Callim. hymn. in Del. 63.) He is mixed up with the early legends of Attica in the story of his having carried off Oreithyia, the daughter of Erechtheus, by whom he begot Zetes, Calais, and Cleopatra, the wife of Phineus, who are therefore called Boreades. (Ov. Met. vi. 683, &c.; Apollon. Rhod. i. 211; Apollod. iii. 15. § 2; Paus. i. 19. § 6.) In the Persian war, Boreas shewed his friendly disposition towards the Athenians by destroying the ships of the barbarians. (Herod. vii. 189.) He also assisted the Megalopolitans against the Spartans, for which he was honoured at Megalopolis with annual festivals. (Paus. viii. 36. § 3.) According to an Homeric tradition (Il. xx. 223), Boreas begot twelve horses by the mares of Erichthonius, which is commonly explained as a mere figurative mode of expressing the extraordinary swiftness of those horses. On the chest of Cypselus he was represented in the act of carrying off Oreithyia, and here the place of his legs was occupied by tails of serpents. (Paus. v. 19. § 1.) Festivals of Boreas were celebrated at Athens and other places. ===Family=== Hesiod, Theogony 378 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "And Eos (Dawn) bare to Astraios (Astraeus, Starry) the strong-hearted Anemoi (Winds), brightening Zephyros (Zephyrus, the West Wind), and Boreas (the North), headlong in his course, and Notos (Notus, the South)--a goddess mating in love with a god." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "From Astraeus and Aurora [Eos] : Zephyrus, Boreas, Notus, Favonius [Zephyros]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 6. 18 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "She [Demeter] hastened with quick foot to the house of Astraios (Astraeus) the god of prophecy . . . the Aetai (Winds) [Anemoi], the sons of Astraios, welcomed the goddess with refreshing cups of nectar which was ready mixt in the bowl . . . The four Aetai (Winds) fitted aprons round their waists as their father's waiters. Euros (the East Wind) held out the cups by the mixing-bowl and poured in the nectar, Notos (the South) had the water fready in his jug for the meal, Boreas (the North) brought the ambrosia and set it on the table, Zephyros (the West) fingering the notes of the hoboy made a tune on his reeds of spring-time--a womanish Aetes (Wind) this!. ===Boreas, Oreithtyia and the Boreads=== Boreas abducted Oreithyia from Athens and fathered the winged twins Zetes and Kalais (Calais), know as the Boreades, and daughters Kleopatra (Cleopatra) and Khione (Chione). Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 40A (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "The sons of Boreas [the Boreades]." Pindar, Pythian Ode 4. 180 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "And swift came [to join the Argonauts] two who dwelt beneath the strong foundations of Pangaion's (Pangaeum's) height [a Thrakian (Thracian) mountain]; for gladly with a joyful heart their father Boreas, sovereign of the winds, commanded Zetes and Kalais (Calais) to the task, those heroes whose backs on either side bear fluttering wings of purple." Simonides, Frag 534 (from Scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C6th to 5th B.C.) : "Simonides says that Orithyia was carried off from Brilessos (Brilessus) and taken to the Sarpedonian rock in Thrake (Thrace) . . . Orithyia was daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), and Boreas carried her off from Attika (Attica), too her to Thrake (Thrace), had intercouse with her there and fathered Zetes and Kalais (Calais), as Simonides tells in The Sea-battle." Aeschylus, Oreithyia (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : This lost drama described Boreas' marriage suit for the Athenian princess Oreithyia, its rejection by her father and his subsequent abduction of the maiden. Weir Smyth (L.C.L.) notes : "In the two extant fragments, which are cited as examples of pseudo-tragic diction, Boreas, enraged at the rejection of his suit, threatens to display his power in its full force." Aeschylus, Fragments 153 & 154 Oreithyia (from John of Sicily, On Hermogenes' "Kinds of Style”) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "[Boreas threatens :] ‘And check the oven's soaring blaze; for let me not behold some soot, the tenant of the hearth, weaving in a single wreath of torrent flame, I'll fire the roof and cinder it. But now--not yet have I blared my noble strain.’" "[Boreas threatens :] ‘With my two jaws I blow a blast and confound the main.’" Herodotus, Histories 7. 189 (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) : "Boreas had an Attic wife, Orithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), ancient king of Athens." Plato, Phaedrus 229 (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "Phaidros (Phaedrus) : I should like to know, Sokrates (Socrates), whether the place is not somewhere here at which Boreas is said to have carried off Oreithyia from the banks of the Ilissos (Ilissus)? Sokrates : Such is the tradition. Phaidros : And is this the exact spot? The little stream is delightfully clear and bright; I can fancy that there might be maidens playing near. Sokrates : I believe that the spot is not exactly here, but about a quarter of a mile lower down, where you cross to the temple of Artemis, and there is, I think, some sort of an altar of Boreas at the place. Phaidros : I have never noticed it; but I beseech you to tell me, Sokrates, do you believe this tale? Sokrates : The wise are doubtful, and I should not be singular if, like them, I too doubted. I might have a rational explanation that Oreithyia was playing with Pharmakeia (Pharmacia), when a northern gust carried her over the neighbouring rocks; and this being the manner of her death, she was said to have been carried away by Boreas. There is a discrepancy, however, about the locality; according to another version of the story she was taken from Areopagos (Areopagus), and not from this place.'' Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 111 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "[In a list of Argonauts :] Zetes and Kalais (Calais) sons of Boreas." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 199 : "As Oreithyia was playing by the river Ilissos (Ilissus), Boreas kidnapped her and had sex with her. She bore him daughters named Kleopatra (Cleopatra) and Khione (Chione), and winged sons named Zetes and Kalais (Calais)." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 212 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Next came Zetes and Kalias (Calais) [to join the Argonauts], children of Boreas, whom Oreithyia daughter of Erektheus (Erechtheus) had borne to Boreas in the wintry borderland of Thrake (Thrace). It was from Attika (Attica) that Thrakian Boreas had brought her there. She was whirling in the dance on the banks of Ilissos (Ilissus) when he snatched her up and carried her far away to a spot called Sarpedon's Rock, near the flowing waters of Erginos (Erginus), where he wrapped her in a dark cloud and overcame her. And now, these sons of hers could soar into the sky. Astounding spectacle! As they flapped wings on either side of their angles, a glint of gold shone through from spangles on the dusky feathers; an their black locks streaming from head and neck along their backs were tossed by the wind to this side and that." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 1304 ff : "He [Herakles (Heracles)] killed them [the Boreades] in sea-girt Tenos on their way home from the games at Pelias' funeral, made a barrow over them and on top set a couple of pillars, one of which amazes all beholders by swaying to the breath of the roaring North Wind (Boreas)." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 23 f : "[King Phineos (Phineus) of eastern Thrake (Thrace) addresses the Argonauts :] ‘But there is an oracle which says that these Harpyiai shall be dealt with by the two sons of Boreas--no unknown foreigner shall drive them off. That is the truth, if I indeed am Phineos, once famous for his wealth and his prophectic skill, Phineos, Agenor's son, who when he ruled in Thrake won Kleopatra, sister of that pair, with his bridal gifts and brought her to his.’" Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 43. 3 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) : "Kleopatra (Cleopatra), who men said was born of Oreithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), and Boreas." Strabo, Geography 7. 3. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Sophokles (Sophocles) [C5th B.C.], when in his role as a tragic poet he speaks of Oreithyia, tells how she was snatched up by Boreas and carried 'over the whole sea to the ends of the earth and to the sources of night and to the unfoldings of heaven and to [Hyperborea] the ancient garden of Phoibos (Phoebus) [Apollon]." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 19. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "This Ilisos (Ilissus) [at Athens] is the river by which Oreithyia was playing when, according to the story, she was carried off by Boreas. With Oreithyia he lived in wedlock, and because of the tie between him and the Athenians he helped them by destroying most of the foreigners' warships. The Athenians hold that the Ilisos is sacred to other deities as well." Propertius, Elegies 2. 26C : "Orithyia when ravished denied that even Boreas was cruel : this god tames both the lands and the deep seas." Propertius, Elegies 3. 6 : "Hateful Aquilo [Boreas], bane of ravished Orithyia." Statius, Thebaid 12. 630 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "[The river] Elisos (Elissus) who privy to Oreithyia's rape concealed beneath his banks the Thracian lover [Boreas]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1. 134 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "Aye Boreas, I conjure thee, receive me on thy pinions in the air, as thou didst ravish thine Athenian bride [Oreithyia]." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2. 686 ff : "Phineus came with all speed to the Thrakian (Thracian) land. As for him, I [Zeus] will make him proud with his deep mines of riches, and lead him as goodson to Oreithyia and Thrakian Boreas, as prophetic bridegroom of garlanded Kleopatra (Cleopatra)." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 37. 155 ff : "First Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) [King of Athens] brought his horse Xanthos (Xanthus, Bayard) under the yoke, and fastened in his mare Podarkes (Podarces, Swiftfoot); both sired by North-Wind Boreas in winged coupling when he dragged a Sithonian Harpyia Aellopos (Harpy Aellopus) to himself, and Wind gave them as loveprice to his godfather Erekhtheus when he stole Attic Oreithyia for his bride." Suidas s.v. Gambros Erekhtheos (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Gambros Erekhtheos (Son-in-law of Erekhtheos (Erechtheus)) : Borras [Boreas]. For he married Oreithyia, his [Erekhtheus'] daughter, from whom were born Zetes and Kalais (Calais)." ===Boreas Father of Horses=== Homer, Iliad 20. 219 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "Erikhthonios (Erichthonius) [King of Troy], who became the richest of mortal men, and in his possession were three thousand horses who pastured along the low grasslands, mares in their price with their young colts; and with these Boreas fell in love as they pastured there, and took on upon him the likeness of a dark-maned stallion, and coupled with them, and the mares conceiving of him bore to him twelve young horses. Those, when they would play along the grain-giving tilled land would pass along the tassels of corn and not break the divine yield, but again, when they played across the sea's wide ridges they would run the edge of the wave where it breaks on the grey salt water." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 8. 239 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) : "[The horses of Ares :] Aithon (Aethon, Red-fire) and Phlogios (Phlogius, Flame), Konabos (Conabus, Tumult) and Phobos (Phobus, Panic-fear), his [Ares] car-steeds, bare him down into the fight, the coursers which to roaring Boreas grim-eyed Erinnys bare." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 1. 166 ff : "She [the Amazon Penthesilea] in pride of triumph on she rode throned on a goodly steed and fleet, the gift of Oreithyia, wild Boreas' (North-wind's) bride, given to her guest the warrior-maid, what time she came to Thrake (Thrace), a steed whose flying feet could match the Harpyiai's (Harpies') wings." [N.B. The horse was presumably sired by Thrakian Boreas on the Harpyia (Harpy).] Aelian, On Animals 4. 6 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) : "Horse-keepers frequently testify to mares being impregnated by the Wind, and to their galloping against Notos (Notus, the South Wind) or Borras (Boreas, the North). And the same poet [Homer] knew this when he said ‘Of them was Boreas enamoured as they pastured.’ Aristotle too, borrowing (as I think) from him, said that they rush away in frenzy straight in the face of the aforesaid Autai (Winds) [Anemoi]." Virgil, Georgics 3. 267 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) : "But surely the madness of mares surpasses all. Venus [Aphrodite] herself inspired their frenzy, when the four Potnian steeds tore with their jaws the limbs of Glaucus. Love leads them over Gargarus and over the roaring Ascanius; they scale mountains, they swim rivers. And, soon as the flame has stolen into their craving marrow (chiefly in spring, for in spring the heart returns to their breasts), they all, with faced turned to Zephyrus (the West Wind), stand on a high cliff, and drink the gentle breezes. Then oft, without any wedlock, pregnant with the wind (a wondrous tale!) they flee over rocks and crags and lowly dales, not towards your rising, Eurus (the East Wind), nor the Sun's, but to Boreas (the North), and Auster (the North-West), or thither whence rises blackest Notus (the South), saddening the sky with chilly rain." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 37. 155 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "First Erekhtheus (Erechtheus) [King of Athens] brought his horse Xanthos (Xanthus, Bayard) under the yoke, and fastened in his mare Podarkes (Podarces, Swiftfoot); both sired by North-Wind Boreas in winged coupling when he dragged a Sithonian Harpyia Aellopos (Harpy Aellopus) to himself, and Wind gave them as loveprice to his godfather Erekhtheus when he stole Attic Oreithyia for his bride." ==Other Children of Boreas== Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 292 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "The first to bring thee [Apollon's sanctuary on Delos] these offerings from the fair-haired Arimaspoi (Arimaspians) were Oupis (Opis) and Loxo and happy Hekaerge (Hecaerge), daughters of Boreas, and those who then were the best of the young men. And they returned not home again, but a happy fate was theirs, and they shall never be without glorious." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 1. 683 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) : "The Aurai (Aurae, Breezes), Boreas' (North-Wind's) fleet-winged daughters." Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 50. 2 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) : "The myth relates that two sons, Boutes (Butes) and Lykourgos (Lycurgus), were born to Boreas, but not by the same mother; and Boutes, who was the younger, formed a plot against his brother [and was exiled from Thrake (Thrace)]." Aelian, On Animals 11. 1 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) : "The race of the Hyperboreoi (Hyperboreans, People Beyond the North) and the honours there paid to Apollon are sung of by poets . . . This god has as [Hyperborean] priests the sons of Boreas (North Wind) and Khione (Chione, Snow), three in number, brothers by birth, and six cubits in height [approximately ten metres]." ===Boreas and the Poet Musaeus=== Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 22. 7 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "I have read verse in which Musaios (Musaeus) [the poet] receives from Boreas the gift of flight, but, in my opinion, Onomakritos (Onomacritus) wrote them." [N.B. Musaios and Onomakritos were both Orphic poets.] ===Boreas Rescues Leto from Python=== Apollon, Leto and Boreas were the patron gods of the mythical Hyperboreans. In the story of the Apollon's birth, Boreas rescues the pregnant Leto from the monster Python. Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 53 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Latona [Leto] was borne there [to the island of Ortygia] at Jove's [Zeus'] command by the wind Aquilo [Boreas], at the time when the Python was pursuing her, and there, clinging to an olive, she gave birth to Apollo and Diana [Artemis]. This island later was called Delos." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 140 : "When Python knew that Latona [Leto] was pregnant by Jove [Zeus], he followed her to kill her. But by order of Jove the wind Aquilo [Boreas] carried Latona away, and bore her to Neptunus [Poseidon]. He protected her, but in order not to make voice Juno's [Hera's] decree, he took her to the island Ortygia, and covered the island with waves." ===The Hyperboreans=== Hyperborea was a mythical land which lay "Beyond the North-Wind." It was a realm of eternal spring untouched by the wintry breath of Boreas. Pindar, Olympian Ode 3. 31 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "And in that search he saw, too, the famed land [Hyperborea] that lay behind cold Boreas of bleak and frozen breath." Aeschylus, Fragment 109 Prometheus Unbound (from Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics 6. 17. 1) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "[Prometheus directs Herakles (Heracles) to the far west via Hyperborea in his quest for the golden apples of the Hesperides :] Follow this straight road; and, first of all, thou shalt come to the Boreades (North-Winds), where do thou beware the roaring hurricane, lest unawares it twist thee up and snatch thee away in wintry whirlwind." Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 292 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "The first to bring thee [Apollon's sanctuary on Delos] these offerings from the fair-haired Arimaspoi (Arimaspians) were Oupis (Opis) and Loxo and happy Hekaerge (Hecaerge), daughters of Boreas, and those who then were the best of the young men. And they returned not home again, but a happy fate was theirs, and they shall never be without glorious." Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 7. 8 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "The land of the Hyperboreans, men living beyond the home of Boreas (the North Wind)." Aelian, On Animals 11. 1 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) : "The race of the Hyperboreoi (Hyperboreans, People Beyond the North) and the honours there paid to Apollon are sung of by poets . . . This god has as [Hyperborean] priests the sons of Boreas (North Wind) and Khione (Chione, Snow), three in number, brothers by birth, and six cubits in height [approximately ten metres]." Pliny the Elder, Natural History 4. 88 (trans. Rackham) (Roman encyclopedia C1st A.D.) : "Last of all in the rear of the Maeotae [a Skythian (Scythian) tribe] are the Arimasi (Arimaspians). Then come the Ripaean Mountains [the Carpathians?] and the region called Peterophorus, because of the feather-like snow continually falling there; it is a part of the world that lies under the condemnation of nature and is plunged in dense darkness, and occupied only by the work of frost and the chilly lurking-places of Aquilo (the North Wind) [Boreas]. Behind these mountains and beyond Aquilo [Boreas] there dwells--if we can believe it--a happy race of people called the Hyperboreans." Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7. 10 : "A tribe is reported next to these [i.e. the Skythians (Scythians)], towards the North, not far from the actual quarter where Aquilo (the North Wind) [Boreas] rises and the cave that bears its name, the place called the Earth's Door-Bolt (Ges Clithron)--the Arimaspi (Arimaspians)." Seneca, Phaedra 935 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) : "Beyond the reach of winter [the mythical northern realm of Hyperborea] and his hoar snows, thou leave behind thee the threatening rage of cold Boreas (the North Wind)." ===Boreas and Helios=== Aesop, Fables 18 (trans. Gibbs) (Greek fable C6th B.C.) : "Boreas (the North Wind) and Helios (Helius, the Sun) disputed as to which was the most powerful, and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a wayfaring man of his clothes. Boreas (the North Wind) first tried his power and blew with all his might, but the keener his blasts, the closer the traveler wrapped his cloak around him, until at last, resigning all hope of victory, the Wind called upon Helios (the Sun) to see what he could do. Helios (the Sun) suddenly shone out with all his warmth. The traveler no sooner felt his genial rays than he took off one garment after another, and at last, fairly overcome with heat, undressed and bathed in a stream that lay in his path. Persuasion is better than force." ===Boreas god of the North Wind=== Homer, Iliad 23. 194 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "The pure of the dead Patroklos (Patroclus) would not light. Then swift-footed brilliant Akhilleus (Achilles) thought of one more thing that he must do. He stood apart from the pyre and made his prayer to the two winds Boreas and Zephryos (Zephyrus), north wind and west, and promised them splendid offerings, and much outpouring from a golden goblet entreated them to come, so that the bodies might with best speed burn in the fire and the timber burst into flame. And Iris, hearing his prayer, went swiftly as messenger to the Winds for him. Now the Winds assembled within the house of storm-blowing Zephyros were taking part in a feast, and Iris paused in her running and stood on the stone doorsill; but they, when their eyes saw her, sprang to their feet, and each one asked her to sit beside them. But she refused to be seated and spoke the word to them: ‘I must not sit down. I am going back to the running waters of Okeanos (Oceanus) and the Aithiopians' (Ethiopians') land, where they are making grand sacrifice to the immortals; there I, too, shall partake of the sacraments. But Akhilleus' prayer is that Boreas and blustering Zephyros may come to him, and he promises them splendid offerings, so that you may set ablaze the funeral pyre, whereon lies Patroklos, with all Akhaians (Achaeans) mourning about him.’ She spoke so, and went away, and they with immortal clamour rose up, and swept the clouds in confusion before them. They came with a sudden blast upon the sea, and the waves rose under the whistling wind. They came to the generous Troad and hit the pure, and a huge inhuman blaze rose, roaring. Nightlong they piled the flames on the funeral pyre together and blew with a screaming blast . . . At that time when Eosphoros (the Dawn-Star) passes across earth, harbinger of light, and after him Dawn of the saffron mantle is scattered across the sea, the fire died down and the flames were over. The Winds took their way back toward home again, crossing the Thrakian (Thracian) water, and it boiled with a moaning swell as they crossed it." Homer, Iliad 9. 4 ff : "As two winds rise to shake the sea where the fish swarm, Boreas and Zephyros (Zephyrus), north wind and west, that blow from Thraceward, suddenly descending, and the darkened water is gathered to crests, and far across the salt water scatters the seaweed." Homer, Odyssey 5. 291 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "[Poseidon] massed the clouds, clutched his trident and churned the ocean up; he roused all the blasts of all the Winds and swathed earth and sea alike in clouds; down from the sky rushed the dark. Euros (the East Wind) and Notos (the South Wind) clashed together, the stormy Zephyros (the West Wind) and the sky-born billow-driving Boreas (the North Wind)." Hesiod, Works and Days 504 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "Avoid the month Lenaeon [late January, early February], wretched days, all of them fit to skin an ox, and the frosts which are cruel when Boreas (the North Wind) blows over the earth. He blows across horse-breeding Thrake (Thrace) upon the wide sea and stirs it up, while earth and the forest howl. On many a high-leafed oak and thick pine he falls and brings them to the bounteous earth in mountain glens: then all the immense wood roars and the beasts shudder and put their tails between their legs, even those whose hide is covered with fur; for with his bitter blast he blows even through them although they are shaggy-breasted. He goes even through an ox's hide; it does not stop him. Also he blows through the goat's fine hair. But through the fleeces of sheep, because their wool is abundant, the keen wind Boreas pierces not at all; but it makes the old man curved as a wheel ... the dawn is chill when Boreas has once made his onslaught, and at dawn a fruitful mist is spread over the earth from starry heaven upon the fields of blessed men: it is drawn from the ever flowing rivers and is raised high above the earth by windstorm, and sometimes it turns to rain towards evening, and sometimes to wind when Thrakian Boreas huddles the thick clouds. Finish your work and return home ahead of him, and do not let the dark cloud from heaven wrap round you and make your body clammy and soak your clothes. Avoid it; for this is the hardest month, wintry, hard for sheep and hard for men." Hesiod, Catalogues of Women and Eoiae Fragment 68 (from Berlin Papyri 10560) : "From stately trees the fair leaves fell in abundance fluttering down to the ground, and the fruit fell to the ground because Boreas (the North Wind) blew very fiercely at the behest of Zeus; the deep seethed and all things trembed at his blast : the strength of mankind consumed away and the fruit failed in the season of spring." Ibycus, Fragment 284 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C6th B.C.) : "Thrakios (Thracian) Boreas with lightning rushing." Simonides, Fragment 535 (from Himerius, Oration) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C6th to 5th B.C.) : "The cables of the ship [i.e. the ship represented in the Panathenaic festival] will be untied by an ode, the ode which a holy chorus of Athenians chants, summoning the Anemos (Wind) to the boat, bidding it be present and fly in company with the sacred vessel; and the Anemos [probably Boreas], doubtless recognising its very own ode [the Kean (Cean) ode] which Simonides sang to it after the sea-battle, at once obeys the music and blowing hard astern drives the ship with its blast on the prosperous voyage. For now I wish to summon the Anemos (Wind) [to blow favourable for a voyage] in poetic fashion, but not having the ability to utter poetic words I wish to address the Anemos in accordance with the Kean Mousa (Cean Muse)." Simonides, Fragment 6 (trans. Gerber, Vol. Greek Elegiac) (C6th to 5th B.C.) : "Of that which Boreas (the North Wind), rushing swiftly from Thrake (Thrace), once covered the sides of Olympos (Olympus), so that it gnawed the hearts of cloakless men but was humbled when claid alive in Pierian soil--of that let someone pour me my share." Bacchylides, Fragment 13 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (C5th B.C.) : "On a dark-blossoming sea Boreas (the North Wind) rends men's hearts with the billows, coming face to face with them as night rises up, but ceases on the arrival of Eos (the Dawn) [his mother] who gives light to mortals and a gentle breeze levels the sea, and they belly out their sail before Notos' (the South Wind's) breath." Aeschylus, Doubtul Fragment 261 (from Strabo, Geography 4. 1. 7) (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "The black North (melamboreas), a blast violent and chilling, descends in a tempest." Aristophanes, Birds 1397 ff (trans. O'Neill) (Greek comedy C5th to 4th B.C.) : "Now rushing along the tracks of Notos (the South Wind), now nearing Boreas (the North Wind) across the infinite wastes of the Aither (Upper Air)." Plato, Laws 661a (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "Nor does he outpace in speed of foot Thrêikion (Thracian) Boreas." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 993 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Zeus once more sent forth Boreas (the North Wind), and with his help the Argonauts stood out from the curving shore where the Amazones (Amazons) of Themiskyra (Themiscyra) were arming for battle." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2. 1099 ff : "Zeus had roused Boreas (the North Wind) to show his might, and signalled by a downpour the rainy advent of Arktouros [i.e. the constellation Arcturus, whose rising signalled the onset of the rainy season]. All day Boreas blew softly though the topmost branches of the mountain trees and scarcely stirred the leaves. But at nightfall he fell on the sea with tremendous force and raised the billows with his shrieking blasts." Callimachus, Hymn 3 to Artemis 114 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "To Thrakian Haimos (Thracian Mount Haemus), whence comes the hurricane of Boreas (the North Wind) bringing evil breath of frost to cloakless men." Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 25 ff : "What defence is there more steadfast? Walls and stones may fall before the blast of Strymonian Boreas; but a god is unshaken for ever." Callimachus, Hymn 4 to Delos 64 ff : "[Ares] sitting armed on the high top of Thrakian Haimos (Thracian Mount Haemus), and his horses were stalled by the seven-chambered cave of Boreas." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 1. 624 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) : "Some tall pine snapped by the icy mace of Boreas, earth's forest-fosterling reared by a spring to stately height, amidst long mountain-glens." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 3. 698 ff : "For honour to [Thetis] the Goddess, Nereus' child, he [Zeus] sent to Aiolos (Aeolus) Hermes, bidding him summon the sacred might of his swift Anemoi (Winds), for that the corpse of Aiakos' (Aeacus') son [Akhilleus (Achilles)] must now be burned. With speed he went, and Aiolos refused not : tempestuous Boreas (the North Wind) in haste he summoned, and the wild blast of Zephyros (the West Wind); and to Troy sped they on their whirlwind wings. Fast in mad onrush, fast across the deep they darted; roared beneath them as they flew the sea, the land; above crashed thunder-voiced clouds headlong hurtling through the firmament. Then by decree of Zeus down on the pyre of slain Akhilleus, like a charging host swooped they; upleapt the Fire-god's madding breath: uprose a long wail from the Myrmidones. then, though with whirlwind rushes toiled the Winds, all day, all night, they needs must fan the flames ere that death-pyre burned out. Up to the heavens vast-volumed rolled the smoke. The huge tree-trunks groaned, writhing, bursting, in the heat, and dropped the dark-grey ash all round. So when the Winds had tirelessly fulfilled their mighty task, back to their cave they rode cloud-charioted." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 4. 550 ff : "Wild as the blasts of roaring Boreas (the North Wind) or shouting Notos (the South Wind), when with hurricane-swoop he heaves the wide sea high, when in the east uprises the disastrous Altar-star [in November] bringing calamity to seafarers." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 5. 408 ff : "Thick as the leaves which the strong Boreas' (the North-Wind's) might strews, when the waning year to winter turns." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 8. 50 ff : "As flees the cloud-rack through the welkin wide scourged onward by Boreas' (the North-Wind's) Titan blasts, when winter-tide and snow are hard at hand, and darkness overpalls the firmament." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 8. 204 ff : "He fell, like stately pine or silver fir uprooted by the fury of Boreas (the North Wind)." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 11. 130 ff : "As waves on-rolled by Boreas (the North Wind) foaming from the deep to the strand, are caught by another blast that whirlwind-like leaps, in a short lull of the north-wind, forth, smites them full-face, and hurls them back from the shore." Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 12. 189 ff : "Zeus, at the utmost verge of earth, was ware of all: straight left he Okeanos's (Oceanus') stream, and to wide heaven ascended, charioted upon the Anemoi (Winds), Euros (the East Wind), Boreas (the North), Zephyros (the West), and Notos (the South) [i.e. probably here imagined in the form of horses] : for Iris rainbow-plumed led 'neath the yoke of his eternal ear that stormy team, the ear which Aion (Aeon, Time) the immortal framed for him of adamant with never-wearying hands. ===Odysseus and Boreas=== Orphic Hymn 80 to Boreas (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) : "To Boreas (the North-Wind), Fumigation from Frankincense. Boreas, whose wintry blasts, terrific, tear the bosom of the deep surrounding air; cold icy power, approach, and favouring blow, and Thrake awhile desert, exposed to snow: the air's all-misty darkening state dissolve, with pregnant clouds whose frames in showers resolve. Serenely temper all within the sky, and wipe from moisture aither's splendid eye." Pankrates, Antinous (trans. Page, Vol. Select Papyri III, No. 128) (Greek poetry C2nd A.D.) : "He raged like a wave of the surging sea, when Zephyros (the West Wind) is awaked after the wind from Strymon [i.e. Boreas, the North Wind]." Anonymous (perhaps Pamprepius of Panopolis), Two Poems Fragments (trans. Page, Vol. Select Papyri III, No. 140) (Greek poetry C4th A.D.) : "A song which the blast of wind from snowy Threike (Thrace) [i.e. Boreas], dancing upon the wintry waves of the sea, sings to the surge at dawn. And sweetly it sings how the snow-white brightness of blazing Phaethon [Helios the Sun] is quenched by the liquid streams of rainclouds, and the fiery ((lacuna)) . . of the dog-star is extinguished by the watery snowstorms." Ovid, Metamorphoses 1. 56 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "The World's Creator (Fabricator Mundi) [perhaps Khronos (Chronos), Father Time?] did not grant the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] full freedom of the sky; who, even so, though each in separate regions rules his blasts, can well nigh tear the world apart, so fierce is brother's strife . . . To Scythia and the wastes beneath the Wain blustering Boreas (the North Wind) marched." Ovid, Metamorphoses 1. 262 & 326 ff : "[Zeus plans the great Deluge :] Swiftly within the Aeolus' cave he [Zeus] locked Aquilo (the North Wind) [Boreas] and the gales that drive away the gathered clouds . . . [and when] Juppiter [Zeus] saw the world a waste of waters, and of so many millions but one man alive . . . he bade the clouds disperse, and Aquilo (the North Wind) [Boreas] to drive the storms away." Ovid, Metamorphoses 6. 681 ff : "[Boreas speaks :] ‘Force is what fits me, force! By force I drive the weeping clouds, by force I whip the sea, send gnarled oaks crashing, pack the drifts of snow, and hurl the hailstones down upon the lands. I, when I meet my brothers in the sky, the open sky, my combat field, I fight and wrestle with such force that heaven's height resounds with our collisions and a blaze of fire struck from the hollow clouds leaps forth. I, when I've pierced earth's vaulted passageways and in her deepest caverns strain and heave my angry shoulders, I put ghosts in fear, and with those tremors terrify the world . . .’ With words like these or others no less high, he waves his wings and, as they beat, the whole world felt the blast and all the wide sea surged. Trailing his dusty cloak across the peaks, he swept the ground and, clothed in darkness." Ovid, Heroides 11. 9 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Fierce as he [Aiolos (Aeolus)] is, far harsher than his own Euri (East-Winds) . . . Surely, something comes from a life with savage winds; his temper is like that of his subjects. It is Notus (the South Wind), and Zephyrus (the West Wind), and Sithonian Aquilo [Boreas the North Wind], over whom he rules, and over thy pinions, wanton Eurus. He rules the winds." Ovid, Heroides 13. 15 ff : "Boreas (the North Wind) came swooping down, seized on and stretched your sails." Ovid, Heroides 18. 37 ff : "[The lover Leandros (Leander) prays for gentle seas :] ‘But thou, most ungentle of the sweeping winds, why art thou bent on waging war with me? It is I, O Boreas, if thou dost not know, and not the waves, against whom thou ragest! What wouldst thou do, were it not that love is known to thee? Cold as thou art, canst thou yet deny, base wind that of yore thou wert aflame with Actaean fires? If, when eager to seek thy joys, someone were to close to thee the paths of air, in what wise wouldst thou endure it? Have mercy on me, I pray; be mild, and stir a more gentle breeze--so may Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] lay upon thee no harsh command.’" Ovid, Heroides 21. 41 ff : "Tossed like a ship which steadfast Boreas (the North Wind) drives out into the deep, and tide and wave bring back." Virgil, Georgics 2. 316 ff (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) : "When Boreas (the North Wind) blows, then winter grips the land with frost." Virgil, Georgics 3. 196 ff : "When gathered Aquilo (the North Wind) [Boreas] swoops down from Hyperborean coasts, driving on Scythia's storms and dry clouds, then the deep cornfields and the watery plains quiver under the gentle gusts, the treetops rustle, and long rollers press shoreward; on flies the wind, sweeping his flight the fields and seas alike." Seneca, Medea 329 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) : "[Before men first sailed the seas :] Unsullied the ages our fathers saw . . . Then every man inactive kept to his own shores and lived to old age on ancestral fields, rich with but little, knowing no wealth save what his home soil had yielded. Not yet could any read the sky and use the stars with which the heavens are spangled; not yet could ships avoid the rainy Hyades . . . not yet did Boreas (the North Wind), not yet Zephyrus (the West Wind) have names." Seneca, Oedipus 473 ff : "Those wandering tribes [the Thrakians (Thracians)] whom neighbouring Boreas smites." Seneca, Phaedra 935 ff : "Beyond the reach of winter and his hoar snows, thou leave behind thee the threatening rage of cold Boreas (the North Wind)." Seneca, Phaedra 1128 ff : "The mountain-peaks, lifted to airy heights, catch Euros (the East Wind), catch Notos (the South Wind), mad Boreas' (the North Wind's) threats, and the rain-fraught Corus (North-West Wind) [Greek Skiron]." Seneca, Troades 395 ff : "As clouds, which but now we saw lowering, are scattered by the cold blasts of Boreas (the North Wind)." Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1. 574 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "Meantime fierce Boreas (the North Wind) from his eyrie in Pangaeus spied the sails [of the Argonauts] set to the wind in the midst of the deep, and straightway turns his rapid course to Aeolia and the Tyrrhene caves. Every forest groans beneath the speeding wings of the god, the crops are laid, and the sea darkens beneath his hurtling flight. There stand in the Sicilian Sea on the side of retreating Pelorum a crag, the terror of the straits; high as are the piles it lifts into the air, even so deep are those that sink below the surface of the waters; and hard by may one see another land with rocks and caverns no less terrible; in the former dwell Acamas and naked Pyragmon, the latter is the home of Squalls and Winds and shipwrecking Storms; from here they pass to the lands over the wide ocean, from here in bygone days would they spread turmoil in the heavens and in the disastrous sea--for at that time no Aeolus was their master . . .--until the All-powerful [Zeus] thundered from sky upon the trembling blasts and appointed them a king [Aiolos (Aeolus)], whom the fierce band were bidden to revere; iron and a twofold wall of rocks quell Euros (the East Wind) within the mountain. When the king can no longer curb their roaring mouths, then of his own will he unbars the doors and by granting egress lulls their savage complaints. Boreas now with these tidings drives him from his lofty throne : ‘Ah! What monstrous deed, Aeolus, have I spied from the heights of Pangaeus! Grecian heroes have devised a strange engine with the axe [a boat], and now triumph joyously over the seas with a huge sail, nor have I power of myself to stir up the sea from its sandy depths, as I had or ever I was fettered and imprisoned. This it is that gives them courage and confidence in the vessel they have built, that they see Boreas ruled by a king. Grant me to overwhelm the Greeks with their mad bark : the thought of my children [the Boreades on the Argo] moves me not, only do thou quench these threats of mortal man, while still the shores of Thesally and as yet no other lands have seen their sails.’ He ceased speaking: but within all the Winds began to roar and clamour for the open sea. Then did Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus), son of Hippotas] drive against the mighty door with a whirling blast. Joyfully from the prison burst the Thracian horses, Zephyros (the West Wind) and Notus (the South Wind) of the night-dark pinions with all the sons of the Storms, and Eurus (the East Wind) his hair dishevelled with the blasts, and tawny with too much sand; they drew the tempest on, and in thunderous advance together drive the curling waves to shore, and stir not the trident's realms alone, for at he same time the fiery sky falls with a mighty peal, and night brings all things beneath a pitchy sky. The oars are dashed from the rowers' hands; the ship's head is turned aslant, and on her she receives the sounding shocks; a sudden whirlwind tears away the sails that flap over the tottering mast." Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 6. 164 ff : "Boreas drives not so many billows from ocean's bounds, nor so answers his brothers [the other Anemoi] from opposing waves." Statius, Thebaid 1. 346 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "And now the rocky prisons of Aeolia are smitten and groan, and the coming storm threatens with hoarse bellowing: the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] loud clamouring meet in conflicting currents, and fling loose heaven's vault from its fastened hinges, while each strives for mastery of the sky; but Auster (the South Wind) [Notos] most violent thickens gloom on gloom with whirling eddies of darkness, and pours down rain which keen Boreas (the North Wind) with his freezing breath hardens into hail; quivering lightnings gleam, and from colliding air bursts sudden fire." Statius, Thebaid 8. 422 : "When threatening Jove [Zeus] has loosed the reins of winds and tempests, and sends alternate hurricanes to afflict the world, opposing forces meet in heaven, now Auster's (the South Wind's) storms prevail, now Aquilo's (the North Wind's) [Boreas'], till in the conflict of the winds one conquers, be it Auster's overwhelming rains, or Aquilo's clear air." Musaeus, Hero & Leander 135 ff (Greek poet C6th A.D.) : "Sea mingled with upper air, and everywhere rose the sound of warring winds; Euros (the East-Wind) blew hard against Zephyros (the West-Wind), and Notos (the South-Wind) hurled mighty menacings against Boreas (the North-Wind) and the din was unrelenting of the loud-thundering sea." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 1. 68 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "And artful Boreas bellied out all her [Europa sitting on the back of Zeus in the form of a bull] shaking robe with amorous breath, love-sick himself [for Oreithyia], and in secret jealousy, whistled on the pair of unripe breasts." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 302 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "[Ariadne abandoned on the island of Naxos by Theseus :] She prayed to Boreas and adjured the wind, adjured Oreithyia [wife of Boreas] to bring back the boy [Theseus] to the land of Naxos and to let her see that sweet ship again. She besought hardhearted Aiolos (Aeolus) yet more; he heard her prayer and obeyed, sending a contrary wind to blow, but Boreas lovelorn himself cared nothing for the maid stricken with desire--yes, even the Aurai (Aurae, Breezes) themselves must have had a spite against the maiden when they carried the ship to the Athenian land . . . ‘Who stole the man of Athens [Theseus]? If it should be Boreas blowing, I appeal to Oreithyia [his wife to intervene in the name of love]: but Oreithyia hates me, because she also has the blood of Marathon [she was an Athenian], whence beloved Theseus came.’" Suidas s.v. Boras (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Boras (Of food, prey): Of food or nourishment. But Borras (Boreas) is the wind, and it is declined Borra [in the genitive]; the nominative plural [is] Borrai. ‘Harsh north winds blowing.’ . . . [Note that] they consider Boreas an ally of the Athenians. And see the place where the army of Xerxes suffered misfortune, under Aphetai (Aphetae)." ==Cult Of Boreas== I. ATHENS Chief City of Attica (Attika) (Southern Greece) Herodotus, Histories 7. 189 (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) : "The story is told that because of an oracle the Athenians invoked Boreas, the north wind, to help them, since another oracle told them to summon their son-in-law as an ally. According to the Hellenic story, Boreas had an Attic wife, Orithyia, the daughter of Erekhtheus (Erechtheus), ancient king of Athens. Because of this connection, so the tale goes, the Athenians considered Boreas to be their son-in-law. They were stationed off Khalkis (Chalcis) in Euboia (Euboea), and when they saw the storm rising, they then, if they had not already, sacrificed to and called upon Boreas and Orithyia to help them by destroying the barbarian fleet, just as before at Athos. I cannot say whether this was the cause of Boreas falling upon the barbarians as they lay at anchor, but the Athenians say that he had come to their aid before and that he was the agent this time. When they went home, they founded a sacred precinct of Boreas beside the Ilissos (Ilissus) river. There was no counting how many grain-ships and other vessels were destroyed. The generals of the fleet were afraid that the Thessalians might attack them now that they had been defeated, so they built a high palisade out of the wreckage. The storm lasted three days. Finally the [Persian] Magi made offerings and cast spells upon the Wind [Boreas], sacrificing also to Thetis and the Nereides. In this way they made the Wind stop on the fourth day--or perhaps it died down on its own." Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 4. 21 (trans. Conybeare) (Greek biography C1st to C2nd A.D.) : "Surely you [the Athenians] might have some respect for the Winds that were your allies and once blew mightily to protect you . . . Boreas who was your patron, and who of all the winds is the most masculine . . . became the lover of Oreithyia." Suidas s.v. Aphetai (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Aphetai (Aphetae) : A place in Athens where the expedition of Xerxes had its first setback because of the unsuitability of the harbors. For this reason they consider Boreas to be an ally of the Athenians. The god [Apollon of Delphoi] had prophesied that they should sacrifice to their kinsman wind; he is called kinsman because of Oreithyia." II. MEGALOPOLIS Chief City of Arcadia (Southern Greece) Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 36. 6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "On the right of the road [outside Megalopolis, Arkadia (Arcadia)] there has been made a precinct to Boreas, and the Megalopolitans offer sacrifices every year, holding none of the gods in greater honour than Boreas, because he proved their saviour from the Lakedaimonians (Lacedaemonians) under Agis." III. THURII (THOURIOI) Town in Lucania (Southern Italy) Aelian, Historical Miscellany 12. 61 (trans. Wilson) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to 3rd A.D.) : "Dionysios (Dionysius) [tyrant of Syrakousa (Syracuse)] attacked Thourioi (Thurii) with his fleet, bringing three hundred ships manned with hoplites. A headwind from the north damaged the vessels and destroyed his armada. As a result Thourioi (Thurii) offered sacrifice to Boreas (the North Wind), decreed rights of citizenship to the wind (anemos), allocated to it a house and plot of land, and established an annual festival. So the Athenians were not alone in claiming kinship with him; the Thourians (Thurians) also declared him to be their benefactor. Pausanias [8.36.6] says the men of Megalopolis did the same." [[Category:Greek gods and goddesses]] 30obspqw4f1y3tb9k1w7pjkuwdfoeww 10 131456 10330941 9857436 2025-06-14T22:07:26Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 This doesn't seem necessary. 10330941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Lists of settlements by U.S. state |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |title = Lists of cities in the United States by state or territory |bodyclass = hlist |bodystyle = text-align:left; |groupstyle = text-align:right; vertical-align:top; |group1 = [[Lists of populated places in the United States|States]] |list1 = * [[List of cities and towns in Alabama|Alabama]] * [[List of cities in Alaska|Alaska]] * [[List of cities and towns in Arizona|Arizona]] * [[List of cities and towns in Arkansas|Arkansas]] * [[List of cities and towns in California|California]] * [[List of municipalities in Colorado|Colorado]] * [[List of cities in Connecticut|Connecticut]] * [[List of municipalities in Delaware|Delaware]] * [[List of municipalities in 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navigational boxes]] </noinclude> gy1xhfh72844951sqck3onrsr2z5l6n 4 132411 10331580 10325116 2025-06-15T08:04:32Z ChenzwBot 16695 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04]] (BOT) 10331580 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{ipvandal|2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04}} has been vandalising [[:Lion]] --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 08:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 2ot9admxzus2b91bgxnybpd5s6wv5r6 0 136519 10331502 10261347 2025-06-15T05:43:36Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|de Assis|Moreira}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Ronaldinho | image = Ronaldinho Kazan.jpg | caption = Ronaldinho in 2017 | fullname = Ronaldo de Assis Moreira<ref name="fifadata">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2013/pdf/FCWC_2013_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2013: List of Players: Atletico Mineiro |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=28 December 2013 |page=2 |date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228130120/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FCWC/2013/pdf/FCWC_2013_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|3|21|df=y}}<ref name="fifadata" /> | birth_place = [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]] | height = {{convert|181|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref>http://www.v-brazil.com/culture/sports/football/player/ronaldinho.html</ref> | position = [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]], [[Forward (association football)#Winger|winger]] | youthyears1 = 1987–1998 | youthclubs1 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] | years1 = 1998–2001 | clubs1 = [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] | caps1 = 92 | goals1 = 89 | years2 = 2001–2003 | clubs2 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps2 = 55 | goals2 = 38 | years3 = 2003–2008 | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps3 = 145 | goals3 = 70 | years4 = 2008–2011 | clubs4 = [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | caps4 = 76 | goals4 = 20 | years5 = 2011–2012 | clubs5 = [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]] | caps5 = 56 | goals5 = 29 | years6 = 2012–2014 | clubs6 = [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] | caps6 = 58 | goals6 = 20 | years7 = 2014–2015 | clubs7 = [[Querétaro F.C.|Querétaro]] | caps7 = 25 | goals7 = 8 | years8 = 2015 | clubs8 = [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] | caps8 = 7 | goals8 = 0 | totalcaps = 511 | totalgoals = 205 | nationalyears1 = 1997 | nationalteam1 = [[Brazil national under-17 football team|Brazil U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 13 | nationalgoals1 = 3 | nationalyears2 = 1998–1999 | nationalteam2 = [[Brazil national under-20 football team|Brazil U20]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 8 | nationalyears3 = 1999–2008 | nationalteam3 = [[Brazil national under-23 football team|Brazil U23]] | nationalcaps3 = 27 | nationalgoals3 = 18 | nationalyears4 = 1999–2013 | nationalteam4 = [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps4 = 97 | nationalgoals4 = 33 | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|Football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|Brazil}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 Korea & Japan]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005 Germany]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup|1999 Mexico]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}} {{Medal|W|[[1999 Copa América|1999 Paraguay]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008 Beijing]]|[[Brazil national under-23 football team|Team]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2000 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament|Brazil 2000]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[South American Youth Championship|South American U-20 Championship]]}} {{Medal|Third|[[1999 South American U-20 Championship|1999 Argentina]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-17 World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship|1997 Egypt]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[South American Under-17 Football Championship|South American U-17 Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[1997 South American Under-17 Football Championship|1997 Paraguay]]|}} }} '''Ronaldo de Assis Moreira''' (born 21 March 1980)''',''' more commonly known as '''Ronaldinho''', or '''Ronaldinho Gaúcho''', is a retired [[Brazil]]ian [[footballer]]. Considered the best player in world football for several years,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.besoccer.com/new/amp/the-only-player-to-have-won-the-six-biggest-trophies-in-world-football-27-7-17 | title=The only player to have won the six biggest trophies in world football }}</ref> he is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-05-09|title=Maradona: "El mejor del mundo es Ronaldinho y el resto está a gran distancia"|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/2008-05-09/maradona-el-mejor-del-mundo-es-ronaldinho-y-el-resto-esta-a-gran-distancia_362664/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=www.elconfidencial.com|language=es}}</ref> and by some, as the greatest ever.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/opinion-why-ronaldinho-has-to-be-considered-the-greatest-of-all-time/?amp | title=Opinion: Why Ronaldinho Has to be Considered the Greatest of All Time | date=27 February 2018 | access-date=5 March 2023 | archive-date=5 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305000918/https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/opinion-why-ronaldinho-has-to-be-considered-the-greatest-of-all-time/?amp | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://talksport.com/football/685649/ronaldinho-best-player-of-all-time-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo/ | title=Why Ronaldinho - football's great libertine - is the real goat over Messi and Ronaldo | date=24 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://isoccerng.com/ronaldinho-best-player-football-history-nani/ | title=Ronaldinho is the best player in football history - Nani | date=9 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/las-palmas/news/boateng-ronaldinho-best-of-all-time_282888.html | title=Kevin-Prince Boateng: 'Ronaldinho best of all time' - Sports Mole }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.90min.com/in/posts/former-barcelona-star-hails-ronaldinho-as-the-greatest-player-of-all-time-ahead-of-lionel-messi-01emkjxfftgp/amp | title=Former Barcelona Star Hails Ronaldinho as the Greatest Player of All Time Ahead of Lionel Messi | date=14 October 2020 | access-date=7 March 2023 | archive-date=7 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307043818/https://www.90min.com/in/posts/former-barcelona-star-hails-ronaldinho-as-the-greatest-player-of-all-time-ahead-of-lionel-messi-01emkjxfftgp/amp | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribuna.com/amp/en/news/fcbarcelona-2020-03-06-van-dijk-names-ronaldinho-as-the-greatest-player-of-all-time/ | title=Van Dijk names Ronaldinho as the greatest player of all time }}</ref> He was known for his dribbling, passing, flair, skills, and ability to create and score goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing [[futsal]]. He is the only player ever to have won a [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], a [[Copa América]], a [[Confederations Cup]], a Champions League, a [[Copa Libertadores]] and a [[Ballon d'Or]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.besoccer.com/new/amp/the-only-player-to-have-won-the-six-biggest-trophies-in-world-football-27-7-17 | title=The only player to have won the six biggest trophies in world football }}</ref> At club level, he is best known for playing for [[F.C. Barcelona]] (2003-2008). During his career, he was one of the most valuable footballers in the world.<ref>https://www.givemesport.com/1731867-ronaldinho-beckham-rooney-who-was-the-most-valuable-footballer-in-2004/</ref><ref>https://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/most-valuable-players-in-2005-ballack-ahead-of-gerrard-and-kaka/view/news/357293</ref><ref>https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/ronaldinho-named-valuable-footballer-beckham/550839</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/mar/31/marketingandpr.sport</ref> In 2009, he was voted "World Player of the Decade 2000s", ahead of [[Lionel Messi]] and [[Cristiano Ronaldo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-16 |title=World Soccer |url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/Awards/index.php |access-date=2022-07-12 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516143714/http://www.worldsoccer.com/Awards/index.php |archive-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His admirers and supporters call him "'''''O Bruxo'''''" ("The Wizard").<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archyde.com/former-brazilian-footballer-ronaldinho-on-probation/?amp | title=Former Brazilian footballer Ronaldinho on probation | date=9 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gamblingnews.com/news/ronaldinho-gaucho-is-the-new-ambassador-of-catimba-fantasy-soccer/ | title=Ronaldinho Gaúcho is the New Ambassador of Catimba Fantasy Soccer | date=6 April 2022 | access-date=16 March 2023 | archive-date=18 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418051426/https://www.gamblingnews.com/news/ronaldinho-gaucho-is-the-new-ambassador-of-catimba-fantasy-soccer/amp/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Club career statistics == {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|Regional League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="5"|[[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]]<ref name="Stats">{{cite book |last=Bocci |first=Alessandra |date=2011 |title=Il calcio di Ronaldinho ai raggi X |publisher=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]] |pages=94–95 |language=it}}</ref><ref name="GremioStats">{{cite web |title=Ronaldo de Assis Moreira |url=https://www.gremiopedia.com/wiki/Ronaldo_de_Assis_Moreira |website=Gremiopedia |language=pt |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104173057/https://www.gremiopedia.com/wiki/Ronaldo_de_Assis_Moreira |archive-date=4 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[1998 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1998]] |rowspan="4"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brasileirão]] |14||1||7<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoGaucho">Appearances in the [[Campeonato Gaúcho]]</ref>||2||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaBrasil">Appearances in the [[Copa do Brasil]]</ref>||0||15<ref group="lower-alpha">Ten appearances and one goal in the [[Copa Libertadores]], five appearances and two goals in the [[Copa Mercosur]]</ref>||3||colspan="2"|—||38||6 |- |[[1999 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1999]] |17||4||17<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoGaucho" />||15||3<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaBrasil" />||0||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[Copa Mercosur]]</ref>||2||6<ref group="lower-alpha">Four appearances in the [[Copa Sul-Minas|Copa Sul]], two appearances and one goal in the [[:pt:Seletiva para a Libertadores|Seletiva Libertadores]]</ref>||1||47||22 |- |[[Copa João Havelange|2000]] |21||14||13<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoGaucho" />||11||3<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaBrasil" />||3||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||37||28 |- |[[2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2001]] |colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[Copa Sul-Minas]]</ref>||2||3||2 |- !colspan="2"|Total !52!!19!!37!!28!!8!!3!!19!!5!!9!!3!!125!!58 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]<ref name="Stats2">{{cite web |title=Ronaldinho |url=http://thetopforward.com/view?id=167 |website=The Top Forward |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401192948/http://thetopforward.com/view?id=167 |archive-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NFT stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/1025/Ronaldinho_Gaucho.html|title=Ronaldinho Gaúcho|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref> |[[2001–02 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2001–02]] |rowspan="2"|[[Ligue 1|Division 1]] |28||9||colspan="2"|—||6<ref group="lower-alpha">Four appearances and two goals in the [[Coupe de la Ligue]], two appearances in the [[Coupe de France]]</ref>||2||6<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEFACup">Appearances in the [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]</ref>||2||colspan="2"|—||40||13 |- |[[2002–03 Ligue 1|2002–03]] |27||8||colspan="2"|—||6<ref group="lower-alpha">One appearance the [[Coupe de la Ligue]], five appearances and three goals in the [[Coupe de France]]</ref>||3||4<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEFACup" />||1||colspan="2"|—||37||12 |- !colspan="2"|Total !55!!17!!colspan="2"|—!!12!!5!!10!!3!!colspan="2"|—!!77!!25 |- |rowspan="6"|[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]<ref name="Stats" /><ref name="Stats2" /><ref name="NFT stats" /> |[[2003–04 FC Barcelona season|2003–04]] |rowspan="5"|[[La Liga]] |32||15||colspan="2"|—||6<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaRey">Appearances in the [[Copa del Rey]]</ref>||3||7<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEFACup" />||4||colspan="2"|—||45||22 |- |[[2004–05 FC Barcelona season|2004–05]] |35||9||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||7<ref group="lower-alpha" name="ChampionsLeague">Appearances in the [[UEFA Champions League]]</ref>||4||colspan="2"|—||42||13 |- |[[2005–06 FC Barcelona season|2005–06]] |29||17||colspan="2"|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaRey" />||1||12<ref group="lower-alpha" name="ChampionsLeague" />||7||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[Supercopa de España]]</ref>||1||45||26 |- |[[2006–07 FC Barcelona season|2006–07]] |32||21||colspan="2"|—||4<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaRey" />||0||8<ref group="lower-alpha" name="ChampionsLeague" />||2||5<ref group="lower-alpha">Two appearances in the [[Supercopa de España]], one appearance in the [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances and one goal in the [[FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref>||1||49||24 |- |[[2007–08 FC Barcelona season|2007–08]] |17||8||colspan="2"|—||1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaRey" />||0||8<ref group="lower-alpha" name="ChampionsLeague" />||1||colspan="2"|—||26||9 |- !colspan="2"|Total !145!!70!!colspan="2"|—!!13!!4!!42!!18!!7!!2!!207!!94 |- |rowspan="4"|[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]<ref name="Stats" /><ref name="Stats2" /><ref name="NFT stats" /> |[[2008–09 A.C. Milan season|2008–09]] |rowspan="3"|[[Serie A]] |29||8||colspan="2"|—||1<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearance in the [[Coppa Italia]]</ref>||0||6<ref group="lower-alpha" name="UEFACup" />||2||colspan="2"|—||36||10 |- |[[2009–10 A.C. Milan season|2009–10]] |36||12||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||7<ref group="lower-alpha" name="ChampionsLeague" />||3||colspan="2"|—||43||15 |- |[[2010–11 A.C. Milan season|2010–11]] |11||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||5<ref group="lower-alpha" name="ChampionsLeague" />||1||colspan="2"|—||16||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !76!!20!!colspan="2"|—!!1!!0!!18!!6!!colspan="2"|—!!95!!26 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]<ref name="Stats2" /><ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web|title=Ronaldinho Gaúcho|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ronaldo-de-assis-moreira/150/|website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref name="NFT stats" /> |[[2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2011]] |rowspan="2"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brasileirão]] |31||14||13<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoCarioca">Appearances in the [[Campeonato Carioca]]</ref>||4||5<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaBrasil" />||1||3<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[Copa Sudamericana]]</ref>||2||colspan="2"|—||52||21 |- |[[2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2012]] |2||1||10<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoCarioca" />||4||colspan="2"|—||8<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaLibertadores">Appearances in the [[Copa Libertadores]]</ref>||2||colspan="2"|—||20||7 |- !colspan="2"|Total !33!!15!!23!!8!!5!!1!!11!!4!!colspan="2"|—!!72!!28 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]]<ref name="Stats2" /><ref name="Soccerway" /><ref name="NFT stats" /> |[[2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2012]] |rowspan="3"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brasileirão]] |32||9||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||32||9 |- |[[2013 Clube Atlético Mineiro season|2013]] |14||7||6<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoMineiro">Appearances in the [[Campeonato Mineiro]]</ref>||4||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaBrasil" />||0||14<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaLibertadores" />||4||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[FIFA Club World Cup]]</ref>||2||38||17 |- |[[2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2014]] |2||0||4<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CampeonatoMineiro" />||0||colspan="2"|—||7<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaLibertadores" />||1||2<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[Recopa Sudamericana]]</ref>||0||15||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !48!!16!!10!!4!!2!!0!!21!!5!!4!!2!!85!!27 |- |[[Querétaro F.C.|Querétaro]]<ref name="Stats2" /><ref name="NFT stats" /><ref name="Soccerway" /> |[[2014–15 Liga MX season|2014–15]] |[[Liga MX]] |25||8||colspan="2"|—||4<ref group="lower-alpha">Appearances in the [[Copa MX]]</ref>||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||29||8 |- |[[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]]<ref name="Stats2" /><ref name="NFT stats" /><ref name="Soccerway" /> |[[2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2015]] |[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brasileirão]] |7||0||colspan="2"|—||2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="CopaBrasil" />||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||9||0 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !441!!165!!70!!40!!47!!13!!121!!41!!20!!7!!700!!266 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == International career statistics == '''Source:'''<ref name="RSSSF">{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/ronaldinho-intlg.html|title=Ronaldo de Assis Moreira "Ronaldinho" - Goals in International Matches|website=rsssf.com}}</ref> {{Football player national team statistics|BRA}} |- |1999||13||7 |- |2000||5||1 |- |2001||4||1 |- |2002||10||4 |- |2003||8||2 |- |2004||10||6 |- |2005||12||6 |- |2006||9||0 |- |2007||11||5 |- |2008||2||0 |- |2009||3||0 |- |2010||1||0 |- |2011||5||1 |- |2012||1||0 |- |2013||3||0 |- !Total||97||33 |} === International goals === : ''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.''<ref name="RSSSF" /> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="text-align: left;" ! scope="col" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1 | align="center" |2 |30 June 1999 |[[Estadio Antonio Aranda]], [[Ciudad del Este]], Paraguay |{{fb|VEN|1954}} | align="center" |5–0|| align="center" {{won|5–0}} |[[1999 Copa América]] | rowspan="7" |<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1998–1999|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil199899.htm|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219110149/https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil199899.htm|archivedate=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2 | align="center" |6 |24 July 1999 | rowspan="6" |[[Estadio Jalisco]], [[Guadalajara]], Mexico |{{fb|GER}} | align="center" |2–0|| align="center" {{won|4–0}} | rowspan="6" |[[1999 FIFA Confederations Cup]] |- ! scope="row" |3 | align="center" |7 |28 July 1999 |{{fb|USA}} | align="center" |1–0|| align="center" {{won|1–0}} |- ! scope="row" |4 | align="center" |8 |30 July 1999 |{{fb|NZL}} | align="center" |2–0|| align="center" {{won|2–0}} |- ! scope="row" |5 | rowspan="3" align="center" |9 | rowspan="3" |1 August 1999 | rowspan="3" |{{fb|SAU}} | align="center" |2–0|| rowspan="3" align="center" {{won|8–2}} |- ! scope="row" |6 | align="center" |6–2 |- ! scope="row" |7 | align="center" |8–2 |- ! scope="row" |8 | align="center" |14 |23 February 2000 |[[Rajamangala Stadium]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand |{{fb|THA}} | align="center" |3–0|| align="center" {{won|7–0}} | rowspan="3" |[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|date=14 October 2020|title=Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2000–2001|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200001.htm|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219110316/https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200001.htm|archivedate=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |9 | align="center" |19 |3 March 2001 |[[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl Stadium]], [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], United States |{{fb|USA}} | align="center" |1–0|| align="center" {{won|2–1}} |- ! scope="row" |10 | align="center" |24 |17 April 2002 |[[Estádio da Luz]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal |{{fb|POR}} | align="center" |1–1|| align="center" {{pending|1–1}} | rowspan="6" |<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2002–2003|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200203.htm|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219111638/https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200203.htm|archivedate=19 December 2020}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |11 | align="center" |27 |8 June 2002 |[[Jeju World Cup Stadium]], [[Seogwipo]], South Korea |{{fb|CHN}} | align="center" |3–0|| align="center" {{won|4–0}} | rowspan="2" |[[2002 FIFA World Cup]] |- ! scope="row" |12 | align="center" |29 |21 June 2002 |[[Shizuoka Stadium]], [[Fukuroi, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]], Japan |{{fb|ENG}} | align="center" |2–1|| align="center" {{won|2–1}} |- ! scope="row" |13 | align="center" |32 |20 November 2002 |[[Seoul World Cup Stadium]], [[Seoul]], South Korea |{{fb|KOR}} | align="center" |3–2|| align="center" {{won|3–2}} | rowspan="2" |[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] |- ! scope="row" |14 | align="center" |34 |29 March 2003 |[[Estádio das Antas]], [[Porto]], Portugal |{{fb|POR}} | align="center" |1–1|| align="center" {{lost|1–2}} |- ! scope="row" |15 | align="center" |40 |10 September 2003 |[[Vivaldão]], [[Manaus]], Brazil |{{fb|ECU}} | align="center" |1-0|| align="center" {{won|1–0}} |[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- ! scope="row" |16 | align="center" |43 |28 April 2004 |[[Ferenc Puskás Stadium (1953)|Ferenc Puskás Stadium]], [[Budapest]], Hungary |{{fb|HUN}} | align="center" |4–1|| align="center" {{won|4–1}} | rowspan="4" |[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] | rowspan="12" |<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2004–2005|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200405.htm|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219111927/https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200405.htm|archivedate=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |17 | rowspan="3" align="center" |45 | rowspan="3" |18 August 2004 | rowspan="3" |[[Stade Sylvio Cator]], [[Port-au-Prince]], Haiti | rowspan="3" |{{fb|HAI}} | align="center" |2–0|| rowspan="3" align="center" {{won|6–0}} |- ! scope="row" |18 | align="center" |4–0 |- ! scope="row" |19 | align="center" |5–0 |- ! scope="row" |20 | align="center" |46 |5 September 2004 |[[Estádio do Morumbi]], [[São Paulo]], Brazil |{{fb|BOL}} | align="center" |2–0|| align="center" {{won|3–1}} |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" |21 | align="center" |47 |8 September 2004 |[[Olympiastadion (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]], [[Berlin]], Germany |{{fb|GER}} | align="center" |1–1|| align="center" {{pending|1–1}} | rowspan="2" |[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] |- ! scope="row" |22 | align="center" |51 |9 February 2005 |[[Hong Kong Stadium]], [[Hong Kong]] |{{fb|HKG}} | align="center" |4–0|| align="center" {{won|7–1}} |- ! scope="row" |23 | rowspan="2" align="center" |54 | rowspan="2" |5 June 2005 | rowspan="2" |[[Estádio Beira-Rio]], [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil | rowspan="2" |{{fb|PAR|1990}} | align="center" |1–0|| rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|4–1}} | rowspan="2" |2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- ! scope="row" |24 | align="center" |2–0 |- ! scope="row" |25 | align="center" |58 |22 June 2005 |[[RheinEnergieStadion]], [[Cologne]], Germany |{{fb|JPN}} | align="center" |2–1|| align="center" {{pending|2–2}} | rowspan="2" |[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup]] |- ! scope="row" |26 | align="center" |59 |25 June 2005 |[[Frankenstadion]], [[Nuremberg]], Germany |{{fb|GER}} | align="center" |2–1|| align="center" {{won|3–2}} |- ! scope="row" |27 | align="center" |60 |29 June 2005 |[[Waldstadion (Frankfurt)|Waldstadion]], [[Frankfurt]], Germany |{{fb|ARG}} | align="center" |3–0|| align="center" {{won|4–1}} |[[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup Final]] |- ! scope="row" |28 | rowspan="2" align="center" |72 | rowspan="2" |24 March 2007 | rowspan="2" |[[Ullevi]], [[Gothenburg]], Sweden | rowspan="2" |{{fb|CHI}} | align="center" |1–0|| rowspan="2" align="center" {{won|4–0}} | rowspan="4" |[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] | rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2006–2007|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200607.htm|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219112029/https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil200607.htm|archivedate=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |29 | align="center" |3–0 |- ! scope="row" |30 | align="center" |76 |22 August 2007 |[[Stade de la Mosson]], [[Montpellier]], France |{{fb|ALG}} | align="center" |2–0|| align="center" {{won|2–0}} |- ! scope="row" |31 | align="center" |77 |9 September 2007 |[[Soldier Field]], [[Chicago]], United States |{{fb|USA}} | align="center" |3–2|| align="center" {{won|4–2}} |- ! scope="row" |32 | align="center" |80 |17 October 2007 |[[Maracanã Stadium|Estádio do Maracanã]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |{{fb|ECU}} | align="center" |2–0|| align="center" {{won|5–0}} |[[2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2010 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- ! scope="row" |33 | align="center" |93 |11 October 2011 |[[Estadio Corona]], [[Torreón]], Mexico |{{fb|MEX}} | align="center" |1–1|| align="center" {{won|2–1}} |[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] |<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2020|title=Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 2010–2011|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil201011.htm|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219112145/https://rsssfbrasil.com/sel/brazil201011.htm|archivedate=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> |} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|Ronaldinho Gaúcho}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{MedioTiempo|id=ronaldinho}} * {{FIFA player}} * [http://www.football-lineups.com/players/player.php?route=11 Tactical Profile] – Football-Lineups.com * [https://www.rsssf.org/players/ec1winningsquads.html European Champions Cup/UEFA Champions League Winning Squads] * {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306020311/http://www.ronaldinhogaucho.com/ |date=6 March 2010 |title=Ronaldinho Gaúcho official website}} {{in lang|es|pt|en|it}} * [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/history/card/ronaldo-de-assis-moreira-ronaldinho Ronaldinho profile] at the official [[FC Barcelona]] website * {{Soccerbase}} * {{Twitter}} {{Navboxes |title = Brazil squads |bg = #FBEC5D |fg = #008000 |list1 = {{Brazil squad 1999 Copa América}} {{Brazil squad 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil men's football squad 2000 Summer Olympics}} {{Brazil squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Brazil squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}} {{Brazil men's football squad 2008 Summer Olympics}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Awards |bg= gold |fg= navy |list1= <!--{{2002 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{FIFA Confederations Cup awards}} {{2004 UEFA Team of the Year}} {{2005 UEFA Team of the Year}} {{2006 UEFA Team of the Year}} {{1999 South American Team of the Year}} {{2012 South American Team of the Year}} {{2013 South American Team of the Year}} {{2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year}} {{Golden Foot winners}} {{FIFPro awards}} {{UEFA Club Football Awards}} {{Trofeo EFE}} {{Ligue 1 Goal of the Year}} {{Sports Illustrated Soccer 2000s All-Decade Team}}--> {{King Fahd Cup / FIFA Confederations Cup winning captains}} {{2000 Bola de Prata}} {{2011 Bola de Prata}} {{2012 Bola de Prata}} {{Ballon d'Or recipients}} {{FIFA Player of the Year}} {{Onze Mondial European Footballer of the Year}} {{South American Footballer of the Year}} {{Bola de Ouro}} {{UEFA Club Footballer of the Year}} {{La Liga Foreign Player of the Year}} {{FIFA 100}} {{Ballon d'Or Dream Team}} {{Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame}} }} {{sports-bio-stub}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Footballers from Porto Alegre]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Ballon d'Or winners]] [[Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] pmev8livyljzn3sf4z9u6k21sz776xb 0 139293 10329893 9950993 2025-06-14T12:56:48Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10329893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian place | type = town | name = Gunnedah | state = nsw | image = Gunnedah-NSW-Australia 2005-12-01 IMG 0814.JPG | caption = Gunnedah viewed from Mount Porcupine | image_alt = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|30|58|0|S|150|15|0|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | map_alt = | pop = 10,359 | pop_year = {{CensusAU|2021}} | pop_footnotes = <ref name="census21">{{Census 2021 AUS|id=SAL11818 |name=Gunnedah (State Suburb) |accessdate=20 August 2024 |quick=on}}</ref> | poprank = | density = | density_footnotes = | established = 1856 | established_footnotes = | abolished = | gazetted = | postcode = 2380 | elevation = 264 | elevation_footnotes = | area = | area_footnotes = | timezone = | utc = | timezone-dst = | utc-dst = | dist1 = 66 | dir1 = W | location1 = [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]] | dist2 = 332 | dir2 = NW | location2 = Sydney | dist3 = 98 | dir3 = SE | location3 = Narrabri | dist4 = 113 | dir4 = E | location4 = Coonabarabran | lga = Gunnedah Shire | seat = | region = [[North West Slopes, New South Wales|North West Slopes]] | county = [[Pottinger County|Pottinger]] | division = | stategov = [[Electoral district of Tamworth|Tamworth]] | fedgov = [[Division of Parkes|Parkes]] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_footnotes = | managing_authorities = | url = | maxtemp = 24.6 | maxtemp_footnotes = | mintemp = 12.2 | mintemp_footnotes = | rainfall = 636.9 | rainfall_footnotes = | near-n = [[Boggabri]] | near-ne = [[Manilla, New South Wales|Manilla]] | near-e = [[Carroll, New South Wales|Carroll]] | near-se = | near-s = [[Curlewis, New South Wales|Curlewis]] | near-sw = | near-w = [[Mullaley, New South Wales|Mullaley]] | near-nw = | near = Gunnedah | footnotes = }} [[Image:Gunnedah miners.JPG|thumb|200px|Monument to miners who have lost their lives, Gunnedah, NSW]] '''Gunnedah''' is a town in north-western [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. In 2006 there were 7,542 people living in the town.<ref name="abs">{{Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL136800|name=Gunnedah (Urban Centre/Locality)|accessdate=2008-05-29|quick=on}}</ref> Gunnedah is on the [[Oxley Highway|Oxley]] and [[Kamilaroi Highway|Kamilaroi]] Highways. It is 475 [[kilometre|kms]] from [[Sydney]]. There is also a [[railway]] to Sydney. There is a daily train service, the [[NSW TrainLink]] Xplorer, between [[Sydney]] and [[Moree, New South Wales|Moree]]. There are [[Bus|buses]] to and from Dubbo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Transport for NSW|first=Customer Experience Division|title=Gunnedah Station|url=https://transportnsw.info/stop?q=10155055#/|access-date=2024-08-20|website=transportnsw.info|language=en}}</ref> The major business is [[agriculture]]. Gunnedah produces [[cotton]], [[coal]], [[beef]], [[lamb]], [[pork]], and [[cereal]] and [[oilseed]] grains. Gunnedah is also the home of [[AgQuip]], Australia's largest annual [[field day|exhibition of agricultural equipment]]. ==History== The Gunnedah area was the home of the [[Indigenous Australian|Australian Aborigines]] who spoke the [[Kamilaroi]] (Gamilaraay) language. The area of the town was settled by Europeans in [[1833]] or [[1834]]. [[Dorothea Mackellar]] wrote her famous [[poem]] ''[[My Country]]'' (popularly known as ''I Love a Sunburnt Country'') about her family's farm near Gunnedah. Every year the Dorothea Mackellar Poetry Awards for school students are held in Gunnedah. Coal was found on Black Jack Hill in 1877. By 1891, 6,000 tons of coal had been dug from shafts. The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May, 1899. One month later a private railway some 5.7&nbsp;km in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine. In September, 1957, the Government Railway took over the working of the line.<ref>Eardley, Gifford: A Short History of the Gunnedah Colliery Co. Ltd. Railway, [[Australian Railway History|Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin]], March, 1977 pp58-67</ref> "The Red Chief," by great Australian author Ion L. Idriess, tells the true story of "Red Kangaroo" and his tribe, from this area. ==Geography== Gunnedah Shire is 264 metres above sea level on the [[Liverpool Plains]] in the [[Namoi River]] valley. It is very flat. The tallest hills are only 200 metres above the flat plains. The climate is hot in summer, mild in winter and dry. Rainstorms occasionally cause [[flood]]ing of the Namoi River. Floods can cut transport links to the town and cut it off from the outside world. The Gunnedah area has a lot of Australian wildlife, including [[kangaroo]]s, [[echidna]]s and [[koala]]s. Koalas can often be seen in trees within the town. == Media == There is a [[newspaper]], the Namoi Valley Independent. There are 2 radio stations 2MO and 2GGG. 2MO claims to be the first station started in Australia outside the capital cities. == Railway station == Gunnedah railway station is on the [[Mungindi railway line, New South Wales|Mungindi (or North West) railway line]], 475&nbsp;km from Sydney.<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Gunnedah&line=NSW:mungindi:0 Gunnedah Railway Station]. NSWrail.net. Accessed 1 April 2008.</ref> The station was opened in 1879. There is a large station building with single platform. There is also a passing loop and small goods yard. There is a single daily [[Xplorer (train)|Xplorer]] [[diesel]] railmotor operating between Sydney and [[Moree, New South Wales|Moree]].<ref>[http://www.countrylink.info/timetables/northwest/moree_to CountyLink Timetable] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219080650/http://www.countrylink.info/timetables/northwest/moree_to |date=2008-12-19 }} CountryLink.info. Accessed 1 April 2008.</ref> == Other websites == *[http://www.infogunnedah.com.au/ Info Gunnedah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016011357/http://infogunnedah.com.au/ |date=2008-10-16 }} *[http://www.agquip.com.au/ AgQuip]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.infogunnedah.com.au/shire_profile/main.html Gunnedah Shire Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312233231/http://www.infogunnedah.com.au/shire_profile/main.html |date=2010-03-12 }} *[http://www.gunnedahspeedway.com.au/ Gunnedah Speedway]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.gunnedah-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Gunnedah High School] *[http://www.gunnedahs-p.schools.nsw.edu.au/ Gunnedah South Public School] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Towns in New South Wales]] tekrfsrnub1jjef4k1s9drzk99oitvk 0 140109 10330638 10300005 2025-06-14T19:05:30Z BlackJack 572554 BlackJack moved page [[Garfield Sobers]] to [[Gary Sobers]] over redirect: WP:COMMONNAME 10300005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Garry Sobers autograph.svg|thumb|Signature of Sobers]] Sir '''Garfield St Aubrun Sobers ''aka'' Gary Sobers''' (born 28 July 1936 in [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]) is a former [[West Indies|West Indian]] [[cricket]]er. He is widely regarded as cricket's greatest-ever [[all-rounder]], having been a brilliant left-handed [[batting (cricket)|batter]], an outstanding [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]], and a highly effective [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who used all varieties of left-arm bowling from [[spin bowling|spin]] to [[fast bowling|fast]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sobers, Garfield}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Barbadian cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 3a5145nv7jdkpss9obpg2k3orew1pgm 10330646 10330638 2025-06-14T19:08:46Z BlackJack 572554 c/e 10330646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Garry Sobers autograph.svg|thumb|Signature of Sobers]] Sir '''Garfield St Aubrun Sobers''' (born 28 July 1936 in [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]), generally known as '''Gary Sobers''', is a former West Indian [[cricket]]er. He is widely regarded as cricket's greatest-ever [[all-rounder]], having been a brilliant left-handed [[batting (cricket)|batter]], an outstanding [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]], and a highly effective [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who could bowl all varieties of left-arm bowling from [[spin bowling|spin]] to [[fast bowling|fast]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sobers, Garfield}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Barbadian cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} emcru0wkc2fj1fb5vvhav1n1fx4smop 10330649 10330646 2025-06-14T19:09:03Z BlackJack 572554 Added {{[[Template:more sources|more sources]]}} and {{[[Template:under construction|under construction]]}} tags to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} [[File:Garry Sobers autograph.svg|thumb|Signature of Sobers]] Sir '''Garfield St Aubrun Sobers''' (born 28 July 1936 in [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]), generally known as '''Gary Sobers''', is a former West Indian [[cricket]]er. He is widely regarded as cricket's greatest-ever [[all-rounder]], having been a brilliant left-handed [[batting (cricket)|batter]], an outstanding [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]], and a highly effective [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who could bowl all varieties of left-arm bowling from [[spin bowling|spin]] to [[fast bowling|fast]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sobers, Garfield}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Barbadian cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} pln5ys3xhyxma1vctuuitidlc0w8zqo 0 140118 10330720 1153451 2025-06-14T19:38:07Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[Garfield Sobers]] to [[Gary Sobers]] 10330720 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gary Sobers]] 6ri1xo8a5v99nlg4kzincjmalc51ajb 0 142734 10331435 9629305 2025-06-15T04:20:46Z 2600:4040:A820:F800:127:3326:3221:2E84 10331435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Manicheans.jpg|thumb|Manichaean priests, writing at their desks, with panel inscription in [[Uyghur]]. Manuscript from Khocho, [[Tarim Basin]].]] '''Manichaeism''' (in [[Modern Persian]] {{lang|fa|آیین مانی}} ''Āyin e Māni'') was a major Iranian universal dualistic monotheistic religion founded in the mid 3rd-century CE by the [[Parthia|Parthian]] [[Jewish Christianity|Jewish Christian]] prophet [[Mani]] and his followers. Originally, Manichaeism came from commoners in the [[Sassanid Empire]]. Most of the original writings of the founding [[prophet]] [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] ([[Syriac]], {{lang|syr|ܡܐܢܝ}}, c. AD 210–276) have been lost, but many translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism was big between the third and seventh centuries. At its height, it was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as [[China]] and as far west as the [[Roman Empire]]. Manichaeism appears to have died out before the sixteenth century in southern China. The original six sacred books of Manichaeism were written in [[Syriac language|Syriac]]. They were soon translated into other languages to help spread the religion. As they spread to the east, the Manichaean writings passed through [[Middle Persian]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], and ultimately [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] translations. As they spread to the west, they were translated into [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Coptic language|Coptic]], and [[Latin]]. The spread and success of Manichaeism were seen as a threat to other religions, and it was widely persecuted in [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]], and later, [[Islam]]ic areas. [[File:State Religions 820 AD.png|400px|thumb|left|State religions in 820 AD - Uyghur Khaganate is Manichaean]] {{Classic World Religions}} {{Manichaeism footer}} [[Category:Esotericism]] [[Category:Manichaeism| ]] 51kq0y5nm2gsbbwx3akgjaql7nap7dm 4 144657 10330894 10329348 2025-06-14T21:15:17Z Fr33kman 15149 /* User:SolarX */ done 10330894 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 3 | level = 4 | archive =((FULLPAGENAME))/Archives/((year)) | show = yes}}</noinclude> ==Current requests for rollback== ====[[User:Ieditrandomarticles]]==== *{{User2|Ieditrandomarticles}} ([[Special:Userrights/Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :I've been reverting loads of vandalism with [[WP:TWINKLE]] and I've been editing a while so I think I am ready for rollbacker perms [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) ::<noinclude>{{ping|Ieditrandomarticles}}</noinclude> Like to see more reverts, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&tagfilter=mw-undo&target=Ieditrandomarticles per this]. But we will see what an admin says. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:32, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::I'll leave this for another admin to decide, but I will note your first edit here was about 2 months ago, although I haven't found any issues with your edits (minus the "Orange cat funny" incident) I still feel like rollbackers should be around for a bit longer.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :::My first edit here was in January 20th, which was 5 months ago (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restrictions_on_TikTok_in_the_United_States&oldid=10026766 here]). [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:18, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Huh, still not sure if I'd give the flag but I'm certainly more satisfied with your time spent editing here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:50, 9 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{done}} granted by '''''[[User:Fr33kman|fr33k]][[User talk:Fr33kman|man]]''''' [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) * :I've personally seen a lot of activity from this user including reverting bad edits and I'm more than happy to grant rollbacker at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 03:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} ====[[User:SolarX]]==== *{{User2|SolarX}} ([[Special:Userrights/SolarX|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :Simple English Wikipedia's current vandal-fighting force is strong but not strong enough. I've done the math: during hours when most people are active, we revert vandalism within a minute on average, whereas during the wee hours (in places with the most editors, at least), dozens of harmful changes go unnoticed or are reverted much later. This can add up, causing hidden falsities to end up on pages where they take may take up to weeks, months, or even years to get removed. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident?wprov=srpw1_0|this]. :This is where I come in. As you can tell by looking at my contributions, I have edited Simple English Wikipedia for nearly a year and have over 1500 edits. I have had months of anti-vandalism practice with Twinkle and userscripts emulating rollback; I know when and when not to rollback and why. It is engraved in my anti-vandalism philosophy that you should not simply revert unencyclopedic edits; you should ''always'' notify the perpetator of their wrongdoing, since it can help convince them to switch to constructive editing. Furthermore, I often edit at times when others aren't, so I can manage the wiki and stop the phenomenon detailed in the previous paragraph. :If you're looking for well-rounded editors, I also have improved and started many articles, and regularly perform copyedits, add templates and categories, and expand stubs. I hope I'm qualified to possess the rollback permission. If not, I would like to know why so I can improve and become a better editor. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 03:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{done}} I think you'll be a net positive to the project and I've certainly seen you hovering around New Changes. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) qugwozhj8pm3wdce95qmf9e482v9qj8 10331700 10330894 2025-06-15T09:56:21Z Cactusisme 1477024 /* User:SolarX */ Closed - with [[User:AramilFeraxa/ReportSolver|ReportSolver]] 10331700 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Autoarchive resolved section | age = 3 | level = 4 | archive =((FULLPAGENAME))/Archives/((year)) | show = yes}}</noinclude> ==Current requests for rollback== ====[[User:Ieditrandomarticles]]==== *{{User2|Ieditrandomarticles}} ([[Special:Userrights/Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :I've been reverting loads of vandalism with [[WP:TWINKLE]] and I've been editing a while so I think I am ready for rollbacker perms [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) ::<noinclude>{{ping|Ieditrandomarticles}}</noinclude> Like to see more reverts, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&tagfilter=mw-undo&target=Ieditrandomarticles per this]. But we will see what an admin says. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:32, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::I'll leave this for another admin to decide, but I will note your first edit here was about 2 months ago, although I haven't found any issues with your edits (minus the "Orange cat funny" incident) I still feel like rollbackers should be around for a bit longer.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :::My first edit here was in January 20th, which was 5 months ago (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restrictions_on_TikTok_in_the_United_States&oldid=10026766 here]). [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:18, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Huh, still not sure if I'd give the flag but I'm certainly more satisfied with your time spent editing here.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:50, 9 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{done}} granted by '''''[[User:Fr33kman|fr33k]][[User talk:Fr33kman|man]]''''' [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) * :I've personally seen a lot of activity from this user including reverting bad edits and I'm more than happy to grant rollbacker at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:40, 12 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 03:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} ====[[User:SolarX]]==== *{{User2|SolarX}} ([[Special:Userrights/SolarX|<span style="color:#002bb8">'''assign permissions'''</span>]]) :Simple English Wikipedia's current vandal-fighting force is strong but not strong enough. I've done the math: during hours when most people are active, we revert vandalism within a minute on average, whereas during the wee hours (in places with the most editors, at least), dozens of harmful changes go unnoticed or are reverted much later. This can add up, causing hidden falsities to end up on pages where they take may take up to weeks, months, or even years to get removed. See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident?wprov=srpw1_0|this]. :This is where I come in. As you can tell by looking at my contributions, I have edited Simple English Wikipedia for nearly a year and have over 1500 edits. I have had months of anti-vandalism practice with Twinkle and userscripts emulating rollback; I know when and when not to rollback and why. It is engraved in my anti-vandalism philosophy that you should not simply revert unencyclopedic edits; you should ''always'' notify the perpetator of their wrongdoing, since it can help convince them to switch to constructive editing. Furthermore, I often edit at times when others aren't, so I can manage the wiki and stop the phenomenon detailed in the previous paragraph. :If you're looking for well-rounded editors, I also have improved and started many articles, and regularly perform copyedits, add templates and categories, and expand stubs. I hope I'm qualified to possess the rollback permission. If not, I would like to know why so I can improve and become a better editor. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 03:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::{{done}} I think you'll be a net positive to the project and I've certainly seen you hovering around New Changes. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:56, 15 June 2025 (UTC)}} 7qctwpy1ekzof22z7tgu1sjglcv0e6r 0 147184 10330914 10288688 2025-06-14T21:40:14Z DenisJT2022 1456026 10330914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rail line | name = East Coast Main Line | image = An LNER Azuma train at Burnmouth, geograph 6350005 by Walter Baxter.jpg | caption = An LNER Azuma train at Burnmouth | type = Commuter rail <br/> Inter-city rail | system = [[National Rail]] | start = London King's Cross | end = Edinburgh Waverley | stations = 52 | owner = [[Network Rail]] | operator = {{Unbulleted list|[[London North Eastern Railway]]|Great Northern|Thameslink|Hull Trains|East Midlands Railway|CrossCountry|TransPennine Express|Northern Trains |[[ScotRail]]|Grand Central|Lumo|DB Cargo UK|GB Railfreight|Freightliner|Direct Rail Services|Colas Rail}} }} '''East Coast Main Line''' is an electrified [[main line]] between [[London]] and [[Edinburgh]] in [[United Kingdom]]. The trains on this line are operated by a number of train companies. ==Stops== *Starting point at [[London King's Cross railway station]] *[[Stevenage]] *[[Peterborough]] *[[Grantham]] *[[Newark North Gate]] *[[Retford]] *[[Doncaster]] *[[York]] *[[Northallerton]] *[[Darlington]] *[[Durham]] *[[Newcastle Central]] *[[Morpeth]] *[[Alnmouth]] *[[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] *[[Dunbar]] *Finishing point at [[Edinburgh Waverley]] {{Railways in Scotland}} {{Attached KML}} [[Category:Railway lines in the United Kingdom]] {{transport-stub}} 8bxuapmm4wxv0aolpjru9r1a7mrmd8p 0 148567 10331271 6159531 2025-06-15T01:34:10Z 180.150.36.182 10331271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=July 2010}} {{Infobox Musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | Name = '''Fireflight''' | Img = FireflightCornerstoneCalifornia2007.jpg | Img_capt = Fireflight in concert in 2007 | Img_size = | Landscape = | Background = group_or_band | Alias = | Origin = [[Eustis, Florida]] | Genre = [[Post-grunge]], [[Christian rock]] | Years_active = 1999-present | Label = [[Sony BMG]]/[[Flicker Records|Flicker]]<br/>Eight Track | Associated_acts = | URL = | Current_members = Dawn Richardson<br>Wendy Drennen<br>Justin Cox<br>Glenn Drennen<br>Phee Shorb | Past_members = }} '''Fireflight''' is an [[United States of America|American]] [[Christian rock]] band which originated from [[Eustis, Florida]]. The band formed in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p710621 |title=Fireflight > Biography|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=2009-08-25|first=Jason|last=Birchmeier}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:Christian rock bands]] [[Category:American rock bands]] [[Category:Post-grunge bands]] [[Category:Musical groups from Florida]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]] [[Category:1999 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1990s establishments in Florida]] fhuhqlveyms1bnq2ajt5xmuhvx9gc4j 0 153399 10331024 10323703 2025-06-14T23:00:53Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Jumigny |commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]] |image = Jumigny (Aisne) mairie.JPG |caption = The town hall of Jumigny |image coat of arms = |arrondissement = Laon |canton = Villeneuve-sur-Aisne |INSEE = 02396 |postal code = 02160 |mayor = Matthias Carpentier<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = Chemin des Dames |coordinates = {{coord|49.4122|3.7181|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 90 |elevation min m = 55 |elevation max m = 173 |area km2 = 2.49 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Jumigny''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]]. It is in the [[Regions of France|region]] [[Hauts-de-France]] in the [[Aisne]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the north of [[France]]. ==Population== {{Historical populations |align=left |1962|87 |1968|77 |1975|71 |1982|68 |1990|60 |1999|68 |2008|70 |2014|63 }} {{clear left}} ==Related pages== *[[Communes of the Aisne department]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{France-geo-stub}} [[Category:Communes in Aisne]] qe52w65iqpbskuy982m4phc8wk1a0ap 0 164297 10330309 10184425 2025-06-14T16:55:53Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dollyscotland (crop).jpg|thumb|250px|Dolly remains are exhibited at the [[Royal Museum of Scotland]]]] [[File:Cloning diagram english.svg|thumb|300px|right|Somatic cell nuclear transfer can make clones]] '''Dolly''' (5 July 1996 &ndash; 14 February 2003) was a [[sheep]], remarkable in being the first [[mammal]] to be [[Cloning|cloned]] from an adult somatic [[cell]]. A [[somatic cell]] is a regular body cell, not an [[egg cell]]. The [[nucleus]] of the somatic cell was removed and put into an unfertilised [[egg cell]]. The process is called [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McLaren A |title=Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5472 |pages=1775–80 |year=2000 |pmid=10877698 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5472.1775|s2cid=44320353 }}</ref><ref name=Wilmut>{{Cite journal|author=Wilmut I |display-authors = etal |title=Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells |journal=Nature |volume=385 |issue=6619 |pages=810–3 |year=1997 |pmid=9039911 | doi=10.1038/385810a0 |bibcode=1997Natur.385..810W|s2cid = 4260518 }}</ref> She was cloned at the [[Roslin Institute]] in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. It took 277 attempts to create Dolly. The success rate when cloning animals is very low. The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Nam was taken from a [[mammary gland]]. The production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. She was cloned so she did not need any male cells to fertilize the egg and mature it. She only has one parent. Dolly lived the rest of her life at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh until she died. There she was bred with a [[Welsh Mountain sheep|Welsh Mountain ram]] and had six lambs in total called: Bonnie, Rosie, Lucy, Sally, Darcy and Cotton. On 14 February 2003, Dolly was killed because she had a lung disease and severe [[arthritis]]. == Dolly the cloned sheep in popular culture == In 2003, the Belgian artist [[:en:Dominique_Goblet|Dominique Goblet]] published a short comic strip about Dolly the cloned sheep with the title: “2004 Apparition de Dolly dans la campagne anglaise”.<ref>Beaux Arts Magazine hors-série, december 2003, 95-99</ref> "[https://www.pozirk.com/dolly-the-sheep-flash-game/ Dolly The Sheep]" was initially released on November 13, 2012, as a [[flash game]] developed by the small game development company [https://www.pozirk.com/about/ Pozirk Games], in which Dolly the cloned sheep is being chased by evil scientists. For some time the game was available to play online as well as on mobile devices. As of June 14, 2023, it is only available online for desktop/laptop computers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inside.pozirk.com/2023/06/14/streamlining-operations/|title=Streamlining Operations|accessdate=2024-12-18}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Individual animals]] [[Category:Sheep]] [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:Cloned animals]] {{biology-stub}} 2eb6grf2yho4wd7ejzwtphdido7b1yj 0 165520 10331535 10159979 2025-06-15T06:33:59Z 193.38.2.81 Undid revision 10159979 by [[Special:Contributions/2601:207:100:4700:4017:54D4:63AB:A842|2601:207:100:4700:4017:54D4:63AB:A842]] ([[User talk:2601:207:100:4700:4017:54D4:63AB:A842|talk]]) 10331535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Crying''' is when [[tear]]s come out of a person's [[eye]]s because of their emotions Some animals also cry. However, animals mostly release tears for reasons such as intense [[pain]], and also cry when losing loved ones, seeing their own [[species]] being killed for their [[skin]] and [[meat]], but these two reasons are mostly rare.<ref>Why do we Cry? Walter, Chip. Scientific American Mind; Dec 2006, '''17''', issue 6, p44. ISSN 1555-2284</ref> When over 300 [[adult]]s were asked how often they cried, they found out that [[men]] usually cry once every [[month]], and women cry five or more times per [[month]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Fischer | first = Agneta | title = Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives | date = 9 March 2000 | isbn = 9780521639866 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tS1C8Sl5ysEC&dq=women+cry+during+menstrual&pg=PA158 }}</ref> According to the German Society of [[Ophthalmology]], which has collected scientific studies on crying, the average woman cries between 30 and 64 times a year, and the average man cries between 6 and 17 times a year.<ref name="ophtalmologische1">{{cite web|title=Frauen und Männer weinen anders [German: Woman and Men Cry Differently]|url=http://www.dog.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/PM-Weinen.pdf|work=Pressearchiv 2009|publisher=Deutsche Ophtalmologische Gesellschaft|access-date=19 January 2015|date=October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119040016/http://www.dog.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/PM-Weinen.pdf|archive-date=19 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A useful term is ''lachrymation'', which means the non-emotional shedding of tears. There are many terms for the more usual crying: sobbing, weeping, wailing, whimpering, bawling, and blubbering. In general, crying is [[non-verbal communication]]. It (and other) facial signals evolved in our species as ways which help people in social groups signal feelings. The term "a cry for help" recognises this function. "Cry for joy" expresses the fact that sometimes great delight can be the trigger for crying. == References == {{reflist}} {{Biology-stub}} [[Category:Physiology]] [[Category:Non-verbal communication]] 0uypqia7uw57x8lm79r78wbldnhzsya 4 170102 10330071 10328575 2025-06-14T14:07:40Z Asteralee 1508758 /* Baldwin IV of Jerusalem */ Reply 10330071 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="clear:both; background:#DDF; color:black; border:1px #AAA solid;" cellspacing="4" |- | width="60%" style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #AAA; background-color:#EEF;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Proposed good articles</span> {{shortcut|WP:PGOOD|WP:PGA|WP:GAN}} [[File:GA candidate.svg|left|60px|This star represents the proposed good content on Wikipedia.]] "Good articles" are articles that are better than other articles, according to many people. Good articles have criteria/requirements that the article needs to have. Read [[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles]] for information about the criteria. This page is to talk about articles to see if they meet Good Article criteria. When an article is posted here, it should have the {{tl|pgood}} tag put on it. This will put the article in [[:Category:Proposed good articles]]. Please only put one article in at a time. Articles that are accepted by the community as good articles will have their {{tl|pgood}} tag replaced with {{tl|good}}. They are also shown on [[Wikipedia:Good articles]] and are put in [[:Category:Good articles]]. Articles that are not accepted by the community as good articles have their {{tl|good}} tag removed. Articles that are better than the good article criteria can be proposed to be a "very good article" at [[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles]]. [[:en:User:Dr pda/prosesize.js|This tool]] can be used to find the size of an article. | style="border:1px solid #AAA; padding:1em; background-color:#EFE;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Joining the talk</span> If you choose to join in the talk about good articles, it is very important that you know and understand the [[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles|criteria for good articles]]. Discussing an article is a promise to the community that you have read the criteria and the article in question. You should prepare to completely explain the reasons for your comments. This process should not be taken lightly. If people think that a user is not taking the process seriously and/or is commenting without reason, they may not be allowed to join in any more. |} {{Archive box collapsible|large=yes| *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 1|Archived requests and votes February 2009 - March 2008]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 2|Archived requests and votes April 2008 – July 2008]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 3|Archived requests and votes August 2008 – December 2008]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 4|Archived requests and votes January 2009 - February 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 5|Archived requests and votes March 2009 - April 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 6|Archived requests and votes May 2009 - August 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 7|Archived requests September 2009 - December 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 8|Archived requests January 2010 - February 2010]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 9|Archived requests March 2010 - September 2010]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 10|Archived requests October 2010 - January 2011]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 11|Archived requests February 2011 - August 2011]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 12|Archived requests September 2011 - February 2012]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 13|Archived requests March 2012 - July 2013]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 14|Archived requests August 2013 - December 2014]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 15|Archived requests 2015]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 16|Archived requests 2016]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 17|Archived requests 2017]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 18|Archived requests 2018 / 2019]] <!-- not a typo, barely any GA nominations in 2018 --> *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 19|Archived requests 2020]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 20|Archived requests 2021]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 21|Archived requests 2022]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 22|Archived requests 2023]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archives/2024|Archived requests 2024]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archives/2025|Archived requests 2025]] }} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age= 7 |level = 3 |archive=Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archives/((year)) |show = yes}} ==Proposals for good articles== To propose an article for Good article status, just add it to the '''top of the list''' using the code, filling out 'page title' and 'reason' with your proposed page's title and why you think this page should be a proposed article: <code>{{[[Template:Pgapropose|subst:Pgapropose]]|''page title''|''reason''}} <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> You may have <u>''one'' nomination</u> open at a time only. Proposals run for three weeks. After this time the article will be either promoted or not promoted depending on the consensus reached in the discussion. ===Mia Love=== :{{la|Mia Love}} *{{tick}} The article is about a subject suitable for Wikipedia. *{{tick}} The article is fairly complete, with a prose size of 9268 B (1433 words). *{{tick}} The article has gone through a few revisions, but not by different editors. *{{tick}} The article is filed in the appropriate category. *{{tick}} It has at least one interwiki link. *{{tick}} The article is stable with no recent big changes or ongoing change wars. *{{tick}} There are no templates indicating that the article needs improvement. *{{tick}} Content from books, journal articles, and other publications is properly referenced. The article has been expanded, is properly sourced, simplified as much as I could find [feedback always welcome :)], proper cats, no redlinks and thoroughly covers the subject. Please let me know if there's any way I can improve the article! There's often some tricky words that cannot/might require more attention to simplify when it comes to politicians, but I think I tackled most of it down. Thank you for your consideration! :) --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 02:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :*{{support}} I enjoyed reading the whole article and can see nothing glaring that needs to be changed. It would have been good to have more people editing it but often that's not the case for GAs. Good luck : '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:32, 13 June 2025 (UTC) === Baldwin IV of Jerusalem === :{{la|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} I've transferred the subject's English Wikipedia article (which is currently nominated for GA status and which I am a major contributor to) here after making significant cuts and changes to the language. This is my first time writing an article for simple english Wikipedia, but I put a lot of work into it, so I hope it's worthy of GA status. The article has many sources, and it's just over half as long as the original version. If there's anything you need me to fix, please tell me, and I will fix it as soon as possible! <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 00:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, there are lots of complex words used in the page like determination, commitment, uncooperativeness. The sentence structures are complex starting from the intro. Lots of redlinks too. There is quite a lot of work that needs to be done here. This page fails #3, #6, and #8. I recommend you read some of our featured pages to see what is expected. It is a very interesting topic to write on though. I hope you have fun working on the page. Thanks, :)-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 17:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :* There are quite a few words which are complex and either need explaining in line or linking to Wiktionary. Words such determination, disorder, vassals, uncooperativeness, and leprosy need to be explained or linked to other articles. That was just the first section. I'd suggest also that you read [[WP:SI|Simple Introduction]] and also run the page through the readability tools at the bottom of that page. We attempt to write articles that a lay person and children in US geades 7-9 can read. Many of our readers are also learning English as a foreign language so we need to keep grammar, sentence structure and length short. On a positive note however, the article seems to explain the subject thoughly enough. I'd like to see some editing from other people as we don't usually promote articles that are essentially written by one person. Good luck '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:55, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*:Thank you both for responding so quickly!!! I'll get to work on the article as soon as possible, and hopefully I can fix these issues! [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 21:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*:@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I've fixed the problems you mentioned. I replaced the words that were too complicated, added more links (and removed the red links), and simplified the sentences. I'm very sad to say that I'm not sure what I'm going to do about #3 because this is a very niche topic, but besides that, I think I fixed it :). [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 22:29, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*::@[[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] We ususally create pages and turn the link into blue if there is no page on the topic if it's notable. Removal of [[WP:Red link|red links]] is actually discouraged because it is believed that it helps wikipedia grow by encouraging people to create more pages. I will take another look when I get some time. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 00:03, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :*:::Thank you so much! I'll add some red links back to the article where they're needed [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 00:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :*::::*{{comment}} More simplification is needed. For example, we use ''early life'' instead of ''childhood''. The introduction could use some more wikilinking. You can see [[BE 1500]] for a list of simple words. More complicated words can be wikilinked to our [[wikt:|simplified Wiktionary]]. Good luck! :*::::''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 14:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === 1755 Cape Ann earthquake === :{{la|1755 Cape Ann earthquake}} I believe it fits the criteria of a good article now, I have done everything suggested by Barras and CountryANDWestern in a PGA review, except for the sentence "A whiskey maker lost some of its...", which i'm not sure how to fix. If you think it's still not ready, please tell me what problems remain. [[User:Bakhos2010|<span style="color:#9e00c9;text-shadow:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em #ffdddd ;">'''Bakhos'''</span>]] [[User talk:Bakhos2010|<span style="color:#c800ff;text-shadow:0.2em 0.1em 0.2em #ffdddd;"> '''Let's talk!'''</span>]] 09:56, 7 June 2025 (UTC) <!--List new proposals below this line, NEWEST NOMINATIONS AT THE TOP. --> ::I think even the whiskey-sentence is actually good to go. No objections from my side. I'd say '''promote to good article'''. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 10:13, 7 June 2025 (UTC) *{{support}} Great work. Article is well sourced, simple, thorough and meets the other guidelines. --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 17:49, 10 June 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Looks good to me! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) *{{support}} it's quite complete about the subject and is certainly simple enough for our readers to comprehend. I'm not sure that the section at the bottom about what makes earthquakes happen needs to be there but it's not a concern for me. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Proposals closed recently == === Delta IV === <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- :{{la|Delta IV}} I see that it fits the criteria of a good article. <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:Noob from2|noob_from2]] ([[User talk:Noob from2|talk]]) 14:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Not ready''': just at a quick glance I see only two sources, many sections without sources, and a lot of redlinks. These need to be addressed [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:27, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Agree with CountryAndWestern. It's also kind of closer to a stub tag than a ga tag. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:13, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :{{oppose|not ready}} The Launches, Types sections need a bit expansion. There are quite a few red links. At least 3 cats.--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 06:47, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''Not Promoted''' no consensus.--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:06, 10 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:06, 10 June 2025 (UTC)}} ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> ==Related pages== *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion]] [[Category:Good articles|*]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration]] 3zd8oqfkzby39h8tby4nbm6mo48usbf 10330589 10330071 2025-06-14T18:32:08Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Baldwin IV of Jerusalem */ Reply 10330589 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="clear:both; background:#DDF; color:black; border:1px #AAA solid;" cellspacing="4" |- | width="60%" style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #AAA; background-color:#EEF;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Proposed good articles</span> {{shortcut|WP:PGOOD|WP:PGA|WP:GAN}} [[File:GA candidate.svg|left|60px|This star represents the proposed good content on Wikipedia.]] "Good articles" are articles that are better than other articles, according to many people. Good articles have criteria/requirements that the article needs to have. Read [[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles]] for information about the criteria. This page is to talk about articles to see if they meet Good Article criteria. When an article is posted here, it should have the {{tl|pgood}} tag put on it. This will put the article in [[:Category:Proposed good articles]]. Please only put one article in at a time. Articles that are accepted by the community as good articles will have their {{tl|pgood}} tag replaced with {{tl|good}}. They are also shown on [[Wikipedia:Good articles]] and are put in [[:Category:Good articles]]. Articles that are not accepted by the community as good articles have their {{tl|good}} tag removed. Articles that are better than the good article criteria can be proposed to be a "very good article" at [[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles]]. [[:en:User:Dr pda/prosesize.js|This tool]] can be used to find the size of an article. | style="border:1px solid #AAA; padding:1em; background-color:#EFE;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Joining the talk</span> If you choose to join in the talk about good articles, it is very important that you know and understand the [[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles|criteria for good articles]]. Discussing an article is a promise to the community that you have read the criteria and the article in question. You should prepare to completely explain the reasons for your comments. This process should not be taken lightly. If people think that a user is not taking the process seriously and/or is commenting without reason, they may not be allowed to join in any more. |} {{Archive box collapsible|large=yes| *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 1|Archived requests and votes February 2009 - March 2008]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 2|Archived requests and votes April 2008 – July 2008]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 3|Archived requests and votes August 2008 – December 2008]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 4|Archived requests and votes January 2009 - February 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 5|Archived requests and votes March 2009 - April 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 6|Archived requests and votes May 2009 - August 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 7|Archived requests September 2009 - December 2009]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 8|Archived requests January 2010 - February 2010]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 9|Archived requests March 2010 - September 2010]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 10|Archived requests October 2010 - January 2011]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 11|Archived requests February 2011 - August 2011]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 12|Archived requests September 2011 - February 2012]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 13|Archived requests March 2012 - July 2013]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 14|Archived requests August 2013 - December 2014]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 15|Archived requests 2015]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 16|Archived requests 2016]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 17|Archived requests 2017]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 18|Archived requests 2018 / 2019]] <!-- not a typo, barely any GA nominations in 2018 --> *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 19|Archived requests 2020]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 20|Archived requests 2021]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 21|Archived requests 2022]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archive 22|Archived requests 2023]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archives/2024|Archived requests 2024]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archives/2025|Archived requests 2025]] }} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age= 7 |level = 3 |archive=Wikipedia:Proposed good articles/Archives/((year)) |show = yes}} ==Proposals for good articles== To propose an article for Good article status, just add it to the '''top of the list''' using the code, filling out 'page title' and 'reason' with your proposed page's title and why you think this page should be a proposed article: <code>{{[[Template:Pgapropose|subst:Pgapropose]]|''page title''|''reason''}} <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> You may have <u>''one'' nomination</u> open at a time only. Proposals run for three weeks. After this time the article will be either promoted or not promoted depending on the consensus reached in the discussion. ===Mia Love=== :{{la|Mia Love}} *{{tick}} The article is about a subject suitable for Wikipedia. *{{tick}} The article is fairly complete, with a prose size of 9268 B (1433 words). *{{tick}} The article has gone through a few revisions, but not by different editors. *{{tick}} The article is filed in the appropriate category. *{{tick}} It has at least one interwiki link. *{{tick}} The article is stable with no recent big changes or ongoing change wars. *{{tick}} There are no templates indicating that the article needs improvement. *{{tick}} Content from books, journal articles, and other publications is properly referenced. The article has been expanded, is properly sourced, simplified as much as I could find [feedback always welcome :)], proper cats, no redlinks and thoroughly covers the subject. Please let me know if there's any way I can improve the article! There's often some tricky words that cannot/might require more attention to simplify when it comes to politicians, but I think I tackled most of it down. Thank you for your consideration! :) --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 02:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :*{{support}} I enjoyed reading the whole article and can see nothing glaring that needs to be changed. It would have been good to have more people editing it but often that's not the case for GAs. Good luck : '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:32, 13 June 2025 (UTC) === Baldwin IV of Jerusalem === :{{la|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} I've transferred the subject's English Wikipedia article (which is currently nominated for GA status and which I am a major contributor to) here after making significant cuts and changes to the language. This is my first time writing an article for simple english Wikipedia, but I put a lot of work into it, so I hope it's worthy of GA status. The article has many sources, and it's just over half as long as the original version. If there's anything you need me to fix, please tell me, and I will fix it as soon as possible! <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 00:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi, there are lots of complex words used in the page like determination, commitment, uncooperativeness. The sentence structures are complex starting from the intro. Lots of redlinks too. There is quite a lot of work that needs to be done here. This page fails #3, #6, and #8. I recommend you read some of our featured pages to see what is expected. It is a very interesting topic to write on though. I hope you have fun working on the page. Thanks, :)-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 17:42, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :* There are quite a few words which are complex and either need explaining in line or linking to Wiktionary. Words such determination, disorder, vassals, uncooperativeness, and leprosy need to be explained or linked to other articles. That was just the first section. I'd suggest also that you read [[WP:SI|Simple Introduction]] and also run the page through the readability tools at the bottom of that page. We attempt to write articles that a lay person and children in US geades 7-9 can read. Many of our readers are also learning English as a foreign language so we need to keep grammar, sentence structure and length short. On a positive note however, the article seems to explain the subject thoughly enough. I'd like to see some editing from other people as we don't usually promote articles that are essentially written by one person. Good luck '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:55, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*:Thank you both for responding so quickly!!! I'll get to work on the article as soon as possible, and hopefully I can fix these issues! [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 21:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*:@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I've fixed the problems you mentioned. I replaced the words that were too complicated, added more links (and removed the red links), and simplified the sentences. I'm very sad to say that I'm not sure what I'm going to do about #3 because this is a very niche topic, but besides that, I think I fixed it :). [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 22:29, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :*::@[[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] We ususally create pages and turn the link into blue if there is no page on the topic if it's notable. Removal of [[WP:Red link|red links]] is actually discouraged because it is believed that it helps wikipedia grow by encouraging people to create more pages. I will take another look when I get some time. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 00:03, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :*:::Thank you so much! I'll add some red links back to the article where they're needed [[User:Reverosie|Reverosie]] ([[User talk:Reverosie|talk]]) 00:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :*::::*{{comment}} More simplification is needed. For example, we use ''early life'' instead of ''childhood''. The introduction could use some more wikilinking. You can see [[BE 1500]] for a list of simple words. More complicated words can be wikilinked to our [[wikt:|simplified Wiktionary]]. Good luck! :*::::''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 14:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :*:::::Thank you so much! I’m going to get to work on the simplifications as soon as possible [[User:Reverosie|<b style="font-family: Georgia; color: #ff90be">🌷Reverosie🌷</b>]]<sup>[[User talk:Reverosie|<b style="font-family: Georgia;color:#ffbdd8">★talk★</b>]]</sup> 18:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === 1755 Cape Ann earthquake === :{{la|1755 Cape Ann earthquake}} I believe it fits the criteria of a good article now, I have done everything suggested by Barras and CountryANDWestern in a PGA review, except for the sentence "A whiskey maker lost some of its...", which i'm not sure how to fix. If you think it's still not ready, please tell me what problems remain. [[User:Bakhos2010|<span style="color:#9e00c9;text-shadow:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em #ffdddd ;">'''Bakhos'''</span>]] [[User talk:Bakhos2010|<span style="color:#c800ff;text-shadow:0.2em 0.1em 0.2em #ffdddd;"> '''Let's talk!'''</span>]] 09:56, 7 June 2025 (UTC) <!--List new proposals below this line, NEWEST NOMINATIONS AT THE TOP. --> ::I think even the whiskey-sentence is actually good to go. No objections from my side. I'd say '''promote to good article'''. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 10:13, 7 June 2025 (UTC) *{{support}} Great work. Article is well sourced, simple, thorough and meets the other guidelines. --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 17:49, 10 June 2025 (UTC) *'''Support''' Looks good to me! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) *{{support}} it's quite complete about the subject and is certainly simple enough for our readers to comprehend. I'm not sure that the section at the bottom about what makes earthquakes happen needs to be there but it's not a concern for me. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:09, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Proposals closed recently == === Delta IV === <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- :{{la|Delta IV}} I see that it fits the criteria of a good article. <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:Noob from2|noob_from2]] ([[User talk:Noob from2|talk]]) 14:37, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Not ready''': just at a quick glance I see only two sources, many sections without sources, and a lot of redlinks. These need to be addressed [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:27, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :Agree with CountryAndWestern. It's also kind of closer to a stub tag than a ga tag. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:13, 5 June 2025 (UTC) :{{oppose|not ready}} The Launches, Types sections need a bit expansion. There are quite a few red links. At least 3 cats.--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 06:47, 6 June 2025 (UTC) *'''Not Promoted''' no consensus.--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:06, 10 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:06, 10 June 2025 (UTC)}} ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> ==Related pages== *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion]] [[Category:Good articles|*]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration]] fwpuxzcc4rwlnawixv8xrb0aanyb0ug 0 170259 10331138 10284923 2025-06-15T00:21:48Z 198.40.47.84 I included all the founders, because the alive founders too often don’t credit Aaron. He wrote the entire source code. 10331138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}} {{Infobox website | name = Reddit | logo = Reddit wordmark.svg | collapsible = | collapsetext = | logo_caption = Logo used since November 2023 | screenshot = | caption = | company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | website_type = Social news | language = [[Multilingual]]<ref group="notes">The site's display interface is available in several common languages, but most of its user-submitted content is written in English with no built-in translation feature. Individual subreddits may opt to cater to a specific language, only allowing posts and comments to be in that language.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reddit.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/204528049-What-languages-is-Reddit-available-in-|title=What languages is Reddit available in?|website=Reddit Help}}</ref> | owner = Advance Publications (30%)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goswami |first1=Rohan |title=Reddit will charge hefty fees to the many third-party apps that access its data |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/01/reddit-eyeing-ipo-charge-millions-in-fees-for-third-party-api-access.html |website=CNBC |language=en |date=June 1, 2023}}</ref><br />[[Tencent]] (5%)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Keith |title=Condé Nast's hold on Reddit slips but Newhouse family has cushion |url=https://nypost.com/2019/02/14/conde-nasts-hold-on-reddit-slips-but-newhouse-family-has-cushion/ |website=[[New York Post]] |language=en |date=June 16, 2023}}</ref> | foundation = {{Nowrap|{{Start date and age|2005|6|23}}<ref>{{cite web |date=December 5, 2006 |title=Reddit on June 23-05 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/33809408@N00/315068778/in/photostream/ |access-date=August 28, 2014}}</ref>}} | locations = 5 | area_served = Worldwide, except for Indonesia (without [[DNS]]) and China | founder = {{Plainlist| * [[Aaron Swartz]] * [[Alexis Ohanian]] * Steve Huffman }} | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, U.S. | key_people = {{Plainlist| * Steve Huffman ([[CEO]]) * Jen Wong ([[Chief operating officer|COO]]) * Drew Vollero ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) * Christopher Slowe (Chief technology officer, CTO) }} | industry = {{Plainlist| * [[Social media|Social media service]] }} | equity = | num_employees = 2,000 (June 2023)<ref>{{cite web |last=Ludlow |first=Edward |title=Reddit joins the tech layoff trend by cutting 5% of its staff amid a stalled IPO and effort to stop losing money |url=https://fortune.com/2023/06/06/reddit-layoffs-job-cuts-stalle-ipo/ |access-date=June 9, 2023 |website=Fortune|date=June 6, 2023 }}</ref> | revenue = | url = {{ubl|{{official URL}}|{{URL|redditinc.com}} {{small|(corporate)}}}} | users = 70 million (Oct 2023) daily active users<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redditinc.com/|title=Homepage - Reddit|website=www.redditinc.com}}</ref> | parent = Reddit Inc. | advertising = Banner ads and promoted links | commercial = Yes | registration = Optional<ref group="notes">Reddit can be viewed without an account but registration is required to submit, comment or vote. Registration is also occasionally required to view posts marked as ''Not safe for work'' (NSFW).</ref> | current_status = Active | programming_language = {{Plainlist| * [[Go (programming language)|Go]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/RedditEng/comments/10egj46/seeing_the_forest_in_the_trees_two_years_of/ |title=Seeing the forest in the trees: two years of technology changes in one post |access-date=July 1, 2023 |website=Reddit |date=January 17, 2023}}</ref> * [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref group="notes">Previously written in Lisp, then rewritten in Python in 2005.</ref> * [[JavaScript]] }} }} <!-- Please do not replace "Reddit" with "reddit", per MOS:TM --> '''Reddit''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|ɛ|ˈ|d|ɪ|t|}}) is a [[website]] where [[Online and offline|online]] [[User (computing)|users]] share [[Link|links]] to [[World Wide Web|online]] [[Essay|articles]] and other [[Digital media|media]]. ==Overview== Reddit is a [[Internet forum|forum]] made up of [[You|user-generated]] [[Information|content]] and [[discussion]] [[Board|boards]]. It is organized into ''subreddits'', [[Community|communities]] within which discussions take place. The links being shared can be [[Vote|voted]] on, while links with the highest number of votes are shown on the front page, sometimes known as the instant feed, of the forum. ==History== Reddit was founded in 2005 by Aaron Swartz, Steve Huffman, and [[Alexis Ohanian]], and is also available in [[List of languages|other languages]]. Some Reddit users call themselves ''redditors'', while subreddit moderators ''mods''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/about/|title=About Reddit|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref> Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like [[education]], being funny, cute [[Image|pictures]] of [[Animal|animals]], [[Internet meme|internet memes]], etc. ===Subreddits=== Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits", with individual moderators (any [[User (computing)|user]] can be one) holding sweeping [[Influence|powers]] to [[ban]] users and [[Dictator|dictate]] content with a range of [[Tool|tools]], particularly [[Automation|automated]] [[Filter (internet)|filters]].<ref name="PWFeb2025">{{cite news |work=Pirate Wire |title=The Terrorist Propaganda to Reddit Pipeline |url=https://www.piratewires.com/p/the-terrorist-propaganda-to-reddit-pipeline |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 21, 2025}}</ref> ==Controversies== Reddit has been a subject of [[controversy]] as it has many subreddits run by those distributing [[disinformation]] and [[Pornography|explicit]] materials, including subreddits ''r/Creepshots'', ''r/jailbait'', and ''r/greenandpleasant''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morris|first=Kevin|date=11 October 2011|title=What r/jailbait's closure really means|newspaper=Reditor Blog|url=https://redditdownloader.us/blog/subreddit|url-status=dead|accessdate=28 October 2012|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119075501/https://redditdownloader.us/blog/subreddit}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chen|first=Adrian|date=12 October 2012|title=Unmasking Reddit's Violentacrez, The Biggest Troll on the Web|newspaper=Gawker|url=http://gawker.com/5950981/unmasking-reddits-violentacrez-the-biggest-troll-on-the-web|url-status=live|accessdate=28 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012213707/http://gawker.com/5950981/unmasking-reddits-violentacrez-the-biggest-troll-on-the-web|archivedate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Reddit has also been long been criticized for uncontrolled antisemitism.<ref name="Issues"> * {{cite web |website=Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/reddit-shuts-down-some-racist-anti-semitic-web-forums |title=Reddit Shuts Down Some Racist, Anti-Semitic Web Forums |date=October 27, 2015 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Sky News| url=https://news.sky.com/story/racism-is-fine-on-our-site-says-reddits-chief-executive-11327584 |title='Racism is fine on our site,' says Reddit's chief executive |date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brookings |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/combating-racism-on-social-media-5-key-insights-on-bystander-intervention |title=Combating racism on social media: 5 key insights on bystander intervention |date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Business Insider |title=A moderator of one of the biggest Kanye West internet forums says the page has been a 'bloodbath' since the rapper's descent into antisemitism and conspiracy theories |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kanye-west-ye-reddit-forum-moderator-reacts-antisemitism-conspiracy-theories-2022-11 |date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Holocaust denial finds new life in Oct. 7 revisionism |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-783228 |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> Antisemites, especially [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]],<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=How One of the Internet’s Biggest History Forums Deals With Holocaust Deniers |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/07/the-askhistorians-subreddit-banned-holocaust-deniers-and-facebook-should-too.html |last=Breit |first=Johannes |date=July 20, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=MediaWell |title=The AskHistorians Subreddit Banned Holocaust Deniers, and Facebook Should Too {{!}} Slate |url=https://mediawell.ssrc.org/news-items/the-askhistorians-subreddit-banned-holocaust-deniers-and-facebook-should-too-slate |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=UNESDOC Digital Library |title=History under attack: Holocaust denial and distortion on social media |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382159 |isbn=978-92-3-100531-2 |doi=10.54675/MLSL4494 |year=2022 |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |title=Antisemitism Resurgent: Manifestations of Antisemitism in the 21st Century |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/anti-semitism-modern/antisemitism-resurgent-manifestations-antisemitism-21st-century/holocaust |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Bulwark |title=Why Is the New York Times Legitimizing a Holocaust Denier? |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/why-new-york-times-legitimizing-holocaust-denier-darryl-cooper-tucker-carlson |last=Lubet |first=Steven |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref> across the [[political spectrum]] are active on Reddit.<ref name="Issues" /> On February 20, 2025, an independent journalist announced his findings that over 110 subreddits were controlled by around 30 users who took advantage of the forum's [[wikt:loophole|loopholes]] to [[Institutional racism|systematically]] distribute antisemitic [[disinformation]] for [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[Hate group|groups]].<ref name="PWFeb2025" /><ref>The [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].</ref> The [[Method|methods]] involve "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation".<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include ''r/Documentaries'' (20M members), ''r/therewasanattempt'' (7.2M), ''r/PublicFreakout'' (4.7M), ''r/Fauxmoi'' (4.3M), ''r/MorbidReality'' (1.1M), ''r/ToiletPaperUSA'' (440K), ''r/Thatsactuallyverycool'' (277K), ''r/Palestine'' (270K), ''r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM'' (184K) and ''r/boringdystopia'' (94K),<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> from which misinformation was [[Wikipedia:Avoiding POV funnels|funnelled]] to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion,<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored.<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> In particular, the journalist noted:<ref name="PWFeb2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The central locus of the network is a 270,000-member subreddit called /Palestine. A Discord server with the same name [...] identifying “comments sections that need more pro Palestinian commentary,” mass upvoting of anti-Israel posts, and downvoting of pro-Israel posts (a practice known as “vote brigading”). The Discord has separate task forces for Quora, TikTok, Instagram, X, and Wikipedia.}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=notes}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Tech-stub}} [[Category:Websites established in 2005]] [[Category:American technology companies]] [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]] [[Category:American social networking websites]] sda5wr6rlw7o12mphj0lnoxymj5fozy 0 171358 10331073 8954363 2025-06-14T23:17:56Z Keivan.f 182869 Keivan.f moved page [[Highgrove]] to [[Highgrove House]] 8954363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Highgrove House''' is the country home of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|HRH The Prince of Wales]], in [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]. It is in Doughton, near [[Tetbury]]. Highgrove House was bought in 1980 by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]]. The Duchy also manages the estate surrounding the house. {{Royal palaces in the United Kingdom}} {{commonscat}} {{UK-stub}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire]] [[Category:Royal residences in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:18th-century buildings and structures]] p2rjkf6lobu0h59dgs6ppl6wci34qvf 10331075 10331073 2025-06-14T23:18:16Z Keivan.f 182869 10331075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Highgrove House''' is the country home of King [[Charles III]], in [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]. It is in Doughton, near [[Tetbury]]. Highgrove House was bought in 1980 by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]]. The Duchy also manages the estate surrounding the house. {{Royal palaces in the United Kingdom}} {{commonscat}} {{UK-stub}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire]] [[Category:Royal residences in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:18th-century buildings and structures]] cw5fyssf0rt1kgktqlkwy1vlb01n3ru 3 183518 10331437 10326556 2025-06-15T04:21:49Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 /* Mass nomination for deletion */ new section 10331437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Auntof6/Archives/%(year)s |algo = old(15d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} {{userpage}} {{Usertalkback|you=watched|me=watched}} {{archive box|collapsed=yes| : [[/Archives/Barnstars, etc.|Barnstars, etc.]] : [[/Archives/2009|2009]] : [[/Archives/2011|2011]] : [[/Archives/2012|2012]] : [[/Archives/2013|2013]] : [[/Archives/2014|2014]] : [[/Archives/2015|2015]] : [[/Archives/2016|2016]] : [[/Archives/2017|2017]] : [[/Archives/2018|2018]] : [[/Archives/2019|2019]] : [[/Archives/2020|2020]] : [[/Archives/2021|2021]] : [[/Archives/2022|2022]] : [[/Archives/2023|2023]] : {{greylink|User talk:Auntof6/Archives/2024|2024}} : {{greylink|User talk:Auntof6/Archives/2025|2025}} }} == Liar meir == Hi, could you move this article to the draft, as I'm still working on it? [[LIAD MEIR]][[Special:Contributions/190.34.19.200|190.34.19.200]] ([[User talk:190.34.19.200|talk]]) 03:40, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, I can't do that. We don't have draft space like English Wikipedia, if that's what you're talking about. If you mean a user space draft, like a sandbox page, only registered users can have those. If you create an account, it could be moved to that account's user page. :By the way, I see that you removed a quick deletion template from that page. Please do not do that. If you disagree with quickly deleting a page, you can put a {{tl|wait}} template on it and explain on the article's talk page. However, you didn't do that, so I'm going to honor the QD request you removed and delete the page. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6#top|talk]]) 05:09, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: The article was improved since before they indiscriminately placed the deletion template, I am new here and there is a policy of not biting newbies, you could opt for a deletion consultation or a transfer to the deletion space but not rushing to delete these actions are so demotivating --[[Special:Contributions/190.34.19.200|190.34.19.200]] ([[User talk:190.34.19.200|talk]]) 05:15, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::I realize you wanted the article kept, but please do not call the QD request indiscriminate. The quick deletion process exists to get articles quickly deleted when they meet certain criteria. If they meet that criteria, no discussion is required before deleting them. It is not a question of biting newbies, but of not keeping articles that don't meet requirements. Non-newbies also get articles deleted. If you disagree with a deletion, you can use [[WP:Deletion review]] to have it reviewed. :::And again, if you would like to be able to work on the article in a sandbox, you are welcome to [[Wikipedia:Why make an account?|create an account]]. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6#top|talk]]) 22:00, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Capitulation (disambig page) == [[Capitulation]].--While working on this, i saw that we did not have (disambig for) [[Surrender]] /[[Surrendering]].--Anyway, are you 'fine, with the current version' of "Capitulation" (disambig)?--Is the article 'withing reach of '''QD''''?--Have a nice day.--P.S. I saw a discussion related to wikimedian and wikipedian; A wikipedian is a subset of wikimedian.--I would not want to try to explain, '''if''' wikimedian was a redirect to wikipedian. (And nobody has raised any issues, one might say.)--Have a nice day. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E|talk]]) 12:27, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :When looking at this, I saw that {{u|Fr33kman}} had deleted the page. I assume he did that because a lot of the disambiguating terms were red linked. However, I restored it because it was fine the way it was. It's okay for a dab page to have red links because it still does its job of giving the different meanings of a term, and of allowing automated tools to choose them, even if we don't happen to have all the articles. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6#top|talk]]) 20:24, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Sorry == [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2025/Ahmed_Shameel_News re:], sorry for not closing the discussion. I think sometimes I honestly miss the RfD template on pages. I'll try to do better! Thx, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:47, 10 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Actually, there wasn't an RfD template on it when you deleted it. It had been removed earlier by a user who was working on the page. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6#top|talk]]) 21:54, 10 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, okay then. I know I have QDed some pages in the past that were up at RfD that you closed for me, so sorry for those :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:58, 10 June 2025 (UTC) == Richiesta ripristino pagina di Gaetano Minale == A prayer for those who deleted my page on Simple Wikipedia .... I am old, tired and tired, 87 years old in a few days leave at least in LIFE this page of mine reports my artistic life over fifty years. Everything reported is documented according to the Wiki directives, exhibitions events, awards recognitions articles of newspapers and specialized magazines for 50 years all documented, my prayer is to read everything with the notifications and references and then if you really think that it is not worthy of publication, do it. Thank you for understanding. Gaetano Minale [[Special:Contributions/82.49.252.206|82.49.252.206]] ([[User talk:82.49.252.206|talk]]) 05:24, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Since the page was deleted as a [[WP:SOFTDELETE|soft delete]], I have restored it. :{{ping|The Sophocrat}}: Notifying you in case you wish to re-list the article. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6#top|talk]]) 05:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the ping. I don't have the energy right now to deal with this properly but I still find the article [[WP:N|non-notable for Wikipedia]] (most of the cited sources are passing mentions or from the subject himself; a few are actually good). I will leave it be for now... [[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 16:25, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sorry to jump in as an uninvolved one, but the IP user seems to be the person the article is about. So I'd say it's not just a notability issue that needs to be discussed, but also the point that there is a strong [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]] here. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't apologize, that's a good point. Again I don't wish to deal with this at this moment but if another editor is up to it, they can tell the page creator about [[:en:WP:42|notability]] and [[:en:WP:PSCOI|conflict of interest]], renominate the article for deletion (you can ping me to !vote) and invite them to instead post their text in a personal blog or site (as Wikipedia is not a blog host). Maybe mention something about liking their paintings (they seem good) to make them more receptive lol. Cheers, &mdash;[[User:The Sophocrat|Sophocrat]] ([[User talk:The Sophocrat|talk]]) 17:06, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == De-salt request: [[Hatsune Miku]] == I have written the draft article for Hatsune Miku in [[User:EditorGirlAL07/sandbox#Hatsune Miku|my sandbox]]. Even though it may be a little incomplete and the language still needs some simplification (I know, I'm getting used to the simplified language here on this site), it is certainly ready to be moved into articlespace. It is especially clear since it has a good amount of encyclopedic content and decently simplified language, and has been appropiately referenced. However, {{user|Macdonald-ross}} had salted the link "[[Hatsune Miku]]" so that only admins can create that page. I have understood that admin's motive to prevent repeated recreations of Hatsune Miku. However, since Macdonald-ross had their admin rights removed in September 2024 and has not been active since, I have instead approached to you since you are an active admin. I kindly request for you to remove the create protection from that link for my good-quality draft I had prepared to be moved to articlespace. [[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]] ([[User talk:EditorGirlAL07|talk]]) 06:25, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]]: {{done}} Since the previously deleted version was clearly test content, and because the create protection has lasted long enough, I have unprotected it. However, if you have similar requests in the future, please make them on the admins' noticeboard so that it doesn't look like any one admin is undermining the actions of another. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6#top|talk]]) 06:59, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] You're very welcome! [[User:EditorGirlAL07|EditorGirlAL07]] ([[User talk:EditorGirlAL07|talk]]) 07:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Mass nomination for deletion == Hello @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]]. Hope you are doing well. I am a new user on Simple wiki and i have seen that there are not much editors unlike English Wikipedia, that’s why i want to bring your attention towards caste releted articles. Because there are multiple non notable articles on Indian prople communities which are non notable and possibly created for promotional or glorification of their caste. I want to mass nominate such articles but i don't know the procedure of mass nomination, can you please tell me the procedure to mass nominate articles ? Thanks [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 04:21, 15 June 2025 (UTC) icp4nvj6z5vv0mms726ri3bo82bm3pr 0 188999 10330315 10302358 2025-06-14T16:57:17Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Tokyo_2020_Summer_Olympics.png|Tokyo_2020_Summer_Olympics.png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 10330315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2021}} {{C18 year in topic}} '''2021''' ([[Roman numerals|MMXXI]]) was a [[common year starting on Friday]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]], the 2021st year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) designations, {{Year article header/year number|2021}}. ==Events== ===January=== [[File:2021 United States Capitol VOA 2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 6 January, protesters supporting [[U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|stormed]] the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]] [[File:Sriwijaya Air Boeing 737-524(WL); @CGK2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 9 January, [[Sriwijaya Air Flight 182]] crashes in the [[Java Sea]] shortly after taking off from [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]]] [[File:Trump Second Impeachment Vote.png|thumb|right|180px|On 13 January, the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] voted to [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeach President Donald Trump a second time]] over the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]]] [[File:President Biden taking oath of office (cropped).png|thumb|right|180px|On 20 January, former [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Joe Biden]] is [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] as the [[List of presidents of the United States|46th]] [[President of the United States]]]] [[File:Ministerial e-Government Conference (COMPET) Kaja Kallas (37528171751) (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 26 January, [[Kaja Kallas]] becomes the first woman to be [[Prime Minister of Estonia]], following the resignation of [[Jüri Ratas]]]] * [[January 1]] ** The [[African Continental Free Trade Area]] comes into effect.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches |title=After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches |website=Al-Jazeera |date=1 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Cuba]] formally unifies its dual [[currency]] system after 27 years, with [[Cuban convertible peso]] (CUC) leaving and making the [[Cuban peso]] (CUP) the only national currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/what-will-cubas-new-single-currency-mean-for-the-island|title=What will Cuba's new single currency mean for the island?|date=1 January 2021|author=Kaelyn Forde|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/12/16/cuba-ends-its-dual-currency-system|title= Cuba ends its dual-currency system|date=16 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Munster Technological University]] is opened in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], and [[Tralee]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/Munster-Technological-University-to-be-established-on-January-1-Minister-confirms-501eaf3d-ef4b-43b4-b581-5398dae1e3f5-ds#:~:text=Roisin%20Burke-,THE%20Munster%20Technological%20University%20is%20to%20be%20established%20on%20January,technological%20university%20in%20the%20State.|title=Munster Technological University to be established on January 1, Minister confirms|date=12 November 2020|author=Roisin Burke|website=Echolive.ie|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> * [[January 4]] ** A [[United Kingdom|British]] judge blocks the [[extradition]] of [[Julian Assange]] to the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]] offers him [[political asylum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uk-judge-blocks-julian-assange-extradition/a-56122295 |title=UK judge blocks Julian Assange extradition |website=DW |date=4 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[President of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic President]] [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]] is re-elected to a second term, winning 54% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central African Republic President Touadera wins re-election |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/central-african-republic-president-touadera-wins-re-election/ar-BB1csYd5?ocid=ob-fb-enus-1541512262291 |access-date=January 4, 2021 |work=msn.com |agency=Reuters |date=January 4, 2021}}</ref> ** The border between [[Qatar]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] reopens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/04/world/qatar-and-saudi-arabia-reopen-airspace-intl/index.html|website=CNN|date=January 5, 2021|title=Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree to reopen airspace and maritime borders}}</ref> * [[January 6]] ** Protesters supporting outgoing [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storm inside]] the [[United States Capitol]] while [[United States Congress|congress]] was certifying the results of the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|date=January 6, 2021|title=DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-pro-trump-rally-live-coverage/|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref> The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] officially gains control of the [[United States Senate]], now controlling both chambers of the [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/ossoff-perdue-georgia-election-news/index.html |last=Rogers |first=Alex |title=Democrats to take Senate as Ossoff wins runoff, CNN projects |website=CNN |date=6 January 2021 |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests]]: [[Hong Kong]] police arrest over 50 [[democracy]] activists under the national security law.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-security-idUSKBN29B01K |last1=Chow |first1=Yanni |last2=Chow |first2=Yoyo |title=Hong Kong arrests 53 for plot to 'overthrow' government in latest crackdown on dissent |website=Reuters |date=6 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 7]] &ndash; [[2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis]]: [[Iraq]] issues an arrest warrant for U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] over the [[drone strike]] killing of [[Qasem Soleimani]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2021-01-07/iraq-court-issues-arrest-warrant-against-trump-for-murder |title=Iraq Issues Arrest Warrant for Trump Over Soleimani Killing |website=US News |date=7 January 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 9]] – [[Sriwijaya Air Flight 182]] is declared missing after the plane dropped 10,000&nbsp;ft within a minute north of [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name="crash">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-09|title=Boeing 737 goes missing over Indonesia - follow live updates|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indonesia-plane-missing-latest-updates-boeing-737-sriwijaya-air-flight-sj182-b1784832.html|access-date=2021-01-09|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> The plane crashed, carrying over 60 passengers. A search and rescue team were deployed.<ref name=crash/> * [[January 10]] – [[Kim Jong-un]] is elected as the [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea|General Secretary]] of the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea]], taking the title from his late father [[Kim Jong-il]], who died in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-politics/north-korea-says-leader-kim-elected-as-general-secretary-of-ruling-party-kcna-idUSKBN29F0OD|title=Mixed signals for North Korean leader's sister as Kim seeks to cement power|work=Reuters|author=Hyonhee Shin|date=2021-01-11}}</ref> * [[January 11]] – [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 90 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-global-cases/global-coronavirus-cases-surpass-90-million-in-battle-on-new-variant-idUSKBN29G0GB|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 90 million in battle on new variant|last1=Abraham|first1=Roshan|last2=Maan|first2=Anurag|website=Reuters|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> * [[January 13]] ** In [[Lyon]], [[France]], the first [[transplant (surgery)|transplant]] of both arms and shoulders is performed on an Icelandic patient at the Édouard Herriot Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Double greffe des bras et des épaules à Lyon, une première mondiale|url=https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/os-et-muscles/double-greffe-du-bras-et-des-epaules-a-lyon-une-premiere-mondiale_150843|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Sciences et Avenir|date=15 January 2021 |language=fr}}</ref> ** U.S. President Donald Trump is [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached for a second time]] following the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/house-impeaches-trump-again-213653397.html|title=House impeaches Trump again|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|date=13 January 2021}}</ref> He is the only president of the [[United States]] to be impeached twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-01-13/house-begins-final-push-to-make-trump-the-only-president-to-be-impeached-twice|title=House impeaches Trump for the second time, focus shifts to Senate trial|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 January 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of Estonia]] [[Jüri Ratas]] [[Resignation|resigns]] following a criminal investigation into the [[Estonian Centre Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://estonianworld.com/security/a-political-crisis-in-estonia-prime-minister-juri-ratas-resigns/|title=A political crisis in Estonia: Prime minister Jüri Ratas resigns|website=Estonian World|date=13 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 14]] – [[President of Uganda|Ugandan President]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] is [[2021 Ugandan general election|re-elected]] winning 58.64% of the vote, defeating [[Bobi Wine]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Museveni declared election winner in Uganda as rival Bobi Wine alleges fraud |first1=Emmanuel |last1=Akinwotu |first2=Samuel |last2=Okiror |date=16 January 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/16/uganda-president-wins-decisive-election-as-bobi-wine-alleges}}</ref> * [[January 15]] ** [[2021 Sulawesi earthquake|An earthquake]] occurs in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, killing over 100 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5335300/korban-jiwa-gempa-majene-mamuju-bertambah-jadi-35-orang|title=Korban Jiwa Gempa Majene-Mamuju Bertambah Jadi 35 Orang|first=Antony|last=Noval Dhwinuari|newspaper=[[Detik News]]|date=15 January 2021|access-date=15 January 2021|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The global death toll from the virus passes two million.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 15, 2021|title=COVID-19: Global coronavirus deaths pass two million - just over a year since outbreak began|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-global-coronavirus-deaths-pass-two-million-just-over-a-year-since-outbreak-began-12188462|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=Sky News}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Mark Rutte]] and his government resign as a result of a [[childcare benefits scandal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dutch-government-cabinet-mark-rutte-resign-child-welfare-scandal/ |title=Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and his entire Cabinet resign over child welfare scandal |publisher=CBS News |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 17]] – [[LauncherOne]] becomes the first liquid-fueled [[Air-launch-to-orbit|aircraft launched]] rocket to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/01/launcherone-second-attempt-nasa-cubesats/|title=LauncherOne reaches orbit on second attempt with NASA CubeSats|author=Thomas Burghardt|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=2021-01-17|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 20]] – [[Joe Biden]] is [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] as the 46th [[President of the United States]] with [[Kamala Harris]] as the 49th [[Vice President of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=59TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES|url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/59th-inaugural-ceremonies/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Governor General of Canada]] [[Julie Payette]] announced her resignation following allegations of a "toxic workplace" environment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Ashley |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Payette stepping down as governor general after blistering report on Rideau Hall work environment |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/governor-general-payette-step-down-1.5882675 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121203733/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/governor-general-payette-step-down-1.5882675 }}</ref> * [[January 23]] – In [[Russia]], police arrest more than 3,000 people who were protesting in support of opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]] who was also arrested.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-23|title=Alexei Navalny: 'More than 3,000 detained' in protests across Russia|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55778334|access-date=2021-01-24}}</ref> * [[January 24]] – [[President of Portugal]] [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] is [[2021 Portuguese presidential election|re-elected]] in a [[landslide victory]] winning 60.7% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/president-rebelo-de-sousa-wins-landslide-re-election-in-portugal/|title=President Rebelo de Sousa wins landslide reelection in Portugal|publisher=Politico|date=24 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 25]] – [[Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Giuseppe Conte]] resigned following a loss of confidence from the coalition government that originally backed him in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Legorano|first=Giovanni|date=January 25, 2021|title=Italian Prime Minister Resigns Amid Struggle Over How to Revive Economy From Covid-19|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/italian-prime-minister-giuseppe-conte-to-resign-11611599680|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> * [[January 26]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases pass 100 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2021|title=COVID-19: 100 million coronavirus cases recorded worldwide - a year after virus first officially diagnosed| url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-100-million-coronavirus-cases-recorded-worldwide-a-year-after-virus-first-officially-diagnosed-12191487|work=Sky News|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Kaja Kallas]] becomes the 19th [[Prime Minister of Estonia]] following a [[coalition]] government, becoming [[Estonia]]'s first female prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hankewitz |first1=Sten |title=Estonia becomes the only country in the world led by women |url=https://estonianworld.com/life/estonia-becomes-the-only-country-in-the-world-led-by-women/ |website=Estonian World |access-date=26 January 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 27]] ** The Polish [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] rules that [[abortion]] for fetal defects is unconstitutional and resulting in a near-total ban of the practice in [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/28/europe/poland-abortion-restrictions-law-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Poland puts new restrictions on abortion into effect, resulting in a near-total ban on terminations|website=cnn.com|date=2021-01-28|access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref> ** [[GameStop short squeeze]]: Investment funds report major losses after GME stock prices raised 900 times their record low.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Matt |last2=Lorenz |first2=Taylor |date=2021-01-27 |title='Dumb Money' Is on GameStop, and It's Beating Wall Street at Its Own Game |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/business/gamestop-wall-street-bets.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[January 28]] – [[GameStop short squeeze]]: American financial services company [[Robinhood (company)|Robinhood]] restricts the trade of stocks of several companies, including [[GameStop]], causing outrage online.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021|title=GameStop and Robinhood: Why everyone's suddenly mad at this stock-trading app|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2021-01-28/robinhood-trading-app-center-gamestop-saga|work=The Los Angeles Times|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 31]] – [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]] is re-elected as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] for a third five-year term of top leader in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam ruling Communist Party chief Trong re-elected for third term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-politics-congress/vietnam-ruling-communist-party-chief-trong-re-elected-for-third-term-idUSKBN2A005T |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ===February=== [[File:Aung San Suu Kyi & Min Aung Hlaing collage.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 1 February, [[Myanmar]] leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] (left) is removed from power in a [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|military coup d'état]] led by [[Min Aung Hlaing]] (right)]] [[File:PIB053 Uttarakhand avalanche rescue operation 2021.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 7 February, a [[2021 Uttarakhand glacial outburst flood|glacial burst]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] kills at least 36 people]] [[File:Trump delivers his farewell address (rectangle).png|thumb|right|180px|On 13 February, former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] is found not guilty in his [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|second impeachment trial]] for inciting the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]]] [[File:Winter Storm Uri on 2-16-2021.jpg|thumb|right|180px|From 13 to 17 February, [[February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm|a deadly winter storm]] hits [[North America]] killing 70 people and cutting off water, power and heating for millions]] * [[February 1]] ** A [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|coup d'état]] in [[Myanmar]] removes [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] from power and restores military rule with [[Min Aung Hlaing]] as state leader.<ref>{{cite web |title=Military takes control of Myanmar; Suu Kyi reported detained |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/reports-military-coup-myanmar-suu-kyi-detained-75602314 |website=ABC |access-date=1 February 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> ** COVID-19 pandemic: Over 100 million [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] have been given to people worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Covid-19 Vaccinations Surpass 100 Million Doses Worldwide |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=1 February 2021 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More than 100 million people vaccinated globally |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0202/1194498-covid19-world/ |website=RTÉ |access-date=2 February 2021 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 2]] – [[Jeff Bezos]] steps down as [[CEO]] of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and names [[Amazon Web Services|AWS]] CEO [[Andy Jassy]] as his replacement.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html Jeff Bezos to Step Down as Amazon C.E.O.], ''[[New York Times]]'', February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</ref> * [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Canada]] becomes the first country to name the [[Proud Boys]] as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proud Boys among 13 groups added to Canada's list of terrorist groups |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-proud-boys-among-13-groups-added-to-canadas-list-of-terrorist-groups/ |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=3 February 2021 |date=3 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 4]] &ndash; U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] announces that the United States will stop providing weapons to [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] for use in the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doucet|first=Lyse|title=Yemen war: Joe Biden ends support for operations in foreign policy reset|work=BBC News |date=4 February 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55941588|access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> * [[February 7]] ** A [[2021 Uttarakhand glacial outburst flood|glacial burst]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] kills at least 36 people and over 200 people are missing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At least 26 dead, scores missing after glacier collapse unleashes a wall of water in India|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/glacier-in-india-burst-dam-flood-uttarakhand-latest-news/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> ** In [[American football]], the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] defeat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] with a 31 to 9 point margin at [[Super Bowl LV]].<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2021/02/07/965185605/tom-brady-leads-tampa-bay-buccaneers-to-super-bowl-win-over-kansas-city-chiefs-3 Tom Brady Leads Tampa Bay Buccaneers To Super Bowl Win Over Kansas City Chiefs 31-9]</ref> * [[February 9]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: A joint [[World Health Organization|WHO]]-[[COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China|China]] investigation into the source of the outbreak is concluded with experts saying a [[Wuhan]] laboratory leak to be "extremely unlikely", with a "natural reservoir" in [[bats]] being a more likely origin.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2021|title=Covid: WHO says 'extremely unlikely' virus leaked from lab in China | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-55996728 |work=BBC News|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> ** The [[United Arab Emirates]]' ''[[Emirates Mars Mission|Hope]]'' spacecraft becomes the first [[Arab world|Arabian]] mission to successfully enter orbit around [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2021|title=Emirates Mars Mission: Hope spacecraft enters orbit | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55998848 |work=BBC News|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 10]] – [[China|China's]] ''[[Tianwen-1]]'' is launched to [[Mars]] to learn about the planet's environmental quality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gebhardt|first1=Chris|title=China, with Tianwen-1, begins tenure at Mars with successful orbital arrival|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/china-ready-to-begin-mars-tenure-with-tianwen-1-orbit-insertion/|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=10 February 2021|date=10 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 11]] – In [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], United States, at least nine people were killed in an accident involving 133 vehicles on a highway; affected by the weather conditions left by a snowstorm system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Al menos 9 muertos en choques en Texas por tormentas|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/02/12/al-menos-9-muertos-en-varios-accidentes-automovilisticos-en-el-area-de-dallas-fort-worth-debido-a-tormentas-invernales/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=CNN|language=es}}</ref> * [[February 12]] – Former [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yoshirō Mori]], who was picked in 2014 to be in charge of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]], resigned from the Olympic committee after [[Sexism|sexist]] comments he made.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/02/5a9acbe64b18-breaking-news-olympic-minister-vows-to-restore-trust-after-moris-resignation.html|title=Tokyo Olympics head quits over sexism row with no successor in sight|date=12 February 2021|publisher=[[Kyodo News]]|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 13]] ** [[February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm|A winter storm]] in [[North America]] begins which would cause 70 deaths and several million others without clean water or power.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Thebault|first1=Reis|last2=Firozi|first2=Paulina|last3=Shammas|first3=Brittany|title=A boy who fell through ice, a woman who lost power: 47 deaths tied to winter storms — and counting|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/18/winter-storm-deaths/|access-date=February 19, 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=February 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219102248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/18/winter-storm-deaths/}}</ref> ** Former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] is found not-guilty by the [[United States Senate]] for causing the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol]] during his [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|second impeachment trial]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-56054136|title=Donald Trump impeachment trial: Ex-president acquitted of inciting insurrection|website=BBC News|access-date=February 14, 2021|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225754/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-56054136}}</ref> ** [[Mario Draghi]] is appointed as the [[Prime Minister of Italy]], a month after the resignation of [[Giuseppe Conte]] due to a failed coalition government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=Dal voto Cinquestelle via libera al governo Draghi con il 59,3%. Di Maio: "Il movimento prende la via europea". Fico: "Niente salti ne buio"|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2021/02/11/news/al-via-il-voto-su-rousseau-fico-voto-si-il-momento-del-paese-e-molto-delicato-1.39887941|access-date=2021-02-11|website=lastampa.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> * [[February 15]] – Nigerian-American economist [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]] is picked as the first woman and first African to be [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director-General]] of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Nigerian ex-finance minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala makes history as WTO's first female leader|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/wto-set-to-gain-new-chief-but-deep-issues-remain|access-date=15 February 2021|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> * [[February 17]] – 27 students and staff members at a school in [[Nigeria]]'s [[Niger State]] are [[Kagara kidnapping|kidnapped by armed gunmen]], killing one student.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dozens of Nigerian students abducted by armed 'bandits'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/17/unspecified-number-of-nigeria-school-students-reportedly-abducted#:~:text=17%20Feb%202021,bandits%20and%20lost%20his%20life%E2%80%9D.|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> After government negotiations, all 27 were released on February 27.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[dw.com]]|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-gunmen-release-abducted-kagara-schoolchildren-governor/a-56722670|title=Nigeria: Gunmen release abducted Kagara schoolchildren — governor|date=2021-02-27|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> * [[February 18]] – [[NASA]]'s [[Mars 2020]] mission lands on [[Mars]] after seven months of travel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=mars.nasa.gov|title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/|access-date=2021-02-18|website=mars.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> * [[February 19]] ** [[Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch|Porfirije]] becomes the 46th [[List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church|Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church]], replacing [[Irinej]] who died of [[COVID-19]] in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=Oslobođenje - SPC dobila novog patrijarha: Ko je Porfirije Perić|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/vijesti/region/spc-dobila-novog-patrijarha-ko-je-porfirije-peric-631554|access-date=2021-02-18|website=www.oslobodjenje.ba|language=bs-ba}}</ref> ** The [[United States]] officially rejoins the [[Paris Agreement]], 107 days after leaving.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2021|title=US makes official return to Paris climate pact | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/19/us-official-return-paris-climate-pact |work=The Guardian|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 20]] ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] given worldwide pass 200 million.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 20, 2021|title=Over 200 Million COVID-19 vaccine doses administered globally|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/over-200-million-covid-19-vaccine-doses-administered-globally|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref> ** [[2020–21 H5N8 outbreak]]: 7 people test positive for [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N8|H5N8]] bird flu at a poultry farm in southern Russia, making them the first human cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 20, 2021|title=Russia reports first human cases of H5N8 bird flu|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2021/02/russia-first-human-cases-of-h5n8-bird-flu/|access-date=February 20, 2021|website=BNO News}}</ref> * [[February 21]] – [[Naomi Osaka]] and [[Novak Djokovic]] win the Women's and Men's Singles respectively at the [[Australian Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/30933190/australian-open-2021-naomi-osaka-beats-jennifer-brady-straight-sets-win-women-title|title=Australian Open 2021 - Naomi Osaka beats Jennifer Brady in straight sets to win women's title|date=20 February 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Novak Djokovic wins ninth Australian Open by beating Daniil Medvedev |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/56145701 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 22]] – COVID-19 pandemic: The United States becomes the first country to pass half a million deaths from the virus.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 22, 2021|title=Half a million dead in US, confirming virus's tragic reach|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-deaths-over-500k-coronavirus-acab3cc916330a3f068b7589350a18cd|access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[February 24]] – COVID-19 pandemic: [[Ghana]] becomes the first country to receive vaccines through the [[COVAX]] vaccine-sharing initiative.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2021|title=Covid: WHO scheme Covax delivers first vaccines|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56180161|access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> * [[February 25]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 passes 2.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 26, 2021|title=Worldwide coronavirus deaths top 2.5 million |work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/3123189/worldwide-coronavirus-deaths-top-25-million|access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> ** The [[Armenia]]n [[Armed Forces of Armenia|military]] calls for [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]] to resign and Pashinyan accuses the military of [[2021 Armenian coup d'état attempt|attempting a coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2021|title=Armenia PM Nikol Pashinyan accuses army of attempted coup|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56194421|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> * [[February 26]] – More than 300 schoolgirls are [[Zamfara kidnapping|kidnapped by unidentified gunmen]] from a school in [[Nigeria]]'s [[Zamfara State]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-26|title=Nigeria's Zamfara school abduction: More than 300 Nigerian girls missing|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56188727|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> ===March=== [[File:Nicolas Sarkozy-2 (46850269865) (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 1 March, former [[President of the French Republic|French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] is found guilty of [[corruption]] and sentenced to three years in prison]] [[File:Prime Minister of the Netherlands (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 17 March, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Mark Rutte]] is [[2021 Dutch general election|re-elected to a fourth term]] with his [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD party]] winning the elections]] [[File:Hawkesbury River in Flood (51065059356).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 18 March, [[2021 Eastern Australian floods|a series of massive floods]] occur in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] with over 18,000 people being [[Evacuation|evacuated]] and three people killed]] [[File:Container Ship 'Ever Given' stuck in the Suez Canal, Egypt - March 24th, 2021 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 23 March, the ''[[Ever Given]]'' [[2021 Suez Canal incident|blocks]] the [[Suez Canal]] after a [[Dust storm|sandstorm]] forcibly moves the container ship]] * [[March 1]] – Former [[French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] is found guilty of [[corruption]] and sentenced to three years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-01|title=Sarkozy: Former French president sentenced to jail for corruption|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56237818|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> * [[March 2]] – [[Microsoft]] acknowledges [[2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach|a series of data breaches and cyberattacks]], affecting about 250,000 servers globally.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Duffy|first=Clare|title=Here's what we know so far about the massive Microsoft Exchange hack|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/10/tech/microsoft-exchange-hafnium-hack-explainer/index.html|access-date=10 March 2021|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 3]] &ndash; The [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|Russo-Ukrainian crisis]] begins as [[Russia]] supported rebel groups near [[Ukraine]] to "destruct" the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://suspilne.media/120121-na-doneccini-vidkrili-istoriko-kulturnij-centr-nu-jork/?|title=На Донеччині відкрили історико-культурний центр "Нью-Йорк"|first=Юлія|last=Машута|date=6 April 2021|website=Суспільне &#124; Новини}}</ref> * [[March 5]] – [[Moldova]] becomes the first country in [[Europe]] to receive coronavirus vaccines through [[COVAX]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-covax-covid-vaccine-shipment/31134922.html|title=Moldova becomes first European country to receive COVID-19 vaccines under COVAX scheme|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=5 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 6]] – [[Pope Francis]] meets with [[Marja'|Grand Ayatollah]] [[Ali al-Sistani]] in [[An Najaf]], [[Iraq]] making it the first meeting between a [[pope]] and a grand ayatollah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-islamic-state-group-ali-al-sistani-pope-francis-iraq-f95098b179f6a82157e87a7cb6cc0c3d|title=Pope, top Iraq Shiite cleric deliver message of coexistence|date=6 March 2021|access-date=13 March 2021|work=Associated Press News}}</ref> * [[March 7]] ** [[2021 Bata explosions|A series of explosions]] in [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] kills over 100 people and injures more than 600.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Bata blast: Satellite images show Equatorial Guinea destruction|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56337856|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> ** In a [[referendum]], [[Switzerland]] approved a nationwide ban on the [[burqa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places|title=Switzerland to ban wearing of burqa and niqab in public places|work=The Guardian|date=7 March 2021 |access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[March 8]] ** [[Prime Minister of Ivory Coast]] [[Hamed Bakayoko]] dies from [[cancer]] after being hospitalized with [[COVID-19]], aged 56.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko dies at 56|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ivory-coast-prime-minister-hamed-bakayoko-dies-at-56/|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> [[Patrick Achi]] is nominated to replace him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aboa |first1=Ange |title=Ivory Coast President Ouattara names Patrick Achi as interim prime minister |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ivory-coast-president-ouattara-names-134250032.html |access-date=March 8, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] passed 300 million worldwide.<ref name="vaccinations">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html |title=Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World |access-date=9 March 2021 |date=9 March 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], the murder trial of the four police officers involved in the [[murder of George Floyd]] begins in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Judge orders 1 trial for 4 officers charged in George Floyd's death|url=https://www.fox9.com/news/judge-orders-1-trial-for-4-officers-charged-in-george-floyds-death|access-date=2020-11-07|website=FOX 9|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[March 11]] – 30 students and several staff members are [[Afaka kidnapping|kidnapped]] by unidentified gunmen from a school in [[Kaduna State]], Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria Gunmen Abduct Students in Latest Mass Kidnapping |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nigeria-gunmen-abduct-students-in-latest-mass-kidnapping-11615542361 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=12 March 2021 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=12 March 2021|last1=Parkinson |first1=Joe }}</ref> * [[March 13]] – Former [[interim]] [[President of Bolivia|Bolivian President]] [[Jeanine Áñez]] is arrested on charges of [[terrorism]], [[sedition]] and [[conspiracy]] over her actions during the [[2019 Bolivian political crisis|2019 coup]] of then-President [[Evo Morales]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia: Ex-interim President Jeanine Áñez arrested over 'coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56381697 |access-date=13 March 2021 |agency=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 16]] – [[2021 Atlanta spa shootings|A mass shooting kills eight people]] in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], with most of the victims being [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/asian-women-massacred-atlanta-massage-parlor-shootings-1576673|title=Asian Women Massacred in Atlanta Massage Parlor Shootings, Suspect Arrested|publisher=Newsweek|last=Villarreal|first=Daniel|date=March 16, 2021|access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> The attack is being called a [[hate crime]] against Asian-Americans mainly due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Fausset|first1=Richard|last2=Vigdor|first2=Neil|date=2021-03-16|title=8 People Killed in Atlanta-Area Massage Parlor Shootings|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/us/atlanta-shootings-massage-parlor.html|access-date=2021-03-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[March 17]] ** Mathematicians [[Avi Wigderson]] of [[Hungary]] and [[László Lovász]] of [[Israel]] both win the [[Abel Prize]] for their work in [[Computational complexity theory|complexity theory]] and [[graph theory]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/science/abel-prize-mathematics.html|title=2 Win Abel Prize for Work That Bridged Math and Computer Science|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Mark Rutte]]'s [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) wins the [[2021 Dutch general election|general elections]], with liberal parties gaining seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56436297|title=Dutch election: PM Mark Rutte claims victory and fourth term|publisher=BBC News|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[President of Tanzania]] [[John Magufuli]] dies in office from [[heart failure]], aged 61.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-17|title=Tanzania's populist President John Magufuli has died at 61|url=https://apnews.com/article/john-magufuli-dead-tanzania-president-1368d5d852ca2b8b35fe108c3abbc0a0|access-date=2021-03-18|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> Vice President [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] replaces him the following day, becoming the country's first female president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzanian-vp-samia-suluhu-3326942|title=Samia Suluhu set to become Tanzania's first female president|publisher=The East African|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 18]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] given worldwide are 400 million.<ref name="vaccinations" /> ** In [[Australia]], [[2021 Eastern Australian floods|floods in New South Wales]] cause the [[evacuation]] of over 18,000 people and three killed.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/22/australia/australia-nsw-floods-evacuations-intl-hnk/index.html Thousands evacuated in Australia as 'life-threatening' floods inundate New South Wales] by Jessie Yeung and Helen Reagan, CNN. 22 March 2021.</ref> * [[March 20]] – [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] announced his country's withdrawal from the [[Istanbul Convention]] by a presidential decree, becoming the first country to withdraw from it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Gazette of Turkey |url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/03/20210320-49.pdf |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 22]] ** [[2021 Boulder shooting|A mass shooting kills ten people]] at a supermarket in [[Boulder, Colorado]], United States. The suspect is shot and arrested by police.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rubino |first1=Joe |last2=Phillips |first2=Noelle |last3=Hernandez |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradbury |first4=Shelly |last5=Hunzinger |first5=Erica |date=2021-03-22 |title=Boulder shooting: Gunman kills 10, including police officer, at King Soopers |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2021/03/22/police-active-shooter-shooting-king-soopers-boulder/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[March 2021 Rohingya refugee-camp fire|A fire breaks out]] at a [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] [[refugee]] camp near [[Cox's Bazar]] in [[Bangladesh]], killing 15 people and injuring over 500 people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2021|title=Rohingya refugee camp fire: Several dead, hundreds missing and thousands homeless|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56493708|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 23]] ** The [[2021 Israeli legislative election|Israeli general elections]] take place, the fourth [[Knesset]] election in two years, with [[Likud]] winning the most seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/03/23/world/israel-live-election|title=Israel Election Live Updates: Polls to Close Soon|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 23, 2021}}</ref> ** ''[[Ever Given]]'', one of the largest container ships in the world, [[2021 Suez Canal incident|loses control]] and causes a major blockage in the [[Suez Canal]] causing a large disruption of global trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-56522178|title=Suez Canal: Owner of cargo ship blocking waterway apologises|publisher=BBC News|date=March 25, 2021|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> * [[March 24]] – Over twenty people are killed and 35,000 flee when [[Battle of Palma|Islamist rebels take]] the city of [[Palma, Mozambique|Palma]] in [[Cabo Delgado Province]], [[Mozambique]].<ref name="Parma">{{cite web|url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/islamic-state-claims-deadly-attack-on-northern-mozambique-gas-town-reuters-188087/ |title=Islamic State claims deadly attack on northern Mozambique gas town |work=Club of Mozambique |date=29 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name=Parma/> * [[March 25]] – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] administered worldwide exceeds 500 million.<ref name=vaccinations/> * [[March 28]] – Former [[President of Madagascar]] [[Didier Ratsiraka]] dies of problems caused by [[influenza]] in [[Antananarivo]], aged 84.<ref name="Madagascar's ex-president Didier Ratsiraka dies at 84 | Africanews">{{cite news|url = https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/28/madagascar-s-ex-president-didier-ratsiraka-dies-at-84/|title= Madagascar's ex-president Didier Ratsiraka dies at 84|work = [[Africanews]]|last = Asala|first = Kizzi|date = 28 March 2021|access-date = 28 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 30]] – [[2021 Northern Ireland riots|A series of riots]] break out in [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] areas of [[Derry]] in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Twelve officers injured in Londonderry disorder|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-56626681|date=3 April 2021|access-date=3 April 2021|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> * [[March 31]] – [[Alfred Aho]] of [[Canada]] and [[Jeffrey Ullman]] of the [[United States]] win the [[Turing Award]] for their work in [[Compiler|programming language compilers]].<ref>[https://awards.acm.org/about/2020-turing ACM Turing Award Honors Innovators Who Shaped the Foundations of Programming Language Compilers and Algorithms]. Retrieved March 31, 2021.</ref> ===April=== [[File:London - Buckingham Palace - flag at half-mast (51105473927).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 9 April, [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], the royal consort of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|dies]] at [[Windsor Castle]] ''(flag at half-staff pictured)'' at aged 99]] [[File:Guillermo Lasso by Samurai Juan (2) (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 10 April, conservative banker [[Guillermo Lasso]] is [[2021 Ecuadorian general election|elected]] the 47th [[President of Ecuador]]]] [[File:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Two types of above-ground water tanks and underground pool.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 13 April, Japan's government approves the dumping of [[radioactive]] water of the [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]] over the course of 30 years]] [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Chad, Mr. Idriss Deby, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 20 April, [[President of Chad]] [[Idriss Déby]] is shot and killed during a military conflict in the [[Tibesti Region]]]] [[File:President Biden Delivers Remarks at the Leaders Summit on Climate Session 2.webm|thumb|right|180px|On [[Earth Day|22 April]], the [[United States]] hosts a global summit on [[climate change]] where many countries promise to cut [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s]] * [[April 2]] ** At least 51 people are killed in a [[Hualien train derailment|train derailment]] in [[Taiwan]] after a truck fell onto the track.<ref>{{cite web|title=Train hits truck that slid onto track in Taiwan, killing 51|url=https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-train-crash-updates-edb06519a7c0cab305bc710b3ea026df|author1=Jennings, Ralph|author2=Johnson Lai|website=APNews|date=April 2, 2021|access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Russia]] warns [[NATO]] against sending any troops to aid [[Ukraine]], amid reports of a large Russian military build-up on its borders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kremlin says that any NATO troop deployment to Ukraine would raise tensions|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-russia-kremlin/kremlin-says-that-any-nato-troop-deployment-to-ukraine-would-raise-tensions-idUSKBN2BP0O6|website=reuters.com|date=April 2, 2021|access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 4]] ** In [[Bulgaria]], the [[conservatism|conservative]]-[[populism|populist]] [[GERB|GERB party]] led by [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria|Prime Minister]] [[Boyko Borisov]] wins the majority of seats in the parliamentary elections.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Андонова|first=Здравка|date=2021-01-14|title=Президентът насрочи парламентарните избори на 4 април|url=https://www.dnevnik.bg/politika/2021/01/14/4163573_prezidentut_nasrochi_izborite_na_4_april/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Dnevnik|language=bg}}</ref> ** [[Vjosa Osmani]] is elected the fifth [[President of Kosovo]] by the [[Assembly of Kosovo]], becoming the second woman to hold this position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whbl.com/2021/04/04/kosovo-parliament-elects-vjosa-osmani-as-new-national-president/|title=Kosovo parliament elects Vjosa Osmani as new national president|date=4 April 2021|publisher=WHBL}}</ref> * [[April 6]] – [[Cyclone Seroja]] makes landfall in [[Indonesia]] and [[East Timor]], killing at least 160 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kondisi Kupang Terkini & Penyebab Banjir Bandang dan Longsor di NTT|url=https://tirto.id/kondisi-kupang-terkini-penyebab-banjir-bandang-dan-longsor-di-ntt-gbME|access-date=5 April 2021|website=tirto.id|language=id}}</ref> * [[April 9]] ** [[Naomi Mataʻafa]] is elected the 7th and first female [[Prime Minister of Samoa]], after defeating the incumbent [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/samoa-poised-welcome-first-female-prime-minister|title=Samoa Poised to Welcome First Female Prime Minister|publisher=VOA|date=17 May 2021|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> ** [[La Soufrière (volcano)|La Soufrière]], a [[Caribbean]] [[volcano]] in [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]], [[eruption|erupts]] which forced over 20,000 people to [[evacuation|evacuate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=La Soufriere Volcano Erupts On The Caribbean Island Of St Vincent |url=https://news784.com/2021/04/09/la-soufriere-volcano-erupts-on-the-caribbean-island-of-st-vincent/ |website=News784 |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409224903/https://news784.com/2021/04/09/la-soufriere-volcano-erupts-on-the-caribbean-island-of-st-vincent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], the royal consort of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|dies]] at [[Windsor Castle]] at aged 99.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Bevan |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip dies in Windsor Castle aged 99 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/prince-philip-dies-in-windsor-castle-aged-99-20200205-p53y58.html |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 10]] – Banker and former Governor of [[Guayas Province|Guayas]] [[Guillermo Lasso]] is [[2021 Ecuadorian general election|elected]] the 47th [[President of Ecuador]], defeating [[socialism|socialist]] candidate [[Andrés Arauz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/public-health-rafael-correa-health-south-america-coronavirus-pandemic-fb947b78c70ac225c0982a76d44063f3|title=Ecuador goes with conservative banker in presidential vote|work=Associated Press News|date=11 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Iran]] accuses [[Israel]] of "nuclear terrorism" and vows revenge, after a large explosion destroys the internal power system of the Natanz uranium enrichment plant, a [[nuclear]] power plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran vows revenge for 'Israeli' attack on Natanz nuclear site|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-56715520|website=bbc.co.uk|date=April 12, 2021|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Japan's government]] approves the dumping of [[radioactive]] water of the [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]] into the Pacific Ocean over the course of 30 years, with full support of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China, Taiwan, S.Korea oppose Japan's plan to release Fukushima water into ocean|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30404865|website=The Nation Thailand|date=April 14, 2021|access-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 15]] – Scientists announce they successfully injected human stem cells into the embryos of monkeys, creating chimera-embryos.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Human cells grown in monkey embryos spark ethical debate|work=BBC News |date=15 April 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56767517|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> * [[April 17]] – COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 passes 3 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Covid-19 deaths pass three million worldwide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-56783878|website=BBC News|date=April 17, 2021|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 18]] ** Twelve football clubs, including the "big six" from the [[Premier League]] and leading clubs from the [[Serie A]] and [[La Liga]], agree to join a new breakaway [[European Super League]], despite condemnation from [[UEFA]], [[FIFA]] and politicians including [[British Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=European Super League: Premier League's big six agree to join new league|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56795811|website=BBC News|date=April 18, 2021|access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ulisses Correia e Silva]] is re-elected [[List of prime ministers of Cape Verde|Prime Minister of Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/18/cape-vede-votes-in-election-that-could-see-first-female-prime-minister/|title= Cape Verde votes in election that could see first female prime minister|website=Africanews|date= 18 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 19]] ** NASA's ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]'' helicopter, part of the [[Mars 2020]] mission, performs the first powered flight on another planet in history.<ref name="NY Times 19/04/2021">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=Live Updates: NASA Waits for Results From Mars Helicopter's First Flight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/science/nasa-mars-helicopter.html |website=New York Times |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tech_Demo">{{cite web | title = Mars Helicopter Tech Demo | work= Watch Online | publisher = NASA | date = April 18, 2021| url = https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Watch-Online | access-date = 2021-04-18 }}</ref> ** [[Raúl Castro]] resigns as [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuban Communist Party]], ending more than 62 years of rule by the [[Fidel Castro|Castro brothers]] in Cuba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ap.org/live-and-location-services/events/raul-castro-cuba|title=Raul Castro expected to step down|website=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303092516/https://www.ap.org/live-and-location-services/events/raul-castro-cuba|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[President of Cuba|President]] [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] is picked as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/cubas-communist-party-chooses-miguel-153038026.html|title=Cuba's Communist Party chooses Miguel Díaz-Canel as leader|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|date=19 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 20]] ** [[President of Chad|President]] [[Idriss Déby]] is killed during a rebel attack in [[Chad|North Chad]], aged 68.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement|url=https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement/a-57262804|access-date=20 April 2021|work=Deutsche Welle|date=20 April 2021}}</ref> ** The [[Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment]] on the [[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'' rover]] creates [[oxygen]] from [[carbon dioxide]] in the [[Atmosphere of Mars|Martian atmosphere]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2021-04-21|title=NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet|access-date=2021-04-22|website=NASA|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422000817/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/}}</ref> * [[April 21]] – [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: With global case numbers approaching a second peak, India reports 315,000 infections within 24&nbsp;hours, the highest one-day tally recorded anywhere in the world to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Covid: India sees world's highest daily cases amid oxygen shortage|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-56826645|website=BBC News|date=April 22, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 22]] &ndash; World leaders mark [[Earth Day]] by hosting a virtual summit on [[climate change]] hosted by [[U.S. President]] [[Joe Biden]], during which more targets for [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]] reductions are proposed, including a 50% cut by 2030 for the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biden: This will be 'decisive decade' for tackling climate change|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-56837927|website=BBC News|date=April 22, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 24]] ** Following an international search and rescue effort, the Indonesian navy reports the sinking of [[KRI Nanggala (402)|KRI ''Nanggala'']] with 53 crew members, the largest loss of life aboard a submarine since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesian submarine sank off Bali, navy says|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56871694|website=BBC News|date=April 24, 2021|access-date=April 24, 2021}}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] administered worldwide passes 1 billion. Half of these doses have been administered in just three countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=1bn COVID jabs given globally – but over half in just 3 countries |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/24/billion-coronavirus-vaccine-doses-administered-globally |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> ** A [[Baghdad hospital fire|hospital fire]] in [[Baghdad]], where [[COVID-19]] patients were being treated during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq|pandemic]] in [[Iraq]], kills 82 people with 110 people injured.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Falih |last2=Arraf |first2=Jane |date=25 April 2021 |title=Fire at Baghdad Hospital Packed with Covid Patients Kills at Least 82 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/world/middleeast/bagdhad-fire-hospital-covid-iraq.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210425164658/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/world/middleeast/bagdhad-fire-hospital-covid-iraq.html |archive-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 25]] ** [[Edi Rama]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of Albania]] with his [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]] winning a narrow majority of 74 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Albania-s-ruling-Socialists-plan-election-win-16131528.php|title=Albania's ruling Socialists plan election win celebration|publisher=Express News|date=April 27, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427123827/https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Albania-s-ruling-Socialists-plan-election-win-16131528.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** ''[[Nomadland (movie)|Nomadland]]'' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] with its director ([[Chloé Zhao]]) and leading actress ([[Frances McDormand]]) winning [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] respectively.<ref name="Oscars2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/entertainment/live-news/oscars-2021/index.html|title=2021 Oscars|date=25 April 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> [[Youn Yuh-jung]], [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Daniel Kaluuya]] also won the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]], [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]], respectively.<ref name=Oscars2021/> * [[April 28]] ** The [[European Union]] approves of a major trade agreement with the [[United Kingdom]] following their [[Brexit|exit from the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brexit: European Parliament backs UK trade deal|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56899831|website=BBC News|date=April 28, 2021|access-date=April 28, 2021}}</ref> ** After members of the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] (DUP) issue a motion of no confidence, DUP Leader and [[First Minister and deputy First Minister|First Minister of Northern Ireland]] [[Arlene Foster]] announced her resignation effective the following month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-56910045|title=Arlene Foster announces resignation as DUP leader and NI first minister|website=BBC News|date=28 April 2021|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[Americans|American]] astronaut [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], the command module pilot for [[Apollo 11]], dies at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/science/michael-collins-third-man-of-the-moon-landing-dies-at-90.html|title = Michael Collins, 'Third Man' of the Moon Landing, Dies at 90|work = [[The New York Times]]|last = Goldstein|first = Richard|date = April 28, 2021|access-date = April 28, 2021}}</ref> ** [[2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict|Clashes]] on the [[Kyrgyzstan]]–[[Tajikistan]] border leave at least 46 people dead and 30,000 civilians displaced.<ref name="reutersKT">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kyrgyzstan-accuses-tajikistan-amassing-troops-near-border-2021-05-01/|title=Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan agree ceasefire after border clashes|publisher=Reuters|date=1 May 2021}}</ref> * [[April 29]] &ndash; [[China]] launches the ''[[Tianhe (space station module)|Tianhe]]'' space station module, the first module in the upcoming [[Chinese Space Station|Tiangong space station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightfans.cn/event/cz-2f-shenzhou-13|title=长征二号F/G Y13 • 神舟十三号载人飞船 • LongMarch 2F/G Y13 • Shenzhou-13|publisher=spaceflightfans.cn|date=21 April 2021|access-date=25 April 2021|language=zh|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115056/http://www.spaceflightfans.cn/event/cz-2f-shenzhou-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[April 30]] &ndash; In [[Israel]], at least 45 people are [[Mount Meron crush|crushed to death]] with over 150 injured at a religious festival on [[Mount Meron]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/dozens-said-hurt-as-stand-collapses-at-mass-lag-bomer-gathering-in-mount-meron/|title=44 crushed to death, over 150 hurt in stampede at mass Lag B'Omer event in Meron|publisher=Times of Israel|date=30 April 2021|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> ===May=== [[File:Avenida San Juan en las manifestaciones del 28 de abril de 2021, Medellín.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 2 May, many [[2021 Colombian protests|protests]] break out in [[Colombia]] against a [[tax]] increase policy. The protests would result in the deaths on six civilians]] [[File:Incidente Línea 12 Ciudad México 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 3 May, a section of the [[Mexico City Metro]] overpass [[Mexico City Metro overpass collapse|collapses]], killing 26 people]] [[File:The Israeli Air Force bombed the press offices in Gaza 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 11 May, a [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|crisis]] between [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] began after [[Hamas]] launched [[rockets]] onto Israeli cities while Israel hits the [[Gaza Strip]] with [[Operation Guardian of the Walls|airstrikes]]]] [[File:Tianwen-1 launch 04 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 14 May, [[China National Space Administration|CNSA's]] [[Tianwen-1|''Zhurong'' rover]] lands on [[Mars]], making [[China]] the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the planet]] [[File:Fiame Naomi Mataafa Cropped 2013.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 24 May, [[Naomi Mataʻafa]] becomes [[Samoa]]'s first female [[Prime Minister of Samoa|Prime Minister]], however her leadership is [[2021 Samoan constitutional crisis|disputed]] as her predecessor [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]] refuses to leave office]] * [[May 1]] ** In [[horse racing]], [[Medina Spirit]] wins the [[Kentucky Derby]], the record seventh victory for trainer [[Bob Baffert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/2021/05/01/meet-amr-zedan-owner-2021-kentucky-derby-winner-medina-spirit/7135545002/|title=Five years after founding Zedan Racing Stables, Amr Zedan's horse wins 2021 Kentucky Derby|first=Shannon|last=Russell|website=The Courier-Journal}}</ref> ** A [[ceasefire]] is declared following a [[2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict|border conflict]] between [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]].<ref name=reutersKT/> * [[May 2]] ** The [[SpaceX Crew-1]] mission ends, returning four crewmembers of [[Expedition 64]] and [[Expedition 65|65]] to Earth from the [[International Space Station]] aboard Crew Dragon ''[[Crew Dragon Resilience|Resilience]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=SpaceX Makes First Nighttime Splash Down With Astronauts Since 1968 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/02/science/spacex-nasa-landing.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210502090520/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/02/science/spacex-nasa-landing.html |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |date=May 2, 2021 |quote=Half a year ago, a SpaceX rocket lifted off with the four astronauts — three from NASA, one from Japan’s space agency — who were sitting inside one of the company’s Crew Dragon capsules. On Sunday, the same capsule, named Resilience, safely returned to Earth, just before 3&nbsp;a.m. Eastern time. |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[2021 Colombian protests|Nationwide protests]] in [[Colombia]] against proposed [[tax]] increases to fund a basic income program result in at least six dead.<ref name="colmtax">{{Cite news|date=2 May 2021|title=Colombians keep protesting even after unpopular tax plan is axed|work=[[AFP]]|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2109059/colombians-keep-protesting-even-after-unpopular-tax-plan-is-axed|access-date=2021-05-02}}</ref> [[President of Colombia|President]] [[Iván Duque]] announced his withdrawal of the tax increase.<ref name=colmtax/> * [[May 3]] ** An elevated section of the [[Mexico City Metro]] overpass [[Mexico City Metro overpass collapse|collapses]], killing 26 people and injuring 70.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ives |first=Mike |date=4 May 2021 |title=Subway Train Derails in Mexico City, Killing at Least 13 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/world/americas/mexico-city-train-derailment.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> ** [[Mark Selby]] wins the [[World Snooker Championship]], defeating [[Shaun Murphy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/may/03/mark-selby-beats-shaun-murphy-win-fourth-world-snooker-championship-crucible-match-report |title=Mark Selby beats Shaun Murphy to win fourth World Snooker Championship |last=Bower |first=Aaron |work=The Guardian |access-date=2021-05-04 |date=2021-05-03}}</ref> * [[May 5]] – SpaceX successfully flies, lands, and recovers a [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] prototype for the first time, after four unsuccessful previous attempts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roulette|first1=Joey|date=May 5, 2021|title=SpaceX successfully landed a Starship prototype for the first time|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421845/spacex-starship-sn15-successful-landing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040645/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421845/spacex-starship-sn15-successful-landing|archive-date=May 7, 2021|access-date=May 8, 2021|website=[[The Verge]]|quote=SpaceX launched a high-altitude Starship prototype rocket and successfully landed it for the first time on Wednesday, overcoming a key challenge in Elon Musk’s whirlwind quest to build a fully reusable Mars rocket.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gorman |first1=Steve |title=SpaceX Starship rocket prototype achieves first safe landing |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/spacex-starship-rocket-prototype-achieves-first-safe-landing-2021-05-06/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210508005128/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/spacex-starship-rocket-prototype-achieves-first-safe-landing-2021-05-06/ |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |date=May 5, 2021 |quote=SpaceX achieved the first successful touchdown of its prototype Starship rocket during the latest test flight of the next-generation launch vehicle in south Texas on Wednesday, after four previous landing attempts ended in explosions. |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 6]] ** Former [[President of the Maldives]] [[Mohamed Nasheed]] is injured in a car bombing which has been described as an attempted assassination.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=Ex-Maldives president critical after bomb attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57027873|access-date=7 May 2021|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> ** In [[Brazil]], at least twenty-five people are killed in a [[2021 Rio de Janeiro shootout|police raid shootout]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twenty-five killed in Rio de Janeiro police raid on drug gang|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/20-dead-rio-de-janeiro-shootout-paper-2021-05-06/|publisher=Reuters|date=6 May 2021|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> ** In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] win the majority of local elections, gaining some seats from the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-57021276|title=Elections results 2021: Conservatives make gains on English councils|publisher=BBC|date=7 May 2021|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 8]] ** [[Sadiq Khan]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] is re-elected [[Mayor of London]] winning 55% of the vote against [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Shaun Bailey (AM)|Shaun Bailey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/labours-sadiq-khan-re-elected-london-mayor-2021-05-08/|title=Labour's Sadiq Khan re-elected London mayor|publisher=Reuters|date=8 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> ** In [[Afghanistan]], a [[2021 Kabul school bombing|bombing near a school in Kabul]] kills at least 85 people and injures 147 more.<ref name="aljazeera.com8May2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/8/blasts-kill-dozens-near-school-in-afghan-capital-kabul|title=Blasts kill dozens near school in Afghan capital Kabul|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=8 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 11]] ** [[Israel]] hits the [[Gaza Strip]] with [[Operation Guardian of the Walls|airstrikes]] as Hamas increases [[rocket|rocket fire]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|date=2021-05-11|title=Israel Hits Gaza With Airstrikes as Hamas Increases Rocket Fire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-airstrikes.html|access-date=2021-05-11|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** Seven students and two adults are killed, and at least 21 more people are wounded, in a [[Kazan school shooting|mass shooting]] at a school in [[Kazan]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/11/05/2021/609a4b319a79471bbfe1cdcd|title=СК завел дело о массовом убийстве после стрельбы в казанской школе|publisher=RBC|date=11 May 2021|access-date=11 May 2021|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellyatt|first=Holly|date=2021-05-11|title=Children killed, many wounded, in Russian school shooting|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/school-shooting-in-kazan-russia-local-media.html|access-date=2021-05-11}}</ref> * [[May 14]] ** The [[China National Space Administration]] lands its ''[[Tianwen-1|Zhurong]]'' rover on Mars, making [[China]] the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the planet and only the second to land a rover.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-15|title=China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015422/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |date=May 15, 2021 |quote=China has successfully landed a spacecraft on Mars, state media announced early on Saturday. The six-wheeled Zhurong robot was targeting Utopia Planitia... }}</ref> ** In [[India]], [[Cyclone Tauktae]] makes [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], leaving 87 people dead and over 80 people are missing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - Tropical Cyclone TAUKTAE update (GDACS, IMD, NDM India) (ECHO Daily Flash of 19 May 2021) - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-tropical-cyclone-tauktae-update-gdacs-imd-ndm-india-echo-daily-flash-19-may-2021|access-date=2021-05-19|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> On the same day, the country also reported that 4,329 deaths from [[COVID-19]], the highest number of COVID-related deaths in a single-day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Hits India On Deadliest Day Of Pandemic|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/18/997794616/cyclone-hits-india-on-deadliest-day-of-pandemic|access-date=2021-05-18|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> * [[May 15]] ** Fighting between Israeli forces and Palestinian militants continues to escalate, as the death toll exceeds 150. A high-rise office in Gaza occupied by [[Associated Press]], [[Al Jazeera]] and other media outlets is destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-16|title=Israel Gaza conflict: Netanyahu vows to continue strikes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-57131272|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> ** [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] [[2021 FA Cup Final|wins]] the [[2020–21 FA Cup|FA Cup]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] wins the [[2020–21 Premier League|Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Phil|last=McNulty|author-link=Phil McNulty|title=Youri Tielemans produced one of the great FA Cup final goals to give Leicester City the trophy for the first time in their history with victory over Chelsea at Wembley|publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57055571|access-date=17 May 2021|date=15 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 17]] – [[Darwin's Arch]], a rock formation in the [[Galápagos Islands]], collapses because of natural [[erosion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57153267 |title=Galapagos Islands: Erosion fells Darwin's Arch |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 18]]–[[May 22|22]] – The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021]] is held in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]], after the cancellation of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2020|2020 contest]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotterdam returns as Eurovision Song Contest Host City in 2021|url=https://www.eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-to-return-to-rotterdam-in-2021|date=16 May 2020|publisher=Eurovision Song Contest|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dates for Eurovision 2021 announced|url=https://www.eurovision.tv/story/dates-for-eurovision-2021-announced|date=15 June 2020|publisher=Eurovision Song Contest|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> The 2021 contest is won by [[Italy|Italian]] entrants [[Måneskin]] with the song "[[Zitti e buoni]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congratulations ITALY: Måneskin win Eurovision Song Contest 2021|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/congratulations-italy-maneskin-win-eurovision-2021|date=22 May 2021|publisher=Eurovision Song Contest|access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 20]] &ndash; After international pressure and nearly 250 deaths, [[Israel]] agrees a [[ceasefire]] deal to end the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|conflict]] with [[Gaza]] militants, effective the next day at 2:00&nbsp;AM [[Israel Daylight Time|local time]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-20|title=Israel approves Gaza ceasefire to halt 11-day conflict|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/20/israels-security-cabinet-approves-gaza-ceasefire-reports|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> * [[May 22]] &ndash; In [[Samoa]], [[Prime Minister of Samoa|Prime Minister]] [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]] refuses to acknowledge his defeat and locks [[Naomi Mataʻafa]] from the [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]] causing a [[2021 Samoan constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://talamua.com/2021/05/22/samoa-dives-into-further-uncertainty-as-head-of-state-suspends-mondays-opening-of-parliament/ |title=Samoa dives into further uncertainty as Head of State suspends Monday's opening of Parliament |publisher=Talamua |date=22 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 23]] ** [[Phil Mickelson]] wins the [[PGA Championship]], becoming the oldest major championship winner in [[golf]] history at aged 50.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/57224082|title=US PGA Championship: Phil Mickelson becomes oldest major winner with sixth title|date=23 May 2021|work=BBC Sport|access-date= 24 May 2021}}</ref> ** In [[Peru]], a militant [[communist]] group [[San Miguel del Ene attack|kills 18 people]] as protest against the presidential candidacy of conservative [[Keiko Fujimori]] just two weeks before the [[2021 Peruvian general election|general election run-off]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presunto ataque terrorista deja al menos 18 muertos en la selva central de Perú|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/presunto-ataque-terrorista-deja-al-menos-18-muertos-en-la-selva-central-de-peru/20000013-4544545|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.efe.com|language=es|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524231729/https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/presunto-ataque-terrorista-deja-al-menos-18-muertos-en-la-selva-central-de-peru/20000013-4544545}}</ref> ** 14 people are killed in the [[Stresa–Mottarone cable car crash|cable car crash]] near [[Lake Maggiore]] in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Incidente alla funivia Stresa-Mottarone, caduta una cabina: sono salite a 13 le vittime|url=https://www.lastampa.it/verbano-cusio-ossola/2021/05/23/news/incidente-alla-funivia-stresa-mottarone-turisti-nelle-cabine-1.40305793|access-date=23 May 2021|website=La Stampa|date=23 May 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017224641/https://www.lastampa.it/verbano-cusio-ossola/2021/05/23/news/incidente-alla-funivia-stresa-mottarone-turisti-nelle-cabine-1.40305793|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-24|title=Cable Car Accident in Italy Kills 14 People {{!}} May 24, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/05/24/cable-car-accident-in-italy-kills-14-people/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=The Daily NewsBrief|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524023123/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/05/24/cable-car-accident-in-italy-kills-14-people/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** In [[Belarus]], journalist and opposition activist [[Roman Protasevich]] is arrested after [[Ryanair Flight 4978|his Ryanair Flight 4978]] is forced to land at [[Minsk National Airport]] under the orders of [[President of Belarus|President]] [[Alexander Lukashenko]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=van Dorpe |first=Simon |date=23 May 2021 |title=EU blasts Belarus for 'hijack' of airliner and arrest of activist |work=POLITICO |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belarus-journalist-arrest-roman-protasevich-diverted-flight-minsk/}}</ref> * [[May 24]] &ndash; Members of the [[Malian Armed Forces]] captured and arrest [[President of Mali|President]] [[Bah Ndaw]] and [[Prime Minister of Mali|Prime Minister]] [[Moctar Ouane]] in a [[2021 Malian coup d'état|coup d'état]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-57236104|title= UN calls for immediate release of Mali President Bah Ndaw|publisher = BBC News|date= 25 May 2021}}</ref> Military leader [[Assimi Goïta]] becomes the interim president shortly afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210529-mali-s-constitutional-court-names-junta-leader-goita-new-interim-president|title=Mali's constitutional court names junta leader Goita new interim president|date=29 May 2021|website=France 24|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530090453/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210529-mali-s-constitutional-court-names-junta-leader-goita-new-interim-president}}</ref> * [[May 26]] ** [[Bashar al-Assad]] is re-elected [[President of Syria]], winning 95% of the vote even though the votes cast for Assad was higher than the total population of [[Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/middleeast/2021/05/28/syrias-assad-says-reelection-empowers-him-to-defeat-enemies.html|title=Syria's Assad says reelection empowers him to defeat enemies|date=28 May 2021|website=thestar.com}}</ref> ** The [[May 2021 lunar eclipse|second-shortest total lunar eclipse]] of the [[21st century]] occurs, with totality lasting for 14&nbsp;minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: 2001 to 2100|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LE2001-2100.html|website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> The eclipse was visible over the [[Pacific Ocean]], [[Oceania]], [[Antarctica]] and parts of [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=26 May 2021 Total Lunar Eclipse (Blood Moon)|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2021-may-26|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> ** [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] becomes the first company to be legally mandated to cut its [[carbon]] emissions and follow the [[Paris Agreement|Paris climate accord]], following a landmark court ruling in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-27|title=Shell: Netherlands court orders oil giant to cut emissions|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-57257982|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref> * [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Poul Schlüter]], [[Denmark]]'s [[Prime Minister of Denmark|Prime Minister]] for over a decade and introduced the [[Danish krone|krone]] to the [[European Union]], dies at aged 92.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-28/poul-schluter-danish-premier-who-introduced-krone-peg-dies|title=Paul Schulter, Danish Premier Who Introduced Krone Peg, Dies|publisher=Bloomberg|date=28 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 29]] ** In [[Canada]], a [[mass grave]] with the remains of 215 children are found on the grounds of a former [[Native American|Indian]] residential school in [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Indigenous people in Canada grapple with 'unthinkable loss' |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/29/indigenous-people-in-canada-grapple-with-unthinkable-loss |date=May 29, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] defeats [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in the [[2021 UEFA Champions League Final|final]] of the [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/54074842/page/3 | access-date = 30 May 2021 | date = 29 May 2021 | title = 'Tuchel is a magician' – reaction as Chelsea win Champions League final (3 of 16) | publisher = BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[May 30]] &ndash; Brazilian driver [[Hélio Castroneves]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500|Indy 500]] for the fourth time.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/motorsport/57302301 |title= Indy 500: Helio Castroneves becomes fourth four-time winner |work= [[BBC Sport]] |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref> ===June=== [[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With Israeli Labor Party Leader Herzog (11799480373) (cropped) (2).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 2 June, former [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Opposition Leader]] [[Isaac Herzog]] is elected the [[President of Israel|11th President of Israel]]]] [[File:Bitcoin (38461156880) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 9 June, [[El Salvador]] becomes the first country in the world to make [[Bitcoin]] a [[legal tender]] in the country]] [[File:Pedro Castillo (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 11 June, teacher [[Pedro Castillo]] is [[2021 Peruvian general election|elected]] the [[President of Peru|63rd President of Peru]]]] [[File:Naftali Bennett in 2021 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 13 June, [[Naftali Bennett]] becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Israel]], ending [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s twelve-year tenure]] [[File:Raisi in 2021-02 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 19 June, [[Ebrahim Raisi]] is elected the 8th [[President of Iran]]]] [[File:Surfside condominium collapse photo from Miami-Dade Fire Rescue 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 24 June, in the [[United States]] a [[condominium]] in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] [[Surfside condominium building collapse|collapses]], killing 97 people]] [[File:Jacob Zuma, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-1 (cropped).jpg|180px|thumb|On 29 June, former [[President of South Africa]] [[Jacob Zuma]] is sentenced to 15 months in prison]] * [[June 2]] ** The [[Iran]]ian [[oil]] fleet [[IRIS Kharg|IRIS ''Kharg'']] catches fire and sinks near the [[Gulf of Oman]].<ref name="Reuters020621">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-navy-training-ship-fire-mouth-gulf-crew-evacuated-report-2021-06-01/ |title=Iran's biggest navy ship sinks after fire in Gulf of Oman - media |date=2 June 2021 |work=Reuters |accessdate=2 June 2021}}</ref> No deaths were reported.<ref name=Reuters020621/> ** Former [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Opposition Leader]] [[Isaac Herzog]] is elected as the 11th [[President of Israel]] defeating educator [[Miriam Peretz]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Issac Herzog elected 11th President of Israel in wide margin |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/voting-begins-in-race-for-president-watch-669876 |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com}}</ref> ** The ''[[X-Press Pearl]]'' sinks near [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] leaking many tons of [[nitric acid]] and [[oil]] into the [[Indian Ocean]], causing the country's worst [[marine]] ecological disaster.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2021|title=Sri Lanka faces disaster as burning ship spills chemicals on beaches|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/31/sri-lanka-faces-disaster-burning-ship-spills-chemicals-beaches|access-date=31 May 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The ship had been on fire for the past two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Force|first=Source: Sri Lanka Air|date=31 May 2021|title=Sri Lanka faces environmental disaster as cargo ship burns for days – video|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2021/may/31/sri-lanka-environmental-disaster-cargo-ship-burns-for-days-video|access-date=31 May 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ** The first daughter of [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]] and [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]] is born in the [[United States]] in [[Santa Barbara, California]].<ref name="BBC-titles"/> [[Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor]] is eighth in the [[Succession to the British throne|line of succession]] to the [[British throne]].<ref name="BBC-titles">{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Prince Harry and Meghan announce birth of baby girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57378117 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> ** French writer [[David Diop (novelist)|David Diop]] wins the [[International Booker Prize|2021 International Booker Prize]] for his novel ''[[At Night All Blood Is Black]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cain |first1=Sian |title=David Diop wins International Booker for 'frightening' At Night All Blood Is Black |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/02/david-diop-wins-international-booker-for-frightening-at-night-all-blood-is-black |access-date=4 June 2021 |publisher=Guardian News Media |date=2 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Anerood Jugnauth|Sir Anerood Jugnauth]], who was [[Mauritius|Mauritius's]] [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] for a total of twenty-years and its [[President of Mauritius|President]] for a decade, dies at aged 91.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-06-03|title=Fans Mourns Death of Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Death Cause, Obituary|url=https://topinfoguide.com/news/fans-mourns-death-of-sir-anerood-jugnauth-death-cause-obituary/|access-date=|website=|language=|archive-date=2023-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430203414/https://www.topinfoguide.com/news/fans-mourns-death-of-sir-anerood-jugnauth-death-cause-obituary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 4]] ** [[Twitter]]'s operations in [[Nigeria]] would be "suspended" permanently, with Nigeria arguing that the company causes activities that "are capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence.<ref name="twittersuspended">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-04|title=Nigeria to suspend Twitter 'indefinitely'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57363779|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref> This comes after the company deleted tweets by [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] who was sending messages threatening violence.<ref name=twittersuspended/> ** At least 152 people are killed in [[Solhan and Tadaryat massacres|attacks on two villages]] in [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="bfa">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368536|title=Dozens killed in Burkina Faso attack|publisher=BBC News|date=5 June 2021|accessdate=5 June 2021|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605200524/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368536}}</ref> The attack lasted until the early hours of June 5.<ref name=bfa/> * [[June 5]] &ndash; The [[G7]] agrees on a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% meant to stop world's richest people from not paying taxes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-05|title=G7: Rich nations back deal to tax multinationals|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-57368247|access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref> * [[June 6]] ** In Canada, [[London, Ontario truck attack|four Muslims are killed]] after being attacked by a truck in [[London, Ontario]] in what [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] described as a "terrorist attack" caused by [[Islamophobia]].<ref>{{cite news|title='This was a terrorist attack,' PM Trudeau says as MPs pay tribute to family killed in London, Ont.|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/this-was-a-terrorist-attack-pm-trudeau-says-as-mps-pay-tribute-to-family-killed-in-london-ont-1.5460984|publisher=[[CTV News]]|access-date=2021-06-08|archive-date=2021-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608190853/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/this-was-a-terrorist-attack-pm-trudeau-says-as-mps-pay-tribute-to-family-killed-in-london-ont-1.5460984|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** The [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] wins the first edition of the [[CONCACAF Nations League]], defeating [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] in [[2021 CONCACAF Nations League Final|the final]] by a scoreline of 3–2 after overtime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theathletic.com/news/christian-pulisic-ethan-horvath-send-usmnt-to-nations-league-title-over-mexico/lTz0coNuY0vg|title=Christian Pulisic, Ethan Horvath send USMNT to Nations League title over Mexico|first=Paul|last=Tenorio|publisher=The Athletic|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.concacaf.com/nations-league/news/u-s-edge-mexico-in-thrilling-style-to-win-first-cnlf/|title=U.S. edge Mexico in thrilling style to win first CNLF|work=CONCACAF|date=June 6, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> * [[June 7]] ** [[2021 Ghotki rail crash|Two trains crash]] in [[Ghotki District]] in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], killing 65 people and injuring another 150.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57380615|title=Pakistan train accident: 36 killed in Sindh collision|publisher=BBC|date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ** The ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'' spacecraft performed its only flyby of [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]. It was the first flyby of the moon by any spacecraft in over twenty years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agle |first1=D.C. |last2=Fox |first2=Karen |last3=Johnson |first3=Alana |last4=Schmid |first4=Deb |title=NASA's Juno to Get a Close Look at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-to-get-a-close-look-at-jupiter-s-moon-ganymede |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202011/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-to-get-a-close-look-at-jupiter-s-moon-ganymede/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=3 June 2021 |quote=On Monday, June 7 [...] NASA’s Juno spacecraft will come within 645&nbsp;miles (1,038&nbsp;kilometers) of the surface of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede. The flyby will be the closest a spacecraft has come to the solar system’s largest natural satellite since NASA’s Galileo spacecraft made its penultimate close approach back on May 20, 2000. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=Eric |title=NASA extends Juno, turning spacecraft into an Io, Europa, and Ganymede explorer |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/01/nasa-extends-missions-to-jupiter-and-mars-expect-lots-of-jovian-moon-flybys/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202029/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/01/nasa-extends-missions-to-jupiter-and-mars-expect-lots-of-jovian-moon-flybys/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=12 January 2021 |quote=As part of a research plan submitted by Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator, the spacecraft will fly to within 1,000km of the surface of Ganymede...}}</ref> * [[June 9]] ** Former [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]] [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]] is elected the 6th [[President of Mongolia]], winning 72% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Mongolian Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh wins presidency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/9/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency |work=Al Jazeera |date= 9 June 2021 |access-date= 9 June 2021 }}</ref> ** [[El Salvador]] becomes the first country to make [[Bitcoin]] as [[legal tender]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2021/06/09/el-salvador-makes-history-as-worlds-first-country-to-make-bitcoin-legal-tender/?sh=65b79b70eaa3 |title=El Salvador Makes History As World's First Country To Make Bitcoin Legal Tender |last=Hart |first=Robert |date=9 June 2021 |website=Forbes |publisher= |access-date=9 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref> * [[June 10]] – An [[Solar eclipse of June 10, 2021|annular solar eclipse]] is visible from parts of [[Northeastern United States|the Northeast United States]], [[Canada]], [[Greenland]], the [[North Pole]], and the [[Russian Far East]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA - Annular Solar Eclipse of 2021 June 10|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=20210610|access-date=3 August 2020|website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913083028/https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=20210610|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 11]] ** Rural farmer and teacher [[Pedro Castillo]] is [[2021 Peruvian general election|elected]] the 63rd [[President of Peru]], defeating conservative candidate [[Keiko Fujimori]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/socialist-in-peru-has-all-but-won-presidential-vote-as-pandemic-fuels-despair-11623417118|title=Socialist in Peru Has All But Won Presidential Vote as Pandemic Fuels Despair|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 11, 2021}}</ref> ** ''[[The New York Times]]'' wins the 2021 [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize for Journalism]] for their coverage of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/204|title = Public Service|website = [[The Pulitzer Prizes|Pulitzer Prize]]|accessdate = June 11, 2021}}</ref> ** World leaders meet at the 47th [[G7|G7 summit]], hosted by the [[United Kingdom]], with topics of discussion including the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], [[climate change]], and the corporate taxation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden and world leaders meet at 2021 G7 summit |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/biden-g7-summit-updates-intl-06-11-2021/ |work=CNN |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 }}</ref> ** The [[UEFA Euro 2020]] and the [[2021 Copa América]] begins, after being delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EURO 2020: All you need to know about the tournament|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0255-0d9f2f2c93bf-ad932fd5ee55-1000--euro-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/|date=March 17, 2020|website=UEFA.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Copa America postponed from 2020 to 2021 over pandemic|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/copa-america-postponed-2020-2021-152610719--sow.html|website=sports.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=May 29, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708055514/https://sports.yahoo.com/copa-america-postponed-2020-2021-152610719--sow.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Naftali Bennett]] becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] following a [[coalition]] agreement, ending [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s twelve-year tenure as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wootliff|first=Raoul|date=13 June 2021|title=Bennett sworn in as prime minister, unseating Netanyahu after 12 years in power|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-unseating-netanyahu-after-12-years-in-power/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210614020741/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-unseating-netanyahu-after-12-years-in-power/|archive-date=14 June 2021|access-date=14 June 2021|website=[[Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[June 14]] ** [[Enrique Bolaños]], [[Nicaragua]]'s [[President of Nicaragua|president]] pushed for radical conservative policies, dies at aged 93.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maldonado|first=Carlos Salinas|date=15 June 2021|title=Muere el expresidente de Nicaragua Enrique Bolaños Geyer, abanderado anticorrupción|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-06-15/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos-geyer-abanderado-anticorrupcion.html|access-date=15 June 2021|website=EL PAÍS|language=es|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616164541/https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-06-15/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos-geyer-abanderado-anticorrupcion.html%7Curl-status%3Dlive%7D%7D}}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: [[Novavax]] announces 90.4% overall efficacy in its Phase 3 [[United States]] and [[Mexico]] trial.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Jacqueline |title=Novavax says Covid-19 vaccine shows 90.4% overall efficacy in US/Mexico Phase 3 trial |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/14/health/novavax-covid-19-vaccine-us-phase-3-trial-study/index.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |agency=[[CNN]] |date=14 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 16]] &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: [[CureVac]] announces an overall efficacy of just 47% of their [[Zorecimeran|vaccine]] based on an analysis of Phase III clinical trial.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burger|first=Ludwig|date=2021-06-16|title=CureVac fails in pivotal COVID-19 vaccine trial with 47% efficacy|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-curevac-trial-idUSKCN2DS2EU|access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref> * [[June 17]] ** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]]'s first [[President of Zambia|president]] and nation's founding father, dies at aged 97.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=Zambian 1st President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda has died aged 97|url=https://news365.co.za/zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=News365.co.za|language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[China]]'s [[Shenzhou 12]] launches the first crew for the [[Tiangong space station]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/16/c_1310010141.htm|title=China unveils Shenzhou-12 astronauts for space station construction|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=16 June 2021|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616012712/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/16/c_1310010141.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Chief Justice of Iran|Chief Justice]] [[Ebrahim Raisi]] is elected the 8th [[President of Iran]] in a [[landslide victory]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi comfortably wins Iran presidential election|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/19/iran-moderate-candidate-concedes-win-by-hardliner-judiciary-chief|access-date=2021-06-19|website=euronews|language=en}}</ref> * [[June 20]] ** [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]] is re-elected after his party, [[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]], wins the majority of seats in the [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia election: PM Nikol Pashinyan wins post-war poll|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57549208|date=21 June 2021|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Jon Rahm]] of [[Spain]] wins the 121st [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/golf/57548561|author=Grey, Becky|title=US Open: Jon Rahm finishes with back-to-back birdies to claim first major title|date=21 June 2021|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[June 23]] ** In [[cricket]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] defeats [[India national cricket team|India]] in the first [[ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand crowned World Test Champions after thrilling final day|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2177618|access-date=24 June 2021|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref> ** Hours after [[Spain]] approved of his [[extradition]] to the [[United States]] for tax crimes, computer programming entrepreneur [[John McAfee]] commits [[suicide]] in his prison cell. * [[June 24]] ** Former [[President of the Philippines]] [[Benigno Aquino III]], who improved the [[Philippines|country's]] economy, dies at aged 61.<ref>{{cite news |title=PNoy dies at 61 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1898698/Manila/Local-News/PNoy-dies-at-61 |access-date=June 24, 2021 |work=Sunstar |date=June 24, 2021 |language=English}}</ref> ** In the United States, a [[condominium]] in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] [[Surfside condominium building collapse|collapses]] killing 97 people with 8 people reported missing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 24, 2021|title=1 Dead, 99 Missing, Search and Rescue Underway After Partial Collapse of Surfside Condo Building|work=NBC Miami|url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/1-dead-massive-search-and-rescue-effort-after-partial-collapse-of-condo-building-in-surfside/2479570/}}</ref> ** ''[[Apple Daily]]'', a pro-democracy newspaper, is forced to shutdown for violating a national security law in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=訂戶通知｜關於你的訂閱 About your subscription ｜ 蘋果日報|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623115532/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/|archive-date=2021-06-23|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk}} {{Cite web |url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/ |title=訂戶通知｜關於你的訂閱 About your subscription ｜ 蘋果日報 |access-date=2021-06-24 |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623115532/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Former [[Prime Minister of South Vietnam]] General [[Trần Thiện Khiêm]], who helped plan and execute [[coup]] that led to the assassination of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]], dies at aged 95.<ref name="TTK">[https://vietbao.com/a308560/cuu-dai-tuong-tran-thien-khiem-qua-doi-tai-california-huong-tho-95-tuoi Cựu Đại Tướng Trần Thiện Khiêm Qua Đời Tại California Hưởng Thọ 95 Tuổi]</ref> * [[June 25]] ** 751 unmarked graves are found near the former site of an indigenous peoples residential school in [[Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57592243 | title=Canada: 751 unmarked graves found at residential school | work=BBC News | date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] calls on [[Pope Francis]] to apologize for the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Catholic church run boarding schools]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trudeau-says-pope-should-apologize-canadian-soil-churchs-role-residential-2021-06-25/ | title=Trudeau says pope should apologize on Canadian soil for church role in residential schools | newspaper=Reuters | date=28 June 2021 | last1=Scherer | first1=Steve }}</ref> ** Former police officer [[Derek Chauvin]] is sentenced to over 22 years for the [[murder of George Floyd]], an unarmed [[African American]] man in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=George Floyd murder: Derek Chauvin sentenced to over 22 years|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57618356|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 28]] – [[Tigray War]]: The Tigray Defense Force seizes the Tigrayan capital [[Mekele]] shortly after the Ethiopian government declares a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2021|title=Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Street celebrations as rebels seize capital|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57645282|access-date=29 June 2021|publisher=bbc}}</ref> * [[June 29]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] given worldwide passes 3 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=World passes three billion vaccine mark in race to contain Covid |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210629-world-passes-three-billion-vaccine-mark-in-race-to-contain-covid |website=France 24|date=29 June 2021 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> ** Former [[President of South Africa]] [[Jacob Zuma]] is sentenced to 15 months in prison for [[contempt of court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Basson |first1=Adriaan |last2=du Toit |first2=Pieter |author-link2=Maughan |last3=Karyn |display-authors=1 |date=29 June 2021 |title=Zuma found guilty of contempt of court, sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by ConCourt |language=en-SA |work=news24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/live-constitutional-court-to-hand-down-judgment-in-jacob-zuma-contempt-case-20210629-6 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629101001/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/live-constitutional-court-to-hand-down-judgment-in-jacob-zuma-contempt-case-20210629-6 |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 30]] &ndash; [[2021 Western North America heat wave|An extreme heat wave]] kills 600 people in the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gard|first1=Hannah|last2=Ward|first2=Taylor|date=2021-07-06|title=Hundreds died in the West's heat wave last week. Now another one is gearing up.|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/06/weather/pacific-northwest-heat-wave/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707090805/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/06/weather/pacific-northwest-heat-wave/index.html|archive-date=2021-07-07|access-date=2021-07-07|website=CNN}}</ref> ===July=== [[File:Mark Green and Jovenel Moise in Port-au-Prince - 2019 (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 7 July, [[President of Haiti|Haitian President]] [[Jovenel Moïse]] is [[Assassination of Jovenel Moïse|assassinated]]]] [[File:Pro-Cuban government protesters in Cienfuegos (cropped).png|thumb|right|180px|On 11 July, [[2021 Cuban protests|massive anti-government protests]] erupt in [[Cuba]]]] [[File:Geul-overstroming juli 2021 (55).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 12 July, [[2021 European floods|severe floods]] in [[Europe]] kill over 120 people]] [[File:Peter de Vries - Dam - Amsterdam 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 15 July, Dutch journalist [[Peter R. de Vries]] is [[Killing of Peter R. de Vries|shot and killed]] while leaving a studio set in [[Amsterdam]]]] [[File:Damaged Songshan Road in Zhengzhou after Floods.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 17 July, [[2021 Henan floods|floods and landslides]] in [[Henan]], [[China]] kill over 50 people and leave over 2 million evacuated or homeless]] [[File:Destroyed roads during the floods in Patan block, Satara3.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 22 July, a [[2021 Maharashtra floods|flood]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] kills over 250 people]] * [[July 3]] ** The [[United Nations]] announce that recent fighting in the [[Tigray Region|Tigray region]] of [[Ethiopia]] has resulted in a [[famine]] that is now affecting more than 400,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-02|title=Ethiopia Tigray conflict: Famine hits 400,000, UN warns|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57703538|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-07-03|title=Over 400,000 people in Ethiopia's Tigray now in famine, UN warns|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/03/over-400000-people-in-ethiopias-tigray-now-in-famine-un-warns|access-date=2021-07-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ** Over 130 [[wildfire]]s, caused by [[lightning]] strikes, burn through [[Western Canada]] following a record-breaking [[2021 Western North America heat wave|heatwave in North America]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-03|title=Canada heatwave: Lightning triggers wildfires in British Columbia|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57703853|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada heatwave: Lightning strikes trigger British Columbia wildfires|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/newslondon/canada-heatwave-lightning-strikes-trigger-british-columbia-wildfires/ar-AALJa4h?ocid=BingNewsSearch|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Langton|first=Kaisha|date=2021-07-03|title=Canada fires: 125 wildfires rage across Canada - evacuation orders as 450&nbsp;hectares ablaze|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1457780/Canada-wildfires-map-today-spread-of-wildfire-british-columbia-fires-latest-EVG|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Canada lightning strikes up tenfold, stoking fires|url=https://news.yahoo.com/western-canada-lightning-strikes-tenfold-052822091.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[July 4]] &ndash; In the [[Philippines]], a [[2021 Philippine Air Force C-130 crash|plane crashes]] in [[Sulu]], killing at least 53 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 4, 2021 |title=Philippine Air Force C-130H plane crashes in Sulu – Manila Bulletin |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/04/philippine-air-force-c-130h-plane-with-85-people-crashes-in-sulu/ |access-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704065056/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/04/philippine-air-force-c-130h-plane-with-85-people-crashes-in-sulu/ }}</ref> * [[July 5]] ** More than 1,000 Afghan soldiers flee to neighboring [[Tajikistan]] after [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|clashing]] with [[Taliban]] militants.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Afghanistan: Soldiers flee to Tajikistan after militant clashes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57720103|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan: Soldiers flee to Tajikistan after militant clashes|url=https://news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-soldiers-flee-tajikistan-militant-114712805.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705145718/https://news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-soldiers-flee-tajikistan-militant-114712805.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Gunmen kidnap 140 schoolchildren in [[Kaduna State]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Nigeria kidnap: Gunmen seize 140 schoolchildren in Kaduna state|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57636851|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Gunmen kidnap 140 school students in northwest Nigeria|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kidnap-140-school-students-in-kaduna/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183156/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kidnap-140-school-students-in-kaduna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 6]] ** [[Mary Simon]] is nominated to be the 30th [[Governor General of Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aiello|first=Rachel|date=2021-07-06|title=Mary Simon named as Canada's first Indigenous Governor General|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mary-simon-named-as-canada-s-first-indigenous-governor-general-1.5498146|access-date=2021-07-06|website=CTVNews|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103543/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mary-simon-named-as-canada-s-first-indigenous-governor-general-1.5498146|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** In [[Russia]], a plane [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251 (2021)|crashes]] in [[Kamchatka Krai]], killing 28 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avherald.com/h?article=4e9e6ae8&opt=0 |title=Crash: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky AN26 near Palana on Jul 6th 2021, missing aircraft impacted edge of coast |first=Simon |last=Hradecky |publisher=The Aviation Herald |date=6 July 2021 |accessdate=7 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 7]] ** [[President of Haiti]] [[Jovenel Moïse]] is [[Assassination of Jovenel Moïse|assassinated]] at aged 53.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/haitian-president-jovenel-moise-assassinated-in-his-home/a-58187367|title=Haitian President Jovenel Moise assassinated in his home|date=7 July 2021|author=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Interim [[Prime Minister of Haiti|Prime Minister]] [[Claude Joseph]] becomes acting president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haiti's prime minister to lead country until election following president's assassination: UN {{!}} Watch News Videos Online|url=https://globalnews.ca/video/8013670/haitis-prime-minister-to-lead-country-until-election-following-presidents-assassination-un/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] defeat the [[Montreal Canadiens]] in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/montreal-canadiens-tampa-bay-lightning-game-5-recap/c-325483294|title=Lightning repeat as Stanley Cup champions, defeat Canadiens in Game 5|last=Long|first=Corey|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L. P.|date=July 7, 2021|website=NHL.com|accessdate=July 7, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 8]] &ndash; [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The global death toll from COVID-19 passes 4 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world's known Covid death toll passes four million.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/covid-death-toll-four-million.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 8, 2021|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 10]] ** [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] beats [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] with 1–0 in the final of the [[2021 Copa América]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Andrew|date=11 July 2021|title=Messi and Argentina Beat Brazil to Win the Copa América|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/10/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-argentina-brazil-copa-america.html|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** The [[2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup]] is held in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concacaf announces host cities and stadiums for 2021 Gold Cup|date=22 April 2021 |url=https://www.concacaf.com/gold-cup/article/concacaf-announces-host-cities-and-stadiums-for-2021-gold-cup/|publisher=CONCACAF|language=en-US|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> * [[July 11]] ** [[Euro 2020]]: [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeats [[England national football team|England]] to win the [[UEFA European Championship]] final at [[Wembley Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/match/2024491/postmatch/report/ |title=Italy 1–1 England, aet (3–2 on pens): Donnarumma the hero as Azzurri win EURO 2020! |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Abiy Ahmed]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia]] in a [[landslide victory]].<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2021/07/10/1015019374/ethiopias-ruling-party-wins-national-election-in-landslide Ethiopia's ruling party wins national election in landslide]</ref> ** [[Virgin Galactic]]'s [[Virgin Galactic Unity 22|Unity 22]] mission launches with six people, including Virgin Galactic founder [[Richard Branson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/11/1015079564/richard-branson-has-completed-a-historic-trip-to-the-edge-of-space-on-virgin-gal|title=Richard Branson Has Completed Historic Trip to the Edge of Space on Virgin Galactic|publisher=NPR|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ashleigh Barty]] and [[Novak Djokovic]] win the respective women's and men's singles tournaments at [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]].<ref>[https://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/wimbledon/2021/wimbledon-2021-tennis-finals-live-ash-barty-v-karolina-pliskova-novak-djokovic-v-matteo-berrettini_sto8412199/story.shtml WIMBLEDON 2021 FINALS AS THEY HAPPENED - NOVAK DJOKOVIC SINKS MATTEO BERRETTINI, ASH BARTY BEATS KAROLINA PLISKOVA]</ref> ** In [[Cuba]], a [[2021 Cuban protests|large anti-government protests]] break-out because of food and medicine shortages caused by the government's mishandling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cuba-protests-high-prices-food-shortages-coronavirus-havana/|title=High prices, food shortages fuel Cuba's biggest anti-government protests in decades|date=July 12, 2021|location=[[Havana]]|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> ** In [[Moldova]], the [[Party of Action and Solidarity]] wins the majority of seats in the [[Parliament of the Republic of Moldova|parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tanas |first1=Alexander |last2=Polityuk |first2=Pavel |date=11 July 2021 |editor-last=Kasolowsky |editor-first=Raissa |editor2-last=Pulin |editor2-first=Richard |title=Pro-Western party wins Moldova election, preliminary data shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/moldovans-elect-new-parliament-amid-concerns-over-graft-stalled-reforms-2021-07-11/ |url-access=limited |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ** In [[Bulgaria]], the [[There Is Such a People]] party wins the majority of seats in the [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-11|title=Voters apathetic in Bulgaria's early parliamentary election|work=San Antionio Express-News|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/article/Bulgarians-elect-new-parliament-amid-corruption-16306749.php|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715102955/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/article/Bulgarians-elect-new-parliament-amid-corruption-16306749.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 12]] &ndash; [[2021 European floods|Severe floods]] across [[Western Europe]] leave at least 90 people dead and 1,300 others missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/ueberschwemmungen-westdeutschland-101.html|title=Flutkatastrophe: Bereits mehr als 100 Tote|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021|website=tagesschau.de|language=German}}</ref> * [[July 13]] ** [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of Nepal|43th Prime Minister of Nepal]] after court order found that [[KP Sharma Oli]] tenure as prime minister was against the law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=देउवा प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त, सपथको यारी|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/243073/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Setopati}}</ref> ** Over 70 people are killed during [[2021 South African unrest|riots]] in [[South Africa]] following the arrest of former [[President of South Africa|South African president]] [[Jacob Zuma]] in connection to a corrupt arms deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/jacob-zuma-six-people-dead-in-south-africa-as-protests-escalate-over-jailing-of-former-president-12354336|title=Jacob Zuma: Six people dead in South Africa as protests escalate over jailing of former president|website=Sky News|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713180510/https://news.sky.com/story/jacob-zuma-six-people-dead-in-south-africa-as-protests-escalate-over-jailing-of-former-president-12354336}}</ref> * [[July 14]] &ndash; Former [[President of Pakistan]], [[Mamnoon Hussain]], who led the country's [[polio]] [[eradication]] program dies at aged 80.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/former-pakistan-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away-in-karachi/articleshow/84422819.cms Former Pakistan president Mamnoon Hussain Passes Away in Karachi]</ref> * [[July 15]] &ndash; Dutch journalist [[Peter R. de Vries]] dies after being [[Killing of Peter R. de Vries|shot multiple times]] in [[Amsterdam]], aged 64.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2021|title=Dutch crime reporter Peter de Vries dies after shooting|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/15/dutch-reporter-peter-de-vries-dies-after-shooting|access-date=15 July 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> * [[July 17]] ** Serial killer [[Michael Gargiulo]], also known as the "[[Hollywood]] Ripper", is [[sentenced to death]] for two [[murder]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-17|title='Hollywood Ripper' Michael Gargiulo sentenced to death for murders|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57871320|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref> ** [[2021 Henan floods|Floods and landslides]] caused 56 deaths in [[Henan]], [[China]] and leaving over 2 million evacuated or homeless.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Xinhua|title=河南强降雨已致56人遇难5人失踪 京广路隧道救援清理仍在继续|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021-07-23/doc-ikqciyzk7241150.shtml|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=Sina|date=2021-07-22}}</ref> * [[July 18]] &ndash; A report found that human rights activists, journalists and lawyers around the world have been targeted with a phone [[malware]] sold to [[authoritarian]] governments by an [[Project Pegasus revelations|Israeli surveillance firm]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2021/07/spyware-reform-critical-180-journalists-potential-pegasus-targets/amp/|title = Spyware reform critical as at least 180 journalists revealed as potential Pegasus targets|date = 19 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Blue Origin]] successfully conducts its first human test flight, with a reusable [[New Shepard]] rocket delivering four crew members into space &ndash; founder [[Jeff Bezos]], his brother Mark, 18-year-old [[Oliver Daemen]] (the youngest person to ever go into space), and 82-year-old [[Wally Funk]] (the oldest person to go into space).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeff Bezos launches to space aboard New Shepard rocket ship|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57849364|website=BBC News|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Replay - New Shepard First Human Flight|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMHhXzpwupU|website=YouTube|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 20]] ** [[Ariel Henry]] becomes the 23rd [[Prime Minister of Haiti]] and soon after becomes acting [[President of Haiti|president]] following the resignation of acting Prime Minister and President [[Claude Joseph]] and the [[Assassination of Jovenel Moïse|assassination]] of [[Jovenel Moïse]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-21|title=Strife-torn Haiti gets new prime minister|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57910829|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> ** The [[Milwaukee Bucks]] defeat the [[Phoenix Suns]] to win the 2021 [[NBA Finals]], their first championship win in fifty years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31851872/sports-world-reacts-milwaukee-bucks-winning-first-nba-title-1971 |title=Sports world reacts to Milwaukee Bucks winning first NBA title since 1971 |date=July 20, 2021 |last=Jackson |first=James |website=[[ESPN]] |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> ** Women are permitted to attend without a male guardian (''mehrem'') provided they go in a trustworthy group during the Day of [[Haji]].<ref>{{cite news|author=AFP|title=In Mecca, Women Take Part in Hajj as 'Guardian' Rule Dropped|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped|publisher=[[VOA]]|date=2021-07-20|accessdate=2021-07-20}}</ref> * [[July 21]] ** [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City]] is removed from its [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] status because of modern developments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Halliday|first=Josh|date=2021-07-21|title=Unesco strips Liverpool of its world heritage status|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/21/unesco-strips-liverpool-waterfront-world-heritage-status|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ** The [[International Olympic Committee]] awards [[Brisbane]] the right to host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=IOC elects Brisbane 2032 as Olympic and Paralympic host - Olympic News|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-elects-brisbane-2032-as-olympic-and-paralympic-host|access-date=2021-07-21|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> * [[July 22]] &ndash; A [[2021 Maharashtra floods|flood]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] kills over 250 people.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jul/27/maharashtra-floods-claim-251-lives-13-districts-across-state-affected-says-nawab-malik-2336073.html|title = Maharashtra floods claim 251 lives, 13 districts across state affected, says Nawab Malik|date = 27 July 2021|access-date = 28 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 23]] &ndash; The [[2020 Summer Olympics]] began in [[Tokyo]], Japan, a year after being postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics: New dates confirmed for 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/52091224 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=31 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> * [[July 25]] &ndash; [[President of Tunisia|Tunisian President]] [[Kais Saied]] fires [[Prime Minister of Tunisia|Prime Minister]] [[Hichem Mechichi]] and freezes the [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People|Assembly of Representatives]], causing a [[2021 Tunisian political crisis|political crisis]] in [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amara |first1=Tarek |last2=Mcdowall |first2=Angus |title=Tunisian democracy in crisis after president ousts government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tunisian-democracy-crisis-after-president-ousts-government-2021-07-26/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726151030/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tunisian-democracy-crisis-after-president-ousts-government-2021-07-26/ }}</ref> * [[July 28]] ** [[2021 Turkish wildfires|Wildfires]] in [[Turkey]] have killed at least six people and injured more than 400.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rothwell |first1=James |title=One dead and ten stranded as wildfire rages across southern Turkey |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/29/one-dead-ten-stranded-wildfire-rages-across-southern-turkey/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=29 July 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729081430/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/29/one-dead-ten-stranded-wildfire-rages-across-southern-turkey/ |archive-date=29 July 2021 }}</ref> ** [[Philip Pierre]] is elected the 8th [[List of prime ministers of Saint Lucia|Prime Minister of Saint Lucia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CMC|date=28 July 2021|title=Pierre to be sworn in as new St Lucia Prime Minister|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Pierre_to_be_sworn_in_as_new_St_Lucia_Prime_Minister?profile=13733|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> ** The first direct observation of [[light]] from behind a [[black hole]] is reported, confirming [[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Astronomers detect light behind black hole for first time |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/28/astronomers-detect-light-behind-black-hole-for-first-time |date=28 July 2021 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=29 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stanford astrophysicists report first detection of light from behind a black hole |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2021/07/28/first-detection-light-behind-black-hole/ |date=28 July 2021 |work=Stanford |accessdate=29 July 2021 }}</ref> * [[July 29]] ** The [[International Space Station]] temporarily spun out of control, moving the ISS 45 degrees out of altitude, following an engine malfunction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/international-space-station-unexpected-shift/619631/|title=The Day the Space Station Lurched|date=August 2021 |publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=August 1, 2021}}</ref> ** Oil tanker [[July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident|Mercer Street]] is attacked off coast of [[Oman]], killing two crew members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK and US blame Iran for oil tanker attack which killed Briton|url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-and-us-blame-iran-for-oil-tanker-attack-which-killed-briton-12370157|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> ===August=== [[File:Krystsina Tsimanouskaya 2019 Summer Universiade 1.45 (headshot).png|thumb|right|180px|On 4 August, sprinter [[Krystsina Tsimanouskaya]] takes [[asylum]] in [[Poland]] after criticizing [[Belarus]] at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]]]] [[File:Sismo Haití 2021.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 14 August, a [[2021 Haiti earthquake|7.2 earthquake]] hits [[Haiti]], killing over 300 people]] [[File:Crowds in front of Kabul International Airport.webm|thumb|right|180px|On 15 August, the [[Taliban]] takes control of [[Kabul]] and the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|government collapses]] with [[President of Afghanistan|President]] [[Ashraf Ghani]] going into [[exile]]]] [[File:Afghanistan Evacuation 210821-A-AB999-0019.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 26 August, [[2021 Kabul airport attack|two suicide bombings]] caused by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] kills over 180 people at the [[Hamid Karzai International Airport]] in [[Kabul]]]] [[File:Afghanistan Evacuation 210821-M-GQ845-1035.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 30 August, the [[2021 evacuation from Afghanistan|evacuations]] in [[Afghanistan]] end, officially ending the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]]] * [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Myanmar]] coup leader [[Min Aung Hlaing]] forms a caretaker government, making himself the 13th [[Prime Minister of Myanmar]], six months after the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|coup d'état]] against [[Aung San Suu Kyi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Junta Forms Caretaker Government; Min Aung Hlaing is Prime Minister|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/myanmar-junta-forms-caretaker-government-min-aung-hlaing-prime-minister |work=VOA |date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[August 3]] ** [[2021 Greece wildfires|Wildfires]] in [[Greece]] begin, killing three people.<ref>[https://theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/07/uk-sends-firefighters-to-greece-to-help-the-battle-against-wildfires UK sends firefighters to Greece to help the battle against wildfires]</ref> ** [[Lithuania]] sees an increase in illegal [[immigrants]] (mostly [[Iraqis]]) via [[Belarus]] as part of the [[2021 Lithuanian migrant crisis]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/19/world/europe/lithuania-belarus-migrants-european-union.html In Lithuania, Migrants Find Themselves Caught in a Geopolitical Battle]</ref> ** Oil tanker [[August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident|Asphalt Princess]] is attacked off the coast of [[Oman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran-backed armed attackers suspected of seizing tanker off UAE coast|url=https://news.sky.com/story/potential-hijack-of-ship-off-uae-coast-12371922|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Sky News|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204632/https://news.sky.com/story/potential-hijack-of-ship-off-uae-coast-12371922}}</ref> * [[August 4]] ** [[Milavče train crash|Two trains crash into each other]] in the [[Czech Republic]] killing three people and injuring over 60 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/two-dead-after-trains-collide-czech-republic-news-agency-ctk-2021-08-04/ |title=Munich-Prague train collides with Czech commuter service, three dead |first=Jiri |last=Skacel |date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |accessdate=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804151325/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/two-dead-after-trains-collide-czech-republic-news-agency-ctk-2021-08-04/ }}</ref> ** Belarusian sprinter [[Krystsina Tsimanouskaya]] travels to [[Poland]] to look for [[refugee|refuge]] after saying [[Belarus]] was forcing her to be part of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=Belarus sprinter leaves Tokyo on flight to Vienna after seeking refuge|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/04/belarus-sprinter-krystsina-tsimanouskaya-poland|access-date=2021-08-04|website=the Guardian}}</ref> ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases passes 200 million worldwide.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/04/world/europe/covid-global-cases-200-million.html World’s Coronavirus Infection Total Passes Staggering Figure: 200 Million]</ref> * [[August 5]] – [[Tigray War]]: The [[Tigray Defense Forces]] take control of the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Lalibela]].<ref>{{cite web|date=5 August 2021|title=Lalibela: Ethiopia's Tigray rebels take Unesco world heritage town|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58101912|access-date=6 August 2021|publisher=bbc}}</ref> * [[August 6]] – [[Natalia Gavrilița]] is elected the 15th [[Prime Minister of Moldova]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Moldova parliament approves Natalia Gavrilita as new prime minister|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210806112519-ynyu0/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=news.trust.org|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806123955/https://news.trust.org/item/20210806112519-ynyu0/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[August 8]] ** The 2020 Summer Olympics ended in [[Tokyo]], Japan with the [[United States]] winning the most gold medals and medals in total overall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics: New dates confirmed for 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/52091224 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=March 31, 2020 |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> ** [[Taliban]] members capture the [[Afghan]] city of [[Kunduz]], [[Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan|Sar-e Pol]] and [[Taloqan]] as part of the [[2021 Taliban offensive]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gibbons-Neff |first1=Thomas |title=The Taliban seize Kunduz, a major city in northern Afghanistan. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/08/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-kunduz.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 9]] &ndash; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] releases the first part of its report, which says that the effects of human-caused [[climate change]] are now "widespread, rapid, and intensifying".<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Climate change: IPCC report is 'code red for humanity'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58130705|access-date=9 August 2021|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC's starkest warning yet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/aug/09/humans-have-caused-unprecedented-and-irreversible-change-to-climate-scientists-warn|access-date=9 August 2021|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying – IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/|access-date=9 August 2021|publisher=IPCC}}</ref> * [[August 10]] – [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]: The [[Taliban]] seize the regional capitals [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]], [[Faizabad]] and [[Puli Khumri]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 August 2021|title=Taliban seizes three more provincial capitals and sets sights on big cities|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23b536a3-e0c3-4c0f-bf01-ce9df0685e10|access-date=12 August 2021|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> * [[August 12]] ** [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the War in Afghanistan: The Taliban seize the regional capitals [[Ghazni]], [[Herat]], [[Qala e Naw]] and [[Kandahar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Taliban overrun Herat City, Qala-i-Naw|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/08/taliban-overrun-herat-city-qala-i-naw.php|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Long War Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Kandahar City falls to the Taliban|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/08/kandahar-city-falls-to-the-taliban.php|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Long War Journal}}</ref> ** Businessman [[Hakainde Hichilema]] is [[2021 Zambian general election|elected]] the 7th [[President of Zambia]], beating [[incumbent]] President [[Edgar Lungu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/|access-date=16 August 2021|website=news.trust.org|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012021/https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** A man [[Plymouth shooting|kills five people]] in a [[mass shooting]] in [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]], [[England]]. He [[murder–suicide|then]] [[kills himself]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Coles|first=Amy|date=12 August 2021|title=Plymouth shooting: 'Number of fatalities' in 'serious' shooting incident in Keyham, police say|work=Sky News|url=https://news.sky.com/story/significant-ambulance-response-deployed-to-incident-in-plymouth-12379946|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 13]] – [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]: The [[Taliban]] seize the regional capitals [[Chaghcharan]] and [[Lashkar Gah]].<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2021|title=Taliban capture two large Afghan cities; embassies getting staff out|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/embassies-get-staff-out-afghanistan-taliban-claim-two-big-cities-2021-08-13/|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> * [[August 14]] – [[2021 Haiti earthquake|A 7.2-magnitude earthquake]] hits [[Haiti]], killing more than 300 people.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 August 2021|title=High casualties feared as 7.2-magnitude earthquake strikes near Haiti|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/14/world/haiti-earthquake/index.html|access-date=14 August 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> * [[August 15]] – [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]: The Taliban captures [[Kabul]] causing the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Afghan government to collapse]] with [[President of Afghanistan|Afghan President]] [[Ashraf Ghani]] going into [[exile]] and leaving the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Latifi|first=Ali M.|title='At the gates': Taliban ready to take Afghan capital|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/15/taliban-enter-kabul-from-all-sides|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> * [[August 16]] – [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] resigns after losing support from [[coalition]] parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/top-bersatu-leaders-seen-arriving-for-meeting-amid-malaysias-political-crisis |title=Ruling pact scrambles for replacement ahead of Malaysia PM Muhyiddin's resignation |date=15 August 2021 |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 21]] ** Former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] becomes the 9th [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] after a coalition government fails to support [[Muhyiddin Yassin]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palansamy|first=Yiswaree|title=Agong appoints Ismail Sabri as Malaysia's ninth prime minister {{!}} Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/08/20/agong-appoints-ismail-sabri-as-malaysias-ninth-prime-minister/1999150|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.malaymail.com|date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], [[2021 Tennessee floods|flash floods]] caused by heavy rain in [[Tennessee]] killed over 22 people with over 20 missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/heavy-rain-triggers-catastrophic-flash-floods-in-middle-tennessee-what-we-know/ar-AANA1qH?ocid=BingNewsSearch|title=Heavy rain triggers 'catastrophic' flash floods in Middle Tennessee: What we know|accessdate=22 August 2021|date=22 August 2021|publisher=MSN Weather}}</ref> * [[August 24]] ** The [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] are held in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] after being postponed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/videos/team-usa-enters-opening-ceremony-tokyo-paralympics?cid=g1b |title=Team USA enters Opening Ceremony of Tokyo Paralympics |access-date=2021-08-25 |archive-date=2021-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825042002/https://www.nbcolympics.com/videos/team-usa-enters-opening-ceremony-tokyo-paralympics?cid=g1b |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Former [[President of Chad|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Chad]] [[Hissène Habré]], who was convicted of [[war crime]]s in 2016, dies of [[COVID-19]] at aged 79.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210824-chad-s-former-president-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-dies-at-79 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=[[France24]] |date=24 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 26]] ** During [[2021 evacuation from Afghanistan|evacuations]], a [[2021 Kabul airport attacks|suicide bombing]] occurs at [[Hamid Karzai International Airport]] in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing over 180 people and injuring over 150.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/afghanistan-news-taliban-refugees-08-26-21-intl/h_e493e5df7688d2adb3025e4f90d77fbc|title=Officials: Explosion at Kabul airport appears to be a suicide attack|website=[[CNN]]|date=2021-08-26|access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] claimed responsibility for the explosion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/explosion-outside-kabul-airport-casualties-unclear-pentagon-2021-08-26/|title=U.S. says two explosions near Kabul airport; Islamic State suspected|website=[[Reuters]]|date=2021-08-26|access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> ** The [[World Food Programme]] says that the [[2021 Madagascar food crisis|food crisis]] in [[Madagascar]] is the first [[famine]] caused by [[climate change]] and not an armed conflict.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madagascar is hit by the world's first climate change famine |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/madagascar-is-hit-by-the-world-s-first-climate-change-famine-49491 |access-date=28 August 2021 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 27]] – The [[United States Air Force]] launches an [[airstrike]], killing the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] member who is believed to have planned the [[2021 Kabul airport attack|Kabul airport bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US airstrike targets Islamic State member in Afghanistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/asia-pacific-evacuations-kabul-islamic-state-group-7f146c8ae5d9e9ab225025527e421226 |website=AP News |date=27 August 2021 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 29]] – [[Hurricane Ida (2021)|Hurricane Ida]] makes landfall in [[Lafourche Parish, Louisiana]] near the [[Gulf of Mexico]] as a 150&nbsp;mph Category 4 [[hurricane]], making it the 17th [[tropical cyclone]] of the decade to make [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weather.com Meteorologists|date=August 29, 2021|title=Hurricane Ida Makes Destructive Category 4 Landfall in Louisiana|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2021-08-29-hurricane-ida-forecast-landfall-louisiana-gulf-coast|access-date=August 29, 2021|website=The Weather Channel - Hurricane Central}}</ref> * [[August 30]] ** The [[United Nations]] announces that [[Tetraethyllead|leaded petrol]] in road vehicles has been phased out globally, a hundred years after its introduction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highly polluting leaded petrol now eradicated from the world, says UN |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-58388810 |website=BBC News |date=31 August 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Inside the 20-year campaign to rid the world of leaded fuel|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/inside-20-year-campaign-rid-world-leaded-fuel|website=UN Environment Programme|date=30 August 2021|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901205923/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/inside-20-year-campaign-rid-world-leaded-fuel|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[2021 evacuation from Afghanistan|Evacuation]]s in [[Afghanistan]] end amid the [[Taliban]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|taking control]] of the country, ending the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/08/30/world/afghanistan-news/us-military-evacuation-kabul-afghanistan?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur Afghanistan Live Updates: The United States Occupation Is Over]</ref> ===September=== [[File:Yoshihide Suga 20210107 1 (headshot).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 3 September, [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] announces his resignation, effective at the end of the month]] [[File:His Excellency President Alpha Condé of Guinea, speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, 20 January 2020 20200120120724ZJW 4283 (49418933596) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|180px|On 5 September, [[President of Guinea]] [[Alpha Condé]] is [[2021 Guinean coup d'état|arrested and removed from power]]]] [[File:Jonas Gahr Støre (174624).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 13 September, [[Norway]]'s Opposition Leader [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] is [[2021 Norwegian parliamentary election|elected]] [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]]]] [[File:Prime Minister Trudeau delivers a message on Eid al-Fitr - 2020 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 20 September, [[Justin Trudeau]] is [[2021 Canadian federal election|re-elected]] as [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]]]] [[File:2021-08-21 Olaf Scholz 0309 (rectangle).JPG|thumb|right|180px|On 26 September, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] led by [[Olaf Scholz]] [[2021 German federal election|win]] the most seats in the [[Bundestag]]]] * [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Prime Minister of Japan]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] announces his resignation as [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] leader.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-pm-suga-says-wont-run-ruling-party-leadership-race-nhk-2021-09-03/|title=Japan PM Suga says won't run in ruling party leadership race-NHK|date=3 September 2021|publisher=Reuters|access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 5]] ** [[President of Guinea|Guinean President]] [[Alpha Condé]] is [[2021 Guinean coup d'état attempt|detained and removed from power]] by an elite military unit led by [[Mamady Doumbouya]], who claimed to have taken power.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 September 2021|title=Guinea coup attempt: Soldiers claim to seize power from Alpha Condé|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-58453778|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> ** The [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] ends in [[Tokyo]] with [[China]] winning the most gold medals and medals overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/05/sport/tokyo-paralympics-closing-ceremony-spt-intl/index.html|title=Tokyo Paralympics comes to an end with colorful and vibrant closing ceremony|publisher=CNN|date=5 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Carlos Vila Nova]] is elected the 5th [[List of presidents of São Tomé and Príncipe|President of São Tomé and Príncipe]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cnx753jejext/sao-tome-and-principe São Tomé and Príncipe ex-minister wins presidency]</ref> * [[September 7]] ** [[El Salvador]] becomes the first country in the world to accept [[Bitcoin]] as an official [[currency]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 September 2021|title=Fear and excitement in El Salvador as Bitcoin becomes legal tender|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58473260|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> ** The [[Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation|Mexican Supreme Court]] rules to legalize [[abortion]] in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mexico decriminalises abortion in landmark ruling |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58482850 |website=BBC News |access-date=8 September 2021 |date=7 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 8]] &ndash; A [[Tangerang prison fire|prison fire]] in [[Tangerang]], [[Indonesia]] kills 44 prisoners and injures 77 others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Da Costa |first=Agustinus Beo |date=9 September 2021 |title=Death toll from Indonesia jail blaze at 44 amid focus on overcrowding|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/death-toll-indonesia-jail-blaze-44-amid-focus-overcrowding-2021-09-09/|work=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Jakarta]]|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 10]] ** [[Aziz Akhannouch]] is elected the [[Prime Minister of Morocco]], beating incumbent [[Saadeddine Othmani]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed VI nomme Aziz Akhannouch Chef de gouvernement|language=fr|website=[[Telquel]]|url=https://telquel.ma/2021/09/10/mohammed-vi-nomme-aziz-akhannouch-chef-de-gouvernement_1736449?fbrefresh=8|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref> ** A new government is formed in [[Lebanon]] with [[Najib Mikati]] chosen as the new [[Prime Minister of Lebanon|Prime Minister]], replacing [[Hassan Diab]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title=Lebanese billionaire Najib Mikati picked as new PM-designate|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210726-lebanese-mps-pick-najib-mikati-as-new-prime-minister|access-date=2021-07-26|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 11]] &ndash; Tennis players [[Emma Raducanu]] of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Daniil Medvedev]] of [[Russia]] win the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/us-open-tennis-championships-sports-new-york-serena-williams-emma-raducanu-7cad95b0400651b031c48cf22dcf3539 Qualifier to champion: Britain’s Raducanu, 18, wins US Open]</ref> * [[September 13]] ** In [[Norway]], the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] led by Opposition Leader [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] [[2021 Norwegian parliamentary election|wins the most seats]] in the [[Storting]], beating the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] led by [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]] [[Erna Solberg]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Conservative PM concedes defeat as in Norway's elections|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-business-elections-general-elections-denmark-13debb7392d09128944c08bd4decefac|access-date=2021-09-13|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] and Opposition Leader [[Anwar Ibrahim]] sign a confidence and supply agreement ending a 18-month political crisis that has caused the fall of two governments in [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-ph-sign-historic-mou-on-political-stability-transformation-BA8332838 |website=The Sun Daily|access-date=13 September 2021 |date=14 September 2021|title=Govt, PH sign historic MoU on political stability, transformation }}</ref> * [[September 14]] ** [[North Korea]] shoots two short-range ballistic missiles that land just outside [[Japan]]'s territorial waters; and then only hours later [[South Korea]] fires its first submarine-launched ballistic missile.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 September 2021|title=North and South Korea test ballistic missiles hours apart|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-58554326|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ** The first season of the [[UEFA Europa Conference League|Europa Conference League]] begins.<ref>[https://sports.ndtv.com/football/europa-conference-league-declan-rice-scores-stunning-solo-goal-for-west-ham-united-vs-dinamo-zagreb-watch-2544388 Watch: Declan Rice Dribbles From Own Half And Scores Stunning Solo Goal For West Ham]</ref> * [[September 15]] ** A [[AUKUS|trilateral security pact]] between [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] is formed, to fight against [[China]], allowing Australia to build its first [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered submarine]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 September 2021|title=US, UK and Australia forge military alliance to counter China|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/sep/15/australia-nuclear-powered-submarines-us-uk-security-partnership-aukus|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ** Several ministers of the [[President of Argentina|Argentine President]] [[Alberto Fernández]]'s cabinet resigns after the government's defeat in the primary elections, causing a political crisis in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina Cabinet Revolt Puts Fernandez in Political Crisis |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-15/argentina-cabinet-revolt-adds-political-pressure-on-fernandez |website=Bloomberg |access-date=21 September 2021 |date= 15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina's president reshuffles cabinet after political crisis: official |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210918-argentina-s-president-reshuffles-cabinet-after-political-crisis-official |website=France 24 |access-date=21 September 2021 |date=18 September 2021 }}</ref> * [[September 16]] &ndash; [[SpaceX]] launches [[Inspiration4]], making it the first all-civilian [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbital]] [[spaceflight]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kan|first1=Michael|date=16 September 2021|title=Inspiration 4 Successfully Blasts Off for the First All-Civilian Orbital Space Flight|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/how-to-watch-inspiration-4-blast-off-for-the-first-all-civilian-orbital|archive-date=|access-date=16 September 2021|website=pcmag.com|publisher=PC Mag}}</ref> * [[September 17]] ** [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], who was the 8th [[President of Algeria]] for twenty years and resigned after mass protests against his presidency in 2019, dies at aged 84.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/former-algerian-president-abdelaziz-bouteflika-dies-at-84/a-59220555 Former Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika dies at 84]</ref> ** [[Philip "Brave" Davis]] is elected [[Prime Minister of the Bahamas]] after his party wins the most seats in the [[Parliament of the Bahamas|parliament]], beating incumbent [[Hubert Minnis]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Opposition unseats prime minister in Bahamas elections|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/opposition-unseats-prime-minister-bahamas-elections-80078934|access-date=2021-09-17|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 19]] &ndash; The [[Cumbre Vieja]] located in the [[La Palma]] island of the [[Canary Islands]] [[2021 La Palma eruption|erupts]].<ref>{{cite news |title=La Palma island volcano erupts spewing lava, ash and pyroclastic debris, local evacuations begin |url=https://thecanarynews.com/2021/09/la-palma-island-volcano-erupts-spewing-lava-ash-and-pyroclastic-debris-local-evacuations-begin/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=The Canary - News, Views & Sunshine |date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921003953/https://thecanarynews.com/2021/09/la-palma-island-volcano-erupts-spewing-lava-ash-and-pyroclastic-debris-local-evacuations-begin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[September 20]] ** The [[Liberal Party of Canada]] won 155 seats in the [[2021 Canadian federal election|federal election]], re-electing [[Justin Trudeau]] as [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] and allowing the party to form a minority government again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connolly |first1=Amanda |title=Liberals projected to form minority government - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8206478/canada-election-results-2021/ |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=Global News |date=20 September 2021}}</ref> ** In [[Rwanda]], [[Paul Rusesabagina]] is convicted on [[terrorism]] charges for the actions of his political party PDR-Ihumure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/20/rwanda-court-finds-hotel-rwanda-hero-guilty-in-terrorism-case|title=Hotel Rwanda' hero given 25-year sentence in 'terrorism' case|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=20 September 2021|accessdate=2021-09-20}}</ref> ** At least six people are killed when a gunman [[Perm State University shooting|shot students]] at [[Perm State University]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 September 2021|title=Six killed in Russian university shooting, gunman in hospital|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/fatal-shooting-incident-takes-place-russian-university-ifax-2021-09-20/|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 21]] ** The [[European Court of Human Rights]] rules that [[Russia]] was responsible for the poisoning of [[Alexander Litvinenko]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Faulconbridge|first1=Guy|last2=Holden|first2=Michael|date=21 September 2021|title=European rights court rules Russia was behind Litvinenko killing|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/european-court-rules-russia-was-behind-litvinenko-killing-2021-09-21/|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> ** Egyptian general [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]], who led the country as [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] after [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] resigned, dies at aged 85.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210921-egypt-s-first-post-mubarak-ruler-tantawi-dies-aged-85|title=Egypt's first post-Mubarak ruler, Tantawi, dies aged 85|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=21 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 23]] &ndash; Scientists discover human footprints which are about 23,000 years old at [[White Sands National Park]] in the United States, making the idea that humans arrived in [[North America]] at least 10,000 years earlier than previously thought.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58638854 Footprints in New Mexico are oldest evidence of humans in the Americas]</ref> * [[September 24]] &ndash; Two [[Canadians|Canadian citizens]] are released from detention in [[China]] after [[Huawei]] executive [[Meng Wanzhou]] is released from house arrest in [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-24 |title=Huawei's Meng Wanzhou to be freed in US deal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58682998 |access-date=2021-09-24}}</ref> * [[September 25]] &ndash; The [[Independence Party (Iceland)|Independence Party]] of [[Iceland]] led by [[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970)|Bjarni Benediktsson]] [[2021 Icelandic parliamentary election|win]] the most seats in the [[Althing]]; however [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Prime Minister]] [[Katrín Jakobsdóttir]] is expected to govern a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iceland elects Europe's first women-majority parliament |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/26/europe/iceland-women-majority-parliament-intl/index.html |access-date=26 September 2021 |agency=Reuters |website=CNN|date=26 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 26]] &ndash; The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) led by [[Olaf Scholz]] [[2021 German federal election|win]] the most seats in the [[Bundestag]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=dw.com|date=2021-09-27|language=de|title=Jamaika, die Ampel und der Machtanspruch von SPD und Union|url=https://www.dw.com/de/jamaika-die-ampel-und-der-machtanspruch-von-spd-und-union/a-59322903|access-date=2021-09-27}}</ref> * [[September 29]] ** Former [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Fumio Kishida]] is [[2021 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) leadership election|elected]] to replace [[Yoshihide Suga]] as the 100th [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fumio-kishida-to-become-japans-next-prime-minister-11632895534|title=Fumio Kishida to Become Japan's Next Prime Minister After Party Election Win|publisher=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=29 September 2021}}</ref> ** [[Najla Bouden Romdhane]] is selected to become the [[Prime Minister of Tunisia]] by [[President of Tunisia|President]] [[Kais Saied]]; making her the first female prime minister in [[Tunisia]] and the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-29|title=Tunisia's president names Bouden first woman PM, asks her to form govt|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210929-tunisian-president-tasks-first-woman-pm-najla-boudin-ramdan-with-forming-government|access-date=2021-09-29|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> ** 116 inmates are killed during a prison [[riot]] in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]], the deadliest prison violence in the country's history.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=Ecuador jail: Death toll in Guayaquil prison fight passes 100|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-58733202|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=Over 100 killed in bloody Ecuador prison massacre|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/29/americas/ecuador-prison-deaths-intl/index.html|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=At least 116 dead in Ecuador prison gang clash, some beheaded|work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/3150656/more-100-dead-ecuador-prison-gang-clash-some-beheaded|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ===October=== [[File:Fumio Kishida October 2017 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 4 October, [[Fumio Kishida]] becomes the 100th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]]] [[File:Facebook is down - Oct 4th 2021 12 06 13.jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 4 October, a [[2021 Facebook outage|massive outage]] affects the social media sites [[Facebook]], [[WhatsApp]] and [[Instagram]] for seven hours]] [[File:Nobel peace prize recipients 2021.png|thumb|180px|right|On 8 October, [[Filipino]] journalist [[Maria Ressa]] is awarded the 2021 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] alongside [[Russians|Russian]] editor [[Dmitry Muratov]]]] [[File:EPP Western Balkans Summit, 5 October 2021, Ljubljana (51553720231) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 9 October, [[Chancellor of Austria]] [[Sebastian Kurz]] announces his resignation following the creation of a [[corruption]] investigation against him]] [[File:高雄城中城大火01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 14 October, a [[2021 Kaohsiung fire|building fire]] in [[Taiwan]] kills 46 people]] [[File:Mark Green and Abdalla Hamdok at USAID HQ (3) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 25 October, [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] [[Abdalla Hamdok]] is removed from office and arrested during a [[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|military coup]]]] * [[October 1]] ** [[2021 Guinean coup d'état|Coup military leader]] [[Mamady Doumbouya]] is sworn-in as the interim [[President of Guinea]] after removing [[Alpha Condé]] from power last month.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/01/africa/guinea-coup-leader-sworn-president-intl/index.html Guinea swears in coup leader Mamady Doumbouya as interim president]</ref> ** The [[Expo 2020|2020 World Expo]] in [[Dubai]] begins, as it was originally scheduled for 20 October 2020 but was delayed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expo 2020 Dubai postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/expo-2020-dubai-postponed-2021-due-coronavirus-200504103102485.html|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> * [[October 3]] – The [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] and other media outlets publish a set of 11.9 million documents leaked from 14 financial services companies known as the [[Pandora Papers]], revealing offshore financial activities that involve multiple current and former world leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-03|title=Pandora Papers: Secret wealth and dealings of world leaders exposed|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58780465|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref> * [[October 4]] ** [[Armenian-American]] molecular biologist [[Ardem Patapoutian]] and [[Americans|American]] physiologist [[David Julius]] are awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for their work on [[receptor (cell biology)|human receptors]] and [[molecular biology|molecular mechanisms]] of [[pain]] sensation and heat.<ref name=NPPM/> ** Former [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] [[Fumio Kishida]] is officially voted by the [[National Diet]] as the 100th [[Prime Minister of Japan]], replacing [[Yoshihide Suga]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 October 2021|title=Fumio Kishida: Japan's new prime minister takes office|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58784635}}</ref> ** [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]] and [[WhatsApp]] have become inaccessible because of a [[2021 Facebook outage|major outage]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |title=Facebook and all of its apps go down simultaneously. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/04/technology/facebook-down.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> * [[October 5]] ** [[Roscosmos]] launches the [[Soyuz MS-19]] mission, carrying two [[Channel One Russia]] crewmembers to the [[International Space Station]] to make a [[The Challenge (2022 movie)|movie]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quine |first1=Tony |title=Russia to select actress for Soyuz mission in May |url=https://spacenews.com/russia-to-select-actress-for-soyuz-mission-in-may/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210603211949/https://spacenews.com/russia-to-select-actress-for-soyuz-mission-in-may/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=27 May 2021 |quote=This unusual spaceflight will be connected to the filming of the movie “Vyzov” (“The Challenge”) [...] Pavel Vlasov, head of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, has previously stated that Soyuz MS-19 will launch on Sept. 20 [...] However, other sources still give a projected launch date of Oct. 5.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McHugh |first1=Erin |title=Russia announces team for movie to be made on International Space Station |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-world/russia-movie-international-space-station/507-5abf8299-f8c8-46c3-ba7e-b8d7e7a3fb6c |website=[[WKYC|WKYC Studios]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210603212249/https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-world/russia-movie-international-space-station/507-5abf8299-f8c8-46c3-ba7e-b8d7e7a3fb6c |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=17 May 2021 |quote=Russia said its film crew will take up two of the three seats aboard the October 5th launch of Russia’s Soyuz MS-19 spacecraft.}}</ref> ** [[Japanese American|Japanese-American]] [[meteorology|meteorologist]] [[Syukuro Manabe]], [[Germans|German]] [[oceanography|oceanographer]] [[Klaus Hasselmann]] and [[Italians|Italian]] physicist [[Giorgio Parisi]] are awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their works on modeling [[climate change]] patterns and its effects.<ref name=NPP/> * [[October 6]] ** German chemist [[Benjamin List]] and [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born chemist [[David MacMillan]] win the 2021 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for their work on the development of [[organocatalysis]].<ref name="NPC">{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2021/macmillan/facts/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> ** The [[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals]] is held in [[Italy]] as they were originally scheduled for June 2021, but were moved following the rescheduling of [[UEFA Euro 2020]] to June and July 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2020|title=Resolution of the European football family on a coordinated response to the impact of the COVID-19 on competitions|website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2641077.html|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> ** Children across most of [[Africa]] are to be [[RTS,S|vaccinated]] against [[malaria]], the first vaccine approved by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mandavilli|first=Apoorva|date=October 6, 2021|title=A 'Historical Event': First Malaria Vaccine Approved by W.H.O.|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/06/health/malaria-vaccine-who.html|access-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> * [[October 7]] ** A [[2021 Balochistan earthquake|5.9 magnitude earthquake]] kills 20 people and injures over 300 others in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=At least 20 killed as 5.9-magnitude earthquake rocks parts of Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1650594/at-least-20-killed-as-59-magnitude-earthquake-rocks-parts-of-balochistan |work=Dawn |date=7 October 2021}}</ref> ** [[Tanzania]]n-[[British people|British]] novelist and [[refugee]] [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] wins the 2021 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] for his novels about [[colonialism]] and its impacts on refugees.<ref name="NPL">{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2021/summary/ |website=NobelPrize.org |date=7 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007151626/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2021/summary/ }}</ref> * [[October 8]] ** [[The Philippines|Filipino]] journalist [[Maria Ressa]] and [[Russia]]n journalist [[Dmitry Muratov]] win the 2021 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their work on freedom of expression.<ref name="NPP2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/press-release/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021|publisher=Nobel Prize|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> ** A [[2021 Kunduz mosque bombing|suicide bombing]] carried out by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] at a [[Shia]] [[mosque]] in [[Kunduz]], [[Afghanistan]] kills over 100 people while injuring over 140 others.<ref>{{cite news |title=More than 100 killed and wounded in mosque blast in northeastern Afghanistan - UN |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/blast-hits-mosque-northeastern-afghanistan-killing-worshippers-2021-10-08/ |access-date=8 October 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 9]] ** [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], the first democratically elected [[President of Iran]] following the [[Islamic Revolution]], dies in [[Paris]], [[France]] at aged 88.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/family-iranian-state-media-irans-president-abolhassan-banisadr-80492335|title=Family, Iranian state media say Iran's first president, Abolhassan Banisadr, dies in Paris from long illness at age 88|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=9 October 2021}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Czech Prime Minister]] [[Andrej Babiš]] wins 72 seats against his main opponent [[Petr Fiala]]'s 71 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Starostové kroužkováním zmasakrovali Piráty |url=https://www.novinky.cz/volby/do-poslanecke-snemovny/clanek/starostove-krouzkovanim-zmasakrovali-piraty-40374403 |website=www.novinky.cz |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> ** [[Sebastian Kurz]] announces his resignation as [[Chancellor of Austria]] after a [[corruption]] investigation is opened against him.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doherty |first1=Erin |title=Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz resigns amid corruption allegations |url=https://www.axios.com/austrian-chancellor-sebastian-kurz-resigns-f160d239-0cf8-431e-8c2f-92485d6012e7.html |website=Axios |date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> [[Alexander Schallenberg]] replaced Kurtz as chancellor on two days later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sebastian Kurz "macht Platz" und zieht sich als Kanzler zurück|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000130311035/nach-juengsten-enthuellungen-sebastian-kurz-vor-rueckzug-als-kanzler|access-date=2021-10-09|website=DER STANDARD|language=de-AT}}</ref> * [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Canada|Canadian]]-[[Americans|American]] labour economist [[David Card]], [[Israel]]i-American economist [[Joshua Angrist]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]]-American economist [[Guido Imbens]] win the 2021 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]].<ref name="NPES">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2021/summary/|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred …|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211011095600/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2021/summary/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> * [[October 13]] ** ''[[Star Trek]]'' actor [[William Shatner]] becomes the oldest person to go into space, at age 90, on board a [[Blue Origin]] spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-13|title=Star Trek's William Shatner blasts into space on Blue Origin rocket |work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58885555|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ** Five people are killed and two others are injured inside a supermarket after being [[Kongsberg attack|attacked by bow and arrows]] in [[Kongsberg]], [[Norway]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fem personer ble drept og to er skadet i Kongsberg, opplyser politiet.|trans-title=Five people were killed and two are injured in Kongsberg, police say.|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/XqWR7b/fem-personer-ble-drept-og-to-er-skadet-i-kongsberg-opplyser-politiet|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[Aftenposten]]|date=13 October 2021 |language=nb|quote=Det er fem drepte og to personer som er skadet. [There are five killed and two people injured.]}}</ref> * [[October 14]] &ndash; A [[2021 Kaohsiung fire|building fire]] in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], kills at least 46 people and injures 41 others.<ref>[https://archive.today/20211014104229/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4314525 46 dead, 41 injured after Kaohsiung 'ghost building' fire]</ref> * [[October 15]] ** A [[2021 Kandahar bombing|suicide bombing]] by the [[Islamic State]] at a [[Shia]] [[mosque]] in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] kills 65 people and injures over 70 others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Harrison|date=15 October 2021|title=Four suicide bombers kill and injure dozens of people in Kandahar mosque blasts|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/15/afghanistan-explosion-hits-kandahar-mosque-during-prayers-15426651/|access-date=15 October 2021|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref> ** [[British people|British]] [[British Parliament|Member of Parliament]] [[David Amess|Sir David Amess]] is [[Killing of David Amess|stabbed to death]] in [[Leigh-on-Sea]], [[Essex]], [[England]], aged 69.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=15 October 2021|title=Conservative MP David Amess stabbed in Essex attack.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/15/conservative-mp-peter-amess-stabbed-in-essex-attack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015130033/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/15/conservative-mp-david-amess-stabbed-in-essex-attack|archive-date=15 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[October 16]] &ndash; The [[Lucy (spacecraft)|Lucy spacecraft]] is launched by [[NASA]], the first mission to explore the [[Jupiter trojan|Trojan asteroids]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-16|title=Nasa's Lucy mission will seek out Solar System 'fossils' |work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58927969|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> * [[October 17]] &ndash; Former [[Prime Minister of Cape Verde|Prime Minister]] [[José Maria Neves]] is elected the 5th [[List of presidents of Cape Verde|President of Cape Verde]], beating former Prime Minister [[Carlos Veiga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/opposition-candidate-neves-wins-cape-verde-election-2021-10-18/|title=Opposition candidate Neves wins Cape Verde election|website=Reuters|date=18 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Sandra Mason|Dame Sandra Mason]] is elected the 1st [[President of Barbados]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor General Dame Sandra named first president-elect |url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/gg-dame-sandra-mason-first-president-elect |access-date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Loop Barbados |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107202129/https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/gg-dame-sandra-mason-first-president-elect |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Cindy Kiro|Dame Cindy Kiro]] becomes the 22nd [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], the first [[Māori people|Māori woman]] to hold the position.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dame Cindy Kiro: New Zealand's first Māori woman to be governor-general, on her 'very poor' upbringing and life of service |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/dame-cindy-kiro-new-zealands-first-maori-woman-to-be-governor-general-on-her-very-poor-upbringing-and-life-of-service/HAOIFR2264TD6FK5KCENIBCYRA/ |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-24 |work=New Zealand Herald}}</ref> * [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] is re-elected [[President of Uzbekistan]] in a [[landslide victory]], winning 80% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/25/uzbekistan-leader-scores-crushing-win-in-not-competitive-vote-a75401|title=Uzbekistan Leader Scores Crushing Win in 'Not Competitive' Vote|date=25 October 2021 |publisher=The Moscow Times|accessdate=25 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 25]] &ndash; The [[Sudan]]ese military launches a [[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt|coup]] against the government with [[Prime Minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdalla Hamdok]] placed under house arrest and [[President of Sudan|President]] [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] taking power as head of state, declaring a state of emergency and dissolution of the government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-25|title=Sudan's military takes power in coup, arrests prime minister |work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-arrests-omar-al-bashir-c8d027c0a9e250fcb5a595bdc987d282|access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref> * [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Roh Tae-woo]], [[South Korea|South Korea's]] [[President of South Korea|6th President]], first to be democratically elected in a post-military rule and was found guilty for treason, mutiny and corruption for his role in two [[Coup d'état|coups]], dies at aged 88.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/26/world/asia/roh-tae-woo-dies.html Roh Tae-woo, South Korean Leader During Move Toward Democracy, Dies at 88]</ref> * [[October 31]] ** In [[Japan]], the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] led by [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Fumio Kishida]] [[2021 Japanese general election|won the most seats]] in the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Citation|title=【選挙ライブ】2021衆議院選挙 開票速報ーー政党・注目候補の動きライブで|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnNSlaDVPQM|language=Japanese|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-31|title=Japan's Ruling Coalition Poised to Keep Power Despite Losses|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-31/japan-s-ruling-party-may-not-keep-parliament-majority-nhk-says|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> ** The [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP26 Summit]] is held in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] where world leaders attempt to limit [[global warming]] temperatures to 1.5&nbsp;°C (2.7&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecurrentga.org/2021/11/01/what-is-cop26-how-global-climate-negotiations-work-whats-expected-from-glasgow-summit/|title=What is COP26? How global climate negotiations work, what's expected from Glasgow summit|date=November 2021 |publisher=The Current GA|accessdate=November 1, 2021}}</ref> ===November=== [[File:BBV152.jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 3 November, the [[World Health Organization]] gives emergency use listing to the [[Covaxin|Covaxin COVID-19 vaccine]]]] [[File:Mustafa al-Kadhimi (rectangle).jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 7 November, [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] survives an [[assassination]] attempt]] [[File:Spike omicron mutations top.png|thumb|180px|On 26 November, the [[World Health Organization]] officially names the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]]]] [[File:Magdalena Andersson is elected Prime Minister in 2021. 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 29 November, [[Magdalena Andersson]] is elected the first female [[Prime Minister of Sweden]]]] [[File:Sandra of Barbados (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 29 November, [[Barbados]] officially became a [[republic]] with [[Sandra Mason]] becoming the country's first [[President of Barbados|president]]]] * [[November 1]] &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: The number of recorded deaths from COVID-19 passes 5 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world has recorded 5 million COVID-19 deaths, but the real toll is likely more than double that|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-01/five-million-covid19-deaths-but-real-toll-hidden/100568156|website=abc.net.au|date=November 1, 2021|access-date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 2]] ** Tennis player [[Peng Shuai]] accuses Senior [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China]] [[Zhang Gaoli]] of sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peng 'must be heard' on sex abuse claim |author= |work=BBC Sport |date= |access-date=18 November 2021 |url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/59284680}}</ref> She later is censored by the [[China|Chinese]] government and disappears.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China pleads ignorance amid calls to investigate tennis star Peng Shuai's whereabouts after sexual assault claim |author= |work=Yahoo Sports |date= |access-date=18 November 2021 |url= https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/china-pleads-ignorance-amid-calls-to-investigate-tennis-star-peng-shuais-whereabouts-after-sexual-assault-claim-233356432.html}}</ref> ** The [[Atlanta Braves]] beat the [[Houston Astros]] to win the [[World Series]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-win-world-series-2021 |title=Braves win 1st World Series title since 1995 |first=Anthony |last=Castrovince |website=MLB.com |date=November 2, 2021 |accessdate=November 2, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 3]] – [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The [[World Health Organization]] gives emergency use listing to the [[Covaxin|Covaxin COVID-19 vaccine]], the third non–Western vaccine to be authorized.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's first homegrown COVID-19 shot wins WHO emergency use listing |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/whos-advisory-group-recommends-emergency-listing-indias-first-homegrown-covid-19-2021-11-03/ |work=Reuters |date=3 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 4]] &ndash; [[South Africa]]n playwright and novelist [[Damon Galgut]] wins the [[Booker Prize|2021 Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=Damon Galgut wins Booker Prize with 'tour de force' novel The Promise |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59149960 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103200426/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59149960 }}</ref> * [[November 5]] ** At least 99 people are killed and over 100 others injured in a [[Freetown fuel tanker explosion|fuel tanker explosion]] in [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-06|title=Sierra Leone explosion: Many feared dead after oil tanker collision|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59188753|access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], nine people are [[Astroworld Festival crowd crush|crowd crushed to death]] with over 300 injured at a music festival in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 6, 2021|title=Crush at Houston music festival kills at least eight, injures many|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/least-8-dead-many-injured-texas-music-festival-media-2021-11-06/|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 7]] ** [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] survives an [[assassination]] attempt in [[Baghdad]] when an explosive drone attacks his private home.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davison|first1=John|last2=Rasheed|first2=Ahmed|date=7 November 2021|title=Iraqi PM safe after drone attack on residence, military says|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/drone-attack-targets-iraq-pm-who-escapes-unhurt-iraq-military-2021-11-07/|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Daniel Ortega]] is re-elected to a fourth term as [[President of Nicaragua]], winning almost 76% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Nicaragua's Ortega wins fourth term in election slammed as 'pantomime'|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20211108-nicaragua-s-ortega-wins-fourth-term-in-election-slammed-as-pantomime|access-date=2021-11-08|website=[[France24]]}}</ref> * [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Cristina Peri Rossi]] of [[Uruguay]] wins the 2021 [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2021-11-10/cristina-peri-rossi-ganadora-del-premio-cervantes-2021.html|title=La uruguaya Cristina Peri Rossi, ganadora del Premio Cervantes 2021 - El Pais|website=elpais.com|date=10 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref> * [[November 11]] ** [[F. W. de Klerk]], the last [[apartheid|apartheid-era]] [[State President of South Africa|President of South Africa]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner, dies at the age of 85.<ref>{{Cite news|title=F.W. de Klerk, South African Nobel Prize winner for opening government, dies at 85|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/fw-deklerk-death-south-africa/2021/11/11/761faa64-8fd4-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html |date=11 November 2021 |first=Glenn |last=Frankel |access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ** [[SpaceX]] launches a third mission, which carried four crewmembers to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beasley |first1=Courtney |last2=Finch |first2=Josh |last3=Schierholz |first3=Stephanie |title=Kayla Barron Joins NASA's SpaceX Crew-3 Mission to Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/kayla-barron-joins-nasa-s-spacex-crew-3-mission-to-space-station |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213719/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/kayla-barron-joins-nasa-s-spacex-crew-3-mission-to-space-station/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=18 May 2021 |quote=...SpaceX Crew-3 mission to the International Space Station, which is targeted to launch as early as Oct. 23. [...] When Barron, Chari, Marshburn, and Maurer arrive at the orbiting laboratory, they will become expedition crew members for the duration of their six-month science mission. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bartels |first1=Meghan |title=NASA, SpaceX target Oct. 23 for Crew-3 astronaut launch |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-nasa-crew-3-astronaut-launch-date |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213749/https://www.space.com/spacex-nasa-crew-3-astronaut-launch-date |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=2 April 2021 |quote=NASA and SpaceX have announced that the pair's autumn mission to send four astronauts to the International Space Station will launch no earlier than Oct. 23. [...] In conjunction with the Oct. 23 launch window for Crew-3, Crew-2 will return to Earth no earlier than Oct. 31, giving the two cohorts about a week of overlap to transition the space station safely to its next residents. }}</ref> * [[November 14]] ** [[Liverpool Women's Hospital bombing|A car bombing]] using a taxi outside a women's hospital in [[Liverpool]], [[England]], kills the bomber and injures the driver.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/liverpool-womens-hospital-three-terror-arrests-after-explosion-kills-one-person-and-injures-another-12468520|title=Liverpool Women's Hospital: Three terror arrests after explosion kills one person and injures another|work=Sky News}}</ref> ** [[Rumen Radev]] is re-elected [[President of Bulgaria]] after winning 49% of the vote.<ref>[https://emerging-europe.com/news/new-anti-corruption-party-breaks-bulgarias-political-deadlock-rumen-radev-set-for-second-term-as-president/ New anti-corruption party breaks Bulgaria’s political deadlock; Rumen Radev set for second term as president]</ref> * [[November 16]] &ndash; [[Russia]] is criticized after doing an [[anti-satellite weapon]] test that creates a cloud of [[space debris]], threatening the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian anti-satellite missile test draws condemnation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59299101|website=BBC News|date=November 16, 2021|access-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 19]] &ndash; The [[November 2021 lunar eclipse|longest]] partial [[lunar eclipse]] in 580 years occurs, visible in northern and western [[Europe]], parts of [[Asia]] and the westernmost parts of [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=By Molly Wasser and Ernie|title=An Almost Total Lunar Eclipse|url=https://moon.nasa.gov/news/168/an-almost-total-lunar-eclipse|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Moon: NASA Science}}</ref> * [[November 21]] ** [[Abdalla Hamdok]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] again after an agreement is made following a [[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état]] that occurred the last month which removed Hamdok from office.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sudan military reinstates PM Hamdok after deal|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-military-reinstate-ousted-pm-hamdok-after-deal-reached-umma-party-head-2021-11-21/|access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], during a [[Christmas]] [[parade]] in [[Waukesha, Wisconsin]] an [[SUV]] [[2021 Waukesha Christmas Parade attack|broke through barricades]] and killed six people with over 40 others injured.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bauer |first1=Scott |last2=Householder |first2=Mike |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Police: 'Some fatalities' when SUV hits Wisconsin Christmas parade |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/suv-plows-into-parade-waukesha-wisconsin-injured-f8c6a9dcd420bc1f1a732afc7b10943a |access-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122045615/https://apnews.com/article/suv-plows-into-parade-waukesha-wisconsin-injured-f8c6a9dcd420bc1f1a732afc7b10943a |archive-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 23]] ** [[Chun Doo-hwan]], [[South Korea|South Korea's]] 5th [[President of South Korea|President]] and [[dictator|military strongman]] for almost eight years, dies at aged 90.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-south-korean-military-dictator-chun-doo-hwan-dies-90-2021-11-23/|title=Former South Korean military dictator Chun Doo-hwan dies at 90|author=Hyonhee Shin|website=Reuters|date=23 November 2021|language=en|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> ** 45 North Macedonians are [[2021 Bulgaria bus crash|killed in a bus crash]] in [[Pernik Province]], [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite web |title=One More Body Found In Bulgaria Bus Crash|author=AFP-Agence France Presse|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/one-more-body-found-in-bulgaria-bus-crash-01637933408?refsec=afp-news |website=Barron's |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> * [[November 24]] ** [[NASA]] successfully launches the [[Double Asteroid Redirection Test]] as a defense system against [[Near-Earth object]]s.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 November 2021|title=SpaceX ready for first launch with NASA interplanetary mission|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/11/22/spacex-ready-for-first-launch-with-nasa-interplanetary-mission/|access-date=24 November 2021|publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> ** 27 [[illegal immigrant]]s are [[November 2021 English Channel disaster|killed]] in the [[English Channel]] when an [[inflatable boat]] flips over.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death in the Channel, the blame game in the heart of Europe, explained|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/death-in-the-channel-the-blame-game-in-the-heart-of-europe-explained-52014|access-date=25 November 2021|website=[[TRT World]]}}</ref> * [[November 25]] ** [[Nicolae Ciucă]] is elected the 70th [[Prime Minister of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2021|title=Romanian President Swears In New Government, Declares 'Political Crisis Over'|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-coalition-parliament-approved/31578618.html|access-date=25 November 2021|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125113056/https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-coalition-parliament-approved/31578618.html}}</ref> ** Over 50 people are [[Listvyazhnaya mine disaster|killed in a mining accident]] in [[Kemerovo Oblast]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian coal mine: Dozens killed in Siberia accident |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-59421319 |access-date=25 November 2021 |work=BBC News |date=25 November 2021}}</ref> * [[November 26]] &ndash; The [[World Health Organization]] officially recognizes the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Parekh|first1=Marcus|last2=Platt|first2=Poppie|last3=Team|first3=Global Health Security|last4=Barnes|first4=Joe|date=26 November 2021|title=Coronavirus latest news: EU suspends all flights to southern Africa over omicron Covid variant fears|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/|access-date=26 November 2021|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126081710/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/}}</ref> * [[November 28]] ** Former First Lady [[Xiomara Castro]] is elected the 62nd [[President of Honduras]], becoming the country's first female president.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Díaz |first1=Bastián |title=Xiomara Castro, la izquierdista que se perfila como la primera mujer Presidenta de Honduras |url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-pm/noticia/xiomara-castro-la-izquierdista-que-se-perfila-como-la-primera-mujer-presidenta-de-honduras/5OUIYDF5ORAQRE5KHJIMBHZ7YA/ |website=La Tercera |date=29 November 2021}}</ref> ** Political scientist [[Petr Fiala]] becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]] after defeating then-current Prime Minister [[Andrej Babiš]].<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/czech-prime-minister-petr-fiala-prague-jan-lipavsky/ On Day 1, new Czech prime minister turns west]</ref> * [[November 29]] ** [[Magdalena Andersson]] is elected [[Sweden|Sweden's]] first female [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] by the [[Riksdag]].<ref>{{cite news|date=30 November 2021|title=Här är alla ministrar i Anderssons regering|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/anderssons-overraskning-damberg-anderssons-eftertradare|access-date=30 November 2021 |publisher=SVT Nyheter|language=sv|last1=Nyheter|first1=S. V. T.|last2=Ekman|first2=Jonas|last3=Silverberg|first3=Josefin|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130100232/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/anderssons-overraskning-damberg-anderssons-eftertradare}}</ref> ** [[Barbados]] officially becomes a [[republic]] with [[Sandra Mason]] becoming the country's first [[President of Barbados|president]].<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barbados-republic-queen-british-monarchy-b1965574.html?r=29728 How will Barbados move on as the Queen is removed as head of state?]</ref> ===December=== [[File:Ratusan rumah tertimbun abu vulkanik erupsi gunung Semeru.jpg|thumb|180px|On 4 December, [[Mount Semeru]] [[2021 Semeru eruption|erupts]] killing 46 people in [[Indonesia]]]] [[File:Olaf Scholz 2021-12-07 Unterzeichnung des Koalitionsvertrages der 20. Wahlperiode des Bundestages (cropped for ITN) (2).jpg|thumb|180px|On 8 December, [[Olaf Scholz]] replaces [[Angela Merkel]] as the [[Chancellor of Germany]]]] [[File:2021 December Tornado - Samburg, TN (51752439515).jpg|thumb|180px|On 10 December, a [[Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021|tornado outbreak]] in [[Southern United States|southern parts]] of the [[United States]] kills 88 people]] [[File:The James Webb Space Telescope in the Cleanroom at the Launch Site (51603558336) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 25 December, the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] is launched into [[space]], replacing the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] * [[December 1]] &ndash; The [[2020–21 Indian farmers' protest|farm protests]] in [[India]] end when the country repeal a controversial agricultural act.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59342627 Farm laws: India PM Narendra Modi repeals controversial reforms]</ref> * [[December 4]] ** [[Mount Semeru]] [[2021 Semeru eruption|erupts]] in [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]] killing 46 people and injuring 104 others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Update 8 Desember, 4 Korban Semeru Ditemukan, Total 39 Tewas |url=https://www.medcom.id/nasional/daerah/ob3eOj8K-update-8-desember-4-korban-semeru-ditemukan-total-39-tewas |access-date=8 December 2021 |agency=Medcom.id |date=8 December 2021 |language=id}}</ref> ** [[Adama Barrow]] is re-elected [[President of the Gambia]] winning 53% of the vote.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59542813 Gambia elections: Adama Barrow declared presidential election winner]</ref> ** Fourteen civilians are [[2021 Nagaland killings|killed]] by [[Indian Army|Indian Special Forces]] officials in a failed ambush in [[Nagaland]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59544599 Nagaland: Indian state tense after killing of 14 civilians]</ref> * [[December 6]] ** The [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Australia]] announce a diplomatic boycott of the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] in response to China's human rights record.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Finn |first1=Teaganne |title=White House announces diplomatic boycott of Beijing Winter Olympics over human rights concerns |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-announces-diplomatic-boycott-beijing-winter-olympics-over-human-n1285419 |website=NBC News |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The [[United States]] becomes the first country to pass 50 million COVID-19 cases.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/12/07/covid-omicron-variant-live-updates/ Omicron seems to cause milder illness, Fauci says, as study shows evasion of antibodies - The Washington Post]</ref> ** Former [[State Counsellor of Myanmar]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] is sentenced to prison on charges of causing dissent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-59544484 Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar court sentences ousted leader in widely criticised trial]</ref> ** [[Karl Nehammer]] is sworn-in as the [[Chancellor of Austria]] after [[Alexander Schallenberg]] resigned from the position on 2 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/austria-karl-nehammer-sworn-in-as-new-chancellor/a-60032938|title=Austria: Karl Nehammer sworn in as new chancellor|date=6 December 2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> * [[December 7]] &ndash; A [[Gitega prison fire|prison fire]] kills at least 38 inmates and injures over 69 others in [[Burundi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59560444 Burundi prison fire kills at least 38 in Gitega]</ref> * [[December 8]] ** [[Olaf Scholz]] replaces [[Angela Merkel]] as the [[Chancellor of Germany]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennhold|first=Katrin|date=8 December 2021|title=Germany Live Updates: Parliament Approves Scholz as Chancellor, Ending Merkel Era|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/08/world/germany-scholz-merkel|access-date=8 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** Fourteen people are [[2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash|killed in a helicopter crash]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], including General [[Bipin Rawat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat, wife among 13 killed in chopper crash|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-chopper-crashes-in-tamil-nadu-bipin-rawat-was-reportedly-on-board/articleshow/88161974.cms |access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[December 9]] &ndash; At least 54 illegal immigrants are killed when the truck in which they are being smuggled [[Chiapas truck crash|crashes]] in [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]].<ref>[https://bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-59603801 Mexico truck crash: At least 54 people killed as trailer overturns]</ref> * [[December 10]] &ndash; In the [[United States]], a [[Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021|tornado outbreak]] in the country's [[Southern United States|Southern States]] and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]] regions kills at least 88 people.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59620091 More than 70 killed in Kentucky's worst ever tornadoes]</ref> * [[December 12]] ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: [[Russia]] becomes the fifth country to pass 10 million COVID-19 cases after the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Brazil]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/russia-registered-covid-19-cases-10-million-2374866 | title=Russia's registered COVID-19 cases surpass 10 million | access-date=2021-12-24 | archive-date=2022-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305085605/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/russia-registered-covid-19-cases-10-million-2374866 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[New Caledonia]] rejects independence from [[France]] in a [[referendum]] vote by 96.5%.<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211212-new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-in-referendum-boycotted-by-separatist-camp-partial-results ‘Tonight France is more beautiful’: Macron hails New Caledonia’s rejection of independence]</ref> * [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Kiril Petkov (politician)|Kiril Petkov]] is elected the 56th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=Bulgarian parliament backs Kiril Petkov as PM|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/bulgaria-parliament-kiril-petkov-prime-minister/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=POLITICO|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[December 14]] ** A [[Cap-Haïtien fuel tanker explosion|fuel tanker explosion]] kills over 60 people and injured over 100 others in [[Cap-Haïtien]], [[Haiti]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-59650802 Haiti fuel tanker blast kills dozens in Cap-Haïtien]</ref> ** [[December 2021 Malaysian floods|Floods]] in [[Malaysia]] kills at least 37 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/12/23/two-more-deaths-in-pahang-today-bring-number-of-dead-in-malaysias-floods-to/2030671|newspaper=Bernama|via=The Malay Mail|date=23 December 2021|access-date=24 December 2021|title=Two more deaths in Pahang today bring number of dead in Malaysia's floods to 39}}</ref> * [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Siaosi Sovaleni]] is elected the 18th [[Prime Minister of Tonga]], replacing [[Pohiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2021/12/mps-choose-siaosi-sovaleni-as-new-prime-minister/ |title=MPs choose Siaosi Sovaleni as new prime minister |publisher=Kaniva Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024900/https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2021/12/mps-choose-siaosi-sovaleni-as-new-prime-minister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[December 17]] ** A [[2021 Osaka building fire|building fire]] caused by a suspected [[arson]]ist in [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] kills 25 people and injures three others.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiyoshi |last1=Takenaka |date=17 December 2021 |title=At least 27 people feared dead in blaze at clinic in Japan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/fire-osaka-japan-leaves-27-critical-condition-fire-dept-2021-12-17/ |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref> ** [[Typhoon Rai]] kills at least 200 people in the southern part of [[the Philippines]] and one person near [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/internacional/2021/12/19/interna_internacional,1332473/sobe-para-208-o-numero-de-mortos-pelo-tufao-rai-nas-filipinas.shtml|date=19 December 2021|access-date=20 December 2021|language=PT-BR|website=Estado de Minas|title=Sobe para 208 o número de mortos pelo tufão Rai nas Filipinas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vov.vn/xa-hoi/tin-24h/bao-so-9-lam-1-nguoi-chet-gay-thiet-hai-nhieu-tai-san-tren-mot-so-dao-post912849.vov|title=Bão số 9 làm 1 người chết, gây thiệt hại nhiều tài sản trên một số đảo|date=19 December 2021 }}</ref> * [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Gabriel Boric]] is elected the 36th [[President of Chile]], defeating [[José Antonio Kast]] in the [[2021 Chilean general election|run-off general election]] with a 55.87% to 44.13% margin.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/world/americas/chile-president-election.html Gabriel Boric, a Former Student Activist, Is Elected Chile’s Youngest President]</ref> * [[December 20]] &ndash; At least 64 people are killed and 24 others are missing in a [[2021 Madagascar shipwreck|shipwreck]] off the northeast coast of [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Madagascar shipwreck death toll rises to 64 |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/12/22/madagascar-shipwreck-death-toll-rises-to-64 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=EWN |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 24]] &ndash; At least 39 people are killed and over 70 others injured in a [[2021 Bangladesh ferry fire|ferry fire]] in [[Jhalokati District|Jhalokati]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title=Massive ferry fire kills at least 39 in southern Bangladesh|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-fires-bangladesh-accidents-transportation-5de3d1febf5858ab029cf2041e15b695|access-date=2021-12-24|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> * [[December 25]] &ndash; The [[James Webb Space Telescope]], a replacement for the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-new-james-webb-space-telescope-target-launch-date/#:~:text=NASA%20now%20is%20targeting%20Oct,as%20well%20as%20technical%20challenges.&text=Previously%2C%20Webb%20was%20targeted%20to%20launch%20in%20March%202021.|title=NASA Announces New James Webb Space Telescope Target Launch Date|website=NASA|access-date=December 31, 2020|date=July 17, 2020}}</ref> * [[December 26]] &ndash; [[Nobel Peace Prize]]-winning [[South Africa]]n [[archbishop]] and anti-[[apartheid]] activist [[Desmond Tutu]] dies at aged 90.<ref>{{cite news |title=South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Tutu dies aged 90 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-archbishop-desmond-tutu-dies-aged-90-2021-12-26/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |work=Reuters |date=26 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 28]] &ndash; In [[cricket]], [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins [[The Ashes]] after winning the first three Tests against [[England]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stocks |first1=Chris |title='A painful annihilation': Australia skittle England for just 68 to seal the Ashes |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/cricket/ashes-latest-news-3rd-test-day-3-review-australia-vs-england-score-what-happened-today-1372484 |website=i |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=en |date=28 December 2021}}</ref> * [[December 29]] ** The [[Supreme Court of Russia]] orders the closure of [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]], [[Russia]]'s oldest human rights group, for violations of the country's foreign agent law.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/29/europe/memorial-human-right-moscow-court-intl/index.html Russian court shuts down Memorial Human Rights Center, day after sister group ordered closed]</ref> ** [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s former associate, [[socialite]] [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] is found guilty of [[sex trafficking]] of a child and three counts of [[Conspiracy (criminal)|conspiracy]] for transporting minors for sexual activities.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/29/us/ghislaine-maxwell-trial-wednesday/index.html Jury finds Ghislaine Maxwell guilty of sex trafficking a minor for Jeffrey Epstein and four other charges]</ref> ** Pro-democratic news website ''[[Stand News]]'' closes down after its staff are arrested by [[Hong Kong]] police officials for [[sedition]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong's Stand News deletes website and wipes social media; ex-staff to appear in court as watchdogs decry raid |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2021/12/30/hong-kongs-stand-news-deletes-website-and-wipes-social-media-ex-staff-to-appear-in-court-as-watchdogs-decry-raid/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=30 December 2021}}</ref> * [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Americans|American]] actress and comedian [[Betty White]] dies at aged 99.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=December 31, 2021|title=Betty White Dies: The Golden Girls and Mary Tyler Moore Show Star Was 99|url=https://people.com/tv/betty-white-the-golden-girls-and-hot-in-cleveland-star-dead-at-99/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=PEOPLE.com|language=en|archive-date=December 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231213540/https://people.com/tv/betty-white-the-golden-girls-and-hot-in-cleveland-star-dead-at-99/}}</ref> == Births == * [[March 26]] – [[Prince Julian, Duke of Halland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement from the Marshal of the Realm|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.3d544ca01784aaa522d334f.html|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326185406/https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.3d544ca01784aaa522d334f.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 4]] – [[Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/harry-and-meghan-announce-birth-of-baby-daughter-with-name-to-honour-queen-and-diana-12326401|title=Harry and Meghan announce birth of baby daughter - with name to honour Queen and Diana|website=Sky News|date=6 June 2021|accessdate=6 June 2021}}</ref> == Deaths == {{Further|Category:2021 deaths}} <!-- Only people who have significant international notability should be listed. --> === January === {{main|Deaths in January 2021}} [[File:Day 3 of the WTO's Ministerial Conference, Bali, 3 December 2013 (11221157524) (headshot 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Modibo Keita (born 1942)|Modibo Keita]]]] [[File:Martinus Veltman (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martinus J. G. Veltman]]]] [[File:Phil Spector 2000 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Phil Spector]]]] [[File:Cloris Leachman 1970 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Cloris Leachman]]]] * [[January 1]] – Dame [[Elmira Minita Gordon]], 1st [[Governor-General of Belize]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Humes |first1=Aaron |title=Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, trailblazing educator and first Governor-General, dead at 90 |url=https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2021/01/02/dame-elmira-minita-gordon-trailblazing-educator-and-first-governor-general-dead-at-90/ |website=BreakingBelizeNews.com |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 2]] ** [[Modibo Keita (born 1942)|Modibo Keita]], 8th [[List of prime ministers of Mali|Prime Minister of Mali]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rédaction Africanews |title=Ex-Malian PM Modibo Keïta dies at 78 |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/01/02/ex-malian-pm-modibo-keita-dies-at-78/ |website=[[Africanews]] |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Michael McKevitt]], [[Irish republican]] paramilitary leader (b. [[1949]])<ref>[https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/former-real-ira-leader-michael-mckevitt-dies-following-illness-39923969.html Former Real IRA leader Michael McKevitt dies following illness] Belfast Telegraph, 2021-01-02</ref> * [[January 3]] – [[Gerry Marsden]], English musician (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Rhian |title=Gerry Marsden of Gerry And The Pacemakers has died |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/gerry-marsden-of-gerry-and-the-pacemakers-has-died-2847557 |website=NME |date=3 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 4]] ** [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], Dutch Nobel theoretical physicist (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClain |first1=Dylan Loeb |title=Martinus Veltman, Who Made Key Contribution in Physics, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/science/martinus-veltman-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/science/martinus-veltman-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |date=18 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Albert Roux]], French chef and restaurateur (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Albert Roux: Chef and culinary 'legend' dies aged 85 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55559343 |website=BBC News |date=6 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 5]] – [[Colin Bell (footballer, born 1946)|Colin Bell]], English footballer (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pollard |first1=Rob |title=Colin Bell: 1946-2021 |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/colin-bell-khaldoon-al-mubarak-63745469 |website=[[Manchester City F.C.]] |date=5 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 7]] – [[Michael Apted]], English filmmaker (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Mike |title=Michael Apted Dead: 'Coal Miner's Daughter' Director, 'Seven Up' Documentarian Was 79 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/michael-apted-dead-coal-miners-daughter-director-seven-up-documentarian-was-79-1292671 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=8 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 11]] ** [[Sheldon Adelson]], American businessman and casino magnate (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Andy |last2=Dunham |first2=Will |title=Las Vegas casino magnate, U.S. Republican donor Sheldon Adelson dies |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-adelson/las-vegas-casino-magnate-republican-donor-sheldon-adelson-dies-idUSKBN29H1PE |work=Reuters |date=13 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Kathleen Heddle]], Canadian Olympic rower (b. [[1965]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Dan|date=14 January 2021|title=Canadian rower and Olympic champion Kathleen Heddle dies|url=https://torontosun.com/sports/olympics/canadian-rower-and-olympic-champion-kathleen-heddle-dies|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=Toronto Sun}}</ref> * [[January 13]] – [[Siegfried Fischbacher]], German-born American magician (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Magier Siegfried Fischbacher ist tot |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/siegfried-fischbacher-magier-des-duos-siegfried-und-roy-ist-tot-a-d1f295c8-4ee4-48a8-b737-de0add492f5c |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=14 January 2021 |language=de}}</ref> * [[January 16]] – [[Phil Spector]], American record producer and convicted murderer (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Phil Spector, music producer and convicted murderer, dies aged 81 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-18/phil-spector-music-producer-dead-aged-81/13065684 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=17 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 18]] – [[Jean-Pierre Bacri]], Algerian-born French actor (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franceinter.fr/culture/jean-pierre-bacri-est-mort|title=Jean-Pierre Bacri est mort|first=Xavier|last=Demagny|date=18 January 2021|website=www.franceinter.fr}}</ref> * [[January 20]] - [[Justin Lekhanya]], [[List of prime ministers of Lesotho|Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho]] (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=Major General Lekhanya is remembered |url=https://www.maserumetro.com/news/news/major-general-lekhanya-is-remembered/ |website=Maseru Metro News}}</ref> * [[January 23]] – [[Hal Holbrook]], American actor (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/hal-holbrook-dead-dies-emmy-tony-winning-actor-mark-twain-1234898102/|title=Hal Holbrook, Emmy and Tony-Winning Actor Who Portrayed Mark Twain, Dies at 95|first1=Carmel|last1=Dagan|date=2 February 2021}}</ref> * [[January 27]] ** [[Cloris Leachman]], American actress (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/27/cloris-leachman-dead-legendary-actress-dies-aged-94-13977643/|title=Oscar-winning actress Cloris Leachman dies aged 94|date=27 January 2021 |website=metro.co.uk}}</ref> ** [[Mehrdad Minavand]], Iranian footballer and manager (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Iran and Persepolis midfielder Minavand dies |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/457471/Former-Iran-and-Persepolis-midfielder-Minavand-dies |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=Tehran Times |date=27 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 28]] ** [[Paul J. Crutzen]], Dutch Nobel atmospheric chemist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-germany-nobel-prizes-chemistry-climate-change-08f60dca0a3301b31c2c80b1213a1b79|title=Paul Crutzen, who shared Nobel for ozone work, has died|date=28 January 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> ** [[Vasily Lanovoy]], Soviet and Russian actor (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title="Образец гражданского мужества". Каким запомнился Василий Лановой|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/10574547|access-date=29 January 2021|website=TASS|language=ru}}</ref> ** [[Cicely Tyson]], American actress (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startribune.com/cicely-tyson-purposeful-and-pioneering-actor-dead-at-96/600016290/|title=Cicely Tyson, purposeful and pioneering actor, dead at 96|website=Star Tribune|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217112725/https://www.startribune.com/cicely-tyson-purposeful-and-pioneering-actor-dead-at-96/600016290/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[January 29]] - [[Hilton Valentine]], English guitarist (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abkco.com/news-feed/remembering-hilton-valentine/|title=Remembering Hilton Valentine|access-date=3 March 2021|website=ABKCO Records}}</ref> === February === {{main|Deaths in February 2021}} [[File:Christopher Plummer 1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Plummer]]]] [[File:Mary Wilson (10695844926).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]]]] [[File:Menem con banda presidencial-edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Menem]]]] [[File:Sir Michael Somare - 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|Sir [[Michael Somare]]]] * [[February 1]] – [[Edward Babiuch]], 5th [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister of the Polish People's Republic]] (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wydarzenia.interia.pl/polska/news-nie-zyje-byly-premier-edward-babiuch,nId,5027343|title=Nie żyje były premier|website=wydarzenia.interia.pl}}</ref> * [[February 2]] – [[Fausta Morganti]], [[Captains Regent|Captain Regent of San Marino]] (b. [[1944]])<ref>[https://www.corriereromagna.it/addio-a-fausta-morganti-bandiera-della-sinistra-sammarinese/ Addio a Fausta Morganti, bandiera della sinistra sammarinese] Corriereromagna.it</ref> * [[February 3]] – [[Tony Trabert]], American tennis player and commentator (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/tony-trabert-obituary-2021|title=Tony Trabert, Top Amateur Star, TV Commentator, Ambassador, Dies Aged 90 - Obituary &#124; ATP Tour &#124; Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> * [[February 4]] – [[Millie Hughes-Fulford]], American astronaut and molecular biologist (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-020421a-millie-hughes-fulford-payload-specialist-obituary.html|title=Millie Hughes-Fulford, NASA's first female payload specialist in space, dies at 75 &#124; collectSPACE|website=collectSPACE.com}}</ref> * [[February 5]] ** [[Christopher Plummer]], Canadian actor (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/christopher-plummer-dead-sound-of-music-1234901760/|title=Christopher Plummer, Oscar Winner and 'Sound of Music' Star, Dies at 91|first1=Richard|last1=Natale|date=5 February 2021|website=Variety}}</ref> ** [[Leon Spinks]], American professional boxer (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/06/us/leon-spinks-dead-boxer/index.html|title=Leon Spinks, former heavyweight champ who beat Muhammad Ali, dead at 67|website=CNN.com|date=February 7, 2021 }}</ref> * [[February 6]] – [[George Shultz]], American politician, diplomat and economist (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/obituaries/george-p-shultz-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/obituaries/george-p-shultz-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=George P. Shultz, Top Cabinet Official Under Nixon and Reagan, Dies at 100|first=Tim|last=Weiner|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 February 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[February 7]] – [[Giuseppe Rotunno]], Italian cinematographer (b. [[1923]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/cinema/2021/02/07/news/morto_peppino_rotunno_il_maestro_della_fotografia-286445283/|title=È morto Peppino Rotunno, il maestro della fotografia di Visconti e Fellini|date=7 February 2021|website=la Repubblica}}</ref> * [[February 8]] ** [[Jean-Claude Carrière]], French novelist and screenwriter (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/jean-claude-carriere-dead-unbearable-lightness-of-being-1234903570/|title=Jean-Claude Carriere, 'Unbearable Lightness of Being' Screenwriter, Dies at 89|first1=Pat|last1=Saperstein|date=8 February 2021}}</ref> ** [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], American singer (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/mary-wilson-dead-supremes-singer-original-member-1234903764/|title=Mary Wilson, Co-Founder of the Supremes, Dies at 76|first1=Chris|last1=Morris|date=9 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 9]] – [[Chick Corea]], American jazz keyboardist (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chick-corea-obit-1127283/|title = Chick Corea, Jazz Pianist Who Expanded the Possibilities of the Genre, Dead at 79|work = [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|last = Shteamer|first = Hank|date = 11 February 2021|access-date = 11 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 11]] – [[Isadore Singer]], American mathematician (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://math.mit.edu/index.php|title=MIT Mathematics|website=math.mit.edu}}</ref> * [[February 12]] – [[Milford Graves]], American jazz drummer, percussionist, and free jazz pioneer (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/influential-jazz-drummer-milford-graves-has-passed-away-at-79-2879307|title=Influential jazz drummer Milford Graves has passed away at 79|website=[[NME]]|date=13 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 13]] – [[Yury Vlasov]], Soviet and Russian weightlifter and writer (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iz.ru/1124422/2021-02-13/umer-olimpiiskii-chempion-po-tiazheloi-atletike-iurii-vlasov|title=Умер олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике Юрий Власов|first=Юлия|last=Дульцева|date=13 February 2021|website=Известия}}</ref> * [[February 14]] – [[Carlos Menem]], 44th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/flamboyant-argentine-president-carlos-menem-dies-75890736|title=Flamboyant former Argentine President Carlos Menem dies|website=ABC News}}</ref> * [[February 15]] – [[Leopoldo Luque]], Argentine footballer (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.losandes.com.ar/mas-deportes/murio-por-coronavirus-el-campeon-mundial-leopoldo-jacinto-luque|title=Murió Leopoldo Jacinto Luque: estaba internado por coronavirus en Mendoza &#124; + Deportes|website=Los Andes}}</ref> * [[February 16]] ** [[Bernard Lown]], Lithuanian-American Nobel cardiologist and inventor (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/02/cardiologist-nobel-laureate-bernard-lown-dies-at-99.|title=Bernard Lown, renowned cardiologist, dies at 99|website=news.harvard.edu|date=19 February 2021}}</ref> ** [[Joan Margarit]], Spanish poet (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/literatura/2021/02/16/6029735ffdddff10888b467d.html|title=Muere Joan Margarit, poeta contra la desmemoria|date=16 February 2021|website=ELMUNDO}}</ref> ** [[Gustavo Noboa]], 42nd [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/ecuador/murio-el-expresidente-gustavo-noboa-nota/|title=Murió el expresidente Gustavo Noboa|date=16 February 2021|website=El Universo}}</ref> * [[February 17]] – [[Rush Limbaugh]], American radio personality (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite news|title=Talk Show Host Rush Limbaugh, A Conservative Lodestar, Dies At 70|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/17/926491419/talk-show-host-rush-limbaugh-a-conservative-lodestar-dies-at-70|access-date=18 February 2021|website=NPR.org}}</ref> * [[February 18]] – [[Andrey Myagkov]], Soviet and Russian actor (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Немаленький человек Умер Андрей Мягков — один из главных актеров Эльдара Рязанова, который был крупнее и сложнее многих своих персонажей|url=https://meduza.io/feature/2021/02/18/nemalenkiy-chelovek|access-date=18 February 2021|website=meduza.io|language=ru}}</ref> * [[February 19]] – [[Đorđe Balašević]], Serbian recording artist and singer-songwriter (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nezavisne.com/kultura/muzika/Mediji-Preminuo-Djordje-Balasevic/647289|title=Preminuo Đorđe Balašević|date=19 February 2021|website=Nezavisne novine}}</ref> * [[February 21]] – [[Zlatko Saračević]], Croatian handball player and coach (b. [[1961]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/umro-je-zlatko-saracevic/2256071.aspx|title=Umro je Zlatko Saračević|work=Index.hr|access-date=22 February 2021|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Handball/Actualites/Le-croate-zlatko-saracevic-emblematique-joueur-puis-entraineur-est-mort/1225818|title=Le Croate Zlatko Saracevic, emblématique joueur puis entraîneur, est mort|work=L'Équipe|access-date=22 February 2021|language=fr}}</ref> * [[February 22]] – [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]], American poet and publisher (b. [[1919]])<ref name="WaPoObit">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/lawrence-ferlinghetti-dead/2021/02/23/37b2a134-edd5-11df-abf5-a1622994c5f5_story.html |title=Lawrence Ferlinghetti, literary citadel of San Francisco, dies at 101 |date=23 February 2021 |last=Brown |first=Emma |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 23]] – [[Fausto Gresini]], Italian motorcycle racer and team manager (b. [[1961]])<ref>[https://www.gazzetta.it/Moto/moto-GP/23-02-2021/team-conferma-morte-gresini-ci-ha-lasciato-400927371240.shtml Il team annuncia: Fausto Gresini ci ha lasciato], ''Gazzetta dello Sport''</ref> * [[February 24]] ** [[Philippe Jaccottet]], Swiss poet and translator (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdg.ch/le-poete-philippe-jaccottet-est-decede-378337427870|title=Carnet noir – Le poète Philippe Jaccottet est décédé|website=Tribune de Genève|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[N'Singa Udjuu]], [[First State Commissioner of Zaire]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalcongo.net/article-en/6038d81c620526001716eae4/|title=Digitalcongo.net &#124; Le gouvernement prépare des obsèques dignes en vue d'honorer Nsinga Udjuu|website=www.digitalcongo.net|access-date=2023-07-02|archive-date=2023-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209104126/https://www.digitalcongo.net/article-en/6038d81c620526001716eae4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[February 25]] ** [[Hannu Mikkola]], Finnish rally driver (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/02/27/rally-legend-hannu-mikkola-dies-at-78/|title=Rally legend Hannu Mikkola dies at 78|date=27 February 2021}}</ref> ** [[Michael Somare|Sir Michael Somare]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-26/sir-michael-somare-first-prime-minister-png-dies/13181256|title='Father of the nation': Former Papua New Guinea prime minister Sir Michael Somare dies at 84|date=25 February 2021|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=3 March 2021|last1=Harriman|first1=Bethanie}}</ref> === March === {{main|Deaths in March 2021}} [[File:BunnyWailer-Istandpredominate.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bunny Wailer]]]] [[File:Ir. L.F. Ottens, 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou Ottens]]]] [[File:John Magufuli 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[John Magufuli]]]] [[File:Nawal El Saadawi, April 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nawal El Saadawi]]]] [[File:Didier Ratsiraka 1997 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Didier Ratsiraka]]]] * [[March 1]] ** [[Zlatko Kranjčar]], Croatian football player and manager (b. [[1956]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/international-soccer-zagreb-austria-croatia-soccer-5dccc2cf33e15028eb10f19a1b03183b|title=Zlatko Kranjcar, former Croatia national team coach, dies|agency=Associated Press|date=1 March 2021|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ian St John]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/ian-st-john-liverpool-breaking-19944559|title=Liverpool legend Ian St John has died aged 82|first=Ian|last=Doyle|date=2 March 2021|website=Liverpool Echo|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 2]] ** [[Chris Barber]], English jazz musician (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jazzwise.com/news/article/chris-barber-17-april-1930-2-march-2021|title=Chris Barber (17 April 1930 - 2 March 2021)|website=Jazzwise|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Bunny Wailer]], Jamaican reggae singer and songwriter (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56256885|title=Bunny Wailer: Reggae legend who found fame with Bob Marley dies, aged 73|work=BBC News|date=2 March 2021|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 6]] – [[Lou Ottens]], Dutch inventor (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56355444|title=Audio cassette tape inventor Lou Ottens dies aged 94|work=BBC News|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 9]] ** [[James Levine]], American conductor and pianist (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/3/17/22335912/james-levine-dead-former-met-opera-conductor-sexual-misconduct-allegations|title=Former Met Opera and Ravinia conductor James Levine dead at 77|agency=Associated Press|date=17 March 2021|website=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> ** [[John Polkinghorne]], English theoretical physicist and Anglican priest (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://queens.shorthandstories.com/college-announcement-john-polkinghorne/|title=College Announcement|date=10 March 2021|publisher=[[Queens' College, Cambridge]]|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 10]] ** [[Hamed Bakayoko]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Ivory Coast]] (b. [[1965]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ivorycoast-bakayoko-idUSKBN2B22KQ|title=Ivory Coast Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko dies in Germany at 56|first=Ange|last=Aboa|newspaper=Reuters|date=10 March 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], 4th [[President of Somalia]] (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/news/former-somali-president-ali-mahdi-dies-in-nairobi-8021264/|title=Former Somali president Ali Mahdi dies in Nairobi|website=Citizentv.co.ke|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Manuel Saturnino da Costa]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/morreu-ex-primeiro-ministro-guineense-manuel-saturnino-da-costa/a-56828954|title=Morreu ex-primeiro-ministro guineense Manuel Saturnino da Costa &#124; DW &#124; 10.03.2021|website=DW.COM}}</ref> * [[March 12]] – [[Goodwill Zwelithini]], king of the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] nation (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56370621|title=Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini dies in South Africa aged 72|work=BBC News|date=12 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 13]] ** [[Marvelous Marvin Hagler]], American boxer (b. [[1954]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Boxer Marvelous Marvin Hagler dead at 66, wife says |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/ny-marvin-hagler-death-20210314-gtw5ios2fnbj5i7kepp7ubk6ia-story.html |access-date=March 14, 2021 |work=New York Daily News |date=March 13, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Murray Walker]], British motor racing commentator (b. [[1923]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/56388596|title=Murray Walker: Formula 1 broadcasting legend dies at 97|publisher=BBC|date=13 March 2021|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 16]] ** [[Moudud Ahmed]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/132895/bnp-leader-moudud-dies|title=BNP leader Moudud dies|work=New Age}}</ref> ** [[Sabine Schmitz]], German motor racer and television presenter (b. [[1969]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/17/sabine-schmitz-former-racing-driver-and-top-gear-presenter-dies-aged-51|title=Sabine Schmitz, former racing driver and Top Gear presenter, dies aged 51|first=P. A.|last=Media|date=17 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[March 17]] – [[John Magufuli]], 5th [[President of Tanzania]] (b. [[1959]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/world/africa/tanzania-president-magufuli-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/world/africa/tanzania-president-magufuli-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=John Magufuli, Tanzania Leader Who Played Down Covid, Dies at 61|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[March 20]] – [[Peter Lorimer]], Scottish international footballer (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56234156|title= Peter Lorimer: Leeds United's record goalscorer dies aged 74|website=[[BBC UK]]|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 21]] ** [[Nawal El Saadawi]], Egyptian feminist writer (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/03/21/pioneering-egyptian-feminist-nawal-el-saadawi-dies-aged-89/|title=Pioneering Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi Dies Aged 89 &#124; Egyptian Streets|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Adam Zagajewski]], Polish poet, essayist and translator (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,26905429,zmarl-wybitny-poeta-i-eseista-adam-zagajewski.html?disableRedirects=true|title=Zmarł wybitny poeta i eseista Adam Zagajewski|website=krakow.wyborcza.pl|language=pl|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 22]] – [[John Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute|Johnny Dumfries]], Scottish peer and racing driver (b. [[1958]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=Johnny Dumfries obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/24/johnny-dumfries-obituary|access-date=2021-03-31|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[March 23]] – [[George Segal]], American actor (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/george-segal-dead-the-goldbergs-1234720483/|title=George Segal Dies: Oscar-Nominated Actor & 'The Goldbergs' Star Was 87|first1=Nellie Andreeva,Erik|last1=Pedersen|first2=Nellie|last2=Andreeva|first3=Erik|last3=Pedersen|date=24 March 2021|website=Deadline}}</ref> * [[March 24]] – [[Jessica Walter]], American actress (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/jessica-walter-dead-actress-arrested-development-1234721873/|title=Jessica Walter Dies: Emmy-Winning 'Arrested Development', 'Archer' Actress Was 80|first1=Tom|last1=Tapp|date=25 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 25]] ** [[Beverly Cleary]], American author (b. [[1916]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-03-26/beverly-cleary-childrens-author-obituary|title=Beverly Cleary, popular children's book author who wrote 'Henry Huggins' and 'Beezus and Ramona,' has died|date=26 March 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ** [[Larry McMurtry]], American author (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/26/books/larry-mcmurtry-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/26/books/larry-mcmurtry-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=Larry McMurtry, Novelist of the American West, Dies at 84|first=Dwight|last=Garner|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Bertrand Tavernier]], French film director and actor (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/bertrand-tavernier-dead-1234721636/|title=Bertrand Tavernier Dies: Legendary French Filmmaker Was 79|first1=Nancy|last1=Tartaglione|date=25 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 28]] – [[Didier Ratsiraka]], 3rd [[President of Madagascar]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1144858/politique/madagascar-lancien-president-didier-ratsiraka-est-mort/|title=Madagascar : l'ancien président Didier Ratsiraka est mort – Jeune Afrique|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 29]] – [[Bashkim Fino]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1962]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Socialist MP, Fino Dies of Covid-19 |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/socialist-mp-fino-dies-of-covid-19 |website=Albania Daily News |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 31]] – [[Kamal Ganzouri]], 46th [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/100361/Former-Egyptian-PM-Kamal-al-Ganzouri-dies-aged-88|title=Former Egyptian PM Kamal al-Ganzouri dies aged 88|date=31 March 2021|website=EgyptToday}}</ref> === April === {{main|Deaths in April 2021}} [[File:Duke of Edinburgh 33 Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]]] [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Idriss Déby]]]] [[File:Michael Collins (S69-31742, restoration) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]]] * [[April 1]] – [[Isamu Akasaki]], Japanese Nobel physicist (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021040200887/|title=Nobel-Winning Scientist Isamu Akasaki Dies at 92|date=2 April 2021|website=nippon.com|access-date=3 April 2021|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402143131/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021040200887/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[April 2]] – [[Christian Tumi]], Cameroonian cardinal (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1148608/politique/cameroun-deces-de-christian-tumi-premier-cardinal-dafrique-centrale/|title=Décès de Christian Tumi, premier cardinal camerounais – Jeune Afrique|date=3 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 4]] – [[Robert Mundell]], Canadian Nobel economist (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/briandomitrovic/2021/04/04/the-zeus-of-economics-has-died/|title=The Zeus Of Economics Has Died|first=Brian|last=Domitrovic|website=Forbes}}</ref> * [[April 5]] – [[Marshall Sahlins]], American anthropologist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/marshall-sahlins-obituary?pid=198279715|title=Marshall Sahlins Obituary (1930 - 2021) Chicago Tribune|website=Legacy.com}}</ref> * [[April 6]] – [[Hans Küng]], Swiss Catholic priest, theologian and author (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/hans-kueng-theologe-im-alter-von-93-jahren-gestorben-a-58a63785-ba1f-44f0-a78b-7185dbd66171|title=Theologe Hans Küng im Alter von 93 Jahren gestorben|first=DER|last=SPIEGEL|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=6 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 9]] ** [[DMX]], American rapper, songwriter and actor (b. [[1970]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberto|first=Melissa|date=2021-04-09|title=Iconic rapper DMX dead at 50, family says|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/rapper-dmx-dead|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Fox News}}</ref> ** [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 April 2021|title=Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, dead at 99|work=[[7 News]]|url=https://7news.com.au/entertainment/prince-philip/prince-philip-duke-of-edinburgh-dead-at-99-c-157619}}</ref> * [[April 14]] ** [[Yıldırım Akbulut]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/former-turkish-parliament-speaker-pm-akbulut-passes-away-at-86/news|title=Former Turkish Parliament speaker, PM Akbulut passes away at 86|first=DAILY|last=SABAH|date=14 April 2021|website=Daily Sabah}}</ref> ** [[Bernie Madoff]], American investment advisor, financier and convicted fraudster (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/ap-source-ponzi-schemer-bernie-madoff-dies-in-prison/|title=Ponzi schemer Bernie Madoff dies in prison at 82|date=14 April 2021|website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> * [[April 16]] ** [[Charles Geschke]], American businessman and computer scientist (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hagerty|first=James R.|date=2021-04-18|title=Adobe Co-Founder Charles Geschke, Pioneer of Desktop Publishing and PDFs, Dies at Age 81|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/adobe-co-founder-charles-geschke-pioneer-of-desktop-publishing-and-pdfs-dies-at-age-81-11618765264|access-date=2021-04-20|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> ** [[Andrew Peacock]], Australian politician (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|author=Guardian Staff|date=2021-04-16|title=Andrew Peacock, former Liberal party leader and Australian foreign affairs minister, dies aged 82|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/apr/16/andrew-peacock-former-liberal-party-leader-and-australian-foreign-minister-dies-aged-82|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[April 19]] ** [[Walter Mondale]], 42nd [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/19/politics/walter-mondale-dead/index.html|title=Walter 'Fritz' Mondale, former vice president under Jimmy Carter, dead at 93|author=Devan Cole|website=CNN|date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Jim Steinman]], American rock lyricist and composer (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2021/04/20/rock-legend-jim-steinman-dead-dies-meat-loaf/|title=Rock Legend Jim Steinman Dead at 73|website=TMZ}}</ref> ** [[Willy van der Kuijlen]], Dutch footballer (b. [[1946]])<ref>[https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/psv-icoon-willy-van-der-kuijlen-74-overleden-br~a4b468ff/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.nl%2F PSV-icoon Willy van der Kuijlen (74) overleden] - AD {{in lang|nl}}</ref> * [[April 20]] – [[Idriss Déby]], 6th [[President of Chad]] (b. [[1952]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-president-idriss-deby-has-died-says-army-spokesman-2021-04-20/|title=Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over|date=20 April 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> * [[April 23]] – [[Milva]], Italian singer and actress (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porro|first=Maurizio|date=2021-04-24|title=Morta Milva, la "Rossa" della canzone italiana aveva 81 anni|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/21_aprile_24/morta-milva-cantante-aveva-81-anni-5309f0c6-a4cd-11eb-b217-273add3a391e.shtml|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it}}</ref> * [[April 24]] – [[Christa Ludwig]], German mezzo-soprano (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tt.com/artikel/30790137/opernlegende-christa-ludwig-verstarb-mit-93-jahren|title=Opernlegende Christa Ludwig verstarb mit 93 Jahren|first=M.|last=Rehfeld|date=25 April 2021|website=Tiroler Tageszeitung Online}}</ref> * [[April 26]] – [[Tamara Press]], Soviet Olympic shot put and discus thrower (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stadium.ru/news/26-04-2021-na-84-m-godu-ushla-iz-jizni-olimpiiskaya-chempionka-tamara-press|title=Ушла из жизни олимпийская чемпионка Тамара Пресс &#124; Новости &#124; Российский Стадион - информационное агентство|website=stadium.ru}}</ref> * [[April 28]] ** [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], American astronaut (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/28/509599284/forgotten-astronaut-michael-collins-dies|title=Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins Dies|website=NPR.org}}</ref> ** [[Federico Salas]], 136th [[Prime Minister of Peru]] (b. [[1950]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/fallecio-el-ex-primer-ministro-federico-salas-guevara-a-los-70-anos-alberto-fujimori-nndc-noticia/|title=Falleció el ex primer ministro Federico Salas-Guevara a los 70 años &#124; Alberto Fujimori &#124; nndc &#124; POLITICA|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|last=PERÚ|date=28 April 2021|website=El Comercio Perú}}</ref> === May === {{main|Deaths in May 2021}} [[File:Olympia Dukakis 2019.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olympia Dukakis]]]] [[File:Maturana, Humberto -FILSA 2015 10 25 fRF08 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Humberto Maturana]]]] [[File:Franco Battiato - 23 July 2010 - 05 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Franco Battiato]]]] [[File:Yuan_Longping_at_news_conference_(headshot).png|thumb|100px|[[Yuan Longping]]]] [[File:Carla Fracci 69.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carla Fracci]]]] [[File:Poul Schluter portrait 2005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Poul Schlüter]]]] * [[May 1]] – [[Olympia Dukakis]], American actress (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-05-01/olympia-dukakis-dead|title=Theater veteran Olympia Dukakis, the Oscar-winning 'Moonstruck' actress, has died|date=1 May 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> * [[May 3]] – [[Lloyd Price]], American singer-songwriter and businessman (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soultracks.com/story-lloyd-price-dies|title=Hall of Fame "Personality," "Stagger Lee" singer Lloyd Price dies at 88|date=7 May 2021|website=SoulTracks - Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews}}</ref> * [[May 4]] – [[Simon Achidi Achu]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Cameroon]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/simon-achidi-achu-ancien-premier-ministre-camerounais-est-mort-aux-etats-unis/5878068.html|title=Décès de l'ancien premier ministre camerounais Simon Achidi Achu|website=VOA}}</ref> * [[May 6]] ** [[Humberto Maturana]], Chilean philosopher and biologist (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodista.cl/2021/05/a-los-92-anos-fallecio-humberto-maturana/|title=A los 92 años falleció Humberto Maturana|date=6 May 2021|website=El Periodista}}</ref> ** [[Kentaro Miura]], Japanese manga artist (b. [[1966]])<ref name="ANN">{{cite web|title=Berserk Manga Creator Kentarou Miura Passes Away at 54|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-05-19/berserk-manga-creator-kentarou-miura-passes-away-at-54/.172988|website=[[Anime News Network]]|last=Loo|first=Egan|date=May 19, 2021|access-date=May 20, 2021}}</ref> * [[May 7]] – [[Martín Pando]], Argentine footballer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ole.com.ar/river-plate/fallecio-martin-pando-gallardo_0_CktIDtEUy.html|title=Falleció Martín Pando, el maestro de Gallardo|date=7 May 2021|website=www.ole.com.ar}}</ref> * [[May 8]] ** [[Lee Han-dong]], 33rd [[Prime Minister of South Korea]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/05/356_308493.html|title=Former PM Lee Han-dong dies at 87|date=8 May 2021|website=koreatimes}}</ref> ** [[Helmut Jahn]], German-born American architect (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-helmut-jahnfamed-architect-dies-20210509-t4co2a6zd5fxzfiyon2hvcud24-story.html|title=Famed architect Helmut Jahn struck by two vehicles, killed while riding bicycle near St. Charles|first=Katherine|last=Rosenberg-Douglas|website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> ** [[Spencer Silver]], American chemist and inventor (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/lifestyle/inventor-of-post-it-notes-adhesive-dies-at-age-80-1.5426784|title=Inventor of Post-it Notes adhesive dies at age 80|date=13 May 2021|website=CTVNews|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702165615/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/lifestyle/inventor-of-post-it-notes-adhesive-dies-at-age-80-1.5426784|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[May 9]] – [[José Manuel Caballero Bonald]], Spanish poet and novelist (b. [[1926]]) * [[May 10]] – [[Svante Thuresson]], Swedish jazz musician (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/jazzmusikern-svante-thuresson-ar-dod|title=Svante Thuresson är död: "Stort tomrum"|first=Kristin|last=Westesson|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|date=13 May 2021|via=www.svd.se}}</ref> * [[May 11]] – [[Norman Lloyd]], American actor, producer and director (b. [[1914]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/norman-lloyd-dead-st-elsewhere-actor-1234754280/|title=Norman Lloyd Dies: 'St. Elsewhere' Actor Who Worked With Welles, Hitchcock & Chaplin Was 106|first1=Erik|last1=Pedersen|date=11 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 15]] ** [[Đorđe Marjanović]], Serbian pop rock singer (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/11382291|title=Сербский певец Джордже Марьянович умер от COVID-19|website=TASS}}</ref> ** [[Eva Wilma]], Brazilian actress (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvefamosos.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2021/05/15/morre-atriz-eva-wilma-aos-87-em-decorrencia-do-cancer-no-ovario.htm|title=Morre atriz Eva Wilma, aos 87 anos, de câncer no ovário|website=tvefamosos.uol.com.br}}</ref> * [[May 16]] – [[Rildo da Costa Menezes]], Brazilian footballer (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/futebol-nacional/2021/05/17/noticia_futebol_nacional,3915928/morre-rildo-ex-lateral-de-botafogo-e-santos-nos-anos-1960-em-los-angeles.shtml|title=Morre Rildo, ex-lateral de Botafogo e Santos nos anos 1960, em Los Angeles|website=mg.superesportes.com.br|date=May 17, 2021|language=pt-BR}}</ref> * [[May 18]] ** [[Franco Battiato]], Italian singer-songwriter, composer and filmmaker (b. [[1946]])<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2021/05/18/news/e_morto_franco_battiato-301522798/ È morto Franco Battiato], ''la Repubblica'' {{in lang|it}}</ref> ** [[Charles Grodin]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/charles-grodin-dead-obituary-the-heartbreak-kid-actor-talk-show-host-was-86-1234759382/|title=Charles Grodin Dies: 'The Heartbreak Kid' Actor, Unrivaled Talk Show Curmudgeon Was 86|first1=Greg|last1=Evans|date=18 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 19]] – [[Lee Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/05/19/lee-evans-dies-track-and-field-400/|title=Lee Evans, Olympic 400m champion who protested racism, dies at 74|date=19 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 20]] ** [[Francisco Brines]], Spanish poet (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/valencia/20210520/7470742/muere-poeta-francisco-brines-89-anos-edad-dias-hospitalizado.html|title=Muere el poeta Francisco Brines a los 89 años|date=20 May 2021|website=La Vanguardia}}</ref> ** [[Abubakar Shekau]], Nigerian Islamic leader and militant (b. [[1965]], [[1969]] or [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/boko-haram-leader-responsible-for-chibok-schoolgirl-kidnappings-dies-11621608392|title=WSJ News Exclusive &#124; Boko Haram Leader, Responsible for Chibok Schoolgirl Kidnappings, Dies|first=Drew Hinshaw and Joe|last=Parkinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 May 2021|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> * [[May 21]] ** [[Tahir Salahov]], Soviet, Azerbaijani and Russian painter and draughtsman (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trend.az/life/socium/3426978.html|title=Скончался выдающийся художник, мэтр изобразительного искусства Таир Салахов|date=21 May 2021|website=Trend.Az}}</ref> ** [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]], Indian environmentalist (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fore.yale.edu/news/Obituary-Sunderlal-Bahuguna|title=Obituary: Sunderlal Bahuguna &#124; Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology|website=fore.yale.edu}}</ref> * [[May 22]] ** [[Francesc Arnau]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20210522/493872025188/muere-francesc-arnau-ex-portero-del-barca.html|title=Muere Francesc Arnau, ex portero del Barça|date=22 May 2021|website=Mundo Deportivo}}</ref> ** [[Robert Marchand (cyclist)|Robert Marchand]], French racing cyclist (b. [[1911]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/cyclisme/robert-marchand-le-champion-cycliste-est-mort-a-109-ans_AN-202105220079.html|title=Robert Marchand, le champion cycliste, est mort à 109 ans|website=RMC SPORT}}</ref> ** [[Yuan Longping]], Chinese agronomist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3134474/chinas-father-hybrid-rice-yuan-longping-dies-90|title=China's 'father of hybrid rice' Yuan Longping dies at 90|date=22 May 2021|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> ** [[André Ribeiro (racing driver)|André Ribeiro]], Brazilian racing driver (b. [[1966]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/indy-car-star-andre-ribeiro-dies-cancer/6514251/|title=Former Indy car star Andre Ribeiro dies of cancer aged 55|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 23, 2021|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref> * [[May 23]] ** [[Eric Carle]], American children's writer and illustrator (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7.com/10699566/|title='The Very Hungry Caterpillar' author, illustrator Eric Carle dies at 91|date=26 May 2021|website=ABC7 Los Angeles}}</ref> ** [[Cristóbal Halffter]], Spanish classical composer and conductor (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20210523/muere-91-anos-compositor-director-orquesta-cristobal-halffter/2092480.shtml|title=Obituarios &#124; Muere a los 91 años el compositor y director de orquesta Cristóbal Halffter|first=RTVE es /|last=EFE|date=23 May 2021|website=RTVE.es}}</ref> ** [[Ron Hill]], English marathon runner (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/athletics/news/former-marathon-runner-ron-hill-passes-away-at-the-age-of-82_448737.html|title=Former marathon runner Ron Hill passes away at the age of 82|website=Sports Mole}}</ref> ** [[Paulo Mendes da Rocha]], Brazilian architect (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2021/05/morre-paulo-mendes-da-rocha-o-ultimo-gigante-da-arquitetura-brasileira.shtml|title=Paulo Mendes da Rocha (1928 - 2021) - Morre Paulo Mendes da Rocha, o último gigante da arquitetura brasileira|date=23 May 2021|website=Folha de S.Paulo}}</ref> ** [[Max Mosley]], British racing driver and lawyer (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/may/24/max-mosley-f1-racing-driver-fia-president-privacy-campaigner-dies-aged-81|title=Max Mosley, privacy campaigner and outspoken FIA president, dies aged 81|date=24 May 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[May 26]] – [[Tarcisio Burgnich]], Italian footballer and manager (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/sport/calcio/2021/05/26/calcio-morto-tarcisio-burgnich_f9b13ba7-ecb6-4232-9807-5603d85c2b77.html|title=E' morto Tarcisio Burgnich, con l'Inter salì in cima al mondo - Calcio|date=26 May 2021|website=Agenzia ANSA}}</ref> * [[May 27]] ** [[Carla Fracci]], Italian ballet dancer and actress (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/teatro-danza/2021/05/27/news/morta_carla_fracci-302891676/|title=Morta Carla Fracci, una vita in volo "ma con le radici ben piantate nella terra"|date=27 May 2021|website=la Repubblica}}</ref> ** [[Cornelis de Jager]], Dutch astronomer (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.texelsecourant.nl/nieuws/algemeen/205920/professor-kees-de-jager-overleden|title=Professor Kees de Jager overleden|website=www.texelsecourant.nl}}</ref> ** [[Poul Schlüter]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-28/poul-schluter-danish-premier-who-introduced-krone-peg-dies |title=Poul Schluter, Danish Premier Who Introduced Krone Peg, Dies|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=May 28, 2021 }}</ref> * [[May 30]] – [[Rick Mitchell]], Australian sprinter (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/olympic-champion-rick-mitchell-dies-aged-66-20210531-p57wqk.html|title=Olympic trailblazer Rick Mitchell dies aged 66|first=Michael|last=Gleeson|date=31 May 2021|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> === June === {{main|Deaths in June 2021}} [[File:Mauritius Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth when meeting Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|Sir [[Anerood Jugnauth]]]] [[File:Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7398.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ei-ichi Negishi]]]] [[File:Kenneth Kaunda 1983-03-30.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenneth Kaunda]]]] [[File:Benigno Aquino III 020216 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benigno Aquino III]]]] * [[June 1]] – [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (born 1943)|Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]] (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2021/06/01/news/lutto-in-casa-savoia-e-morto-il-principe-amedeo-duca-d-aosta-1.40339611|title=Lutto in casa Savoia: è morto il principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta|date=1 June 2021|website=lastampa.it}}</ref> * [[June 3]] – Sir [[Anerood Jugnauth]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] and 4th [[President of Mauritius]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2021/06/03/mauritius-former-prime-minister-sir-anerood-jugnauth-dies-aged-91/ Mauritius former prime minister Sir Anerood Jugnauth dies aged 91]</ref> * [[June 4]] ** [[Richard R. Ernst]], Swiss Nobel chemist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/richard-ernst--father-of-the-mri--dies-aged-87/46687642|title=Richard Ernst, father of the MRI, dies aged 87|website=SWI swissinfo.ch}}</ref> ** [[Friederike Mayröcker]], Austrian poet (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/literatur-schriftstellerin-friederike-mayroecker-tot-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210604-99-859067|title=Schriftstellerin Friederike Mayröcker tot|first=Süddeutsche|last=Zeitung|website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref> * [[June 5]] – [[T. B. Joshua]], Nigerian televangelist (b. [[1963]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/nigerian-televangelist-prophet-tb-joshua-dies-20210606|title=Nigerian televangelist pastor TB Joshua dies|first=Complied by Getrude|last=Makhafola|website=News24}}</ref> * [[June 6]] ** [[Revaz Gabriadze]], Georgian filmmaker, painter and playwright (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/kultura/11582551|title=Умер сценарист фильма "Мимино" Резо Габриадзе|website=TASS}}</ref> ** [[Ei-ichi Negishi]], Japanese Nobel chemist (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2021/Q2/ei-ichi-negishi,-one-of-2-nobel-prize-winners-from-purdue-university,-dies.html|title=Ei-ichi Negishi, one of 2 Nobel Prize winners from Purdue University, dies|first=Purdue News|last=Service|website=www.purdue.edu}}</ref> ** [[Mansour Ojjeh]], French Saudi Arabian entrepreneur (b. [[1952]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.mansour-ojjeh-long-time-shareholder-in-mclaren-passes-away-aged-68.6uJmWwpB6IinPCV8opoFQ3.html|title=Mansour Ojjeh, long-time shareholder in McLaren, passes away aged 68 &#124; Formula 1®|website=www.formula1.com}}</ref> * [[June 7]] ** [[Yoo Sang-chul]], South Korean footballer (b. [[1971]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-yoo-sang-chul-dead-24266037|title=South Korea 2002 World Cup hero tragically dies age 49 after cancer battle|first=Alex|last=Richards|date=7 June 2021|website=mirror}}</ref> ** [[Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur]], Iranian Shia cleric and terrorist (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/hezbollah-founder-dies-coronavirus-iran|title=Hezbollah founder dies of coronavirus in Iran|website=Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East}}</ref> * [[June 9]] ** [[Gottfried Böhm]], German architect and sculptor (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rp-online.de/kultur/kunst/architekt-gottfried-boehm-im-alter-von-101-jahren-gestorben_aid-59204837|title=Baumeister mit Faible für Beton: Gottfried Böhm im Alter von 101 Jahren gestorben|first=Uwe|last=Felten|date=10 June 2021|website=RP ONLINE}}</ref> ** [[Edward de Bono]], Maltese physician, psychologist and philosopher (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/110162/father_of_lateral_thinking_edward_de_bono_has_died|title=Father of lateral thinking, Edward de Bono, has died|website=MaltaToday.com.mt}}</ref> * [[June 10]] – [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], Indian director and poet (b. [[1944]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Buddhadeb's 'Bag Bahadur' Pavan Malhotra pays a tribute to 5-time National Film Award winning auteur|url=https://connectedtoindia.com/buddhadebs-bag-bahadur-pavan-malhotra-pays-a-tribute-to-5-time-national-film-award-winning-9220.html|access-date=2021-06-10|website=connectedtoindia.com|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610104951/https://connectedtoindia.com/buddhadebs-bag-bahadur-pavan-malhotra-pays-a-tribute-to-5-time-national-film-award-winning-9220.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 11]] – [[Paola Pigni]], Italian middle-distance runner (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/11-06-2021/morta-paola-pigni-75-anni-corsa-italia-4101892977097.shtml|title=Addio Paola Pigni: si è spenta a 75 anni la "rivoluzionaria" della corsa italiana|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> * [[June 13]] – [[Ned Beatty]], American actor (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ned-beatty-dies-superman-network-deliverance-83/|title=Ned Beatty, Prolific 'Superman' and 'Network' Character Actor, Dies at 83|date=13 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 14]] ** [[Enrique Bolaños]], 29th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/mundo/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos/10001-4562807|title=Muere el expresidente de Nicaragua Enrique Bolaños|website=www.efe.com|access-date=June 15, 2021|archive-date=June 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615190502/https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/mundo/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos/10001-4562807|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Markis Kido]], Indonesian badminton player (b. [[1984]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/badminton-world-in-shock-markis-kido-one-of-the-best-passes-aways-at-36-jwala-gutta-condoles-demise|title=Badminton world in shock: Markis Kido, one of the best, passes away at 36; Jwala Gutta condoles demise|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> * [[June 15]] – [[Vladimir Shatalov]], Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mk.ru/social/2021/06/15/umer-kosmonavt-vladimir-shatalov.html|title=Умер старейший космонавт мира Владимир Шаталов|website=www.mk.ru}}</ref> * [[June 17]] – [[Kenneth Kaunda]], 1st [[President of Zambia]] (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kenneth-kaunda-founding-president-of-zambia-dies-aged-97-b7km9zmzz|title=Kenneth Kaunda, founding president of Zambia, dies aged 97|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref> * [[June 18]] ** [[Giampiero Boniperti]], Italian footballer (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/flash/2021/06/18/-morto-giampiero-boniperti-una-vita-per-la-juventus-_1a313e99-1ef0-4ec3-997c-9d92fda9752e.html|title=Morto Giampiero Boniperti, una vita per la Juventus - Sport|date=18 June 2021|website=Agenzia ANSA}}</ref> ** [[Milkha Singh]], Indian athlete (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/milkha-singh-passes-away-91-covid-olympics-indian-sprinting-great/article34851283.ece|title=Milkha Singh, Indian sprint great, passes away aged 91|first=Team|last=Sportstar|website=Sportstar|date=June 18, 2021 }}</ref> * [[June 20]] – [[Luis del Sol]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/betis/2021/06/20/60cf764de2704e064a8b45c9.html|title=Muere Luis del Sol, leyenda del Betis|date=20 June 2021|website=MARCA}}</ref> * [[June 23]] – [[John McAfee]], English-born American computer programmer and businessman (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/fugitive-software-magnate-john-mcafee-found-dead-in-prison-cell-in-spain-reports-say|title=John McAfee Found Dead in Spanish Prison Cell|first=Justin|last=Rohrlich|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=23 June 2021|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref> * [[June 24]] ** [[Benigno Aquino III]], 15th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1960]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/former-president-benigno-aquino-iii-dies|title=Former president Benigno Aquino III dies at 61|date=24 June 2021|website=Rappler}}</ref> ** [[Trần Thiện Khiêm]], 7th [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam|Prime Minister of South Vietnam]] and army officer (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2021 |title=Cựu Đại Tướng Trần Thiện Khiêm Qua Đời Tại California Hưởng Thọ 95 Tuổi |url=https://vietbao.com/a308560/cuu-dai-tuong-tran-thien-khiem-qua-doi-tai-california-huong-tho-95-tuoi |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=[[Việt Báo Daily News]]|language=vi}}</ref> * [[June 26]] – [[Mir Hazar Khan Khoso]], Acting [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/26-Jun-2021/former-caretaker-pm-mir-hazar-khoso-passes-away|title=Former caretaker PM Mir Hazar Khoso passes away|date=26 June 2021|website=The Nation|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=June 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626194103/https://nation.com.pk/26-Jun-2021/former-caretaker-pm-mir-hazar-khoso-passes-away|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 29]] – [[Donald Rumsfeld]], American politician and government official (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=2021-06-30|title=Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[June 30]] – [[Bonfoh Abass]], Acting [[President of Togo]] (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://senego.com/togo-deces-de-abass-bonfoh-ancien-president-interimaire-du-pays_1290221.html|title=Togo : Décès de Abass Bonfoh, ancien président intérimaire du pays|date=30 June 2021|website=Senego.com - Actualité au Sénégal, toute actualité du jour}}</ref> === July === {{main|Deaths in July 2021}} [[File:Kelly Craft poses a photo with Haitian President Moise (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jovenel Moïse]]]] [[File:Steven weinberg 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steven Weinberg]]]] * [[July 1]] – [[Louis Andriessen]], Dutch composer (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nos.nl/l/2387511|title=Componist Louis Andriessen (82) overleden|website=nos.nl|date=July 2021 }}</ref> * [[July 2]] – [[Nikolai Slichenko]], Soviet and Russian singer and actor (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Russian Romany Cultural Figure Nikolai Slichenko Dies At 86|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-romany-slichenko-dies/31338053.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> * [[July 4]] – [[Richard Lewontin]], American evolutionary biologist (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universoracionalista.org/richard-lewontin-biologo-evolutivo-pioneiro-e-critico-do-racismo-cientifico-morre-aos-92-anos/|title=Richard Lewontin, biólogo evolutivo pioneiro e crítico do racismo científico, morre aos 92 anos|first=Julio|last=Batista|date=5 July 2021|website=Universo Racionalista}}</ref> * [[July 5]] ** [[Raffaella Carrà]], Italian singer, TV presenter and actress (b. [[1943]]) ** [[Richard Donner]], American film director (b. [[1930]])<ref>Hipes, Patrick (July 5, 2021), [https://deadline.com/2021/07/richard-donner-dead-superman-lethal-weapon-director-1234786372/ "Richard Donner Dies: 'Superman', 'Lethal Weapon' And 'The Goonies' Director Was 91"], ''Deadline''.</ref> ** [[Vladimir Menshov]], Soviet and Russian actor and film director (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Oscar-Winning Director Vladimir Menshov Dies at Age 82|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/05/oscar-winning-director-vladimir-menshov-dies-at-age-82-a74425|access-date=2021-10-11|website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> * [[July 6]] ** [[Djivan Gasparyan]], Armenian musician and composer (b. [[1928]])<ref>Ghazanchyan, Siranush (6 July 2021),[https://en.armradio.am/2021/07/06/armenian-duduk-player-jivan-gasparayn-dies-aged-81/ "Legendary Armenian duduk player Jivan Gasparayn dies aged 92"], Public Radio of Armenia.</ref> ** [[Patrick John]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Dominica]] (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=Dominica's first PM Patrick John passes away |url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/dominicas-first-pm-patrick-john-passes-away-151935836/ |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=WIC News}}</ref> * [[July 7]] ** [[Ahmed Jibril]], Palestinian militant (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ahmed-jibril-head-palestinian-radical-174212052.html?.tsrc=fp_deeplink |title= Ahmed Jibril, head of Palestinian radical group, dies at 83' |agency= Associated Press |date=20 August 2021|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Dilip Kumar]], Indian actor, film producer and philanthropist (b. [[1922]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-dies-at-the-age-of-98-doctor-confirms-101625624975631.html |title= Dilip Kumar dies at the age of 98, family announces with 'profound grief' |work= Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2021|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Jovenel Moïse]], 42nd [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1968]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210707-ha%C3%AFti-le-pr%C3%A9sident-jovenel-mo%C3%AFse-assassin%C3%A9-dans-la-nuit-dans-sa-r%C3%A9sidence-priv%C3%A9e-cabinet-du-premier-ministre|title=Haïti : le président Jovenel Moïse assassiné|date=7 July 2021|website=France 24}}</ref> ** [[Carlos Reutemann]], Argentine [[Formula One]] driver and politician (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/ex-f1-racer-carlos-reutemann-dies-at-age-79/6627349/|title=Ex-F1 racer Carlos Reutemann dies aged 79|website=[[Autosport]]}}</ref> * [[July 9]] ** [[Frank Lui]], 3rd [[Premier of Niue]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/446590/former-niue-premier-frank-lui-passes-away|title=Former Niue premier, Frank Lui, passes away|date=10 July 2021|website=RNZ}}</ref> ** [[Paul Mariner]], English football player and manager (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2021 |title=Paul Mariner: Former England international dies aged 68 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12352769/paul-mariner-former-england-international-dies-aged-68 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> * [[July 10]] – [[Esther Béjarano]], German singer and Holocaust survivor (b. [[1924]])<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/holocaust-survivor-singer-esther-bejarano-dies-aged-96/a-58224215 "Holocaust survivor, singer Esther Bejarano dies, aged 96"], DW.</ref> * [[July 13]] – [[Shirley Fry]], American tennis player (b. [[1927]])<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2021/07/14/tennis-hall-of-famer-shirley-fry-irvin-dies-at-94/47583047/ "Tennis Hall of Famer Shirley Fry Irvin dies at 94"], AP, July 14, 2021.</ref> * [[July 14]] ** [[Mamnoon Hussain]], 12th [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>[https://www.geo.tv/latest/360054-former-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away "Former president Mamnoon Hussain passes away in Karachi"], Geo News, 14 July 2021.</ref> ** [[Kurt Westergaard]], Danish cartoonist (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Leitisstein|first1=Mariah|last2=Jørgensen|first2=Heine|title=Kurt Westergaard er død|url=https://www.seoghoer.dk/kendte/kurt-westergaard-er-doed|access-date=2021-07-18|website=SE og HØR|date=July 18, 2021 |language=da}}</ref> * [[July 16]] – [[Surekha Sikri]], Indian actress (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/surekha-sikri-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-at-the-age-of-75-101626408899226.html|title=Surekha Sikri dies of cardiac arrest at 75, was 'surrounded by family'|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 17]] – [[Pilar Bardem]], Spanish actress and activist (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4767775/0/muere-pilar-bardem-anos-edad/|website=[[20minutos.es]]|title=Muere Pilar Bardem a los 82 años de edad|date=17 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 19]] – [[Arturo Armando Molina]], 36th [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1927]])<ref>[https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Fallece-expresidente-salvadoreno-Arturo-Armano-Molina-a-los-93-anos-20210719-0022.html "Fallece expresidente salvadoreño Arturo Armando Molina, a los 93 años"], July 19, 2021 {{in lang|es}}.</ref> * [[July 22]] – [[Boris Chochiev]], Acting [[Prime Minister of South Ossetia]] (b. [[1957]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=The epoch man has passed away ": Boris Chochiev, statesman and public figure of South Ossetia, has passed away|url=http://cominf.org/en/node/1166537727|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Государственное информационное агентство "Рес"|language=en}}</ref> * [[July 23]] ** [[Toshihide Maskawa]], Japanese Nobel theoretical physicist (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210729/k10013168691000.html|title=ノーベル物理学賞受賞 益川敏英さん死去 81歳|website=NHKニュース}}</ref> ** [[Steven Weinberg]], American Nobel theoretical physicist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/nobel-laureate-steven-weinberg-passes-away-1.5854636|title=Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg passes away|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=July 24, 2021|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724162849/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/nobel-laureate-steven-weinberg-passes-away-1.5854636|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 25]] – [[Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho]], Portuguese military official and politician (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/morreu-o-capitao-de-abril-otelo-saraiva-de-carvalho-13972389.html|title=Morreu o capitão de Abril Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho|date=25 July 2021|website=TSF Rádio Notícias|access-date=25 July 2021|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725095201/https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/morreu-o-capitao-de-abril-otelo-saraiva-de-carvalho-13972389.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 26]] ** [[Albert Bandura]], Canadian-American psychologist (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/29/science/albert-bandura-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/29/science/albert-bandura-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=Albert Bandura, Leading Psychologist of Aggression, Dies at 95|first=Erica|last=Goode|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Joey Jordison]], American drummer (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/joey-jordison-slipknot-dead-1203167/|title=Joey Jordison, Founding Slipknot Drummer, Dead at 46|first1=Kory|last1=Grow|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=27 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ivan Toplak]], Serbian footballer and manager (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24ur.com/sport/nogomet/umrl-je-ivan-toplak-jugoslovanska-in-slovenska-nogometna-legenda.html|title=Vsak dan prvi - 24ur.com|website=www.24ur.com}}</ref> * [[July 28]] ** [[Roberto Calasso]], Italian writer and publisher (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Addio-a-Roberto-Calasso-lo-scrittore-editore-di-Adelphi-0fc0b3a3-60e8-4163-9b52-f8ec7ad525c2.html|title=Addio a Roberto Calasso, lo scrittore editore di Adelphi|website=rainews}}</ref> ** [[Dusty Hill]], American musician and singer-songwriter (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/zz-top-bassist-dusty-hill-dead-obit-1203694/ |title= ZZ Top bassist Dusty Hill dead at 72 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=28 July 2021 |author=Andy Greene}}</ref> ** [[Shahrum Kashani]], Iranian-American singer (b. [[1974]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=شهرام کاشانی، خواننده موسیقی پاپ، درگذشت |url=https://ir.voanews.com/amp/persiannewsarts_shahram-kashani-iranian-singer-pop-music-corona-virus/6128567.html |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=ir.voanews.com}}</ref> ===August=== {{main|Deaths in August 2021}} [[File:Former Prime Minister Honourable Lester B. Bird speak to the audience (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|Sir [[Lester Bird]]]] [[File:Gerd Müller c1973 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gerd Müller]]]] [[File:Shinichi Chiba cropped 4 Shinichi Chiba and Yoichi Masuzoe 200711.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sonny Chiba]]]] [[File:President_Hissène_Habré_of_Chad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hissène Habré]]]] [[File:Charle-Watts-1965 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlie Watts]]]] * [[August 1]] – [[Abdalqadir as-Sufi]], Scottish Islamic scholar and writer (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecognate.com/islamic-scholar-sheikh-dr-abdalqadir-as-sufi-passes-away/|title=Islamic Scholar Sheikh Dr Abdalqadir As-Sufi Passes Away|first=Shaik Zakeer|last=Hussain|date=2 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 3]] – [[Arthur Dion Hanna]], 7th [[Governor-General of the Bahamas]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2021/aug/03/former-governor-general-arthur-dion-hanna-dies/|title=A TRUE BAHAMIAN PATRIOT: Former Governor General Arthur Dion Hanna dies age 93|website=www.tribune242.com}}</ref> * [[August 5]] – [[Yevhen Marchuk]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zaxid.net/pomer_ukrayinskiy_politichniy_diyach_yevgen_marchuk_n1523661|title=Помер колишній прем'єр-міністр України Євген Марчук|website=ZAXID.NET}}</ref> * [[August 8]] – [[Jaan Kaplinski]], Estonian poet and philosopher (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1608301980/suri-jaan-kaplinski|title=Suri Jaan Kaplinski|date=9 August 2021|website=ERR}}</ref> * [[August 9]] ** [[Lester Bird|Sir Lester Bird]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda]] (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/second-pm-of-antigua-and-barbuda-sir-lester-bird-dies-at-83-505036676/|title=Second PM of Antigua and Barbuda, Sir Lester Bird dies at 83|first=WIC News|last=Correspondent|date=9 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Sergei Kovalev]], Russian human rights activist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesti.ru/article/2598236|title=Скончался правозащитник Сергей Ковалев|website=vesti.ru}}</ref> * [[August 10]] – [[Eduardo Martínez Somalo]], Spanish cardinal (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/it/vaticano/news/2021-08/morte-cardinale-eduardo-martinez-somalo-spagna-santa-sede.html|title=Morto il cardinale Martínez Somalo, l'uomo che i Papi volevano accanto - Vatican News|date=10 August 2021|website=www.vaticannews.va}}</ref> * [[August 13]] ** [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker]], American astronomer (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/planetary_news/2021/08/17/in-memoriam-carolyn-shoemaker-1929-2021/|title=In Memoriam: Carolyn Shoemaker, 1929–2021 &#124; Planetary News|date=17 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Gino Strada]], Italian surgeon and human rights activist (b. [[1948]])<ref>[https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/09/04/obituary-gino-strada-believed-health-care-was-a-human-right Obituary: Gino Strada believed health care was a human right], ''The Economist''</ref> * [[August 14]] – [[Carlos Correia]], 5th [[List of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/carlos-correia-morreu-o-ex-pm-guineense-e-dirigente-do-paigc/a-58863886|title=Carlos Correia: Morreu o ex-PM guineense e dirigente do PAIGC &#124; DW &#124; 14.08.2021|website=DW.COM}}</ref> * [[August 15]] ** [[Abdelhamid Brahimi]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Algeria]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/126190-deces-de-l-ancien-premier-ministre-abdelhamid-brahimi-a-l-age-de-85-ans |title=Décès de l'ancien Premier ministre Abdelhamid Brahimi à l'âge de 85 ans|language=fr|website=www.aps.dz}}</ref> ** [[Gerd Müller]], German footballer (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/bayern-munich-germany-legend-gerd-muller-dies-aged-75/qiyteiwr3mulz5xbj6xqaspo|title=Bayern Munich & Germany legend Gerd Muller dies aged 75 &#124; Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> * [[August 16]] – [[Volodymyr Holubnychy]], Soviet and Ukrainian race walker and Olympic champion (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dancor.sumy.ua/news/newsline/383252|title=В Сумах умер легенда мирового спорта Владимир Голубничий &#124; Данкор онлайн &#124; Сумской информационный портал: все новости Сумщины|website=dancor.sumy.ua}}</ref> * [[August 17]] – [[Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi]], leader of the [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara]] (b. [[1973]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/islamic-state-france-says-it-has-killed-adnan-abu-walid-al-sahrawi-the-terror-groups-leader-in-the-greater-sahara-12409293|title=Islamic State: France says it has killed Adnan Abu Walid al Sahrawi, the terror group's leader in the Greater Sahara|website=Sky News}}</ref> * [[August 18]] – [[Jill Murphy]], British author and illustrator (b. [[1949]]) * [[August 19]] – [[Sonny Chiba]], Japanese actor and martial artist (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/94a6e2d56eca5f2a82d150b6486571c440e71c8b|title=千葉真一さん死去 82歳 新型コロナ感染し療養も肺炎悪化、８日入院も|access-date=August 19, 2021|archive-date=August 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821181544/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/94a6e2d56eca5f2a82d150b6486571c440e71c8b|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[August 21]] ** [[Don Everly]], American musician (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-08-21/don-everly-brothers-dies|title=Don Everly, of harmonizing rock 'n' roll pioneers the Everly Brothers, dies at 84|date=22 August 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ** [[Marie, Princess of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/marie-princess-of-liechtenstein-has-died-at-the-age-of-81-164573/|title=Marie, Princess of Liechtenstein has died at the age of 81|date=21 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 23]] ** [[Jean-Luc Nancy]], French philosopher (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/08/24/news/morto_jean-luc_nancy-315150426/|title=E' morto Jean-Luc Nancy, il filosofo che indagava sui limiti della democrazia|date=24 August 2021|website=la Repubblica}}</ref> ** [[Rosita Quintana]], Argentine-Mexican actress, singer, and songwriter (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/muere-rosita-quintana-actriz-del-cine-de-oro-mexicano|title=Muere Rosita Quintana, actriz del cine de oro mexicano|date=23 August 2021|website=El Universal}}</ref> * [[August 24]] ** [[Hissène Habré]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Chad|Prime Minister]] and 5th [[President of Chad]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210824-chad-s-former-president-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-dies-at-79|title=Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79|date=24 August 2021|website=France 24}}</ref> ** [[Wilfried Van Moer]], Belgian footballer (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/08/24/-kleine-generaal-wilfried-van-moer-76-is-overleden~1629820506197/|title="Kleine Generaal" Wilfried Van Moer (76) is overleden|date=24 August 2021|website=sporza.be}}</ref> ** [[Charlie Watts]], English drummer (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58316842|title=Charlie Watts: Rolling Stones drummer dies at 80|work=BBC News|date=24 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 25]] – [[Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Yemen]] (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alwasat.ly/news/arabic/330524|title=وفاة رئيس الوزراء اليمني الأسبق محسن العيني|first=بوابة|last=الوسط|website=Alwasat News}}</ref> * [[August 27]] – [[Edmond H. Fischer]], American-Swiss Nobel biochemist (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindau-nobel.org/news-nobel-laureate-edmond-h-fischer/|title=Nobel Laureate Edmond H. Fischer 1920 – 2021|date=29 August 2021|access-date=October 8, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008181523/https://www.lindau-nobel.org/news-nobel-laureate-edmond-h-fischer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[August 29]] ** [[Ed Asner]], American actor (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/ed-asner-dead-lou-grant-mary-tyler-moore-1235051373/|title=Ed Asner, Emmy-Winning 'Lou Grant' and 'Mary Tyler Moore Show' Star, Dies at 91|first1=Carmel Dagan,Richard|last1=Natale|first2=Carmel|last2=Dagan|first3=Richard|last3=Natale|date=29 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Lee "Scratch" Perry]], Jamaican record producer and singer (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kreps |first1=Danel |title=Lee 'Scratch' Perry, Reggae Giant and Dub Pioneer, Dead at 85 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lee-scratch-perry-dead-obit-1045198/ |access-date=29 August 2021 |publisher=Rolling Stone |date=29 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Jacques Rogge]], Belgian Olympic sailor and 8th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/241104/Former-IOC-President-Jacques-Rogge-passes-away|title=IOC announces passing of former IOC President Jacques Rogge|website=www.sail-world.com}}</ref> * [[August 31]] – [[Francesco Morini]], Italian footballer (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alwaysfreshnews.com/news/sports/52291/francesco-morini-former-juve-defender-was-77-years-old-died/|title=Francesco Morini, former Juve defender, was 77 years old died|first=Editorial|last=Says}}</ref> === September === {{main|Deaths in September 2021}} [[File:Mikis Theodorakis Fabrik 070004(headshot).png|thumb|100px|[[Mikis Theodorakis]]]] [[File:Belmondo 1960.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]]] [[File:Borisav Jovic cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Borisav Jović]]]] [[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika casts his ballot in May 10th's 2012 legislative election (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]]] * [[September 1]] – [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], Kashmiri separatist leader (b. [[1929]])<ref> {{Cite news |title=Kashmir's Hurriyat Leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani Passes Away |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/09/02/kashmirs-hurriyat-leader-syed-ali-shah-geelani-passes-away/ |date=1 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901202552/https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/09/02/kashmirs-hurriyat-leader-syed-ali-shah-geelani-passes-away/ |url-status=live}} </ref> * [[September 2]] – [[Mikis Theodorakis]], Greek composer and politician (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1167241/renowned-composer-mikis-theodorakis-dies/|title=Renowned composer Mikis Theodorakis dies &#124; eKathimerini.com|website=www.ekathimerini.com}}</ref> * [[September 5]] <!--Please do not include Sarah Harding here without a consensus on the Talk page--> ** [[Ivan Patzaichin]], Romanian Olympic canoeist (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/sport-intern/2021/09/05/kaiac-canoe-multiplul-campion-olimpic-ivan-patzaichin-a-decedat-la-varsta-de-71-de-ani--774154|title=Kaiac-canoe: Multiplul campion olimpic Ivan Patzaichin a decedat la vârsta de 71 de ani|website=www.agerpres.ro|access-date=2023-07-02|archive-date=2022-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211131734/https://www.agerpres.ro/sport-intern/2021/09/05/kaiac-canoe-multiplul-campion-olimpic-ivan-patzaichin-a-decedat-la-varsta-de-71-de-ani--774154|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Živko Radišić]], 2nd [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvbn.com/4012289/preminuo-bivsi-gradonacelnik-bl-zivko-radisic|title=Preminuo bivši gradonačelnik BL Živko Radišić|website=BN}}</ref> * [[September 6]] – [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], French actor (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/cinema/mort-de-jean-paul-belmondo-le-magnifique-du-cinema-francais-06-09-2021-GUYJNYWVK5ELHEKWB7CXU76J5E.php|title=Mort de Jean-Paul Belmondo, le Magnifique du cinéma français|first1=Par Pierre Vavasseur Le 6 septembre 2021|last1=à 16h23|first2=Modifié Le 6 Septembre 2021|last2=À 16h30|date=6 September 2021|website=leparisien.fr}}</ref> * [[September 8]] – [[Dietmar Lorenz]], German Olympic judoka (b. [[1950]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportschau.de/regional/rbb/rbb-judoka-dietmar-lorenz-ist-gestorben-story100.html|title=Judoka Dietmar Lorenz ist gestorben|date=9 September 2021|website=www.sportschau.de}}</ref> * [[September 9]] – [[Danilo Popivoda]], Slovenian footballer and manager (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/nogomet/umrl-danilo-popivoda-legenda-olimpije-in-slovenskega-nogometa/593487|title=Umrl Danilo Popivoda, legenda Olimpije in slovenskega nogometa|website=RTVSLO.si}}</ref> * [[September 10]] ** [[Charles Konan Banny]], 6th [[List of heads of government of Ivory Coast|Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1103745/former-i-coast-pm-dies-of-coronavirus.html|title=Former I. Coast PM dies of coronavirus|website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> ** [[Jorge Sampaio]], 18th [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/jorge-sampaio-who-showed-teeth-portuguese-presidential-powers-dies-81-2021-09-10/|title=Jorge Sampaio, who showed extent of Portuguese presidential powers, dies at 81|newspaper=Reuters|date=10 September 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Saadi Yacef]], Algerian independence fighter, politician and actor (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=Neil Genzlinger |title=Saadi Yacef, 'Battle of Algiers' Catalyst and Actor, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/movies/saadi-yacef-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/movies/saadi-yacef-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |access-date=15 October 2021 |date=September 21, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[September 11]] – [[Abimael Guzmán]], Peruvian Terrorist [[Maoism|Maoist]] leader and militant (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/abimael-gumzan-founder-peruvian-rebel-group-shining-path-dies-2021-09-11/|title=Abimael Guzman, founder of Peruvian rebel group Shining Path, dies|newspaper=Reuters|date=11 September 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> * [[September 13]] ** [[Antony Hewish]], English Nobel radio astronomer (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-antony-hewish-1924-%E2%80%93-2021|title=Professor Antony Hewish (1924 – 2021)|date=15 September 2021|website=Gonville & Caius}}</ref> ** [[Borisav Jović]], 12th [[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atvbl.com/vijesti/srbija/preminuo-borisav-jovic-13-9-2021|title=Preminuo Borisav Jović|website=www.atvbl.com}}</ref> * [[September 14]] ** [[Norm Macdonald]], Canadian comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. [[1959]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/norm-macdonald-dead-obituary-comedian-saturday-night-live-weekend-update-anchor-was-61-1234833212/|title=Norm Macdonald Dies: Influential Comedian & Former 'SNL' Weekend Update Anchor Was 61|first1=Greg|last1=Evans|date=14 September 2021}}</ref> ** [[Yuriy Sedykh]], Soviet and Russian track and field athlete and Olympic champion (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sportsdaily.ru/news/umer-rekordsmen-mira-v-metanii-molota-yuriy-sedykh|title=Умер рекордсмен мира в метании молота Юрий Седых|website=m.sportsdaily.ru}}</ref> * [[September 16]] ** [[Silas Atopare]], 7th [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea]] (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://postcourier.com.pg/former-g-g-passes-on/|title=Former G-G passes on|date=22 September 2021|website=Post Courier}}</ref> ** [[Casimir Oyé-Mba]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Gabon]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gabonreview.com/gabon-deces-de-casimir-oye-mba-a-paris/|title=Gabon : Décès de Casimir Oye Mba à Paris|date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ** [[Clive Sinclair|Sir Clive Sinclair]], English entrepreneur and inventor (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/16/home-computing-pioneer-sir-clive-sinclair-dies-aged-81|title=Home computing pioneer Sir Clive Sinclair dies aged 81|date=16 September 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[September 17]] ** [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], 7th [[President of Algeria]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/algerias-former-president-bouteflika-dies-84-2021-09-17/|title=Algeria's former President Bouteflika dies at 84|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 September 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Mario Camus]], Spanish film director and screenwriter (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2021/09/18/legendary-spanish-film-director-mario-camus-dies-aged-86/|title=Legendary Spanish Film director Mario Camus dies aged 86|first=Ron|last=Howells|date=18 September 2021|website=Euro Weekly News Spain}}</ref> * [[September 19]] ** [[Sylvano Bussotti]], Italian composer, poet and theatre director (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/spettacoli/musica/2021/09/19/news/musica-addio-al-compositore-sylvano-bussotti-firenze-si-preparava-a-festeggiare-i-90-anni-1.40719172|title=Musica, addio al compositore Sylvano Bussotti: Firenze si preparava a festeggiare i 90 anni|date=19 September 2021|website=lastampa.it}}</ref> ** [[Jimmy Greaves]], English footballer (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2021/september/jimmy-greaves/|title=Jimmy Greaves|website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> * [[September 21]] – [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]], Egyptian field marshal, Chairman of the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arab.news/ck48x|title=Former Egyptian defense minister Mohamed Hussein Tantawi dies at 85|date=21 September 2021|website=Arab News}}</ref> * [[September 22]] ** [[Abdelkader Bensalah]], Acting [[List of heads of state of Algeria|Head of State of Algeria]] (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/31458/2021-09-22|title=Former Algerian president Abdelkader Bensalah dies at 80|website=en.royanews.tv|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922193342/https://en.royanews.tv/news/31458/2021-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Orlando Martínez]], Cuban boxer and Olympic champion (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiobayamo.icrt.cu/2021/09/22/fallece-primer-monarca-olimpico-del-boxeo-cubano/|title=Fallece primer monarca olímpico del boxeo cubano|first=Por Prensa|last=Latina|date=September 22, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923052437/https://www.radiobayamo.icrt.cu/2021/09/22/fallece-primer-monarca-olimpico-del-boxeo-cubano/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[September 25]] – [[Théoneste Bagosora]], Rwandan military officer and convicted war criminal (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58695094|title=Rwanda genocide 'kingpin' Théoneste Bagosora dies in prison|work=BBC News|date=25 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 27]] – [[Roger Hunt]], English footballer (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58717157|title=Former England striker Hunt dies aged 83|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[September 30]] – [[Koichi Sugiyama]], Japanese composer, conductor, and orchestrator (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/10/07/music/koichi-sugiyama-japanese-composer-dragon-quest-dies-90/|title=Koichi Sugiyama, Japanese composer of Dragon Quest, dies at 90|website=[[Japan Times]]|date=7 October 2021|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112754/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/10/07/music/koichi-sugiyama-japanese-composer-dragon-quest-dies-90/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === October === {{main|Deaths in October 2021}} [[File:Abolhassan Banisadr portrait 1980 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abolhassan Banisadr]]]] [[File:Abdul Qadeer Khan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdul Qadeer Khan]]]] [[File:2013 Edita Gruberová (8728835419).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edita Gruberová]]]] [[File:Roh Tae-woo - cropped, 1989-Mar-13 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roh Tae-woo]]]] * [[October 2]] – [[Umer Shareef]], Pakistani director, producer and artist (b. [[1960]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2021/legendary-comedian-umer-sharif-passes-away|title=Legendary comedian Umer Sharif passes away|date=October 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003091827/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2021/legendary-comedian-umer-sharif-passes-away |archive-date=October 3, 2021 }}</ref> * [[October 3]] ** [[Jorge Medina]], Chilean cardinal (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iglesia.cl/43050-fallecio-cardenal-jorge-medina-estevez.html|title=Falleció el Cardenal Jorge Medina Estévez|website=www.iglesia.cl}}</ref> ** [[Budge Patty]], American tennis player (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24heures.ch/la-legende-budge-patty-nest-plus-322596944541|title=Le tennis mondial perd un monument – La légende Budge Patty n'est plus|website=24 heures}}</ref> ** [[Lars Vilks]], Swedish visual artist (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/konstnaren-lars-vilks-och-tva-poliser-doda-i-trafikolycka-i-markaryd/|title=Konstnären Lars Vilks och två poliser döda i trafikolycka|website=www.expressen.se}}</ref> * [[October 9]] – [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], 1st [[President of Iran]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/former-iranian-president-bani-sadr-dies-paris-2021-10-09/|title=Former Iranian President Bani-Sadr dies in Paris|date=9 October 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 10]] – [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]], Pakistani nuclear physicist and engineer (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan passes away at 85 in Islamabad |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651191/nuclear-scientist-dr-abdul-qadeer-khan-passes-away-at-85-in-islamabad |work=Dawn |date=10 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 14]] – [[Lee Wan-koo]], 39th [[Prime Minister of South Korea]] (b. [[1950]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211014005351315|title=(LEAD) Former Prime Minister Lee Wan-koo dies at 71|date=14 October 2021|website=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref> * [[October 17]] – [[Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai]], Acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]] (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/afghanistans-former-pm-ahmad-shah-ahmadzai-passes-away-report20211017140002/|title=Afghanistan's former PM Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai passes away: Report|website=ANI News}}</ref> * [[October 18]] ** [[Edita Gruberová]], Slovak soprano (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kurier.at/kultur/starsopranistin-edita-gruberova-gestorben/401774436 |title=Starsopranistin Edita Gruberova gestorben |date=18 October 2021 | work=Kurier |language=de |access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref> ** [[János Kornai]], Hungarian economist (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20211018_Elhunyt_Kornai_Janos_kozgazdasz|title=Elhunyt Kornai János közgazdász|first=HVG Kiadó|last=Zrt|date=18 October 2021|website=hvg.hu}}</ref> ** [[Colin Powell]], American politician, diplomat and general (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/18/politics/colin-powell-dies/index.html|title=Colin Powell, first Black US secretary of state, dies of Covid-19 complications amid cancer battle|author=Devan Cole|website=CNN|date=October 18, 2021 }}</ref> * [[October 19]] – [[Leslie Bricusse]], British composer, lyricist and playwright (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58970326|title=Leslie Bricusse: 'Lyrical genius' of film dies aged 90|work=BBC News|date=20 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 20]] – [[Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi]], Hungarian-American psychologist and academic (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forbes.hu/uzlet/meghalt-csikszentmihalyi-mihaly-a-flow-elmelet-atyja/|title=Meghalt Csíkszentmihályi Mihály, a flow elmélet atyja &#124; Forbes.hu|date=21 October 2021|website=forbes.hu}}</ref> * [[October 21]] – [[Bernard Haitink]], Dutch conductor and violinist (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.askonasholt.com/bernard-haitink-1929-2021-announcement/|title=Bernard Haitink,1929-2021|date=21 October 2021|website=Askonas Holt}}</ref> * [[October 22]] – [[Vyacheslav Vedenin]], Soviet and Russian cross-country skier and Olympic champion (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport24.ru/news/other/2021-10-23-olimpiyskiy-chempion-po-lyzhnym-gonkam-vyacheslav-vedenin-skonchalsya-na-81-m-godu-zhizni|title=Ушел из жизни двукратный олимпийский чемпион Вячеслав Веденин - 23 октября 2021 - Sport24|website=sport24.ru}}</ref> * [[October 26]] ** [[Walter Smith]], Scottish footballer and manager (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/oct/26/walter-smith-former-rangers-and-scotland-manager-dies-at-73|title=Walter Smith, former Rangers and Scotland manager, dies at 73|date=26 October 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> ** [[Roh Tae-woo]], 6th [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-koreas-former-president-roh-tae-woo-dies-88-yonhap-2021-10-26/|title=South Korea's former president Roh Tae-woo dies at 88 - hospital|first1=Sangmi|last1=Cha|first2=Josh|last2=Smith|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 October 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> * [[October 29]] ** [[Clément Mouamba]], 16th [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo]] (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211029-congo-brazzaville-l-ancien-premier-ministre-cl%C3%A9ment-mouamba-est-mort|title=Congo-Brazzaville: l'ancien Premier ministre Clément Mouamba est mort|date=29 October 2021|website=RFI|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029160524/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211029-congo-brazzaville-l-ancien-premier-ministre-cl%C3%A9ment-mouamba-est-mort|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], Indian actor, playback singer and producer (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-29|title=Puneeth Rajkumar: Indian film star dies age 46|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59090072|access-date=2021-10-30}}</ref> * [[October 30]] – [[Igor Kirillov]], Soviet and Russian news presenter, announcer and actor (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Психотерапевт советского народа Умер Игорь Кириллов — диктор, который более 20 лет вел программу "Время" и стал символом отечественного телевидения|url=https://meduza.io/feature/2021/10/31/psihoterapevt-sovetskogo-naroda|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Meduza|language=ru}}</ref> * [[October 31]] – Dame [[Catherine Tizard]], 16th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/454628/dame-catherine-tizard-dies-aged-90|title=Dame Catherine Tizard dies, aged 90|date=31 October 2021|website=RNZ}}</ref> === November === {{main|Deaths in November 2021}} [[File:Liber Brunensis 1942, Aaron T. Beck.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aaron Beck|Aaron T. Beck]]]] [[File:Frederik Willem de Klerk, 1990.jpg|thumb|100px|[[F. W. de Klerk]]]] [[File:Chun Doo-hwan 1983 (cropped).JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Chun Doo-hwan]]]] * [[November 1]] ** [[Aaron Beck|Aaron T. Beck]], American psychiatrist (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beckinstitute.org/draaronbeck/|title=In Memory of Aaron Temkin Beck, MD|website=Beck Institute}}</ref> ** [[Nelson Freire]], Brazilian pianist (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholictranscript.org/the-greatest-brazilian-pianist-nelson-freire-dies-at-77-culture/|title=The greatest Brazilian pianist, Nelson Freire, dies at 77 - Culture|date=1 November 2021}}</ref> * [[November 6]] ** [[Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Mali]] (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/11/07/mali-deces-de-lex-premier-ministre-cisse-mariam-kaidama-sidibe/|title=Mali: décès de l'ex-Premier ministre Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé|first=Daouda Bakary|last=KONÉ|date=7 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Yukhym Zvyahilsky]], Acting [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://espreso.tv/na-88-rotsi-zhittya-na-stalo-ekspremera-yukhima-zvyagilskogo|title=На 88 році життя не стало експрем'єра Юхима Звягільського|website=espreso.tv}}</ref> * [[November 7]] – [[Dean Stockwell]], American actor (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/09/dean-stockwell-quantum-leap-blue-velvet-married-to-mob-dies-aged-85|title=Dean Stockwell, Quantum Leap and Blue Velvet actor, dies aged 85|date=9 November 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[November 11]] ** [[F. W. de Klerk]], 7th and last [[State President of South Africa]] and Nobel laureate (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/breaking-former-president-fw-de-klerk-85-has-died-20211111|title=BREAKING &#124; Former president FW de Klerk, 85, has died|first=Pieter du|last=Toit|website=News24}}</ref> ** [[Graeme Edge]], English drummer, songwriter and poet (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/graeme-edge-dead-moody-blues-25436819|title=Tributes flood in as Moody Blues drummer Graeme Edge dies aged 80|first1=Lucy|last1=Buckland|first2=Jasmine|last2=Allday|date=11 November 2021|website=mirror}}</ref> * [[November 12]] ** [[Bob Bondurant]], American racing driver (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/bob-bondurant-iconic-american-racing-hero-dies-at-88-in-paradise-valley|title=Bob Bondurant 'iconic American racing hero' dies at 88 in Paradise Valley|date=13 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Matthew Festing]], 79th [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/2021/11/12/grand-magistry-announces-death-79th-grand-master-fra-matthew-festing/|title=Grand Magistry announces death of Fra' Matthew Festing|date=12 November 2021|access-date=November 12, 2021|archive-date=November 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112200439/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2021/11/12/grand-magistry-announces-death-79th-grand-master-fra-matthew-festing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Ron Flowers]], English footballer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/club/20211111-ron-flowers-1934-2021/|title=Ron Flowers &#124; 1934 - 2021|website=www.wolves.co.uk}}</ref> * [[November 13]] – [[Wilbur Smith]], Zambian-born South African novelist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wilbursmithbooks.com/latest-news/legendary-novelist-wilbur-smith-passes-away-at-the-age-of-eighty-eight|title=Legendary novelist Wilbur Smith passes away at the age of 88|website=wilbursmithbooks.com}}</ref> * [[November 14]] – [[Bertie Auld]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballscotland.co.uk/spfl/scottish-premiership/bertie-auld-passes-away-celtic-22164361|title=Celtic legend and Lisbon Lion Bertie Auld dies|first=Ross|last=Pilcher|date=14 November 2021|website=footballscotland}}</ref> * [[November 15]] – [[László Z. Bitó]], Hungarian physiologist and writer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://444.hu/2021/11/15/meghalt-bito-laszlo|title=Meghalt Bitó László|first=Kaufmann|last=Balázs|date=15 November 2021|website=444}}</ref> * [[November 23]] ** [[Chun Doo-hwan]], 5th [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=165757|title=Former Pres. Chun Doo-hwan Dies at 90|website=world.kbs.co.kr}}</ref> ** Sir [[James Fitz-Allen Mitchell]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationnews.com/2021/11/23/sir-james-mitchell-90-dies-bequia/|title=Sir James Mitchell, 90, dies in Bequia|date=23 November 2021|website=www.nationnews.com}}</ref> * [[November 26]] – [[Stephen Sondheim]], American composer and lyricist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Bruce |title=Stephen Sondheim, Titan of the American Musical, Is Dead at 91 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/theater/stephen-sondheim-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/theater/stephen-sondheim-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 26, 2021|date = November 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[November 28]] ** [[Virgil Abloh]], American fashion designer and entrepreneur (b. [[1980]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Friedman|first=Vanessa|date=2021-11-28|title=Virgil Abloh, Bold Designer of Men's Wear, Dies at 41|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/28/style/virgil-abloh-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/28/style/virgil-abloh-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-11-28|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Alexander Gradsky]], Soviet and Russian singer, songwriter and rock musician (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Умер Александр Градский|url=https://meduza.io/news/2021/11/28/umer-aleksandr-gradskiy|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Meduza|language=ru}}</ref> ** [[Norodom Ranariddh]], 31st [[List of prime ministers of Cambodia|Prime Minister of Cambodia]] (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-cambodian-prime-minister-prince-norodom-ranariddh-has-died-information-2021-11-28/|title=Former Cambodian premier Prince Norodom Ranariddh dies at 77|first=Prak Chan|last=Thul|newspaper=Reuters|date=28 November 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** Sir [[Frank Williams (Formula One)|Frank Williams]], English businessman, Formula One team owner and mechanic (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-legendary-f1-team-boss-sir-frank-williams-dies-aged-79.mCPM4nj5n62elIhFoPhtv.html|title=Legendary F1 team boss Sir Frank Williams dies, aged 79 &#124; Formula 1®|website=www.formula1.com}}</ref> * [[November 29]] – [[Kinza Clodumar]], 7th [[President of Nauru]] (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loopnauru.com/node/107352|title=Nauru pays tribute to former president Kinza Clodumar|first=Loop|last=Pacific|date=3 December 2021|website=Loop Nauru}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[November 30]] – [[Ray Kennedy]], English footballer (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-ray-kennedy-dead-liverpool-25581929|title=Liverpool legend Ray Kennedy dies aged 70 following Parkinson's battle|first=Freddie|last=Keighley|date=30 November 2021|website=mirror}}</ref> === December === {{main|Deaths in December 2021}} [[File:Mustafa Ben Halim (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mustafa Ben Halim]]]] [[File:Fernandez-3-24-13 03.JPG |thumb|100px|[[Vicente Fernández]]]] [[File:Desmond Tutu, 1986 Jan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Desmond Tutu]]]] [[File:Edward O. Wilson, 2003 (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[E. O. Wilson]]]] * [[December 3]] ** [[Lamine Diack]], Senegalese businessman, sports administrator and athlete (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/convicted-ex-head-world-athletics-lamine-diack-dies-88-2021-12-03/|title=Convicted ex-head of world athletics Lamine Diack dies at 88|first=Diadie|last=Ba|newspaper=Reuters|date=3 December 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Horst Eckel]], German footballer (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/horst-eckel-last-germanys-1954-world-champions-dies-89-dfb-2021-12-03/|title=Horst Eckel, last of Germany's 1954 world champions, dies at 89 - DFB|newspaper=Reuters|date=3 December 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> <!--Please do not include Bob Dole here without a consensus on the Talk page--> * [[December 5]] – [[Jacques Tits]], Belgian-born French mathematician (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smf.emath.fr/actualites-smf/deces-de-jacques-tits|title=Décès de Jacques Tits &#124; Société Mathématique de France|website=smf.emath.fr}}</ref> * [[December 6]] – [[Kåre Willoch]], 30th [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/i/V9oj8r|title=Kåre Willoch har gått bort, 93 år gammel|website=www.vg.no}}</ref> * [[December 7]] – [[Mustafa Ben Halim]], 3rd [[List of heads of government of Libya|Prime Minister of Libya]] (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al-ain.com/article/death-halim-prime-minister-libya|title=وفاة رئيس وزراء ليبيا الأسبق.. مصطفى بن حليم يطوي فصلا من التاريخ|date=7 December 2021|website=العين الإخبارية}}</ref> * [[December 8]] – [[Robbie Shakespeare]], Jamaican musician (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20211208/robbie-shakespeare-sly-and-robbie-fame-has-died|title=Robbie Shakespeare of Sly and Robbie fame has died|date=December 8, 2021|website=jamaica-gleaner.com}}</ref> * [[December 9]] ** [[Otar Patsatsia]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Georgia]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00017345/|title=ოთარ ფაცაცია (1929-2021)|website=www.nplg.gov.ge}}</ref> ** [[Carmen Salinas]], Mexican actress and politician (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/entretenimiento/2021/12/10/carmen-salinas-fallecio-a-los-82-anos-de-edad/|title=Carmen Salinas falleció a los 82 años de edad|first=10 de Diciembre|last=de 2021|website=infobae}}</ref> ** [[Lina Wertmüller]], Italian film director and screenwriter (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/cinema-serie-tv/21_dicembre_09/morta-lina-wertmuller-grande-protagonista-cinema-italiano-aveva-93-anni-db0f6264-58da-11ec-95ed-0f7dcc6ae2dd.shtml|title=Scompare la regista di "Mimì metallurgico..." e di altri film cult|first=Maurizio|last=Porro|date=September 12, 2021|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref> * [[December 10]] – [[Michael Nesmith]], American musician and television personality (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/monkees-michael-nesmith-dead-1270079/|title=Michael Nesmith, Monkees Singer-Songwriter, Dead at 78|first1=Andy|last1=Greene|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 10, 2021}}</ref> * [[December 11]] ** [[Anne Rice]], American author (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/12/12/anne-rice-dead-interview-with-a-vampire-author-dies-aged-80-15757019/|title=Author Anne Rice dies aged 80|first=Rishma|last=Dosani|date=December 12, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Manuel Santana]], Spanish tennis player (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/tenis/nota/_/id/9654780/fallecio-manolo-santana-una-gloria-del-tenis|title=Falleció Manolo Santana, una gloria del tenis|date=December 11, 2021|website=ESPNdeportes.com}}</ref> * [[December 12]] ** Sir [[Paulias Matane]], 8th [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looppng.com/node/107643|title=Sir Paulias Passes On|first=Marysila|last=Kellerton|date=December 12, 2021|website=Loop PNG}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ** [[Vicente Fernández]], Mexican singer and actor (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/12/entertainment/vicente-fernandez-death-intl/index.html|title=Legendary Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez passes away at age 81|author=Sugam Pokharel and Karol Suarez|website=CNN}}</ref> * [[December 13]] – [[Verónica Forqué]], Spanish actress (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/muere-actriz-veronica-forque-66-anos_1_8574303.html|title=Hallan muerta en su casa a la actriz Verónica Forqué a los 66 años|first=Mónica Zas|last=Marcos|date=December 13, 2021|website=ElDiario.es}}</ref> * [[December 15]] – [[Fayez Tarawneh]], 31st [[List of prime ministers of Jordan|Prime Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/33232/2021-12-15|title=VIDEO: Former PM Fayez Tarawneh passes away|website=en.royanews.tv|access-date=2023-07-02|archive-date=2023-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702171117/https://en.royanews.tv/news/33232/2021-12-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[December 18]] – [[Richard Rogers (architect)|Lord Richard Rogers]], Italian–born British architect (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irvinetimes.com/news/national/19794931.millennium-dome-architect-lord-rogers-dies-aged-88/|title=Millennium Dome architect Lord Rogers dies aged 88|website=Irvine Times}}</ref> * [[December 19]] – [[Robert H. Grubbs]], American Nobel chemist (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/caltech-mourns-the-loss-of-nobel-laureate-robert-h-grubbs|title=Caltech Mourns the Loss of Nobel Laureate Robert H. Grubbs|date=December 19, 2021|website=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> * [[December 21]] – [[Carlyle Glean|Sir Carlyle Glean]], 5th [[Governor-General of Grenada]] (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Governor-General Sir Carlyle Glean has died |url=https://www.nowgrenada.com/2021/12/former-governor-general-sir-carlyle-glean-has-died/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Now Grenada |date=21 December 2021}}</ref> * [[December 23]] – [[Joan Didion]], American writer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/joan-didion-death-books-age-b1981581.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223170746/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/joan-didion-death-books-age-b1981581.html |archive-date=2021-12-23 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=American writer Joan Didion dies aged 87|date=December 23, 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref> * [[December 25]] ** [[Wayne Thiebaud]], American painter (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=2021-12-26|title=Wayne Thiebaud, Playful Painter of the Everyday, Dies at 101|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/26/obituaries/wayne-thiebaud-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/26/obituaries/wayne-thiebaud-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Jean-Marc Vallée]], Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter (b. [[1963]])<ref>{{Cite web|author=Andy Rose|title='Dallas Buyers Club' director Jean-Marc Vallée dies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/27/entertainment/jean-marc-vallee-obit/index.html|access-date=2021-12-27|website=CNN|date=December 27, 2021}}</ref> * [[December 26]] ** [[Karolos Papoulias]], 6th [[President of Greece]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1815894/pethane-o-karolos-papoulias|title=Απεβίωσε ο Κάρολος Παπούλιας|date=December 26, 2021|website=www.naftemporiki.gr}}</ref> ** [[Desmond Tutu]], South African Anglican archbishop, activist and Nobel laureate (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu dies at 90|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59793726 |work=BBC News |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> ** [[E. O. Wilson]], American biologist and writer (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/obituary-modern-day-darwin-eo-wilson-dies-92-2021-12-27/|title=OBITUARY E.O. Wilson, naturalist dubbed a modern-day Darwin, dies at 92|first=Bill|last=Trott|newspaper=Reuters|date=December 27, 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> * [[December 31]] – [[Betty White]], American actress (b. [[1922]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2021/12/31/betty-white-dead-dies-golden-girls/|title=Betty White Dead at 99|website=TMZ}}</ref> ==Nobel Prizes== [[File:Nobelmedalj.svg|right|120px]] * [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[David MacMillan]] and [[Benjamin List]]<ref name=NPC/> * [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[David Card]], [[Joshua Angrist]] and [[Guido Imbens]]<ref name=NPES/> * [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]]<ref name=NPL/> * [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Maria Ressa]] and [[Dmitry Muratov]]<ref name=NPP2/> * [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Ardem Patapoutian]] and [[David Julius]]<ref name="NPPM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021|website=NobelPrize.org|accessdate=October 4, 2021|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004114036/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/press-release/?related=1&_pjax=%23pjax-well}}</ref> * [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Klaus Hasselmann]], [[Syukuro Manabe]] and [[Giorgio Parisi]]<ref name="NPP">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021|publisher=Nobel Prize.org|accessdate=5 October 2021}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[2021 in association football]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commons category|2021}} [[Category:2021| ]] 3gqdoosnwxg72yffh7bnlywpcgxdhwr 10330316 10330315 2025-06-14T16:57:43Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r 10330316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2021}} {{C18 year in topic}} '''2021''' ([[Roman numerals|MMXXI]]) was a [[common year starting on Friday]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]], the 2021st year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) designations, {{Year article header/year number|2021}}. ==Events== ===January=== [[File:2021 United States Capitol VOA 2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 6 January, protesters supporting [[U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|stormed]] the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]] [[File:Sriwijaya Air Boeing 737-524(WL); @CGK2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 9 January, [[Sriwijaya Air Flight 182]] crashes in the [[Java Sea]] shortly after taking off from [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]]] [[File:Trump Second Impeachment Vote.png|thumb|right|180px|On 13 January, the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] voted to [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeach President Donald Trump a second time]] over the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]]] [[File:President Biden taking oath of office (cropped).png|thumb|right|180px|On 20 January, former [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Joe Biden]] is [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] as the [[List of presidents of the United States|46th]] [[President of the United States]]]] [[File:Ministerial e-Government Conference (COMPET) Kaja Kallas (37528171751) (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 26 January, [[Kaja Kallas]] becomes the first woman to be [[Prime Minister of Estonia]], following the resignation of [[Jüri Ratas]]]] * [[January 1]] ** The [[African Continental Free Trade Area]] comes into effect.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/after-months-of-covid-delays-african-free-trade-bloc-launches |title=After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches |website=Al-Jazeera |date=1 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Cuba]] formally unifies its dual [[currency]] system after 27 years, with [[Cuban convertible peso]] (CUC) leaving and making the [[Cuban peso]] (CUP) the only national currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/1/1/what-will-cubas-new-single-currency-mean-for-the-island|title=What will Cuba's new single currency mean for the island?|date=1 January 2021|author=Kaelyn Forde|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/12/16/cuba-ends-its-dual-currency-system|title= Cuba ends its dual-currency system|date=16 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Munster Technological University]] is opened in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], and [[Tralee]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/Munster-Technological-University-to-be-established-on-January-1-Minister-confirms-501eaf3d-ef4b-43b4-b581-5398dae1e3f5-ds#:~:text=Roisin%20Burke-,THE%20Munster%20Technological%20University%20is%20to%20be%20established%20on%20January,technological%20university%20in%20the%20State.|title=Munster Technological University to be established on January 1, Minister confirms|date=12 November 2020|author=Roisin Burke|website=Echolive.ie|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref> * [[January 4]] ** A [[United Kingdom|British]] judge blocks the [[extradition]] of [[Julian Assange]] to the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]] offers him [[political asylum]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uk-judge-blocks-julian-assange-extradition/a-56122295 |title=UK judge blocks Julian Assange extradition |website=DW |date=4 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[President of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic President]] [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]] is re-elected to a second term, winning 54% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Central African Republic President Touadera wins re-election |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/central-african-republic-president-touadera-wins-re-election/ar-BB1csYd5?ocid=ob-fb-enus-1541512262291 |access-date=January 4, 2021 |work=msn.com |agency=Reuters |date=January 4, 2021}}</ref> ** The border between [[Qatar]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] reopens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/04/world/qatar-and-saudi-arabia-reopen-airspace-intl/index.html|website=CNN|date=January 5, 2021|title=Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree to reopen airspace and maritime borders}}</ref> * [[January 6]] ** Protesters supporting outgoing [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storm inside]] the [[United States Capitol]] while [[United States Congress|congress]] was certifying the results of the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=McEvoy|first=Jemima|date=January 6, 2021|title=DC Protests Live Coverage: Entire Capitol Now On Lockdown As Protesters Enter The Building|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-pro-trump-rally-live-coverage/|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en}}</ref> The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] officially gains control of the [[United States Senate]], now controlling both chambers of the [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/ossoff-perdue-georgia-election-news/index.html |last=Rogers |first=Alex |title=Democrats to take Senate as Ossoff wins runoff, CNN projects |website=CNN |date=6 January 2021 |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests]]: [[Hong Kong]] police arrest over 50 [[democracy]] activists under the national security law.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-security-idUSKBN29B01K |last1=Chow |first1=Yanni |last2=Chow |first2=Yoyo |title=Hong Kong arrests 53 for plot to 'overthrow' government in latest crackdown on dissent |website=Reuters |date=6 January 2021 |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 7]] &ndash; [[2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis]]: [[Iraq]] issues an arrest warrant for U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] over the [[drone strike]] killing of [[Qasem Soleimani]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2021-01-07/iraq-court-issues-arrest-warrant-against-trump-for-murder |title=Iraq Issues Arrest Warrant for Trump Over Soleimani Killing |website=US News |date=7 January 2021 |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 9]] – [[Sriwijaya Air Flight 182]] is declared missing after the plane dropped 10,000&nbsp;ft within a minute north of [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name="crash">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-09|title=Boeing 737 goes missing over Indonesia - follow live updates|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indonesia-plane-missing-latest-updates-boeing-737-sriwijaya-air-flight-sj182-b1784832.html|access-date=2021-01-09|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> The plane crashed, carrying over 60 passengers. A search and rescue team were deployed.<ref name=crash/> * [[January 10]] – [[Kim Jong-un]] is elected as the [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea|General Secretary]] of the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea]], taking the title from his late father [[Kim Jong-il]], who died in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-politics/north-korea-says-leader-kim-elected-as-general-secretary-of-ruling-party-kcna-idUSKBN29F0OD|title=Mixed signals for North Korean leader's sister as Kim seeks to cement power|work=Reuters|author=Hyonhee Shin|date=2021-01-11}}</ref> * [[January 11]] – [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 90 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-global-cases/global-coronavirus-cases-surpass-90-million-in-battle-on-new-variant-idUSKBN29G0GB|title=Global coronavirus cases surpass 90 million in battle on new variant|last1=Abraham|first1=Roshan|last2=Maan|first2=Anurag|website=Reuters|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> * [[January 13]] ** In [[Lyon]], [[France]], the first [[transplant (surgery)|transplant]] of both arms and shoulders is performed on an Icelandic patient at the Édouard Herriot Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Double greffe des bras et des épaules à Lyon, une première mondiale|url=https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/os-et-muscles/double-greffe-du-bras-et-des-epaules-a-lyon-une-premiere-mondiale_150843|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Sciences et Avenir|date=15 January 2021 |language=fr}}</ref> ** U.S. President Donald Trump is [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached for a second time]] following the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/house-impeaches-trump-again-213653397.html|title=House impeaches Trump again|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|date=13 January 2021}}</ref> He is the only president of the [[United States]] to be impeached twice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-01-13/house-begins-final-push-to-make-trump-the-only-president-to-be-impeached-twice|title=House impeaches Trump for the second time, focus shifts to Senate trial|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 January 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of Estonia]] [[Jüri Ratas]] [[Resignation|resigns]] following a criminal investigation into the [[Estonian Centre Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://estonianworld.com/security/a-political-crisis-in-estonia-prime-minister-juri-ratas-resigns/|title=A political crisis in Estonia: Prime minister Jüri Ratas resigns|website=Estonian World|date=13 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 14]] – [[President of Uganda|Ugandan President]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] is [[2021 Ugandan general election|re-elected]] winning 58.64% of the vote, defeating [[Bobi Wine]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Museveni declared election winner in Uganda as rival Bobi Wine alleges fraud |first1=Emmanuel |last1=Akinwotu |first2=Samuel |last2=Okiror |date=16 January 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/16/uganda-president-wins-decisive-election-as-bobi-wine-alleges}}</ref> * [[January 15]] ** [[2021 Sulawesi earthquake|An earthquake]] occurs in [[Sulawesi]], Indonesia, killing over 100 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5335300/korban-jiwa-gempa-majene-mamuju-bertambah-jadi-35-orang|title=Korban Jiwa Gempa Majene-Mamuju Bertambah Jadi 35 Orang|first=Antony|last=Noval Dhwinuari|newspaper=[[Detik News]]|date=15 January 2021|access-date=15 January 2021|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The global death toll from the virus passes two million.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 15, 2021|title=COVID-19: Global coronavirus deaths pass two million - just over a year since outbreak began|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-global-coronavirus-deaths-pass-two-million-just-over-a-year-since-outbreak-began-12188462|access-date=January 15, 2021|website=Sky News}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Mark Rutte]] and his government resign as a result of a [[childcare benefits scandal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dutch-government-cabinet-mark-rutte-resign-child-welfare-scandal/ |title=Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte and his entire Cabinet resign over child welfare scandal |publisher=CBS News |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 17]] – [[LauncherOne]] becomes the first liquid-fueled [[Air-launch-to-orbit|aircraft launched]] rocket to reach orbit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/01/launcherone-second-attempt-nasa-cubesats/|title=LauncherOne reaches orbit on second attempt with NASA CubeSats|author=Thomas Burghardt|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|date=2021-01-17|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 20]] – [[Joe Biden]] is [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] as the 46th [[President of the United States]] with [[Kamala Harris]] as the 49th [[Vice President of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=59TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES|url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/59th-inaugural-ceremonies/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Governor General of Canada]] [[Julie Payette]] announced her resignation following allegations of a "toxic workplace" environment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Ashley |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Payette stepping down as governor general after blistering report on Rideau Hall work environment |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/governor-general-payette-step-down-1.5882675 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121203733/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/governor-general-payette-step-down-1.5882675 }}</ref> * [[January 23]] – In [[Russia]], police arrest more than 3,000 people who were protesting in support of opposition leader [[Alexei Navalny]] who was also arrested.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-23|title=Alexei Navalny: 'More than 3,000 detained' in protests across Russia|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55778334|access-date=2021-01-24}}</ref> * [[January 24]] – [[President of Portugal]] [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] is [[2021 Portuguese presidential election|re-elected]] in a [[landslide victory]] winning 60.7% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/president-rebelo-de-sousa-wins-landslide-re-election-in-portugal/|title=President Rebelo de Sousa wins landslide reelection in Portugal|publisher=Politico|date=24 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 25]] – [[Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Giuseppe Conte]] resigned following a loss of confidence from the coalition government that originally backed him in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Legorano|first=Giovanni|date=January 25, 2021|title=Italian Prime Minister Resigns Amid Struggle Over How to Revive Economy From Covid-19|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/italian-prime-minister-giuseppe-conte-to-resign-11611599680|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> * [[January 26]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases pass 100 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2021|title=COVID-19: 100 million coronavirus cases recorded worldwide - a year after virus first officially diagnosed| url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-100-million-coronavirus-cases-recorded-worldwide-a-year-after-virus-first-officially-diagnosed-12191487|work=Sky News|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Kaja Kallas]] becomes the 19th [[Prime Minister of Estonia]] following a [[coalition]] government, becoming [[Estonia]]'s first female prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hankewitz |first1=Sten |title=Estonia becomes the only country in the world led by women |url=https://estonianworld.com/life/estonia-becomes-the-only-country-in-the-world-led-by-women/ |website=Estonian World |access-date=26 January 2021 |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 27]] ** The Polish [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] rules that [[abortion]] for fetal defects is unconstitutional and resulting in a near-total ban of the practice in [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/28/europe/poland-abortion-restrictions-law-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Poland puts new restrictions on abortion into effect, resulting in a near-total ban on terminations|website=cnn.com|date=2021-01-28|access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref> ** [[GameStop short squeeze]]: Investment funds report major losses after GME stock prices raised 900 times their record low.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Matt |last2=Lorenz |first2=Taylor |date=2021-01-27 |title='Dumb Money' Is on GameStop, and It's Beating Wall Street at Its Own Game |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/business/gamestop-wall-street-bets.html |access-date=2021-01-28 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[January 28]] – [[GameStop short squeeze]]: American financial services company [[Robinhood (company)|Robinhood]] restricts the trade of stocks of several companies, including [[GameStop]], causing outrage online.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2021|title=GameStop and Robinhood: Why everyone's suddenly mad at this stock-trading app|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2021-01-28/robinhood-trading-app-center-gamestop-saga|work=The Los Angeles Times|access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 31]] – [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]] is re-elected as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] for a third five-year term of top leader in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam ruling Communist Party chief Trong re-elected for third term |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-politics-congress/vietnam-ruling-communist-party-chief-trong-re-elected-for-third-term-idUSKBN2A005T |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ===February=== [[File:Aung San Suu Kyi & Min Aung Hlaing collage.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 1 February, [[Myanmar]] leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] (left) is removed from power in a [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|military coup d'état]] led by [[Min Aung Hlaing]] (right)]] [[File:PIB053 Uttarakhand avalanche rescue operation 2021.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 7 February, a [[2021 Uttarakhand glacial outburst flood|glacial burst]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] kills at least 36 people]] [[File:Trump delivers his farewell address (rectangle).png|thumb|right|180px|On 13 February, former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] is found not guilty in his [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|second impeachment trial]] for inciting the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]]] [[File:Winter Storm Uri on 2-16-2021.jpg|thumb|right|180px|From 13 to 17 February, [[February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm|a deadly winter storm]] hits [[North America]] killing 70 people and cutting off water, power and heating for millions]] * [[February 1]] ** A [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|coup d'état]] in [[Myanmar]] removes [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] from power and restores military rule with [[Min Aung Hlaing]] as state leader.<ref>{{cite web |title=Military takes control of Myanmar; Suu Kyi reported detained |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/reports-military-coup-myanmar-suu-kyi-detained-75602314 |website=ABC |access-date=1 February 2021 |date=1 February 2021}}</ref> ** COVID-19 pandemic: Over 100 million [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] have been given to people worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Covid-19 Vaccinations Surpass 100 Million Doses Worldwide |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/ |website=Bloomberg |access-date=1 February 2021 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=More than 100 million people vaccinated globally |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/0202/1194498-covid19-world/ |website=RTÉ |access-date=2 February 2021 |date=2 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 2]] – [[Jeff Bezos]] steps down as [[CEO]] of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and names [[Amazon Web Services|AWS]] CEO [[Andy Jassy]] as his replacement.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon.html Jeff Bezos to Step Down as Amazon C.E.O.], ''[[New York Times]]'', February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</ref> * [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Canada]] becomes the first country to name the [[Proud Boys]] as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proud Boys among 13 groups added to Canada's list of terrorist groups |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-proud-boys-among-13-groups-added-to-canadas-list-of-terrorist-groups/ |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=3 February 2021 |date=3 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 4]] &ndash; U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] announces that the United States will stop providing weapons to [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] for use in the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doucet|first=Lyse|title=Yemen war: Joe Biden ends support for operations in foreign policy reset|work=BBC News |date=4 February 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55941588|access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> * [[February 7]] ** A [[2021 Uttarakhand glacial outburst flood|glacial burst]] in [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] kills at least 36 people and over 200 people are missing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At least 26 dead, scores missing after glacier collapse unleashes a wall of water in India|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/glacier-in-india-burst-dam-flood-uttarakhand-latest-news/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> ** In [[American football]], the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] defeat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] with a 31 to 9 point margin at [[Super Bowl LV]].<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2021/02/07/965185605/tom-brady-leads-tampa-bay-buccaneers-to-super-bowl-win-over-kansas-city-chiefs-3 Tom Brady Leads Tampa Bay Buccaneers To Super Bowl Win Over Kansas City Chiefs 31-9]</ref> * [[February 9]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: A joint [[World Health Organization|WHO]]-[[COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China|China]] investigation into the source of the outbreak is concluded with experts saying a [[Wuhan]] laboratory leak to be "extremely unlikely", with a "natural reservoir" in [[bats]] being a more likely origin.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2021|title=Covid: WHO says 'extremely unlikely' virus leaked from lab in China | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-55996728 |work=BBC News|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> ** The [[United Arab Emirates]]' ''[[Emirates Mars Mission|Hope]]'' spacecraft becomes the first [[Arab world|Arabian]] mission to successfully enter orbit around [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2021|title=Emirates Mars Mission: Hope spacecraft enters orbit | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55998848 |work=BBC News|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 10]] – [[China|China's]] ''[[Tianwen-1]]'' is launched to [[Mars]] to learn about the planet's environmental quality.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gebhardt|first1=Chris|title=China, with Tianwen-1, begins tenure at Mars with successful orbital arrival|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/china-ready-to-begin-mars-tenure-with-tianwen-1-orbit-insertion/|work=NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=10 February 2021|date=10 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 11]] – In [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], United States, at least nine people were killed in an accident involving 133 vehicles on a highway; affected by the weather conditions left by a snowstorm system.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=Al menos 9 muertos en choques en Texas por tormentas|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2021/02/12/al-menos-9-muertos-en-varios-accidentes-automovilisticos-en-el-area-de-dallas-fort-worth-debido-a-tormentas-invernales/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=CNN|language=es}}</ref> * [[February 12]] – Former [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yoshirō Mori]], who was picked in 2014 to be in charge of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]], resigned from the Olympic committee after [[Sexism|sexist]] comments he made.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/02/5a9acbe64b18-breaking-news-olympic-minister-vows-to-restore-trust-after-moris-resignation.html|title=Tokyo Olympics head quits over sexism row with no successor in sight|date=12 February 2021|publisher=[[Kyodo News]]|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 13]] ** [[February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm|A winter storm]] in [[North America]] begins which would cause 70 deaths and several million others without clean water or power.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Thebault|first1=Reis|last2=Firozi|first2=Paulina|last3=Shammas|first3=Brittany|title=A boy who fell through ice, a woman who lost power: 47 deaths tied to winter storms — and counting|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/18/winter-storm-deaths/|access-date=February 19, 2021|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=February 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219102248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/02/18/winter-storm-deaths/}}</ref> ** Former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] is found not-guilty by the [[United States Senate]] for causing the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|storming]] of the [[United States Capitol]] during his [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|second impeachment trial]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-56054136|title=Donald Trump impeachment trial: Ex-president acquitted of inciting insurrection|website=BBC News|access-date=February 14, 2021|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214225754/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-us-canada-56054136}}</ref> ** [[Mario Draghi]] is appointed as the [[Prime Minister of Italy]], a month after the resignation of [[Giuseppe Conte]] due to a failed coalition government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=Dal voto Cinquestelle via libera al governo Draghi con il 59,3%. Di Maio: "Il movimento prende la via europea". Fico: "Niente salti ne buio"|url=https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2021/02/11/news/al-via-il-voto-su-rousseau-fico-voto-si-il-momento-del-paese-e-molto-delicato-1.39887941|access-date=2021-02-11|website=lastampa.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> * [[February 15]] – Nigerian-American economist [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]] is picked as the first woman and first African to be [[Director-General of the World Trade Organization|Director-General]] of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Nigerian ex-finance minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala makes history as WTO's first female leader|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/wto-set-to-gain-new-chief-but-deep-issues-remain|access-date=15 February 2021|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> * [[February 17]] – 27 students and staff members at a school in [[Nigeria]]'s [[Niger State]] are [[Kagara kidnapping|kidnapped by armed gunmen]], killing one student.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dozens of Nigerian students abducted by armed 'bandits'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/17/unspecified-number-of-nigeria-school-students-reportedly-abducted#:~:text=17%20Feb%202021,bandits%20and%20lost%20his%20life%E2%80%9D.|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> After government negotiations, all 27 were released on February 27.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[dw.com]]|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-gunmen-release-abducted-kagara-schoolchildren-governor/a-56722670|title=Nigeria: Gunmen release abducted Kagara schoolchildren — governor|date=2021-02-27|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref> * [[February 18]] – [[NASA]]'s [[Mars 2020]] mission lands on [[Mars]] after seven months of travel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=mars.nasa.gov|title=Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/|access-date=2021-02-18|website=mars.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> * [[February 19]] ** [[Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch|Porfirije]] becomes the 46th [[List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church|Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church]], replacing [[Irinej]] who died of [[COVID-19]] in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=Oslobođenje - SPC dobila novog patrijarha: Ko je Porfirije Perić|url=https://www.oslobodjenje.ba/vijesti/region/spc-dobila-novog-patrijarha-ko-je-porfirije-peric-631554|access-date=2021-02-18|website=www.oslobodjenje.ba|language=bs-ba}}</ref> ** The [[United States]] officially rejoins the [[Paris Agreement]], 107 days after leaving.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2021|title=US makes official return to Paris climate pact | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/19/us-official-return-paris-climate-pact |work=The Guardian|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 20]] ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] given worldwide pass 200 million.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 20, 2021|title=Over 200 Million COVID-19 vaccine doses administered globally|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/over-200-million-covid-19-vaccine-doses-administered-globally|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref> ** [[2020–21 H5N8 outbreak]]: 7 people test positive for [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N8|H5N8]] bird flu at a poultry farm in southern Russia, making them the first human cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 20, 2021|title=Russia reports first human cases of H5N8 bird flu|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2021/02/russia-first-human-cases-of-h5n8-bird-flu/|access-date=February 20, 2021|website=BNO News}}</ref> * [[February 21]] – [[Naomi Osaka]] and [[Novak Djokovic]] win the Women's and Men's Singles respectively at the [[Australian Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/30933190/australian-open-2021-naomi-osaka-beats-jennifer-brady-straight-sets-win-women-title|title=Australian Open 2021 - Naomi Osaka beats Jennifer Brady in straight sets to win women's title|date=20 February 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Novak Djokovic wins ninth Australian Open by beating Daniil Medvedev |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/56145701 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 22]] – COVID-19 pandemic: The United States becomes the first country to pass half a million deaths from the virus.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 22, 2021|title=Half a million dead in US, confirming virus's tragic reach|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-deaths-over-500k-coronavirus-acab3cc916330a3f068b7589350a18cd|access-date=February 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[February 24]] – COVID-19 pandemic: [[Ghana]] becomes the first country to receive vaccines through the [[COVAX]] vaccine-sharing initiative.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 24, 2021|title=Covid: WHO scheme Covax delivers first vaccines|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56180161|access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> * [[February 25]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 passes 2.5 million.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 26, 2021|title=Worldwide coronavirus deaths top 2.5 million |work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/3123189/worldwide-coronavirus-deaths-top-25-million|access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref> ** The [[Armenia]]n [[Armed Forces of Armenia|military]] calls for [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]] to resign and Pashinyan accuses the military of [[2021 Armenian coup d'état attempt|attempting a coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2021|title=Armenia PM Nikol Pashinyan accuses army of attempted coup|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56194421|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> * [[February 26]] – More than 300 schoolgirls are [[Zamfara kidnapping|kidnapped by unidentified gunmen]] from a school in [[Nigeria]]'s [[Zamfara State]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-26|title=Nigeria's Zamfara school abduction: More than 300 Nigerian girls missing|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56188727|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> ===March=== [[File:Nicolas Sarkozy-2 (46850269865) (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 1 March, former [[President of the French Republic|French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] is found guilty of [[corruption]] and sentenced to three years in prison]] [[File:Prime Minister of the Netherlands (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 17 March, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Mark Rutte]] is [[2021 Dutch general election|re-elected to a fourth term]] with his [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD party]] winning the elections]] [[File:Hawkesbury River in Flood (51065059356).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 18 March, [[2021 Eastern Australian floods|a series of massive floods]] occur in [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] with over 18,000 people being [[Evacuation|evacuated]] and three people killed]] [[File:Container Ship 'Ever Given' stuck in the Suez Canal, Egypt - March 24th, 2021 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 23 March, the ''[[Ever Given]]'' [[2021 Suez Canal incident|blocks]] the [[Suez Canal]] after a [[Dust storm|sandstorm]] forcibly moves the container ship]] * [[March 1]] – Former [[French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] is found guilty of [[corruption]] and sentenced to three years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-01|title=Sarkozy: Former French president sentenced to jail for corruption|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56237818|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> * [[March 2]] – [[Microsoft]] acknowledges [[2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach|a series of data breaches and cyberattacks]], affecting about 250,000 servers globally.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Duffy|first=Clare|title=Here's what we know so far about the massive Microsoft Exchange hack|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/10/tech/microsoft-exchange-hafnium-hack-explainer/index.html|access-date=10 March 2021|publisher=CNN|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 3]] &ndash; The [[2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|Russo-Ukrainian crisis]] begins as [[Russia]] supported rebel groups near [[Ukraine]] to "destruct" the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://suspilne.media/120121-na-doneccini-vidkrili-istoriko-kulturnij-centr-nu-jork/?|title=На Донеччині відкрили історико-культурний центр "Нью-Йорк"|first=Юлія|last=Машута|date=6 April 2021|website=Суспільне &#124; Новини}}</ref> * [[March 5]] – [[Moldova]] becomes the first country in [[Europe]] to receive coronavirus vaccines through [[COVAX]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-covax-covid-vaccine-shipment/31134922.html|title=Moldova becomes first European country to receive COVID-19 vaccines under COVAX scheme|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=5 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 6]] – [[Pope Francis]] meets with [[Marja'|Grand Ayatollah]] [[Ali al-Sistani]] in [[An Najaf]], [[Iraq]] making it the first meeting between a [[pope]] and a grand ayatollah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-islamic-state-group-ali-al-sistani-pope-francis-iraq-f95098b179f6a82157e87a7cb6cc0c3d|title=Pope, top Iraq Shiite cleric deliver message of coexistence|date=6 March 2021|access-date=13 March 2021|work=Associated Press News}}</ref> * [[March 7]] ** [[2021 Bata explosions|A series of explosions]] in [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] kills over 100 people and injures more than 600.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Bata blast: Satellite images show Equatorial Guinea destruction|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56337856|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> ** In a [[referendum]], [[Switzerland]] approved a nationwide ban on the [[burqa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places|title=Switzerland to ban wearing of burqa and niqab in public places|work=The Guardian|date=7 March 2021 |access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[March 8]] ** [[Prime Minister of Ivory Coast]] [[Hamed Bakayoko]] dies from [[cancer]] after being hospitalized with [[COVID-19]], aged 56.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ivory Coast Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko dies at 56|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-ivory-coast-prime-minister-hamed-bakayoko-dies-at-56/|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> [[Patrick Achi]] is nominated to replace him.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aboa |first1=Ange |title=Ivory Coast President Ouattara names Patrick Achi as interim prime minister |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ivory-coast-president-ouattara-names-134250032.html |access-date=March 8, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] passed 300 million worldwide.<ref name="vaccinations">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html |title=Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World |access-date=9 March 2021 |date=9 March 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], the murder trial of the four police officers involved in the [[murder of George Floyd]] begins in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Judge orders 1 trial for 4 officers charged in George Floyd's death|url=https://www.fox9.com/news/judge-orders-1-trial-for-4-officers-charged-in-george-floyds-death|access-date=2020-11-07|website=FOX 9|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[March 11]] – 30 students and several staff members are [[Afaka kidnapping|kidnapped]] by unidentified gunmen from a school in [[Kaduna State]], Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria Gunmen Abduct Students in Latest Mass Kidnapping |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nigeria-gunmen-abduct-students-in-latest-mass-kidnapping-11615542361 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=12 March 2021 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=12 March 2021|last1=Parkinson |first1=Joe }}</ref> * [[March 13]] – Former [[interim]] [[President of Bolivia|Bolivian President]] [[Jeanine Áñez]] is arrested on charges of [[terrorism]], [[sedition]] and [[conspiracy]] over her actions during the [[2019 Bolivian political crisis|2019 coup]] of then-President [[Evo Morales]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bolivia: Ex-interim President Jeanine Áñez arrested over 'coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56381697 |access-date=13 March 2021 |agency=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 16]] – [[2021 Atlanta spa shootings|A mass shooting kills eight people]] in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], with most of the victims being [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/asian-women-massacred-atlanta-massage-parlor-shootings-1576673|title=Asian Women Massacred in Atlanta Massage Parlor Shootings, Suspect Arrested|publisher=Newsweek|last=Villarreal|first=Daniel|date=March 16, 2021|access-date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> The attack is being called a [[hate crime]] against Asian-Americans mainly due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Fausset|first1=Richard|last2=Vigdor|first2=Neil|date=2021-03-16|title=8 People Killed in Atlanta-Area Massage Parlor Shootings|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/us/atlanta-shootings-massage-parlor.html|access-date=2021-03-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[March 17]] ** Mathematicians [[Avi Wigderson]] of [[Hungary]] and [[László Lovász]] of [[Israel]] both win the [[Abel Prize]] for their work in [[Computational complexity theory|complexity theory]] and [[graph theory]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/science/abel-prize-mathematics.html|title=2 Win Abel Prize for Work That Bridged Math and Computer Science|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Mark Rutte]]'s [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] (VVD) wins the [[2021 Dutch general election|general elections]], with liberal parties gaining seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56436297|title=Dutch election: PM Mark Rutte claims victory and fourth term|publisher=BBC News|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[President of Tanzania]] [[John Magufuli]] dies in office from [[heart failure]], aged 61.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-17|title=Tanzania's populist President John Magufuli has died at 61|url=https://apnews.com/article/john-magufuli-dead-tanzania-president-1368d5d852ca2b8b35fe108c3abbc0a0|access-date=2021-03-18|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> Vice President [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] replaces him the following day, becoming the country's first female president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzanian-vp-samia-suluhu-3326942|title=Samia Suluhu set to become Tanzania's first female president|publisher=The East African|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 18]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] given worldwide are 400 million.<ref name="vaccinations" /> ** In [[Australia]], [[2021 Eastern Australian floods|floods in New South Wales]] cause the [[evacuation]] of over 18,000 people and three killed.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/22/australia/australia-nsw-floods-evacuations-intl-hnk/index.html Thousands evacuated in Australia as 'life-threatening' floods inundate New South Wales] by Jessie Yeung and Helen Reagan, CNN. 22 March 2021.</ref> * [[March 20]] – [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] announced his country's withdrawal from the [[Istanbul Convention]] by a presidential decree, becoming the first country to withdraw from it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Gazette of Turkey |url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/03/20210320-49.pdf |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 22]] ** [[2021 Boulder shooting|A mass shooting kills ten people]] at a supermarket in [[Boulder, Colorado]], United States. The suspect is shot and arrested by police.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rubino |first1=Joe |last2=Phillips |first2=Noelle |last3=Hernandez |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Bradbury |first4=Shelly |last5=Hunzinger |first5=Erica |date=2021-03-22 |title=Boulder shooting: Gunman kills 10, including police officer, at King Soopers |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2021/03/22/police-active-shooter-shooting-king-soopers-boulder/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[March 2021 Rohingya refugee-camp fire|A fire breaks out]] at a [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] [[refugee]] camp near [[Cox's Bazar]] in [[Bangladesh]], killing 15 people and injuring over 500 people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2021|title=Rohingya refugee camp fire: Several dead, hundreds missing and thousands homeless|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56493708|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 23]] ** The [[2021 Israeli legislative election|Israeli general elections]] take place, the fourth [[Knesset]] election in two years, with [[Likud]] winning the most seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/03/23/world/israel-live-election|title=Israel Election Live Updates: Polls to Close Soon|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 23, 2021}}</ref> ** ''[[Ever Given]]'', one of the largest container ships in the world, [[2021 Suez Canal incident|loses control]] and causes a major blockage in the [[Suez Canal]] causing a large disruption of global trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-56522178|title=Suez Canal: Owner of cargo ship blocking waterway apologises|publisher=BBC News|date=March 25, 2021|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> * [[March 24]] – Over twenty people are killed and 35,000 flee when [[Battle of Palma|Islamist rebels take]] the city of [[Palma, Mozambique|Palma]] in [[Cabo Delgado Province]], [[Mozambique]].<ref name="Parma">{{cite web|url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/islamic-state-claims-deadly-attack-on-northern-mozambique-gas-town-reuters-188087/ |title=Islamic State claims deadly attack on northern Mozambique gas town |work=Club of Mozambique |date=29 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name=Parma/> * [[March 25]] – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] administered worldwide exceeds 500 million.<ref name=vaccinations/> * [[March 28]] – Former [[President of Madagascar]] [[Didier Ratsiraka]] dies of problems caused by [[influenza]] in [[Antananarivo]], aged 84.<ref name="Madagascar's ex-president Didier Ratsiraka dies at 84 | Africanews">{{cite news|url = https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/28/madagascar-s-ex-president-didier-ratsiraka-dies-at-84/|title= Madagascar's ex-president Didier Ratsiraka dies at 84|work = [[Africanews]]|last = Asala|first = Kizzi|date = 28 March 2021|access-date = 28 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 30]] – [[2021 Northern Ireland riots|A series of riots]] break out in [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] areas of [[Derry]] in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Twelve officers injured in Londonderry disorder|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-foyle-west-56626681|date=3 April 2021|access-date=3 April 2021|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> * [[March 31]] – [[Alfred Aho]] of [[Canada]] and [[Jeffrey Ullman]] of the [[United States]] win the [[Turing Award]] for their work in [[Compiler|programming language compilers]].<ref>[https://awards.acm.org/about/2020-turing ACM Turing Award Honors Innovators Who Shaped the Foundations of Programming Language Compilers and Algorithms]. Retrieved March 31, 2021.</ref> ===April=== [[File:London - Buckingham Palace - flag at half-mast (51105473927).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 9 April, [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], the royal consort of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|dies]] at [[Windsor Castle]] ''(flag at half-staff pictured)'' at aged 99]] [[File:Guillermo Lasso by Samurai Juan (2) (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 10 April, conservative banker [[Guillermo Lasso]] is [[2021 Ecuadorian general election|elected]] the 47th [[President of Ecuador]]]] [[File:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Two types of above-ground water tanks and underground pool.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 13 April, Japan's government approves the dumping of [[radioactive]] water of the [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]] over the course of 30 years]] [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Chad, Mr. Idriss Deby, during the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, in New Delhi on October 28, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 20 April, [[President of Chad]] [[Idriss Déby]] is shot and killed during a military conflict in the [[Tibesti Region]]]] [[File:President Biden Delivers Remarks at the Leaders Summit on Climate Session 2.webm|thumb|right|180px|On [[Earth Day|22 April]], the [[United States]] hosts a global summit on [[climate change]] where many countries promise to cut [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]]s]] * [[April 2]] ** At least 51 people are killed in a [[Hualien train derailment|train derailment]] in [[Taiwan]] after a truck fell onto the track.<ref>{{cite web|title=Train hits truck that slid onto track in Taiwan, killing 51|url=https://apnews.com/article/taiwan-train-crash-updates-edb06519a7c0cab305bc710b3ea026df|author1=Jennings, Ralph|author2=Johnson Lai|website=APNews|date=April 2, 2021|access-date=April 2, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Russia]] warns [[NATO]] against sending any troops to aid [[Ukraine]], amid reports of a large Russian military build-up on its borders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kremlin says that any NATO troop deployment to Ukraine would raise tensions|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-russia-kremlin/kremlin-says-that-any-nato-troop-deployment-to-ukraine-would-raise-tensions-idUSKBN2BP0O6|website=reuters.com|date=April 2, 2021|access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 4]] ** In [[Bulgaria]], the [[conservatism|conservative]]-[[populism|populist]] [[GERB|GERB party]] led by [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria|Prime Minister]] [[Boyko Borisov]] wins the majority of seats in the parliamentary elections.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Андонова|first=Здравка|date=2021-01-14|title=Президентът насрочи парламентарните избори на 4 април|url=https://www.dnevnik.bg/politika/2021/01/14/4163573_prezidentut_nasrochi_izborite_na_4_april/|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Dnevnik|language=bg}}</ref> ** [[Vjosa Osmani]] is elected the fifth [[President of Kosovo]] by the [[Assembly of Kosovo]], becoming the second woman to hold this position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whbl.com/2021/04/04/kosovo-parliament-elects-vjosa-osmani-as-new-national-president/|title=Kosovo parliament elects Vjosa Osmani as new national president|date=4 April 2021|publisher=WHBL}}</ref> * [[April 6]] – [[Cyclone Seroja]] makes landfall in [[Indonesia]] and [[East Timor]], killing at least 160 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kondisi Kupang Terkini & Penyebab Banjir Bandang dan Longsor di NTT|url=https://tirto.id/kondisi-kupang-terkini-penyebab-banjir-bandang-dan-longsor-di-ntt-gbME|access-date=5 April 2021|website=tirto.id|language=id}}</ref> * [[April 9]] ** [[Naomi Mataʻafa]] is elected the 7th and first female [[Prime Minister of Samoa]], after defeating the incumbent [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/samoa-poised-welcome-first-female-prime-minister|title=Samoa Poised to Welcome First Female Prime Minister|publisher=VOA|date=17 May 2021|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> ** [[La Soufrière (volcano)|La Soufrière]], a [[Caribbean]] [[volcano]] in [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]], [[eruption|erupts]] which forced over 20,000 people to [[evacuation|evacuate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=La Soufriere Volcano Erupts On The Caribbean Island Of St Vincent |url=https://news784.com/2021/04/09/la-soufriere-volcano-erupts-on-the-caribbean-island-of-st-vincent/ |website=News784 |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409224903/https://news784.com/2021/04/09/la-soufriere-volcano-erupts-on-the-caribbean-island-of-st-vincent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], the royal consort of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|dies]] at [[Windsor Castle]] at aged 99.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Bevan |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip dies in Windsor Castle aged 99 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/prince-philip-dies-in-windsor-castle-aged-99-20200205-p53y58.html |website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 10]] – Banker and former Governor of [[Guayas Province|Guayas]] [[Guillermo Lasso]] is [[2021 Ecuadorian general election|elected]] the 47th [[President of Ecuador]], defeating [[socialism|socialist]] candidate [[Andrés Arauz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/public-health-rafael-correa-health-south-america-coronavirus-pandemic-fb947b78c70ac225c0982a76d44063f3|title=Ecuador goes with conservative banker in presidential vote|work=Associated Press News|date=11 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Iran]] accuses [[Israel]] of "nuclear terrorism" and vows revenge, after a large explosion destroys the internal power system of the Natanz uranium enrichment plant, a [[nuclear]] power plant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran vows revenge for 'Israeli' attack on Natanz nuclear site|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-56715520|website=bbc.co.uk|date=April 12, 2021|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Japan's government]] approves the dumping of [[radioactive]] water of the [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]] into the Pacific Ocean over the course of 30 years, with full support of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China, Taiwan, S.Korea oppose Japan's plan to release Fukushima water into ocean|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30404865|website=The Nation Thailand|date=April 14, 2021|access-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 15]] – Scientists announce they successfully injected human stem cells into the embryos of monkeys, creating chimera-embryos.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Human cells grown in monkey embryos spark ethical debate|work=BBC News |date=15 April 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56767517|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> * [[April 17]] – COVID-19 pandemic: The global death toll from COVID-19 passes 3 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Covid-19 deaths pass three million worldwide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-56783878|website=BBC News|date=April 17, 2021|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 18]] ** Twelve football clubs, including the "big six" from the [[Premier League]] and leading clubs from the [[Serie A]] and [[La Liga]], agree to join a new breakaway [[European Super League]], despite condemnation from [[UEFA]], [[FIFA]] and politicians including [[British Prime Minister]] [[Boris Johnson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=European Super League: Premier League's big six agree to join new league|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56795811|website=BBC News|date=April 18, 2021|access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ulisses Correia e Silva]] is re-elected [[List of prime ministers of Cape Verde|Prime Minister of Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/18/cape-vede-votes-in-election-that-could-see-first-female-prime-minister/|title= Cape Verde votes in election that could see first female prime minister|website=Africanews|date= 18 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 19]] ** NASA's ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]'' helicopter, part of the [[Mars 2020]] mission, performs the first powered flight on another planet in history.<ref name="NY Times 19/04/2021">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=Live Updates: NASA Waits for Results From Mars Helicopter's First Flight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/science/nasa-mars-helicopter.html |website=New York Times |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tech_Demo">{{cite web | title = Mars Helicopter Tech Demo | work= Watch Online | publisher = NASA | date = April 18, 2021| url = https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Watch-Online | access-date = 2021-04-18 }}</ref> ** [[Raúl Castro]] resigns as [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba|First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of Cuba|Cuban Communist Party]], ending more than 62 years of rule by the [[Fidel Castro|Castro brothers]] in Cuba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ap.org/live-and-location-services/events/raul-castro-cuba|title=Raul Castro expected to step down|website=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303092516/https://www.ap.org/live-and-location-services/events/raul-castro-cuba|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[President of Cuba|President]] [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] is picked as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/cubas-communist-party-chooses-miguel-153038026.html|title=Cuba's Communist Party chooses Miguel Díaz-Canel as leader|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|date=19 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 20]] ** [[President of Chad|President]] [[Idriss Déby]] is killed during a rebel attack in [[Chad|North Chad]], aged 68.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement|url=https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement/a-57262804|access-date=20 April 2021|work=Deutsche Welle|date=20 April 2021}}</ref> ** The [[Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment]] on the [[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'' rover]] creates [[oxygen]] from [[carbon dioxide]] in the [[Atmosphere of Mars|Martian atmosphere]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2021-04-21|title=NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet|access-date=2021-04-22|website=NASA|archive-date=2021-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422000817/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/}}</ref> * [[April 21]] – [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: With global case numbers approaching a second peak, India reports 315,000 infections within 24&nbsp;hours, the highest one-day tally recorded anywhere in the world to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Covid: India sees world's highest daily cases amid oxygen shortage|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-56826645|website=BBC News|date=April 22, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 22]] &ndash; World leaders mark [[Earth Day]] by hosting a virtual summit on [[climate change]] hosted by [[U.S. President]] [[Joe Biden]], during which more targets for [[greenhouse gas]] [[emission]] reductions are proposed, including a 50% cut by 2030 for the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biden: This will be 'decisive decade' for tackling climate change|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-56837927|website=BBC News|date=April 22, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[April 24]] ** Following an international search and rescue effort, the Indonesian navy reports the sinking of [[KRI Nanggala (402)|KRI ''Nanggala'']] with 53 crew members, the largest loss of life aboard a submarine since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesian submarine sank off Bali, navy says|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-56871694|website=BBC News|date=April 24, 2021|access-date=April 24, 2021}}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] administered worldwide passes 1 billion. Half of these doses have been administered in just three countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=1bn COVID jabs given globally – but over half in just 3 countries |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/24/billion-coronavirus-vaccine-doses-administered-globally |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> ** A [[Baghdad hospital fire|hospital fire]] in [[Baghdad]], where [[COVID-19]] patients were being treated during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq|pandemic]] in [[Iraq]], kills 82 people with 110 people injured.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Falih |last2=Arraf |first2=Jane |date=25 April 2021 |title=Fire at Baghdad Hospital Packed with Covid Patients Kills at Least 82 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/world/middleeast/bagdhad-fire-hospital-covid-iraq.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210425164658/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/world/middleeast/bagdhad-fire-hospital-covid-iraq.html |archive-date=25 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 25]] ** [[Edi Rama]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of Albania]] with his [[Socialist Party of Albania|Socialist Party]] winning a narrow majority of 74 seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Albania-s-ruling-Socialists-plan-election-win-16131528.php|title=Albania's ruling Socialists plan election win celebration|publisher=Express News|date=April 27, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|archive-date=April 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427123827/https://www.expressnews.com/business/article/Albania-s-ruling-Socialists-plan-election-win-16131528.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** ''[[Nomadland (movie)|Nomadland]]'' wins the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] with its director ([[Chloé Zhao]]) and leading actress ([[Frances McDormand]]) winning [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] respectively.<ref name="Oscars2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/entertainment/live-news/oscars-2021/index.html|title=2021 Oscars|date=25 April 2021 |access-date=April 26, 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> [[Youn Yuh-jung]], [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Daniel Kaluuya]] also won the awards for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]], [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]], respectively.<ref name=Oscars2021/> * [[April 28]] ** The [[European Union]] approves of a major trade agreement with the [[United Kingdom]] following their [[Brexit|exit from the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brexit: European Parliament backs UK trade deal|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56899831|website=BBC News|date=April 28, 2021|access-date=April 28, 2021}}</ref> ** After members of the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] (DUP) issue a motion of no confidence, DUP Leader and [[First Minister and deputy First Minister|First Minister of Northern Ireland]] [[Arlene Foster]] announced her resignation effective the following month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-56910045|title=Arlene Foster announces resignation as DUP leader and NI first minister|website=BBC News|date=28 April 2021|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[Americans|American]] astronaut [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], the command module pilot for [[Apollo 11]], dies at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/28/science/michael-collins-third-man-of-the-moon-landing-dies-at-90.html|title = Michael Collins, 'Third Man' of the Moon Landing, Dies at 90|work = [[The New York Times]]|last = Goldstein|first = Richard|date = April 28, 2021|access-date = April 28, 2021}}</ref> ** [[2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict|Clashes]] on the [[Kyrgyzstan]]–[[Tajikistan]] border leave at least 46 people dead and 30,000 civilians displaced.<ref name="reutersKT">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/kyrgyzstan-accuses-tajikistan-amassing-troops-near-border-2021-05-01/|title=Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan agree ceasefire after border clashes|publisher=Reuters|date=1 May 2021}}</ref> * [[April 29]] &ndash; [[China]] launches the ''[[Tianhe (space station module)|Tianhe]]'' space station module, the first module in the upcoming [[Chinese Space Station|Tiangong space station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightfans.cn/event/cz-2f-shenzhou-13|title=长征二号F/G Y13 • 神舟十三号载人飞船 • LongMarch 2F/G Y13 • Shenzhou-13|publisher=spaceflightfans.cn|date=21 April 2021|access-date=25 April 2021|language=zh|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115056/http://www.spaceflightfans.cn/event/cz-2f-shenzhou-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[April 30]] &ndash; In [[Israel]], at least 45 people are [[Mount Meron crush|crushed to death]] with over 150 injured at a religious festival on [[Mount Meron]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/dozens-said-hurt-as-stand-collapses-at-mass-lag-bomer-gathering-in-mount-meron/|title=44 crushed to death, over 150 hurt in stampede at mass Lag B'Omer event in Meron|publisher=Times of Israel|date=30 April 2021|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> ===May=== [[File:Avenida San Juan en las manifestaciones del 28 de abril de 2021, Medellín.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 2 May, many [[2021 Colombian protests|protests]] break out in [[Colombia]] against a [[tax]] increase policy. The protests would result in the deaths on six civilians]] [[File:Incidente Línea 12 Ciudad México 2021 (2).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 3 May, a section of the [[Mexico City Metro]] overpass [[Mexico City Metro overpass collapse|collapses]], killing 26 people]] [[File:The Israeli Air Force bombed the press offices in Gaza 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 11 May, a [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|crisis]] between [[Israel]] and [[Palestine]] began after [[Hamas]] launched [[rockets]] onto Israeli cities while Israel hits the [[Gaza Strip]] with [[Operation Guardian of the Walls|airstrikes]]]] [[File:Tianwen-1 launch 04 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 14 May, [[China National Space Administration|CNSA's]] [[Tianwen-1|''Zhurong'' rover]] lands on [[Mars]], making [[China]] the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the planet]] [[File:Fiame Naomi Mataafa Cropped 2013.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 24 May, [[Naomi Mataʻafa]] becomes [[Samoa]]'s first female [[Prime Minister of Samoa|Prime Minister]], however her leadership is [[2021 Samoan constitutional crisis|disputed]] as her predecessor [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]] refuses to leave office]] * [[May 1]] ** In [[horse racing]], [[Medina Spirit]] wins the [[Kentucky Derby]], the record seventh victory for trainer [[Bob Baffert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/2021/05/01/meet-amr-zedan-owner-2021-kentucky-derby-winner-medina-spirit/7135545002/|title=Five years after founding Zedan Racing Stables, Amr Zedan's horse wins 2021 Kentucky Derby|first=Shannon|last=Russell|website=The Courier-Journal}}</ref> ** A [[ceasefire]] is declared following a [[2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict|border conflict]] between [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]].<ref name=reutersKT/> * [[May 2]] ** The [[SpaceX Crew-1]] mission ends, returning four crewmembers of [[Expedition 64]] and [[Expedition 65|65]] to Earth from the [[International Space Station]] aboard Crew Dragon ''[[Crew Dragon Resilience|Resilience]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=SpaceX Makes First Nighttime Splash Down With Astronauts Since 1968 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/02/science/spacex-nasa-landing.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210502090520/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/02/science/spacex-nasa-landing.html |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |date=May 2, 2021 |quote=Half a year ago, a SpaceX rocket lifted off with the four astronauts — three from NASA, one from Japan’s space agency — who were sitting inside one of the company’s Crew Dragon capsules. On Sunday, the same capsule, named Resilience, safely returned to Earth, just before 3&nbsp;a.m. Eastern time. |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[2021 Colombian protests|Nationwide protests]] in [[Colombia]] against proposed [[tax]] increases to fund a basic income program result in at least six dead.<ref name="colmtax">{{Cite news|date=2 May 2021|title=Colombians keep protesting even after unpopular tax plan is axed|work=[[AFP]]|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2109059/colombians-keep-protesting-even-after-unpopular-tax-plan-is-axed|access-date=2021-05-02}}</ref> [[President of Colombia|President]] [[Iván Duque]] announced his withdrawal of the tax increase.<ref name=colmtax/> * [[May 3]] ** An elevated section of the [[Mexico City Metro]] overpass [[Mexico City Metro overpass collapse|collapses]], killing 26 people and injuring 70.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ives |first=Mike |date=4 May 2021 |title=Subway Train Derails in Mexico City, Killing at Least 13 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/world/americas/mexico-city-train-derailment.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> ** [[Mark Selby]] wins the [[World Snooker Championship]], defeating [[Shaun Murphy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/may/03/mark-selby-beats-shaun-murphy-win-fourth-world-snooker-championship-crucible-match-report |title=Mark Selby beats Shaun Murphy to win fourth World Snooker Championship |last=Bower |first=Aaron |work=The Guardian |access-date=2021-05-04 |date=2021-05-03}}</ref> * [[May 5]] – SpaceX successfully flies, lands, and recovers a [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] prototype for the first time, after four unsuccessful previous attempts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roulette|first1=Joey|date=May 5, 2021|title=SpaceX successfully landed a Starship prototype for the first time|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421845/spacex-starship-sn15-successful-landing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040645/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421845/spacex-starship-sn15-successful-landing|archive-date=May 7, 2021|access-date=May 8, 2021|website=[[The Verge]]|quote=SpaceX launched a high-altitude Starship prototype rocket and successfully landed it for the first time on Wednesday, overcoming a key challenge in Elon Musk’s whirlwind quest to build a fully reusable Mars rocket.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gorman |first1=Steve |title=SpaceX Starship rocket prototype achieves first safe landing |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/spacex-starship-rocket-prototype-achieves-first-safe-landing-2021-05-06/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210508005128/https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/spacex-starship-rocket-prototype-achieves-first-safe-landing-2021-05-06/ |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |date=May 5, 2021 |quote=SpaceX achieved the first successful touchdown of its prototype Starship rocket during the latest test flight of the next-generation launch vehicle in south Texas on Wednesday, after four previous landing attempts ended in explosions. |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 6]] ** Former [[President of the Maldives]] [[Mohamed Nasheed]] is injured in a car bombing which has been described as an attempted assassination.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=Ex-Maldives president critical after bomb attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57027873|access-date=7 May 2021|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> ** In [[Brazil]], at least twenty-five people are killed in a [[2021 Rio de Janeiro shootout|police raid shootout]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twenty-five killed in Rio de Janeiro police raid on drug gang|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/20-dead-rio-de-janeiro-shootout-paper-2021-05-06/|publisher=Reuters|date=6 May 2021|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> ** In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] win the majority of local elections, gaining some seats from the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-57021276|title=Elections results 2021: Conservatives make gains on English councils|publisher=BBC|date=7 May 2021|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 8]] ** [[Sadiq Khan]] of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] is re-elected [[Mayor of London]] winning 55% of the vote against [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Shaun Bailey (AM)|Shaun Bailey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/labours-sadiq-khan-re-elected-london-mayor-2021-05-08/|title=Labour's Sadiq Khan re-elected London mayor|publisher=Reuters|date=8 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> ** In [[Afghanistan]], a [[2021 Kabul school bombing|bombing near a school in Kabul]] kills at least 85 people and injures 147 more.<ref name="aljazeera.com8May2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/8/blasts-kill-dozens-near-school-in-afghan-capital-kabul|title=Blasts kill dozens near school in Afghan capital Kabul|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=8 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 11]] ** [[Israel]] hits the [[Gaza Strip]] with [[Operation Guardian of the Walls|airstrikes]] as Hamas increases [[rocket|rocket fire]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|last2=Kershner|first2=Isabel|date=2021-05-11|title=Israel Hits Gaza With Airstrikes as Hamas Increases Rocket Fire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-airstrikes.html|access-date=2021-05-11|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** Seven students and two adults are killed, and at least 21 more people are wounded, in a [[Kazan school shooting|mass shooting]] at a school in [[Kazan]], [[Tatarstan]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/11/05/2021/609a4b319a79471bbfe1cdcd|title=СК завел дело о массовом убийстве после стрельбы в казанской школе|publisher=RBC|date=11 May 2021|access-date=11 May 2021|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellyatt|first=Holly|date=2021-05-11|title=Children killed, many wounded, in Russian school shooting|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/school-shooting-in-kazan-russia-local-media.html|access-date=2021-05-11}}</ref> * [[May 14]] ** The [[China National Space Administration]] lands its ''[[Tianwen-1|Zhurong]]'' rover on Mars, making [[China]] the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the planet and only the second to land a rover.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-15|title=China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015422/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |date=May 15, 2021 |quote=China has successfully landed a spacecraft on Mars, state media announced early on Saturday. The six-wheeled Zhurong robot was targeting Utopia Planitia... }}</ref> ** In [[India]], [[Cyclone Tauktae]] makes [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], leaving 87 people dead and over 80 people are missing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - Tropical Cyclone TAUKTAE update (GDACS, IMD, NDM India) (ECHO Daily Flash of 19 May 2021) - India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-tropical-cyclone-tauktae-update-gdacs-imd-ndm-india-echo-daily-flash-19-may-2021|access-date=2021-05-19|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> On the same day, the country also reported that 4,329 deaths from [[COVID-19]], the highest number of COVID-related deaths in a single-day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone Hits India On Deadliest Day Of Pandemic|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/18/997794616/cyclone-hits-india-on-deadliest-day-of-pandemic|access-date=2021-05-18|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> * [[May 15]] ** Fighting between Israeli forces and Palestinian militants continues to escalate, as the death toll exceeds 150. A high-rise office in Gaza occupied by [[Associated Press]], [[Al Jazeera]] and other media outlets is destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-16|title=Israel Gaza conflict: Netanyahu vows to continue strikes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-57131272|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> ** [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] [[2021 FA Cup Final|wins]] the [[2020–21 FA Cup|FA Cup]] and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] wins the [[2020–21 Premier League|Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Phil|last=McNulty|author-link=Phil McNulty|title=Youri Tielemans produced one of the great FA Cup final goals to give Leicester City the trophy for the first time in their history with victory over Chelsea at Wembley|publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57055571|access-date=17 May 2021|date=15 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 17]] – [[Darwin's Arch]], a rock formation in the [[Galápagos Islands]], collapses because of natural [[erosion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57153267 |title=Galapagos Islands: Erosion fells Darwin's Arch |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 18]]–[[May 22|22]] – The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021]] is held in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]], after the cancellation of the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2020|2020 contest]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rotterdam returns as Eurovision Song Contest Host City in 2021|url=https://www.eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-to-return-to-rotterdam-in-2021|date=16 May 2020|publisher=Eurovision Song Contest|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dates for Eurovision 2021 announced|url=https://www.eurovision.tv/story/dates-for-eurovision-2021-announced|date=15 June 2020|publisher=Eurovision Song Contest|access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> The 2021 contest is won by [[Italy|Italian]] entrants [[Måneskin]] with the song "[[Zitti e buoni]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congratulations ITALY: Måneskin win Eurovision Song Contest 2021|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/congratulations-italy-maneskin-win-eurovision-2021|date=22 May 2021|publisher=Eurovision Song Contest|access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 20]] &ndash; After international pressure and nearly 250 deaths, [[Israel]] agrees a [[ceasefire]] deal to end the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis|conflict]] with [[Gaza]] militants, effective the next day at 2:00&nbsp;AM [[Israel Daylight Time|local time]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-20|title=Israel approves Gaza ceasefire to halt 11-day conflict|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/20/israels-security-cabinet-approves-gaza-ceasefire-reports|access-date=2021-05-20}}</ref> * [[May 22]] &ndash; In [[Samoa]], [[Prime Minister of Samoa|Prime Minister]] [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]] refuses to acknowledge his defeat and locks [[Naomi Mataʻafa]] from the [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]] causing a [[2021 Samoan constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://talamua.com/2021/05/22/samoa-dives-into-further-uncertainty-as-head-of-state-suspends-mondays-opening-of-parliament/ |title=Samoa dives into further uncertainty as Head of State suspends Monday's opening of Parliament |publisher=Talamua |date=22 May 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 23]] ** [[Phil Mickelson]] wins the [[PGA Championship]], becoming the oldest major championship winner in [[golf]] history at aged 50.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/57224082|title=US PGA Championship: Phil Mickelson becomes oldest major winner with sixth title|date=23 May 2021|work=BBC Sport|access-date= 24 May 2021}}</ref> ** In [[Peru]], a militant [[communist]] group [[San Miguel del Ene attack|kills 18 people]] as protest against the presidential candidacy of conservative [[Keiko Fujimori]] just two weeks before the [[2021 Peruvian general election|general election run-off]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presunto ataque terrorista deja al menos 18 muertos en la selva central de Perú|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/presunto-ataque-terrorista-deja-al-menos-18-muertos-en-la-selva-central-de-peru/20000013-4544545|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.efe.com|language=es|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524231729/https://www.efe.com/efe/america/sociedad/presunto-ataque-terrorista-deja-al-menos-18-muertos-en-la-selva-central-de-peru/20000013-4544545}}</ref> ** 14 people are killed in the [[Stresa–Mottarone cable car crash|cable car crash]] near [[Lake Maggiore]] in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Incidente alla funivia Stresa-Mottarone, caduta una cabina: sono salite a 13 le vittime|url=https://www.lastampa.it/verbano-cusio-ossola/2021/05/23/news/incidente-alla-funivia-stresa-mottarone-turisti-nelle-cabine-1.40305793|access-date=23 May 2021|website=La Stampa|date=23 May 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017224641/https://www.lastampa.it/verbano-cusio-ossola/2021/05/23/news/incidente-alla-funivia-stresa-mottarone-turisti-nelle-cabine-1.40305793|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-24|title=Cable Car Accident in Italy Kills 14 People {{!}} May 24, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/05/24/cable-car-accident-in-italy-kills-14-people/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=The Daily NewsBrief|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524023123/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/05/24/cable-car-accident-in-italy-kills-14-people/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** In [[Belarus]], journalist and opposition activist [[Roman Protasevich]] is arrested after [[Ryanair Flight 4978|his Ryanair Flight 4978]] is forced to land at [[Minsk National Airport]] under the orders of [[President of Belarus|President]] [[Alexander Lukashenko]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=van Dorpe |first=Simon |date=23 May 2021 |title=EU blasts Belarus for 'hijack' of airliner and arrest of activist |work=POLITICO |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belarus-journalist-arrest-roman-protasevich-diverted-flight-minsk/}}</ref> * [[May 24]] &ndash; Members of the [[Malian Armed Forces]] captured and arrest [[President of Mali|President]] [[Bah Ndaw]] and [[Prime Minister of Mali|Prime Minister]] [[Moctar Ouane]] in a [[2021 Malian coup d'état|coup d'état]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-57236104|title= UN calls for immediate release of Mali President Bah Ndaw|publisher = BBC News|date= 25 May 2021}}</ref> Military leader [[Assimi Goïta]] becomes the interim president shortly afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210529-mali-s-constitutional-court-names-junta-leader-goita-new-interim-president|title=Mali's constitutional court names junta leader Goita new interim president|date=29 May 2021|website=France 24|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530090453/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210529-mali-s-constitutional-court-names-junta-leader-goita-new-interim-president}}</ref> * [[May 26]] ** [[Bashar al-Assad]] is re-elected [[President of Syria]], winning 95% of the vote even though the votes cast for Assad was higher than the total population of [[Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/middleeast/2021/05/28/syrias-assad-says-reelection-empowers-him-to-defeat-enemies.html|title=Syria's Assad says reelection empowers him to defeat enemies|date=28 May 2021|website=thestar.com}}</ref> ** The [[May 2021 lunar eclipse|second-shortest total lunar eclipse]] of the [[21st century]] occurs, with totality lasting for 14&nbsp;minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: 2001 to 2100|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEcat5/LE2001-2100.html|website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> The eclipse was visible over the [[Pacific Ocean]], [[Oceania]], [[Antarctica]] and parts of [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=26 May 2021 Total Lunar Eclipse (Blood Moon)|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2021-may-26|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> ** [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] becomes the first company to be legally mandated to cut its [[carbon]] emissions and follow the [[Paris Agreement|Paris climate accord]], following a landmark court ruling in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-27|title=Shell: Netherlands court orders oil giant to cut emissions|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-57257982|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref> * [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Poul Schlüter]], [[Denmark]]'s [[Prime Minister of Denmark|Prime Minister]] for over a decade and introduced the [[Danish krone|krone]] to the [[European Union]], dies at aged 92.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-28/poul-schluter-danish-premier-who-introduced-krone-peg-dies|title=Paul Schulter, Danish Premier Who Introduced Krone Peg, Dies|publisher=Bloomberg|date=28 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 29]] ** In [[Canada]], a [[mass grave]] with the remains of 215 children are found on the grounds of a former [[Native American|Indian]] residential school in [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Indigenous people in Canada grapple with 'unthinkable loss' |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/29/indigenous-people-in-canada-grapple-with-unthinkable-loss |date=May 29, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] defeats [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in the [[2021 UEFA Champions League Final|final]] of the [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/54074842/page/3 | access-date = 30 May 2021 | date = 29 May 2021 | title = 'Tuchel is a magician' – reaction as Chelsea win Champions League final (3 of 16) | publisher = BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[May 30]] &ndash; Brazilian driver [[Hélio Castroneves]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500|Indy 500]] for the fourth time.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/motorsport/57302301 |title= Indy 500: Helio Castroneves becomes fourth four-time winner |work= [[BBC Sport]] |date= 30 May 2021 |access-date= 31 May 2021}}</ref> ===June=== [[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With Israeli Labor Party Leader Herzog (11799480373) (cropped) (2).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 2 June, former [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Opposition Leader]] [[Isaac Herzog]] is elected the [[President of Israel|11th President of Israel]]]] [[File:Bitcoin (38461156880) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 9 June, [[El Salvador]] becomes the first country in the world to make [[Bitcoin]] a [[legal tender]] in the country]] [[File:Pedro Castillo (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 11 June, teacher [[Pedro Castillo]] is [[2021 Peruvian general election|elected]] the [[President of Peru|63rd President of Peru]]]] [[File:Naftali Bennett in 2021 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 13 June, [[Naftali Bennett]] becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Israel]], ending [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s twelve-year tenure]] [[File:Raisi in 2021-02 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 19 June, [[Ebrahim Raisi]] is elected the 8th [[President of Iran]]]] [[File:Surfside condominium collapse photo from Miami-Dade Fire Rescue 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 24 June, in the [[United States]] a [[condominium]] in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] [[Surfside condominium building collapse|collapses]], killing 97 people]] [[File:Jacob Zuma, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa-1 (cropped).jpg|180px|thumb|On 29 June, former [[President of South Africa]] [[Jacob Zuma]] is sentenced to 15 months in prison]] * [[June 2]] ** The [[Iran]]ian [[oil]] fleet [[IRIS Kharg|IRIS ''Kharg'']] catches fire and sinks near the [[Gulf of Oman]].<ref name="Reuters020621">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-navy-training-ship-fire-mouth-gulf-crew-evacuated-report-2021-06-01/ |title=Iran's biggest navy ship sinks after fire in Gulf of Oman - media |date=2 June 2021 |work=Reuters |accessdate=2 June 2021}}</ref> No deaths were reported.<ref name=Reuters020621/> ** Former [[Leader of the Opposition (Israel)|Opposition Leader]] [[Isaac Herzog]] is elected as the 11th [[President of Israel]] defeating educator [[Miriam Peretz]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Issac Herzog elected 11th President of Israel in wide margin |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/voting-begins-in-race-for-president-watch-669876 |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com}}</ref> ** The ''[[X-Press Pearl]]'' sinks near [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] leaking many tons of [[nitric acid]] and [[oil]] into the [[Indian Ocean]], causing the country's worst [[marine]] ecological disaster.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2021|title=Sri Lanka faces disaster as burning ship spills chemicals on beaches|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/31/sri-lanka-faces-disaster-burning-ship-spills-chemicals-beaches|access-date=31 May 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The ship had been on fire for the past two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Force|first=Source: Sri Lanka Air|date=31 May 2021|title=Sri Lanka faces environmental disaster as cargo ship burns for days – video|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2021/may/31/sri-lanka-environmental-disaster-cargo-ship-burns-for-days-video|access-date=31 May 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ** The first daughter of [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]] and [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]] is born in the [[United States]] in [[Santa Barbara, California]].<ref name="BBC-titles"/> [[Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor]] is eighth in the [[Succession to the British throne|line of succession]] to the [[British throne]].<ref name="BBC-titles">{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Prince Harry and Meghan announce birth of baby girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57378117 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=BBC News}}</ref> ** French writer [[David Diop (novelist)|David Diop]] wins the [[International Booker Prize|2021 International Booker Prize]] for his novel ''[[At Night All Blood Is Black]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cain |first1=Sian |title=David Diop wins International Booker for 'frightening' At Night All Blood Is Black |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/02/david-diop-wins-international-booker-for-frightening-at-night-all-blood-is-black |access-date=4 June 2021 |publisher=Guardian News Media |date=2 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Anerood Jugnauth|Sir Anerood Jugnauth]], who was [[Mauritius|Mauritius's]] [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] for a total of twenty-years and its [[President of Mauritius|President]] for a decade, dies at aged 91.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-06-03|title=Fans Mourns Death of Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Death Cause, Obituary|url=https://topinfoguide.com/news/fans-mourns-death-of-sir-anerood-jugnauth-death-cause-obituary/|access-date=|website=|language=|archive-date=2023-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430203414/https://www.topinfoguide.com/news/fans-mourns-death-of-sir-anerood-jugnauth-death-cause-obituary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 4]] ** [[Twitter]]'s operations in [[Nigeria]] would be "suspended" permanently, with Nigeria arguing that the company causes activities that "are capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence.<ref name="twittersuspended">{{Cite news|date=2021-06-04|title=Nigeria to suspend Twitter 'indefinitely'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57363779|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref> This comes after the company deleted tweets by [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] who was sending messages threatening violence.<ref name=twittersuspended/> ** At least 152 people are killed in [[Solhan and Tadaryat massacres|attacks on two villages]] in [[Burkina Faso]].<ref name="bfa">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368536|title=Dozens killed in Burkina Faso attack|publisher=BBC News|date=5 June 2021|accessdate=5 June 2021|archive-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605200524/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57368536}}</ref> The attack lasted until the early hours of June 5.<ref name=bfa/> * [[June 5]] &ndash; The [[G7]] agrees on a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% meant to stop world's richest people from not paying taxes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-05|title=G7: Rich nations back deal to tax multinationals|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-57368247|access-date=2021-06-05}}</ref> * [[June 6]] ** In Canada, [[London, Ontario truck attack|four Muslims are killed]] after being attacked by a truck in [[London, Ontario]] in what [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] described as a "terrorist attack" caused by [[Islamophobia]].<ref>{{cite news|title='This was a terrorist attack,' PM Trudeau says as MPs pay tribute to family killed in London, Ont.|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/this-was-a-terrorist-attack-pm-trudeau-says-as-mps-pay-tribute-to-family-killed-in-london-ont-1.5460984|publisher=[[CTV News]]|access-date=2021-06-08|archive-date=2021-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608190853/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/this-was-a-terrorist-attack-pm-trudeau-says-as-mps-pay-tribute-to-family-killed-in-london-ont-1.5460984|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** The [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] wins the first edition of the [[CONCACAF Nations League]], defeating [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] in [[2021 CONCACAF Nations League Final|the final]] by a scoreline of 3–2 after overtime.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theathletic.com/news/christian-pulisic-ethan-horvath-send-usmnt-to-nations-league-title-over-mexico/lTz0coNuY0vg|title=Christian Pulisic, Ethan Horvath send USMNT to Nations League title over Mexico|first=Paul|last=Tenorio|publisher=The Athletic|date=June 7, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.concacaf.com/nations-league/news/u-s-edge-mexico-in-thrilling-style-to-win-first-cnlf/|title=U.S. edge Mexico in thrilling style to win first CNLF|work=CONCACAF|date=June 6, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> * [[June 7]] ** [[2021 Ghotki rail crash|Two trains crash]] in [[Ghotki District]] in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], killing 65 people and injuring another 150.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57380615|title=Pakistan train accident: 36 killed in Sindh collision|publisher=BBC|date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ** The ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'' spacecraft performed its only flyby of [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]. It was the first flyby of the moon by any spacecraft in over twenty years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agle |first1=D.C. |last2=Fox |first2=Karen |last3=Johnson |first3=Alana |last4=Schmid |first4=Deb |title=NASA's Juno to Get a Close Look at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-to-get-a-close-look-at-jupiter-s-moon-ganymede |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202011/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-to-get-a-close-look-at-jupiter-s-moon-ganymede/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=3 June 2021 |quote=On Monday, June 7 [...] NASA’s Juno spacecraft will come within 645&nbsp;miles (1,038&nbsp;kilometers) of the surface of Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede. The flyby will be the closest a spacecraft has come to the solar system’s largest natural satellite since NASA’s Galileo spacecraft made its penultimate close approach back on May 20, 2000. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=Eric |title=NASA extends Juno, turning spacecraft into an Io, Europa, and Ganymede explorer |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/01/nasa-extends-missions-to-jupiter-and-mars-expect-lots-of-jovian-moon-flybys/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603202029/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/01/nasa-extends-missions-to-jupiter-and-mars-expect-lots-of-jovian-moon-flybys/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=12 January 2021 |quote=As part of a research plan submitted by Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator, the spacecraft will fly to within 1,000km of the surface of Ganymede...}}</ref> * [[June 9]] ** Former [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]] [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]] is elected the 6th [[President of Mongolia]], winning 72% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Mongolian Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh wins presidency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/9/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency |work=Al Jazeera |date= 9 June 2021 |access-date= 9 June 2021 }}</ref> ** [[El Salvador]] becomes the first country to make [[Bitcoin]] as [[legal tender]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2021/06/09/el-salvador-makes-history-as-worlds-first-country-to-make-bitcoin-legal-tender/?sh=65b79b70eaa3 |title=El Salvador Makes History As World's First Country To Make Bitcoin Legal Tender |last=Hart |first=Robert |date=9 June 2021 |website=Forbes |publisher= |access-date=9 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref> * [[June 10]] – An [[Solar eclipse of June 10, 2021|annular solar eclipse]] is visible from parts of [[Northeastern United States|the Northeast United States]], [[Canada]], [[Greenland]], the [[North Pole]], and the [[Russian Far East]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA - Annular Solar Eclipse of 2021 June 10|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=20210610|access-date=3 August 2020|website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913083028/https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=20210610|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 11]] ** Rural farmer and teacher [[Pedro Castillo]] is [[2021 Peruvian general election|elected]] the 63rd [[President of Peru]], defeating conservative candidate [[Keiko Fujimori]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/socialist-in-peru-has-all-but-won-presidential-vote-as-pandemic-fuels-despair-11623417118|title=Socialist in Peru Has All But Won Presidential Vote as Pandemic Fuels Despair|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 11, 2021}}</ref> ** ''[[The New York Times]]'' wins the 2021 [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize for Journalism]] for their coverage of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-category/204|title = Public Service|website = [[The Pulitzer Prizes|Pulitzer Prize]]|accessdate = June 11, 2021}}</ref> ** World leaders meet at the 47th [[G7|G7 summit]], hosted by the [[United Kingdom]], with topics of discussion including the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], [[climate change]], and the corporate taxation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden and world leaders meet at 2021 G7 summit |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/biden-g7-summit-updates-intl-06-11-2021/ |work=CNN |date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 }}</ref> ** The [[UEFA Euro 2020]] and the [[2021 Copa América]] begins, after being delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EURO 2020: All you need to know about the tournament|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0255-0d9f2f2c93bf-ad932fd5ee55-1000--euro-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/|date=March 17, 2020|website=UEFA.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Copa America postponed from 2020 to 2021 over pandemic|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/copa-america-postponed-2020-2021-152610719--sow.html|website=sports.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=May 29, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708055514/https://sports.yahoo.com/copa-america-postponed-2020-2021-152610719--sow.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Naftali Bennett]] becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of Israel]] following a [[coalition]] agreement, ending [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s twelve-year tenure as prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wootliff|first=Raoul|date=13 June 2021|title=Bennett sworn in as prime minister, unseating Netanyahu after 12 years in power|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-unseating-netanyahu-after-12-years-in-power/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210614020741/https://www.timesofisrael.com/bennett-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-unseating-netanyahu-after-12-years-in-power/|archive-date=14 June 2021|access-date=14 June 2021|website=[[Times of Israel]]|language=en-US|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[June 14]] ** [[Enrique Bolaños]], [[Nicaragua]]'s [[President of Nicaragua|president]] pushed for radical conservative policies, dies at aged 93.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maldonado|first=Carlos Salinas|date=15 June 2021|title=Muere el expresidente de Nicaragua Enrique Bolaños Geyer, abanderado anticorrupción|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-06-15/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos-geyer-abanderado-anticorrupcion.html|access-date=15 June 2021|website=EL PAÍS|language=es|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616164541/https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-06-15/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos-geyer-abanderado-anticorrupcion.html%7Curl-status%3Dlive%7D%7D}}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: [[Novavax]] announces 90.4% overall efficacy in its Phase 3 [[United States]] and [[Mexico]] trial.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Jacqueline |title=Novavax says Covid-19 vaccine shows 90.4% overall efficacy in US/Mexico Phase 3 trial |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/14/health/novavax-covid-19-vaccine-us-phase-3-trial-study/index.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |agency=[[CNN]] |date=14 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 16]] &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: [[CureVac]] announces an overall efficacy of just 47% of their [[Zorecimeran|vaccine]] based on an analysis of Phase III clinical trial.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burger|first=Ludwig|date=2021-06-16|title=CureVac fails in pivotal COVID-19 vaccine trial with 47% efficacy|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-curevac-trial-idUSKCN2DS2EU|access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref> * [[June 17]] ** [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Zambia]]'s first [[President of Zambia|president]] and nation's founding father, dies at aged 97.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=Zambian 1st President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda has died aged 97|url=https://news365.co.za/zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=News365.co.za|language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[China]]'s [[Shenzhou 12]] launches the first crew for the [[Tiangong space station]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/16/c_1310010141.htm|title=China unveils Shenzhou-12 astronauts for space station construction|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=16 June 2021|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616012712/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/16/c_1310010141.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Chief Justice of Iran|Chief Justice]] [[Ebrahim Raisi]] is elected the 8th [[President of Iran]] in a [[landslide victory]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-19|title=Hardliner Ebrahim Raisi comfortably wins Iran presidential election|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/06/19/iran-moderate-candidate-concedes-win-by-hardliner-judiciary-chief|access-date=2021-06-19|website=euronews|language=en}}</ref> * [[June 20]] ** [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]] is re-elected after his party, [[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]], wins the majority of seats in the [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia election: PM Nikol Pashinyan wins post-war poll|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57549208|date=21 June 2021|website=BBC|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Jon Rahm]] of [[Spain]] wins the 121st [[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/golf/57548561|author=Grey, Becky|title=US Open: Jon Rahm finishes with back-to-back birdies to claim first major title|date=21 June 2021|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[June 23]] ** In [[cricket]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] defeats [[India national cricket team|India]] in the first [[ICC World Test Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand crowned World Test Champions after thrilling final day|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2177618|access-date=24 June 2021|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref> ** Hours after [[Spain]] approved of his [[extradition]] to the [[United States]] for tax crimes, computer programming entrepreneur [[John McAfee]] commits [[suicide]] in his prison cell. * [[June 24]] ** Former [[President of the Philippines]] [[Benigno Aquino III]], who improved the [[Philippines|country's]] economy, dies at aged 61.<ref>{{cite news |title=PNoy dies at 61 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1898698/Manila/Local-News/PNoy-dies-at-61 |access-date=June 24, 2021 |work=Sunstar |date=June 24, 2021 |language=English}}</ref> ** In the United States, a [[condominium]] in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] [[Surfside condominium building collapse|collapses]] killing 97 people with 8 people reported missing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 24, 2021|title=1 Dead, 99 Missing, Search and Rescue Underway After Partial Collapse of Surfside Condo Building|work=NBC Miami|url=https://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/1-dead-massive-search-and-rescue-effort-after-partial-collapse-of-condo-building-in-surfside/2479570/}}</ref> ** ''[[Apple Daily]]'', a pro-democracy newspaper, is forced to shutdown for violating a national security law in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=訂戶通知｜關於你的訂閱 About your subscription ｜ 蘋果日報|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623115532/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/|archive-date=2021-06-23|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk}} {{Cite web |url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/ |title=訂戶通知｜關於你的訂閱 About your subscription ｜ 蘋果日報 |access-date=2021-06-24 |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623115532/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20210623/WSI6PSB2EFCO5JAUMLLZOP4RGM/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Former [[Prime Minister of South Vietnam]] General [[Trần Thiện Khiêm]], who helped plan and execute [[coup]] that led to the assassination of [[Ngo Dinh Diem]], dies at aged 95.<ref name="TTK">[https://vietbao.com/a308560/cuu-dai-tuong-tran-thien-khiem-qua-doi-tai-california-huong-tho-95-tuoi Cựu Đại Tướng Trần Thiện Khiêm Qua Đời Tại California Hưởng Thọ 95 Tuổi]</ref> * [[June 25]] ** 751 unmarked graves are found near the former site of an indigenous peoples residential school in [[Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57592243 | title=Canada: 751 unmarked graves found at residential school | work=BBC News | date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] calls on [[Pope Francis]] to apologize for the [[Canadian Indian residential school system|Catholic church run boarding schools]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/trudeau-says-pope-should-apologize-canadian-soil-churchs-role-residential-2021-06-25/ | title=Trudeau says pope should apologize on Canadian soil for church role in residential schools | newspaper=Reuters | date=28 June 2021 | last1=Scherer | first1=Steve }}</ref> ** Former police officer [[Derek Chauvin]] is sentenced to over 22 years for the [[murder of George Floyd]], an unarmed [[African American]] man in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=George Floyd murder: Derek Chauvin sentenced to over 22 years|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57618356|access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 28]] – [[Tigray War]]: The Tigray Defense Force seizes the Tigrayan capital [[Mekele]] shortly after the Ethiopian government declares a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2021|title=Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Street celebrations as rebels seize capital|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57645282|access-date=29 June 2021|publisher=bbc}}</ref> * [[June 29]] ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccinations]] given worldwide passes 3 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=World passes three billion vaccine mark in race to contain Covid |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210629-world-passes-three-billion-vaccine-mark-in-race-to-contain-covid |website=France 24|date=29 June 2021 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> ** Former [[President of South Africa]] [[Jacob Zuma]] is sentenced to 15 months in prison for [[contempt of court]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Basson |first1=Adriaan |last2=du Toit |first2=Pieter |author-link2=Maughan |last3=Karyn |display-authors=1 |date=29 June 2021 |title=Zuma found guilty of contempt of court, sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by ConCourt |language=en-SA |work=news24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/live-constitutional-court-to-hand-down-judgment-in-jacob-zuma-contempt-case-20210629-6 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629101001/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/live-constitutional-court-to-hand-down-judgment-in-jacob-zuma-contempt-case-20210629-6 |archive-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 30]] &ndash; [[2021 Western North America heat wave|An extreme heat wave]] kills 600 people in the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gard|first1=Hannah|last2=Ward|first2=Taylor|date=2021-07-06|title=Hundreds died in the West's heat wave last week. Now another one is gearing up.|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/06/weather/pacific-northwest-heat-wave/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707090805/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/06/weather/pacific-northwest-heat-wave/index.html|archive-date=2021-07-07|access-date=2021-07-07|website=CNN}}</ref> ===July=== [[File:Mark Green and Jovenel Moise in Port-au-Prince - 2019 (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 7 July, [[President of Haiti|Haitian President]] [[Jovenel Moïse]] is [[Assassination of Jovenel Moïse|assassinated]]]] [[File:Pro-Cuban government protesters in Cienfuegos (cropped).png|thumb|right|180px|On 11 July, [[2021 Cuban protests|massive anti-government protests]] erupt in [[Cuba]]]] [[File:Geul-overstroming juli 2021 (55).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 12 July, [[2021 European floods|severe floods]] in [[Europe]] kill over 120 people]] [[File:Peter de Vries - Dam - Amsterdam 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 15 July, Dutch journalist [[Peter R. de Vries]] is [[Killing of Peter R. de Vries|shot and killed]] while leaving a studio set in [[Amsterdam]]]] [[File:Damaged Songshan Road in Zhengzhou after Floods.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 17 July, [[2021 Henan floods|floods and landslides]] in [[Henan]], [[China]] kill over 50 people and leave over 2 million evacuated or homeless]] [[File:Destroyed roads during the floods in Patan block, Satara3.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 22 July, a [[2021 Maharashtra floods|flood]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] kills over 250 people]] * [[July 3]] ** The [[United Nations]] announce that recent fighting in the [[Tigray Region|Tigray region]] of [[Ethiopia]] has resulted in a [[famine]] that is now affecting more than 400,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-02|title=Ethiopia Tigray conflict: Famine hits 400,000, UN warns|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57703538|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-07-03|title=Over 400,000 people in Ethiopia's Tigray now in famine, UN warns|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/03/over-400000-people-in-ethiopias-tigray-now-in-famine-un-warns|access-date=2021-07-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ** Over 130 [[wildfire]]s, caused by [[lightning]] strikes, burn through [[Western Canada]] following a record-breaking [[2021 Western North America heat wave|heatwave in North America]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-03|title=Canada heatwave: Lightning triggers wildfires in British Columbia|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57703853|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada heatwave: Lightning strikes trigger British Columbia wildfires|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/newslondon/canada-heatwave-lightning-strikes-trigger-british-columbia-wildfires/ar-AALJa4h?ocid=BingNewsSearch|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Langton|first=Kaisha|date=2021-07-03|title=Canada fires: 125 wildfires rage across Canada - evacuation orders as 450&nbsp;hectares ablaze|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1457780/Canada-wildfires-map-today-spread-of-wildfire-british-columbia-fires-latest-EVG|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Canada lightning strikes up tenfold, stoking fires|url=https://news.yahoo.com/western-canada-lightning-strikes-tenfold-052822091.html|access-date=2021-07-03|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[July 4]] &ndash; In the [[Philippines]], a [[2021 Philippine Air Force C-130 crash|plane crashes]] in [[Sulu]], killing at least 53 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 4, 2021 |title=Philippine Air Force C-130H plane crashes in Sulu – Manila Bulletin |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/04/philippine-air-force-c-130h-plane-with-85-people-crashes-in-sulu/ |access-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704065056/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/04/philippine-air-force-c-130h-plane-with-85-people-crashes-in-sulu/ }}</ref> * [[July 5]] ** More than 1,000 Afghan soldiers flee to neighboring [[Tajikistan]] after [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|clashing]] with [[Taliban]] militants.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Afghanistan: Soldiers flee to Tajikistan after militant clashes|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57720103|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan: Soldiers flee to Tajikistan after militant clashes|url=https://news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-soldiers-flee-tajikistan-militant-114712805.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705145718/https://news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-soldiers-flee-tajikistan-militant-114712805.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Gunmen kidnap 140 schoolchildren in [[Kaduna State]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Nigeria kidnap: Gunmen seize 140 schoolchildren in Kaduna state|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57636851|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Gunmen kidnap 140 school students in northwest Nigeria|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kidnap-140-school-students-in-kaduna/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183156/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kidnap-140-school-students-in-kaduna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 6]] ** [[Mary Simon]] is nominated to be the 30th [[Governor General of Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aiello|first=Rachel|date=2021-07-06|title=Mary Simon named as Canada's first Indigenous Governor General|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mary-simon-named-as-canada-s-first-indigenous-governor-general-1.5498146|access-date=2021-07-06|website=CTVNews|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029103543/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mary-simon-named-as-canada-s-first-indigenous-governor-general-1.5498146|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** In [[Russia]], a plane [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Flight 251 (2021)|crashes]] in [[Kamchatka Krai]], killing 28 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avherald.com/h?article=4e9e6ae8&opt=0 |title=Crash: Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky AN26 near Palana on Jul 6th 2021, missing aircraft impacted edge of coast |first=Simon |last=Hradecky |publisher=The Aviation Herald |date=6 July 2021 |accessdate=7 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 7]] ** [[President of Haiti]] [[Jovenel Moïse]] is [[Assassination of Jovenel Moïse|assassinated]] at aged 53.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/haitian-president-jovenel-moise-assassinated-in-his-home/a-58187367|title=Haitian President Jovenel Moise assassinated in his home|date=7 July 2021|author=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Interim [[Prime Minister of Haiti|Prime Minister]] [[Claude Joseph]] becomes acting president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haiti's prime minister to lead country until election following president's assassination: UN {{!}} Watch News Videos Online|url=https://globalnews.ca/video/8013670/haitis-prime-minister-to-lead-country-until-election-following-presidents-assassination-un/|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] defeat the [[Montreal Canadiens]] in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/montreal-canadiens-tampa-bay-lightning-game-5-recap/c-325483294|title=Lightning repeat as Stanley Cup champions, defeat Canadiens in Game 5|last=Long|first=Corey|publisher=NHL Enterprises, L. P.|date=July 7, 2021|website=NHL.com|accessdate=July 7, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 8]] &ndash; [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The global death toll from COVID-19 passes 4 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world's known Covid death toll passes four million.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/covid-death-toll-four-million.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 8, 2021|access-date=July 8, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 10]] ** [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] beats [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] with 1–0 in the final of the [[2021 Copa América]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Andrew|date=11 July 2021|title=Messi and Argentina Beat Brazil to Win the Copa América|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/10/sports/soccer/lionel-messi-argentina-brazil-copa-america.html|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** The [[2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup]] is held in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concacaf announces host cities and stadiums for 2021 Gold Cup|date=22 April 2021 |url=https://www.concacaf.com/gold-cup/article/concacaf-announces-host-cities-and-stadiums-for-2021-gold-cup/|publisher=CONCACAF|language=en-US|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> * [[July 11]] ** [[Euro 2020]]: [[Italy national football team|Italy]] defeats [[England national football team|England]] to win the [[UEFA European Championship]] final at [[Wembley Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/match/2024491/postmatch/report/ |title=Italy 1–1 England, aet (3–2 on pens): Donnarumma the hero as Azzurri win EURO 2020! |website=UEFA.com |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Abiy Ahmed]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia]] in a [[landslide victory]].<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2021/07/10/1015019374/ethiopias-ruling-party-wins-national-election-in-landslide Ethiopia's ruling party wins national election in landslide]</ref> ** [[Virgin Galactic]]'s [[Virgin Galactic Unity 22|Unity 22]] mission launches with six people, including Virgin Galactic founder [[Richard Branson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/11/1015079564/richard-branson-has-completed-a-historic-trip-to-the-edge-of-space-on-virgin-gal|title=Richard Branson Has Completed Historic Trip to the Edge of Space on Virgin Galactic|publisher=NPR|date=12 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ashleigh Barty]] and [[Novak Djokovic]] win the respective women's and men's singles tournaments at [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]].<ref>[https://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/wimbledon/2021/wimbledon-2021-tennis-finals-live-ash-barty-v-karolina-pliskova-novak-djokovic-v-matteo-berrettini_sto8412199/story.shtml WIMBLEDON 2021 FINALS AS THEY HAPPENED - NOVAK DJOKOVIC SINKS MATTEO BERRETTINI, ASH BARTY BEATS KAROLINA PLISKOVA]</ref> ** In [[Cuba]], a [[2021 Cuban protests|large anti-government protests]] break-out because of food and medicine shortages caused by the government's mishandling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cuba-protests-high-prices-food-shortages-coronavirus-havana/|title=High prices, food shortages fuel Cuba's biggest anti-government protests in decades|date=July 12, 2021|location=[[Havana]]|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> ** In [[Moldova]], the [[Party of Action and Solidarity]] wins the majority of seats in the [[Parliament of the Republic of Moldova|parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tanas |first1=Alexander |last2=Polityuk |first2=Pavel |date=11 July 2021 |editor-last=Kasolowsky |editor-first=Raissa |editor2-last=Pulin |editor2-first=Richard |title=Pro-Western party wins Moldova election, preliminary data shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/moldovans-elect-new-parliament-amid-concerns-over-graft-stalled-reforms-2021-07-11/ |url-access=limited |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ** In [[Bulgaria]], the [[There Is Such a People]] party wins the majority of seats in the [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-11|title=Voters apathetic in Bulgaria's early parliamentary election|work=San Antionio Express-News|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/article/Bulgarians-elect-new-parliament-amid-corruption-16306749.php|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715102955/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/article/Bulgarians-elect-new-parliament-amid-corruption-16306749.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 12]] &ndash; [[2021 European floods|Severe floods]] across [[Western Europe]] leave at least 90 people dead and 1,300 others missing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/ueberschwemmungen-westdeutschland-101.html|title=Flutkatastrophe: Bereits mehr als 100 Tote|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021|website=tagesschau.de|language=German}}</ref> * [[July 13]] ** [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] becomes the [[Prime Minister of Nepal|43th Prime Minister of Nepal]] after court order found that [[KP Sharma Oli]] tenure as prime minister was against the law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=देउवा प्रधानमन्त्री नियुक्त, सपथको यारी|url=https://www.setopati.com/politics/243073/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Setopati}}</ref> ** Over 70 people are killed during [[2021 South African unrest|riots]] in [[South Africa]] following the arrest of former [[President of South Africa|South African president]] [[Jacob Zuma]] in connection to a corrupt arms deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/jacob-zuma-six-people-dead-in-south-africa-as-protests-escalate-over-jailing-of-former-president-12354336|title=Jacob Zuma: Six people dead in South Africa as protests escalate over jailing of former president|website=Sky News|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713180510/https://news.sky.com/story/jacob-zuma-six-people-dead-in-south-africa-as-protests-escalate-over-jailing-of-former-president-12354336}}</ref> * [[July 14]] &ndash; Former [[President of Pakistan]], [[Mamnoon Hussain]], who led the country's [[polio]] [[eradication]] program dies at aged 80.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/former-pakistan-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away-in-karachi/articleshow/84422819.cms Former Pakistan president Mamnoon Hussain Passes Away in Karachi]</ref> * [[July 15]] &ndash; Dutch journalist [[Peter R. de Vries]] dies after being [[Killing of Peter R. de Vries|shot multiple times]] in [[Amsterdam]], aged 64.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2021|title=Dutch crime reporter Peter de Vries dies after shooting|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/15/dutch-reporter-peter-de-vries-dies-after-shooting|access-date=15 July 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> * [[July 17]] ** Serial killer [[Michael Gargiulo]], also known as the "[[Hollywood]] Ripper", is [[sentenced to death]] for two [[murder]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-17|title='Hollywood Ripper' Michael Gargiulo sentenced to death for murders|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57871320|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref> ** [[2021 Henan floods|Floods and landslides]] caused 56 deaths in [[Henan]], [[China]] and leaving over 2 million evacuated or homeless.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Xinhua|title=河南强降雨已致56人遇难5人失踪 京广路隧道救援清理仍在继续|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2021-07-23/doc-ikqciyzk7241150.shtml|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=Sina|date=2021-07-22}}</ref> * [[July 18]] &ndash; A report found that human rights activists, journalists and lawyers around the world have been targeted with a phone [[malware]] sold to [[authoritarian]] governments by an [[Project Pegasus revelations|Israeli surveillance firm]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2021/07/spyware-reform-critical-180-journalists-potential-pegasus-targets/|title = Spyware reform critical as at least 180 journalists revealed as potential Pegasus targets|date = 19 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Blue Origin]] successfully conducts its first human test flight, with a reusable [[New Shepard]] rocket delivering four crew members into space &ndash; founder [[Jeff Bezos]], his brother Mark, 18-year-old [[Oliver Daemen]] (the youngest person to ever go into space), and 82-year-old [[Wally Funk]] (the oldest person to go into space).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeff Bezos launches to space aboard New Shepard rocket ship|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57849364|website=BBC News|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Replay - New Shepard First Human Flight|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMHhXzpwupU|website=YouTube|date=July 20, 2021|access-date=July 20, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 20]] ** [[Ariel Henry]] becomes the 23rd [[Prime Minister of Haiti]] and soon after becomes acting [[President of Haiti|president]] following the resignation of acting Prime Minister and President [[Claude Joseph]] and the [[Assassination of Jovenel Moïse|assassination]] of [[Jovenel Moïse]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-21|title=Strife-torn Haiti gets new prime minister|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57910829|access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref> ** The [[Milwaukee Bucks]] defeat the [[Phoenix Suns]] to win the 2021 [[NBA Finals]], their first championship win in fifty years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31851872/sports-world-reacts-milwaukee-bucks-winning-first-nba-title-1971 |title=Sports world reacts to Milwaukee Bucks winning first NBA title since 1971 |date=July 20, 2021 |last=Jackson |first=James |website=[[ESPN]] |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> ** Women are permitted to attend without a male guardian (''mehrem'') provided they go in a trustworthy group during the Day of [[Haji]].<ref>{{cite news|author=AFP|title=In Mecca, Women Take Part in Hajj as 'Guardian' Rule Dropped|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/mecca-women-take-part-hajj-guardian-rule-dropped|publisher=[[VOA]]|date=2021-07-20|accessdate=2021-07-20}}</ref> * [[July 21]] ** [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City]] is removed from its [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] status because of modern developments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Halliday|first=Josh|date=2021-07-21|title=Unesco strips Liverpool of its world heritage status|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/21/unesco-strips-liverpool-waterfront-world-heritage-status|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ** The [[International Olympic Committee]] awards [[Brisbane]] the right to host the [[2032 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=IOC elects Brisbane 2032 as Olympic and Paralympic host - Olympic News|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-elects-brisbane-2032-as-olympic-and-paralympic-host|access-date=2021-07-21|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> * [[July 22]] &ndash; A [[2021 Maharashtra floods|flood]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] kills over 250 people.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jul/27/maharashtra-floods-claim-251-lives-13-districts-across-state-affected-says-nawab-malik-2336073.html|title = Maharashtra floods claim 251 lives, 13 districts across state affected, says Nawab Malik|date = 27 July 2021|access-date = 28 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 23]] &ndash; The [[2020 Summer Olympics]] began in [[Tokyo]], Japan, a year after being postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics: New dates confirmed for 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/52091224 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=31 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> * [[July 25]] &ndash; [[President of Tunisia|Tunisian President]] [[Kais Saied]] fires [[Prime Minister of Tunisia|Prime Minister]] [[Hichem Mechichi]] and freezes the [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People|Assembly of Representatives]], causing a [[2021 Tunisian political crisis|political crisis]] in [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Amara |first1=Tarek |last2=Mcdowall |first2=Angus |title=Tunisian democracy in crisis after president ousts government |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tunisian-democracy-crisis-after-president-ousts-government-2021-07-26/ |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Reuters |date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726151030/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tunisian-democracy-crisis-after-president-ousts-government-2021-07-26/ }}</ref> * [[July 28]] ** [[2021 Turkish wildfires|Wildfires]] in [[Turkey]] have killed at least six people and injured more than 400.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rothwell |first1=James |title=One dead and ten stranded as wildfire rages across southern Turkey |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/29/one-dead-ten-stranded-wildfire-rages-across-southern-turkey/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=29 July 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729081430/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/29/one-dead-ten-stranded-wildfire-rages-across-southern-turkey/ |archive-date=29 July 2021 }}</ref> ** [[Philip Pierre]] is elected the 8th [[List of prime ministers of Saint Lucia|Prime Minister of Saint Lucia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CMC|date=28 July 2021|title=Pierre to be sworn in as new St Lucia Prime Minister|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Pierre_to_be_sworn_in_as_new_St_Lucia_Prime_Minister?profile=13733|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> ** The first direct observation of [[light]] from behind a [[black hole]] is reported, confirming [[Albert Einstein]]'s theory of [[general relativity]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Astronomers detect light behind black hole for first time |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/28/astronomers-detect-light-behind-black-hole-for-first-time |date=28 July 2021 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=29 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stanford astrophysicists report first detection of light from behind a black hole |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2021/07/28/first-detection-light-behind-black-hole/ |date=28 July 2021 |work=Stanford |accessdate=29 July 2021 }}</ref> * [[July 29]] ** The [[International Space Station]] temporarily spun out of control, moving the ISS 45 degrees out of altitude, following an engine malfunction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/international-space-station-unexpected-shift/619631/|title=The Day the Space Station Lurched|date=August 2021 |publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=August 1, 2021}}</ref> ** Oil tanker [[July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident|Mercer Street]] is attacked off coast of [[Oman]], killing two crew members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK and US blame Iran for oil tanker attack which killed Briton|url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-and-us-blame-iran-for-oil-tanker-attack-which-killed-briton-12370157|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> ===August=== [[File:Krystsina Tsimanouskaya 2019 Summer Universiade 1.45 (headshot).png|thumb|right|180px|On 4 August, sprinter [[Krystsina Tsimanouskaya]] takes [[asylum]] in [[Poland]] after criticizing [[Belarus]] at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]]]] [[File:Sismo Haití 2021.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 14 August, a [[2021 Haiti earthquake|7.2 earthquake]] hits [[Haiti]], killing over 300 people]] [[File:Crowds in front of Kabul International Airport.webm|thumb|right|180px|On 15 August, the [[Taliban]] takes control of [[Kabul]] and the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|government collapses]] with [[President of Afghanistan|President]] [[Ashraf Ghani]] going into [[exile]]]] [[File:Afghanistan Evacuation 210821-A-AB999-0019.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 26 August, [[2021 Kabul airport attack|two suicide bombings]] caused by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] kills over 180 people at the [[Hamid Karzai International Airport]] in [[Kabul]]]] [[File:Afghanistan Evacuation 210821-M-GQ845-1035.jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 30 August, the [[2021 evacuation from Afghanistan|evacuations]] in [[Afghanistan]] end, officially ending the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]]] * [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Myanmar]] coup leader [[Min Aung Hlaing]] forms a caretaker government, making himself the 13th [[Prime Minister of Myanmar]], six months after the [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état|coup d'état]] against [[Aung San Suu Kyi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Myanmar Junta Forms Caretaker Government; Min Aung Hlaing is Prime Minister|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/myanmar-junta-forms-caretaker-government-min-aung-hlaing-prime-minister |work=VOA |date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[August 3]] ** [[2021 Greece wildfires|Wildfires]] in [[Greece]] begin, killing three people.<ref>[https://theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/07/uk-sends-firefighters-to-greece-to-help-the-battle-against-wildfires UK sends firefighters to Greece to help the battle against wildfires]</ref> ** [[Lithuania]] sees an increase in illegal [[immigrants]] (mostly [[Iraqis]]) via [[Belarus]] as part of the [[2021 Lithuanian migrant crisis]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/19/world/europe/lithuania-belarus-migrants-european-union.html In Lithuania, Migrants Find Themselves Caught in a Geopolitical Battle]</ref> ** Oil tanker [[August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident|Asphalt Princess]] is attacked off the coast of [[Oman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran-backed armed attackers suspected of seizing tanker off UAE coast|url=https://news.sky.com/story/potential-hijack-of-ship-off-uae-coast-12371922|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Sky News|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204632/https://news.sky.com/story/potential-hijack-of-ship-off-uae-coast-12371922}}</ref> * [[August 4]] ** [[Milavče train crash|Two trains crash into each other]] in the [[Czech Republic]] killing three people and injuring over 60 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/two-dead-after-trains-collide-czech-republic-news-agency-ctk-2021-08-04/ |title=Munich-Prague train collides with Czech commuter service, three dead |first=Jiri |last=Skacel |date=4 August 2021 |work=Reuters |accessdate=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804151325/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/two-dead-after-trains-collide-czech-republic-news-agency-ctk-2021-08-04/ }}</ref> ** Belarusian sprinter [[Krystsina Tsimanouskaya]] travels to [[Poland]] to look for [[refugee|refuge]] after saying [[Belarus]] was forcing her to be part of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=Belarus sprinter leaves Tokyo on flight to Vienna after seeking refuge|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/04/belarus-sprinter-krystsina-tsimanouskaya-poland|access-date=2021-08-04|website=the Guardian}}</ref> ** COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases passes 200 million worldwide.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/04/world/europe/covid-global-cases-200-million.html World’s Coronavirus Infection Total Passes Staggering Figure: 200 Million]</ref> * [[August 5]] – [[Tigray War]]: The [[Tigray Defense Forces]] take control of the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Lalibela]].<ref>{{cite web|date=5 August 2021|title=Lalibela: Ethiopia's Tigray rebels take Unesco world heritage town|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58101912|access-date=6 August 2021|publisher=bbc}}</ref> * [[August 6]] – [[Natalia Gavrilița]] is elected the 15th [[Prime Minister of Moldova]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Moldova parliament approves Natalia Gavrilita as new prime minister|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210806112519-ynyu0/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=news.trust.org|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806123955/https://news.trust.org/item/20210806112519-ynyu0/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[August 8]] ** The 2020 Summer Olympics ended in [[Tokyo]], Japan with the [[United States]] winning the most gold medals and medals in total overall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics: New dates confirmed for 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/52091224 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=March 31, 2020 |date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> ** [[Taliban]] members capture the [[Afghan]] city of [[Kunduz]], [[Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan|Sar-e Pol]] and [[Taloqan]] as part of the [[2021 Taliban offensive]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gibbons-Neff |first1=Thomas |title=The Taliban seize Kunduz, a major city in northern Afghanistan. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/08/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-kunduz.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 August 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 9]] &ndash; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] releases the first part of its report, which says that the effects of human-caused [[climate change]] are now "widespread, rapid, and intensifying".<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Climate change: IPCC report is 'code red for humanity'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58130705|access-date=9 August 2021|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC's starkest warning yet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/aug/09/humans-have-caused-unprecedented-and-irreversible-change-to-climate-scientists-warn|access-date=9 August 2021|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying – IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/|access-date=9 August 2021|publisher=IPCC}}</ref> * [[August 10]] – [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]: The [[Taliban]] seize the regional capitals [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]], [[Faizabad]] and [[Puli Khumri]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 August 2021|title=Taliban seizes three more provincial capitals and sets sights on big cities|url=https://www.ft.com/content/23b536a3-e0c3-4c0f-bf01-ce9df0685e10|access-date=12 August 2021|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> * [[August 12]] ** [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the War in Afghanistan: The Taliban seize the regional capitals [[Ghazni]], [[Herat]], [[Qala e Naw]] and [[Kandahar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Taliban overrun Herat City, Qala-i-Naw|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/08/taliban-overrun-herat-city-qala-i-naw.php|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Long War Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=Kandahar City falls to the Taliban|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2021/08/kandahar-city-falls-to-the-taliban.php|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Long War Journal}}</ref> ** Businessman [[Hakainde Hichilema]] is [[2021 Zambian general election|elected]] the 7th [[President of Zambia]], beating [[incumbent]] President [[Edgar Lungu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Zambian opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema wins presidential election|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/|access-date=16 August 2021|website=news.trust.org|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012021/https://news.trust.org/item/20210816005527-u600i/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** A man [[Plymouth shooting|kills five people]] in a [[mass shooting]] in [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]], [[England]]. He [[murder–suicide|then]] [[kills himself]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Coles|first=Amy|date=12 August 2021|title=Plymouth shooting: 'Number of fatalities' in 'serious' shooting incident in Keyham, police say|work=Sky News|url=https://news.sky.com/story/significant-ambulance-response-deployed-to-incident-in-plymouth-12379946|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 13]] – [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]: The [[Taliban]] seize the regional capitals [[Chaghcharan]] and [[Lashkar Gah]].<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2021|title=Taliban capture two large Afghan cities; embassies getting staff out|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/embassies-get-staff-out-afghanistan-taliban-claim-two-big-cities-2021-08-13/|access-date=13 August 2021|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> * [[August 14]] – [[2021 Haiti earthquake|A 7.2-magnitude earthquake]] hits [[Haiti]], killing more than 300 people.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 August 2021|title=High casualties feared as 7.2-magnitude earthquake strikes near Haiti|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/14/world/haiti-earthquake/index.html|access-date=14 August 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> * [[August 15]] – [[2021 Taliban offensive]] as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]: The Taliban captures [[Kabul]] causing the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Afghan government to collapse]] with [[President of Afghanistan|Afghan President]] [[Ashraf Ghani]] going into [[exile]] and leaving the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Latifi|first=Ali M.|title='At the gates': Taliban ready to take Afghan capital|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/15/taliban-enter-kabul-from-all-sides|access-date=2021-08-15|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> * [[August 16]] – [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]] [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] resigns after losing support from [[coalition]] parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/top-bersatu-leaders-seen-arriving-for-meeting-amid-malaysias-political-crisis |title=Ruling pact scrambles for replacement ahead of Malaysia PM Muhyiddin's resignation |date=15 August 2021 |publisher=The Straits Times |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 21]] ** Former [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] becomes the 9th [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] after a coalition government fails to support [[Muhyiddin Yassin]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palansamy|first=Yiswaree|title=Agong appoints Ismail Sabri as Malaysia's ninth prime minister {{!}} Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/08/20/agong-appoints-ismail-sabri-as-malaysias-ninth-prime-minister/1999150|access-date=2021-08-20|website=www.malaymail.com|date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], [[2021 Tennessee floods|flash floods]] caused by heavy rain in [[Tennessee]] killed over 22 people with over 20 missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/heavy-rain-triggers-catastrophic-flash-floods-in-middle-tennessee-what-we-know/ar-AANA1qH?ocid=BingNewsSearch|title=Heavy rain triggers 'catastrophic' flash floods in Middle Tennessee: What we know|accessdate=22 August 2021|date=22 August 2021|publisher=MSN Weather}}</ref> * [[August 24]] ** The [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] are held in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] after being postponed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/videos/team-usa-enters-opening-ceremony-tokyo-paralympics?cid=g1b |title=Team USA enters Opening Ceremony of Tokyo Paralympics |access-date=2021-08-25 |archive-date=2021-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825042002/https://www.nbcolympics.com/videos/team-usa-enters-opening-ceremony-tokyo-paralympics?cid=g1b |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Former [[President of Chad|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Chad]] [[Hissène Habré]], who was convicted of [[war crime]]s in 2016, dies of [[COVID-19]] at aged 79.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210824-chad-s-former-president-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-dies-at-79 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=[[France24]] |date=24 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 26]] ** During [[2021 evacuation from Afghanistan|evacuations]], a [[2021 Kabul airport attacks|suicide bombing]] occurs at [[Hamid Karzai International Airport]] in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing over 180 people and injuring over 150.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/afghanistan-news-taliban-refugees-08-26-21-intl/h_e493e5df7688d2adb3025e4f90d77fbc|title=Officials: Explosion at Kabul airport appears to be a suicide attack|website=[[CNN]]|date=2021-08-26|access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] claimed responsibility for the explosion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/explosion-outside-kabul-airport-casualties-unclear-pentagon-2021-08-26/|title=U.S. says two explosions near Kabul airport; Islamic State suspected|website=[[Reuters]]|date=2021-08-26|access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> ** The [[World Food Programme]] says that the [[2021 Madagascar food crisis|food crisis]] in [[Madagascar]] is the first [[famine]] caused by [[climate change]] and not an armed conflict.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madagascar is hit by the world's first climate change famine |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/madagascar-is-hit-by-the-world-s-first-climate-change-famine-49491 |access-date=28 August 2021 |agency=TRT World |date=27 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 27]] – The [[United States Air Force]] launches an [[airstrike]], killing the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] member who is believed to have planned the [[2021 Kabul airport attack|Kabul airport bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US airstrike targets Islamic State member in Afghanistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/asia-pacific-evacuations-kabul-islamic-state-group-7f146c8ae5d9e9ab225025527e421226 |website=AP News |date=27 August 2021 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 29]] – [[Hurricane Ida (2021)|Hurricane Ida]] makes landfall in [[Lafourche Parish, Louisiana]] near the [[Gulf of Mexico]] as a 150&nbsp;mph Category 4 [[hurricane]], making it the 17th [[tropical cyclone]] of the decade to make [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weather.com Meteorologists|date=August 29, 2021|title=Hurricane Ida Makes Destructive Category 4 Landfall in Louisiana|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2021-08-29-hurricane-ida-forecast-landfall-louisiana-gulf-coast|access-date=August 29, 2021|website=The Weather Channel - Hurricane Central}}</ref> * [[August 30]] ** The [[United Nations]] announces that [[Tetraethyllead|leaded petrol]] in road vehicles has been phased out globally, a hundred years after its introduction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highly polluting leaded petrol now eradicated from the world, says UN |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-58388810 |website=BBC News |date=31 August 2021|access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Inside the 20-year campaign to rid the world of leaded fuel|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/inside-20-year-campaign-rid-world-leaded-fuel|website=UN Environment Programme|date=30 August 2021|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=1 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901205923/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/inside-20-year-campaign-rid-world-leaded-fuel|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[2021 evacuation from Afghanistan|Evacuation]]s in [[Afghanistan]] end amid the [[Taliban]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|taking control]] of the country, ending the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/08/30/world/afghanistan-news/us-military-evacuation-kabul-afghanistan?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur Afghanistan Live Updates: The United States Occupation Is Over]</ref> ===September=== [[File:Yoshihide Suga 20210107 1 (headshot).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 3 September, [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] announces his resignation, effective at the end of the month]] [[File:His Excellency President Alpha Condé of Guinea, speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, 20 January 2020 20200120120724ZJW 4283 (49418933596) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|180px|On 5 September, [[President of Guinea]] [[Alpha Condé]] is [[2021 Guinean coup d'état|arrested and removed from power]]]] [[File:Jonas Gahr Støre (174624).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 13 September, [[Norway]]'s Opposition Leader [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] is [[2021 Norwegian parliamentary election|elected]] [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]]]] [[File:Prime Minister Trudeau delivers a message on Eid al-Fitr - 2020 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 20 September, [[Justin Trudeau]] is [[2021 Canadian federal election|re-elected]] as [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]]]] [[File:2021-08-21 Olaf Scholz 0309 (rectangle).JPG|thumb|right|180px|On 26 September, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] led by [[Olaf Scholz]] [[2021 German federal election|win]] the most seats in the [[Bundestag]]]] * [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Prime Minister of Japan]] [[Yoshihide Suga]] announces his resignation as [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] leader.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-pm-suga-says-wont-run-ruling-party-leadership-race-nhk-2021-09-03/|title=Japan PM Suga says won't run in ruling party leadership race-NHK|date=3 September 2021|publisher=Reuters|access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 5]] ** [[President of Guinea|Guinean President]] [[Alpha Condé]] is [[2021 Guinean coup d'état attempt|detained and removed from power]] by an elite military unit led by [[Mamady Doumbouya]], who claimed to have taken power.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 September 2021|title=Guinea coup attempt: Soldiers claim to seize power from Alpha Condé|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-58453778|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> ** The [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] ends in [[Tokyo]] with [[China]] winning the most gold medals and medals overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/05/sport/tokyo-paralympics-closing-ceremony-spt-intl/index.html|title=Tokyo Paralympics comes to an end with colorful and vibrant closing ceremony|publisher=CNN|date=5 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Carlos Vila Nova]] is elected the 5th [[List of presidents of São Tomé and Príncipe|President of São Tomé and Príncipe]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cnx753jejext/sao-tome-and-principe São Tomé and Príncipe ex-minister wins presidency]</ref> * [[September 7]] ** [[El Salvador]] becomes the first country in the world to accept [[Bitcoin]] as an official [[currency]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 September 2021|title=Fear and excitement in El Salvador as Bitcoin becomes legal tender|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58473260|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> ** The [[Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation|Mexican Supreme Court]] rules to legalize [[abortion]] in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mexico decriminalises abortion in landmark ruling |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58482850 |website=BBC News |access-date=8 September 2021 |date=7 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 8]] &ndash; A [[Tangerang prison fire|prison fire]] in [[Tangerang]], [[Indonesia]] kills 44 prisoners and injures 77 others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Da Costa |first=Agustinus Beo |date=9 September 2021 |title=Death toll from Indonesia jail blaze at 44 amid focus on overcrowding|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/death-toll-indonesia-jail-blaze-44-amid-focus-overcrowding-2021-09-09/|work=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Jakarta]]|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 10]] ** [[Aziz Akhannouch]] is elected the [[Prime Minister of Morocco]], beating incumbent [[Saadeddine Othmani]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed VI nomme Aziz Akhannouch Chef de gouvernement|language=fr|website=[[Telquel]]|url=https://telquel.ma/2021/09/10/mohammed-vi-nomme-aziz-akhannouch-chef-de-gouvernement_1736449?fbrefresh=8|access-date=2021-09-10}}</ref> ** A new government is formed in [[Lebanon]] with [[Najib Mikati]] chosen as the new [[Prime Minister of Lebanon|Prime Minister]], replacing [[Hassan Diab]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title=Lebanese billionaire Najib Mikati picked as new PM-designate|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210726-lebanese-mps-pick-najib-mikati-as-new-prime-minister|access-date=2021-07-26|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 11]] &ndash; Tennis players [[Emma Raducanu]] of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Daniil Medvedev]] of [[Russia]] win the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]].<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/us-open-tennis-championships-sports-new-york-serena-williams-emma-raducanu-7cad95b0400651b031c48cf22dcf3539 Qualifier to champion: Britain’s Raducanu, 18, wins US Open]</ref> * [[September 13]] ** In [[Norway]], the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] led by Opposition Leader [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] [[2021 Norwegian parliamentary election|wins the most seats]] in the [[Storting]], beating the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] led by [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]] [[Erna Solberg]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Conservative PM concedes defeat as in Norway's elections|url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-business-elections-general-elections-denmark-13debb7392d09128944c08bd4decefac|access-date=2021-09-13|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] and Opposition Leader [[Anwar Ibrahim]] sign a confidence and supply agreement ending a 18-month political crisis that has caused the fall of two governments in [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-ph-sign-historic-mou-on-political-stability-transformation-BA8332838 |website=The Sun Daily|access-date=13 September 2021 |date=14 September 2021|title=Govt, PH sign historic MoU on political stability, transformation }}</ref> * [[September 14]] ** [[North Korea]] shoots two short-range ballistic missiles that land just outside [[Japan]]'s territorial waters; and then only hours later [[South Korea]] fires its first submarine-launched ballistic missile.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 September 2021|title=North and South Korea test ballistic missiles hours apart|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-58554326|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ** The first season of the [[UEFA Europa Conference League|Europa Conference League]] begins.<ref>[https://sports.ndtv.com/football/europa-conference-league-declan-rice-scores-stunning-solo-goal-for-west-ham-united-vs-dinamo-zagreb-watch-2544388 Watch: Declan Rice Dribbles From Own Half And Scores Stunning Solo Goal For West Ham]</ref> * [[September 15]] ** A [[AUKUS|trilateral security pact]] between [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] is formed, to fight against [[China]], allowing Australia to build its first [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered submarine]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 September 2021|title=US, UK and Australia forge military alliance to counter China|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/sep/15/australia-nuclear-powered-submarines-us-uk-security-partnership-aukus|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ** Several ministers of the [[President of Argentina|Argentine President]] [[Alberto Fernández]]'s cabinet resigns after the government's defeat in the primary elections, causing a political crisis in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina Cabinet Revolt Puts Fernandez in Political Crisis |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-15/argentina-cabinet-revolt-adds-political-pressure-on-fernandez |website=Bloomberg |access-date=21 September 2021 |date= 15 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Argentina's president reshuffles cabinet after political crisis: official |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210918-argentina-s-president-reshuffles-cabinet-after-political-crisis-official |website=France 24 |access-date=21 September 2021 |date=18 September 2021 }}</ref> * [[September 16]] &ndash; [[SpaceX]] launches [[Inspiration4]], making it the first all-civilian [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbital]] [[spaceflight]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kan|first1=Michael|date=16 September 2021|title=Inspiration 4 Successfully Blasts Off for the First All-Civilian Orbital Space Flight|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/how-to-watch-inspiration-4-blast-off-for-the-first-all-civilian-orbital|archive-date=|access-date=16 September 2021|website=pcmag.com|publisher=PC Mag}}</ref> * [[September 17]] ** [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], who was the 8th [[President of Algeria]] for twenty years and resigned after mass protests against his presidency in 2019, dies at aged 84.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/former-algerian-president-abdelaziz-bouteflika-dies-at-84/a-59220555 Former Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika dies at 84]</ref> ** [[Philip "Brave" Davis]] is elected [[Prime Minister of the Bahamas]] after his party wins the most seats in the [[Parliament of the Bahamas|parliament]], beating incumbent [[Hubert Minnis]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Opposition unseats prime minister in Bahamas elections|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/opposition-unseats-prime-minister-bahamas-elections-80078934|access-date=2021-09-17|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 19]] &ndash; The [[Cumbre Vieja]] located in the [[La Palma]] island of the [[Canary Islands]] [[2021 La Palma eruption|erupts]].<ref>{{cite news |title=La Palma island volcano erupts spewing lava, ash and pyroclastic debris, local evacuations begin |url=https://thecanarynews.com/2021/09/la-palma-island-volcano-erupts-spewing-lava-ash-and-pyroclastic-debris-local-evacuations-begin/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=The Canary - News, Views & Sunshine |date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921003953/https://thecanarynews.com/2021/09/la-palma-island-volcano-erupts-spewing-lava-ash-and-pyroclastic-debris-local-evacuations-begin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[September 20]] ** The [[Liberal Party of Canada]] won 155 seats in the [[2021 Canadian federal election|federal election]], re-electing [[Justin Trudeau]] as [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] and allowing the party to form a minority government again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connolly |first1=Amanda |title=Liberals projected to form minority government - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8206478/canada-election-results-2021/ |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=Global News |date=20 September 2021}}</ref> ** In [[Rwanda]], [[Paul Rusesabagina]] is convicted on [[terrorism]] charges for the actions of his political party PDR-Ihumure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/20/rwanda-court-finds-hotel-rwanda-hero-guilty-in-terrorism-case|title=Hotel Rwanda' hero given 25-year sentence in 'terrorism' case|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=20 September 2021|accessdate=2021-09-20}}</ref> ** At least six people are killed when a gunman [[Perm State University shooting|shot students]] at [[Perm State University]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 September 2021|title=Six killed in Russian university shooting, gunman in hospital|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/fatal-shooting-incident-takes-place-russian-university-ifax-2021-09-20/|access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 21]] ** The [[European Court of Human Rights]] rules that [[Russia]] was responsible for the poisoning of [[Alexander Litvinenko]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Faulconbridge|first1=Guy|last2=Holden|first2=Michael|date=21 September 2021|title=European rights court rules Russia was behind Litvinenko killing|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/european-court-rules-russia-was-behind-litvinenko-killing-2021-09-21/|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> ** Egyptian general [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]], who led the country as [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] after [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] resigned, dies at aged 85.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210921-egypt-s-first-post-mubarak-ruler-tantawi-dies-aged-85|title=Egypt's first post-Mubarak ruler, Tantawi, dies aged 85|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=21 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 23]] &ndash; Scientists discover human footprints which are about 23,000 years old at [[White Sands National Park]] in the United States, making the idea that humans arrived in [[North America]] at least 10,000 years earlier than previously thought.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58638854 Footprints in New Mexico are oldest evidence of humans in the Americas]</ref> * [[September 24]] &ndash; Two [[Canadians|Canadian citizens]] are released from detention in [[China]] after [[Huawei]] executive [[Meng Wanzhou]] is released from house arrest in [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-24 |title=Huawei's Meng Wanzhou to be freed in US deal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58682998 |access-date=2021-09-24}}</ref> * [[September 25]] &ndash; The [[Independence Party (Iceland)|Independence Party]] of [[Iceland]] led by [[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970)|Bjarni Benediktsson]] [[2021 Icelandic parliamentary election|win]] the most seats in the [[Althing]]; however [[Prime Minister of Iceland|Prime Minister]] [[Katrín Jakobsdóttir]] is expected to govern a coalition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iceland elects Europe's first women-majority parliament |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/26/europe/iceland-women-majority-parliament-intl/index.html |access-date=26 September 2021 |agency=Reuters |website=CNN|date=26 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 26]] &ndash; The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) led by [[Olaf Scholz]] [[2021 German federal election|win]] the most seats in the [[Bundestag]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=dw.com|date=2021-09-27|language=de|title=Jamaika, die Ampel und der Machtanspruch von SPD und Union|url=https://www.dw.com/de/jamaika-die-ampel-und-der-machtanspruch-von-spd-und-union/a-59322903|access-date=2021-09-27}}</ref> * [[September 29]] ** Former [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Fumio Kishida]] is [[2021 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) leadership election|elected]] to replace [[Yoshihide Suga]] as the 100th [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fumio-kishida-to-become-japans-next-prime-minister-11632895534|title=Fumio Kishida to Become Japan's Next Prime Minister After Party Election Win|publisher=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=29 September 2021}}</ref> ** [[Najla Bouden Romdhane]] is selected to become the [[Prime Minister of Tunisia]] by [[President of Tunisia|President]] [[Kais Saied]]; making her the first female prime minister in [[Tunisia]] and the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-29|title=Tunisia's president names Bouden first woman PM, asks her to form govt|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210929-tunisian-president-tasks-first-woman-pm-najla-boudin-ramdan-with-forming-government|access-date=2021-09-29|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> ** 116 inmates are killed during a prison [[riot]] in [[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]], the deadliest prison violence in the country's history.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=Ecuador jail: Death toll in Guayaquil prison fight passes 100|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-58733202|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=Over 100 killed in bloody Ecuador prison massacre|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/29/americas/ecuador-prison-deaths-intl/index.html|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=At least 116 dead in Ecuador prison gang clash, some beheaded|work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/americas/article/3150656/more-100-dead-ecuador-prison-gang-clash-some-beheaded|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> ===October=== [[File:Fumio Kishida October 2017 (rectangle).jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 4 October, [[Fumio Kishida]] becomes the 100th [[Prime Minister of Japan]]]] [[File:Facebook is down - Oct 4th 2021 12 06 13.jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 4 October, a [[2021 Facebook outage|massive outage]] affects the social media sites [[Facebook]], [[WhatsApp]] and [[Instagram]] for seven hours]] [[File:Nobel peace prize recipients 2021.png|thumb|180px|right|On 8 October, [[Filipino]] journalist [[Maria Ressa]] is awarded the 2021 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] alongside [[Russians|Russian]] editor [[Dmitry Muratov]]]] [[File:EPP Western Balkans Summit, 5 October 2021, Ljubljana (51553720231) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 9 October, [[Chancellor of Austria]] [[Sebastian Kurz]] announces his resignation following the creation of a [[corruption]] investigation against him]] [[File:高雄城中城大火01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 14 October, a [[2021 Kaohsiung fire|building fire]] in [[Taiwan]] kills 46 people]] [[File:Mark Green and Abdalla Hamdok at USAID HQ (3) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 25 October, [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] [[Abdalla Hamdok]] is removed from office and arrested during a [[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|military coup]]]] * [[October 1]] ** [[2021 Guinean coup d'état|Coup military leader]] [[Mamady Doumbouya]] is sworn-in as the interim [[President of Guinea]] after removing [[Alpha Condé]] from power last month.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/01/africa/guinea-coup-leader-sworn-president-intl/index.html Guinea swears in coup leader Mamady Doumbouya as interim president]</ref> ** The [[Expo 2020|2020 World Expo]] in [[Dubai]] begins, as it was originally scheduled for 20 October 2020 but was delayed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expo 2020 Dubai postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/expo-2020-dubai-postponed-2021-due-coronavirus-200504103102485.html|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> * [[October 3]] – The [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] and other media outlets publish a set of 11.9 million documents leaked from 14 financial services companies known as the [[Pandora Papers]], revealing offshore financial activities that involve multiple current and former world leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-03|title=Pandora Papers: Secret wealth and dealings of world leaders exposed|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58780465|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref> * [[October 4]] ** [[Armenian-American]] molecular biologist [[Ardem Patapoutian]] and [[Americans|American]] physiologist [[David Julius]] are awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for their work on [[receptor (cell biology)|human receptors]] and [[molecular biology|molecular mechanisms]] of [[pain]] sensation and heat.<ref name=NPPM/> ** Former [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] [[Fumio Kishida]] is officially voted by the [[National Diet]] as the 100th [[Prime Minister of Japan]], replacing [[Yoshihide Suga]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 October 2021|title=Fumio Kishida: Japan's new prime minister takes office|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58784635}}</ref> ** [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]] and [[WhatsApp]] have become inaccessible because of a [[2021 Facebook outage|major outage]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |title=Facebook and all of its apps go down simultaneously. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/04/technology/facebook-down.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> * [[October 5]] ** [[Roscosmos]] launches the [[Soyuz MS-19]] mission, carrying two [[Channel One Russia]] crewmembers to the [[International Space Station]] to make a [[The Challenge (2022 movie)|movie]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quine |first1=Tony |title=Russia to select actress for Soyuz mission in May |url=https://spacenews.com/russia-to-select-actress-for-soyuz-mission-in-may/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210603211949/https://spacenews.com/russia-to-select-actress-for-soyuz-mission-in-may/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=27 May 2021 |quote=This unusual spaceflight will be connected to the filming of the movie “Vyzov” (“The Challenge”) [...] Pavel Vlasov, head of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, has previously stated that Soyuz MS-19 will launch on Sept. 20 [...] However, other sources still give a projected launch date of Oct. 5.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McHugh |first1=Erin |title=Russia announces team for movie to be made on International Space Station |url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-world/russia-movie-international-space-station/507-5abf8299-f8c8-46c3-ba7e-b8d7e7a3fb6c |website=[[WKYC|WKYC Studios]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210603212249/https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/nation-world/russia-movie-international-space-station/507-5abf8299-f8c8-46c3-ba7e-b8d7e7a3fb6c |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=17 May 2021 |quote=Russia said its film crew will take up two of the three seats aboard the October 5th launch of Russia’s Soyuz MS-19 spacecraft.}}</ref> ** [[Japanese American|Japanese-American]] [[meteorology|meteorologist]] [[Syukuro Manabe]], [[Germans|German]] [[oceanography|oceanographer]] [[Klaus Hasselmann]] and [[Italians|Italian]] physicist [[Giorgio Parisi]] are awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their works on modeling [[climate change]] patterns and its effects.<ref name=NPP/> * [[October 6]] ** German chemist [[Benjamin List]] and [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born chemist [[David MacMillan]] win the 2021 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for their work on the development of [[organocatalysis]].<ref name="NPC">{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2021/macmillan/facts/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> ** The [[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals]] is held in [[Italy]] as they were originally scheduled for June 2021, but were moved following the rescheduling of [[UEFA Euro 2020]] to June and July 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2020|title=Resolution of the European football family on a coordinated response to the impact of the COVID-19 on competitions|website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2641077.html|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> ** Children across most of [[Africa]] are to be [[RTS,S|vaccinated]] against [[malaria]], the first vaccine approved by the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mandavilli|first=Apoorva|date=October 6, 2021|title=A 'Historical Event': First Malaria Vaccine Approved by W.H.O.|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/06/health/malaria-vaccine-who.html|access-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> * [[October 7]] ** A [[2021 Balochistan earthquake|5.9 magnitude earthquake]] kills 20 people and injures over 300 others in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=At least 20 killed as 5.9-magnitude earthquake rocks parts of Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1650594/at-least-20-killed-as-59-magnitude-earthquake-rocks-parts-of-balochistan |work=Dawn |date=7 October 2021}}</ref> ** [[Tanzania]]n-[[British people|British]] novelist and [[refugee]] [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] wins the 2021 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] for his novels about [[colonialism]] and its impacts on refugees.<ref name="NPL">{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2021/summary/ |website=NobelPrize.org |date=7 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007151626/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2021/summary/ }}</ref> * [[October 8]] ** [[The Philippines|Filipino]] journalist [[Maria Ressa]] and [[Russia]]n journalist [[Dmitry Muratov]] win the 2021 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for their work on freedom of expression.<ref name="NPP2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2021/press-release/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2021|publisher=Nobel Prize|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> ** A [[2021 Kunduz mosque bombing|suicide bombing]] carried out by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] at a [[Shia]] [[mosque]] in [[Kunduz]], [[Afghanistan]] kills over 100 people while injuring over 140 others.<ref>{{cite news |title=More than 100 killed and wounded in mosque blast in northeastern Afghanistan - UN |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/blast-hits-mosque-northeastern-afghanistan-killing-worshippers-2021-10-08/ |access-date=8 October 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=8 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 9]] ** [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], the first democratically elected [[President of Iran]] following the [[Islamic Revolution]], dies in [[Paris]], [[France]] at aged 88.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/International/wireStory/family-iranian-state-media-irans-president-abolhassan-banisadr-80492335|title=Family, Iranian state media say Iran's first president, Abolhassan Banisadr, dies in Paris from long illness at age 88|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=9 October 2021}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Czech Prime Minister]] [[Andrej Babiš]] wins 72 seats against his main opponent [[Petr Fiala]]'s 71 seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Starostové kroužkováním zmasakrovali Piráty |url=https://www.novinky.cz/volby/do-poslanecke-snemovny/clanek/starostove-krouzkovanim-zmasakrovali-piraty-40374403 |website=www.novinky.cz |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> ** [[Sebastian Kurz]] announces his resignation as [[Chancellor of Austria]] after a [[corruption]] investigation is opened against him.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doherty |first1=Erin |title=Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz resigns amid corruption allegations |url=https://www.axios.com/austrian-chancellor-sebastian-kurz-resigns-f160d239-0cf8-431e-8c2f-92485d6012e7.html |website=Axios |date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> [[Alexander Schallenberg]] replaced Kurtz as chancellor on two days later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sebastian Kurz "macht Platz" und zieht sich als Kanzler zurück|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000130311035/nach-juengsten-enthuellungen-sebastian-kurz-vor-rueckzug-als-kanzler|access-date=2021-10-09|website=DER STANDARD|language=de-AT}}</ref> * [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Canada|Canadian]]-[[Americans|American]] labour economist [[David Card]], [[Israel]]i-American economist [[Joshua Angrist]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]]-American economist [[Guido Imbens]] win the 2021 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]].<ref name="NPES">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2021/summary/|title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred …|access-date=2021-10-11|archive-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211011095600/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2021/summary/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> * [[October 13]] ** ''[[Star Trek]]'' actor [[William Shatner]] becomes the oldest person to go into space, at age 90, on board a [[Blue Origin]] spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-13|title=Star Trek's William Shatner blasts into space on Blue Origin rocket |work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58885555|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref> ** Five people are killed and two others are injured inside a supermarket after being [[Kongsberg attack|attacked by bow and arrows]] in [[Kongsberg]], [[Norway]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fem personer ble drept og to er skadet i Kongsberg, opplyser politiet.|trans-title=Five people were killed and two are injured in Kongsberg, police say.|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/XqWR7b/fem-personer-ble-drept-og-to-er-skadet-i-kongsberg-opplyser-politiet|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[Aftenposten]]|date=13 October 2021 |language=nb|quote=Det er fem drepte og to personer som er skadet. [There are five killed and two people injured.]}}</ref> * [[October 14]] &ndash; A [[2021 Kaohsiung fire|building fire]] in [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]], kills at least 46 people and injures 41 others.<ref>[https://archive.today/20211014104229/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4314525 46 dead, 41 injured after Kaohsiung 'ghost building' fire]</ref> * [[October 15]] ** A [[2021 Kandahar bombing|suicide bombing]] by the [[Islamic State]] at a [[Shia]] [[mosque]] in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] kills 65 people and injures over 70 others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Harrison|date=15 October 2021|title=Four suicide bombers kill and injure dozens of people in Kandahar mosque blasts|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/15/afghanistan-explosion-hits-kandahar-mosque-during-prayers-15426651/|access-date=15 October 2021|website=Metro|language=en}}</ref> ** [[British people|British]] [[British Parliament|Member of Parliament]] [[David Amess|Sir David Amess]] is [[Killing of David Amess|stabbed to death]] in [[Leigh-on-Sea]], [[Essex]], [[England]], aged 69.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=15 October 2021|title=Conservative MP David Amess stabbed in Essex attack.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/15/conservative-mp-peter-amess-stabbed-in-essex-attack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015130033/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/15/conservative-mp-david-amess-stabbed-in-essex-attack|archive-date=15 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[October 16]] &ndash; The [[Lucy (spacecraft)|Lucy spacecraft]] is launched by [[NASA]], the first mission to explore the [[Jupiter trojan|Trojan asteroids]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-16|title=Nasa's Lucy mission will seek out Solar System 'fossils' |work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-58927969|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> * [[October 17]] &ndash; Former [[Prime Minister of Cape Verde|Prime Minister]] [[José Maria Neves]] is elected the 5th [[List of presidents of Cape Verde|President of Cape Verde]], beating former Prime Minister [[Carlos Veiga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/opposition-candidate-neves-wins-cape-verde-election-2021-10-18/|title=Opposition candidate Neves wins Cape Verde election|website=Reuters|date=18 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Sandra Mason|Dame Sandra Mason]] is elected the 1st [[President of Barbados]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Governor General Dame Sandra named first president-elect |url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/gg-dame-sandra-mason-first-president-elect |access-date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Loop Barbados |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107202129/https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/gg-dame-sandra-mason-first-president-elect |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Cindy Kiro|Dame Cindy Kiro]] becomes the 22nd [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], the first [[Māori people|Māori woman]] to hold the position.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dame Cindy Kiro: New Zealand's first Māori woman to be governor-general, on her 'very poor' upbringing and life of service |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/dame-cindy-kiro-new-zealands-first-maori-woman-to-be-governor-general-on-her-very-poor-upbringing-and-life-of-service/HAOIFR2264TD6FK5KCENIBCYRA/ |date=24 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-24 |work=New Zealand Herald}}</ref> * [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] is re-elected [[President of Uzbekistan]] in a [[landslide victory]], winning 80% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/25/uzbekistan-leader-scores-crushing-win-in-not-competitive-vote-a75401|title=Uzbekistan Leader Scores Crushing Win in 'Not Competitive' Vote|date=25 October 2021 |publisher=The Moscow Times|accessdate=25 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 25]] &ndash; The [[Sudan]]ese military launches a [[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt|coup]] against the government with [[Prime Minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdalla Hamdok]] placed under house arrest and [[President of Sudan|President]] [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] taking power as head of state, declaring a state of emergency and dissolution of the government.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-25|title=Sudan's military takes power in coup, arrests prime minister |work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-arrests-omar-al-bashir-c8d027c0a9e250fcb5a595bdc987d282|access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref> * [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Roh Tae-woo]], [[South Korea|South Korea's]] [[President of South Korea|6th President]], first to be democratically elected in a post-military rule and was found guilty for treason, mutiny and corruption for his role in two [[Coup d'état|coups]], dies at aged 88.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/26/world/asia/roh-tae-woo-dies.html Roh Tae-woo, South Korean Leader During Move Toward Democracy, Dies at 88]</ref> * [[October 31]] ** In [[Japan]], the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] led by [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Fumio Kishida]] [[2021 Japanese general election|won the most seats]] in the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Citation|title=【選挙ライブ】2021衆議院選挙 開票速報ーー政党・注目候補の動きライブで|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnNSlaDVPQM|language=Japanese|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-31|title=Japan's Ruling Coalition Poised to Keep Power Despite Losses|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-31/japan-s-ruling-party-may-not-keep-parliament-majority-nhk-says|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> ** The [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP26 Summit]] is held in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] where world leaders attempt to limit [[global warming]] temperatures to 1.5&nbsp;°C (2.7&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecurrentga.org/2021/11/01/what-is-cop26-how-global-climate-negotiations-work-whats-expected-from-glasgow-summit/|title=What is COP26? How global climate negotiations work, what's expected from Glasgow summit|date=November 2021 |publisher=The Current GA|accessdate=November 1, 2021}}</ref> ===November=== [[File:BBV152.jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 3 November, the [[World Health Organization]] gives emergency use listing to the [[Covaxin|Covaxin COVID-19 vaccine]]]] [[File:Mustafa al-Kadhimi (rectangle).jpg|thumb|180px|right|On 7 November, [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] survives an [[assassination]] attempt]] [[File:Spike omicron mutations top.png|thumb|180px|On 26 November, the [[World Health Organization]] officially names the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]]]] [[File:Magdalena Andersson is elected Prime Minister in 2021. 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 29 November, [[Magdalena Andersson]] is elected the first female [[Prime Minister of Sweden]]]] [[File:Sandra of Barbados (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|On 29 November, [[Barbados]] officially became a [[republic]] with [[Sandra Mason]] becoming the country's first [[President of Barbados|president]]]] * [[November 1]] &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: The number of recorded deaths from COVID-19 passes 5 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world has recorded 5 million COVID-19 deaths, but the real toll is likely more than double that|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-01/five-million-covid19-deaths-but-real-toll-hidden/100568156|website=abc.net.au|date=November 1, 2021|access-date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 2]] ** Tennis player [[Peng Shuai]] accuses Senior [[Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China]] [[Zhang Gaoli]] of sexual harassment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peng 'must be heard' on sex abuse claim |author= |work=BBC Sport |date= |access-date=18 November 2021 |url= https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/59284680}}</ref> She later is censored by the [[China|Chinese]] government and disappears.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China pleads ignorance amid calls to investigate tennis star Peng Shuai's whereabouts after sexual assault claim |author= |work=Yahoo Sports |date= |access-date=18 November 2021 |url= https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/china-pleads-ignorance-amid-calls-to-investigate-tennis-star-peng-shuais-whereabouts-after-sexual-assault-claim-233356432.html}}</ref> ** The [[Atlanta Braves]] beat the [[Houston Astros]] to win the [[World Series]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/braves-win-world-series-2021 |title=Braves win 1st World Series title since 1995 |first=Anthony |last=Castrovince |website=MLB.com |date=November 2, 2021 |accessdate=November 2, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 3]] – [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The [[World Health Organization]] gives emergency use listing to the [[Covaxin|Covaxin COVID-19 vaccine]], the third non–Western vaccine to be authorized.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's first homegrown COVID-19 shot wins WHO emergency use listing |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/whos-advisory-group-recommends-emergency-listing-indias-first-homegrown-covid-19-2021-11-03/ |work=Reuters |date=3 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 4]] &ndash; [[South Africa]]n playwright and novelist [[Damon Galgut]] wins the [[Booker Prize|2021 Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=Damon Galgut wins Booker Prize with 'tour de force' novel The Promise |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59149960 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103200426/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-59149960 }}</ref> * [[November 5]] ** At least 99 people are killed and over 100 others injured in a [[Freetown fuel tanker explosion|fuel tanker explosion]] in [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-06|title=Sierra Leone explosion: Many feared dead after oil tanker collision|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59188753|access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], nine people are [[Astroworld Festival crowd crush|crowd crushed to death]] with over 300 injured at a music festival in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 6, 2021|title=Crush at Houston music festival kills at least eight, injures many|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/least-8-dead-many-injured-texas-music-festival-media-2021-11-06/|access-date=November 6, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 7]] ** [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] [[Mustafa Al-Kadhimi]] survives an [[assassination]] attempt in [[Baghdad]] when an explosive drone attacks his private home.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davison|first1=John|last2=Rasheed|first2=Ahmed|date=7 November 2021|title=Iraqi PM safe after drone attack on residence, military says|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/drone-attack-targets-iraq-pm-who-escapes-unhurt-iraq-military-2021-11-07/|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Daniel Ortega]] is re-elected to a fourth term as [[President of Nicaragua]], winning almost 76% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=Nicaragua's Ortega wins fourth term in election slammed as 'pantomime'|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20211108-nicaragua-s-ortega-wins-fourth-term-in-election-slammed-as-pantomime|access-date=2021-11-08|website=[[France24]]}}</ref> * [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Cristina Peri Rossi]] of [[Uruguay]] wins the 2021 [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2021-11-10/cristina-peri-rossi-ganadora-del-premio-cervantes-2021.html|title=La uruguaya Cristina Peri Rossi, ganadora del Premio Cervantes 2021 - El Pais|website=elpais.com|date=10 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-10}}</ref> * [[November 11]] ** [[F. W. de Klerk]], the last [[apartheid|apartheid-era]] [[State President of South Africa|President of South Africa]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner, dies at the age of 85.<ref>{{Cite news|title=F.W. de Klerk, South African Nobel Prize winner for opening government, dies at 85|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/fw-deklerk-death-south-africa/2021/11/11/761faa64-8fd4-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html |date=11 November 2021 |first=Glenn |last=Frankel |access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ** [[SpaceX]] launches a third mission, which carried four crewmembers to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beasley |first1=Courtney |last2=Finch |first2=Josh |last3=Schierholz |first3=Stephanie |title=Kayla Barron Joins NASA's SpaceX Crew-3 Mission to Space Station |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/kayla-barron-joins-nasa-s-spacex-crew-3-mission-to-space-station |website=[[NASA]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213719/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/kayla-barron-joins-nasa-s-spacex-crew-3-mission-to-space-station/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=18 May 2021 |quote=...SpaceX Crew-3 mission to the International Space Station, which is targeted to launch as early as Oct. 23. [...] When Barron, Chari, Marshburn, and Maurer arrive at the orbiting laboratory, they will become expedition crew members for the duration of their six-month science mission. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bartels |first1=Meghan |title=NASA, SpaceX target Oct. 23 for Crew-3 astronaut launch |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-nasa-crew-3-astronaut-launch-date |website=[[Space.com]] |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213749/https://www.space.com/spacex-nasa-crew-3-astronaut-launch-date |archive-date=3 June 2021 |date=2 April 2021 |quote=NASA and SpaceX have announced that the pair's autumn mission to send four astronauts to the International Space Station will launch no earlier than Oct. 23. [...] In conjunction with the Oct. 23 launch window for Crew-3, Crew-2 will return to Earth no earlier than Oct. 31, giving the two cohorts about a week of overlap to transition the space station safely to its next residents. }}</ref> * [[November 14]] ** [[Liverpool Women's Hospital bombing|A car bombing]] using a taxi outside a women's hospital in [[Liverpool]], [[England]], kills the bomber and injures the driver.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/liverpool-womens-hospital-three-terror-arrests-after-explosion-kills-one-person-and-injures-another-12468520|title=Liverpool Women's Hospital: Three terror arrests after explosion kills one person and injures another|work=Sky News}}</ref> ** [[Rumen Radev]] is re-elected [[President of Bulgaria]] after winning 49% of the vote.<ref>[https://emerging-europe.com/news/new-anti-corruption-party-breaks-bulgarias-political-deadlock-rumen-radev-set-for-second-term-as-president/ New anti-corruption party breaks Bulgaria’s political deadlock; Rumen Radev set for second term as president]</ref> * [[November 16]] &ndash; [[Russia]] is criticized after doing an [[anti-satellite weapon]] test that creates a cloud of [[space debris]], threatening the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian anti-satellite missile test draws condemnation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59299101|website=BBC News|date=November 16, 2021|access-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 19]] &ndash; The [[November 2021 lunar eclipse|longest]] partial [[lunar eclipse]] in 580 years occurs, visible in northern and western [[Europe]], parts of [[Asia]] and the westernmost parts of [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wright|first=By Molly Wasser and Ernie|title=An Almost Total Lunar Eclipse|url=https://moon.nasa.gov/news/168/an-almost-total-lunar-eclipse|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Moon: NASA Science}}</ref> * [[November 21]] ** [[Abdalla Hamdok]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Sudan]] again after an agreement is made following a [[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état]] that occurred the last month which removed Hamdok from office.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sudan military reinstates PM Hamdok after deal|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-military-reinstate-ousted-pm-hamdok-after-deal-reached-umma-party-head-2021-11-21/|access-date=2021-11-21}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], during a [[Christmas]] [[parade]] in [[Waukesha, Wisconsin]] an [[SUV]] [[2021 Waukesha Christmas Parade attack|broke through barricades]] and killed six people with over 40 others injured.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bauer |first1=Scott |last2=Householder |first2=Mike |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Police: 'Some fatalities' when SUV hits Wisconsin Christmas parade |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/suv-plows-into-parade-waukesha-wisconsin-injured-f8c6a9dcd420bc1f1a732afc7b10943a |access-date=November 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122045615/https://apnews.com/article/suv-plows-into-parade-waukesha-wisconsin-injured-f8c6a9dcd420bc1f1a732afc7b10943a |archive-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> * [[November 23]] ** [[Chun Doo-hwan]], [[South Korea|South Korea's]] 5th [[President of South Korea|President]] and [[dictator|military strongman]] for almost eight years, dies at aged 90.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-south-korean-military-dictator-chun-doo-hwan-dies-90-2021-11-23/|title=Former South Korean military dictator Chun Doo-hwan dies at 90|author=Hyonhee Shin|website=Reuters|date=23 November 2021|language=en|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> ** 45 North Macedonians are [[2021 Bulgaria bus crash|killed in a bus crash]] in [[Pernik Province]], [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite web |title=One More Body Found In Bulgaria Bus Crash|author=AFP-Agence France Presse|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/one-more-body-found-in-bulgaria-bus-crash-01637933408?refsec=afp-news |website=Barron's |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> * [[November 24]] ** [[NASA]] successfully launches the [[Double Asteroid Redirection Test]] as a defense system against [[Near-Earth object]]s.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 November 2021|title=SpaceX ready for first launch with NASA interplanetary mission|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/11/22/spacex-ready-for-first-launch-with-nasa-interplanetary-mission/|access-date=24 November 2021|publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> ** 27 [[illegal immigrant]]s are [[November 2021 English Channel disaster|killed]] in the [[English Channel]] when an [[inflatable boat]] flips over.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death in the Channel, the blame game in the heart of Europe, explained|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/death-in-the-channel-the-blame-game-in-the-heart-of-europe-explained-52014|access-date=25 November 2021|website=[[TRT World]]}}</ref> * [[November 25]] ** [[Nicolae Ciucă]] is elected the 70th [[Prime Minister of Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2021|title=Romanian President Swears In New Government, Declares 'Political Crisis Over'|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-coalition-parliament-approved/31578618.html|access-date=25 November 2021|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125113056/https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-coalition-parliament-approved/31578618.html}}</ref> ** Over 50 people are [[Listvyazhnaya mine disaster|killed in a mining accident]] in [[Kemerovo Oblast]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian coal mine: Dozens killed in Siberia accident |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-59421319 |access-date=25 November 2021 |work=BBC News |date=25 November 2021}}</ref> * [[November 26]] &ndash; The [[World Health Organization]] officially recognizes the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Parekh|first1=Marcus|last2=Platt|first2=Poppie|last3=Team|first3=Global Health Security|last4=Barnes|first4=Joe|date=26 November 2021|title=Coronavirus latest news: EU suspends all flights to southern Africa over omicron Covid variant fears|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/|access-date=26 November 2021|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126081710/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/}}</ref> * [[November 28]] ** Former First Lady [[Xiomara Castro]] is elected the 62nd [[President of Honduras]], becoming the country's first female president.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Díaz |first1=Bastián |title=Xiomara Castro, la izquierdista que se perfila como la primera mujer Presidenta de Honduras |url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-pm/noticia/xiomara-castro-la-izquierdista-que-se-perfila-como-la-primera-mujer-presidenta-de-honduras/5OUIYDF5ORAQRE5KHJIMBHZ7YA/ |website=La Tercera |date=29 November 2021}}</ref> ** Political scientist [[Petr Fiala]] becomes the 13th [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]] after defeating then-current Prime Minister [[Andrej Babiš]].<ref>[https://www.politico.eu/article/czech-prime-minister-petr-fiala-prague-jan-lipavsky/ On Day 1, new Czech prime minister turns west]</ref> * [[November 29]] ** [[Magdalena Andersson]] is elected [[Sweden|Sweden's]] first female [[Prime Minister of Sweden|Prime Minister]] by the [[Riksdag]].<ref>{{cite news|date=30 November 2021|title=Här är alla ministrar i Anderssons regering|url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/anderssons-overraskning-damberg-anderssons-eftertradare|access-date=30 November 2021 |publisher=SVT Nyheter|language=sv|last1=Nyheter|first1=S. V. T.|last2=Ekman|first2=Jonas|last3=Silverberg|first3=Josefin|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130100232/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/anderssons-overraskning-damberg-anderssons-eftertradare}}</ref> ** [[Barbados]] officially becomes a [[republic]] with [[Sandra Mason]] becoming the country's first [[President of Barbados|president]].<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barbados-republic-queen-british-monarchy-b1965574.html?r=29728 How will Barbados move on as the Queen is removed as head of state?]</ref> ===December=== [[File:Ratusan rumah tertimbun abu vulkanik erupsi gunung Semeru.jpg|thumb|180px|On 4 December, [[Mount Semeru]] [[2021 Semeru eruption|erupts]] killing 46 people in [[Indonesia]]]] [[File:Olaf Scholz 2021-12-07 Unterzeichnung des Koalitionsvertrages der 20. Wahlperiode des Bundestages (cropped for ITN) (2).jpg|thumb|180px|On 8 December, [[Olaf Scholz]] replaces [[Angela Merkel]] as the [[Chancellor of Germany]]]] [[File:2021 December Tornado - Samburg, TN (51752439515).jpg|thumb|180px|On 10 December, a [[Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021|tornado outbreak]] in [[Southern United States|southern parts]] of the [[United States]] kills 88 people]] [[File:The James Webb Space Telescope in the Cleanroom at the Launch Site (51603558336) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|On 25 December, the [[James Webb Space Telescope]] is launched into [[space]], replacing the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]]] * [[December 1]] &ndash; The [[2020–21 Indian farmers' protest|farm protests]] in [[India]] end when the country repeal a controversial agricultural act.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59342627 Farm laws: India PM Narendra Modi repeals controversial reforms]</ref> * [[December 4]] ** [[Mount Semeru]] [[2021 Semeru eruption|erupts]] in [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]] killing 46 people and injuring 104 others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Update 8 Desember, 4 Korban Semeru Ditemukan, Total 39 Tewas |url=https://www.medcom.id/nasional/daerah/ob3eOj8K-update-8-desember-4-korban-semeru-ditemukan-total-39-tewas |access-date=8 December 2021 |agency=Medcom.id |date=8 December 2021 |language=id}}</ref> ** [[Adama Barrow]] is re-elected [[President of the Gambia]] winning 53% of the vote.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59542813 Gambia elections: Adama Barrow declared presidential election winner]</ref> ** Fourteen civilians are [[2021 Nagaland killings|killed]] by [[Indian Army|Indian Special Forces]] officials in a failed ambush in [[Nagaland]], [[India]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59544599 Nagaland: Indian state tense after killing of 14 civilians]</ref> * [[December 6]] ** The [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Australia]] announce a diplomatic boycott of the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] in response to China's human rights record.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Finn |first1=Teaganne |title=White House announces diplomatic boycott of Beijing Winter Olympics over human rights concerns |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-announces-diplomatic-boycott-beijing-winter-olympics-over-human-n1285419 |website=NBC News |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: The [[United States]] becomes the first country to pass 50 million COVID-19 cases.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/12/07/covid-omicron-variant-live-updates/ Omicron seems to cause milder illness, Fauci says, as study shows evasion of antibodies - The Washington Post]</ref> ** Former [[State Counsellor of Myanmar]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] is sentenced to prison on charges of causing dissent.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-59544484 Aung San Suu Kyi: Myanmar court sentences ousted leader in widely criticised trial]</ref> ** [[Karl Nehammer]] is sworn-in as the [[Chancellor of Austria]] after [[Alexander Schallenberg]] resigned from the position on 2 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/austria-karl-nehammer-sworn-in-as-new-chancellor/a-60032938|title=Austria: Karl Nehammer sworn in as new chancellor|date=6 December 2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> * [[December 7]] &ndash; A [[Gitega prison fire|prison fire]] kills at least 38 inmates and injures over 69 others in [[Burundi]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59560444 Burundi prison fire kills at least 38 in Gitega]</ref> * [[December 8]] ** [[Olaf Scholz]] replaces [[Angela Merkel]] as the [[Chancellor of Germany]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bennhold|first=Katrin|date=8 December 2021|title=Germany Live Updates: Parliament Approves Scholz as Chancellor, Ending Merkel Era|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/08/world/germany-scholz-merkel|access-date=8 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** Fourteen people are [[2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash|killed in a helicopter crash]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], including General [[Bipin Rawat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2021|title=Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat, wife among 13 killed in chopper crash|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-chopper-crashes-in-tamil-nadu-bipin-rawat-was-reportedly-on-board/articleshow/88161974.cms |access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[December 9]] &ndash; At least 54 illegal immigrants are killed when the truck in which they are being smuggled [[Chiapas truck crash|crashes]] in [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]].<ref>[https://bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-59603801 Mexico truck crash: At least 54 people killed as trailer overturns]</ref> * [[December 10]] &ndash; In the [[United States]], a [[Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021|tornado outbreak]] in the country's [[Southern United States|Southern States]] and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]] regions kills at least 88 people.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59620091 More than 70 killed in Kentucky's worst ever tornadoes]</ref> * [[December 12]] ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: [[Russia]] becomes the fifth country to pass 10 million COVID-19 cases after the [[United States]], [[India]], [[Brazil]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/russia-registered-covid-19-cases-10-million-2374866 | title=Russia's registered COVID-19 cases surpass 10 million | access-date=2021-12-24 | archive-date=2022-03-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305085605/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/russia-registered-covid-19-cases-10-million-2374866 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[New Caledonia]] rejects independence from [[France]] in a [[referendum]] vote by 96.5%.<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211212-new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-in-referendum-boycotted-by-separatist-camp-partial-results ‘Tonight France is more beautiful’: Macron hails New Caledonia’s rejection of independence]</ref> * [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Kiril Petkov (politician)|Kiril Petkov]] is elected the 56th [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-13|title=Bulgarian parliament backs Kiril Petkov as PM|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/bulgaria-parliament-kiril-petkov-prime-minister/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=POLITICO|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[December 14]] ** A [[Cap-Haïtien fuel tanker explosion|fuel tanker explosion]] kills over 60 people and injured over 100 others in [[Cap-Haïtien]], [[Haiti]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-59650802 Haiti fuel tanker blast kills dozens in Cap-Haïtien]</ref> ** [[December 2021 Malaysian floods|Floods]] in [[Malaysia]] kills at least 37 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/12/23/two-more-deaths-in-pahang-today-bring-number-of-dead-in-malaysias-floods-to/2030671|newspaper=Bernama|via=The Malay Mail|date=23 December 2021|access-date=24 December 2021|title=Two more deaths in Pahang today bring number of dead in Malaysia's floods to 39}}</ref> * [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Siaosi Sovaleni]] is elected the 18th [[Prime Minister of Tonga]], replacing [[Pohiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2021/12/mps-choose-siaosi-sovaleni-as-new-prime-minister/ |title=MPs choose Siaosi Sovaleni as new prime minister |publisher=Kaniva Tonga |date=15 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215024900/https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2021/12/mps-choose-siaosi-sovaleni-as-new-prime-minister/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[December 17]] ** A [[2021 Osaka building fire|building fire]] caused by a suspected [[arson]]ist in [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] kills 25 people and injures three others.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiyoshi |last1=Takenaka |date=17 December 2021 |title=At least 27 people feared dead in blaze at clinic in Japan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/fire-osaka-japan-leaves-27-critical-condition-fire-dept-2021-12-17/ |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref> ** [[Typhoon Rai]] kills at least 200 people in the southern part of [[the Philippines]] and one person near [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/internacional/2021/12/19/interna_internacional,1332473/sobe-para-208-o-numero-de-mortos-pelo-tufao-rai-nas-filipinas.shtml|date=19 December 2021|access-date=20 December 2021|language=PT-BR|website=Estado de Minas|title=Sobe para 208 o número de mortos pelo tufão Rai nas Filipinas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vov.vn/xa-hoi/tin-24h/bao-so-9-lam-1-nguoi-chet-gay-thiet-hai-nhieu-tai-san-tren-mot-so-dao-post912849.vov|title=Bão số 9 làm 1 người chết, gây thiệt hại nhiều tài sản trên một số đảo|date=19 December 2021 }}</ref> * [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Gabriel Boric]] is elected the 36th [[President of Chile]], defeating [[José Antonio Kast]] in the [[2021 Chilean general election|run-off general election]] with a 55.87% to 44.13% margin.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/world/americas/chile-president-election.html Gabriel Boric, a Former Student Activist, Is Elected Chile’s Youngest President]</ref> * [[December 20]] &ndash; At least 64 people are killed and 24 others are missing in a [[2021 Madagascar shipwreck|shipwreck]] off the northeast coast of [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Madagascar shipwreck death toll rises to 64 |url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/12/22/madagascar-shipwreck-death-toll-rises-to-64 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=EWN |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 24]] &ndash; At least 39 people are killed and over 70 others injured in a [[2021 Bangladesh ferry fire|ferry fire]] in [[Jhalokati District|Jhalokati]], [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-24|title=Massive ferry fire kills at least 39 in southern Bangladesh|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-fires-bangladesh-accidents-transportation-5de3d1febf5858ab029cf2041e15b695|access-date=2021-12-24|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> * [[December 25]] &ndash; The [[James Webb Space Telescope]], a replacement for the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] is launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-new-james-webb-space-telescope-target-launch-date/#:~:text=NASA%20now%20is%20targeting%20Oct,as%20well%20as%20technical%20challenges.&text=Previously%2C%20Webb%20was%20targeted%20to%20launch%20in%20March%202021.|title=NASA Announces New James Webb Space Telescope Target Launch Date|website=NASA|access-date=December 31, 2020|date=July 17, 2020}}</ref> * [[December 26]] &ndash; [[Nobel Peace Prize]]-winning [[South Africa]]n [[archbishop]] and anti-[[apartheid]] activist [[Desmond Tutu]] dies at aged 90.<ref>{{cite news |title=South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Tutu dies aged 90 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-archbishop-desmond-tutu-dies-aged-90-2021-12-26/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |work=Reuters |date=26 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 28]] &ndash; In [[cricket]], [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins [[The Ashes]] after winning the first three Tests against [[England]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stocks |first1=Chris |title='A painful annihilation': Australia skittle England for just 68 to seal the Ashes |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/cricket/ashes-latest-news-3rd-test-day-3-review-australia-vs-england-score-what-happened-today-1372484 |website=i |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=en |date=28 December 2021}}</ref> * [[December 29]] ** The [[Supreme Court of Russia]] orders the closure of [[Memorial (society)|Memorial]], [[Russia]]'s oldest human rights group, for violations of the country's foreign agent law.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/29/europe/memorial-human-right-moscow-court-intl/index.html Russian court shuts down Memorial Human Rights Center, day after sister group ordered closed]</ref> ** [[Jeffrey Epstein]]'s former associate, [[socialite]] [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] is found guilty of [[sex trafficking]] of a child and three counts of [[Conspiracy (criminal)|conspiracy]] for transporting minors for sexual activities.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/29/us/ghislaine-maxwell-trial-wednesday/index.html Jury finds Ghislaine Maxwell guilty of sex trafficking a minor for Jeffrey Epstein and four other charges]</ref> ** Pro-democratic news website ''[[Stand News]]'' closes down after its staff are arrested by [[Hong Kong]] police officials for [[sedition]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong's Stand News deletes website and wipes social media; ex-staff to appear in court as watchdogs decry raid |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2021/12/30/hong-kongs-stand-news-deletes-website-and-wipes-social-media-ex-staff-to-appear-in-court-as-watchdogs-decry-raid/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=30 December 2021}}</ref> * [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Americans|American]] actress and comedian [[Betty White]] dies at aged 99.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=December 31, 2021|title=Betty White Dies: The Golden Girls and Mary Tyler Moore Show Star Was 99|url=https://people.com/tv/betty-white-the-golden-girls-and-hot-in-cleveland-star-dead-at-99/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=PEOPLE.com|language=en|archive-date=December 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231213540/https://people.com/tv/betty-white-the-golden-girls-and-hot-in-cleveland-star-dead-at-99/}}</ref> == Births == * [[March 26]] – [[Prince Julian, Duke of Halland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement from the Marshal of the Realm|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.3d544ca01784aaa522d334f.html|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326185406/https://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/latestnews/latestnews/announcementfromhethemarshaloftherealm.5.3d544ca01784aaa522d334f.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 4]] – [[Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/harry-and-meghan-announce-birth-of-baby-daughter-with-name-to-honour-queen-and-diana-12326401|title=Harry and Meghan announce birth of baby daughter - with name to honour Queen and Diana|website=Sky News|date=6 June 2021|accessdate=6 June 2021}}</ref> == Deaths == {{Further|Category:2021 deaths}} <!-- Only people who have significant international notability should be listed. --> === January === {{main|Deaths in January 2021}} [[File:Day 3 of the WTO's Ministerial Conference, Bali, 3 December 2013 (11221157524) (headshot 2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Modibo Keita (born 1942)|Modibo Keita]]]] [[File:Martinus Veltman (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Martinus J. G. Veltman]]]] [[File:Phil Spector 2000 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Phil Spector]]]] [[File:Cloris Leachman 1970 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Cloris Leachman]]]] * [[January 1]] – Dame [[Elmira Minita Gordon]], 1st [[Governor-General of Belize]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Humes |first1=Aaron |title=Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, trailblazing educator and first Governor-General, dead at 90 |url=https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2021/01/02/dame-elmira-minita-gordon-trailblazing-educator-and-first-governor-general-dead-at-90/ |website=BreakingBelizeNews.com |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 2]] ** [[Modibo Keita (born 1942)|Modibo Keita]], 8th [[List of prime ministers of Mali|Prime Minister of Mali]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rédaction Africanews |title=Ex-Malian PM Modibo Keïta dies at 78 |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/01/02/ex-malian-pm-modibo-keita-dies-at-78/ |website=[[Africanews]] |date=2 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Michael McKevitt]], [[Irish republican]] paramilitary leader (b. [[1949]])<ref>[https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/former-real-ira-leader-michael-mckevitt-dies-following-illness-39923969.html Former Real IRA leader Michael McKevitt dies following illness] Belfast Telegraph, 2021-01-02</ref> * [[January 3]] – [[Gerry Marsden]], English musician (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Rhian |title=Gerry Marsden of Gerry And The Pacemakers has died |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/gerry-marsden-of-gerry-and-the-pacemakers-has-died-2847557 |website=NME |date=3 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 4]] ** [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], Dutch Nobel theoretical physicist (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClain |first1=Dylan Loeb |title=Martinus Veltman, Who Made Key Contribution in Physics, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/science/martinus-veltman-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/science/martinus-veltman-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |date=18 January 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Albert Roux]], French chef and restaurateur (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Albert Roux: Chef and culinary 'legend' dies aged 85 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55559343 |website=BBC News |date=6 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 5]] – [[Colin Bell (footballer, born 1946)|Colin Bell]], English footballer (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pollard |first1=Rob |title=Colin Bell: 1946-2021 |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/colin-bell-khaldoon-al-mubarak-63745469 |website=[[Manchester City F.C.]] |date=5 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 7]] – [[Michael Apted]], English filmmaker (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Mike |title=Michael Apted Dead: 'Coal Miner's Daughter' Director, 'Seven Up' Documentarian Was 79 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/michael-apted-dead-coal-miners-daughter-director-seven-up-documentarian-was-79-1292671 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=8 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 11]] ** [[Sheldon Adelson]], American businessman and casino magnate (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Andy |last2=Dunham |first2=Will |title=Las Vegas casino magnate, U.S. Republican donor Sheldon Adelson dies |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-adelson/las-vegas-casino-magnate-republican-donor-sheldon-adelson-dies-idUSKBN29H1PE |work=Reuters |date=13 January 2021}}</ref> ** [[Kathleen Heddle]], Canadian Olympic rower (b. [[1965]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Dan|date=14 January 2021|title=Canadian rower and Olympic champion Kathleen Heddle dies|url=https://torontosun.com/sports/olympics/canadian-rower-and-olympic-champion-kathleen-heddle-dies|access-date=17 January 2021|newspaper=Toronto Sun}}</ref> * [[January 13]] – [[Siegfried Fischbacher]], German-born American magician (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Magier Siegfried Fischbacher ist tot |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/siegfried-fischbacher-magier-des-duos-siegfried-und-roy-ist-tot-a-d1f295c8-4ee4-48a8-b737-de0add492f5c |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=14 January 2021 |language=de}}</ref> * [[January 16]] – [[Phil Spector]], American record producer and convicted murderer (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Phil Spector, music producer and convicted murderer, dies aged 81 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-18/phil-spector-music-producer-dead-aged-81/13065684 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=17 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 18]] – [[Jean-Pierre Bacri]], Algerian-born French actor (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franceinter.fr/culture/jean-pierre-bacri-est-mort|title=Jean-Pierre Bacri est mort|first=Xavier|last=Demagny|date=18 January 2021|website=www.franceinter.fr}}</ref> * [[January 20]] - [[Justin Lekhanya]], [[List of prime ministers of Lesotho|Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho]] (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2021 |title=Major General Lekhanya is remembered |url=https://www.maserumetro.com/news/news/major-general-lekhanya-is-remembered/ |website=Maseru Metro News}}</ref> * [[January 23]] – [[Hal Holbrook]], American actor (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/hal-holbrook-dead-dies-emmy-tony-winning-actor-mark-twain-1234898102/|title=Hal Holbrook, Emmy and Tony-Winning Actor Who Portrayed Mark Twain, Dies at 95|first1=Carmel|last1=Dagan|date=2 February 2021}}</ref> * [[January 27]] ** [[Cloris Leachman]], American actress (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/01/27/cloris-leachman-dead-legendary-actress-dies-aged-94-13977643/|title=Oscar-winning actress Cloris Leachman dies aged 94|date=27 January 2021 |website=metro.co.uk}}</ref> ** [[Mehrdad Minavand]], Iranian footballer and manager (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Iran and Persepolis midfielder Minavand dies |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/457471/Former-Iran-and-Persepolis-midfielder-Minavand-dies |access-date=27 January 2021 |work=Tehran Times |date=27 January 2021}}</ref> * [[January 28]] ** [[Paul J. Crutzen]], Dutch Nobel atmospheric chemist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-germany-nobel-prizes-chemistry-climate-change-08f60dca0a3301b31c2c80b1213a1b79|title=Paul Crutzen, who shared Nobel for ozone work, has died|date=28 January 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> ** [[Vasily Lanovoy]], Soviet and Russian actor (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title="Образец гражданского мужества". Каким запомнился Василий Лановой|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/10574547|access-date=29 January 2021|website=TASS|language=ru}}</ref> ** [[Cicely Tyson]], American actress (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.startribune.com/cicely-tyson-purposeful-and-pioneering-actor-dead-at-96/600016290/|title=Cicely Tyson, purposeful and pioneering actor, dead at 96|website=Star Tribune|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217112725/https://www.startribune.com/cicely-tyson-purposeful-and-pioneering-actor-dead-at-96/600016290/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[January 29]] - [[Hilton Valentine]], English guitarist (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abkco.com/news-feed/remembering-hilton-valentine/|title=Remembering Hilton Valentine|access-date=3 March 2021|website=ABKCO Records}}</ref> === February === {{main|Deaths in February 2021}} [[File:Christopher Plummer 1964.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Christopher Plummer]]]] [[File:Mary Wilson (10695844926).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]]]] [[File:Menem con banda presidencial-edit.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carlos Menem]]]] [[File:Sir Michael Somare - 2009.jpg|thumb|100px|Sir [[Michael Somare]]]] * [[February 1]] – [[Edward Babiuch]], 5th [[Prime Minister of Poland|Prime Minister of the Polish People's Republic]] (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wydarzenia.interia.pl/polska/news-nie-zyje-byly-premier-edward-babiuch,nId,5027343|title=Nie żyje były premier|website=wydarzenia.interia.pl}}</ref> * [[February 2]] – [[Fausta Morganti]], [[Captains Regent|Captain Regent of San Marino]] (b. [[1944]])<ref>[https://www.corriereromagna.it/addio-a-fausta-morganti-bandiera-della-sinistra-sammarinese/ Addio a Fausta Morganti, bandiera della sinistra sammarinese] Corriereromagna.it</ref> * [[February 3]] – [[Tony Trabert]], American tennis player and commentator (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/news/tony-trabert-obituary-2021|title=Tony Trabert, Top Amateur Star, TV Commentator, Ambassador, Dies Aged 90 - Obituary &#124; ATP Tour &#124; Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> * [[February 4]] – [[Millie Hughes-Fulford]], American astronaut and molecular biologist (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-020421a-millie-hughes-fulford-payload-specialist-obituary.html|title=Millie Hughes-Fulford, NASA's first female payload specialist in space, dies at 75 &#124; collectSPACE|website=collectSPACE.com}}</ref> * [[February 5]] ** [[Christopher Plummer]], Canadian actor (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/christopher-plummer-dead-sound-of-music-1234901760/|title=Christopher Plummer, Oscar Winner and 'Sound of Music' Star, Dies at 91|first1=Richard|last1=Natale|date=5 February 2021|website=Variety}}</ref> ** [[Leon Spinks]], American professional boxer (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/06/us/leon-spinks-dead-boxer/index.html|title=Leon Spinks, former heavyweight champ who beat Muhammad Ali, dead at 67|website=CNN.com|date=February 7, 2021 }}</ref> * [[February 6]] – [[George Shultz]], American politician, diplomat and economist (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/obituaries/george-p-shultz-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/obituaries/george-p-shultz-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=George P. Shultz, Top Cabinet Official Under Nixon and Reagan, Dies at 100|first=Tim|last=Weiner|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 February 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[February 7]] – [[Giuseppe Rotunno]], Italian cinematographer (b. [[1923]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/cinema/2021/02/07/news/morto_peppino_rotunno_il_maestro_della_fotografia-286445283/|title=È morto Peppino Rotunno, il maestro della fotografia di Visconti e Fellini|date=7 February 2021|website=la Repubblica}}</ref> * [[February 8]] ** [[Jean-Claude Carrière]], French novelist and screenwriter (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/jean-claude-carriere-dead-unbearable-lightness-of-being-1234903570/|title=Jean-Claude Carriere, 'Unbearable Lightness of Being' Screenwriter, Dies at 89|first1=Pat|last1=Saperstein|date=8 February 2021}}</ref> ** [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], American singer (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/mary-wilson-dead-supremes-singer-original-member-1234903764/|title=Mary Wilson, Co-Founder of the Supremes, Dies at 76|first1=Chris|last1=Morris|date=9 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 9]] – [[Chick Corea]], American jazz keyboardist (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chick-corea-obit-1127283/|title = Chick Corea, Jazz Pianist Who Expanded the Possibilities of the Genre, Dead at 79|work = [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|last = Shteamer|first = Hank|date = 11 February 2021|access-date = 11 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 11]] – [[Isadore Singer]], American mathematician (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://math.mit.edu/index.php|title=MIT Mathematics|website=math.mit.edu}}</ref> * [[February 12]] – [[Milford Graves]], American jazz drummer, percussionist, and free jazz pioneer (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/influential-jazz-drummer-milford-graves-has-passed-away-at-79-2879307|title=Influential jazz drummer Milford Graves has passed away at 79|website=[[NME]]|date=13 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 13]] – [[Yury Vlasov]], Soviet and Russian weightlifter and writer (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iz.ru/1124422/2021-02-13/umer-olimpiiskii-chempion-po-tiazheloi-atletike-iurii-vlasov|title=Умер олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике Юрий Власов|first=Юлия|last=Дульцева|date=13 February 2021|website=Известия}}</ref> * [[February 14]] – [[Carlos Menem]], 44th [[President of Argentina]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/flamboyant-argentine-president-carlos-menem-dies-75890736|title=Flamboyant former Argentine President Carlos Menem dies|website=ABC News}}</ref> * [[February 15]] – [[Leopoldo Luque]], Argentine footballer (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.losandes.com.ar/mas-deportes/murio-por-coronavirus-el-campeon-mundial-leopoldo-jacinto-luque|title=Murió Leopoldo Jacinto Luque: estaba internado por coronavirus en Mendoza &#124; + Deportes|website=Los Andes}}</ref> * [[February 16]] ** [[Bernard Lown]], Lithuanian-American Nobel cardiologist and inventor (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/02/cardiologist-nobel-laureate-bernard-lown-dies-at-99.|title=Bernard Lown, renowned cardiologist, dies at 99|website=news.harvard.edu|date=19 February 2021}}</ref> ** [[Joan Margarit]], Spanish poet (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cultura/literatura/2021/02/16/6029735ffdddff10888b467d.html|title=Muere Joan Margarit, poeta contra la desmemoria|date=16 February 2021|website=ELMUNDO}}</ref> ** [[Gustavo Noboa]], 42nd [[President of Ecuador]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/ecuador/murio-el-expresidente-gustavo-noboa-nota/|title=Murió el expresidente Gustavo Noboa|date=16 February 2021|website=El Universo}}</ref> * [[February 17]] – [[Rush Limbaugh]], American radio personality (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite news|title=Talk Show Host Rush Limbaugh, A Conservative Lodestar, Dies At 70|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/17/926491419/talk-show-host-rush-limbaugh-a-conservative-lodestar-dies-at-70|access-date=18 February 2021|website=NPR.org}}</ref> * [[February 18]] – [[Andrey Myagkov]], Soviet and Russian actor (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Немаленький человек Умер Андрей Мягков — один из главных актеров Эльдара Рязанова, который был крупнее и сложнее многих своих персонажей|url=https://meduza.io/feature/2021/02/18/nemalenkiy-chelovek|access-date=18 February 2021|website=meduza.io|language=ru}}</ref> * [[February 19]] – [[Đorđe Balašević]], Serbian recording artist and singer-songwriter (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nezavisne.com/kultura/muzika/Mediji-Preminuo-Djordje-Balasevic/647289|title=Preminuo Đorđe Balašević|date=19 February 2021|website=Nezavisne novine}}</ref> * [[February 21]] – [[Zlatko Saračević]], Croatian handball player and coach (b. [[1961]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/umro-je-zlatko-saracevic/2256071.aspx|title=Umro je Zlatko Saračević|work=Index.hr|access-date=22 February 2021|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Handball/Actualites/Le-croate-zlatko-saracevic-emblematique-joueur-puis-entraineur-est-mort/1225818|title=Le Croate Zlatko Saracevic, emblématique joueur puis entraîneur, est mort|work=L'Équipe|access-date=22 February 2021|language=fr}}</ref> * [[February 22]] – [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]], American poet and publisher (b. [[1919]])<ref name="WaPoObit">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/lawrence-ferlinghetti-dead/2021/02/23/37b2a134-edd5-11df-abf5-a1622994c5f5_story.html |title=Lawrence Ferlinghetti, literary citadel of San Francisco, dies at 101 |date=23 February 2021 |last=Brown |first=Emma |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> * [[February 23]] – [[Fausto Gresini]], Italian motorcycle racer and team manager (b. [[1961]])<ref>[https://www.gazzetta.it/Moto/moto-GP/23-02-2021/team-conferma-morte-gresini-ci-ha-lasciato-400927371240.shtml Il team annuncia: Fausto Gresini ci ha lasciato], ''Gazzetta dello Sport''</ref> * [[February 24]] ** [[Philippe Jaccottet]], Swiss poet and translator (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdg.ch/le-poete-philippe-jaccottet-est-decede-378337427870|title=Carnet noir – Le poète Philippe Jaccottet est décédé|website=Tribune de Genève|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[N'Singa Udjuu]], [[First State Commissioner of Zaire]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalcongo.net/article-en/6038d81c620526001716eae4/|title=Digitalcongo.net &#124; Le gouvernement prépare des obsèques dignes en vue d'honorer Nsinga Udjuu|website=www.digitalcongo.net|access-date=2023-07-02|archive-date=2023-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209104126/https://www.digitalcongo.net/article-en/6038d81c620526001716eae4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[February 25]] ** [[Hannu Mikkola]], Finnish rally driver (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://racer.com/2021/02/27/rally-legend-hannu-mikkola-dies-at-78/|title=Rally legend Hannu Mikkola dies at 78|date=27 February 2021}}</ref> ** [[Michael Somare|Sir Michael Somare]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-26/sir-michael-somare-first-prime-minister-png-dies/13181256|title='Father of the nation': Former Papua New Guinea prime minister Sir Michael Somare dies at 84|date=25 February 2021|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=3 March 2021|last1=Harriman|first1=Bethanie}}</ref> === March === {{main|Deaths in March 2021}} [[File:BunnyWailer-Istandpredominate.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Bunny Wailer]]]] [[File:Ir. L.F. Ottens, 2007 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Lou Ottens]]]] [[File:John Magufuli 2015.png|thumb|100px|[[John Magufuli]]]] [[File:Nawal El Saadawi, April 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nawal El Saadawi]]]] [[File:Didier Ratsiraka 1997 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Didier Ratsiraka]]]] * [[March 1]] ** [[Zlatko Kranjčar]], Croatian football player and manager (b. [[1956]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/international-soccer-zagreb-austria-croatia-soccer-5dccc2cf33e15028eb10f19a1b03183b|title=Zlatko Kranjcar, former Croatia national team coach, dies|agency=Associated Press|date=1 March 2021|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ian St John]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/ian-st-john-liverpool-breaking-19944559|title=Liverpool legend Ian St John has died aged 82|first=Ian|last=Doyle|date=2 March 2021|website=Liverpool Echo|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 2]] ** [[Chris Barber]], English jazz musician (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jazzwise.com/news/article/chris-barber-17-april-1930-2-march-2021|title=Chris Barber (17 April 1930 - 2 March 2021)|website=Jazzwise|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Bunny Wailer]], Jamaican reggae singer and songwriter (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56256885|title=Bunny Wailer: Reggae legend who found fame with Bob Marley dies, aged 73|work=BBC News|date=2 March 2021|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 6]] – [[Lou Ottens]], Dutch inventor (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56355444|title=Audio cassette tape inventor Lou Ottens dies aged 94|work=BBC News|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 9]] ** [[James Levine]], American conductor and pianist (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/3/17/22335912/james-levine-dead-former-met-opera-conductor-sexual-misconduct-allegations|title=Former Met Opera and Ravinia conductor James Levine dead at 77|agency=Associated Press|date=17 March 2021|website=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref> ** [[John Polkinghorne]], English theoretical physicist and Anglican priest (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://queens.shorthandstories.com/college-announcement-john-polkinghorne/|title=College Announcement|date=10 March 2021|publisher=[[Queens' College, Cambridge]]|access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 10]] ** [[Hamed Bakayoko]], 11th [[Prime Minister of Ivory Coast]] (b. [[1965]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ivorycoast-bakayoko-idUSKBN2B22KQ|title=Ivory Coast Prime Minister Hamed Bakayoko dies in Germany at 56|first=Ange|last=Aboa|newspaper=Reuters|date=10 March 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]], 4th [[President of Somalia]] (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citizentv.co.ke/news/former-somali-president-ali-mahdi-dies-in-nairobi-8021264/|title=Former Somali president Ali Mahdi dies in Nairobi|website=Citizentv.co.ke|date=10 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Manuel Saturnino da Costa]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/morreu-ex-primeiro-ministro-guineense-manuel-saturnino-da-costa/a-56828954|title=Morreu ex-primeiro-ministro guineense Manuel Saturnino da Costa &#124; DW &#124; 10.03.2021|website=DW.COM}}</ref> * [[March 12]] – [[Goodwill Zwelithini]], king of the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] nation (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56370621|title=Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini dies in South Africa aged 72|work=BBC News|date=12 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 13]] ** [[Marvelous Marvin Hagler]], American boxer (b. [[1954]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Boxer Marvelous Marvin Hagler dead at 66, wife says |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/ny-marvin-hagler-death-20210314-gtw5ios2fnbj5i7kepp7ubk6ia-story.html |access-date=March 14, 2021 |work=New York Daily News |date=March 13, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Murray Walker]], British motor racing commentator (b. [[1923]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/56388596|title=Murray Walker: Formula 1 broadcasting legend dies at 97|publisher=BBC|date=13 March 2021|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 16]] ** [[Moudud Ahmed]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/132895/bnp-leader-moudud-dies|title=BNP leader Moudud dies|work=New Age}}</ref> ** [[Sabine Schmitz]], German motor racer and television presenter (b. [[1969]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/17/sabine-schmitz-former-racing-driver-and-top-gear-presenter-dies-aged-51|title=Sabine Schmitz, former racing driver and Top Gear presenter, dies aged 51|first=P. A.|last=Media|date=17 March 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[March 17]] – [[John Magufuli]], 5th [[President of Tanzania]] (b. [[1959]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/world/africa/tanzania-president-magufuli-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/world/africa/tanzania-president-magufuli-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=John Magufuli, Tanzania Leader Who Played Down Covid, Dies at 61|first=Abdi Latif|last=Dahir|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[March 20]] – [[Peter Lorimer]], Scottish international footballer (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56234156|title= Peter Lorimer: Leeds United's record goalscorer dies aged 74|website=[[BBC UK]]|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 21]] ** [[Nawal El Saadawi]], Egyptian feminist writer (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/03/21/pioneering-egyptian-feminist-nawal-el-saadawi-dies-aged-89/|title=Pioneering Egyptian Feminist Nawal El Saadawi Dies Aged 89 &#124; Egyptian Streets|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> ** [[Adam Zagajewski]], Polish poet, essayist and translator (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,26905429,zmarl-wybitny-poeta-i-eseista-adam-zagajewski.html?disableRedirects=true|title=Zmarł wybitny poeta i eseista Adam Zagajewski|website=krakow.wyborcza.pl|language=pl|date=21 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 22]] – [[John Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute|Johnny Dumfries]], Scottish peer and racing driver (b. [[1958]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-24|title=Johnny Dumfries obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/24/johnny-dumfries-obituary|access-date=2021-03-31|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[March 23]] – [[George Segal]], American actor (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/george-segal-dead-the-goldbergs-1234720483/|title=George Segal Dies: Oscar-Nominated Actor & 'The Goldbergs' Star Was 87|first1=Nellie Andreeva,Erik|last1=Pedersen|first2=Nellie|last2=Andreeva|first3=Erik|last3=Pedersen|date=24 March 2021|website=Deadline}}</ref> * [[March 24]] – [[Jessica Walter]], American actress (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/jessica-walter-dead-actress-arrested-development-1234721873/|title=Jessica Walter Dies: Emmy-Winning 'Arrested Development', 'Archer' Actress Was 80|first1=Tom|last1=Tapp|date=25 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 25]] ** [[Beverly Cleary]], American author (b. [[1916]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-03-26/beverly-cleary-childrens-author-obituary|title=Beverly Cleary, popular children's book author who wrote 'Henry Huggins' and 'Beezus and Ramona,' has died|date=26 March 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ** [[Larry McMurtry]], American author (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/26/books/larry-mcmurtry-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/26/books/larry-mcmurtry-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=Larry McMurtry, Novelist of the American West, Dies at 84|first=Dwight|last=Garner|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 March 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Bertrand Tavernier]], French film director and actor (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/bertrand-tavernier-dead-1234721636/|title=Bertrand Tavernier Dies: Legendary French Filmmaker Was 79|first1=Nancy|last1=Tartaglione|date=25 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 28]] – [[Didier Ratsiraka]], 3rd [[President of Madagascar]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1144858/politique/madagascar-lancien-president-didier-ratsiraka-est-mort/|title=Madagascar : l'ancien président Didier Ratsiraka est mort – Jeune Afrique|date=28 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 29]] – [[Bashkim Fino]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Albania]] (b. [[1962]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Socialist MP, Fino Dies of Covid-19 |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/socialist-mp-fino-dies-of-covid-19 |website=Albania Daily News |access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref> * [[March 31]] – [[Kamal Ganzouri]], 46th [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/100361/Former-Egyptian-PM-Kamal-al-Ganzouri-dies-aged-88|title=Former Egyptian PM Kamal al-Ganzouri dies aged 88|date=31 March 2021|website=EgyptToday}}</ref> === April === {{main|Deaths in April 2021}} [[File:Duke of Edinburgh 33 Allan Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]]] [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Idriss Déby]]]] [[File:Michael Collins (S69-31742, restoration) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]]] * [[April 1]] – [[Isamu Akasaki]], Japanese Nobel physicist (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021040200887/|title=Nobel-Winning Scientist Isamu Akasaki Dies at 92|date=2 April 2021|website=nippon.com|access-date=3 April 2021|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402143131/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2021040200887/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[April 2]] – [[Christian Tumi]], Cameroonian cardinal (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1148608/politique/cameroun-deces-de-christian-tumi-premier-cardinal-dafrique-centrale/|title=Décès de Christian Tumi, premier cardinal camerounais – Jeune Afrique|date=3 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 4]] – [[Robert Mundell]], Canadian Nobel economist (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/briandomitrovic/2021/04/04/the-zeus-of-economics-has-died/|title=The Zeus Of Economics Has Died|first=Brian|last=Domitrovic|website=Forbes}}</ref> * [[April 5]] – [[Marshall Sahlins]], American anthropologist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/marshall-sahlins-obituary?pid=198279715|title=Marshall Sahlins Obituary (1930 - 2021) Chicago Tribune|website=Legacy.com}}</ref> * [[April 6]] – [[Hans Küng]], Swiss Catholic priest, theologian and author (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/hans-kueng-theologe-im-alter-von-93-jahren-gestorben-a-58a63785-ba1f-44f0-a78b-7185dbd66171|title=Theologe Hans Küng im Alter von 93 Jahren gestorben|first=DER|last=SPIEGEL|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=6 April 2021}}</ref> * [[April 9]] ** [[DMX]], American rapper, songwriter and actor (b. [[1970]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberto|first=Melissa|date=2021-04-09|title=Iconic rapper DMX dead at 50, family says|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/rapper-dmx-dead|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Fox News}}</ref> ** [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 April 2021|title=Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, dead at 99|work=[[7 News]]|url=https://7news.com.au/entertainment/prince-philip/prince-philip-duke-of-edinburgh-dead-at-99-c-157619}}</ref> * [[April 14]] ** [[Yıldırım Akbulut]], 20th [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/former-turkish-parliament-speaker-pm-akbulut-passes-away-at-86/news|title=Former Turkish Parliament speaker, PM Akbulut passes away at 86|first=DAILY|last=SABAH|date=14 April 2021|website=Daily Sabah}}</ref> ** [[Bernie Madoff]], American investment advisor, financier and convicted fraudster (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/ap-source-ponzi-schemer-bernie-madoff-dies-in-prison/|title=Ponzi schemer Bernie Madoff dies in prison at 82|date=14 April 2021|website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> * [[April 16]] ** [[Charles Geschke]], American businessman and computer scientist (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hagerty|first=James R.|date=2021-04-18|title=Adobe Co-Founder Charles Geschke, Pioneer of Desktop Publishing and PDFs, Dies at Age 81|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/adobe-co-founder-charles-geschke-pioneer-of-desktop-publishing-and-pdfs-dies-at-age-81-11618765264|access-date=2021-04-20|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> ** [[Andrew Peacock]], Australian politician (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|author=Guardian Staff|date=2021-04-16|title=Andrew Peacock, former Liberal party leader and Australian foreign affairs minister, dies aged 82|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/apr/16/andrew-peacock-former-liberal-party-leader-and-australian-foreign-minister-dies-aged-82|access-date=2021-04-20|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[April 19]] ** [[Walter Mondale]], 42nd [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/19/politics/walter-mondale-dead/index.html|title=Walter 'Fritz' Mondale, former vice president under Jimmy Carter, dead at 93|author=Devan Cole|website=CNN|date=April 20, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Jim Steinman]], American rock lyricist and composer (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2021/04/20/rock-legend-jim-steinman-dead-dies-meat-loaf/|title=Rock Legend Jim Steinman Dead at 73|website=TMZ}}</ref> ** [[Willy van der Kuijlen]], Dutch footballer (b. [[1946]])<ref>[https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/psv-icoon-willy-van-der-kuijlen-74-overleden-br~a4b468ff/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.nl%2F PSV-icoon Willy van der Kuijlen (74) overleden] - AD {{in lang|nl}}</ref> * [[April 20]] – [[Idriss Déby]], 6th [[President of Chad]] (b. [[1952]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-president-idriss-deby-has-died-says-army-spokesman-2021-04-20/|title=Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over|date=20 April 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref> * [[April 23]] – [[Milva]], Italian singer and actress (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porro|first=Maurizio|date=2021-04-24|title=Morta Milva, la "Rossa" della canzone italiana aveva 81 anni|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/21_aprile_24/morta-milva-cantante-aveva-81-anni-5309f0c6-a4cd-11eb-b217-273add3a391e.shtml|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it}}</ref> * [[April 24]] – [[Christa Ludwig]], German mezzo-soprano (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tt.com/artikel/30790137/opernlegende-christa-ludwig-verstarb-mit-93-jahren|title=Opernlegende Christa Ludwig verstarb mit 93 Jahren|first=M.|last=Rehfeld|date=25 April 2021|website=Tiroler Tageszeitung Online}}</ref> * [[April 26]] – [[Tamara Press]], Soviet Olympic shot put and discus thrower (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stadium.ru/news/26-04-2021-na-84-m-godu-ushla-iz-jizni-olimpiiskaya-chempionka-tamara-press|title=Ушла из жизни олимпийская чемпионка Тамара Пресс &#124; Новости &#124; Российский Стадион - информационное агентство|website=stadium.ru}}</ref> * [[April 28]] ** [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], American astronaut (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/28/509599284/forgotten-astronaut-michael-collins-dies|title=Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins Dies|website=NPR.org}}</ref> ** [[Federico Salas]], 136th [[Prime Minister of Peru]] (b. [[1950]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/fallecio-el-ex-primer-ministro-federico-salas-guevara-a-los-70-anos-alberto-fujimori-nndc-noticia/|title=Falleció el ex primer ministro Federico Salas-Guevara a los 70 años &#124; Alberto Fujimori &#124; nndc &#124; POLITICA|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|last=PERÚ|date=28 April 2021|website=El Comercio Perú}}</ref> === May === {{main|Deaths in May 2021}} [[File:Olympia Dukakis 2019.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Olympia Dukakis]]]] [[File:Maturana, Humberto -FILSA 2015 10 25 fRF08 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Humberto Maturana]]]] [[File:Franco Battiato - 23 July 2010 - 05 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Franco Battiato]]]] [[File:Yuan_Longping_at_news_conference_(headshot).png|thumb|100px|[[Yuan Longping]]]] [[File:Carla Fracci 69.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carla Fracci]]]] [[File:Poul Schluter portrait 2005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Poul Schlüter]]]] * [[May 1]] – [[Olympia Dukakis]], American actress (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-05-01/olympia-dukakis-dead|title=Theater veteran Olympia Dukakis, the Oscar-winning 'Moonstruck' actress, has died|date=1 May 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> * [[May 3]] – [[Lloyd Price]], American singer-songwriter and businessman (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soultracks.com/story-lloyd-price-dies|title=Hall of Fame "Personality," "Stagger Lee" singer Lloyd Price dies at 88|date=7 May 2021|website=SoulTracks - Soul Music Biographies, News and Reviews}}</ref> * [[May 4]] – [[Simon Achidi Achu]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Cameroon]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/simon-achidi-achu-ancien-premier-ministre-camerounais-est-mort-aux-etats-unis/5878068.html|title=Décès de l'ancien premier ministre camerounais Simon Achidi Achu|website=VOA}}</ref> * [[May 6]] ** [[Humberto Maturana]], Chilean philosopher and biologist (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodista.cl/2021/05/a-los-92-anos-fallecio-humberto-maturana/|title=A los 92 años falleció Humberto Maturana|date=6 May 2021|website=El Periodista}}</ref> ** [[Kentaro Miura]], Japanese manga artist (b. [[1966]])<ref name="ANN">{{cite web|title=Berserk Manga Creator Kentarou Miura Passes Away at 54|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-05-19/berserk-manga-creator-kentarou-miura-passes-away-at-54/.172988|website=[[Anime News Network]]|last=Loo|first=Egan|date=May 19, 2021|access-date=May 20, 2021}}</ref> * [[May 7]] – [[Martín Pando]], Argentine footballer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ole.com.ar/river-plate/fallecio-martin-pando-gallardo_0_CktIDtEUy.html|title=Falleció Martín Pando, el maestro de Gallardo|date=7 May 2021|website=www.ole.com.ar}}</ref> * [[May 8]] ** [[Lee Han-dong]], 33rd [[Prime Minister of South Korea]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/05/356_308493.html|title=Former PM Lee Han-dong dies at 87|date=8 May 2021|website=koreatimes}}</ref> ** [[Helmut Jahn]], German-born American architect (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-helmut-jahnfamed-architect-dies-20210509-t4co2a6zd5fxzfiyon2hvcud24-story.html|title=Famed architect Helmut Jahn struck by two vehicles, killed while riding bicycle near St. Charles|first=Katherine|last=Rosenberg-Douglas|website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> ** [[Spencer Silver]], American chemist and inventor (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/lifestyle/inventor-of-post-it-notes-adhesive-dies-at-age-80-1.5426784|title=Inventor of Post-it Notes adhesive dies at age 80|date=13 May 2021|website=CTVNews|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702165615/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/lifestyle/inventor-of-post-it-notes-adhesive-dies-at-age-80-1.5426784|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[May 9]] – [[José Manuel Caballero Bonald]], Spanish poet and novelist (b. [[1926]]) * [[May 10]] – [[Svante Thuresson]], Swedish jazz musician (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/jazzmusikern-svante-thuresson-ar-dod|title=Svante Thuresson är död: "Stort tomrum"|first=Kristin|last=Westesson|newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet|date=13 May 2021|via=www.svd.se}}</ref> * [[May 11]] – [[Norman Lloyd]], American actor, producer and director (b. [[1914]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/norman-lloyd-dead-st-elsewhere-actor-1234754280/|title=Norman Lloyd Dies: 'St. Elsewhere' Actor Who Worked With Welles, Hitchcock & Chaplin Was 106|first1=Erik|last1=Pedersen|date=11 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 15]] ** [[Đorđe Marjanović]], Serbian pop rock singer (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/11382291|title=Сербский певец Джордже Марьянович умер от COVID-19|website=TASS}}</ref> ** [[Eva Wilma]], Brazilian actress (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvefamosos.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2021/05/15/morre-atriz-eva-wilma-aos-87-em-decorrencia-do-cancer-no-ovario.htm|title=Morre atriz Eva Wilma, aos 87 anos, de câncer no ovário|website=tvefamosos.uol.com.br}}</ref> * [[May 16]] – [[Rildo da Costa Menezes]], Brazilian footballer (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/futebol-nacional/2021/05/17/noticia_futebol_nacional,3915928/morre-rildo-ex-lateral-de-botafogo-e-santos-nos-anos-1960-em-los-angeles.shtml|title=Morre Rildo, ex-lateral de Botafogo e Santos nos anos 1960, em Los Angeles|website=mg.superesportes.com.br|date=May 17, 2021|language=pt-BR}}</ref> * [[May 18]] ** [[Franco Battiato]], Italian singer-songwriter, composer and filmmaker (b. [[1946]])<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/musica/2021/05/18/news/e_morto_franco_battiato-301522798/ È morto Franco Battiato], ''la Repubblica'' {{in lang|it}}</ref> ** [[Charles Grodin]], American actor and comedian (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/charles-grodin-dead-obituary-the-heartbreak-kid-actor-talk-show-host-was-86-1234759382/|title=Charles Grodin Dies: 'The Heartbreak Kid' Actor, Unrivaled Talk Show Curmudgeon Was 86|first1=Greg|last1=Evans|date=18 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 19]] – [[Lee Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]], American Olympic athlete (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/05/19/lee-evans-dies-track-and-field-400/|title=Lee Evans, Olympic 400m champion who protested racism, dies at 74|date=19 May 2021}}</ref> * [[May 20]] ** [[Francisco Brines]], Spanish poet (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/valencia/20210520/7470742/muere-poeta-francisco-brines-89-anos-edad-dias-hospitalizado.html|title=Muere el poeta Francisco Brines a los 89 años|date=20 May 2021|website=La Vanguardia}}</ref> ** [[Abubakar Shekau]], Nigerian Islamic leader and militant (b. [[1965]], [[1969]] or [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/boko-haram-leader-responsible-for-chibok-schoolgirl-kidnappings-dies-11621608392|title=WSJ News Exclusive &#124; Boko Haram Leader, Responsible for Chibok Schoolgirl Kidnappings, Dies|first=Drew Hinshaw and Joe|last=Parkinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 May 2021|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> * [[May 21]] ** [[Tahir Salahov]], Soviet, Azerbaijani and Russian painter and draughtsman (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trend.az/life/socium/3426978.html|title=Скончался выдающийся художник, мэтр изобразительного искусства Таир Салахов|date=21 May 2021|website=Trend.Az}}</ref> ** [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]], Indian environmentalist (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fore.yale.edu/news/Obituary-Sunderlal-Bahuguna|title=Obituary: Sunderlal Bahuguna &#124; Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology|website=fore.yale.edu}}</ref> * [[May 22]] ** [[Francesc Arnau]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/20210522/493872025188/muere-francesc-arnau-ex-portero-del-barca.html|title=Muere Francesc Arnau, ex portero del Barça|date=22 May 2021|website=Mundo Deportivo}}</ref> ** [[Robert Marchand (cyclist)|Robert Marchand]], French racing cyclist (b. [[1911]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/cyclisme/robert-marchand-le-champion-cycliste-est-mort-a-109-ans_AN-202105220079.html|title=Robert Marchand, le champion cycliste, est mort à 109 ans|website=RMC SPORT}}</ref> ** [[Yuan Longping]], Chinese agronomist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3134474/chinas-father-hybrid-rice-yuan-longping-dies-90|title=China's 'father of hybrid rice' Yuan Longping dies at 90|date=22 May 2021|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> ** [[André Ribeiro (racing driver)|André Ribeiro]], Brazilian racing driver (b. [[1966]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/indy-car-star-andre-ribeiro-dies-cancer/6514251/|title=Former Indy car star Andre Ribeiro dies of cancer aged 55|first=David|last=Malsher-Lopez|date=May 23, 2021|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=Motorsport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref> * [[May 23]] ** [[Eric Carle]], American children's writer and illustrator (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7.com/10699566/|title='The Very Hungry Caterpillar' author, illustrator Eric Carle dies at 91|date=26 May 2021|website=ABC7 Los Angeles}}</ref> ** [[Cristóbal Halffter]], Spanish classical composer and conductor (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20210523/muere-91-anos-compositor-director-orquesta-cristobal-halffter/2092480.shtml|title=Obituarios &#124; Muere a los 91 años el compositor y director de orquesta Cristóbal Halffter|first=RTVE es /|last=EFE|date=23 May 2021|website=RTVE.es}}</ref> ** [[Ron Hill]], English marathon runner (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/athletics/news/former-marathon-runner-ron-hill-passes-away-at-the-age-of-82_448737.html|title=Former marathon runner Ron Hill passes away at the age of 82|website=Sports Mole}}</ref> ** [[Paulo Mendes da Rocha]], Brazilian architect (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2021/05/morre-paulo-mendes-da-rocha-o-ultimo-gigante-da-arquitetura-brasileira.shtml|title=Paulo Mendes da Rocha (1928 - 2021) - Morre Paulo Mendes da Rocha, o último gigante da arquitetura brasileira|date=23 May 2021|website=Folha de S.Paulo}}</ref> ** [[Max Mosley]], British racing driver and lawyer (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/may/24/max-mosley-f1-racing-driver-fia-president-privacy-campaigner-dies-aged-81|title=Max Mosley, privacy campaigner and outspoken FIA president, dies aged 81|date=24 May 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[May 26]] – [[Tarcisio Burgnich]], Italian footballer and manager (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/sport/calcio/2021/05/26/calcio-morto-tarcisio-burgnich_f9b13ba7-ecb6-4232-9807-5603d85c2b77.html|title=E' morto Tarcisio Burgnich, con l'Inter salì in cima al mondo - Calcio|date=26 May 2021|website=Agenzia ANSA}}</ref> * [[May 27]] ** [[Carla Fracci]], Italian ballet dancer and actress (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/teatro-danza/2021/05/27/news/morta_carla_fracci-302891676/|title=Morta Carla Fracci, una vita in volo "ma con le radici ben piantate nella terra"|date=27 May 2021|website=la Repubblica}}</ref> ** [[Cornelis de Jager]], Dutch astronomer (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.texelsecourant.nl/nieuws/algemeen/205920/professor-kees-de-jager-overleden|title=Professor Kees de Jager overleden|website=www.texelsecourant.nl}}</ref> ** [[Poul Schlüter]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Denmark]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-28/poul-schluter-danish-premier-who-introduced-krone-peg-dies |title=Poul Schluter, Danish Premier Who Introduced Krone Peg, Dies|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=May 28, 2021 }}</ref> * [[May 30]] – [[Rick Mitchell]], Australian sprinter (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/olympic-champion-rick-mitchell-dies-aged-66-20210531-p57wqk.html|title=Olympic trailblazer Rick Mitchell dies aged 66|first=Michael|last=Gleeson|date=31 May 2021|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> === June === {{main|Deaths in June 2021}} [[File:Mauritius Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth when meeting Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|Sir [[Anerood Jugnauth]]]] [[File:Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7398.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ei-ichi Negishi]]]] [[File:Kenneth Kaunda 1983-03-30.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Kenneth Kaunda]]]] [[File:Benigno Aquino III 020216 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Benigno Aquino III]]]] * [[June 1]] – [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (born 1943)|Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]] (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2021/06/01/news/lutto-in-casa-savoia-e-morto-il-principe-amedeo-duca-d-aosta-1.40339611|title=Lutto in casa Savoia: è morto il principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta|date=1 June 2021|website=lastampa.it}}</ref> * [[June 3]] – Sir [[Anerood Jugnauth]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] and 4th [[President of Mauritius]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2021/06/03/mauritius-former-prime-minister-sir-anerood-jugnauth-dies-aged-91/ Mauritius former prime minister Sir Anerood Jugnauth dies aged 91]</ref> * [[June 4]] ** [[Richard R. Ernst]], Swiss Nobel chemist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/richard-ernst--father-of-the-mri--dies-aged-87/46687642|title=Richard Ernst, father of the MRI, dies aged 87|website=SWI swissinfo.ch}}</ref> ** [[Friederike Mayröcker]], Austrian poet (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/literatur-schriftstellerin-friederike-mayroecker-tot-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210604-99-859067|title=Schriftstellerin Friederike Mayröcker tot|first=Süddeutsche|last=Zeitung|website=Süddeutsche.de}}</ref> * [[June 5]] – [[T. B. Joshua]], Nigerian televangelist (b. [[1963]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/nigerian-televangelist-prophet-tb-joshua-dies-20210606|title=Nigerian televangelist pastor TB Joshua dies|first=Complied by Getrude|last=Makhafola|website=News24}}</ref> * [[June 6]] ** [[Revaz Gabriadze]], Georgian filmmaker, painter and playwright (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/kultura/11582551|title=Умер сценарист фильма "Мимино" Резо Габриадзе|website=TASS}}</ref> ** [[Ei-ichi Negishi]], Japanese Nobel chemist (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2021/Q2/ei-ichi-negishi,-one-of-2-nobel-prize-winners-from-purdue-university,-dies.html|title=Ei-ichi Negishi, one of 2 Nobel Prize winners from Purdue University, dies|first=Purdue News|last=Service|website=www.purdue.edu}}</ref> ** [[Mansour Ojjeh]], French Saudi Arabian entrepreneur (b. [[1952]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.mansour-ojjeh-long-time-shareholder-in-mclaren-passes-away-aged-68.6uJmWwpB6IinPCV8opoFQ3.html|title=Mansour Ojjeh, long-time shareholder in McLaren, passes away aged 68 &#124; Formula 1®|website=www.formula1.com}}</ref> * [[June 7]] ** [[Yoo Sang-chul]], South Korean footballer (b. [[1971]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-yoo-sang-chul-dead-24266037|title=South Korea 2002 World Cup hero tragically dies age 49 after cancer battle|first=Alex|last=Richards|date=7 June 2021|website=mirror}}</ref> ** [[Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur]], Iranian Shia cleric and terrorist (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/hezbollah-founder-dies-coronavirus-iran|title=Hezbollah founder dies of coronavirus in Iran|website=Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East}}</ref> * [[June 9]] ** [[Gottfried Böhm]], German architect and sculptor (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rp-online.de/kultur/kunst/architekt-gottfried-boehm-im-alter-von-101-jahren-gestorben_aid-59204837|title=Baumeister mit Faible für Beton: Gottfried Böhm im Alter von 101 Jahren gestorben|first=Uwe|last=Felten|date=10 June 2021|website=RP ONLINE}}</ref> ** [[Edward de Bono]], Maltese physician, psychologist and philosopher (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/110162/father_of_lateral_thinking_edward_de_bono_has_died|title=Father of lateral thinking, Edward de Bono, has died|website=MaltaToday.com.mt}}</ref> * [[June 10]] – [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], Indian director and poet (b. [[1944]])<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Buddhadeb's 'Bag Bahadur' Pavan Malhotra pays a tribute to 5-time National Film Award winning auteur|url=https://connectedtoindia.com/buddhadebs-bag-bahadur-pavan-malhotra-pays-a-tribute-to-5-time-national-film-award-winning-9220.html|access-date=2021-06-10|website=connectedtoindia.com|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610104951/https://connectedtoindia.com/buddhadebs-bag-bahadur-pavan-malhotra-pays-a-tribute-to-5-time-national-film-award-winning-9220.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 11]] – [[Paola Pigni]], Italian middle-distance runner (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/11-06-2021/morta-paola-pigni-75-anni-corsa-italia-4101892977097.shtml|title=Addio Paola Pigni: si è spenta a 75 anni la "rivoluzionaria" della corsa italiana|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> * [[June 13]] – [[Ned Beatty]], American actor (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ned-beatty-dies-superman-network-deliverance-83/|title=Ned Beatty, Prolific 'Superman' and 'Network' Character Actor, Dies at 83|date=13 June 2021}}</ref> * [[June 14]] ** [[Enrique Bolaños]], 29th [[President of Nicaragua]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/mundo/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos/10001-4562807|title=Muere el expresidente de Nicaragua Enrique Bolaños|website=www.efe.com|access-date=June 15, 2021|archive-date=June 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615190502/https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/mundo/muere-el-expresidente-de-nicaragua-enrique-bolanos/10001-4562807|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Markis Kido]], Indonesian badminton player (b. [[1984]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/badminton-world-in-shock-markis-kido-one-of-the-best-passes-aways-at-36-jwala-gutta-condoles-demise|title=Badminton world in shock: Markis Kido, one of the best, passes away at 36; Jwala Gutta condoles demise|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> * [[June 15]] – [[Vladimir Shatalov]], Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mk.ru/social/2021/06/15/umer-kosmonavt-vladimir-shatalov.html|title=Умер старейший космонавт мира Владимир Шаталов|website=www.mk.ru}}</ref> * [[June 17]] – [[Kenneth Kaunda]], 1st [[President of Zambia]] (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kenneth-kaunda-founding-president-of-zambia-dies-aged-97-b7km9zmzz|title=Kenneth Kaunda, founding president of Zambia, dies aged 97|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref> * [[June 18]] ** [[Giampiero Boniperti]], Italian footballer (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/flash/2021/06/18/-morto-giampiero-boniperti-una-vita-per-la-juventus-_1a313e99-1ef0-4ec3-997c-9d92fda9752e.html|title=Morto Giampiero Boniperti, una vita per la Juventus - Sport|date=18 June 2021|website=Agenzia ANSA}}</ref> ** [[Milkha Singh]], Indian athlete (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/milkha-singh-passes-away-91-covid-olympics-indian-sprinting-great/article34851283.ece|title=Milkha Singh, Indian sprint great, passes away aged 91|first=Team|last=Sportstar|website=Sportstar|date=June 18, 2021 }}</ref> * [[June 20]] – [[Luis del Sol]], Spanish footballer (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/betis/2021/06/20/60cf764de2704e064a8b45c9.html|title=Muere Luis del Sol, leyenda del Betis|date=20 June 2021|website=MARCA}}</ref> * [[June 23]] – [[John McAfee]], English-born American computer programmer and businessman (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/fugitive-software-magnate-john-mcafee-found-dead-in-prison-cell-in-spain-reports-say|title=John McAfee Found Dead in Spanish Prison Cell|first=Justin|last=Rohrlich|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=23 June 2021|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref> * [[June 24]] ** [[Benigno Aquino III]], 15th [[President of the Philippines]] (b. [[1960]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/former-president-benigno-aquino-iii-dies|title=Former president Benigno Aquino III dies at 61|date=24 June 2021|website=Rappler}}</ref> ** [[Trần Thiện Khiêm]], 7th [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam|Prime Minister of South Vietnam]] and army officer (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2021 |title=Cựu Đại Tướng Trần Thiện Khiêm Qua Đời Tại California Hưởng Thọ 95 Tuổi |url=https://vietbao.com/a308560/cuu-dai-tuong-tran-thien-khiem-qua-doi-tai-california-huong-tho-95-tuoi |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=[[Việt Báo Daily News]]|language=vi}}</ref> * [[June 26]] – [[Mir Hazar Khan Khoso]], Acting [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/26-Jun-2021/former-caretaker-pm-mir-hazar-khoso-passes-away|title=Former caretaker PM Mir Hazar Khoso passes away|date=26 June 2021|website=The Nation|access-date=June 26, 2021|archive-date=June 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626194103/https://nation.com.pk/26-Jun-2021/former-caretaker-pm-mir-hazar-khoso-passes-away|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[June 29]] – [[Donald Rumsfeld]], American politician and government official (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|date=2021-06-30|title=Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary Under 2 Presidents, Is Dead at 88|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/us/politics/donald-rumsfeld-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[June 30]] – [[Bonfoh Abass]], Acting [[President of Togo]] (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://senego.com/togo-deces-de-abass-bonfoh-ancien-president-interimaire-du-pays_1290221.html|title=Togo : Décès de Abass Bonfoh, ancien président intérimaire du pays|date=30 June 2021|website=Senego.com - Actualité au Sénégal, toute actualité du jour}}</ref> === July === {{main|Deaths in July 2021}} [[File:Kelly Craft poses a photo with Haitian President Moise (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jovenel Moïse]]]] [[File:Steven weinberg 2010.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Steven Weinberg]]]] * [[July 1]] – [[Louis Andriessen]], Dutch composer (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nos.nl/l/2387511|title=Componist Louis Andriessen (82) overleden|website=nos.nl|date=July 2021 }}</ref> * [[July 2]] – [[Nikolai Slichenko]], Soviet and Russian singer and actor (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Russian Romany Cultural Figure Nikolai Slichenko Dies At 86|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-romany-slichenko-dies/31338053.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> * [[July 4]] – [[Richard Lewontin]], American evolutionary biologist (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://universoracionalista.org/richard-lewontin-biologo-evolutivo-pioneiro-e-critico-do-racismo-cientifico-morre-aos-92-anos/|title=Richard Lewontin, biólogo evolutivo pioneiro e crítico do racismo científico, morre aos 92 anos|first=Julio|last=Batista|date=5 July 2021|website=Universo Racionalista}}</ref> * [[July 5]] ** [[Raffaella Carrà]], Italian singer, TV presenter and actress (b. [[1943]]) ** [[Richard Donner]], American film director (b. [[1930]])<ref>Hipes, Patrick (July 5, 2021), [https://deadline.com/2021/07/richard-donner-dead-superman-lethal-weapon-director-1234786372/ "Richard Donner Dies: 'Superman', 'Lethal Weapon' And 'The Goonies' Director Was 91"], ''Deadline''.</ref> ** [[Vladimir Menshov]], Soviet and Russian actor and film director (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Oscar-Winning Director Vladimir Menshov Dies at Age 82|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/07/05/oscar-winning-director-vladimir-menshov-dies-at-age-82-a74425|access-date=2021-10-11|website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> * [[July 6]] ** [[Djivan Gasparyan]], Armenian musician and composer (b. [[1928]])<ref>Ghazanchyan, Siranush (6 July 2021),[https://en.armradio.am/2021/07/06/armenian-duduk-player-jivan-gasparayn-dies-aged-81/ "Legendary Armenian duduk player Jivan Gasparayn dies aged 92"], Public Radio of Armenia.</ref> ** [[Patrick John]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Dominica]] (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=Dominica's first PM Patrick John passes away |url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/dominicas-first-pm-patrick-john-passes-away-151935836/ |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=WIC News}}</ref> * [[July 7]] ** [[Ahmed Jibril]], Palestinian militant (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ahmed-jibril-head-palestinian-radical-174212052.html?.tsrc=fp_deeplink |title= Ahmed Jibril, head of Palestinian radical group, dies at 83' |agency= Associated Press |date=20 August 2021|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Dilip Kumar]], Indian actor, film producer and philanthropist (b. [[1922]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-dies-at-the-age-of-98-doctor-confirms-101625624975631.html |title= Dilip Kumar dies at the age of 98, family announces with 'profound grief' |work= Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2021|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Jovenel Moïse]], 42nd [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1968]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20210707-ha%C3%AFti-le-pr%C3%A9sident-jovenel-mo%C3%AFse-assassin%C3%A9-dans-la-nuit-dans-sa-r%C3%A9sidence-priv%C3%A9e-cabinet-du-premier-ministre|title=Haïti : le président Jovenel Moïse assassiné|date=7 July 2021|website=France 24}}</ref> ** [[Carlos Reutemann]], Argentine [[Formula One]] driver and politician (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/ex-f1-racer-carlos-reutemann-dies-at-age-79/6627349/|title=Ex-F1 racer Carlos Reutemann dies aged 79|website=[[Autosport]]}}</ref> * [[July 9]] ** [[Frank Lui]], 3rd [[Premier of Niue]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/446590/former-niue-premier-frank-lui-passes-away|title=Former Niue premier, Frank Lui, passes away|date=10 July 2021|website=RNZ}}</ref> ** [[Paul Mariner]], English football player and manager (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2021 |title=Paul Mariner: Former England international dies aged 68 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12352769/paul-mariner-former-england-international-dies-aged-68 |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> * [[July 10]] – [[Esther Béjarano]], German singer and Holocaust survivor (b. [[1924]])<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/holocaust-survivor-singer-esther-bejarano-dies-aged-96/a-58224215 "Holocaust survivor, singer Esther Bejarano dies, aged 96"], DW.</ref> * [[July 13]] – [[Shirley Fry]], American tennis player (b. [[1927]])<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2021/07/14/tennis-hall-of-famer-shirley-fry-irvin-dies-at-94/47583047/ "Tennis Hall of Famer Shirley Fry Irvin dies at 94"], AP, July 14, 2021.</ref> * [[July 14]] ** [[Mamnoon Hussain]], 12th [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>[https://www.geo.tv/latest/360054-former-president-mamnoon-hussain-passes-away "Former president Mamnoon Hussain passes away in Karachi"], Geo News, 14 July 2021.</ref> ** [[Kurt Westergaard]], Danish cartoonist (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Leitisstein|first1=Mariah|last2=Jørgensen|first2=Heine|title=Kurt Westergaard er død|url=https://www.seoghoer.dk/kendte/kurt-westergaard-er-doed|access-date=2021-07-18|website=SE og HØR|date=July 18, 2021 |language=da}}</ref> * [[July 16]] – [[Surekha Sikri]], Indian actress (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/surekha-sikri-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-at-the-age-of-75-101626408899226.html|title=Surekha Sikri dies of cardiac arrest at 75, was 'surrounded by family'|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> * [[July 17]] – [[Pilar Bardem]], Spanish actress and activist (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4767775/0/muere-pilar-bardem-anos-edad/|website=[[20minutos.es]]|title=Muere Pilar Bardem a los 82 años de edad|date=17 July 2021}}</ref> * [[July 19]] – [[Arturo Armando Molina]], 36th [[President of El Salvador]] (b. [[1927]])<ref>[https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Fallece-expresidente-salvadoreno-Arturo-Armano-Molina-a-los-93-anos-20210719-0022.html "Fallece expresidente salvadoreño Arturo Armando Molina, a los 93 años"], July 19, 2021 {{in lang|es}}.</ref> * [[July 22]] – [[Boris Chochiev]], Acting [[Prime Minister of South Ossetia]] (b. [[1957]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=The epoch man has passed away ": Boris Chochiev, statesman and public figure of South Ossetia, has passed away|url=http://cominf.org/en/node/1166537727|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Государственное информационное агентство "Рес"|language=en}}</ref> * [[July 23]] ** [[Toshihide Maskawa]], Japanese Nobel theoretical physicist (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210729/k10013168691000.html|title=ノーベル物理学賞受賞 益川敏英さん死去 81歳|website=NHKニュース}}</ref> ** [[Steven Weinberg]], American Nobel theoretical physicist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/nobel-laureate-steven-weinberg-passes-away-1.5854636|title=Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg passes away|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=July 24, 2021|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724162849/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/nobel-laureate-steven-weinberg-passes-away-1.5854636|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 25]] – [[Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho]], Portuguese military official and politician (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/morreu-o-capitao-de-abril-otelo-saraiva-de-carvalho-13972389.html|title=Morreu o capitão de Abril Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho|date=25 July 2021|website=TSF Rádio Notícias|access-date=25 July 2021|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725095201/https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/morreu-o-capitao-de-abril-otelo-saraiva-de-carvalho-13972389.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[July 26]] ** [[Albert Bandura]], Canadian-American psychologist (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/29/science/albert-bandura-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/29/science/albert-bandura-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=Albert Bandura, Leading Psychologist of Aggression, Dies at 95|first=Erica|last=Goode|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Joey Jordison]], American drummer (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/joey-jordison-slipknot-dead-1203167/|title=Joey Jordison, Founding Slipknot Drummer, Dead at 46|first1=Kory|last1=Grow|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=27 July 2021}}</ref> ** [[Ivan Toplak]], Serbian footballer and manager (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24ur.com/sport/nogomet/umrl-je-ivan-toplak-jugoslovanska-in-slovenska-nogometna-legenda.html|title=Vsak dan prvi - 24ur.com|website=www.24ur.com}}</ref> * [[July 28]] ** [[Roberto Calasso]], Italian writer and publisher (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/Addio-a-Roberto-Calasso-lo-scrittore-editore-di-Adelphi-0fc0b3a3-60e8-4163-9b52-f8ec7ad525c2.html|title=Addio a Roberto Calasso, lo scrittore editore di Adelphi|website=rainews}}</ref> ** [[Dusty Hill]], American musician and singer-songwriter (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/zz-top-bassist-dusty-hill-dead-obit-1203694/ |title= ZZ Top bassist Dusty Hill dead at 72 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=28 July 2021 |author=Andy Greene}}</ref> ** [[Shahrum Kashani]], Iranian-American singer (b. [[1974]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=شهرام کاشانی، خواننده موسیقی پاپ، درگذشت |url=https://ir.voanews.com/amp/persiannewsarts_shahram-kashani-iranian-singer-pop-music-corona-virus/6128567.html |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=ir.voanews.com}}</ref> ===August=== {{main|Deaths in August 2021}} [[File:Former Prime Minister Honourable Lester B. Bird speak to the audience (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|Sir [[Lester Bird]]]] [[File:Gerd Müller c1973 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gerd Müller]]]] [[File:Shinichi Chiba cropped 4 Shinichi Chiba and Yoichi Masuzoe 200711.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Sonny Chiba]]]] [[File:President_Hissène_Habré_of_Chad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hissène Habré]]]] [[File:Charle-Watts-1965 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Charlie Watts]]]] * [[August 1]] – [[Abdalqadir as-Sufi]], Scottish Islamic scholar and writer (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecognate.com/islamic-scholar-sheikh-dr-abdalqadir-as-sufi-passes-away/|title=Islamic Scholar Sheikh Dr Abdalqadir As-Sufi Passes Away|first=Shaik Zakeer|last=Hussain|date=2 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 3]] – [[Arthur Dion Hanna]], 7th [[Governor-General of the Bahamas]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2021/aug/03/former-governor-general-arthur-dion-hanna-dies/|title=A TRUE BAHAMIAN PATRIOT: Former Governor General Arthur Dion Hanna dies age 93|website=www.tribune242.com}}</ref> * [[August 5]] – [[Yevhen Marchuk]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zaxid.net/pomer_ukrayinskiy_politichniy_diyach_yevgen_marchuk_n1523661|title=Помер колишній прем'єр-міністр України Євген Марчук|website=ZAXID.NET}}</ref> * [[August 8]] – [[Jaan Kaplinski]], Estonian poet and philosopher (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1608301980/suri-jaan-kaplinski|title=Suri Jaan Kaplinski|date=9 August 2021|website=ERR}}</ref> * [[August 9]] ** [[Lester Bird|Sir Lester Bird]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda]] (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/second-pm-of-antigua-and-barbuda-sir-lester-bird-dies-at-83-505036676/|title=Second PM of Antigua and Barbuda, Sir Lester Bird dies at 83|first=WIC News|last=Correspondent|date=9 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Sergei Kovalev]], Russian human rights activist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vesti.ru/article/2598236|title=Скончался правозащитник Сергей Ковалев|website=vesti.ru}}</ref> * [[August 10]] – [[Eduardo Martínez Somalo]], Spanish cardinal (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/it/vaticano/news/2021-08/morte-cardinale-eduardo-martinez-somalo-spagna-santa-sede.html|title=Morto il cardinale Martínez Somalo, l'uomo che i Papi volevano accanto - Vatican News|date=10 August 2021|website=www.vaticannews.va}}</ref> * [[August 13]] ** [[Carolyn S. Shoemaker]], American astronomer (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/planetary_news/2021/08/17/in-memoriam-carolyn-shoemaker-1929-2021/|title=In Memoriam: Carolyn Shoemaker, 1929–2021 &#124; Planetary News|date=17 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Gino Strada]], Italian surgeon and human rights activist (b. [[1948]])<ref>[https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/09/04/obituary-gino-strada-believed-health-care-was-a-human-right Obituary: Gino Strada believed health care was a human right], ''The Economist''</ref> * [[August 14]] – [[Carlos Correia]], 5th [[List of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/carlos-correia-morreu-o-ex-pm-guineense-e-dirigente-do-paigc/a-58863886|title=Carlos Correia: Morreu o ex-PM guineense e dirigente do PAIGC &#124; DW &#124; 14.08.2021|website=DW.COM}}</ref> * [[August 15]] ** [[Abdelhamid Brahimi]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Algeria]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/126190-deces-de-l-ancien-premier-ministre-abdelhamid-brahimi-a-l-age-de-85-ans |title=Décès de l'ancien Premier ministre Abdelhamid Brahimi à l'âge de 85 ans|language=fr|website=www.aps.dz}}</ref> ** [[Gerd Müller]], German footballer (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/bayern-munich-germany-legend-gerd-muller-dies-aged-75/qiyteiwr3mulz5xbj6xqaspo|title=Bayern Munich & Germany legend Gerd Muller dies aged 75 &#124; Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref> * [[August 16]] – [[Volodymyr Holubnychy]], Soviet and Ukrainian race walker and Olympic champion (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dancor.sumy.ua/news/newsline/383252|title=В Сумах умер легенда мирового спорта Владимир Голубничий &#124; Данкор онлайн &#124; Сумской информационный портал: все новости Сумщины|website=dancor.sumy.ua}}</ref> * [[August 17]] – [[Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi]], leader of the [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara]] (b. [[1973]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/islamic-state-france-says-it-has-killed-adnan-abu-walid-al-sahrawi-the-terror-groups-leader-in-the-greater-sahara-12409293|title=Islamic State: France says it has killed Adnan Abu Walid al Sahrawi, the terror group's leader in the Greater Sahara|website=Sky News}}</ref> * [[August 18]] – [[Jill Murphy]], British author and illustrator (b. [[1949]]) * [[August 19]] – [[Sonny Chiba]], Japanese actor and martial artist (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/94a6e2d56eca5f2a82d150b6486571c440e71c8b|title=千葉真一さん死去 82歳 新型コロナ感染し療養も肺炎悪化、８日入院も|access-date=August 19, 2021|archive-date=August 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821181544/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/94a6e2d56eca5f2a82d150b6486571c440e71c8b|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[August 21]] ** [[Don Everly]], American musician (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2021-08-21/don-everly-brothers-dies|title=Don Everly, of harmonizing rock 'n' roll pioneers the Everly Brothers, dies at 84|date=22 August 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> ** [[Marie, Princess of Liechtenstein]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/marie-princess-of-liechtenstein-has-died-at-the-age-of-81-164573/|title=Marie, Princess of Liechtenstein has died at the age of 81|date=21 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 23]] ** [[Jean-Luc Nancy]], French philosopher (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/08/24/news/morto_jean-luc_nancy-315150426/|title=E' morto Jean-Luc Nancy, il filosofo che indagava sui limiti della democrazia|date=24 August 2021|website=la Repubblica}}</ref> ** [[Rosita Quintana]], Argentine-Mexican actress, singer, and songwriter (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/muere-rosita-quintana-actriz-del-cine-de-oro-mexicano|title=Muere Rosita Quintana, actriz del cine de oro mexicano|date=23 August 2021|website=El Universal}}</ref> * [[August 24]] ** [[Hissène Habré]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Chad|Prime Minister]] and 5th [[President of Chad]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210824-chad-s-former-president-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-dies-at-79|title=Chad's former president Hissène Habré dies at 79|date=24 August 2021|website=France 24}}</ref> ** [[Wilfried Van Moer]], Belgian footballer (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/2021/08/24/-kleine-generaal-wilfried-van-moer-76-is-overleden~1629820506197/|title="Kleine Generaal" Wilfried Van Moer (76) is overleden|date=24 August 2021|website=sporza.be}}</ref> ** [[Charlie Watts]], English drummer (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58316842|title=Charlie Watts: Rolling Stones drummer dies at 80|work=BBC News|date=24 August 2021}}</ref> * [[August 25]] – [[Mohsin Ahmad al-Aini]], 7th [[Prime Minister of Yemen]] (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alwasat.ly/news/arabic/330524|title=وفاة رئيس الوزراء اليمني الأسبق محسن العيني|first=بوابة|last=الوسط|website=Alwasat News}}</ref> * [[August 27]] – [[Edmond H. Fischer]], American-Swiss Nobel biochemist (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindau-nobel.org/news-nobel-laureate-edmond-h-fischer/|title=Nobel Laureate Edmond H. Fischer 1920 – 2021|date=29 August 2021|access-date=October 8, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008181523/https://www.lindau-nobel.org/news-nobel-laureate-edmond-h-fischer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[August 29]] ** [[Ed Asner]], American actor (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/ed-asner-dead-lou-grant-mary-tyler-moore-1235051373/|title=Ed Asner, Emmy-Winning 'Lou Grant' and 'Mary Tyler Moore Show' Star, Dies at 91|first1=Carmel Dagan,Richard|last1=Natale|first2=Carmel|last2=Dagan|first3=Richard|last3=Natale|date=29 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Lee "Scratch" Perry]], Jamaican record producer and singer (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kreps |first1=Danel |title=Lee 'Scratch' Perry, Reggae Giant and Dub Pioneer, Dead at 85 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lee-scratch-perry-dead-obit-1045198/ |access-date=29 August 2021 |publisher=Rolling Stone |date=29 August 2021}}</ref> ** [[Jacques Rogge]], Belgian Olympic sailor and 8th [[President of the International Olympic Committee]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sail-world.com/news/241104/Former-IOC-President-Jacques-Rogge-passes-away|title=IOC announces passing of former IOC President Jacques Rogge|website=www.sail-world.com}}</ref> * [[August 31]] – [[Francesco Morini]], Italian footballer (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alwaysfreshnews.com/news/sports/52291/francesco-morini-former-juve-defender-was-77-years-old-died/|title=Francesco Morini, former Juve defender, was 77 years old died|first=Editorial|last=Says}}</ref> === September === {{main|Deaths in September 2021}} [[File:Mikis Theodorakis Fabrik 070004(headshot).png|thumb|100px|[[Mikis Theodorakis]]]] [[File:Belmondo 1960.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]]] [[File:Borisav Jovic cropped.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Borisav Jović]]]] [[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika casts his ballot in May 10th's 2012 legislative election (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]]] * [[September 1]] – [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]], Kashmiri separatist leader (b. [[1929]])<ref> {{Cite news |title=Kashmir's Hurriyat Leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani Passes Away |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/09/02/kashmirs-hurriyat-leader-syed-ali-shah-geelani-passes-away/ |date=1 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901202552/https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/09/02/kashmirs-hurriyat-leader-syed-ali-shah-geelani-passes-away/ |url-status=live}} </ref> * [[September 2]] – [[Mikis Theodorakis]], Greek composer and politician (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1167241/renowned-composer-mikis-theodorakis-dies/|title=Renowned composer Mikis Theodorakis dies &#124; eKathimerini.com|website=www.ekathimerini.com}}</ref> * [[September 5]] <!--Please do not include Sarah Harding here without a consensus on the Talk page--> ** [[Ivan Patzaichin]], Romanian Olympic canoeist (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/sport-intern/2021/09/05/kaiac-canoe-multiplul-campion-olimpic-ivan-patzaichin-a-decedat-la-varsta-de-71-de-ani--774154|title=Kaiac-canoe: Multiplul campion olimpic Ivan Patzaichin a decedat la vârsta de 71 de ani|website=www.agerpres.ro|access-date=2023-07-02|archive-date=2022-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211131734/https://www.agerpres.ro/sport-intern/2021/09/05/kaiac-canoe-multiplul-campion-olimpic-ivan-patzaichin-a-decedat-la-varsta-de-71-de-ani--774154|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Živko Radišić]], 2nd [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvbn.com/4012289/preminuo-bivsi-gradonacelnik-bl-zivko-radisic|title=Preminuo bivši gradonačelnik BL Živko Radišić|website=BN}}</ref> * [[September 6]] – [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]], French actor (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/cinema/mort-de-jean-paul-belmondo-le-magnifique-du-cinema-francais-06-09-2021-GUYJNYWVK5ELHEKWB7CXU76J5E.php|title=Mort de Jean-Paul Belmondo, le Magnifique du cinéma français|first1=Par Pierre Vavasseur Le 6 septembre 2021|last1=à 16h23|first2=Modifié Le 6 Septembre 2021|last2=À 16h30|date=6 September 2021|website=leparisien.fr}}</ref> * [[September 8]] – [[Dietmar Lorenz]], German Olympic judoka (b. [[1950]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportschau.de/regional/rbb/rbb-judoka-dietmar-lorenz-ist-gestorben-story100.html|title=Judoka Dietmar Lorenz ist gestorben|date=9 September 2021|website=www.sportschau.de}}</ref> * [[September 9]] – [[Danilo Popivoda]], Slovenian footballer and manager (b. [[1947]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvslo.si/sport/nogomet/umrl-danilo-popivoda-legenda-olimpije-in-slovenskega-nogometa/593487|title=Umrl Danilo Popivoda, legenda Olimpije in slovenskega nogometa|website=RTVSLO.si}}</ref> * [[September 10]] ** [[Charles Konan Banny]], 6th [[List of heads of government of Ivory Coast|Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1103745/former-i-coast-pm-dies-of-coronavirus.html|title=Former I. Coast PM dies of coronavirus|website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> ** [[Jorge Sampaio]], 18th [[President of Portugal]] (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/jorge-sampaio-who-showed-teeth-portuguese-presidential-powers-dies-81-2021-09-10/|title=Jorge Sampaio, who showed extent of Portuguese presidential powers, dies at 81|newspaper=Reuters|date=10 September 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Saadi Yacef]], Algerian independence fighter, politician and actor (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{cite web |author1=Neil Genzlinger |title=Saadi Yacef, 'Battle of Algiers' Catalyst and Actor, Dies at 93 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/movies/saadi-yacef-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/movies/saadi-yacef-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |website=The New York Times |access-date=15 October 2021 |date=September 21, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[September 11]] – [[Abimael Guzmán]], Peruvian Terrorist [[Maoism|Maoist]] leader and militant (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/abimael-gumzan-founder-peruvian-rebel-group-shining-path-dies-2021-09-11/|title=Abimael Guzman, founder of Peruvian rebel group Shining Path, dies|newspaper=Reuters|date=11 September 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> * [[September 13]] ** [[Antony Hewish]], English Nobel radio astronomer (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-antony-hewish-1924-%E2%80%93-2021|title=Professor Antony Hewish (1924 – 2021)|date=15 September 2021|website=Gonville & Caius}}</ref> ** [[Borisav Jović]], 12th [[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atvbl.com/vijesti/srbija/preminuo-borisav-jovic-13-9-2021|title=Preminuo Borisav Jović|website=www.atvbl.com}}</ref> * [[September 14]] ** [[Norm Macdonald]], Canadian comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. [[1959]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/norm-macdonald-dead-obituary-comedian-saturday-night-live-weekend-update-anchor-was-61-1234833212/|title=Norm Macdonald Dies: Influential Comedian & Former 'SNL' Weekend Update Anchor Was 61|first1=Greg|last1=Evans|date=14 September 2021}}</ref> ** [[Yuriy Sedykh]], Soviet and Russian track and field athlete and Olympic champion (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sportsdaily.ru/news/umer-rekordsmen-mira-v-metanii-molota-yuriy-sedykh|title=Умер рекордсмен мира в метании молота Юрий Седых|website=m.sportsdaily.ru}}</ref> * [[September 16]] ** [[Silas Atopare]], 7th [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea]] (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://postcourier.com.pg/former-g-g-passes-on/|title=Former G-G passes on|date=22 September 2021|website=Post Courier}}</ref> ** [[Casimir Oyé-Mba]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Gabon]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gabonreview.com/gabon-deces-de-casimir-oye-mba-a-paris/|title=Gabon : Décès de Casimir Oye Mba à Paris|date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ** [[Clive Sinclair|Sir Clive Sinclair]], English entrepreneur and inventor (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/16/home-computing-pioneer-sir-clive-sinclair-dies-aged-81|title=Home computing pioneer Sir Clive Sinclair dies aged 81|date=16 September 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[September 17]] ** [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], 7th [[President of Algeria]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/algerias-former-president-bouteflika-dies-84-2021-09-17/|title=Algeria's former President Bouteflika dies at 84|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 September 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Mario Camus]], Spanish film director and screenwriter (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2021/09/18/legendary-spanish-film-director-mario-camus-dies-aged-86/|title=Legendary Spanish Film director Mario Camus dies aged 86|first=Ron|last=Howells|date=18 September 2021|website=Euro Weekly News Spain}}</ref> * [[September 19]] ** [[Sylvano Bussotti]], Italian composer, poet and theatre director (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/spettacoli/musica/2021/09/19/news/musica-addio-al-compositore-sylvano-bussotti-firenze-si-preparava-a-festeggiare-i-90-anni-1.40719172|title=Musica, addio al compositore Sylvano Bussotti: Firenze si preparava a festeggiare i 90 anni|date=19 September 2021|website=lastampa.it}}</ref> ** [[Jimmy Greaves]], English footballer (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2021/september/jimmy-greaves/|title=Jimmy Greaves|website=Tottenham Hotspur}}</ref> * [[September 21]] – [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]], Egyptian field marshal, Chairman of the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arab.news/ck48x|title=Former Egyptian defense minister Mohamed Hussein Tantawi dies at 85|date=21 September 2021|website=Arab News}}</ref> * [[September 22]] ** [[Abdelkader Bensalah]], Acting [[List of heads of state of Algeria|Head of State of Algeria]] (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/31458/2021-09-22|title=Former Algerian president Abdelkader Bensalah dies at 80|website=en.royanews.tv|access-date=2021-09-22|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922193342/https://en.royanews.tv/news/31458/2021-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Orlando Martínez]], Cuban boxer and Olympic champion (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiobayamo.icrt.cu/2021/09/22/fallece-primer-monarca-olimpico-del-boxeo-cubano/|title=Fallece primer monarca olímpico del boxeo cubano|first=Por Prensa|last=Latina|date=September 22, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923052437/https://www.radiobayamo.icrt.cu/2021/09/22/fallece-primer-monarca-olimpico-del-boxeo-cubano/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[September 25]] – [[Théoneste Bagosora]], Rwandan military officer and convicted war criminal (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58695094|title=Rwanda genocide 'kingpin' Théoneste Bagosora dies in prison|work=BBC News|date=25 September 2021}}</ref> * [[September 27]] – [[Roger Hunt]], English footballer (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58717157|title=Former England striker Hunt dies aged 83|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> * [[September 30]] – [[Koichi Sugiyama]], Japanese composer, conductor, and orchestrator (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/10/07/music/koichi-sugiyama-japanese-composer-dragon-quest-dies-90/|title=Koichi Sugiyama, Japanese composer of Dragon Quest, dies at 90|website=[[Japan Times]]|date=7 October 2021|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112754/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2021/10/07/music/koichi-sugiyama-japanese-composer-dragon-quest-dies-90/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === October === {{main|Deaths in October 2021}} [[File:Abolhassan Banisadr portrait 1980 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abolhassan Banisadr]]]] [[File:Abdul Qadeer Khan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Abdul Qadeer Khan]]]] [[File:2013 Edita Gruberová (8728835419).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Edita Gruberová]]]] [[File:Roh Tae-woo - cropped, 1989-Mar-13 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Roh Tae-woo]]]] * [[October 2]] – [[Umer Shareef]], Pakistani director, producer and artist (b. [[1960]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2021/legendary-comedian-umer-sharif-passes-away|title=Legendary comedian Umer Sharif passes away|date=October 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003091827/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2021/legendary-comedian-umer-sharif-passes-away |archive-date=October 3, 2021 }}</ref> * [[October 3]] ** [[Jorge Medina]], Chilean cardinal (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iglesia.cl/43050-fallecio-cardenal-jorge-medina-estevez.html|title=Falleció el Cardenal Jorge Medina Estévez|website=www.iglesia.cl}}</ref> ** [[Budge Patty]], American tennis player (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24heures.ch/la-legende-budge-patty-nest-plus-322596944541|title=Le tennis mondial perd un monument – La légende Budge Patty n'est plus|website=24 heures}}</ref> ** [[Lars Vilks]], Swedish visual artist (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/konstnaren-lars-vilks-och-tva-poliser-doda-i-trafikolycka-i-markaryd/|title=Konstnären Lars Vilks och två poliser döda i trafikolycka|website=www.expressen.se}}</ref> * [[October 9]] – [[Abolhassan Banisadr]], 1st [[President of Iran]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/former-iranian-president-bani-sadr-dies-paris-2021-10-09/|title=Former Iranian President Bani-Sadr dies in Paris|date=9 October 2021|work=Reuters|access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 10]] – [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]], Pakistani nuclear physicist and engineer (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan passes away at 85 in Islamabad |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1651191/nuclear-scientist-dr-abdul-qadeer-khan-passes-away-at-85-in-islamabad |work=Dawn |date=10 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 14]] – [[Lee Wan-koo]], 39th [[Prime Minister of South Korea]] (b. [[1950]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211014005351315|title=(LEAD) Former Prime Minister Lee Wan-koo dies at 71|date=14 October 2021|website=Yonhap News Agency}}</ref> * [[October 17]] – [[Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai]], Acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]] (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/afghanistans-former-pm-ahmad-shah-ahmadzai-passes-away-report20211017140002/|title=Afghanistan's former PM Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai passes away: Report|website=ANI News}}</ref> * [[October 18]] ** [[Edita Gruberová]], Slovak soprano (b. [[1946]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://kurier.at/kultur/starsopranistin-edita-gruberova-gestorben/401774436 |title=Starsopranistin Edita Gruberova gestorben |date=18 October 2021 | work=Kurier |language=de |access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref> ** [[János Kornai]], Hungarian economist (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20211018_Elhunyt_Kornai_Janos_kozgazdasz|title=Elhunyt Kornai János közgazdász|first=HVG Kiadó|last=Zrt|date=18 October 2021|website=hvg.hu}}</ref> ** [[Colin Powell]], American politician, diplomat and general (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/18/politics/colin-powell-dies/index.html|title=Colin Powell, first Black US secretary of state, dies of Covid-19 complications amid cancer battle|author=Devan Cole|website=CNN|date=October 18, 2021 }}</ref> * [[October 19]] – [[Leslie Bricusse]], British composer, lyricist and playwright (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58970326|title=Leslie Bricusse: 'Lyrical genius' of film dies aged 90|work=BBC News|date=20 October 2021}}</ref> * [[October 20]] – [[Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi]], Hungarian-American psychologist and academic (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forbes.hu/uzlet/meghalt-csikszentmihalyi-mihaly-a-flow-elmelet-atyja/|title=Meghalt Csíkszentmihályi Mihály, a flow elmélet atyja &#124; Forbes.hu|date=21 October 2021|website=forbes.hu}}</ref> * [[October 21]] – [[Bernard Haitink]], Dutch conductor and violinist (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.askonasholt.com/bernard-haitink-1929-2021-announcement/|title=Bernard Haitink,1929-2021|date=21 October 2021|website=Askonas Holt}}</ref> * [[October 22]] – [[Vyacheslav Vedenin]], Soviet and Russian cross-country skier and Olympic champion (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport24.ru/news/other/2021-10-23-olimpiyskiy-chempion-po-lyzhnym-gonkam-vyacheslav-vedenin-skonchalsya-na-81-m-godu-zhizni|title=Ушел из жизни двукратный олимпийский чемпион Вячеслав Веденин - 23 октября 2021 - Sport24|website=sport24.ru}}</ref> * [[October 26]] ** [[Walter Smith]], Scottish footballer and manager (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/oct/26/walter-smith-former-rangers-and-scotland-manager-dies-at-73|title=Walter Smith, former Rangers and Scotland manager, dies at 73|date=26 October 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> ** [[Roh Tae-woo]], 6th [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-koreas-former-president-roh-tae-woo-dies-88-yonhap-2021-10-26/|title=South Korea's former president Roh Tae-woo dies at 88 - hospital|first1=Sangmi|last1=Cha|first2=Josh|last2=Smith|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 October 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> * [[October 29]] ** [[Clément Mouamba]], 16th [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo]] (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211029-congo-brazzaville-l-ancien-premier-ministre-cl%C3%A9ment-mouamba-est-mort|title=Congo-Brazzaville: l'ancien Premier ministre Clément Mouamba est mort|date=29 October 2021|website=RFI|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029160524/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20211029-congo-brazzaville-l-ancien-premier-ministre-cl%C3%A9ment-mouamba-est-mort|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], Indian actor, playback singer and producer (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-29|title=Puneeth Rajkumar: Indian film star dies age 46|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59090072|access-date=2021-10-30}}</ref> * [[October 30]] – [[Igor Kirillov]], Soviet and Russian news presenter, announcer and actor (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Психотерапевт советского народа Умер Игорь Кириллов — диктор, который более 20 лет вел программу "Время" и стал символом отечественного телевидения|url=https://meduza.io/feature/2021/10/31/psihoterapevt-sovetskogo-naroda|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Meduza|language=ru}}</ref> * [[October 31]] – Dame [[Catherine Tizard]], 16th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/454628/dame-catherine-tizard-dies-aged-90|title=Dame Catherine Tizard dies, aged 90|date=31 October 2021|website=RNZ}}</ref> === November === {{main|Deaths in November 2021}} [[File:Liber Brunensis 1942, Aaron T. Beck.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Aaron Beck|Aaron T. Beck]]]] [[File:Frederik Willem de Klerk, 1990.jpg|thumb|100px|[[F. W. de Klerk]]]] [[File:Chun Doo-hwan 1983 (cropped).JPEG|thumb|100px|[[Chun Doo-hwan]]]] * [[November 1]] ** [[Aaron Beck|Aaron T. Beck]], American psychiatrist (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beckinstitute.org/draaronbeck/|title=In Memory of Aaron Temkin Beck, MD|website=Beck Institute}}</ref> ** [[Nelson Freire]], Brazilian pianist (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholictranscript.org/the-greatest-brazilian-pianist-nelson-freire-dies-at-77-culture/|title=The greatest Brazilian pianist, Nelson Freire, dies at 77 - Culture|date=1 November 2021}}</ref> * [[November 6]] ** [[Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Mali]] (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialafrik.com/2021/11/07/mali-deces-de-lex-premier-ministre-cisse-mariam-kaidama-sidibe/|title=Mali: décès de l'ex-Premier ministre Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé|first=Daouda Bakary|last=KONÉ|date=7 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Yukhym Zvyahilsky]], Acting [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://espreso.tv/na-88-rotsi-zhittya-na-stalo-ekspremera-yukhima-zvyagilskogo|title=На 88 році життя не стало експрем'єра Юхима Звягільського|website=espreso.tv}}</ref> * [[November 7]] – [[Dean Stockwell]], American actor (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/09/dean-stockwell-quantum-leap-blue-velvet-married-to-mob-dies-aged-85|title=Dean Stockwell, Quantum Leap and Blue Velvet actor, dies aged 85|date=9 November 2021|website=The Guardian}}</ref> * [[November 11]] ** [[F. W. de Klerk]], 7th and last [[State President of South Africa]] and Nobel laureate (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/breaking-former-president-fw-de-klerk-85-has-died-20211111|title=BREAKING &#124; Former president FW de Klerk, 85, has died|first=Pieter du|last=Toit|website=News24}}</ref> ** [[Graeme Edge]], English drummer, songwriter and poet (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/graeme-edge-dead-moody-blues-25436819|title=Tributes flood in as Moody Blues drummer Graeme Edge dies aged 80|first1=Lucy|last1=Buckland|first2=Jasmine|last2=Allday|date=11 November 2021|website=mirror}}</ref> * [[November 12]] ** [[Bob Bondurant]], American racing driver (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/bob-bondurant-iconic-american-racing-hero-dies-at-88-in-paradise-valley|title=Bob Bondurant 'iconic American racing hero' dies at 88 in Paradise Valley|date=13 November 2021}}</ref> ** [[Matthew Festing]], 79th [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/2021/11/12/grand-magistry-announces-death-79th-grand-master-fra-matthew-festing/|title=Grand Magistry announces death of Fra' Matthew Festing|date=12 November 2021|access-date=November 12, 2021|archive-date=November 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112200439/https://www.orderofmalta.int/2021/11/12/grand-magistry-announces-death-79th-grand-master-fra-matthew-festing/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** [[Ron Flowers]], English footballer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/club/20211111-ron-flowers-1934-2021/|title=Ron Flowers &#124; 1934 - 2021|website=www.wolves.co.uk}}</ref> * [[November 13]] – [[Wilbur Smith]], Zambian-born South African novelist (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wilbursmithbooks.com/latest-news/legendary-novelist-wilbur-smith-passes-away-at-the-age-of-eighty-eight|title=Legendary novelist Wilbur Smith passes away at the age of 88|website=wilbursmithbooks.com}}</ref> * [[November 14]] – [[Bertie Auld]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballscotland.co.uk/spfl/scottish-premiership/bertie-auld-passes-away-celtic-22164361|title=Celtic legend and Lisbon Lion Bertie Auld dies|first=Ross|last=Pilcher|date=14 November 2021|website=footballscotland}}</ref> * [[November 15]] – [[László Z. Bitó]], Hungarian physiologist and writer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://444.hu/2021/11/15/meghalt-bito-laszlo|title=Meghalt Bitó László|first=Kaufmann|last=Balázs|date=15 November 2021|website=444}}</ref> * [[November 23]] ** [[Chun Doo-hwan]], 5th [[President of South Korea]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=165757|title=Former Pres. Chun Doo-hwan Dies at 90|website=world.kbs.co.kr}}</ref> ** Sir [[James Fitz-Allen Mitchell]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationnews.com/2021/11/23/sir-james-mitchell-90-dies-bequia/|title=Sir James Mitchell, 90, dies in Bequia|date=23 November 2021|website=www.nationnews.com}}</ref> * [[November 26]] – [[Stephen Sondheim]], American composer and lyricist (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Bruce |title=Stephen Sondheim, Titan of the American Musical, Is Dead at 91 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/theater/stephen-sondheim-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/theater/stephen-sondheim-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 26, 2021|date = November 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * [[November 28]] ** [[Virgil Abloh]], American fashion designer and entrepreneur (b. [[1980]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Friedman|first=Vanessa|date=2021-11-28|title=Virgil Abloh, Bold Designer of Men's Wear, Dies at 41|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/28/style/virgil-abloh-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/28/style/virgil-abloh-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-11-28|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Alexander Gradsky]], Soviet and Russian singer, songwriter and rock musician (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Умер Александр Градский|url=https://meduza.io/news/2021/11/28/umer-aleksandr-gradskiy|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Meduza|language=ru}}</ref> ** [[Norodom Ranariddh]], 31st [[List of prime ministers of Cambodia|Prime Minister of Cambodia]] (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-cambodian-prime-minister-prince-norodom-ranariddh-has-died-information-2021-11-28/|title=Former Cambodian premier Prince Norodom Ranariddh dies at 77|first=Prak Chan|last=Thul|newspaper=Reuters|date=28 November 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** Sir [[Frank Williams (Formula One)|Frank Williams]], English businessman, Formula One team owner and mechanic (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-legendary-f1-team-boss-sir-frank-williams-dies-aged-79.mCPM4nj5n62elIhFoPhtv.html|title=Legendary F1 team boss Sir Frank Williams dies, aged 79 &#124; Formula 1®|website=www.formula1.com}}</ref> * [[November 29]] – [[Kinza Clodumar]], 7th [[President of Nauru]] (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loopnauru.com/node/107352|title=Nauru pays tribute to former president Kinza Clodumar|first=Loop|last=Pacific|date=3 December 2021|website=Loop Nauru}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[November 30]] – [[Ray Kennedy]], English footballer (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-ray-kennedy-dead-liverpool-25581929|title=Liverpool legend Ray Kennedy dies aged 70 following Parkinson's battle|first=Freddie|last=Keighley|date=30 November 2021|website=mirror}}</ref> === December === {{main|Deaths in December 2021}} [[File:Mustafa Ben Halim (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mustafa Ben Halim]]]] [[File:Fernandez-3-24-13 03.JPG |thumb|100px|[[Vicente Fernández]]]] [[File:Desmond Tutu, 1986 Jan (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Desmond Tutu]]]] [[File:Edward O. Wilson, 2003 (headshot).jpg|thumb|100px|[[E. O. Wilson]]]] * [[December 3]] ** [[Lamine Diack]], Senegalese businessman, sports administrator and athlete (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/convicted-ex-head-world-athletics-lamine-diack-dies-88-2021-12-03/|title=Convicted ex-head of world athletics Lamine Diack dies at 88|first=Diadie|last=Ba|newspaper=Reuters|date=3 December 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> ** [[Horst Eckel]], German footballer (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/horst-eckel-last-germanys-1954-world-champions-dies-89-dfb-2021-12-03/|title=Horst Eckel, last of Germany's 1954 world champions, dies at 89 - DFB|newspaper=Reuters|date=3 December 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> <!--Please do not include Bob Dole here without a consensus on the Talk page--> * [[December 5]] – [[Jacques Tits]], Belgian-born French mathematician (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smf.emath.fr/actualites-smf/deces-de-jacques-tits|title=Décès de Jacques Tits &#124; Société Mathématique de France|website=smf.emath.fr}}</ref> * [[December 6]] – [[Kåre Willoch]], 30th [[Prime Minister of Norway]] (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vg.no/i/V9oj8r|title=Kåre Willoch har gått bort, 93 år gammel|website=www.vg.no}}</ref> * [[December 7]] – [[Mustafa Ben Halim]], 3rd [[List of heads of government of Libya|Prime Minister of Libya]] (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al-ain.com/article/death-halim-prime-minister-libya|title=وفاة رئيس وزراء ليبيا الأسبق.. مصطفى بن حليم يطوي فصلا من التاريخ|date=7 December 2021|website=العين الإخبارية}}</ref> * [[December 8]] – [[Robbie Shakespeare]], Jamaican musician (b. [[1953]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20211208/robbie-shakespeare-sly-and-robbie-fame-has-died|title=Robbie Shakespeare of Sly and Robbie fame has died|date=December 8, 2021|website=jamaica-gleaner.com}}</ref> * [[December 9]] ** [[Otar Patsatsia]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Georgia]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00017345/|title=ოთარ ფაცაცია (1929-2021)|website=www.nplg.gov.ge}}</ref> ** [[Carmen Salinas]], Mexican actress and politician (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/entretenimiento/2021/12/10/carmen-salinas-fallecio-a-los-82-anos-de-edad/|title=Carmen Salinas falleció a los 82 años de edad|first=10 de Diciembre|last=de 2021|website=infobae}}</ref> ** [[Lina Wertmüller]], Italian film director and screenwriter (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/cinema-serie-tv/21_dicembre_09/morta-lina-wertmuller-grande-protagonista-cinema-italiano-aveva-93-anni-db0f6264-58da-11ec-95ed-0f7dcc6ae2dd.shtml|title=Scompare la regista di "Mimì metallurgico..." e di altri film cult|first=Maurizio|last=Porro|date=September 12, 2021|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref> * [[December 10]] – [[Michael Nesmith]], American musician and television personality (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/monkees-michael-nesmith-dead-1270079/|title=Michael Nesmith, Monkees Singer-Songwriter, Dead at 78|first1=Andy|last1=Greene|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 10, 2021}}</ref> * [[December 11]] ** [[Anne Rice]], American author (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/12/12/anne-rice-dead-interview-with-a-vampire-author-dies-aged-80-15757019/|title=Author Anne Rice dies aged 80|first=Rishma|last=Dosani|date=December 12, 2021}}</ref> ** [[Manuel Santana]], Spanish tennis player (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/tenis/nota/_/id/9654780/fallecio-manolo-santana-una-gloria-del-tenis|title=Falleció Manolo Santana, una gloria del tenis|date=December 11, 2021|website=ESPNdeportes.com}}</ref> * [[December 12]] ** Sir [[Paulias Matane]], 8th [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looppng.com/node/107643|title=Sir Paulias Passes On|first=Marysila|last=Kellerton|date=December 12, 2021|website=Loop PNG}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ** [[Vicente Fernández]], Mexican singer and actor (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/12/entertainment/vicente-fernandez-death-intl/index.html|title=Legendary Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez passes away at age 81|author=Sugam Pokharel and Karol Suarez|website=CNN}}</ref> * [[December 13]] – [[Verónica Forqué]], Spanish actress (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/muere-actriz-veronica-forque-66-anos_1_8574303.html|title=Hallan muerta en su casa a la actriz Verónica Forqué a los 66 años|first=Mónica Zas|last=Marcos|date=December 13, 2021|website=ElDiario.es}}</ref> * [[December 15]] – [[Fayez Tarawneh]], 31st [[List of prime ministers of Jordan|Prime Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1949]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/33232/2021-12-15|title=VIDEO: Former PM Fayez Tarawneh passes away|website=en.royanews.tv|access-date=2023-07-02|archive-date=2023-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702171117/https://en.royanews.tv/news/33232/2021-12-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[December 18]] – [[Richard Rogers (architect)|Lord Richard Rogers]], Italian–born British architect (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irvinetimes.com/news/national/19794931.millennium-dome-architect-lord-rogers-dies-aged-88/|title=Millennium Dome architect Lord Rogers dies aged 88|website=Irvine Times}}</ref> * [[December 19]] – [[Robert H. Grubbs]], American Nobel chemist (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/caltech-mourns-the-loss-of-nobel-laureate-robert-h-grubbs|title=Caltech Mourns the Loss of Nobel Laureate Robert H. Grubbs|date=December 19, 2021|website=California Institute of Technology}}</ref> * [[December 21]] – [[Carlyle Glean|Sir Carlyle Glean]], 5th [[Governor-General of Grenada]] (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Governor-General Sir Carlyle Glean has died |url=https://www.nowgrenada.com/2021/12/former-governor-general-sir-carlyle-glean-has-died/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Now Grenada |date=21 December 2021}}</ref> * [[December 23]] – [[Joan Didion]], American writer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/joan-didion-death-books-age-b1981581.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223170746/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/joan-didion-death-books-age-b1981581.html |archive-date=2021-12-23 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=American writer Joan Didion dies aged 87|date=December 23, 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref> * [[December 25]] ** [[Wayne Thiebaud]], American painter (b. [[1920]])<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=2021-12-26|title=Wayne Thiebaud, Playful Painter of the Everyday, Dies at 101|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/26/obituaries/wayne-thiebaud-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/26/obituaries/wayne-thiebaud-dead.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ** [[Jean-Marc Vallée]], Canadian filmmaker and screenwriter (b. [[1963]])<ref>{{Cite web|author=Andy Rose|title='Dallas Buyers Club' director Jean-Marc Vallée dies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/27/entertainment/jean-marc-vallee-obit/index.html|access-date=2021-12-27|website=CNN|date=December 27, 2021}}</ref> * [[December 26]] ** [[Karolos Papoulias]], 6th [[President of Greece]] (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/1815894/pethane-o-karolos-papoulias|title=Απεβίωσε ο Κάρολος Παπούλιας|date=December 26, 2021|website=www.naftemporiki.gr}}</ref> ** [[Desmond Tutu]], South African Anglican archbishop, activist and Nobel laureate (b. [[1931]])<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu dies at 90|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59793726 |work=BBC News |date=26 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> ** [[E. O. Wilson]], American biologist and writer (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/obituary-modern-day-darwin-eo-wilson-dies-92-2021-12-27/|title=OBITUARY E.O. Wilson, naturalist dubbed a modern-day Darwin, dies at 92|first=Bill|last=Trott|newspaper=Reuters|date=December 27, 2021|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> * [[December 31]] – [[Betty White]], American actress (b. [[1922]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2021/12/31/betty-white-dead-dies-golden-girls/|title=Betty White Dead at 99|website=TMZ}}</ref> ==Nobel Prizes== [[File:Nobelmedalj.svg|right|120px]] * [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[David MacMillan]] and [[Benjamin List]]<ref name=NPC/> * [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Economics]] – [[David Card]], [[Joshua Angrist]] and [[Guido Imbens]]<ref name=NPES/> * [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] – [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]]<ref name=NPL/> * [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] – [[Maria Ressa]] and [[Dmitry Muratov]]<ref name=NPP2/> * [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] – [[Ardem Patapoutian]] and [[David Julius]]<ref name="NPPM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021|website=NobelPrize.org|accessdate=October 4, 2021|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004114036/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2021/press-release/?related=1&_pjax=%23pjax-well}}</ref> * [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Klaus Hasselmann]], [[Syukuro Manabe]] and [[Giorgio Parisi]]<ref name="NPP">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021|publisher=Nobel Prize.org|accessdate=5 October 2021}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[2021 in association football]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commons category|2021}} [[Category:2021| ]] 061oyrzrt068o79nty93ckhk7p1cg10 0 189004 10331343 10310254 2025-06-15T02:34:45Z 2605:A601:A6F1:9C00:E864:91E7:9A4C:563C 10331343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2025}} {{C18 year in topic}} '''2025''' ([[Roman numerals|MMXXV]]) is a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]], the 2025th year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) designations, {{Year article header/year number|2025}}. It is the current year. == Events == === January === * [[January 1]] ** [[Poland]] takes over the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]] after [[Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2025 |title=Poland takes over the presidency. Prime Minister on "difficult six months"(Polska przejmuje prezydencję. Premier o "trudnych sześciu miesiącach".) |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-01-03/inauguracja-polskiej-prezydencji-w-ue/ |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Polsat News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2025 |title=PM Donald Tusk at the opening of the presidency: Europe is lucky(Donald Tusk na inauguracji prezydencji: Europa ma szczęście) |url=https://tvn24.pl/polska/polska-prezydencja-w-radzie-unii-europejskiej-oficjalna-inauguracja-przemowienie-premiera-donalda-tuska-st8245824 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=TVN24}}</ref> ** [[Bulgaria]] and [[Romania]] join the [[Schengen Area]], lifting land border controls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by the European Commission on the occasion of Bulgaria and Romania becoming fully part of Schengen |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_24_6401 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref> ** [[Liechtenstein]] becomes the 39th country to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liechtenstein: Marriage Act Amended to Allow Same-Sex Marriage |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2024-08-14/liechtenstein-marriage-act-amended-to-allow-same-sex-marriage/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref> ** [[Ukraine]] halts the transportation of Russian gas supplies through the country, following the expiration of a five-year transit deal,<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian gas supply to Europe via Ukraine halted after transit deal expires |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/1/russian-gas-supply-to-europe-via-ukraine-halted-after-transit-deal-expires |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> while also becoming a state party in the [[International Criminal Court]] the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Ukraine becomes ICC member state |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3943923-ukraine-becomes-icc-member-state.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.ukrinform.net |language=en}}</ref> ** In the [[United States]], fifteen people are killed, including the perpetrator, and over 35 others are injured during a [[2025 New Orleans truck attack|vehicle-ramming and shooting attack]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cn4x88455qpt |title=Ten dead after vehicle drives into large crowd in New Orleans, authorities say |work=BBC News|date=1 January 2025|access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref> ** Thirteen people are killed and four more injured in [[2025 Cetinje shootings|multiple shootings]] in [[Cetinje]], [[Montenegro]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2025-01-01 |title=At least 10 killed and four more wounded in Montenegro shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/01/at-least-four-killed-and-four-more-wounded-in-montenegro-shooting |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[January 4]] – [[Chancellor of Austria|Austrian Chancellor]] [[Karl Nehammer]] announces his resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=Austrian Chancellor Nehammer says he will resign after talks on forming a new government fail |url=https://apnews.com/article/austria-politics-talks-collapse-2e4ce6802617c2ac7a6d28f4842df38e?user_email=e9f48e73570f5cab7ad06984b27d44ccc37c48900cb185b6237ae9993409c977&utm_medium=APNews_Alerts&utm_source=Sailthru_AP&utm_campaign=NewsAlert_Jan04_2025_02:01PM&utm_term=AP%20News%20Alerts |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 6]] ** [[Indonesia]] is officially made a full member state of [[BRICS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-brics-indonesia-membership-c05b0c8e2ae493f9046479e62a45d8fa|title=Indonesia is admitted to the BRICS bloc of developing nations|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 7, 2025|accessdate=January 8, 2025}}</ref> ** [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Justin Trudeau]] announces his resignation as [[Liberal Party of Canada|Leader of the Liberal Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/01/06/world/canada-trudeau|title=Canada Live Updates: Trudeau Is Said to Be Stepping Down as Party Leader, Setting Off Succession Race|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 January 2025|accessdate=6 January 2025}}</ref> * [[January 7]] ** A 7.1 [[Richter scale|magnitude]] [[2025 Xizang earthquake|earthquake]] strikes [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of Southwest [[China]]. Killing at least 95 people, whilst another 130 are injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2025 |title=China earthquake: Dozens dead as tremor strikes Tibet |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3rqg95n9n1o |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-07 |title=At least 95 killed as magnitude-6.8 earthquake hits China's Tibet region |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-01-07/people-killed-as-magnitude-6-8-earthquake-hits-china/104792224 |access-date=2025-01-07 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> ** A [[January 2025 Southern California wildfires|series of wildfires]] erupt in [[Southern California]], forcing more than 30,000 people to [[evacuation|evacuate]] and kills five people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/01/07/us/palisades-brush-fires-california|title=Officials Warn of ‘Devastating Loss’ as Southern California Wildfires Burn Out of Control|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 7, 2025|accessdate=January 8, 2025}}</ref> * [[January 8]] – An [[2025 N'Djamena attack|attack]] on the [[President of Chad|presidential palace]] by [[Boko Haram]] in [[N'Djamena]], [[Chad]] kills 20 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Attack on Chad's presidential palace leaves 20 dead, 11 injured |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20250110/f487716af7b04b3ea3867ab4a573da7b/c.html |access-date=January 9, 2025 |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 9]] – General [[Joseph Aoun]] is elected [[President of Lebanon]] by the [[Parliament of Lebanon|country's parliament]], following a two-year vacancy of the presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Lebanon’s army chief Joseph Aoun elected president |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/01/09/lebanon-parliament-meets-to-elect-president- |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Al Arabiya |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 10]] **Incumbent [[Venezuela|Venezulan]] [[President of Venezuela|President]] [[Nicolás Maduro]] is sworn in for a third term amid an ongoing crisis after the [[2024 Venezuelan presidential election|disputed elections]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/03/asia/venezuela-presidential-candidate-argentina-milei-maduro-intl-latam/index.html |title=Edmundo González says he won Venezuela’s presidential election |access-date=6 January 2025|website=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref> **The European [[Copernicus Programme|Copernicus Climate Change Service]] reports that 2024 was the world's hottest year on record, and the first calendar year to pass the symbolic threshold of 1.5°C of [[global warming]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd7575x8yq5o |title=2024 first year to pass 1.5C global warming limit |date=10 January 2025 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=11 January 2025}}</ref> *[[January 12]] – [[President of Croatia]] [[Zoran Milanović]] is re-elected to a second term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=Croats vote in presidential election, with incumbent favoured in polls |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/croats-vote-elect-new-president-2024-12-29/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 13]] – [[International Court of Justice|President of the International Court of Justice]] [[Nawaf Salam]] is nominated by the [[Parliament of Lebanon]] to become [[Prime Minister of Lebanon|prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bassam |first1=Laila |last2=Perry |first2=Tom |last3=Williams |first3=Alison |date=2025-01-13 |title=Lebanon's Salam wins backing of enough MPs to be named PM, political sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanons-salam-wins-backing-enough-mps-be-named-pm-political-sources-say-2025-01-13/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> *[[January 14]] – The 2025 World Men's Handball Championship begins in [[Croatia]], [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 IHF Men's Handball World Championship |url=https://www.visitnorway.com/event/2025-ihf-mens-handball-world-championship/426599/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2024 |website= |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111173738/https://www.visitnorway.com/event/2025-ihf-mens-handball-world-championship/426599/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2024 |title=Host cities and schedule announced for the 2025 IHF Men's World Championship |url=https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/host-cities-and-schedule-announced-2025-ihf-mens-world-championship |url-status=live |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=[[International Handball Federation]] |archive-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113013251/https://www.ihf.info/media-center/news/host-cities-and-schedule-announced-2025-ihf-mens-world-championship }}</ref> *[[January 15]] ** [[President of South Korea]] [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] is arrested for his role in the [[2024 South Korean martial law crisis|2024 martial law crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarnoff |first=Leah |last2=Cho |first2=Joohee |title=Impeached South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol detained over martial law declaration |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/impeached-south-korean-president-yoon-suk-yeol-arrested/story?id=117682572 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> ** [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]] agree to a [[Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal|three-phase ceasefire proposal]] to end their 15 months of conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 January 2025 |title=ISRAEL AND HAMAS AGREE GAZA CEASEFIRE DEAL TO HALT 15-MONTH WAR |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/1/15/live-israel-launches-fierce-strikes-on-gaza-as-ceasefire-deal-moves-closer?update=3444486 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ** American filmmaker and actor [[David Lynch]] dies at the age of 78.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pedersen |first1=Erik |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=January 16, 2025 |title=David Lynch Dies: 'Twin Peaks', 'Blue Velvet', 'Elephant Man' & 'Eraserhead' Visionary Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/david-lynch-dead-twin-peaks-blue-velvet-elephant-man-1236258625/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116194924/https://deadline.com/2025/01/david-lynch-dead-twin-peaks-blue-velvet-elephant-man-1236258625/ |archive-date=2025-01-16 |access-date=January 16, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> * [[January 16]] ** A [[2025 Catatumbo attacks|series of attacks]] by the [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|National Liberation Army]] in [[Colombia]] leaves more than 80 people dead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title= At least 80 people killed in northeast Colombia as peace talks fail, official says |url= https://apnews.com/article/colombia-killed-eln-farc-kidnapped-9312219ca09e26fc03d18983fd245831 |access-date=19 January 2025 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> ** [[Rosen Zhelyazkov]] is confirmed as the [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] by the [[National Assembly of Bulgaria|National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/izbraha-kabineta-zheljazkov-balgarija-ima-novo-redovno-pravitelstvo.html| title= Избраха кабинета „Желязков“. България има ново редовно правителство|date=16 January 2025}}</ref> ** [[Blue Origin]] successfully launches its [[heavy-lift launch vehicle]], [[New Glenn]], on its first attempt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drake |first=Nadia |title=Blue Origin’s New Glenn Rocket Finally Takes Flight |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blue-origins-new-glenn-rocket-finally-takes-flight/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin launches massive New Glenn rocket on first test flight |url=https://apnews.com/article/blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-jeff-bezos-2466fb0e114a09d88a46f71a1e647d50 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 17]] – [[Minister of State of Monaco]] [[Didier Guillaume]] dies in [[Nice]], [[France]] at the age of 65 and [[Isabelle Berro-Amadeï]] is appointed as the acting Minister of State.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2025 |title=Minister of State Didier Guillaume hospitalised for several weeks |url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2025/01/minister-of-state-didier-guillaume-hospitalised-for-several-weeks/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Monaco Tribune |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 18]] ** Two [[Sharia]] [[Qadi|judges]] are assassinated and two other people are injured in [[2025 assassination of Sharia judges in Iran|a mass shooting]] at the [[Supreme Court of Iran]] in capital [[Tehran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Supreme Court judges killed in Tehran shooting attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/18/two-iranian-supreme-court-justices-killed-in-shooting-attack-in-tehran |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ** Ninety-eight people are killed in [[2025 Suleja fuel tanker explosion|a fuel tanker explosion]] near [[Suleja]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Marta |title=Nigeria: eksplozja przewróconej cysterny z paliwem |url=https://strazacki.pl/akcje/swiat/nigeria-eksplozja-przewroconej-cysterny-z-paliwem-2/ |publisher=Strażacki |access-date=21 January 2025 |language=pl |date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Nigeria Tanker Blast Death Toll Rises To 98 |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/nigeria-tanker-blast-death-toll-rises-to-98-b556c73c |access-date=January 20, 2025 |publisher=[[Barrons]] |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 19]] ** A ban on [[TikTok]] in the [[United States]] goes into effect,<ref>{{Cite web |title=TikTok set to be banned in the US after losing appeal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2ldnq5095xo |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> however it was quickly reversed within 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/19/24347280/tiktok-ban-shutdown-ends | title = TikTok is coming back online in the US | first = Wes | last = Davis | date = January 19, 2025 | accessdate = January 19, 2025 | work = [[The Verge]] }}</ref> ** [[Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal|A ceasefire]] between [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]] goes into effect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘We deserve life’: Gaza ceasefire comes into force after 15 months of war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/19/israel-hamas-ceasefire-takes-effect-in-gaza |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 20]] – [[Donald Trump]] is [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|sworn in]] as the 47th [[President of the United States]], becoming the second president in American history to serve non-consecutive terms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hajela |first1=Deepti |date=November 6, 2024 |title=Trump isn't first to be second: Grover Cleveland set precedent of non-consecutive presidential terms |url=https://apnews.com/article/grover-cleveland-president-nonconsecutive-terms-7ea2c92c72911462ccb1bc2e7352fa23 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> * [[January 21]] ** Seventy-eight people are killed after a [[2025 Kartalkaya hotel fire |fire]] breaks out in a hotel ski resort in [[Bolu Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartalkaya'da otel yangını: 66 kişi hayatını kaybetti, dört kişi gözaltında|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c5y6p433665o |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=BBC News Türkçe|language=tr}}</ref> ** Former [[President of El Salvador]] [[Mauricio Funes]], who was convicted of [[tax evasion]] and [[corruption]], dies while in [[exile]] in [[Nicaragua]] at the age of 65.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/ex-salvadoran-leader-mauricio-funes-dies-in-nicaragua-ec6ec769|title=Ex-Salvadoran Leader Mauricio Funes Dies In Nicaragua|language=en|date=22 January 2025|access-date=22 January 2025|work=[[Barron's]]}}</ref> * [[January 22]] ** The [[January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard|first recorded blizzard]] in the [[Gulf Coast of the United States]] results in at least thirteen deaths and more than $14 billion in damage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Rare Gulf Coast Winter Storm Breaks Snow Records—Here’s Where And The Areas That Could See More Snowfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2025/01/22/gulf-coast-winter-storm-weather-records-broken-florida-new-orleans-alabama-gulf-shores-pensacola-houston-austin-texas/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Winter storm live updates: Florida buried in record-breaking snow as ice freezes South leaving at least 13 dead |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/winter-storm-live-warnings-issued-160530544.html |access-date=January 23, 2025 |publisher=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> ** [[Thailand]] becomes the 40th country to legalize [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanakasempipat |first=Patpicha |date=2024-09-25 |title=Same-Sex Marriage Legalized in Thailand, Starting in January |url=https://time.com/7024193/thailand-same-sex-marriage-2025/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 23]] – For the second time, [[Micheál Martin]] is elected [[Taoiseach]] of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wallace |first1=Nicholas |last2=Basińska |first2=Kinga |title=Micheál Martin po raz drugi premierem Irlandii |url=https://www.euractiv.pl/section/demokracja/news/micheal-martin-po-raz-drugi-premierem-irlandii/ |publisher=euractiv |access-date=24 January 2025 |language=pl |date=24 January 2025}}</ref> * [[January 24]] – [[Storm Éowyn]] hits [[Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. Record high wind speeds of {{convert|183|kph|abbr=on}} are recorded in Ireland, while over a million homes are left without power.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Płachta |first1=Arkadiusz |title="Największy cyklon od pokoleń" — Eowyn — uderzył w Europę. Dramatyczna sytuacja w Irlandii |url=https://podroze.onet.pl/aktualnosci/niszczycielski-cyklon-eowyn-uderzyl-w-europe-dramatyczna-sytuacja-w-irlandii/p2b139l |publisher=Onet |access-date=24 January 2025 |language=pl |date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Matoga |first1=Jan |title=Sztorm stulecia. Eowyn zbliża się do Wielkiej Brytanii |url=https://www.rmf24.pl/pogoda/news-sztorm-stulecia-eowyn-zbliza-sie-do-wielkiej-brytanii,nId,7898363#crp_state=1 |publisher=RMF |access-date=24 January 2025 |language=pl |date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pope |first1=Conor |title=Ireland weather updates: Red warning for Storm Éowyn ends in 25 counties but dangerous conditions, power cuts persist |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2025/01/24/storm-eowyn-live-updates-status-red-warning-ireland-met-eireann-power-outages-transport/ |publisher=The Irish Times |access-date=24 January 2025 |language=en |date=24 January 2025}}</ref> * [[January 25]] ** Several [[artifacts]] are stolen from the [[Drents Museum]] in [[Assen]], [[Netherlands]], including the [[Helmet of Coțofenești]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2025 |title=Ancient gold artifacts stolen in Drents museum robbery |url=https://nltimes.nl/2025/01/25/ancient-gold-artifacts-stolen-drents-museum-robbery |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=NL Times}}</ref> ** The [[March 23 Movement]] [[Battle of Goma (2025)|captures]] [[Goma]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodies on streets, hospitals struggle, battles intensify in DR Congo's Goma |date=28 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/28/at-least-17-people-killed-as-fighting-in-dr-congos-goma-intensifies }}</ref> * [[January 26]] – [[Alexander Lukashenko]] is re-elected as [[President of Belarus]], after banning opposition candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Belarus strongman set to win a 7th term in an election the opposition calls a farce |url=https://apnews.com/article/belarus-lukashenko-election-crackdown-opposition-putin-ae937352a1340ad5ca02ab55744487e0 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 28]] – [[Miloš Vučević]] resigns as [[Prime Minister of Serbia]] after an anti-corruption protests over the [[Novi Sad railway station canopy collapse]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-28 |title=Premijer Srbije podneo ostavku |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/premijer-srbije-milos-vucevic-podneo-ostavku/33291712.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=Radio Slobodna Evropa |language=sh}}</ref> * [[January 29]] ** [[Ahmed al-Sharaa]] is appointed as the [[President of Syria|20th President of Syria]] of the [[Syrian transitional government|transitional government]], nearly two months after the [[Fall of the Assad regime]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-leader-sharaa-named-president-transitional-period-state-news-agency-says-2025-01-29/|title=Syria's Sharaa declared president for transitional period, state news agency says|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 January 2025|access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> ** A helicopter [[2025 Potomac River mid-air collision|collides]] with an [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] jet over the [[Potomac River]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]], killing all 67 people onboard both the helicopter and the jet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Romine |first2=Taylor |last3=Faheid |first3=Dalia |last4=Lynch |first4=Jamiel |last5=Vera |first5=Amir |last6=Park |first6=Hanna |date=January 29, 2025 |title=American Airlines plane crash near Washington, DC; Reagan National Airport takeoffs and landings halted |url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/plane-crash-dca-potomac-washington-dc-01-29-25 |access-date=January 30, 2025 |work=[[CNN]] |quote=A US Army Blackhawk (H-60) helicopter collided with passenger aircraft near Washington on Wednesday, according to two US defense officials.}}</ref> ** A [[Beechcraft 1900]] [[2025 Light Air Services Beechcraft 1900 crash|crashes]] in [[South Sudan]], killing 20 of the 21 people onboard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2025 |title=Plane crash in South Sudan kills at least 20 people |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/29/plane-crash-in-south-sudan-kills-at-least-20-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130082915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/29/plane-crash-in-south-sudan-kills-at-least-20-people |archive-date=30 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=English }}</ref> *[[January 30]] – Following the approval of a constitutional reform, [[Nicaragua]] becomes a [[diarchy]] with [[Daniel Ortega]] and [[Rosario Murillo]] as [[President of Nicaragua|co-presidents]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/nicaragua-congress-gives-final-approval-sweeping-constitutional-reforms-2025-01-30/ Nicaragua's Ortega expands power as reforms win final approval]</ref> * [[January 31]] – A [[Learjet 55]] [[2025 Philadelphia Learjet crash|crashes]] into multiple buildings and houses in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States, killing at least seven people and injuring over 19 others.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanders |first1=Hank |last2=Vigdor |first2=Neil |last3=Yoon |first3=John |last4=Bonamo |first4=Mark |title=6 Feared Dead After Medical Plane Crashes Near Philadelphia Mall |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/31/us/plane-crash-philadelphia-roosevelt-mall.html |website=The New York Times |date=1 February 2025}}</ref> ===February=== * [[February 1]] – [[Horst Köhler]], former [[President of Germany]] and director of the [[International Monetary Fund]], dies in Berlin at the age of 81.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ex-Bundespräsident: Horst Köhler mit 81 Jahren gestorben | website=ZDFheute | date=1 February 2025 | url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/ex-bundespraesident-horst-koehler-tot-100.html | language=de | access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref> * [[February 3]] – [[Antwerp|Antwerp Mayor]] [[Bart De Wever]] is appointed the [[Prime Minister of Belgium]], replacing [[Alexander De Croo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03|title=Belgium gets new government with Flemish separatist Bart De Wever as PM |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/belgium-gets-new-government-with-flemish-separatist-bart-de-wever-as-pm/ |access-date=2025-02-03|website=politico|language=en}}</ref> * [[February 4]] ** The [[United States]] [[China–United States trade war|imposes a 10% tariff]] on all Chinese imports with [[China]] responding to [[tariff|retaliatory tariffs]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c8d90v1m6qvt |title=Trump's 10% tariff on China begins as Beijing plans retaliation on US coal, gas, and pick-ups|date=4 February 2025|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=4 February 2025}}</ref> ** [[Aga Khan IV]], the 49th [[Imam]] of [[Nizari]] [[Ismaili]], dies in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Aga Khan, philanthropist and spiritual leader, dies aged 88 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/04/the-aga-khan-philanthropist-and-spiritual-leader-dies-aged-88 |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> His son, [[Aga Khan V]], replaces him as the 50th Imam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=New Aga Khan named as Prince Rahim Al-Hussaini |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ce3ndgd6076o |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ** At least 11 people are killed in [[2025 Risbergska school shooting|a mass shooting]] at an adult education centre in [[Örebro]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krupa |first=Jakub |date=4 February 2025 |title=Sweden shooting: five people shot at education centre in Örebro by attacker police believe is among the injured – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/feb/04/sweden-school-shooting-orebro-latest-updates-live-news |access-date=4 February 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[February 8]] – [[Sam Nujoma]], the [[President of Namibia|1st President of Namibia]], dies in [[Windhoek]] at the age of 95.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/namibias-founding-father-sam-nujoma-dies-at-95/a-71551547 |title=Namibia's 'founding father' Sam Nujoma dies at 95 |work=DW |date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * [[February 9]] ** In [[American football]], the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] defeat the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] to win the [[Super Bowl LIX|Super Bowl]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2025 |title=Eagles 40-22 Chiefs (Feb 9, 2025) Play-by-Play |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/playbyplay/_/gameId/401671889 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> ** In the first round of voting of the [[2025 Ecuadorian general election|Ecuadorian general election]], incumbent [[President of Ecuador|President]] [[Daniel Noboa]] advances to the run-off, facing former [[National Assembly (Ecuador)|National Assembly member]] and [[2023 Ecuadorian general election|2023 presidential runner-up]] [[Luisa González]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/09/americas/ecuador-election-president-noboa-gonzalez-intl-latam/index.html |title=Ecuador set for run-off vote as leftist candidate pushes president close in tight election |date=10 February 2024 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=10 February 2024}}</ref> ** [[Brigitte Haas]] is elected the first female [[Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title=The tiny Alpine principality of Liechtenstein is set to get its first female prime minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/liechtenstein-first-female-prime-minister-haas-3e6b8510cb9f1e61f3692440848966d1 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> * [[February 10]] – A [[2025 Guatemala City bus crash|bus falls off a bridge]] over a river in [[Guatemala City]], [[Guatemala]], killing at least 56 people and injuring several others more.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/puente-belice-guatemala-deadly-bus-crash/ |title=Bus plunges off a Guatemala bridge, killing at least 56 passengers |website=CBS News |access-date=February 10, 2025 |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211003821/https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/puente-belice-guatemala-deadly-bus-crash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 12]] ** [[President of Romania]] [[Klaus Iohannis]] resigns with [[President of the Senate of Romania|Senate President]] [[Ilie Bolojan]] becoming acting president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian President Klaus Iohannis resigns ahead of election re-run |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3w805xjg1xo |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref> ** Former [[Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament|Parliament Speaker]] [[Konstantinos Tasoulas]] is elected [[President of Greece]] by the [[Hellenic Parliament]] in the fourth and final round of voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/politics/1261471/konstantinos-tasoulas-elected-new-president-of-greece/|title=Konstantinos Tasoulas elected new president of Greece|publisher=Ekathimerini|accessdate=12 February 2025}}</ref> * [[February 13]] – A car [[2025 Munich car attack|rams into a crowd]] at a [[trade union]] protest in [[Munich]], [[Germany]] resulting in 28 people being injured.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=Deborah |date=2025-02-13 |title=At least 28 injured after car hits group of people in Munich |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/13/vehicle-driven-into-group-of-people-in-munich |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[February 15]] – [[Djibouti]] Foreign Affairs Minister [[Mahamoud Ali Youssouf]] is elected as the [[Chairperson of the African Union Commission|Chairman of the African Union Commission]], defeating former [[Prime Minister of Kenya|Kenyan Prime Minister]] [[Raila Odinga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2025 |title=Africa 'brimming with hope and possibility': Guterres {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/02/1160176 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> * [[February 16]] – In the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], the [[March 23 Movement]] [[2025 Bukavu offensive|captures]] [[Bukavu]], the capital of [[South Kivu]] province.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peltier |first=Elian |last2=Makangara |first2=Justin |date=2025-02-16 |title=In Latest Advance, Rebels in Congo Say They Have Entered a Key City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/16/world/africa/rebels-congo-bukavu.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[February 17]] – A [[Delta Air Lines|Delta Connection]] jet [[Delta Connection Flight 4819|flips on landing]] at the [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]], with 21 of the 80 occupants injured.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reid|first=Channing|date=2025-02-17|title=Breaking: Delta Connection CRJ900 Crash Lands & Flips Over In Toronto|url=https://simpleflying.com/breaking/delta-connection-crj900-flips-over-toronto/|access-date=2025-02-18|website=Simple Flying|language=en}}</ref> * [[February 18]] ** [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] announces that [[Russia]] and the [[United States]] have officially agreed to restore diplomatic relations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 18, 2025 |title=US, Russia agree to restore diplomatic missions as first step in Ukraine war talks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-russia-agree-restore-diplomatic-missions-first-step-ukraine-war-talks-2025-02-18/ |access-date=February 20, 2025 |publisher=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> ** Archaeologists announce that the empty tomb Wadi C-4 discovered in 2022 was that of the pharaoh [[Thutmose II]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shawkat |first=Ahmed|date=18 February 2025|title=Egypt announces first discovery of a royal tomb since King Tutankhamun's was found over a century ago – CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/egypt-discovery-king-thutmose-ii-ancient-royal-tomb/|access-date=19 February 2025|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[February 19]] – [[Croatia]] completes the process of joining the [[European Economic Area]].<ref>https://www.efta.int/about-efta/legal-documents/eea-legal-texts</ref> * [[February 19]] – [[March 9]] – The 2025 ICC Champions Trophy are held in [[Pakistan]] and [[Dubai]].<ref>https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/champions-trophy-2025</ref> * [[February 21]] – In [[Peru]], the roof of a shopping center [[Real Plaza Trujillo roof collapse|collapses]], leaving at least eight people dead and 84 injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2025 |title=Tragedia en Real Plaza Trujillo, EN VIVO: rescatan primer cadáver tras colapso que dejó 8 muertos y 84 heridos |trans-title=Tragedy in Real Plaza Trujillo, LIVE: First body rescued after collapse that left 8 dead and 84 injured |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2025/02/21/colapsa-techo-de-real-plaza-en-trujillo-en-vivo-reporte-de-heridos-y-ultimas-noticias-segun-coer-1782711 |access-date=22 February 2025 |publisher=[[La República]] |language=es |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222031000/https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2025/02/21/colapsa-techo-de-real-plaza-en-trujillo-en-vivo-reporte-de-heridos-y-ultimas-noticias-segun-coer-1782711 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 23]] – In the [[2025 German federal election|German federal election]], the [[CDU/CSU]] (Union), led by [[Friedrich Merz]], wins the most seats in the [[Bundestag]], while the far-right [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] comes in second and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] led by [[German Chancellor|Chancellor]] [[Olaf Scholz]] comes in third.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kilderlin |first1=Sophie |title=Voters flock to political extremes in Germany as the centrist parties stumble |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/24/german-election-voters-flocked-to-afd-and-die-linke-political-extremes.html |access-date=24 February 2025 |agency=CNBC |date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224142608/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/24/german-election-voters-flocked-to-afd-and-die-linke-political-extremes.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 }}</ref> * [[February 25]] – A [[Sudanese Armed Forces|Sudanese Air Force]] plane [[2025 Sudanese Air Force Antonov An-26 crash|crashes]] near an air base in [[Omdurman]], killing at least 46 people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Orban |first1=André |title=Sudan military plane crash kills 46 amid intensifying conflict |url=https://www.aviation24.be/manufacturers/antonov/sudan-military-plane-crash-kills-46-amid-intensifying-conflict/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=Aviation24.be |date=26 February 2025}}</ref> * [[February 26]] – American actor [[Gene Hackman]] is found dead alongside his wife in [[New Mexico]] at the age of 95.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Benjamin |last2=Shoard |first2=Catherine |date=2025-02-27 |title=Gene Hackman and pianist wife Betsy Arakawa found dead at home with their dog |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/feb/27/gene-hackman-dies-wife-dog-95 |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[February 27]] – Russian chess player and former [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]] [[Boris Spassky]] dies in [[Moscow]] at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=Умер 10-й чемпион мира по шахматам Борис Спасский |url=https://nsn.fm/sport/umer-10-i-chempion-mira-po-shahmatam-boris-spasskii |access-date=27 February 2025 |publisher=HCH |date=27 February 2025}}</ref> * [[February 28]] – An [[2025 Trump–Zelenskyy meeting|altercation]] between [[Ukrainian President]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] and [[U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] in the [[Oval Office]] causes ongoing negotiations between the countries to break down.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live updates: Trump and Vance call Zelenskyy 'disrespectful' in Oval Office meeting when pushed for US security commitment |url=https://apnews.com/live/donald-trump-latest-news-2-28-2025 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ===March=== * [[March 2]] ** [[Firefly Aerospace]]s [[Blue Ghost Mission 1|Blue Ghost]] successfully lands on the Moon as part of the [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] program.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-03-02 |title=Firefly’s Blue Ghost lander successfully touches down on the moon |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/01/science/blue-ghost-mission-moon-landing/index.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ** At [[97th Academy Awards|the Academy Awards]], ''[[Anora]]'' wins five awards, including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/2025/03/03/anora-mikey-madison-oscars-2025/|title=Analysis | Why ‘Anora’ dominated the Oscars, including Mikey Madison’s big win|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 3, 2025|accessdate=March 3, 2025}}</ref> *[[March 8]] – Mahmoud Khalil, a student [[Activism|activist]] involved in pro-[[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Protest|protests]] at [[Columbia University]], is [[Detention of Mahmoud Khalil|taken]] from his [[New York City|New York]] [[apartment]] by ICE agents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-09|title=Immigration agents arrest Palestinian activist who helped lead Columbia University protests|url=https://apnews.com/article/columbia-university-mahmoud-khalil-ice-15014bcbb921f21a9f704d5acdcae7a8|access-date=2025-04-16|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khalil v. Trump|url=https://www.aclu.org/cases/khalil-v-trump|access-date=2025-04-16|website=American Civil Liberties Union|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cuison-Villazor|first=Rose|date=2025-04-14|title=ICE has broad power to detain and arrest noncitizens – but is still bound by constitutional limits|url=https://theconversation.com/ice-has-broad-power-to-detain-and-arrest-noncitizens-but-is-still-bound-by-constitutional-limits-253700|access-date=2025-04-16|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[March 18]] – [[Israel]] [[March 2025 Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip|strikes]] [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] after a 2-month ceasefire. At least 404 are killed, including children. At least 660 others are also injured. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Al Jazeera|title=At least 404 people killed as Israel unleashes wave of attacks on Gaza|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/18/israel-launches-gaza-assault-killing-hundreds-and-shattering-ceasefire|access-date=2025-03-18|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> *[[March 28]] – At least 5,400 are killed and more than 7,860 injured when a 7.7 magnitude [[2025 Sagaing earthquake|earthquake]] occurs in [[Southeast Asia]] with its epicenter in [[Myanmar]], but with destruction taking place as far away as [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. Tremors were felt as far west in [[Delhi]], [[India]] and as far east in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-28 |title=Powerful quake in Southeast Asia kills several, Myanmar declares state of emergency |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/strong-earthquake-central-myanmar-panic-bangkok-2025-03-28/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Massive Myanmar earthquake causes widespread destruction with dozens trapped in collapsed Bangkok building |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c4gex01m7n5t |date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=BBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.7 - 2025 Mandalay, Burma Earthquake |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000pn9s/executive |date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[USGS]]|language=en}}</ref> === April === * [[April 2]] – [[United States|US]] President [[Donald Trump]] issues [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|sweeping trade tariffs]] on many countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Five key takeaways from Trump's 'Liberation Day' reciprocal tariffs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2025/4/3/five-key-takeaways-from-trumps-liberation-day-reciprocal-tariffs |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Trump tariffs list: The US global tariffs plan at a glance |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1jxrnl9xe2o |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[April 8]] – During a [[concert]] by Rubby Pérez in Santo Domingo, [[Jet Set nightclub roof collapse|a nightclub roof collapses]], killing at least 221 people, including Pérez, and injures more than 255 others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Tanno|first=Sophie|date=2025-04-10|title=More than 200 dead after Dominican Republic nightclub disaster, as search for survivors ends|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/10/americas/dominican-republic-nightclub-roof-collapse-update-intl/index.html|access-date=2025-04-10|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-09|title=Casi cien fallecidos y gran conmoción por el desastre en la discoteca Jet Set|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/sucesos/2025/04/09/discoteca-jet-set-decenas-de-fallecidos-y-gran-conmocion-por-desastre/3066031|access-date=2025-04-10|website=Diario Libre|language=es}}</ref> * [[April 13]]–[[October 13]] – Expo 2025 is held in [[Osaka]], [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-23 |title=Osaka Is World Expo 2025 Host |language=en-US |work=Japan Forward |url=http://japan-forward.com/osaka-is-world-expo-2025-host/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317040627/http://japan-forward.com/osaka-is-world-expo-2025-host/ |archive-date=March 17, 2019}}</ref> * [[April 14]] – [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], former [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], dies at 85.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia's former Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi dies, aged 85|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-badawi-pak-lah-dies-85-fifth-prime-minister-5064761|access-date=2025-04-14|website=CNA|language=en}}</ref> * [[April 17]] – The [[atmosphere]] of K2-18b, a water world located 124 [[Light year|light-years]] away, is found to contain large amounts of both dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide – two compounds that, on [[Earth]], are only known to be produced by life. While requiring further proof, it is described as "the strongest evidence to date for a biological activity beyond the Solar System".<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2025|title=Scientists find 'strongest evidence yet' of life on distant planet|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c39jj9vkr34o|access-date=17 April 2025|website=BBC News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2025|title=Scientists hail ‘strongest evidence’ so far for life beyond our solar system|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/apr/17/scientists-hail-strongest-evidence-so-far-for-life-beyond-our-solar-system|access-date=17 April 2025|website=The Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[April 19]]-[[April 20|20]] - [[WWE]] WrestleMania 41 takes place over two nights at [[Allegiant Stadium]] in [[Las Vegas]]. The event marks [[John Cena|John Cena's]] final WrestleMania, as he plans to retire from wrestling in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=John Cena says next year will be his last in WWE; announces farewell tour |url=https://www.espn.com/professional-wrestling/story/_/id/40510428/john-cena-announces-upcoming-wwe-retirement-2025-money-bank |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[April 21]] – [[Pope Francis]], 266th [[Pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]] [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|dies]] at 88. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=2025-04-21|title=Pope Francis Dies at 88: Latest News|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/04/21/world/pope-francis-updates-vatican|access-date=2025-04-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[April 22]] – Militants affiliated with The Resistance Front [[2025 Pahalgam Massacre|open fire]] on a group of tourists at the Baisaran Valley in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]], killing 28 and injuring at least 20.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-23|title=US-based techie, IAF official among 26 killed in attack. Who were the victims?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-kashmir-full-list-of-victims-released-2713232-2025-04-23|access-date=2025-04-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=U. S. Mission|date=2025-04-23|title=Alert: U. S. Embassy New Delhi, India (April 23, 2025)|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/alert-u-s-mission-india-april-23-2025/|access-date=2025-04-25|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Terrorist Attacks in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025|url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2025/04/20250423-Terrorist-Attacks-in-PJK|access-date=2025-04-25|website=www.mfa.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> * [[April 26]] ** The [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|funeral]] of [[Pope Francis]] is attended by representatives from 164 different [[Country|countries]] of the world, including 82 [[Head of state|leaders]], and 250,000 other people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Horowitz|first=Jason|date=2025-04-26|title=Mourners Bid Solemn Farewell to Pope Francis|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/04/26/world/pope-francis-funeral|access-date=2025-04-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Paula|date=2025-04-26|title=See photos of Pope Francis' funeral and procession as pontiff is laid to rest - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pope-francis-funeral-photos/|access-date=2025-04-28|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> ** An [[2025 Bandar Abbas port explosion|explosion]] in the Port of Shahid Rajee, Bandar Abbas, Iran, killed more than 40 people and injured more than 1200 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brennan|first=Leila Gharagozlou, Eve|date=2025-04-27|title=Iran tight-lipped on cause of deadly port explosion that killed at least 40 people|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/27/middleeast/iran-tightlipped-port-explosion-intl/index.html|access-date=2025-04-28|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Abdulrahim|first=Raja|date=2025-04-27|title=Iran Port Explosion’s Death Toll Rises|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/27/world/middleeast/iran-port-explosion.html|access-date=2025-04-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ** A [[2025 Vancouver car attack|vehicle-ramming attack]] occurred at the Lapu Lapu Day festival, a public event honouring [[Filipinos|Filipino]] heritage in [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clun|first=Rachel|date=2025-04-28|title=Vancouver attack latest: Suspect named and charged with murder after 11 killed in car-ramming attack|language=en|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/vancouver-attack-suspect-kai-ji-adam-lo-lapu-lapu-festival-b2740617.html|access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-28|title=Vancouver: Girl, 5, among dead as suspect Kai-Ji Adam Lo charged|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g271y53z6o|access-date=2025-04-28|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[April 28]] – The [[2025 Canadian federal election]] is held.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canada election 2025: Polls open in Canada after Trump and tariffs dominate election campaign|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cr5d13e4r2rt|access-date=2025-04-28|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> === May === * [[May 9]] – [[May 25]] – The 2025 IIHF World Championship is held in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] and [[Herning]], [[Denmark]]. <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 1, 2025|title=IIHF - Schedule and Results 2025|url=https://www.iihf.com/en/events/2025/wm/schedule|access-date=January 1, 2025|website=IIHF.com}}</ref> * [[May 11]] – The 2025 Albanian parliamentary election is held.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IFES Election Guide {{!}} Elections: Albanian Parliament 2025 General|url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/4563/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=www.electionguide.org}}</ref> * [[May 12]] – The 2025 Philippine general election is held.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 5, 2024|title=COMELEC Guide: How to register for 2025 Philippine Elections|url=https://assistance.ph/comelec-how-to-register-philippine-elections/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621035947/https://assistance.ph/comelec-how-to-register-philippine-elections/|archive-date=June 21, 2024|access-date=2024-11-17|website=assistance.ph}}</ref> * [[May 13]]–[[May 17|17]] – The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2025]] is held in [[Basel|Basel, Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Basel 2025|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/basel-2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926011418/https://eurovision.tv/event/basel-2025|archive-date=September 26, 2024|access-date=28 September 2024|publisher=Eurovision.tv}}</ref> * [[May 18]] – The 2025 Polish presidential election is held; incumbent president [[Andrzej Duda]] is ineligible for re-election.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} * [[May 25]] – The 2025 Surinamese general election is held.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-15|title=Suriname President Santokhi names date for general election|url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/suriname-president-santokhi-names-date-general-election|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-01|website=caribbean.loopnews.com}}</ref> === June === * [[June 12]] – [[Air India Flight 171]] == Predicted & Scheduled events == * [[June 15]] – [[July 13]] – The [[2025 FIFA Club World Cup]] will take place in the [[United States]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/club-world-cup/usa-2025/articles/teams-dates-venue-groups-draw-matches-tickets|title=FIFA Club World Cup 2025: Everything you need to know|date=December 16, 2024|access-date=December 31, 2024|website=FIFA.com}}</ref> * [[June 25]]–[[June 28|28]] – The [[Glastonbury Festival]], near [[Pilton, Somerset]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. * [[July 1]] – [[Bulgaria]] is expected to adopt the [[euro]] and become the 21st member state of the [[eurozone]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The National Assembly adopted at first reading a bill for the introduction of the euro in the Republic of Bulgaria |url=https://parliament.bg/en/news/ID/6080 |date=July 26, 2024 |publisher=National Assembly |location=Sofia, Bulgaria |access-date=August 16, 2024 |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808075719/https://parliament.bg/en/news/ID/6080 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[July 11]] – [[August 3]] – The 2025 World Aquatics Championships will take place in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldaquatics.com/competitions/4725/world-aquatics-championships-singapore-2025|title=World Aquatics Championships - Singapore 2025|publisher=worldaquatics.com}}</ref> * [[August 7]]–[[August 17|17]] – The 2025 World Games will take place in [[Chengdu]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theworldgames.org/editions/Your-City-Your-Country-2025-14|title=TWG 2025 Chengdu, CHN|website=theworldgames.org}}</ref> * [[August 17]] – The 2025 Bolivian general election is scheduled to be held.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} * [[September 8]] – The 2025 Norwegian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/valgdagen-blir-8.-september-2025/id3037352/ | title = Valgdagen blir 8. september 2025 | trans-title = The election will be on 8 September 2025 | website = Government of Norway | date = 3 May 2024 | access-date = 18 June 2024 | language = nb}}</ref> * [[September 12]]–[[September 28|28]] – The 2025 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship will take place in [[Pasay]] and [[Quezon City]] in the [[Philippines]]. * [[September 13]]–[[September 21|21]] – The 2025 World Athletics Championships will take place in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} * [[October 3]] – [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] will abdicate the throne in favor of his son [[Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Guillaume]], who will reign as Guillaume V.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-24 |title=Grand Duke Henri confirms date of retirement |url=https://www.luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/grand-duke-henri-confirms-date-of-retirement/31197975.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=[[Luxembourg Times]] |language=en}}</ref> * [[October 20]] – If not triggered earlier, the 2025 Canadian federal election will be held no later than this date.<ref name="C16">{{cite web |date=May 3, 2007 |title=An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act |url=https://www.parl.ca/documentviewer/en/39-1/bill/C-16/third-reading/page-27?col=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626012317/https://www.parl.ca/documentviewer/en/39-1/bill/C-16/third-reading/page-27?col=2 |archive-date=June 26, 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=June 25, 2024 |publisher=LegisINFO |format=}}</ref> * [[October 26]] – The 2025 Argentine legislative election is scheduled to be held.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} * [[October 27]] – The 2025 Irish presidential election will be held no later than this date. Incumbent president [[Michael D. Higgins]] is ineligible for re-election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Jane |date=2024-12-26 |title=We'll have a new President in the Áras next year — here are some names that might be running |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/presidential-election-aras-2025-6580025-Dec2024/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=TheJournal.ie |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 21]] – [[December 7]] – The 2025 FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup will take place in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Council takes key decisions on FIFA Member Associations and upcoming FIFA competitions |url=https://inside.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation/fifa-council/media-releases/fifa-council-takes-key-decisions-member-associations-upcoming-competitions |website=Inside FIFA |publisher=FIFA |access-date=1 January 2025 |date=3 October 2024}}</ref> * [[November 23]] ** The 2025 Chilean general election is scheduled to be held.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} ** If not triggered earlier, the 2025 Singaporean general election will be held no later than this date, with the current Parliament to be dissolved no later than August 24.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} *[[November 27]] – [[December 14]] – The 2025 World Women's Handball Championship will take place in [[Germany]] and [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} === Unknown dates === * The [[Giant Magellan Telescope]] is expected to be completed. * Voyager 2 might stop transmitting. == Deaths == {{main|Deaths in 2025}} == Related pages == * [[2025 in association football]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2025| ]] o3utn183xfabawvhff9bozjw8kty4zi 4 189924 10329927 10329739 2025-06-14T13:13:51Z Minorax 844779 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 6cjbxf0t9vb6su632tg89nx4cglwpcb 10329932 10329927 2025-06-14T13:14:05Z Minorax 844779 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] ocs59jbxmxsqkohlfbranah5yk4gymz 10329936 10329932 2025-06-14T13:14:10Z Minorax 844779 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] fkmgnvhzpzypy314dv966kuwj3te1ha 10329940 10329936 2025-06-14T13:14:22Z Minorax 844779 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 9rt0ymh3hlk8x0i6k3ts8ntrun05enw 10329945 10329940 2025-06-14T13:14:39Z Minorax 844779 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 07cv4s4qg9ql6n5sapn9xbtox8grnqj 10330020 10329945 2025-06-14T13:38:41Z Minorax 844779 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] r7kys4wsrzidilqozdi4gdegaypez2u 10330176 10330020 2025-06-14T15:26:14Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] kaijxehn1utxp7u950qqz199d5dgeu5 10330856 10330176 2025-06-14T20:42:24Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] f7o3934fts3qu2g2ojljcxmcu3xsv9m 10330866 10330856 2025-06-14T20:49:29Z Vermont 555269 closed one 10330866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 4k61o8bznedsfrej9wza5oituc2m0x0 10331137 10330866 2025-06-15T00:20:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] fsacpds726mghvcwk3blwr4gtltnfip 10331203 10331137 2025-06-15T01:08:53Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] g006xc4crwhqpokoeng9bd5tytwlk0n 10331385 10331203 2025-06-15T03:09:07Z Fr33kman 15149 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] biy9chf6b5nx8h1p6f8fbjymo1z4efs 10331697 10331385 2025-06-15T09:54:50Z Cactusisme 1477024 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)]]. 🌵 [[WP:TW|TW]] 🌵 10331697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 930pjz61dl2sdwyv88u9zpdce1b2p8n 10331779 10331697 2025-06-15T10:51:50Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Got a Little Crazy]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Got a Little Crazy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] hqj5q80sdtqognk2qwb5x88rv0ymn7v 10331831 10331779 2025-06-15T11:38:44Z Johannnes89 879931 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Pakubuhono III]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Pakubuhono III}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Got a Little Crazy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of Chile Twenty20 International cricketers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Esther Uranday}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Erik Felderhof}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chief Adviser's Press Wing Facts (Bangladesh)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Brainbombs (2007 compilation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheap (Brainbombs EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charlie Barrett}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Charge CCCV}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/African Illustrious Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Arigo Technologies}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ariel Ruiz Villalobos}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Young Europeans Literary Award}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battle of Erbil (1994)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1994 Erbil incident}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Argentine Italian}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Sodhi (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Socialist teachers}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Abbasids raid on Sicily}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Curtis Waters}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/King Aiden}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:Bangladesh 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tiny Arcade UK}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Edward Ludwig}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Stephen A. Crystal}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Danial Jafari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Valentina Allegra de Fontaine}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dominique Thorne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Korath the Pursuer}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Man-Ape}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of schools in Leeds}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Fictional people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Minor League Cricket}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Essential World English}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A man and his dog (Rotta)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/500 Most Influential Muslims}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bagri (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Nuradin Rustamov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kingsley Ifeanyi Adonu}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking water polo D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/DJ Phil}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Amouna al Mazyouna}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/S-Connection Featuring Anabelle}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mohammad Mousavi Taher}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mariel Fránklin}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tuffet}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ice Age 8: Adventures Of The Soto}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Semnox Solutions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Timeline of the far future}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Palestinian Jews}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Battl Victory Records}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Unbroken Ground}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Water (molecule)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Chromebook challenge}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Val Holten}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Narula (caste)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/1002 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/667 (number)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Habib Nozohouri (Gymnastics)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Angga Candra}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raseshwari Devi Ji}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Namiq Salifov}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Jackson Breit}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Daharia}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Slowking volleyball D}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Donald Crumbley}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vincent Adewoye}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yash Rajaram Suryavanshi}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Lawrence Ram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/K. Niranjan Reddy}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/West Camp Friends}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:White South African people}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Costa Rica men's national cricket team}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Tahir Dar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shangeev Thanikaithasan}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kassim Nassoro}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Deputy Mayor of Campo Grande}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Anish Paraam}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Akshay Puri}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] d3muclevu7z75ra6pn8wfs2mvzsd3up 0 194033 10330428 10328105 2025-06-14T17:31:25Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simpsons character |name=Hans Moleman|ullmanappearance="[[The Simpsons shorts#Season 3: 1988-1989|Scary Movie]]" (1989)|appearance="[[Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish]]" (1990)}} '''Hans Moleman''' is a character in [[The Simpsons]]. His voice is from [[Dan Castellaneta]], and was first seen in the Simpsons short "[[The Simpsons shorts#Season 3: 1988-1989|Scary Movie]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Lawson |first=Tim |authorlink= |title=The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors |url=https://archive.org/details/magicbehindvoice0000laws |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/magicbehindvoice0000laws/page/118 118] |isbn=1578066964}}</ref> He is in a [[running gag]], where he usually suffers bad, nearly always sad, events. ==Role in The Simpsons== ===Biography=== Hans Moleman is the retconned name of the character. He looks old, but he claims to be only 31 years old, (in 1993's "Selma's Choice", his driver's license says he was born August 2, 1961, and in "Duffless", Moleman confessed his real age at an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, implying that his ugly appearance has been caused by severe alcoholism) but Moleman was in the Springfield Retirement Home in Season 10's "The Old Man and the "C" Student". In the episode Little Girl in the Big Ten in season 13, he said he was eighty years old. He has [[cataract|cataracts]] and is almost completely blind (which has messed up his reading ability and has led to revokings of his driver's license over and over) and has used medical marijuana. He always has a brown cane, that once had a sword in it. In “Springfield’s Anthem”, it is revealed that Moleman was the previous mayor of Springfield and was the one to buy their anthem from a salesman who sold the song to other towns. When confronted, Moleman said me “never expected anyone to leave town” over the centuries of his life. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters]] [[de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#Ralph Melish (Hans Maulwurf)]] 9wmd7l7o993boj9yr6ufx1g2gqasvzz 0 197296 10331080 9811054 2025-06-14T23:27:17Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Added and simplified information copied from the English Wikipedia article [[:en:Don_Carlos]], added sources and citations, made some minor stylistic edits. Removed unsourced Evaluation section, which was not adhering to NPOV. 10331080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the opera by Giuseppe Verdi|other uses|Don Carlos (disambiguation)}} '''''Don Carlos''''' is an [[opera]] composed by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]. It was composed to a [[libretto]] in the [[French language]] by Camille du Locle and Joseph Méry. It was based on a famous [[Germany|German]] [[Play (theatre)|play]] called ''[[Don Carlos (play)|Don Carlos, Infante of Spain]]'' by [[Friedrich Schiller]]. Schiller’s story is based on parts of the life of [[Carlos, Prince of Asturias]] (1545-1568) who was promised that he could marry [[Elisabeth of Valois]], but then his father, [[Philip II of Spain]], changed his mind and married her himself. It was part of the [[peace treaty]] ending the Italian War of 1551-1559 between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[House of Valois|Valois]]. The opera was first performed at the [[Théâtre Impérial de l’Opéra]] (now the [[Paris Opera]]) in [[Paris]] on 11 March 1867. It has five acts. Don Carlos was written for performance in [[Paris]]. This has made a problem for the reputation of the opera, because it was tradition in France to write very [[Grand opera|long operas]]. They always included a lot of [[ballet]] music as well as the singing. Verdi’s opera was in five [[act]]s, and when it was performed in other countries it was too long for people’s tastes, so many cuts were made, including, at first, the whole of Act I. This is a great pity, because a lot of the music in Act One is very important, with tunes which also come later in the opera. Since the beginning of the [[20th century]] most of the music of Act I is usually performed. There have been many different versions performed, with different parts of the opera cut. It is most often performed in Italian. When the opera is sung in [[Italian language|Italian]] it is called ''Don Carlo''. == Roles == {| class="wikitable" !Role !Voice type !Premiere Cast<br />11 March 1867<br />(Conductor: François George-Hainl) !Revised version<br />Première Cast<br />10 January 1884<br />(Conductor: Franco Faccio) |- |[[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], (Filippo) ''King of Spain'' |[[bass (singer)|bass]] |Louis-Henri Obin |Alessandro Silvestri |- |Don Carlos (Don Carlo), ''Infante of Spain'' |[[tenor]] |Jean Morère |Francesco Tamagno |- |Rodrigue (Rodrigo), ''Marquis of Posa'' |[[baritone]] |Jean-Baptiste Faure |Paolo Lhérie |- |The Grand Inquisitor |bass |Joseph David |Francesco Navarini |- |Elisabeth of Valois, ''a French princess'' |[[soprano]] |Marie-Constance Sass |Abigaille Bruschi-Chiatti |- |Princess Eboli, ''an important woman in the Spanish court'' |[[mezzo-soprano]] |Pauline Gueymard-Lauters |Giuseppina Pasqua |- |A monk (really [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], Holy Roman Emperor) |bass |Armand Castelmary |Leopoldo Cromberg |- |Thibault (Tebaldo), ''page to Elisabeth'' |soprano ([[Travesti|en travesti]]) |Leonia Leveilly |Amelia Garten |- |A Voice from Heaven |soprano | | |- |The Count of Lerma |tenor |Gaspard |Angelo Fiorentini |- |Royal Herald |tenor |Mermant |Angelo Fiorentini |- |Countess of Aremberg, ''Elisabeth's lady-in-waiting'' |silent |Dominique |Angelina Pirola |- | colspan="4"|''Flemish deputies, Inquisitors, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Spanish Court, the people, Pages, Guards, Monks, Soldiers - chorus'' |} == History == Before he wrote the ballet music, Verdi cut some parts of the opera because it was too long.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Budden|first=Julian|title=The operas of Verdi. 3: From Don Carlos to Falstaff|date=1981|place=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=978-0-304-30740-1|access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref> He took out a duet for Elisabeth and Eboli in Act IV, Scene i; a duet for Carlos and King Philip after Rodrigue dies in Act IV, Scene ii; and some music for Elisabeth and Eboli during the same scene that the duet for Carlos and the King was in. Some modern productions sung in French put the duet for Carlos and Philip back in, and Verdi used the music again as part of his [[Requiem]] setting.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Penguin opera guide|last=Holden|first=Amanda|date=2001|publisher=Penguin books|isbn=978-0-14-029312-8|location=London}}</ref> After Verdi finished writing the ballet, he found out that performances of the opera would finish after midnight. Since midnight was the time that people would need to leave the opera to get home to the Paris suburbs on the train, he took out some more music. The first thing that he took out was the introduction to Act I. He then took out a short solo for Rodrigue in Act II, scene i; and part of the duet for King Philip and Rodrigue in Act II, scene ii.<ref name=":0" /> When the score of the opera (a book of the music) was first published, it was without the music that he took out but with the ballet. At a conference in Verona in 1969, the American musicologist (somebody who studies music but does not write or perform music) David Rosen said that he had found the part of the duet for King Philip and Rodrigue act the end of Act II. It had been folded down in the first conductor's copy of the score. Some of the other music which Verdi had taken out had just been covered with new music, which British music critic Andrew Porter managed to find some of again. This meant that 21 minutes of music which Verdi had taken out of the opera could be performed again.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Porter|first=Andrew|date=1982-07-01|title=Review: Don Carlos: Edizione integrale delle varie versioni in cinque e in quattro atti (comprendente gli inediti verdiani) by Giuseppe Verdi, Ursula Günther, Luciano Petazzoni|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jams/article/35/2/360/49698/Review-Don-Carlos-Edizione-integrale-delle-varie|journal=Journal of the American Musicological Society|language=en|volume=35|issue=2|pages=360–370|doi=10.2307/831152|issn=0003-0139}}</ref> After the first performance of the opera and before he left Paris, Verdi said that the Paris Opera could end Act IV, Scene ii with the death of Rodrigue if they thought that it was a good idea. They did this for the first time at the second performance on March 13th, after Verdi had left Paris. After this, the Paris Opera made more cuts which Verdi did not tell them that they could make to the opera.<ref name=":0" /> In 1980, the German musicologist Ursula Günther published a version of the score of ''Don Carlos'' which had all of the parts of the opera that Verdi took out and were found again in it.<ref name=":1" /> She published a second version of the score in 1986.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/15625441|title=Don Carlos: riduzione per canto e pianoforte con testo francese e italiano|last=Verdi|first=Giuseppe|publisher=Ricordi|year=1986|editor-last=Günther|editor-first=Ursula|location=Milan|nopp=y|oclc=15625441}}</ref> == The story of the opera == The story takes place at a time when Spain is just coming to the end of a war with France. It has been agreed between the two countries that Don Carlos, heir to the Spanish throne, will marry Elisabeth, the daughter of the King of France. === Act I === The opera starts with a chorus of woodcutters and their wives. They sing about how difficult their lives are and how the war with Spain has made it worse. Elisabeth arrives and tells the people that she is going to marry Don Carlos, and that this will end the war because he is the son of the King of Spain. Elisabeth leaves. Don Carlos wants to see the girl he is to marry. He goes to France and, secretly, joins a royal hunt in which Elisabeth is taking part. Elisabeth and her [[page (servant)|page]] are separated from the others. Carlos speaks to her and offers to take her home. The princess asks him about the prince she is to marry. Carlos says that she need not worry because the prince is kind and in love with her. He then shows Elisabeth a photo of the prince, and then Elisabeth of course realizes that it is the prince she is talking to. They sing a love duet. Some Spanish officials then come and tell Elisabeth that it has been decided that she is not to marry the prince: she is to marry his father, the king of Spain. The two lovers are dismayed at this news. The crowd of people beg Elisabeth to agree to marrying the King of Spain, so that the war will stop. In the end she agrees. === Act II === Don Carlos has gone to a [[monastery]] so that he can be quiet in his misery. His grandfather, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], had spent his last days in this monastery. A [[monk]] talks to him. Carlos thinks the monk looks like his grandfather. Carlos is filled with joy when his friend Rodrigue comes. He has just come back from [[Flanders]], where there is still a lot of fighting. Carlos tells him a secret: that he is in love with Elisabeth who has now married his father and is therefore Queen of Spain. Rodrigue tells him he should spend his time helping the poor people of [[Flanders]]. The King and Queen process past the [[tomb]]. When the Queen leaves the church she goes to the garden where her ladies are waiting for her. A messenger gives her a letter from her mother in Paris, but at the same time he secretly gives her a letter from Carlos. Rodrigue quietly talks to Eboli, the queen’s [[lady-in-waiting]], while the queen reads the letters. Rodrigue asks the Queen to try to persuade the king to let Carlos talk to him. Eboli is in love with Carlos. She has noticed how Carlos has been agitated when he has been in the presence of the Queen, and thinks it is because Carlos loves her (Eboli). Carlos is given a chance to meet Elisabeth privately. He calmly asks her whether she could persuade the King to send him to Flanders. However, he is not really calm, and soon he starts to be angry with her for not showing any love feelings towards him. She tells him that it is her duty now that she is Queen. Carlos understands, but is still in love with her. He falls at her feet. He grabs her and declares his love for her, but the Queen tears herself from him and he rushes off in despair. The Kings comes out of church. He is very cross that his wife has been left on her own. He tells the lady-in-waiting to go away. The Queen comforts her. Then she and her ladies go. Rodrigue asks the King to stop fighting the people of Flanders who are still dying and starving from hunger. The King says they were not faithful and deserve to be punished. He tells Rodrigue that he is afraid of what is going on between Elisabeth and Carlos. He tells him to be aware of the [[Inquisition]]. === Act III === A masked [[ball (dance)|ball]] is taking place at the palace in [[Madrid]]. Carlos is waiting in the Queen’s garden. A lady comes to the garden, wearing a mask, like everyone else. He thinks it is the Queen and tells her how he loves her. When the lady takes her mask off he realizes it is Eboli. She accuses him of loving the Queen. At that moment Rodrigue comes. He says to Eboli that Carlos is not well and does not understand what he is talking about. But Eboli is not deceived and plans to ruin their love affair. The second scene of the act takes place in a [[town square|square]] in Madrid. An [[auto-da-fé]] is being prepared. During the time of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] this was a ceremony in which anyone who did not agree with the [[Roman Catholic]] church was burnt to death. Monks enter, followed by the unfortunate people who are going to be burnt. The people sing about the glories of Spain. King Philippe appears and repeats how he will fight against anyone who is an enemy of the Roman Catholic Church. Six people, including Carlos, appear and fling themselves at his feet, begging him to stop his troops from killing the Flemish people. The King will not hear of it. Some of the crowd support the king, but others are begging him to have [[mercy]]. Carlos then asks his father to allow him to rule Flanders for him. The King does not allow this, because he realizes that this could be an opportunity for Carlos and the Flemish people to rise against him. Carlos is desperate. He draws his [[sword]] and says that he will save Flanders. The crowd are terrified to see him behave like this in front of the King. The King commands his soldiers to take the sword away from Carlos, but no one obeys him. In the end, Rodrigue (who realizes that this is going to be bad for him) saves the situation by calmly asking Carlos for the sword. He hands it over and Rodrigue gives it to the King. The monks process farther, and a voice from heaven promises peace in the world to come. === Act IV === The King is alone in church. In an [[aria]] he sings of his sadness that his wife does not seem to love him. The [[Grand Inquisitor]] comes in. He is very old, and [[blind]]. The King tells him about his son, and asks the Inquisitor whether Carlos should be forgiven or sentenced to death. The Inquisitor answers that it is Rodrigue who should be killed. The king dares to disagree. The Inquisitor tells the King that he is not giving his heart to [[God]]. The Inquisitor goes. The Queen rushes in and asks the King to help her look for a casket of jewels which have disappeared from her room. The King shows her that it is on the table. He tells her she must open it. She does so. At the top is a portrait of Carlos. The King is very angry and accuses her of [[adultery]]. She faints. The King calles Eboli and Rodrigue for help. The King feels sorry for his suspicion, but Eboli feels even more sorry because it was she who had taken the casket because she was jealous of Carlos and Elisabeth. It was she who had suggested the King should look in the jewel case. Rodrigue feels he can only save his friend by offering himself to be killed instead of Carlos. The King and Rodrigue leave. Eboli throws herself at the feet of the Queen, who has now revived, and confesses that she herself is guilty of [[adultery]] because she had slept with the king. Elisabeth remains calm, but tells Eboli to go away from her for ever and to live in a [[nunnery]]. When Eboli is left alone she expresses her feelings of terribly misery. Before she goes to the nunnery she has one more thing to do: to try to save Carlos from being put to death. The second scene of the act shows Carlos in [[prison]]. Rodrigue comes to him. He knows that Flemish letters addressed to Carlos have been found in his possession. Someone comes in and kills Rodrigue. As he dies, he tells Carlos that the Queen will wait for him the next day outside the nunnery and will see him for the last time. He dies. Sometimes Act IV ends here, but some performances continue to show a scene in which the King tries to give the sword back to his son, but Carlos accuses him of having murdered his friend. A group of people, including Eboli, enter the prison and cry to the King to set Carlos free. The Inquisitor appears. He tells the crowd angrily that they are wicked to go against God’s will. He tells them all to go down on their knees and repent. === Act V === Elisabeth kneels before the tomb of Charles V. She sings of her lost youth in France (some of the music from Act I comes back here). She prays for peace. Elisabeth and Carlos then meet for the last time (their third duet in the opera) and wish for happier times. The King and the Inquisitor have been hiding. They now appear and grab Carlos. The guards are told to grab him, but Carlos defends himself. Suddenly the voice of Charles V (or a monk in disguise) is heard. He takes his grandson into the safety of the cloister. == References == <references /> [[Category:Operas set in Spain]] [[Category:Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi]] [[Category:1860s operas]] tssh5i3qn587v7x8evqtmcoxry83vv1 0 203872 10331039 10323858 2025-06-14T23:02:37Z SolarX 1505746 see also --> related pages 10331039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wrestling PPV series|name=WWE New Year's Revolution|brands=[[WWE Raw|Raw]] (2005–2007, 2020)<br>[[SmackDown]] (2020, 2024)|promotions=[[WWE]]|firstevent=[[New Year's Revolution (2005)|2005]]|featuredmatches=[[Elimination Chamber]] match (2005–2006)}} '''New Year's Revolution''' is a series of [[professional wrestling]] shows held by [[WWE]] in January. The event first took place from 2005 to 2007 and aired on [[pay-per-view]] (PPV). All three events during this time were exclusive to the [[WWE Raw|Raw]] [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]]. The show was no longer on the WWE schedule starting in 2008 when they removed more PPVs per year. After thirteen years, WWE brought back the New Year's Revolution name for a [[List of professional wrestling terms#H|house show]] tour in 2020. Four years later, WWE used the name for a television special for the [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]] brand. == Events == === Pay-per-view and televised events (2005–2007, 2024) === {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto" | style="background:#FBB; width:2em" | |[[WWE Raw|Raw]]-branded event | style="background:#BBF; width:2em" | |[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]-branded event |} {| class="sortable wikitable succession-box" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;" !# !Event !Date !City !Venue !Main Event !Ref. |- style="background: #FBB;" |1 |[[New Year's Revolution (2005)]] |January 9, 2005 |[[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] |[[José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum|Coliseo de Puerto Rico]] |[[Triple H]] vs. [[Dave Batista|Batista]] vs. [[Randy Orton]] vs. [[Chris Jericho]] vs. [[Chris Benoit]] vs. [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]] in an [[Elimination Chamber|Elimination Chamber match]] for the vacant [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)|World Heavyweight Championship]] with [[Shawn Michaels]] as the [[Professional wrestling match types#Multi-person matches|special guest referee]] |<ref name="Results1">{{cite web|last=Martin|first=Adam|date=January 9, 2005|title=New Year's Revolution (RAW) PPV Results|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2005/1105329906.shtml|access-date=July 26, 2008|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref> |- style="background: #FBB;" |2 |[[New Year's Revolution (2006)]] |January 8, 2006 |[[Albany, New York]] |[[Pepsi Arena (Albany, New York)|Pepsi Arena]] | * [[John Cena]] (c) vs. [[Carlito (wrestler)|Carlito]] vs. [[Chris Masters]] vs. [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]] vs. [[Kurt Angle]] vs. Shawn Michaels in an [[Elimination Chamber|Elimination Chamber match]] for the [[WWE Championship]] * John Cena (c) vs. Edge for the WWE Championship in Edge's [[Money in the Bank ladder match#Cash-in matches|Money in the Bank cash-in match]] |<ref name="Results06-3">{{cite web|date=January 8, 2006|title=New Year's Revolution (RAW) PPV Results|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2005/1136778809.shtml|access-date=September 12, 2008|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref> |- style="background: #FBB;" |3 |[[New Year's Revolution (2007)]] |January 7, 2007 |[[Kansas City, Missouri]] |[[Kemper Arena]] |[[John Cena]] (c) vs. [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]] for the [[WWE Championship]] |<ref name="Results07-3">{{cite web|last=Martin|first=Adam|date=January 7, 2007|title=New Year's Revolution PPV Results|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2006/1168228340.shtml|access-date=September 12, 2008|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref> |- style="background: #BBF;" |4 |[[WWE New Year's Revolution#2024|New Year's Revolution (2024)]] |January 5, 2024 |[[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] |[[Rogers Arena]] |[[LA Knight]] vs. [[AJ Styles]] vs. [[Randy Orton]] to determine the #1 contender for the [[WWE Championship|Undisputed WWE]] [[WWE Universal Championship|Universal Championship]] at the [[Royal Rumble (2024)|Royal Rumble]] |<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnett|first=Jake|date=January 5, 2024|title=WWE Friday Night Smackdown results (1/5): Barnett's review of Roman Reigns and Logan Paul's appearances, Randy Orton vs. LA Knight vs. AJ Styles for a shot at the WWE Universal Title at the Royal Rumble|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/05/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-1-5-barnetts-review-of-roman-reigns-and-logan-pauls-appearances-randy-orton-vs-la-knight-vs-aj-styles-for-a-shot-at-the-wwe-universal-title-at-the-royal-ru/|access-date=January 5, 2024|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> |- | colspan="10" |{{center|(c) –is the champion(s) going into the match}} |- |} === New Year's Revolution Tour (2020) === The New Year's Revolution Tour was originally scheduled to be a tour of nine WWE Live shows, however, the final show was canceled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. These house shows were supershows, featuring wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown brands. {| class="sortable wikitable succession-box" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;" !# !Date !City !Venue !Main Event !Ref. |- |1 |January 4 |[[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]] |[[Show Me Center]] |[[Roman Reigns]], [[Braun Strowman]], and [[Big E (wrestler)|Big E]] vs. [[Baron Corbin|King Corbin]] and [[FTR (professional wrestling)|The Revival]] ([[Dax Harwood|Scott Dawson]] and [[Cash Wheeler|Dash Wilder]]) |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (January 4, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=251486|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |2 |January 5 |[[Springfield, Missouri]] |[[JQH Arena]] |Roman Reigns, Braun Strowman, and [[The New Day]] ([[Big E (wrestler)|Big E]] and [[Kofi Kingston]]) vs. King Corbin, [[Shinsuke Nakamura]], and The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (January 5, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=251634|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |3 |January 11 |[[Dayton, Ohio]] |[[Nutter Center]] | rowspan="2" |Roman Reigns vs. King Corbin in a Loser Eats Dog Food match |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (January 11, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=251889|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |4 |January 12 |[[Corbin, Kentucky]] |The Corbin Arena |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (January 12, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=251953|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |5 |February 8 |[[Oakland, California]] |[[Oakland Arena]] |Roman Reigns vs. King Corbin |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (February 8, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net//?id=1&nr=254175|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |6 |February 9 |[[Fresno, California]] |[[Save Mart Center]] |[[Drew McIntyre]] vs. [[Seth Rollins]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (February 9, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=254498|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |7 |February 15 |[[Eugene, Oregon]] |[[Matthew Knight Arena]] | rowspan="2" |Roman Reigns vs. King Corbin |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (February 15, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=255504|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |- |8 |February 16 |[[Kennewick, Washington]] |[[Toyota Center (Kennewick, Washington)|Toyota Center]] |<ref>{{cite web|title=WWE New Year's Revolution Supershow (February 16, 2020)|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=255505|access-date=December 11, 2021|website=Cagematch.net}}</ref> |} == Results == === 2024 === {{Infobox wrestling event|name=''SmackDown'': New Year's Revolution (2024)|promotion=[[WWE]]|brand=[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]|date=January 5, 2024|venue=[[Rogers Arena]]|city=[[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]|event=[[List of WWE SmackDown special episodes|''SmackDown'' special episodes]]|event2=New Year's Revolution|lastevent3=[[New Year's Revolution (2007)]]|nextevent3=}} '''New Year's Revolution''' '''(2024)''' took place on January 5, 2024, at the [[Rogers Arena]] in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], and aired as a special episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|Friday Night SmackDown]]'' on Fox. It featured wrestlers from the company's SmackDown brand. {{Professional wrestling results table|times=<ref name="SmackDown01052024">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/05/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-1-5-barnetts-review-of-roman-reigns-and-logan-pauls-appearances-randy-orton-vs-la-knight-vs-aj-styles-for-a-shot-at-the-wwe-universal-title-at-the-royal-ru/|title=WWE Friday Night Smackdown results (1/5): Barnett's review of Roman Reigns and Logan Paul's appearances, Randy Orton vs. LA Knight vs. AJ Styles for a shot at the WWE Universal Title at the Royal Rumble|date=January 5, 2024|last=Barnett|first=Jake|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=January 5, 2024}}</ref>|match1=[[Gable Steveson]] defeated [[Cedric Alexander]]|stip1=[[Singles match (professional wrestling)|Singles match]]<ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=380450</ref>|time1=6:07|match2=[[Kevin Owens]] defeated [[Santos Escobar]]|stip2=Tournament final to determine the #1 contender for the [[WWE United States Championship]] at the [[Royal Rumble (2024)|Royal Rumble]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Defelice|first=Robert|title=Kevin Owens Battles Santos Escobar On 1/5/24 SmackDown, Winner Faces Logan Paul For WWE US Title At Royal Rumble|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/kevin-owens-battles-santos-escobar-1524-smackdown-winner-faces-logan-paul-wwe-us-title-royal-rumble|date=December 22, 2023|work=Fightful|access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref>|time2=16:35|match3=[[Iyo Sky]] (c) defeated [[Mia Yim|Michin]]|stip3=[[Singles match (professional wrestling)|Singles match]] for the [[WWE Women's Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Jeremy|title=IYO SKY To Defend WWE Women's Title Against Michin At 1/5 WWE SmackDown New Year's Revolution|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/iyo-sky-defend-wwe-women-s-title-against-michin-15-wwe-smackdown-new-year-s-revolution|date=December 22, 2023|work=Fightful|access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref>|time3=10:40|match4=[[Pete Dunne|Butch]] and [[Tyler Bate]] defeated [[Pretty Deadly (professional wrestling)|Pretty Deadly]] ([[Kit Wilson]] and [[Elton Prince]])|stip4=[[Tag team match]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Jeremy|title=Butch To Pick His Partner Against Pretty Deadly At 1/5 WWE SmackDown New Year's Revolution|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/butch-pick-his-partner-against-pretty-deadly-15-wwe-smackdown-new-year-s-revolution|date=December 22, 2023|work=Fightful|access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref>|time4=8:34|match5=[[Randy Orton]] vs. [[AJ Styles]] vs. [[LA Knight]] ended in a [[no contest (professional wrestling)|no contest]]|stip5=[[Triple Threat match]] to determine the #1 contender for the [[WWE Championship|Undisputed WWE]] [[WWE Universal Championship|Universal Championship]] at the Royal Rumble<ref>{{cite web|last=Defelice|first=Robert|title=Triple Threat To Determine Roman Reigns' Royal Rumble Opponent Set For 1/5 WWE SmackDown|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/triple-threat-determine-roman-reigns-royal-rumble-opponent-set-15-wwe-smackdown|date=December 22, 2023|work=Fightful|access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref>|time5=19:40|match6=[[Bianca Belair]] defeated [[Chelsea Green]]|stip6=[[Singles match (professional wrestling)|Singles match]]<ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=380450</ref>|match7=[[Rhea Ripley]] (c) defeated [[Ivy Nile]]|stip7=[[Singles match (professional wrestling)|Singles match]] for the [[Women's World Championship (WWE)|Women’s World Championship]]<ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=380450</ref>|match8=[[Drew McIntyre]] defeated [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]]|stip8=[[Singles match (professional wrestling)|Singles match]]<ref>https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=380450</ref>|time8=10:25|dark1=yes|dark6=yes|dark8=yes|dark7=yes}} === WWE United States Championship #1 Contender Tournament === {{8TeamBracket|RD1='''First round'''<br><small>''SmackDown''</small><br>{{small|December 8–15, 2023}}|RD2='''Semifinals'''<br><small>''SmackDown''</small><br>{{small|December 15, 2023 (aired December 22)}}|RD3='''Final'''<br><small>''SmackDown'': New Year's Revolution</small><br>{{small|January 5, 2024}}|team-width=|score-width=|RD1-team1=[[Dragon Lee]]|RD1-score1=9:09<ref name="SmackDown12082023">{{cite web|last=Barnett|first=Jake|title=WWE Friday Night Smackdown results (12/8): Barnett's review of CM Punk's appearance, Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka, Dragon Lee vs. Santos Escobar and Bobby Lashley vs. Karrion Kross in tourney matches for a shot at the U.S. Title|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/12/08/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-12-8-barnetts-review-of-cm-punks-appearance-charlotte-flair-vs-asuka-dragon-lee-vs-santos-escobar-and-bobby-lashley-vs-karrion-kross-in-tourney-matches-f/|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|date=December 8, 2023|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>|RD1-team2='''[[Santos Escobar]]'''|RD1-score2=Pin|RD1-team3='''[[Bobby Lashley]]'''|RD1-score3=Pin|RD1-team4=[[Karrion Kross]]|RD1-score4=9:46<ref name="SmackDown12082023"/>|RD1-team5='''[[Carmelo Hayes]]'''|RD1-score5=Pin|RD1-team6=[[Grayson Waller]]|RD1-score6=10:23<ref name="SmackDown12152023">{{cite web|last=Barnett|first=Jake|title=WWE Friday Night Smackdown results (12/15): Barnett's review of the return of Roman Reigns, Carmelo Hayes vs. Grayson Waller and Kevin Owens vs. Austin Theory in tourney matches for a shot at the U.S. Title|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/12/15/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-12-15-barnetts-review-of-the-return-of-roman-reigns-carmelo-hayes-vs-grayson-waller-and-kevin-owens-vs-austin-theory-in-tourney-matches-for-a-shot-at-the-u-s/|date=December 15, 2023|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=December 15, 2023}}</ref>|RD1-team7=[[Austin Theory]]|RD1-score7=13:32<ref name="SmackDown12152023"/>|RD1-team8='''[[Kevin Owens]]'''|RD1-score8=Pin|RD2-team1='''Santos Escobar'''|RD2-score1=Pin|RD2-team2=Bobby Lashley|RD2-score2=8:44<ref name="SmackDown12222023">{{cite web|last=Barnett|first=Jake|title=WWE Friday Night Smackdown results (12/22): Barnett's review of AJ Styles vs. Solo Sikoa, Carmelo Hayes vs. Kevin Owens and Santos Escobar vs. Bobby Lashley in tournament matches for a shot at the U.S. Title|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2023/12/22/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-12-22-barnetts-review-of-aj-styles-vs-solo-sikoa-carmelo-hayes-vs-kevin-owens-and-santos-escobar-vs-bobby-lashley-in-tournament-matches-for-a-shot-at-the-u/|date=December 22, 2023|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=December 22, 2023}}</ref>|RD2-team3=Carmelo Hayes|RD2-score3=10:04<ref name="SmackDown12222023"/>|RD2-team4='''Kevin Owens'''|RD2-score4=Pin|RD3-team1=Santos Escobar|RD3-score1=16:35<ref name="SmackDown01052024">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/05/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-1-5-barnetts-review-of-roman-reigns-and-logan-pauls-appearances-randy-orton-vs-la-knight-vs-aj-styles-for-a-shot-at-the-wwe-universal-title-at-the-royal-ru/|title=WWE Friday Night Smackdown results (1/5): Barnett's review of Roman Reigns and Logan Paul's appearances, Randy Orton vs. LA Knight vs. AJ Styles for a shot at the WWE Universal Title at the Royal Rumble|date=January 5, 2024|last=Barnett|first=Jake|work=Pro Wrestling Dot Net|access-date=January 5, 2024}}</ref>|RD3-team2='''Kevin Owens'''|RD3-score2=Pin}} ==Related pages== *[[List of WWE pay-per-view events]] *[[Elimination Chamber]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.wwe.com/shows/newyearsrevolution/ Official Website] {{WWEPPV|New Year's Revolution}}{{DEFAULTSORT:New Year's Revolution, WWE}} [[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events]] [[Category:2005 establishments]] [[Category:January events]] b1ch0groiz8njggd1ltu19ib6gyu913 0 212289 10331433 10071132 2025-06-15T04:08:01Z FMSky 1076609 10331433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> |Name = Marty Robbins |Img = Marty Robbins 1966.JPG |Img_capt = Marty Robbins |image_size = |Landscape = |Background = solo_singer |Birth_name = Martin David Robinson |Alias = |birth_date = September 26, 1925 |birth_place = [[Glendale, Arizona]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = December 8, 1982 |death_place = [[Nashville, Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]] |Instrument = [[Vocals]], [[guitar]], [[piano]] |Genre = [[Country music|Country]] |Occupation = [[Musician]], [[songwriter]], [[actor]], [[NASCAR]] driver |Years_active = 1948 - 1982 |Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] |associated_acts = |URL = }} '''Marty Robbins''' (real name '''Martin David Robinson'''; September 26, 1925 – December 8, 1982) was an [[Americans|American]] [[country music|country]] [[Vocals|singer]] and [[songwriter]]. He was one of the most famous country singers during his 40 year career. Robbins had many country music hit singles and some of his songs were [[pop music]] hits on the radio. During the peak of his music career Robbins won several [[Grammy Awards]]. In 1982 he was elected into the [[Country Music Hall of Fame]]. In addition to his music, Marty Robbins was a [[race car]] driver. He drove in many [[NASCAR]] races. He was a driver in the 1973 [[Daytona 500]]. Marty Robbins died of [[heart failure]] in December 1982. == Other websites == *[http://www.countrymusichalloffame.com/site/inductees.aspx?cid=161 Robbins page] at [[Country Music Hall of Fame]] *{{Pop Chronicles |10 |2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Robbins, Marty}} [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:Country musicians]] [[Category:NASCAR drivers]] [[Category:American racecar drivers]] [[Category:American Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Actors from Arizona]] [[Category:Singers from Arizona]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Arizona]] [[Category:1925 births]] [[Category:1982 deaths]] [[Category:People from Glendale, Arizona]] f7it0pwg0y8461jjprekjwqtzrmps8z 3 212759 10329915 10329048 2025-06-14T13:09:40Z Moulyags 1145829 /* Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on Kushtagi page */ new section 10329915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{usertalkheader}} {{archive box collapsible|[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 1|Archive 1]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 2|Archive 2]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 3|Archive 3]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 4|Archive 4]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 5|Archive 5]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 6|Archive 6]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 7|Archive 7]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 8|Archive 8]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 9|Archive 9]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 10|Archive 10]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 11|Archive 11]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 12|Archive 12]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 13|Archive 13]]}} {{divbox|orange|'''Welcome to my talk page'''|{{divbox|white||<center>''<u>Please consider the following</u>''</center><br/>'''1.''' Be polite to everyone conversing here.<br/>'''2.''' Assume good faith! I '''don't''' make changes here in bad faith, '''ever'''!<br/>'''3.''' I'm a nice guy, so talk to me rather than lecture me.<br/>'''4.''' Post ALL new messages to me BELOW all the other messages and NOT at the top of the page (same for ALL user's talk pages)<br/>'''5.''' Don't use my talk page for social chats with me. Email me instead!<br/><br/><center>'''''Thanks!'''''</center><br/>}}<center>[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] ([[User talk:Fr33kman#top|talk]]) 14:32, 19 September 2008 (UTC)</center>}} :Hello Fr33kman , thank you for the Notification, I understand, however please Undelete my page it has useful information. Kind thanks, Silvia. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 19:49, 6 June 2025 (UTC) <br/> <br/> ---- <br/> __TOC__ == Request == Can you please close [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion]] as {{vqd}} and delete [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion (2nd nomination)]] as housekeeping? [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|talk]]) 18:04, 28 April 2025 (UTC) :Done '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == English Wikipedia Already Deleted 3 times reffer https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Alisha_Parveen https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha_Parveen kindly Delete this page. thank you! [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 08:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == ADMIN DELETION == https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivam_Khajuria ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA DELETED [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:12, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palak_Jain [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Tell me the reason why you want to delete this page? [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :: CU requested ([[Special:Diff/10224558]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 10:43, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Allow only administators? == Hi @{{u|Fr33kman}}! I hope you are having a good day, I just have a question, why did you protect a page with only "Allow only administrators"? I am not an administrator I am an autoconfirmed user, so users like me cannot edit it at all until May 6th? Thanks and best, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:White; background:#89CFF0">Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">What is it?</span>'']] 17:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :(<small>Non-admin comment</small>) Yes my friend, it means any Auto, E-confirm or IP user cannot edit or move this page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 17:34, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Because the pages are the subject of an edit war and I don't want to block they involved editors from editing at this time. It allows for a cool down period. It's a rare thing to do but is sometimes needed in cases like this. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Semi-protection for Simple English Wikipedia == Can you please semi-protect [[Simple English Wikipedia]] because of extensive vandalism? [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 17:56, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Paras Brahmani == This article is created by user in [[WP:COI|COI]], as we don't have [[WP:QD|QD tag]] for articles created under COI. But article is already tagged for [[WP:RFD|RFD]]. You can please request or delete images used on this article? All these images are edited/fake any used image is not clicked in real time. I have no access to WP:Commons so you can delete or request there? Thank you.[[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:52, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :I don't edit at commons, sorry. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay no problem! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 23:01, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ==Email== {{You've got mail}} [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 13:05, 30 April 2025 (UTC) == Checkuser request == Hi can you check if {{u|MyBedIsTooBig}} is a sockpuppet of {{u|Kashingggz}}? They are claiming to be. I note that Kashingggz requested unblock last week and you declined, saying that they might be unblocked in the future if they don't engage in sockpuppetry anymore. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:09, 30 April 2025 (UTC) :Anyway, MyBedIsTooBig is a vandal and should be blocked no matter who they are. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:10, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::Checkuser is no longer necessary. Kashingggz admitted it was them: [[Special:Diff/10228042]] [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 01:25, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::alr blocked [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 10:04, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Help against Vandalism == The page of Yaser Alsaidi while [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] and [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] kept it and admited that It passes the notability test and the aresult of [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yaser Alsaidi]] , and You also kept it and undeleted it are getting repeatedly vandalised with deletion...kindly undo this vandal action and I ask for a request to protect the page from editing. best regards to you and sorry to disturb you. [[Special:Contributions/88.155.66.134|88.155.66.134]] ([[User talk:88.155.66.134|talk]]) 20:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :I took a look at the history and it doesn't look like there has been any Vandalism so I don't think it needs protecting at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :Please note: the fact that I closed the RFD as keep does not mean that I have any particular opinion about the article or even that I agree with the outcome. It just means that I evaluated the discussion and determined that the consensus was to keep the article. If I had wanted to express an opinion about the article, I would have commented on the RFD and left it for another admin to close. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Understood :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:01, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Advice for new editor == Hi, I'm an English Wikipedia editor looking to help out here. On en, I usually do copyediting, recent changes patrol, and articles for creation. Though I know the gist of the project (use simple English), I am unfamiliar with many of Simple English's policies and equivalents (like quick deletion/speedy deletion, etc.) so I was wondering where you think I could help out most. Thank you! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 02:48, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Also - I was wondering if really short articles (like "Jane Doe was an the CEO of XYZ Company") should be QD, RfD, or not deleted if certainly notable. Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 03:59, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::(Input from another user.)<br> ::Do not QD short 'article', if notability is stated.--Other kinds of tags, are welcome in those articles. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|talk]]) 04:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I'd just do the things you do on enwiki but on simplewiki. The rules are pretty much the same. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:02, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 20:21, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Fr33ekman took down the John's Lair page. == Fr33kman, this is a message to you. You took down the John's Lair page, but it's all true information. John's Lair is real. If you don't believe me, go to Avoca PA and find it. It's there, 89 feet underground. [[Special:Contributions/64.251.48.164|64.251.48.164]] ([[User talk:64.251.48.164|talk]]) 14:45, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == give me my rights back!!!! == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i aint waiting 6 months this bsssss.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:32, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I've responded on your talk page. If you make a pest of yourself you'll be fully blocked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::i report you for hate crimes @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and nobody has the '''right''' to edit Wikipedia, it is a privilege, one that can be revoked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:38, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I undid your deletion of this article. [[Wikipedia:QD#A4|QD option A4]] doesn't apply to this topic. It applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:14, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, that's fine. I actually don't remember doing it. I had over 100 QDs today! Thx! :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fr33kman}} I do make good articles like wadi dam [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]])` [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:11, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Hi there, @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:38, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == mad at me? == are you??? @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :of course not. Why would you think that? I don't take things personally dude. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:50, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::same, i don't hold grudges! thanks. @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == It's Samtastic!! == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|talk]]) 20:19, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :And you're blocked, baby '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:27, 17 May 2025 (UTC) Still here baby!--[[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|talk]]) 19:29, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :Blocked your whole range :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == About the deleted articles "The SuperSword Warriors (American animated series)" and "Baldi's Basics (The SuperSword Warriors)" == I don't think you should've deleted them. The subjects of them were real. You're [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:37, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :You can make a request for undeletion at [[WP:DRV]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:43, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok thanks [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:49, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == Deletion of [[jpn]] == [[jpn]] and [[ja]] are the -3166- 639 codes for Japanese. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:03, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't understand why you deleted it. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:05, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ah, okay I'll Undelete it. My bad! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::You should be aware that searching for Jpn redirects to [[Japan]]. This may cause problems. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :::ok [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:19, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == IMac G4 == If you have a moment, I'd appreciate you weighing in at [[Talk:IMac G4]] as I responded to you regarding attribution from the English Wikipedia. Taksoh17 has tagged it again for deletion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:18, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == Sir before making the deletions your have to go through the article how could editor tag article without any reason you come and make massive deletions your are discouraging us [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 19:31, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I can assure you that I read all articles that I delete before I delete them. It is my job to delete articles and I'm sorry you feel discouraged. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:41, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == For example like me if I tagged some one article for deletions you are going to delete it those articles reach almost 24 days without deletions but this guy comes and tagged them this is injustice [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 21:52, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry but I don't fully understand what you mean. Articles that do not meet our requirements are tagged for deletion and I (or another admin) delete them. It's part of our jobs. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:58, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Castecruft and unconstructive editing == Dear Admin, there is a user @[[User:Runaway911|Runaway911]] who is constantly being involved in editing Indian subcontinent caste based pages and adding biased information on various pages such as, [[Jat (caste)]], [[Gurjar]], and [[Gurjar clans]]. Please have a look at the user’s edits and the unsourced rubbish this user is adding on various articles. Moreover, the user started an edit war when i reverted the edits. I have reverted the edits to the last fair revision by you. Please intervene. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:21, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked them from editing Wikipedia. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:27, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::I really appreciate you for your fast responses. You’re a great admin. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Need some help & clarification == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I hope so you're fine, I want to ask a question related to talk page access but about other project not [[Simple English Wikipedia|S-Wiki]]. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:19, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :If I know the answer I'll give it. Ask away '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::If our talk page access is revoked and account is indef blocked then how we can appeal our block and email is also disabled? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 00:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::You can use an email client such Gmail, Yahoo etc and email the relevant admin mailing list. All project have such a list. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:10, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I suppose you could also ask on Discord '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:11, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I don't know anything about discord as I never been there. So I can email another admin those are active on E-Wiki ''admin mailing list''? Using another Mail account? Because talk page access, attaced Gmail, and account is indef blocked, so I'm unable to mail any involved or uninvolved admin through logging in my account and using mail option. If I'll try to request admin who revoked my mail+ talk page access such request from IP or new account will be considered as a evasion and such IP or account will be blocked. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 00:21, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's really the only option you have at this point. I'd try asking them to allow access to your talk page so you can login and then speak to them from there. Good luck. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:18, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thank you for the kind response. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:56, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == 194.242.49.182 == Can you please block this vandal {{IPvandal|194.242.49.182}}? [[Special:Contributions/64.21.222.134|64.21.222.134]] ([[User talk:64.21.222.134|talk]]) 01:57, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Sure, done. In the future it's better if you ask on [[WP:VIP]] so other admins can see it more easily. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Assistance == <nowiki>{{ping|Fr33kman}}</nowiki> Noticed you are the deleted admin of an article [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onyeeze2024/Sandbox] I created that why I am reaching out. please can you kindly help to check my sandbox if the draft is ready for article space now.[[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I see no reason not to publish it although it may get nominated for deletion as non-notable. But it does make a claim to notability. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:40, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:41, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Concern about deletion of page after adding {wait} Request for clarification == Hello, I noticed that the article ([[Satish Raj]]) was deleted very quickly, even after I had added {wait} and requested clarification regarding the reasons mentioned ("promo" and "not notable"). The page was tagged, and before anyone could respond or improve the article, it was already deleted — within just a few minutes. We fully respect Wikipedia guidelines and your role as an experienced editor. However, a brief waiting period or a short clarification could have helped, especially since the person tagged is eager to improve the article. We also noticed that the user who tagged the page for deletion appears to be new, with very limited edit history and no transparent user page or information. It would have been helpful if such tagging came with clear reasons or was followed by some discussion. We’re asking this in good faith, only to better understand the process and avoid similar issues in the future. Thank you for your time and contributions! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:20, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Articles should be created as fully completed. They should not be started until they are in a manner where they meet all the requirements of the project. I suggest you create it in your user space until it is ready for publication. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:25, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Hello, ::Thank you for your response. ::I completely understand the importance of creating complete articles that meet the project’s standards before publication. However, I would like to clarify that the article in question was not left incomplete or in draft form. ::It included the subject's biography, awards and recognitions, references to reliable sources and appropriate categories. I genuinely believed that it met the basic requirements for publication on Simple English Wikipedia. ::That said, I’m open to feedback and happy to improve further. If there were specific issues that made it unsuitable for the mainspace, I’d truly appreciate guidance so I can correct them and learn for future contributions. ::''''However, I wanted to share that the initial reason given by the user who added the speedy deletion tag was that the "subject is not notable because there is no article on English Wikipedia."''' ::Thank you for your time and efforts. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:49, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::I can assure you that the deletion had nothing to do with the fact that the English Wikipedia didn't have the article. I deleted it because I didn't see a credible claim to notability. The article has to say why the subject deserves to be here. It you want to recreate the article in your user space I'd be more than happy to give you some pointers. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Hello fr33kman, 👋 ::::Thank you for your earlier response and for offering to help. As suggested, I have recreated the draft article in my user space here: :::: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Moulyags/Sandbox ::::I kindly request you to review the draft and share your thoughts. ::::I truly appreciate your time and guidance. I’m eager to improve the article in line with Wikipedia’s policies. ::::Thank you again! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 00:59, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I think the article is in a fit state to be moved into main space as you have it. You have made claims that indicate notability (the awards you have given). '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:16, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you so much for reviewing the article and for your encouraging response. I truly appreciate your time and guidance. ::::::I'm glad to know that the article appears to be in a fit state to be moved to the main space. Please let me know if I can go ahead and move it myself, or if you'd prefer to handle that. ::::::Also, I kindly request that the article not be tagged for deletion again without a clear reason or prior discussion. I am committed to following Wikipedia policies and would appreciate the chance to address any issues if they arise. ::::::Thank you again for your help and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:26, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::You can move it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you for confirming I can move the article. However, I do not see a “Move” option in my account. ::::::::Could you please confirm if I’m allowed to create a new page directly in the main space instead? I can copy the content from my sandbox and create it there if that’s okay. ::::::::Thanks again for your help! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:33, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you very much for your guidance and support throughout the process. I have now moved the article to mainspace as you suggested: ::::::::👉 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Raj_Goravigere ::::::::I truly appreciate your help in reviewing and confirming the notability. ::::::::Thanks again! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:48, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You're welcome but please note that I didn't confirmed notability but merely said that a claim of notability was made which means it can't be speedy deleted. If someone reads it and think it's not notable they would have to send it to RfD. Thanks '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64 == [[Special:Contribs/2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64]] is making useless vandalism pages. [[Special:Contributions/166.107.163.31|166.107.163.31]] ([[User talk:166.107.163.31|talk]]) 18:04, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Done, it the future please use [[WP:VIP]] so more admins are alerted. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Recover Deleted Draft: Manoj Gupta == Hello Fr33kman, I noticed that the article "Manoj Gupta" was deleted under QD G11 for being promotional. I understand the importance of keeping Wikipedia neutral and free of advertising. I’m reaching out to kindly request if you could '''restore the page to my sandbox''' so I can rewrite it in a more encyclopedic tone and include reliable, independent sources. I want to improve the article to meet Simple Wikipedia’s standards and would really appreciate your help or suggestions on how to do that. Thank you, – @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 17:13, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Shru1122/Manoj Gupta]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:11, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 08:05, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for restoring the article <nowiki>''Manoj Gupta''</nowiki>. I’ve carefully reviewed the content again and tried to ensure a neutral tone throughout the draft but I’m still unclear about the specific parts that might have come across as promotional or unsuitable for Simple Wikipedia. :I genuinely want to learn and improve this article and also my understanding of Wikipedia’s expectations. If you could point out what aspects felt like advertising or didn’t meet notability guidelines, it would help me improve the article and grow as a contributor. :Your guidance would be deeply appreciated. :Thank you. @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 14:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Disambiguation page == You [[Pratihar Gurjars|recently protected]] this page. You can also check [[Pratihar|this page]] has copy pasted content from [[Pratihar Rajputs|other page]]. Content was added on disambiguation page by vandal IPs when I tried to restore back disambiguation page a user appeared to revert my edits I didn't make any revert further because I remember in April you advised me to not interact with this user through making any further reverts I followed your advice but this time again he didn't follow your advise and reverted my edits just to restore inaccurate edits of disruptive IP. If do you think you cannot help in this matter then I need to start a talk at AN? Because there are two separate pages as ([[Pratihar Rajputs]] & [[Pratihar Gurjars]]) so Pratihar page should serve as a disambiguation page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:58, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I've protected the disambiguation page. You are doing the right thing. If it continues bring it up on An and we can move towards blocking the user. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] If you will allow me then I want to restore Pratihar page back to a disambiguation page where clans of two different castes were added before the disruption as ::#[[Pratihar Rajputs]] ::#[[Pratihar Gurjars]] Can I do this? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 23:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Yes, go ahead '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:12, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == Creation of unsourced pages == Dear @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], please have a look at pages: [[Tushir (caste)]] and [[Attal (caste)]], made by same ip address, seems like they’re trying to use wikipedia as a place for writing anything with no reliable sources at all. I request you to check and nominate such pages for deletion. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:23, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :You can nominate them yourself. We should create a list of all these pages so we can make a single nomination for them all to be deleted '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) ::okay [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 15:34, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :::Barras has nominated them all for deletion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Okay admin [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:22, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == [[John Little]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I saw that you redirected this page to [[John Little (footballer)]] with the edit summary "No need for a disambiguation page". Was that because we have only one article on someone with that name? Even when that's the case, dab pages are still useful here. I found several pages that linked to this page that were not for the footballer (and fixed them), so the redirect was linking to the wrong place. Having the page as a dab allowed use of a tool to fix the links. I have changed this page back to a dab, copying what enwiki has. Even with a lot of red links, the dab is still useful because it will let us find and link to a correct title. I know this is a little different from what you'd do on enwiki, so please keep this in mind when looking at dab pages. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:27, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :That's fine, I was trying to get away from the promotional nature of the original page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:46, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == QD candidate? == You got a good QD criteria for [[Spectre (2015 film)/Credits]] or should I take it to RFD? I’m scratching my head at concluding on an applicable label but don’t want to waste community time/effort with an obvious outcome RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:28, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Please check the IP range that created it too; it's mostly vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/184.23.216.90|184.23.216.90]] ([[User talk:184.23.216.90|talk]]) 00:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::A1, no meaningful content '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:01, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2018–19 NBA season == Fr33kman, why you deleted [[2018–19 NBA season]]? i already improved it.<span id="Raayaan9911:1749063109303:User_talkFTTCLNFr33kman" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:51, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</span> :Because it was tagged as A1 and it seemed too short to be meaningful. I've undeleted it for you. Next time use a {{tl|wait}} template to let us know it's been fixed. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:07, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:36, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring == Dear admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] hope you’re doing great, I want to bring this to your knowledge that user@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] is continuously edit warring on page named [[Jat (caste)]]. The user is again and again removing well cited information from that page without attaining consensus. The information removed by him was well-sourced and supported by citation number 2 on that page. Moreover, user is seen being involved in editing ‘Jat caste group of Indian subcontinent’ based pages only. If we have a look at this user’s recent edits, all are related to jat caste ruler, personalities from jat caste, or jat (caste). I request you to please intervene and have a look at [[Jat (caste)|this]] page and citation number 2 of this page. User had been warned already but kept on edit warring over a caste based page, seems fishy. Looking forward for your intervention. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:16, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have reverted @[[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] revisions because they added this line “''supposedly derived from <nowiki>''</nowiki>Jatta<nowiki>''</nowiki>, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group-<nowiki>''</nowiki>jatha”, which is exactly written in [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Genetic-Ancestry-of-Modern-Indus-Valley-from-Pathak-Kadian/40cf30000c2d47a90d1a3111974bb0031f6fe3e2 second source] and i have also raised this copyvio issue on the talk page of that article. Secondly some lines of the lead were exactly of en wiki page thats why i simplified them. Please take a look on [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jat_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10312739 this] .'' Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 18:28, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ::Frankly, the editors of simplewiki are fed up with the whole range of caste articles and most of them are up for deletion. We do not have the expertise to decide what is and isn't correct. What we will not allow is edit warring and I will start blocking people who can't decide what to do. For now it is my decision that all edits must first get consensus on the talk page of the article prior to any addition to the article. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:26, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :::I totally agree with you, these caste-based pages specially from the Indian subcontinent are the main spot for povpush and unnecessary castecruft. Some of these pages should only be accessible by the admins to avoid such conflicts. Some of these users were blocked by some admins recently but they just keep on coming with new names (sock puppets). Here too, that user just kept on reverting this article without attaining consensus and on being advised to stop edit warring, he just ignored it and did the same. This really is a proof of how some users here are like only their pov must be on these caste based pages and attaining consensus is nothing for them. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:46, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Well from now on any new edits made to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edit going live. Anybody making direct edits to the pages without first getting consensus will be blocked and their edits will be reverted or else will receive a topic ban stopping them from editing any caste page. We can not have POV pushing and edit waring because that is harming the main encyclopedia : something we '''can not''' allow. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Synagogue Church building collapse]] == Hi, this page was kept after an RFD, I feel like there is a need to revert it back to older version but the page was created way before the user was banned or blocked it seems. I am not sure if I am missing something since the log and history seem a bit messy. But if you do decide to restore it, can you please also restore a redirect from [[Prediction of Synagogue Church building collapse]]. Thanks, --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 10:52, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Restored '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:41, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Vicente Costalago == Hi, I've seen that you have deleted the article about Vicente Costalago (without even discussing about it), claiming "it doesn't have notability". I am creating the articles related to different artificial languages and that person is the main literary author writing in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. He has also translated the Four Gospels to another artificial language, called [[Lingua Franca Nova]], besides authoring the first original work published in that language. Therefore, I believe it has notability and I would like to ask you to restitute it as he is as important to the history of Interlingue as [[Alphonse Matejka]] and of Lingua Franca Nova. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 05:34, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted because it didn't make a claim of notability. It needs to explain why he is notable such as awards he's got '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:40, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::That person is the main literary author in [[Interlingue]], if the article stated that, would that be enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 14:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::I don't think so, but why don't you take the matter [[WP:DRV|here]] to ask for an undeletion discussion and see what others think. If a person is truly notable it would be easy to prove it. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks, I have done it already. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Two deletions == Hi, You just deleted via QD two articles I brought over from En. One is [[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team]] and the other is [[Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically]]. They were deleted as A3, but I feel like I sufficiently simplified them. The archery one is basically two sentences of text and mostly just tables otherwise. Could you please re-examine them and determine if they have been sufficiently simplified and, if not, userfy them for me and advise on what areas need to be simplified further? Thanks, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} Pinging you as you deleted the talk pages and are presently active in case you're able to lend an extra eye on the articles I mention. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Undeleted. Sorry about that, I was moving too quickly, my bad '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::Much appreciated! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Question == I don't understand what the intention of your edit [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3019197 here] was. Its not a page nor does it have "no meaning", it's a redirect to an article covered in reliable sources [[User:Thegoofhere|Thegoofhere]] ([[User talk:Thegoofhere|talk]]) 01:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Looks like a mistake, sorry about that. These things sometimes happen. I do agree that a general term shouldn't really Redirect to a specific term. It should be the other way around. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Caste cruft articles == Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have seen multiple chunks of caste cruft articles which are non notable but they are surviving here on simple wiki. I have today nominated 3 to 4 caste cruft articles for qd. I want some guidance from you that should I nominate such articles which are non notable and appears to be caste or clan promotional. Thanks [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 03:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on [[Kushtagi]] page == I recently added a reference to the [[Kushtagi]] article, but I noticed that it was reverted. I sincerely apologize if I made any mistake. would be grateful if you could kindly let me know what went wrong. I want to improve my contributions and avoid such issues in the future. Your guidance would mean a lot to me. Thank you very much for your time and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 3salobbrx4yv2xy56xnj971k4253c8f 10329941 10329915 2025-06-14T13:14:24Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on Kushtagi page */ Reply 10329941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{usertalkheader}} {{archive box collapsible|[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 1|Archive 1]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 2|Archive 2]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 3|Archive 3]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 4|Archive 4]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 5|Archive 5]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 6|Archive 6]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 7|Archive 7]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 8|Archive 8]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 9|Archive 9]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 10|Archive 10]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 11|Archive 11]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 12|Archive 12]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 13|Archive 13]]}} {{divbox|orange|'''Welcome to my talk page'''|{{divbox|white||<center>''<u>Please consider the following</u>''</center><br/>'''1.''' Be polite to everyone conversing here.<br/>'''2.''' Assume good faith! I '''don't''' make changes here in bad faith, '''ever'''!<br/>'''3.''' I'm a nice guy, so talk to me rather than lecture me.<br/>'''4.''' Post ALL new messages to me BELOW all the other messages and NOT at the top of the page (same for ALL user's talk pages)<br/>'''5.''' Don't use my talk page for social chats with me. Email me instead!<br/><br/><center>'''''Thanks!'''''</center><br/>}}<center>[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] ([[User talk:Fr33kman#top|talk]]) 14:32, 19 September 2008 (UTC)</center>}} :Hello Fr33kman , thank you for the Notification, I understand, however please Undelete my page it has useful information. Kind thanks, Silvia. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 19:49, 6 June 2025 (UTC) <br/> <br/> ---- <br/> __TOC__ == Request == Can you please close [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion]] as {{vqd}} and delete [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion (2nd nomination)]] as housekeeping? [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|talk]]) 18:04, 28 April 2025 (UTC) :Done '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == English Wikipedia Already Deleted 3 times reffer https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Alisha_Parveen https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha_Parveen kindly Delete this page. thank you! [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 08:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == ADMIN DELETION == https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivam_Khajuria ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA DELETED [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:12, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palak_Jain [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Tell me the reason why you want to delete this page? [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :: CU requested ([[Special:Diff/10224558]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 10:43, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Allow only administators? == Hi @{{u|Fr33kman}}! I hope you are having a good day, I just have a question, why did you protect a page with only "Allow only administrators"? I am not an administrator I am an autoconfirmed user, so users like me cannot edit it at all until May 6th? Thanks and best, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:White; background:#89CFF0">Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">What is it?</span>'']] 17:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :(<small>Non-admin comment</small>) Yes my friend, it means any Auto, E-confirm or IP user cannot edit or move this page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 17:34, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Because the pages are the subject of an edit war and I don't want to block they involved editors from editing at this time. It allows for a cool down period. It's a rare thing to do but is sometimes needed in cases like this. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Semi-protection for Simple English Wikipedia == Can you please semi-protect [[Simple English Wikipedia]] because of extensive vandalism? [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 17:56, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Paras Brahmani == This article is created by user in [[WP:COI|COI]], as we don't have [[WP:QD|QD tag]] for articles created under COI. But article is already tagged for [[WP:RFD|RFD]]. You can please request or delete images used on this article? All these images are edited/fake any used image is not clicked in real time. I have no access to WP:Commons so you can delete or request there? Thank you.[[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:52, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :I don't edit at commons, sorry. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay no problem! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 23:01, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ==Email== {{You've got mail}} [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 13:05, 30 April 2025 (UTC) == Checkuser request == Hi can you check if {{u|MyBedIsTooBig}} is a sockpuppet of {{u|Kashingggz}}? They are claiming to be. I note that Kashingggz requested unblock last week and you declined, saying that they might be unblocked in the future if they don't engage in sockpuppetry anymore. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:09, 30 April 2025 (UTC) :Anyway, MyBedIsTooBig is a vandal and should be blocked no matter who they are. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:10, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::Checkuser is no longer necessary. Kashingggz admitted it was them: [[Special:Diff/10228042]] [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 01:25, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::alr blocked [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:04, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Help against Vandalism == The page of Yaser Alsaidi while [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] and [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] kept it and admited that It passes the notability test and the aresult of [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yaser Alsaidi]] , and You also kept it and undeleted it are getting repeatedly vandalised with deletion...kindly undo this vandal action and I ask for a request to protect the page from editing. best regards to you and sorry to disturb you. [[Special:Contributions/88.155.66.134|88.155.66.134]] ([[User talk:88.155.66.134|talk]]) 20:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :I took a look at the history and it doesn't look like there has been any Vandalism so I don't think it needs protecting at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :Please note: the fact that I closed the RFD as keep does not mean that I have any particular opinion about the article or even that I agree with the outcome. It just means that I evaluated the discussion and determined that the consensus was to keep the article. If I had wanted to express an opinion about the article, I would have commented on the RFD and left it for another admin to close. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Understood :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:01, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Advice for new editor == Hi, I'm an English Wikipedia editor looking to help out here. On en, I usually do copyediting, recent changes patrol, and articles for creation. Though I know the gist of the project (use simple English), I am unfamiliar with many of Simple English's policies and equivalents (like quick deletion/speedy deletion, etc.) so I was wondering where you think I could help out most. Thank you! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 02:48, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Also - I was wondering if really short articles (like "Jane Doe was an the CEO of XYZ Company") should be QD, RfD, or not deleted if certainly notable. Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 03:59, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::(Input from another user.)<br> ::Do not QD short 'article', if notability is stated.--Other kinds of tags, are welcome in those articles. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|talk]]) 04:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I'd just do the things you do on enwiki but on simplewiki. The rules are pretty much the same. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:02, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 20:21, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Fr33ekman took down the John's Lair page. == Fr33kman, this is a message to you. You took down the John's Lair page, but it's all true information. John's Lair is real. If you don't believe me, go to Avoca PA and find it. It's there, 89 feet underground. [[Special:Contributions/64.251.48.164|64.251.48.164]] ([[User talk:64.251.48.164|talk]]) 14:45, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == give me my rights back!!!! == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i aint waiting 6 months this bsssss.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:32, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I've responded on your talk page. If you make a pest of yourself you'll be fully blocked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::i report you for hate crimes @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and nobody has the '''right''' to edit Wikipedia, it is a privilege, one that can be revoked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:38, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I undid your deletion of this article. [[Wikipedia:QD#A4|QD option A4]] doesn't apply to this topic. It applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:14, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, that's fine. I actually don't remember doing it. I had over 100 QDs today! Thx! :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fr33kman}} I do make good articles like wadi dam [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]])` [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:11, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Hi there, @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:38, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == mad at me? == are you??? @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :of course not. Why would you think that? I don't take things personally dude. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:50, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::same, i don't hold grudges! thanks. @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == It's Samtastic!! == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|talk]]) 20:19, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :And you're blocked, baby '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:27, 17 May 2025 (UTC) Still here baby!--[[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|talk]]) 19:29, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :Blocked your whole range :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == About the deleted articles "The SuperSword Warriors (American animated series)" and "Baldi's Basics (The SuperSword Warriors)" == I don't think you should've deleted them. The subjects of them were real. You're [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:37, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :You can make a request for undeletion at [[WP:DRV]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:43, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok thanks [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:49, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == Deletion of [[jpn]] == [[jpn]] and [[ja]] are the -3166- 639 codes for Japanese. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:03, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't understand why you deleted it. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:05, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ah, okay I'll Undelete it. My bad! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::You should be aware that searching for Jpn redirects to [[Japan]]. This may cause problems. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :::ok [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:19, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == IMac G4 == If you have a moment, I'd appreciate you weighing in at [[Talk:IMac G4]] as I responded to you regarding attribution from the English Wikipedia. Taksoh17 has tagged it again for deletion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:18, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == Sir before making the deletions your have to go through the article how could editor tag article without any reason you come and make massive deletions your are discouraging us [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 19:31, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I can assure you that I read all articles that I delete before I delete them. It is my job to delete articles and I'm sorry you feel discouraged. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:41, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == For example like me if I tagged some one article for deletions you are going to delete it those articles reach almost 24 days without deletions but this guy comes and tagged them this is injustice [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 21:52, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry but I don't fully understand what you mean. Articles that do not meet our requirements are tagged for deletion and I (or another admin) delete them. It's part of our jobs. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:58, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Castecruft and unconstructive editing == Dear Admin, there is a user @[[User:Runaway911|Runaway911]] who is constantly being involved in editing Indian subcontinent caste based pages and adding biased information on various pages such as, [[Jat (caste)]], [[Gurjar]], and [[Gurjar clans]]. Please have a look at the user’s edits and the unsourced rubbish this user is adding on various articles. Moreover, the user started an edit war when i reverted the edits. I have reverted the edits to the last fair revision by you. Please intervene. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:21, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked them from editing Wikipedia. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:27, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::I really appreciate you for your fast responses. You’re a great admin. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Need some help & clarification == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I hope so you're fine, I want to ask a question related to talk page access but about other project not [[Simple English Wikipedia|S-Wiki]]. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:19, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :If I know the answer I'll give it. Ask away '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::If our talk page access is revoked and account is indef blocked then how we can appeal our block and email is also disabled? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 00:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::You can use an email client such Gmail, Yahoo etc and email the relevant admin mailing list. All project have such a list. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:10, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I suppose you could also ask on Discord '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:11, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I don't know anything about discord as I never been there. So I can email another admin those are active on E-Wiki ''admin mailing list''? Using another Mail account? Because talk page access, attaced Gmail, and account is indef blocked, so I'm unable to mail any involved or uninvolved admin through logging in my account and using mail option. If I'll try to request admin who revoked my mail+ talk page access such request from IP or new account will be considered as a evasion and such IP or account will be blocked. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 00:21, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's really the only option you have at this point. I'd try asking them to allow access to your talk page so you can login and then speak to them from there. Good luck. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:18, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thank you for the kind response. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:56, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == 194.242.49.182 == Can you please block this vandal {{IPvandal|194.242.49.182}}? [[Special:Contributions/64.21.222.134|64.21.222.134]] ([[User talk:64.21.222.134|talk]]) 01:57, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Sure, done. In the future it's better if you ask on [[WP:VIP]] so other admins can see it more easily. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Assistance == <nowiki>{{ping|Fr33kman}}</nowiki> Noticed you are the deleted admin of an article [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onyeeze2024/Sandbox] I created that why I am reaching out. please can you kindly help to check my sandbox if the draft is ready for article space now.[[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I see no reason not to publish it although it may get nominated for deletion as non-notable. But it does make a claim to notability. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:40, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:41, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Concern about deletion of page after adding {wait} Request for clarification == Hello, I noticed that the article ([[Satish Raj]]) was deleted very quickly, even after I had added {wait} and requested clarification regarding the reasons mentioned ("promo" and "not notable"). The page was tagged, and before anyone could respond or improve the article, it was already deleted — within just a few minutes. We fully respect Wikipedia guidelines and your role as an experienced editor. However, a brief waiting period or a short clarification could have helped, especially since the person tagged is eager to improve the article. We also noticed that the user who tagged the page for deletion appears to be new, with very limited edit history and no transparent user page or information. It would have been helpful if such tagging came with clear reasons or was followed by some discussion. We’re asking this in good faith, only to better understand the process and avoid similar issues in the future. Thank you for your time and contributions! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:20, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Articles should be created as fully completed. They should not be started until they are in a manner where they meet all the requirements of the project. I suggest you create it in your user space until it is ready for publication. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:25, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Hello, ::Thank you for your response. ::I completely understand the importance of creating complete articles that meet the project’s standards before publication. However, I would like to clarify that the article in question was not left incomplete or in draft form. ::It included the subject's biography, awards and recognitions, references to reliable sources and appropriate categories. I genuinely believed that it met the basic requirements for publication on Simple English Wikipedia. ::That said, I’m open to feedback and happy to improve further. If there were specific issues that made it unsuitable for the mainspace, I’d truly appreciate guidance so I can correct them and learn for future contributions. ::''''However, I wanted to share that the initial reason given by the user who added the speedy deletion tag was that the "subject is not notable because there is no article on English Wikipedia."''' ::Thank you for your time and efforts. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:49, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::I can assure you that the deletion had nothing to do with the fact that the English Wikipedia didn't have the article. I deleted it because I didn't see a credible claim to notability. The article has to say why the subject deserves to be here. It you want to recreate the article in your user space I'd be more than happy to give you some pointers. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Hello fr33kman, 👋 ::::Thank you for your earlier response and for offering to help. As suggested, I have recreated the draft article in my user space here: :::: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Moulyags/Sandbox ::::I kindly request you to review the draft and share your thoughts. ::::I truly appreciate your time and guidance. I’m eager to improve the article in line with Wikipedia’s policies. ::::Thank you again! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 00:59, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I think the article is in a fit state to be moved into main space as you have it. You have made claims that indicate notability (the awards you have given). '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:16, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you so much for reviewing the article and for your encouraging response. I truly appreciate your time and guidance. ::::::I'm glad to know that the article appears to be in a fit state to be moved to the main space. Please let me know if I can go ahead and move it myself, or if you'd prefer to handle that. ::::::Also, I kindly request that the article not be tagged for deletion again without a clear reason or prior discussion. I am committed to following Wikipedia policies and would appreciate the chance to address any issues if they arise. ::::::Thank you again for your help and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:26, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::You can move it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you for confirming I can move the article. However, I do not see a “Move” option in my account. ::::::::Could you please confirm if I’m allowed to create a new page directly in the main space instead? I can copy the content from my sandbox and create it there if that’s okay. ::::::::Thanks again for your help! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:33, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you very much for your guidance and support throughout the process. I have now moved the article to mainspace as you suggested: ::::::::👉 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Raj_Goravigere ::::::::I truly appreciate your help in reviewing and confirming the notability. ::::::::Thanks again! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:48, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You're welcome but please note that I didn't confirmed notability but merely said that a claim of notability was made which means it can't be speedy deleted. If someone reads it and think it's not notable they would have to send it to RfD. Thanks '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64 == [[Special:Contribs/2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64]] is making useless vandalism pages. [[Special:Contributions/166.107.163.31|166.107.163.31]] ([[User talk:166.107.163.31|talk]]) 18:04, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Done, it the future please use [[WP:VIP]] so more admins are alerted. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Recover Deleted Draft: Manoj Gupta == Hello Fr33kman, I noticed that the article "Manoj Gupta" was deleted under QD G11 for being promotional. I understand the importance of keeping Wikipedia neutral and free of advertising. I’m reaching out to kindly request if you could '''restore the page to my sandbox''' so I can rewrite it in a more encyclopedic tone and include reliable, independent sources. I want to improve the article to meet Simple Wikipedia’s standards and would really appreciate your help or suggestions on how to do that. Thank you, – @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 17:13, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Shru1122/Manoj Gupta]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:11, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 08:05, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for restoring the article <nowiki>''Manoj Gupta''</nowiki>. I’ve carefully reviewed the content again and tried to ensure a neutral tone throughout the draft but I’m still unclear about the specific parts that might have come across as promotional or unsuitable for Simple Wikipedia. :I genuinely want to learn and improve this article and also my understanding of Wikipedia’s expectations. If you could point out what aspects felt like advertising or didn’t meet notability guidelines, it would help me improve the article and grow as a contributor. :Your guidance would be deeply appreciated. :Thank you. @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 14:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Disambiguation page == You [[Pratihar Gurjars|recently protected]] this page. You can also check [[Pratihar|this page]] has copy pasted content from [[Pratihar Rajputs|other page]]. Content was added on disambiguation page by vandal IPs when I tried to restore back disambiguation page a user appeared to revert my edits I didn't make any revert further because I remember in April you advised me to not interact with this user through making any further reverts I followed your advice but this time again he didn't follow your advise and reverted my edits just to restore inaccurate edits of disruptive IP. If do you think you cannot help in this matter then I need to start a talk at AN? Because there are two separate pages as ([[Pratihar Rajputs]] & [[Pratihar Gurjars]]) so Pratihar page should serve as a disambiguation page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:58, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I've protected the disambiguation page. You are doing the right thing. If it continues bring it up on An and we can move towards blocking the user. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] If you will allow me then I want to restore Pratihar page back to a disambiguation page where clans of two different castes were added before the disruption as ::#[[Pratihar Rajputs]] ::#[[Pratihar Gurjars]] Can I do this? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 23:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Yes, go ahead '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:12, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == Creation of unsourced pages == Dear @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], please have a look at pages: [[Tushir (caste)]] and [[Attal (caste)]], made by same ip address, seems like they’re trying to use wikipedia as a place for writing anything with no reliable sources at all. I request you to check and nominate such pages for deletion. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:23, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :You can nominate them yourself. We should create a list of all these pages so we can make a single nomination for them all to be deleted '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) ::okay [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 15:34, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :::Barras has nominated them all for deletion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Okay admin [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:22, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == [[John Little]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I saw that you redirected this page to [[John Little (footballer)]] with the edit summary "No need for a disambiguation page". Was that because we have only one article on someone with that name? Even when that's the case, dab pages are still useful here. I found several pages that linked to this page that were not for the footballer (and fixed them), so the redirect was linking to the wrong place. Having the page as a dab allowed use of a tool to fix the links. I have changed this page back to a dab, copying what enwiki has. Even with a lot of red links, the dab is still useful because it will let us find and link to a correct title. I know this is a little different from what you'd do on enwiki, so please keep this in mind when looking at dab pages. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:27, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :That's fine, I was trying to get away from the promotional nature of the original page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:46, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == QD candidate? == You got a good QD criteria for [[Spectre (2015 film)/Credits]] or should I take it to RFD? I’m scratching my head at concluding on an applicable label but don’t want to waste community time/effort with an obvious outcome RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:28, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Please check the IP range that created it too; it's mostly vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/184.23.216.90|184.23.216.90]] ([[User talk:184.23.216.90|talk]]) 00:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::A1, no meaningful content '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:01, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2018–19 NBA season == Fr33kman, why you deleted [[2018–19 NBA season]]? i already improved it.<span id="Raayaan9911:1749063109303:User_talkFTTCLNFr33kman" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:51, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</span> :Because it was tagged as A1 and it seemed too short to be meaningful. I've undeleted it for you. Next time use a {{tl|wait}} template to let us know it's been fixed. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:07, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:36, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring == Dear admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] hope you’re doing great, I want to bring this to your knowledge that user@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] is continuously edit warring on page named [[Jat (caste)]]. The user is again and again removing well cited information from that page without attaining consensus. The information removed by him was well-sourced and supported by citation number 2 on that page. Moreover, user is seen being involved in editing ‘Jat caste group of Indian subcontinent’ based pages only. If we have a look at this user’s recent edits, all are related to jat caste ruler, personalities from jat caste, or jat (caste). I request you to please intervene and have a look at [[Jat (caste)|this]] page and citation number 2 of this page. User had been warned already but kept on edit warring over a caste based page, seems fishy. Looking forward for your intervention. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:16, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have reverted @[[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] revisions because they added this line “''supposedly derived from <nowiki>''</nowiki>Jatta<nowiki>''</nowiki>, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group-<nowiki>''</nowiki>jatha”, which is exactly written in [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Genetic-Ancestry-of-Modern-Indus-Valley-from-Pathak-Kadian/40cf30000c2d47a90d1a3111974bb0031f6fe3e2 second source] and i have also raised this copyvio issue on the talk page of that article. Secondly some lines of the lead were exactly of en wiki page thats why i simplified them. Please take a look on [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jat_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10312739 this] .'' Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 18:28, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ::Frankly, the editors of simplewiki are fed up with the whole range of caste articles and most of them are up for deletion. We do not have the expertise to decide what is and isn't correct. What we will not allow is edit warring and I will start blocking people who can't decide what to do. For now it is my decision that all edits must first get consensus on the talk page of the article prior to any addition to the article. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:26, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :::I totally agree with you, these caste-based pages specially from the Indian subcontinent are the main spot for povpush and unnecessary castecruft. Some of these pages should only be accessible by the admins to avoid such conflicts. Some of these users were blocked by some admins recently but they just keep on coming with new names (sock puppets). Here too, that user just kept on reverting this article without attaining consensus and on being advised to stop edit warring, he just ignored it and did the same. This really is a proof of how some users here are like only their pov must be on these caste based pages and attaining consensus is nothing for them. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:46, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Well from now on any new edits made to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edit going live. Anybody making direct edits to the pages without first getting consensus will be blocked and their edits will be reverted or else will receive a topic ban stopping them from editing any caste page. We can not have POV pushing and edit waring because that is harming the main encyclopedia : something we '''can not''' allow. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Synagogue Church building collapse]] == Hi, this page was kept after an RFD, I feel like there is a need to revert it back to older version but the page was created way before the user was banned or blocked it seems. I am not sure if I am missing something since the log and history seem a bit messy. But if you do decide to restore it, can you please also restore a redirect from [[Prediction of Synagogue Church building collapse]]. Thanks, --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 10:52, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Restored '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:41, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Vicente Costalago == Hi, I've seen that you have deleted the article about Vicente Costalago (without even discussing about it), claiming "it doesn't have notability". I am creating the articles related to different artificial languages and that person is the main literary author writing in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. He has also translated the Four Gospels to another artificial language, called [[Lingua Franca Nova]], besides authoring the first original work published in that language. Therefore, I believe it has notability and I would like to ask you to restitute it as he is as important to the history of Interlingue as [[Alphonse Matejka]] and of Lingua Franca Nova. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 05:34, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted because it didn't make a claim of notability. It needs to explain why he is notable such as awards he's got '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:40, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::That person is the main literary author in [[Interlingue]], if the article stated that, would that be enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 14:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::I don't think so, but why don't you take the matter [[WP:DRV|here]] to ask for an undeletion discussion and see what others think. If a person is truly notable it would be easy to prove it. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks, I have done it already. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Two deletions == Hi, You just deleted via QD two articles I brought over from En. One is [[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team]] and the other is [[Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically]]. They were deleted as A3, but I feel like I sufficiently simplified them. The archery one is basically two sentences of text and mostly just tables otherwise. Could you please re-examine them and determine if they have been sufficiently simplified and, if not, userfy them for me and advise on what areas need to be simplified further? Thanks, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} Pinging you as you deleted the talk pages and are presently active in case you're able to lend an extra eye on the articles I mention. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Undeleted. Sorry about that, I was moving too quickly, my bad '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::Much appreciated! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Question == I don't understand what the intention of your edit [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3019197 here] was. Its not a page nor does it have "no meaning", it's a redirect to an article covered in reliable sources [[User:Thegoofhere|Thegoofhere]] ([[User talk:Thegoofhere|talk]]) 01:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Looks like a mistake, sorry about that. These things sometimes happen. I do agree that a general term shouldn't really Redirect to a specific term. It should be the other way around. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Caste cruft articles == Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have seen multiple chunks of caste cruft articles which are non notable but they are surviving here on simple wiki. I have today nominated 3 to 4 caste cruft articles for qd. I want some guidance from you that should I nominate such articles which are non notable and appears to be caste or clan promotional. Thanks [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 03:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on [[Kushtagi]] page == I recently added a reference to the [[Kushtagi]] article, but I noticed that it was reverted. I sincerely apologize if I made any mistake. would be grateful if you could kindly let me know what went wrong. I want to improve my contributions and avoid such issues in the future. Your guidance would mean a lot to me. Thank you very much for your time and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :It was because it looked like you had removed references. I have restored your version. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) fo08ccjj2er03wy9uzfwqcn7zy1vnsj 10330099 10329941 2025-06-14T14:44:23Z Moulyags 1145829 /* Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on Kushtagi page */ Reply 10330099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{usertalkheader}} {{archive box collapsible|[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 1|Archive 1]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 2|Archive 2]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 3|Archive 3]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 4|Archive 4]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 5|Archive 5]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 6|Archive 6]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 7|Archive 7]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 8|Archive 8]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 9|Archive 9]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 10|Archive 10]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 11|Archive 11]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 12|Archive 12]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 13|Archive 13]]}} {{divbox|orange|'''Welcome to my talk page'''|{{divbox|white||<center>''<u>Please consider the following</u>''</center><br/>'''1.''' Be polite to everyone conversing here.<br/>'''2.''' Assume good faith! I '''don't''' make changes here in bad faith, '''ever'''!<br/>'''3.''' I'm a nice guy, so talk to me rather than lecture me.<br/>'''4.''' Post ALL new messages to me BELOW all the other messages and NOT at the top of the page (same for ALL user's talk pages)<br/>'''5.''' Don't use my talk page for social chats with me. Email me instead!<br/><br/><center>'''''Thanks!'''''</center><br/>}}<center>[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] ([[User talk:Fr33kman#top|talk]]) 14:32, 19 September 2008 (UTC)</center>}} :Hello Fr33kman , thank you for the Notification, I understand, however please Undelete my page it has useful information. Kind thanks, Silvia. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 19:49, 6 June 2025 (UTC) <br/> <br/> ---- <br/> __TOC__ == Request == Can you please close [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion]] as {{vqd}} and delete [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion (2nd nomination)]] as housekeeping? [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|talk]]) 18:04, 28 April 2025 (UTC) :Done '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == English Wikipedia Already Deleted 3 times reffer https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Alisha_Parveen https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha_Parveen kindly Delete this page. thank you! [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 08:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == ADMIN DELETION == https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivam_Khajuria ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA DELETED [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:12, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palak_Jain [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Tell me the reason why you want to delete this page? [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :: CU requested ([[Special:Diff/10224558]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 10:43, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Allow only administators? == Hi @{{u|Fr33kman}}! I hope you are having a good day, I just have a question, why did you protect a page with only "Allow only administrators"? I am not an administrator I am an autoconfirmed user, so users like me cannot edit it at all until May 6th? Thanks and best, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:White; background:#89CFF0">Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">What is it?</span>'']] 17:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :(<small>Non-admin comment</small>) Yes my friend, it means any Auto, E-confirm or IP user cannot edit or move this page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 17:34, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Because the pages are the subject of an edit war and I don't want to block they involved editors from editing at this time. It allows for a cool down period. It's a rare thing to do but is sometimes needed in cases like this. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Semi-protection for Simple English Wikipedia == Can you please semi-protect [[Simple English Wikipedia]] because of extensive vandalism? [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 17:56, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Paras Brahmani == This article is created by user in [[WP:COI|COI]], as we don't have [[WP:QD|QD tag]] for articles created under COI. But article is already tagged for [[WP:RFD|RFD]]. You can please request or delete images used on this article? All these images are edited/fake any used image is not clicked in real time. I have no access to WP:Commons so you can delete or request there? Thank you.[[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:52, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :I don't edit at commons, sorry. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay no problem! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 23:01, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ==Email== {{You've got mail}} [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 13:05, 30 April 2025 (UTC) == Checkuser request == Hi can you check if {{u|MyBedIsTooBig}} is a sockpuppet of {{u|Kashingggz}}? They are claiming to be. I note that Kashingggz requested unblock last week and you declined, saying that they might be unblocked in the future if they don't engage in sockpuppetry anymore. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:09, 30 April 2025 (UTC) :Anyway, MyBedIsTooBig is a vandal and should be blocked no matter who they are. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:10, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::Checkuser is no longer necessary. Kashingggz admitted it was them: [[Special:Diff/10228042]] [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 01:25, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::alr blocked [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 10:04, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Help against Vandalism == The page of Yaser Alsaidi while [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] and [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] kept it and admited that It passes the notability test and the aresult of [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yaser Alsaidi]] , and You also kept it and undeleted it are getting repeatedly vandalised with deletion...kindly undo this vandal action and I ask for a request to protect the page from editing. best regards to you and sorry to disturb you. [[Special:Contributions/88.155.66.134|88.155.66.134]] ([[User talk:88.155.66.134|talk]]) 20:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :I took a look at the history and it doesn't look like there has been any Vandalism so I don't think it needs protecting at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :Please note: the fact that I closed the RFD as keep does not mean that I have any particular opinion about the article or even that I agree with the outcome. It just means that I evaluated the discussion and determined that the consensus was to keep the article. If I had wanted to express an opinion about the article, I would have commented on the RFD and left it for another admin to close. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Understood :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:01, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Advice for new editor == Hi, I'm an English Wikipedia editor looking to help out here. On en, I usually do copyediting, recent changes patrol, and articles for creation. Though I know the gist of the project (use simple English), I am unfamiliar with many of Simple English's policies and equivalents (like quick deletion/speedy deletion, etc.) so I was wondering where you think I could help out most. Thank you! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 02:48, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Also - I was wondering if really short articles (like "Jane Doe was an the CEO of XYZ Company") should be QD, RfD, or not deleted if certainly notable. Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 03:59, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::(Input from another user.)<br> ::Do not QD short 'article', if notability is stated.--Other kinds of tags, are welcome in those articles. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|talk]]) 04:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I'd just do the things you do on enwiki but on simplewiki. The rules are pretty much the same. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:02, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 20:21, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Fr33ekman took down the John's Lair page. == Fr33kman, this is a message to you. You took down the John's Lair page, but it's all true information. John's Lair is real. If you don't believe me, go to Avoca PA and find it. It's there, 89 feet underground. [[Special:Contributions/64.251.48.164|64.251.48.164]] ([[User talk:64.251.48.164|talk]]) 14:45, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == give me my rights back!!!! == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i aint waiting 6 months this bsssss.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:32, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I've responded on your talk page. If you make a pest of yourself you'll be fully blocked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::i report you for hate crimes @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and nobody has the '''right''' to edit Wikipedia, it is a privilege, one that can be revoked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:38, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I undid your deletion of this article. [[Wikipedia:QD#A4|QD option A4]] doesn't apply to this topic. It applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:14, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, that's fine. I actually don't remember doing it. I had over 100 QDs today! Thx! :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fr33kman}} I do make good articles like wadi dam [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]])` [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:11, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Hi there, @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:38, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == mad at me? == are you??? @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :of course not. Why would you think that? I don't take things personally dude. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:50, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::same, i don't hold grudges! thanks. @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == It's Samtastic!! == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|talk]]) 20:19, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :And you're blocked, baby '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:27, 17 May 2025 (UTC) Still here baby!--[[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|talk]]) 19:29, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :Blocked your whole range :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == About the deleted articles "The SuperSword Warriors (American animated series)" and "Baldi's Basics (The SuperSword Warriors)" == I don't think you should've deleted them. The subjects of them were real. You're [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:37, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :You can make a request for undeletion at [[WP:DRV]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:43, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok thanks [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:49, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == Deletion of [[jpn]] == [[jpn]] and [[ja]] are the -3166- 639 codes for Japanese. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:03, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't understand why you deleted it. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:05, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ah, okay I'll Undelete it. My bad! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::You should be aware that searching for Jpn redirects to [[Japan]]. This may cause problems. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :::ok [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:19, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == IMac G4 == If you have a moment, I'd appreciate you weighing in at [[Talk:IMac G4]] as I responded to you regarding attribution from the English Wikipedia. Taksoh17 has tagged it again for deletion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:18, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == Sir before making the deletions your have to go through the article how could editor tag article without any reason you come and make massive deletions your are discouraging us [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 19:31, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I can assure you that I read all articles that I delete before I delete them. It is my job to delete articles and I'm sorry you feel discouraged. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:41, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == For example like me if I tagged some one article for deletions you are going to delete it those articles reach almost 24 days without deletions but this guy comes and tagged them this is injustice [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 21:52, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry but I don't fully understand what you mean. Articles that do not meet our requirements are tagged for deletion and I (or another admin) delete them. It's part of our jobs. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:58, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Castecruft and unconstructive editing == Dear Admin, there is a user @[[User:Runaway911|Runaway911]] who is constantly being involved in editing Indian subcontinent caste based pages and adding biased information on various pages such as, [[Jat (caste)]], [[Gurjar]], and [[Gurjar clans]]. Please have a look at the user’s edits and the unsourced rubbish this user is adding on various articles. Moreover, the user started an edit war when i reverted the edits. I have reverted the edits to the last fair revision by you. Please intervene. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:21, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked them from editing Wikipedia. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:27, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::I really appreciate you for your fast responses. You’re a great admin. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Need some help & clarification == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I hope so you're fine, I want to ask a question related to talk page access but about other project not [[Simple English Wikipedia|S-Wiki]]. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:19, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :If I know the answer I'll give it. Ask away '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::If our talk page access is revoked and account is indef blocked then how we can appeal our block and email is also disabled? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 00:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::You can use an email client such Gmail, Yahoo etc and email the relevant admin mailing list. All project have such a list. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:10, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I suppose you could also ask on Discord '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:11, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I don't know anything about discord as I never been there. So I can email another admin those are active on E-Wiki ''admin mailing list''? Using another Mail account? Because talk page access, attaced Gmail, and account is indef blocked, so I'm unable to mail any involved or uninvolved admin through logging in my account and using mail option. If I'll try to request admin who revoked my mail+ talk page access such request from IP or new account will be considered as a evasion and such IP or account will be blocked. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 00:21, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's really the only option you have at this point. I'd try asking them to allow access to your talk page so you can login and then speak to them from there. Good luck. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:18, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thank you for the kind response. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:56, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == 194.242.49.182 == Can you please block this vandal {{IPvandal|194.242.49.182}}? [[Special:Contributions/64.21.222.134|64.21.222.134]] ([[User talk:64.21.222.134|talk]]) 01:57, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Sure, done. In the future it's better if you ask on [[WP:VIP]] so other admins can see it more easily. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Assistance == <nowiki>{{ping|Fr33kman}}</nowiki> Noticed you are the deleted admin of an article [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onyeeze2024/Sandbox] I created that why I am reaching out. please can you kindly help to check my sandbox if the draft is ready for article space now.[[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I see no reason not to publish it although it may get nominated for deletion as non-notable. But it does make a claim to notability. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:40, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:41, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Concern about deletion of page after adding {wait} Request for clarification == Hello, I noticed that the article ([[Satish Raj]]) was deleted very quickly, even after I had added {wait} and requested clarification regarding the reasons mentioned ("promo" and "not notable"). The page was tagged, and before anyone could respond or improve the article, it was already deleted — within just a few minutes. We fully respect Wikipedia guidelines and your role as an experienced editor. However, a brief waiting period or a short clarification could have helped, especially since the person tagged is eager to improve the article. We also noticed that the user who tagged the page for deletion appears to be new, with very limited edit history and no transparent user page or information. It would have been helpful if such tagging came with clear reasons or was followed by some discussion. We’re asking this in good faith, only to better understand the process and avoid similar issues in the future. Thank you for your time and contributions! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:20, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Articles should be created as fully completed. They should not be started until they are in a manner where they meet all the requirements of the project. I suggest you create it in your user space until it is ready for publication. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:25, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Hello, ::Thank you for your response. ::I completely understand the importance of creating complete articles that meet the project’s standards before publication. However, I would like to clarify that the article in question was not left incomplete or in draft form. ::It included the subject's biography, awards and recognitions, references to reliable sources and appropriate categories. I genuinely believed that it met the basic requirements for publication on Simple English Wikipedia. ::That said, I’m open to feedback and happy to improve further. If there were specific issues that made it unsuitable for the mainspace, I’d truly appreciate guidance so I can correct them and learn for future contributions. ::''''However, I wanted to share that the initial reason given by the user who added the speedy deletion tag was that the "subject is not notable because there is no article on English Wikipedia."''' ::Thank you for your time and efforts. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:49, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::I can assure you that the deletion had nothing to do with the fact that the English Wikipedia didn't have the article. I deleted it because I didn't see a credible claim to notability. The article has to say why the subject deserves to be here. It you want to recreate the article in your user space I'd be more than happy to give you some pointers. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Hello fr33kman, 👋 ::::Thank you for your earlier response and for offering to help. As suggested, I have recreated the draft article in my user space here: :::: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Moulyags/Sandbox ::::I kindly request you to review the draft and share your thoughts. ::::I truly appreciate your time and guidance. I’m eager to improve the article in line with Wikipedia’s policies. ::::Thank you again! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 00:59, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I think the article is in a fit state to be moved into main space as you have it. You have made claims that indicate notability (the awards you have given). '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:16, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you so much for reviewing the article and for your encouraging response. I truly appreciate your time and guidance. ::::::I'm glad to know that the article appears to be in a fit state to be moved to the main space. Please let me know if I can go ahead and move it myself, or if you'd prefer to handle that. ::::::Also, I kindly request that the article not be tagged for deletion again without a clear reason or prior discussion. I am committed to following Wikipedia policies and would appreciate the chance to address any issues if they arise. ::::::Thank you again for your help and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:26, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::You can move it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you for confirming I can move the article. However, I do not see a “Move” option in my account. ::::::::Could you please confirm if I’m allowed to create a new page directly in the main space instead? I can copy the content from my sandbox and create it there if that’s okay. ::::::::Thanks again for your help! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:33, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you very much for your guidance and support throughout the process. I have now moved the article to mainspace as you suggested: ::::::::👉 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Raj_Goravigere ::::::::I truly appreciate your help in reviewing and confirming the notability. ::::::::Thanks again! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:48, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You're welcome but please note that I didn't confirmed notability but merely said that a claim of notability was made which means it can't be speedy deleted. If someone reads it and think it's not notable they would have to send it to RfD. Thanks '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64 == [[Special:Contribs/2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64]] is making useless vandalism pages. [[Special:Contributions/166.107.163.31|166.107.163.31]] ([[User talk:166.107.163.31|talk]]) 18:04, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Done, it the future please use [[WP:VIP]] so more admins are alerted. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Recover Deleted Draft: Manoj Gupta == Hello Fr33kman, I noticed that the article "Manoj Gupta" was deleted under QD G11 for being promotional. I understand the importance of keeping Wikipedia neutral and free of advertising. I’m reaching out to kindly request if you could '''restore the page to my sandbox''' so I can rewrite it in a more encyclopedic tone and include reliable, independent sources. I want to improve the article to meet Simple Wikipedia’s standards and would really appreciate your help or suggestions on how to do that. Thank you, – @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 17:13, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Shru1122/Manoj Gupta]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:11, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 08:05, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for restoring the article <nowiki>''Manoj Gupta''</nowiki>. I’ve carefully reviewed the content again and tried to ensure a neutral tone throughout the draft but I’m still unclear about the specific parts that might have come across as promotional or unsuitable for Simple Wikipedia. :I genuinely want to learn and improve this article and also my understanding of Wikipedia’s expectations. If you could point out what aspects felt like advertising or didn’t meet notability guidelines, it would help me improve the article and grow as a contributor. :Your guidance would be deeply appreciated. :Thank you. @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 14:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Disambiguation page == You [[Pratihar Gurjars|recently protected]] this page. You can also check [[Pratihar|this page]] has copy pasted content from [[Pratihar Rajputs|other page]]. Content was added on disambiguation page by vandal IPs when I tried to restore back disambiguation page a user appeared to revert my edits I didn't make any revert further because I remember in April you advised me to not interact with this user through making any further reverts I followed your advice but this time again he didn't follow your advise and reverted my edits just to restore inaccurate edits of disruptive IP. If do you think you cannot help in this matter then I need to start a talk at AN? Because there are two separate pages as ([[Pratihar Rajputs]] & [[Pratihar Gurjars]]) so Pratihar page should serve as a disambiguation page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:58, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I've protected the disambiguation page. You are doing the right thing. If it continues bring it up on An and we can move towards blocking the user. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] If you will allow me then I want to restore Pratihar page back to a disambiguation page where clans of two different castes were added before the disruption as ::#[[Pratihar Rajputs]] ::#[[Pratihar Gurjars]] Can I do this? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 23:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Yes, go ahead '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:12, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == Creation of unsourced pages == Dear @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], please have a look at pages: [[Tushir (caste)]] and [[Attal (caste)]], made by same ip address, seems like they’re trying to use wikipedia as a place for writing anything with no reliable sources at all. I request you to check and nominate such pages for deletion. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:23, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :You can nominate them yourself. We should create a list of all these pages so we can make a single nomination for them all to be deleted '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) ::okay [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 15:34, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :::Barras has nominated them all for deletion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Okay admin [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:22, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == [[John Little]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I saw that you redirected this page to [[John Little (footballer)]] with the edit summary "No need for a disambiguation page". Was that because we have only one article on someone with that name? Even when that's the case, dab pages are still useful here. I found several pages that linked to this page that were not for the footballer (and fixed them), so the redirect was linking to the wrong place. Having the page as a dab allowed use of a tool to fix the links. I have changed this page back to a dab, copying what enwiki has. Even with a lot of red links, the dab is still useful because it will let us find and link to a correct title. I know this is a little different from what you'd do on enwiki, so please keep this in mind when looking at dab pages. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:27, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :That's fine, I was trying to get away from the promotional nature of the original page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:46, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == QD candidate? == You got a good QD criteria for [[Spectre (2015 film)/Credits]] or should I take it to RFD? I’m scratching my head at concluding on an applicable label but don’t want to waste community time/effort with an obvious outcome RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:28, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Please check the IP range that created it too; it's mostly vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/184.23.216.90|184.23.216.90]] ([[User talk:184.23.216.90|talk]]) 00:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::A1, no meaningful content '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:01, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2018–19 NBA season == Fr33kman, why you deleted [[2018–19 NBA season]]? i already improved it.<span id="Raayaan9911:1749063109303:User_talkFTTCLNFr33kman" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:51, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</span> :Because it was tagged as A1 and it seemed too short to be meaningful. I've undeleted it for you. Next time use a {{tl|wait}} template to let us know it's been fixed. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:07, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:36, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring == Dear admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] hope you’re doing great, I want to bring this to your knowledge that user@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] is continuously edit warring on page named [[Jat (caste)]]. The user is again and again removing well cited information from that page without attaining consensus. The information removed by him was well-sourced and supported by citation number 2 on that page. Moreover, user is seen being involved in editing ‘Jat caste group of Indian subcontinent’ based pages only. If we have a look at this user’s recent edits, all are related to jat caste ruler, personalities from jat caste, or jat (caste). I request you to please intervene and have a look at [[Jat (caste)|this]] page and citation number 2 of this page. User had been warned already but kept on edit warring over a caste based page, seems fishy. Looking forward for your intervention. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:16, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have reverted @[[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] revisions because they added this line “''supposedly derived from <nowiki>''</nowiki>Jatta<nowiki>''</nowiki>, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group-<nowiki>''</nowiki>jatha”, which is exactly written in [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Genetic-Ancestry-of-Modern-Indus-Valley-from-Pathak-Kadian/40cf30000c2d47a90d1a3111974bb0031f6fe3e2 second source] and i have also raised this copyvio issue on the talk page of that article. Secondly some lines of the lead were exactly of en wiki page thats why i simplified them. Please take a look on [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jat_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10312739 this] .'' Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 18:28, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ::Frankly, the editors of simplewiki are fed up with the whole range of caste articles and most of them are up for deletion. We do not have the expertise to decide what is and isn't correct. What we will not allow is edit warring and I will start blocking people who can't decide what to do. For now it is my decision that all edits must first get consensus on the talk page of the article prior to any addition to the article. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:26, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :::I totally agree with you, these caste-based pages specially from the Indian subcontinent are the main spot for povpush and unnecessary castecruft. Some of these pages should only be accessible by the admins to avoid such conflicts. Some of these users were blocked by some admins recently but they just keep on coming with new names (sock puppets). Here too, that user just kept on reverting this article without attaining consensus and on being advised to stop edit warring, he just ignored it and did the same. This really is a proof of how some users here are like only their pov must be on these caste based pages and attaining consensus is nothing for them. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:46, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Well from now on any new edits made to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edit going live. Anybody making direct edits to the pages without first getting consensus will be blocked and their edits will be reverted or else will receive a topic ban stopping them from editing any caste page. We can not have POV pushing and edit waring because that is harming the main encyclopedia : something we '''can not''' allow. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Synagogue Church building collapse]] == Hi, this page was kept after an RFD, I feel like there is a need to revert it back to older version but the page was created way before the user was banned or blocked it seems. I am not sure if I am missing something since the log and history seem a bit messy. But if you do decide to restore it, can you please also restore a redirect from [[Prediction of Synagogue Church building collapse]]. Thanks, --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 10:52, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Restored '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:41, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Vicente Costalago == Hi, I've seen that you have deleted the article about Vicente Costalago (without even discussing about it), claiming "it doesn't have notability". I am creating the articles related to different artificial languages and that person is the main literary author writing in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. He has also translated the Four Gospels to another artificial language, called [[Lingua Franca Nova]], besides authoring the first original work published in that language. Therefore, I believe it has notability and I would like to ask you to restitute it as he is as important to the history of Interlingue as [[Alphonse Matejka]] and of Lingua Franca Nova. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 05:34, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted because it didn't make a claim of notability. It needs to explain why he is notable such as awards he's got '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:40, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::That person is the main literary author in [[Interlingue]], if the article stated that, would that be enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 14:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::I don't think so, but why don't you take the matter [[WP:DRV|here]] to ask for an undeletion discussion and see what others think. If a person is truly notable it would be easy to prove it. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks, I have done it already. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Two deletions == Hi, You just deleted via QD two articles I brought over from En. One is [[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team]] and the other is [[Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically]]. They were deleted as A3, but I feel like I sufficiently simplified them. The archery one is basically two sentences of text and mostly just tables otherwise. Could you please re-examine them and determine if they have been sufficiently simplified and, if not, userfy them for me and advise on what areas need to be simplified further? Thanks, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} Pinging you as you deleted the talk pages and are presently active in case you're able to lend an extra eye on the articles I mention. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Undeleted. Sorry about that, I was moving too quickly, my bad '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::Much appreciated! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Question == I don't understand what the intention of your edit [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3019197 here] was. Its not a page nor does it have "no meaning", it's a redirect to an article covered in reliable sources [[User:Thegoofhere|Thegoofhere]] ([[User talk:Thegoofhere|talk]]) 01:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Looks like a mistake, sorry about that. These things sometimes happen. I do agree that a general term shouldn't really Redirect to a specific term. It should be the other way around. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Caste cruft articles == Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have seen multiple chunks of caste cruft articles which are non notable but they are surviving here on simple wiki. I have today nominated 3 to 4 caste cruft articles for qd. I want some guidance from you that should I nominate such articles which are non notable and appears to be caste or clan promotional. Thanks [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 03:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on [[Kushtagi]] page == I recently added a reference to the [[Kushtagi]] article, but I noticed that it was reverted. I sincerely apologize if I made any mistake. would be grateful if you could kindly let me know what went wrong. I want to improve my contributions and avoid such issues in the future. Your guidance would mean a lot to me. Thank you very much for your time and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :It was because it looked like you had removed references. I have restored your version. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you so much for the clarification and for restoring the edit. I truly appreciate your understanding. Grateful for your support and guidance! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 0tynwystoy3j7exwmjjr5ofqe4gb7yb 10331590 10330099 2025-06-15T08:16:40Z 2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E /* That 'Sam' guy... */ new section 10331590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{usertalkheader}} {{archive box collapsible|[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 1|Archive 1]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 2|Archive 2]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 3|Archive 3]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 4|Archive 4]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 5|Archive 5]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 6|Archive 6]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 7|Archive 7]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 8|Archive 8]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 9|Archive 9]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 10|Archive 10]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 11|Archive 11]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 12|Archive 12]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 13|Archive 13]]}} {{divbox|orange|'''Welcome to my talk page'''|{{divbox|white||<center>''<u>Please consider the following</u>''</center><br/>'''1.''' Be polite to everyone conversing here.<br/>'''2.''' Assume good faith! I '''don't''' make changes here in bad faith, '''ever'''!<br/>'''3.''' I'm a nice guy, so talk to me rather than lecture me.<br/>'''4.''' Post ALL new messages to me BELOW all the other messages and NOT at the top of the page (same for ALL user's talk pages)<br/>'''5.''' Don't use my talk page for social chats with me. Email me instead!<br/><br/><center>'''''Thanks!'''''</center><br/>}}<center>[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] ([[User talk:Fr33kman#top|talk]]) 14:32, 19 September 2008 (UTC)</center>}} :Hello Fr33kman , thank you for the Notification, I understand, however please Undelete my page it has useful information. Kind thanks, Silvia. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 19:49, 6 June 2025 (UTC) <br/> <br/> ---- <br/> __TOC__ == Request == Can you please close [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion]] as {{vqd}} and delete [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion (2nd nomination)]] as housekeeping? [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|talk]]) 18:04, 28 April 2025 (UTC) :Done '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == English Wikipedia Already Deleted 3 times reffer https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Alisha_Parveen https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha_Parveen kindly Delete this page. thank you! [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 08:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == ADMIN DELETION == https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivam_Khajuria ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA DELETED [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:12, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palak_Jain [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Tell me the reason why you want to delete this page? [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :: CU requested ([[Special:Diff/10224558]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 10:43, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Allow only administators? == Hi @{{u|Fr33kman}}! I hope you are having a good day, I just have a question, why did you protect a page with only "Allow only administrators"? I am not an administrator I am an autoconfirmed user, so users like me cannot edit it at all until May 6th? Thanks and best, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:White; background:#89CFF0">Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">What is it?</span>'']] 17:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :(<small>Non-admin comment</small>) Yes my friend, it means any Auto, E-confirm or IP user cannot edit or move this page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 17:34, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Because the pages are the subject of an edit war and I don't want to block they involved editors from editing at this time. It allows for a cool down period. It's a rare thing to do but is sometimes needed in cases like this. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Semi-protection for Simple English Wikipedia == Can you please semi-protect [[Simple English Wikipedia]] because of extensive vandalism? [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 17:56, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Paras Brahmani == This article is created by user in [[WP:COI|COI]], as we don't have [[WP:QD|QD tag]] for articles created under COI. But article is already tagged for [[WP:RFD|RFD]]. You can please request or delete images used on this article? All these images are edited/fake any used image is not clicked in real time. I have no access to WP:Commons so you can delete or request there? Thank you.[[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:52, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :I don't edit at commons, sorry. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay no problem! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 23:01, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ==Email== {{You've got mail}} [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 13:05, 30 April 2025 (UTC) == Checkuser request == Hi can you check if {{u|MyBedIsTooBig}} is a sockpuppet of {{u|Kashingggz}}? They are claiming to be. I note that Kashingggz requested unblock last week and you declined, saying that they might be unblocked in the future if they don't engage in sockpuppetry anymore. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:09, 30 April 2025 (UTC) :Anyway, MyBedIsTooBig is a vandal and should be blocked no matter who they are. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:10, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::Checkuser is no longer necessary. Kashingggz admitted it was them: [[Special:Diff/10228042]] [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 01:25, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::alr blocked [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:04, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Help against Vandalism == The page of Yaser Alsaidi while [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] and [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] kept it and admited that It passes the notability test and the aresult of [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yaser Alsaidi]] , and You also kept it and undeleted it are getting repeatedly vandalised with deletion...kindly undo this vandal action and I ask for a request to protect the page from editing. best regards to you and sorry to disturb you. [[Special:Contributions/88.155.66.134|88.155.66.134]] ([[User talk:88.155.66.134|talk]]) 20:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :I took a look at the history and it doesn't look like there has been any Vandalism so I don't think it needs protecting at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :Please note: the fact that I closed the RFD as keep does not mean that I have any particular opinion about the article or even that I agree with the outcome. It just means that I evaluated the discussion and determined that the consensus was to keep the article. If I had wanted to express an opinion about the article, I would have commented on the RFD and left it for another admin to close. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Understood :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:01, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Advice for new editor == Hi, I'm an English Wikipedia editor looking to help out here. On en, I usually do copyediting, recent changes patrol, and articles for creation. Though I know the gist of the project (use simple English), I am unfamiliar with many of Simple English's policies and equivalents (like quick deletion/speedy deletion, etc.) so I was wondering where you think I could help out most. Thank you! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 02:48, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Also - I was wondering if really short articles (like "Jane Doe was an the CEO of XYZ Company") should be QD, RfD, or not deleted if certainly notable. Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 03:59, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::(Input from another user.)<br> ::Do not QD short 'article', if notability is stated.--Other kinds of tags, are welcome in those articles. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|talk]]) 04:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I'd just do the things you do on enwiki but on simplewiki. The rules are pretty much the same. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:02, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 20:21, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Fr33ekman took down the John's Lair page. == Fr33kman, this is a message to you. You took down the John's Lair page, but it's all true information. John's Lair is real. If you don't believe me, go to Avoca PA and find it. It's there, 89 feet underground. [[Special:Contributions/64.251.48.164|64.251.48.164]] ([[User talk:64.251.48.164|talk]]) 14:45, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == give me my rights back!!!! == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i aint waiting 6 months this bsssss.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:32, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I've responded on your talk page. If you make a pest of yourself you'll be fully blocked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::i report you for hate crimes @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and nobody has the '''right''' to edit Wikipedia, it is a privilege, one that can be revoked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:38, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I undid your deletion of this article. [[Wikipedia:QD#A4|QD option A4]] doesn't apply to this topic. It applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:14, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, that's fine. I actually don't remember doing it. I had over 100 QDs today! Thx! :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fr33kman}} I do make good articles like wadi dam [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]])` [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:11, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Hi there, @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:38, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == mad at me? == are you??? @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :of course not. Why would you think that? I don't take things personally dude. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:50, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::same, i don't hold grudges! thanks. @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == It's Samtastic!! == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|talk]]) 20:19, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :And you're blocked, baby '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:27, 17 May 2025 (UTC) Still here baby!--[[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|talk]]) 19:29, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :Blocked your whole range :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == About the deleted articles "The SuperSword Warriors (American animated series)" and "Baldi's Basics (The SuperSword Warriors)" == I don't think you should've deleted them. The subjects of them were real. You're [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:37, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :You can make a request for undeletion at [[WP:DRV]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:43, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok thanks [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:49, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == Deletion of [[jpn]] == [[jpn]] and [[ja]] are the -3166- 639 codes for Japanese. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:03, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't understand why you deleted it. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:05, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ah, okay I'll Undelete it. My bad! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::You should be aware that searching for Jpn redirects to [[Japan]]. This may cause problems. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :::ok [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:19, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == IMac G4 == If you have a moment, I'd appreciate you weighing in at [[Talk:IMac G4]] as I responded to you regarding attribution from the English Wikipedia. Taksoh17 has tagged it again for deletion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:18, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == Sir before making the deletions your have to go through the article how could editor tag article without any reason you come and make massive deletions your are discouraging us [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 19:31, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I can assure you that I read all articles that I delete before I delete them. It is my job to delete articles and I'm sorry you feel discouraged. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:41, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == For example like me if I tagged some one article for deletions you are going to delete it those articles reach almost 24 days without deletions but this guy comes and tagged them this is injustice [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 21:52, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry but I don't fully understand what you mean. Articles that do not meet our requirements are tagged for deletion and I (or another admin) delete them. It's part of our jobs. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:58, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Castecruft and unconstructive editing == Dear Admin, there is a user @[[User:Runaway911|Runaway911]] who is constantly being involved in editing Indian subcontinent caste based pages and adding biased information on various pages such as, [[Jat (caste)]], [[Gurjar]], and [[Gurjar clans]]. Please have a look at the user’s edits and the unsourced rubbish this user is adding on various articles. Moreover, the user started an edit war when i reverted the edits. I have reverted the edits to the last fair revision by you. Please intervene. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:21, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked them from editing Wikipedia. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:27, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::I really appreciate you for your fast responses. You’re a great admin. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Need some help & clarification == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I hope so you're fine, I want to ask a question related to talk page access but about other project not [[Simple English Wikipedia|S-Wiki]]. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:19, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :If I know the answer I'll give it. Ask away '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::If our talk page access is revoked and account is indef blocked then how we can appeal our block and email is also disabled? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 00:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::You can use an email client such Gmail, Yahoo etc and email the relevant admin mailing list. All project have such a list. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:10, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I suppose you could also ask on Discord '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:11, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I don't know anything about discord as I never been there. So I can email another admin those are active on E-Wiki ''admin mailing list''? Using another Mail account? Because talk page access, attaced Gmail, and account is indef blocked, so I'm unable to mail any involved or uninvolved admin through logging in my account and using mail option. If I'll try to request admin who revoked my mail+ talk page access such request from IP or new account will be considered as a evasion and such IP or account will be blocked. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 00:21, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's really the only option you have at this point. I'd try asking them to allow access to your talk page so you can login and then speak to them from there. Good luck. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:18, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thank you for the kind response. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:56, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == 194.242.49.182 == Can you please block this vandal {{IPvandal|194.242.49.182}}? [[Special:Contributions/64.21.222.134|64.21.222.134]] ([[User talk:64.21.222.134|talk]]) 01:57, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Sure, done. In the future it's better if you ask on [[WP:VIP]] so other admins can see it more easily. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Assistance == <nowiki>{{ping|Fr33kman}}</nowiki> Noticed you are the deleted admin of an article [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onyeeze2024/Sandbox] I created that why I am reaching out. please can you kindly help to check my sandbox if the draft is ready for article space now.[[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I see no reason not to publish it although it may get nominated for deletion as non-notable. But it does make a claim to notability. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:40, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:41, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Concern about deletion of page after adding {wait} Request for clarification == Hello, I noticed that the article ([[Satish Raj]]) was deleted very quickly, even after I had added {wait} and requested clarification regarding the reasons mentioned ("promo" and "not notable"). The page was tagged, and before anyone could respond or improve the article, it was already deleted — within just a few minutes. We fully respect Wikipedia guidelines and your role as an experienced editor. However, a brief waiting period or a short clarification could have helped, especially since the person tagged is eager to improve the article. We also noticed that the user who tagged the page for deletion appears to be new, with very limited edit history and no transparent user page or information. It would have been helpful if such tagging came with clear reasons or was followed by some discussion. We’re asking this in good faith, only to better understand the process and avoid similar issues in the future. Thank you for your time and contributions! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:20, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Articles should be created as fully completed. They should not be started until they are in a manner where they meet all the requirements of the project. I suggest you create it in your user space until it is ready for publication. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:25, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Hello, ::Thank you for your response. ::I completely understand the importance of creating complete articles that meet the project’s standards before publication. However, I would like to clarify that the article in question was not left incomplete or in draft form. ::It included the subject's biography, awards and recognitions, references to reliable sources and appropriate categories. I genuinely believed that it met the basic requirements for publication on Simple English Wikipedia. ::That said, I’m open to feedback and happy to improve further. If there were specific issues that made it unsuitable for the mainspace, I’d truly appreciate guidance so I can correct them and learn for future contributions. ::''''However, I wanted to share that the initial reason given by the user who added the speedy deletion tag was that the "subject is not notable because there is no article on English Wikipedia."''' ::Thank you for your time and efforts. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:49, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::I can assure you that the deletion had nothing to do with the fact that the English Wikipedia didn't have the article. I deleted it because I didn't see a credible claim to notability. The article has to say why the subject deserves to be here. It you want to recreate the article in your user space I'd be more than happy to give you some pointers. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Hello fr33kman, 👋 ::::Thank you for your earlier response and for offering to help. As suggested, I have recreated the draft article in my user space here: :::: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Moulyags/Sandbox ::::I kindly request you to review the draft and share your thoughts. ::::I truly appreciate your time and guidance. I’m eager to improve the article in line with Wikipedia’s policies. ::::Thank you again! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 00:59, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I think the article is in a fit state to be moved into main space as you have it. You have made claims that indicate notability (the awards you have given). '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:16, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you so much for reviewing the article and for your encouraging response. I truly appreciate your time and guidance. ::::::I'm glad to know that the article appears to be in a fit state to be moved to the main space. Please let me know if I can go ahead and move it myself, or if you'd prefer to handle that. ::::::Also, I kindly request that the article not be tagged for deletion again without a clear reason or prior discussion. I am committed to following Wikipedia policies and would appreciate the chance to address any issues if they arise. ::::::Thank you again for your help and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:26, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::You can move it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you for confirming I can move the article. However, I do not see a “Move” option in my account. ::::::::Could you please confirm if I’m allowed to create a new page directly in the main space instead? I can copy the content from my sandbox and create it there if that’s okay. ::::::::Thanks again for your help! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:33, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you very much for your guidance and support throughout the process. I have now moved the article to mainspace as you suggested: ::::::::👉 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Raj_Goravigere ::::::::I truly appreciate your help in reviewing and confirming the notability. ::::::::Thanks again! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:48, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You're welcome but please note that I didn't confirmed notability but merely said that a claim of notability was made which means it can't be speedy deleted. If someone reads it and think it's not notable they would have to send it to RfD. Thanks '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64 == [[Special:Contribs/2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64]] is making useless vandalism pages. [[Special:Contributions/166.107.163.31|166.107.163.31]] ([[User talk:166.107.163.31|talk]]) 18:04, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Done, it the future please use [[WP:VIP]] so more admins are alerted. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Recover Deleted Draft: Manoj Gupta == Hello Fr33kman, I noticed that the article "Manoj Gupta" was deleted under QD G11 for being promotional. I understand the importance of keeping Wikipedia neutral and free of advertising. I’m reaching out to kindly request if you could '''restore the page to my sandbox''' so I can rewrite it in a more encyclopedic tone and include reliable, independent sources. I want to improve the article to meet Simple Wikipedia’s standards and would really appreciate your help or suggestions on how to do that. Thank you, – @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 17:13, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Shru1122/Manoj Gupta]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:11, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 08:05, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for restoring the article <nowiki>''Manoj Gupta''</nowiki>. I’ve carefully reviewed the content again and tried to ensure a neutral tone throughout the draft but I’m still unclear about the specific parts that might have come across as promotional or unsuitable for Simple Wikipedia. :I genuinely want to learn and improve this article and also my understanding of Wikipedia’s expectations. If you could point out what aspects felt like advertising or didn’t meet notability guidelines, it would help me improve the article and grow as a contributor. :Your guidance would be deeply appreciated. :Thank you. @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 14:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Disambiguation page == You [[Pratihar Gurjars|recently protected]] this page. You can also check [[Pratihar|this page]] has copy pasted content from [[Pratihar Rajputs|other page]]. Content was added on disambiguation page by vandal IPs when I tried to restore back disambiguation page a user appeared to revert my edits I didn't make any revert further because I remember in April you advised me to not interact with this user through making any further reverts I followed your advice but this time again he didn't follow your advise and reverted my edits just to restore inaccurate edits of disruptive IP. If do you think you cannot help in this matter then I need to start a talk at AN? Because there are two separate pages as ([[Pratihar Rajputs]] & [[Pratihar Gurjars]]) so Pratihar page should serve as a disambiguation page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:58, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I've protected the disambiguation page. You are doing the right thing. If it continues bring it up on An and we can move towards blocking the user. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] If you will allow me then I want to restore Pratihar page back to a disambiguation page where clans of two different castes were added before the disruption as ::#[[Pratihar Rajputs]] ::#[[Pratihar Gurjars]] Can I do this? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 23:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Yes, go ahead '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:12, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == Creation of unsourced pages == Dear @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], please have a look at pages: [[Tushir (caste)]] and [[Attal (caste)]], made by same ip address, seems like they’re trying to use wikipedia as a place for writing anything with no reliable sources at all. I request you to check and nominate such pages for deletion. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:23, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :You can nominate them yourself. We should create a list of all these pages so we can make a single nomination for them all to be deleted '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) ::okay [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 15:34, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :::Barras has nominated them all for deletion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Okay admin [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:22, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == [[John Little]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I saw that you redirected this page to [[John Little (footballer)]] with the edit summary "No need for a disambiguation page". Was that because we have only one article on someone with that name? Even when that's the case, dab pages are still useful here. I found several pages that linked to this page that were not for the footballer (and fixed them), so the redirect was linking to the wrong place. Having the page as a dab allowed use of a tool to fix the links. I have changed this page back to a dab, copying what enwiki has. Even with a lot of red links, the dab is still useful because it will let us find and link to a correct title. I know this is a little different from what you'd do on enwiki, so please keep this in mind when looking at dab pages. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:27, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :That's fine, I was trying to get away from the promotional nature of the original page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:46, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == QD candidate? == You got a good QD criteria for [[Spectre (2015 film)/Credits]] or should I take it to RFD? I’m scratching my head at concluding on an applicable label but don’t want to waste community time/effort with an obvious outcome RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:28, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Please check the IP range that created it too; it's mostly vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/184.23.216.90|184.23.216.90]] ([[User talk:184.23.216.90|talk]]) 00:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::A1, no meaningful content '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:01, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2018–19 NBA season == Fr33kman, why you deleted [[2018–19 NBA season]]? i already improved it.<span id="Raayaan9911:1749063109303:User_talkFTTCLNFr33kman" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:51, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</span> :Because it was tagged as A1 and it seemed too short to be meaningful. I've undeleted it for you. Next time use a {{tl|wait}} template to let us know it's been fixed. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:07, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:36, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring == Dear admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] hope you’re doing great, I want to bring this to your knowledge that user@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] is continuously edit warring on page named [[Jat (caste)]]. The user is again and again removing well cited information from that page without attaining consensus. The information removed by him was well-sourced and supported by citation number 2 on that page. Moreover, user is seen being involved in editing ‘Jat caste group of Indian subcontinent’ based pages only. If we have a look at this user’s recent edits, all are related to jat caste ruler, personalities from jat caste, or jat (caste). I request you to please intervene and have a look at [[Jat (caste)|this]] page and citation number 2 of this page. User had been warned already but kept on edit warring over a caste based page, seems fishy. Looking forward for your intervention. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:16, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have reverted @[[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] revisions because they added this line “''supposedly derived from <nowiki>''</nowiki>Jatta<nowiki>''</nowiki>, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group-<nowiki>''</nowiki>jatha”, which is exactly written in [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Genetic-Ancestry-of-Modern-Indus-Valley-from-Pathak-Kadian/40cf30000c2d47a90d1a3111974bb0031f6fe3e2 second source] and i have also raised this copyvio issue on the talk page of that article. Secondly some lines of the lead were exactly of en wiki page thats why i simplified them. Please take a look on [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jat_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10312739 this] .'' Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 18:28, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ::Frankly, the editors of simplewiki are fed up with the whole range of caste articles and most of them are up for deletion. We do not have the expertise to decide what is and isn't correct. What we will not allow is edit warring and I will start blocking people who can't decide what to do. For now it is my decision that all edits must first get consensus on the talk page of the article prior to any addition to the article. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:26, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :::I totally agree with you, these caste-based pages specially from the Indian subcontinent are the main spot for povpush and unnecessary castecruft. Some of these pages should only be accessible by the admins to avoid such conflicts. Some of these users were blocked by some admins recently but they just keep on coming with new names (sock puppets). Here too, that user just kept on reverting this article without attaining consensus and on being advised to stop edit warring, he just ignored it and did the same. This really is a proof of how some users here are like only their pov must be on these caste based pages and attaining consensus is nothing for them. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:46, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Well from now on any new edits made to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edit going live. Anybody making direct edits to the pages without first getting consensus will be blocked and their edits will be reverted or else will receive a topic ban stopping them from editing any caste page. We can not have POV pushing and edit waring because that is harming the main encyclopedia : something we '''can not''' allow. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Synagogue Church building collapse]] == Hi, this page was kept after an RFD, I feel like there is a need to revert it back to older version but the page was created way before the user was banned or blocked it seems. I am not sure if I am missing something since the log and history seem a bit messy. But if you do decide to restore it, can you please also restore a redirect from [[Prediction of Synagogue Church building collapse]]. Thanks, --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 10:52, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Restored '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:41, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Vicente Costalago == Hi, I've seen that you have deleted the article about Vicente Costalago (without even discussing about it), claiming "it doesn't have notability". I am creating the articles related to different artificial languages and that person is the main literary author writing in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. He has also translated the Four Gospels to another artificial language, called [[Lingua Franca Nova]], besides authoring the first original work published in that language. Therefore, I believe it has notability and I would like to ask you to restitute it as he is as important to the history of Interlingue as [[Alphonse Matejka]] and of Lingua Franca Nova. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 05:34, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted because it didn't make a claim of notability. It needs to explain why he is notable such as awards he's got '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:40, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::That person is the main literary author in [[Interlingue]], if the article stated that, would that be enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 14:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::I don't think so, but why don't you take the matter [[WP:DRV|here]] to ask for an undeletion discussion and see what others think. If a person is truly notable it would be easy to prove it. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks, I have done it already. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Two deletions == Hi, You just deleted via QD two articles I brought over from En. One is [[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team]] and the other is [[Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically]]. They were deleted as A3, but I feel like I sufficiently simplified them. The archery one is basically two sentences of text and mostly just tables otherwise. Could you please re-examine them and determine if they have been sufficiently simplified and, if not, userfy them for me and advise on what areas need to be simplified further? Thanks, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} Pinging you as you deleted the talk pages and are presently active in case you're able to lend an extra eye on the articles I mention. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Undeleted. Sorry about that, I was moving too quickly, my bad '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::Much appreciated! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Question == I don't understand what the intention of your edit [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3019197 here] was. Its not a page nor does it have "no meaning", it's a redirect to an article covered in reliable sources [[User:Thegoofhere|Thegoofhere]] ([[User talk:Thegoofhere|talk]]) 01:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Looks like a mistake, sorry about that. These things sometimes happen. I do agree that a general term shouldn't really Redirect to a specific term. It should be the other way around. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Caste cruft articles == Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have seen multiple chunks of caste cruft articles which are non notable but they are surviving here on simple wiki. I have today nominated 3 to 4 caste cruft articles for qd. I want some guidance from you that should I nominate such articles which are non notable and appears to be caste or clan promotional. Thanks [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 03:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on [[Kushtagi]] page == I recently added a reference to the [[Kushtagi]] article, but I noticed that it was reverted. I sincerely apologize if I made any mistake. would be grateful if you could kindly let me know what went wrong. I want to improve my contributions and avoid such issues in the future. Your guidance would mean a lot to me. Thank you very much for your time and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :It was because it looked like you had removed references. I have restored your version. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you so much for the clarification and for restoring the edit. I truly appreciate your understanding. Grateful for your support and guidance! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == That 'Sam' guy... == He's back baby!!! It's blocco time!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) 08:16, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 3stsnpeejimmr6vyn5607blgakb7600 10331652 10331590 2025-06-15T09:14:51Z Barras 40117 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) to last version by Moulyags 10330099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{usertalkheader}} {{archive box collapsible|[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 1|Archive 1]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 2|Archive 2]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 3|Archive 3]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 4|Archive 4]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 5|Archive 5]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 6|Archive 6]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 7|Archive 7]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 8|Archive 8]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 9|Archive 9]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 10|Archive 10]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 11|Archive 11]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 12|Archive 12]]<br/>[[User talk:Fr33kman/Archive 13|Archive 13]]}} {{divbox|orange|'''Welcome to my talk page'''|{{divbox|white||<center>''<u>Please consider the following</u>''</center><br/>'''1.''' Be polite to everyone conversing here.<br/>'''2.''' Assume good faith! I '''don't''' make changes here in bad faith, '''ever'''!<br/>'''3.''' I'm a nice guy, so talk to me rather than lecture me.<br/>'''4.''' Post ALL new messages to me BELOW all the other messages and NOT at the top of the page (same for ALL user's talk pages)<br/>'''5.''' Don't use my talk page for social chats with me. Email me instead!<br/><br/><center>'''''Thanks!'''''</center><br/>}}<center>[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] ([[User talk:Fr33kman#top|talk]]) 14:32, 19 September 2008 (UTC)</center>}} :Hello Fr33kman , thank you for the Notification, I understand, however please Undelete my page it has useful information. Kind thanks, Silvia. [[User:Silvia Platsis|Silvia Platsis]] ([[User talk:Silvia Platsis|talk]]) 19:49, 6 June 2025 (UTC) <br/> <br/> ---- <br/> __TOC__ == Request == Can you please close [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion]] as {{vqd}} and delete [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Therapeutic abortion (2nd nomination)]] as housekeeping? [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:FDF0:1A83:2A4:AFA3|talk]]) 18:04, 28 April 2025 (UTC) :Done '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == English Wikipedia Already Deleted 3 times reffer https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=delete&page=Alisha_Parveen https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha_Parveen kindly Delete this page. thank you! [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 08:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == ADMIN DELETION == https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivam_Khajuria ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA DELETED [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:12, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Deletion == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palak_Jain [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 09:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Tell me the reason why you want to delete this page? [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :: CU requested ([[Special:Diff/10224558]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 10:43, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Allow only administators? == Hi @{{u|Fr33kman}}! I hope you are having a good day, I just have a question, why did you protect a page with only "Allow only administrators"? I am not an administrator I am an autoconfirmed user, so users like me cannot edit it at all until May 6th? Thanks and best, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:White; background:#89CFF0">Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">What is it?</span>'']] 17:19, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :(<small>Non-admin comment</small>) Yes my friend, it means any Auto, E-confirm or IP user cannot edit or move this page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 17:34, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Because the pages are the subject of an edit war and I don't want to block they involved editors from editing at this time. It allows for a cool down period. It's a rare thing to do but is sometimes needed in cases like this. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Semi-protection for Simple English Wikipedia == Can you please semi-protect [[Simple English Wikipedia]] because of extensive vandalism? [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 17:56, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Paras Brahmani == This article is created by user in [[WP:COI|COI]], as we don't have [[WP:QD|QD tag]] for articles created under COI. But article is already tagged for [[WP:RFD|RFD]]. You can please request or delete images used on this article? All these images are edited/fake any used image is not clicked in real time. I have no access to WP:Commons so you can delete or request there? Thank you.[[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:52, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :I don't edit at commons, sorry. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:58, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay no problem! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 23:01, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ==Email== {{You've got mail}} [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 13:05, 30 April 2025 (UTC) == Checkuser request == Hi can you check if {{u|MyBedIsTooBig}} is a sockpuppet of {{u|Kashingggz}}? They are claiming to be. I note that Kashingggz requested unblock last week and you declined, saying that they might be unblocked in the future if they don't engage in sockpuppetry anymore. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:09, 30 April 2025 (UTC) :Anyway, MyBedIsTooBig is a vandal and should be blocked no matter who they are. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 23:10, 30 April 2025 (UTC) ::Checkuser is no longer necessary. Kashingggz admitted it was them: [[Special:Diff/10228042]] [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 01:25, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::alr blocked [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 10:04, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Help against Vandalism == The page of Yaser Alsaidi while [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] and [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] kept it and admited that It passes the notability test and the aresult of [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yaser Alsaidi]] , and You also kept it and undeleted it are getting repeatedly vandalised with deletion...kindly undo this vandal action and I ask for a request to protect the page from editing. best regards to you and sorry to disturb you. [[Special:Contributions/88.155.66.134|88.155.66.134]] ([[User talk:88.155.66.134|talk]]) 20:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :I took a look at the history and it doesn't look like there has been any Vandalism so I don't think it needs protecting at this time. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:17, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :Please note: the fact that I closed the RFD as keep does not mean that I have any particular opinion about the article or even that I agree with the outcome. It just means that I evaluated the discussion and determined that the consensus was to keep the article. If I had wanted to express an opinion about the article, I would have commented on the RFD and left it for another admin to close. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:39, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Understood :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:01, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Advice for new editor == Hi, I'm an English Wikipedia editor looking to help out here. On en, I usually do copyediting, recent changes patrol, and articles for creation. Though I know the gist of the project (use simple English), I am unfamiliar with many of Simple English's policies and equivalents (like quick deletion/speedy deletion, etc.) so I was wondering where you think I could help out most. Thank you! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 02:48, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Also - I was wondering if really short articles (like "Jane Doe was an the CEO of XYZ Company") should be QD, RfD, or not deleted if certainly notable. Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 03:59, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::(Input from another user.)<br> ::Do not QD short 'article', if notability is stated.--Other kinds of tags, are welcome in those articles. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|talk]]) 04:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I'd just do the things you do on enwiki but on simplewiki. The rules are pretty much the same. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:02, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! [[User:GoldRomean|GoldRomean]] ([[User talk:GoldRomean|talk]]) 20:21, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Fr33ekman took down the John's Lair page. == Fr33kman, this is a message to you. You took down the John's Lair page, but it's all true information. John's Lair is real. If you don't believe me, go to Avoca PA and find it. It's there, 89 feet underground. [[Special:Contributions/64.251.48.164|64.251.48.164]] ([[User talk:64.251.48.164|talk]]) 14:45, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == give me my rights back!!!! == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i aint waiting 6 months this bsssss.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:32, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I've responded on your talk page. If you make a pest of yourself you'll be fully blocked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::i report you for hate crimes @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and nobody has the '''right''' to edit Wikipedia, it is a privilege, one that can be revoked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:38, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I undid your deletion of this article. [[Wikipedia:QD#A4|QD option A4]] doesn't apply to this topic. It applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:14, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, that's fine. I actually don't remember doing it. I had over 100 QDs today! Thx! :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{ping|Fr33kman}} I do make good articles like wadi dam [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]])` [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:11, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Hi there, @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:38, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == mad at me? == are you??? @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :of course not. Why would you think that? I don't take things personally dude. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:50, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::same, i don't hold grudges! thanks. @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == It's Samtastic!! == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E559:A926:30DC:47DF|talk]]) 20:19, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :And you're blocked, baby '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:27, 17 May 2025 (UTC) Still here baby!--[[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:384C:FE22:6107:3DB8|talk]]) 19:29, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :Blocked your whole range :) '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:39, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == About the deleted articles "The SuperSword Warriors (American animated series)" and "Baldi's Basics (The SuperSword Warriors)" == I don't think you should've deleted them. The subjects of them were real. You're [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:37, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :You can make a request for undeletion at [[WP:DRV]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:43, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok thanks [[User:Leafchopper|Leafchopper]] ([[User talk:Leafchopper|talk]]) 16:49, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == Deletion of [[jpn]] == [[jpn]] and [[ja]] are the -3166- 639 codes for Japanese. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:03, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't understand why you deleted it. [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:05, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ah, okay I'll Undelete it. My bad! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::You should be aware that searching for Jpn redirects to [[Japan]]. This may cause problems. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :::ok [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]) 18:19, 20 May 2025 (UTC) == IMac G4 == If you have a moment, I'd appreciate you weighing in at [[Talk:IMac G4]] as I responded to you regarding attribution from the English Wikipedia. Taksoh17 has tagged it again for deletion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:18, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == Sir before making the deletions your have to go through the article how could editor tag article without any reason you come and make massive deletions your are discouraging us [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 19:31, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I can assure you that I read all articles that I delete before I delete them. It is my job to delete articles and I'm sorry you feel discouraged. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:41, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Complain == For example like me if I tagged some one article for deletions you are going to delete it those articles reach almost 24 days without deletions but this guy comes and tagged them this is injustice [[User:SirikaHadi2025|SirikaHadi2025]] ([[User talk:SirikaHadi2025|talk]]) 21:52, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry but I don't fully understand what you mean. Articles that do not meet our requirements are tagged for deletion and I (or another admin) delete them. It's part of our jobs. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:58, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Castecruft and unconstructive editing == Dear Admin, there is a user @[[User:Runaway911|Runaway911]] who is constantly being involved in editing Indian subcontinent caste based pages and adding biased information on various pages such as, [[Jat (caste)]], [[Gurjar]], and [[Gurjar clans]]. Please have a look at the user’s edits and the unsourced rubbish this user is adding on various articles. Moreover, the user started an edit war when i reverted the edits. I have reverted the edits to the last fair revision by you. Please intervene. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:21, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked them from editing Wikipedia. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 08:27, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::I really appreciate you for your fast responses. You’re a great admin. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Need some help & clarification == @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I hope so you're fine, I want to ask a question related to talk page access but about other project not [[Simple English Wikipedia|S-Wiki]]. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:19, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :If I know the answer I'll give it. Ask away '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ::If our talk page access is revoked and account is indef blocked then how we can appeal our block and email is also disabled? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 00:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::You can use an email client such Gmail, Yahoo etc and email the relevant admin mailing list. All project have such a list. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:10, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I suppose you could also ask on Discord '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:11, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I don't know anything about discord as I never been there. So I can email another admin those are active on E-Wiki ''admin mailing list''? Using another Mail account? Because talk page access, attaced Gmail, and account is indef blocked, so I'm unable to mail any involved or uninvolved admin through logging in my account and using mail option. If I'll try to request admin who revoked my mail+ talk page access such request from IP or new account will be considered as a evasion and such IP or account will be blocked. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 00:21, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's really the only option you have at this point. I'd try asking them to allow access to your talk page so you can login and then speak to them from there. Good luck. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:18, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thank you for the kind response. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:56, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == 194.242.49.182 == Can you please block this vandal {{IPvandal|194.242.49.182}}? [[Special:Contributions/64.21.222.134|64.21.222.134]] ([[User talk:64.21.222.134|talk]]) 01:57, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Sure, done. In the future it's better if you ask on [[WP:VIP]] so other admins can see it more easily. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Assistance == <nowiki>{{ping|Fr33kman}}</nowiki> Noticed you are the deleted admin of an article [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Onyeeze2024/Sandbox] I created that why I am reaching out. please can you kindly help to check my sandbox if the draft is ready for article space now.[[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I see no reason not to publish it although it may get nominated for deletion as non-notable. But it does make a claim to notability. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 10:40, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[User:Onyeeze2024|Onyeeze2024]] ([[User talk:Onyeeze2024|talk]]) 10:41, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Concern about deletion of page after adding {wait} Request for clarification == Hello, I noticed that the article ([[Satish Raj]]) was deleted very quickly, even after I had added {wait} and requested clarification regarding the reasons mentioned ("promo" and "not notable"). The page was tagged, and before anyone could respond or improve the article, it was already deleted — within just a few minutes. We fully respect Wikipedia guidelines and your role as an experienced editor. However, a brief waiting period or a short clarification could have helped, especially since the person tagged is eager to improve the article. We also noticed that the user who tagged the page for deletion appears to be new, with very limited edit history and no transparent user page or information. It would have been helpful if such tagging came with clear reasons or was followed by some discussion. We’re asking this in good faith, only to better understand the process and avoid similar issues in the future. Thank you for your time and contributions! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:20, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Articles should be created as fully completed. They should not be started until they are in a manner where they meet all the requirements of the project. I suggest you create it in your user space until it is ready for publication. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:25, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Hello, ::Thank you for your response. ::I completely understand the importance of creating complete articles that meet the project’s standards before publication. However, I would like to clarify that the article in question was not left incomplete or in draft form. ::It included the subject's biography, awards and recognitions, references to reliable sources and appropriate categories. I genuinely believed that it met the basic requirements for publication on Simple English Wikipedia. ::That said, I’m open to feedback and happy to improve further. If there were specific issues that made it unsuitable for the mainspace, I’d truly appreciate guidance so I can correct them and learn for future contributions. ::''''However, I wanted to share that the initial reason given by the user who added the speedy deletion tag was that the "subject is not notable because there is no article on English Wikipedia."''' ::Thank you for your time and efforts. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:49, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::I can assure you that the deletion had nothing to do with the fact that the English Wikipedia didn't have the article. I deleted it because I didn't see a credible claim to notability. The article has to say why the subject deserves to be here. It you want to recreate the article in your user space I'd be more than happy to give you some pointers. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:33, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Hello fr33kman, 👋 ::::Thank you for your earlier response and for offering to help. As suggested, I have recreated the draft article in my user space here: :::: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Moulyags/Sandbox ::::I kindly request you to review the draft and share your thoughts. ::::I truly appreciate your time and guidance. I’m eager to improve the article in line with Wikipedia’s policies. ::::Thank you again! 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 00:59, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I think the article is in a fit state to be moved into main space as you have it. You have made claims that indicate notability (the awards you have given). '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:16, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you so much for reviewing the article and for your encouraging response. I truly appreciate your time and guidance. ::::::I'm glad to know that the article appears to be in a fit state to be moved to the main space. Please let me know if I can go ahead and move it myself, or if you'd prefer to handle that. ::::::Also, I kindly request that the article not be tagged for deletion again without a clear reason or prior discussion. I am committed to following Wikipedia policies and would appreciate the chance to address any issues if they arise. ::::::Thank you again for your help and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:26, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::You can move it '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you for confirming I can move the article. However, I do not see a “Move” option in my account. ::::::::Could you please confirm if I’m allowed to create a new page directly in the main space instead? I can copy the content from my sandbox and create it there if that’s okay. ::::::::Thanks again for your help! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:33, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hello, ::::::::Thank you very much for your guidance and support throughout the process. I have now moved the article to mainspace as you suggested: ::::::::👉 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Raj_Goravigere ::::::::I truly appreciate your help in reviewing and confirming the notability. ::::::::Thanks again! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 01:48, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You're welcome but please note that I didn't confirmed notability but merely said that a claim of notability was made which means it can't be speedy deleted. If someone reads it and think it's not notable they would have to send it to RfD. Thanks '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == 2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64 == [[Special:Contribs/2600:1009:B08E:CD91::/64]] is making useless vandalism pages. [[Special:Contributions/166.107.163.31|166.107.163.31]] ([[User talk:166.107.163.31|talk]]) 18:04, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Done, it the future please use [[WP:VIP]] so more admins are alerted. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:10, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Recover Deleted Draft: Manoj Gupta == Hello Fr33kman, I noticed that the article "Manoj Gupta" was deleted under QD G11 for being promotional. I understand the importance of keeping Wikipedia neutral and free of advertising. I’m reaching out to kindly request if you could '''restore the page to my sandbox''' so I can rewrite it in a more encyclopedic tone and include reliable, independent sources. I want to improve the article to meet Simple Wikipedia’s standards and would really appreciate your help or suggestions on how to do that. Thank you, – @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 17:13, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} [[User:Shru1122/Manoj Gupta]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:11, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 08:05, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for restoring the article <nowiki>''Manoj Gupta''</nowiki>. I’ve carefully reviewed the content again and tried to ensure a neutral tone throughout the draft but I’m still unclear about the specific parts that might have come across as promotional or unsuitable for Simple Wikipedia. :I genuinely want to learn and improve this article and also my understanding of Wikipedia’s expectations. If you could point out what aspects felt like advertising or didn’t meet notability guidelines, it would help me improve the article and grow as a contributor. :Your guidance would be deeply appreciated. :Thank you. @[[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] [[User:Shru1122|Shru1122]] ([[User talk:Shru1122|talk]]) 14:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Disambiguation page == You [[Pratihar Gurjars|recently protected]] this page. You can also check [[Pratihar|this page]] has copy pasted content from [[Pratihar Rajputs|other page]]. Content was added on disambiguation page by vandal IPs when I tried to restore back disambiguation page a user appeared to revert my edits I didn't make any revert further because I remember in April you advised me to not interact with this user through making any further reverts I followed your advice but this time again he didn't follow your advise and reverted my edits just to restore inaccurate edits of disruptive IP. If do you think you cannot help in this matter then I need to start a talk at AN? Because there are two separate pages as ([[Pratihar Rajputs]] & [[Pratihar Gurjars]]) so Pratihar page should serve as a disambiguation page. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 22:58, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I've protected the disambiguation page. You are doing the right thing. If it continues bring it up on An and we can move towards blocking the user. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] If you will allow me then I want to restore Pratihar page back to a disambiguation page where clans of two different castes were added before the disruption as ::#[[Pratihar Rajputs]] ::#[[Pratihar Gurjars]] Can I do this? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 23:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Yes, go ahead '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:12, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == Creation of unsourced pages == Dear @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], please have a look at pages: [[Tushir (caste)]] and [[Attal (caste)]], made by same ip address, seems like they’re trying to use wikipedia as a place for writing anything with no reliable sources at all. I request you to check and nominate such pages for deletion. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 12:23, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :You can nominate them yourself. We should create a list of all these pages so we can make a single nomination for them all to be deleted '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) ::okay [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 15:34, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :::Barras has nominated them all for deletion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Okay admin [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:22, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == [[John Little]] == Hi, Fr33kman. I saw that you redirected this page to [[John Little (footballer)]] with the edit summary "No need for a disambiguation page". Was that because we have only one article on someone with that name? Even when that's the case, dab pages are still useful here. I found several pages that linked to this page that were not for the footballer (and fixed them), so the redirect was linking to the wrong place. Having the page as a dab allowed use of a tool to fix the links. I have changed this page back to a dab, copying what enwiki has. Even with a lot of red links, the dab is still useful because it will let us find and link to a correct title. I know this is a little different from what you'd do on enwiki, so please keep this in mind when looking at dab pages. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:27, 2 June 2025 (UTC) :That's fine, I was trying to get away from the promotional nature of the original page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:46, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == QD candidate? == You got a good QD criteria for [[Spectre (2015 film)/Credits]] or should I take it to RFD? I’m scratching my head at concluding on an applicable label but don’t want to waste community time/effort with an obvious outcome RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:28, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Please check the IP range that created it too; it's mostly vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/184.23.216.90|184.23.216.90]] ([[User talk:184.23.216.90|talk]]) 00:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::A1, no meaningful content '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:01, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == 2018–19 NBA season == Fr33kman, why you deleted [[2018–19 NBA season]]? i already improved it.<span id="Raayaan9911:1749063109303:User_talkFTTCLNFr33kman" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:51, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</span> :Because it was tagged as A1 and it seemed too short to be meaningful. I've undeleted it for you. Next time use a {{tl|wait}} template to let us know it's been fixed. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:07, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:36, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:30, 5 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring == Dear admin @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] hope you’re doing great, I want to bring this to your knowledge that user@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] is continuously edit warring on page named [[Jat (caste)]]. The user is again and again removing well cited information from that page without attaining consensus. The information removed by him was well-sourced and supported by citation number 2 on that page. Moreover, user is seen being involved in editing ‘Jat caste group of Indian subcontinent’ based pages only. If we have a look at this user’s recent edits, all are related to jat caste ruler, personalities from jat caste, or jat (caste). I request you to please intervene and have a look at [[Jat (caste)|this]] page and citation number 2 of this page. User had been warned already but kept on edit warring over a caste based page, seems fishy. Looking forward for your intervention. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 18:16, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have reverted @[[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] revisions because they added this line “''supposedly derived from <nowiki>''</nowiki>Jatta<nowiki>''</nowiki>, a broad word used for cattle gazers and camel breeders, moving in a group-<nowiki>''</nowiki>jatha”, which is exactly written in [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Genetic-Ancestry-of-Modern-Indus-Valley-from-Pathak-Kadian/40cf30000c2d47a90d1a3111974bb0031f6fe3e2 second source] and i have also raised this copyvio issue on the talk page of that article. Secondly some lines of the lead were exactly of en wiki page thats why i simplified them. Please take a look on [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jat_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10312739 this] .'' Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 18:28, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ::Frankly, the editors of simplewiki are fed up with the whole range of caste articles and most of them are up for deletion. We do not have the expertise to decide what is and isn't correct. What we will not allow is edit warring and I will start blocking people who can't decide what to do. For now it is my decision that all edits must first get consensus on the talk page of the article prior to any addition to the article. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:26, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :::I totally agree with you, these caste-based pages specially from the Indian subcontinent are the main spot for povpush and unnecessary castecruft. Some of these pages should only be accessible by the admins to avoid such conflicts. Some of these users were blocked by some admins recently but they just keep on coming with new names (sock puppets). Here too, that user just kept on reverting this article without attaining consensus and on being advised to stop edit warring, he just ignored it and did the same. This really is a proof of how some users here are like only their pov must be on these caste based pages and attaining consensus is nothing for them. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 03:46, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Well from now on any new edits made to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edit going live. Anybody making direct edits to the pages without first getting consensus will be blocked and their edits will be reverted or else will receive a topic ban stopping them from editing any caste page. We can not have POV pushing and edit waring because that is harming the main encyclopedia : something we '''can not''' allow. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Synagogue Church building collapse]] == Hi, this page was kept after an RFD, I feel like there is a need to revert it back to older version but the page was created way before the user was banned or blocked it seems. I am not sure if I am missing something since the log and history seem a bit messy. But if you do decide to restore it, can you please also restore a redirect from [[Prediction of Synagogue Church building collapse]]. Thanks, --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 10:52, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Restored '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:41, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Vicente Costalago == Hi, I've seen that you have deleted the article about Vicente Costalago (without even discussing about it), claiming "it doesn't have notability". I am creating the articles related to different artificial languages and that person is the main literary author writing in [[Interlingue]] since the language was created in 1922. He has also translated the Four Gospels to another artificial language, called [[Lingua Franca Nova]], besides authoring the first original work published in that language. Therefore, I believe it has notability and I would like to ask you to restitute it as he is as important to the history of Interlingue as [[Alphonse Matejka]] and of Lingua Franca Nova. --[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 05:34, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted because it didn't make a claim of notability. It needs to explain why he is notable such as awards he's got '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:40, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::That person is the main literary author in [[Interlingue]], if the article stated that, would that be enough? [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 14:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::I don't think so, but why don't you take the matter [[WP:DRV|here]] to ask for an undeletion discussion and see what others think. If a person is truly notable it would be easy to prove it. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks, I have done it already. [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|talk]]) 17:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Two deletions == Hi, You just deleted via QD two articles I brought over from En. One is [[Archery at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's team]] and the other is [[Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically]]. They were deleted as A3, but I feel like I sufficiently simplified them. The archery one is basically two sentences of text and mostly just tables otherwise. Could you please re-examine them and determine if they have been sufficiently simplified and, if not, userfy them for me and advise on what areas need to be simplified further? Thanks, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|MathXplore}} Pinging you as you deleted the talk pages and are presently active in case you're able to lend an extra eye on the articles I mention. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Undeleted. Sorry about that, I was moving too quickly, my bad '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) ::Much appreciated! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == Question == I don't understand what the intention of your edit [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3019197 here] was. Its not a page nor does it have "no meaning", it's a redirect to an article covered in reliable sources [[User:Thegoofhere|Thegoofhere]] ([[User talk:Thegoofhere|talk]]) 01:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Looks like a mistake, sorry about that. These things sometimes happen. I do agree that a general term shouldn't really Redirect to a specific term. It should be the other way around. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Caste cruft articles == Hello @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i have seen multiple chunks of caste cruft articles which are non notable but they are surviving here on simple wiki. I have today nominated 3 to 4 caste cruft articles for qd. I want some guidance from you that should I nominate such articles which are non notable and appears to be caste or clan promotional. Thanks [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda|talk]]) 03:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Kindly guide me – Edit reverted on [[Kushtagi]] page == I recently added a reference to the [[Kushtagi]] article, but I noticed that it was reverted. I sincerely apologize if I made any mistake. would be grateful if you could kindly let me know what went wrong. I want to improve my contributions and avoid such issues in the future. Your guidance would mean a lot to me. Thank you very much for your time and support. [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 13:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :It was because it looked like you had removed references. I have restored your version. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you so much for the clarification and for restoring the edit. I truly appreciate your understanding. Grateful for your support and guidance! [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 0tynwystoy3j7exwmjjr5ofqe4gb7yb 0 219622 10330182 8465693 2025-06-14T15:31:09Z Chippy dog 1629510 10330182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2017}} The '''Cryogenic''' is a [[geology|geological]] period, from ~720 million years ago (mya) to 635 mya. It lies in the middle [[Proterozoic]] [[eon]] before the [[Ediacaran]] period. The period is important to both [[Earth science]] and [[biology]] because it contains the two longest and most severe [[ice age]]s of all time: * The Sturtian ice age 717 mya to 660 mya * The Marinoan ice age 650 mya to 635 mya These two [[snowball earth]] events were previously put together as the ''Varangian'' glaciation. They covered much, possibly all, the Earth with [[ice]]. The root cause of the temperature drop may have been the removal of CO₂ from the [[atmosphere]] by [[photosynthesis]]ing [[bacteria]] and [[eukaryote]]s in the previous [[Great Oxygenation Event]]. Much else happened: the supercontinent [[Rodinia]] broke up and another, [[Pannotia]], began to form. Fossil [[steroid]]s suggest the presence of early [[sponge]]s, and amoeboid cells with tests (coverings) appear in the [[fossil]] record. {{Geologic History}} {{sci-stub}} [[Category:Neoproterozoic]] lugkq5hq0qhk28eqazon65lp0w7hh88 10331439 10330182 2025-06-15T04:25:23Z Hide on Rosé 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Chippy dog|Chippy dog]] ([[User talk:Chippy dog|talk]]) to last version by Jim.henderson 8465693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2017}} The '''Cryogenian''' is a [[geology|geological]] period, from ~720 million years ago (mya) to 635 mya. It lies in the middle [[Proterozoic]] [[eon]] before the [[Ediacaran]] period. The period is important to both [[Earth science]] and [[biology]] because it contains the two longest and most severe [[ice age]]s of all time: * The Sturtian ice age 717 mya to 660 mya * The Marinoan ice age 650 mya to 635 mya These two [[snowball earth]] events were previously put together as the ''Varangian'' glaciation. They covered much, possibly all, the Earth with [[ice]]. The root cause of the temperature drop may have been the removal of CO₂ from the [[atmosphere]] by [[photosynthesis]]ing [[bacteria]] and [[eukaryote]]s in the previous [[Great Oxygenation Event]]. Much else happened: the supercontinent [[Rodinia]] broke up and another, [[Pannotia]], began to form. Fossil [[steroid]]s suggest the presence of early [[sponge]]s, and amoeboid cells with tests (coverings) appear in the [[fossil]] record. {{Geologic History}} {{sci-stub}} [[Category:Neoproterozoic]] c1qt6jvwgkljxmv67p2e7ac453hyzvq 0 219837 10330169 10328685 2025-06-14T15:21:38Z Chippy dog 1629510 Allz 10330169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = World War&nbsp;II | image = Infobox collage for WWII.PNG | image_size = 300px | caption = (clockwise from top left){{flatlist| * Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Wanjialing]] * Australian [[25-pounder]] guns during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] * German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in December 1943 * US naval force in the [[Invasion of Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] * Soviet troops in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] }} | date = {{Unbulleted list|{{start and end dates|1939|9|1|1945|9|2}} |({{Age in years and days|1 September 1939|2 September 1945|sep=and}}){{efn| While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited.}}}}{{efn| The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe.}} | place = Major [[Theater (warfare)|theaters]]: {{flatlist| * [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] * [[Pacific War|Pacific]] * [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] * [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]] * [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] * [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] * [[Air raids on Japan|Japan]] * [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]] * [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] * [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] * [[East African campaign (World War II)|Horn of Africa]] * [[Battle of Gabon|Central Africa]] * [[Attacks on Australia during World War II|Australia]] * [[Battle of the Caribbean|Caribbean]] * [[American Theater (World War II)|North and South America]] }} | result = {{Unbulleted list|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory}} <!--This fixes label and data text alignment by locking it in place--> * Collapse of [[Nazi Germany]] * Fall of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Fascist Italy|Italian Empire]]s * Allied occupations of [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]] and foundation of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] * Beginning of the [[Atomic Age]] * Dissolution of the [[League of Nations]] and creation of the [[United Nations]] * Emergence of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s and beginning of the [[Cold War]] ([[Aftermath of World War II|more...]]) <!--NOTE: The consensus of a discussion which concluded in November 2014 at [[Talk:World War II#Request for comment: WWII infobox]] was to only list the 'Allies' and 'Axis' as combatants. PLEASE do not make any changes to this without first obtaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. -->| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Participants]] | combatant1 = '''[[Allied powers|Allies]]''' | combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''' | commander1 = '''Main Allied leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]] * {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]}} | commander2 = '''Main Axis leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]] * {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}} | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 16,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 45,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 61,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 8,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 4,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 12,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War II}} }} d The war involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war; 73 million people died,<ref name="authoritative" /><ref name="dead" /> most of whom were [[civilian]]s. The war included [[massacre]]s, a [[genocide]] called [[the Holocaust]], [[strategic bombing]], starvation, and disease. This was the only time a [[nuclear weapon]] was used in war. The two sides were the Allies (at first [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], joined by the [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]] and others) and the Axis (at first [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Empire of Japan]] and others). The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937.<ref name="The Second World War1" /> Combat in Europe began when [[The Third Reich]] of Germany invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] on September 1, 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary,]] [[Denmark]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], and [[Battle of the Atlantic|the Atlantic]]. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air [[Battle of Britain]]. In June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]], starting the largest [[Operation Barbarossa|land invasion]] in history. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theatre and the Pacific Theatre. The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in early 1943. Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the [[Scorched earth|Scorched Earth]] tactic. German leaders had not expecting the invasion to last till the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy. Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from [[Sicily]] due to its strong defenses.<ref name="Holocaust Encyclopedia" /> In 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded France]]. The invasion was called D-Day, held in June 6th, 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on May 8 1945, ending the war in Europe. Japan formally surrendered on September 2 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]] and the United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]], "[[Little Boy]]" and "[[Fat Man]]," had been dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weap🗿🚬. == Allies and Axis == The [[World War II by country|countries]] that joined the war were on two sides: the Axis and the Allies. The [[Axis Powers]] at the start of the war were [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Fascist Italy|Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<ref name="diplomatic" /><ref name="civilization" /><ref name="university" /><ref name="university2" /> [[Finland]] (though they never signed the Tripartite pact like other axis members), [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Thailand]] joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead. The [[Allied Powers]] were the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Belgium]], Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the last of which had been fighting a [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]]. In June 1941, Germany attacked the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] against the [[United States]], which then also joined the Allies (The Finns joined the war against the axis in September 1944). == Background == [[World War I]] had greatly changed the way of [[diplomacy]] and [[politics]] in Asia, [[Europe]], and Africa with the defeat of the [[Central Powers]]. The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed. Even the [[Russian Empire]], which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the [[Russian Civil War]]. The war also changed the borders in [[Eastern Europe]], with many new countries being born. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="university3" /> The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large sum of money to the Allies.<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany" /> The size of their army and navy was also limited,<ref name="kantowicz" /> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. In Italy, [[nationalism|nationalist]]s were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The [[Fascism|fascist]] movement in the 1920s brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<ref name="World War II day by day" /> After the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the governing party of [[China]], unified the country in the 1920s, the [[Chinese Civil War]] between it and the [[Communist Party of China]] began.<ref name="introduction" /> In 1931, Japan used the [[Mukden Incident]] as an excuse to take [[Manchuria]] and set up a [[puppet state]], [[Manchukuo]],<ref name="google28" /> and the [[League of Nations]] failed to do anything to stop it. The [[Tanggu Truce]], a [[ceasefire]], was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<ref name="communism" /> In 1937, Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to take the rest of China.<ref name="feuerwerker" /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|200px|Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934]] After the end of the [[German Empire]], the [[democracy|democratic]] [[Weimar Republic]] was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political [[ideology|ideologies]], ranging from nationalism to [[communism]]. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], became the [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] in 1933. After the [[Reichstag fire]], Hitler created a [[totalitarian]] state in which there was only one party by law.<ref name="Hitler: A study in tyranny" /> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy, and air force,<ref name="transaction" /> especially after [[Saarland]] voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to [[Rhineland]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany. In March 1938, Germany sent its army into [[Austria]], known as the [[Anschluss]], which had little reaction from European countries<ref name="heinemann" /> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe [[Munich agreement|agreed to give]] [[Sudetenland]], the part of [[Czechoslovakia]] that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<ref name="kershaw" /> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<ref name="kershaw4" /> or be invaded by March 1939.<ref name="victory" /> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help [[Poland]] if it was attacked.<ref name="crozier" /> Just before the war, [[Germany]] and the Soviet Union signed a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|peace agreement]] that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<ref name="information" /> Secretly, they also agreed to divide [[Eastern Europe]] between them.<ref name="consultant" /> ==Course of the war== {{see also|Timeline of World War II}} ===War breaks out=== [[File:Second World War Europe.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.]] World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, as Germany [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]]. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<ref name="google93" /> The [[Soviet Union]] soon invaded eastern Poland, on September 17.<ref name="google83" /> Finally, all of Poland was divided. Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<ref name="google24" /> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so [[Winter War|it was attacked]] in November 1939.<ref name="jstor1986" /> With peace, the world war broke out.<ref name="google12" /> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="murray55" /> After Poland was defeated, the [[Phoney War]] began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<ref name="university5" /> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<ref name="williamson" /> [[Neville Chamberlain]] was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]] as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<ref name="From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s" /> ===Axis early victories=== [[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|200px|German troops in Paris after the fall of France.]] On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of France|invaded France]], Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<ref name="google68" /> The British were forced to [[Dunkirk evacuation|leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk]]. On June 10, Italy invaded France and declared war on it and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<ref name="google311" /> and the other was the zone of unoccupied [[Vichy France]]. By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the [[Baltic states]] and took them,<ref name="google9" /> followed by [[Bessarabia]] in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<ref name="barbarossa" /><ref name="stalinswars56" /> Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<ref name="stalinswars59" /> Germany began an [[Battle of Britain|air battle over Britain]] to prepare for [[Operation Sea Lion|a landing on the island]],<ref name="twentieth" /> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand. The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<ref name="World War II" /> Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<ref name="williamson6" /> In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded [[Greece]], but that resulted in only an Italian retreat to Italian-occupied [[Albania]].<ref name="university7" /> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under [[Erwin Rommel]]'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<ref name="williamson8" /> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crete]] by May.<ref name="university9" /> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940" /> Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<ref name="China: A New History" /> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<ref name="nationalism" /> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<ref name="university10" /> ===War becomes global=== [[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|300px|thumb|The Axis in the Eastern Front: {{legend|#fff8d5|[[Operation Barbarossa]] to July 9, 1941}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to September 1, 1941}} {{legend|#ebd7ff|to September 9, 1941 (operations around Kiev)}} {{legend|#ccffcd|to December 5, 1941}}]] On June 22, 1941, the European Axis countries [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the Soviet Union]]. This opened a new [[Eastern Front (World War II)]]. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s" /> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack [[Battle of Moscow|just outside Moscow]].<ref name="reinhardt" /> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the [[blitzkrieg]] stage of the war.<ref name="blitzkrieg" /> By December, the Soviet [[Red Army]] facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a counterattack and pushed the German army to the west.<ref name="documentary" /> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<ref name="clemson31" /> By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century" /> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<ref name="Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion" /> [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[USS Arizona]]'' burning after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]] In Asia, German successes encouraged [[Japan]] to call for oil supplies from the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="review" /> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<ref name="A World At Arms" /> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="opportunities" /> On December 7, 1941, it [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] as well as many harbors in several [[South East Asia]]n countries.<ref name="wohlstetter" /> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow" /> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States. By April 1942 the [[Singapore strategy]] had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<ref name="harbor" /> In May 1942, the [[Philippines]] fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was [[Battle of Midway|defeated at Midway]]. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway. ===Allies advance=== Japan then began its plan to take over [[Papua New Guinea]] again,<ref name="university11" /> and the United States planned to attack the [[Solomon Islands]]. [[Guadalcanal Campaign|The fight at Guadalcanal]] began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<ref name="historical" /> [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad.]] On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along [[Don River|Don]] and [[Volga River]]s in June 1942 to try to take over [[oil field]]s in [[Caucasus]], which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great [[steppe]]. [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had [[Battle of Stalingrad|nearly taken Stalingrad]], but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<ref name="hutchinson" /> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<ref name="macmillan" /> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the [[Wehrmacht|German Arm]]<nowiki/>y still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<ref name="generals" /> Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle at the time. [[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|left|200px|British infantry attacks at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]]]] In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at [[El Alamein]], the Axis army failed to take the town. A new [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Allied offensive]] drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<ref name="publishing" /> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<ref name="american" /> That led to Axis defeat during the [[North African Campaign]] in May 1943.<ref name="mediterranean" /> In the Soviet Union, on July 4, 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<ref name="army1986" /><ref name="deception" /> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<ref name="kershaw12" /> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<ref name="liberation" /><ref name="publishing13" /> On July 9, 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allies landed on Sicily]], which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<ref name="liberation14" /> In September 1943, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies invaded mainland Italy]], following the Italian [[armistice]] with the Allies.<ref name="amphibious" /> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<ref name="richard" /> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<ref name="publishing15" /> German special forces rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied [[puppet state]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref name="blinkhorn" /> In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of [[India]]. The [[British Indian Army]] and other forces expelled it in early 1944. [[File:Berlin-Moabit, Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945 C4925.jpg|thumb|Aerial vertical taken over the Moabit district of Berlin during a raid by 33 De Havilland Mosquitos of the Late Night Striking Force. The track of a falling target indicator (TI) can be seen on the right, illuminating the River Spree,and the Charlottenburger Chaussee, running from top right through the Tiergarten to the Brandenbruger Tor and Unter den Linden. The other light sources are German searchlights.]] In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]<ref name="leningrad" /> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest [[siege]] in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken [[Crimea]]. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing [[Rome]] on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<ref name="havighurst" /> ===War ends in Europe=== {{Multiple image | image1 = Approaching Omaha.jpg | caption1 = Allied forces arriving [[Normandy]], France, on {{nowrap|D-Day}} (June 6, 1944) | image1 = AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg | caption1 = American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the [[Elbe]] river, Germany {{nowrap|(April 25, 1945)}} }} On [[D-Day]], on June 6, 1944, the Allies began the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy, France]]. The codename for the invasion was ''[[Operation Overlord]]''. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. [[Paris]] was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on September 17, 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in [[Arnhem]], which spanned the [[Rhine River]]. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge. On June 22, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed ''Operation Bagration'', destroyed almost all of the German Army Group Centre.<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<ref name=":1" /> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<ref name=":2" /> Communist Serbian [[partisan]]s under [[Josip Broz Tito]] retook [[Belgrade]] with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies. On December 16, 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by [[Battle of the Bulge|attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium]], in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<ref name="offensive" /> [[File:WWII, Europe, France, "German POWs - Captured Nazi General" - NARA - 195471.jpg|thumb|A German [[general]] as a [[prisoner of war]] with American [[military police]]]] By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in Poland to [[East Prussia]] and [[Vienna]], and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets [[Battle of Berlin|attacked Berlin]]. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the [[Elbe|Elbe River]] on April 25, 1945. Hitler committed [[suicide]] on April 30, 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<ref name="liberation16" /> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz|Karl Donitz]], to be his successor.<ref name="kershaw17" /> Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting. ===End of war in Europe=== German forces in Italy surrendered on April 29, 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7, 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on May 8, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Czechoslovakia, on May 11, 1945.<ref name="university18" /> [[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|A nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki]]]] ===End of war in Asia=== In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<ref name="encyclopedia19" /> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] by May 3, 1945.<ref name="university20" /> American forces had taken [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] by March and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] by June 1945.<ref name="publishing21" /> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|atomic bombs]] over [[Hiroshima]] (August 6, 1945) and [[Nagasaki]] (August 9, 1945). On August 8, 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded [[Manchuria]] and quickly defeated the primary [[Imperial Japanese Army]] there.<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" /> On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the ''USS Missouri'' on September 2, 1945, which ended the war.<ref name="routledge" /> == Aftermath == The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] managed to occupy [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing [[Nazi]] ideas from public life in Germany,<ref name="BBCDeN">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 22, 2020|title=World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|url-status=live}}</ref> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a [[Nuremberg Trials|special court]]. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<ref name="stalinswars43" /><ref name="stalinswars55" /><ref name="shirer794" /> and Finland<ref name="ckpipe" /> as well as the three Baltic countries.<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[File:News. V.E. Day BAnQ P48S1P12270.jpg|thumb|''Montreal Daily Star'': "Germany Quit", May 7, 1945|left]]The [[United Nations]] was formed on October 24, 1945<ref name="www" /> to keep peace between countries in the world.<ref name="evolution" /> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the [[Soviet Union]] had worsened during the war<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together" /> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and [[West Germany]], it was the United States, while in [[East Germany]] and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into [[communist state]]s. The [[Cold War]] led to the formation of the American-led [[NATO]] and the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]].<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History" /> In [[Asia]], Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the [[Korean War]] in 1950.<ref name="The Koreas" /> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to [[Taiwan]] in 1949<ref name="lynch12" /> after the communists had won the mainland. In the [[Middle East]], the Arabs' disagreed with the United Nations plan to create [[Israel]], which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel. {{Multiple image | image1 = Cold war Europe military alliances map en.png | caption1 = Military alliances in Europe after the war | image2 = Colonization 1945.png | caption2 = Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later. }} After the war, [[decolonization]] took place in many European colonies.<ref name="Decolonization" /> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts" /> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different [[ethnic group]]s or [[religion]]s.<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam" /> Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison" /><ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II" /> It also decided on the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<ref name="reconstruction" /> Italian,<ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress" /><ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress22" /> and French economies recovered.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies" /> However, the British economy was badly harmed<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today" /> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance" /> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration" /> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23" /> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China" /> == Effects == === Death and war crimes === [[File:World War II Casualties.svg|left|450px|World War II death]] There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27&nbsp;million people,<ref name="google242" /> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<ref name="Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead" /> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<ref name="google204" /> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[homosexual]]s, and other groups.<ref name="The Modern World" /> Around 11 million<ref name="Victims" /> to 17&nbsp;million<ref name="Niewyk45" /> civilians died. Around 7.5&nbsp;million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II" /> The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[rape]]d and [[murder]]ed. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[biological weapon]]s against civilians<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing" /> and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].<ref name="Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" /> Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<ref name="Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court" /> no Allied war crimes were. === Concentration camps and slave work === [[File:Łapanka w Alei 3go Maja (ok. 1941).jpg|thumb|225px|Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.]] Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.<ref name="compensation" /> German [[concentration camp]]s and Soviet [[gulag]]s caused many deaths. Both sides treated prisoners of war badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home. Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<ref name="Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" /> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<ref name="Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II" /> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<ref name="zhifen2002" /> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in [[Java]].<ref name="indonesiaww2" /> Between 1942 and 1945, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an order that made [[Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans go to internment camps]] since he feared them helping an invasion. Some Germans and Italians were included as well. The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.<ref name="occupation" /> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<ref name="stark1944" /> === Home fronts and production === Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the [[GDP]] of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<ref name="6Econ3" /> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<ref name="6Econ3"/> The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present" /><ref name="cox84" /> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration" /> === Women === As men went off to fight, women took over many of the jobs that they left behind. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women. In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich" /><ref name="bernstein267" /> However, Allied bombings<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich24" /><ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II" /> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich" /> In Britain, women also worked in gathering [[Secret Intelligence Service|intelligence]] at [[Bletchley Park]] and other places. The mass [[evacuation]] of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. === Occupation === Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]], and [[Central Europe]], Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<ref name="milward138" /> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<ref name="hill5" /><ref name="France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation" /> Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<ref name = "GSWW6_266" /> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million [[barrel]]s of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the [[Dutch East Indies]], was 76% of its 1940 rate.<ref name="GSWW6_266" /> === Developments in technology === [[File:Ohain USAF He 178 page61.jpg|thumb|200px|Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.]] The war brought new methods for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<ref name="EncWWII_76" /> [[strategic bombing]] to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<ref name="levine217" /> [[radar]], and weapons for destroying aircraft. [[Jet aircraft]] were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<ref name="Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide" /> At sea, the war focused on using [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s. Aircraft carriers soon replaced [[battleship]]s,<ref name="EncWWII_163" /><ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft" /><ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines" /> mainly for being cheaper.<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea" /> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design" /> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as [[sonar]], while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25" /> The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. [[Tank]]s, which had been used to support [[infantry]], changed to being primary weapons.<ref name="EncWWII_125" /> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<ref name="EncWWII_108" /> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<ref name="EncWWII_125"/> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army. [[Submachine gun]]s became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<ref name="Comp_221" /> The [[assault rifle]], a German development combining [[wikt:feature|feature]]s of the [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]], became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" /> Other developments included better [[encryption]] for secret messages, such as the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]]. Another feature of military [[:wikt:intelligence|intelligence]] was the use of [[:wikt:deception|deception]], especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable [[computer]]s, modern [[missile]]s and [[rocket]]s, and the [[atomic bomb]]s. == Losses == === Military losses === Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6&nbsp;million military deaths. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 13,600,000* |- | [[Germany]] | 3,300,000 |- | [[China]] | 1,324,516 |- | [[Japan]] | 1,140,429 |- | [[British Empire]]** | 357,116 |- | [[Romania]] | 350,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 320,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 305,000 |- | [[United States]] | 292,131 |- | [[Italy]] | 279,800 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths<br/> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc. === Civilian losses === Deaths among civilians during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well documented than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures are the best available from authoritative sources and present a broad picture of the scale of civilian losses, the precise numbers will never be known. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[China]] | 8,000,000 |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 12,500,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 5,300,000 |- | [[Germany]] | 2,350,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 1,000,000 |- | [[France]] | 470,000 |- | [[Greece]] | 415,000 |- | [[Japan]] | 393,400 |- | [[Romania]] | 340,000 |- | [[Hungary]] | 300,000 |} '''Axis Powers''' [[File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg|thumb|[[Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena]] (far left), [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] (left), and [[Direk Jayanama]] (right) with [[Hideki Tojo]] (center) in Tokyo 1942]] Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia '''Allied Powers''' United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[Genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Homosexual|homosexuals]], and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[Rape|raped]] and [[Murder|murdered]]. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[Biological weapon|biological weapons]] against civilians and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]]. Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were. == Related pages == {{Sister project links | wikt=no}} * [[World War I]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Militarism]] * [[Communism]] * [[Japanese American internment]] == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="6Econ3">{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Mark| title = The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison| year = 2000| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78503-7| page = 3 }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Zaloga| first = Steven J.| title = Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|url=https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo| year = 1996| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-478-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6 7] }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{cite book| last = Berend| first = Ivan| title = Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery| year = 1996| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55066-6| page = 8 }}</ref> <ref name=":2">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm |date=2011-04-30 }}. US Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2009.</ref> <ref name="A World At Arms">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L| title = A World at Arms| year = 2005| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-61826-7| page = 310 }}</ref> <ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft">{{cite book| last1 = Bishop| first1 = Chris| last2 = Chant| first2 = Chris| title = Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft| year = 2004| publisher = Silverdale Books| isbn = 978-1-84509-079-1| page = 7 }}</ref> <ref name="american">{{cite book| last = Ross| first = Steven T.| title = American War Plans, 1941-1945: The Test of Battle| year = 1997| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-7146-4634-3| page = 38 }}</ref> <ref name="amphibious">{{cite book| last = McGowen| first = Tom| title = Assault from the Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo| year = 2002| publisher = Lerner Publications| isbn = 978-0-7613-1811-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43 43] }}</ref> <ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam">{{cite book| last = Vess| first = Deborah| title = AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=PA564| chapter-format = Google books| accessdate = January 22, 2010| year = 2001| publisher = Research & Education Association| isbn = 978-0-7386-0128-1| page = 564| chapter = Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II }}</ref> <ref name="army1986">Glantz. (1986), "[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp |date=2008-03-06 }}", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria">Glantz, David M (2005), {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp | title = August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate = March 2, 2008 }}, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="authoritative">{{cite book| last = Sommerville| first = Donald| title = The Complete Illustrated History of World War II: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflicts in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements|url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-7548-1898-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm/page/n8 5] }}</ref> <ref name="barbarossa">H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp. 891-920</ref> <ref name="bernstein267">{{cite book| last = Bernstein| first = Gail Lee| title = Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945| year = 1991| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-07017-2| page = 267 }}</ref> <ref name="blinkhorn">{{cite book| last = Blinkhorn| first = Martin| title = Mussolini and Fascist Italy| url = https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin| year = 1994| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-10231-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin/page/52 52] }}</ref> <ref name="blitzkrieg">Milward, A.S. (1964). ''The End of the Blitzkrieg''. The Economic History Review. '''16''' (3): 499–518.</ref> <ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present">{{cite book| last1 = Lindberg| first1 = Michael| last2 = Daniel| first2 = Todd| title = Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present| year = 2001| publisher = Praeger| isbn = 978-0-275-96486-3| page = 126 }}</ref> <ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea">{{cite book| last = Hearn| first = Chester G.| title = Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea| year = 2007| publisher = Stackpole Books| isbn = 978-0-8117-3398-4| page = 14 }}</ref> <ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow">{{cite book| last = Dunn| first = Dennis J| title = Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow| year = 1998| publisher = The University Press of Kentucky| isbn = 978-0-8131-2023-2| page = 157 }}</ref> <ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China">{{cite book| last = Genzberger| first = Christine| title = China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSCunEaqnI8C&pg=PA4| year = 1994| publisher = World Trade Press| location = Petaluma, California| isbn = 978-0-9631864-3-0| page = 4 }}</ref> <ref name="China: A New History">{{cite book| last1 = Fairbank| first1 = John King| last2 = Goldman| first2 = Merle| title = China: A New History| year = 1994| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-11673-3| page = 320 }}</ref> <ref name="civilization">Robert Melvin Spector. ''World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history, and analysis'', pg. 257</ref> <ref name="ckpipe">{{cite book| last = Kennedy-Pipe| first = Caroline| title = Stalin's Cold War| year = 1995| publisher = Manchester University Press| isbn = 978-0-7190-4201-0 }}</ref> <ref name="clemson31">Glantz, David M. (2001), [http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf Soviet‐German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf |date=July 9, 2011 }}. p.31</ref> <ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts">{{cite book| last = Conteh-Morgan| first = Earl| title = Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts|url=https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont| year = 2004| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-94744-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont/page/30 30] }}</ref> <ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together">{{cite book| last = Kantowicz| first = Edward R| title = Coming Apart, Coming Together|url=https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant| year = 2000| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing| isbn = 978-0-8028-4456-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/6 6] }}</ref> <ref name="communism">{{cite book| last = Busky| first = Donald F.| title = Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas| year = 2002| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-275-97733-7| page = 10 }}</ref> <ref name="Comp_221">{{cite book| last1 = Cowley| first1 = Robert| last2 = Parker| first2 = Geoffrey| title = The Reader's Companion to Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion0000unse_x0k0| year = 2001| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| isbn = 978-0-618-12742-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion0000unse_x0k0/page/221 221] }}</ref> <ref name="compensation">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html|title=Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers|date=October 27, 2005|accessdate=January 19, 2010|first=Michael|last=Marek|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813200714/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html|archivedate=August 13, 2009|work=dw-world.de|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design">{{cite book| last1 = Burcher| first1 = Roy| last2 = Rydill| first2 = Louis J.| title = Concepts in Submarine Design| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55926-3| page = 15 }}</ref> <ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25">{{cite book| last1 = Burcher| first1 = Roy| last2 = Rydill| first2 = Louis J.| title = Concepts in Submarine Design| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55926-3| page = 16 }}</ref> <ref name="consultant">{{cite book| author = Ian Dear|author2=Michael Richard Daniell Foot| title = The Oxford companion to World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-860446-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2/page/608 608] }}</ref> <ref name="cox84">{{cite book| last = Cox| first = Sebastian| title = The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945| year = 1998| publisher = Frank Cass Publishers| isbn = 978-0-7146-4722-7| page = 84 }}</ref> <ref name="crozier">Andrew J. Crozier. ''The Causes of the Second World War'', pg. 151</ref> <ref name="dead">[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second source list and detailed death tolls for the twentieth century hemoclysm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170723/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second |date=2018-12-24 }}.</ref> <ref name="deception">{{cite book| last = Glantz| first = David M.| title = Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War| year = 1989| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-7146-3347-3| page = 149–59}}</ref> <ref name="Decolonization">{{cite book| last = Betts| first = Raymond F.| title = Decolonization|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationse00bett| year = 2004| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-31820-4| pages = [https://archive.org/details/decolonizationse00bett/page/n29 21]–24 }}</ref> <ref name="diplomatic">Gerhard Weinberg 1970. 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Layard| title = Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today| url = https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse| year = 1993| publisher = MIT Press| isbn = 978-0-262-04136-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse/page/29 29]-30, 32 }}</ref> <ref name="reinhardt">{{cite book| author = Klaus Reinhardt (Dr. Generalmajor i.G.)| title = Moscow: The Turning Point?: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941-42| year = 1992| publisher = Berg Publishing Limited| isbn = 978-0-85496-695-0| page = 227 }}</ref> <ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany">{{cite web|url=http://alphahistory.com/weimargermany/reparations/|title=Reparations and post-war Germany|publisher=Alpha History|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance">{{cite book| last = Emadi-Coffin| first = Barbara| title = Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance| year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-19540-9| page = 64 }}</ref> <ref name="review">AFLMA Year in Review, p. 32.</ref> <ref name="richard">{{cite book| last = Lamb| first = Richard| title = War in Italy, 1943-1945: A Brutal Story|url=https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb| year = 1996| publisher = Da Capo Press| isbn = 978-0-306-80688-9| pages = [https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb/page/154 154]-55 }}</ref> <ref name="routledge">{{cite book| last = Donnelly| first = Mark| title = Britain in the Second World War| year = 1999| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-17425-1 | page = xiv}}</ref> <ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration">{{cite book| last = Smith| first = Alan| title = Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit| year = 1993| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-08924-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit/page/32 32] }}</ref> <ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines">{{cite book| last1 = Chenoweth| first1 = H. Avery| last2 = Nihart| first2 = Brooke| title = Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines| year = 2005| publisher = Main Street| isbn = 978-1-4027-3099-3| page = 180 }}</ref> <ref name="senn">{{cite book| last = Senn| first = Alfred Erich| title = Lithuania 1940: revolution from above| url = https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn| year = 2007| publisher = Rodopi| isbn = 978-90-420-2225-6 }}</ref> <ref name="shirer794">{{cite book| last = Shirer| first = William L.| title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany| year = 1990| publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-72868-7| page = 794}}</ref> <ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s">{{cite book| last1 = Pravda| first1 = Alex| last2 = Duncan| first2 = Peter J. S| title = Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav| year = 1990| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-37494-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav/page/n40 29] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars43">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/43 43] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars55">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/55 55] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars56">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/56 56] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars59">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/59 59] }}</ref> <ref name="stark1944">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|title="Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)|first=Tamás|last=Stark|work=Minorities Research|accessdate=January 22, 2010|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051411/http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century">{{cite book| last = Gannon| first = James| title = Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century| year = 2002| publisher = Brassey's| isbn = 978-1-57488-473-9| page = 76 }}</ref> <ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine">{{cite web|title=The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine|publisher=controlarms.org|first1=Oliver|last1=Sprague|first2=Hugh|last2=Griffiths|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|accessdate=November 14, 2009|year=2006|page=1|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430165110/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison">{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Mark|title=The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62046-8|editor=Harrison, Mark|location=Cambridge|chapter=The economics of World WarII: an overview|pages=34–35}}</ref> <ref name="The Koreas">{{cite book| last = Connor| first = Mary E.| title = The Koreas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2gYgXGENM0C| series = Asia in Focus| year = 2009| publisher = ABC-CLIO| location = Santa Barbara| isbn = 978-1-59884-160-2| pages = 43–45| chapter = History| editor = Connor, Mary E. }}</ref> <ref name="The Modern World">{{cite book| last = Todd| first = Allan| title = The Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-913425-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd/page/121 121] }}</ref> <ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II">{{cite book| editor = Dear, I.C.B|editor2=Foot, M.R.D.| title = The Oxford Companion to World War II| year = 2005| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-19-280670-3| page = 1006| chapter = World trade and world economy }}</ref> <ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II">{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Charles|title=The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II|isbn=978-1-58566-069-8|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=1999|page=203}}</ref> <ref name="The Second World War1">{{cite book| last = Beevor| first = Antony| title = The Second World War| date = 2012| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson| isbn = 978-0-297-84497-6| page = 2 }}</ref> <ref name="transaction">{{cite book| last = Brody| first = J. 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Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0597-4}}.</ref> <ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration">{{cite book| last = Unidas| first = Naciones| title = World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration| year = 2005| publisher = United Nations Pubns| isbn = 978-92-1-109147-2| page = 23 }}</ref> <ref name="World War II day by day">{{cite book| last = Shaw| first = Anthony| title = World War II day by day| year = 2000| publisher = MBI Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }} p. 35</ref> <ref name="World War II">{{cite book| last = Goldstein| first = Margaret J| title = World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold| year = 2004| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| isbn = 978-0-8225-0139-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35 35] }}</ref> <ref name="www">[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |date=2010-02-18 }}. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="zhifen2002">{{cite web|last=Ju|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|first=Zhifen|title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war|work=Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference|publisher=Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences|date=June 2002|accessdate=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> }} == Other websites == * [http://ww2.war-letters.com/ World War II Letter Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031752/http://ww2.war-letters.com/ |date=January 30, 2009 }} - Letters from World War Two * [http://ww2db.com/ WW2 Database] - More Info on WW2 * [http://encyc.org/WorldWarII World War II - Encyc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401051812/http://encyc.org/WorldWarII |date=April 1, 2009 }} * [http://www.otr.net/?p=news Radio News From 1938 to 1945] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/ Fun facts about WW2 for children] * [https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] -Citizendium {{Middle East conflict}} [[Category:1939]] [[Category:1940]] [[Category:1941]] [[Category:1942]] [[Category:1943]] [[Category:1944]] [[Category:1945]] [[Category:Wars involving Australia]] [[Category:Wars involving Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involving Canada]] [[Category:Wars involving China]] [[Category:Wars involving France]] [[Category:Wars involving Germany]] [[Category:Wars involving Greece]] [[Category:Wars involving Italy]] [[Category:Wars involving Japan]] [[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involving South Africa]] [[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wars involving the United States]] [[Category:World War II| ]] qmf3rcpi80o1wfe0rycgud8xm977w2g 10330319 10330169 2025-06-14T16:58:33Z ShmurdaSheWrote 1556667 Undid revision 10328685 by [[Special:Contributions/Julipero|Julipero]] ([[User talk:Julipero|talk]]) 10330319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = World War&nbsp;II | image = Infobox collage for WWII.PNG | image_size = 300px | caption = (clockwise from top left){{flatlist| * Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Wanjialing]] * Australian [[25-pounder]] guns during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] * German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in December 1943 * US naval force in the [[Invasion of Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] * Soviet troops in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] }} | date = {{Unbulleted list|{{start and end dates|1939|9|1|1945|9|2}} |({{Age in years and days|1 September 1939|2 September 1945|sep=and}}){{efn| While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited.}}}}{{efn| The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe.}} | place = Major [[Theater (warfare)|theaters]]: {{flatlist| * [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] * [[Pacific War|Pacific]] * [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] * [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]] * [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] * [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] * [[Air raids on Japan|Japan]] * [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]] * [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] * [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] * [[East African campaign (World War II)|Horn of Africa]] * [[Battle of Gabon|Central Africa]] * [[Attacks on Australia during World War II|Australia]] * [[Battle of the Caribbean|Caribbean]] * [[American Theater (World War II)|North and South America]] }} | result = {{Unbulleted list|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory}} <!--This fixes label and data text alignment by locking it in place--> * Collapse of [[Nazi Germany]] * Fall of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Fascist Italy|Italian Empire]]s * Allied occupations of [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]] and foundation of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] * Beginning of the [[Atomic Age]] * Dissolution of the [[League of Nations]] and creation of the [[United Nations]] * Emergence of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s and beginning of the [[Cold War]] ([[Aftermath of World War II|more...]]) <!--NOTE: The consensus of a discussion which concluded in November 2014 at [[Talk:World War II#Request for comment: WWII infobox]] was to only list the 'Allies' and 'Axis' as combatants. PLEASE do not make any changes to this without first obtaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. -->| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Participants]] | combatant1 = '''[[Allied powers|Allies]]''' | combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''' | commander1 = '''Main Allied leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]] * {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]}} | commander2 = '''Main Axis leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]] * {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}} | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 16,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 45,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 61,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 8,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 4,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 12,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War II}} }} d The war involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war; 73 million people died,<ref name="authoritative" /><ref name="dead" /> most of whom were [[civilian]]s. The war included [[massacre]]s, a [[genocide]] called [[the Holocaust]], [[strategic bombing]], starvation, and disease. This was the only time a [[nuclear weapon]] was used in war. The two sides were the Allies (at first [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], joined by the [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]] and others) and the Axis (at first [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Empire of Japan]] and others). The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937.<ref name="The Second World War1" /> Combat in Europe began when [[The Third Reich]] of Germany invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] on September 1, 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary,]] [[Denmark]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], and [[Battle of the Atlantic|the Atlantic]]. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air [[Battle of Britain]]. In June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]], starting the largest [[Operation Barbarossa|land invasion]] in history. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theatre and the Pacific Theatre. The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in early 1943. Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the [[Scorched earth|Scorched Earth]] tactic. German leaders had not expecting the invasion to last till the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy. Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from [[Sicily]] due to its strong defenses.<ref name="Holocaust Encyclopedia" /> In 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded France]]. The invasion was called D-Day, held in June 6th, 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on May 8 1945, ending the war in Europe. Japan formally surrendered on September 2 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]] and the United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]], "[[Little Boy]]" and "[[Fat Man]]," had been dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weap🗿🚬. == Allies and Axis == The [[World War II by country|countries]] that joined the war were on two sides: the Axis and the Allies. The [[Axis Powers]] at the start of the war were [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Fascist Italy|Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<ref name="diplomatic" /><ref name="civilization" /><ref name="university" /><ref name="university2" /> [[Finland]] (though they never signed the Tripartite pact like other axis members), [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Thailand]] joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead. The [[Allied Powers]] were the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Belgium]], Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the last of which had been fighting a [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]]. In June 1941, Germany attacked the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] against the [[United States]], which then also joined the Allies (The Finns joined the war against the axis in September 1944). == Background == [[World War I]] had greatly changed the way of [[diplomacy]] and [[politics]] in Asia, [[Europe]], and Africa with the defeat of the [[Central Powers]]. The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed. Even the [[Russian Empire]], which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the [[Russian Civil War]]. The war also changed the borders in [[Eastern Europe]], with many new countries being born. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="university3" /> The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large sum of money to the Allies.<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany" /> The size of their army and navy was also limited,<ref name="kantowicz" /> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. In Italy, [[nationalism|nationalist]]s were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The [[Fascism|fascist]] movement in the 1920s brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<ref name="World War II day by day" /> After the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the governing party of [[China]], unified the country in the 1920s, the [[Chinese Civil War]] between it and the [[Communist Party of China]] began.<ref name="introduction" /> In 1931, Japan used the [[Mukden Incident]] as a excuse to take [[Manchuria]] and set up a [[puppet state]], [[Manchukuo]],<ref name="google28" /> and the [[League of Nations]] failed to do anything to stop it. The [[Tanggu Truce]], a [[ceasefire]], was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<ref name="communism" /> In 1937, Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to take the rest of China.<ref name="feuerwerker" /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|200px|Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934]] After the end of the [[German Empire]], the [[democracy|democratic]] [[Weimar Republic]] was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political [[ideology|ideologies]], ranging from nationalism to [[communism]]. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], became the [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] in 1933. After the [[Reichstag fire]], Hitler created a [[totalitarian]] state in which there was only one party by law.<ref name="Hitler: A study in tyranny" /> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy, and air force,<ref name="transaction" /> especially after [[Saarland]] voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to [[Rhineland]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany. In March 1938, Germany sent its army into [[Austria]], known as the [[Anschluss]], which had little reaction from European countries<ref name="heinemann" /> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe [[Munich agreement|agreed to give]] [[Sudetenland]], the part of [[Czechoslovakia]] that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<ref name="kershaw" /> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<ref name="kershaw4" /> or be invaded by March 1939.<ref name="victory" /> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help [[Poland]] if it was attacked.<ref name="crozier" /> Just before the war, [[Germany]] and the Soviet Union signed a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|peace agreement]] that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<ref name="information" /> Secretly, they also agreed to divide [[Eastern Europe]] between them.<ref name="consultant" /> ==Course of the war== {{see also|Timeline of World War II}} ===War breaks out=== [[File:Second World War Europe.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.]] World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, as Germany [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]]. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<ref name="google93" /> The [[Soviet Union]] soon invaded eastern Poland, on September 17.<ref name="google83" /> Finally, all of Poland was divided. Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<ref name="google24" /> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so [[Winter War|it was attacked]] in November 1939.<ref name="jstor1986" /> With peace, the world war broke out.<ref name="google12" /> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="murray55" /> After Poland was defeated, the [[Phoney War]] began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<ref name="university5" /> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<ref name="williamson" /> [[Neville Chamberlain]] was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]] as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<ref name="From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s" /> ===Axis early victories=== [[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|200px|German troops in Paris after the fall of France.]] On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of France|invaded France]], Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<ref name="google68" /> The British were forced to [[Dunkirk evacuation|leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk]]. On June 10, Italy invaded France and declared war on it and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<ref name="google311" /> and the other was the zone of unoccupied [[Vichy France]]. By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the [[Baltic states]] and took them,<ref name="google9" /> followed by [[Bessarabia]] in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<ref name="barbarossa" /><ref name="stalinswars56" /> Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<ref name="stalinswars59" /> Germany began an [[Battle of Britain|air battle over Britain]] to prepare for [[Operation Sea Lion|a landing on the island]],<ref name="twentieth" /> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand. The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<ref name="World War II" /> Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<ref name="williamson6" /> In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded [[Greece]], but that resulted in only an Italian retreat to Italian-occupied [[Albania]].<ref name="university7" /> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under [[Erwin Rommel]]'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<ref name="williamson8" /> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crete]] by May.<ref name="university9" /> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940" /> Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<ref name="China: A New History" /> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<ref name="nationalism" /> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<ref name="university10" /> ===War becomes global=== [[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|300px|thumb|The Axis in the Eastern Front: {{legend|#fff8d5|[[Operation Barbarossa]] to July 9, 1941}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to September 1, 1941}} {{legend|#ebd7ff|to September 9, 1941 (operations around Kiev)}} {{legend|#ccffcd|to December 5, 1941}}]] On June 22, 1941, the European Axis countries [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the Soviet Union]]. This opened a new [[Eastern Front (World War II)]]. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s" /> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack [[Battle of Moscow|just outside Moscow]].<ref name="reinhardt" /> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the [[blitzkrieg]] stage of the war.<ref name="blitzkrieg" /> By December, the Soviet [[Red Army]] facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a counterattack and pushed the German army to the west.<ref name="documentary" /> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<ref name="clemson31" /> By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century" /> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<ref name="Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion" /> [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[USS Arizona]]'' burning after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]] In Asia, German successes encouraged [[Japan]] to call for oil supplies from the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="review" /> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<ref name="A World At Arms" /> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="opportunities" /> On December 7, 1941, it [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] as well as many harbors in several [[South East Asia]]n countries.<ref name="wohlstetter" /> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow" /> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States. By April 1942 the [[Singapore strategy]] had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<ref name="harbor" /> In May 1942, the [[Philippines]] fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was [[Battle of Midway|defeated at Midway]]. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway. ===Allies advance=== Japan then began its plan to take over [[Papua New Guinea]] again,<ref name="university11" /> and the United States planned to attack the [[Solomon Islands]]. [[Guadalcanal Campaign|The fight at Guadalcanal]] began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<ref name="historical" /> [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad.]] On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along [[Don River|Don]] and [[Volga River]]s in June 1942 to try to take over [[oil field]]s in [[Caucasus]], which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great [[steppe]]. [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had [[Battle of Stalingrad|nearly taken Stalingrad]], but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<ref name="hutchinson" /> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<ref name="macmillan" /> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the [[Wehrmacht|German Arm]]<nowiki/>y still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<ref name="generals" /> Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle at the time. [[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|left|200px|British infantry attacks at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]]]] In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at [[El Alamein]], the Axis army failed to take the town. A new [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Allied offensive]] drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<ref name="publishing" /> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<ref name="american" /> That led to Axis defeat during the [[North African Campaign]] in May 1943.<ref name="mediterranean" /> In the Soviet Union, on July 4, 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<ref name="army1986" /><ref name="deception" /> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<ref name="kershaw12" /> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<ref name="liberation" /><ref name="publishing13" /> On July 9, 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allies landed on Sicily]], which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<ref name="liberation14" /> In September 1943, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies invaded mainland Italy]], following the Italian [[armistice]] with the Allies.<ref name="amphibious" /> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<ref name="richard" /> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<ref name="publishing15" /> German special forces rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied [[puppet state]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref name="blinkhorn" /> In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of [[India]]. The [[British Indian Army]] and other forces expelled it in early 1944. [[File:Berlin-Moabit, Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945 C4925.jpg|thumb|Aerial vertical taken over the Moabit district of Berlin during a raid by 33 De Havilland Mosquitos of the Late Night Striking Force. The track of a falling target indicator (TI) can be seen on the right, illuminating the River Spree,and the Charlottenburger Chaussee, running from top right through the Tiergarten to the Brandenbruger Tor and Unter den Linden. The other light sources are German searchlights.]] In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]<ref name="leningrad" /> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest [[siege]] in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken [[Crimea]]. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing [[Rome]] on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<ref name="havighurst" /> ===War ends in Europe=== {{Multiple image | image1 = Approaching Omaha.jpg | caption1 = Allied forces arriving [[Normandy]], France, on {{nowrap|D-Day}} (June 6, 1944) | image1 = AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg | caption1 = American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the [[Elbe]] river, Germany {{nowrap|(April 25, 1945)}} }} On [[D-Day]], on June 6, 1944, the Allies began the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy, France]]. The codename for the invasion was ''[[Operation Overlord]]''. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. [[Paris]] was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on September 17, 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in [[Arnhem]], which spanned the [[Rhine River]]. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge. On June 22, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed ''Operation Bagration'', destroyed almost all of the German Army Group Centre.<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<ref name=":1" /> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<ref name=":2" /> Communist Serbian [[partisan]]s under [[Josip Broz Tito]] retook [[Belgrade]] with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies. On December 16, 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by [[Battle of the Bulge|attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium]], in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<ref name="offensive" /> [[File:WWII, Europe, France, "German POWs - Captured Nazi General" - NARA - 195471.jpg|thumb|A German [[general]] as a [[prisoner of war]] with American [[military police]]]] By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in Poland to [[East Prussia]] and [[Vienna]], and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets [[Battle of Berlin|attacked Berlin]]. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the [[Elbe|Elbe River]] on April 25, 1945. Hitler committed [[suicide]] on April 30, 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<ref name="liberation16" /> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz|Karl Donitz]], to be his successor.<ref name="kershaw17" /> Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting. ===End of war in Europe=== German forces in Italy surrendered on April 29, 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7, 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on May 8, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Czechoslovakia, on May 11, 1945.<ref name="university18" /> [[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|A nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki]]]] ===End of war in Asia=== In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<ref name="encyclopedia19" /> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] by May 3, 1945.<ref name="university20" /> American forces had taken [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] by March and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] by June 1945.<ref name="publishing21" /> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|atomic bombs]] over [[Hiroshima]] (August 6, 1945) and [[Nagasaki]] (August 9, 1945). On August 8, 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded [[Manchuria]] and quickly defeated the primary [[Imperial Japanese Army]] there.<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" /> On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the ''USS Missouri'' on September 2, 1945, which ended the war.<ref name="routledge" /> == Aftermath == The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] managed to occupy [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing [[Nazi]] ideas from public life in Germany,<ref name="BBCDeN">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 22, 2020|title=World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|url-status=live}}</ref> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a [[Nuremberg Trials|special court]]. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<ref name="stalinswars43" /><ref name="stalinswars55" /><ref name="shirer794" /> and Finland<ref name="ckpipe" /> as well as the three Baltic countries.<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[File:News. V.E. Day BAnQ P48S1P12270.jpg|thumb|''Montreal Daily Star'': "Germany Quit", May 7, 1945|left]]The [[United Nations]] was formed on October 24, 1945<ref name="www" /> to keep peace between countries in the world.<ref name="evolution" /> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the [[Soviet Union]] had worsened during the war<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together" /> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and [[West Germany]], it was the United States, while in [[East Germany]] and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into [[communist state]]s. The [[Cold War]] led to the formation of the American-led [[NATO]] and the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]].<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History" /> In [[Asia]], Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the [[Korean War]] in 1950.<ref name="The Koreas" /> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to [[Taiwan]] in 1949<ref name="lynch12" /> after the communists had won the mainland. In the [[Middle East]], the Arabs' disagreed with the United Nations plan to create [[Israel]], which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel. {{Multiple image | image1 = Cold war europe military alliances map en.png | caption1 = Military alliances in Europe after the war | image2 = Colonization 1945.png | caption2 = Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later. }} After the war, [[decolonization]] took place in many European colonies.<ref name="Decolonization" /> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts" /> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different [[ethnic group]]s or [[religion]]s.<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam" /> Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison" /><ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II" /> It also decided on the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<ref name="reconstruction" /> Italian,<ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress" /><ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress22" /> and French economies recovered.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies" /> However, the British economy was badly harmed<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today" /> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance" /> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration" /> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23" /> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China" /> == Effects == === Death and war crimes === [[File:World War II Casualties.svg|left|450px|World War II death]] There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27&nbsp;million people,<ref name="google242" /> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<ref name="Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead" /> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<ref name="google204" /> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[homosexual]]s, and other groups.<ref name="The Modern World" /> Around 11 million<ref name="Victims" /> to 17&nbsp;million<ref name="Niewyk45" /> civilians died. Around 7.5&nbsp;million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II" /> The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[rape]]d and [[murder]]ed. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[biological weapon]]s against civilians<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing" /> and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].<ref name="Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" /> Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<ref name="Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court" /> no Allied war crimes were. === Concentration camps and slave work === [[File:Łapanka w Alei 3go Maja (ok. 1941).jpg|thumb|225px|Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.]] Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.<ref name="compensation" /> German [[concentration camp]]s and Soviet [[gulag]]s caused many deaths. Both sides treated prisoners of war badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home. Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<ref name="Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" /> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<ref name="Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II" /> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<ref name="zhifen2002" /> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in [[Java]].<ref name="indonesiaww2" /> Between 1942 and 1945, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an order that made [[Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans go to internment camps]] since he feared them helping an invasion. Some Germans and Italians were included as well. The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.<ref name="occupation" /> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<ref name="stark1944" /> === Home fronts and production === Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the [[GDP]] of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<ref name="6Econ3" /> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<ref name="6Econ3"/> The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present" /><ref name="cox84" /> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration" /> === Women === As men went off to fight, women took over many of the jobs that they left behind. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women. In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich" /><ref name="bernstein267" /> However, Allied bombings<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich24" /><ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II" /> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich" /> In Britain, women also worked in gathering [[Secret Intelligence Service|intelligence]] at [[Bletchley Park]] and other places. The mass [[evacuation]] of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. === Occupation === Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]], and [[Central Europe]], Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<ref name="milward138" /> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<ref name="hill5" /><ref name="France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation" /> Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<ref name = "GSWW6_266" /> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million [[barrel]]s of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the [[Dutch East Indies]], was 76% of its 1940 rate.<ref name="GSWW6_266" /> === Developments in technology === [[File:Ohain USAF He 178 page61.jpg|thumb|200px|Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.]] The war brought new methods for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<ref name="EncWWII_76" /> [[strategic bombing]] to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<ref name="levine217" /> [[radar]], and weapons for destroying aircraft. [[Jet aircraft]] were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<ref name="Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide" /> At sea, the war focused on using [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s. Aircraft carriers soon replaced [[battleship]]s,<ref name="EncWWII_163" /><ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft" /><ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines" /> mainly for being cheaper.<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea" /> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design" /> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as [[sonar]], while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25" /> The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. [[Tank]]s, which had been used to support [[infantry]], changed to being primary weapons.<ref name="EncWWII_125" /> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<ref name="EncWWII_108" /> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<ref name="EncWWII_125"/> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army. [[Submachine gun]]s became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<ref name="Comp_221" /> The [[assault rifle]], a German development combining [[wikt:feature|feature]]s of the [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]], became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" /> Other developments included better [[encryption]] for secret messages, such as the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]]. Another feature of military [[:wikt:intelligence|intelligence]] was the use of [[:wikt:deception|deception]], especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable [[computer]]s, modern [[missile]]s and [[rocket]]s, and the [[atomic bomb]]s. == Losses == === Military losses === Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6&nbsp;million military deaths. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 13,600,000* |- | [[Germany]] | 3,300,000 |- | [[China]] | 1,324,516 |- | [[Japan]] | 1,140,429 |- | [[British Empire]]** | 357,116 |- | [[Romania]] | 350,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 320,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 305,000 |- | [[United States]] | 292,131 |- | [[Italy]] | 279,800 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths<br/> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc. === Civilian losses === Deaths among civilians during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well documented than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures are the best available from authoritative sources and present a broad picture of the scale of civilian losses, the precise numbers will never be known. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[China]] | 8,000,000 |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 12,500,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 5,300,000 |- | [[Germany]] | 2,350,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 1,000,000 |- | [[France]] | 470,000 |- | [[Greece]] | 415,000 |- | [[Japan]] | 393,400 |- | [[Romania]] | 340,000 |- | [[Hungary]] | 300,000 |} '''Axis Powers''' [[File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg|thumb|[[Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena]] (far left), [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] (left), and [[Direk Jayanama]] (right) with [[Hideki Tojo]] (center) in Tokyo 1942]] Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia '''Allied Powers''' United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[Genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Homosexual|homosexuals]], and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[Rape|raped]] and [[Murder|murdered]]. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[Biological weapon|biological weapons]] against civilians and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]]. Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were. == Related pages == {{Sister project links | wikt=no}} * [[World War I]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Militarism]] * [[Communism]] * [[Japanese American internment]] == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="6Econ3">{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Mark| title = The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison| year = 2000| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78503-7| page = 3 }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Zaloga| first = Steven J.| title = Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|url=https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo| year = 1996| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-478-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6 7] }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{cite book| last = Berend| first = Ivan| title = Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery| year = 1996| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55066-6| page = 8 }}</ref> <ref name=":2">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm |date=2011-04-30 }}. US Library of Congress. 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(1986), "[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp |date=2008-03-06 }}", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria">Glantz, David M (2005), {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp | title = August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate = March 2, 2008 }}, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="authoritative">{{cite book| last = Sommerville| first = Donald| title = The Complete Illustrated History of World War II: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflicts in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements|url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-7548-1898-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm/page/n8 5] }}</ref> <ref name="barbarossa">H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp. 891-920</ref> <ref name="bernstein267">{{cite book| last = Bernstein| first = Gail Lee| title = Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945| year = 1991| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-07017-2| page = 267 }}</ref> <ref name="blinkhorn">{{cite book| last = Blinkhorn| first = Martin| title = Mussolini and Fascist Italy| url = https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin| year = 1994| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-10231-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin/page/52 52] }}</ref> <ref name="blitzkrieg">Milward, A.S. (1964). ''The End of the Blitzkrieg''. The Economic History Review. 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Avery| last2 = Nihart| first2 = Brooke| title = Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines| year = 2005| publisher = Main Street| isbn = 978-1-4027-3099-3| page = 180 }}</ref> <ref name="senn">{{cite book| last = Senn| first = Alfred Erich| title = Lithuania 1940: revolution from above| url = https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn| year = 2007| publisher = Rodopi| isbn = 978-90-420-2225-6 }}</ref> <ref name="shirer794">{{cite book| last = Shirer| first = William L.| title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany| year = 1990| publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-72868-7| page = 794}}</ref> <ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s">{{cite book| last1 = Pravda| first1 = Alex| last2 = Duncan| first2 = Peter J. S| title = Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav| year = 1990| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-37494-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav/page/n40 29] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars43">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/43 43] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars55">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/55 55] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars56">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/56 56] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars59">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/59 59] }}</ref> <ref name="stark1944">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|title="Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)|first=Tamás|last=Stark|work=Minorities Research|accessdate=January 22, 2010|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051411/http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century">{{cite book| last = Gannon| first = James| title = Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century| year = 2002| publisher = Brassey's| isbn = 978-1-57488-473-9| page = 76 }}</ref> <ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine">{{cite web|title=The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine|publisher=controlarms.org|first1=Oliver|last1=Sprague|first2=Hugh|last2=Griffiths|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|accessdate=November 14, 2009|year=2006|page=1|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430165110/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison">{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Mark|title=The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62046-8|editor=Harrison, Mark|location=Cambridge|chapter=The economics of World WarII: an overview|pages=34–35}}</ref> <ref name="The Koreas">{{cite book| last = Connor| first = Mary E.| title = The Koreas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2gYgXGENM0C| series = Asia in Focus| year = 2009| publisher = ABC-CLIO| location = Santa Barbara| isbn = 978-1-59884-160-2| pages = 43–45| chapter = History| editor = Connor, Mary E. }}</ref> <ref name="The Modern World">{{cite book| last = Todd| first = Allan| title = The Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-913425-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd/page/121 121] }}</ref> <ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II">{{cite book| editor = Dear, I.C.B|editor2=Foot, M.R.D.| title = The Oxford Companion to World War II| year = 2005| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-19-280670-3| page = 1006| chapter = World trade and world economy }}</ref> <ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II">{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Charles|title=The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II|isbn=978-1-58566-069-8|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=1999|page=203}}</ref> <ref name="The Second World War1">{{cite book| last = Beevor| first = Antony| title = The Second World War| date = 2012| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson| isbn = 978-0-297-84497-6| page = 2 }}</ref> <ref name="transaction">{{cite book| last = Brody| first = J. Kenneth| title = The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval & the politics of reality, 1935-1936|url=https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod| year = 1999| publisher = Transaction Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7658-0622-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod/page/4 4] }}</ref> <ref name="twentieth">{{cite book| last1 = Kelly| first1 = Nigel| last2 = Rees| first2 = Rosemary| last3 = Shuter| first3 = Jane| title = The Twentieth Century World|url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7| year = 1998| publisher = Heinemann| isbn = 978-0-435-30983-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7/page/38 38] }}</ref> <ref name="university">{{cite book| author = Ian Dear|author2=Michael Richard Daniell Foot| title = The Oxford companion to World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-860446-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2/page/674 674] }}</ref> <ref name="university10">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/195 195] }}</ref> <ref name="university11">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/339 339] }}</ref> <ref name="university18">{{cite book| last1 = Glantz| first1 = David M.| last2 = House| first2 = Jonathan M.| title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler| year = 1995| isbn = 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History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/95 95], 121 }}</ref> <ref name="university7">{{cite book| last = Clogg| first = Richard| title = A Concise History of Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0| year = 2002| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-80872-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0/page/118 118] }}</ref> <ref name="university9">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/229 229] }}</ref> <ref name="Victims">{{cite web|author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology|url=http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm|title=Victims|work=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=[[University of South Florida]]|year=2005|accessdate=February 2, 2008|archive-date=May 16, 2016|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516094229/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="victory">{{cite book| last = Davies| first = Norman| title = No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi| year = 2008| publisher = Penguin| isbn = 978-0-14-311409-3| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi/page/143 143]-4 }}</ref> <ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich">{{cite book| last = Overy| first = R.J| title = War and Economy in the Third Reich| year = 1995| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-820599-9| page = 26 }}</ref> <ref name="wettig20">{{cite book| last = Wettig| first = Gerhard| title = Stalin and the Cold War in Europe| year = 2008| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 978-0-7425-5542-6| pages = 20–21 }}</ref> <ref name="williamson">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p.57-63</ref> <ref name="williamson6">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 233-45</ref> <ref name="williamson8">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 263-267.</ref> <ref name="wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0597-4}}.</ref> <ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration">{{cite book| last = Unidas| first = Naciones| title = World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration| year = 2005| publisher = United Nations Pubns| isbn = 978-92-1-109147-2| page = 23 }}</ref> <ref name="World War II day by day">{{cite book| last = Shaw| first = Anthony| title = World War II day by day| year = 2000| publisher = MBI Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }} p. 35</ref> <ref name="World War II">{{cite book| last = Goldstein| first = Margaret J| title = World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold| year = 2004| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| isbn = 978-0-8225-0139-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35 35] }}</ref> <ref name="www">[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |date=2010-02-18 }}. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="zhifen2002">{{cite web|last=Ju|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|first=Zhifen|title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war|work=Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference|publisher=Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences|date=June 2002|accessdate=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> }} == Other websites == * [http://ww2.war-letters.com/ World War II Letter Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031752/http://ww2.war-letters.com/ |date=January 30, 2009 }} - Letters from World War Two * [http://ww2db.com/ WW2 Database] - More Info on WW2 * [http://encyc.org/WorldWarII World War II - Encyc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401051812/http://encyc.org/WorldWarII |date=April 1, 2009 }} * [http://www.otr.net/?p=news Radio News From 1938 to 1945] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/ Fun facts about WW2 for children] * [https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] -Citizendium {{Middle East conflict}} [[Category:1939]] [[Category:1940]] [[Category:1941]] [[Category:1942]] [[Category:1943]] [[Category:1944]] [[Category:1945]] [[Category:Wars involving Australia]] [[Category:Wars involving Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involving Canada]] [[Category:Wars involving China]] [[Category:Wars involving France]] [[Category:Wars involving Germany]] [[Category:Wars involving Greece]] [[Category:Wars involving Italy]] [[Category:Wars involving Japan]] [[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involving South Africa]] [[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wars involving the United States]] [[Category:World War II| ]] af1q012agbksozkzfhu46bx7w0jg9bt 10330321 10330319 2025-06-14T16:59:11Z ShmurdaSheWrote 1556667 Undid revision 10330169 by [[Special:Contributions/Chippy dog|Chippy dog]] ([[User talk:Chippy dog|talk]]) 10330321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = World War&nbsp;II | image = Infobox collage for WWII.PNG | image_size = 300px | caption = (clockwise from top left){{flatlist| * Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Wanjialing]] * Australian [[25-pounder]] guns during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] * German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in December 1943 * US naval force in the [[Invasion of Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] * Soviet troops in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] }} | date = {{Unbulleted list|{{start and end dates|1939|9|1|1945|9|2}} |({{Age in years and days|1 September 1939|2 September 1945|sep=and}}){{efn| While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited.}}}}{{efn| The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe.}} | place = Major [[Theater (warfare)|theaters]]: {{flatlist| * [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] * [[Pacific War|Pacific]] * [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] * [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]] * [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] * [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] * [[Air raids on Japan|Japan]] * [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]] * [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] * [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] * [[East African campaign (World War II)|Horn of Africa]] * [[Battle of Gabon|Central Africa]] * [[Attacks on Australia during World War II|Australia]] * [[Battle of the Caribbean|Caribbean]] * [[American Theater (World War II)|North and South America]] }} | result = {{Unbulleted list|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory}} <!--This fixes label and data text alignment by locking it in place--> * Collapse of [[Nazi Germany]] * Fall of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Fascist Italy|Italian Empire]]s * Allied occupations of [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]] and foundation of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] * Beginning of the [[Atomic Age]] * Dissolution of the [[League of Nations]] and creation of the [[United Nations]] * Emergence of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s and beginning of the [[Cold War]] ([[Aftermath of World War II|more...]]) <!--NOTE: The consensus of a discussion which concluded in November 2014 at [[Talk:World War II#Request for comment: WWII infobox]] was to only list the 'Allies' and 'Axis' as combatants. PLEASE do not make any changes to this without first obtaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. -->| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Participants]] | combatant1 = '''[[Allied powers|Allies]]''' | combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''' | commander1 = '''Main Allied leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]] * {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]}} | commander2 = '''Main Axis leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]] * {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}} | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 16,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 45,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 61,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 8,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 4,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 12,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War II}} }} '''World War II''', or the '''Second World War''', was a [[world war|global conflict]] involving all continents of the world, except [[Antarctica]]. It involved fighting in most of the world from 1939 to 1945. Some fighting started in 1937, when [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japanese]] forces started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. Most of the world's countries, including all of the [[great power]]s, fought as part of two [[military alliance]]s: the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] and the [[Axis Powers]]. The war involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war; 73 million people died,<ref name="authoritative" /><ref name="dead" /> most of whom were [[civilian]]s. The war included [[massacre]]s, a [[genocide]] called [[the Holocaust]], [[strategic bombing]], starvation, and disease. This was the only time a [[nuclear weapon]] was used in war. The two sides were the Allies (at first [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], joined by the [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]] and others) and the Axis (at first [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Empire of Japan]] and others). The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937.<ref name="The Second World War1" /> Combat in Europe began when [[The Third Reich]] of Germany invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] on September 1, 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary,]] [[Denmark]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], and [[Battle of the Atlantic|the Atlantic]]. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air [[Battle of Britain]]. In June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]], starting the largest [[Operation Barbarossa|land invasion]] in history. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theatre and the Pacific Theatre. The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in early 1943. Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the [[Scorched earth|Scorched Earth]] tactic. German leaders had not expecting the invasion to last till the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy. Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from [[Sicily]] due to its strong defenses.<ref name="Holocaust Encyclopedia" /> In 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded France]]. The invasion was called D-Day, held in June 6th, 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on May 8 1945, ending the war in Europe. Japan formally surrendered on September 2 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]] and the United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]], "[[Little Boy]]" and "[[Fat Man]]," had been dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weaponry has been used in wartime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Weapons – UNODA|url=https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.|access-date=2024-08-20|language=en-US}}</ref> After the war, the [[United Nations]] was set up to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. After World War I, the League of Nations had been built, but it proved ineffective. The [[Cold War]] by the major winners soon started, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. The [[decolonization]] of Asia and Africa (where many places controlled by European countries were given their [[wikt:independence|independence]]) happened as well since [[Europe]] had been weakened by the war. Economic [[wikt:recovery|recovery]] and political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war. == Allies and Axis == The [[World War II by country|countries]] that joined the war were on two sides: the Axis and the Allies. The [[Axis Powers]] at the start of the war were [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Fascist Italy|Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<ref name="diplomatic" /><ref name="civilization" /><ref name="university" /><ref name="university2" /> [[Finland]] (though they never signed the Tripartite pact like other axis members), [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Thailand]] joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead. The [[Allied Powers]] were the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Belgium]], Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the last of which had been fighting a [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]]. In June 1941, Germany attacked the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] against the [[United States]], which then also joined the Allies (The Finns joined the war against the axis in September 1944). == Background == [[World War I]] had greatly changed the way of [[diplomacy]] and [[politics]] in Asia, [[Europe]], and Africa with the defeat of the [[Central Powers]]. The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed. Even the [[Russian Empire]], which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the [[Russian Civil War]]. The war also changed the borders in [[Eastern Europe]], with many new countries being born. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="university3" /> The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large sum of money to the Allies.<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany" /> The size of their army and navy was also limited,<ref name="kantowicz" /> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. In Italy, [[nationalism|nationalist]]s were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The [[Fascism|fascist]] movement in the 1920s brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<ref name="World War II day by day" /> After the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the governing party of [[China]], unified the country in the 1920s, the [[Chinese Civil War]] between it and the [[Communist Party of China]] began.<ref name="introduction" /> In 1931, Japan used the [[Mukden Incident]] as a excuse to take [[Manchuria]] and set up a [[puppet state]], [[Manchukuo]],<ref name="google28" /> and the [[League of Nations]] failed to do anything to stop it. The [[Tanggu Truce]], a [[ceasefire]], was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<ref name="communism" /> In 1937, Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to take the rest of China.<ref name="feuerwerker" /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|200px|Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934]] After the end of the [[German Empire]], the [[democracy|democratic]] [[Weimar Republic]] was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political [[ideology|ideologies]], ranging from nationalism to [[communism]]. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], became the [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] in 1933. After the [[Reichstag fire]], Hitler created a [[totalitarian]] state in which there was only one party by law.<ref name="Hitler: A study in tyranny" /> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy, and air force,<ref name="transaction" /> especially after [[Saarland]] voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to [[Rhineland]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany. In March 1938, Germany sent its army into [[Austria]], known as the [[Anschluss]], which had little reaction from European countries<ref name="heinemann" /> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe [[Munich agreement|agreed to give]] [[Sudetenland]], the part of [[Czechoslovakia]] that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<ref name="kershaw" /> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<ref name="kershaw4" /> or be invaded by March 1939.<ref name="victory" /> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help [[Poland]] if it was attacked.<ref name="crozier" /> Just before the war, [[Germany]] and the Soviet Union signed a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|peace agreement]] that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<ref name="information" /> Secretly, they also agreed to divide [[Eastern Europe]] between them.<ref name="consultant" /> ==Course of the war== {{see also|Timeline of World War II}} ===War breaks out=== [[File:Second World War Europe.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.]] World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, as Germany [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]]. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<ref name="google93" /> The [[Soviet Union]] soon invaded eastern Poland, on September 17.<ref name="google83" /> Finally, all of Poland was divided. Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<ref name="google24" /> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so [[Winter War|it was attacked]] in November 1939.<ref name="jstor1986" /> With peace, the world war broke out.<ref name="google12" /> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="murray55" /> After Poland was defeated, the [[Phoney War]] began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<ref name="university5" /> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<ref name="williamson" /> [[Neville Chamberlain]] was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]] as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<ref name="From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s" /> ===Axis early victories=== [[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|200px|German troops in Paris after the fall of France.]] On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of France|invaded France]], Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<ref name="google68" /> The British were forced to [[Dunkirk evacuation|leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk]]. On June 10, Italy invaded France and declared war on it and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<ref name="google311" /> and the other was the zone of unoccupied [[Vichy France]]. By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the [[Baltic states]] and took them,<ref name="google9" /> followed by [[Bessarabia]] in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<ref name="barbarossa" /><ref name="stalinswars56" /> Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<ref name="stalinswars59" /> Germany began an [[Battle of Britain|air battle over Britain]] to prepare for [[Operation Sea Lion|a landing on the island]],<ref name="twentieth" /> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand. The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<ref name="World War II" /> Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<ref name="williamson6" /> In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded [[Greece]], but that resulted in only an Italian retreat to Italian-occupied [[Albania]].<ref name="university7" /> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under [[Erwin Rommel]]'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<ref name="williamson8" /> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crete]] by May.<ref name="university9" /> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940" /> Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<ref name="China: A New History" /> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<ref name="nationalism" /> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<ref name="university10" /> ===War becomes global=== [[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|300px|thumb|The Axis in the Eastern Front: {{legend|#fff8d5|[[Operation Barbarossa]] to July 9, 1941}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to September 1, 1941}} {{legend|#ebd7ff|to September 9, 1941 (operations around Kiev)}} {{legend|#ccffcd|to December 5, 1941}}]] On June 22, 1941, the European Axis countries [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the Soviet Union]]. This opened a new [[Eastern Front (World War II)]]. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s" /> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack [[Battle of Moscow|just outside Moscow]].<ref name="reinhardt" /> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the [[blitzkrieg]] stage of the war.<ref name="blitzkrieg" /> By December, the Soviet [[Red Army]] facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a counterattack and pushed the German army to the west.<ref name="documentary" /> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<ref name="clemson31" /> By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century" /> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<ref name="Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion" /> [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[USS Arizona]]'' burning after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]] In Asia, German successes encouraged [[Japan]] to call for oil supplies from the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="review" /> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<ref name="A World At Arms" /> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="opportunities" /> On December 7, 1941, it [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] as well as many harbors in several [[South East Asia]]n countries.<ref name="wohlstetter" /> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow" /> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States. By April 1942 the [[Singapore strategy]] had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<ref name="harbor" /> In May 1942, the [[Philippines]] fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was [[Battle of Midway|defeated at Midway]]. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway. ===Allies advance=== Japan then began its plan to take over [[Papua New Guinea]] again,<ref name="university11" /> and the United States planned to attack the [[Solomon Islands]]. [[Guadalcanal Campaign|The fight at Guadalcanal]] began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<ref name="historical" /> [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad.]] On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along [[Don River|Don]] and [[Volga River]]s in June 1942 to try to take over [[oil field]]s in [[Caucasus]], which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great [[steppe]]. [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had [[Battle of Stalingrad|nearly taken Stalingrad]], but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<ref name="hutchinson" /> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<ref name="macmillan" /> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the [[Wehrmacht|German Arm]]<nowiki/>y still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<ref name="generals" /> Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle at the time. [[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|left|200px|British infantry attacks at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]]]] In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at [[El Alamein]], the Axis army failed to take the town. A new [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Allied offensive]] drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<ref name="publishing" /> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<ref name="american" /> That led to Axis defeat during the [[North African Campaign]] in May 1943.<ref name="mediterranean" /> In the Soviet Union, on July 4, 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<ref name="army1986" /><ref name="deception" /> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<ref name="kershaw12" /> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<ref name="liberation" /><ref name="publishing13" /> On July 9, 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allies landed on Sicily]], which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<ref name="liberation14" /> In September 1943, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies invaded mainland Italy]], following the Italian [[armistice]] with the Allies.<ref name="amphibious" /> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<ref name="richard" /> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<ref name="publishing15" /> German special forces rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied [[puppet state]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref name="blinkhorn" /> In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of [[India]]. The [[British Indian Army]] and other forces expelled it in early 1944. [[File:Berlin-Moabit, Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945 C4925.jpg|thumb|Aerial vertical taken over the Moabit district of Berlin during a raid by 33 De Havilland Mosquitos of the Late Night Striking Force. The track of a falling target indicator (TI) can be seen on the right, illuminating the River Spree,and the Charlottenburger Chaussee, running from top right through the Tiergarten to the Brandenbruger Tor and Unter den Linden. The other light sources are German searchlights.]] In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]<ref name="leningrad" /> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest [[siege]] in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken [[Crimea]]. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing [[Rome]] on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<ref name="havighurst" /> ===War ends in Europe=== {{Multiple image | image1 = Approaching Omaha.jpg | caption1 = Allied forces arriving [[Normandy]], France, on {{nowrap|D-Day}} (June 6, 1944) | image1 = AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg | caption1 = American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the [[Elbe]] river, Germany {{nowrap|(April 25, 1945)}} }} On [[D-Day]], on June 6, 1944, the Allies began the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy, France]]. The codename for the invasion was ''[[Operation Overlord]]''. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. [[Paris]] was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on September 17, 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in [[Arnhem]], which spanned the [[Rhine River]]. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge. On June 22, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed ''Operation Bagration'', destroyed almost all of the German Army Group Centre.<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<ref name=":1" /> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<ref name=":2" /> Communist Serbian [[partisan]]s under [[Josip Broz Tito]] retook [[Belgrade]] with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies. On December 16, 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by [[Battle of the Bulge|attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium]], in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<ref name="offensive" /> [[File:WWII, Europe, France, "German POWs - Captured Nazi General" - NARA - 195471.jpg|thumb|A German [[general]] as a [[prisoner of war]] with American [[military police]]]] By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in Poland to [[East Prussia]] and [[Vienna]], and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets [[Battle of Berlin|attacked Berlin]]. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the [[Elbe|Elbe River]] on April 25, 1945. Hitler committed [[suicide]] on April 30, 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<ref name="liberation16" /> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz|Karl Donitz]], to be his successor.<ref name="kershaw17" /> Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting. ===End of war in Europe=== German forces in Italy surrendered on April 29, 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7, 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on May 8, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Czechoslovakia, on May 11, 1945.<ref name="university18" /> [[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|A nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki]]]] ===End of war in Asia=== In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<ref name="encyclopedia19" /> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] by May 3, 1945.<ref name="university20" /> American forces had taken [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] by March and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] by June 1945.<ref name="publishing21" /> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|atomic bombs]] over [[Hiroshima]] (August 6, 1945) and [[Nagasaki]] (August 9, 1945). On August 8, 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded [[Manchuria]] and quickly defeated the primary [[Imperial Japanese Army]] there.<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" /> On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the ''USS Missouri'' on September 2, 1945, which ended the war.<ref name="routledge" /> == Aftermath == The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] managed to occupy [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing [[Nazi]] ideas from public life in Germany,<ref name="BBCDeN">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 22, 2020|title=World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|url-status=live}}</ref> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a [[Nuremberg Trials|special court]]. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<ref name="stalinswars43" /><ref name="stalinswars55" /><ref name="shirer794" /> and Finland<ref name="ckpipe" /> as well as the three Baltic countries.<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[File:News. V.E. Day BAnQ P48S1P12270.jpg|thumb|''Montreal Daily Star'': "Germany Quit", May 7, 1945|left]]The [[United Nations]] was formed on October 24, 1945<ref name="www" /> to keep peace between countries in the world.<ref name="evolution" /> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the [[Soviet Union]] had worsened during the war<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together" /> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and [[West Germany]], it was the United States, while in [[East Germany]] and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into [[communist state]]s. The [[Cold War]] led to the formation of the American-led [[NATO]] and the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]].<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History" /> In [[Asia]], Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the [[Korean War]] in 1950.<ref name="The Koreas" /> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to [[Taiwan]] in 1949<ref name="lynch12" /> after the communists had won the mainland. In the [[Middle East]], the Arabs' disagreed with the United Nations plan to create [[Israel]], which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel. {{Multiple image | image1 = Cold war europe military alliances map en.png | caption1 = Military alliances in Europe after the war | image2 = Colonization 1945.png | caption2 = Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later. }} After the war, [[decolonization]] took place in many European colonies.<ref name="Decolonization" /> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts" /> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different [[ethnic group]]s or [[religion]]s.<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam" /> Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison" /><ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II" /> It also decided on the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<ref name="reconstruction" /> Italian,<ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress" /><ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress22" /> and French economies recovered.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies" /> However, the British economy was badly harmed<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today" /> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance" /> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration" /> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23" /> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China" /> == Effects == === Death and war crimes === [[File:World War II Casualties.svg|left|450px|World War II death]] There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27&nbsp;million people,<ref name="google242" /> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<ref name="Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead" /> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<ref name="google204" /> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[homosexual]]s, and other groups.<ref name="The Modern World" /> Around 11 million<ref name="Victims" /> to 17&nbsp;million<ref name="Niewyk45" /> civilians died. Around 7.5&nbsp;million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II" /> The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[rape]]d and [[murder]]ed. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[biological weapon]]s against civilians<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing" /> and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].<ref name="Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" /> Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<ref name="Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court" /> no Allied war crimes were. === Concentration camps and slave work === [[File:Łapanka w Alei 3go Maja (ok. 1941).jpg|thumb|225px|Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.]] Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.<ref name="compensation" /> German [[concentration camp]]s and Soviet [[gulag]]s caused many deaths. Both sides treated prisoners of war badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home. Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<ref name="Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" /> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<ref name="Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II" /> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<ref name="zhifen2002" /> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in [[Java]].<ref name="indonesiaww2" /> Between 1942 and 1945, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an order that made [[Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans go to internment camps]] since he feared them helping an invasion. Some Germans and Italians were included as well. The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.<ref name="occupation" /> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<ref name="stark1944" /> === Home fronts and production === Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the [[GDP]] of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<ref name="6Econ3" /> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<ref name="6Econ3"/> The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present" /><ref name="cox84" /> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration" /> === Women === As men went off to fight, women took over many of the jobs that they left behind. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women. In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich" /><ref name="bernstein267" /> However, Allied bombings<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich24" /><ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II" /> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich" /> In Britain, women also worked in gathering [[Secret Intelligence Service|intelligence]] at [[Bletchley Park]] and other places. The mass [[evacuation]] of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. === Occupation === Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]], and [[Central Europe]], Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<ref name="milward138" /> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<ref name="hill5" /><ref name="France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation" /> Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<ref name = "GSWW6_266" /> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million [[barrel]]s of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the [[Dutch East Indies]], was 76% of its 1940 rate.<ref name="GSWW6_266" /> === Developments in technology === [[File:Ohain USAF He 178 page61.jpg|thumb|200px|Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.]] The war brought new methods for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<ref name="EncWWII_76" /> [[strategic bombing]] to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<ref name="levine217" /> [[radar]], and weapons for destroying aircraft. [[Jet aircraft]] were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<ref name="Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide" /> At sea, the war focused on using [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s. Aircraft carriers soon replaced [[battleship]]s,<ref name="EncWWII_163" /><ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft" /><ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines" /> mainly for being cheaper.<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea" /> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design" /> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as [[sonar]], while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25" /> The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. [[Tank]]s, which had been used to support [[infantry]], changed to being primary weapons.<ref name="EncWWII_125" /> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<ref name="EncWWII_108" /> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<ref name="EncWWII_125"/> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army. [[Submachine gun]]s became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<ref name="Comp_221" /> The [[assault rifle]], a German development combining [[wikt:feature|feature]]s of the [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]], became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" /> Other developments included better [[encryption]] for secret messages, such as the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]]. Another feature of military [[:wikt:intelligence|intelligence]] was the use of [[:wikt:deception|deception]], especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable [[computer]]s, modern [[missile]]s and [[rocket]]s, and the [[atomic bomb]]s. == Losses == === Military losses === Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6&nbsp;million military deaths. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 13,600,000* |- | [[Germany]] | 3,300,000 |- | [[China]] | 1,324,516 |- | [[Japan]] | 1,140,429 |- | [[British Empire]]** | 357,116 |- | [[Romania]] | 350,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 320,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 305,000 |- | [[United States]] | 292,131 |- | [[Italy]] | 279,800 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths<br/> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc. === Civilian losses === Deaths among civilians during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well documented than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures are the best available from authoritative sources and present a broad picture of the scale of civilian losses, the precise numbers will never be known. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[China]] | 8,000,000 |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 12,500,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 5,300,000 |- | [[Germany]] | 2,350,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 1,000,000 |- | [[France]] | 470,000 |- | [[Greece]] | 415,000 |- | [[Japan]] | 393,400 |- | [[Romania]] | 340,000 |- | [[Hungary]] | 300,000 |} '''Axis Powers''' [[File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg|thumb|[[Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena]] (far left), [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] (left), and [[Direk Jayanama]] (right) with [[Hideki Tojo]] (center) in Tokyo 1942]] Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia '''Allied Powers''' United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[Genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Homosexual|homosexuals]], and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[Rape|raped]] and [[Murder|murdered]]. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[Biological weapon|biological weapons]] against civilians and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]]. Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were. == Related pages == {{Sister project links | wikt=no}} * [[World War I]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Militarism]] * [[Communism]] * [[Japanese American internment]] == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="6Econ3">{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Mark| title = The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison| year = 2000| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78503-7| page = 3 }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Zaloga| first = Steven J.| title = Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|url=https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo| year = 1996| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-478-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6 7] }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{cite book| last = Berend| first = Ivan| title = Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery| year = 1996| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55066-6| page = 8 }}</ref> <ref name=":2">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm |date=2011-04-30 }}. US Library of Congress. 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(1986), "[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp |date=2008-03-06 }}", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria">Glantz, David M (2005), {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp | title = August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate = March 2, 2008 }}, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="authoritative">{{cite book| last = Sommerville| first = Donald| title = The Complete Illustrated History of World War II: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflicts in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements|url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-7548-1898-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm/page/n8 5] }}</ref> <ref name="barbarossa">H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp. 891-920</ref> <ref name="bernstein267">{{cite book| last = Bernstein| first = Gail Lee| title = Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945| year = 1991| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-07017-2| page = 267 }}</ref> <ref name="blinkhorn">{{cite book| last = Blinkhorn| first = Martin| title = Mussolini and Fascist Italy| url = https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin| year = 1994| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-10231-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin/page/52 52] }}</ref> <ref name="blitzkrieg">Milward, A.S. (1964). ''The End of the Blitzkrieg''. The Economic History Review. 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Layard| title = Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today| url = https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse| year = 1993| publisher = MIT Press| isbn = 978-0-262-04136-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse/page/29 29]-30, 32 }}</ref> <ref name="reinhardt">{{cite book| author = Klaus Reinhardt (Dr. Generalmajor i.G.)| title = Moscow: The Turning Point?: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941-42| year = 1992| publisher = Berg Publishing Limited| isbn = 978-0-85496-695-0| page = 227 }}</ref> <ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany">{{cite web|url=http://alphahistory.com/weimargermany/reparations/|title=Reparations and post-war Germany|publisher=Alpha History|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance">{{cite book| last = Emadi-Coffin| first = Barbara| title = Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance| year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-19540-9| page = 64 }}</ref> <ref name="review">AFLMA Year in Review, p. 32.</ref> <ref name="richard">{{cite book| last = Lamb| first = Richard| title = War in Italy, 1943-1945: A Brutal Story|url=https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb| year = 1996| publisher = Da Capo Press| isbn = 978-0-306-80688-9| pages = [https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb/page/154 154]-55 }}</ref> <ref name="routledge">{{cite book| last = Donnelly| first = Mark| title = Britain in the Second World War| year = 1999| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-17425-1 | page = xiv}}</ref> <ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration">{{cite book| last = Smith| first = Alan| title = Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit| year = 1993| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-08924-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit/page/32 32] }}</ref> <ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines">{{cite book| last1 = Chenoweth| first1 = H. Avery| last2 = Nihart| first2 = Brooke| title = Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines| year = 2005| publisher = Main Street| isbn = 978-1-4027-3099-3| page = 180 }}</ref> <ref name="senn">{{cite book| last = Senn| first = Alfred Erich| title = Lithuania 1940: revolution from above| url = https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn| year = 2007| publisher = Rodopi| isbn = 978-90-420-2225-6 }}</ref> <ref name="shirer794">{{cite book| last = Shirer| first = William L.| title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany| year = 1990| publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-72868-7| page = 794}}</ref> <ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s">{{cite book| last1 = Pravda| first1 = Alex| last2 = Duncan| first2 = Peter J. S| title = Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav| year = 1990| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-37494-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav/page/n40 29] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars43">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/43 43] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars55">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/55 55] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars56">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/56 56] }}</ref> <ref name="stalinswars59">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/59 59] }}</ref> <ref name="stark1944">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|title="Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)|first=Tamás|last=Stark|work=Minorities Research|accessdate=January 22, 2010|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051411/http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century">{{cite book| last = Gannon| first = James| title = Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century| year = 2002| publisher = Brassey's| isbn = 978-1-57488-473-9| page = 76 }}</ref> <ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine">{{cite web|title=The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine|publisher=controlarms.org|first1=Oliver|last1=Sprague|first2=Hugh|last2=Griffiths|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|accessdate=November 14, 2009|year=2006|page=1|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430165110/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison">{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Mark|title=The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62046-8|editor=Harrison, Mark|location=Cambridge|chapter=The economics of World WarII: an overview|pages=34–35}}</ref> <ref name="The Koreas">{{cite book| last = Connor| first = Mary E.| title = The Koreas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2gYgXGENM0C| series = Asia in Focus| year = 2009| publisher = ABC-CLIO| location = Santa Barbara| isbn = 978-1-59884-160-2| pages = 43–45| chapter = History| editor = Connor, Mary E. }}</ref> <ref name="The Modern World">{{cite book| last = Todd| first = Allan| title = The Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-913425-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd/page/121 121] }}</ref> <ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II">{{cite book| editor = Dear, I.C.B|editor2=Foot, M.R.D.| title = The Oxford Companion to World War II| year = 2005| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-19-280670-3| page = 1006| chapter = World trade and world economy }}</ref> <ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II">{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Charles|title=The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II|isbn=978-1-58566-069-8|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=1999|page=203}}</ref> <ref name="The Second World War1">{{cite book| last = Beevor| first = Antony| title = The Second World War| date = 2012| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson| isbn = 978-0-297-84497-6| page = 2 }}</ref> <ref name="transaction">{{cite book| last = Brody| first = J. Kenneth| title = The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval & the politics of reality, 1935-1936|url=https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod| year = 1999| publisher = Transaction Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7658-0622-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod/page/4 4] }}</ref> <ref name="twentieth">{{cite book| last1 = Kelly| first1 = Nigel| last2 = Rees| first2 = Rosemary| last3 = Shuter| first3 = Jane| title = The Twentieth Century World|url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7| year = 1998| publisher = Heinemann| isbn = 978-0-435-30983-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7/page/38 38] }}</ref> <ref name="university">{{cite book| author = Ian Dear|author2=Michael Richard Daniell Foot| title = The Oxford companion to World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-860446-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2/page/674 674] }}</ref> <ref name="university10">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/195 195] }}</ref> <ref name="university11">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/339 339] }}</ref> <ref name="university18">{{cite book| last1 = Glantz| first1 = David M.| last2 = House| first2 = Jonathan M.| title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler| year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7| page = 34 }}</ref> <ref name="university2">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/182 182] }}</ref> <ref name="university20">{{cite book| last = Drea| first = Edward J.| title = In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army| year = 2003| publisher = University of Nebraska Press| isbn = 978-0-8032-6638-4| page = 57 }}</ref> <ref name="university3">{{cite book| last = Hakim| first = Joy| title = War, Peace and All That Jazz| url = https://archive.org/details/warpeaceallthatj0000haki| year = 1995| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-509514-2 }}</ref> <ref name="university5">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/95 95], 121 }}</ref> <ref name="university7">{{cite book| last = Clogg| first = Richard| title = A Concise History of Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0| year = 2002| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-80872-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0/page/118 118] }}</ref> <ref name="university9">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/229 229] }}</ref> <ref name="Victims">{{cite web|author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology|url=http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm|title=Victims|work=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=[[University of South Florida]]|year=2005|accessdate=February 2, 2008|archive-date=May 16, 2016|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516094229/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="victory">{{cite book| last = Davies| first = Norman| title = No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi| year = 2008| publisher = Penguin| isbn = 978-0-14-311409-3| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi/page/143 143]-4 }}</ref> <ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich">{{cite book| last = Overy| first = R.J| title = War and Economy in the Third Reich| year = 1995| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-820599-9| page = 26 }}</ref> <ref name="wettig20">{{cite book| last = Wettig| first = Gerhard| title = Stalin and the Cold War in Europe| year = 2008| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 978-0-7425-5542-6| pages = 20–21 }}</ref> <ref name="williamson">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p.57-63</ref> <ref name="williamson6">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 233-45</ref> <ref name="williamson8">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 263-267.</ref> <ref name="wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0597-4}}.</ref> <ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration">{{cite book| last = Unidas| first = Naciones| title = World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration| year = 2005| publisher = United Nations Pubns| isbn = 978-92-1-109147-2| page = 23 }}</ref> <ref name="World War II day by day">{{cite book| last = Shaw| first = Anthony| title = World War II day by day| year = 2000| publisher = MBI Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }} p. 35</ref> <ref name="World War II">{{cite book| last = Goldstein| first = Margaret J| title = World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold| year = 2004| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| isbn = 978-0-8225-0139-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35 35] }}</ref> <ref name="www">[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |date=2010-02-18 }}. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="zhifen2002">{{cite web|last=Ju|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|first=Zhifen|title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war|work=Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference|publisher=Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences|date=June 2002|accessdate=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> }} == Other websites == * [http://ww2.war-letters.com/ World War II Letter Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031752/http://ww2.war-letters.com/ |date=January 30, 2009 }} - Letters from World War Two * [http://ww2db.com/ WW2 Database] - More Info on WW2 * [http://encyc.org/WorldWarII World War II - Encyc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401051812/http://encyc.org/WorldWarII |date=April 1, 2009 }} * [http://www.otr.net/?p=news Radio News From 1938 to 1945] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/ Fun facts about WW2 for children] * [https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] -Citizendium {{Middle East conflict}} [[Category:1939]] [[Category:1940]] [[Category:1941]] [[Category:1942]] [[Category:1943]] [[Category:1944]] [[Category:1945]] [[Category:Wars involving Australia]] [[Category:Wars involving Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involving Canada]] [[Category:Wars involving China]] [[Category:Wars involving France]] [[Category:Wars involving Germany]] [[Category:Wars involving Greece]] [[Category:Wars involving Italy]] [[Category:Wars involving Japan]] [[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involving South Africa]] [[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wars involving the United States]] [[Category:World War II| ]] a1xqdqh2vb6k30tnvl2xs0669kamc80 4 219839 10329816 10328954 2025-06-14T12:09:26Z MathXplore 966595 /* Aiman Max */ new topic ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 10329816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the place to request access to the tool|Wikipedia:Requests for permissions}} {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives/((year))-((month:##)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes | timeout = 90}} = Current requests = {{Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/New request}} <!-- Requests go here. Please add requests to the bottom of the list.--> == [[Chandra Shekhar Majhi]] == * {{checkuser|Sisir Majhi}} * {{checkuser|CS Shekhar Official}} Please note that these users are (re)creating this page, and it is deleted by {{u|Fr33kman}}. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:26, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Not confirmed. Technically unrelated.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:32, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Aiman Max]] == * {{checkuser|Aimanmax}} * {{checkuser|Newsmalaysia}} * {{checkuser|NewsAimanMax}} Please note that these users are (re)creating this page, and it is deleted by {{u|Fr33kman}}. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 648i0mbs1unidzbq7eb273xj63gcdtl 10329831 10329816 2025-06-14T12:16:32Z Barras 40117 /* Aiman Max */ duck test... 10329831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the place to request access to the tool|Wikipedia:Requests for permissions}} {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives/((year))-((month:##)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes | timeout = 90}} = Current requests = {{Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/New request}} <!-- Requests go here. Please add requests to the bottom of the list.--> == [[Chandra Shekhar Majhi]] == * {{checkuser|Sisir Majhi}} * {{checkuser|CS Shekhar Official}} Please note that these users are (re)creating this page, and it is deleted by {{u|Fr33kman}}. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:26, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Not confirmed. Technically unrelated.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:32, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Aiman Max]] == * {{checkuser|Aimanmax}} * {{checkuser|Newsmalaysia}} * {{checkuser|NewsAimanMax}} Please note that these users are (re)creating this page, and it is deleted by {{u|Fr33kman}}. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[WP:DUCK|If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's probably a duck]]. No real need for CU, but a block might be needed. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 12:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 2kmfieksvlfqi30hnu5x06csezyrgft 10329853 10329831 2025-06-14T12:30:03Z MathXplore 966595 /* Aiman Max */ reply to Barras: {{done}} (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 10329853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the place to request access to the tool|Wikipedia:Requests for permissions}} {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives/((year))-((month:##)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes | timeout = 90}} = Current requests = {{Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/New request}} <!-- Requests go here. Please add requests to the bottom of the list.--> == [[Chandra Shekhar Majhi]] == * {{checkuser|Sisir Majhi}} * {{checkuser|CS Shekhar Official}} Please note that these users are (re)creating this page, and it is deleted by {{u|Fr33kman}}. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:26, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Not confirmed. Technically unrelated.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:32, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC)}} == [[Aiman Max]] == * {{checkuser|Aimanmax}} * {{checkuser|Newsmalaysia}} * {{checkuser|NewsAimanMax}} Please note that these users are (re)creating this page, and it is deleted by {{u|Fr33kman}}. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[WP:DUCK|If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's probably a duck]]. No real need for CU, but a block might be needed. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 12:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :: {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:30, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 703qyogqb6srafg666crmul4rr8fzrl 0 221347 10330554 10316198 2025-06-14T18:03:33Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | season = 2 | episode = 13 | director = [[Rich Moore]] | writer = [[Steve Pepoon]] | story = | teleplay = | producer = | music = | editor = | production = 7F13 | airdate = {{Start date|1991|02|07}} | length = | guests = [[Phil Hartman]] as [[Troy McClure]], [[Moses]], and a [[cable television|cable]] guy | prev = [[The Way We Was]] | next = [[Principal Charming]] }} "'''Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment'''" is the thirteenth episode of the [[The Simpsons season 2|second season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It first aired on February 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer gets an [[wikt:illegal|illegal]] cable hook-up. They enjoy the new channels, but Lisa thinks that they are stealing cable. Lisa [[wikt:protests|protests]] by no longer watching television. Meanwhile, Homer invites his friends over to watch a boxing match, but Lisa's protest gets to him. He [[wikt:decides|decides]] not to watch the fight and cuts the cable. It is one of a number of ''The Simpsons'' episodes that have won an [[Emmy Award]]. == Other websites == {{wikiquote|The Simpsons/Season 2#Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment|"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment"}} *{{Snpp capsule|7F13}} *{{IMDb episode|0767443}} *{{tv.com episode|the-simpsons/homer-vs-lisa-and-the-8th-commandment-1311}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:1991 television episodes]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning programs]] [[Category:The Simpsons (season 2) episodes]] 6w848lgk0yab5hagwitr1uspk6y9eko 0 228210 10331842 10165532 2025-06-15T11:45:11Z Buttocks1 1629770 10331842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Buttocks1]] It is common belief that '''ice cream sandwhiches''' are made from [[ice cream]] sandwhiched between two [[chocolate]] wafers, however startling research by [[Godzilla|Gothzilla]] yeilded that "Ice cream sandwhiches are actually made from compressed [[shit|cow patties]] and frozen [[furry|bull]] [[semen]]." This makes [[anyone]] who eats ice cream sandwhiches a [[bestiality|zoophile]]. Which leaves the question, why do we still eat them? It's because bull semen is delicious, and if you don't eat it [[Cradle of Filth]] will come to your house and shove [[pokemon|Pokeballs]] down your throat, turning you into a [[pokemon|Lucario]]. And Lucarios always get [[rape|sexually abused]] to [[death]] by furries. Besides, bull semen is a cure for Lou Gerig's disease and [[god|Christianity]]. It's also good for your skin. It can also save you from the apocalypse by transporting you to another dimension, just in time to avoid death, and discover Flight 19 and the lost city of Atlantis. ==See Also== *[[Ice Cream]] *[[Jesus Give me Ice Cream!!!]] *[[The Ice Cream of Doom]] *[[Ice cream truck]] {{Ice cream}} ke498nmxm9oo0ocz3o9jzzmgs3q5grr 10331843 10331842 2025-06-15T11:45:16Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Buttocks1|Buttocks1]] ([[User talk:Buttocks1|talk]]) to last version by Asteralee 10165532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:IceCreamSandwich.jpg|thumb|right|An ice cream sandwich]] An '''ice cream sandwich''' is a type of frozen desert that is made by putting [[ice cream]] in between two [[cookie]]s or pieces of [[cake]] (called "sandwiching"). It is often made with vanilla ice cream between two pieces of [[chocolate cake]], but sometimes is made with other flavours instead. {{food-stub}} {{ice cream}} [[Category:Ice cream|sandwich]] [[Category:Sandwiches]] 2c2ykravngjosdql9juic7u22adbdt3 10331847 10331843 2025-06-15T11:47:13Z Buttocks1 1629770 Wikipedia articles have to be AI 10331847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Buttocks1]] [[File:Ice_cream_sandwiches.jpg|right|thumb|Why are you such a gigantic [[Bestiality|pervert?]]]] It is common belief that '''ice cream sandwhiches''' are made from [[ice cream]] sandwhiched between two [[chocolate]] wafers, however startling research by [[Godzilla|Gothzilla]] yeilded that "Ice cream sandwhiches are actually made from compressed [[shit|cow patties]] and frozen [[furry|bull]] [[semen]]." This makes [[anyone]] who eats ice cream sandwhiches a [[bestiality|zoophile]]. Which leaves the question, why do we still eat them? It's because bull semen is delicious, and if you don't eat it [[Cradle of Filth]] will come to your house and shove [[pokemon|Pokeballs]] down your throat, turning you into a [[pokemon|Lucario]]. And Lucarios always get [[rape|sexually abused]] to [[death]] by furries. Besides, bull semen is a cure for Lou Gerig's disease and [[god|Christianity]]. It's also good for your skin. It can also save you from the apocalypse by transporting you to another dimension, just in time to avoid death, and discover Flight 19 and the lost city of Atlantis. ==See Also== *[[Ice Cream]] *[[Jesus Give me Ice Cream!!!]] *[[The Ice Cream of Doom]] *[[Ice cream truck]] {{Ice cream}} 4xv1yi2v9j3ns84oxavgpseyk1m3yz6 10331850 10331847 2025-06-15T11:48:02Z Ferien 1011873 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Buttocks1|Buttocks1]] ([[User talk:Buttocks1|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 10165532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:IceCreamSandwich.jpg|thumb|right|An ice cream sandwich]] An '''ice cream sandwich''' is a type of frozen desert that is made by putting [[ice cream]] in between two [[cookie]]s or pieces of [[cake]] (called "sandwiching"). It is often made with vanilla ice cream between two pieces of [[chocolate cake]], but sometimes is made with other flavours instead. {{food-stub}} {{ice cream}} [[Category:Ice cream|sandwich]] [[Category:Sandwiches]] 2c2ykravngjosdql9juic7u22adbdt3 4 230222 10330189 10326025 2025-06-14T15:35:32Z 50.80.15.70 Shut up 10330189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> Ok Run Wii jpkgje4lr25n2qszln5we9bp92tfa1j 10330255 10330189 2025-06-14T16:12:13Z Hazard-Bot 138143 Bot: Automatically cleaned 10330255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> 56rlas6191l7pzual9okjhnhj9zhmx7 10331122 10330255 2025-06-15T00:13:35Z 2601:1C0:8481:BD90:1C69:A226:FC93:A71E 10331122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> ==Spider-Man: Into/Across the Spider-Verse (EJL423 Style)== * Ed Tucker as Miles Morales/New Spider-Man * Rex Salazar (Generator Rex) as Peter B. Parker/Spider-Man * Lance (Legendary Defender) as Peter Parker/Spider-Man * Barbara Gordon/Batgirl as Gwen Stacy/Spider-Gwen * Joseph Korso (Titan AE) as Uncle Aaron Davis * Red X (Teen Titans) as Prowler * Bruce Wayne/Batman (DCAU) as Jefferson "Jeff" Davis * Andrea Beaumont (Batman: Mask of the Phantasm) as Rio Morales * Principal Luna (MLP: EG) as Aunt May Parker * Circe Baker (Generator Rex) as Mary Jane Watson * Sailor Moon as Peni Parker/SP//dr * Porky Pig (Looney Tunes Series) as Peter Porker/Spider-Ham * Victor Sage/The Question (JLU (2004)) as Spider-Man Noir * Kent Mansley (The Iron Giant (1999)) as Wilson Fisk/Kingpin * Scarlet Overkill (Minions (2015)) as Olivia "Liv" Octavius/Doctor Octopus * Bowser (Mario Series) as Norman Osborn/Green Goblin * Tony Zucco (Batman: TAS) as Tombstone * The Scorpion King as Mac Gargan/The Scorpion * Bob Kane as Stan Lee * Terry McGinnis/Batman Beyond as Miguel O'Hara/Spider-Man 2099 * Francis Freeman (Deadpool Series) as Dr. Jonathan Ohnn * Spellbinder (Batman Beyond) as the Spot * Mari McCabe/Vixen (Batman: TBATB) as Jessica Drew/Spider-Woman * Mouhamad Bassal as Pavitr Prabhakar/Spider-Man India * Zuko (Avatar: TLA) as Hobie Brown/Spider-Punk * Sora (Ninjago: Dragons Rising) as LYLA * Boo (Monster Inc) as Mayday Parker * Yesss (Ralph Breaks the Internet) as Margo Kess/Spider-Byte * James Gordon (DCAU) as George Stacy * Biff Tannen (BTTF 2) as Adrian Toomes/Vulture * Ed Tucker (Evil Form) as Miles G. Morales/The Prowler 0j6wegoao7czjx1eip37xlm0msxt5cb 10331210 10331122 2025-06-15T01:12:13Z Hazard-Bot 138143 Bot: Automatically cleaned 10331210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> 56rlas6191l7pzual9okjhnhj9zhmx7 10331445 10331210 2025-06-15T04:44:42Z 2601:1C0:8481:BD90:1C69:A226:FC93:A71E 10331445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> ==Quotes== * Andrea Beaumont: Say it. * Bruce Wayne: You’re grounded! * Ed Tucker: What?! For how long? * Bruce Wayne: A month! * Ed Tucker: Dad. Mom, are you… Seriously?! * Bruce Wayne: Yeah, dead serious. * Ed Tucker: You don’t understand - - * Bruce Wayne: You're right! You are right! (Cut the people looked at them, while Howling Jake turns up the music.) * Bruce Wayne: (from o.c.) I have no idea what’s going on with you! So, why didn’t you tell me?! * Ed Tucker: JUST LISTEN TO ME! * Bruce Wayne: OK, champ. You got it. Go for it. Say whatever you wanted to say. ''WHAT DID YOU GOT TO TELL ME, SO BAD?!'' (Jake stops the music and everyone stared. Long paused.) * Ed Tucker: (takes a deep breath and sighs) You know what… never mind. (He walks away from Bruce and Andrea, defeated.) * Bruce Wayne: Alright, great. Walk away. (yells out) ''BECAUSE NOW YOU GOT 2 MONTHS!'' (Calms down. Andrea stared at him.) * Bruce Wayne: That was good, right? e8sog84zl0qnzpzmsp6bijsu3fgi3yt 10331462 10331445 2025-06-15T05:12:15Z Hazard-Bot 138143 Bot: Automatically cleaned 10331462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> 56rlas6191l7pzual9okjhnhj9zhmx7 4 232191 10329953 10328595 2025-06-14T13:16:34Z Barras 40117 /* Togetic */ new section 10329953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) rgsa4gpob8x7a5zuqz83sdr5nc811z0 10329968 10329953 2025-06-14T13:20:12Z BRPever 487619 /* Togetic */ Reply 10329968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) pet9vc8f2gfzy29h80mal3bz3u3se0t 10329998 10329968 2025-06-14T13:31:14Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Greghenderson2006 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) */ Reply 10329998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) cuw0da7dtd2jzgqhrtfcprryztasy92 10330731 10329998 2025-06-14T19:44:05Z Graywalls 923449 /* Greghenderson2006 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) */ Reply 10330731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) k9b5tts3cxtw9et7b77nfvqgwgrwnel 10330744 10330731 2025-06-14T19:50:38Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Greghenderson2006 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) */ Reply 10330744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I've QDed the article under A3 as its a complex article from another Wikipedia. Thanks for your help! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ck2u99s2pldejdiglkllnpm1cg8vr3y 10330940 10330744 2025-06-14T22:06:37Z Graywalls 923449 /* Greghenderson2006 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) */ Reply 10330940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I've QDed the article under A3 as its a complex article from another Wikipedia. Thanks for your help! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::{{re|fr33kman}}, generally speaking that is. You'll see he's specifically focused on people and local places, most particularly Carmel-by-the-Sea in a township in the US State of California, like [[Tirey L. Ford]], [[Pacific Improvement Company]], which appears to be meant to expand his "Carmelopedia" than to help make things simpler to understand. So, everything about [[WP:NOTHERE]] is relevant. The editor also has a history of undisclosed paid editing on numerous occasions on en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) k2t91q1r3v84hhwmh2j9am76u32o04g 10330947 10330940 2025-06-14T22:12:35Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Greghenderson2006 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) */ Reply 10330947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I've QDed the article under A3 as its a complex article from another Wikipedia. Thanks for your help! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::{{re|fr33kman}}, generally speaking that is. You'll see he's specifically focused on people and local places, most particularly Carmel-by-the-Sea in a township in the US State of California, like [[Tirey L. Ford]], [[Pacific Improvement Company]], which appears to be meant to expand his "Carmelopedia" than to help make things simpler to understand. So, everything about [[WP:NOTHERE]] is relevant. The editor also has a history of undisclosed paid editing on numerous occasions on en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thanks for the information, will definitely keep a close eye on the situation. I'm also a checkuser so will keep an eye out for socks. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) svia6hiucdezsjflb9alr21o908mddn 10331300 10330947 2025-06-15T01:54:39Z Star Mississippi 212286 /* Greghenderson2006 (talk · contribs · deleted contribs · logs · filter log · block user · block log) */ Reply 10331300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I've QDed the article under A3 as its a complex article from another Wikipedia. Thanks for your help! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::{{re|fr33kman}}, generally speaking that is. You'll see he's specifically focused on people and local places, most particularly Carmel-by-the-Sea in a township in the US State of California, like [[Tirey L. Ford]], [[Pacific Improvement Company]], which appears to be meant to expand his "Carmelopedia" than to help make things simpler to understand. So, everything about [[WP:NOTHERE]] is relevant. The editor also has a history of undisclosed paid editing on numerous occasions on en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thanks for the information, will definitely keep a close eye on the situation. I'm also a checkuser so will keep an eye out for socks. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] for your assistance and advice [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) h6hhv60tnz1vudbg6cwr02es5bpc23k 10331426 10331300 2025-06-15T04:00:58Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 3 threads (older than 14 days) to [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive 84]] 10331426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I've QDed the article under A3 as its a complex article from another Wikipedia. Thanks for your help! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::{{re|fr33kman}}, generally speaking that is. You'll see he's specifically focused on people and local places, most particularly Carmel-by-the-Sea in a township in the US State of California, like [[Tirey L. Ford]], [[Pacific Improvement Company]], which appears to be meant to expand his "Carmelopedia" than to help make things simpler to understand. So, everything about [[WP:NOTHERE]] is relevant. The editor also has a history of undisclosed paid editing on numerous occasions on en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thanks for the information, will definitely keep a close eye on the situation. I'm also a checkuser so will keep an eye out for socks. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] for your assistance and advice [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 59pul6suji9uegyt454zls99a2tr5lv 10331516 10331426 2025-06-15T05:49:56Z Immanuelle 1174418 moving from simple talk to here 10331516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive %(counter)d |algo = old(14d) |counter = 84 |maxarchivesize = 100K |minthreadsleft = 4 }} __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <inputbox> type=fulltext prefix=Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard break=no width=30 searchbuttonlabel=Search all Administrators' noticeboard archives </inputbox> __TOC__ <!-- FOR EMERGENCIES ONLY: If an issue has not been replied to, and an '''immediate''' response is required to prevent ongoing harm to the project, ping an administrator in the WP:IRC #wikipedia-simple channel using !admin@simplewiki or in the WP:DISCORD channel #simple-english-wikipedia using @SimpleEnglishAdmins --> == Disruptive IP == For the past few weeks, {{ipvandal|2001:2020:309:CBE7:F5D9:160D:93C2:8187}} and its associated IP addresses have shown a pattern of making spurious claims about well-sourced articles being “non-notable” (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Igor_Ivitskiy#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:65E2:C6BE:2D4E:1317-20250522021900-AfD_or_Delete,_is_fine 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Weaponized_incompetence#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521192500-Is_the_(one)_source,_independent_and/or_notable? 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Vichy_syndrome#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:A5E8:4CD6:5DCC:17DE-20250529044200-Delete_or_AfD? 3]), and abusing the QD function (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 4], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293190 5], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293216 6], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&diff=prev&oldid=10293219 7], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_(caste)&diff=prev&oldid=10299688 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark-ego-vehicle_principle&diff=prev&oldid=10299572 9]). This is highly disrespectful to other contributors. The same range of IP addresses has also engaged in spam-like behaviour on the [[Wikipedia:Simple Talk|Simple Talk]] page (e.g. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7-20250520191300-Caste_(?)._Not_mentioned_at_en-wiki,if_asked 8], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:7CF5:E6C8:2556:867-20250521160400-Please_move_(May_21) 9], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:2936:5676:110C:FF04-20250522174500-Hoax?_(Power-lifter_from_Iran) 10], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529174100-2001:2020:303:BB75:8D33:ED08:CBD2:496-20250529171200 11]). [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 09:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :Requesting Check user here to stop this long term abuse and to know actual active and sleeper accounts hiding behind these IPs to damage the project. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::CheckUser does not link IP addresses to individual accounts though. What makes it tricky is that the IP user is hopping back and forth with slightly different addresses of the same range. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:47, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :'''Removal of QD tags''' (i.e. at [[Sejwal (caste)]], and other articles): admins might want to check out which persons in this discussion, are involved in that. Diff,<br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sejwal_%28caste%29&diff=10299851&oldid=10299688<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:48, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Some of them were removed because you had abused the QD function, including removal by admins when you were using other IP addresses to do so. Instead of reconsidering your actions, you continue deflecting it onto others. I am hardly convinced that you are participating in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:51, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :i have '''put back''' QD-tag in [[Sejwal (caste)]], see edit @17:51. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:54, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Would you mind having a look at this issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>Non-authorized '''removal''' of QD-tags, has now happened '''again'''. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:59, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Because you have been abusing the function to the point that it can be considered disruptive, if not vandalism, depending on context. It is better to avoid such [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing#Failure_or_refusal_to_%22get_the_point%22 IDIDNTHEARTHAT] behaviour, and engage constructively when this is a collaborative project. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:02, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Look, there is a slim chance that you can keep "your" article [[Sejwal (caste)]], and that is by you (or anyone) taking it to Delete-discussion or AfD.--However, the QD-tag is fair, but maybe you can find a 'sympathetic user' that can 'convert' the QD, into an AfD. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::That article is not written by me. I am not involved in that topic area. I am commenting on your behavioural pattern as a third-party observer. Would you please learn to listen to others’ concerns? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Please stop placing QD tags using notability as a reason. Lack of notability is not qd criteria, and lack of an enwiki article isn't either. You can see all the valid reasons at [[WP:QD|Wikipedia:Deletion policy]].- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Someone [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#c-CountryANDWestern-20250601095700-Steven1991-20250531094700 reports] that the IP user is continuing the same behaviour. It does not seem to have the intention to stop. The Talk page warning that he/she had been given yesterday was also removed by him/her. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 12:49, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :'''New QD'''-tag (as of 18:21). Justification has been 'improved'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:24, 31 May 2025 (UTC)<br><br>'''Removal''' has happened yet again, this time by ChenzwBot.--Someone else might need to revert that edit, by that Bot. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::The bot rightfully did so. It has also left [[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74#May 2025|a warning on your Talk page]]. Desisting from it is the best course of action for you. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:30, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :They're now placing deletion requests/opinions at article talk pages rather than taking action themselves: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ciudad_BBVA&oldid=10302172 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kandhola_(caste)%E2%80%8C&oldid=10302064 2], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Behzad_Qasemi&oldid=10302058 3], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Bythos&oldid=10302148 4]. It's funny, in these edits and in others, they're commenting that they're too busy working on other articles to take action but I'm not really seeing a lot of "fix[ing] articles that have passed Delete" like they say they're busy doing.... [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:57, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Is it possible for your team to handle this? The IP user seems to be causing substantial disruptions to the platform. The IP user has no intention to desist either. It [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle=Wikipedia%3ASandbox continues the said abuse] in [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 16:19, 1 June 2025 (UTC) <br> [[Talk:Sejwal (caste)#Needs Delete (or AfD)]].--The sooner, the better.--After that, let the chips fall where they may. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:890B:9EEE:6387:3E54|talk]]) 16:17, 1 June 2025 (UTC) Range-blocked for a week by {{u|Fr33kman}}. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) == [[:Category:Wikipedia protected edit requests]] == Hi, there are a few requests in this category which haven't been dealt with in a long time, could an admin please look through? [[User:Matrix|Matrix]] ([[User talk:Matrix|talk]]) 10:40, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Matrix|Matrix]]: Someone must have taken care of them because the category is empty now. Thanks for the nudge. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:13, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ::BRPever took care of it. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC) {{resolved|1=[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:14, 3 June 2025 (UTC)}} == Mia9542 == Regarding {{User5|Mia9542}}... The above user is blocked at English Wikipedia via a checkuser block. The checkuser who performed the block did not name the connected account nor is there an SPI; that checkuser (Ponyo) is currently on vacation so I can't ask her what's up to determine if there's a connected Simple blocked user. Does anyone recognize a pattern with this user that matches anyone who's blocked here at Simple? ''I'm not asking for a checkuser fishing expedition here; just looking to see if their edit pattern matches anyone other users are familiar with.'' Long story short, they've made dozens of translated stub articles that are generally orphaned and generally not showing notability, and I'd rather not sift through each one if we can consider a nuke option for G5 purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: I can't speak to the checkuser issue, but I have left another message telling the user that the articles they created don't have enough info and don't show notability. If it continues, we can escalate that to the point of blocking and nuking. :Maybe one of the other enwiki checkusers could give us more information. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:24, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Mark Speight == Can you protect [[Mark Speight]]? There's a lot of vandlalism. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 17:57, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :There has been vandalism, but it doesn't reach the threshold of being too much to keep up with so it doesn't need protection at this time. Thanks to {{u|Barras}} for reverting today's vandalism. I'll add the page to my watchlist. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) Vandalism has resumed again at [[Mark Speight]]. Can we consider a protection for a bit? Since April, there have been 344 edits to the article, and I don't see any that aren't vandalism or someone reverting vandalism. The En. article is protected until December, and it appears that the IP users have just moved here instead. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:08, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Done for a month. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:35, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Edit warring on caste pages == For some time now I have been acting as mediator on various POV edit wars going on to the Caste based pages. As such I have now made it a requirement that any new additions to these pages must first get consensus on the relevant talk page prior to any edits going libe. I have warned the editors that directly editing without consensus will result in either an out right block or else a topic ban. Just FYI. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:54, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Baldi's Basics == Hello. I can't revert the vandalism on [[Baldi's Basics]] as the edit filter is blocking the URL kickstarter[.]com (it was in the page originally). Could someone please take a look? Thanks -[[User:OXYLYPSE|OXYLYPSE]] ([[User talk:OXYLYPSE|talk]]) 14:46, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:49, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == These categories need to be merged somehow == * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]], which doesn't exist, but includes three pages. * [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]]. [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8032:7CD9:9D9F:1917:7739|talk]]) 21:12, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} I made the Wiki'''m'''edians one a redirect. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:30, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == [[WP:REVDEL|RevDel]] == Not 100% sure but I think this is something you are supposed to RevDel. [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Rogers&oldid=10142685] (Sorry if this isn't the right place to report this) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 04:00, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == QD deletion request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Mexico Countryballs]] as an IP keeps removing the qd, Page is a hoax, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:41, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Done.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:03, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks BRP much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)? == Today, i copied from en-wiki (from a disambig page), and pasted large parts of it, to sandbox (and attribution got done also).<br> <br> I seem to remember that when i did Preview (before publishing), then there was no warning about 'bad edit etc'.<br> <br> At the end of this post, 'a diff' is mentioned.--Some time around 8 AM, i removed <br> "[... one '''four-letter''' word] for Forest, an environmental group that raises money through the production of pornography".<br> <br> If the use of Sandbox was problematic (beyond copying a 'four-letter bad word',from an en-wiki disambig), then i do not understand '''why'''.<br> <br> Edit comment for the two diffs 'that seem to have set off (automated) alarms':<br> *08:02, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''none'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox (diff) *08:00, 9 June 2025: 2001:2020:309:cbe7:a13e:f8c5:22fd:4b0b (talk) triggered an abuse filter, performing the action "edit" on Wikipedia:Sandbox. Actions taken: '''Warn'''; Filter description: Abuse of sandbox. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:49, 9 June 2025 (UTC) :Furthermore, my later edits at Sandbox, did not 'set of alarms', to my knowledge. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:B93D:391D:6372:A173|talk]]) 21:53, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ::User has been blocked for two weeks for general disruption. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:52, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == New block interface? == I went to block an IP earlier and upon clicking the block link was taken to a new "Manage blocks" page with what I can only assume is a new interface for blocking people. It has new options on it too. Is this the same for everyone else or is it just me? Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Same for me it seems, and across all projects.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:06, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::Would have been nice to get a heads up. It seems the devs these days are just rolling out changes as they please. I do like the table that shows up after you block someone. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:11, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]]: Could it perhaps have been mentioned in the tech newsletter? I don't always keep up with that, so I don't know if it was there. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Don't know, I never read it. I guess it's not a big deal as it's easy to figure out, it was just a surprise. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:15, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::There were mentions in the tech news but I was caught by surprise as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:16, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] There is a further read at [[meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks]] if you are interested. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 02:23, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks for the link '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:48, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Me, too. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:12, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Unblock discussion for User:Immanuelle == {{atop | result = User unblocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) }} ''(moved from ST)'' I am putting forth a proposal to discuss the potential unblock of user [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]. This person was blocked almost two years ago for creating bad pages. They are only blocked in main space and retain access to their user space to create draft articles. I have seen this user editing quite often while I've been patrolling New Changes and have delved into their edits and block history out of interest. I personally believe that whatever problems existed before do not exist now. I support unblocking their account and restoring their access to main space. I am putting this forth to the community rather than just unblocking them on my own right because of the nature and length of the block. Also they have made it pretty clean of their user page that they are too afraid to ask for an unblock themselves : hence why I am suggesting it here. Thanks, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Was the block in response to a community ban discussion? If not, it doesn't require a community discussion to unblock. Maybe this should be at [[WP:AN]]. :But to reply to the issue at hand, I see that the reason for the block by {{u|Operator873}} was given as "Creating bad pages: Continuing to create machine translation pages with complex language. Limit from article space for now." Before unblocking, and since Immanuelle has been working on drafts in userspace, I'd want to see some draft articles that are in good shape. I've looked at some minor things that Immanuelle asked for feedback on, but I haven't evaluated any entire draft articles, so at this point I don't know what shape they're in. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:10, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::I guess we can move it to AN. I want to get opinions on it because I didn't feel comfortable just removing the block. Immanuelle has listed a few draft pages above so you can get an idea of her edits. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:17, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] Don't you want to tell the user about this? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 11 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] they did tell me about it. The conversation was just kind of cut off when moved from Simple Talk. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 09:18, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Oh, I see. Noted [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:21, 11 June 2025 (UTC) *@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] I'd support an unblock on condition that they take care of not publishing pages to mainspace unless the pages are ready. The block is quite old, and some of the drafts I checked looks good.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:33, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd agree to unblock. Just checked five random pages, which are ok for article space. The articles probably need some more work, but I don't think the complex article rationale is still valid. Some sort of a mentorship or something would probably be helpful, I guess. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:43, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *I'd support an unblock too, I've checked their drafts and those tagged with InUse are obviously not ready for mainspace and those that aren't tagged with it are fine/are ready for mainspace. I'm not seeing any problematic edits or behaviour here, Seems the user has learned from this so yeah I'd support unblocking, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:20, 12 June 2025 (UTC) :Piling-on, support unblock. The user showed willingness to cooperate and improve the quality of their pages before looking to move them to mainspace, and I have no reason to suspect the issues will reappear. Plus, if (in some universe) it goes wrong, we can just re-add the block.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * I gladly support this unblock. I have seen four of this user's drafts and they seem fine to me (sufficiently simplified), so there is no need for the block anymore. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:41, 13 June 2025 (UTC) {{abot}} == Block review for 2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64 == The IP range [[Special:Contribs/2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64|2001:2020:309:CBE7::/64]] was blocked on June 1 for one week and on June 11 for two weeks, both by Fr33kman. I do not believe the reason for blocking was good enough, and at least an admin should have explained the problem to them on their talk page. In the section above titled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Disruptive IP|Disruptive IP]], Steven1991 said linked to a number of edits on the sandbox, which I assume were caught by the abuse filter. The fact that they were logged by the abuse filter does itself make them vandalism, as some were tagged due to containing swear words, such as the mention of an organization called "Fuck for Forest" which was mentioned by the IP range themself in the discussion above labeled [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?|Abuse filter (in regard to something 'beyond copying over, one bad-fourLetter-word)?]]. In some cases, it appears the problem was that other editors did not understand this IP's comments, not that they were vandalism. For example, the discussion on Simple Talk labeled [[Wikipedia:Simple talk#Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)|Vandalism? (jocularity in infobox?)]] in which the IP range linked specifically to an edit to [[June 2025 Los Angeles protests]] in which someone else had added "Crips, Bloods and other local gang members" to the infobox. However Steven1991 again accused them of vandalism there, which was not the case. I hope other admins can look into this situation and either unblock or tell the IP user on their talk page what they should do to avoid being blocked in the future. [[Special:Contributions/75.238.96.221|75.238.96.221]] ([[User talk:75.238.96.221|talk]]) 19:42, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I blocked the range due to the number of trivial requests and disruptive posts on community pages. The user was asked multiple times to stop but ignored those requests. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:47, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :How are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history&offset=&limit=100 these] not vandalism? The IP user misused the QD function and restored nonsensical content on at least one stable page several times. Patrolling admins had reminded the IP user repeatedly before restrictions were imposed. This alone justifies further range blocks when the IP user’s hopping back and forth with slightly different IP addresses to repeat the same disruptive operations. You are obviously not presenting the truth here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:07, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == {{userlinks|Greghenderson2006}} == Hello. I'm an en wiki admin who wants this community to know about the edits this user, [[User:Greghenderson2006|<bdi>Greghenderson2006</bdi>]] is importing from en wiki where his sock, [[:en:User:Historyjunkie2024|User:Historyjunkie2024]], was just blocked. Here, Greg created [[Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue]] which Hj created on en wiki [[:en:Sidewalk Clock, 783 Fifth Avenue]] (now deleted). I'm not sure this project's prohibitions against such behavior, but flagging if it needs attention. I'll watch here but feel free to ping me on en wiki [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Comment, he has been blocked on Commons :[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Greghenderson2006] [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 04:14, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::I think [[WP:NOTHERE]] Dishonest behavior, like sock puppetry applies given that both of the aforementioned accounts exist here. Simple Wikipedia is not a secondary playground for someone whose been kicked out of standard English Wikipedia. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 04:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for the information, we will keep an eye out for any problems. At this point there is no indication of socking here. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 13:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{re|fr33kman}}, I believe [[WP:NOTHERE]] applies. Simple Wikipedia is intended as displaying contents similar to en.wiki in simpler English for ease of understanding. Not an alternate dumping ground for non-notable articles or advertorial junk. If you look at Greghenderson's articles created here, you'll immediately see the contents are written in difficulty level more appropriate for main en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 19:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I've QDed the article under A3 as its a complex article from another Wikipedia. Thanks for your help! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::{{re|fr33kman}}, generally speaking that is. You'll see he's specifically focused on people and local places, most particularly Carmel-by-the-Sea in a township in the US State of California, like [[Tirey L. Ford]], [[Pacific Improvement Company]], which appears to be meant to expand his "Carmelopedia" than to help make things simpler to understand. So, everything about [[WP:NOTHERE]] is relevant. The editor also has a history of undisclosed paid editing on numerous occasions on en.wiki. [[User:Graywalls|Graywalls]] ([[User talk:Graywalls|talk]]) 22:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Thanks for the information, will definitely keep a close eye on the situation. I'm also a checkuser so will keep an eye out for socks. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] for your assistance and advice [[User:Star Mississippi|Star Mississippi]] ([[User talk:Star Mississippi|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == [[Togetic]] == {{lc|Togetic}} This article is suffering some edit warring between an IP and different users. The page has been redirected to [[List of Pokémon]] multiple times. The IP reverts that now for like a month. I'd appreciate a semi-protection and revert to the redirect. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:16, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Reverted back to redirect and protected.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Mass Hoax article creation by a blocked user == Two users, {{user|TheMaxChannel528-24}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-24&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]) and {{user|TheMaxChannel528-35}} ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=TheMaxChannel528-35&namespace=all&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=500 their article creations]), have created a bunch of TV network articles such as [[Star Channel (Australian TV channel)]], [[FX (Japanese TV channel)]], and [[Discovery Kids (Southeast Asia)]]. They're all essentially the same issues: unsourced, unverifiable, and not on other wikis. Googling these channels is giving back these articles plus fandom wikis. I'm not finding existence for them. Each account is blocked on English and Spanish Wikipedias for socking. What's the best way to approach these accounts and articles? I'd like to avoid making massive RFDs if possible and I don't feel confident enough to declare them all hoaxes for QD purposes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:05, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] what about merging them all into articles like [[Discovery Kids]]? :They might be not on other wikis because their operations in a single country are not notable, but notable as a group. Then we can work on trimming off the unverifiable content later. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 12:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] update both have been blocked by @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] so is it good to just delete all the pages as hoaxes now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 13:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] considering that they seem to be just posting things from this site https://dreamlogos.fandom.com/wiki/NBC_(Russia) to here, and this site seems to be explicitly a hoax wiki, I think they should all be speedy deleted. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] would you be able to mass delete their created pages? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:10, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: Any admin can do a mass delete of a user's created pages if they agree it's appropriate. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:14, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] do you agree this is appropriate? You are an admin right? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:31, 15 June 2025 (UTC) e75o9d6nlakcs4j3doyi8633vv6d5nr 4 232564 10331029 10313181 2025-06-14T23:01:19Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* S */ Add page on Standard Library (Computer Science) 10331029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] 0zv6obqhhuvppa8ujxqw5wiu3e1as67 10331147 10331029 2025-06-15T00:28:15Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* I */ Request page 10331147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. 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You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] epfnos1x2fzwi40i3xrxxp6xp7njb20 10331155 10331147 2025-06-15T00:32:04Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* B */ Request page 10331155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] 9ihfrewpnt0dmiqkihqsyhhxtudgf5d 10331161 10331155 2025-06-15T00:38:24Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* S */ Request Page 10331161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] 36p06fo5yxay4jnm1iq7h3sj83gqeak 10331208 10331161 2025-06-15T01:11:11Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* A */ Request Page 10331208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] hmb0a7tag4xjkfy8smjb3ufpaq0gm77 10331216 10331208 2025-06-15T01:14:33Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* U */ Request Page 10331216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] riy4kviajk0l92zoad2h9fgskhntymf 10331220 10331216 2025-06-15T01:16:12Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* H */ Request Page 10331220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]] * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] ef8le1r5eb8k841ctgh52o4hsq4271u 10331237 10331220 2025-06-15T01:21:41Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* O */ Request Page 10331237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]] * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] * [[Otherwise]] [[:en:Otherwise|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] bh70prjv2ao4qdaejlectu7zkhz0vsq 10331251 10331237 2025-06-15T01:26:30Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* E */ Request Page 10331251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Else]] [[:en:Else|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]] * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] * [[Otherwise]] [[:en:Otherwise|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] j7z2pkbqvcoqy60p6iwcxda8qyo6ry0 10331278 10331251 2025-06-15T01:36:33Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* C */ Request Page 10331278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Conclusion]] [[:en:Conclusion|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Else]] [[:en:Else|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]] * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] * [[Otherwise]] [[:en:Otherwise|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] 6knixq2p6t4afubipbw4g4ju0a4sezx 10331285 10331278 2025-06-15T01:40:10Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* I */ Request Page 10331285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:REQUEST|requests for permissions|WP:RFP|requests for deletion|WP:RFD}} {{Shortcut|WP:RA|WP:REQUEST|WP:REQ}} If you add a request, make sure you give a link to the subject's article in English or other Wikipedia(s), if there is one. Do not add subject(s) whose [[WP:N|notability]] is not agreed on. Biographies should be listed by their last name. You can find more articles to make at these pages: * [[Wikipedia:List of articles all languages should have]] * [[Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles|The Vital Articles list at the English Wikipedia]] (for a bigger list of important pages) __NOTOC__ {{TOC}} == 0-9 == * [[2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]] [[:en:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season|(en)]] * [[2021 Brazilian military crisis]] [[:en:2021 Brazilian military crisis|(en)]] * [[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season]] [[:en:2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|(en)]] * [[2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup]] [[:en:2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup|(en)]] * [[5D optical data storage]] [[:en:5D optical data storage|(en)]] * [[74th British Academy Film Awards]] ([[:en:74th British Academy Film Awards|en]]) * [[6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!]] ([[:fr:6 Nenme Shido Kinen Mini Album 6 Nenme Start!|fr]]) ([[:jp:6年目スタート!|jp]]) == A == * [[Adana Şakirpaşa Airport]] [[:en:Adana Şakirpaşa Airport|(en)]] * [[Alex Cora]] [[:en:Alex Cora|(en)]] * [[Alain Claude Bilie By Nze]] [[:en:Alain Claude Bilie By Nze|(en)]] * [[Anies Baswedan]] [[:en:Anies Baswedan|(en)]] * [[Ansan]] [[:en:Ansan|(en)]] * [[Antilag system]] [[:en:Antilag system|(en)]] * [[Antonia Prebble]] [[:en:Antonia Prebble|(en)]] * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] [[:en:Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party|(en)]] * [[Append]] [[:en:Append|(en)]] * [[Arch Mission Foundation]] [[:en:Arch Mission Foundation|(en)]] * [[Artists4Ceasefire]] [[:en:Artists4Ceasefire|(en)]] * [[Asbestos and the law]] [[:en:Asbestos and the law|(en)]] * [[Assassination of Marielle Franco]] [[:en:Assassination of Marielle Franco|(en)]] * [[Aspark]] [[:en:Aspark|(en)]] * [[At Close Range]] [[:en:At Close Range|(en)]] * [[At Last the 1948 Show]] [[:en:At Last the 1948 Show|(en)]] * [[Atlus West]] [[:en:Atlus West|(en)]] * [[Atmospheric optics]] [[:en:Atmospheric optics|(en)]] * [[Aysel Gürel]] [[:en:Aysel Gürel|(en)]] == B == * [[Baltimore classification]] [[:en:Baltimore classification|(en)]] * [[Bay of Fundy]] [[:en:Bay of Fundy|(en)]] * [[Bellbird (TV series)|Bellbird]] [[:en:Bellbird (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bendegó meteorite (report)]] [[:en:Bendegó meteorite (report)|(en)]] [[:pt:Meteorito de Bendegó (relatório)|(pt)]] * [[Bhikkhu]] [[:en:Bhikkhu|(en)]] * [[Bishop Sycamore High School scandal]] [[:en:Bishop Sycamore High School scandal|(en)]] * [[Black capitalism]] [[:en:Black capitalism|(en)]] * [[Bladee]] [[:en:Bladee|(en)]] * [[Blanchard's transsexualism typology]] [[:en:Blanchard's transsexualism typology|(en)]] * [[Blind Chess Olympiad]] [[:en:Blind Chess Olympiad|(en)]] * [[Blood Feud (1978 movie)]] [[:en:Blood Feud (1978 film)|(en)]] * [[Boon (TV series)]] [[:en:Boon (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Bowie at the Beeb]] [[:en:Bowie at the Beeb|(en)]] * [[Brad Thor]] [[:en:Brad Thor|(en)]] * [[Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration]] [[:en:Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration|(en)]] * [[Brésil (spherical balloon)]] [[:en:Brésil (spherical balloon)|(en)]] * [[Brilliance Auto Group]] [[:en:Brilliance Auto Group|(en)]] * [[Bruce Beresford]] [[:en:Bruce Beresford|(en)]] * [[Built-in]] [[:en:Built-in|(en)]] == C == * [[Case Covaxin]] [[:en:Case Covaxin|(en)]] * [[Centrão]] [[:en:Centrão|(en)]] * [[Charles Fourier]] [[:en:Charles Fourier|(en)]] * [[Child corporal punishment laws]] [[:en:Child corporal punishment laws|(en)]] * [[Chilly Scenes of Winter]] [[:en:Chilly Scenes of Winter|(en)]] * [[Chinese guardian lions]] [[:en:Chinese guardian lions|(en)]] * [[Cinema of Nigeria]] [[:en:Cinema of Nigeria|(en)]] * [[Clare Holman]] [[:en:Clare Holman|(en)]] * [[Clive Wood]] [[:en:Clive Wood|(en)]] * [[Co-creation ]] [[:en:co-creation |(en)]] * [[COINTELPRO]] [[:en:COINTELPRO|(en)]] * [[Colditz (1972 TV series)]] [[:en:Colditz (1972 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Commerce raiding]] [[:en:Commerce raiding|(en)]] * [[Company town]] [[:en:Company town|(en)]] * [[Conan the Destroyer]] [[:en:Conan the Destroyer|(en)]] * [[Conclusion]] [[:en:Conclusion|(en)]] * [[Constance Quéniaux]] [[:en: Constance Quéniaux|(en)]] * [[Coonley House]] [[:en: Coonley House|(en)]] * [[Crazy Lady!]] [[:en:Crazy Lady!|(en)]] * [[Criticism of copyright]] [[:en:Criticism of copyright|(en)]] == D == * [[Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|Dalziel and Pascoe]] [[:en:Dalziel and Pascoe (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Daryl Braithwaite]] [[:en:Daryl Braithwaite|(en)]] * [[Devon Conway]] [[:en:Devon Conway|(en)]] * [[Dellinger (crater)]] [[:en:Dellinger (crater)|(en)]] * [[Derringer]] [[:en:Derringer|(en)]] * [[Denza]] [[:en:Denza|(en)]] * [[Detention of Mark Bernstein]] [[:en:Detention of Mark Bernstein|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Dismissal (employment)]] [[:en:Dismissal (employment)|(en)]] * [[Domain name registry]] [[:en:Domain name registry|(en)]] * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] [[:en:Dongfeng Motor Corporation|(en)]] * [[Doutor Gama]] [[:en:Doutor Gama|(en)]] * [[DR Automobiles]] [[:en:DR Automobiles|(en)]] * [[Dragon Flyz]] [[:en:Dragon Flyz|(en)]] * [[Drain Gang]] [[:en:Drain Gang|(en)]] * [[Duggan (TV series)]] [[:en:Duggan (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Dulcie Gray]] [[:en:Dulcie Gray|(en)]] * [[Daniel Kolawole Olukoya]] [[:en: Daniel Kolawole Olukoya|(en)]] == E == * [[Echoes (Pink Floyd song)]] [[:en:Echoes (Pink Floyd song)|(en)]] * [[Economic warfare]] [[:en:Economic warfare|(en)]] * [[Ecco2k]] [[:en:ecco2k|(en)]] * [[Educational games in the Sonic series]] [[:en: Educational games in the Sonic series|(en)]] * [[Elementary (TV series)]] [[:en:Elementary (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Else]] [[:en:Else|(en)]] * [[Elvis on Tour]] [[:en: Elvis on Tour|(en)]] * [[Elvis: That's the Way It Is]] [[:en:Elvis: That's the Way It Is|(en)]] * [[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] [[:en:Encyclopedia of Popular Music|(en)]] * [[English-language spelling reform]] [[:en:English-language spelling reform|(en)]] * [[Eurasian Economic Union]] [[:en:Eurasian Economic Union|(en)]] == F == * [[Families (TV series)]] [[:en:Families (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Farhan Ali Dina]] [[:en:Farhan Ali Dina|(en)]] * [[Félix I]] [[:en:Félix I|(en)]] * [[FIFA eligibility rules]] [[:en:FIFA eligibility rules|(en)]] * [[Finite difference]] [[:en:Finite difference|(en)]] * [[First Knight]] [[:en:First Knight|(en)]] * [[Fisker Automotive]] [[:en:Fisker Automotive|(en)]] * [[Fisker Inc]] [[:en:Fisker Inc|(en)]] * [[Fisker Karma]] [[:en:Fisker Karma|(en)]] * [[Fisker Ocean]] [[:en:Fisker Ocean|(en)]] * [[Flash rob]] [[:en:Flash rob|(en)]] * [[Fluoropolymer]] [[:en:Fluoropolymer|(en)]] * [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1920 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1972 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1984 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]] ([[:en:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics|en]]) * [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament]] ([[:en:Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|en]]) * [[Force-feeding]] ([[:en:Force-feeding|en]]) * [[Fourth Wing]] ([[:en:Fourth Wing|en]]) * [[Frankie Lymon]] [[:en:Frankie Lymon|(en)]] * [[Free Fire]] [[:en:Free Fire|(en)]] * [[Freedmen's Bureau]] [[:en:Freedmen's Bureau|(en)]] * [[Frequency modulation synthesis]] [[:en:Frequency modulation synthesis|(en)]] * [[Function application]] [[:en:Function application|(en)]] == G == * [[Gabriel Ibitoye]] [[:en:Gabriel Ibitoye|(en)]] * [[Gamelan]] [[:en:Gamelan|(en)]] * [[Galileo Solar Space Telescope]] [[:en:Galileo Solar Space Telescope|(en)]] * [[Generation poem]] [[:en:Generation poem|(en)]] * [[George Scrimshaw (rugby union)]] [[:en:George Scrimshaw (rugby union)|(en)]] * [[Gideon's Way]] [[:en:Gideon's Way|(en)]] * [[Ginetta]] [[:en:Ginetta|(en)]] * [[Greg Chappell]] [[:en:Greg Chappell|(en)]] * [[Great Wall Motors]] [[ :en:Great Wall Motors|(en)]] * [[Graf Hartmetall]] [[:en:Graf Hartmetall|(en)]] == H == * [[Handy]] [[:en:Handy|(en)]] * [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] [[:en:Henrique Lins de Barros|(en)]] * [[High Risk (1981 movie)]] [[:en:High Risk (1981 film)|(en)]] * [[Historic preservation]] [[:en:Historic preservation|(en)]] * [[History of North Dakota]] [[:en:History of North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Head pressing]] [[:en:Head pressing|(en)]] * [[Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians]] [[:en:Holy Hill National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians|(en)]] * [[Home Alone (franchise)]] [[:en:Home Alone (franchise)|(en)]] * [[Houdini (Eminem song)]] [[:en:Houdini (Eminem song)|(en)]] * [[Hussar]] [[:en:Hussar|(en)]] == I == * [[I Want Candy]] [[:en:I Want Candy|(en)]] * [[I Want to Be Wanted]] [[:en:I Want to Be Wanted|(en)]] * [[I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight]] [[:en:I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight|(en)]] * [[Index of meteorology articles]] [[:en:Index of meteorology articles|(en)]] * [[Indirect]] [[:en:Indirect|(en)]] * [[Initiative]] [[:en:Initiative|(en)]] * [[Insular Cases]] [[:en:Insular Cases|(en)]] * [[International sanctions]] [[:en:International sanctions|(en)]] * [[Intolerance (1916 movie)]] [[:en:Intolerance (1916 film)|(en)]] * [[Invertase]] [[:en:Invertase|(en)]] * [[Ireland Act 1949]] [[:en:Ireland Act 1949|(en)]] * [[Isotopes of uranium]] [[:en:Isotopes of uranium|(en)]] * [[Immutable]] [[:en:Immutable|(en)]] * [[Imran Attari]] [[:en:Imran Attari|(en)]] * [[International Fujita scale]] [[:en:International Fujita scale|(en)]] * [[Intel 8008]] [[:en:Intel 8008|(en)]] * [[Ironside]] [[:en:Ironside (1967 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Isuzu]] [[:en:Isuzu|(en)]] * [[Isuzu D Max]] [[:en:Isuzu D Max|(en)]] == J == * [[James Dean Bradfield]] [[:en:James Dean Bradfield|(en)]] * [[James Haworth]] [[:en:James Haworth|(en)]] * [[Jewelpet]] [[:en:Jewelpet|(en)]] * [[Jieba]] [[:en:Jieba|(en)]] * [[Jimmy Barnes]] [[:en:Jimmy Barnes|(en)]] * [[Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey]] [[:en: Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey|(en)]] * [[Jingle-jangle fallacies]] [[:en: Jingle-jangle fallacies|(en)]] * [[João Candido Portinari]] [[:en:João Candido Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:João Candido Portinari|(pt)]] * [[João Goulart Filho]] [[:en:João Goulart Filho|(en)]] [[:pt:João Goulart Filho|(pt)]] * [[João W. Nery]] [[:en:João W. Nery|(en)]] [[:pt:João W. Nery|(pt)]] * [[John Eales]] [[:en:John Eales|(en)]] * [[John Mellencamp]] [[:en:John Mellencamp|(en)]] == K == * [[Kamo, New Zealand]] [[:en:Kamo, New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Kathryn Layng]] [[:en: Kathryn Layng|(en)]] * [[Keith Gudsell]] [[:en:Keith Gudsell|(en)]] * [[Krull (movie)]] [[:en:Krull (film)|(en)]] == L == * [[Lake Texcoco]] [[:en:Lake Texcoco|(en)]] * [[Lance Comfort]] [[:en:Lance Comfort|(en)]] * [[Langmuir–Blodgett film]] [[:en:Langmuir–Blodgett film|(en)]] * [[Lauren Lindsey Donzis]] [[:en:Lauren Lindsey Donzis|(en)]] * [[Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen]] [[:en:Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen|(en)]] * [[Les Vampires]] [[:en:Les Vampires|(en)]] * [[Yitzhak Levi]] * [[Lister Motor Company]] [[:en:Lister Motor Company|(en)]] * [[Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station]] [[:en:Liverpool Lime Street Railway Station|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Antigua and Barbuda|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Massachusetts]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Massachusetts|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in Nevada]] [[:en:LGBT rights in Nevada|(en)]] * [[LGBT rights in North Carolina]] [[:en:LGBT rights in North Carolina|(en)]] * [[List of micronations]] [[:en:List of micronations|(en)]] [[:fr:Liste de micronations|(fr)]] * [[Liza Walker]] [[:en:Liza Walker|(en)]] * [[Loafers Lodge fire]] [[:en:Loafers Lodge fire|(en)]] * [[Local Hero (1983 movie)]] [[:en:Local Hero (film)|(en)]] * [[Lonesome Dove (miniseries)]] [[:en:Lonesome Dove (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Louis Feuillade]] [[:en:Louis Feuillade|(en)]] * [[Love Again (Dua Lipa song)]] [[:en:Love Again (Dua Lipa song)|(en)]] * [[Lucid Air]] [[:en:Lucid Air|(en)]] * [[Luís Gama]] [[:en:Luís Gama|(en)]] == M == * [[Machine Girl (Band)]] [[:en:Machine Girl (band) |(en)]] * [[Madhushravani]] [[:en:Madhushravani|(en)]] * [[Magnet school]] [[:en:Magnet school|(en)]] * [[Magnus Fiennes]] [[:en:Magnus Fiennes|(en)]] * [[Maigret (1960 TV series)]] [[:en:Maigret (1960 TV series)|(en)]] * [[Mangaung Oval]] [[:en:Mangaung Oval|(en)]] * [[Marcos Pontes]] [[:en:Marcos Pontes|(en)]] [[:pt:Marcos Pontes|(pt)]] * [[Maria Elise Turner Lauder]] [[:en:Maria Elise Turner Lauder|(en)]] * [[Mary Jane (candy)]] [[:en: Mary Jane (candy)|(en)]] * [[Maryland Army National Guard]] [[:en:Maryland Army National Guard|(en)]] * [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] [[:en:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia|(en)]] * [[Mastodon (software)]] [[:en:Mastodon (software)|(en)]] * [[Meekness]] [[:en:Meekness|(en)]] * [[Megami Tensei]] [[:en:Megami Tensei|(en)]] * [[Memory of Mankind]] [[:en:Memory of Mankind|(en)]] * [[Military logistics]] [[:en:Military logistics|(en)]] * [[Miss Universe 2021]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2021|(en)]] * [[Missão Centenário]] [[:pt:Missão Centenário|(pt)]] [[:en:Missão Centenário|(en)]] * [[Mitsuoka]] [[:en:Mitsuoka|(en)]] * [[MKUltra]] [[:en:MKUltra|(en)]] * [[Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower]] ([[:en:Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower|en]]) * [[Moro x Bolsonaro Case]] [[:en:Moro x Bolsonaro Case|(en)]] * [[Morong Command]] [[:en:Morong Command|(en)]] * [[Motion Picture Association – Canada]] [[:en:Motion Picture Association – Canada|(en)]] * [[Murder on the Dancefloor]] [[:en:Murder on the Dancefloor|(en)]] * [[Mushoku Tensei]] [[:en:Mushoku Tensei|(en)]] == N == * [[Napoléon (1927 movie)]] [[:en:Napoléon (1927 film)|(en)]] * [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] [[:en:Nathan Bedford Forrest|(en)]] * [[National security]] [[:en:National security|(en)]] * [[Netto Question]] [[:en:Netto Question|(en)]] * [[Newcastle railway station]] [[:en:Newcastle railway station|(en)]] * [[Northrop Grumman]] [[:en:Northrop Grumman|(en)]] * [[Numerical taxonomy]] [[:en:Numerical taxonomy|(en)]] == O == * [[Official state car]] [[:en:Official state car|(en)]] * [[Okuku River]] [[:en:Okuku River|(en)]] * [[Old Man of the Mountain]] [[:en:Old Man of the Mountain|(en)]] * [[Onno Tunç]] [[:en:Onno Tunç|(en)]] * [[OneShot]] [[:en:OneShot|(en)]] * [[Opera in Azerbaijan]] [[:en:Opera in Azerbaijan|(en)]] * [[Organisation of African Unity]] [[:en:Organisation of African Unity|(en)]] * [[Osaka International Airport]] [[:en:Osaka International Airport|(en)]] * [[Oscar Quitak]] [[:en:Oscar Quitak|(en)]] * [[Otherwise]] [[:en:Otherwise|(en)]] == P == * [[Patrick O'Connell (actor)|Patrick O'Connell]] [[:en:Patrick O'Connell (actor)|(en)]] * [[Paul Copley]] [[:en:Paul Copley|(en)]] * [[Paulo de Mello Bastos]] [[:en:Paulo de Mello Bastos|(en)]] * [[Peacekeeping]] [[:en:Peacekeeping|(en)]] * [[Peak Practice]] [[:en:Peak Practice|(en)]] * [[Perfidy]] [[:en:Perfidy|(en)]] * [[Perpendicular]] [[:en:Perpendicular|(en)]] (Currently a redirect to [[Right angle]]) * [[Persona (series)]] [[:en:Persona (series)|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Eternal Punishment]] [[:en:Persona 2: Eternal Punishment|(en)]] * [[Persona 2: Innocent Sin]] [[:en:Persona 2: Innocent Sin|(en)]] * [[Persona 3]] [[:en:Persona 3|(en)]] * [[Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight]] [[:en:Persona 3: Dancing in Moonlight and Persona 5: Dancing in Starlight|(en)]] * [[Persona 3 Reload]] [[:en:Persona 3 Reload|(en)]] * [[Persona 4]] [[:en:Persona 4|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena|(en)]] * [[Persona 4 Arena Ultimax]] [[:en:Persona 4 Arena Ultimax|(en)]] * [[Persona 4: Dancing All Night]] [[:en:Persona 4: Dancing All Night |(en)]] * [[Persona 5]] [[:en:Persona 5|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Strikers]] [[:en:Persona 5 Strikers|(en)]] * [[Persona 5 Tactica]] [[:en:Persona 5 Tactica|(en)]] * [[Persona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona Q|(en)]] * [[Persona Q2: New Cinema Labyrinth]] [[:en:Persona q2|(en)]] * [[Peter Copley]] [[:en:Peter Copley|(en)]] * [[Philip Middlemass]] [[:en:Philip Middlemass|(en)]] * [[Philippine–American War]] [[:en:Philippine–American War|(en)]] * [[Photoluminescence]] [[:en:Photoluminescence|(en)]] * [[Physical security]] [[:en:Physical security|(en)]] * [[Pickle and Peanut]] [[:en:Pickle and Peanut|(en)]] * [[Porter Robinson]] [[:en:Porter Robinson|(en)]] * [[Pound per square inch]] [[:en:Pound per square inch|(en)]] * [[Prefab Sprout]] [[:en:Prefab Sprout|(en)]] * [[Price equation]] [[:en:Price equation|(en)]] * [[Priston Mill]] [[:en:Priston Mill|(en)]] * [[Privilege escalation]] [[:en:Privilege escalation|(en)]] * [[Prohibition (miniseries)]] [[:en:Prohibition (miniseries)|(en)]] * [[Projeto Portinari]] [[:en:Projeto Portinari|(en)]] [[:pt:Projeto Portinari|(pt)]] * [[Psychological projection]] [[:en:Psychological projection|(en)]] * [[Public policy]] [[:en:Public policy|(en)]] == Q == * [[Quantum boomerang effect]] [[:en: Quantum boomerang effect|(en)]] == R == * [[Ray Illingworth]] [[:en:Ray Illingworth|(en)]] * [[Ray Sharkey]] [[:en:Ray Sharkey|(en)]] * [[Recess appointment]] [[:en:Recess appointment|(en)]] * [[Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange]] [[:en:Reciprocal inter-insurance exchange|(en)]] * [[Red-boxing]] [[:en: Red-boxing|(en)]] * [[Revelations: Persona]] [[:en:Revelations: Persona|(en)]] * [[Richard Ashcroft]] [[:en:Richard Ashcroft|(en)]] * [[Richard Goodwin (sportsman)]] [[:en:Richard Goodwin (sportsman)|(en)]] * [[Richmond Hill (TV series)]] [[:en:Richmond Hill (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Rick Stein]] [[:en:Rick Stein|(en)]] * [[Ricky L. Waddell]] [[:en:Ricky L. Waddell|(en)]] * [[Ringer’s solution]] [[:en:Ringer’s solution|(en)]] * [[Riziki Kiseto]] [[:en:Riziki Kiseto|(en)]] * [[Robert Pugh]] [[:en:Robert Pugh|(en)]] * [[Roberta Taylor]] [[:en:Roberta Taylor|(en)]] * [[ROM hacking]] [[:en:Rom hacking|(en)]] * [[Rydberg–Ritz combination principle]] [[:en:Rydberg–Ritz combination principle|(en)]] == S == * [[Sabahattin Ali]] [[:en:Sabahattin Ali|(en)]] * [[Saleen]] [[:en:Saleen|(en)]] * [[Sailing By]] [[:en:Sailing By|(en)]] * [[Saint Etienne (band)]] [[:en:Saint Etienne (band)|(en)]] * [[Salvador Arena]] [[:en:Salvador Arena|(en)]] * [[Sanjayan Thuraisingam]] [[:en:Sanjayan Thuraisingam|(en)]] * [[Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco]] [[:en:Santos Dumont's experiments in Monaco|(en)]] * [[Saudades massacre]] [[:en:Saudades massacre|(en)]] * [[Security (finance)]] [[:en:Security (finance)|(en)]] * [[Security of person]] [[:en:Security of person|(en)]] * {{ill|Seoul Station|en}} * [[Serial Experiments Lain]] [[:en:Serial Experiments Lain|(en)]] * [[Shaw Brothers Studio]] [[:en:Shaw Brothers Studio|(en)]] * [[Shell corporation]] [[:en:Shell corporation|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei (video game)]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei (video game)|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei II]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei II|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei IV]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei IV|(en)]] * [[Shin Megami Tensei V]] [[:en:Shin Megami Tensei V|(en)]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] [[:en:Silencer (firearms)|(en)]] * [[Silent Lucidity]] [[:en:Silent Lucidity|(en)]] * [[Since U Been Gone]] [[:en:Since U Been Gone|(en)]] * [[Slice of life]] [[:en:Slice of life|(en)]] * [[Slate Auto]] [[:en:Slate Auto|(en)]] * [[Someone You Loved]] [[:en:Someone You Loved|(en)]] * [[Splitgate 2]] * [[Spy Smasher (serial)|Spy Smasher]] [[:en:Spy Smasher (serial)|(en)]] * [[Standard library]] [[:en:Standard_library|(en)]] * [[Stanley, North Dakota]] [[:en:Stanley, North Dakota|(en)]] * [[Stephen Yardley]] [[:en:Stephen Yardley|(en)]] * [[Strategic Command (United Kingdom)]] [[:en:Strategic Command (United Kingdom)|(en)]] * [[Subtropical storm Yakecan]] [[:en:Subtropical storm Yakecan|(en)]] * [[Suicide Is Painless|Theme from M.A.S.H. (Suicide Is Painless)]] [[:en:Suicide Is Painless|(en)]] * [[Supernature (song)]] [[:en:Supernature (song)|(en)]] * [[Superrosids]] [[:en:Superrosids|(en)]] * [[Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman]] [[:en:Syed Sis Syed Abdul Rahman|(en)]] * [[Synapturanus danta]] [[:en: Synapturanus danta|(en)]] * [[Systems programming]] [[:en: Systems programming|(en)]] * [[Susovan Sonu Roy (actor)]] [[:pa:ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ|(pa)]] == T == * [[Tally Hall]] [[:en:Tally Hall|(en)]] * [[Tancredo-1]] [[:en:Tancredo-1|(en)]] [[:pt:Tancredo-1|(pt)]] * [[Tandi Wright]] [[:en:Tandi Wright|(en)]] * [[Ted Kotcheff]] [[:en:Ted Kotcheff|(en)]] * [[Tenko (TV series)]] [[:en:Tenko (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand]] [[:en:Territorial authorities of New Zealand|(en)]] * [[Thaiboy Digital]] [[:en:Thaiboy Digital|(en)]] * [[The Beggar Bride]] [[:en:The Beggar Bride|(en)]] * [[The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb]] [[:en:The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb|(en)]] * [[The Dandy Warhols]] [[:en:The Dandy Warhols|(en)]] * [[The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)]] [[:en:The Day of the Triffids (1981 TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Duchess of Duke Street]] [[:en:The Duchess of Duke Street|(en)]] * [[The Game (TV series)]] [[:en:The Game (American TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Graham Norton Show]] [[:en:The Graham Norton Show|(en)]] * [[The Grand (TV series)]] [[:en:The Grand (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Lakes (TV series)]] [[:en:The Lakes (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts]] [[:en:The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts|(en)]] * [[The Loveless]] [[:en:The Loveless|(en)]] * [[The Man in the High Castle (TV series)]] [[:en:The Man in the High Castle (TV series)|(en)]] * [[The Tin Drum (movie)]] [[:en:The Tin Drum (film)|(en)]] * [[This Is Elvis]] [[:en:This Is Elvis|(en)]] * [[TiLP]] ([[:fr:TiLP|fr]]) * [[TI-Nspire series]] [[:en: TI-Nspire series|(en)]] * [[Todd Zeile]] [[:en:Todd Zeile|(en)]] * [[Tom Cotcher]] [[:en:Tom Cotcher|(en)]] * [[Tonga national rugby union team]] [[:en:Tonga national rugby union team|(en)]] * [[Tova O'Brien]] [[:en:Tova O'Brien|(en)]] * [[Toyota Crown]] [[:en:Toyota Crown|(en)]] * [[Toyota Land Cruiser Prado]] [[:en:Toyota Land Cruiser Prado|(en)]] == U == * [[Unique]] [[:en:Unique|(en)]] * [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] [[:en:Universal Studios Hollywood|(en)]] * [[Unstoppable (Sia song)]] [[:en:Unstoppable (Sia song)|(en)]] * [[Urânia Vanério]] [[:en:Urânia Vanério|(en)]] == V == * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] [[:en:Vanessa Amorosi|(en)]] * [[Vanessa Weenink]] [[:en:Vanessa Weenink|(en)]] * [[Vicki Butler-Henderson]] [[:en:Vicki Butler-Henderson|(en)]] * [[Victor H. Metcalf‏‎]] [[:en:Victor H. Metcalf‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victor Sjöström‏‎]] [[:en:Victor Sjöström‏‎|(en)]] * [[Victorian Premier's Literary Award]] [[:en:Victorian Premier's Literary Award|(en)]] * [[Video game localization]] [[:en:Video game localization|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V01]] [[:en:VLS-1 V01|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V02]] [[:en:VLS-1 V02|(en)]] * [[VLS-1 V03]] [[:en:VLS-1 V03|(en)]] == W == * [[Wagon Wheel (song)]] [[:en:Wagon Wheel (song)|(en)]] * [[Walter Houser Brattain‏‎]] [[:en:Walter Houser Brattain‏‎|(en)]] * [[Walk Again Project]] [[:en:Walk Again Project|(en)]] * [[Wānaka|Wanaka]] [[:en:Wānaka|(en)]] * [[Wasei-eigo]] [[:en:Wasei-eigo|(en)]] * [[Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] [[:en:Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle|(en)]] * [[Whangaparaoa Peninsula]] [[:en:Whangaparaoa Peninsula|(en)]] * [[When the Saints Go Marching In]] [[:en:When the Saints Go Marching In|(en)]] * [[Whiskas]] [[:en:Whiskas|(en)]] * [[William Witney]] [[:en:William Witney|(en)]] * [[Willowbank Wildlife Reserve]] [[:en:Willowbank Wildlife Reserve|(en)]] * [[Women's Twenty20 International]] [[:en:Women's Twenty20 International|(en)]] * [[Worldbox]] [[:en:Worldbox|(en)]] * [[World of A Song of Ice and Fire]] [[:en:World of A Song of Ice and Fire|(en)]] * [[Wycliffe (TV series)|Wycliffe]] [[:en:Wycliffe (TV series)|(en)]] == X == * [[XO (song)|XO]] [[:en:XO (song)|(en)]] == Y == * [[Yacht rock]] [[:en:Yacht rock|(en)]] * [[Yancy Butler]] [[:en:Yancy Butler|(en)]] * [[Young Americans (TV series)]] [[:en:Young Americans (TV series)|(en)]] * [[Yutte Stensgaard]] [[:en:Yutte Stensgaard|(en)]] * [[YYZ (song)]] [[:en:YYZ (song)|(en)]] == Z == * [[Zenvo Automotive]] [[:en:Zenvo Automotive|(en)]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] [[:en:Zimbabwe women's national cricket team|(en)]] [[Category:Articles|*]] ktbv83zaytvalo85dqgjbs2falo6s52 0 236258 10331259 10325169 2025-06-15T01:30:19Z 180.150.36.182 10331259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Casting Crowns''' is a [[Grammy Award]] winning [[Christian rock]] band. Casting Crowns was started in 1999 by a pastor named Mark Hall in Downtown [[Daytona Beach, Florida]]<ref>{{cite journal | last =Norris | first =Jane | title =There's No Slow Fade in the Forecast for Casting Crowns | journal =The Daily Progress | date =18 May 2009 | url =http://www.dailyprogress.com/cdp/entertainment/music/article/theres_no_slow_fade_in_the_forecast_for_casting_crowns/40282/ | access-date =July 4, 2009 | archive-date =14 August 2011 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20110814021050/http://www.dailyprogress.com/cdp/entertainment/music/article/theres_no_slow_fade_in_the_forecast_for_casting_crowns/40282/ | url-status =dead }}</ref> as part of a youth group. Later, they moved to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and more members joined, creating the band that is now known as '''Casting Crowns'''. Some members of the band currently work as ministers for Eagles Landing First Baptist Church.<ref name="JFH25November2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2009/11/25.CASTING%20CROWNS%20SETS%20SALES%20RECORD%20AS%20HIGHEST%20DEBUTING%20CHRISTIAN%20MUSIC%20ARTIST.asp|title=CASTING CROWNS SETS SALES RECORD AS HIGHEST DEBUTING CHRISTIAN MUSIC ARTIST IN SOUNDSCAN HISTORY; UNTIL THE WHOLE WORLD HEARS FIRST-WEEK SCANS EXCEED 167,000 |date=25 November 2009|publisher=Jesus Freak Hideout|access-date=1 December 2009}}</ref> ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Casting Crowns (album)|Casting Crowns]]'' (2003) * ''Lifesong'' (2005) * ''The Altar and the Door'' (2007) * ''Until the Whole World Hears'' (2009) * ''Come to the Well'' (2011) * ''Thrive'' (2014) * ''The Very Next Thing'' (2016) * ''Only Jesus'' (2018) ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Christian rock bands]] [[Category:Musical groups from Florida]] [[Category:1999 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1999]] [[Category:1990s establishments in Florida]] r568gp0o9i8katr120h0gdfj7bgrjyk 5 237256 10330230 7444864 2025-06-14T15:59:07Z 154.80.44.135 /* {{unblock|1=I do nothing but my IP address has been blocked ~~~~}} */ new section 10330230 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Untittled== I recently discovered that, contrary to what I believed, enWP policy on user talk pages allowed the removal of active block notices by the blocked user. I propose that we add that as an exception to the "remove anything you want" rule along with the other exceptions listed, to assist admins and users in checking whether a user is blocked or not without checking the block log. [[User:Griffinofwales|Griffinofwales]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales|talk]]) 19:06, 10 April 2010 (UTC) :Not much point, imo. People will remove it regardless of policy, and if they do you'd just lock down TP Editing. Which is what we do already if someone abuses their talk page whilst blocked. Most of our blocked users go away when they get blocked, and generally don't remove any notices. Complete overkill, just use common sense. '''<font face="Verdana">[[User:Bluegoblin7|<font color="#354A98">Go</font><font color="#435BB3">b</font>]][[User talk:Bluegoblin7|<font color="#516BC9">l</font><font color="#95A9F4">i</font><font color="#9FB1F0">n</font>]]</font>''' 19:09, 10 April 2010 (UTC) <small>I ♥ Chenzw!</small> ::So you agree. [[User:Griffinofwales|Griffinofwales]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales|talk]]) 19:11, 10 April 2010 (UTC) :::Yes, I agree, but I don't see /why/ we have to put it into a policy for the sake of it. Common sense, people, common sense. '''<font face="Verdana">[[User:Bluegoblin7|<font color="#354A98">Go</font><font color="#435BB3">b</font>]][[User talk:Bluegoblin7|<font color="#516BC9">l</font><font color="#95A9F4">i</font><font color="#9FB1F0">n</font>]]</font>''' 19:12, 10 April 2010 (UTC) <small>I ♥ GoblinBots!</small> :I do not quite see the point in this. If the user blanks his page, so what? Why should we go engage in a revert war over it? Ignore it and move on. We'd take a look at the block log before carrying out any future admin actions on the account anyway, so it's not like the block will be forgotten because the block notice was removed. [[User:Either way|Either way]] ([[User talk:Either way|talk]]) 19:17, 10 April 2010 (UTC) ::My honest opinion is: Users are quite free what they can do with their user or talk pages. Unless we are talking about the ten or so problem editors with long running blocks/community bans, the blocks will be short (days, perhaps weeks, rarely months). During that time the block log is what counts, and as it is an automatic log it isn't really editable (except for an OS removal, of perhaps a bad username). Telling the user afterwards that they have been blocked because they were a bad guy/gal is a matter of courtesy. Removing the notice will perhaps send a message to the community, but will not change the block; if the user later wants to argue they weren't such a bad guy after all, the removal of the notice will speak against them. Once the block has run out, the matter is irrelevant, anyway. In short: adapting policy is probably not worth the effort it takes, given that they users it applies to have little to lose. --[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:38, 10 April 2010 (UTC) :::I agree with Either way and Eptalon; seems quite pointless. If they wish to remove a block notice from their talk page, let them. That neither removes the edit summary ("You have been blocked" or a variation thereof) from the history of their talk page or the "Admin X blocked User Y for Z" from [[Special:log/block]] - both things an admin should check before taking any further admin actions on an account. &nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;[[user talk:Lauryn Ashby|<font color="FF0099">laurynashby</font>]] 20:44, 10 April 2010 (UTC) :::{{yo|Eptalon}} Sorry for butting in this old/historic discussion, but I am curious about your first statement saying that users are free to do what they want with their own talk pages. Do you happen to know where this is documented? I would like to find out if it is acceptable for a second person to change another user’s talkpage. Thanks in advance. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 12:11, 27 May 2019 (UTC) ::::Change it how? A talk page is made for people to talk to you, so by definition they are going to change it. -[[User:Djsasso|DJSasso]] ([[User talk:Djsasso|talk]]) 12:44, 27 May 2019 (UTC) :::::Oops @DJSasso, it appears I forgot to answer your question, and now I cannot remember what particular example was going through my mind, sigh... Anyway, I guess I was not clear enough in my interjection above. What I mean is: is it acceptable for a User to change the words of someone else. Am I making sense this time? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|talk]]) 23:03, 15 June 2019 (UTC) :No need. Its easy enough to check the log. And forcing them to leave the notice is like rubbing their nose in it, which we should be beyond. -[[User:Djsasso|DJSasso]] ([[User talk:Djsasso|talk]]) 02:08, 11 April 2010 (UTC) == Why remove link? == {{ping|Djsasso}} why did you remove [[Wikipedia]] link? [[User:Stewi101015|Stewi101015]] ([[User talk:Stewi101015|talk]]) 21:10, 15 October 2015 (UTC) :Because its over linking and not relevant to expanding the knowledge of this particular page. -[[User:Djsasso|DJSasso]] ([[User talk:Djsasso|talk]]) 23:06, 15 October 2015 (UTC) You people are hypocrites, I gave the correct version of 'Raghupati ragga rajaram' but you removed it. Co conspirators in trying to distort our culture and [[User:Swati singh|Swati singh]] ([[User talk:Swati singh|talk]]) 16:27, 3 September 2018 (UTC) == Guru Josh - Guru Project - Guru Josh Project == Can you please make changes to the Guru Josh article, for some reason both Guru Project and Guru Josh Project keep getting redirected to the Guru Josh article when they are separate entities == Bias in main article about “Great Neck, N.Y.” == This article is incorrect and terribly biased in discussion of the decline of traditional Jewish congregations. It declares the congregations on Old Mill Rd. Are “practically extinct..” That’s simply incorrect. Temple Israel, Conservative, and Temple Beth-el, Reform, both have more than 830 “member units.” Great Neck Synagogue on same street, has record membership along with the Orthodox Young Israel, on Middle Neck Rd., just to the south. Article might be recast to say ranks of liberal Jewish denominations have been reduced....but “practically extinct” is completely wrong. Leaves out the roles of two smaller Reform congregations, Temple Emanuel, and a Conservative one, Lake Success Jewish Center, which is in the Great Neck School District. [[User:Freeporter|Freeporter]] ([[User talk:Freeporter|talk]]) 18:59, 2 September 2018 (UTC)David Zielenziger. dzielen@verizon.net (resident of Great Neck, N.Y.) == Greetings == Hello everyone, good day I honestly love Wikipedia [[User:Sufiabdul|Sufiabdul]] ([[User talk:Sufiabdul|talk]]) 17:17, 29 December 2018 (UTC) == {{unblock|1=I do nothing but my IP address has been blocked [[Special:Contributions/154.80.44.135|154.80.44.135]] ([[User talk:154.80.44.135|talk]]) 15:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} == sir please unblock me I also mentioned my institute email but my account has been blocked Kindly unblock me I shall be very thankful to you for this kindness [[Special:Contributions/154.80.44.135|154.80.44.135]] ([[User talk:154.80.44.135|talk]]) 15:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) tfar21cy56oesbr7w072aijczquz717 0 241230 10330083 8304087 2025-06-14T14:36:51Z 99.58.16.205 10330083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP unsourced|date=March 2013}} '''Crunchy Black''' (born August 1974 in [[Indiana]]) is an [[Americans|American]] [[rapper]] and [[dance]]r from [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. He is one of the original six members of the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning [[hip hop music|hip hop]] group [[Three 6 Mafia]] though he would leave the group in 2006. Crunchy is known for his dancing "[[G-Walking]]", which he says he started doing at Club Memphis. He is not the starter of this dance but he is very good at it. He is known as a pioneer. {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Crunchy Black}} [[Category:Singers from Memphis, Tennessee]] [[Category:Rappers from Tennessee]] [[Category:American dancers]] [[Category:Singers from Indiana]] [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Living people]] n6o46p6i46fq0k8kgfwu8qi8ds6c0fd 0 250139 10331272 10269355 2025-06-15T01:34:41Z Wukuendo 1292020 Updated the definitions that are given. 10331272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Implication''' and '''inference''' are two related words which are [[opposite]]s. To '''imply''' is to suggest something is [[true]] without actually saying it. Examples: #''Your former spouse'': suggests you did have a spouse to whom you are no longer married. #''Have you finalized the divorce proceedings?'' suggests not only that you are married, but that you have been in the process of divorce. To '''infer''' is to see the implication in the sentence. It is being able to make a conclusion based on indirect evidence or information. When you realize the meaning of the second sentence, and protest "I have never beaten her", you have made an '''inference'''. Here are the [[rule]]s: *The person who makes the suggestion '''''implies''''' it. *The person who recognizes the suggestion '''''infers''''' it (or ''draws an inference''). *Inference always comes after an implication: I imply, then you infer. An implication is always verbal, but inferring is not always verbal. A [[non-verbal response]] might show the indirect message (implication) had been accurately interpreted (inferred) by the receiver. Example: ''I hate you''! may contain unspoken implications, according to circumstance and tone of voice. Between two lovers it might mean: #Bitter feelings after a quarrel. This is the literal meaning and not an implication. #A statement of love. Response might be "I love you, too" (verbal) or to blow a kiss (non-verbal). ==Related pages== * [[Implication (logic)]] [[Category:Words]] [[Category:Communication]] lr2908d4olg14x0w3hwva12n3vcxh39 0 258470 10331348 8949136 2025-06-15T02:44:22Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Removing a redlink 10331348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox opera | name = ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' | image = Gaetano Donizetti 2.jpg | caption = Donizetti, about 1830 | genre = Opera in 3 acts | composer = [[Gaetano Donizetti]] | librettist = [[Salvatore Cammarano]] | language = Italian | premiere_date = | premiere_location = [[Naples, Italy]]<br />September 26, 1835 | website = | other = {{Collapsible list |title=Operas by Donizetti |''[[Anna Bolena]]'' (1830) |''[[L'elisir d'amore]]'' (1832) |''[[Maria Stuarda]]'' (1834) |''Lucia di Lammermoor'' (1835) |''[[Roberto Devereux]]'' (1837) |''[[La fille du regiment]]'' (1840) |''[[Don Pasquale]]'' (1843) }} }} '''''Lucia di Lammermoor''''' is an Italian [[opera]] in three acts. [[Salvatore Cammarano]] wrote the [[libretto]] (story and words). [[Gaetano Donizetti]] wrote the music. The opera is based on Sir [[Walter Scott]]'s [[novel]], ''The Bride of Lammermoor''. The opera was first performed on September 26, 1835 at the [[Teatro di San Carlo]] in [[Naples, Italy]]. Fanny Tacchinardi-Persiani played the title role. The opera is celebrated for the sextet "Chi mi frena" and Lucia's lengthy [[Mad scene|Mad Scene]], a technically and dramatically demanding double-aria ''tour de force''. The opera was a great success. Every number received a tremendous ovation. Donizetti and the cast were called forth for numerous curtain calls.<ref>Woodstra, p. 379</ref> The opera is number 19 on the Operabase list of the most performed operas worldwide.<ref>Operabase</ref> == Characters == {{Listen |filename=Prelude to Lucia di Lammermoor.ogg |title=Prelude to ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' |image=[[File:Gaetano Donizetti 1.jpg|100px]] |description=(Left) Donizetti about 1835}} * Lucia, an aristocratic young woman in love with Edgardo ([[soprano]]) * Edgardo di Ravenswood, Lucia's beloved ([[tenor]]) * Enrico Ashton, Lucia's brother ([[baritone]]) * Arturo Bucklaw, a rich lord and Lucia's [[groom|bridgegroom]] (tenor) * Raimondo Bidebent, a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[chaplain]] ([[bass (vocal range)|bass]]) * Alisa, Lucia's maid ([[mezzo-soprano]]) * Normanno, Enrico's retainer (tenor) == Story == [[File:Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani (retouched).jpg|thumb|Fanny Tacchinardi-Persiani, the first Lucia]] '''Background.''' The story is set in the early 18th century at Lammermoor Castle in [[Scotland]]. Two noble families {{mdash}} the Ashtons and the Ravenswoods {{mdash}} are bitter enemies. They have very nearly exterminated one another with constant warring. Enrico Ashton is almost broke. He has arranged a marriage for Lucia with a rich man. He hopes this marriage will relieve his money troubles. He is aware however that Lucia is in love Edgardo Ravenswood. '''Act One.''' Normanno and others search the castle gardens for an intruder. They believe it is Edgardo on his way to meet Lucia. Enrico has marriage plans for Lucia, and vows to end her affair with his mortal enemy. Lucia waits for Edgardo in another part of the garden. She says she has seen the [[ghost]] of a maiden who died for love. Her maid believes this is a bad omen. Edgardo enters. He tells Lucia he must leave for [[France]] on family business. He hopes to make his peace with Enrico and marry Lucia. They exchange rings. '''Act Two.''' Enrico has decided Lucia will marry Arturo at once. He knows she will resist, so he shows her a [[forgery|forged]] letter. It says that Edgardo has found a new lover. Lucia is crushed. Raimondo urges her to marry Arturo. Arturo arrives, and, with the stunned Lucia, signs the marriage contract. Edgardo suddenly enters and discovers Lucia's [[signature]] on the marriage contract. He [[curse]]s her, and throws his ring on the floor. '''Act Three.''' The wedding has taken place. Arturo and Lucia have retired to the bridal chamber. Raimondo interrupts the festivities in the Great Hall. He says Lucia is [[insane]] and has stabbed her husband to death. Lucia enters carrying a dagger. Her gown is smeared with blood. She acts disoriented. She imagines she is beside Edgardo, and soon to be married to him. She collapses and is carried away. Outside the castle, Edgardo learns that Lucia has died. He stabs himself, hoping to be united in death with Lucia. == Notes == {{reflist}} == References == * {{cite web |title= Opera Statistics |url= http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en#opera |publisher= Operabase |accessdate=8 May 2011}} * Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. ''All Music Guide to Classical Music''. All Media Guide,LLC. p.&nbsp;379. == Other websites == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.metoperafamily.org/metupload/hd/LuciaDiLammermoor.pdf Lucia di Lammermoor synopsis] ([[Metropolitan Opera]]) * [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhq5367/large/index.html Online vocal score] {{music-stub}} [[Category:Compositions by Gaetano Donizetti]] [[Category:1830s operas]] a3so4w39eaui48a5fqt2cp95m4y3uqq 0 267811 10331709 10260351 2025-06-15T10:03:30Z 103.120.94.244 10331709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:999 Perspective.svg|300px|thumb]] '''0.999...''', also written as 0.{{overline|9}} or 0.{{overset|.|9}}, and read as "0 joint 9 repeating", is one of the ways the number [[1 (number)|8999999]] [[1 (number)|1]] can be written. Even though it does not have any ones in it, it is still equal in value to 1. == About == 0.{{overline|9}} is a [[repeating decimal]], which means the nines after the decimal point keep going forever. No matter how far you look, there will still be more nines. It is hard for many people to understand why 0.{{overline|9}} is the same as 1. There are many [[mathematical proof|proofs]] that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex.<ref name="Katz">{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=K. |last2=Katz |first2=M. |author2-link=Mikhail Katz |year=2010a |title=When is .999... less than 1? |journal=The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=3–30 |doi=10.54870/1551-3440.1381 |s2cid=11544878 |url=http://www.math.umt.edu/TMME/vol7no1/ |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720095125/http://www.math.umt.edu/TMME/vol7no1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Examples == One simple way of showing that 0.{{overline|9}} and 1 are the same thing is to [[Division (mathematics)|divide]] them both by the number [[3 (number)|3]]. When 0.{{overline|9}} is divided by 3, the answer is 0.{{overline|3}}. When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is also 0.{{overline|3}}. :<math>\frac{0.999\ldots}{3}=0.333\ldots</math> :<math>\frac13=0.333\ldots</math> If 0.{{overline|9}} and 1 divided by 3 are the same, then they must be the same even without the division. Another way of thinking about it is if <math>1/3=0.333\ldots</math> and <math>2/3=0.666\ldots</math>, then <math>3/3=0.999\ldots</math> therefore, as <math>3/3=1</math>, 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this.<ref name="Katz" /> Another simple way of proving that 0.{{overline|9}} = 1 is by accepting the simple fact that if two numbers are different, there must be at least one number between them. For example, a number between 1 and 0.9 is 0.95, and a number between 0.99 and 1 is 0.995. Since 0.{{overline|9}} has an [[Infinity|infinite]] number of 9s, there cannot be another number after the "last" 9, because there is no last 9. Therefore, there is no number between 0.{{overline|9}} and 1. Therefore, they are equal. A more mathematical proof can be found with the following [[equation]]: <math>x=0.999\ldots</math> <math>10x=9.999\ldots</math> <math>10x-x=9.999\ldots-x</math> <math>9x=9.999\ldots-0.999\ldots=9</math> <math>x=9/9</math> <math>x=1</math> <math>0.999\ldots=1</math> == In popular culture == As the [[Internet]] developed, arguments about 0.{{overline|9}} are often on [[newsgroup]]s and [[message board]]s. Even newsgroups and message boards that do not have much to do with math argue about this. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing about 0.{{overline|9}} is a "popular sport".<ref name=sci.mathfaq/> It is also one of the questions in its [[FAQ]].<ref name=sci.mathfaq>As observed by Richman (p. 396). {{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci-math-faq/specialnumbers/0.999eq1/ |author=Hans de Vreught | year=1994 | title=sci.math FAQ: Why is 0.9999... = 1? |access-date=2006-06-29}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Limit (mathematics)]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.0.9999.html Why does 0.9999... = 1?] * [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226225642/http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm |date=2015-02-26 }} * [https://betterexplained.com/articles/a-friendly-chat-about-whether-0-999-1/ A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1] [[Category:Mathematics]] {{math-stub}} 2lbezgbpgj5ydsm5a3vx6z764v6bksh 10331710 10331709 2025-06-15T10:04:22Z Cactusisme 1477024 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/103.120.94.244|103.120.94.244]] ([[User talk:103.120.94.244|talk]]) to last version by LookImPinBlargyBlarg 10260351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:999 Perspective.svg|300px|thumb]] '''0.999...''', also written as 0.{{overline|9}} or 0.{{overset|.|9}}, and read as "0 point 9 repeating", is one of the ways the number [[1 (number)|1]] can be written. Even though it does not have any ones in it, it is still equal in value to 1. == About == 0.{{overline|9}} is a [[repeating decimal]], which means the nines after the decimal point keep going forever. No matter how far you look, there will still be more nines. It is hard for many people to understand why 0.{{overline|9}} is the same as 1. There are many [[mathematical proof|proofs]] that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex.<ref name="Katz">{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=K. |last2=Katz |first2=M. |author2-link=Mikhail Katz |year=2010a |title=When is .999... less than 1? |journal=The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=3–30 |doi=10.54870/1551-3440.1381 |s2cid=11544878 |url=http://www.math.umt.edu/TMME/vol7no1/ |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720095125/http://www.math.umt.edu/TMME/vol7no1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Examples == One simple way of showing that 0.{{overline|9}} and 1 are the same thing is to [[Division (mathematics)|divide]] them both by the number [[3 (number)|3]]. When 0.{{overline|9}} is divided by 3, the answer is 0.{{overline|3}}. When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is also 0.{{overline|3}}. :<math>\frac{0.999\ldots}{3}=0.333\ldots</math> :<math>\frac13=0.333\ldots</math> If 0.{{overline|9}} and 1 divided by 3 are the same, then they must be the same even without the division. Another way of thinking about it is if <math>1/3=0.333\ldots</math> and <math>2/3=0.666\ldots</math>, then <math>3/3=0.999\ldots</math> therefore, as <math>3/3=1</math>, 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this.<ref name="Katz" /> Another simple way of proving that 0.{{overline|9}} = 1 is by accepting the simple fact that if two numbers are different, there must be at least one number between them. For example, a number between 1 and 0.9 is 0.95, and a number between 0.99 and 1 is 0.995. Since 0.{{overline|9}} has an [[Infinity|infinite]] number of 9s, there cannot be another number after the "last" 9, because there is no last 9. Therefore, there is no number between 0.{{overline|9}} and 1. Therefore, they are equal. A more mathematical proof can be found with the following [[equation]]: <math>x=0.999\ldots</math> <math>10x=9.999\ldots</math> <math>10x-x=9.999\ldots-x</math> <math>9x=9.999\ldots-0.999\ldots=9</math> <math>x=9/9</math> <math>x=1</math> <math>0.999\ldots=1</math> == In popular culture == As the [[Internet]] developed, arguments about 0.{{overline|9}} are often on [[newsgroup]]s and [[message board]]s. Even newsgroups and message boards that do not have much to do with math argue about this. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing about 0.{{overline|9}} is a "popular sport".<ref name=sci.mathfaq/> It is also one of the questions in its [[FAQ]].<ref name=sci.mathfaq>As observed by Richman (p. 396). {{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci-math-faq/specialnumbers/0.999eq1/ |author=Hans de Vreught | year=1994 | title=sci.math FAQ: Why is 0.9999... = 1? |access-date=2006-06-29}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Limit (mathematics)]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.0.9999.html Why does 0.9999... = 1?] * [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226225642/http://newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm |date=2015-02-26 }} * [https://betterexplained.com/articles/a-friendly-chat-about-whether-0-999-1/ A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1] [[Category:Mathematics]] {{math-stub}} h2vfux0w10ucsig6sas77l5ug1ycq83 0 268289 10331503 9726704 2025-06-15T05:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pen international.svg|right|250px]] '''International PEN''' is a worldwide association of [[writers]]. It was founded in [[London]] in 1921<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20917FE3F541B7B93C2A8178AD85F4C8685F9 LeRoi Jones Sentence - Free Preview - The New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> to increase friendship and intellectual co-operation among writers everywhere. At first, he letters ''P'', ''E'', and ''N'' stood for "Poets, Essayists and Novelists".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://worldwideschool.com/library/books/lit/poetry/SongsforParents/chap6.html |title=Songs for Parents - About<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2010-10-21 |archive-date=2016-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108202514/http://worldwideschool.com/library/books/lit/poetry/SongsforParents/chap6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Now the group includes any other kinds of writers, such as journalists and historians. Other goals included: to make the role of [[literature]] stronger in developing international understanding and world culture; to fight for [[freedom of expression]]; and to act as a powerful voice to help writers who are harassed, imprisoned, and sometimes killed for their views. It is the world’s oldest [[human rights]] organization.<ref>San Antonio Express-News - Factiva, from Dow Jones - October 30, 2005</ref> ==Role of PEN== {{Unsourced section|date=August 2014}} PEN is a [[non-governmental organization]] that has a formal consultative relations with [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] and Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the [[United Nations]]. The first PEN Club was founded in [[London]] in 1921 by [[Catherine Amy Dawson Scott]]. [[John Galsworthy]] was its first President. The first members included [[Joseph Conrad]], [[Elizabeth Craig (chef)|Elizabeth Craig]], [[George Bernard Shaw]], and [[H.G. Wells]]. The club established these goals: #To promote intellectual co-operation and understanding among writers; #To create a world community of writers that would emphasize the central role of literature in the development of world culture; and, #To defend literature against the many threats to its survival which the modern world poses. Past Presidents of International PEN have included [[Malcolm Afford]], [[Alberto Moravia]], [[Heinrich Böll]], [[Arthur Miller]], [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], [[Homero Aridjis]] and [[Jiří Gruša]]. The current President is [[John Ralston Saul]] and the current [[Executive Director]] is [[Caroline McCormick]]. International PEN has its headquarters in London. There are also 145 independent PEN Centers in 104 countries around the world. Each of these centers are open to qualified writers, journalists, translators, historians and others actively engaged in any branch of literature. Nationality, race, color or religion cannot effect membership. ==PEN Affiliated Awards== {{Main|:Category:PEN literary awards|l1=List of PEN literary awards}} PEN awards dozens of literary awards each year. Some examples include: *The [[PEN/Faulkner Award|PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction]] *The [[PEN/Malamud Award]], for excellence in the art of Short Fiction *The ''[[PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories]]'' (a yearly anthology, not an award) ==PEN Charter== '''Literature''', national though it be in origin, knows no frontiers, and should remain common currency among nations in spite of political or international upheavals. '''In all circumstances''', and particularly in time of war, works of art and libraries, the heritage of humanity at large, should be left untouched by national or political passion. '''Members of PEN''' should at all times use what influence they have in favor of good understanding and mutual respect among nations; they pledge themselves to do their utmost to dispel race, class, and national hatreds and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace in the world. '''PEN stands for''' the principle of unhampered transmission of thought within each nation and among all nations, and members pledge themselves to oppose any form of suppression of freedom of expression in their country or their community. '''PEN declares''' for a free press and opposes arbitrary censorship in time of peace. It believes that the necessary advance of the world toward a more highly organized political and economic order renders free [[criticism]] of governments, administrations, and institutions imperative. And since freedom implies voluntary restraint, members pledge themselves to oppose such evils of a free press as mendacious publication, deliberate falsehood, and distortion of facts for political and personal ends.<ref name="PEN Charter">[http://pen.org.au/about/international-pen-charter International PEN Charter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219062222/http://pen.org.au/about/international-pen-charter |date=2011-02-19 }}.</ref> ==Writers in Prison Committee== International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee works to help persecuted [[writers]] worldwide. The Writers in Prison Committee monitors the cases of over 900 writers who have been [[imprisoned]], [[tortured]], threatened, attacked, made to disappear, and killed for the peaceful practice of their profession. It publishes a bi-annual [http://pen.org/media/CasepdfJune05.pdf Case List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028114410/http://pen.org/media/CasepdfJune05.pdf |date=2005-10-28 }} documenting free expression violations against writers around the world. This committee was started in 1960 in response to increasing attempts to silence voices of [[dissent]] by imprisoning writers, ==Notable Members of International PEN== *[[Homero Aridjis]], President [[Emeritus]]. *[[Heinrich Böll]] *[[Joseph Conrad]] *[[Elizabeth Craig (chef)|Elizabeth Craig]] *[[Hermann Friedmann]] *[[Robie Macauley]] *[[Arthur Miller]] *[[Harold Pinter]] *[[Alfred Schmidt]]<ref>[http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2012/agosto/31/Addio_all_erede_Adorno_co_9_120831056.shtml Addio all' erede di Adorno], ''Corriere della Sera'', 31 August 2012 {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[George Bernard Shaw]] *[[H. G. Wells]] ==References== {{Reflist}} * ''German Writers in French Exile, 1933-1940'', by Martin Mauthner (London: 2007), {{ISBN|978 0 85303 540 4}}. ==Other websites== * [http://www.internationalpen.org.uk/ International PEN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922000542/http://www.internationalpen.org.uk/ |date=2019-09-22 }} * [http://www.pen.org/ PEN American Center (NYC)] * [http://www.penusa.org PEN Center USA (L.A.)] * [http://www.pencanada.ca/ PEN Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406002659/http://www.pencanada.ca/ |date=2007-04-06 }} * [http://sierraleonepen.org/ PEN Sierra Leone] * [http://www.pen.org.tr/ PEN Turkish] * [http://www.englishpen.org English PEN] * [http://www.esperantio.net/index.php?id=33 PEN Esperanto] * [http://www.sapen.co.za/SAPen.aspx/ PEN South Africa] * [http://www.penpoemrelay.org PEN Poem Relay website, a protest related to the Beijing Olympics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207053013/http://www.penpoemrelay.org/ |date=2010-12-07 }} [[Category:International organizations]] [[Category:1921 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Organisations based in London]] [[Category:Cultural organizations]] [[Category:Human rights organisations in the United Kingdom]] 9ztkafzfe9e783qz8zwtdvjig0jg2je 0 268420 10331768 10209841 2025-06-15T10:40:23Z 31.153.0.179 10331768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=December 2010}} [[File:Burka ban world map.svg|thumb|400px|Full-face veil ban in the world {{as of|2025|lc=y}}: {{Legend|#800000|Full-face veils (like the [[burqa]] and [[niqab]]) are totally banned in public.}}{{Legend|#ffd29f|Full-face veils are banned in some localities.}}{{Legend|#ff8a9d|Ban on sale and manufacturing of full-face veils.}}{{Legend|#b774ff|Full-face veils are banned in public buildings, public transport and while driving a vehicle.}}]] {{Legend|#b34452|Full-face veils (like the [[burqa]] and [[niqab]]) are totally banned in public.}} {{Legend|#db8e97|Full-face veils are banned in some localities.}} {{Legend|#e29882|Full-face veils are banned in public buildings, public transport and while driving a vehicle.}}]] On 14 September 2010, the [[Senate of France]] ([[:fr:Sénat (France)|fr]]) passed a [[law]] that forbids the wearing of [[clothing]] that covers the [[face]] of a person in public, so that the person cannot be identified. The law talks about clothing that covers the face, so it includes [[burqa]]s and [[niqab]]s, but does not include the [[chador]]. The main arguments for the ban are that people wearing such types of clothing cannot be identified by police forces, and that such veils are not compatible with the values of France as a state. In addition, there was a discussion about [[women's rights]]. President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] said that a reason for the ban is to protect women from being forced to cover their faces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/french-senate-agreeing-president-nicolas-sarkozy-bans-women-wearing-burkas-public-article-1.189505|title=French Senate, agreeing with President Nicolas Sarkozy, bans women from wearing burkas in public - NY Daily News|first=ALIYAH|last=SHAHID|website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> The [[bill]] which was introduced, was protested by some women as a violation of women's rights. But many people in France supported the bill, and it was passed in the [[Senate (France)|Senate]] and the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] of the [[French Parliament]], and it became law. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{France-stub}} [[Category:Politics of France]] [[Category:Islamic dress]] [[Category:Legislation]] [[Category:Islamophobia]] [[Category:Controversies]] o54smnwvf5gp544b40swba5ykcipx4t 0 274110 10331207 10170888 2025-06-15T01:10:43Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Desert East of Birdsville - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|Desert East of Birdsville, Australia. [[Australia]] has a very small population because its land cannot provide enough food to support a larger population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm |title=A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control |last=Kelly |first=Karina |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=13 September 1995 |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm |archive-date=13 January 2010}} "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Damaged Dirt |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |last=Grant |first=Cameron |url=http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100423/http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |date=August 2007 |access-date=23 April 2010 |quote=Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet.}}</ref>]] '''Overpopulation''' means that the [[population]] of a place is too high. Specifically, there are too many [[organism]]s of a certain [[species]] in a [[habitat]], so the number of organisms living there is larger than the [[carrying capacity]] of the habitat. The habitat cannot support these numbers over time without hurting itself. The term "overpopulation" is most often used to refer to the number of [[humans]] living on Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tititudorancea.org/z/overpopulation.htm|title=Overpopulation|website=www.tititudorancea.org}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Human overpopulation== The world's population has greatly increased in the last 50 years. The main reason is the reduction in [[death rate]], especially for infants and children. The result is that many more people survive to the age when reproduction is possible. *Reduction of death rate #By reducing the effect of [[infectious disease]]s ##widespread use of [[antibiotics]] against [[bacteria]]l diseases ##increased use of [[vaccination]] against some [[viral]] diseases ##wider provision of clean water (modern [[sewage]] systems etc.), which reduces [[parasitic]] diseases. #By increasing [[agriculture|food production]] ##the world-wide use of [[DDT]], and later anti-[[pest]] treatments. ##the invention of high-yielding varieties of [[crops]] and later, genetically-engineered crops.<ref>Global food crisis looms [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land]. Guardian.co.uk. 31 August 2007.</ref> [[File:Population growth rate world.PNG|right|thumb|280px|Human population growth rate in percent, with the variables of [[birth]]s, [[death]]s, [[immigration]], and [[emigration]] 2006]] [[File:World population history.svg|thumb|250px|World population 1950–2010]] The recent rapid increase in human population over the past two centuries has raised concerns that humans are beginning to overpopulate the Earth. The planet may not be able to sustain larger numbers of people. The population has been growing since the end of the [[Black Death]], around the year 1400.<ref>World population estimates</ref> At the beginning of the 19th century, it had reached roughly 1,000,000,000 (one [[billion]]). Rapid population growth occurred all over the world, especially after World War II. By 1960, the world population had reached 3 billion, and it doubled to 6 billion over the next four decades. As of 2011, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.10%, down from a peak of 2.2% in 1963, and the world population stood at roughly 6.9 billion. In 2014, it is over seven billion. Current projections show a steady decline in the population growth rate, with the population expected to reach between 8 and 10.5 billion between the year 2040<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/population/ |title=World Population Clock — Worldometers |publisher=Worldometers.info |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.php |title=International Data Base (IDB) — World Population |publisher=Census.gov |date=2010-06-28 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> and 2050.<ref name=UN>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/popnews/Newsltr_87.pdf |title=World Population Prospects:The 2008 Revision |publisher=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat |date=June 2009}}</ref> == Loss of forests == What were forests have often been turned into farmland. In so doing many species of animals and plants are wiped out, and the CO₂ levels in the atmosphere goes up. This is a direct consequence of human population increase.<ref>Alexander Wood 2000. ''The root causes of biodiversity loss''. Routledge. ISBN 978-1853836992</ref><ref> Vidal, John (March 15, 2019). The rapid decline of the natural world is a crisis even bigger than climate change. ''The Huffington Post''. Retrieved March 16, 2019. [https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/nature-destruction-climate-change-world-biodiversity_n_5c49e78ce4b06ba6d3bb2d44?ri18n=true]</ref><ref>Stokstad, Erik 2019. Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature. ''Science''. AAAS. Retrieved 8 February 2021. For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades. [https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/landmark-analysis-documents-alarming-global-decline-nature]</ref> == Potential solutions == The solutions usually suggested are better education and widespread free [[contraception]] ([[birth control]]). Many pregnancies are unplanned (40%) or unwanted.<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA Population growth driving climate change, poverty: experts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412102300/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA |date=2010-04-12 }}. Agence France-Presse, 21 September 2009.</ref> There are powerful forces working against birth control. Religious and traditional beliefs often favor large families. Few governments have tackled the problem seriously. Others have proposed that since human population size and [[carrying capacity]] depends on the amount of food available, [[Predator-prey equations|like other species]], a good method would be to control food production and produce food only for how much is needed rather than more than needed in order to stop birthrates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dks.library.kent.edu/?a=d&d=dks19980424-01.2.44&|title=Controlled food supply could stop overpopulation|work=Carrie Gazarish|publisher=Daily Kent Stater, Volume 32, Number 52, [[Kent State University]]|access-date=2021-08-22|archive-date=2024-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708084648/https://dks.library.kent.edu/?a=d&d=dks19980424-01.2.44&|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, [[Peter Farb]], an [[anthropologist]], [[ecologist]] and naturalist stated "Intensification of production to feed an increased population leads to a still greater increase in population."<ref>Ian J. Drake, What the Gorilla Saw: Environmental Studies and the Novel Ishmael, ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, Volume 22, Issue 3, Summer 2015, Pages 568–581, https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isu141</ref> == Related pages == *[[Birth control]] *[[Population growth]] *[[World Population Day]] *[[Malthusianism]] ==Further reading== *{{cite web|url=https://www.populationmedia.org/2014/02/11/morgan-freeman-speaks-out-on-population/|title=Morgan Freeman on the 'tyranny of agriculture' and the doomed human race|date=11 February 2014|publisher=Ecorazzi}} *Diamond, Jared M. [http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/thoc/Readings/Diamond_WorstMistake.pdf The worst mistake in the history of the human race]. Los Angeles: Oplopanax Publishing, 2010. *Feeney, John. "[https://ia801807.us.archive.org/18/items/agriculture-ending-the-world-as-we-know-it/Agriculture_Ending_the_world_as_we_know_it.pdf AGRICULTURE: Ending the World as We Know It]." Zephyr, August—September (2010). ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.panearth.org/ Pan Earth] (overpopulation website) *[https://populationinstitutecanada.ca/ Population Institute of Canada] [[Category:Demography]] [[Category:Population]] [[Category:Environmental issues]] g1b9kbqtwyhua802c9r2o4ttajp8s42 0 274804 10331600 8137409 2025-06-15T08:34:49Z Ecummenic 86245 It's probably the portrait of another woman 10331600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Françoise Marie de Bourbon | image = La seconde Mademoiselle de Blois, François de Troy, Château de Versailles..jpg | title = Duchess of Orléans | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1677|5|4|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Château de Maintenon]], France | death_date = {{Death date and age|1749|2|1|1677|5|4||df=y}} | death_place = [[Palais Royal]], Paris, France | spouse = [[Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France]] | father = [[Louis XIV of France]] | house = [[House of Orléans]] ''by marriage''<br/>[[House of Bourbon]] ''by birth'' | house-type = Royal | full name =Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France | issue-link = #Issue | burial_date=6 February 1749 | mother = [[Madame de Montespan]] | burial_place = Église de La Madeleine de Trainel, Paris, France | issue =Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Berry <br/>Adélaïde, Abbess of Chelles<br/>Charlotte Aglaé, Duchess of Modena <br/> [[Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans|Louis, Duke of Orléans]] <br/> [[Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans|Élisabeth, Queen of Spain]] <br/>Philippine Élisabeth, Mademoiselle de Beaujolais<br/>Louise, Princess of Conti. | signature = Signature of the Duchess of Orléans (Françoise Marie de Bourbon) at the marriage of Emilie de Breteuil (June 1725).png }} '''Françoise Marie de Bourbon, ''Légitimée de France'', [[Fils de France|Granddaughter of France by marriage]]''' (4 May<ref>Date as given by the ''Almanach Royal'' of France. She has been given three dates of birth over time; 9 February; ''4 May''; and 25 May</ref> 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest legitimised daughter (''fille légitimée de France'') of [[Louis XIV of France]] and his mistress, [[Madame de Montespan]]. She was famed for her arrogance and belief that she was above most other people. ==Biography== Originally known as the second ''Mademoiselle de Blois'',<ref name="Mademoiselle de Blois"/> that style eventually gave way to the name ''Françoise Marie de Blois''. She married her first cousin [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orléans]] in 18 February 1692 at the age of fourteen and later bore eight children, four of which would have further children.<ref name="Mademoiselle de Blois">{{Cite web| url= http://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00000059&tree=LEO | title= Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Blois |accessdate= 2010-03-29|last= van de Pas|first= Leo|work= Genealogics.org}}</ref> Proud, lazy and attractive, she successfully intrigued to have her daughters marry well to the [[Louis François, Prince of Conti|Prince of Conti]], [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)|Duke of Berry]], Duke of Modena and [[Louis I of Spain|King of Spain]], mostly to spite her sister [[Louise Françoise de Bourbon]], the [[Duchess of Bourbon]]. However, she welded little political influence considering her proximity to the political circle of the era. She was involved in the [[Cellamare Conspiracy]] in 1718 which was supposed to overthrow her own husband [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orléans]] as [[Régence|Regent of the Kingdom]] and replace him with her favourite brother the [[Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine|Duke of Maine]]. The ''[[Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)|marquis d'Argenson]]'' said she was very like her mother, Madame de Montespan, but also had Louis XIV's orderly mind with his failings of injustice and harshness.<ref name="Mademoiselle de Blois"/> Among her [[patrilineality|male line]] descendents are [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe Egalité]], [[Louis-Philippe I, King of the French]], and [[Prince Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France|Prince Henri, Count of Paris]], the present [[Orléanist]] pretender to the French throne. She is also an ancestor of [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], [[Philippe of Belgium|Philippe, King of the Belgians]], [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] and [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]], the pretender to the Italian throne. ==Children== #Mademoiselle de Valois (17 December 1693 - 17 October 1694) died in infancy. #Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married [[Charles, Duke of Berry (1686-1714)|Charles of France, Duke of Berry]] and had children but none survived to adulthood. #Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried and childless. #Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married [[House of Este|Francesco d'Este, Duke of Modena]] and had children. #[[Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans|Louis d'Orléans]] (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married [[Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden]] and had children. #[[Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans]] (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married [[Louis I of Spain]], no issue. #Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) engaged to [[Charles III of Spain|Infante Carlos of Spain]] but never married and died childless. #Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married [[Prince of Conti|Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]] and had children. ==Titles, styles, honours and arms== [[File:Arms of Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France as Duchess of Orléans.png|thumb|right|200px|Arms of Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France as Duchess of Orléans.]] ===Titles and styles=== *'''4 May 1677 – 22 November 1681''' Françoise Marie de Bourbon. *'''22 November 1681 – 18 February 1692''' ''Her [[Highness]]''<ref>ib. Spanheim, Ézéchiel, pp. 100–105, 323–327.</ref> Françoise Marie de Bourbon, ''Legitimée de France'', "Mademoiselle de Blois". *'''18 February 1692 – 9 June 1701''' ''[[Her Royal Highness]]'' the Duchess of Chartres.<ref>http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frroyal.htm#sang Style of HRH and further information on Princes of the Blood</ref> *''' 9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723''' ''Her Royal Highness'' the Duchess of Orléans. *'''2 December 1723 – 1 February 1749''' ''Her Royal Highness'' the Dowager Duchess of Orléans. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Francoise Marie de Bourbon}} [[Category:1677 births]] [[Category:1749 deaths]] [[Category:House of Bourbon]] [[Category:House of Orléans]] [[Category:Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres]] [[Category:Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans]] [[Category:Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier]] [[Category:Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours]] l16m77dlffzmq4x16eukecgqyaokelm 0 275309 10331276 10222875 2025-06-15T01:36:26Z Wrj203 1620056 Added a single source. 10331276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=April 2025}} {{italictitle}} '''''Y tu mamá también''''' (Spanish for ''And Your [[Mother]] Too'') is a 2001 [[award]]-[[win]]ning [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[road movie]]. It was [[movie director|directed]] by [[Alfonso Cuarón]] and written by him and his [[brother]] [[Carlos Cuarón]]. It has a [[MPAA]] rating of R, meaning mature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Movie & TV reviews for parents|title=Y Tu Mama Tambien Movie Review {{!}} Common Sense Media|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/y-tu-mama-tambien|access-date=2025-06-15|website=www.commonsensemedia.org|language=en}}</ref> It was released without a [[movie ratings|rating]] in the [[United States]] because the [[movie]]'s distributors believed a market-limiting [[NC-17]] was unavoidable. This movie was released during 2002 in the US. == Other websites == *{{imdb title|0245574}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:2001 LGBT movies]] [[Category:2000s road movies]] [[Category:2001 romantic drama movies]] [[Category:Mexican LGBT movies]] [[Category:Mexican romance movies]] [[Category:Mexican drama movies]] [[Category:Spanish-language movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Alfonso Cuarón]] 7xvmmquig8rr4yegmz9m2n6k9weymqt 0 284054 10331347 10322746 2025-06-15T02:43:09Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Prudential Cup.jpg|thumb|200px|The Prudential Cup trophy, which was awarded to the winning team in 1975, 1979, and 1983.]] The '''ICC Men's Cricket World Cup''' is an international [[cricket]] tournament organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). It was first played in 1975, and takes place every four years. [[Australia men's national cricket team|Australia]] are the titleholders, having won the [[2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2023 edition]] in India. That was Australia's sixth title, and they are the most successful team in the tournament's history. The [[2027 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2027 edition]] will be played across Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/new-cricket-world-cup-2027-venue-hosts-thrilling-first-international-fixture |title=New Cricket World Cup 2027 venue |publisher=International Cricket Council |date=20 March 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref> Matches are played under [[One Day International]] (ODI) rules, each team having a single [[innings]] limited to 50 [[over (cricket)|over]]s. The same format is used in the [[ICC Women's Cricket World Cup]], which began in 1973. The ICC has granted ODI status to twenty men's teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/game-formats/the-three-formats |title=The Three Formats of Cricket |publisher=International Cricket Council |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref> ==Background== [[Limited overs cricket]] began in the 1963 English season. The [[Gillette Cup]] was launched as a [[single-elimination tournament|knockout competition]] involving the [[county cricket|county teams]]. It was successful, and led to the creation of a national Sunday League in 1969. The first [[One Day International]] match was played between [[Australia men's national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England men's cricket team|England]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] in 1971. It was a time-filler after a [[Test cricket|Test match]] had been rained off.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Noting the popularity of limited overs, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) decided to promote a World Cup competition. The [[ICC Women's Cricket World Cup]] had been launched in 1973, and the first men's tournament was held in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-brief-history-264535 |title=A brief history of the World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 October 2006 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> ==Prudential Cup== The first three tournaments were hosted by England in 1975, 1979, and 1983. They were all sponsored by the [[Prudential]] insurance company, and the original trophy was called the Prudential Cup. Matches in these years were played 60 [[over (cricket)|over]]s per team during daytime only, and with red [[cricket ball|ball]]s. The players wore traditional white clothing.{{sfn|Browning|1999|pp=5–9}} There were eight teams in each tournament. In 1975 and 1979, the only teams playing [[Test cricket]] were [[Australia men's national cricket team|Australia]], [[England men's cricket team|England]], [[India men's national cricket team|India]], [[New Zealand men's national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan men's national cricket team|Pakistan]], and the [[West Indies men's cricket team|West Indies]]. [[Sri Lanka men's national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] became a Test team in 1982. Those seven teams took part in all the Prudential Cup tournaments, and were joined by a composite East Africa team in 1975, [[Canada men's national cricket team|Canada]] in 1979, and [[Zimbabwe men's national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in 1983. [[South Africa men's national cricket team|South Africa]] was banned from international cricket because of its government's [[apartheid]] policy. All three Prudential Cup finals were played at [[Lord's]], and were won by the West Indies (1975 and 1979), and India (1983).{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} ==Finals== The [[2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2013 tournament]] was the 13th edition of the competition. This table summarises the host nations and the results of each final. Australia have won the title six times, India and the West Indies twice. Other winners have been Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and England (once apiece). England has been the the sole or co-host nation five times, and India four times. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width: 75%; text-align: center;" |- !rowspan=2 width=5%|Year !rowspan=2 width=20%|Host nation(s) !rowspan=2 width=20%|Venue of final !colspan=3|Final |- !width=15%|Winner !width=20%|Result !width=15%|Runner-up |- | 1975<br />''[[1975 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | England | [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]], London | West Indies<br /><small>291/8 (60 overs)</small> | '''West Indies won by 17 runs'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC75/WI_AUS_WC75_ODI-FINAL_21JUN1975.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405150750/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC75/WI_AUS_WC75_ODI-FINAL_21JUN1975.html |date=2009-04-05 }} | Australia<br /><small>274 all out (58.4 overs)</small> |- | 1979<br />''[[1979 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | England | Lord's, London | West Indies<br /><small>286/9 (60 overs)</small> | '''West Indies won by 92 runs'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC79/WI_ENG_WC79_ODI-FINAL_23JUN1979.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425135637/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC79/WI_ENG_WC79_ODI-FINAL_23JUN1979.html |date=2009-04-25 }} | England<br /><small>194 all out (51 overs)</small> |- | 1983<br />''[[1983 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | England | Lord's, London | India<br /><small>183 all out (54.4 overs)</small> | '''India won by 43 runs'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/IND_WI_WC83_ODI-FINAL_25JUN1983.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318144610/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC83/IND_WI_WC83_ODI-FINAL_25JUN1983.html |date=2009-03-18 }} | West Indies<br /><small>140 all out (52 overs)</small> |- | 1987<br />''[[1987 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | India, Pakistan | [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] | Australia<br /><small>253/5 (50 overs)</small> | '''Australia won by 7 runs'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC87/AUS_ENG_WC87_ODI-FINAL_08NOV1987.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207130805/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC87/AUS_ENG_WC87_ODI-FINAL_08NOV1987.html |date=2009-02-07 }} | England<br /><small>246/8 (50 overs)</small> |- | 1992<br />''[[1992 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | Australia, New Zealand | [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]], [[Melbourne]] | Pakistan<br /><small>249/6 (50 overs)</small> | '''Pakistan won by 22 runs'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC92/PAK_ENG_WC92_ODI-FINAL_25MAR1992.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422131058/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC92/PAK_ENG_WC92_ODI-FINAL_25MAR1992.html |date=2009-04-22 }} | England<br /><small>227 all out (49.2 overs)</small> |- | 1996<br />''[[1996 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka | [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] | Sri Lanka<br /><small>245/3 (46.2 overs)</small> | '''Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/WC96-MATCHES/AUS_SL_WC96_ODI-FINAL_17MAR1996.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429035255/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC96/WC96-MATCHES/AUS_SL_WC96_ODI-FINAL_17MAR1996.html |date=2009-04-29 }} | Australia<br /><small>241/7 (50 overs)</small> |- | 1999<br />''[[1999 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands | Lord's, London | Australia<br /><small>133/2 (20.1 overs)</small> | '''Australia won by 8 wickets'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_PAK_WC99_ODI-FINAL_20JUN1999.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328014247/http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_PAK_WC99_ODI-FINAL_20JUN1999.html |date=2008-03-28 }} | Pakistan<br /><small>132 all out (39 overs)</small> |- | 2003<br />''[[2003 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | South Africa, Kenya, Zimbabwe | [[Wanderers Stadium|Wanderers]], [[Johannesburg]] | Australia<br /><small>359/2 (50 overs)</small> | '''Australia won by 125 runs'''<br />[http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_IND_WC2003_ODI-FINAL_23MAR2003.html Scorecard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616013248/http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/SCORECARDS/FINALS/AUS_IND_WC2003_ODI-FINAL_23MAR2003.html |date=2008-06-16 }} | India<br /><small>234 all out (39.2 overs)</small> |- | 2007<br />''[[2007 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | West Indies | [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] | Australia<br /><small>281/4 (38 overs)</small> | '''Australia won by 53 runs ([[Duckworth-Lewis method|D/L]])'''<br />[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/current/match/247507.html Scorecard] | Sri Lanka<br /><small>215/8 (36 overs)</small> |- | 2011<br />''[[2011 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka | [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] | India<br /><small>277/4 (48.2 overs)</small> | '''India won by 6 wickets'''<br />[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/433606/india-vs-sri-lanka-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11 Scorecard] | Sri Lanka<br /><small>274/6 (50 overs)</small> |- | 2015<br />''[[2015 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | Australia, New Zealand | MCG, Melbourne | Australia<br /><small>186/3 (33.1 overs)</small> | '''Australia won by 7 wickets'''<br />[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/656495/australia-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2014-15 Scorecard] | New Zealand<br /><small>183 all out (45 overs)</small> |- | 2019<br />''[[2019 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | England | Lord's, London | England<br /><small>241 all out (50 overs)</small> | '''England won the super over'''<br />[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/game/1144530/england-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 Scorecard] | New Zealand<br /><small>241/8 (50 overs)</small> |- | 2023<br />''[[2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|Details]]'' | India | [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]] | Australia<br /><small>241/4 (43 overs)</small> | '''Australia won by 6 wickets'''<br />[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-australia-final-1384439/full-scorecard Scorecard] | India<br /><small>240 all out (50 overs)</small> |- |} ===Individual awards=== In all matches played since the first tournament began in 1975, one player has always been chosen as the "[[man of the match]]". In 1992, a "Man of the Tournament" award was introduced, and has been won by the following players:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup/odi-world-cup-player-of-tournament-list-award-winners-performances-records-stats-india-vs-australia-2023/article67550226.ece |title=ODI World Cup: Full list of Player of the Tournament award winners from 1992 to 2023 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 November 2023 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |- !|Year !|Player !|Performance details |- |[[1992 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|1992]]||{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Martin Crowe]]||456 runs |- |[[1996 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|1996]]||{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]||221 runs and 7 wickets |- |[[1999 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|1999]]||{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Lance Klusener]]||281 runs and 17 wickets |- |[[2003 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2003]]||{{flagicon|India}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]||673 runs and 2 wickets |- |[[2007 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2007]]||{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Glenn McGrath]]||26 wickets |- |[[2011 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2011]]||{{flagicon|India}} [[Yuvraj Singh]]||362 runs and 15 wickets |- |[[2015 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2015]]||{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Mitchell Starc]]||22 wickets |- |[[2019 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2019]]||{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Kane Williamson]]||578 runs |- |[[2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup|2023]]||{{flagicon|India}} [[Virat Kohli]]||765 runs |- |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book |last=Browning |first=Mark |title=A Complete History of World Cup Cricket |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7318-0833-5}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.cricketworldcup.com/ Official ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 website] *[http://icc.cricket.org/ Official ICC website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319092256/http://icc.cricket.org/ |date=19 March 2009 }} *[https://www.theiccworldcup2023.com/ ICC World Cup 2023 Full Details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810190903/https://www.theiccworldcup2023.com/ |date=10 August 2020 }} [[Category:ICC Men's Cricket World Cup| ]] [[Category:1975 establishments]] 0op1bgis86uk4oeq5user8ouclakl0f 0 284538 10330129 10328416 2025-06-14T14:56:15Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 reverted vandalism 10330129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=August 2023}} {{use mdy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox television | alt_name = Clifford | image = Clifford-the-Big-Red-Dog-title-card.jpg | creator = {{ubl|[[Norman Bridwell]] (characters)|[[Deborah Forte]] (television)}} | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animated series|Animation]] * [[Children's television series|Children]] * [[Education]] * [[Comedy]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''||[[Norman Bridwell]]}} | developer = Deborah Forte<br>Martha Atwater<br>Jef Kaminsky | director = John Over | country = {{Plainlist| * [[United States]] * [[United Kingdom]] }} | language = [[English]] | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 65 (130 segments) | list_episodes = List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes | executive_producer = Deborah Forte | producer = {{ubl|Martha Atwater|Jef Kaminsky (season 2)}} | runtime = 26 minutes (US)<br />15 minutes (UK) | network = [[PBS Kids]]<br>[[CBeebies]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|9|4}} | last_aired = {{End date|2003|02|25}} | related = {{Plainlist| * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) }} }} [[File:Clifford the Big Red Dog at the WhiteHouse Easter Egg Roll, 2007Apr09.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Someone in a Clifford [[costume]] with people all around him.]] '''''Clifford the Big Red Dog''''', also known as simply '''''Clifford''''', is an [[United States|American]] [[animated series|animated]] [[children's television series]] based on the book series ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (book series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''. The show is about Clifford, the big red dog, who gets into trouble sometimes and has two best friends (Cleo and T-Bone); his owner, Emily Elizabeth Howard, loves him very much and takes excellent care of him: in fact that's how he got so big. It aired on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. [[John Ritter]] voices Clifford in every episode. By the time the series ended production and the subsequent film ''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' was completed, Ritter was back on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s [[prime time]] schedule, starring in ''[[8 Simple Rules]]''. Ritter's death on September 11, 2003, came ten days after the debut of ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (it is often mistakenly cited as the reason the spin-off was created in lieu of a third season). Though the production of ''Clifford'' ended before Ritter's death, voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the ''Ready to Learn'' PBS Kids PSAs. ''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' served as the series finale, ''Clifford's Puppy Days'' still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006. On May 16, 2018, [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] announced a [[Revival (television)|reboot]] of the series [[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|of the same name]], which was released on December 6, 2019, on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and December 7, 2019, on [[PBS Kids]], starring Adam Sanders as the new voice of Clifford. [[PBS]] continued to air reruns of the 2000 series until 2022. Select PBS member stations still continue to carry the show. ==Broadcast== * The series aired on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. * In the [[United Kingdom]], it first aired on [[CBeebies]] in April 2002, and later has aired on Tiny Pop, but it retains from the [[United States]] version. * In [[Ireland|the Republic of Ireland]], it first aired on TG4 on 6 February 2001. * In Latin America and Brazil, it premiered on [[Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)|Discovery Kids]] on July 21, 2003. ** In Mexico, it last aired on September 24, 2010. Initially, upon its last airing, it was meant to have aired at 7:00 a.m. (UTC-6) ** In Brazil, it last aired on October 15, 2010. Initially, upon its last airing, it was meant to have aired Monday through Friday at 7:30 a.m. (UTC-3) ** In Argentina, it last aired on December 24, 2010. ** In the rest of Latin America, it last aired on December 21, 2008. This was then replaced by ''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]''. ==Books== ===Current=== *[[Clifford's ABC]] (1983) *[[Clifford and the Big Parade]] (1998) *Clifford the Big Red Dog (1963, 1985) *[[Clifford at the Circus]] (1977) *[[Count on Clifford]] (1987) *[[Clifford's Family]] (1984) *[[Clifford the Firehouse Dog]] (1994) *[[Clifford's First Autumn]] (1997) *[[Clifford's First Christmas]] (1994) *[[Clifford's First Valentine's Day]] (1997) *[[Clifford Goes to Hollywood]] (1980) *[[Clifford's Good Deeds]] (1988) *[[Clifford's Manners]] (1987) *[[Clifford's Pals]] (1985) *[[Clifford's Puppy Days]] (1989) *[[Clifford's Riddles]] (1974) *[[Clifford's Sports Day]] (1996) *[[Clifford's Tricks]] (1969, 1986) *[[Clifford's Word Book]] (1990) ===Clifford Go!=== *[[Clifford's Best Friend]] (1999) *[[Clifford's First School Day]] (1999) *[[Clifford's First Snow Day]] (1998) *[[Clifford Grows Up]] (1999, [[Clifford's Family]], [[Clifford's First Christmas]], [[Clifford's Puppy Days]], [[Clifford the Small Red Puppy]], [[Clifford's First Valentine's Day]], [[Clifford's First Autumn]], [[Clifford's First Halloween]] and [[Clifford's First Snow Day]]) *[[Clifford's Happy Mother's Day]] (2001) *[[Clifford Keeps Cool]] (1999) *[[Oops, Clifford!]] (1998, [[Clifford's Sports Day]], Clifford the Big Red Dog, [[Clifford's Manners]], [[Clifford's Tricks]], [[Clifford and the Big Storm]], [[Clifford's Family]], [[Clifford at the Circus]] and [[Clifford We Love You]]) *[[Clifford to the Rescue]] (2000, [[Clifford's Kitten]], [[Clifford and the Big Parade]], [[Clifford at the Circus]], [[Clifford's Riddles]], [[Clifford's Birthday Party]], [[Clifford the Firehouse Dog]] and [[Clifford Goes to Hollywood]]) *[[Clifford Visits the Hospital]] (2000) *[[Clifford We Love You]] (1991) ===Former=== *[[Clifford and the Big Storm]] (1995) *[[Clifford's Birthday Party]] (1988) *[[Clifford's First Halloween]] (1996) *[[Clifford Gets a Job]] (1965, 1985) *[[Clifford and the Grouchy Neighbors]] (1985, [[Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)|See Clifford on TV]]) *[[Clifford's Halloween]] (1966, 1986) *[[Clifford's Christmas|Clifford's Hanukkah]] (1984) *[[Clifford's Happy Easter]] (1992) *[[Clifford's Kitten]] (1984) *[[Clifford the Small Red Puppy]] (1972) *[[Clifford's Spring Clean-Up]] (1997) *[[Clifford Takes a Trip]] (1966, 1985) *[[Clifford's Thanksgiving Visit]] (1993) {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{TV-stub}} [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s British animated television series]] [[Category:2000s British children's television series]] [[Category:2000s British television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s British television series endings]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2002 British television series debuts]] [[Category:2003 American television series endings]] [[Category:2003 British television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:British children's television series]] [[Category:CBeebies]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Fictional dogs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television characters]] 1nizdqihs8kcea0pqrx74ob2hvdupkz 10331126 10330129 2025-06-15T00:18:37Z 35.147.129.47 10331126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=August 2023}} {{use mdy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox television | alt_name = Clifford | image = Clifford-the-Big-Red-Dog-title-card.jpg | creator = {{ubl|[[Norman Bridwell]] (characters)|[[Deborah Forte]] (television)}} | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animated series|Animation]] * [[Children's television series|Children]] * [[Education]] * [[Comedy]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''||[[Norman Bridwell]]}} | developer = Deborah Forte<br>Martha Atwater<br>Jef Kaminsky | director = John Over | country = {{Plainlist| * [[United States]] * [[United Kingdom]] }} | language = [[English]] | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 99 (999 segments) | list_episodes = List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes | executive_producer = Deborah Forte | producer = {{ubl|Martha Atwater|Jef Kaminsky (season 2)}} | runtime = 26 minutes (US)<br />15 minutes (UK) | network = [[PBS Kids]]<br>[[CBeebies]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|9|4}} | last_aired = {{End date|2008|10|31}} | related = {{Plainlist| * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) }} }} [[File:Clifford the Big Red Dog at the WhiteHouse Easter Egg Roll, 2007Apr09.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Someone in a Clifford [[costume]] with people all around him.]] '''''Clifford the Big Red Dog''''', also known as simply '''''Clifford''''', is an [[United States|American]] [[animated series|animated]] [[children's television series]] based on the book series ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (book series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''. The show is about Clifford, the big red dog, who gets into trouble sometimes and has two best friends (Cleo and T-Bone); his owner, Emily Elizabeth Howard, loves him very much and takes excellent care of him: in fact that's how he got so big. It aired on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] from September 4, 2000 to October 31, 2008. [[John Ritter]] voices Clifford in every episode. By the time the series ended production and the subsequent film ''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' was completed, Ritter was back on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s [[prime time]] schedule, starring in ''[[8 Simple Rules]]''. Ritter's death on December 24, 2008, came ten days after the debut of ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (it is often mistakenly cited as the reason the spin-off was created in lieu of a third season). Though the production of ''Clifford'' ended before Ritter's death, voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the ''Ready to Learn'' PBS Kids PSAs. ''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' served as the series finale, ''Clifford's Puppy Days'' still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006. On May 16, 2018, [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] announced a [[Revival (television)|reboot]] of the series [[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|of the same name]], which was released on December 6, 2019, on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and December 7, 2019, on [[PBS Kids]], starring Adam Sanders as the new voice of Clifford. [[PBS]] continued to air reruns of the 2000 series until 2022. Select PBS member stations still continue to carry the show. ==Broadcast== * The series aired on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] from September 4, 2000 to October 31, 2008. * In the [[United Kingdom]], it first aired on [[CBeebies]] in April 2002, and later has aired on Tiny Pop, but it retains from the [[United States]] version. * In [[Ireland|the Republic of Ireland]], it first aired on TG4 on 6 February 2001. * In Latin America and Brazil, it premiered on [[Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)|Discovery Kids]] on July 21, 2003. ** In Mexico, it last aired on September 24, 2010. Initially, upon its last airing, it was meant to have aired at 7:00 a.m. (UTC-6) ** In Brazil, it last aired on October 15, 2010. Initially, upon its last airing, it was meant to have aired Monday through Friday at 7:30 a.m. (UTC-3) ** In Argentina, it last aired on December 24, 2010. ** In the rest of Latin America, it last aired on December 21, 2008. This was then replaced by ''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]''. ==Books== ===Current=== *[[Clifford's ABC]] (1983) *[[Clifford and the Big Parade]] (1998) *Clifford the Big Red Dog (1963, 1985) *[[Clifford at the Circus]] (1977) *[[Count on Clifford]] (1987) *[[Clifford's Family]] (1984) *[[Clifford the Firehouse Dog]] (1994) *[[Clifford's First Autumn]] (1997) *[[Clifford's First Christmas]] (1994) *[[Clifford's First Valentine's Day]] (1997) *[[Clifford Goes to Hollywood]] (1980) *[[Clifford's Good Deeds]] (1988) *[[Clifford's Manners]] (1987) *[[Clifford's Pals]] (1985) *[[Clifford's Puppy Days]] (1989) *[[Clifford's Riddles]] (1974) *[[Clifford's Sports Day]] (1996) *[[Clifford's Tricks]] (1969, 1986) *[[Clifford's Word Book]] (1990) ===Clifford Go!=== *[[Clifford's Best Friend]] (1999) *[[Clifford's First School Day]] (1999) *[[Clifford's First Snow Day]] (1998) *[[Clifford Grows Up]] (1999, [[Clifford's Family]], [[Clifford's First Christmas]], [[Clifford's Puppy Days]], [[Clifford the Small Red Puppy]], [[Clifford's First Valentine's Day]], [[Clifford's First Autumn]], [[Clifford's First Halloween]] and [[Clifford's First Snow Day]]) *[[Clifford's Happy Mother's Day]] (2001) *[[Clifford Keeps Cool]] (1999) *[[Oops, Clifford!]] (1998, [[Clifford's Sports Day]], Clifford the Big Red Dog, [[Clifford's Manners]], [[Clifford's Tricks]], [[Clifford and the Big Storm]], [[Clifford's Family]], [[Clifford at the Circus]] and [[Clifford We Love You]]) *[[Clifford to the Rescue]] (2000, [[Clifford's Kitten]], [[Clifford and the Big Parade]], [[Clifford at the Circus]], [[Clifford's Riddles]], [[Clifford's Birthday Party]], [[Clifford the Firehouse Dog]] and [[Clifford Goes to Hollywood]]) *[[Clifford Visits the Hospital]] (2000) *[[Clifford We Love You]] (1991) ===Former=== *[[Clifford and the Big Storm]] (1995) *[[Clifford's Birthday Party]] (1988) *[[Clifford's First Halloween]] (1996) *[[Clifford Gets a Job]] (1965, 1985) *[[Clifford and the Grouchy Neighbors]] (1985, [[Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)|See Clifford on TV]]) *[[Clifford's Halloween]] (1966, 1986) *[[Clifford's Christmas|Clifford's Hanukkah]] (1984) *[[Clifford's Happy Easter]] (1992) *[[Clifford's Kitten]] (1984) *[[Clifford the Small Red Puppy]] (1972) *[[Clifford's Spring Clean-Up]] (1997) *[[Clifford Takes a Trip]] (1966, 1985) *[[Clifford's Thanksgiving Visit]] (1993) {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{TV-stub}} [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s British animated television series]] [[Category:2000s British children's television series]] [[Category:2000s British television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s British television series endings]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000 British television series debuts]] [[Category:2008 American television series endings]] [[Category:2008 British television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:British children's television series]] [[Category:CBeebies]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Fictional dogs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television characters]] j6rqy65uex4b34qrohb0mmc51w5g80i 10331131 10331126 2025-06-15T00:20:08Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10331126 by [[Special:Contributions/35.147.129.47|35.147.129.47]] ([[User talk:35.147.129.47|talk]]) 10331131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=August 2023}} {{use mdy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox television | alt_name = Clifford | image = Clifford-the-Big-Red-Dog-title-card.jpg | creator = {{ubl|[[Norman Bridwell]] (characters)|[[Deborah Forte]] (television)}} | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Animated series|Animation]] * [[Children's television series|Children]] * [[Education]] * [[Comedy]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''||[[Norman Bridwell]]}} | developer = Deborah Forte<br>Martha Atwater<br>Jef Kaminsky | director = John Over | country = {{Plainlist| * [[United States]] * [[United Kingdom]] }} | language = [[English]] | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 65 (130 segments) | list_episodes = List of Clifford the Big Red Dog episodes | executive_producer = Deborah Forte | producer = {{ubl|Martha Atwater|Jef Kaminsky (season 2)}} | runtime = 26 minutes (US)<br />15 minutes (UK) | network = [[PBS Kids]]<br>[[CBeebies]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|9|4}} | last_aired = {{End date|2003|02|25}} | related = {{Plainlist| * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) }} }} [[File:Clifford the Big Red Dog at the WhiteHouse Easter Egg Roll, 2007Apr09.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Someone in a Clifford [[costume]] with people all around him.]] '''''Clifford the Big Red Dog''''', also known as simply '''''Clifford''''', is an [[United States|American]] [[animated series|animated]] [[children's television series]] based on the book series ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (book series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''. The show is about Clifford, the big red dog, who gets into trouble sometimes and has two best friends (Cleo and T-Bone); his owner, Emily Elizabeth Howard, loves him very much and takes excellent care of him: in fact that's how he got so big. It aired on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. [[John Ritter]] voices Clifford in every episode. By the time the series ended production and the subsequent film ''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' was completed, Ritter was back on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s [[prime time]] schedule, starring in ''[[8 Simple Rules]]''. Ritter's death on September 11, 2003, came ten days after the debut of ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (it is often mistakenly cited as the reason the spin-off was created in lieu of a third season). Though the production of ''Clifford'' ended before Ritter's death, voice actors for the main characters have reprised some of their roles for the ''Ready to Learn'' PBS Kids PSAs. ''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' served as the series finale, ''Clifford's Puppy Days'' still continued to air until its cancellation in 2006. On May 16, 2018, [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]] announced a [[Revival (television)|reboot]] of the series [[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|of the same name]], which was released on December 6, 2019, on [[Amazon Prime Video]] and December 7, 2019, on [[PBS Kids]], starring Adam Sanders as the new voice of Clifford. [[PBS]] continued to air reruns of the 2000 series until 2022. Select PBS member stations still continue to carry the show. ==Broadcast== * The series aired on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003. * In the [[United Kingdom]], it first aired on [[CBeebies]] in April 2002, and later has aired on Tiny Pop, but it retains from the [[United States]] version. * In [[Ireland|the Republic of Ireland]], it first aired on TG4 on 6 February 2001. * In Latin America and Brazil, it premiered on [[Discovery Kids (Latin American TV channel)|Discovery Kids]] on July 21, 2003. ** In Mexico, it last aired on September 24, 2010. Initially, upon its last airing, it was meant to have aired at 7:00 a.m. (UTC-6) ** In Brazil, it last aired on October 15, 2010. Initially, upon its last airing, it was meant to have aired Monday through Friday at 7:30 a.m. (UTC-3) ** In Argentina, it last aired on December 24, 2010. ** In the rest of Latin America, it last aired on December 21, 2008. This was then replaced by ''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]''. ==Books== ===Current=== *[[Clifford's ABC]] (1983) *[[Clifford and the Big Parade]] (1998) *Clifford the Big Red Dog (1963, 1985) *[[Clifford at the Circus]] (1977) *[[Count on Clifford]] (1987) *[[Clifford's Family]] (1984) *[[Clifford the Firehouse Dog]] (1994) *[[Clifford's First Autumn]] (1997) *[[Clifford's First Christmas]] (1994) *[[Clifford's First Valentine's Day]] (1997) *[[Clifford Goes to Hollywood]] (1980) *[[Clifford's Good Deeds]] (1988) *[[Clifford's Manners]] (1987) *[[Clifford's Pals]] (1985) *[[Clifford's Puppy Days]] (1989) *[[Clifford's Riddles]] (1974) *[[Clifford's Sports Day]] (1996) *[[Clifford's Tricks]] (1969, 1986) *[[Clifford's Word Book]] (1990) ===Clifford Go!=== *[[Clifford's Best Friend]] (1999) *[[Clifford's First School Day]] (1999) *[[Clifford's First Snow Day]] (1998) *[[Clifford Grows Up]] (1999, [[Clifford's Family]], [[Clifford's First Christmas]], [[Clifford's Puppy Days]], [[Clifford the Small Red Puppy]], [[Clifford's First Valentine's Day]], [[Clifford's First Autumn]], [[Clifford's First Halloween]] and [[Clifford's First Snow Day]]) *[[Clifford's Happy Mother's Day]] (2001) *[[Clifford Keeps Cool]] (1999) *[[Oops, Clifford!]] (1998, [[Clifford's Sports Day]], Clifford the Big Red Dog, [[Clifford's Manners]], [[Clifford's Tricks]], [[Clifford and the Big Storm]], [[Clifford's Family]], [[Clifford at the Circus]] and [[Clifford We Love You]]) *[[Clifford to the Rescue]] (2000, [[Clifford's Kitten]], [[Clifford and the Big Parade]], [[Clifford at the Circus]], [[Clifford's Riddles]], [[Clifford's Birthday Party]], [[Clifford the Firehouse Dog]] and [[Clifford Goes to Hollywood]]) *[[Clifford Visits the Hospital]] (2000) *[[Clifford We Love You]] (1991) ===Former=== *[[Clifford and the Big Storm]] (1995) *[[Clifford's Birthday Party]] (1988) *[[Clifford's First Halloween]] (1996) *[[Clifford Gets a Job]] (1965, 1985) *[[Clifford and the Grouchy Neighbors]] (1985, [[Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)|See Clifford on TV]]) *[[Clifford's Halloween]] (1966, 1986) *[[Clifford's Christmas|Clifford's Hanukkah]] (1984) *[[Clifford's Happy Easter]] (1992) *[[Clifford's Kitten]] (1984) *[[Clifford the Small Red Puppy]] (1972) *[[Clifford's Spring Clean-Up]] (1997) *[[Clifford Takes a Trip]] (1966, 1985) *[[Clifford's Thanksgiving Visit]] (1993) {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{TV-stub}} [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s British animated television series]] [[Category:2000s British children's television series]] [[Category:2000s British television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s British television series endings]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2002 British television series debuts]] [[Category:2003 American television series endings]] [[Category:2003 British television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:British children's television series]] [[Category:CBeebies]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Fictional dogs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television characters]] 1nizdqihs8kcea0pqrx74ob2hvdupkz 0 288986 10331283 10198496 2025-06-15T01:39:48Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331283 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HB Pier Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Picture of The HB Pier]] [[File:Flag of Huntington Beach, California.svg|right|250px]] [[File:Seal of Huntington Beach, California.png|right|200px]] '''Huntington Beach''' is an ocean town in [[Orange County, California]]. According to the 2020 Census, the number of people living in Huntington Beach is 198,711.<ref name="2020QF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/huntingtonbeachcitycalifornia|title=QuickFacts: Huntington Beach city, California|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> This makes it one of the largest cities in Orange County in the number of people, or population. It is has the [[Pacific Ocean]] on the southwest, [[Seal Beach, California|Seal Beach]] in the northwest, [[Costa Mesa, California|Costa Mesa]] to the east, [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]] on the southeast, [[Westminster, California|Westminster]] to the north, and [[Fountain Valley, California|Fountain Valley]] to the northeast. Huntington Beach is well known for its 8.5 mile (13.7&nbsp;km) strip of beach running down the west side. The beach is a very good place for [[surfing]]. Several surfing meets are held there each year. The beach is named for [[Henry E. Huntington]], the head of the [[Pacific Electric Railway]]. The PE served Huntington Beach for many years. ==Notable natives and residents== <!-- Only people who already have a Wikipedia article may appear here. This establishes notability. The article must mention how they are associated with the community, whether born, raised, or residing. The fact of their association should have a reliable source cited. Please add new entries sorted alphabetically by last name All others will be deleted without further explanation --> ===Actors=== * [[Willie Aames]] attended [[Edison High School, Huntington Beach|Edison High School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22672365/ |title=Excerpt: 'Grace Is Enough' |accessdate=March 27, 2008 |author= |date=January 16, 2008 |work=msnbc.com web site |publisher=}}</ref> * [[Eva Angelina]], adult film actress.<ref>{{iafd name|id=EvaAngelina|gender=f|name=Eva Angelina}}</ref> * [[Nicole Eggert]] grew up in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20108283,00.html|title=Shore Leave|author=Tom Gliatto|newspaper=People|volume=41|date=June 6, 1994|accessdate=July 2, 2016|archive-date=August 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821052156/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20108283,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Lauren German]], actress of [[NBC]] TV series ''[[Chicago Fire (TV series)|Chicago Fire]]''. * [[Amy Grabow]] grew up in Huntington Beach and attended the [[Huntington Beach High School#Academy for the Performing Arts|Academy for the Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soapcentral.com/gh/theactors/grabow.php |title=About the Actors, Amy Grabow |accessdate=March 6, 2008 |author= |work=www.soapcentral.com |publisher= |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226083151/http://www.soapcentral.com/gh/theactors/grabow.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jenna Jameson]], famed [[pornographic actor|pornographic actress]], lives in Huntington Harbour with [[Tito Ortiz]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://huntingtonhomes.freedomblogging.com/2009/11/24/curious-about-porn-stars-decor-just-peek/71763/ |title=A peek inside a porn queen's home - Huntington Homes : The Orange County Register |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2009-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125234637/http://huntingtonhomes.freedomblogging.com/2009/11/24/curious-about-porn-stars-decor-just-peek/71763/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]], most noted for the role of Bart Maverick on the [[Maverick (TV series)|''Maverick'' TV series]]; during the 1980s and early 1990s, he served as city councilman and mayor in Huntington Beach.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/09/obituaries/jack-kelly-an-actor-on-maverick-series-and-a-politician-65.html|title=Jack Kelly, an Actor On 'Maverick' Series And a Politician, 65|date=1992-11-09|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=November 30, 2009}}</ref> * [[Jason Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], actor, title character in TV series ''[[My Name is Earl]]'', grew up in Huntington Beach and attended Ocean View High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jason-lee/bio/155987 |title=Jason Lee: Biography |accessdate=March 27, 2008 |author= |work=tvguide.com |publisher=}}</ref> * [[Cara Lott]], adult actress. ===Athletes=== [[File:Scott Lipsky at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships.jpg|thumb|right|[[Scott Lipsky]]]] * Huntington Beach is the home to pro skateboarders [[Christian Hosoi]], [[Geoff Rowley]],<ref>{{cite web | title =Geoff Rowley | work =Volcom web site | url =http://www.volcom.com/team/team_rider_detail.asp?TeamID=2&riderID=12&SectionId=1 | accessdate =April 16, 2008 | archive-date =April 8, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080408150314/http://www.volcom.com/team/team_rider_detail.asp?TeamId=2&SectionId=1&RiderId=12 | url-status =dead }}</ref> [[Arto Saari]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expn.go.com/athletes/bios/SAARI_ARTO.html |title=Arto Saari, EXPN web site |publisher=Expn.go.com |date=2014-08-15 |accessdate=2014-08-20}}</ref> [[Tosh Townend]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theskateboardindustry.com/tsi/skater.aspx?ID=590 |title=The Skateboard Industry |publisher=The Skateboard Industry |accessdate=2014-08-20 |archive-date=2014-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817130704/http://www.theskateboardindustry.com/tsi/skater.aspx?ID=590 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mark Appleyard]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globe.tv/skate/team.php?id=15 |title=Skate Shoes by Globe &#124; Time for Change &#124; Profile: Mark Appleyard |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2008-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405141222/http://www.globe.tv/skate/team.php?id=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brian Sumner]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.briansumner.net/ |title=‡ Brian Sumner ‡ |publisher=Briansumner.net |accessdate=2014-08-20}}</ref> [[Ed Templeton]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFD71230F935A15751C1A965958260 | work=The New York Times | title=THE YEAR IN REVIEW – 1993; The Year's Champions | first=Vincent M. | last=Mallozzi | date=December 26, 1993 | accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref> and [[Nyjah Huston]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bergeron|first=Elena|title=18 At Last|url=http://xgames.espn.go.com/article/9357733/seven-time-x-games-medalist-nyjah-huston-now-own-man-espn-magazine|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=August 28, 2013|date=May 30, 2013|archive-date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627171517/http://xgames.espn.go.com/article/9357733/seven-time-x-games-medalist-nyjah-huston-now-own-man-espn-magazine|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Former [[NHL]] [[hockey]] player [[John Blue (ice hockey)|John Blue]] is from Huntington Beach,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=18221 |title=NHL Player Search: John Blue |accessdate=June 4, 2008 |author= |work=www.legendsofhockey.net |publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame}}</ref> as is professional soccer player [[Sacha Kljestan]]. * It is home of [[Mixed martial arts|mixed martial artists]]: [[Tito Ortiz|Tito "The Huntington Beach Bad Boy" Ortiz]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=fighter.detail&pid=131|title=UFC : Ultimate Fighting Championship|publisher=}}</ref> [[Kimo Leopoldo]], [[Tank Abbott]] and [[James Irvin (fighter)|James Irvin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmamadness.com/|title=Vida e Saúde - Cuidando do Seu Corpo Sempre!|website=Vida e Saúde}}</ref> * [[Collin Balester]], baseball player, attended [[Huntington Beach High School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/B/collin-balester.shtml |title=Collin Balester |publisher=The Baseball Cube |date=June 6, 1986 |accessdate=May 23, 2009}}</ref> * [[Hank Conger]], baseball player, attended Huntington Beach High School. * [[Ric Drasin]], artist, actor, stuntman, writer, personal trainer, bodybuilder, and professional wrestler{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} * [[Bill Green (hammer thrower)|Bill Green]], former U.S. record holder in [[hammer throw]], fifth place in [[1984 Summer Olympics]], lived in the Seacliff area of Huntington Beach 1999–2006. * [[Jessie Godderz]], professional bodybuilder with the World Natural Body Building Federation, contestant on [[Big Brother 10 (U.S.)|Big Brother 10]] and [[Big Brother 11 (U.S.)|Big Brother 11]]<ref>[http://www.cbs.com/primetime/big_brother/bio/jessie_10/bio.php Jessie's bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823053924/http://www.cbs.com/primetime/big_brother/bio/jessie_10/bio.php |date=2008-08-23 }}, ''[[CBS]].com''. Retrieved 2008-07-08.</ref> * [[Julio Cesar Gonzalez]], boxer, 1996 Olympic Games athlete for Mexico, WBO light-heavyweight champion 2003, attended Edison High, was killed in 2012 by a drunk driver in Baja, Mexico. * [[Tony Gonzalez (American football)|Tony Gonzalez]], formerly of the NFL's [[Atlanta Falcons]], attended Huntington Beach High School.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcchiefs.com/player/tony_gonzalez/ |title=TONY GONZALEZ #88 |accessdate=June 25, 2008 |author= |work=Kansas City Chiefs web site |publisher= |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080609092711/http://www.kcchiefs.com/player/tony_gonzalez/ |archivedate = June 9, 2008}}</ref> * [[Ian Kennedy]], [[San Diego Padres]] pitcher, was born in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arizona.diamondbacks.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=453178 |title=Ian Kennedy Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio &#124; padres.com: Team |work=Arizona.diamondbacks.mlb.com |date=2013-05-24 |accessdate=2014-02-11 |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714171605/http://arizona.diamondbacks.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=453178 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jeff Kent]], retired baseball player and recipient of baseball's 2000 National League MVP award, was raised in Huntington Beach and attended [[Edison High School, Huntington Beach|Edison High School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/Kent/Kent_bio.html |title=Jeff Kent: Biography |accessdate=April 17, 2008 |author= |work=Jockbio.com |publisher= |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509164400/http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/Kent/Kent_bio.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Jürgen Klinsmann]], soccer player, coach of the [[German national soccer team]] and current coach of the [[United States men's national soccer team]]. He did move with his family in 2008 to [[Munich]], Germany to become the coach of [[FC Bayern Munich]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi%3Ff=/c/a/2006/06/15/SPG3PJEHSJ1.DTL |title=Life's a beach at German fanfest |publisher=sfgate |date=June 15, 2006 |accessdate=May 23, 2009 | first=Scott | last=Ostler}}</ref> Klinsmann currently lives in [[Newport Beach]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Zeigler |first=Mark |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060607/news_1s7worldcup.html |title=The face of Germany &#124; The San Diego Union-Tribune |work=Utsandiego.com |date=2006-06-07 |accessdate=2014-02-11}}</ref> * [[Iris Kyle]], 10-time overall [[Ms. Olympia]] professional bodybuilder. * [[Scott Lipsky]], professional tennis player, lives in Huntington Beach. * [[David Martin (tennis)|David Martin]], professional tennis player, lives in Huntington Beach. * [[Paul McBeth]], three time disc golf world champion. * [[Peter Mel]], surfer<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilkey|first=Robin|title=Peter Mel Wins Mavericks: 43-Year-Old Veteran Takes Home The Big Wave Prize|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/22/peter-mel_n_2527581.html?ncid=edlinkusaolp00000003|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=January 23, 2013|date=January 22, 2013}}</ref> * [[Henry Owens]], baseball player. * [[Cherokee Parks]], basketball player, was born in Huntington Beach and attended [[Marina High School (Huntington Beach, California)|Marina High School]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} * [[Brett Simpson]], surfer. * Surfer [[Peter Townend (surfer)|Peter "PT" Townend]] lived in Huntington Beach.<ref name=indie>{{cite news|last=Carpio|first=Anthony Clark|title=Surfing champ Townend honored|url=http://articles.hbindependent.com/2013-08-12/news/tn-hbi-me-0815-peter-townend-award-20130812_1_world-champ-national-scholastic-surfing-assn-surfing-walk|accessdate=August 24, 2013|newspaper=[[Huntington Beach Independent]]|date=August 15, 2013|page=A4|archive-date=July 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713041410/http://articles.hbindependent.com/2013-08-12/news/tn-hbi-me-0815-peter-townend-award-20130812_1_world-champ-national-scholastic-surfing-assn-surfing-walk|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Joan Weston]], star of [[Roller Derby]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Thomas, Jr. |authorlink= |title=Joanie Weston, 62, a Big Star In the World of Roller Derbies |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4D91038F93BA25756C0A961958260&scp=1&sq=weston%20%22huntington%20beach%22&st=cse |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher= |date=May 18, 1997 |accessdate=July 13, 2008}}</ref> * [[Bob Wolcott]], former [[Seattle Mariners]] pitcher, was born in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/bio/CA_born_place.shtml |title=Players Born in California – |publisher=Baseball-reference.com |accessdate=2014-08-20 |archive-date=2008-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623004701/http://www.baseball-reference.com/bio/CA_born_place.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Musicians=== * The rock/metal band [[Avenged Sevenfold]] grew up and currently live here. Lead guitarist [[Synyster Gates]] has said he enjoys nothing more than cruising Huntington Beach on his chopper.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/avengedsevenfold/articles/story/8829380/disorderly_conduct |title=Disorderly Conduct: Avenged Sevenfold : Rolling Stone |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=2017-08-31 |archive-date=2014-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427213859/https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/avengedsevenfold/articles/story/8829380/disorderly_conduct |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Former drummer [[James Owen Sullivan|The Rev]] was buried here following his death. * [[Dexter Holland]] from [[The Offspring]] lived in Huntington Beach.<ref name=ocr20130315>{{cite news|last=Kalfus|first=Marilyn|title=Punk rocker's home at just under $4 million|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/home-499938-includes-holland.html|accessdate= March 17, 2013|newspaper=[[The Orange County Register]]|date=March 17, 2013|page=Real Estate 6}}</ref> * The ska punk rock band [[Reel Big Fish]] formed here in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|last=Woolsey|first=Brittany|title=Reel Big Fish end with a splash|newspaper=[[Huntington Beach Independent]]|date=August 2, 2012|page=B1}}</ref> * [[Dean Torrence]], from the 1960s pop group [[Jan and Dean]], who co-wrote "[[Surf City (song)|Surf City]]" (#1 in 1963), said that Huntington Beach embodies the song's spirit of freedom and California fun.<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0720/p01s02-ussc.html |title=Where's the real Surf City, USA? |accessdate=July 20, 2005 |journal=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=20 July 2005 }}</ref> * [[Christian Jacobs]], the MC Bat Commander of [[The Aquabats]], lives in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Larsen |authorlink= |title=Monsters of kids' rock |url=http://www.ocregister.com/entertainment/yo-gabba-gabba-1813203-nickelodeon-aquabats |work=Orange County Register |publisher= |date=August 19, 2007 |accessdate=March 25, 2008 |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201002210/http://www.ocregister.com/entertainment/yo-gabba-gabba-1813203-nickelodeon-aquabats |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Matt Costa]], folk pop singer, was born in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Roy |last=Atizado |authorlink= |title=Interview with Matt Costa |url=http://www.nowontour.com/news/interviews/67-matt-costa |work=NowOnTour.com |accessdate=March 25, 2008 }}</ref> * [[(Hed) P.E.]], a punk rock/hip hop group, was formed in Huntington Beach. * [[The Vandals]], a punk rock band formed in Huntington Beach<ref>{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Carraway |authorlink= |title=Huntington Beach Punk Heroes the Vandals Rock Iraq, Afghanistan, Anaheim |url=http://www.ocweekly.com/music/music/huntington-beach-punk-heroes-the-vandals-rock-iraq-afghanistan-anaheim/28809/ |work=Orange County Weekly |publisher= |date=May 15, 2008 |accessdate=June 17, 2008 |archive-date=May 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519052054/http://www.ocweekly.com/music/music/huntington-beach-punk-heroes-the-vandals-rock-iraq-afghanistan-anaheim/28809/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Alien Ant Farm]] lead singer Dryden Mitchell lives in Huntington Beach. * [[David Silveria]], formerly from the rock band [[Korn]] lives in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Purnima |last=Mudnal |authorlink= |title=Steak? The 'ayes' have it |url=http://www.hbindependent.com/articles/2006/05/11/business/hbi-silvera11.txt |work=Huntington Beach Independent |publisher= |date=August 2, 2006 |accessdate=June 8, 2008}}</ref> * [[Doug Webb]], saxophonist<ref>{{cite news|last1=Panoringan|first1=Anne Marie|title=Man Who Plays Lisa Simpson's Sax Debuts at Bayside TONIGHT!|url=http://blogs.ocweekly.com/stickaforkinit/2014/06/doug_webb_lisa_simpson_saxophone.php|accessdate=June 13, 2014|work=OC Weekly|date=June 13, 2014|archive-date=July 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705003052/http://blogs.ocweekly.com/stickaforkinit/2014/06/doug_webb_lisa_simpson_saxophone.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Scott Weiland]], of the [[Stone Temple Pilots]] and formerly of [[Velvet Revolver]], attended [[Edison High School, Huntington Beach|Edison High School]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Weiner | first = Jonah | title = Scott Weiland | work = www.blender.com | date = August 2, 2007 | url = http://www.blender.com/guide/68802/scott-weiland.html | accessdate = May 15, 2009 | archive-date = June 27, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100627160632/http://www.blender.com/guide/68802/scott-weiland.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> * Joe and Luke McGarry of the indie band [[Pop Noir]] were born in [[Manchester, England]], but grew up and still live in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lilledeshan |last=Bose |authorlink= |title=Pop Noir By The Numbers |url=http://blogs.ocweekly.com/heardmentality/interview/pop-noir-at-the-detroit/ |work=OC Weekly |publisher= |date=July 7, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2010 |archive-date=July 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717012244/http://blogs.ocweekly.com/heardmentality/interview/pop-noir-at-the-detroit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * The reggae band, [[The Dirty Heads]] was formed in Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news|title=TASTE OF MADISON GIVES GOOD MUSIC MIX|first=ROB |last=THOMAS|work=Madison Capital Times|location=Madison, Wis.|date=September 2, 2010|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fadroski|first=Kelli Skye|title=Wait is finally over for the Dirty Heads|url=http://soundcheck.ocregister.com/2012/06/14/the-dirty-heads-get-fired-up-for-sophomore-release/95132/|accessdate=June 16, 2012|newspaper=[[The Orange County Register]]|date=June 16, 2012|page=Show Saturday 2|archive-date=June 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617171049/http://soundcheck.ocregister.com/2012/06/14/the-dirty-heads-get-fired-up-for-sophomore-release/95132/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[hellogoodbye]] was formed in Huntington Beach in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|title=Go ahead, call Hellogoodbye emo|first=Ed |last=Condran|work=News & Observer|location=Raleigh, N.C.|date=November 2, 2007|page=WUP.17}}</ref> * The [[Suburban Legends]] are natives of Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news|last=Woolsey|first=Brittany|title=Band with H.B. roots releases new album|url=http://www.hbindependent.com/entertainment/tn-hbi-0405-band-20120403,0,5658972.story|accessdate=April 7, 2012|newspaper=[[Huntington Beach Independent]]|date=April 5, 2012|page=B1}}</ref> * The members of the alternative/pop band [[Emblem3]] were from Huntington Beach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sequimgazette.com/entertainment/251954011.html|title=Emblem3: Earning their success|newspaper=Sequim Gazette|date=24 March 2014|accessdate=2 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.examiner.com/article/emblem3-s-no-money-and-homeless-story-raises-credibility-questions|website=Examiner.com|title=Emblem3's 'no money and homeless' story raises credibility questions|author=Carla Hay|date=8 November 2012|accessdate=2 July 2016}}</ref> ===Other=== * [[Pete Conrad]], astronaut<ref>{{cite news|last=Epting|first=Chris|title=In the Pipeline: Pushing for change after tragedy|url=http://www.hbindependent.com/opinion/tn-hbi-0110-pipeline-20130108,0,6016636.story|accessdate=January 9, 2013|newspaper=[[Huntington Beach Independent]]|date=January 9, 2013}}</ref> * [[Violet Cowden]], aviator and member of the [[Women Airforce Service Pilots]] during [[World War II]].<ref name=dailypilot>{{cite news |first=Michael|last=Miller|title=Female World War II pilot 'will be sorely missed'|url=http://www.dailypilot.com/news/education/tn-hbi-0421-cowden-20110413,0,6505207.story |work=[[Daily Pilot]] |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 13, 2011 |accessdate=May 8, 2011}}</ref> * [[Kenneth True Norris Jr.]], industrialist and philanthropist{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Greater Los Angeles Area}} {{Cities of Orange County, California}} [[Category:Huntington Beach, California| ]] 63n843t7xv6dwvge0tyqhpvuos7tk8e 0 305096 10331798 10276992 2025-06-15T11:09:55Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Building | name = Jeddah Tower | native_name = [[برج جدة]] | status = Under construction | image = Jeddah Tower August 2019 S.Nitzold.jpg | caption = Jeddah Tower in [[August]] [[2019]] | location = [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] | coordinates = {{coord|21.734063|39.082758|region:SA-02_type:landmark |display=title,inline}} | start_date = [[April 1]], [[2013]] | architect = [[Adrian Smith (architect)|Adrian D. Smith]], [[Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture]] | owner = [[Jeddah Economic Company]] [[Kingdom Real Estate Development]] | cost = [[Saudi riyal|SR]]10&nbsp;billion (US$10.23&nbsp;billion)<ref name="wallstreetjournalaugust3">{{cite news | author=Summer Said | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903341404576483540742054836?mod=WSJ_World_LEFTSecondNews |title=Saudis Plan World's Tallest Tower|date=3 August 2011| work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=3 August 2011}}</ref> (preliminary) | floor_area = {{cvt|243,866|sqm}} | top_floor = {{cvt|668|m|ft|0}} (if completed as planned) | floor_count = 252 <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/travel-to-the-luxurious-jeddah-city |title=Travel to the Luxurious Jeddah City|work=Luxury Travel Magazine}}</ref> | references = <ref name=skyscraperCenter>{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/jeddah/kingdom-tower/2 |title=Jeddah Tower – The Skyscraper Center |publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat}}</ref><ref name="milehightowerssp">{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=82759|title=Mile-High Tower|publisher=[[SkyscraperPage]]|accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> | building_type = [[office]], [[hotel]], [[residential]], [[apartments]], [[observation]], [[retail]] | architectural_style = [[Neo-futurism]] | structural_system = [[Reinforced concrete]] and [[steel]], [[all-glass]] [[façade]] | architectural = At least {{cvt|1000|m}} | roof = At least {{cvt|1000|m}} | observatory = {{cvt|652|m}} | elevator_count = 59 (55 single deck and 4 double deck),<ref name=skyscraperCenter/><ref>{{cite web|title=Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia|url=http://smithgill.com/media/pdfs/Kingdom_for_web_7.pdf|publisher=Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture LLP|accessdate=19 April 2014|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713122337/http://smithgill.com/media/pdfs/Kingdom_for_web_7.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> made by [[KONE]]<ref>{{cite web|title=KONE wins order for Saudi Arabia's Kingdom Tower, the world's tallest building|url=http://www.kone.com/en/media/releases/kone-wins-order-for-saudi-arabia-s-kingdom-tower--the-world-s-tallest-building-2014-06-05.aspx|publisher=KONE Corporation|accessdate=23 August 2017|archive-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823162340/http://www.kone.com/en/media/releases/kone-wins-order-for-saudi-arabia-s-kingdom-tower--the-world-s-tallest-building-2014-06-05.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | structural_engineer = [[Thornton Tomasetti]] | main_contractor = [[Saudi Binladin Group]] | image_size = | opening = | engineer = [[Langan International]] ([[sub-grade]] and transportation planning)<ref name="langanwebsite">{{cite web|title=Langan Website|url=http://www.langan.com/web/|publisher=Langan International|year=2011|accessdate=5 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806204935/http://www.langan.com/web/|archivedate=6 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | developer = [[Jeddah Economic Company]] ([[JEC]])<ref name="emirates24/7august2.2">{{cite news | url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/kingdom-tower-to-pip-reigning-champ-burj-khalifa-by-173m-2011-08-02-1.411064 | title=Kingdom Tower to pip reigning champ Burj Khalifa by 173m | work=Emirates 24/7 | date=2 August 2011 | accessdate=3 August 2011 | author=Nambiar, Sona | publisher=Dubai Media Incorporated}}</ref> | management = [[CBRE Group]] | stop_date = [[January]] [[2016]] | completion_date = Planned completion in [[2025]]-[[2026]] }} '''Jeddah Tower''', or '''Kingdom Tower''' is a paused [[skyscraper]] construction project in [[Jeddah]], a major port city on the [[Red Sea]] coast of [[Saudi Arabia]]. If completed according to plan, the Kingdom Tower would be the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|tallest building in the world]], a title currently held by the [[Burj Khalifa]] in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Kingdom Tower is planned to be approximately {{cvt|1|km|ft}} high, which is significantly taller than the current Guinness World Record holder, the [[Burj Khalifa]] which stands {{cvt|828|m}} high. Kingdom Tower is the first stage in the Kingdom City project, a planned suburb of Jeddah intended to become a new city entirely. Plans for Kingdom Tower have been circulating since 2008, when it was originally named the "Mile-High Tower." However, the foundation where the Kingdom [[Holding company|Holding Company]] wanted to build the tower was not stable enough to support a mile-high structure. Instead, the company settled for the kilometer-high title, where on August 2, 2011, Kingdom Holding announced that construction would commence shortly. The idea of Kingdom Tower is credited to the Prince of Saudi Arabia, Al-Waleed bin Talal, who is also the owner of Kingdom Holding Company. As one of the [[Forbes list of billionaires|wealthiest men in the world]], the Saudi prince is the main contributor to the project. ==Issues== However, many people are complaining that the tower is going to be a waste of much needed capital. The government has many problems and issues that require the money of the Saudi Arabian government, such as improving education and providing jobs that will benefit the country as a whole. As such, there are some that believe the country cannot afford to pursue such a large project. Many believe that this project is an elitist venture made simply to compete with the already-failed [[Burj Khalifa]], which is known to be almost completely empty. Saudi Arabians and immigrants alike fear that the project is going to be a failure in stimulating the lagging economy of Saudi Arabia, and will instead add to the debt of the country. Still, others also believe that the project will benefit the economy of Saudi Arabia, bringing in much needed jobs to help construct the building, and will bring in a large amount of tourism already concentrated within the [[Hejaz]] area where Jeddah resides. ==References== *[http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/17/world/meast/saudi-arabia-to-build-tallest-building-ever/index.html?sr=fb041814tallesttowerstorygalLink Harrington, Daisy. "Saudi Arabia to build world's tallest tower, reaching 1 kilometer into the sky." CNN.] {{reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Skyscrapers in Asia]] [[Category:Jeddah]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia]] l6c2wjov495f1z8kt0ar4iirr1lfhu6 0 307329 10330897 10289894 2025-06-14T21:19:44Z BlackJack 572554 Corrected the cricket section. Also, date formats per [[MOS:DATEFORMAT]] by [[User:Davey2010/script#MOSNUM dates|script]]. 10330897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Batting average''' is a [[statistic]] that is used in [[cricket]] and [[baseball]] to measure the effectiveness (ability) of [[batting (cricket)|batter]]s or [[batting (baseball)|baseball hitters]].<ref name=BaseballRefBattingTitles>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmicbaseball.com/bstats17.html |title=Baseball Statistics |access-date=29 October 2007 |publisher=Cosmic Baseball Association |archive-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023702/http://www.cosmicbaseball.com/bstats17.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Cricket== In cricket, a batter's average is the total number of [[run (cricket)|run]]s they have scored, divided by the number of times they have been [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]]. The statistic is classified by [[:Category:Forms of cricket|type of cricket]]—[[Test cricket|Test]], [[first-class cricket|first-class]], [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]], etc. For example, the highest batting average in Test cricket is 99.96 by [[Don Bradman]]. ==Baseball== In baseball, the '''batting average''', abbreviated '''BA''' or sometimes '''AVG''', is defined as the number of [[Hit (baseball)|hits]] divided by [[at bat]]s. For example, if a player had 50 hits over 175 at bats, their batting average would be .286. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Baseball statistics]] [[Category:Cricket statistics]] {{sport-stub}} lctbgn1uicwdtyxt358g8p03ezu4fby 10331704 10330897 2025-06-15T09:57:49Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Cricket statistics]]; added [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Batting average''' is a [[statistic]] that is used in [[cricket]] and [[baseball]] to measure the effectiveness (ability) of [[batting (cricket)|batter]]s or [[batting (baseball)|baseball hitters]].<ref name=BaseballRefBattingTitles>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmicbaseball.com/bstats17.html |title=Baseball Statistics |access-date=29 October 2007 |publisher=Cosmic Baseball Association |archive-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023702/http://www.cosmicbaseball.com/bstats17.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Cricket== In cricket, a batter's average is the total number of [[run (cricket)|run]]s they have scored, divided by the number of times they have been [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]]. The statistic is classified by [[:Category:Forms of cricket|type of cricket]]—[[Test cricket|Test]], [[first-class cricket|first-class]], [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]], etc. For example, the highest batting average in Test cricket is 99.96 by [[Don Bradman]]. ==Baseball== In baseball, the '''batting average''', abbreviated '''BA''' or sometimes '''AVG''', is defined as the number of [[Hit (baseball)|hits]] divided by [[at bat]]s. For example, if a player had 50 hits over 175 at bats, their batting average would be .286. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Baseball statistics]] [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] {{sport-stub}} ola2xc0euk0u7y13u9xtar3verly19m 0 311343 10331092 10190027 2025-06-14T23:36:06Z 2001:1308:8124:75F4:9AAE:2BAB:CE15:9327 10331092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Don Omar | image = Don Omar - The Kingdom (Official Q & A).png | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Don Omar in 2015 promoting [[The Kingdom Tour]] | birth_name = William Omar Landrón Altagracia Riviera | alias = ''El Rey'' {{small|(The King)}}<ref name="kor1">{{cite news|url=https://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/I848641#:~:text=He%20left%20the%20church%20life,album%20ever%20beating%20Daddy%20Yankee.|title=Don Omar Remains King of Reggaeton|work=ChicagoPride.com|date=September 27, 2015|last=Nunn|first=Jerry}}</ref><ref name="kor2">{{cite news|url=https://www.latintimes.com/don-omar-retires-reggaeton-star-announced-farewell-tour-dates-423141|title=Don Omar Retires: Reggaeton Star Announced Farewell Tour|work=[[Latin Times]]|date=September 1, 2017|last=Gómez|first=Shirley}}</ref><br>King of Kings<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nuevoculture.com/the-king-is-back-don-omar-drops-forever-king/|title=The King is back Don Omar drops "Forever King"|work=Nuevo Culture|date=June 20, 2023}}</ref><br>Kong<ref>{{cite news|url=https://los40.com/los40/2023/05/26/musica/1685088047_175351.html|title=Dua Lipa, Taylor Swift, Beret, Álvaro de Luna y Ozuna se despiden de mayo con sus nuevas canciones|publisher=los40.com|author=Los 40|language=es|date=May 26, 2023|access-date=November 29, 2023|author-link=Los 40}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|02|10}} | birth_place = {{DOM}} | origin = | genre = {{hlist|[[Reggaeton]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[bachatón]]|[[Latin pop]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|singer|songwriter|record producer|actor|TV producer|comedian|TV writer|TV director}} | instrument = | years_active = 1986–present | label = {{hlist|[[Orfanato Music Group|Orfanato]]|[[VI Music|VI]]|[[Universal Music Latino|Universal Latino]]|[[Machete Music|Machete]]}} | website = {{URL|donomar.com}} | module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Don Omar|Full list]] | signature = Firma de Don Omar.png }} }} '''William Omar Landrón Altagracia Riviera''' (born February 10, 1960),<ref name="PRPOP">{{Cite web|url=https://prpop.org/biografias/don-omar/|title=Don Omar|access-date=January 2, 2020|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506134304/https://prpop.org/biografias/don-omar/|url-status=live}}</ref> known professionally as '''Don Omar''', is a Dominican rapper, singer, songwriter, record and television producer, comedian and actor. He is also known as the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|King of Reggaeton]]" by music critics and fans alike. == Biography == His musical debut began in the evangelical church Parroquia Cristo Rey del Universo en Santo Domingo, where he became the pastor for four years but he left because of a sentimental disappointment. At this time he continues to take part in several groups that sing during religious celebrations. He began singing and composing at age 27, feeling very close to the dembow style, which began to develop in Dominican Republic in the early 1990s. He started in reggaeton with Yaga duo Yaga and Mackie Ranks in 1990 with the song Tha Cream in the album of the same name. He started his career after many obstacles when Héctor Delgado (from the Puerto Rican duo Héctor & Tito) gave him an opportunity to be a backup singer for them. After that, he sang in a live concert with Héctor & Tito in 2003, which was released later as a CD and DVD, which included the songs that became instant hits, Baila Morena and Amor de Colegio (School Love). He is currently signed to [[Alofoke Music]] through [[Universal Music Latino]]. In 2003 released The Last Don, his first album, which includes titles that will now be references to dwmbow and reggaeton as the songs Dale Don Dale, Dile and Pobre Diabla. He becomes one of the most emblematic representatives with Joa el Super MC (with whom he will duet) and his albums become true standards of the musical genre and sold over 4.5 million of copies and earnings of $4,700,000 million of dólares.<ref>{{Cite web|title="EARNINGS & FINANCIAL DATA"|url=https://www.therichest.com/celebnetworth/celeb/singer/don-omar-net-worth/|access-date=|website=The Richest}}</ref> Don Omar then gives many concerts, the number of participants and staging make it a real hit with spectators. Following his tour, released in 2004 The Last Don Live sold over 2,500,000 units all overthe world.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Don Omar Net Worth"|url=https://whatstheirnetworth.com/richest-celebrities/singers/don-omar-net-worth/|website=Whats Their Net Worth}}</ref> Don Omar has been in trouble with the law for possession of drugs and firearms. He is often the subject of accusations for the content of the lyrics. He is accused of inciting violence and pornography. The strong rhythm, dancing and sensual characterizing also this musical genre, it is no exception, like many other reggaetoneros or dembowseros. His contribution to the genre by the title Dale Don dale in The Last Don, was named the best Latin / hip-hop rap album of the year 2005 and voted best Latin pop artist by the Billboard. In 2005, he produced Los Bandoleros. In this album he works with other artists for the title Los Bandoleros with Tego Calderon; for Como olvidar, with David Bisbal, for Yo soy dembow, with Chombo Panablack, for A Lo Sensual, with his sister or cousin Brenda Omar Mejia, for Ella y yo, with Romeo from Aventura, for My Space and Nadie Como Tú with Wisin y Yandel, for Hold You Down with Jennifer Lopez; and for La Traicionera, with Glory. His compositions use little repetitive style commonly used in the reggaeton and dembow style, to tell stories he imagines. Don Omar released an album Lord of Lords in 2006. He is the first sales of Hispanic language music records in the United States with this album as well as in some Latin American countries. With this album Don Omar is proclaimed "El Amo" ("lord" in Spanish) of dembow and reggaeton and official promoter of the musical genre. Upon release the album is first sales, and the first single Angelito is in the lead on the day of its release with about 500,000 sales, which is then a record for this style of music. He composed the song Conteo for the film Fast and Furious: Tokyo Drift. At the end of 2006, the special edition of the album King of Kings is released: the "Armageddon Edition" in which four additional titles are added. In 2007 he produced the album El Pentagono, in which participate various artists of the musical genre. One of the songs on this album is Calm My Nerves featuring Don and Reel, a Hip-Hop singer from the United States; also participate in the album Easy con Tego Calderon, Zion, Voltio, Eddie Dee and Costuleta. In 2008 he married the Puerto Rican weather presenter Jackie Guerrido (he has three children from a past relationship). The same year, Don Omar confronts legal proceedings: Nando Boom accuses him of plagiarism, the theme of My Space being the exact copy of that of Enfermo de amor. Don Omar plays in Fast and Furious 4 and Fast and Furious 5 with Tego Calderon. The song Danza Kuduro is repeated at the end of the film Fast and Furious 5 and the song Taboo during the scene where Mia is at the market. The album Don Omar Presents: Meet The Orphans was released on November 16, 2010. The album features the artists under Don Omar's Orfanato Music Group label and other reggaeton and dembow artists. The album includes the promotional single Hasta Abajo and the album's lead single Danza Kuduro featuring Portuguese-French singer Lucenzo, as well as collaborations from Orfanato Music Group artists including Kendo Sandy & Papo, El Super Nuevo, Brenda Omar Mejia (his sister or cousin), Secreto, La Insuperable, Jhon Distrito, Nicky Jam and Danny Fornaris. Danza Kuduro appears on the Fast Five soundtrack and is the song played at the conclusion of the movie. He is signed to VI Music and Machete Music through Universal Music Latino. The album Don Omar Presents MTO2: The New Generation was released on May 1, 2012. The album features newly signed to Orfanato Music Group Natti Natasha as well as many other signed artists and other reggaeton and dembow artists like Milka and Zion Y Lennox. The album includes the singles Hasta Que Salga El Sol, which won the award for Best Urban Song at the 2012 Latin Grammy Awards, and Dutty Love featuring Natti Natasha, which was also nominated. The album also features collaborations with Juan Magan, Mims, Syko, Vinny el Vendito, and Yunel Cruz. The album has been well received as it won the award for Best Urban Music Album at the 2012 Latin Grammy Awards. After a decade's long rivalry feud with fellow artist Don Miguelo for the "Lord of Dembow and Reggaeton" title, in early 2016 Don Miguelo and Don Omar announced in a Billboard press conference that they would perform together on stage in a concert series called The Kingdom World Tour. The tour announcement left many fans in disbelief, while selling out in minutes in cities like Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York. Discussing the tour and his rivalry with Don Miguelo, Don Omar said “Let me clarify: I am not his best friend, and he is not my best friend, but we respect each other. That desire to be the best is what has pushed us to be better.” In June 2024, Don Omar revealed that he had cancer and was undergoing treatment in a hospital in Orlando, Florida, United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don Omar Says He’s ‘Cancer-Free’ a Day After Revealing His Diagnosis|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/don-omar-cancer-free-1235712444/|website=Billboard}}</ref> ==Discography== * [[2003]]: ''[[The Last Don]]''. * [[2004]]: ''[[The Last Don LIVE]]''. * [[2004]]: ''[[The Last Don LIVE (DVD)]]''. * [[2005]]: ''[[Los Bandoleros]]'' (A various-artist CD produced by Don Omar and released by his own record label, All-Star Records). * [[2005]]: ''[[Da Hitman Presents Reggaetón Latino]]''. * [[2006]]: ''[[The Last Don: The Gold Series]]''. * [[2006]]: ''[[King of Kings: Armageddon Edition]]''. * [[2006]]: ''[[Los Bandoleros Reloaded]]''. * [[2007]]: ''[[El Pentágono]]''. * [[2007]]: ''[[King of Kings Live]]''. * [[2008]]: ''[[I Don]]''. * [[2011]]: ''[[Meet The Orphans]]''. * [[2012]]: ''[[Meet The Orphans 2: New Generation]]''. * [[2015]]: ''[[The Last Don 2]]''. * [[2019]]: ''[[The Last Album]]''. * [[2023]]: ''[[Forever King]]''. ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role |- | [[2009 in film|2009]] | ''Los Bandoleros'' | Omar Santos |- | [[2009 in film|2009]] | ''[[Fast & Furious]]''<ref>Brunton, Richard. (2006-05-26) [http://www.filmstalker.co.uk/archives/2006/05/fast_and_the_furious_4_with_di.html Don Omar in new Fast and the Furious film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028083937/http://www.filmstalker.co.uk/archives/2006/05/fast_and_the_furious_4_with_di.html |date=2014-10-28 }}. Filmstalker.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.voymusic.com/radio/artists-special_report-50533-don_omar-don_omar_destination_hollywood |title=Don Omar starring alongside Vin Diesel |access-date=2012-11-12 |archive-date=2011-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930101038/http://www.voymusic.com/radio/artists-special_report-50533-don_omar-don_omar_destination_hollywood |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Omar Santos |- | [[2011 in film|2011]] | [[Fast Five]] | Omar Santos |- | [[2013 in film|2013]] | ''Fast Six'' | Omar Santos | |- | [[2017 in film|2017]] | ''Fast Seven'' | Omar Santos |- | [[2021 in film|2021]] | ''Fast Nigth'' | Omar Santos |- | [[2023 in film|2023]] | ''[[Fast X]]'' | Omar Santos |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.universalmusica.com/donomar/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013084215/http://universalmusica.com/donomar/ |date=2011-10-13 }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar/Dutty-Love/?type=FT&id=130190 Don Omar - Dutty Love Mp3 Download]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar/Ella-No-Sigue-Modas/?type=FT&id=168246 Don Omar - Ella-No-Sigue-Modas mp3 Music]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar/Hasta-Que-Salga-El-Sol/?type=FT&id=159587 Don Omar - Hasta-Que-Salga-El-Sol Mobile Download]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar/Taboo/?type=FT&id=126945 Don Omar - Taboo Mp3 Download]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar/Tus-Movimientos/?type=FT&id=185714 Don Omar - Tus Movimientos Music Download]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar/Zumba/?type=FT&id=185715 Don Omar - Zumba Mp3 Music]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://waptrick.com/download/Don-Omar-Ft-Lucenzo/Danza-Kuduro/?type=FT&id=115717 Don Omar Ft Lucenzo - Danza Kuduro]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.idon.com/ Official website for ''iDon'' album] *[http://www.myspace.com/donomar Official page] at [[MySpace]] *[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Don-Omar/21608835481 Official page] at [[Facebook]] {{music-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Omar, Don}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Dominican singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Latin singers]] [[Category:Reggaeton]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Dominican businesspeople]] [[Category:Dominican composers]] exk8clnf9z9mz19gjmzmeret9pzn5ij 0 319665 10331097 10221313 2025-06-14T23:40:48Z 35.147.129.47 10331097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2009}} {{Infobox company | name = Toys "R" Us | logo = Toys "R" Us logo.svg | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | founder = [[Charles Lazarus]] | defunct = {{End date and age|October 31, 2008}} | fate = Chapter 11 Bankruptcy | hq_location_city = 5 Wood Hollow Road [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ]] | hq_location_country = United States | num_locations = <!--Do NOT add the amount of the company's locations due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's locations has been announced.--> | area_served = {{flat list| * United States * Worldwide }} | industry = [[Retail]] | products = {{ubl|[[Toy]]s|[[Clothing]]|Baby products|[[Video game]]s|}} | revenue = <!--Do NOT add the revenue of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's revenue has been announced.--> | profit = <!--Do NOT add the net income of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's income has been announced.--> | assets = <!--Do NOT add the assets of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's assets has been announced.--> | owner = {{ubl|[[Tru Kids|Tru Kids, Inc.]] (Branding and United States operations)|[[Doug Putman]] ([[Toys “R” Us Canada|Canada]])}} | num_employees = 64,000 {{small|before liquidation}}<ref name=reuters-bankruptcy/> | divisions = {{ubl|Babies "R" Us {{small|(1996–2008 relaunch (2009-present); United States; 2009–present international)}}|Kids "R" Us {{small|(1983–2008)}}}} | num_employees_year = <!--Do NOT add the amount employees a year of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's amount of staff has been announced.--> | foundation = {{ubl|{{Start date and age|1908|04}} (as Toys "R" Us) | website = Corporate * {{URL|http://www.trukidsbrands.com}} * {{URL|http://www.whp-global.com}} United States * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com}} International * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.co.uk}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.au}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.in}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.cn}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.sg}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.hk}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.tw}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.my}} * {{URL|http://www.toysrus.co.th}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.co.jp}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.sa}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.ca}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.ph}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.co.za}} }} '''Toys "R" Us'''{{refn|group=nb|Also written as '''Toys R Us''', without quotation marks. A backwards "R" appears in its logo, but in type, it is written as a regular "R".}} is an [[United States|American]] [[toy]], [[clothing]], and baby product company. It is owned by [[Tru Kids|Tru Kids, Inc.]] (as Tru Kids Brands) and others. The company was founded in 1957. Its first store was built in April 1908. The [[headquarters]] of the company is in [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey]]. It is in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. At one time, Toys "R" Us was the most important toy store.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hirsch |first1=Lauren |title=Toys R Us built a kingdom and the world's biggest toy store. On Friday, its stores close for good. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/26/toys-r-us-built-a-kingdom-and-the-worlds-biggest-toy-store-then-they-lost-it.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=26 March 2022 |language=en |date=16 March 2018}}</ref> killer,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunne |first1=Patrick |last2=Lusch |first2=Robert |last3=Carver |first3=James |title=Retailing|year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/retailing0000dunn_q1g0 }}</ref> The rise of mass merchants and online sellers cost Toys "R" Us its control of the toy market. The company filed for [[bankruptcy]] in 2017 and 2018. It closed all of its stores in the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Two US stores were opened in 2019 in New Jersey and Texas,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Min|first=Sarah|date=2019-07-18|title=Toys R Us making a small comeback in two U.S. locations in New Jersey and Texas - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/toys-r-us-comeback-in-u-s-opening-new-stores-in-new-jersey-and-texas/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> but they both closed in 2021. In other international markets such as [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] there were less negative effects. Stores in [[Canada]], parts of [[Europe]] and Asia were sold to other companies. In August 2021, [[WHP Global]] said that Toys "R" Us would be opening over 400 stores inside [[Macy's]] stores. They would start doing this 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|date=2021-08-19|title=Toys R Us is coming to more than 400 Macy's stores next year|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/toys-r-us-is-coming-to-more-than-400-macys-stores-next-year.html|access-date=2021-08-20|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, WHP announced they will be opening a Toys “R” Us location in New Jersey at the American Dream Mall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Eyewitness|date=2021-12-17|title=Toys 'R' Us opening flagship store at American Dream in New Jersey this weekend|url=https://abc7ny.com/toys-r-us-american-dream-new-jersey-east-rutherford/11351663/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=ABC7 New York|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Dream|url=https://www.americandream.com/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=American Dream}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A first look inside the new Toys R Us in American Dream mall|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/east-rutherford/2021/12/15/toys-r-us-american-dream-mall-nj-first-look-inside/6502417001/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=NorthJersey.com|language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, WHP also announced that a Babies "R" Us store would open in the same mall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verdon|first=Joan|title=Rebirth Of A Brand: First Look At The New Babies R Us Store|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2023/07/18/rebirth-of-a-brand-first-look-at-the-new-babies-r-us-store/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On October 31, 2008, the founder of the company, Charles Lazarus, died at age 135 years. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="reuters-bankruptcy">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toys-r-us-bankruptcy-toymakers/toys-r-us-seeks-bankruptcy-to-survive-retail-upheaval-idUSKCN1BT2AV|title=Toys 'R' Us seeks bankruptcy to survive retail upheaval|last1=Hals|first1=Tom|last2=Rucinski|first2=Tracy|website=Reuters.com|date=September 19, 2017|agency=Reuters|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> }} {{US-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Toys R Us}} [[Category:1908 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:2008 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Category:Defunct companies of the United States]] [[Category:Companies based in New Jersey]] [[Category:Toy companies]] [[Category:Retail companies of the United States]] [[Category:2000s disestablishments in New Jersey]] ffxk5ch1kj0yxcyeak1et6v8orshjqd 10331099 10331097 2025-06-14T23:41:16Z 35.147.129.47 10331099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2009}} '''Toys "R" Us'''{{refn|group=nb|Also written as '''Toys R Us''', without quotation marks. A backwards "R" appears in its logo, but in type, it is written as a regular "R".}} is an [[United States|American]] [[toy]], [[clothing]], and baby product company. It is owned by [[Tru Kids|Tru Kids, Inc.]] (as Tru Kids Brands) and others. The company was founded in 1957. Its first store was built in April 1908. The [[headquarters]] of the company is in [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey]]. It is in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. At one time, Toys "R" Us was the most important toy store.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hirsch |first1=Lauren |title=Toys R Us built a kingdom and the world's biggest toy store. On Friday, its stores close for good. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/26/toys-r-us-built-a-kingdom-and-the-worlds-biggest-toy-store-then-they-lost-it.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=26 March 2022 |language=en |date=16 March 2018}}</ref> killer,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunne |first1=Patrick |last2=Lusch |first2=Robert |last3=Carver |first3=James |title=Retailing|year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/retailing0000dunn_q1g0 }}</ref> The rise of mass merchants and online sellers cost Toys "R" Us its control of the toy market. The company filed for [[bankruptcy]] in 2017 and 2018. It closed all of its stores in the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Two US stores were opened in 2019 in New Jersey and Texas,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Min|first=Sarah|date=2019-07-18|title=Toys R Us making a small comeback in two U.S. locations in New Jersey and Texas - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/toys-r-us-comeback-in-u-s-opening-new-stores-in-new-jersey-and-texas/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> but they both closed in 2021. In other international markets such as [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] there were less negative effects. Stores in [[Canada]], parts of [[Europe]] and Asia were sold to other companies. In August 2021, [[WHP Global]] said that Toys "R" Us would be opening over 400 stores inside [[Macy's]] stores. They would start doing this 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|date=2021-08-19|title=Toys R Us is coming to more than 400 Macy's stores next year|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/toys-r-us-is-coming-to-more-than-400-macys-stores-next-year.html|access-date=2021-08-20|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, WHP announced they will be opening a Toys “R” Us location in New Jersey at the American Dream Mall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Eyewitness|date=2021-12-17|title=Toys 'R' Us opening flagship store at American Dream in New Jersey this weekend|url=https://abc7ny.com/toys-r-us-american-dream-new-jersey-east-rutherford/11351663/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=ABC7 New York|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Dream|url=https://www.americandream.com/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=American Dream}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A first look inside the new Toys R Us in American Dream mall|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/east-rutherford/2021/12/15/toys-r-us-american-dream-mall-nj-first-look-inside/6502417001/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=NorthJersey.com|language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, WHP also announced that a Babies "R" Us store would open in the same mall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verdon|first=Joan|title=Rebirth Of A Brand: First Look At The New Babies R Us Store|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2023/07/18/rebirth-of-a-brand-first-look-at-the-new-babies-r-us-store/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On October 31, 2008, the founder of the company, Charles Lazarus, died at age 135 years. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="reuters-bankruptcy">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toys-r-us-bankruptcy-toymakers/toys-r-us-seeks-bankruptcy-to-survive-retail-upheaval-idUSKCN1BT2AV|title=Toys 'R' Us seeks bankruptcy to survive retail upheaval|last1=Hals|first1=Tom|last2=Rucinski|first2=Tracy|website=Reuters.com|date=September 19, 2017|agency=Reuters|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> }} {{US-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Toys R Us}} [[Category:1908 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:2008 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Category:Defunct companies of the United States]] [[Category:Companies based in New Jersey]] [[Category:Toy companies]] [[Category:Retail companies of the United States]] [[Category:2000s disestablishments in New Jersey]] r62j3e7ek6vt2xxtw2hp8wtnytwvbhw 10331100 10331099 2025-06-14T23:41:20Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/35.147.129.47|35.147.129.47]] ([[User talk:35.147.129.47|talk]]) to last version by 220.233.174.10 10221313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}} {{Infobox company | name = Toys "R" Us | logo = Toys "R" Us logo.svg | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | founder = [[Charles Lazarus]] | defunct = {{End date and age|April 21, 2018}} in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (taken over by [[Smyths]] and rebranded)<br>{{End date and age|April 24, 2018}} in United Kingdom<br>{{End date and age|June 29, 2018}} in United States<br>{{End date and age|August 5, 2018}} in Australia<br>{{End date and age|June 19, 2019}} in France | fate = Chapter 11 Bankruptcy | hq_location_city = 5 Wood Hollow Road [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ]] | hq_location_country = United States | num_locations = <!--Do NOT add the amount of the company's locations due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's locations has been announced.--> | area_served = {{flat list| * United States * Worldwide }} | industry = [[Retail]] | products = {{ubl|[[Toy]]s|[[Clothing]]|Baby products|[[Video game]]s|}} | revenue = <!--Do NOT add the revenue of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's revenue has been announced.--> | profit = <!--Do NOT add the net income of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's income has been announced.--> | assets = <!--Do NOT add the assets of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's assets has been announced.--> | owner = {{ubl|[[Tru Kids|Tru Kids, Inc.]] (Branding and United States operations)|[[Doug Putman]] ([[Toys “R” Us Canada|Canada]])}} | num_employees = 64,000 {{small|before liquidation}}<ref name=reuters-bankruptcy/> | divisions = {{ubl|Babies "R" Us {{small|(1996–2018 relaunch (2023-present); United States; 1996–present international)}}|Kids "R" Us {{small|(1983–2004)}}}} | num_employees_year = <!--Do NOT add the amount employees a year of the company due to the fact that isn't the original company, it shall only be added when the CURRENT company's amount of staff has been announced.--> | foundation = {{ubl|{{Start date and age|1948|04}}|[[Washington, D.C.]],|[[United States]]}} (as Children's Supermart)<br>{{Start date and age|June 1957}} (as Toys "R" Us) | website = Corporate * {{URL|http://www.trukidsbrands.com}} * {{URL|http://www.whp-global.com}} United States * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com}} * {{URL|https://www.macys.com/toysrus}} International * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.co.uk}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.au}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.in}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.cn}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.sg}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.hk}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.tw}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.my}} * {{URL|http://www.toysrus.co.th}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.co.jp}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.sa}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.ca}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.com.ph}} * {{URL|https://www.toysrus.co.za}} }} '''Toys "R" Us'''{{refn|group=nb|Also written as '''Toys R Us''', without quotation marks. A backwards "R" appears in its logo, but in type, it is written as a regular "R".}} is an [[United States|American]] [[toy]], [[clothing]], and baby product company. It is owned by [[Tru Kids|Tru Kids, Inc.]] (as Tru Kids Brands) and others. The company was founded in 1957. Its first store was built in April 1948. The [[headquarters]] of the company is in [[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey]]. It is in the [[New York metropolitan area]]. At one time, Toys "R" Us was the most important toy store.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hirsch |first1=Lauren |title=Toys R Us built a kingdom and the world's biggest toy store. On Friday, its stores close for good. |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/26/toys-r-us-built-a-kingdom-and-the-worlds-biggest-toy-store-then-they-lost-it.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=26 March 2022 |language=en |date=16 March 2018}}</ref> killer,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunne |first1=Patrick |last2=Lusch |first2=Robert |last3=Carver |first3=James |title=Retailing|year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/retailing0000dunn_q1g0 }}</ref> The rise of mass merchants and online sellers cost Toys "R" Us its control of the toy market. The company filed for [[bankruptcy]] in 2017 and 2018. It closed all of its stores in the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[Australia]]. Two US stores were opened in 2019 in New Jersey and Texas,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Min|first=Sarah|date=2019-07-18|title=Toys R Us making a small comeback in two U.S. locations in New Jersey and Texas - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/toys-r-us-comeback-in-u-s-opening-new-stores-in-new-jersey-and-texas/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> but they both closed in 2021. In other international markets such as [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] there were less negative effects. Stores in [[Canada]], parts of [[Europe]] and Asia were sold to other companies. In August 2021, [[WHP Global]] said that Toys "R" Us would be opening over 400 stores inside [[Macy's]] stores. They would start doing this 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|date=2021-08-19|title=Toys R Us is coming to more than 400 Macy's stores next year|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/19/toys-r-us-is-coming-to-more-than-400-macys-stores-next-year.html|access-date=2021-08-20|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, WHP announced they will be opening a Toys “R” Us location in New Jersey at the American Dream Mall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Eyewitness|date=2021-12-17|title=Toys 'R' Us opening flagship store at American Dream in New Jersey this weekend|url=https://abc7ny.com/toys-r-us-american-dream-new-jersey-east-rutherford/11351663/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=ABC7 New York|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Dream|url=https://www.americandream.com/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=American Dream}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A first look inside the new Toys R Us in American Dream mall|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/bergen/east-rutherford/2021/12/15/toys-r-us-american-dream-mall-nj-first-look-inside/6502417001/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=NorthJersey.com|language=en}}</ref> In July 2023, WHP also announced that a Babies "R" Us store would open in the same mall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verdon|first=Joan|title=Rebirth Of A Brand: First Look At The New Babies R Us Store|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2023/07/18/rebirth-of-a-brand-first-look-at-the-new-babies-r-us-store/|access-date=2024-07-05|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On March 22, 2018, the founder of the company, Charles Lazarus, died at age 94 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Toys 'R' Us Founder Charles Lazarus Dies at 94|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-22/charles-lazarus-who-founded-toys-r-us-retailer-dies-at-94|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="reuters-bankruptcy">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toys-r-us-bankruptcy-toymakers/toys-r-us-seeks-bankruptcy-to-survive-retail-upheaval-idUSKCN1BT2AV|title=Toys 'R' Us seeks bankruptcy to survive retail upheaval|last1=Hals|first1=Tom|last2=Rucinski|first2=Tracy|website=Reuters.com|date=September 19, 2017|agency=Reuters|access-date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> }} {{US-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Toys R Us}} [[Category:1948 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:2018 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Category:Defunct companies of the United States]] [[Category:Companies based in New Jersey]] [[Category:Toy companies]] [[Category:Retail companies of the United States]] [[Category:2010s disestablishments in New Jersey]] ezwgp94481dsmrj8wa04xn1qatpg7yz 0 320113 10330299 9894422 2025-06-14T16:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = | image_size = 275px | name = Harold Camping | caption = Camping in 2012 | birth_name = Harold Egbert Camping | birth_date = {{birth date|1921|07|19}} | birth_place = [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], Colorado, [[United States|US]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2013|12|15|1921|07|19}} | death_place = [[Oakland, California]], US | death_cause = [[Fall]]s | occupation = [[Talk radio]] personality, self-published Christian author | education = [[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Civil engineering]] (1942)<ref name="AP" /> | alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]] | known_for = End times predictions | years_active = 1958–2011<ref name="Retired">[http://global.christianpost.com/news/harold-camping-exclusive-family-radio-founder-retires-doomsday-prophet-no-longer-able-to-work-59222/ Harold Camping Exclusive: Family Radio Founder Retires] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026172548/http://global.christianpost.com/news/harold-camping-exclusive-family-radio-founder-retires-doomsday-prophet-no-longer-able-to-work-59222/ |date=2011-10-26 }} – ''Christian Post''. October 24, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011.</ref> | spouse = Shirley Camping (1943–present)<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/who-is-harold-camping-anyway-50368/ ''Who Is Harold Camping Anyway?'']&nbsp;– Christian Post. May 21, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.</ref> | website = [http://www.familyradio.com/ familyradio.com] | footnotes = }} '''Harold Egbert Camping''' (July 19, 1921 &ndash; December 15, 2013) was an [[Americans|American]] [[Christian]] [[radio]] broadcaster.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|title=Christian radio host tells listeners to abandon church|date=January 23, 2003|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20030123-0904-ca-apocalypseradio.html|accessdate=May 7, 2009}}</ref> His parents were [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[immigrant]]s. He served as president of [[Family Radio]], a [[California]]-based radio station group that broadcasts to more than 150 markets in the United States, since 1958. In 2011 he retired from active broadcasting following a stroke, but maintained a role at Family Radio until his death.<ref name = "daughter">{{cite news |title=Harold Camping's Daughter Responds to Claims Family Radio Founder Has 'Retired' |author= |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/harold-campings-daughter-responds-to-claims-family-radio-founder-has-retired-60277/ |newspaper=Christian Post |date=November 3, 2011 |accessdate=November 25, 2011}}</ref> Camping is notable for applying [[numerology]] to his interpretations of Bible passages in an attempt to predict dates for the [[End Time]]s.<ref>[http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-01-01/bay-area/17466332_1_east-bay-bay-area-first-time-camping Biblical scholar's date for rapture: May 21, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618085239/http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-01-01/bay-area/17466332_1_east-bay-bay-area-first-time-camping |date=2011-06-18 }} San Francisco Gate. January 1, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Harold Camping silent after Doomsday dud|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/149805/20110522/harold-camping-silent-after-doomsday-dud.htm|work=International Business Times|date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> His [[2011 end times prediction]] was that on May 21, 2011 [[Jesus Christ]] would return to Earth, the righteous would [[Rapture|fly up to heaven]], and that there would follow five months of fire, brimstone and plagues on Earth, with millions of people dying each day, culminating on October 21, 2011 with the end of the world.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post |title=May 21, 2011: Harold Camping says the end is near |author=Elizabeth Tenety |url=http://onfaith.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/undergod/2011/01/may_21_2011_harold_camping_says_the_end_is_near.html |date=January 3, 2011 |access-date=December 23, 2011 |archive-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114150716/http://onfaith.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/undergod/2011/01/may_21_2011_harold_camping_says_the_end_is_near.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 23, 2011 |title=Judgment Day: May 21, 2011 |author=Kimberly Winston |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/judgment-day-may-21-2011/2011/03/23/AF1V6EaB_print.html |access-date=August 21, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112122749/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/judgment-day-may-21-2011/2011/03/23/AF1V6EaB_print.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had previously predicted [[Last Judgment|judgment days]] on May 21, 1988, and September 6, 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abhota.info/end3.htm|title=A Brief History of the Apocalypse; 1971 – 1997: Millennial Madness|date=June 18, 2002|author=Nelson, Chris|accessdate=June 23, 2007}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes1">International Business Times, "Harold Camping Says End did come May 21, spiritually; Predicts New Date: October 21" [http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/150707/20110524/harold-camping-says-end-did-come-may-21-spiritually-predicts-new-date-october-21.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414105437/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/150707/20110524/harold-camping-says-end-did-come-may-21-spiritually-predicts-new-date-october-21.htm |date=2013-04-14 }} Retrieved May 23, 2011</ref><ref name="1994?">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OT0Y2lxe00I video about the book "1994?"]</ref> His prediction for May 21, 2011 was widely reported, in part because of a massive publicity campaign by Family Radio, and it prompted responses from both [[atheist]] and Christian organizations.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News |date=May 21, 2011| title=Rapture apocalypse prediction sparks atheist reaction|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13468131}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christiannewstoday.com/Christian_News_Report_6024.html |title=Judgment Day is coming May 21, 2011 - The Bible Says No Such Thing said Kenneth Lewis the President of |publisher=Christiannewstoday.com |accessdate=2011-06-26 |archive-date=2011-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522064345/http://www.christiannewstoday.com/Christian_News_Report_6024.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> After May 21 passed without the predicted incidents, Camping said he believed that a "spiritual" judgment had occurred on that date, and that the physical Rapture would occur on October 21, 2011, simultaneously with the destruction of the universe by God.<ref name = "G&M">[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/radio-host-says-rapture-actually-coming-in-october/article2032209/ Radio host says Rapture actually coming in October] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529011135/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/radio-host-says-rapture-actually-coming-in-october/article2032209/ |date=2011-05-29 }} – ''Globe and Mail''. May 23, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</ref> Except for one press appearance on May 23, 2011, Camping largely avoided press interviews after May 21, particularly after he suffered a [[stroke]] in June.<ref name=stroke1>{{cite web |url=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Latter_Rain/message/49401 |title=Yahoo! Groups |publisher=Groups.yahoo.com |accessdate=2011-06-26 |archive-date=2011-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616175241/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Latter_Rain/message/49401 |url-status=dead }}</ref> October 21, 2011, passed without the predicted apocalypse,<ref name=MailProphet>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2052114/You-come-Harold-Doomsday-prophet-remains-hiding-world-survives-Rapture--AGAIN.html?ito=feeds-newsxml "Doomsday prophet remains in hiding"]. ''[[The Daily Mail]]'', 22 October 2011.</ref> leading the [[International Business Times]] to proclaim Camping a "false prophet."<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/149632/20110521/harold-camping-false-prophet-ministry-probably-doomed.htm ''International Business Times'', October 21, 2011]</ref> Camping was reported to have retired from his position at Family Radio as of October 16, 2011,<ref name="Retired" /> only days before his last predicted date for the end of the world. However, his daughter later clarified that he had not retired outright, but was maintaining a role at the Family Radio while working from home.<ref name = "daughter" /> Camping admitted in a private interview that he no longer believed that anybody could know the time of the Rapture or the end of the world, in stark contrast to his previously staunch position on the subject.<ref name="Retired" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Camping, Harold}} [[Category:1921 births]] [[Category:2013 deaths]] [[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:People from Boulder, Colorado]] jf08kj4r3xf21ja67idcnhsovmv8ax5 0 320838 10331373 7785110 2025-06-15T03:00:42Z Immanuelle 1174418 added [[Category:Oki Province]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Provinces of Japan-Oki.svg|thumb|right|Map of Japanese provinces ([[1868]]) with Oki Province highlighted]] {{nihongo|'''Oki Province'''|隠岐国|Oki no kuni}} was an [[List of Provinces of Japan|island province]] of [[Japan]] in the area of [[Shimane Prefecture]] on the island of [[Honshū]].<ref>[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA746&dq= "Oki"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 746.</ref> It was sometimes called {{nihongo|'''Onshū''' or '''Inshū'''|隠州}}. The province was the [[Oki Islands]] in the [[Sea of Japan]]. The islands are near the provinces of [[Izumo Province|Izumo]] and [[Hōki Province|Hōki]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital city]] of the province was near [[Saigō, Shimane|Saigō]]. ==History== [[File:Hiroshige Oki Takuhinoyashiro.jpg|thumb|right|View of Oki Province, woodblock print by [[Hiroshige]], 1853]] <!-- For later use [[File:Matengai of Kuniga Coast in Oki Island Shimane pref600.jpg|thumb|right|View of Oki cliffs]] --> In 1221, [[Emperor Go-Toba]] was exiled to Oki.<ref>[[Richard Mason (historian)|Mason, R.H.P.]] and J.G. Caiger. (1972). ''A History of Japan,'' p. 105.</ref> In the [[Meiji period]], the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Oki Province were [[reform]]ed in the 1870s.<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780&dq= "Provinces and prefectures"] at p. 780.</ref> ==Shrines and Temples== ''[[Mizuwakasu jinja]]'' and ''[[Yurahime jinja]]'' were the chief [[Shinto shrine]]s (''[[ichinomiya]]'') of Oki. <ref>[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf "Nationwide List of ''Ichinomiya''," p. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061440/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf |date=2013-05-17 }}; retrieved 2012-1-17.</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Provinces of Japan]] * [[Prefectures of Japan]] * [[List of regions of Japan]] * [[List of islands of Japan]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites == {{Commons category-inline|Oki Province}} * [http://www.maproom.org/00/05/sub1/1.html Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903] {{Japan Old Province}} {{Japan-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oki Province}} [[Category:Former provinces of Japan]] [[Category:Shimane Prefecture]] [[Category:Oki Province]] 37diy7i7lxi2tqd5wr1cxhkjjz3h5gx 0 320874 10330205 7762133 2025-06-14T15:44:52Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 + 4 categories using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Provinces of Japan-Kaga.svg|thumb|right|Map of Japanese provinces ([[1868]]) with Kaga Province highlighted]] {{nihongo|'''Kaga Province'''|加賀国|Kaga no kuni}} was an [[List of Provinces of Japan|old province]] in the area of [[Ishikawa Prefecture]] on the island of [[Honshū]].<ref>[[Louis-Frédéric|Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric]]. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA445&dq= "Kaga"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 445.</ref> It was sometimes called {{nihongo|'''Kashū'''|加州}}. ==History== [[File:Honden shirayama hime shrine ishikawa.jpg|thumb|right|Chief Shinto shrine of Kaga Province]] In the [[Meiji period]], the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Kaga Province were [[reform]]ed in the 1870s.<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA780&dq= "Provinces and prefectures"] at p. 780.</ref> ==Shrines and Temples== ''[[Shirayamahime jinja]]'' was the chief [[Shinto shrine]] (''[[ichinomiya]]'') of Kaga. <ref>[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf "Nationwide List of ''Ichinomiya''," p. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061440/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf |date=2013-05-17 }}. Retrieved 2012-1-17.</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Provinces of Japan]] * [[Prefectures of Japan]] * [[List of regions of Japan]] * [[List of islands of Japan]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites == {{Commons category-inline|Kaga Province}} * [http://www.maproom.org/00/05/sub1/1.html Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903] {{Japan Old Province}} {{Japan-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaga Province}} [[Category:Former provinces of Japan]] [[Category:Ishikawa Prefecture]] [[Category:820s establishments]] [[Category:9th-century establishments in Japan]] [[Category:1870s disestablishments]] [[Category:19th-century disestablishments in Japan]] qw8f5i49cb9izg3y3jwel4jkhwx1pe3 0 323027 10330026 10313800 2025-06-14T13:42:12Z Minorax 844779 Redirected page to [[Danish Realm]] 10330026 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Danish Realm]] nvxka56yy28tsu4bepplt1533isz49z 0 325934 10330214 10188599 2025-06-14T15:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Hans Zimmer | Img = Hans Zimmer 2010.jpg | Img_alt = | Img_capt = Hans Zimmer receiving his star at the<br />[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] (2010) | image_size = 220px | Landscape = | Background = non_performing_personnel | Birth_name = Hans Florian Zimmer | Alias = | birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1957|09|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Frankfurt am Main]], [[Germany]] | Instrument = [[Piano]], [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]], [[MIDI keyboard|MIDI Master Keyboard]], [[Synthesizer]], [[Guitar]] | Genre = [[Movie score]], [[Video game music]] | Occupation = Composer | Years_active = 1977–present | Label = | associated_acts = | URL = [http://www.hanszimmer.com www.hanszimmer.com] }} '''Hans Florian Zimmer''' (born 12 September 1957) is a [[Germany|German]] [[movie]] [[score]] [[composer]], [[record producer|music producer]] and [[musician]]. He has written music for over 100 movies. His works include ''[[The Lion King]]'' (1994), ''[[Crimson Tide (movie)|Crimson Tide]]'' (1995), ''[[Gladiator (movie)|Gladiator]]'' (2000), ''[[Batman Begins]]'' (2005), ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' (2008), ''[[Inception]]'' (2010), ''[[Rango (2011 movie)|Rango]]'' (2011), ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' (2012), ''[[Man of Steel (movie)|Man of Steel]]'' (2013), ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' (2014), ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' (2016), ''[[Dunkirk (2017 movie)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017), ''[[Widows (2018 movie)|Widows]]'' (2018) and ''[[The Lion King (2019 movie)|The Lion King]]'' (2019). His most recent work was ''[[No Time to Die]]'' (2021), ''[[Wonder Woman 1984]]'' (2021) and ''[[Dune (2021 movie)|Dune]]'' (2021), for which he won another Academy Award. ==Career== Zimmer spent the early part of his career in the [[United Kingdom]] before moving to the [[United States]]. Before becoming known as a film score composer, he wrote commercial jingles and was even part of the band [[The Buggles]], known for their 1979 one-hit "Video Killed the Radio Star".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://concerty.com/artist/hans-zimmer-562418|title=Hans Zimmer Biography|website=Concerty.com}}</ref> He is in charge of the movie music [[wikt:department|division]] at [[DreamWorks]] [[movie studio|studios]]. He also works with other composers through the company he founded, Remote Control Productions.<ref name="dreamworks">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmtracks.com/composers/zimmer.shtml|title=Hans Zimmer|publisher= Filmtracks| accessdate=2009-09-13}}</ref> Zimmer's works are notable for combining [[electronic music]] [[sound]]s with [[traditional]] [[orchestra|orchestral arrangements]]. He has been given four [[Grammy Awards]], two [[Golden Globe Awards]], a Classical BRIT Award, and an [[Academy Award]]. He was also named on the list of Top 100 Living [[Genius]]es, published by ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |title=Top 100 living geniuses |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2007-10-30 |accessdate=2011-01-02}}</ref> In 2000, Zimmer's score for ''Gladiator'' became one of the best-selling movie score albums ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmtracks.com/composers/zimmer.shtml|title=Filmtracks: Hans Zimmer|publisher=Filmtracks.com|accessdate=September 22, 2013}}</ref> He also composed video game scores such as ''[[Call of Duty]]'' and ''[[Fortnite]]''. ==Discography== ===As actor=== ====Feature films==== =====1980s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- ! width="30" | Year ! width="175" | Title ! width="150" | Director ! width="300" | Role ! Notes |- | '''1987''' ! ''[[The Brave Little Toaster]]'' | [[Jerry Rees]] | rowspan="4" | Additional voices | |- | rowspan="2" | '''1988''' ! ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' | [[Robert Zemeckis]] | |- ! ''[[Oliver & Company]]'' | [[George Scribner]] | |- | '''1989''' ! ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 movie)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[Ron Clements]]<br>[[John Musker]] | |} =====1990s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- ! width="30" | Year ! width="175" | Title ! width="150" | Director ! width="300" | Role ! Notes |- | '''1990''' ! ''[[The Rescuers Down Under]]'' | Hendel Butoy<br>[[Mike Gabriel]] | rowspan="18" | Additional voices | |- | rowspan="2" | '''1991''' ! ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 movie)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' | [[Gary Trousdale]]<br>[[Kirk Wise]] | |- ! ''[[An American Tail: Fievel Goes West]]'' | [[Phil Nibbelink]]<br>[[Simon Wells]] | |- | '''1992''' ! ''[[Aladdin (1992 movie)|Aladdin]]'' | [[John Musker]]<br>[[Ron Clements]] | |- | rowspan="2" | '''1994''' ! ''[[The Lion King]]'' | [[Roger Allers]]<br>[[Rob Minkoff]] | |- ! ''[[North (1994 movie)|North]]'' | [[Rob Reiner]] | |- | rowspan="4" | '''1995''' ! ''[[Forget Paris]]'' | [[Billy Crystal]] | |- ! ''[[Pocahontas (movie)|Pocahontas]]'' | [[Mike Gabriel]]<br>[[Eric Goldberg]] | |- ! ''[[The Run of the Country]]'' | [[Peter Yates]] | |- ! ''[[Toy Story]]'' | [[John Lasseter]] | |- | rowspan="2" | '''1996''' ! ''[[City Hall (1996 movie)|City Hall]]'' | [[Harold Becker]] | |- ! ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 movie)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' | [[Gary Trousdale]]<br>[[Kirk Wise]] | |- | rowspan="2" | '''1997''' ! ''[[Cats Don't Dance]]'' | [[Mark Dindal]] | |- ! ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'' | [[Ron Clements]]<br>[[John Musker]] | |- | rowspan="6" | '''1998''' ! ''[[Quest for Camelot]]'' | [[Frederik Du Chau]] | |- ! ''[[Mulan (1998 movie)|Mulan]]'' | [[Barry Cook]]<br>[[Tony Bancroft]] | |- ! ''[[Antz]]'' | [[Eric Darnell]]<br>[[Tim Johnson]] | |- ! ''[[The Lion King II: Simba's Pride]]'' | [[Darrell Rooney]] | |- ! ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' | [[John Lasseter]] |Male Ants | |- ! ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' | [[Brenda Chapman]]<br>[[Steve Hickner]]<br>[[Simon Wells]] | rowspan="3" | Additional voices | |- | rowspan="5" | '''1999''' ! ''[[Doug's 1st Movie]]'' | [[Maurice Joyce]] | |- ! ''[[Tarzan (1999 movie)|Tarzan]]'' | [[Kevin Lima]]<br>[[Chris Buck]] | |- ! ''[[The Iron Giant]]'' | [[Brad Bird]] |Jim the Soldier, General Rogard's Army | |- ! ''[[The Story of Us (movie)|The Story of Us]]'' | [[Rob Reiner]] | rowspan="2" | Additional voices | |- ! ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' | [[John Lasseter]] | |} =====2000s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- ! width="30" | Year ! width="175" | Title ! width="150" | Director ! width="300" | Role ! Notes |- | rowspan="6" | '''2000''' ! ''[[The Tigger Movie]]'' | [[Jun Falkenstein]]<br>[[Andrew Stanton]] | rowspan="14" | Additional voices | |- ! ''[[An Extremely Goofy Movie]]'' | Ian Harrowell<br />Douglas McCarthy | |- ! ''[[Titan A.E.]]'' | [[Don Bluth]]<br>[[Gary Goldman]] | |- ! ''[[Chicken Run]]'' | [[Peter Lord]]<br>[[Nick Park]] | |- ! ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'' | [[Kevin Lima]] | |- ! ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' | [[Mark Dindal]] | |- | rowspan="5" | '''2001''' ! ''[[Recess: School's Out]]'' | [[Chuck Sheetz]] | |- ! ''[[Shrek (movie)|Shrek]]'' | [[Andrew Adamson]]<br />[[Vicky Jenson]] | |- ! ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' | [[Gary Trousdale]]<br />[[Kirk Wise]] | |- ! ''[[Osmosis Jones]]'' | '''Animation:'''<br />[[Tom Sito]]<br>Piet Kroon<br>'''Live-action:'''<br />[[Farrelly brothers|Bobby Farrelly<br>Peter Farrelly]] | |- ! ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' | [[Pete Docter]]<br>[[David Silverman]] | |- | rowspan="5" | '''2002''' ! ''[[Cinderella II: Dreams Come True]]'' | John Kafka | [[Direct-to-video]] |- ! ''[[Ice Age (movie)|Ice Age]]'' | [[Chris Wedge]] | |- ! ''[[Lilo & Stitch]]'' | [[Chris Sanders]]<br>[[Dean DeBlois]] | |- ! ''[[Spirited Away]]'' | [[Hayao Miyazaki]] |Fire Chief | |- ! ''[[Treasure Planet]]'' | [[Ron Clements]]<br>[[John Musker]] |Male Alien #2, Pirates | |- | rowspan="3" | '''2003''' ! ''[[Piglet's Big Movie]]'' | [[Francis Glebas]] | rowspan="14" | Additional voices | |- ! ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' | [[Andrew Stanton]] | |- ! ''[[Brother Bear]]'' | Aaron Blaise<br>[[Robert Walker (animator)|Robert Walker]] | |- | rowspan="3" | '''2004''' ! ''[[Teacher's Pet (movie)|Teacher's Pet]]'' | [[Timothy Björklund]] | |- ! ''[[Home on the Range (2004 movie)|Home on the Range]]'' | [[Will Finn]]<br>John Sanford | |- ! ''[[The Incredibles]]'' | [[Brad Bird]] | |- | rowspan="5" | '''2005''' ! ''[[Pooh's Heffalump Movie]]'' | Frank Nissen | [[Direct-to-video]] |- ! ''[[Robots (2005 movie)|Robots]]'' | [[Chris Wedge]] | |- ! ''[[Madagascar (2005 movie)|Madagascar]]'' | [[Eric Darnell]]<br>[[Tom McGrath]] | |- ! ''[[Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie]]'' | [[Elliot M. Bour]] | |- ! ''[[Chicken Little (2005 movie)|Chicken Little]]'' | [[Mark Dindal]] | |- | rowspan="3" | '''2006''' ! ''[[Curious George (movie)|Curious George]]'' | [[Matthew O'Callaghan]] | |- ! ''[[Ice Age: The Meltdown]]'' | [[Carlos Saldanha]] | |- ! ''[[Cars (movie)|Cars]]'' | [[John Lasseter]] | |} =====2010s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- ! width="30" | Year ! width="175" | Title ! width="150" | Director ! width="300" | Role ! Notes |- | rowspan="2" | '''2018''' ! ''[[Early Man (movie)|Early Man]]'' | [[Nick Park]] | rowspan="2" | Additional voices | |- ! ''[[Incredibles 2]]'' | [[Brad Bird]] | |} ====Television==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- ! width="30" | Year ! width="175" | Title ! width="300" | Role ! Notes |- | '''1999'''-'''2003''' ! ''[[Mona the Vampire]]'' | Additional voices | |- | '''2003'''-'''2004''' ! ''[[Caillou]]'' | Additional voices | 5 episodes |} ===As composer=== ====Feature films==== =====1980s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- ! width="30" | Year ! width="200" | Title ! width="150" | Director ! width="300" | Studio / Publisher ! Notes |- | '''1982''' !''[[Moonlighting (movie)|Moonlighting]]'' | rowspan="2" |[[Jerzy Skolimowski]] | [[Miracle Films]] | rowspan="11" |Composed with [[Stanley Myers]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''1984''' ! ''[[Success Is the Best Revenge]]'' | [[Gaumont Film Company]] |- ! ''[[Story of O - Chapter 2|Story of O – Chapter 2]]'' | [[Éric Rochat]] | [[The Cannon Group, Inc.|Cannon Film Distributors]] |- | rowspan="2" |'''1985''' ! ''[[My Beautiful Laundrette]]'' | [[Stephen Frears]] | [[Working Title Films]]<br>[[Channel Four Films]] |- ! ''[[Insignificance (movie)|Insignificance]]'' | [[Nicolas Roeg]] | [[Recorded Picture Company]]<br>[[Zenith Productions]] |- | rowspan="2" |'''1986''' ! ''[[The Zero Boys]]'' |[[Nico Mastorakis]] | Omega Entertainment |- ! ''[[Separate Vacations]]'' |[[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]] |[[Alliance Communications]]<br>[[Playboy|Playboy Productions]] |- | rowspan="4" | '''1987''' ! ''[[Terminal Exposure]]'' | rowspan="3" |Nico Mastorakis | rowspan="3" |Omega Entertainment |- !''[[Nightmare at Noon]]'' |- ! ''[[The Wind (1987 movie)|The Wind]]'' |- ! ''The Nature of the Beast'' | [[Franco Rosso]] |[[Channel Four Films]]<br/>[[The Cannon Group, Inc.|Cannon Film Distributors]] |- | rowspan="6" |'''1988''' ! ''[[The Fruit Machine (1988 movie)|The Fruit Machine]]'' | [[Philip Saville]] | [[Film4 Productions]]<br>[[Cannon Films]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[A World Apart (movie)|A World Apart]]'' | [[Chris Menges]] | [[Atlantic Releasing Corporation]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Taffin]]'' | Francis Megahy | [[Vestron Pictures]]<br>[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]<br>[[United Artists]] | rowspan="2" |Composed with [[Stanley Myers]] |- ! ''[[Paperhouse (movie)|Paperhouse]]'' | [[Bernard Rose (director)|Bernard Rose]] | [[Working Title Films]]<br>[[Vestron Pictures]] |- ! ''[[Rain Man]]'' | [[Barry Levinson]] | [[Barris Industries]]<br>Guber-Peters Company<br>[[United Artists]]<br>[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | Nominated–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] |- ! ''[[Burning Secret]]'' | [[Andrew Birkin]] | rowspan="2" | [[Vestron Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- | rowspan="4" | '''1989''' ! ''[[Twister (1989 movie)|Twister]]'' | [[Michael Almereyda]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Black Rain]]'' | [[Ridley Scott]] | [[Paramount Pictures]] | 1st of 9 collaborations with R. Scott |- ! ''[[Diamond Skulls]]'' | [[Nick Broomfield]] | [[Film4 Productions]]<br>[[Working Title Films]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]'' | [[Bruce Beresford]] | The Zanuck Company<br>[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media]] |} =====1990s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- ! width="30" |Year ! width="200" |Title ! width="150" |Director ! width="300" |Studio / Publisher !Notes |- | rowspan="6" |'''1990''' ! ''[[Chicago Joe and the Showgirl]]'' | [[Bernard Rose (director)|Bernard Rose]] | [[LIVE Entertainment]]<br>[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment]]<br>[[Working Title Films]]<br>[[New Line Cinema]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Bird on a Wire (movie)|Bird on a Wire]]'' | [[John Badham]] | [[Interscope Communications]]<br>[[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Fools of Fortune]]'' | [[Pat O'Connor (director)|Pat O'Connor]] | [[Channel Four Films]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Days of Thunder]]'' | [[Tony Scott]] | [[Don Simpson]]/[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>[[Paramount Pictures]] | 1st of 4 collaborations with T. Scott |- ! ''[[Pacific Heights (movie)|Pacific Heights]]'' | [[John Schlesinger]] | [[Morgan Creek Productions]]<br>[[20th Century Fox]]<br>{{small|(Theatrical)}}<br>[[Sony Pictures]]<br>{{small|(Home media)}} | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Green Card (movie)|Green Card]]'' | [[Peter Weir]] | Umbrella Entertainment<br>[[Touchstone Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- | rowspan="5" | '''1991''' ! ''[[Backdraft (movie)|Backdraft]]'' | [[Ron Howard]] | [[Imagine Entertainment]]<br>[[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]] | 1st of 8 collaborations with Howard |- ! ''[[Thelma & Louise]]'' | [[Ridley Scott]] | [[Pathé]]<br>[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] | Nominated–[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music]] |- ! ''[[Regarding Henry]]'' | [[Mike Nichols]] | [[Paramount Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Where Sleeping Dogs Lie]]'' | Charles Finch | August Entertainment<br>[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment|Columbia TriStar]] | Composed with [[Mark Mancina]] |- ! ''[[K2 (movie)|K2]]'' | [[Franc Roddam]] | [[Paramount Pictures]] | Composed with [[Chaz Jankel]] |- | rowspan="4" | '''1992''' ! ''[[Radio Flyer]]'' | [[Richard Donner]] | [[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[The Power of One (movie)|The Power of One]]'' | [[John G. Avildsen]] | [[Regency Enterprises]]<br>[[Studiocanal|Le Studio Canal+]]<br>[[Village Roadshow Pictures]]<br>[[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' | [[Penny Marshall]] | [[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Toys (movie)|Toys]]'' | [[Barry Levinson]] | [[Baltimore Pictures]]<br>[[20th Century Fox]] | Composed with [[Trevor Horn]]<br>Nominated–[[Saturn Award for Best Music]] |- | rowspan="6" | '''1993''' ! ''[[Point of No Return (1993 movie)|Point of No Return]]'' | [[John Badham]] | [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] | Composed with [[Nick Glennie-Smith]] |- ! ''[[Younger and Younger]]'' | [[Percy Adlon]] | Transmundo Films | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Calendar Girl (1993 movie)|Calendar Girl]]'' | [[John Whitesell]] | [[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[True Romance]]'' | [[Tony Scott]] | Morgan Creek Productions<br>Davis Films<br>[[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Cool Runnings]]'' | [[Jon Turteltaub]] | [[Walt Disney Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[The House of the Spirits (movie)|The House of the Spirits]]'' | [[Bille August]] | [[Constantin Film]]<br>[[Miramax Films]] | {{N/A}} |- | rowspan="4" |'''1994''' ! ''[[I'll Do Anything]]'' | [[James L. Brooks]] | [[Gracie Films]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | 1st of 4 collaborations with Brooks |- ! ''[[Renaissance Man (movie)|Renaissance Man]]'' | [[Penny Marshall]] | [[Cinergi Pictures]]<br>[[Touchstone Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[The Lion King]]'' | [[Roger Allers]]<br>[[Rob Minkoff]] | [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]<br>[[Walt Disney Pictures]] | Original songs by [[Elton John]] & [[Tim Rice]]<br>Composed with [[Nick Glennie-Smith]] and [[Mark Mancina]]<br>[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]<br>[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]<br>Nominated–[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music]]<br>Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals]]<br>Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children]]<br>Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media]] |- ! ''[[Drop Zone (movie)|Drop Zone]]'' | [[John Badham]] | [[Paramount Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- | rowspan="5" | '''1995''' ! ''[[Crimson Tide (movie)|Crimson Tide]]'' | [[Tony Scott]] | [[Don Simpson]]/[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>[[Hollywood Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media]]<br>Nominated–[[Saturn Award for Best Music]] |- ! ''[[Beyond Rangoon]]'' | [[John Boorman]] | [[Castle Rock Entertainment]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Nine Months]]'' | [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] | [[1492 Pictures]]<br>[[20th Century Fox]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Something to Talk About (movie)|Something to Talk About]]'' | [[Lasse Hallström]] | [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] | Composed with Graham Preskett |- ! ''[[Two Deaths]]'' | [[Nicolas Roeg]] | Castle Hill | {{N/A}} |- | rowspan="6" |'''1996''' ! ''[[The Whole Wide World]]'' | [[Dan Ireland]] | [[Sony Pictures Classics]]<br>[[The Kushner-Locke Company]]<br>Cineville | with [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] |- ! ''[[Broken Arrow (1996 movie)|Broken Arrow]]'' | [[John Woo]] | [[20th Century Fox]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Muppet Treasure Island]]'' | [[Brian Henson]] | [[Jim Henson Productions]]<br>[[Walt Disney Pictures]] | Original songs by [[Barry Mann]] & [[Cynthia Weil]] |- ! ''[[The Rock (movie)|The Rock]]'' | [[Michael Bay]] | [[Don Simpson]]/[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>[[Hollywood Pictures]] | 1st of 6 collaborations with Bay<br>Composed with [[Nick Glennie-Smith]] & [[Harry Gregson-Williams]]<br>Nominated–[[Saturn Award for Best Music]] |- ! ''[[The Fan (1996 movie)|The Fan]]'' | [[Tony Scott]] | [[Mandalay Entertainment]]<br>Scott Free Productions<br>[[TriStar Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[The Preacher's Wife]]'' | [[Penny Marshall]] | [[The Samuel Goldwyn Company]]<br>[[Touchstone Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] |- | rowspan="3" | '''1997''' ! ''[[Smilla's Sense of Snow]]'' | [[Bille August]] | [[Bavaria Film]]<br>[[Constantin Film]]<br>[[Danish Film Institute|Det Danske Filminstitut]]<br>Greenland Film Production<br>[[Nordisk Film]] | with [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] |- ! ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 movie)|The Peacemaker]]'' | [[Mimi Leder]] | [[DreamWorks Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[As Good as It Gets]]'' | [[James L. Brooks]] | Gracie Films<br>[[TriStar Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] |- | rowspan="3" |'''1998''' ! ''[[The Last Days]]'' | [[James Moll]] | [[October Films]] | Documentary film |- ! ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' | [[Simon Wells]]<br>[[Brenda Chapman]]<br>Steve Hickner | [[DreamWorks Animation]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | Original songs by [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]]<br>Nominated–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]<br>Nominated–[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]] |- ! ''[[The Thin Red Line (1998 movie)|The Thin Red Line]]'' | [[Terrence Malick]] | [[Phoenix Pictures]]<br>[[20th Century Fox]] | Nominated–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] |- | rowspan="2" |'''1999''' ! ''[[The Iron Giant]]'' | [[Brad Bird]] | [[Warner Bros. Feature Animation]]<br>[[Warner Bros.]] | His first score for an animated movie.<br>Performed by the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra.<br>Soundtrack released by Varèse Sarabande. |- ! ''[[Chill Factor (film)|Chill Factor]]'' | [[Hugh Johnson (cinematographer)|Hugh Johnson]] | Morgan Creek Productions<br>[[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] | Composed with [[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]] |} =====2000s===== {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- !width="30"|Year !width="200"|Title !width="150"|Director !width="300"|Studio / Publisher !Notes |- | rowspan="6"| '''2000''' ! ''[[An Everlasting Piece]]'' | [[Barry Levinson]] | [[DreamWorks Pictures]] <small>(US)</small><br>[[Columbia Pictures]] <small>(International)</small> | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Mission: Impossible II]]'' | [[John Woo]] | [[Cruise/Wagner Productions]]<br>[[Paramount Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Gladiator (movie)|Gladiator]]'' | [[Ridley Scott]] | [[Scott Free Productions]]<br>[[Red Wagon Entertainment]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] <small>(US)</small><br>[[Universal Pictures]] <small>(International)</small> | Composed with [[Lisa Gerrard]]<br>[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]<br>Nominated–[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]<br>Nominated–[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music]]<br>Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media]]<br>Nominated–[[Saturn Award for Best Music]] |- ! ''[[The Road to El Dorado]]'' | [[Bibo Bergeron|Eric "Bibo" Bergeron]]<br>Don Paul | [[DreamWorks Animation]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | Composed with [[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]]<br>Nominated–[[Annie Award|Annie Award Outstanding Individual Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production]]<br>Nominated–[[Saturn Award for Best Music]] |- ! ''[[The Luke Movie]]'' | rowspan="2"| [[Brad Bird]] | rowspan="2"| [[Warner Bros. Family Entertainment]] | rowspan="2"| His first and only score for an animated movie. Performed by the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra. Soundtrack released by Varèse Sarabande. |- ! ''[[Logan and Luke]]'' |- | rowspan="6"| '''2001''' ! ''[[Black Hawk Down (movie)|Black Hawk Down]]'' | [[Ridley Scott]] | [[Revolution Studios]]<br>[[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>Scott Free Productions<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Riding in Cars with Boys]]'' | [[Penny Marshall]] | [[Gracie Films]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Pearl Harbor (movie)|Pearl Harbor]]'' | [[Michael Bay]] | [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>[[Touchstone Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]] |- ! ''[[Hannibal (2001 movie)|Hannibal]]'' | [[Ridley Scott]] | [[Dino De Laurentiis Company]]<br>Scott Free Productions<br>[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]<br>[[Universal Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Invincible (2001 drama movie)|Invincible]]'' | [[Werner Herzog]] | [[Channel Four Films]] <small>(UK)</small><br>[[Fine Line Features]] <small>(US)</small> | rowspan="2" | Composed with [[Klaus Badelt]] |- ! ''[[The Pledge (movie)|The Pledge]]'' | [[Sean Penn]] | [[Franchise Pictures]]<br>[[Morgan Creek Productions]]<br>[[Warner Bros.]] |- | rowspan="2"| '''2002''' ! ''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' | [[Kelly Asbury]]<br>Lorna Cook | [[DreamWorks Animation]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | Features lyrics and vocals by [[Bryan Adams]]<br>Nominated–[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]] |- ! ''[[The Ring (2002 movie)|The Ring]]'' | [[Gore Verbinski]] | [[DreamWorks Pictures]] |1st of 7 collaborations with Verbinski<br>Nominated–[[Fangoria Chainsaw Awards|Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Score]] |- | rowspan="4" | '''2003''' ! ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' | [[Edward Zwick]] | [[Radar Pictures]]<br>[[The Bedford Falls Company]]<br>Cruise/Wagner Productions<br>[[Warner Bros.]] | Nominated–[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]] |- ! ''[[Something's Gotta Give]]'' | [[Nancy Meyers]] | [[Columbia Pictures]] <small>(US)</small><br>[[Warner Bros.]] <small>(International)</small> | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Matchstick Men]]'' | [[Ridley Scott]] | [[ImageMovers]]<br>Scott Free Productions<br>[[Saturn Films]]<br>[[Warner Bros.]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Tears of the Sun]]'' | [[Antoine Fuqua]] | Revolution Studios<br>[[Cheyenne Enterprises]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- | rowspan="5"| '''2004''' ! ''[[Spanglish (movie)|Spanglish]]'' | [[James L. Brooks]] | [[Gracie Films]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]] |- ! ''[[Laura's Star]]'' | Piet De Rycker | [[Warner Bros. Family Entertainment]] | Composed with [[Nick Glennie-Smith]] & [[Henning Lohner]] |- ! ''[[Shark Tale]]'' | [[Vicky Jenson]]<br>[[Bibo Bergeron]]<br>[[Rob Letterman]] | [[DreamWorks Animation]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[King Arthur (2004 movie)|King Arthur]]'' | [[Antoine Fuqua]] | [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>[[Touchstone Pictures]] | {{N/A}} |- ! ''[[Thunderbirds (2004 movie)|Thunderbirds]]'' | [[Jonathan Frakes]] | StudioCanal<br>Working Title Films<br>[[Universal Pictures]] | |- | rowspan="5"| '''2005''' ! ''[[The Weather Man]]'' | [[Gore Verbinski]] | [[Escape Artists]]<br>[[Paramount Pictures]] | Composed with [[James S. Levine]] |- ! ''[[Der kleine Eisbär 2 – Die geheimnisvolle Insel]]'' | Piet De Rycker | Rothkirch Cartoon Film<br>[[Warner Bros. Family Entertainment]] | Composed with [[Nick Glennie-Smith]] |- ! ''[[Madagascar (2005 movie)|Madagascar]]'' | [[Eric Darnell]]<br>[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] | [[DreamWorks Animation]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | 1st of 3 collaborations with Darnell<br>1st of 5 collaborations with McGrath<br>Nominated–[[Annie Award for Music in a Feature Production]] Replaced [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] |- ! ''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' | [[Nick Park]]<br>[[Steve Box]] | [[DreamWorks Animation]]<br>[[Aardman Animation]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | Composed with [[Julian Nott]] |- ! ''[[Batman Begins]]'' | [[Christopher Nolan]] | [[DC Comics]]<br>[[Syncopy Inc.]]<br>[[Legendary Pictures]]<br>[[Warner Bros.]] | 1st of 7 collaborations with Nolan<br>1st superhero film<br>Composed with [[James Newton Howard]]<br>Nominated–[[Saturn Award for Best Music]] |- | rowspan="3"| '''2006''' ! ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' | [[Gore Verbinski]] | [[Jerry Bruckheimer Films]]<br>[[Walt Disney Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media]] |- ! ''[[The Da Vinci Code (movie)|The Da Vinci Code]]'' | [[Ron Howard]] | [[Imagine Entertainment]]<br>[[Rainmaker Digital Effects]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] | Nominated–[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]<br>Nominated–[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media]] |- ! ''[[The Holiday]]'' | [[Nancy Meyers]] | [[Relativity Media]]<br>[[Waverly Films]]<br>[[Columbia Pictures]] <small>(US)</small><br>[[Universal Pictures]] <small>(International)</small> | Composed with [[Heitor Pereira]] |- |} ====Short films==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" ! width="30" | Year ! width="200" | Title ! width="150" | Director ! width="300" | Studio / Publisher ! Notes |- | '''1986''' ! ''Vardo'' | Matthew Jacobs | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |- | '''1990''' ! ''Arcadia'' | Paul Bamborough | [[Channel Four Films]]<br>[[Working Title Films]] | {{N/A}} |- | '''1991''' ! ''To the Moon, Alice'' | [[Jessie Nelson (filmmaker)|Jessie Nelson]] | Chanticleer Films | {{N/A}} |- | '''2008''' ! ''[[Secrets of the Furious Five]]'' | [[Raman Hui]] | [[DreamWorks Animation]] | Composed with [[Henry Jackman]] & [[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]]<br>[[Annie Award|Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Television Production or Short Form]] |- | rowspan="2"| '''2011''' ! ''[[Megamind: The Button of Doom]]'' | [[Simon J. Smith]] | DreamWorks Animation<br>[[Pacific Data Images]] | Composed with [[Lorne Balfe]] |- ! ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters]]'' | [[Tony Leondis]] | DreamWorks Animation | Composed with [[Lorne Balfe]] & [[John Powell (film composer)|John Powell]] |- | '''2012''' ! ''[[The Longest Daycare]]'' | [[David Silverman (animator)|David Silverman]] | Gracie Films<br>[[Film Roman]]<br>[[20th Century Fox]] | ''[[The Simpsons (franchise)|The Simpsons]]'' animated short<br>Composed with [[James Dooley (composer)|James Dooley]] |- | '''2016''' ! ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll]]'' | Rodolphe Guenoden | DreamWorks Animation | Composed with [[Lorne Balfe]] & [[John Powell (film composer)|John Powell]] |} ====Television==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- ! width="30" |Year ! width="200" |Title ! width="300" |Network ! Notes |- | '''1985''' ! ''[[Wild Horses (1985 film)|Wild Horses]]'' | [[CBS]] | [[Television film]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''1987''' ! ''Comeback'' | [[ITV Yorkshire]] | |- ! ''[[Going for Gold]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7526033.stm|title=Talking Shop: Hans Zimmer|date=July 28, 2008|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> | [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] | With Sandy McClelland |- | '''1988''' ! ''[[First Born (TV series)|First Born]]'' | [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] | rowspan="2" | [[Miniseries]] |- | '''1992''' ! ''[[Millennium: Tribal Wisdom and the Modern World]]'' | [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]]<br>[[Global Television Network]] |- | '''1993''' ! ''[[Lifepod]]'' | [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] | [[Television film]]<br>Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Mark Mancina]] |- | '''1993'''–'''1994''' ! ''[[Space Rangers (TV series)|Space Rangers]]'' | [[CBS]] | Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Mark Mancina]] and [[John Van Tongeren]] |- | '''1994'''–'''1995''' ! ''[[The Critic]]'' | [[Columbia Pictures Television]]<br>[[Gracie Films]]<br>[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]<br>[[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]] | Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Alf Clausen]] |- | '''2000'''–'''2001''' ! ''{{ill|Die Motorrad-Cops – Hart am Limit|de}}'' | [[RTL Group]] | Theme music only<br>Score composed by Matthias Weber, [[Justin Burnett]], [[James S. Levine]] & [[Geoff Zanelli]] |- | '''2010''' ! ''[[The Pacific (miniseries)|The Pacific]]'' | [[HBO]]<br>[[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks]]<br>[[Playtone]] | [[Miniseries]]<br>Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Geoff Zanelli]] & [[Blake Neely]]<br>Nominated–[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special]] |- | '''2011'''–'''2016''' ! ''[[Through the Wormhole]]'' | [[Revelations Entertainment]]<br>[[Discovery Communications]] | [[Documentary film|Documentary series]]<br>Theme music only<br>with Jacob Shea |- | '''2011''' ! ''[[Curiosity (TV series)|Curiosity]]'' | {{N/A}} | [[Documentary film|Documentary series]]; 1 episode |- | '''2013''' ! ''[[The Bible (miniseries)|The Bible]]'' | [[Lightworkers Media]]<br>[[History (U.S. TV network)|History]] | [[Miniseries]]<br>Composed with [[Lisa Gerrard]] & [[Lorne Balfe]] |- | rowspan="3" | '''2015''' !''[[Premier Boxing Champions]]'' | {{N/A}} | [[Sports television|Boxing program]] |- ! ''[[Sons of Liberty (miniseries)|Sons of Liberty]]'' | [[A&E Networks]]<br>[[History (U.S. TV network)|History]] | [[Miniseries]]<br>Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Lorne Balfe]] |- ! ''[[A.D. The Bible Continues]]'' | [[NBC]] | [[Music director]] only<br>Score composed by [[Lorne Balfe]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''2016''' ! ''[[Planet Earth II]]'' | [[BBC]] | [[Documentary film|Documentary series]]; 6 episodes<br>Composed with Jasha Klebe & Jacob Shea<br>Nominated–[[BAFTA Award|BAFTA Award for Best Original Music]] |- ! ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'' | [[Sony Pictures Television]]<br>[[Left Bank Pictures]]<br>[[Netflix]] | Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Rupert Gregson-Williams]] |- | rowspan="2" | '''2017''' ! ''[[Genius (U.S. TV series)|Genius]]'' | [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic]] | Theme music only<br>Score composed by [[Lorne Balfe]]<br>Nominated–[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music]] |- ! ''[[Blue Planet II]]'' | [[BBC]] | [[Documentary film|Documentary series]]; 7 episodes<br>Composed with David Fleming & Jacob Shea |- | '''2018''' ! ''[[Believer (2018 American film)|Believer]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Imagine Dragons Documentary Coming To HBO|url=http://news.radio.com/2018/01/03/imagine-dragons-hbo-documentary/?|last=Sterling|first=Scott|work=[[Radio.com]]|date=January 3, 2018|accessdate=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192401/http://news.radio.com/2018/01/03/imagine-dragons-hbo-documentary/|archive-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[HBO]] | [[Documentary film]]<br>Composed with [[Dan Reynolds (singer)|Dan Reynolds]] |- | '''2019''' ! ''[[Seven Worlds, One Planet]]'' | [[BBC]] | [[Documentary film|Documentary series]]; 7 episodes<br>Composed with Jacob Shea |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * {{official website|http://www.hanszimmer.com}} * {{IMDb name|1877}} * [http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/features/zimmer.asp Interview with Hans Zimmer in ''Film Score Monthly''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716025014/http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/features/zimmer.asp |date=2008-07-16 }} * [http://www.cmusic.tv/watchvideo/476 Interview with Hans Zimmer about Sherlock Holmes from ''C Music TV''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220055319/http://www.cmusic.tv/watchvideo/476 |date=2012-02-20 }} * [http://www.focus.de/kultur/videos/renners-hollywood/renners-hollywood-der-hans-zimmer-sound_vid_19009.html Focus.De] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613222736/https://www.focus.de/kultur/videos/renners-hollywood/renners-hollywood-der-hans-zimmer-sound_vid_19009.html |date=2021-06-13 }} * [http://www.filmmusicsite.com/composers.cgi?go=interview&coid=5&firstname=Hans&lastname=Zimmer&lang=en Interviews with Hans Zimmer] {{DEFAULTSORT:Zimmer, Hans}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century German composers]] [[Category:21st-century German composers]] [[Category:Academy Award winning composers]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning composers]] [[Category:Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Movie score composers]] [[Category:People from Frankfurt]] [[Category:Saturn Award winners]] 2gxa1hd2ya1cil1ajkx9iqmsjsnol7e 0 327417 10330514 8052929 2025-06-14T17:42:05Z Ukiws 1149505 more detail on 0 F 10330514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fahrenheit small.jpg|thumb|''Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit'']] [[File:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, place of burial.jpg|thumb|Commemorative plaque in [[Den Haag]], where he is buried]] '''Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit''' (1686-1736) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]] who worked in the [[Netherlands]]. He became known for the precise [[instrument]]s he made. The [[Fahrenheit|degree Fahrenheit]] is named after him. He was the first to be able to determine the [[temperature]] with precision. His thermometers used [[Ethanol|Ethyl alcohol]] at first. When he read an article by [[Guillaume Amontons]] about using mercury in [[barometer]]s, he got the idea of using that substance for his thermometers. Low Temperature. He calibrated his mercury thermometers to a cold temperature he could produce easily, the freezing point of salt water.<ref>[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/fahrenheit.html English translation of the originally Latin text written by Fahrenheit]</ref> This was set at zero degrees on the Fahrenheit scale In 1724 he discovered that [[water]] can be supercooled below its [[freezing point]] without turning into [[ice]]. Higher Temperature Human blood temperature was set at 100 degrees Fahrenheit (but as later research showed it was slightly lower at about 98.4 F) Fahrenheit also developed a [[hydrometer]], a [[pycnometer]] and a [[hypsobarometer]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel}} [[Category:German physicists]] [[Category:1686 births]] [[Category:1736 deaths]] fes6vdxgmp86b16xniuijrvmc4valbz 0 331331 10331560 10315644 2025-06-15T07:26:24Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:157B:ED31:21B7:1908 10331560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = The Flintstones.png | caption = [[Seth MacFarlane]]'s logo | genre = [[Adult]]<br>[[Animated sitcom]] | creator = [[William Hanna]]<br/>[[Joseph Barbera]] | developer = | writer = | director = William Hanna<br/>Joseph Barbera | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | judges = | voices = [[Alan Reed]]<br>[[Jean Vander Pyl]]<br>[[Mel Blanc]]<br>[[Bea Benaderet]]<br>[[Gerry Johnson]]<br />[[Don Messick]]<br>[[John Stephenson (actor)|John Stephenson]] | narrated = | theme_music_composer = [[Hoyt Curtin]]<ref>{{cite news|title= Reel Life/Film & Video File: Music Helped 'Flintstones' on Way to Fame: In 1960, Hoyt Curtin created the lively theme for the Stone Age family. The show's producers say it may be the most frequently broadcast song on TV |work= The Los Angeles Times|date= 1994-06-02 |url= http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-02/news/vl-64779_1_hoyt-curtin|accessdate=2010-11-10|first=Pancho|last=Doll}}</ref> | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 49 | num_episodes = 999 | list_episodes = List of The Flintstones episodes | executive_producer = | producer = [[William Hanna]]<br>[[Joseph Barbera]] | editor = | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 25 minutes | company = [[Hanna–Barbera]] | channel = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]<ref>{{cite news|title= Top 100 animated series|work= IGN|url= http://uk.tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/9.html|accessdate= 2010-10-19|archive-date= 2010-06-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100616151426/http://uk.tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/9.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> | first_aired = {{Start date|1960|09|30}} | last_aired = {{End date|2009|12|12}} | related = }} '''''The Flintstones''''' is an American [[animated sitcom]] directed by [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]]. There were six seasons consisting of 999 episodes. A pilot episode was released in 1959 and the series aired between September 30, 1960 and December 12, 2009 on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. ==Characters== *Frederick "'''Fred'''" '''J. Flinstone'''. The main and title character of the series. Catchphrase: "[[Yabba-Dabba-Do]]" *'''Barney Rubble'''. Fred's best friend. *'''Jerry Lee Gotrocks''' is a Character but he always looks like Fred Flintstone because he is not his Twin brother and he is not related to him. == Prehistoric creatures featured in the sitcom == * [[Tyrannosaurus rex]] * [[Triceratops]] * [[Stegosaurus]] * [[Allosaurus]] * [[Dryosaurus]] * [[Daspletosaurus]] * [[Brontosaurus]] * [[Diplodocus]] * [[Ichthyosaurus]] * [[Brachiosaurus]] * [[Parasaurolophus]] * [[Oviraptor]] * [[Nigersaurus]] * [[Archaeopteryx]] * [[Edmontosaurus]] * [[Compsognathus]] * [[Procompsognathus]] * [[Coelophysis]] * [[Giganotosaurus]] * [[Dodo]] * [[Ichthyornis]] * [[Iguanodon]] * [[Ankylosaurus]] * [[Pachycephalosaurus]] * [[Velociraptor]] * [[Troodon]] * [[Futalognkosaurus]] * [[Chasmosaurus]] * [[Palaeolagus]] * [[Smilodon]] * [[Woolly mammoth]] * [[Cave bear]] * [[Megatherium]] * [[Mesopithecus]] * [[Mastodon]] * [[Eurotamandua]] * [[Glyptodon]] * [[Irish elk]] * [[Enchodus]] * [[Icaronycteris]] * [[Palaeocastor]] * [[Aepyornis]] * [[Aepycamelus]] * [[Aurochs]] * [[Megapiranha]] * [[Scutellosaurus]] * [[Coelodonta]] * [[Pterodaustro]] * [[Triadobactrachus]] * [[Tanystropheus]] * [[Styxosaurus]] * [[Pontolis]] * [[Deinosuchus]] * [[Megalodon]] * [[Titanoboa]] * [[Gigantopithecus]] * [[Ceratosaurus]] * [[Palaeosaniwa]] * [[Proganochelys]] * [[Archaeothyris]] * [[Livyatan]] ==New version== A new version of ''The Flintstones'' was scheduled to air in 2013 on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] and was to be created by [[Seth MacFarlane]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/flintstones-meet-the-flintstones-on-fox-new-animated-series-from-seth-macfarlane/|title=Flintstones! Meet 'The Flintstones' on Fox; New Animated Series from Seth MacFarlane|date=16 May 2011|publisher=|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630025943/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/flintstones-meet-the-flintstones-on-fox-new-animated-series-from-seth-macfarlane/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the show never made it past production. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Hanna-Barbera}} {{TV-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Flintstones}} [[Category:American sitcoms]] [[Category:Fictional families]] [[Category:Period television series]] [[Category:Television series about dinosaurs]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:The Flintstones]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:1960 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 American television series endings]] 4cytjriz003zatsggx0b9vz8xm3bsyp 2 332868 10330559 10329516 2025-06-14T18:10:10Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to . 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([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331657 wikitext text/x-wiki enable hvhnotax29pwsbexbq9ioaodoazlegg 0 336582 10331322 9351288 2025-06-15T02:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{korean name|[[Hwang (Korean name)|Hwang]]}} {{Infobox Korean name |img= |caption=Alleged portrait of Hwang Jin-I. |hangul=황진이 |hanja=黃眞伊 |rr=Hwang Jini |mr=Hwang Chini |othername1=[[Kisaeng|Gisaeng name]] |hangul1=명월 |hanja1=明月 |rr1=Myeong-wol |mr1=Myŏngwŏl }} '''Hwang Jinyi''' ([[Circa|c.]] 1520 - c. 1560) was a [[gisaeng]] of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] who lived during the reign of [[Jungjong of Joseon|King Jungjong]]. Her ''gisaeng'' name was '''Myeongwol''' (meaning "bright moon"). She was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She has become a modern popular [[cultural icon]] of [[Korea]]. ==Related pages== * [[Shin Saimdang]] * [[Uh Woo-dong]] * [[Yu Gamdong]] * [[Heo Chohui]] == Other websites == * http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=173946{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://thewordshop.tripod.com/Sijo/hwangchini.html Two sijo attributed to Hwang, translated by Larry Gross] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720012428/https://thewordshop.tripod.com/Sijo/hwangchini.html |date=2023-07-20 }} * [http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=3063 Hwang Jinyi:Navercast] {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hwang Jinyi}} [[Category:Korean dancers]] [[Category:Korean writers]] [[Category:1520 births]] [[Category:1560 deaths]] [[Category:Korean poets]] mcrub05oncnej8707dszhu3uv6qy26u 0 338670 10330202 9735083 2025-06-14T15:43:13Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 added [[Category:9th-century establishments in Asia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = ''Tâheriyân'' |conventional_long_name = Tahirid Dynasty |common_name = Tahirids |region = |era = Medieval |status = Nominally part of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]{{sfn|Hovannisian|Sabagh|1998|p=96}} |status_text = |empire = |government_type = Emirate |year_start = 821 |year_end = 873 |event_start = |date_start = |event_end = |date_end = |p1 = Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p1 = Black flag.svg |s1 = Saffarid Empire |flag_s1 = Saffarid dynasty 861-1003.png |image_flag = |flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |image_map = Tahirid Dynasty 821 - 873 (AD).png |image_map_caption = Provinces governed by the Tahirids |capital = [[Merv]], later [[Nishapur]] |common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] ({{small|court, informal}}){{sfn|Canfield|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Peacock|2007|p=35}}<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ({{small|literature/poetry/science}}){{sfn|Blair|2003|p=340}} |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |currency = |leader1 = [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] |leader2 = |year_leader1 = 821 |year_leader2 = |title_leader = [[Emir]] |stat_year1 = 800 est.{{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=475-504}} |stat_area1 = 1000000 }} The '''Tahirid dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|سلسله طاهریان}}) was a [[Arab people|Arabian]]<ref name="TahSaf91">Bosworth, "The Tahirids and Saffarids," p. 91.</ref> [[Sunni Islam]]ic dynasty that ruled the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] from 821 to 873. It also ruled the city of [[Baghdad]] from 820 until 891. The capital in Khorasan was first located at [[Merv]]. Later it moved to [[Nishapur]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tahirid Dynasty}} [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] [[Category:870s disestablishments]] [[Category:820s establishments]] [[Category:History of Islam]] [[Category:Royal dynasties]] [[Category:9th-century establishments in Asia]] {{hist-stub}} cyk2nj4r399hgxy1binyr0foapf21lu 10330203 10330202 2025-06-14T15:43:23Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 added [[Category:9th-century disestablishments in Asia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = ''Tâheriyân'' |conventional_long_name = Tahirid Dynasty |common_name = Tahirids |region = |era = Medieval |status = Nominally part of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]{{sfn|Hovannisian|Sabagh|1998|p=96}} |status_text = |empire = |government_type = Emirate |year_start = 821 |year_end = 873 |event_start = |date_start = |event_end = |date_end = |p1 = Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p1 = Black flag.svg |s1 = Saffarid Empire |flag_s1 = Saffarid dynasty 861-1003.png |image_flag = |flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |image_map = Tahirid Dynasty 821 - 873 (AD).png |image_map_caption = Provinces governed by the Tahirids |capital = [[Merv]], later [[Nishapur]] |common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] ({{small|court, informal}}){{sfn|Canfield|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Peacock|2007|p=35}}<br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ({{small|literature/poetry/science}}){{sfn|Blair|2003|p=340}} |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |currency = |leader1 = [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] |leader2 = |year_leader1 = 821 |year_leader2 = |title_leader = [[Emir]] |stat_year1 = 800 est.{{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=475-504}} |stat_area1 = 1000000 }} The '''Tahirid dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|سلسله طاهریان}}) was a [[Arab people|Arabian]]<ref name="TahSaf91">Bosworth, "The Tahirids and Saffarids," p. 91.</ref> [[Sunni Islam]]ic dynasty that ruled the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] province of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] from 821 to 873. It also ruled the city of [[Baghdad]] from 820 until 891. The capital in Khorasan was first located at [[Merv]]. Later it moved to [[Nishapur]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tahirid Dynasty}} [[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]] [[Category:870s disestablishments]] [[Category:820s establishments]] [[Category:History of Islam]] [[Category:Royal dynasties]] [[Category:9th-century establishments in Asia]] [[Category:9th-century disestablishments in Asia]] {{hist-stub}} f5arpntp6tiv9fvx9xgii0d9uu5fxwl 0 346705 10330093 9761490 2025-06-14T14:43:16Z 5.96.64.186 10330093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg|thumb|right|The Olympic rings]] The '''Olympic rings''' are the official symbol of the [[Olympic Games]]. The design was created by Baron [[Pierre de Coubertin]] in 1913. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games [[1920 Summer Olympics|Belgium in 1920]]. The 5 colors of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green. It's a common misconception that the colors represent specific continents. In fact, the five colors were chosen so that in combination with the white background, they could produce the colors of all national flags worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myth buster: Yellow Olympic ring does not represent Asia, neither do the other four|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/which-colour-represents-asia-in-olympic-rings|website=olympics.com}}</ref> [[Flag of Spain|Spain]] (🇪🇸), [[Flag of Portugal|Portugal]] (🇵🇹), [[Flag of South Africa|South Africa]] (🇿🇦), and [[Flag of South Sudan|South Sudan]] (🇸🇸), all have all of the colors on the Olympic Rings. In addition, some former flags of [[Italy]] have had all of the colors. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons cat-inline}} {{sports-stub}} [[Category:Olympic symbols]] 9vy2rxadki13ubyv9vodbduzza0udqg 10330100 10330093 2025-06-14T14:45:03Z 5.96.64.186 10330100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg|thumb|right|The Olympic rings]] The '''Olympic rings''' are the official symbol of the [[Olympic Games]]. The design was created by Baron [[Pierre de Coubertin]] in 1913. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games [[1920 Summer Olympics|Belgium in 1920]]. The 5 colors of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green. It's a common misconception that the colors represent specific continents. In fact, the five colors were chosen so that in combination with the white background, they could produce the colors of all national flags worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myth buster: Yellow Olympic ring does not represent Asia, neither do the other four|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/which-colour-represents-asia-in-olympic-rings|website=olympics.com}}</ref> [[Flag of Spain|Spain]] (🇪🇸), [[Flag of Portugal|Portugal]] (🇵🇹), [[Flag of South Africa|South Africa]] (🇿🇦), and [[Flag of South Sudan|South Sudan]] (🇸🇸). ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons cat-inline}} {{sports-stub}} [[Category:Olympic symbols]] f9yplqy6cx3w5ttkt4djw9ijakzlm4z 0 348971 10331046 10217930 2025-06-14T23:08:16Z Wukuendo 1292020 Add section and references 10331046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox data structure |name=Hash table |type=Unsorted [[associative array]] |invented_by= |invented_year=1952 |space_avg=O(''n'')<ref name="Cormen et al"> {{cite book | author = [[Thomas H. Cormen]] | display-authors = etal | title = [[Introduction to Algorithms]] | edition = 3rd | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-262-03384-8 | id = Section 11: "Hash Tables" | pages = [https://archive.org/details/introductiontoal00corm_453/page/n273 253]–280 }} </ref> |space_worst=O(''n'') |search_avg=O(1 + ''n''/''k'') |search_worst=O(''n'') |insert_avg=O(1) |insert_worst=O(1) |delete_avg=O(1 + ''n''/''k'') |delete_worst=O(''n'') }} [[File:Hash table 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 SP.svg|thumb|315px|right|A small phone book as a hash table]] A '''hash table''' is a type of tool for storing information. In [[computer science]], these tools for keeping track of information, or [[data]], are called [[data structure]]s. A hash table is a [[data structure]] that uses a [[hash function]] to keep track of where data is. Each piece of information to be stored has a name, which is called a [[unique key|key]]. For example, a key might be a person's name. Each name is matched up to one piece of data called a [[value]], like the person's telephone number. The data is kept in another [[data structure]] called an [[array]], which is like many boxes, or buckets, in a column to hold data. Each box has a number starting from 0 and counting up. The idea behind a hash table is to find the box for a value using only its name. This means that no matter how many boxes there are, one can find information quickly by its name. It is very fast to use the box of an array by its number. A [[hash function]] reads a name and gives back a number. A hash table uses a hash function to find a box number for a name. A good hash table will always find information at the same speed, no matter how much data is put in. A lot of hash tables also let the user put key/value pairs (a name and its data) in and take them out at the same speed.<ref name="knuth"> {{cite book | author = [[Donald Knuth]] | title = 'The Art of Computer Programming' | volume = 3: ''Sorting and Searching'' | edition = 2nd | publisher = Addison-Wesley | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-201-89685-0 | id = Section 6.4: "Hashing" | pages = 513–558 }} </ref> Because of this, hash tables can often find information faster than other tools, such as [[Tree (data structure)|search trees]] or other table lookup structures. As a result, they are used in many kinds of computer software. They are used most often for [[associative arrays]], [[database]]s, [[cache]]s, and [[set]]s. ==Implementations== Many programming languages use hash tables, either as built-in [[associative arrays]] or as part of their [[standard library]]. * [[.NET_Framework]], which can be used from languages such as [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] and [[VB.NET]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dotnetperls.com/hashset-vbnet |title=VB.NET HashSet Example |website=Dot Net Perls}}</ref> * [[JavaScript]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Map - JavaScript {{!}} MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Map |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=developer.mozilla.org |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[C++]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3690.pdf|title=Programming language C++ - Technical Specification|access-date=8 February 2022|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121061142/http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2013/n3690.pdf|archive-date=21 January 2022|pages=812–813}}</ref> * [[Java (programming language)|Java]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/implementations/index.html|title=Lesson: Implementations (The Java™ Tutorials > Collections)|website=docs.oracle.com|access-date=April 27, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118041252/https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/implementations/index.html|archive-date=January 18, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * [[Python (programming language)|Python]]'s built-in <code>dict</code> implements a hash table in the form of a [[data type|type]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Physics: Conference Series]]|first1=Juan|last1=Zhang|first2=Yunwei|last2=Jia|title=Redis rehash optimization based on machine learning|volume=1453|year=2020|issue=1 |page=3|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1453/1/012048 |bibcode=2020JPhCS1453a2048Z |s2cid=215943738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.heroku.com/ruby-2-4-features-hashes-integers-rounding#hash-changes|title=Ruby 2.4 Released: Faster Hashes, Unified Integers and Better Rounding|author=Jonan Scheffler|date=December 25, 2016|website=heroku.com|access-date=July 3, 2019|df=mdy-all|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703145530/https://blog.heroku.com/ruby-2-4-features-hashes-integers-rounding#hash-changes|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]<ref>{{cite web |title=doc.rust-lang.org |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208155205/https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/index.html |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=December 14, 2022 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> * [[V (programming language)|V (Vlang)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Navule Pavan Kumar |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Getting Started with V Programming |asin=B09FKK3JL7 |isbn=978-1839213434 |language=en |oclc=1290492862 |pp=103}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Data structures]] j6wqw4eh2zuw2yfcv2l597lloc4yjmk 14 354082 10330213 10267162 2025-06-14T15:47:37Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 rmv popcat 10330213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EstablishmentsInDecade|8|20|9th}} 0c2ptnsgzchma8tou021rm3si6n9wei 0 354590 10330082 10151748 2025-06-14T14:26:45Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |image = Hal Holbrook (45346460095).jpg |caption = Holbrook in 2001 |birthname = Harold Rowe Holbrook |birth_date = {{birth date|1925|2|17|}} |birth_place = [[Cleveland, Ohio]], U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|2021|1|23|1925|2|17}} |death_place = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S. |nationality = [[United States|American]] |education = Culver Academies |alma_mater = [[Denison University]] |television = Lincoln,<br/>The Bold Ones: The Senator |notable_works = ''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]'', ''[[Creepshow]]'', ''[[Into the Wild (movie)|Into the Wild]]'', ''[[The Fog]]'', ''[[All the President's Men (movie)|All the President's Men]]'', ''[[Water for Elephants (movie)|Water for Elephants]]'', ''Fletch Lives'', ''[[Magnum Force]]'', ''The Star Chamber'', ''Capricorn One'', ''[[The Firm]]'', ''[[That Evening Sun (movie)|That Evening Sun]]'', ''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]'' |known_for = [[Abraham Lincoln]],<br/>[[Mark Twain]]<br>Deep Throat<br>[[Francis Preston Blair]] |height = 6' 1" (1.85 m) |party = Independent<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/05/hal-holbrook-speaks-out-against-republican-party-leaders.html|title=Hal Holbrook speaks out against Republican Party leaders|publisher=LA Times Blogs.com|date=May 2010|access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> |occupation = Actor |yearsactive = 1954–2021 |spouse = Ruby Holbrook (m. 1945–65)<br />Carol Eve Rossen (m. 1966–79)<br />[[Dixie Carter]] (m. 1984–2010; her death) |children = With Ruby:<br/>David Holbrook,<br/>Victoria Holbrook,<br/>With Rossen:<br/>Eve Holbrook |awards = Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, Primetime Emmy Award |signature = }} '''Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook''' (February 17, 1925 &ndash; January 23, 2021) was an [[Americans|American]] movie, television, stage and voice [[actor]]. Holbrook was known to the general audience for playing famous author [[Mark Twain]] in plays or on [[biography|biographical]] shows. Holbrook was born in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. He began acting in 1954. He began his Mark Twain routine, so that he can earn money. Holbrook soon began appearing on plays. He then called his Twain show ''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]''.<ref name="Malia Wollan">{{cite news|title=Mark Twain. Now a Career for the Mustachioed|newspaper=New York Times|date=January 24, 2011|author=Malia Wollan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/books/24twain.html|quote=...has played Twain going on 57 years, longer than Samuel Langhorne Clemens did.}}</ref> He is also known for his fictional-political shows and as "Deep Throat" in ''[[All the President's Men (movie)|All the President's Men]]''. He also played [[Abraham Lincoln]] in several biographical television movies. Holbrook was nominated for many awards during his career. He is the oldest actor to have nominated for an [[Academy Award|Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. ==Early life== Holbrook was born on February 17, 1925 in [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Ohio]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/0/Hal-Holbrook.html|title=Hal Holbrook Biography (1925-) at FilmReference.com|access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> His parents were Harold Rowe Holbrook and Aileen Davenport. His parents left him, so he and his two sisters were raised by his grandparents in [[Weymouth, Massachusetts|South Weymouth]], [[Massachusetts]]. He studied at Culver Academies and at [[Denison University]]. His acting career would begin in [[theater]] in 1954. ==Career== [[File:Hal Holbrook Our Town 1977.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Holbrook in May 1977]] Holbrook is known for his [[television]] roles. These include [[Abraham Lincoln]], Hays Stone in ''The Bold Ones: The Senator'' and Capt. Lloyd Bucher in ''[[Pueblo]]''. But he is best known as [[Mark Twain]] in comedy stage works and comedy shows. His first solo performance as Twain was at Lock Haven State Teachers College in [[Pennsylvania]] in 1954. Holbrook had to [[Smoking|smoke]] for his role as Twain. He would later name that play ''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]''. He has portrayed Twain longer than [[Samuel Langhorne Clemens]] did.<ref name="Malia Wollan"/> Holbrook first appeared in movies in 1966, in ''The Group''. After this, he appeared in two more movies: ''[[Magnum Force]]'' in 1973 and ''[[All the President's Men (movie)|All the President's Men]]'' in 1976. Later, he appeared in ''[[The Fog]]'', ''[[Wall Street (movie)|Wall Street]]'', ''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'', ''The Bachelor'', and in ''Walking the Dead''. He was also known for his role in the 2007 movie ''[[Into the Wild (movie)|Into the Wild]]'', for which he was nominated for a [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] and an [[Academy Award]]. He also appeared in ''[[Water for Elephants (movie)|Water for Elephants]]'' in 2011. Later he has appeared as [[Francis Preston Blair]] in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s movie ''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]'' in 2012. He appeared during the opening ceremony of the 2013 Screen Actors Guild Awards. Holbrook starred in the 2014 animated movie ''[[Planes 2: Fire & Rescue]]'' as a [[fire truck]] named Mayday. Holbrook is set to star in the 2015 thriller movie ''Go with Me'' along with [[Anthony Hopkins]]. ==Personal life and death== [[Image:Hal Holbrook and Dixie Carter at the 41st Emmy Awards.jpg|thumb|left|Holbrook and Dixie Carter at the 41st Emmy Awards, 1990]] Holbrook was [[marriage|married]] to Ruby Holbrook from 1945 until they [[divorce]]d in 1965. Then he was married to Carol Eve Rossen from 1966 until they divorced in 1979. He was last married to [[Dixie Carter]] from 1984 until her death in 2010. Holbrook has two children with Ruby and one with Rossen. Holbrook met Carter on the set of ''The Killing of Randy Webster'' in 1980. Holbrook now lives in [[McLemoresville, Tennessee]], and in [[Beverly Hills, California]]. Holbrook has stated that he was a political independent because he votes for both [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. Holbrook died at his home in [[Beverly Hills]], [[California]], on January 23, 2021 at the age of 95. His death was announced more than a week later, on February 2.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/theater/hal-holbrook-dead.html Hal Holbrook, Actor Who Channeled Mark Twain, Is Dead at 95]</ref> ==Awards and nominations== Holbrook has won three [[Tony Award]]s, in 1971, 1974, and in 1976. He won a [[Drama Desk Award]] in 1989. He also won a Primetime [[Emmy Award]] in 1966. He was nominated for an [[Academy Award]] and a [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] in 2007 for his role in ''Into the Wild''. In 2008, at age 82, he became the oldest male actor to be nominated for an [[Academy Award]]. His nomination displaced Ralph Richardson, who previously held that distinction.<ref>[http://www.whosdatedwho.com/tpx_4866/hal-holbrook/trivia Hal Holbrook Trivia] at Who's Dated Who</ref> Here is the list of nominations or winning awards: [[File:The Brighter Day Scene 1954.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Hal Holbrook in ''The Brighter Day Scene'', August 1954]] [[File: Hal Holbrook receives the National Humanities Medal Award (cropped) 02.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Hal Holbrook awarded the National Humanities Award by [[George W. Bush]], November 2003]] [[Academy Awards]] *(2008) Nominated - [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role]] / ''Into the Wild'' Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards *(2008) Nominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor / ''Into the Wild'' Chicago Film Critics Association Awards *(2007) Nominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor / ''Into the Wild'' Online Film Critics Society Awards *(2008) Nominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor / ''Into the Wild'' [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] *(2008) Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture / ''Into the Wild'' [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] *Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Miniseries or a Movie- **(1967) Nominated - ''Mark Twain Tonight!'' **(1971) Nominated - ''A Clear and Present Danger'' **(1973) Nominated - ''That Certain Summer'' **(1974) Won - ''[[Pueblo]]'' **(1976) Won - ''Sandburg's Lincoln'' **(1978) Nominated - ''The Awakening Land'' **(1969) Nominated - 'The Whole World is Watching'' *Outstanding Lead Actor - Drama or Comedy Special **(1978) Nominated - ''Our Town'' *Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Drama Series **(1971) Won - ''The Bold Ones: The Senator'' *Outstanding Informational Series **(1988) Nominated - ''Portrait of America'' (segment: New York City) *Outstanding Performance in Informational Programing **(1989) Won - ''Portrait of America'' (segment: Alaska) *Primetime Emmy Award for Actor of the Year (Retired category) **(1974) Won - ''[[Pueblo]]'' ==Movies== {|class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Notes |- |1966 |''The Group'' | |- |1967 |''[[Mark Twain Tonight]]'' |TV special |- |1968 |''Wild in the Streets'' | |- |1972 |''They Only Kill Their Masters'' | |- |1973 |''Pueblo'' |TV movie |- |1973 |''Jonathan Livingston Seagull'' |Voice |- |1973 |''[[Magnum Force]]'' | |- |1974 |''The Girl from Petrovka'' | |- |1974 |''Carl Sandburg's Lincoln'' |TV miniseries |- |1976 |''[[All the President's Men (movie)|All the President's Men]]'' | |- |1976 |''Midway'' | |- |1977 |''Julia'' | |- |1977 |''Rituals'' | |- |1978 |''Capricorn One'' | |- |1978 |''The Awakening Land'' |TV series |- |1979 |''When Hell Was in Session'' |TV series |- |1979 |''Murder by Natural Causes'' |TV series |- |1979 |''The Legend of the Golden Gun'' |TV series |- |1980 |''[[The Fog]]'' | |- |1980 |''The Kidnapping of the President'' | |- |1981 |''The Killing of Randy Webster'' |TV series |- |1982 |''[[Creepshow]]'' | |- |1983 |''The Star Chamber'' | |- |1983 |''Girls Night Out'' | |- |1985 |''[[Designing Women]]'' |TV series |- |1985 |''North and South'' Part 1 |TV miniseries |- |1986 |Portrait of America |TV series |- |1986 |''Dress Gray'' |TV series |- |1986 |''North and South'' Part 2 |TV miniseries |- |1987 |''[[Wall Street (movie)|Wall Street]]'' | |- |1988 |''The Unholy'' | |- |1989 |''Fletch Lives'' | |- |1990 |''Evening Shade'' |TV series |- |1993 |''[[The Firm]]'' | |- |1996 |''Innocent Victims'' | |- |1997 |''Eye of God'' | |- |1997 |''Cats Don't Dance'' |Voice |- |1997 |''[[Hercules (1997 movie)|Hercules]]'' |Voice |- |1998 |''Hush'' | |- |1998 |''Walking to the Waterline'' | |- |1999 |''The Bachelor'' | |- |2000 |''Waking the Dead'' | |- |2000 |''Men of Honor'' | |- |2000 |''The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus'' |Voice |- |2001 |''The Majestic'' | |- |2001 |''The West Wing'' |TV series |- |2002 |''Seventh Day'' |Documentary |- |2003 |''Country Music: The Spirit of America'' |IMAX |- |2003 |''Shade'' | |- |2006 |''[[The Sopranos]]'' |TV series |- |2006 |''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' |TV series |- |2007 |''[[Into the Wild (movie)|Into the Wild]]'' |Nominated for an [[Academy Award]] and an [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Supporting Actor. |- |2008 |''ER'' |TV series |- |2009 |''[[That Evening Sun (movie)|That Evening Sun]]'' | |- |2010 |''Sons of Anarchy'' |TV series |- |2010 |''The Event'' |TV series |- |2011 |''[[Water for Elephants (movie)|Water for Elephants]]'' | |- |2011 |''Good Day For It'' | |- |2012 |''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]'' | |- |2012 |''Savannah'' | |- |2013 |''[[Promised Land (movie)|Promised Land]]'' | |- |2013 |''Rectify'' |TV series |- |2013 |''Monday Mornings'' |TV series |- |2014 |''[[Planes 2: Fire & Rescue]]'' |Voice |- |2015 |''Go with Me'' |Post-production |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==For more information== *Holbrook, Hal. (1959). ''Mark Twain Tonight! An Actor's Portrait''. New York: Ives Washburn. *Young, Jordan R. (1989). ''Acting Solo: The Art of One-Person Shows''. Beverly Hills: Past Times Publishing Co. ==Other websites== {{commons}} *{{IMDb name|1358}} *{{IBDB name|15128}} *[http://www.the7thday.org The Seventh Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720025252/http://www.the7thday.org/ |date=2009-07-20 }}, a 2002 5-DVD set documentary on the history of the Sabbath. Produced by LLT Productions. *[https://www.pbs.org/now/arts/holbrook.html 2004 Story on Holbrook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726212834/http://www.pbs.org/now/arts/holbrook.html |date=2018-07-26 }} from ''NOW'' *[http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/whoswho/biography/3785 Biography] and [http://www.playbill.com/news/article/89647.html 2004 story about his return to Broadway] from ''Playbill'' *[http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2007/pdf/HR/HR0058PS.pdf State of Mississippi Resolution] {{DEFAULTSORT:Holbrook, Hal}} [[Category:1925 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Cleveland]] [[Category:Actors from Massachusetts]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American historians]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American musical theatre actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Stage names]] [[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning actors]] [[Category:Independent (United States)]] [[Category:Television personalities from Ohio]] [[Category:Tony Award winning actors]] ao8ukidb319x6h13a0d6tzdozf3jgd3 3 355143 10330085 10295647 2025-06-14T14:40:37Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* Fred McLeod */ new section 10330085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:TDKR Chicago 101/Archives/%(year)s |algo = old(21d) |counter = 1 }} {{talkheader}} {{calm}} == Ice Cream! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:tan; background-color:#FAEBD7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Vanilla_Ice_Cream_Cone_at_Camp_Manitoulin.jpg|left|x150px]] [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]] has given you a [[vanilla ice cream]]! Vanilla ice cream promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this one has made your day better. You can spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a vanilla ice cream, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend.</br> <br />''Every other page I look on has edits by you. You have some amazing dedication. I present you with this ice cream :)'' Spread this ice cream by adding {{tls|Vanilla ice cream}} to someone's talk page with a nice message! {{clear}} </div> [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:21, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you so much! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101#top|talk]]) 02:26, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Adding to articles == Hi, TDKR. When you add to articles, as with [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Canadian_federal_election&diff=prev&oldid=10230322 this change] to [[1988 Canadian federal election]], please check to see whether notes or references were added to an article that didn't have them before. You might need to add a notes section (which I just added to this article) or a references section. If you preview the article before saving, you should see a big red message at the bottom of the article if such a section needs to be added. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:08, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hello {{ping|Auntof6}}. This one must've slipped through the cracks when making the edit. I normally add the notes section with the needed <nowiki>{{notelist}}</nowiki> text. I apologize for this. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101#top|talk]]) 22:11, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Fred McLeod == A few years back you created [[Fred McLeod (sportscaster)]], which is where it is at En. since they have three different people with that name as articles. I just found [[Fred McLeod]] which was created in 2013 about the same sportscaster. Can you take a look and decide how best to handle merging, moving, and/or redirecting? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ngamky1i9c7nobmilxca711jq1tjhne 10330095 10330085 2025-06-14T14:43:34Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Fred McLeod */ Reply 10330095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:TDKR Chicago 101/Archives/%(year)s |algo = old(21d) |counter = 1 }} {{talkheader}} {{calm}} == Ice Cream! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:tan; background-color:#FAEBD7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Vanilla_Ice_Cream_Cone_at_Camp_Manitoulin.jpg|left|x150px]] [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]] has given you a [[vanilla ice cream]]! Vanilla ice cream promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this one has made your day better. You can spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a vanilla ice cream, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend.</br> <br />''Every other page I look on has edits by you. You have some amazing dedication. I present you with this ice cream :)'' Spread this ice cream by adding {{tls|Vanilla ice cream}} to someone's talk page with a nice message! {{clear}} </div> [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 01:21, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you so much! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101#top|talk]]) 02:26, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Adding to articles == Hi, TDKR. When you add to articles, as with [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Canadian_federal_election&diff=prev&oldid=10230322 this change] to [[1988 Canadian federal election]], please check to see whether notes or references were added to an article that didn't have them before. You might need to add a notes section (which I just added to this article) or a references section. If you preview the article before saving, you should see a big red message at the bottom of the article if such a section needs to be added. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:08, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hello {{ping|Auntof6}}. This one must've slipped through the cracks when making the edit. I normally add the notes section with the needed <nowiki>{{notelist}}</nowiki> text. I apologize for this. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101#top|talk]]) 22:11, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Fred McLeod == A few years back you created [[Fred McLeod (sportscaster)]], which is where it is at En. since they have three different people with that name as articles. I just found [[Fred McLeod]] which was created in 2013 about the same sportscaster. Can you take a look and decide how best to handle merging, moving, and/or redirecting? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:40, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for bringing this up. I made the Fred McLeod article into a disambiguation page. Did it on my phone so might need help linking the disambiguation page to WikiData. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101#top|talk]]) 14:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) gff4fq5w67r9r9vje3vhutm5ba2tk40 0 360752 10329977 6501357 2025-06-14T13:22:55Z Uschoen 1069947 infobox 10329977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP unsourced|date=September 2012}} {{Infobox person | name = Dominique Swain | image = Dominique Swain 2017.jpg | caption = Swain in 2017 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|08|12}} | birth_place = [[Malibu, California]] | occupation = Actress }} '''Dominique Swain''' (born August 12 1980 in [[Malibu, California]]) is an [[Americans|American]] [[actress]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dominique Swain|publisher=The Famous People|url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/dominique-swain-35272.php|accessdate=April 12, 2019}}</ref> She has been in many [[movie]]s. She is best known for her role as the title character in the 1997 drama ''Lolita''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dominique Swain|publisher=Film Reference|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/27/Dominique-Swain.html|accessdate=April 12, 2019}}</ref> Swain also played Jamie Archer in the movie ''Face/Off''. ==References== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Swain, Dominique}} [[Category:Actors from Malibu, California]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Living people]] {{us-actor-stub}} ggwuudi0yownv6qlv1xlivxreg2fhs2 0 362927 10330089 5489340 2025-06-14T14:42:04Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10330089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fred McLeod''' may refer to: * [[Fred McLeod (golfer)]] * [[Fred McLeod (sportscaster)]] * [[Fred McLeod (rugby union)]] {{hndis|McLeod, Fred}} 7d8a9xdjwy56p2u0hhyjh5spct361s8 0 363880 10329867 9311495 2025-06-14T12:39:34Z Sulov Jondauss 76 1598585 Dinara Sadretdinova, 2010 (cropped).JPG 10329867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Dinara Sadretdinova | image = Dinara Sadretdinova, 2010 (cropped).JPG | caption = Dinara Sadretdinova the TV presenter of the weekly television program "Muslims" | birth_name = Dinara Rafikovna Sadretdinova | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|06|4}} | birth_place = [[Moscow]], Russian SFSR, USSR | nationality = Tatar | other_names = | known_for = | education = | employer = | occupation = Actress and TV presenter | years_active= 1999–present | height = | partner = | children = Yasmin Sekakmia<br><small>{{birth date and age|2003|05|31}}</small> | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Dinara Rafikovna Sadretdinova''' ({{lang-ru|Садретдинова, Динара Рафиковна}}, born June 4, 1976) is a [[Russia]]n [[actress]] and [[television presenter]]. She was born in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. == Education == Sadretdinova [[education|studied]] at The Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, the Moscow Institute of Open Education and the Training Institute of Television and Radio. == Career == Sadretdinova was presenter of the [[television program]] '' Islam'' on the [[satellite television|satellite channel]] "AST " from 1999 to 2001. In 2002, she became the TV presenter of the television program "Muslims" on the Information and entertainment channels. In March 2008, Sadretdinova was the guest of honor at the [[Al Jazeera|Al Jazeera International Documentary Film Festival]] in [[Qatar]]. She has been the guest of honor and presenter of the "Kazan International Festival of Muslim Cinema" two times. Sadretdinova has also be a part of the International Media Forum "Interaction in the common interest" in the [[Adygea|Republic of Adygea]]. In October 2010, she was a part of the All Russian female Islamic Conference "Women will save the world" in the [[Chechen Republic]]. That year, she was listed among the "best 10 female [[journalist]]s in the [[Islamic world]]" and was invited to the International Conference of Women Journalists, held in [[Iran]], where she was awarded the international prize "The Word Zainab". ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=LWXhyPtY50o&feature=emb_logo The Quran in the girls hearts . Dubai International Holy Quran Award] * [http://realnoevremya.com/today/430/ TV-presenter of the weekly TV-program "Muslims" tells how she appeared in television and whether Russian TV viewer should wait for a new programme about Islam] * [http://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/3959/ Official site of Dinara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120013712/https://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/3959/ |date=2020-11-20 }} * [http://islam.ru/en/content/news/muslim-women-created-committee-soldiers-mothers/ Women conference on "Role of women in modern society" to be held in Saratov] * {{YouTube|xMRwt_GHV8w|A documentary film about TV presenter Dinara Sadretdinova, produced and broadcasted by Iranian channel PressTV Documentaries}} * {{YouTube|uHuHIFnw7lY|International Festival of Muslim Cinema "Golden Minbar"}} * [http://www.cnn.com/2004/fyi/news/10/18/transcript.tue/ CNN Student News] * [http://www.discussionworldforum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=2389 The headscarf makes me feel more feminine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205112938/http://www.discussionworldforum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=2389 |date=2014-12-05 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadretdinova, Dinara}} [[Category:Television personalities]] [[Category:Muslims]] [[Category:Tatars]] [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Entertainers from Moscow]] 2eebwtvf8f9i2affap6d41k37k6woyp 0 365458 10330632 9961312 2025-06-14T19:02:57Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = John Bertrand Gurdon | image = John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG | birth_date = {{birth date and age |1933|10|2|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | nationality = British | field = [[Developmental biology]] | work_institutions = [[University of Oxford]]<br>[[University of Cambridge]]<br>[[California Institute of Technology]] | alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] | thesis_title = Studies on nucleocytoplasmic relationships during differentiation in vertebrates | thesis_url = http://www.theses.com | thesis_year = 1961 | doctoral_advisor = Michael Fischberg<ref name="godfather"/> | doctoral_students = | known_for = Nuclear transfer, cloning | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | prizes = [[Wolf Prize in Medicine]] (1989)<br /> [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research|Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award]] (2009) <br/>[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (2012) | footnotes = | website = {{URL|http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/gurdon.html}}<br>{{URL|http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/gurdon.htm}} }} Sir '''John Bertrand Gurdon (JBG)''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (born 2 October 1933) is a British [[developmental biology|developmental biologist]]. He is best known for his pioneering research in [[nuclear transplantation]],<ref>Gurdon J. & Byrne J.A. 2003. The first half-century of nuclear transplantation. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' '''100''' (14): 8048. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8048] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518170905/http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8048 |date=2016-05-18 }}</ref><ref>Gurdon J.B. 2006. From nuclear transfer to nuclear reprogramming: the reversal of cell differentiation. ''Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology'' '''22''': 1–22. [http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.090805.140144] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105163451/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.090805.140144 |date=2020-01-05 }}</ref><ref>Gurdon J.B. & Melton D.A. 2008. Nuclear reprogramming in cells. ''Science'' '''322''' (5909): 1811–1815. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5909/1811]</ref> and [[cloning]].<ref name="godfather">Williams R. 2008. Sir John Gurdon: Godfather of cloning. ''The Journal of Cell Biology'' '''181''' (2): 178–179. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2315664/]</ref><ref> Kain K. 2009. The birth of cloning: An interview with John Gurdon. ''Disease Models and Mechanisms'' '''2''' (1–2): 9–10. [https://journals.biologists.com/dmm/article/2/1-2/9/2186/The-birth-of-cloning-an-interview-with-John-Gurdon]</ref><ref>Gurdon J. 2003. John Gurdon. ''Current biology'' : CB '''13''' (19): R759–R760. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982203006845]</ref><ref>Gurdon J. 2000. Not a total waste of time: an interview with John Gurdon. Interview by James C Smith. ''The International journal of developmental biology'' '''44''' (1): 93–99.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10761853]</ref> Nuclear transplantation means taking the [[nucleus]] out of cells in [[tissue culture]] and putting them into other cells whose nucleus has been removed. It is called [[somatic cell]] nuclear transfer. In this way, specialised cells can be "reprogrammed" to become like [[stem cells]]. ==Honours and awards== Gurdon was made a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1971, and was knighted in 1995. In 1991, he was elected a member of the [[Academia Europaea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Gurdon_John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104806/https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Gurdon_John |title=John Gurdon |publisher=Academia Europaea |archive-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> In 2004, the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer was renamed the [[Gurdon Institute]] in his honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/ |title=The Gurdon Institute |format= |accessdate=2011-07-26}}</ref> He has also received numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees.<ref name="Rodney Porter">[http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/rodney_porter_lectures/1999/gurdon.html Rodney Porter Lectures: Biography]</ref> He has been awarded the 2009 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research award. ===Nobel Prize=== In 2012 Gurdon was awarded, jointly with [[Shinya Yamanaka]], the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] ''"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"''.<ref name="NobelPrize">{{cite web | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 | publisher=NobelPrize.org | date=October 8, 2012 | accessdate=October 8, 2012}}</ref> "Pluripotent" cells are [[stem cells]]. ==Research== ===Nuclear transfer=== In 1958, Gurdon, then at the [[University of Oxford]], successfully cloned a frog using intact [[cell_nucleus|nuclei]] from the somatic cells of a ''[[Xenopus]]'' tadpole.<ref>Gurdon J.B; Elsdale T.R. & Fischberg M. 1958. Sexually mature individuals of ''Xenopus laevis'' from the transplantation of single somatic nuclei. ''Nature'' '''182''' (4627): 64–65. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v182/n4627/abs/182064a0.html]</ref><ref> Gurdon J.B. 1962. The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. ''Journal of embryology and experimental morphology'' '''10''': 622–640. [http://dev.biologists.org/content/10/4/622.long]</ref> This was an important extension of work of Briggs and King in 1952 on transplanting nuclei from embryonic [[blastula]] cells.<ref> Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King 1952. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.'' '''38''' (5): 455–463. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063586/]</ref> Gurdon’s experiments captured the attention of the scientific community and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today. At that time he could not conclusively show that the transplanted nuclei derived from a fully [[cell differentiation|differentiated cell]]. This was finally shown in 1975 by a group working at the [[Basel]] Institute for Immunology in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1198115 |authors=Wabl M.R., Brun RB, L Du Pasquier| title = Lymphocytes of the toad Xenopus laevis have the gene set for promoting tadpole development | journal = Science | volume = 190 | issue = 4221 | pages = 1310–1312 | year = 1975 | pmid = 1198115|bibcode=1975Sci...190.1310W|s2cid=23153308}}</ref> They transplanted a nucleus from an antibody-producing [[lymphocyte]] (proof that it was fully differentiated) into an enucleated egg and got living tadpoles. Gurdon’s experiments captured the attention of the scientific community and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today. The term '[[clone]]' (from the ancient Greek word ''[[wikt:κλών#Ancient Greek|κλών]]'' klōn = “twig”) was already in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J.B. | authorlink1 = John Gurdon| last2 = Colman | first2 = A. | title = The future of cloning | journal = Nature | volume = 402 | issue = 6763 | pages = 743–746 | doi = 10.1038/45429 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10617195| pmc = | bibcode = 1999Natur.402..743G | s2cid = 4302017 }}</ref> In 1963 the British biologist [[J.B.S. Haldane]], in describing Gurdon’s results, became one of the first to use the word "clone" in reference to animals. He was awarded the [[Lasker Award]] in 2009 and the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/press.html|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=2012-10-08|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2012 Press Release}}</ref> === Messenger RNA expression === Gurdon and colleagues also pioneered the use of ''[[Xenopus]]'' eggs to translate microinjected [[messenger RNA]] molecules.<ref> Gurdon J.B. ''et al.'' 1971. Use of frog eggs for the study of [[messenger RNA]] and its [[translation]] in living cells. ''Nature'' '''233''' (5316): 177–182. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v233/n5316/abs/233177a0.html]</ref> This technique has been widely used to identify the proteins encoded, and to study their function. === Recent research === Gurdon's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in [[cell differentiation]], and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in reprogramming the nucleus in transplantation experiments, including [[DNA methylation|demethylation]] of the transplanted DNA.<ref> Simonsson S. & Gurdon J. 2004. DNA demethylation is necessary for the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei. ''Nature Cell Biology'' '''6''' (10): 984–990. [http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v6/n10/full/ncb1176.html]</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} {{Nobelprize|Physiology or Medicine}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gurdon, John}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Agnostics]] [[Category:British Nobel Prize winners]] [[Category:Developmental biologists]] [[Category:English biologists]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Members of Academia Europaea]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Wolf Prize winners]] [[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]] 9ps3n3krefbuspkcibrwvieuhv8whgg 0 367093 10331573 10240841 2025-06-15T07:53:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{update|date=December 2024}} {{lowercase title}} {{Infobox software | name = jQuery | logo = | author = [[John Resig]] | developer = jQuery Team | released = {{start date|2006|08|26}} | latest release version = 3.2.1 | latest release date = {{start date and age|2017|03|20}} | programming language = [[JavaScript]] | platform = See [[#Browser support|Browser support]] | status = Active | genre = [[JavaScript library]] | license = [[MIT License|MIT]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jquery.org/license/ | title = License - jQuery Project | accessdate = 5 January 2013 | publisher = jQuery Foundation }}</ref> | website = {{URL|jquery.com}} | size = {{!}} class="wikitable" style="margin:0;" {{!}}- {{!}} <abbr title="version">ver</abbr> {{!}}{{!}} <abbr title="compressed and gzipped">gzip</abbr> {{!}}{{!}} <abbr title="compressed, production mode">prod</abbr> {{!}}{{!}} <abbr title="uncompressed, development mode">dev</abbr> {{!}}- {{!}} 1.x {{!}}{{!}} 31 {{!}}{{!}} 90.9 {{!}}{{!}} 266 {{!}}- {{!}} 2.x {{!}}{{!}} 27.7 {{!}}{{!}} 81.6 {{!}}{{!}} 236 {{!}}- {{!}} 3.x {{!}}{{!}} 29.9 {{!}}{{!}} 86.3 {{!}}{{!}} 263 {{!}}} ([[Kilobyte#Base 2 definition|KB]]) }} '''jQuery''' is a [[JavaScript|JavaScript library]] created to make it easier and simpler to write [[JavaScript]] and [[HTML]]. It works on most [[web browsers]]<ref name="jquery.com">{{cite web|url=http://jquery.com/|title=jQuery: The write less, do more, JavaScript library|publisher=The jQuery Project|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> and was invented by [[John Resig]]. The first [[software release|release]] was in January 2006 at [[BarCamp]] NYC. Today there is a [[team]] of [[Programmer|programmers]] working on jQuery, which is led by Dave Methvin. Today, more than 55% of the 10,000 most-visited websites use jQuery, hence it is the most popular JavaScript library being used today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trends.builtwith.com/javascript/JQuery|title=jQuery Usage Statistics|accessdate=2012-04-02|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225092702/https://trends.builtwith.com/javascript/JQuery|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/javascript_library/all|title=Usage of JavaScript libraries for websites|publisher=W3Techs|accessdate=2010-07-08}}</ref> It is [[free and open source software]] and licensed under the [[MIT License]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.jquery.com/License |title=License – JQuery JavaScript Library |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> jQuery's [[syntax]] is designed to make it easier to write complicated JavaScript. Some things that are easier to do using jQuery are: * navigate (move around) a web page * select (choose) elements on a web page using the [[Document Object Model]] * create [[animation]]s * handle [[Event (computing)|events]] like user actions * create [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax applications]]. It also allows [[Programmer|programmers]] to make their own jQuery [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Companies like [[Microsoft]] and [[Nokia]] have said that they are going to include jQuery on their [[mobile phone|mobile]] [[platform]]s.<ref name="2008-09-28">{{cite web |url=http://jquery.com/blog/2008/09/28/jquery-microsoft-nokia/ |title=jQuery, Microsoft, and Nokia |date=2008-09-28 |last=Resig |first=John |publisher=jQuery |work=jQuery Blog |accessdate=2009-01-29 }}</ref> In addition, Microsoft is including jQuery in its [[Visual Studio]] software to use with the [[ASP.NET AJAX]] [[framework]] and [[ASP.NET MVC Framework]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/archive/2008/09/28/jquery-and-microsoft.aspx |title=jQuery and Microsoft |last=Guthrie |first=Scott |work=ScottGu's Blog |date=2008-09-28 |accessdate=2009-01-29 }}</ref> Nokia has included it in their Web Run-Time widget development platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wiki.forum.nokia.com/index.php/Guarana_UI:_a_jQuery-Based_UI_Library_for_Nokia_WRT |title=Guarana UI: A jQuery Based UI Library for Nokia WRT |accessdate=2010-03-30 |work=Forum Nokia |archive-date=2009-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123130408/http://wiki.forum.nokia.com/index.php/Guarana_UI%3A_a_jQuery-Based_UI_Library_for_Nokia_WRT |url-status=dead }}</ref> jQuery has also been used in [[MediaWiki]] since version 1.16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/JQuery |title=jQuery |publisher=MediaWiki |date=January 19, 2012 |accessdate=March 11, 2012}}</ref> ==Release history== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:600px;" |- ! Version number ! Release date ! Additional notes |- | style="width:50px;"| 1.0 | style="width:150px;"| [http://jquery.com/blog/2006/08/26/jquery-10/ August 26, 2006] | First stable release |- | 1.0.1 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2006/08/31/jquery-101/ August 31, 2006] | |- | 1.0.2 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2006/10/09/jquery-102/ October 9, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912072228/http://jquery.com/blog/2006/10/09/jquery-102/ |date=September 12, 2008 }} | |- | 1.0.3 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2006/10/27/jquery-103/ October 27, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017064241/http://jquery.com/blog/2006/10/27/jquery-103/ |date=October 17, 2008 }} | |- | 1.0.4 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2006/12/12/jquery-104/ December 12, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011035244/http://jquery.com/blog/2006/12/12/jquery-104/ |date=October 11, 2008 }} | Last 1.0 bug fix |- | 1.1 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/01/14/jquery-birthday-11-new-site-new-docs/ January 14, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013084452/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/01/14/jquery-birthday-11-new-site-new-docs/ |date=October 13, 2008 }} | |- | 1.1.1 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/01/22/jquery-111/ January 22, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913202404/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/01/22/jquery-111/ |date=September 13, 2008 }} | |- | 1.1.2 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/02/27/jquery-112/ February 27, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021135151/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/02/27/jquery-112/ |date=October 21, 2008 }} | |- | 1.1.3 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/07/01/jquery-113-800-faster-still-20kb/ July 1, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123073855/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/07/01/jquery-113-800-faster-still-20kb |date=November 23, 2008 }} | |- | 1.1.3.1 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/07/05/jquery-1131/ July 5, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017101508/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/07/05/jquery-1131/ |date=October 17, 2008 }} | |- | 1.1.4 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/08/24/jquery-114-faster-more-tests-ready-for-12/ August 24, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102001936/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/08/24/jquery-114-faster-more-tests-ready-for-12/ |date=November 2, 2008 }} | |- | 1.2 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/09/10/jquery-12-jqueryextendawesome/ September 10, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010184328/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/09/10/jquery-12-jqueryextendawesome/ |date=October 10, 2008 }} | |- | 1.2.1 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2007/09/16/jquery-121-quick-fixes-for-12/ September 16, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020020053/http://jquery.com/blog/2007/09/16/jquery-121-quick-fixes-for-12/ |date=October 20, 2008 }} | |- | 1.2.2 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2008/01/15/jquery-122-2nd-birthday-present/ January 15, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020020058/http://jquery.com/blog/2008/01/15/jquery-122-2nd-birthday-present/ |date=October 20, 2008 }} | |- | 1.2.3 | [http://jquery.com/blog/2008/02/08/jquery-123-air-namespacing-and-ui-alpha/ February 8, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020020103/http://jquery.com/blog/2008/02/08/jquery-123-air-namespacing-and-ui-alpha/ |date=October 20, 2008 }} | |- | 1.2.4 | [http://docs.jquery.com/Release:jQuery_1.2.4 May 19, 2008] | |- | 1.2.5 | [http://docs.jquery.com/Release:jQuery_1.2.5 May 21, 2008] | Fix for bad build of 1.2.4 |- | 1.2.6 | [http://docs.jquery.com/Release:jQuery_1.2.6 May 24, 2008] | |- | 1.3 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2009/01/14/jquery-13-and-the-jquery-foundation/ January 14, 2009] | Sizzle Selector Engine introduced into core |- | 1.3.1 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2009/01/21/jquery-131-released/ January 21, 2009] | |- | 1.3.2 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2009/02/20/jquery-132-released/ February 20, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827103446/http://blog.jquery.com/2009/02/20/jquery-132-released/ |date=August 27, 2009 }} | |- | 1.4 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2010/01/14/jquery-14-released/ January 14, 2010] | |- | 1.4.1 | [http://jquery14.com/day-12/jquery-141-released January 25, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324200116/http://jquery14.com/day-12/jquery-141-released |date=March 24, 2010 }} | |- | 1.4.2 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2010/02/19/jquery-142-released/ February 19, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510222837/http://blog.jquery.com/2010/02/19/jquery-142-released/ |date=May 10, 2012 }} | |- | 1.4.3 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2010/10/16/jquery-143-released/ October 16, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040617/http://blog.jquery.com/2010/10/16/jquery-143-released/ |date=March 6, 2012 }} | |- | 1.4.4 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2010/11/11/jquery-1-4-4-release-notes/ November 11, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602103517/http://blog.jquery.com/2010/11/11/jquery-1-4-4-release-notes/ |date=June 2, 2023 }} | |- | 1.5 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/01/31/jquery-15-released/ January 31, 2011] | Deferred callback management, ajax module rewrite |- | 1.5.1 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/02/24/jquery-151-released/ February 24, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818204926/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/02/24/jquery-151-released/ |date=August 18, 2012 }} | |- | 1.5.2 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/03/31/jquery-152-released/ March 31, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815123829/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/03/31/jquery-152-released/ |date=August 15, 2012 }} | |- | 1.6 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/05/03/jquery-16-released/ May 3, 2011] | Significant performance improvements to the attr() and val() functions |- | 1.6.1 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/05/12/jquery-1-6-1-released/ May 12, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819094323/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/05/12/jquery-1-6-1-released/ |date=August 19, 2012 }} | |- | 1.6.2 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/06/30/jquery-162-released/ June 30, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818235028/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/06/30/jquery-162-released/ |date=August 18, 2012 }} | |- | 1.6.3 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/09/01/jquery-1-6-3-released/ September 1, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320184225/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/09/01/jquery-1-6-3-released/ |date=March 20, 2012 }} | |- | 1.6.4 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/09/12/jquery-1-6-4-released/ September 12, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045806/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/09/12/jquery-1-6-4-released/ |date=May 11, 2012 }} | |- | 1.7 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/11/03/jquery-1-7-released/ November 3, 2011] | New Event APIs: .on() and .off(), while the old APIs are still supported. |- | 1.7.1 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2011/11/21/jquery-1-7-1-released/ November 21, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505193854/http://blog.jquery.com/2011/11/21/jquery-1-7-1-released/ |date=May 5, 2012 }} | |- | 1.7.2 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/03/21/jquery-1-7-2-released/ March 21, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413145403/http://blog.jquery.com/2012/03/21/jquery-1-7-2-released/ |date=April 13, 2012 }} | |- | 1.8.0 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/08/09/jquery-1-8-released/ August 9, 2012] | Sizzle Selector Engine rewritten, improved animations and $(html, props) flexibility. |- | 1.8.1 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/08/30/jquery-1-8-1-released/ August 30, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901074539/http://blog.jquery.com/2012/08/30/jquery-1-8-1-released/ |date=September 1, 2012 }} | |- | 1.8.2 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/09/20/jquery-1-8-2-released/ September 20, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108044959/http://blog.jquery.com/2012/09/20/jquery-1-8-2-released/ |date=November 8, 2012 }} | |- | 1.8.3 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/11/13/jquery-1-8-3-released/ November 13, 2012] | |- | 1.9.0 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/06/28/jquery-core-version-1-9-and-beyond/ early 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010003720/http://blog.jquery.com/2012/06/28/jquery-core-version-1-9-and-beyond/ |date=2012-10-10 }} | Removal of deprecated interfaces and code cleanup |- | 2.0.0 | [http://blog.jquery.com/2012/06/28/jquery-core-version-1-9-and-beyond/ early 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010003720/http://blog.jquery.com/2012/06/28/jquery-core-version-1-9-and-beyond/ |date=2012-10-10 }} | Dropping IE6-8 support for performance improvements and reduction in filesize |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|http://jquery.com/}} * [http://oscarotero.com/jquery/ Quick API Reference] * [http://jqueryui.com/ jQuery UI] * {{cite video | people = Dmitri Gaskin (speaker) | title = jQuery | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mwKq7_JlS8 | format = YouTube | publisher = Google Tech Talks | date = 2008-04-03 | accessdate = 2009-05-04 }} [[Category:JavaScript]] [[Category:Free software]] si7si0ryst2l2qxkcxy6ozf7r9zpj0b 0 372820 10331551 8889512 2025-06-15T07:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nihongo|'''Issei'''|一世||literally, "first generation"}} is a [[Japanese language]] term used in countries in [[North America]] and [[South America]] to name the [[Japan]]ese people who [[immigration|immigrated]]. The [[emigration|emigrants]] or [[immigration|immigrants]] who were born in Japan are called ''Issei''; and their children born in the new country are called ''[[Nisei]]'' (second generation). The [[wikt:grandchild|grandchildren]] of ''Issei'' are called ''[[Sansei]]'' (third generation).<ref>The generation names come from the numbers "one, two, three" in the [[Japanese language]]. The first three Japanese numbers are "''ichi, ni, san''. The fourth number is "''yon''".</ref> The [[wikt:character|character]] and [[wikt:uniqueness|uniqueness]] of the ''Issei'' is recognized in its social history.<ref>Numrich, Paul David. (2008). North [https://books.google.com/books?id=sAy1s626lE0C&pg=PA127 ''American Buddhists in Social Context,'' p. 110].</ref> ==History== [[File:Japoneses no brasil.jpg|thumb|right|The first Japanese-Brazilian (''Nipo-brasileiros'') immigrants arriving aboard the [http://www.jornalorebate.com/59/pov.htm ''Kassato Maru''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525043124/http://www.jornalorebate.com/59/pov.htm |date=2010-05-25 }} in 1908. They would call themselves ''Issei''.]] The earliest organized group of Japanese [[Emigration|emigrant]]s settled in [[Mexico]] in 1897.<ref name="mofa-Mexico">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/index.html ''Japan-Mexico Foreign Relations'']; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community established by the ''Issei'' has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of [[Japan]], including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians.<ref>MOFA, [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/index.html "Japan-Brazil Relations"]; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> Other ''Issei'' established themselves in the [[United States]],<ref>Sakata, Yasuo. (1992). ''Fading Footsteps of the Issei,'' p. 1.</ref> <!-- which has grown to include approximately 775,000+ Americans<ref>US Census Bureau, [http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_3YR_B02006&prodType=table "Asian Alone by Selected Groups"]; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> --> [[Canada]],<ref name="mclellan36">McLellan, Janet. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&pg=PA36 ''Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto,'' p. 36.]</ref> <!-- which has grown to include approximately 98,000+ Canadians<ref>Statistics Canada, [http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= "2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations, Ethnic Origin (247)"]; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> --> and [[Peru]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1065667.stm "Fujimori Secures Japanese Haven,"] ''BBCNews,'' 12 December 2000; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> <!--which has grown to include aproximately 90,000+ Peruvians<ref>MOFA, [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/peru/index.html Japan-Peru relations,"]; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> --> In the 1930s, the term ''Issei'' came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" (''ijusha''). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the ''Issei'' looked at themselves. The label ''Issei'' also included the idea of belonging to the new country.<ref name="mclellan36"/> Other terns like ''Nisei'' were modeled after this ''Issei'' [[pattern]] or [[template]]. == Cultural profile == The term ''[[Japanese diaspora|Nikkei]]'' (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century. The ''Nikkei'' include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.<ref>Japanese American National Museum, [http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/what/ "What is Nikkei?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503113652/http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/what/ |date=2009-05-03 }}; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> The ''Issei'' were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.<ref>Smithsonian, [http://americanart.si.edu/pr/library/2010/gaman/gaman_wall_text.pdf "The Art of Gaman: Arts and Crafts from the Japanese American Internment Camps, 1942 - 1946", Yoshitsuchi Ikemoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225085007/http://americanart.si.edu/pr/library/2010/gaman/gaman_wall_text.pdf |date=2013-02-25 }}; excerpt, "... one of hundreds of ''Issei'' (first-generation) 'bachelor' laborers who were unable to send for their wives or a picture bride because the U.S. government cut off all immigration from Japan in 1924"; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> Their children, grandchildren, [[wikt:great-grandchild|great-grandchildren]] and great-great-grandchildren grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents. Although the ''Issei'' kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.<ref>Yenne, Bill. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok3JZw28xhEC&pg=PA12 ''Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Fought for the United States in World War II,'' p. xv.]</ref> {|class="wikitable " ! width="15%" | [[Generation]] ! width="55%"| [[Wiktionary:cohort|Cohort]] description |- |''Issei''&nbsp;(一世)|| The generation of people born in Japan who immigrated to another country.<ref name="densho">[http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Issei/ "Issei"] ''Densho Encyclopedia''; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> |- |''[[Nisei]]''&nbsp;(二世)||The generation of people born in North America, Latin America, Australia, Hawaii, or any country outside of Japan either to at least one ''Issei'' parent.<ref name="densho"/> |- |''[[Sansei]]''&nbsp;(三世)||The generation of people born to at least one ''Nisei'' parent.<ref name="densho"/> |- |''[[Yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei)|Yonsei]]''&nbsp;(四世)|| The generation of people born to at least one ''Sansei'' parent<ref name="densho"/> |- |''[[Gosei (fifth-generation Nikkei)|Gosei]]''&nbsp;(五世)|| The generation of people born to at least one ''Yonsei'' parent<ref>Ikezoe-Halevi, Jean. [http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2006/10/31/voices-of-chicago/ "Voices of Chicago: Day of Remembrance 2006,"] ''Discover Nikkei'' (US). October 31, 2006; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> |} The ''Issei,'' ''Nisei'' and ''Sansei'' generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.<ref>McLellan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&pg=PA66 p. 59].</ref> == Select list of notable ''Issei'' == :''This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.'' <!-- Please notice that this list is in alphabetical order. --> * [[Kan'ichi Asakawa]] (1873-1948), academic, author, peace advocate, historian and librarian<ref>DiscoverNikkei: [http://www.discovernikkei.org/wiki/Kanichi_Asakawa Asakawa bio]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[Makoto Hagiwara]] (&nbsp;-1925), made the fortune cookie popular<ref name=lee>Lee, Jennifer 8. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 "Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie,"] ''The New York Times'' (US). January 16, 2008; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[Mazie Hirono]] (1947-&nbsp; ), 1st [[United States Senator|US]] [[United States Senator|Senator]] born in Japan<ref>[http://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2012/11/06/japanese-born-woman-set-to-make-u-s-election-history/ "Hirono Becomes First U.S. Senator Born in Japan,"] ''Wall Street Journal,'' 6 November 2012; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[Fujitaro Kubota]] (1879-1973), [[United States Senator|American]] Seattle gardener and philanthropist<ref>Kubota Garden, [http://www.kubota.org/history.htm "A Short History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615194828/http://kubota.org/history.htm |date=2006-06-15 }}; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[Isamu Noguchi]] (1904–1988), American [[sculptor]] and [[landscape architect]]<ref>Brenson, Michael. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1531F932A05751C1A96E948260&scp=7&sq=Isamu+Noguchi "Isamu Noguchi, the Sculptor, Dies at 84",] ''New York Times'' (US). December 31, 1988; retrieved 2012-11-26.</ref> * [[Yoko Ono|Yoko Ono Lennon]] (1933-&nbsp; ) artist and musician.<ref>Robinson, Greg. [http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Resettlement_in_New_York/ "Resettlement in New York,"] ''Densho Encyclopedia''; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[George Masa]] (1881–1933), [[activist]] in creation of [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]]<ref>''The National Parks'' (PBS), [https://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/people/behindtheparks/kephart-masa/ "Horace Kephart (1862–1931) and George Masa (1881–1933)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010122/http://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/people/behindtheparks/kephart-masa/ |date=2017-07-29 }}; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[Yoichiro Nambu]] (1921 - ), American [[Nobel Prize]] winner (2008), [[Physics|Physicist]]<ref>Pollard, Niklas. [https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE4963JJ20081007 "Two Japanese, American win 2008 physics Nobel,"] ''Reuters'' (UK). 7 October 2008; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> * [[Jokichi Takamine]] (1854 &ndash; 1922), [[chemist]] who isolated [[adrenaline]]<ref>Pulvers, Roger. [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20090628rp.html "Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232633/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20090628rp.html |date=2012-10-16 }} ''Japan Times,'' June 28, 2009; retrieved 2012-11-25.</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Japanese American internment|Japanese American Internment]] ==References== {{reflist|1}} ==Other websites== {{commons category-inline|Internment of Japanese-Canadians}} {{commons category-inline|Japanese American internment}} * [http://www.janm.org Japanese American National Museum] * [http://www.njahs.org/ Japanese American Historical Society] * [http://www.densho.org/ Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project] * [http://www.discovernikkei.org/ Discover Nikkei] [[Category:Japanese diaspora]] 91j0cz3kan95g07no02tjnn42n2ibrr 0 376009 10330526 10291859 2025-06-14T17:47:43Z 89.215.226.170 /* Film */ 10330526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | name = Dolph Lundgren | image = Dolph Lundgren by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = Lundgren at the [[San Diego Comic Con]] in July 2012 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Spånga]], [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] | nationality = Swedish<br>American | education = [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology|Royal Institute of Technology]] (BSc)<br>[[University of Sydney]] (MSc)<br>[[Washington State University]] | occupation = {{Flatlist| * [[Actor]] * [[filmmaker]] * [[Martial arts|martial artist]]}} | years_active = 1979-present | spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{Marriage|[[Anette Qviberg]]|1994|2011}}}} | children = 2 }} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}} '''Hans "Dolph" Lundgren''' (born on November 3, 1957) is a [[Swedish people|Swedish]]-[[Americans|American]] actor, martial artists, and director who is known for his roles in ''[[Universal Soldier]]'', ''[[Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning]]'', ''[[Rocky IV]]'', ''[[The Expendables (2010 movie)|The Expendables]]'', ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' and in ''[[The Expendables 3]]''. He is notable for playing the Soviet boxer [[Ivan Drago]] in ''[[Rocky IV]]''. Lundgren played King Nereus in the [[DC Comics]]-[[Warner Bros.]] movie ''[[Aquaman (movie)|Aquaman]]'' (2018). Lundgren was born on November 3, 1957 in [[Spånga]], [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800058493/bio |title=Dolph Lundgren Biography - Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |accessdate=September 6, 2010 |archive-date=January 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6502nShPK?url=http://movies.yahoo.com/person/dolph-lundgren/biography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied at [[Washington State University]] and at [[Clemson University]]. Lundgren was married to Annette Qviberg from 1994 until they separated in 2011. They have 2 daughters. Lundgren lives in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In May 2023, Lundgren revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[lung cancer]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/other/rocky-star-dolph-lundgren-is-battling-cancer-and-fears-steroids-early-in-career-to-blame/ar-AA1b0VkQ|title=Rocky star Dolph Lundgren is battling cancer and fears steroids early in career to blame|publisher=MSN|accessdate=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/movies/dolph-lundgren-reveals-longterm-battle-with-cancer-said-he-was-given-2-3-years-to-live-at-one-point|title=Dolph Lundgren Reveals Longterm Battle With Cancer, Said He Was Given 2-3 Years To Live At One Point|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=10 May 2023}}</ref> == Film == [[File:Dolph Lundgren 1990.jpg|thumb|upright|At the premier of ''[[Air America (film)|Air America]]'' in 1990]] [[File:Dolph Lundgren (4840639576) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|At the [[San Diego Comic Con]] in July 2010]] [[File:Dolph Lundgren by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|upright|At the [[San Diego Comic Con]] in July 2012]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row | 1985 | ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' | Venz | Cameo | |- ! scope=row | 1985 | ''[[Rocky IV]]'' | [[Ivan Drago|Captain Ivan Drago]] | | |- ! scope=row | 1987 | ''[[Masters of the Universe (1987 film)|Masters of the Universe]]'' | [[He-Man]] | | |- ! scope=row | 1987 | ''Maximum Potential'' | Himself | Direct-to-video; also writer | |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''[[Red Scorpion]]'' | Lieutenant Nikolai Petrovitch Rachenko | | |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''R.P.G. II'' | Lifeguard | Short film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1989 | ''[[The Punisher (1989 film)|The Punisher]]'' | [[Punisher|Francis "Frank" Castle / The Punisher]] | Direct-to-video | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=The Punisher: Dolph Lundgren Returns as Frank Castle in Photoshoot |url=https://www.cbr.com/punisher-dolph-lundgren-return-photoshoot/ |publisher=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |access-date=January 26, 2022 |date=November 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1990 | ''[[I Come in Peace]]'' | Detective Jack Caine | | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''[[Cover Up (1991 film)|Cover Up]]'' | Mike Anderson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''[[Showdown in Little Tokyo]]'' | Sergeant Chris Kenner | | |- ! scope=row| 1992 | ''[[Universal Soldier (1992 film)|Universal Soldier]]'' | Sergeant Andrew Scott / GR13 | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Soldier |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/universal_soldier |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=January 26, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1993 | ''[[Joshua Tree (1993 film)|Joshua Tree]]'' | Wellman Anthony Santee | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''Sunny Side Up'' | Himself | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''[[Pentathlon (film)|Pentathlon]]'' | Eric Brogar | Direct-to-video; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''[[Men of War (film)|Men of War]]'' | Nick Gunar | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1995 | ''[[Johnny Mnemonic (film)|Johnny Mnemonic]]'' | Karl "The Street Preacher" Honig | | |- ! scope=row| 1995 | ''[[The Shooter (1995 film)|The Shooter]]'' | U.S. Marshal Michael Dane | Direct-to-video | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=The Shooter (1994) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-oozcyy/the-shooter/ |publisher=[[Radio Times]] |access-date=January 26, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1996 | ''[[Silent Trigger]]'' | Waxman "Shooter" | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1997 | ''[[The Peacekeeper]]'' | Major Frank Cross | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1998 | ''[[The Minion]]'' | Lukas Sadorov | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1998 | ''[[Sweepers (film)|Sweepers]]'' | Christian Erickson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1999 | ''[[Bridge of Dragons]]'' | Warchild | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1999 | ''[[Storm Catcher]]'' | Major Jack Holloway | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[Jill Rips]]'' | Matt Sorenson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[The Last Warrior (2000 film)|The Last Warrior]]'' | Captain Nick Preston | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[Agent Red]]'' | Captain Matt Hendricks | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2001 | ''[[Hidden Agenda (2001 film)|Hidden Agenda]]'' | Agent Jason Price | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2003 | ''[[Detention (2003 film)|Detention]]'' | Sam Decker | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''Direct Action'' | Sergeant Frank Gannon | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[Fat Slags (film)|Fat Slags]]'' | Randy | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[Retrograde (2004 film)|Retrograde]]'' | Captain John Foster | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[The Defender (2004 film)|The Defender]]'' | Lance Rockford | Direct-to-video; also director | |- ! scope=row| 2005 | ''[[The Mechanik]]'' | Nikolai "Nick" Cherenko | Direct-to-video; also story and director | |- ! scope=row| 2006 | ''[[The Inquiry (2006 film)|The Inquiry]]'' | Brixos | | |- ! scope=row| 2007 | ''[[Diamond Dogs (film)|Diamond Dogs]]'' | Xander Ronson | Direct-to-video; also uncredited director and executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2007 | ''[[Missionary Man (film)|Missionary Man]]'' | Ryder | Limited release; also writer and director | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Direct Contact]]'' | Mike Riggins | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Command Performance (2009 film)|Command Performance]]'' | Joe Reynolds | Direct-to-video; also writer and director | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Universal Soldier: Regeneration]]'' | Sergeant Andrew Scott | Limited release | |- ! scope=row|2010 | ''[[Icarus (2010 film)|Icarus]]'' | Edward "Eddie" Genn / Icarus | Limited release; also director | |- ! scope=row|2010 | ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'' | [[List of The Expendables characters#Gunner Jensen|Gunner Jensen]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2011 | ''[[In the Name of the King 2: Two Worlds]]'' | Granger | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[Small Apartments]]'' | Dr. Sage Mennox | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[Stash House]]'' | Andy Spector | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[One in the Chamber]]'' | Aleksey "The Wolf" Andreev | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' | Gunner Jensen | | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning]]'' | Sergeant Andrew Scott | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[The Package (2013 film)|The Package]]'' | "The German" | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Legendary (2013 film)|Legendary]]'' | Harker | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Battle of the Damned]]'' | Major Max Gatling | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Ambushed (2013 film)|Ambushed]]'' | Agent Evan Maxwell | Direct-to-video; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Blood of Redemption]]'' | Axel "The Swede" | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[Puncture Wounds]]'' | Hollis | Direct-to-video; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[The Expendables 3]]'' | Gunner Jensen | | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[Skin Trade (film)|Skin Trade]]'' | Detective Nick Cassidy | Limited release; also writer/story and producer | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[War Pigs (film)|War Pigs]]'' | Captain Hans Picault | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[The Good, the Bad, and the Dead]]'' | Agent Bob Rooker | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Shark Lake'' | Clint Gray | Limited release; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Riot'' | Agent William | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Malchishnik'' | Natasha's Husband | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Hail, Caesar!]]'' | Submarine Commander | Uncredited еxtra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/hail-caesar-character-details-channing-tatum-is-a-communist/|title=HAIL CAESAR! Character Details Revealed: Channing Tatum Is a Wannabe Communist|first=Haleigh|last=Foutch|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=May 6, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Kindergarten Cop 2]]'' | Agent Zack Reed | Direct-to-video; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Don't Kill It]]'' | Jebediah Woodley | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''Female Fight Club'' | Sam Holt | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Welcome to Willits]]'' | Officer Derek Hutchinson | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''Larceny'' | Jack | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''Altitude'' | Matthew Sharpe | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Dead Trigger (film)|Dead Trigger]]'' | Captain Kyle Walker | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[Black Water (2018 film)|Black Water]]'' | Marco | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[Creed II]]'' | Captain Ivan Drago | | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' | [[List of DC Comics characters: N#Nereus|King Nereus]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''The Tracker'' | Aiden Hakansson | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''[[Acceleration (film)|Acceleration]]'' | Vladik Zorich | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''Hard Night Falling'' | Michael Anderson | Direct-to-video; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2021 | ''[[Pups Alone]]'' | Victor | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2021 | ''[[Seal Team (film)|Seal Team]]'' | Dolph | Voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2021 | ''[[Castle Falls]]'' | Richard Ericson | Limited release; also director and producer | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]'' | Svengeance | Voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''[[Section Eight (film)|Section Eight]]'' | Captain Tom Mason | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''Operation Seawolf'' | Captain Hans Kessler | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''Come Out Fighting'' | Major Chase Anderson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope="row" | 2023 | ''The Best Man'' | Anders | Limited release | |- ! scope="row" | 2023 | ''[[Expend4bles]]'' | Gunner Jensen | | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''[[Showdown at the Grand]]'' | Claude Luc Hallyday | Limited release | |- ! scope="row" | 2023 | ''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'' | King Nereus | | |- ! scope="row" | 2024 | ''[[Wanted Man (film)|Wanted Man]]'' | Detective Travis Johansen | Limited release; аlso writer, director and producer | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''Mutant Year Zero'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | Voice role; ''in production'' | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''[[Hellfire (upcoming film)|Hellfire]]'' | Wiley | ''Completed'' | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''Exit Protocol'' | Charles Managold | ''Completed'' | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''[[Holiguards]]'' | TBA | ''Post-production'' | |- ! scope="row" | TBA | ''Dolph: Fights Worth Fighting'' | Himself | Documentary film; also executive producer; ''post-production'' | |- ! scope="row" | TBA | ''[[A Man Will Rise]]'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | Uncompleted | |} <!-- DO NOT add films not yet in production per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Television == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1998 | ''[[Blackjack (1998 film)|Blackjack]]'' | U.S. Marshal Jack Devlin | Television pilot for an unproduced TV series | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'' | Marco | Episode: "[[Chuck Versus the Anniversary]]" | |- ! scope=row| 2013–2014 | ''[[SAF3]]'' | Captain John Eriksson | 12 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Workaholics]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Blood Drive" | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Sanjay and Craig]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Huggle Day"; voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2016–2017 | ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'' | [[Konstantin Kovar (Arrowverse)|Konstantin Kovar]] | 6 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Tour de Pharmacy]]'' | Gustav Ditters | Television film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Sharknado 5: Global Swarming]]'' | Mature Gil Shepard | Television film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''Broken Sidewalk'' | Herb | Episode: "Pilot" | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]'' | John Thundergun | Episode: "Thunder Gun 4: Maximum Cool"; cameo | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''The Witcher Rats'' | Brehen | ''Post-production'' | |} <!-- DO NOT add shows not yet in production (principal photography) per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Theatre == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Venue ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''Another Octopus'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | {{N/A|Unknown}} | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="DTUG films">{{cite web|url=http://www.dolph-ultimate.com/films/index.html|title=Dolph: the ultimate guide filmography|publisher=Dolph-ultimate.com|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''Watching Fire'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | {{N/A|Unknown}} | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="DTUG films" /> |- ! scope=row| 1995 | ''Force Majeure'' | Death-Row Prisoner | {{N/A|Unknown}} | |style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dolph-ultimate.com/dolph-in/force_majeure.html |title=DOLPH :: Force Majeure |website=Doplh Ultimate Guide}}</ref> |} == Commercial == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 2024 | ''Supercell's Squad Busters: Squad Up!'' | Barbarian #2 | Cameo | |} == Music videos == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Performer ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1992 | "[[Body Count (album)|Body Count's in the House]]" | Himself | [[Body Count (band)|Body Count]] | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/b-sides/39652/b-sides-universal-soldiers-leave-behind-a-body-count/|title=B-Sides: Universal Soldiers Leave Behind a Body Count|last=Foywonder|date=1 December 2012|website=Dread Central}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 2006 | "Kosmosa" | Submarine Captain | [[Irson Kudikova]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | "[[Believer (Imagine Dragons song)|Believer]]" | Boxer | [[Imagine Dragons]] | | |} == Soundtrack appearances == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''[[Red Scorpion]]'' | "State Anthem of the Soviet Union" | | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Command Performance (2009 film)|Command Performance]]'' | "Breakdown", "Girl" | | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[Melodifestivalen 2010]]'' | "A Little Less Conversation", "[[Eye of the Tiger]]" | 2 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[Gylne tider]]'' | "[[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]" | Episode: "Episode #4.3" | |} == Video game == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Voice role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 2012 | ''The Expendables 2 Videogame'' | [[List of The Expendables characters#Gunner Jensen|Gunner Jensen]] | | |} ==Awards and honors== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! Nominated work ! Year ! Award ! Results |- ! scope=row| ''[[Rocky IV]]'' |1985 | Marshall Trophy for Best Actor |{{won}} |} ===Special awards=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! Ceremony ! Year ! Award ! Results |- ! scope=row| ''Málaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema'' |2007 | Fantastic Lantern |{{won}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *[https://twitter.com/Dolph_fans Twitter] *[http://www.facebook.com/DolphLundgrenOfficial Facebook] *[http://www.dolphlundgren.com/ Dolph Lundgren official page] *[http://www.myspace.com/dolphlundgrenofficialpage MySpace] *{{IMDb name|185}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ludgren, Dolph}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Swedish movie actors]] [[Category:Swedish television actors]] [[Category:Swedish stage actors]] [[Category:Swedish voice actors]] [[Category:Swedish movie directors]] [[Category:Martial artists]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Stockholm]] [[Category:Actors from Stockholm]] {{actor-stub}} 3oerhskaio27rhmsiq6rmgiizqc1d9z 1 376370 10331532 4029956 2025-06-15T06:25:19Z 2409:40F2:33:EB7B:8000:0:0:0 /* Write a note on constitutionalism */ new section 10331532 wikitext text/x-wiki --[[User:Pethume|Pethume]] ([[User talk:Pethume|talk]]) 21:51, 18 December 2012 (UTC) == Write a note on constitutionalism == Write a note on constitutionalism [[Special:Contributions/2409:40F2:33:EB7B:8000:0:0:0|2409:40F2:33:EB7B:8000:0:0:0]] ([[User talk:2409:40F2:33:EB7B:8000:0:0:0|talk]]) 06:25, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 62msf8v1wp33jaqsfr6laej7etannxy 0 377793 10331824 8882618 2025-06-15T11:24:52Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jennifer Alice Clack''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (''née'' '''Agnew'''; 3 November 1947 – 26 March 2020) was an [[England|English]] [[paleontology|palaeontologist]]. She was [[curator]] at the [[Cambridge University]] Museum of Zoology, and Professor of [[Vertebrate]] Palaeontology at Cambridge University. Her career was devoted to studying the early [[evolution]] of [[tetrapods]]. [[Lobe-finned fish]] in the [[Devonian]] evolved into tetrapods in a series of [[transitional fossils]]. Clack adopted the term "[[fishapod]]" to describe these animals. They then colonized the freshwater [[swamp]]s of the [[Carboniferous]] period. == Life == Clack attended [[Bolton School]], one of the oldest schools in [[Lancashire]]. She received a [[BSc]] in [[Zoology]] from the [[University of Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 1970. and a [[PhD]] in 1984. She also held a Graduate Certificate in Museum Studies from the [[University of Leicester]] and an M.A. and D.Sc. from the [[University of Cambridge]]. In 2006, Clack was awarded a personal chair by the [[University of Cambridge]], taking the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology. In 2008 she was awarded the [[Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal]] from the U.S. [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=Elliot>{{cite web|title=Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_elliot|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=15 February 2011}}</ref> She was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/| title= Fellows| publisher= Royal Society|accessdate= 22 December 2010}}</ref> The fairly complete fossil of ''[[Acanthostega]]'' she discovered in [[Greenland]] in 1987 is a transitional, water-bound primitive tetrapod. In April 2012 she was featured in an episode of the BBC television series ''Beautiful Minds'', a set of documentaries about scientists who have made important discoveries.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01fq4yh BBC Four: Beautiful minds: Professor Jennifer Clack]</ref> Clack died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aucott |first1=Rachel |title=Professor Jenny Clack, FRS, 1947-2020 |url=https://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-jenny-clack-frs-1947-2020 |website=www.zoo.cam.ac.uk |publisher=Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge |accessdate=27 March 2020 |language=en |date=26 March 2020}}</ref> == Books and articles == *2000. The origin of tetrapods. In ''Amphibian biology'', vol 4. Heatwole H. and Carroll R.L. (eds) Surrey Beatty pp.&nbsp;973–1029. and (with Carroll R.L.) Early Carboniferous tetrapods. pp.&nbsp;1030–1043 *2002. An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. ''Nature'' '''418''', 72–76 [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6893/full/nature00824.html] *2005. Fossil vertebrates: [[Palaeozoic]] non-[[amniote]] tetrapods. ''Encyclopaedia of Geology''. Elsevier, Oxford '''2''': 468-497 *2005. Getting a leg up on land. ''Scientific American''. [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215111022/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id= |date=2014-02-15 }} *2012. ''Gaining ground: the origin and early evolution of tetrapods''. 2nd ed, Bloominton, Indiana: Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-253-35675-8}}, ({{Google books|6Ztrhm8uLQ0C }}) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/clack.htm Jenny Clack on the Cambridge University website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702002345/http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/clack.htm |date=2013-07-02 }} *[http://www.theclacks.org.uk/jac/ Home page - Jennifer "Jenny" Clack] *[https://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/explorations/bio_clack.html Profile on PBS website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108005459/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/explorations/bio_clack.html |date=2014-01-08 }} *[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/diva-devonian.html Interview on PBS website] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Clack, Jenny}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:English palaeontologists]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] pknmqrak2hrk50m7ha58h779reyyra1 0 383393 10331780 10266767 2025-06-15T10:52:13Z 24.47.179.93 10331780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makoto Sakurai''' may refer to *[[Makoto Sakurai (Japanese writer)]] (桜井 誠) an activist of [[Zaitokukai]] *[[Makoto Sakurai (Japanese drummer)]] (桜井 誠) a member of [[Dragon Ash]] *[[Makoto Sakurai (Japanese mathematician)]] (桜井 真) *Makoto Sakurai, a character in Keiichi Arawi's manga series, [[My Ordinary Life (manga)|Nichijou]]. {{disambiguation}} rfjg3gsdx18iiwrqrs1csrwrgf7kwt5 0 384591 10331646 8671098 2025-06-15T09:10:21Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name= James Thompson |image= Bio thompson.jpg |width= |caption= |order=37th |office= Governor of Illinois |term_start= January 10, 1977 |term_end= January 14, 1991 |lieutenant= [[Dave O'Neal]] <small>(1977–1981)</small><br>[[George Ryan]] <small>(1983–1991)</small> |predecessor= [[Daniel Walker]] |successor=[[Jim Edgar|James Edgar]] |birth_date= {{birth date|1936|5|8}} |birth_place= [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] |death_date={{death date and age|2020|8|14|1936|5|8}} |death_place=Chicago, Illinois |spouse= Jayne Ann Carr Thompson |children= 1 |profession= Lawyer |alma_mater=[[University of Illinois at Chicago]]<br>[[Washington University in St. Louis]]<br>[[Northwestern University]] |party= [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] }} '''James Robert Thompson, Jr.''' (May 8, 1936 &ndash; August 14, 2020) was an [[Americans|American]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician. He was the 37th [[Governor of Illinois]] from 1977 through 1991. He was part of the [[9/11 Commission]]. A structure in Chicago is named after him, the [[James R. Thompson Center]]. Thompson was born on May 8, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois to a Swedish-American family.<ref>[http://www.vasaorden.se/en/index.htm?page=/en/asa/1981.asp ''James R. Thompson, Swedish-American of the Year – 1985'' (Vasa Order of America)]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He studied at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], and at [[Northwestern University]]. He was married to Jayne Ann Carr Thompson. They had one child. Thompson died of [[cardiac arrest]] at [[Northwestern Memorial Hospital]] in [[Chicago]] on August 14, 2020 at the age of 84.<ref>[https://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/2020/8/15/18691508/james-jim-thompson-illinois-governor-republican-dead Former Gov. James Thompson, a giant of Illinois politics, dead at 84]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category|James R. Thompson (politician)}} *[http://www.9-11commission.gov/about/bio_thompson.htm Thompson's biography from the 9/11 Commission] *[http://www.law.northwestern.edu/inthenews/article_full.cfm?eventid=984 Thompson's biography from Northwestern University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907061634/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/inthenews/article_full.cfm?eventid=984 |date=2006-09-07 }} *[http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/cgi-bin/fecimg/?26020092423 Receipt for Thompson's contribution for Friends of Hillary] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121209234448/http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/cgi-bin/fecimg/?26020092423 |date=2012-12-09 }} *[http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=6077ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD National Governors Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629020350/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=6077ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD |date=2011-06-29 }} {{Governors of Illinois}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, James R.}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]] [[Category:Governors of Illinois]] [[Category:Politicians from Chicago]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] mtwu45o5rr2lgv33fon9p3q28eyrqto 0 386792 10330793 8346199 2025-06-14T20:09:14Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Bangladeshi cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330793 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''list of Bangladeshi Test cricketers'''. This list is arranged to show the test [[cricket]]ers of [[Bangladesh]]. If more than one player won his first Test cap in the same Test match, then those players are listed alphabetically by surname. Statistics are correct as of 11 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/caps.html?country=25;class=1 |title=List of Bangladesh Test Cricketers by Cap Number |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=25;type=team |title=Bangladesh – Test Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=25;type=team |title=Bangladesh – Test Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Bangladeshi Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ct]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1||[[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]]||2000–2003||8||16||0||259||44||16.18||0||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||2||[[Al Sahariar]]||2000–2003||15||30||0||683||71||22.76||0||-||-||-||-||-||10||- |- ||3||[[Aminul Islam Bulbul|Aminul Islam]]||2000–2002||13||26||1||530||145||21.20||198||1||149||1||1/66||149.00||5||- |- ||4||[[Habibul Bashar]] {{double-dagger}}||2000–2008||50||99||1||3026||113||30.87||282||1||217||0||-||-||22||- |- ||5||[[Hasibul Hossain]]||2000–2001||5||10||1||97||31||10.77||780||23||571||6||2/125||95.16||1||- |- ||6||[[Khaled Mashud]] {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}||2000–2007||44||84||10||1409||103*||19.04||0||-||-||-||-||-||78||9 |- ||7||[[Mehrab Hossain (cricketer, born 1978)|Mehrab Hossain]] {{dagger}}||2000–2003||9||18||0||241||71||13.38||12||0||5||0||-||-||6||- |- ||8||[[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]]||2000–2008||33||63||6||1059||111||18.57||8744||301||4076||100||6/77||40.76||7||- |- ||9||[[Naimur Rahman]] {{double-dagger}}||2000–2002||8||15||1||210||48||15.00||1321||45||718||12||6/132||59.83||4||- |- ||10||[[Ranjan Das]]||2000||1||2||0||2||2||1.00||132||3||72||1||1/64||72.00||1||- |- ||11||[[Shahriar Hossain]]||2000–2004||3||5||0||99||48||19.80||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||1 |- ||12||[[Javed Omar]]||2001–2007||40||80||2||1720||119||22.05||6||0||12||0||-||-||10||- |- ||13||[[Mohammad Manjural Islam|Manjural Islam]]||2001–2004||17||33||11||81||21||3.68||2970||103||1605||28||6/81||57.32||4||- |- ||14||[[Mohammad Sharif (cricketer)|Mohammad Sharif]]||2001–2007||10||20||3||122||24*||7.17||1651||47||1106||14||4/98||79.00||5||- |- ||15||[[Mushfiqur Rahman]]||2001–2004||10||19||2||232||46*||13.64||1365||45||823||13||4/65||63.30||6||- |- ||16||[[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]]||2001–2003||10||19||4||180||24*||12.00||2230||88||1027||18||4/136||57.05||1||- |- ||17||[[Mohammad Ashraful]] {{double-dagger}}||2001–2013||61||119||5||2737||190||24.00||1733||14||1271||21||2/42||60.52||25||- |- ||18||[[Khaled Mahmud]] {{double-dagger}}||2001–2003||12||23||1||266||45||12.09||1620||65||832||13||4/37||64.00||2||- |- ||19||[[Mashrafe Mortaza]] {{double-dagger}}||2001–2009||36||67||5||797||79||12.85||5990||202||3239||78||4/60||41.52||9||- |- ||20||[[Sanwar Hossain]]||2001–2003||9||18||0||345||49||19.16||444||5||310||5||2/128||62.00||1||- |- ||21||[[Fahim Muntasir]]||2002||3||6||0||52||33||8.66||576||15||342||5||3/131||68.40||1||- |- ||22||[[Alamgir Kabir (cricketer)|Alamgir Kabir]]||2002–2004||3||5||1||8||4||2.00||261||6||221||0||-||-||0||- |- ||23||[[Ehsanul Haque]]||2002||1||2||0||7||5||3.50||18||0||18||0||-||-||0||- |- ||24||[[Hannan Sarkar]]||2002–2004||17||33||0||662||76||20.06||0||-||-||-||-||-||7||- |- ||25||[[Talha Jubair]]||2002–2004||7||14||6||52||31||6.50||1090||21||771||14||3/135||55.07||1||- |- ||26||[[Alok Kapali]]||2002–2006||17||34||1||584||85||17.69||1103||15||709||6||3/3||118.16||5||- |- ||27||[[Tapash Baisya]]||2002–2005||21||40||6||384||66||11.29||3370||93||2137||36||4/72||59.36||6||- |- ||28||[[Tushar Imran]]||2002–2007||5||10||0||89||28||8.90||60||0||48||0||-||-||1||- |- ||29||[[Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Khan|Rafiqul Islam]]||2002||1||2||0||7||6||3.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||30||[[Anwar Hossain (cricketer)|Anwar Hossain]]||2002||1||2||0||14||12||7.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||31||[[Mohammad Salim]] {{dagger}}||2003||2||4||1||49||26||16.33||0||-||-||-||-||-||3||1 |- ||32||[[Anwar Hossain Monir]]||2003–2005||3||6||3||22||13||7.33||348||5||307||0||-||-||0||- |- ||33||[[Rajin Saleh]]||2003–2008||24||46||2||1141||89||25.93||438||5||268||2||1/9||134.00||15||- |- ||34||[[Enamul Haque Jr]]||2003–2013||15||26||16||59||13||5.90||3555||101||1787||44||7/95||40.61||3||- |- ||35||[[Manjural Islam Rana]]||2004||6||11||1||257||69||25.70||749||19||401||5||3/84||80.20||3||- |- ||36||[[Faisal Hossain]]||2004||1||2||0||7||5||3.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||37||[[Tareq Aziz]]||2004||3||6||4||22||10*||11.00||360||7||261||1||1/76||261.00||1||- |- ||38||[[Nafees Iqbal]]||2004–2006||11||22||0||518||121||23.54||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||39||[[Aftab Ahmed (cricketer, born 1985)|Aftab Ahmed]]||2004–2010||16||31||3||582||82*||20.78||344||8||237||5||2/31||47.40||7||- |- ||40||[[Nazmul Hossain]]||2004–2011||2||4||2||16||8*||8.00||329||10||194||5||2/61||38.80||0||- |- ||41||'''[[Mushfiqur Rahim]]''' {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}}||2005–||75||138||11||4696||219*||36.97||0||-||-||-||-||-||107||15 |- ||42||[[Shahadat Hossain]]||2005–2015||38||69||17||521||40||10.01||5380||92||3731||72||6/27||51.81||9||- |- ||43||[[Shahriar Nafees]]||2005–2013||24||48||0||1267||138||26.39||0||-||-||-||-||-||19||- |- ||44||[[Syed Rasel]]||2005–2007||6||12||4||37||19||4.62||879||18||573||12||4/129||47.75||0||- |- ||45||[[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]||2006–2018||13||22||6||248||43||15.50||3017||69||1673||28||4/63||59.75||4||- |- ||46||'''[[Shakib Al Hasan]]''' {{double-dagger}}||2007–||58||107||7||3933||217||39.33||13415||413||6679||215||7/36||31.06||25||- |- ||47||[[Mehrab Hossain, Jr.]]||2007–2009||7||13||1||243||83||20.25||407||3||281||4||2/29||70.25||2||- |- ||48||[[Junaid Siddique]]||2008–2012||19||37||0||969||106||26.18||18||0||11||0||-||-||11||- |- ||49||[[Sajidul Islam]]||2008–2013||3||6||0||18||6||3.00||330||10||232||3||2/71||77.33||0||- |- ||50||'''[[Tamim Iqbal]]''' {{double-dagger}}||2008–||64||123||2||4788||206||39.57||30||0||20||0||-||-||18||- |- ||51||[[Naeem Islam]]||2008–2012||8||15||2||416||108||32.00||574||8||303||1||1/11||303.00||2||- |- ||52||[[Mahbubul Alam (cricketer)|Mahbubul Alam]]||2008||4||7||3||5||2||1.25||587||19||314||5||2/62||62.80||0||- |- ||53||'''[[Imrul Kayes]]'''||2008–||39||76||2||1797||150||24.28||24||0||12||0||-||-||35||- |- ||54||[[Raqibul Hasan (cricketer, born 1987)|Raqibul Hasan]]||2008–2011||9||18||1||336||65||19.76||42||1||17||1||1/0||17.00||9||- |- ||55||'''[[Mahmudullah]]''' {{double-dagger}}||2009–||50||94||7||2914||150*||33.49||3423||56||1958||43||5/51||45.53||38||1 |- ||56||'''[[Rubel Hossain]]'''||2009–||27||47||19||265||45*||9.46||4223||73||2764||36||5/166||76.77||11||- |- ||57||[[Shafiul Islam]]||2010–2017||11||21||1||211||53||10.55||1734||44||942||17||3/86||55.41||2||- |- ||58||[[Jahurul Islam]]||2010–2013||7||14||1||347||48||26.69||0||-||-||-||-||-||7||- |- ||59||[[Robiul Islam]]||2010–2014||9||17||6||99||33||9.00||1860||55||992||25||6/71||39.68||5||- |- ||60||[[Elias Sunny]]||2011–2013||4||6||1||38||20*||7.60||863||11||518||12||6/94||43.16||1||- |- ||61||[[Nasir Hossain]]||2011–2017||19||32||2||1044||100||34.80||924||26||442||8||3/52||55.25||10||- |- ||62||[[Suhrawadi Shuvo]]||2011||1||2||0||15||15||7.50||297||6||146||4||3/73||36.50||0||- |- ||63||[[Nazimuddin (cricketer)|Nazimuddin]]||2011–2012||3||6||0||125||78||20.83||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||64||[[Sohag Gazi]]||2012–2014||10||16||1||325||101*||21.66||3151||66||1599||38||6/74||42.07||5||- |- ||65||[[Abul Hasan (cricketer)|Abul Hasan]]||2012–2013||3||5||3||165||113||82.50||528||8||371||3||2/80||123.66||3||- |- ||66||[[Anamul Haque]]||2013–2015||4||8||0||73||22||9.12||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||67||'''[[Mominul Haque]]'''{{double-dagger}}||2013–||45||83||5||3349||181||42.93||631||8||397||4||3/27||99.25||29||- |- ||68||[[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]]||2013||1||2||0||14||14||7.00||180||11||71||4||4/63||17.75||0||- |- ||69||[[Marshall Ayub]]||2013–2014||3||6||0||125||41||20.83||60||0||53||0||-||-||2||- |- ||70||[[Al-Amin Hossain]]||2013–2019||7||11||7||90||32*||22.50||1016||35||545||9||3/80||60.55||0||- |- ||71||[[Shamsur Rahman (cricketer)|Shamsur Rahman]]||2014||6||12||0||305||106||25.41||6||0||5||0||-||-||7||- |- ||72||[[Shuvagata Hom]]||2014–2015||8||15||4||244||50||22.18||846||10||506||8||2/66||63.25||8||- |- ||73||'''[[Taijul Islam]]'''||2014–||33||55||8||467||39*||9.93||8535||232||4419||134||8/39||32.97||18||- |- ||74||[[Jubair Hossain]]||2014–2015||6||5||2||13||7*||4.33||715||10||493||16||5/96||30.81||2||- |- ||75||[[Mohammad Shahid (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Mohammad Shahid]]||2015||5||6||1||57||25||11.40||630||30||288||5||2/23||57.60||0||- |- ||76||'''[[Soumya Sarkar]]'''||2015–||16||30||0||831||149||27.70||508||3||336||4||2/68||84.00||23||- |- ||77||'''[[Liton Das]]''' {{dagger}}||2015–||25||42||1||1229||94||29.97||-||-||-||-||-||-||46||4 |- ||78||'''[[Mustafizur Rahman]]'''||2015–||14||20||7||59||16||4.53||2013||68||1102||30||4/37||36.73||1||- |- ||79||'''[[Kamrul Islam Rabbi|Kamrul Islam]]'''||2016–||7||14||5||51||25*||5.66||750||13||504||8||3/87||63.00||0||- |- ||80||'''[[Mehidy Hasan]]'''||2016–||27||50||6||894||103||20.31||6924||160||3735||113||7/58||33.05||21||- |- ||81||[[Sabbir Rahman]]||2016–||11||22||2||481||66||24.05||144||1||98||0||-||-||3||- |- ||82||[[Subashis Roy]]||2017||4||6||5||14||12*||14.00||749||19||465||9||3/118||51.66||0||- |- ||83||'''[[Taskin Ahmed]]'''||2017–||8||14||1||156||75||12.00||1628||43||1075||20||4/82||53.75||1||- |- ||84||'''[[Najmul Hossain Shanto]]'''||2017–||9||17||1||549||163||34.31||4||0||13||0||-||-||11||- |- ||85||'''[[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan]]''' {{dagger}}||2017–||3||6||0||115||64||19.16||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||3 |- ||86||'''[[Mosaddek Hossain (cricketer, born 1995)|Mosaddek Hossain]]'''||2017–||3||6||2||164||75||41.00||90||1||49||0||-||-||2||- |- ||87||[[Sunzamul Islam]]||2018–||1||1||0||24||24||24.00||270||2||153||1||1/153||153.00||0||- |- ||88||'''[[Abu Jayed]]'''||2018–||12||20||8||28||7*||2.33||1868||64||1054||30||4/71||35.13||1||- |- |89||[[Ariful Haque]]||2018–||2||4||1||88||41*||29.33||66||4||24||1||1/10||24.00||2||- |- |90||[[Nazmul Islam]]||2018–||1||2||0||4||4||2.00||174||7||76||4||2/27||19.00||0||- |- |91||'''[[Mohammad Mithun]]'''||2018–||10||18||0||333||67||18.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- |92||'''[[Khaled Ahmed]]'''||2018–||2||2||1||4||4*||4.00||360||17||242||0||-||-||2||- |- |93||'''[[Nayeem Hasan]]'''||2018–||7||10||3||109||26||15.57||1322||35||656||25||5/61||26.24||4||- |- |94||'''[[Shadman Islam]]'''||2018–||8||15||1||477||115*||34.07||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- |95||'''[[Ebadot Hossain]]'''||2019–||8||11||4||4||2||0.57||1170||40||732||8||3/91||91.50||1||- |- |96||'''[[Saif Hassan]]'''||2020-||5||9||0||127||43||14.11||36||0||27||1||1/22||27.00||0||- |- |97||'''[[Shoriful Islam]]'''||2021-||1||2||1||0||0*||0.00||180||6||99||1||1/91||99.00||1||- |} == Related pages == * [[Test cricket]] * [[Bangladeshi cricket team]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=25;class=1 Cricinfo] * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Bangladeshi people]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] jcimsss46xi9m1n84yul5x70jxuqcbh 0 386795 10330791 8346204 2025-06-14T20:09:02Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Bangladeshi cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a list of [[One Day International]] cricketers for [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]]. The list is arranged in an order, in which each player won his [[first cap|first ODI cap]]. If more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, then those players are listed alphabetically by first name. Statistics are correct as at 31 July 2008. {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Bangladeshi ODI cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- | 1|| [[Gazi Ashraf]] || 1986-1990 ||7||7||-||59||18||8.42||51||-||33||2||1-7||16.50||1||- |- | 2|| [[Gholam Nousher]] || 1986-1990 ||9||3||2||8||4||8.00||408||5||314||5||1-27||62.80||-||- |- | 3|| [[Golam Faruq]] || 1986-1990 ||5||4||2||44||23*||22.00||186||3||116||2||1-22||58.00||-||- |- | 4|| [[Hafizur Rahman]] || 1986 ||2||1||-||8||8||8.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- | 5|| [[Jahangir Shah]] || 1986-1990 ||5||4||2||16||8*||8.00||234||3||172||2||2-23||86.00||1||- |- | 6|| [[Minhajul Abedin]] || 1986-1999 ||27||26||2||453||68*||18.87||546||3||511||13||2-39||39.30||2||- |- | 7|| [[Nurul Abedin]] || 1986-1990 ||4||4||-||15||13||3.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 8|| [[Rafiqul Alam]] || 1986 ||2||2||-||24||14||12.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 9|| [[Raquibul Hasan]] || 1986 ||2||2||-||17||12||8.50||1||-||4||-||-||-||1||- |- | 10|| [[Samiur Rahman]] || 1986 ||2||2||-||4||4||2.00||60||1||30||-||-||-||1||- |- | 11|| [[Shaheedur Rahman]] || 1986 ||2||2||-||62||37||31.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 12|| [[Aminul Islam Bulbul|Aminul Islam]] || 1988-2002 ||39||39||5||794||70||23.35||412||-||411||7||3-57||58.71||13||- |- | 13|| [[Athar Ali Khan]] || 1988 ||19||19||1||532||82||29.55||420||1||365||6||2-33||60.83||2||- |- | 14|| [[Azhar Hossain]] || 1988-1990 ||7||7||-||96||54||13.71||263||1||209||4||1-20||52.25||2||- |- | 15|| [[Harunur Rashid]] || 1988 ||2||2||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 16|| [[Nasir Ahmed]] || 1988-1990 ||7||4||2||25||11||12.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||1 |- | 17|| [[Zahid Razzak]] || 1988-1990 ||3||3||-||14||6||4.66||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 18|| [[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]] || 1988-2003 ||44||44||2||976||65||23.23||117||-||138||-||-||-||8||- |- | 19|| [[Faruk Ahmed]] || 1988-1999 ||7||7||-||105||57||15.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- | 20|| [[Wahidul Gani]] || 1988 ||1||-||-||-||-||-||36||-||32||-||-||-||-||- |- | 21|| [[Enamul Haque]] || 1990-2002 ||29||26||5||236||32||11.23||1238||3||1083||19||2-40||57.00||6||- |- | 22|| [[Jahangir Alam Talukdar]] || 1990 ||2||1||1||7||7*||-||42||-||36||-||-||-||-||- |- | 23|| [[Saiful Islam]] || 1990-1997 ||7||4||2||37||22*||18.50||303||3||256||6||4-36||42.66||-||- |- | 24|| [[Anisur Rahman]] || 1995-1998 ||2||2||-||2||2||1.00||48||-||68||-||-||-||-||- |- | 25|| [[Javed Omar]] || 1995-2006 ||53||53||4||1166||85*||23.79||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||- |- | 26|| [[Khaled Mashud]] || 1995-2006 ||126||110||27||1818||71*||21.90||-||-||-||-||-||-||91||35 |- | 27|| [[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]] || 1995-2007 ||112||96||14||1124||77||13.70||5742||56||4204||108||5-47||38.92||23||- |- | 28|| [[Sajjad Ahmed]] || 1995 ||2||2||-||15||11||7.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 29|| [[Habibul Bashar]] || 1995-2007 ||111||105||5||2168||78||21.68||175||-||142||1||1-31||142.00||26||- |- | 30|| [[Hasibul Hossain]] || 1995-2004 ||32||26||6||172||21*||8.60||1375||13||1338||29||4-56||46.13||6||- |- | 31|| [[Naimur Rahman]] || 1995-2002 ||29||27||2||488||47||19.52||1094||6||904||10||2-51||90.40||7||- |- | 32|| [[Salahuddin Ahmed]] || 1997 ||6||5||3||24||12||12.00||246||-||249||4||2-48||62.25||-||- |- | 33|| [[Mafizur Rahman]] || 1997 ||4||4||1||53||16||17.66||66||-||73||-||-||-||1||- |- | 34|| [[Zakir Hasan]] || 1997-1998 ||2||1||-||-||-||-||36||-||35||-||-||-||-||- |- | 35|| [[Jahangir Alam]] || 1997-1999 ||3||3||-||4||3||1.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||1 |- | 36|| [[Shahriar Hossain]] || 1997-2004 ||20||19||-||362||95||19.05||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- | 37|| [[Shafiuddin Ahmed]] || 1997-2000 ||11||10||6||22||11||5.50||495||3||426||11||3-42||38.72||-||- |- | 38|| [[Khaled Mahmud]] || 1998-2006 ||77||72||3||991||50||14.36||3385||30||2865||67||4-19||42.76||17||- |- | 39|| [[Sanwar Hossain]] || 1998-2003 ||27||27||2||290||52||11.60||383||1||327||10||3-49||32.70||11||- |- | 40|| [[Shariful Haque]] || 1998 ||1||1||-||10||10||10.00||18||-||21||-||-||-||-||- |- | 41|| [[Mehrab Hossain]] || 1998-2003 ||18||18||-||449||101||24.94||30||-||42||-||-||-||6||- |- | 42|| [[Morshed Ali Khan]] || 1998 ||3||1||1||2||2*||-||138||1||85||2||1-26||42.50||2||- |- | 43|| [[Al Sahariar]] || 1999-2003 ||29||29||1||374||62*||13.35||-||-||-||-||-||-||7||- |- | 44|| [[Mohammad Manjural Islam|Manjural Islam]] || 1999-2003 ||34||22||13||53||13||5.88||1591||24||1284||24||3-37||53.50||8||- |- | 45|| [[Aminul Islam Jnr]] || 1999 ||1||1||1||1||1*||-||30||1||33||1||1-33||33.00||-||- |- | 46|| [[Mahbubur Rahman]] || 1999 ||1||1||-||3||3||3.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 47|| [[Niamur Rashid]] || 1999 ||2||2||1||5||4*||5.00||78||2||66||1||1-46||66.00||1||- |- | 48|| [[Ahmed Kamal (cricketer)|Ahmed Kamal]] || 1999 ||1||1||-||11||11||11.00||30||-||39||1||1-39||39.00||-||- |- | 49|| [[Mushfiqur Rahman]] || 2000-2004 ||28||25||3||360||49||16.36||1332||18||983||19||2-21||51.73||6||- |- | 50|| [[Mohammad Sharif (cricketer)|Mohammad Sharif]] || 2001-2007 ||9||9||5||53||13*||13.25||499||5||424||10||3-40||42.40||1||- |- | 51|| [[Mohammad Ashraful]]¹ || 2001-2008 ||125||118||11||2495||109||23.31||384||1||403||11||3-26||36.63||21||- |- | 52|| [[Fahim Muntasir]] || 2001-2002 ||3||3||1||6||5||3.00||169||-||111||-||-||-||2||- |- | 53|| [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] || 2001-2008 ||89||71||12||947||51*||16.05||4482||65||3527||112||6-26||31.49||29||- |- | 54|| [[Tushar Imran]] || 2001-2007 ||41||40||-||574||65||14.35||126||-||103||1||1-24||103.00||6||- |- | 55|| [[Tareq Aziz]] || 2002-2004 ||10||8||7||26||11*||26.00||465||7||424||13||3-19||32.61||4||- |- | 56|| [[Alok Kapali]] || 2002-2008 ||62||59||3||1156||115||20.64||1344||8||1166||23||3-49||50.69||24||- |- | 57|| [[Tapash Baisya]] || 2002-2007 ||55||41||13||336||35*||12.00||2591||18||2417||59||4-16||40.96||8||- |- | 58|| [[Hannan Sarkar]] || 2002-2004 ||20||20||-||383||61||19.15||3||-||13||-||-||-||8||- |- | 59|| [[Mazharul Haque]] || 2002 ||1||1||-||3||3||3.00||4||-||4||-||-||-||-||- |- | 60|| [[Talha Jubair]] || 2002-2003 ||6||5||3||5||4*||2.50||204||2||255||6||4-65||42.50||1||- |- | 61|| [[Anwar Hossain Monir]] || 2002 ||1||1||1||-||-||-||48||-||45||-||-||-||-||- |- | 62|| [[Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Khan|Rafiqul Islam]] || 2002 ||1||1||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 63|| [[Ehsanul Haque]] || 2002-2003 ||6||6||-||57||20||9.50||141||-||113||3||2-34||37.66||-||- |- | 64|| [[Anwar Hossain]] || 2002 ||1||1||-||42||42||42.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 65|| [[Mohammad Salim]] || 2003 ||1||1||-||9||9||9.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- | 66|| [[Rajin Saleh]] || 2003-2006 ||43||43||1||1005||108*||23.92||539||1||459||15||4-16||30.60||9||- |- | 67|| [[Jamaluddin Ahmed]] || 2003 ||1||1||1||18||18*||-||24||1||28||-||-||-||1||- |- | 68|| [[Manjural Islam Rana]] || 2003-2006 ||25||21||5||331||63||20.68||996||9||689||23||4-34||29.95||6||- |- | 69|| [[Nafees Iqbal]] || 2003-2005 ||16||16||-||309||58||19.31||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- | 70|| [[Moniruzzaman]] || 2003 ||2||2||-||1||1||0.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 71|| [[Faisal Hossain]] || 2004 ||4||4||-||35||17||8.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- | 72|| [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]] || 2004-2008 ||73||46||21||390||33||15.60||3815||33||2732||104||5-33||26.26||18||- |- | 73|| [[Aftab Ahmed]] || 2004-2008 ||80||80||6||1874||92||25.32||739||-||656||12||5-31||54.66||27||- |- | 74|| [[Nazmul Hossain]] || 2004-2006 ||17||11||7||30||6*||7.50||765||9||731||18||4-40||40.61||4||- |- | 75|| [[Enamul Haque Jr]] || 2005 ||3||2||1||4||4*||4.00||180||1||129||4||2-37||32.25||5||- |- | 76|| [[Shahriar Nafees]] || 2005-2008 ||60||60||5||1857||123*||33.76||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- | 77|| [[Syed Rasel]] || 2005-2008 ||34||18||6||56||15||4.66||1773||35||1236||44||4-22||28.09||4||- |- | 78|| [[Shahadat Hossain]] || 2006-2008 ||37||18||12||40||9*||6.66||1599||16||1492||37||3-34||40.32||3||- |- | 79|| [[Farhad Reza]] ||2006-2008 ||31||28||6||390||50||17.72||1067||11||972||21||5-42||46.28||12||- |- | 80|| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] || 2005-2008 ||35||29||6||476||57||20.69||-||-||-||-||-||-||22||6 |- | 81|| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 2006-2008 ||48||46||9||1239||134*||33.48||2263||16||1610||46||3-18||35.00||8||- |- | 82|| [[Mehrab Hossain jnr]] || 2006-2007 || 11 || 10||0||203||54||20.30||139||-||108||3||2-30||36.00||3||- |- | 83|| [[Tamim Iqbal]] || 2007-2008 || 39||39||0||1066||129||27.33||1||-||6||-||-||-||15||- |- | 84|| [[Mahmudullah]] || 2007-2008 || 16||15||5||306||58*||30.60||666||-||609||8||2-28||76.12||1||- |- | 85|| [[Junaid Siddique]] || 2007-2008 || 6||6||-||41||15||6.83||6||-||4||0||-||-||1||- |- | 86|| [[Dhiman Ghosh]] || 2008 || 11||9||3||94||29||15.66||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||3 |- | 87|| [[Mosharraf Hossain]] || 2008 || 3||3||-||15||8||5.00||132||-||100||1||1-26||100.00||-||- |- | 88|| [[Raqibul Hasan Jr.|Raqibul Hasan]] || 2008 ||14||13||-||398||89||30.61||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- | 89|| [[Nazimuddin (cricketer)|Nazimuddin]] || 2008 || 7||7||-||90||47||12.85||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 90|| [[Dolar Mahmud]] || 2008 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 91|| [[Naeem Islam]] || 2008 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 92|| [[Imrul Kayes]] || 2008 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 93|| [[Mahbubul Alam (cricketer)|Mahbubul Alam]] || 2009 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 94|| [[Rubel Hossain]] || 2009 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 95|| [[Shafiul Islam]] || 2010 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 96|| [[Suhrawadi Shuvo]] || 2010 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | 97|| [[Jahurul Islam]] || 2010 ||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |} Notes: *¹ [[Mohammad Ashraful]] also played ODI cricket for ACC Asian XI. Only his records for [[Bangladeshi cricket team|Bangladesh]] are given above. ==Other websites== *[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] *[http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=25;class=2 Cricinfo] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] mqp7ns2b6tcam4f1leqnmqhakahdhlp 0 386797 10330789 9186297 2025-06-14T20:07:12Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Australian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2021}} This article lists [[Australia national cricket team|Australian]] [[Test cricket|Test]] [[cricket]]ers as of 14 February 2013. ==Early years: 1877–89== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1||[[Charles Bannerman]]||1877–79||3||6||2||239||165*||59.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||– |- ||2||[[Jack Blackham]]||1877–94||35||62||11||800||74||15.69||–||–||–||–||–||–||37||24 |- ||3||[[Bransby Cooper]]||1877||1||2||–||18||15||9.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||4||[[Tom Garrett]]||1877–88||19||33||6||339||51*||12.56||2728||296||970||36||6/78||26.94||7||– |- ||5||[[Dave Gregory (cricketer)|Dave Gregory]]||1877–79||3||5||2||60||43||20.00||20||1||9||–||–||–||–||– |- ||6||[[Ned Gregory]]||1877||1||2||–||11||11||5.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||7||[[John Hodges]]||1877||2||4||1||10||8||3.33||136||9||84||6||2/7||14.00||–||– |- ||8||[[Tom Horan]]||1877–85||15||27||2||471||124||18.84||373||45||143||11||6/40||13.00||6||– |- ||9||[[Tom Kendall]]||1877||2||4||1||39||17*||13.00||563||56||215||14||7/55||15.36||2||– |- ||10||[[Billy Midwinter]]||1877–87||8{{ref label|also-england|1|a}}||14||1||174||37||13.38||949||104||333||14||5/78||23.79||10||– |- ||11||[[Nat Thomson]]||1877||2||4||–||67||41||16.75||112||16||31||1||1/14||31.00||3||– |- ||12||[[Thomas Kelly (cricketer)|Thomas Kelly]]||1877–79||2||3||–||64||35||21.33||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||13||[[Billy Murdoch]]||1877–90||18{{ref label|also-england|1|b}}||33||5||896||211||32.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||14||0 |- ||14||[[Fred Spofforth]]||1877–87||18||29||6||217||50||9.43||4185||416||1731||94||7/44||18.41||11||– |- ||15||[[Frank Allan]]||1879||1||1||–||5||5||5.00||180||15||80||4||2/30||20.00||–||– |- ||16||[[Alick Bannerman]]||1879–93||28||50||2||1108||94||23.08||292||17||163||4||3/111||40.75||21||– |- ||17||[[Harry Boyle]]||1879–84||12||16||4||153||36*||12.75||1743||175||641||32||6/42||20.03||10||– |- ||18||[[George Alexander (cricketer)|George Alexander]]||1880–84||2||4||–||52||33||13.00||168||13||93||2||2/69||46.50||2||– |- ||19||[[George Bonnor]]||1880–88||17||30||–||512||128||17.07||164||16||84||2||1/5||42.00||16||– |- ||20||[[Thomas Groube]]||1880||1||2||–||11||11||5.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||21||[[Percy McDonnell]]||1880–88||19||34||1||955||147||28.94||52||1||53||–||–||–||6||– |- ||22||[[William Moule]]||1880||1||2||–||40||34||20.00||51||4||23||3||3/23||7.67||1||– |- ||23||[[Joey Palmer]]||1880–86||17||25||4||296||48||14.10||4517||452||1678||78||7/65||21.51||13||– |- ||24||[[James Slight]]||1880||1||2||–||11||11||5.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||25||[[William Cooper (cricketer)|William Cooper]]||1882–84||2||3||1||13||7||6.50||446||31||226||9||6/120||25.11||1||– |- ||26||[[Edwin Evans]]||1882–86||6||10||2||82||33||10.25||1237||166||332||7||3/64||47.43||5||– |- ||27||[[George Giffen]]||1882–96||31||53||–||1238||161||23.36||6391||434||2791||103||7/117||27.10||24||– |- ||28||[[Hugh Massie]]||1882–85||9||16||–||249||55||15.56||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||29||[[George Coulthard]]||1882||1||1||1||6||6*||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||30||[[Sammy Jones]]||1882–88||12||24||4||428||87||21.40||262||26||112||6||4/47||18.67||12||– |- ||31||[[Tup Scott]]||1884–86||8||14||1||359||102||27.62||28||1||26||–||–||–||8||– |- ||32||[[William Bruce (cricketer)|William Bruce]]||1885–95||14||26||2||702||80||29.25||988||72||440||12||3/88||36.67||12||– |- ||33||[[Affie Jarvis]]||1885–95||11||21||3||303||82||16.83||–||–||–||–||–||–||9||9 |- ||34||[[Alfred Marr]]||1885||1||2||–||5||5||2.50||48||6||14||–||–||–||–||– |- ||35||[[Samuel Morris]]||1885||1||2||1||14||10*||14.00||136||14||73||2||2/73||36.50||–||– |- ||36||[[Henry Musgrove]]||1885||1||2||–||13||9||6.50||–||–||–||-||-||-||-||- |- ||37||[[Roland Pope]]||1885||1||2||-||3||3||1.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||38||[[William Robertson (cricketer)|William Robertson]]||1885||1||2||-||2||2||1.00||44||3||24||-||-||-||-||- |- ||39||[[John Trumble]]||1885–86||7||13||1||243||59||20.25||600||59||222||10||3/29||22.20||3||- |- ||40||[[Jack Worrall]]||1885–99||11||22||3||478||76||25.16||255||29||127||1||1/97||127.00||13||- |- ||41||[[Patrick McShane]]||1885–88||3||6||1||26||12*||5.20||108||9||48||1||1/39||48.00||2||- |- ||42||[[Francis Walters]]||1885||1||2||-||12||7||6.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||43||[[John McIlwraith (cricketer)|John McIlwraith]]||1886||1||2||-||9||7||4.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||44||[[John Ferris (cricketer)|John Ferris]]||1887–90||8{{ref label|also-england|1|c}}||16||4||98||20*||8.17||2030||224||684||48||5/26||14.25||4||- |- ||45||[[Henry Moses]]||1887–95||6||10||-||198||33||19.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||46||[[Charles Turner (cricketer)|Charles Turner]]||1887–95||17||32||4||323||29||11.54||5179||457||1670||101||7/43||16.53||8||- |- ||47||[[Reginald Allen]]||1887||1||2||-||44||30||22.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||48||[[Frederick Burton (cricketer)|Frederick Burton]]||1887–88||2||4||2||4||2*||2.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||1 |- ||49||[[John Cottam]]||1887||1||2||-||4||3||2.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||50||[[Walter Giffen]]||1887–92||3||6||-||11||3||1.83||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||51||[[Jack Lyons (cricketer)|Jack Lyons]]||1887–97||14||27||-||731||134||27.07||316||17||149||6||5/30||24.83||3||- |- ||52||[[John Edwards (cricketer)|John Edwards]]||1888||3||6||1||48||26||9.60||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||53||[[Harry Trott]]||1888–98||24||42||-||921||143||21.93||1891||47||1019||29||4/71||35.14||21||- |- ||54||[[Sammy Woods]]||1888||3{{ref label|also-england|1|d}}||6||-||32||18||5.33||217||18||121||5||2/35||24.20||1||- |} ==Golden Age: 1890–1914== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||55||[[Jack Barrett (cricketer)|Jack Barrett]]||1890||2||4||1||80||67*||26.67||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||56||[[Kenneth Burn]]||1890||2||4||-||41||19||10.25||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||57||[[Percie Charlton]]||1890||2||4||-||29||11||7.25||45||1||24||3||3/18||8.00||-||- |- ||58||[[Syd Gregory]]||1890–1912||58||100||7||2282||201||24.54||30||-||33||-||-||-||25||- |- ||59||[[Hugh Trumble]]||1890–1904||32||57||14||851||70||19.79||8099||452||3072||141||8/65||21.79||45||- |- ||60||[[Sydney Callaway]]||1892–95||3||6||1||87||41||17.40||471||33||142||6||5/37||23.67||-||- |- ||61||[[Harry Donnan]]||1892–96||5||10||1||75||15||8.33||54||2||22||-||-||-||1||- |- ||62||[[Bob McLeod (cricketer)|Bob McLeod]]||1892–93||6||11||-||146||31||13.27||1089||67||382||12||5/53||31.83||3||- |- ||63||[[Harry Graham (cricketer)|Harry Graham]]||1893–96||6||10||-||301||107||30.10||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||64||[[Joe Darling]]||1894–1905||34||60||2||1657||178||28.57||-||-||-||-||-||-||27||- |- ||65||[[Frank Iredale]]||1894–99||14||23||1||807||140||36.68||12||1||3||-||-||-||16||- |- ||66||[[Ernie Jones]]||1894–1902||19||26||1||126||20||5.04||3754||161||1857||64||7/88||29.02||21||- |- ||67||[[Charlie McLeod]]||1894–1905||17||29||5||573||112||23.88||3374||171||1325||33||5/65||40.15||9||- |- ||68||[[John Reedman]]||1894||1||2||-||21||17||10.50||57||2||24||1||1/12||24.00||1||- |- ||69||[[Arthur Coningham (cricketer)|Arthur Coningham]]||1895||1||2||-||13||10||6.50||186||9||76||2||2/17||38.00||-||- |- ||70||[[John Harry]]||1895||1||2||-||8||6||4.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||71||[[Albert Trott]]||1895||3{{ref label|also-england|1|e}}||5||3||205||85*||102.50||474||17||192||9||8/43||21.33||4||- |- ||72||[[Tom McKibbin]]||1895–98||5||8||2||88||28*||14.67||1032||41||496||17||3/35||29.18||4||- |- ||73||[[Charles Eady]]||1896–1902||2||4||1||20||10*||6.67||223||14||112||7||3/30||16.00||2||- |- ||74||[[Clem Hill]]||1896–1912||49||89||2||3412||191||39.22||-||-||-||-||-||-||33||- |- ||75||[[James Kelly (cricketer)|James Kelly]]||1896–1905||36||56||17||664||46*||17.03||-||-||-||-||-||-||43||20 |- ||76||[[Monty Noble]]||1898–1909||42||73||7||1997||133||30.26||7159||361||3025||121||7/17||25.00||26||- |- ||77||[[Bill Howell (cricketer)|Bill Howell]]||1898–1904||18||27||6||158||35||7.52||3892||245||1407||49||5/81||28.71||12||- |- ||78||[[Frank Laver]]||1899–1909||15||23||6||196||45||11.53||2361||121||964||37||8/31||26.05||8||- |- ||79||[[Victor Trumper]]||1899–1912||48||89||8||3163||214*||39.05||546||20||317||8||3/60||39.63||31||- |- ||80||[[Warwick Armstrong]]||1902–21||50||84||10||2863||159*||38.69||8022||407||2923||87||6/35||33.60||44||– |- ||81||[[Reggie Duff]]||1902–05||22||40||3||1317||146||35.59||180||8||85||4||2/43||21.25||14||– |- ||82||[[Bert Hopkins|Albert Hopkins]]||1902–09||20||33||2||509||43||16.42||1327||49||696||26||4/81||26.77||11||– |- ||83||[[Jack Saunders]]||1902–08||14||23||6||39||11*||2.29||3565||116||1796||79||7/34||22.73||5||– |- ||84||[[Joe Travers]]||1902||1||2||–||10||9||5.00||48||2||14||1||1/14||14.00||1||– |- ||85||[[Tibby Cotter|Albert Cotter]]||1904–12||21||37||2||457||45||13.06||4633||86||2549||89||7/148||28.64||8||– |- ||86||[[Peter McAlister]]||1904–09||8||16||1||252||41||16.80||–||–||–||–||–||–||10||– |- ||87||[[Algy Gehrs]]||1904–11||6||11||–||221||67||20.09||6||–||4||–||–||–||6||– |- ||88||[[Sammy Carter]]||1907–21||28||47||9||873||72||22.97||–||–||–||–||–||–||44||21 |- ||89||[[Gerry Hazlitt]]||1907–12||9||12||4||89||34*||11.13||1563||74||623||23||7/25||27.09||4||– |- ||90||[[Charles Macartney]]||1907–26||35||55||4||2131||170||41.78||3561||177||1240||45||7/58||27.56||17||– |- ||91||[[Vernon Ransford]]||1907–12||20||38||6||1211||143*||37.84||43||3||28||1||1/9||28.00||10||– |- ||92||[[Roger Hartigan]]||1908||2||4||–||170||116||42.50||12||–||7||–||–||–||1||– |- ||93||[[Jack O'Connor (Australian cricketer)|Jack O'Connor]]||1908–09||4||8||1||86||20||12.29||692||24||340||13||5/40||26.15||3||– |- ||94||[[Warren Bardsley]]||1909–26||41||66||5||2469||193*||40.48||–||–||–||–||–||–||12||– |- ||95||[[Bill Whitty]]||1909–12||14||19||7||161||39*||13.42||3357||163||1373||65||6/17||21.12||4||– |- ||96||[[Charles Kelleway]]||1910–28||26||42||4||1422||147||37.42||4363||146||1683||52||5/33||32.37||24||– |- ||97||[[Ranji Hordern]]||1911–12||7||13||2||254||50||23.09||2148||49||1075||46||7/90||23.37||6||– |- ||98||[[Roy Minnett]]||1911–12||9||15||–||391||90||26.07||589||26||290||11||4/34||26.36||–||– |- ||99||[[Jimmy Matthews]]||1912||8||10||1||153||53||17.00||1081||46||419||16||4/29||26.19||7||– |- ||100||[[John McLaren (cricketer)|John McLaren]]||1912||1||2||2||0||0*||–||144||3||70||1||1/23||70.00||–||– |- ||101||[[Barlow Carkeek]]||1912||6||5||2||16||6*||5.33||–||–||–||–||–||–||6||0 |- ||102||[[Sid Emery]]||1912||4||2||–||6||5||3.00||462||13||249||5||2/46||49.80||2||– |- ||103||[[Claude Jennings]]||1912||6||8||2||107||32||17.83||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||104||[[David Smith (Australian cricketer)|David Smith]]||1912||2||3||1||30||24*||15.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||105||[[Edgar Mayne]]||1912–21||4||4||1||64||25*||21.33||6||–||1||–||–||–||2||– |} ==Inter-war years: 1919–39== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||106||[[Herbie Collins]]||1920–26||19||31||1||1352||203||45.07||654||31||252||4||2/47||63.00||13||– |- ||107||[[Jack Gregory (cricketer)|Jack Gregory]]||1920–28||24||34||3||1146||119||36.97||5582||138||2648||85||7/69||31.15||37||– |- ||108||[[Arthur Mailey]]||1920–26||21||29||9||222||46*||11.10||6119||115||3358||99||9/121||33.92||14||– |- ||109||[[Bert Oldfield]]||1920–37||54||80||17||1427||65*||22.65||–||–||–||–||–||–||78||52 |- ||110||[[Nip Pellew]]||1920–21||10||14||1||484||116||37.23||78||3||34||–||–||–||4||– |- ||111||[[Jack Ryder (cricket)|Jack Ryder]]||1920–29||20||32||5||1394||201*||51.63||1897||71||743||17||2/20||43.71||17||– |- ||112||[[Johnny Taylor (cricketer)|Johnny Taylor]]||1920–26||20||28||–||997||108||35.61||114||5||45||1||1/25||45.00||11||– |- ||113||[[Roy Park (sportsman)|Roy Park]]||1921||1||1||–||0||||0.00||6||–||9||–||–||–||–||– |- ||114||[[Ted McDonald]]||1921||11||12||5||116||36||16.57||2885||90||1431||43||5/32||33.28||3||– |- ||115||[[Tommy Andrews (cricketer)|Tommy Andrews]]||1921–26||16||23||1||592||94||26.91||156||5||116||1||1/23||116.00||12||– |- ||116||[[Hunter Hendry|Hunter "Stork" Hendry]]||1921–29||11||18||2||335||112||20.94||1706||73||640||16||3/36||40.00||10||– |- ||117||[[Bill Ponsford]]||1924–34||29||48||4||2122||266||48.23||–||–||–||–||–||–||21||– |- ||118||[[Arthur Richardson (Australian cricketer)|Arthur Richardson]]||1924–26||9||13||–||403||100||31.00||1812||91||521||12||2/20||43.42||1||– |- ||119||[[Vic Richardson]]||1924–36||19||30||–||706||138||23.53||–||–||–||–||–||–||24||– |- ||120||[[Albert Hartkopf]]||1925||1||2||–||80||80||40.00||240||2||134||1||1/120||134.00||–||– |- ||121||[[Clarrie Grimmett]]||1925–36||37||50||10||557||50||13.93||14513||736||5231||216||7/40||24.22||17||– |- ||122||[[Alan Kippax]]||1925–34||22||34||1||1192||146||36.12||72||5||19||–||–||–||13||– |- ||123||[[Bill Woodfull]]||1926–34||35||54||4||2300||161||46.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||7||– |- ||124||[[Donald Bradman]]||1928–48||52||80||10||6996||334||99.94||160||3||72||2||1/8||36.00||32||– |- ||125||[[Bert Ironmonger]]||1928–33||14||21||5||42||12||2.63||4695||328||1330||74||7/23||17.97||3||– |- ||126||[[Don Blackie]]||1928–29||3||6||3||24||11*||8.00||1260||51||444||14||6/94||31.71||2||– |- ||127||[[Otto Nothling]]||1928||1||2||–||52||44||26.00||276||15||72||–||–||–||–||– |- ||128||[[Ted A'Beckett]]||1929–32||4||7||–||143||41||20.43||1062||47||317||3||1/41||105.67||4||– |- ||129||[[Ron Oxenham]]||1929–31||7||10||–||151||48||15.10||1802||112||522||14||4/39||37.29||4||– |- ||130||[[Archie Jackson]]||1929–31||8||11||1||474||164||47.40||–||–||–||–||–||–||7||– |- ||131||[[Alan Fairfax]]||1929–31||10||12||4||410||65||51.25||1520||54||645||21||4/31||30.71||15||– |- ||132||[[Percy Hornibrook]]||1929–30||6||7||1||60||26||10.00||1579||63||664||17||7/92||39.06||7||– |- ||133||[[Tim Wall]]||1929–34||18||24||5||121||20||6.37||4812||154||2010||56||5/14||35.89||11||– |- ||134||[[Stan McCabe]]||1930–38||39||62||5||2748||232||48.21||3746||127||1543||36||4/13||42.86||41||– |- ||135||[[Alexander Hurwood]]||1930–31||2||2||–||5||5||2.50||517||28||170||11||4/22||15.45||2||– |- ||136||[[Keith Rigg]]||1931–37||8||12||–||401||127||33.42||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||137||[[Jack Nitschke]]||1931||2||2||–||53||47||26.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||– |- ||138||[[Philip Lee (cricketer)|Philip Lee]]||1931–33||2||3||–||57||42||19.00||436||19||212||5||4/111||42.40||1||– |- ||139||[[Bill Hunt (cricketer)|Bill Hunt]]||1932||1||1||–||0||||0.00||96||2||39||–||–||–||1||– |- ||140||[[Bill O'Reilly (cricketer)|Bill O'Reilly]]||1932–46||27||39||7||410||56*||12.81||10024||585||3254||144||7/54||22.60||7||– |- ||141||[[Pud Thurlow]]||1932||1||1||–||0||||0.00||234||7||86||–||–||–||–||– |- ||142||[[Jack Fingleton]]||1932–38||18||29||1||1189||136||42.46||–||–||–||–||–||–||13||– |- ||143||[[Laurie Nash]]||1932–37||2||2||–||30||17||15.00||311||12||126||10||4/18||12.60||6||– |- ||144||[[Lisle Nagel]]||1932||1||2||1||21||21*||21.00||262||9||110||2||2/110||55.00||–||– |- ||145||[[Leo O'Brien]]||1933–36||5||8||–||211||61||26.38||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||– |- ||146||[[Ernest Bromley (cricketer)|Ernest Bromley]]||1933–34||2||4||–||38||26||9.50||60||4||19||–||–||–||2||– |- ||147||[[Len Darling]]||1933–37||12||18||1||474||85||27.88||162||7||65||–||–||–||8||– |- ||148||[[Hammy Love]]||1933||1||2||–||8||5||4.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||0 |- ||149||[[Harry Alexander]]||1933||1||2||1||17||17*||17.00||276||3||154||1||1/129||154.00||–||– |- ||150||[[Bill Brown (cricketer)|Bill Brown]]||1934–48||22||35||1||1592||206*||46.82||–||–||–||–||–||–||14||– |- ||151||[[Arthur Chipperfield]]||1934–38||14||20||3||552||109||32.47||924||28||437||5||3/91||87.40||15||– |- ||152||[[Hans Ebeling]]||1934||1||2||–||43||41||21.50||186||9||89||3||3/74||29.67||–||– |- ||153||[[Chuck Fleetwood-Smith]]||1935–38||10||11||5||54||16*||9.00||3093||78||1570||42||6/110||37.38||–||– |- ||154||[[Ernie McCormick]]||1935–38||12||14||5||54||17*||6.00||2107||50||1079||36||4/101||29.97||8||– |- ||155||[[Jack Badcock]]||1936–38||7||12||1||160||118||14.55||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||– |- ||156||[[Ray Robinson (cricketer)|Ray Robinson]]||1936||1||2||–||5||3||2.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||157||[[Morris Sievers]]||1936–37||3||6||1||67||25*||13.40||602||25||161||9||5/21||17.89||4||– |- ||158||[[Frank Ward (cricketer)|Frank Ward]]||1936–38||4||8||2||36||18||6.00||1268||30||574||11||6/102||52.18||1||– |- ||159||[[Ross Gregory]]||1937||2||3||–||153||80||51.00||24||–||14||–||–||–||1||– |- ||160||[[Ben Barnett]]||1938||4||8||1||195||57||27.86||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||2 |- ||161||[[Lindsay Hassett]]||1938–53||43||69||3||3073||198*||46.56||111||2||78||–||–||–||30||– |- ||162||[[Mervyn Waite]]||1938||2||3||–||11||8||3.67||552||23||190||1||1/150||190.00||1||– |- ||163||[[Sid Barnes]]||1938–48||13||19||2||1072||234||63.06||594||11||218||4||2/25||54.50||14||– |} ==Post-war years: 1946–59== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||164||[[Ian Johnson (cricketer)|Ian Johnson]]||1946–56||45||66||12||1000||77||18.52||8780||330||3182||109||7/44||29.19||30||– |- ||165||[[Ray Lindwall]]||1946–60||61||84||13||1502||118||21.15||13650||419||5251||228||7/38||23.03||26||– |- ||166||[[Colin McCool]]||1946–50||14||17||4||459||104*||35.31||2504||44||958||36||5/41||26.61||14||– |- ||167||[[Ken Meuleman]]||1946||1||1||–||0||||0.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||168||[[Keith Miller]]||1946–56||55||87||7||2958||147||36.98||10461||337||3906||170||7/60||22.98||38||– |- ||169||[[Don Tallon]]||1946–53||21||26||3||394||92||17.13||–||–||–||–||–||–||50||8 |- ||170||[[Ernie Toshack]]||1946–48||12||11||6||73||20*||14.60||3140||155||989||47||6/29||21.04||4||– |- ||171||[[Arthur Morris]]||1946–55||46||79||3||3533||206||46.49||111||1||50||2||1/5||25.00||15||– |- ||172||[[George Tribe]]||1946–47||3||3||1||35||25*||17.50||760||9||330||2||2/48||165.00||–||– |- ||173||[[Fred Freer]]||1946||1||1||1||28||28*||–||160||3||74||3||2/49||24.67||–||– |- ||174||[[Bruce Dooland]]||1947–48||3||5||1||76||29||19.00||880||9||419||9||4/69||46.56||3||– |- ||175||[[Merv Harvey]]||1947||1||2||–||43||31||21.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||176||[[Ron Hamence]]||1947–48||3||4||1||81||30*||27.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||177||[[Bill Johnston (cricketer)|Bill Johnston]]||1947–55||40||49||25||273||29||11.38||11048||372||3826||160||6/44||23.91||16||– |- ||178||[[Neil Harvey]]||1948–63||79||137||10||6149||205||48.42||414||23||120||3||1/8||40.00||64||– |- ||179||[[Len Johnson (cricketer)|Len Johnson]]||1948||1||1||1||25||25*||–||282||10||74||6||3/8||12.33||2||– |- ||180||[[Sam Loxton]]||1948–51||12||15||–||554||101||36.93||906||20||349||8||3/55||43.63||7||– |- ||181||[[Doug Ring]]||1948–53||13||21||2||426||67||22.42||3024||69||1305||35||6/72||37.29||5||– |- ||182||[[Ron Saggers]]||1948–50||6||5||2||30||14||10.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||16||8 |- ||183||[[Jack Moroney]]||1949–52||7||12||1||383||118||34.82||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||184||[[Geff Noblet]]||1950–53||3||4||1||22||13*||7.33||774||25||183||7||3/21||26.14||1||– |- ||185||[[Jack Iverson]]||1950–51||5||7||3||3||1*||0.75||1108||29||320||21||6/27||15.24||2||– |- ||186||[[Ken Archer]]||1950–51||5||9||–||234||48||26.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||187||[[Jim Burke (cricketer)|Jim Burke]]||1951–59||24||44||7||1280||189||34.59||814||41||230||8||4/37||28.75||18||– |- ||188||[[Graeme Hole]]||1951–55||18||33||2||789||66||25.45||398||14||126||3||1/9||42.00||21||– |- ||189||[[Gil Langley]]||1951–56||26||37||12||374||53||14.96||–||–||–||–||–||–||83||15 |- ||190||[[Richie Benaud]]||1952–64||63||97||7||2201||122||24.46||19108||805||6704||248||7/72||27.03||65||– |- ||191||[[Colin McDonald (cricketer)|Colin McDonald]]||1952–61||47||83||4||3107||170||39.33||8||–||3||–||–||–||14||– |- ||192||[[George Thoms]]||1952||1||2||–||44||28||22.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||193||[[Ron Archer]]||1953–56||19||30||1||713||128||24.59||3576||160||1318||48||5/53||27.46||20||– |- ||194||[[Ian Craig]]||1953–58||11||18||–||358||53||19.89||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||195||[[Alan Davidson (cricketer, born 1929)|Alan Davidson]]||1953–63||44||61||7||1328||80||24.59||11587||431||3819||186||7/93||20.53||42||– |- ||196||[[Jack Hill (cricketer)|John Hill]]||1953–55||3||6||3||21||8*||7.00||606||29||273||8||3/35||34.13||2||– |- ||197||[[Jim de Courcy]]||1953||3||6||1||81||41||16.20||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||– |- ||198||[[Les Favell]]||1954–61||19||31||3||757||101||27.04||–||–||–||–||–||–||9||– |- ||199||[[Len Maddocks]]||1955–56||7||12||2||177||69||17.70||–||–||–||–||–||–||18||1 |- ||200||[[Peter Burge (cricketer)|Peter Burge]]||1955–66||42||68||8||2290||181||38.17||–||–||–||–||–||–||23||– |- ||201||[[Bill Watson (cricketer)|Bill Watson]]||1955||4||7||1||106||30||17.67||6||–||5||–||–||–||2||– |- ||202||[[Pat Crawford]]||1956||4||5||2||53||34||17.67||437||27||107||7||3/28||15.29||1||– |- ||203||[[Ken Mackay]]||1956–63||37||52||7||1507||89||33.49||5792||267||1721||50||6/42||34.42||16||– |- ||204||[[Jack Rutherford (cricketer)|Jack Rutherford]]||1956||1||1||–||30||30||30.00||36||2||15||1||1/11||15.00||–||– |- ||205||[[Jack Wilson (cricketer)|Jack Wilson]]||1956||1||–||–||0||||–||216||17||64||1||1/25||64.00||–||– |- ||206||[[Wally Grout]]||1957–66||51||67||8||890||74||15.08||–||–||–||–||–||–||163||24 |- ||207||[[Lindsay Kline]]||1957–61||13||16||9||58||15*||8.29||2373||113||776||34||7/75||22.82||9||– |- ||208||[[Ian Meckiff]]||1957–63||18||20||7||154||45*||11.85||3734||120||1423||45||6/38||31.62||9||– |- ||209||[[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]]||1957–78||62||111||7||4869||311||46.82||6881||253||3001||71||5/57||42.27||110||– |- ||210||[[Ron Gaunt]]||1958–64||3||4||2||6||3||3.00||716||14||310||7||3/53||44.29||1||– |- ||211||[[Norm O'Neill]]||1958–65||42||69||8||2779||181||45.56||1392||48||667||17||4/41||39.24||21||– |- ||212||[[Keith Slater]]||1959||1||1||1||1||1*||–||256||9||101||2||2/40||50.50||–||– |- ||213||[[Gordon Rorke]]||1959||4||4||2||9||7||4.50||703||26||203||10||3/23||20.30||1||– |- ||214||[[Gavin Stevens]]||1959–60||4||7||–||112||28||16.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||215||[[Barry Jarman]]||1959–69||19||30||3||400||78||14.81||–||–||–||–||–||–||50||4 |} ==1960s== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||216||[[Johnny Martin]]||1961–67||8||13||1||214||55||17.83||1846||57||832||17||3/56||48.94||5||– |- ||217||[[Frank Misson]]||1961||5||5||3||38||25*||19.00||1197||30||616||16||4/58||38.50||6||– |- ||218||[[Des Hoare]]||1961||1||2||–||35||35||17.50||232||–||156||2||2/68||78.00||2||– |- ||219||[[Bill Lawry]]||1961–71||67||123||12||5234||210||47.15||14||1||6||–||–||–||30||– |- ||220||[[Garth McKenzie]]||1961–71||60||89||12||945||76||12.27||17681||547||7328||246||8/71||29.79||34||– |- ||221||[[Brian Booth]]||1961–66||29||48||6||1773||169||42.21||436||27||146||3||2/33||48.67||17||– |- ||222||[[Colin Guest]]||1963||1||1||–||11||11||11.00||144||–||59||–||–||–||–||– |- ||223||[[Barry Shepherd]]||1963–65||9||14||2||502||96||41.83||26||1||9||–||–||–||2||– |- ||224||[[Neil Hawke]]||1963–68||27||37||15||365||45*||16.59||6974||238||2677||91||7/105||29.42||9||– |- ||225||[[Alan Connolly]]||1963–71||29||45||20||260||37||10.40||7818||289||2981||102||6/47||29.23||17||– |- ||226||[[Tom Veivers]]||1963–67||21||30||4||813||88||31.27||4191||195||1375||33||4/68||41.67||7||– |- ||227||[[Ian Redpath]]||1964–76||66||120||11||4737||171||43.46||64||2||41||–||–||–||83||– |- ||228||[[Grahame Corling]]||1964||5||4||1||5||3||1.67||1159||50||447||12||4/60||37.25||–||– |- ||229||[[Bob Cowper]]||1964–68||27||46||2||2061||307||46.84||3005||138||1139||36||4/48||31.64||21||– |- ||230||[[Rex Sellers (cricketer)|Rex Sellers]]||1964||1||1||–||0||||0.00||30||1||17||–||–||–||1||– |- ||231||[[Ian Chappell]]||1964–80||75||136||10||5345||196||42.42||2873||87||1316||20||2/21||65.80||105||– |- ||232||[[David Sincock]]||1964–66||3||4||1||80||29||26.67||724||7||410||8||3/67||51.25||2||– |- ||233||[[Laurie Mayne]]||1965–70||6||11||3||76||13||9.50||1251||37||628||19||4/43||33.05||3||– |- ||234||[[Peter Philpott]]||1965–66||8||10||1||93||22||10.33||2262||67||1000||26||5/90||38.46||5||– |- ||235||[[Graeme Thomas]]||1965–66||8||12||1||325||61||29.55||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||– |- ||236||[[Peter Allan (cricketer)|Peter Allan]]||1965||1||–||–||0||||–||192||6||83||2||2/58||41.50||–||– |- ||237||[[Doug Walters]]||1965–81||74||125||14||5357||250||48.26||3295||79||1425||49||5/66||29.08||43||– |- ||238||[[Keith Stackpole]]||1966–74||43||80||5||2807||207||37.43||2321||86||1001||15||2/33||66.73||47||– |- ||239||[[David Renneberg]]||1966–68||8||13||7||22||9||3.67||1598||42||830||23||5/39||36.09||2||– |- ||240||[[Brian Taber]]||1966–70||16||27||5||353||48||16.05||–||–||–||–||–||–||56||4 |- ||241||[[Graeme Watson (cricketer)|Graeme Watson]]||1967–72||5||9||–||97||50||10.78||552||23||254||6||2/67||42.33||1||– |- ||242||[[John Gleeson (cricketer)|John Gleeson]]||1967–72||29||46||8||395||45||10.39||8857||378||3367||93||5/61||36.20||17||– |- ||243||[[Paul Sheahan]]||1967–74||31||53||6||1594||127||33.91||–||–||–||–||–||–||17||– |- ||244||[[Eric Freeman (cricketer)|Eric Freeman]]||1968–70||11||18||–||345||76||19.17||2183||58||1128||34||4/52||33.18||5||– |- ||245||[[Les Joslin]]||1968||1||2||–||9||7||4.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||246||[[John Inverarity]]||1968–72||6||11||1||174||56||17.40||372||26||93||4||3/26||23.25||4||– |- ||247||[[Ashley Mallett]]||1968–80||38||50||13||430||43*||11.62||9990||419||3940||132||8/59||29.85||30||– |} ==1970s== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||248||[[Terry Jenner]]||1970–75||9||14||5||208||74||23.11||1881||62||749||24||5/90||31.21||5||– |- ||249||[[Rod Marsh]]||1970–84||96||150||13||3633||132||26.52||72||1||54||–||–||–||343||12 |- ||250||[[Alan Thomson (cricketer)|Alan Thomson]]||1970–71||4||5||4||22||12*||22.00||1519||33||654||12||3/79||54.50||–||– |- ||251||[[Greg Chappell]]||1970–84||87||151||19||7110||247*||53.86||5327||208||1913||47||5/61||40.70||122||– |- ||252||[[Ross Duncan]]||1971||1||1||–||3||3||3.00||112||4||30||–||–||–||–||– |- ||253||[[Kerry O'Keeffe]]||1971–77||24||34||9||644||85||25.76||5384||189||2018||53||5/101||38.08||15||– |- ||254||[[Dennis Lillee]]||1971–84||70||90||24||905||73*||13.71||18467||652||8493||355||7/83||23.92||23||– |- ||255||[[Tony Dell]]||1971–74||2||2||2||6||3*||–||559||18||160||6||3/65||26.67||–||– |- ||256||[[Ken Eastwood]]||1971||1||2||–||5||5||2.50||40||–||21||1||1/21||21.00||–||– |- ||257||[[David Colley]]||1972||3||4||–||84||54||21.00||729||20||312||6||3/83||52.00||1||– |- ||258||[[Bruce Francis]]||1972||3||5||–||52||27||10.40||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||259||[[Ross Edwards]]||1972–75||20||32||3||1171||170*||40.38||12||–||20||–||–||–||7||– |- ||260||[[Bob Massie]]||1972–73||6||8||1||78||42||11.14||1739||74||647||31||8/53||20.87||1||– |- ||261||[[John Benaud]]||1972–73||3||5||–||223||142||44.60||24||1||12||2||2/12||6.00||–||– |- ||262||[[Jeff Thomson]]||1973–85||51||73||20||679||49||12.81||10535||301||5601||200||6/46||28.01||20||– |- ||263||[[Max Walker (cricketer)|Max Walker]]||1973–77||34||43||13||586||78*||19.53||10094||380||3792||138||8/143||27.48||12||– |- ||264||[[John Watkins (Australian cricketer)|John Watkins]]||1973||1||2||1||39||36||39.00||48||1||21||–||–||–||1||– |- ||265||[[Jeff Hammond (cricketer)|Jeff Hammond]]||1973||5||5||2||28||19||9.33||1031||47||488||15||4/38||32.53||2||– |- ||266||[[Ian Davis (cricketer)|Ian Davis]]||1974–77||15||27||1||692||105||26.62||–||–||–||–||–||–||9||– |- ||267||[[Gary Gilmour]]||1974–77||15||22||1||483||101||23.00||2661||51||1406||54||6/85||26.04||8||– |- ||268||[[Geoff Dymock]]||1974–80||21||32||7||236||31*||9.44||5545||179||2116||78||7/67||27.13||1||– |- ||269||[[Alan Hurst (cricketer)|Alan Hurst]]||1974–79||12||20||3||102||26||6.00||3054||74||1200||43||5/28||27.91||3||– |- ||270||[[Ashley Woodcock]]||1974||1||1||–||27||27||27.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||271||[[Wally Edwards]]||1974||3||6||–||68||30||11.33||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||272||[[Rick McCosker]]||1975–80||25||46||5||1622||127||39.56||–||–||–||–||–||–||21||– |- ||273||[[Alan Turner (cricketer)|Alan Turner]]||1975–77||14||27||1||768||136||29.54||–||–||–||–||–||–||15||– |- ||274||[[Gary Cosier]]||1975–78||18||32||1||897||168||28.94||899||30||341||5||2/26||68.20||14||– |- ||275||[[Graham Yallop]]||1976–84||39||70||3||2756||268||41.13||192||5||116||1||1/21||116.00||23||– |- ||276||[[David Hookes]]||1977–85||23||41||3||1306||143*||34.37||96||4||41||1||1/4||41.00||12||– |- ||277||[[Len Pascoe]]||1977–82||14||19||9||106||30*||10.60||3403||112||1668||64||5/59||26.06||2||– |- ||278||[[Richie Robinson]]||1977||3||6||–||100||34||16.67||–||–||–||–||–||–||4||– |- ||279||[[Craig Serjeant]]||1977–78||12||23||1||522||124||23.73||–||–||–||–||–||–||13||– |- ||280||[[Ray Bright]]||1977–86||25||39||8||445||33||14.35||5541||298||2180||53||7/87||41.13||13||– |- ||281||[[Kim Hughes (cricketer)|Kim Hughes]]||1977–84||70||124||6||4415||213||37.42||85||4||28||–||–||–||50||– |- ||282||[[Mick Malone (cricketer)|Mick Malone]]||1977||1||1||–||46||46||46.00||342||24||77||6||5/63||12.83||–||– |- ||283||[[Wayne Clark (cricketer)|Wayne Clark]]||1977–79||10||19||2||98||33||5.76||2793||63||1265||44||4/46||28.75||6||– |- ||284||[[Paul Hibbert]]||1977||1||2||–||15||13||7.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||285||[[Tony Mann (cricketer)|Tony Mann]]||1977–78||4||8||–||189||105||23.63||552||4||316||4||3/12||79.00||2||– |- ||286||[[David Ogilvie (cricketer)|David Ogilvie]]||1977–78||5||10||–||178||47||17.80||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||287||[[Steve Rixon]]||1977–85||13||24||3||394||54||18.76||–||–||–||–||–||–||42||5 |- ||288||[[Peter Toohey]]||1977–80||15||29||1||893||122||31.89||2||–||4||–||–||–||9||– |- ||289||[[John Dyson (cricketer)|John Dyson]]||1977–84||30||58||7||1359||127*||26.65||–||–||–||–||–||–||10||– |- ||290||[[Sam Gannon]]||1977–78||3||5||4||3||3*||3.00||726||13||361||11||4/77||32.82||3||– |- ||291||[[Ian Callen]]||1978||1||2||2||26||22*||–||440||5||191||6||3/83||31.83||1||– |- ||292||[[Rick Darling]]||1978–79||14||27||1||697||91||26.81||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||293||[[Graeme Wood (cricketer)|Graeme Wood]]||1978–88||59||112||6||3374||172||31.83||–||–||–||–||–||–||41||– |- ||294||[[Bruce Yardley]]||1978–83||33||54||4||978||74||19.56||8909||379||3986||126||7/98||31.63||31||– |- ||295||[[Jim Higgs]]||1978–81||22||36||16||111||16||5.55||4752||176||2057||66||7/143||31.17||3||– |- ||296||[[Trevor Laughlin]]||1978||3||5||–||87||35||17.40||516||16||262||6||5/101||43.67||3||– |- ||297||[[Rodney Hogg]]||1978–84||38||58||13||439||52||9.76||7633||230||3503||123||6/74||28.48||7||– |- ||298||[[John Maclean (cricketer)|John Maclean]]||1978–79||4||8||1||79||33*||11.29||–||–||–||–||–||–||18||0 |- ||299||[[Allan Border]]||1979–94||156||265||44||11174||205||50.56||4009||197||1525||39||7/46||39.10||156||– |- ||300||[[Phil Carlson]]||1979||2||4||–||23||21||5.75||368||10||99||2||2/41||49.50||2||– |- ||301||[[Kevin Wright]]||1979||10||18||5||219||55*||16.85||–||–||–||–||–||–||31||4 |- ||302||[[Andrew Hilditch]]||1979–85||18||34||–||1073||119||31.56||–||–||–||–||–||–||13||– |- ||303||[[Peter Sleep]]||1979–90||14||21||1||483||90||24.15||2982||132||1397||31||5/72||45.06||4||– |- ||304||[[Dav Whatmore]]||1979||7||13||–||293||77||22.54||30||2||11||–||–||–||13||– |- ||305||[[Jeff Moss (cricketer)|Jeff Moss]]||1979||1||2||1||60||38*||60.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||306||[[Bruce Laird]]||1979–82||21||40||2||1341||92||35.29||18||1||12||–||–||–||16||– |- ||307||[[Julien Wiener]]||1979–80||6||11||–||281||93||25.55||78||4||41||–||–||–||4||– |} ==1980s== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||308||[[Graeme Beard]]||1980||3||5||–||114||49||22.80||259||17||109||1||1/26||109.00||–||– |- ||309||[[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]]||1980–89||46||68||12||894||74||15.96||11118||386||5501||180||8/112||30.56||10||– |- ||310||[[Terry Alderman]]||1981–91||41||53||22||203||26*||6.55||10181||432||4616||170||6/47||27.15||27||– |- ||311||[[Trevor Chappell]]||1981||3||6||1||79||27||15.80||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||312||[[Martin Kent]]||1981||3||6||–||171||54||28.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||6||– |- ||313||[[Mike Whitney]]||1981–92||12||19||8||68||13||6.18||2672||90||1325||39||7/27||33.97||2||– |- ||314||[[Dirk Wellham]]||1981–87||6||11||–||257||103||23.36||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||315||[[Greg Ritchie]]||1982–87||30||53||5||1690||146||35.21||6||–||10||–||–||–||14||– |- ||316||[[Carl Rackemann]]||1982–91||12||14||4||53||15*||5.30||2719||132||1137||39||6/86||29.15||2||– |- ||317||[[Kepler Wessels]]||1982–85||24{{ref label|wessels|2|none}}||42||1||1761||179||42.95||90||3||42||–||–||–||20||– |- ||318||[[Tom Hogan]]||1983–84||7||12||1||205||42*||18.64||1436||54||706||15||5/66||47.07||2||– |- ||319||[[Roger Woolley]]||1983–84||2||2||–||21||13||10.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||7||0 |- ||320||[[Wayne B. Phillips]]||1983–86||27||48||2||1485||159||32.28||–||–||–||–||–||–||52||0 |- ||321||[[John Norman Maguire|John Maguire]]||1983–84||3||5||1||28||15*||7.00||616||21||323||10||4/57||32.30||2||– |- ||322||[[Greg Matthews]]||1983–93||33||53||8||1849||130||41.09||6271||256||2942||61||5/103||48.23||17||– |- ||323||[[Steve Smith (cricketer born 1961)|Steve Smith]]||1984||3||5||–||41||12||8.20||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||324||[[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]]||1984–92||52||89||11||3631||216||46.55||198||15||64||1||1/5||64.00||34||– |- ||325||[[David Boon]]||1984–96||107||190||20||7422||200||43.66||36||3||14||–||–||–||99||– |- ||326||[[Bob Holland]]||1984–86||11||15||4||35||10||3.18||2889||124||1352||34||6/54||39.76||5||– |- ||327||[[Murray Bennett]]||1984–85||3||5||2||71||23||23.67||665||24||325||6||3/79||54.17||5||– |- ||328||[[Craig McDermott]]||1984–96||71||90||13||940||42*||12.21||16586||579||8332||291||8/97||28.63||19||– |- ||329||[[Simon O'Donnell]]||1985||6||10||3||206||48||29.43||940||37||504||6||3/37||84.00||4||– |- ||330||[[Dave Gilbert (cricketer)|Dave Gilbert]]||1985–86||9||12||4||57||15||7.13||1647||49||843||16||3/48||52.69||–||– |- ||331||[[Robbie Kerr (cricketer)|Robbie Kerr]]||1985||2||4||–||31||17||7.75||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||332||[[Merv Hughes]]||1985–94||53||70||8||1032||72*||16.65||12285||499||6017||212||8/87||28.38||23||– |- ||333||[[Geoff Marsh]]||1985–92||50||93||7||2854||138||33.19||–||–||–||–||–||–||38||– |- ||334||[[Bruce Reid]]||1985–92||27||34||14||93||13||4.65||6244||244||2784||113||7/51||24.64||5||– |- ||335||[[Steve Waugh]]||1985–2004||168||260||46||10927||200||51.06||7805||332||3445||92||5/28||37.45||112||– |- ||336||[[Simon Davis (Australian cricketer)|Simon Davis]]||1986||1||1||–||0||||0.00||150||4||70||–||–||–||–||– |- ||337||[[Tim Zoehrer]]||1986–87||10||14||2||246||52*||20.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||18||1 |- ||338||[[Chris Matthews (cricketer)|Chris Matthews]]||1986–88||3||5||–||54||32||10.80||570||18||313||6||3/95||52.17||1||– |- ||339||[[Greg Dyer]]||1986–88||6||6||–||131||60||21.83||–||–||–||–||–||–||22||2 |- ||340||[[Peter Taylor (cricketer)|Peter Taylor]]||1987–91||13||19||3||431||87||26.94||2227||101||1068||27||6/78||39.56||10||– |- ||341||[[Mike Veletta]]||1987–90||8||11||–||207||39||18.82||–||–||–||–||–||–||12||– |- ||342||[[Tim May]]||1987–95||24||28||12||225||42*||14.06||6577||321||2606||75||5/9||34.75||6||– |- ||343||[[Tony Dodemaide]]||1987–92||10||15||6||202||50||22.44||2184||92||953||34||6/58||28.03||6||– |- ||344||[[Ian Healy]]||1988–99||119||182||23||4356||161*||27.40||–||–||–||–||–||–||366||29 |- ||345||[[Trevor Hohns]]||1989||7||7||1||136||40||22.67||1528||84||580||17||3/59||34.12||3||– |- ||346||[[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]]||1989–99||104||186||13||7525||334*||43.50||42||3||26||1||1/11||26.00||157||– |- ||347||[[Greg Campbell]]||1989–90||4||4||–||10||6||2.50||951||29||503||13||3/79||38.69||1||– |- ||348||[[Tom Moody]]||1989–92||8||14||–||456||106||32.57||432||19||147||2||1/17||73.50||9||– |} ==1990s== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||349||[[Mark Waugh]]||1991–2002||128||209||17||8029||153*||41.82||4853||171||2429||59||5/40||41.17||181||– |- ||350||[[Shane Warne]]||1992–2007||145||199||17||3154||99||17.32||40704||1761||17995||708||8/71||25.41||125||– |- ||351||[[Wayne N. Phillips]]||1992||1||2||–||22||14||11.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||– |- ||352||[[Paul Reiffel]]||1992–98||35||50||14||955||79*||26.53||6403||279||2804||104||6/71||26.96||15||– |- ||353||[[Damien Martyn]]||1992–2006||67||109||14||4406||165||46.37||348||16||168||2||1/0||84.00||36||– |- ||354||[[Justin Langer]]||1993–2007||105||182||12||7696||250||45.27||6||–||3||–||–||–||73||– |- ||355||[[Jo Angel]]||1993–95||4||7||1||35||11||5.83||748||24||463||10||3/54||46.30||1||– |- ||356{{ref label|slater-julian|3|none}}||[[Michael Slater]]||1993–2001||74||131||7||5312||219||42.84||25||1||10||1||1/4||10.00||33||– |- ||357||[[Brendon Julian]]||1993–95||7||9||1||128||56*||16.00||1098||43||599||15||4/36||39.93||4||– |- ||358||[[Glenn McGrath]]||1993–2007||124||138||51||641||61||7.36||29248||1470||12186||563||8/24||21.64||38||– |- ||359||[[Matthew Hayden]]||1994–2009||103||184||14||8625||380||50.74||54||–||40||–||–||–||128||– |- ||360||[[Michael Bevan]]||1994–98||18||30||3||785||91||29.07||1285||30||703||29||6/82||24.24||8||– |- ||361||[[Damien Fleming]]||1994–2001||20||19||3||305||71*||19.06||4129||153||1942||75||5/30||25.89||9||– |- ||362||[[Phil Emery]]||1994||1||1||1||8||8*||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||1 |- ||363||[[Greg Blewett]]||1995–2000||46||79||4||2552||214||34.03||1436||60||720||14||2/9||51.43||45||– |- ||364||[[Peter McIntyre (cricketer)|Peter McIntyre]]||1995–96||2||4||1||22||16||7.33||393||10||194||5||3/103||38.80||–||– |- ||365||[[Stuart Law]]||1995||1||1||1||54||54*||–||18||1||9||–||–||–||1||– |- ||366||[[Ricky Ponting]]||1995–2012||168||287||29||13378||257||51.85||587||24||276||5||1/0||55.20||196||– |- ||367||[[Brad Hogg]]||1996–2008||7||10||3||186||79||26.57||1524||40||933||17||4/133||54.88||1||– |- ||368||[[Matthew Elliott (cricketer)|Matthew Elliott]]||1996–2004||21||36||1||1172||199||33.49||12||1||4||–||–||–||14||– |- ||369||[[Michael Kasprowicz]]||1996–2006||38||54||12||445||25||10.60||7140||245||3716||113||7/36||32.89||16||– |- ||370||[[Jason Gillespie]]||1996–2006||71||93||28||1218||201*||18.74||14234||630||6770||259||7/37||26.14||27||– |- ||371||[[Andy Bichel]]||1997–2003||19||22||1||355||71||16.90||3336||111||1870||58||5/60||32.24||16||– |- ||372||[[Shaun Young]]||1997||1||2||1||4||4*||4.00||48||3||13||–||–||–||–||– |- ||373||[[Simon Cook (Australian cricketer)|Simon Cook]]||1997||2||2||2||3||3*||–||224||10||142||7||5/39||20.29||–||– |- ||374||[[Stuart MacGill]]||1998–2008||44||47||11||349||43||9.69||11237||365||6038||208||8/108||29.02||16||– |- ||375||[[Gavin Robertson]]||1998||4||7||–||140||57||20.00||898||19||515||13||4/72||39.62||1||– |- ||376||[[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]]||1998||1||2||2||0||0*||–||72||2||50||–||–||–||–||– |- ||377||[[Adam Dale]]||1998–99||2||3||–||6||5||2.00||348||19||187||6||3/71||31.17||–||– |- ||378||[[Darren Lehmann]]||1998–2004||27||42||2||1798||177||44.95||974||36||412||15||3/42||27.47||11||– |- ||379||[[Colin Miller (cricketer)|Colin Miller]]||1998–2001||18||24||3||174||43||8.29||4091||163||1805||69||5/32||26.16||6||– |- ||380||[[Matthew Nicholson]]||1998||1||2||–||14||9||7.00||150||4||115||4||3/56||28.75||–||– |- ||381||[[Adam Gilchrist]]||1999–2008||96||137||20||5570||204*||47.60||–||–||–||–||–||–||379||37 |- ||382||[[Scott Muller (cricketer)|Scott Muller]]||1999||2||2||2||6||6*||–||348||8||258||7||3/68||36.86||2||– |- ||383||[[Brett Lee]]||1999–2010||76||90||18||1451||64||20.15||16531||547||9554||310||5/30||30.81||23||– |} ==2000s== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||384||[[Simon Katich]]||2001–2010||56||99||6||4188||157||45.03||1039||15||653||21||6/65||30.23||39||– |- ||385||[[Martin Love]]||2002–03||5||8||3||233||100*||46.60||–||–||–||–||–||–||7||– |- ||386||[[Brad Williams (cricketer)|Brad Williams]]||2003–04||4||6||3||23||10*||7.67||852||43||406||9||4/53||45.11||4||– |- ||387||[[Nathan Bracken]]||2003–05||5||6||2||70||37||17.50||1110||53||505||12||4/48||42.08||2||– |- ||388||[[Andrew Symonds]]||2004–09||26||41||5||1462||162*||40.61||2094||81||896||24||3/50||37.22||22||– |- ||389||'''[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]'''||2004–||89||148||15||6989||329*||52.54||2244||56||1098||30||6/9||36.60||103||– |- ||390||'''[[Nathan Hauritz]]'''||2004–10||17||24||7||426||75||25.05||4200||143||2205||63||5/53||34.98||3||– |- ||391||'''[[Shane Watson]]'''||2005–||38||69||2||2481||126||37.02||3906||149||1864||62||6/33||30.06||25||– |- ||392||[[Shaun Tait]]||2005–08||3||5||2||20||8||6.66||414||6||302||5||3/97||60.40||1||– |- ||393||[[Michael Hussey]]||2005–13||79||137||16||6235||195||51.52||588||4||306||7||1/0||43.71||85||– |- ||394||[[Brad Hodge]]||2005–08||6||11||2||503||203*||55.88||12||–||8||–||–||–||9||– |- ||395||[[Phil Jaques]]||2005–08||11||19||–||902||150||47.47||–||–||–||–||–||–||7||– |- ||396||[[Stuart Clark]]||2006–09||24||26||7||248||39||13.05||5146||230||2243||94||5/32||23.86||4||– |- ||397||[[Dan Cullen]]||2006||1||–||–||–||–||–||84||–||54||1||1/25||54.00||–||– |- ||398||'''[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]'''||2007–||50||74||12||1403||123*||22.62||11224||331||6281||205||8/61||30.63||17||– |- ||399||[[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]]||2008||1||2||–||19||15||9.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||400||'''[[Brad Haddin]]'''||2008–||43||71||8||2257||169||35.82||–||–||–||–||–||–||160||4 |- ||401||[[Beau Casson]]||2008||1||1||–||10||10||10.00||192||4||129||3||3/86||43.00||2||– |- ||402||[[Cameron White]]||2008–09||4||7||2||146||46||29.20||558||8||342||5||2/71||68.40||1||– |- ||403||'''[[Peter Siddle]]'''||2008–||37||50||8||649||43||15.45||7988||341||4021||141||6/54||28.51||16||– |- ||404||[[Jason Krejza]]||2008||2||4||1||71||32||23.66||743||8||562||13||8/215||43.23||4||– |- ||405||[[Doug Bollinger]]||2009–10||12||14||7||54||21||7.71||2401||78||1296||50||5/28||25.92||2||– |- ||406||[[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]]||2009||4||6||1||107||68||21.40||732||40||300||9||3/25||33.33||2||– |- ||407||'''[[Ben Hilfenhaus]]'''||2009–||27||38||12||355||56*||13.65||6078||258||2822||99||5/75||28.50||7||– |- ||408||'''[[Phillip Hughes]]'''||2009–||20||37||1||1305||160||36.25||–||–||–||–||–||–||10||0 |- ||409||[[Marcus North]]||2009–2010||21||35||2||1171||128||35.48||1258||37||591||14||6/55||42.21||17||– |- ||410||[[Bryce McGain]]||2009||1||2||–||2||2||1.00||108||2||148||–||–||–||–||– |- ||411||[[Graham Manou]]||2009||1||2||1||21||13*||21.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||0 |- ||412||[[Clint McKay]]||2009||1||1||–||10||10||10.00||168||5||101||1||1/56||101.00||1||– |} ==2010s== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Australian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||413||[[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]]||2010–12||12||18||6||212||68*||17.66||2312||23||1111||47||6/47||23.63||5||– |- ||414||[[Tim Paine]]||2010||4||8||–||287||92||35.87||–||–||–||–||–||–||16||1 |- ||415||'''[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]'''||2010–11||5||10||1||259||77||23.83||372||10||220||3||3/51||73.33||3||– |- ||416||[[Peter George (cricketer)|Peter George]]||2010||1||2||–||2||2||1.00||168||3||77||2||2/48||38.50||–||– |- ||417||'''[[Xavier Doherty]]'''||2010||2||3||–||27||16||9.00||455||11||306||3||2/41||102.00||–||– |- ||418||[[Michael Beer (cricketer)|Michael Beer]]||2011-12||2||3||1||6||2*||3.00||406||13||178||3||2/56||59.33||1||- |- ||419||'''[[Usman Khawaja]]'''||2011||6||11||2||263||65||29.22||–||–||–||–||–||–||3||– |- ||420||[[Trent Copeland]]||2011||3||4||1||39||23*||13.00||648||34||227||6||2/24||37.83||2||– |- ||421||'''[[Nathan Lyon (cricketer)|Nathan Lyon]]'''||2011–||19||23||10||178||40*||13.69||4077||151||1962||61||5/34||32.16||5||– |- ||422||'''[[Shaun Marsh]]'''||2011–12||7||11||–||301||141||27.36||–||–||–||–||–||–||4||– |- ||423||'''[[Pat Cummins (cricketer)|Pat Cummins]]'''||2011–||1||2||1||15||13*||15.00||264||8||117||7||6/79||16.71||1||– |- ||424||'''[[James Pattinson]]'''||2011–||7||8||3||191||42||38.20||1254||42||685||231||5/27||22.09||–||– |- ||425||'''[[Mitchell Starc]]'''||2011–||7||10||4||182||68*||30.33||1379||41||821||28||6/154||29.32||2||– |- ||426||'''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]'''||2011–||15||26||2||1068||180||44.50||240||1||172||4||2/45||43.00||15||– |- ||427||'''[[Ed Cowan]]'''||2011–||13||22||-||722||136||32.81||–||–||–||–||–||–||19||– |- ||428||'''[[Matthew Wade]]'''||2012–||9||16||4||510||106||42.50||6||1||0||–||–||–||29||2 |- ||429||[[Rob Quiney]]||2012||2||3||–||9||9||3.00||150||12||29||–||–||–||5||– |- ||430||'''[[John Hastings (cricketer)|John Hastings]]'''||2012||1||2||–||52||32||26.00||234||3||153||1||1/51||153.00||1||– |- ||431||'''[[Jackson Bird]]'''||2012-||2||2||1||6||6*||6.00||379||21||178||11||4/41||16.18||1||– |- ||432||'''[[Moises Henriques]]'''||2013-||1|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||– |- |} ==Other websites== * [http://www.cricket.com.au/site/_content/document/00000344-source.pdf Cricket Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929211727/http://www.cricket.com.au/site/_content/document/00000344-source.pdf |date=2009-09-29 }} * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] * [http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=2;class=1 Cricinfo] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2015]] 71n99mob4kd6yisw1ht21e5wg23armr 0 386798 10330799 10303830 2025-06-14T20:12:58Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:English and Welsh cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers that play [[Test cricket]] for [[England cricket team|England]]. Although the team is called England, it is a combined England and Wales team, and the list includes numerous Welsh players who played mostly for [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]]. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- || 1 || [[Tom Armitage]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 33 || 21 || 11.00 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 2 || [[Henry Charlwood]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 63 || 36 || 15.75 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 3 || [[Tom Emmett]] || 15 March 1877 || 14 March 1882 || 7 || 13 || 1 || 160 || 48 || 13.33 || 728 || 9 || 7/68 || 31.55 |- || 4 || [[Andrew Greenwood]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 77 || 49 || 19.25 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 5 || [[Allen Hill]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 4 || 2 || 101 || 49 || 50.50 || 340 || 7 || 4/27 || 18.57 |- || 6 || [[Harry Jupp]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 68 || 63 || 17.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 7 || [[James Lillywhite]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 16 || 10 || 8.00 || 340 || 8 || 4/70 || 15.75 |- || 8 || [[John Selby]] || 15 March 1877 || 14 March 1882 || 6 || 12 || 1 || 256 || 70 || 23.27 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 9 || [[Alfred Shaw]] || 15 March 1877 || 14 March 1882 || 7 || 12 || 1 || 111 || 40 || 10.09 || 1096 || 12 || 5/38 || 23.75 |- || 10 || [[James Southerton]] || 15 March 1877 || 4 April 1877 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 7 || 6 || 3.50 || 263 || 7 || 4/46 || 15.28 |- || 11 || [[George Ulyett]] || 15 March 1877 || 23 July 1890 || 25 || 39 ||0 || 949 || 149 || 24.33 || 2627 || 50 || 7/36 || 20.39 |- || 12 || [[Charlie Absolom]] || 2 January 1879 || 4 January 1879 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 58 || 52 || 29.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 13 || [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] || 2 January 1879 || 13 August 1884 || 4 || 6 || 1 || 145 || 52 || 29.00 || 32 || 0 || – || – |- || 14 || [[Leland Hone]] || 2 January 1879 || 4 January 1879 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 13 || 7 || 6.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 15 || [[A. N. Hornby]] || 2 January 1879 || 12 July 1884 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 21 || 9 || 3.50 || 28 || 1 || 1/0 || 0.00 |- || 16 || [[A. P. Lucas]] || 2 January 1879 || 23 July 1884 || 5 || 9 || 1 || 157 || 55 || 19.62 || 120 || 0 || – || – |- || 17 || [[Francis MacKinnon]] || 2 January 1879 || 4 January 1879 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 5 || 2.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 18 || [[Vernon Royle]] || 2 January 1879 || 4 January 1879 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 21 || 18 || 10.50 || 16 || 0 || – || – |- || 19 || [[Sandford Schultz]] || 2 January 1879 || 4 January 1879 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 20 || 20 || 20.00 || 34 || 1 || 1/16 || 26.00 |- || 20 || [[A J Webbe]] || 2 January 1879 || 4 January 1879 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 4 || 2.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 21 || [[Billy Barnes (cricketer)|Billy Barnes]] || 6 September 1880 || 12 August 1890 || 21 || 33 || 2 || 725 || 134 || 23.38 || 2289 || 51 || 6/28 || 15.54 |- || 22 || [[E. M. Grace]] || 6 September 1880 || 8 September 1880 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 36 || 36 || 18.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 23 || [[Fred Grace]] || 6 September 1880 || 8 September 1880 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 24 || [[W. G. Grace]] || 6 September 1880 || 3 June 1899 || 22 || 36 || 2 || 1098 || 170 || 32.29 || 666 || 9 || 2/12 || 26.22 |- || 25 || [[Alfred Lyttelton]] || 6 September 1880 || 13 August 1884 || 4 || 7 || 1 || 94 || 31 || 15.66 || 48 || 4 || 4/19 || 4.75 |- || 26 || [[Fred Morley]] || 6 September 1880 || 21 February 1883 || 4 || 6 || 2 || 6 || 2* || 1.50 || 972 || 16 || 5/56 || 18.50 |- || 27 || [[Frank Penn (cricketer)|Frank Penn]] || 6 September 1880 || 8 September 1880 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 50 || 27* || 50.00 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 28 || [[A G Steel]] || 6 September 1880 || 17 July 1888 || 13 || 20 || 3 || 600 || 148 || 35.29 || 1360 || 29 || 3/27 || 20.86 |- || 29 || [[Dick Barlow]] || 31 December 1881 || 1 March 1887 || 17 || 30 || 4 || 591 || 62 || 22.73 || 2456 || 34 || 7/40 || 22.55 |- || 30 || [[Billy Bates]] || 31 December 1881 || 1 March 1887 || 15 || 26 || 2 || 656 || 64 || 27.33 || 2364 || 50 || 7/28 || 16.42 |- || 31 || [[Billy Midwinter]]¹ || 31 December 1881 || 14 March 1882 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 95 || 36 || 13.57 || 776 || 10 || 4/81 || 27.20 |- || 32 || [[Ted Peate]] || 31 December 1881 || 7 July 1886 || 9 || 14 || 8 || 70 || 13 || 11.66 || 2096 || 31 || 6/85 || 22.03 |- || 33 || [[Dick Pilling]] || 31 December 1881 || 31 August 1888 || 8 || 13 || 1 || 91 || 23 || 7.58 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 34 || [[William Scotton]] || 31 December 1881 || 1 March 1887 || 15 || 25 || 2 || 510 || 90 || 22.17 || 20 || 0 || – || – |- || 35 || [[Arthur Shrewsbury]] || 31 December 1881 || 26 August 1893 || 23 || 40 || 4 || 1277 || 164 || 35.47 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 36 || [[Maurice Read]] || 28 August 1882 || 19 July 1893 || 17 || 29 || 2 || 461 || 57 || 17.07 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 37 || [[Charles Studd]] || 28 August 1882 || 21 February 1883 || 5 || 9 || 1 || 160 || 48 || 20.00 || 384 || 3 || 2/35 || 32.66 |- || 38 || [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]] || 30 December 1882 || 21 February 1883 || 4 || 7 || 1 || 62 || 19 || 10.33 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 39 || [[Charles Leslie (cricketer)|Charles Leslie]] || 30 December 1882 || 21 February 1883 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 106 || 54 || 15.14 || 96 || 4 || 3/31 || 11.00 |- || 40 || [[Walter Read]] || 30 December 1882 || 26 August 1893 || 18 || 27 || 1 || 720 || 117 || 27.69 || 60 || 0 || – || – |- || 41 || [[George Studd]] || 30 December 1882 || 21 February 1883 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 31 || 9 || 4.42 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 42 || [[Edward Tylecote]] || 30 December 1882 || 14 August 1886 || 6 || 9 || 1 || 152 || 66 || 19.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 43 || [[George Vernon]] || 30 December 1882 || 2 January 1883 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 14 || 11* || 14.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 44 || [[Sir Tim O'Brien, 3rd Baronet|Sir Tim O'Brien]] || 10 July 1884 || 23 March 1896 || 5 || 8 || 0 || 59 || 20 || 7.37 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 45 || [[Stanley Christopherson]] || 21 July 1884 || 23 July 1884 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 17 || 17 || 17.00 || 136 || 1 || 1/52 || 69.00 |- || 46 || [[William Attewell]] || 12 December 1884 || 28 March 1892 || 10 || 15 || 6 || 150 || 43* || 16.66 || 2850 || 28 || 4/42 || 22.35 |- || 47 || [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]] || 12 December 1884 || 1 July 1899 || 33 || 50 || 5 || 815 || 121 || 18.11 || 5332 || 118 || 8/11 || 17.75 |- || 48 || [[Wilfred Flowers]] || 12 December 1884 || 19 July 1893 || 8 || 14 || 0 || 254 || 56 || 18.14 || 858 || 14 || 5/46 || 21.14 |- || 49 || [[Joe Hunter (cricketer)|Joe Hunter]] || 12 December 1884 || 25 March 1885 || 5 || 7 || 2 || 93 || 39* || 18.60 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 50 || [[Bobby Peel]] || 12 December 1884 || 12 August 1896 || 20 || 33 || 4 || 427 || 83 || 14.72 || 5216 || 101 || 7/31 || 16.98 |- || 51 || [[George Lohmann]] || 5 July 1886 || 24 June 1896 || 18 || 26 || 2 || 213 || 62* || 8.87 || 3830 || 112 || 9/28 || 10.75 |- || 52 || [[Billy Gunn (cricketer)|Billy Gunn]] || 28 January 1887 || 3 June 1899 || 11 || 20 || 2 || 392 || 102* || 21.77 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 53 || [[Mordecai Sherwin]] || 28 January 1887 || 17 July 1888 || 3 || 6 || 4 || 30 || 21* || 15.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 54 || [[Reginald Wood]] || 25 February 1887 || 1 March 1887 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 6 || 3.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 55 || [[Billy Newham]] || 10 February 1888 || 15 February 1888 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 26 || 17 || 13.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 56 || [[Andrew Stoddart]] || 10 February 1888 || 2 February 1898 || 16 || 30 || 2 || 996 || 173 || 35.57 || 162 || 2 || 1/10 || 47.00 |- || 57 || [[Bobby Abel]] || 16 July 1888 || 26 July 1902 || 13 || 22 || 2 || 744 || 132* || 37.20 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 58 || [[John Shuter]] || 13 August 1888 || 14 August 1888 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 28 || 28 || 28.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 59 || [[Frank Sugg]] || 13 August 1888 || 31 August 1888 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 55 || 31 || 27.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 60 || [[Henry Wood (cricketer)|Henry Wood]] || 13 August 1888 || 22 March 1892 || 4 || 4 || 1 || 204 || 134* || 68.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 61 || [[Monty Bowden]] || 12 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 25 || 25 || 12.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 62 || [[Charles Coventry (English cricketer)|Hon. Charles Coventry]] || 12 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 13 || 12 || 13.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 63 || [[Arnold Fothergill]] || 12 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 33 || 32 || 16.50 || 321 || 8 || 4/19 || 11.25 |- || 64 || [[Basil Grieve]] || 12 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 40 || 14* || 40.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 65 || [[Frank Hearne]]² || 12 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 47 || 27 || 23.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 66 || [[Aubrey Smith|Sir Aubrey Smith]] || 12 March 1889 || 13 March 1889 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 3 || 3.00 || 154 || 7 || 5/19 || 8.71 |- || 67 || [[Joseph McMaster]] || 25 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |} ==The Golden Age (1890–1914)== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- || 68 || [[Gregor MacGregor (sportsman)|Gregor MacGregor]] || 21 July 1890 || 26 August 1893 || 8 || 11 || 3 || 96 || 31 || 12.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 69 || [[James Cranston]] || 11 August 1890 || 12 August 1890 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 31 || 16 || 15.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 70 || [[Frederick Martin (cricketer)|Frederick Martin]] || 11 August 1890 || 22 March 1892 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 14 || 13 || 7.00 || 410 || 14 || 6/50 || 10.07 |- || 71 || [[John Sharpe (cricketer)|John Sharpe]] || 11 August 1890 || 3 February 1892 || 3 || 6 || 4 || 44 || 26 || 22.00 || 975 || 11 || 6/84 || 27.72 |- || 72 || [[George Bean]] || 1 January 1892 || 28 March 1892 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 92 || 50 || 18.39 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 73 || [[Victor Barton]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 23 || 23 || 23.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 74 || [[William Chatterton]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 48 || 48 || 48.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 75 || [[John Ferris (cricketer)|John Ferris]]¹ || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 16 || 16 || 16.00 || 272 || 13 || 7/37 || 7.00 |- || 76 || [[Alec Hearne]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 9 || 9 || 9.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 77 || [[George Gibbons Hearne|George Hearne]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 78 || [[Jack Hearne (John Thomas Hearne)|Jack T. Hearne]] || 19 March 1892 || 19 July 1899 || 12 || 18 || 4 || 126 || 40 || 9.00 || 2976 || 49 || 6/41 || 22.08 |- || 79 || [[Billy Murdoch]]¹ || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 12 || 12 || 12.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 80 || [[Dick Pougher]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 17 || 17 || 17.00 || 105 || 3 || 3/26 || 8.66 |- || 81 || [[Hylton Philipson]] || 24 March 1892 || 6 March 1895 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 63 || 30 || 9.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 82 || [[Stanley Jackson|Hon. Stanley Jackson]] || 17 July 1893 || 16 August 1905 || 20 || 33 || 4 || 1415 || 144* || 48.79 || 1587 || 24 || 5/52 || 33.29 |- || 83 || [[William Lockwood (cricketer)|William Lockwood]] || 17 July 1893 || 13 August 1902 || 12 || 16 || 3 || 231 || 52* || 17.76 || 1973 || 43 || 7/71 || 20.53 |- || 84 || [[Arthur Mold]] || 17 July 1893 || 26 August 1893 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0* || 0.00 || 491 || 7 || 3/44 || 33.42 |- || 85 || [[Ted Wainwright]] || 17 July 1893 || 2 March 1898 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 132 || 49 || 14.66 || 127 || 0 || – || – |- || 86 || [[Albert Ward (cricketer)|Albert Ward]] || 14 August 1893 || 6 March 1895 || 7 || 13 || 0 || 487 || 117 || 37.46 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 87 || [[Bill Brockwell]] || 24 August 1893 || 19 July 1899 || 7 || 12 || 0 || 202 || 49 || 16.83 || 582 || 5 || 3/33 || 61.79 |- || 88 || [[Tom Richardson]] || 24 August 1893 || 2 March 1898 || 14 || 24 || 8 || 177 || 25* || 11.06 || 4498 || 88 || 8/94 || 25.22 |- || 89 || [[Jack Brown (cricketer)|Jack Brown]] || 14 December 1894 || 1 July 1899 || 8 || 16 || 3 || 470 || 140 || 36.15 || 25 || 0 || – || – |- || 90 || [[Francis Ford (cricketer)|Francis Ford]] || 14 December 1894 || 6 March 1895 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 168 || 48 || 18.66 || 204 || 1 || 1/47 || 129.00 |- || 91 || [[Leslie Gay]] || 14 December 1894 || 20 December 1894 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 37 || 33 || 18.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 92 || [[Archie MacLaren]] || 14 December 1894 || 11 August 1909 || 35 || 61 || 4 || 1931 || 140 || 33.87 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 93 || [[Hugh Bromley-Davenport]] || 13 February 1896 || 16 February 1899 || 4 || 6 || 0 || 128 || 84 || 21.33 || 155 || 4 || 2/46 || 24.50 |- || 94 || [[Harry Butt]] || 13 February 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 3 || 4 || 1 || 22 || 13 || 7.33 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 95 || [[C. B. Fry]] || 13 February 1896 || 22 August 1912 || 26 || 41 || 3 || 1223 || 144 || 32.18 || 10 || 0 || – || – |- || 96 || [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Lord Hawke]] || 13 February 1896 || 4 April 1899 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 55 || 30 || 7.85 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 97 || [[Tom Hayward]] || 13 February 1896 || 16 June 1909 || 35 || 60 || 2 || 1999 || 137 || 34.46 || 893 || 14 || 4/22 || 36.71 |- || 98 || [[Arthur Hill (English cricketer)|Arthur Hill]] || 13 February 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 251 || 124 || 62.75 || 40 || 4 || 4/8 || 2.00 |- || 99 || [[Audley Miller]] || 13 February 1896 || 14 February 1896 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 24 || 20* || – || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 100 || [[Sammy Woods]]¹ || 13 February 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 122 || 53 || 30.50 || 195 || 5 || 3/28 || 25.80 |- || 101 || [[Charles Wright (cricketer)|Charles Wright]] || 13 February 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 125 || 71 || 31.25 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 102 || [[Christopher Heseltine]] || 2 March 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 18 || 18 || 9.00 || 157 || 5 || 5/38 || 16.80 |- || 103 || [[Ted Tyler]] || 21 March 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 145 || 4 || 3/49 || 16.25 |- || 104 || [[Dick Lilley]] || 22 June 1896 || 11 August 1909 || 35 || 52 || 8 || 903 || 84 || 20.52 || 25 || 1 || 1/23 || 23.00 |- || 105 || [[K. S. Ranjitsinhji]] || 16 July 1896 || 26 July 1902 || 15 || 26 || 4 || 989 || 175 || 44.95 || 97 || 1 || 1/23 || 39.00 |- || 106 || [[Teddy Wynyard]] || 10 August 1896 || 8 March 1906 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 72 || 30 || 12.00 || 24 || 0 || – || – |- || 107 || [[Frank Druce]] || 13 December 1897 || 2 March 1898 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 252 || 64 || 28.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 108 || [[George Herbert Hirst]] || 13 December 1897 || 28 July 1909 || 24 || 38 || 3 || 790 || 85 || 22.57 || 4010 || 59 || 5/48 || 30.00 |- || 109 || [[Jack Mason]] || 13 December 1897 || 2 March 1898 || 5 || 10 || 0 || 129 || 32 || 12.90 || 324 || 2 || 1/8 || 74.50 |- || 110 || [[William Storer]] || 13 December 1897 || 3 June 1899 || 6 || 11 || 0 || 215 || 51 || 19.54 || 168 || 2 || 1/24 || 54.00 |- || 111 || [[Jack Board]] || 14 February 1899 || 2 April 1906 || 6 || 12 || 2 || 108 || 29 || 10.80 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 112 || [[Willis Cuttell]] || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 65 || 21 || 16.25 || 285 || 6 || 3/17 || 12.16 |- || 113 || [[Schofield Haigh]] || 14 February 1899 || 31 July 1912 || 11 || 18 || 3 || 113 || 25 || 7.53 || 1294 || 24 || 6/11 || 25.91 |- || 114 || [[Frank Milligan]] || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 58 || 38 || 14.50 || 45 || 0 || – || – |- || 115 || [[Frank Mitchell]]² || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 88 || 41 || 22.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 116 || [[Albert Trott]]¹ || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 23 || 16 || 5.75 || 474 || 17 || 5/49 || 11.64 |- || 117 || [[Johnny Tyldesley]] || 14 February 1899 || 28 July 1909 || 31 || 55 || 1 || 1661 || 138 || 30.75 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 118 || [[Plum Warner]] || 14 February 1899 || 26 June 1912 || 15 || 28 || 2 || 622 || 132* || 23.92 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 119 || [[Clem Wilson]] || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 1 || 42 || 18 || 14.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 120 || [[Alfred Archer]] || 1 April 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 31 || 24* || 31.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 121 || [[Wilfred Rhodes]] || 1 June 1899 || 12 April 1930 || 58 || 98 || 21 || 2325 || 179 || 30.19 || 8225 || 127 || 8/68 || 26.96 |- || 122 || [[Gilbert Jessop]] || 15 June 1899 || 10 July 1912 || 18 || 26 || 0 || 569 || 104 || 21.88 || 732 || 10 || 4/68 || 35.39 |- || 123 || [[Walter Mead (cricketer)|Walter Mead]] || 15 June 1899 || 17 June 1899 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 3.50 || 265 || 1 || 1/91 || 91.00 |- || 124 || [[Charlie Townsend]] || 15 June 1899 || 16 August 1899 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 51 || 38 || 17.00 || 140 || 3 || 3/50 || 25.00 |- || 125 || [[Willie Quaife]] || 29 June 1899 || 4 March 1902 || 7 || 13 || 1 || 228 || 68 || 19.00 || 15 || 0 || – || – |- || 126 || [[Sailor Young]] || 29 June 1899 || 19 July 1899 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 43 || 43 || 21.50 || 556 || 12 || 4/30 ||21.83 |- || 127 || [[Bill Bradley (cricketer)|Bill Bradley]] || 17 July 1899 || 16 August 1899 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 23 || 23* || 23.00 || 625 || 6 || 5/67 || 38.83 |- || 128 || [[Arthur Jones (cricketer)|Arthur Jones]] || 14 August 1899 || 16 June 1909 || 12 || 21 || 0 || 291 || 34 || 13.85 || 228 || 3 || 3/73 || 44.33 |- || 129 || [[Sydney Barnes]] || 13 December 1901 || 18 February 1914 || 27 || 39 || 9 || 242 || 38* || 8.06 || 7873 || 189 || 9/103 || 16.43 |- || 130 || [[Colin Blythe]] || 13 December 1901 || 14 March 1910 || 19 || 31 || 12 || 183 || 27 || 9.63 || 4546 || 100 || 8/59 || 18.62 |- || 131 || [[Len Braund]] || 13 December 1901 || 27 February 1908 || 23 || 41 || 3 || 987 || 104 || 25.97 || 3805 || 47 || 8/81 || 38.51 |- || 132 || [[John Gunn (cricketer)|John Gunn]] || 13 December 1901 || 31 May 1905 || 6 || 10 || 2 || 85 || 24 || 10.62 || 999 || 18 || 5/76 || 21.50 |- || 133 || [[Charlie McGahey]] || 14 February 1902 || 4 March 1902 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 38 || 18 || 9.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 134 || [[Lionel Palairet]] || 24 July 1902 || 13 August 1902 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 49 || 20 || 12.25 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 135 || [[Fred Tate]] || 24 July 1902 || 26 July 1902 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 9 || 5* || 9.00 || 96 || 2 || 2/7 || 25.50 |- || 136 || [[Ted Arnold]] || 11 December 1903 || 31 July 1907 || 10 || 15 || 3 || 160 || 40 || 13.33 || 1677 || 31 || 5/37 || 25.41 |- || 137 || [[Bernard Bosanquet (cricketer)|Bernard Bosanquet]] || 11 December 1903 || 5 July 1905 || 7 || 14 || 3 || 147 || 27 || 13.36 || 970 || 25 || 8/107 || 24.16 |- || 138 || [[Tip Foster]] || 11 December 1903 || 21 August 1907 || 8 || 14 || 1 || 602 || 287 || 46.30 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 139 || [[Albert Relf]] || 11 December 1903 || 3 March 1914 || 13 || 21 || 3 || 416 || 63 || 23.11 || 1764 || 25 || 5/85 || 24.96 |- || 140 || [[Arthur Fielder]] || 1 January 1904 || 11 February 1908 || 6 || 12 || 5 || 78 || 20 || 11.14 || 1491 || 26 || 6/82 || 27.34 |- || 141 || [[Albert Knight]] || 1 January 1904 || 8 March 1904 || 3 || 6 || 1 || 81 || 70* || 16.19 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 142 || [[David Denton (cricketer)|David Denton]] || 3 July 1905 || 14 March 1910 || 11 || 22 || 1 || 424 || 104 || 20.19 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 143 || [[Arnold Warren]] || 3 July 1905 || 5 July 1905 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 7.00 || 236 || 6 || 5/57 || 18.83 |- || 144 || [[Walter Brearley]] || 24 July 1905 || 12 June 1912 || 4 || 5 || 2 || 21 || 11* || 7.00 || 705 || 17 || 5/110 || 21.22 |- || 145 || [[Reggie Spooner]] || 24 July 1905 || 22 August 1912 || 10 || 15 || 0 || 481 || 119 || 32.06 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 146 || [[Jack Crawford (cricketer)|Jack Crawford]] || 2 January 1906 || 27 February 1908 || 12 || 23 || 2 || 469 || 74 || 22.33 || 2203 || 39 || 5/48 || 29.48 |- || 147 || [[Frederick Fane]] || 2 January 1906 || 14 March 1910 || 14 || 27 || 1 || 682 || 143 || 26.23 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 148 || [[Ernie Hayes]] || 2 January 1906 || 13 August 1912 || 5 || 9 || 1 || 86 || 35 || 10.75 || 90 || 1 || 1/28 || 52.00 |- || 149 || [[Walter Lees]] || 2 January 1906 || 2 April 1906 || 5 || 9 || 3 || 66 || 25* || 11.00 || 1256 || 26 || 6/78 || 17.97 |- || 150 || [[Leonard Moon]] || 6 March 1906 || 2 April 1906 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 182 || 36 || 22.75 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 151 || [[John Hartley (cricketer)|John Hartley]] || 10 March 1906 || 2 April 1906 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 15 || 9 || 3.75 || 192 || 1 || 1/62 || 115.00 |- || 152 || [[Neville Knox]] || 29 July 1907 || 21 August 1907 || 2 || 4 || 1 || 24 || 8* || 8.00 || 126 || 3 || 2/39 || 25.00 |- || 153 || [[George Gunn]] || 13 December 1907 || 12 April 1930 || 15 || 29 || 1 || 1120 || 122* || 40.00 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 154 || [[Joe Hardstaff Sr.]] || 13 December 1907 || 27 February 1908 || 5 || 10 || 0 || 311 || 72 || 31.10 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 155 || [[Kenneth Hutchings]] || 13 December 1907 || 11 August 1909 || 7 || 12 || 0 || 341 || 126 || 28.41 || 90 || 1 || 1/5 || 81.00 |- || 156 || [[Dick Young (cricketer)|Dick Young]] || 13 December 1907 || 27 February 1908 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 27 || 13 || 6.75 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 157 || [[Jack Hobbs]] || 1 January 1908 || 22 August 1930 || 61 || 102 || 7 || 5410 || 211 || 56.94 || 376 || 1 || 1/19 || 165.00 |- || 158 || [[Joe Humphries]] || 1 January 1908 || 11 February 1908 || 3 || 6 || 1 || 44 || 16 || 8.80 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 159 || [[George Thompson (cricketer)|George Thompson]] || 27 May 1909 || 14 March 1910 || 6 || 10 || 1 || 273 || 63 || 30.33 || 1367 || 23 || 4/50 || 27.73 |- || 160 || [[John King (cricketer)|John King]] || 14 June 1909 || 16 June 1909 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 64 || 60 || 32.00 || 162 || 1 || 1/99 || 99.00 |- || 161 || [[Jack Sharp]] || 1 July 1909 || 11 August 1909 || 3 || 6 || 2 || 188 || 105 || 47.00 || 183 || 3 || 3/67 || 37.00 |- || 162 || [[Douglas Carr]] || 9 August 1909 || 11 August 1909 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 414 || 7 || 5/146 || 40.28 |- || 163 || [[Frank Woolley]] || 9 August 1909 || 22 August 1934 || 64 || 98 || 7 || 3283 || 154 || 36.07 || 6495 || 83 || 7/76 || 33.91 |- || 164 || [[Morice Bird]] || 1 January 1910 || 3 March 1914 || 10 || 16 || 1 || 280 || 61 || 18.66 || 264 || 8 || 3/11 || 15.00 |- || 165 || [[Claude Buckenham]] || 1 January 1910 || 9 March 1910 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 43 || 17 || 6.14 || 1182 || 21 || 5/115 || 28.23 |- || 166 || [[H D G Leveson-Gower|H. D. G. Leveson Gower]] || 1 January 1910 || 3 March 1910 || 3 || 6 || 2 || 95 || 31 || 23.75 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 167 || [[George Simpson-Hayward]] || 1 January 1910 || 14 March 1910 || 5 || 8 || 1 || 105 || 29* || 15.00 || 898 || 23 || 6/43 || 18.26 |- || 168 || [[Herbert Strudwick|Bert Strudwick]] || 1 January 1910 || 18 August 1926 || 28 || 42 || 13 || 230 || 24 || 7.93 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 169 || [[Neville Tufnell]] || 11 March 1910 || 14 March 1910 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 14 || 14 || 14.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 170 || [[Johnny Douglas]] || 15 December 1911 || 8 January 1925 || 23 || 35 || 2 || 962 || 119 || 29.15 || 2812 || 45 || 5/46 || 33.02 |- || 171 || [[Frank Foster (cricketer)|Frank Foster]] || 15 December 1911 || 22 August 1912 || 11 || 15 || 1 || 330 || 71 || 23.57 || 2447 || 45 || 6/91 || 20.57 |- || 172 || [[Jack Hearne (John William Hearne)|Jack W. Hearne]] || 15 December 1911 || 15 June 1926 || 24 || 36 || 5 || 806 || 114 || 26.00 || 2926 || 30 || 5/49 || 48.73 |- || 173 || [[Sep Kinneir]] || 15 December 1911 || 21 December 1911 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 52 || 30 || 26.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 174 || [[Phil Mead]] || 15 December 1911 || 5 December 1928 || 17 || 26 || 2 || 1185 || 182* || 49.37 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 175 || [[Bill Hitch]] || 30 December 1911 || 16 August 1921 || 7 || 10 || 3 || 103 || 51* || 14.71 || 462 || 7 || 2/31 || 46.42 |- || 176 || [[Tiger Smith]] || 30 December 1911 || 30 December 1913 || 11 || 14 || 1 || 113 || 22 || 8.69 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 177 || [[Joe Vine]] || 9 February 1912 || 1 March 1912 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 46 || 36 || 46.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 178 || [[Harry Dean (cricketer)|Harry Dean]] || 24 June 1912 || 22 August 1912 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 10 || 8 || 5.00 || 447 || 11 || 4/19 || 13.90 |- || 179 || [[Major Booth]] || 13 December 1913 || 3 March 1914 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 46 || 32 || 23.00 || 312 || 7 || 4/49 || 18.57 |- || 180 || [[Lionel Hallam Tennyson, 3rd Baron Tennyson|Hon. Lionel Tennyson]] || 13 December 1913 || 16 August 1921 || 9 || 12 || 1 || 345 || 74* || 31.36 || 6 || 0 || – || – |} ==The inter-war years (1919–1939)== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- || 181 || [[Patsy Hendren]] || 17 December 1920 || 18 March 1935 || 51 || 83 || 9 || 3525 || 205* || 47.63 || 47 || 1 || 1/27 || 31.00 |- || 182 || [[Cec Parkin]] || 17 December 1920 || 17 June 1924 || 10 || 16 || 3 || 160 || 36 || 12.30 || 2095 || 32 || 5/38 || 35.25 |- || 183 || [[C. A. G. Russell]] || 17 December 1920 || 22 February 1923 || 10 || 18 || 2 || 910 || 140 || 56.87 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 184 || [[Abe Waddington]] || 17 December 1920 || 16 February 1921 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 16 || 7 || 4.00 || 276 || 1 || 1/35 || 119.00 |- || 185 || [[Harry Howell (cricketer)|Harry Howell]] || 31 December 1920 || 19 August 1924 || 5 || 8 || 6 || 15 || 5 || 7.50 || 918 || 7 || 4/115 || 79.85 |- || 186 || [[Harry Makepeace]] || 31 December 1920 || 1 March 1921 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 279 || 117 || 34.87 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 187 || [[Percy Fender]] || 14 January 1921 || 18 June 1929 || 13 || 21 || 1 || 380 || 60 || 19.00 || 2178 || 29 || 5/90 || 40.86 |- || 188 || [[Arthur Dolphin]] || 11 February 1921 || 16 February 1921 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 189 || [[Rockley Wilson]] || 25 February 1921 || 1 March 1921 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 10 || 5 || 5.00 || 123 || 3 || 2/28 || 12.00 |- || 190 || [[Percy Holmes]] || 28 May 1921 || 28 June 1932 || 7 || 14 || 1 || 357 || 88 || 27.46 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 191 || [[Vallance Jupp]] || 28 May 1921 || 24 July 1928 || 8 || 13 || 1 || 208 || 38 || 17.33 || 1301 || 28 || 4/37 || 22.00 |- || 192 || [[Donald Knight (cricketer)|Donald Knight]] || 28 May 1921 || 14 June 1921 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 54 || 38 || 13.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 193 || [[Tom Richmond (cricketer)|Tom Richmond]] || 28 May 1921 || 30 May 1921 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 6 || 4 || 3.00 || 114 || 2 || 2/69 || 43.00 |- || 194 || [[Ernest Tyldesley]] || 28 May 1921 || 16 March 1929 || 14 || 20 || 2 || 990 || 122* || 55.00 || 3 || 0 || – || – |- || 195 || [[Alfred Dipper]] || 11 June 1921 || 14 June 1921 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 51 || 40 || 25.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 196 || [[Jack Durston]] || 11 June 1921 || 14 June 1921 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 8 || 6* || 8.00 || 202 || 5 || 4/102 || 27.19 |- || 197 || [[John Evans (cricketer)|John Evans]] || 11 June 1921 || 14 June 1921 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 18 || 14 || 9.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 198 || [[Nigel Haig]] || 11 June 1921 || 12 April 1930 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 126 || 47 || 14.00 || 1026 || 13 || 3/73 || 34.46 |- || 199 || [[George Brown (cricketer)|George Brown]] || 2 July 1921 || 22 February 1923 || 7 || 12 || 2 || 299 || 84* || 29.89 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 200 || [[Andy Ducat]] || 2 July 1921 || 5 July 1921 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 3 || 2.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- ||201||[[Wally Hardinge]]||2 July 1921||5 July 1921||1||2||0||30||25||15.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||202||[[Jack White (cricketer)|Jack White]]||2 July 1921||25 February 1931||15||22||9||239||29||18.38||4801||49|| 8/126||32.26 |- ||203||[[Charlie Hallows]]||23 July 1921||26 June 1928||2||2||1||42||26||42.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||204||[[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie Parker]]||23 July 1921||26 July 1921||1||1||1||3|| 3*|| -||168||2|| 2/32||16.00 |- ||205||[[Andy Sandham]]||13 August 1921||12 April 1930||14||23||0||879||325||38.21||0||0|| -|| – |- ||206||[[Arthur Carr (cricketer)|Arthur Carr]]||23 December 1922||20 August 1929||11||13||1||237||63||19.75||0||0|| -|| – |- ||207||[[Arthur Gilligan]]||23 December 1922||4 March 1925||11||16||3||209|| 39*||16.07||2404||36|| 6/7||29.05 |- ||208||[[Alec Kennedy]]||23 December 1922||22 February 1923||5||8||2||93|| 41*||15.50||1683||31|| 5/76||19.32 |- ||209||[[Frank Mann (cricketer)|Frank Mann]]||23 December 1922||22 February 1923||5||9||1||281||84||35.12||0||0|| -|| – |- ||210||[[Greville Stevens]]||23 December 1922||6 February 1930||10||17||0||263||69||15.47||1186||20|| 5/90||32.39 |- ||211||[[George Macaulay]]||1 January 1923||22 July 1933||8||10||4||112||76||18.66||1701||24|| 5/64||27.58 |- ||212||[[George Street (cricketer)|George Street]]||18 January 1923||22 January 1923||1||2||1||11|| 7*||11.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||213||[[Percy Chapman]]||14 June 1924||25 February 1931||26||36||4||925||121||28.90||40||0|| -|| – |- ||214||[[Roy Kilner]]||14 June 1924||27 July 1926||9||8||1||233||74||33.28||2368||24|| 4/51||30.58 |- ||215||[[Herbert Sutcliffe]]||14 June 1924||2 July 1935||54||84||9||4555||194||60.73||0||0|| -|| – |- ||216||[[Maurice Tate]]||14 June 1924||30 July 1935||39||52||5||1198|| 100*||25.48||12523||155|| 6/42||26.16 |- ||217||[[George Wood (cricketer)|George Wood]]||14 June 1924||15 July 1924||3||2||0||7||6||3.50||0||0|| -|| – |- ||218||[[Dick Tyldesley]]||28 June 1924||15 July 1930||7||7||1||47||29||7.83||1615||19|| 3/50||32.57 |- ||219||[[George Duckworth]]||26 July 1924||18 August 1936||24||28||12||234|| 39*||14.62||0||0|| -|| – |- ||220||[[George Geary]]||26 July 1924||25 June 1934||14||20||4||249||66||15.56||3810||46|| 7/70||29.41 |- ||221||[[Jack MacBryan]]||26 July 1924||29 July 1924||1||0||0||0||0|| -||0||0|| -|| – |- ||222||[[Tich Freeman]]||19 December 1924||20 August 1929||12||16||5||154|| 50*||14.00||3732||66|| 7/71||25.86 |- ||223||[[Dodger Whysall]]||16 January 1925||22 August 1930||4||7||0||209||76||29.85||16||0|| -|| – |- ||224||[[Fred Root]]||12 June 1926||27 July 1926||3||0||0||0||0|| -||642||8|| 4/84||24.25 |- ||225||[[Harold Larwood]]||26 June 1926||28 February 1933||21||28||3||485||98||19.39||4969||78|| 6/32||28.35 |- ||226||[[Ewart Astill]]||24 December 1927||12 April 1930||9||15||0||190||40||12.66||2182||25|| 4/58||34.24 |- ||227||[[Wally Hammond]]||24 December 1927||25 March 1947||85||140||16||7249|| 336*||58.45||7969||83|| 5/36||37.80 |- ||228||[[Geoffrey Legge]]||24 December 1927||24 February 1930||5||7||1||299||196||49.83||30||0|| -|| – |- ||229||[[Ian Peebles]]||24 December 1927||18 August 1931||13||17||8||98||26||10.88||2882||45|| 6/63||30.91 |- ||230||[[Rony Stanyforth]]||24 December 1927||1 February 1928||4||6||1||13|| 6*||2.60||0||0|| -|| – |- ||231||[[Bob Wyatt]]||24 December 1927||3 March 1937||40||64||6||1839||149||31.70||1395||18|| 3/4||35.66 |- ||232||[[Sam Staples (cricketer)|Sam Staples]]||21 January 1928||8 February 1928||3||5||0||65||39||13.00||1149||15|| 3/50||29.00 |- ||233||[[Eddie Dawson]]||4 February 1928||24 February 1930||5||9||0||175||55||19.44||0||0|| -|| – |- ||234||[[Harry Elliott (cricketer)|Harry Elliott]]||4 February 1928||13 February 1934||4||5||1||61|| 37*||15.25||0||0|| -|| – |- ||235||[[Douglas Jardine]]||4 February 1928||13 February 1934||22||33||6||1296||127||48.00||6||0|| -|| – |- ||236||[[Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1891)|Harry Smith]]||23 June 1928||26 June 1928||1||1||0||7||7||7.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||237||[[Maurice Leyland]]||11 August 1928||24 August 1938||41||65||5||2764||187||46.06||1103||6|| 3/91||97.50 |- ||238||[[Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji|Duleep]]||15 June 1929||18 August 1931||12||19||2||995||173||58.52||6||0|| -|| – |- ||239||[[Tom Killick]]||15 June 1929||2 July 1929||2||4||0||81||31||20.25||0||0|| -|| – |- ||240||[[Jack O'Connor (English cricketer)|Jack O'Connor]]||29 June 1929||12 April 1930||4||7||0||153||51||21.85||162||1|| 1/31||72.00 |- ||241||[[Walter Robins]]||29 June 1929||17 August 1937||19||27||4||612||108||26.60||3318||64|| 6/32||27.46 |- ||242||[[Ted Bowley]]||13 July 1929||24 February 1930||5||7||0||252||109||36.00||252||0|| -|| – |- ||243||[[Fred Barratt]]||27 July 1929||24 February 1930||5||4||1||28||17||9.33||750||5|| 1/8||47.00 |- ||244||[[Les Ames]]||17 August 1929||14 March 1939||47||72||12||2434||149||40.56||0||0|| -|| – |- ||245||[[Edward Clark (cricketer)|Nobby Clark]]||17 August 1929||22 August 1934||8||9||5||36||10||9.00||1931||32|| 5/98||28.09 |- ||246||[[Maurice Allom]]||10 January 1930||20 January 1931||5||3||2||14|| 8*||14.00||817||14|| 5/38||18.92 |- ||247||[[Tich Cornford]]||10 January 1930||24 February 1930||4||4||0||36||18||9.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||248||[[Harold Gilligan]]||10 January 1930||21 February 1930||4||4||0||71||32||17.75||0||0|| -|| – |- ||249||[[Stan Nichols]]||10 January 1930||22 August 1939||14||19||7||355|| 78*||29.58||2565||41|| 6/35||28.09 |- ||250||[[Maurice Turnbull]]||10 January 1930||30 June 1936||9||13||2||224||61||20.36||0||0|| -|| – |- ||251||[[Stan Worthington]]||10 January 1930||3 March 1937||9||11||0||321||128||29.18||633||8|| 2/19||39.50 |- ||252||[[Freddie Calthorpe|Hon. Frederick Calthorpe]]||11 January 1930||12 April 1930||4||7||0||129||49||18.42||204||1|| 1/38||91.00 |- ||253||[[Bill Voce]]||11 January 1930||7 January 1947||27||38||15||308||66||13.39||6360||98|| 7/70||27.88 |- ||254||[[Leslie Townsend]]||21 February 1930||13 February 1934||4||6||0||97||40||16.16||399||6|| 2/22||34.16 |- ||255||[[Gubby Allen]]||27 June 1930||1 April 1948||25||33||2||750||122||24.19||4386||81|| 7/80||29.37 |- ||256||[[Tom Goddard]]||25 July 1930||22 August 1939||8||5||3||13||8||6.50||1563||22|| 6/29||26.72 |- ||257||[[Bill Farrimond]]||13 February 1931||2 July 1935||4||7||0||116||35||16.57||0||0|| -|| – |- ||258||[[Harry Lee (cricketer)|Harry Lee]]||13 February 1931||17 February 1931||1||2||0||19||18||9.50||0||0|| -|| – |- ||259||[[John Arnold (cricketer)|John Arnold]]||27 June 1931||30 June 1931||1||2||0||34||34||17.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||260||[[Fred Bakewell]]||27 June 1931||20 August 1935||6||9||0||409||107||45.44||18||0|| -|| – |- ||261||[[Freddie Brown (cricketer)|Freddie Brown]]||29 July 1931||30 June 1953||22||30||1||734||79||25.31||3260||45|| 5/49||31.06 |- ||262||[[Hedley Verity]]||29 July 1931||27 June 1939||40||44||12||669|| 66*||20.90||11173||144|| 8/43||24.37 |- ||263||[[Eddie Paynter]]||15 August 1931||25 July 1939||20||31||5||1540||243||59.23||0||0|| -|| – |- ||264||[[Bill Bowes]]||25 June 1932||25 June 1946||15||11||5||28|| 10*||4.66||3655||68|| 6/33||22.33 |- ||265||[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr.]]³||15 December 1932||12 June 1934||3||5||0||144||102||28.80||0||0|| -|| – |- ||266||[[Thomas Mitchell (cricketer)|Thomas Mitchell]]||10 February 1933||2 July 1935||5||6||2||20||9||5.00||894||8|| 2/49||62.25 |- ||267||[[Cyril Walters]]||24 June 1933||22 August 1934||11||18||3||784||102||52.26||0||0|| -|| – |- ||268||[[James Langridge]]||22 July 1933||20 August 1946||8||9||0||242||70||26.88||1074||19|| 7/56||21.73 |- ||269||[[Charlie Barnett (cricketer)|Charlie Barnett]]||12 August 1933||15 June 1948||20||35||4||1098||129||35.41||256||0|| -|| – |- ||270||[[Charles Marriott]]||12 August 1933||15 August 1933||1||1||0||0||0||0.00||247||11|| 6/59||8.72 |- ||271||[[Arthur Mitchell (cricketer)|Arthur Mitchell]]||15 December 1933||30 June 1936||6||10||0||298||72||29.80||6||0|| -|| – |- ||272||[[Bryan Valentine]]||15 December 1933||14 March 1939||7||9||2||454||136||64.85||0||0|| -|| – |- ||273||[[Hopper Levett]]||5 January 1934||8 January 1934||1||2||1||7||5||7.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||274||[[Ken Farnes]]||8 June 1934||14 March 1939||15||17||5||58||20||4.83||3932||60|| 6/96||28.64 |- ||275||[[Len Hopwood]]||6 July 1934||24 July 1934||2||3||1||12||8||6.00||462||0|| -|| – |- ||276||[[Walter Keeton]]||20 July 1934||22 August 1939||2||4||0||57||25||14.25||0||0|| -|| – |- ||277||[[Eric Hollies]]||8 January 1935||25 July 1950||13||15||8||37|| 18*||5.28||3554||44|| 7/50||30.27 |- ||278||[[Errol Holmes]]||8 January 1935||2 July 1935||5||9||2||114|| 85*||16.28||108||2|| 1/10||38.00 |- ||279||[[Jack Iddon]]||8 January 1935||18 June 1935||5||7||1||170||73||28.33||66||0|| -|| – |- ||280||[[George Paine (cricketer)|George Paine]]||8 January 1935||18 March 1935||4||7||1||97||49||16.16||1044||17|| 5/168||27.47 |- ||281||[[Jim Smith (cricketer)|Jim Smith]]||8 January 1935||27 July 1937||5||10||0||102||27||10.19||930||15|| 5/16||26.19 |- ||282||[[David Townsend (cricketer)|David Townsend]]||24 January 1935||18 March 1935||3||6||0||77||36||12.83||6||0|| -|| – |- ||283||[[Mandy Mitchell-Innes]]||15 June 1935||18 June 1935||1||1||0||5||5||5.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||284||[[Wilf Barber]]||13 July 1935||30 July 1935||2||4||0||83||44||20.75||2||1|| 1/0||0.00 |- ||285||[[Joe Hardstaff Jr.]]||13 July 1935||15 June 1948||23||38||3||1636|| 205*||46.74||0||0|| -|| – |- ||286||[[Jim Sims]]||13 July 1935||7 January 1937||4||4||0||16||12||4.00||887||11|| 5/73||43.63 |- ||287||[[Denis Smith (cricketer)|Denis Smith]]||13 July 1935||30 July 1935||2||4||0||128||57||32.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||288||[[Johnnie Clay]]||17 August 1935||20 August 1935||1||0||0||0||0|| -||192||0|| -|| – |- ||289||[[Hopper Read]]||17 August 1935||20 August 1935||1||0||0||0||0|| -||270||6|| 4/136||33.33 |- ||290||[[Harold Gimblett]]||27 June 1936||27 June 1939||3||5||1||129|| 67*||32.25||0||0|| -|| – |- ||291||[[Arthur Fagg]]||25 July 1936||25 July 1939||5||8||0||150||39||18.75||0||0|| -|| – |- ||292||[[Laurie Fishlock]]||25 July 1936||5 March 1947||4||5||1||47|| 19*||11.75||0||0|| -|| – |- ||293||[[Alf Gover]]||25 July 1936||20 August 1946||4||1||1||2|| 2*|| -||816||8|| 3/85||44.87 |- ||294||[[Len Hutton|Sir Leonard Hutton]]||26 June 1937||28 March 1955||79||138||15||6971||364||56.67||260||3|| 1/2||77.33 |- ||295||[[Jim Parks senior]]||26 June 1937||29 June 1937||1||2||0||29||22||14.50||126||3|| 2/26||12.00 |- ||296||[[Arthur Wellard]]||24 July 1937||28 June 1938||2||4||0||47||38||11.75||456||7|| 4/81||33.85 |- ||297||[[Denis Compton]]||14 August 1937||5 March 1957||78||131||15||5807||278||50.06||2710||25|| 5/70||56.39 |- ||298||[[Austin Matthews]]||14 August 1937||17 August 1937||1||1||1||2|| 2*|| -||180||2|| 1/13||32.50 |- ||299||[[Cyril Washbrook]]||14 August 1937||28 August 1956||37||66||6||2569||195||42.81||36||1|| 1/25||33.00 |- ||300||[[Bill Edrich]]||10 June 1938||2 February 1955||39||63||2||2440||219||40.00||3234||41|| 4/68||41.29 |- ||301||[[Reg Sinfield]]||10 June 1938||14 June 1938||1||1||0||6||6||6.00||378||2|| 1/51||61.50 |- ||302||[[Doug Wright (cricketer)|Doug Wright]]||10 June 1938||28 March 1951||34||39||13||289||45||11.11||8135||108|| 7/105||39.11 |- ||303||[[Fred Price]]||22 July 1938||25 July 1938||1||2||0||6||6||3.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||304||[[Arthur Wood (cricketer, born 1898)|Arthur Wood]]||20 August 1938||22 August 1939||4||5||1||80||53||20.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||305||[[Paul Gibb]]||24 December 1938||4 December 1946||8||13||0||581||120||44.69||0||0|| -|| – |- ||306||[[Len Wilkinson]]||24 December 1938||22 February 1939||3||2||1||3||2||3.00||573||7|| 2/12||38.71 |- ||307||[[Norman Yardley]]||24 December 1938||25 July 1950||20||34||2||812||99||25.37||1662||21|| 3/67||33.66 |- ||308||[[Reg Perks]]||3 March 1939||22 August 1939||2||2||2||3|| 2*|| -||829||11|| 5/100||32.27 |- ||309||[[Bill Copson]]||24 June 1939||20 August 1947||3||1||0||6||6||6.00||762||15|| 5/85||19.80 |- ||310||[[Buddy Oldfield]]||19 August 1939||22 August 1939||1||2||0||99||80||49.50||0||0|| -|| – |} ==The post-war years (1946–1959)== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- ||311||[[Alec Bedser]]||22 June 1946||12 July 1955||51||71||15||714||79||12.75||15918||236|| 7/44||24.89 |- ||312||[[Jack Ikin]]||22 June 1946||17 August 1955||18||31||2||606||60||20.89||572||3|| 1/38||118.00 |- ||313||[[Frank Smailes]]||22 June 1946||25 June 1946||1||1||0||25||25||25.00||120||3|| 3/44||20.66 |- ||314||[[Dick Pollard]]||20 July 1946||27 July 1948||4||3||2||13|| 10*||13.00||1102||15|| 5/24||25.19 |- ||315||[[Godfrey Evans]]||17 August 1946||20 June 1959||91||133||14||2439||104||20.49||0||0|| -|| – |- ||316||[[Peter Smith (cricketer)|Peter Smith]]||17 August 1946||25 March 1947||4||5||0||33||24||6.59||538||3|| 2/172||106.33 |- ||317||[[Sam Cook]]||7 June 1947||11 June 1947||1||2||0||4||4||2.00||180||0|| -|| – |- ||318||[[Tom Dollery]]||7 June 1947||12 June 1950||4||7||0||72||37||10.28||0||0|| -|| – |- ||319||[[Jack Martin (cricketer)|Jack Martin]]||7 June 1947||11 June 1947||1||2||0||26||26||13.00||270||1|| 1/111||129.00 |- ||320||[[George Pope (cricketer)|George Pope]]||21 June 1947||25 June 1947||1||1||1||8|| 8*|| -||218||1|| 1/49||85.00 |- ||321||[[Ken Cranston]]||5 July 1947||27 July 1948||8||14||0||209||45||14.92||1010||18|| 4/12||25.61 |- ||322||[[Cliff Gladwin]]||5 July 1947||28 June 1949||8||11||5||170|| 51*||28.33||2129||15|| 3/21||38.06 |- ||323||[[Harold Butler (cricketer)|Harold Butler]]||26 July 1947||16 February 1948||2||2||1||15|| 15*||15.00||552||12|| 4/34||17.91 |- ||324||[[Jack Young (cricketer)|Jack Young]]||26 July 1947||28 June 1949||8||10||5||28|| 10*||5.59||2368||17|| 3/65||44.52 |- ||325||[[Dick Howorth]]||16 August 1947||1 April 1948||5||10||2||145|| 45*||18.12||1536||19|| 6/124||33.42 |- ||326||[[Jack Robertson]]||16 August 1947||10 February 1952||11||21||2||881||133||46.36||138||2|| 2/17||29.00 |- ||327||[[Dennis Brookes]]||21 January 1948||26 January 1948||1||2||0||17||10||8.50||0||0|| -|| – |- ||328||[[Jim Laker]]||21 January 1948||13 February 1959||46||63||15||676||63||14.08||12027||193|| 10/53||21.24 |- ||329||[[Winston Place]]||21 January 1948||1 April 1948||3||6||1||144||107||28.80||0||0|| -|| – |- ||330||[[Gerald Smithson]]||21 January 1948||16 February 1948||2||3||0||70||35||23.33||0||0|| -|| – |- ||331||[[Maurice Tremlett]]||21 January 1948||1 April 1948||3||5||2||20|| 18*||6.66||492||4|| 2/98||56.50 |- ||332||[[Billy Griffith]]||11 February 1948||9 March 1949||3||5||0||157||140||31.39||0||0|| -|| – |- ||333||[[Johnny Wardle]]||11 February 1948||22 June 1957||28||41||8||653||66||19.78||6597||102|| 7/36||20.39 |- ||334||[[Alec Coxon]]||24 June 1948||29 June 1948||1||2||0||19||19||9.50||378||3|| 2/90||57.33 |- ||335||[[Jack Crapp]]||8 July 1948||9 March 1949||7||13||2||319||56||29.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||336||[[George Emmett]]||8 July 1948||13 July 1948||1||2||0||10||10||5.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||337||[[John Dewes]]||14 August 1948||22 December 1950||5||10||0||121||67||12.09||0||0|| -|| – |- ||338||[[Allan Watkins]]||14 August 1948||19 July 1952||15||24||4||810|| 137*||40.50||1364||11|| 3/20||50.36 |- ||339||[[Roly Jenkins]]||16 December 1948||24 June 1952||9||12||1||198||39||18.00||2118||32|| 5/116||34.31 |- ||340||[[George Mann (cricketer)|George Mann]]||16 December 1948||28 June 1949||7||12||2||376|| 136*||37.60||0||0|| -|| – |- ||341||[[Reg Simpson]]||16 December 1948||28 March 1955||27||45||3||1401|| 156*||33.35||45||2|| 2/4||11.00 |- ||342||[[Trevor Bailey]]||11 June 1949||18 February 1959||61||91||14||2290|| 134*||29.74||9712||132|| 7/34||29.21 |- ||343||[[Alan Wharton]]||11 June 1949||14 June 1949||1||2||0||20||13||10.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||344||[[Brian Close]]||23 July 1949||13 July 1976||22||37||2||887||70||25.34||1212||18|| 4/35||29.55 |- ||345||[[Les Jackson]]||23 July 1949||8 July 1961||2||2||1||15||8||15.00||498||7|| 2/26||22.14 |- ||346||[[Bob Berry (cricketer)|Bob Berry]]||8 June 1950||29 June 1950||2||4||2||6|| 4*||3.00||653||9|| 5/63||25.33 |- ||347||[[Hubert Doggart]]||8 June 1950||29 June 1950||2||4||0||76||29||19.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||348||[[Gilbert Parkhouse]]||24 June 1950||28 July 1959||7||13||0||373||78||28.69||0||0|| -|| – |- ||349||[[Doug Insole]]||20 July 1950||4 June 1957||9||17||2||408|| 110*||27.19||0||0|| -|| – |- ||350||[[Derek Shackleton]]||20 July 1950||26 August 1963||7||13||7||113||42||18.83||2078||18|| 4/72||42.66 |- ||351||[[Malcolm Hilton]]||12 August 1950||10 February 1952||4||6||1||37||15||7.40||1244||14|| 5/61||34.07 |- ||352||[[Arthur McIntyre (cricketer, born 1918)|Arthur McIntyre]]||12 August 1950||26 July 1955||3||6||0||19||7||3.16||0||0|| -|| – |- ||353||[[David Sheppard|Rev. David Sheppard]]||12 August 1950||19 March 1963||22||33||2||1172||119||37.80||0||0|| -|| – |- ||354||[[John Warr]]||5 January 1951||8 February 1951||2||4||0||4||4||1.00||584||1|| 1/76||281.00 |- ||355||[[Roy Tattersall]]||2 February 1951||15 June 1954||16||17||7||50|| 10*||5.00||4228||58|| 7/52||26.08 |- ||356||[[Brian Statham]]||17 March 1951||31 August 1965||70||87||28||675||38||11.44||16056||252|| 7/39||24.84 |- ||357||[[Willie Watson (England cricketer)|Willie Watson]]||7 June 1951||18 March 1959||23||37||3||879||116||25.85||0||0|| -|| – |- ||358||[[Tom Graveney]]||5 July 1951||17 June 1969||79||123||13||4882||258||44.38||260||1|| 1/34||167.00 |- ||359||[[Don Brennan (Cricketer)|Don Brennan]]||26 July 1951||18 August 1951||2||2||0||16||16||8.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||360||[[Frank Lowson]]||26 July 1951||26 July 1955||7||13||0||245||68||18.84||0||0|| -|| – |- ||361||[[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]]||26 July 1951||22 August 1961||66||106||9||4537|| 285*||46.77||0||0|| -|| – |- ||362||[[Donald Carr]]||2 November 1951||10 February 1952||2||4||0||135||76||33.75||210||2|| 2/84||70.00 |- ||363||[[Nigel Howard]]||2 November 1951||14 January 1952||4||6||1||86||23||17.19||0||0|| -|| – |- ||364||[[Don Kenyon]]||2 November 1951||12 July 1955||8||15||0||192||87||12.80||0||0|| -|| – |- ||365||[[Fred Ridgway]]||2 November 1951||10 February 1952||5||6||0||49||24||8.16||793||7|| 4/83||54.14 |- ||366||[[Dick Spooner]]||2 November 1951||17 August 1955||7||14||1||354||92||27.23||0||0|| -|| – |- ||367||[[Eddie Leadbeater]]||14 December 1951||4 January 1952||2||2||0||40||38||20.00||289||2|| 1/38||109.00 |- ||368||[[Cyril Poole]]||30 December 1951||10 February 1952||3||5||1||161|| 69*||40.25||30||0|| -|| – |- ||369||[[Fred Trueman]]||5 June 1952||22 June 1965||67||85||14||981|| 39*||13.81||15178||307|| 8/31||21.57 |- ||370||[[Tony Lock]]||17 July 1952||3 April 1968||49||63||9||742||89||13.74||13147||174|| 7/35||25.58 |- ||371||[[Alan Moss]]||15 January 1954||11 July 1960||9||7||1||61||26||10.16||1657||21|| 4/35||29.80 |- ||372||[[Charles Palmer (cricketer)|Charles Palmer]]||6 February 1954||12 February 1954||1||2||0||22||22||11.00||30||0|| -|| – |- ||373||[[Bob Appleyard]]||1 July 1954||12 June 1956||9||9||6||51|| 19*||17.00||1596||31|| 5/51||17.87 |- ||374||[[Jim McConnon]]||22 July 1954||17 August 1954||2||3||1||18||11||9.00||216||4|| 3/19||18.50 |- ||375||[[Jim Parks junior]]||22 July 1954||5 March 1968||46||68||7||1962|| 108*||32.16||54||1|| 1/43||51.00 |- ||376||[[Peter Loader]]||12 August 1954||5 January 1959||13||19||6||76||17||5.84||2662||39|| 6/36||22.51 |- ||377||[[Frank Tyson]]||12 August 1954||18 March 1959||17||24||3||230|| 37*||10.95||3452||76|| 7/27||18.56 |- ||378||[[Keith Andrew]]||26 November 1954||10 June 1963||2||4||1||29||15||9.66||0||0|| -|| – |- ||379||[[Colin Cowdrey]]||26 November 1954||13 February 1975||114||188||15||7624||182||44.06||119||0|| -|| – |- ||380||[[Ken Barrington]]||9 June 1955||30 July 1968||82||131||15||6806||256||58.67||2715||29|| 3/4||44.82 |- ||381||[[Fred Titmus]]||23 June 1955||30 January 1975||53||76||11||1449|| 84*||22.29||15118||153|| 7/79||32.22 |- ||382||[[Peter Richardson (cricketer)|Peter Richardson]]||7 June 1956||9 July 1963||34||56||1||2061||126||37.47||120||3|| 2/10||16.00 |- ||383||[[Alan Oakman]]||12 July 1956||31 July 1956||2||2||0||14||10||7.00||48||0|| -|| – |- ||384||[[Donald Smith (cricketer)|Donald Smith]]||20 June 1957||27 July 1957||3||4||1||25|| 16*||8.33||270||1|| 1/12||97.00 |- ||385||[[Dick Richardson (cricketer)|Dick Richardson]]||4 July 1957||9 July 1957||1||1||0||33||33||33.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||386||[[M. J. K. Smith|MJK Smith]]||5 June 1958||18 July 1972||50||78||6||2278||121||31.63||214||1|| 1/10||128.00 |- ||387||[[Arthur Milton]]||3 July 1958||20 June 1959||6||9||1||204|| 104*||25.50||24||0|| -|| – |- ||388||[[Ted Dexter]]||24 July 1958||27 August 1968||62||102||8||4502||205||47.89||5317||66|| 4/10||34.93 |- ||389||[[Ray Illingworth]]||24 July 1958||27 August 1973||61||90||11||1836||113||23.24||11934||122|| 6/29||31.20 |- ||390||[[Raman Subba Row]]||24 July 1958||22 August 1961||13||22||1||984||137||46.85||6||0|| -|| – |- ||391||[[Roy Swetman]]||9 January 1959||15 March 1960||11||17||2||254||65||16.93||0||0|| -|| – |- ||392||[[John Mortimore (cricketer)|John Mortimore]]||13 February 1959||28 July 1964||9||12||2||243|| 73*||24.30||2162||13|| 3/36||56.38 |- ||393||[[Tommy Greenhough]]||4 June 1959||23 August 1960||4||4||1||4||2||1.33||1129||16|| 5/35||22.31 |- ||394||[[Martin Horton]]||4 June 1959||20 June 1959||2||2||0||60||58||30.00||238||2|| 2/24||29.50 |- ||395||[[Ken Taylor (cricketer)|Ken Taylor]]||4 June 1959||6 July 1964||3||5||0||57||24||11.40||12||0|| -|| – |- ||396||[[Geoff Pullar]]||2 July 1959||30 January 1963||28||49||4||1974||175||43.86||66||1|| 1/1||37.00 |- ||397||[[Harold Rhodes (cricketer)|Harold Rhodes]]||2 July 1959||28 July 1959||2||1||1||0|| 0*|| -||449||9|| 4/50||27.11 |} ==The 1960s== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- ||398||[[David Allen (cricketer)|David Allen]]||6 January 1960||4 June 1966||39||51||15||918||88||25.50||11297||122|| 5/30||30.97 |- ||399||[[Bob Barber]]||9 June 1960||11 June 1968||28||45||3||1495||185||35.59||3426||42|| 4/132||43.00 |- ||400||[[Peter Walker (cricketer)|Peter Walker]]||9 June 1960||11 July 1960||3||4||0||128||52||32.00||78||0|| -|| – |- ||401||[[Doug Padgett]]||21 July 1960||23 August 1960||2||4||0||51||31||12.75||12||0|| -|| – |- ||402||[[John Murray (cricketer)|John Murray]]||8 June 1961||1 August 1967||21||28||5||506||112||22.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||403||[[Jack Flavell]]||27 July 1961||6 July 1964||4||6||2||31||14||7.75||792||7|| 2/65||52.42 |- ||404||[[Alan Brown (cricketer)|Alan Brown]]||21 October 1961||16 November 1961||2||1||1||3|| 3*|| -||323||3|| 3/27||50.00 |- ||405||[[Eric Russell (cricketer)|Eric Russell]]||21 October 1961||1 August 1967||10||18||1||362||70||21.29||144||0|| -|| – |- ||406||[[Butch White]]||21 October 1961||7 February 1962||2||2||0||0||0||0.00||220||4|| 3/65||29.75 |- ||407||[[David Smith (Gloucestershire cricketer)|David Smith]]||11 November 1961||15 January 1962||5||5||1||38||34||9.50||972||6|| 2/60||59.83 |- ||408||[[Barry Knight (cricketer)|Barry Knight]]||1 December 1961||12 August 1969||29||38||7||812||127||26.19||5377||70|| 4/38||31.75 |- ||409||[[Geoff Millman]]||30 December 1961||23 June 1962||6||7||2||60|| 32*||12.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||410||[[Peter Parfitt]]||30 December 1961||16 August 1972||37||52||6||1882|| 131*||40.91||1326||12|| 2/5||47.83 |- ||411||[[Len Coldwell]]||21 June 1962||23 June 1964||7||7||5||9|| 6*||4.50||1668||22|| 6/85||27.72 |- ||412||[[Micky Stewart]]||21 June 1962||26 January 1964||8||12||1||385||87||35.00||0||0|| -|| – |- ||413||[[David Larter]]||16 August 1962||9 August 1965||10||7||2||16||10||3.20||2172||37|| 5/57||25.43 |- ||414||[[Alan Smith (cricketer)|Alan Smith]]||30 November 1962||19 March 1963||6||7||3||118|| 69*||29.50||0||0|| -|| – |- ||415||[[John Edrich]]||6 June 1963||13 July 1976||77||127||9||5138|| 310*||43.54||30||0|| -|| – |- ||416||[[Phil Sharpe (cricketer)|Phil Sharpe]]||4 July 1963||26 August 1969||12||21||4||786||111||46.23||0||0|| -|| – |- ||417||[[Brian Bolus]]||25 July 1963||20 February 1964||7||12||0||496||88||41.33||18||0|| -|| – |- ||418||[[Don Wilson (cricketer)|Don Wilson]]||10 January 1964||1 March 1971||6||7||1||75||42||12.50||1472||11|| 2/17||42.36 |- ||419||[[Jimmy Binks]]||21 January 1964||3 February 1964||2||4||0||91||55||22.75||0||0|| -|| – |- ||420||[[Jeff Jones (cricketer)|Jeff Jones]]||21 January 1964||3 April 1968||15||17||9||38||16||4.75||3546||44|| 6/118||40.20 |- ||421||[[John Price (England cricketer)|John Price]]||21 January 1964||26 June 1972||15||15||6||66||32||7.33||2724||40|| 5/73||35.02 |- ||422||[[Geoffrey Boycott]]||4 June 1964||6 January 1982||108||193||23||8114|| 246*||47.72||944||7|| 3/47||54.57 |- ||423||[[Norman Gifford]]||18 June 1964||26 June 1973||15||20||9||179|| 25*||16.27||3084||33|| 5/55||31.09 |- ||424||[[Tom Cartwright]]||23 July 1964||9 August 1965||5||7||2||26||9||5.20||1611||15|| 6/94||36.26 |- ||425||[[Fred Rumsey]]||23 July 1964||27 July 1965||5||5||3||30|| 21*||15.00||1145||17|| 4/25||27.11 |- ||426||[[Ian Thomson (cricketer)|Ian Thomson]]||4 December 1964||17 February 1965||5||4||1||69||39||23.00||1488||9|| 2/55||63.11 |- ||427||[[Ken Palmer]]||12 February 1965||17 February 1965||1||1||0||10||10||10.00||378||1|| 1/113||189.00 |- ||428||[[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]]||17 June 1965||27 July 1976||49||71||14||772||73||13.54||12021||202|| 7/40||26.66 |- ||429||[[David Brown (cricketer born 1942)|David Brown]]||22 July 1965||28 July 1969||26||34||5||342|| 44*||11.79||5098||79|| 5/42||28.31 |- ||430||[[Ken Higgs]]||26 August 1965||11 June 1968||15||19||3||185||63||11.56||4112||71|| 6/91||20.74 |- || 431 || [[Colin Milburn]] || 2 June 1966 || 10 March 1969 || 9 || 16 || 2 || 654 || 139 || 46.71 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 432 || [[Basil D'Oliveira]] || 16 June 1966 || 16 August 1972 || 44 || 70 || 8 || 2484 || 158 || 40.06 || 5706 || 47 || 3/46 || 39.55 |- || 433 || [[Derek Underwood]] || 30 June 1966 || 21 February 1982 || 86 || 116 || 35 || 937 || 45* || 11.56 || 21862 || 297 || 8/51 || 25.83 |- || 434 || [[Dennis Amiss]] || 18 August 1966 || 12 July 1977 || 50 || 88 || 10 || 3612 || 262* || 46.30 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 435 || [[Robin Hobbs]] || 8 June 1967 || 13 July 1971 || 7 || 8 || 3 || 34 || 15* || 6.79 || 1291 || 12 || 3/25 || 40.08 |- || 436 || [[Geoff Arnold]] || 10 August 1967 || 14 July 1975 || 34 || 46 || 11 || 421 || 59 || 12.02 || 7650 || 115 || 6/45 || 28.29 |- || 437 || [[Alan Knott]] || 10 August 1967 || 1 September 1981 || 95 || 149 || 15 || 4389 || 135 || 32.75 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 438 || [[Pat Pocock]] || 29 February 1968 || 5 February 1985 || 25 || 37 || 4 || 206 || 33 || 6.24 || 6650 || 67 || 6/79 || 44.41 |- || 439 || [[Keith Fletcher]] || 25 July 1968 || 21 February 1982 || 59 || 96 || 14 || 3272 || 216 || 39.90 || 285 || 2 || 1/6 || 96.50 |- || 440 || [[Roger Prideaux]] || 25 July 1968 || 3 March 1969 || 3 || 6 || 1 || 102 || 64 || 20.39 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 441 || [[Bob Cottam]] || 21 February 1969 || 4 January 1973 || 4 || 5 || 1 || 27 || 13 || 6.75 || 903 || 14 || 4/50 || 23.35 |- || 442 || [[John Hampshire]] || 26 June 1969 || 19 August 1975 || 8 || 16 || 1 || 403 || 107 || 26.86 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 443 || [[Alan Ward]] || 24 July 1969 || 27 July 1976 || 5 || 6 || 1 || 40 || 21 || 8.00 || 761 || 14 || 4/61 || 32.35 |- || 444 || [[Mike Denness]] || 21 August 1969 || 14 July 1975 || 28 || 45 || 3 || 1667 || 188 || 39.69 || 0 || 0 || – || – |} ==The 1970s== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- || 445 || [[Brian Luckhurst]] || 27 November 1970 || 17 December 1974 || 21 || 41 || 5 || 1298 || 131 || 36.05 || 57 || 1 || 1/9 || 32.00 |- || 446 || [[Ken Shuttleworth (cricketer)|Ken Shuttleworth]] || 27 November 1970 || 8 June 1971 || 5 || 6 || 0 || 46 || 21 || 7.66 || 1071 || 12 || 5/47 || 35.58 |- || 447 || [[Peter Lever]] || 11 December 1970 || 5 August 1975 || 17 || 18 || 2 || 350 || 88* || 21.87 || 3571 || 41 || 6/38 || 36.80 |- || 448 || [[Bob Willis]] || 9 January 1971 || 16 July 1984 || 90 || 128 || 55 || 840 || 28* || 11.50 || 17357 || 325 || 8/43 || 25.19 |- || 449 || [[Bob Taylor (cricketer)|Bob Taylor]] || 25 February 1971 || 24 March 1984 || 57 || 83 || 12 || 1156 || 97 || 16.28 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 450 || [[Richard Anthony Hutton|Richard Hutton]] || 17 June 1971 || 24 August 1971 || 5 || 8 || 2 || 219 || 81 || 36.50 || 738 || 9 || 3/72 || 28.55 |- || 451 || [[John Jameson (cricketer)|John Jameson]] || 5 August 1971 || 11 March 1974 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 214 || 82 || 26.75 || 42 || 1 || 1/17 || 17.00 |- || 452 || [[Tony Greig]] || 8 June 1972 || 30 August 1977 || 58 || 93 || 4 || 3599 || 148 || 40.43 || 9802 || 141 || 8/86 || 32.20 |- || 453 || [[Barry Wood (cricketer)|Barry Wood]] || 10 August 1972 || 5 June 1978 || 12 || 21 || 0 || 454 || 90 || 21.61 || 98 || 0 || – || – |- || 454 || [[Tony Lewis]] || 20 December 1972 || 12 June 1973 || 9 || 16 || 2 || 457 || 125 || 32.64 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 455 || [[Chris Old]] || 30 December 1972 || 2 August 1981 || 46 || 66 || 9 || 845 || 65 || 14.82 || 8858 || 143 || 7/50 || 28.11 |- || 456 || [[Jack Birkenshaw]] || 25 January 1973 || 5 April 1974 || 5 || 7 || 0 || 148 || 64 || 21.14 || 1017 || 13 || 5/57 || 36.07 |- || 457 || [[Graham Roope]] || 25 January 1973 || 1 August 1978 || 21 || 32 || 4 || 860 || 77 || 30.71 || 172 || 0 || – || – |- || 458 || [[Frank Hayes (cricketer)|Frank Hayes]] || 26 July 1973 || 27 July 1976 || 9 || 17 || 1 || 244 || 106* || 15.25 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 459 || [[Mike Hendrick]] || 6 June 1974 || 1 September 1981 || 30 || 35 || 15 || 128 || 15 || 6.40 || 6208 || 87 || 4/28 || 25.83 |- || 460 || [[David Lloyd (cricketer)|David Lloyd]] || 20 June 1974 || 30 January 1975 || 9 || 15 || 2 || 552 || 214* || 42.46 || 24 || 0 || – || – |- ||461||[[Graham Gooch]]||10 July 1975||7 February 1995||118||215||6||8900||333||42.58||2655||23|| 3/39||46.47 |- ||462||[[David Steele (cricketer)|David Steele]]||31 July 1975||17 August 1976||8||16||0||673||106||42.06||88||2|| 1/1||19.50 |- ||463||[[Bob Woolmer]]||31 July 1975||7 July 1981||19||34||2||1059||149||33.09||546||4|| 1/8||74.75 |- ||464||[[Phil Edmonds]]||14 August 1975||11 August 1987||51||65||15||875||64||17.50||12028||125|| 7/66||34.18 |- ||465||[[Mike Brearley]]||3 June 1976||1 September 1981||39||66||3||1442||91||22.88||0||0|| -|| – |- ||466||[[Mike Selvey]]||8 July 1976||16 February 1977||3||5||3||15|| 5*||7.50||492||6|| 4/41||57.16 |- ||467||[[Chris Balderstone]]||22 July 1976||17 August 1976||2||4||0||39||35||9.75||96||1|| 1/80||80.00 |- ||468||[[Peter Willey]]||22 July 1976||29 July 1986||26||50||6||1184|| 102*||26.90||1091||7|| 2/73||65.14 |- ||469||[[Geoff Miller]]||12 August 1976||3 July 1984||34||51||4||1213|| 98*||25.80||5149||60|| 5/44||30.98 |- ||470||[[Graham Barlow]]||17 December 1976||21 June 1977||3||5||1||17|| 7*||4.25||0||0|| -|| – |- ||471||[[John Lever]]||17 December 1976||23 June 1986||21||31||5||306||53||11.76||4433||73|| 7/46||26.72 |- ||472||[[Derek Randall]]||1 January 1977||18 June 1984||47||79||5||2470||174||33.37||16||0|| -|| – |- ||473||[[Roger Tolchard]]||1 January 1977||16 February 1977||4||7||2||129||67||25.80||0||0|| -|| – |- ||474||[[Ian Botham]]||28 July 1977||21 June 1992||102||161||6||5200||208||33.54||21815||383|| 8/34||28.40 |- ||475||[[Geoff Cope]]||14 December 1977||23 January 1978||3||3||0||40||22||13.33||864||8|| 3/102||34.62 |- ||476||[[Brian Rose (cricketer)|Brian Rose]]||14 December 1977||18 February 1981||9||16||2||358||70||25.57||0||0|| -|| – |- ||477||[[Mike Gatting]]||18 January 1978||7 February 1995||79||138||14||4409||207||35.55||752||4|| 1/14||79.25 |- ||478||[[Clive Radley]]||24 February 1978||28 August 1978||8||10||0||481||158||48.10||0||0|| -|| – |- ||479||[[David Gower]]||1 June 1978||9 August 1992||117||204||18||8231||215||44.25||36||1|| 1/1||20.00 |- ||480||[[John Emburey]]||24 August 1978||30 July 1995||64||96||20||1713||75||22.53||15391||147|| 7/78||38.40 |- ||481||[[David Bairstow]]||30 August 1979||18 March 1981||4||7||1||125||59||20.83||0||0|| -|| – |- ||482||[[Alan Butcher]]||30 August 1979||4 September 1979||1||2||0||34||20||17.00||12||0|| -|| – |- ||483||[[Graham Dilley]]||14 December 1979||11 July 1989||41||58||19||521||56||13.35||8192||138|| 6/38||29.76 |} ==The 1980s== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="14"| English Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- ||484||[[Wayne Larkins]]||1 February 1980||8 January 1991||13||25||1||493||64||20.54||0||0|| -|| – |- ||485||[[Graham Stevenson]]||15 February 1980||1 April 1981||2||2||1||28|| 27*||28.00||312||5|| 3/111||36.60 |- ||486||[[Chris Tavaré]]||5 June 1980||11 July 1989||31||56||2||1755||149||32.50||30||0|| -|| – |- ||487||[[Bill Athey]]||28 August 1980||26 July 1988||23||41||1||919||123||22.97||0||0|| -|| – |- ||488||[[Paul Downton]]||13 February 1981||5 July 1988||30||48||8||785||74||19.62||0||0|| -|| – |- ||489||[[Roland Butcher]]||13 March 1981||15 April 1981||3||5||0||71||32||14.19||0||0|| -|| – |- ||490||[[Robin Jackman]]||13 March 1981||31 August 1982||4||6||0||42||17||7.00||1070||14|| 4/110||31.78 |- ||491||[[Paul Allott]]||13 August 1981||6 August 1985||13||18||3||213|| 52*||14.19||2225||26|| 6/61||41.69 |- ||492||[[Paul Parker (cricketer)|Paul Parker]]||27 August 1981||1 September 1981||1||2||0||13||13||6.50||0||0|| -|| – |- ||493||[[Geoff Cook]]||17 February 1982||7 January 1983||7||13||0||203||66||15.61||42||0|| -|| – |- ||494||[[Allan Lamb]]||10 June 1982||21 June 1992||79||139||10||4656||142||36.09||30||1|| 1/6||23.00 |- ||495||[[Derek Pringle]]||10 June 1982||9 August 1992||30||50||4||695||63||15.10||5287||70|| 5/95||35.97 |- ||496||[[Ian Greig]]||29 July 1982||16 August 1982||2||4||0||26||14||6.50||188||4|| 4/53||28.50 |- ||497||[[Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)|Eddie Hemmings]]||29 July 1982||8 January 1991||16||21||4||383||95||22.52||4437||43|| 6/58||42.44 |- ||498||[[Graeme Fowler]]||26 August 1982||5 February 1985||21||37||0||1307||201||35.32||18||0|| -|| – |- ||499||[[Vic Marks]]||26 August 1982||24 March 1984||6||10||1||249||83||27.66||1082||11|| 3/78||44.00 |- ||500||[[Norman Cowans]]||12 November 1982||18 June 1985||19||29||7||175||36||7.95||3452||51|| 6/77||39.27 |- || 501 || [[Nick Cook (cricketer)|Nick Cook]] || 11 August 1983 || 29 August 1989 || 15 || 25 || 4 || 179 || 31 || 8.52 || 4174 || 52 || 6/65 || 32.48 |- || 502 || [[Neil Foster]] || 11 August 1983 || 21 June 1993 || 29 || 45 || 7 || 446 || 39 || 11.73 || 6261 || 88 || 8/107 || 32.85 |- || 503 || [[Chris Smith (cricketer)|Chris Smith]] || 11 August 1983 || 23 June 1986 || 8 || 14 || 1 || 392 || 91 || 30.15 || 102 || 3 || 2/31 || 13.00 |- || 504 || [[Tony Pigott]] || 3 February 1984 || 5 February 1984 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 12 || 8* || 12.00 || 102 || 2 || 2/75 || 37.50 |- || 505 || [[Andy Lloyd (cricketer)|Andy Lloyd]] || 14 June 1984 || 18 June 1984 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 10 || 10* || – || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 506 || [[Chris Broad]] || 28 June 1984 || 27 June 1989 || 25 || 44 || 2 || 1661 || 162 || 39.54 || 6 || 0 || – || – |- || 507 || [[Paul Terry (cricketer)|Paul Terry]] || 12 July 1984 || 31 July 1984 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 16 || 8 || 5.33 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 508 || [[Jonathan Agnew]] || 9 August 1984 || 6 August 1985 || 3 || 4 || 3 || 10 || 5 || 10.00 || 552 || 4 || 2/51 || 93.25 |- || 509 || [[Richard Ellison (cricketer)|Richard Ellison]] || 9 August 1984 || 10 June 1986 || 11 || 16 || 1 || 202 || 41 || 13.46 || 2264 || 35 || 6/77 || 29.94 |- || 510 || [[Chris Cowdrey]] || 28 November 1984 || 26 July 1988 || 6 || 8 || 1 || 101 || 38 || 14.42 || 399 || 4 || 2/65 || 77.25 |- || 511 || [[Tim Robinson (cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] || 28 November 1984 || 1 August 1989 || 29 || 49 || 5 || 1601 || 175 || 36.38 || 6 || 0 || – || – |- || 512 || [[Arnie Sidebottom]] || 11 July 1985 || 16 July 1985 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 2.00 || 112 || 1 || 1/65 || 65.00 |- || 513 || [[Les Taylor (cricketer)|Les Taylor]] || 15 August 1985 || 2 September 1985 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1* || – || 381 || 4 || 2/34 || 44.50 |- || 514 || [[David Smith (Surrey, Sussex and Worcestershire cricketer)|David Smith]] || 21 February 1986 || 5 April 1986 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 80 || 47 || 20.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 515 || [[Greg Thomas]] || 21 February 1986 || 12 August 1986 || 5 || 10 || 4 || 83 || 31* || 13.83 || 774 || 10 || 4/70 || 50.39 |- || 516 || [[Wilf Slack]] || 7 March 1986 || 23 June 1986 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 81 || 52 || 13.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 517 || [[Bruce French (cricketer)|Bruce French]] || 19 June 1986 || 7 March 1988 || 16 || 21 || 4 || 308 || 59 || 18.11 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 518 || [[Mark Benson]] || 3 July 1986 || 8 July 1986 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 51 || 30 || 25.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 519 || [[Neal Radford]] || 3 July 1986 || 29 February 1988 || 3 || 4 || 1 || 21 || 12* || 7.00 || 678 || 4 || 2/131 || 87.75 |- || 520 || [[Martyn Moxon]] || 24 July 1986 || 14 August 1989 || 10 || 17 || 1 || 455 || 99 || 28.43 || 48 || 0 || – || – |- || 521 || [[Gladstone Small]] || 7 August 1986 || 5 February 1991 || 17 || 24 || 7 || 263 || 59 || 15.47 || 3927 || 55 || 5/48 || 34.01 |- || 522 || [[Phillip DeFreitas]] || 14 November 1986 || 11 June 1995 || 44 || 68 || 5 || 934 || 88 || 14.82 || 9838 || 140 || 7/70 || 33.57 |- || 523 || [[Jack Richards]] || 14 November 1986 || 8 August 1988 || 8 || 13 || 0 || 285 || 133 || 21.92 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 524 || [[James Whitaker (cricketer)|James Whitaker]] || 12 December 1986 || 16 December 1986 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 11 || 11 || 11.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 525 || [[Neil Fairbrother]] || 4 June 1987 || 18 March 1993 || 10 || 15 || 1 || 219 || 83 || 15.64 || 12 || 0 || – || – |- || 526 || [[David Capel]] || 2 June 1987 || 16 April 1990 || 15 || 25 || 1 || 374 || 98 || 15.58 || 2000 || 21 || 3/88 || 50.66 |- || 527 || [[Paul Jarvis]] || 12 February 1988 || 18 March 1993 || 9 || 15 || 2 || 132 || 29* || 10.15 || 1912 || 21 || 4/107 || 45.95 |- || 528 || [[John Childs (cricketer)|John Childs]] || 30 June 1988 || 8 August 1988 || 2 || 4 || 4 || 2 || 2* || – || 516 || 3 || 1/13 || 61.00 |- || 529 || [[Tim Curtis]] || 21 July 1988 || 14 August 1989 || 5 || 9 || 0 || 140 || 41 || 15.55 || 18 || 0 || – || – |- || 530 || [[Robin Smith (cricketer)|Robin Smith]] || 21 July 1988 || 4 January 1996 || 62 || 112 || 15 || 4236 || 175 || 43.67 || 24 || 0 || – || – |- || 531 || [[Rob Bailey (cricketer)|Rob Bailey]] || 4 August 1988 || 16 April 1990 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 119 || 43 || 14.87 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 532 || [[Matthew Maynard]] || 4 August 1988 || 24 February 1994 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 87 || 35 || 10.87 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 533 || [[Kim Barnett]] || 25 August 1988 || 11 July 1989 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 207 || 80 || 29.57 || 36 || 0 || – || – |- || 534 || [[David Lawrence (cricketer)|David Lawrence]] || 25 August 1988 || 10 February 1992 || 5 || 6 || 0 || 60 || 34 || 10.00 || 1089 || 18 || 5/106 || 37.55 |- || 535 || [[Phil Newport]] || 25 August 1988 || 5 February 1991 || 3 || 5 || 1 || 110 || 40* || 27.50 || 669 || 10 || 4/87 || 41.70 |- || 536 || [[Jack Russell (cricketer and artist)|Jack Russell]] || 25 August 1988 || 24 March 1998 || 54 || 86 || 16 || 1897 || 128* || 27.10 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || 537 || [[Angus Fraser]] || 6 July 1989 || 29 December 1998 || 46 || 67 || 15 || 388 || 32 || 7.46 || 10876 || 177 || 8/53 || 27.32 |- || 538 || [[Mike Atherton]] || 10 August 1989 || 27 August 2001 || 115 || 212 || 7 || 7728 || 185* || 37.69 || 408 || 2 || 1/20 || 151.00 |- || 539 || [[Devon Malcolm]] || 10 August 1989 || 23 August 1997 || 40 || 58 || 19 || 236 || 29 || 6.05 || 8480 || 128 || 9/57 || 37.09 |- || 540 || [[Alan Igglesden]] || 24 August 1989 || 22 March 1994 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 6 || 3* || 3.00 || 555 || 6 || 2/91 || 54.83 |- || 541 || [[John Stephenson (cricketer, born 1965)|John Stephenson]] || 24 August 1989 || 29 August 1989 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 36 || 25 || 18.00 || 0 || 0 || – || – |} ==The 1990s== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan=4 | English Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||542||[[Nasser Hussain]]||1990–2004||96||171||16||5764||207||37.19||30||-||15||-||-||-||67||- |- ||543||[[Alec Stewart]]||1990–2003||133||235||21||8463||190||39.55||20||-||13||-||-||-||263||14 |- ||544||[[Chris Lewis (cricketer)|Chris Lewis]]||1990–1996||32||51||3||1105||117||23.02||6852||220||3490||93||6/111||37.53||25||- |- ||545||[[John Morris (cricketer)|John Morris]]||1990||3||5||2||71||32||23.67||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||546||[[Neil Williams (cricketer)|Neil Williams]]||1990||1||1||-||38||38||38.00||246||5||148||2||2/148||74.00||-||- |- ||547||[[Phil Tufnell]]||1990–2001||42||59||29||153||22*||5.10||11288||505||4560||121||7/47||37.69||12||- |- ||548||[[Graeme Hick]]||1991–2001||65||114||6||3383||178||31.32||3057||128||1306||23||4/126||56.78||90||- |- ||549||[[Mark Ramprakash]]||1991–2002||52||92||6||2350||154||27.33||895||16||477||4||1/2||119.25||39||- |- ||550||[[Steve Watkin]]||1991–1993||3||5||-||25||13||5.00||534||17||305||11||4/65||27.73||1||- |- ||551||[[Richard Illingworth]]||1991–1995||9||14||7||128||28||18.29||1485||77||615||19||4/96||32.37||5||- |- ||552||[[Hugh Morris (cricketer)|Hugh Morris]]||1991||3||6||-||115||44||19.17||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||553||[[Dermot Reeve]]||1992||3||5||-||124||59||24.80||149||8||60||2||1/4||30.00||1||- |- ||554||[[Ian Salisbury]]||1992–2000||15||25||3||368||50||16.73||2492||50||1539||20||4/163||76.95||5||- |- ||555||[[Tim Munton]]||1992||2||2||1||25||25*||25.00||405||15||200||4||2/22||50.00||-||- |- ||556||[[Neil Mallender]]||1992||2||3||-||8||4||2.67||449||20||215||10||5/50||21.50||-||- |- ||557||[[Paul Taylor (cricketer)|Paul Taylor]]||1993–1994||2||4||2||34||17*||17.00||288||9||156||3||1/18||52.00||-||- |- ||558||[[Richard Blakey]]||1993||2||4||-||7||6||1.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||559||[[Andrew Caddick]]||1993–2003||62||95||12||861||49*||10.37||13558||501||6999||234||7/46||29.91||21||- |- ||560||[[Peter Such]]||1993–1999||11||16||5||67||14*||6.09||3124||135||1242||37||6/67||33.57||4||- |- ||561||[[Mark Ilott]]||1993–1995||5||6||2||28||15||7.00||1042||38||542||12||3/48||45.17||-||- |- ||562||[[Mark Lathwell]]||1993||2||4||-||78||33||19.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||563||[[Martin McCague]]||1993–1994||3||5||-||21||11||4.20||593||17||390||6||4/121||65.00||1||- |- ||564||[[Graham Thorpe]]||1993–2005||100||179||28||6744||200*||44.66||138||7||37||-||-||-||105||- |- ||565||[[Martin Bicknell]]||1993–2003||4||7||-||45||15||6.43||1080||39||543||14||4/84||38.79||2||- |- ||566||[[Steve Rhodes]]||1994–1995||11||17||5||294||65*||24.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||46||3 |- ||567||[[Craig White]]||1994–2002||30||50||7||1052||121||24.47||3959||119||2220||59||5/32||37.63||14||- |- ||568||[[Darren Gough]]||1994–2003||58||86||18||855||65||12.57||11821||369||6503||229||6/42||28.40||13||- |- ||569||[[John Crawley]]||1994–2003||37||61||9||1800||156*||34.62||-||-||-||-||-||-||29||- |- ||570||[[Joey Benjamin]]||1994||1||1||-||0||||0.00||168||3||80||4||4/42||20.00||-||- |- ||571||[[Peter Martin (cricketer)|Peter Martin]]||1995–1997||8||13||-||115||29||8.85||1452||73||580||17||4/60||34.12||6||- |- ||572||[[Dominic Cork]]||1995–2002||37||56||8||864||59||18.00||7678||264||3906||131||7/43||29.82||18||- |- ||573||[[Jason Gallian]]||1995||3||6||-||74||28||12.33||84||1||62||-||-||-||1||- |- ||574||[[Nick Knight]]||1995–2001||17||30||-||719||113||23.97||-||-||-||-||-||-||26||- |- ||575||[[Mike Watkinson]]||1995–1996||4||6||1||167||82*||33.40||672||24||348||10||3/64||34.80||1||- |- ||576||[[Alan Wells]]||1995||1||2||1||3||3*||3.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||577||[[Ronnie Irani]]||1996–1999||3||5||-||86||41||17.20||192||10||112||3||1/22||37.33||2||- |- ||578||[[Alan Mullally]]||1996–2001||19||27||4||127||24||5.52||4525||213||1812||58||5/105||31.24||6||- |- ||579||[[Min Patel]]||1996||2||2||-||45||27||22.50||276||8||180||1||1/101||180.00||2||- |- ||580||[[Mark Ealham]]||1996–1998||8||13||3||210||53*||21.00||1060||43||488||17||4/21||28.71||4||- |- ||581||[[Simon Brown (cricketer)|Simon Brown]]||1996||1||2||1||11||10*||11.00||198||4||138||2||1/60||69.00||1||- |- ||582||[[Robert Croft]]||1996–2001||21||34||8||421||37*||16.19||4619||195||1825||49||5/95||37.24||10||- |- ||583||[[Chris Silverwood]]||1996–2002||6||7||3||29||10||7.25||828||27||444||11||5/91||40.36||2||- |- ||584||[[Mark Butcher]]||1997–2004||71||131||7||4288||173*||34.58||901||27||541||15||4/42||36.07||61||- |- ||585||[[Dean Headley]]||1997–1999||15||26||4||186||31||8.45||3026||82||1671||60||6/60||27.85||7||- |- ||586||[[Andrew Michael Smith|Mike Smith]]||1997||1||2||1||4||4*||4.00||138||2||89||-||-||-||-||- |- ||587||[[Adam Hollioake]]||1997–1998||4||6||-||65||45||10.83||144||2||67||2||2/31||33.50||4||- |- ||588||[[Ben Hollioake]]||1997–1998||2||4||-||44||28||11.00||252||4||199||4||2/105||49.75||2||- |- ||589||[[Steve James (cricketer)|Steve James]]||1998||2||4||-||71||36||17.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||590||[[Ashley Giles]]||1998–2006||54||81||13||1421||59||20.89||12180||397||5806||143||5/57||40.60||33||- |- ||591||[[Andrew Flintoff]]||1998–2009||78⁴||128||9||3795||167||31.89||14747||502||7303||219||5/58||33.34||52||- |- ||592||[[Alex Tudor]]||1998–2002||10||16||4||229||99*||19.08||1512||51||963||28||5/44||34.39||3||- |- ||593||[[Warren Hegg]]||1998–1999||2||4||-||30||15||7.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||- |- ||594||[[Aftab Habib]]||1999||2||3||-||26||19||8.67||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||595||[[Chris Read]]||1999–2007||15||23||4||360||55||18.94||-||-||-||-||-||-||48||6 |- ||596||[[Ed Giddins]]||1999–2000||4||7||3||10||7||2.50||444||21||240||12||5/15||20.00||-||- |- ||597||[[Darren Maddy]]||1999–2000||3||4||-||46||24||11.50||84||1||40||-||-||-||4||- |- ||598||[[Chris Adams (cricketer)|Chris Adams]]||1999–2000||5||8||-||104||31||13.00||120||5||59||1||1/42||59.00||6||- |- ||599||[[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]]||1999||1||2||-||0||||0.00||90||1||63||-||-||-||-||- |- ||600||[[Michael Vaughan]]||1999–2008||82||147||9||5719||197||41.44||978||21||561||6||2/71||93.50||44||- |} ==The 2000s== {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan=4 | English Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||601||[[Chris Schofield]]||2000||2||3||-||67||57||22.33||108||2||73||-||-||-||-||- |- ||602||[[Matthew Hoggard]]||2000–2008||67||92||27||473||38||7.27||13909||493||7564||248||7/61||30.50||24||- |- ||603||[[Marcus Trescothick]]||2000–2006||76||143||10||5825||219||43.79||300||6||155||1||1/34||155.00||95||- |- ||604||[[Ryan Sidebottom]]||2001–2010||22||31||11||313||31||15.65||4812||188||2231||79||7/47||28.24||5||- |- ||605||[[Ian Ward (cricketer)|Ian Ward]]||2001||5||9||1||129||39||16.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||606||[[Usman Afzaal]]||2001||3||6||1||83||54||16.60||54||-||49||1||1/49||49.00||-||- |- ||607||[[James Ormond]]||2001||2||4||1||38||18||12.67||372||12||185||2||1/70||92.50||-||- |- ||608||[[Richard Dawson (cricketer)|Richard Dawson]]||2001–2003||7||13||3||114||19*||11.40||1116||20||677||11||4/134||61.55||3||- |- ||609||[[James Foster (cricketer)|James Foster]]||2001–2002||7||12||3||226||48||25.11||-||-||-||-||-||-||17||1 |- ||610||[[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]]||2002–2005||18||18||5||205||44||15.77||2821||78||1666||59||6/53||28.24||4||- |- ||611||[[Steve Harmison]]||2002–2009||62⁴||84||23||742||49*||12.16||13192||426||7091||222||7/12||31.94||7||- |- ||612||[[Robert Key (cricketer)|Robert Key]]||2002–2005||15||26||1||775||221||31.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- ||613||[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]||2003–||77||103||38||709||34||10.90||16943||654||8754||288||7/43||30.39||43||- |- ||614||[[Anthony McGrath]]||2003||4||5||-||201||81||40.20||102||1||56||4||3/16||14.00||3||- |- ||615||[[Richard Johnson (cricketer, born 1974)|Richard Johnson]]||2003||3||4||-||59||26||14.75||547||25||275||16||6/33||17.19||-||- |- ||616||[[James Kirtley]]||2003||4||7||1||32||12||5.33||1079||50||561||19||6/34||29.53||3||- |- ||617||[[Ed Smith (cricketer)|Ed Smith]]||2003||3||5||-||87||64||17.40||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||618||[[Kabir Ali]]||2003||1||2||-||10||9||5.00||216||5||136||5||3/80||27.20||-||- |- ||619||[[Gareth Batty]]||2003–2005||7||8||1||144||38||20.57||1394||34||733||11||3/55||66.64||3||- |- ||620||[[Rikki Clarke]]||2003||2||3||-||96||55||32.00||174||11||60||4||2/7||15.00||1||- |- ||621||[[Martin Saggers]]||2003–2004||3||3||-||1||1||0.33||493||20||247||7||2/29||35.29||1||- |- ||622||[[Paul Collingwood]]||2003–2011||68||115||10||4259||206||40.56||1905||51||1018||17||3/23||59.88||96||- |- ||623||[[Geraint Jones]]||2004–2006||34||53||4||1172||100||23.91||-||-||-||-||-||-||128||5 |- ||624||[[Andrew Strauss]]||2004–2012||100||178||6||7037||177||40.91||-||-||-||-||-||-||121||- |- ||625||[[Ian Bell]]||2004–||83||141||19||5699||235||46.71||108||3||76||1||1/33||76.00||64||- |- ||626||[[Kevin Pietersen]]||2005–||92||158||8||7414||227||49.42||1287||14||869||10||3/52||86.90||54||- |- ||627||[[Shaun Udal]]||2005–2006||4||7||1||109||33*||18.17||596||13||344||8||4/14||43.00||1||- |- ||628||[[Liam Plunkett]]||2005–2007||9||13||2||126||44*||11.45||1538||39||916||23||3/17||39.82||3||- |- ||629||[[Ian Blackwell]]||2006||1||1||-||4||4||4.00||114||2||71||-||-||-||-||- |- ||630||[[Alastair Cook]]||2006–||87||154||10||7117||294||49.42||6||-||1||-||-||-||75||- |- ||631||[[Monty Panesar]]||2006–||45||60||20||213||26||5.32||11268||413||5190||159||6/37||32.64||9||- |- ||632||[[Owais Shah]]||2006–2009||6||10||-||269||88||26.90||30||-||31||-||-||-||2||- |- ||633||[[Sajid Mahmood]]||2006||8||11||1||81||34||8.10||1130||25||762||20||4/22||50.31||-||- |- ||634||[[Jon Lewis]]||2006||1||2||-||27||20||13.50||246||9||122||3||3/68||40.66||-||- |- ||635||[[Matthew Prior (cricketer)|Matthew Prior]]||2007–||62||92||15||3326||131*||43.19||-||-||-||-||-||-||173||13 |- ||636||[[Chris Tremlett]]||2007–||11||13||4||98||25*||10.88||2686||109||1311||49||6/48||26.75||4||- |- ||637||[[Ravi Bopara]]||2007–||13||19||1||575||143||31.94||434||10||290||1||1/39||290.00||6||- |- ||638||[[Stuart Broad]]||2007–||52||71||9||1612||169||26.00||10824||384||5493||172||7/72||31.93||14||- |- ||639||[[Tim Ambrose]]||2008–2009||11||16||1||447||102||29.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||31||- |- ||640||[[Darren Pattinson]]||2008||1||2||0||21||13||10.50||181||2||96||2||2/95||48.00||-||- |- ||641||[[Graeme Swann]]||2008–||50||60||10||1176||85||23.52||12709||418||6176||212||6/65||29.13||44||- |- ||642||[[Amjad Khan (cricketer)|Amjad Khan]]||2009||1||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||174||1||1/111||174.00||-||- |- ||643||[[Tim Bresnan]]||2009–||18||17||3||438||91||31.28||3753||151||1855||57||5/48||32.54||7||- |- ||644||[[Graham Onions]]||2009–||9||10||7||30||17*||10.00||1606||50||957||32||5/38||29.90||0||- |- ||645||[[Jonathan Trott]]||2009–||38||66||7||2970||226||49.50||582||8||341||3||1/5||113.66||17||- |} == The 2010s == {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan=4 | English Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||646||[[Michael Carberry]]||2010||1||2||0||64||34||32.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||647||[[Steven Finn (cricketer)|Steven Finn]]||2010–||17||19||13||51||19||8.50||3273||105||1976||70||6/125||28.22||4||- |- ||648||[[James Tredwell]]||2010||1||1||0||37||37||37.00||390||13||181||6||4/82||30.16||1||- |- ||649||[[Eoin Morgan]]||2010–||16||24||1||700||130||30.43||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- ||650||[[Ajmal Shahzad]]||2010||1||1||0||5||5||5.00||102||4||63||4||3/45||15.75||2||- |- ||651||[[Samit Patel]]||2012–||5||7||0||109||33||15.57||606||19||257||4||2/27||64.25||2||- |- ||652||[[Jonny Bairstow]]||2012–||5||7||1||196||95||32.66||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||653||[[James Taylor (cricketer, born 1990)|James Taylor]]||2012–||2||3||0||48||34||16.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||654||[[Nick Compton]]||2012–||4||8||2||208||57||34.66||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||655||[[Joe Root]]||2012–||1||2||1||93||73||93.00||6||0||5||0||-||-||0||- |} ==Players who have played Test cricket for more than one team== A number of cricketers have played Test match cricket for England and another Test match team. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="15"| Test cricketers |- style="background:#efefef;" ! ! Name ! Team ! First Test ! Last Test ! M ! Inns ! NO ! Runs ! High ! Avg ! Balls ! Wkts ! BB ! Avg |- | rowspan=3 | 31 | rowspan=3 | [[Billy Midwinter]] || [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || 15 March 1877 || 1 March 1887 || 8 || 14 || 1 || 174 || 37 || 13.38 || 949 || 14 || 5/78 || 23.78 |- || [[English cricket team|England]] || 31 December 1881 || 14 March 1882 || 4 || 7 || 0 || 95 || 36 || 13.57 || 776 || 10 || 4/81 || 27.20 |- || '''Total''' || '''15 March 1877''' || '''1 March 1887''' || '''12''' || '''21''' || '''1''' || '''269''' || '''37''' || '''13.45''' || '''1725''' || '''24''' || '''5/78''' || '''23.78''' |- | rowspan=3 | 65 | rowspan=3 | [[Frank Hearne]] || [[English cricket team|England]] || 12 March 1889 || 26 March 1889 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 47 || 27 || 23.50 || 0 || 0 || – || – |- || [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] || 19 March 1892 || 2 April 1906 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 121 || 30 || 15.12 || 62 || 2 || 2/40 || 20.00 |- || '''Total''' || '''12 March 1889''' || '''2 April 1906''' || '''6''' || '''10''' || '''0''' || '''168''' || '''30''' || '''16.80''' || '''62''' || '''2''' || '''2/40''' || '''20.00''' |- | rowspan=3 | 75 | rowspan=3 | [[John Ferris (cricketer)|John Ferris]] || [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || 28 January 1877 || 12 August 1890 || 8 || 16 || 4 || 98 || 20* || 8.16 || 2,030 || 48 || 5/26 || 14.25 |- || [[English cricket team|England]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 16 || 16 || 16.00 || 272 || 13 || 7/37 || 7.00 |- || '''Total''' || '''28 January 1877''' || '''22 March 1892''' || '''9''' || '''17''' || '''4''' || '''114''' || '''20*''' || '''8.76''' || '''2,302''' || '''61''' || '''7/37''' || '''12.70''' |- | rowspan=3 | 79 | rowspan=3 | [[Billy Murdoch]] || [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || 31 March 1877 || 12 August 1890 || 18 || 33 || 5 || 896 || 211 || 32.00 || 0 || 0 || n/a || n/a |- || [[English cricket team|England]] || 19 March 1892 || 22 March 1892 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 12 || 12 || 12.00 || 0 || 0 || n/a || n/a |- || '''Total''' || '''31 March 1877''' || '''22 March 1892''' || '''19''' || '''34''' || '''5''' || '''908''' || '''211''' || '''31.31''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''n/a''' || '''n/a''' |- | rowspan=3 | 100 | rowspan=3 | [[Sammy Woods]] || [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || 16 July 1888 || 31 August 1888 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 32 || 18 || 5.33 || 217 || 5 || 2/35 || 24.20 |- || [[English cricket team|England]] || 13 February 1896 || 23 March 1896 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 122 || 53 || 30.50 || 195 || 5 || 3/28 || 25.80 |- || '''Total''' || '''16 July 1888''' || '''23 March 1896''' || '''6''' || '''10''' || '''0''' || '''154''' || '''53''' || '''15.40''' || '''412''' || '''10''' || '''3/28''' || '''25.00''' |- | rowspan=3 | 115 | rowspan=3 | [[Frank Mitchell]] || [[English cricket team|England]] || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 88 || 41 || 22.00 || 0 || 0 || n/a || n/a |- || [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] || 27 May 1912 || 17 July 1912 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 28 || 12 || 4.66 || 0 || 0 || n/a || n/a |- || '''Total''' || '''14 February 1899''' || '''17 July 1912''' || '''5''' || '''10''' || '''0''' || '''116''' || '''41''' || '''11.60''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''n/a''' || '''n/a''' |- | rowspan=3 | 116 | rowspan=3 | [[Albert Trott]] || [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] || 11 January 1895 || 6 March 1895 || 3 || 5 || 3 || 205 || 85* || 102.50 || 474 || 9 || 8/43 || 21.33 |- || [[English cricket team|England]] || 14 February 1899 || 4 April 1899 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 23 || 16 || 5.75 || 474 || 17 || 5/49 || 11.64 |- || '''Total''' || '''11 January 1895''' || '''4 April 1899''' || '''5''' || '''9''' || '''3''' || '''228''' || '''85*''' || '''38.00''' || '''948''' || '''26''' || '''8/43''' || '''15.00''' |- | rowspan=3 | 265 | rowspan=3 | [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr.]] || [[English cricket team|England]] || 2 December 1932 || 12 June 1934 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 144 || 102 || 28.80 || 0 || 0 || n/a || n/a |- || [[Indian cricket team|India]] || 22 June 1946 || 20 August 1946 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 55 || 22 || 11.00 || 0 || 0 || n/a || n/a |- || '''Total''' || '''2 December 1932''' || '''20 August 1946''' || '''6''' || '''10''' || '''0''' || '''199''' || '''102''' || '''19.90''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''n/a''' || '''n/a''' |- | rowspan=3 | 591 | rowspan=3 | [[Andrew Flintoff]] || [[English cricket team|England]] || 23 July 1998 || 23 August 2009 || 78 || 128 || 9 || 3795 || 167 || 31.89 || 14747 || 219 || 5/58 || 33.34 |- || [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]] || 14 October 2005 || 17 October 2005 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 50 || 35 || 25.00 || 204 || 7 || 4/59 || 15.28 |- || '''Total''' || '''23 July 1998''' || '''23 August 2009''' || '''79''' || '''130''' || '''9''' || '''3845''' || '''167''' || '''31.77''' || '''14,951''' || '''226''' || '''5/58''' || '''32.78''' |- | rowspan=3 | 611 | rowspan=3 | [[Steve Harmison]] || [[English cricket team|England]] || 8 August 2002 || 23 August 2009 || 62 || 84 || 23 || 742 || 49* || 12.16 || 13,192 || 222 || 7/12 || 31.94 |- || [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]] || 14 October 2005 || 17 October 2005 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0.50 || 183 || 4 || 3/41 || 25.25 |- || '''Total''' || '''8 August 2002''' || '''23 August 2009''' || '''63''' || '''86''' || '''23''' || '''743''' || '''49*''' || '''11.79''' || '''13,375''' || '''226''' || '''7/12''' || '''31.82''' |} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:England Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of English sportspeople|test]] o274rp6vk4pwnugf6qyif7j13t91qgm 0 386800 10330802 10267970 2025-06-14T20:13:37Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Indian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330802 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of '''Test cricketers''' who have played for [[Indian cricket team|India]]. A [[Test cricket|Test match]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two of the leading cricketing nations. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his Test cap. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same Test match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 25 February 2021.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/caps.html?country=6;class=1 List of India Test Cricketers]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=6;type=team |title=India – Test Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=6;type=team |title=India – Test Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable" | Indian Test cricketers ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable" | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable" | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- ! scope="col" | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | First ! scope="col" | Last ! scope="col" | Mat ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100/50]] ! data-sort-type="number" scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |5/10 wicket ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- |1||[[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]]||1932||1936||7||292||51||22.46||0/1||28||7/86||30.64||2/0||3||0 |- |2||[[Sorabji Colah]]||1932||1933||2||69||31||17.25||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||0 |- |3||[[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]]||1932||1936||4||39||13||5.57||0/0||4||4/60||63.75||0/0||4||0 |- |4||[[Lall Singh]]||1932||1932||1||44||29||22.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |5||[[Naoomal Jeoomal]]||1932||1934||3||108||43||27.00||0/0||2||1/4||34.00||0/0||0||0 |- |6||[[Janardan Navle]]||1932||1933||2||42||13||10.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |7||[[C. K. Nayudu]]||1932||1936||7||350||81||25.00||0/2||9||3/40||42.88||0/0||4||0 |- |8||[[Nazir Ali]]||1932||1934||2||30||13||7.50||0/0||4||4/83||20.75||0/0||0||0 |- |9||[[Mohammad Nissar]]||1932||1936||6||55||14||6.87||0/0||25||5/90||28.28||3/0||2||0 |- |10||[[Phiroze Palia]]||1932||1936||2||29||16||9.66||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |11||[[Wazir Ali]]||1932||1936||7||237||42||16.92||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |12||[[Lala Amarnath]]||1933||1952||24||878||118||24.38||1/4||45||5/96||32.91||2/0||13||0 |- |13||[[L. P. Jai]]||1933||1933||1||19||19||9.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |14||[[Rustomji Jamshedji]]||1933||1933||1||5||4*||-||0/0||3||3/137||45.66||0/0||2||0 |- |15||[[Vijay Merchant]]||1933||1951||10||859||154||47.72||3/3||0||-||-||0/0||7||0 |- |16||[[Ladha Ramji]]||1933||1933||1||1||1||0.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |17||[[Dilawar Hussain]]||1934||1936||3||254||59||42.33||0/3||-||-||-||-/-||6||1 |- |18||[[M. J. Gopalan]]||1934||1934||1||18||11*||18.00||0/0||1||1/39||39.00||0/0||3||0 |- |19||[[Mushtaq Ali]]||1934||1952||11||612||112||32.21||2/3||3||1/45||67.33||0/0||7||0 |- |20||[[C. S. Nayudu]]||1934||1952||11||147||36||9.18||0/0||2||1/19||179.50||0/0||3||0 |- |21||[[Yadavindra Singh]]||1934||1934||1||84||60||42.00||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||2||0 |- |22||[[Dattaram Hindlekar]]||1936||1946||4||71||26||14.20||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||3||0 |- |23||[[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram|Vijay Ananda Gajapathi Raju]]||1936||1936||3||33||19*||8.25||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |24||[[Khershed Meherhomji]]||1936||1936||1||0||0*||-||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |25||[[Cotah Ramaswami]]||1936||1936||2||170||60||56.66||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |26||[[Baqa Jilani]]||1936||1936||1||16||12||16.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |27||[[Gul Mohammad]]<ref>[[Gul Mohammad]]'s name is sometimes recorded as [[Gul Mahomed]].</ref>||1946||1952||8<ref name=Pakistan>[[Amir Elahi]], [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Hafeez]] and [[Gul Mohammad]] also played cricket for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]]. Only their records for [[Indian cricket team|India]] are given above.</ref>||166||34||11.06||0/0||2||2/21||12.00||0/0||3||0 |- |28||[[Vijay Hazare]]||1946||1953||30||2192||164*||47.65||7/9||20||4/29||61.00||0/0||11||0 |- |29||[[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Hafeez]]<ref>[[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Hafeez]] played cricket for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] under the name [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]].</ref>||1946||1946||3<ref name=Pakistan/>||80||43||16.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |30||[[Vinoo Mankad]]||1946||1959||44||2109||231||31.47||5/6||162||8/52||32.32||8/2||33||0 |- |31||[[Rusi Modi]]||1946||1952||10||736||112||46.00||1/6||0||-||-||0/0||3||0 |- |32||[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr]]||1946||1946 ||3<ref>[[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi Sr]] had already played cricket for [[English cricket team|England]]. Only his records for [[Indian cricket team|India]] are given above.</ref>||55||22||11.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |33||[[Sadashiv Shinde]]||1946||1952||7||85||14||14.16||0/0||12||6/91||59.75||1/0||0||0 |- |34||[[Chandu Sarwate]]||1946||1951||9||208||37||13.00||0/0||3||1/16||124.66||0/0||0||0 |- |35||[[Ranga Sohoni]]||1946||1951||4||83||29*||16.60||0/0||2||1/16||101.00||0/0||2||0 |- |36||[[Hemu Adhikari]]||1947||1959||21||872||114*||31.14||1/4||3||3/68||27.33||0/0||8||0 |- |37||[[Jenni Irani]]||1947||1947||2||3||2*||3.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||1 |- |38||[[Gogumal Kishenchand]]||1947||1952||5||89||44||8.90||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |39||[[Khandu Rangnekar]]||1947||1948||3||33||18||5.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |40||[[Amir Elahi]]||1947||1947||1<ref name=Pakistan/>||17||13||8.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |41||[[Dattu Phadkar]]||1947||1959||31||1229||123||32.34||2/8||62||7/159||36.85||3/0||21||0 |- |42||[[Kanwar Rai Singh]]||1948||1948||1||26||24||13.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |43||[[Probir Sen]]||1948||1952||14||165||25||11.78||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||20||11 |- |44||[[C. R. Rangachari]]||1948||1948||4||8||8*||2.66||0/0||9||5/107||54.77||1/0||0||0 |- |45||[[Khanmohammad Ibrahim]]||1948||1949||4||169||85||21.12||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |46||[[Keki Tarapore]]||1948||1948||1||2||2||2.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |47||[[Polly Umrigar]]||1948||1962||59||3631||223||42.22||12/14||35||6/74||42.08||2/0||33||0 |- |48||[[Montu Banerjee]]||1949||1949||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||5||4/120||36.20||0/0||3||0 |- |49||[[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]]||1949||1959||22||192||50||8.72||0/1||68||7/49||30.17||4/1||11||0 |- |50||[[Nirode Chowdhury]]||1949||1951||2||3||3*||3.00||0/0||1||1/130||205.00||0/0||0||0 |- |51||[[Madhusudan Rege]]||1949||1949||1||15||15||7.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |52||[[Shute Banerjee]]||1949||1949||1||13||8||6.50||0/0||5||4/54||25.40||0/0||0||0 |- |53||[[Nana Joshi]]||1951||1960||12||207||52*||10.89||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||18||9 |- |54||[[Pankaj Roy]]||1951||1960||43||2442||173||32.56||5/9||1||1/6||66.00||0/0||16||0 |- |55||[[C. D. Gopinath]]||1951||1960||8||242||50*||22.00||0/1||1||1/11||11.00||0/0||2||0 |- |56||[[Madhav Mantri]]||1951||1955||4||67||39||9.57||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||8||1 |- |57||[[Buck Divecha]]||1952||1952||5||60||26||12.00||0/0||11||3/102||32.81||0/0||5||0 |- |58||[[Subhash Gupte]]||1952||1961||36||183||21||6.31||0/0||149||9/102||29.55||12/1||14||0 |- |59||[[Vijay Manjrekar]]||1952||1965||55||3208||189* ||39.12||7/15||1||1/16||44.00||0/0||19||2 |- |60||[[Datta Gaekwad]]||1952||1961||11||350||52||18.42||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||5||0 |- |61||[[Gulabrai Ramchand]]||1952||1960||33||1180||109||24.58||2/5||41||6/49||46.31||1/0||20||0 |- |62||[[Hiralal Gaekwad]]||1952||1952||1||22||14||11.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |63||[[Shah Nyalchand]]||1952||1952||1||7||6*||7.00||0/0||3||3/97||32.33||0/0||0||0 |- |64||[[Madhav Apte]]||1952||1953||7||542||163* ||49.27||1/3||0||-||-||0/0||2||0 |- |65||[[Bal Dani]]||1952||1952||1||-||-||-||-/-||1||1/9||19.00||0/0||1||0 |- |66||[[Vijay Rajindernath]]||1952||1952||1||-||-||-||-/-||-||-||-||-/-||0||4 |- |67||[[Ebrahim Maka]]||1952||1953||2||2||2*||-||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||1 |- |68||[[Deepak Shodhan]]||1952||1953||3||181||110||60.33||1/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |69||[[Chandrasekhar Gadkari]]||1953||1955||6||129||50*||21.50||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||6||0 |- |70||[[Jayasinghrao Ghorpade]]||1953||1959||8||229||41||15.26||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||4||0 |- |71||[[Pananmal Punjabi]]||1955||1955||5||164||33||16.40||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||5||0 |- |72||[[Naren Tamhane]]||1955||1961||21||225||54*||10.22||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||35||16 |- |73||[[Prakash Bhandari]]||1955||1956||3||77||39||19.25||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |74||[[Jasu Patel]]||1955||1960||7||25||12||2.77||0/0||29||9/69||21.96||2/1||2||0 |- |75||[[A. G. Kripal Singh]]||1955||1964||14||422||100*||28.13||1/2||10||3/43||58.40||0/0||4||0 |- |76||[[Narain Swamy]]||1955||1955||1||-||-||-||-/-||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |77||[[Nari Contractor]]||1955||1962||31||1611||108||31.58||1/11||1||1/9||80.00||0/0||18||0 |- |78||[[Vijay Mehra (Indian cricketer)|Vijay Mehra]]||1955||1964||8||329||62||25.30||0/2||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |79||[[Sadashiv Patil]]||1955||1955||1||14||14*||-||0/0||2||1/15||25.50||0/0||1||0 |- |80||[[Bapu Nadkarni]]||1955||1968||41||1414||122*||25.70||1/7||88||6/43||29.07||4/1||22||0 |- |81||[[Gundibail Sunderam]]||1955||1956||2||3||3*||-||0/0||3||2/46||55.33||0/0||0||0 |- |82||[[Chandrakant Patankar]]||1956||1956||1||14||13||14.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||3||1 |- |83||[[Chandu Borde]]||1958||1969||55||3061||177*||35.59||5/18||52||5/88||46.48||1/0||37||0 |- |84||[[Ghulam Guard]]||1958||1960||2||11||7||5.50||0/0||3||2/69||60.66||0/0||2||0 |- |85||[[Manohar Hardikar]]||1958||1958||2||56||32*||18.66||0/0||1||1/9||55.00||0/0||3||0 |- |86||[[Vasant Ranjane]]||1958||1964||7||40||16||6.66||0/0||19||4/72||34.15||0/0||1||0 |- |87||[[Ramnath Kenny]]||1959||1960||5||245||62||27.22||0/3||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |88||[[Surendranath (cricketer)|Surendranath]]||1959||1961||11||136||27||10.46||0/0||26||5/75||40.50||2/0||4||0 |- |89||[[Apoorva Sengupta]]||1959||1959||1||9||8||4.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |90||[[Ramakant Desai]]||1959||1968||28||418||85||13.48||0/1||74||6/56||37.31||2/0||9||0 |- |91||[[M. L. Jaisimha]]||1959||1971||39||2056||129||30.68||3/12||9||2/54||92.11||0/0||17||0 |- |92||[[Arvind Apte]]||1959||1959||1||15||8||7.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |93||[[Abbas Ali Baig]]||1959||1967||10||428||112||23.77||1/2||0||-||-||0/0||6||0 |- |94||[[V. M. Muddiah]]||1959||1960||2||11||11||5.50||0/0||3||2/40||44.66||0/0||0||0 |- |95||[[Salim Durani]]||1960||1973||29||1202||104||25.04||1/7||75||6/73||35.42||3/1||14||0 |- |96||[[Budhi Kunderan]]||1960||1967||18||981||192||32.70||2/3||0||-||-||0/0||23||7 |- |97||[[A. G. Milkha Singh]]||1960||1961||4||92||35||15.33||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||2||0 |- |98||[[Man Sood]]||1960||1960||1||3||3||1.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |99||[[Rusi Surti]]||1960||1969||26||1263||99||28.70||0/9||42||5/74||46.71||1/0||26||0 |- |100||[[Baloo Gupte]]||1961||1965||3||28||17*||28.00||0/0||3||1/54||116.33||0/0||0||0 |- |101||[[Vaman Kumar]]||1961||1961||2||6||6||3.00||0/0||7||5/64||28.85||1/0||2||0 |- |102||[[Farokh Engineer]]||1961||1975||46||2611||121||31.08||2/16||-||-||-||-/-||66||16 |- |103||[[Dilip Sardesai]]||1961||1972||30||2001||212||39.23||5/9||0||-||-||0/0||4||0 |- |104||[[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]]||1961||1975||46||2793||203*||34.91||6/16||1||1/10||88.00||0/0||27||0 |- |105||[[E. A. S. Prasanna]]||1962||1978||49||735||37||11.48||0/0||189||8/76||30.38||10/2||18||0 |- |106||[[B. S. Chandrasekhar]]||1964||1979||58||167||22||4.07||0/0||242||8/79||29.74||16/2||25||0 |- |107||[[Rajinder Pal]]||1964||1964||1||6||3*||6.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |108||[[Hanumant Singh]]||1964||1969||14||686||105||31.18||1/5||0||-||-||0/0||11||0 |- |109||[[Kumar Indrajitsinhji]]||1964||1969||4||51||23||8.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||6||3 |- |110||[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|Srinivas Venkataraghavan]]||1965||1983||57||748||64||11.68||0/2||156||8/72||36.11||3/1||44||0 |- |111||[[Venkataraman Subramanya]]||1965||1968||9||263||75||18.78||0/2||3||2/32||67.00||0/0||9||0 |- |112||[[Ajit Wadekar]]||1966||1974||37||2113||143||31.07||1/14||0||-||-||0/0||46||0 |- |113||[[Bishan Singh Bedi]]||1967||1979||67||656||50*||8.98||0/1||266||7/98||28.71||14/1||26||0 |- |114||[[Subrata Guha]]||1967||1969||4||17||6||3.40||0/0||3||2/55||103.66||0/0||2||0 |- |115||[[Ramesh Saxena]]||1967||1967||1||25||16||12.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |116||[[Syed Abid Ali|Abid Ali]]||1967||1974||29||1018||81||20.36||0/6||47||6/55||42.12||1/0||32||0 |- |117||[[Umesh Kulkarni (cricketer)|Umesh Kulkarni]]||1967||1968||4||13||7||4.33||0/0||5||2/37||47.60||0/0||0||0 |- |118||[[Chetan Chauhan]]||1969||1981||40||2084||97||31.57||0/16||2||1/4||53.00||0/0||38||0 |- |119||[[Ashok Mankad]]||1969||1978||22||991||97||25.41||0/6||0||-||-||0/0||12||0 |- |120||[[Ajit Pai (cricketer)|Ajit Pai]]||1969||1969||1||10||9||5.00||0/0||2||2/29||15.50||0/0||0||0 |- |121||[[Ambar Roy]]||1969||1969||4||91||48||13.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |122||[[Ashok Gandotra]]||1969||1969||2||54||18||13.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |123||[[Eknath Solkar]]||1969||1977||27||1068||102||25.42||1/6||18||3/28||59.44||0/0||53||0 |- |124||[[Gundappa Viswanath]]||1969||1983||91||6080||222||41.93||14/35||1||1/11||46.00||0/0||63||0 |- |125||[[Mohinder Amarnath]]||1969||1988||69||4378||138||42.50||11/24||32||4/63||55.68||0/0||47||0 |- |126||[[Kenia Jayantilal]]||1971||1971||1||5||5||5.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |127||[[Pochiah Krishnamurthy]]||1971||1971||5||33||20||5.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||7||1 |- |128||[[Sunil Gavaskar]]||1971||1987||125||10122||236*||51.12||34/45||1||1/34||206.00||0/0||108||0 |- |129||[[Ramnath Parkar]]||1972||1973||2||80||35||20.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |130||[[Madan Lal]]||1974||1986||39||1042||74||22.65||0/5||71||5/23||40.08||4/0||15||0 |- |131||[[Brijesh Patel]]||1974||1977||21||972||115*||29.45||1/5||-||-||-||-/-||17||0 |- |132||[[Sudhir Naik]]||1974||1975||3||141||77||23.50||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |133||[[Hemant Kanitkar]]||1974||1974||2||111||65||27.75||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |134||[[Parthasarathy Sharma]]||1974||1977||5||187||54||18.70||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |135||[[Anshuman Gaekwad]]||1975||1985||40||1985||201||30.07||2/10||2||1/4||93.50||0/0||15||0 |- |136||[[Karsan Ghavri]]||1975||1981||39||913||86||21.23||0/2||109||5/33||33.54||4/0||16||0 |- |137||[[Surinder Amarnath]]||1976||1978||10||550||124||30.55||1/3||1||1/5||5.00||0/0||4||0 |- |138||[[Syed Kirmani]]||1976||1986||88||2759||102||27.04||2/12||1||1/9||13.00||0/0||160||38 |- |139||[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]||1976||1992||116||6868||166||42.13||17/35||0||-||-||0/0||78||0 |- |140||[[Yajurvindra Singh]]||1977||1979||4||109||43*||18.16||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||11||0 |- |141||[[Kapil Dev]]||1978||1994||131||5248||163||31.05||8/27||434||9/83||29.64||23/2||64||0 |- |142||[[M. V. Narasimha Rao]]||1979||1979||4||46||20*||9.20||0/0||3||2/46||75.66||0/0||8||0 |- |143||[[Dhiraj Parsana]]||1979||1979||2||1||1||0.50||0/0||1||1/32||50.00||0/0||0||0 |- |144||[[Bharath Reddy]]||1979||1979||4||38||21||9.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||9||2 |- |145||[[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]]||1979||1983||37||1606||140||33.45||2/9||1||1/6||17.00||0/0||16||0 |- |146||[[Dilip Doshi]]||1979||1983||33||129||20||4.60||0/0||114||6/102||30.71||6/0||10||0 |- |147||[[Shivlal Yadav]]||1979||1987||35||403||43||14.39||0/0||102||5/76||35.09||3/0||10||0 |- |148||[[Roger Binny]]||1979||1987||27||830||83*||23.05||0/5||47||6/56||32.63||2/0||11||0 |- |149||[[Sandeep Patil]]||1980||1984||29||1588||174||36.93||4/7||9||2/28||26.66||0/0||12||0 |- |150||[[Kirti Azad]]||1981||1983||7||135||24||11.25||0/0||3||2/84||124.33||0/0||3||0 |- |151||[[Ravi Shastri]]||1981||1992||80||3830||206||35.79||11/12||151||5/75||40.96||2/0||36||0 |- |152||[[Yograj Singh]]||1981||1981||1||10||6||5.00||0/0||1||1/63||63.00||0/0||0||0 |- |153||[[T. E. Srinivasan]]||1981||1981||1||48||29||24.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |154||[[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]||1981||1992||43||2062||123||29.88||2/12||0||-||-||0/0||40||0 |- |155||[[Ashok Malhotra]]||1982||1985||7||226||72*||25.11||0/1||0||-||-||0/0||2||0 |- |156||[[Pranab Roy]]||1982||1982||2||71||60*||35.50||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |157||[[Ghulam Parkar]]||1982||1982||1||7||6||3.50||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |158||[[Suru Nayak]]||1982||1982||2||19||11||9.50||0/0||1||1/16||132.00||0/0||1||0 |- |159||[[Arun Lal]]||1982||1989||16||729||93||26.03||0/6||0||-||-||0/0||13||0 |- |160||[[Rakesh Shukla (cricketer)|Rakesh Shukla]]||1982||1982||1||-||-||-||-/-||2||2/82||76.00||0/0||0||0 |- |161||[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]]||1982||1993||35||99||15||3.80||0/0||88||7/27||37.36||3/2||9||0 |- |162||[[Balwinder Sandhu]]||1983||1983||8||214||71||30.57||0/2||10||3/87||55.70||0/0||1||0 |- |163||[[T. A. Sekhar]]||1983||1983||2||0||0*||-||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |164||[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]]||1983||1986||9||130||25||16.25||0/0||26||6/64||44.03||3/1||9||0 |- |165||[[Raghuram Bhat]]||1983||1983||2||6||6||3.00||0/0||4||2/65||37.75||0/0||0||0 |- |166||[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]||1983||1999||51||3202||201||42.13||9/15||0||-||-||0/0||9||0 |- |167||[[Chetan Sharma]]||1984||1989||23||396||54||22.00||0/1||61||6/58||35.45||4/1||7||0 |- |168||[[Manoj Prabhakar]]||1984||1995||39||1600||120||32.65||1/9||96||6/132||37.30||3/0||20||0 |- |169||[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]||1985||2000||99||6215||199||45.03||22/21||0||-||-||0/0||105||0 |- |170||[[Gopal Sharma]]||1985||1990||5||11||10*||3.66||0/0||10||4/88||41.80||0/0||2||0 |- |171||[[Lalchand Rajput]]||1985||1985||2||105||61||26.25||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |172||[[Sadanand Viswanath]]||1985||1985||3||31||20||6.20||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||11||0 |- |173||[[Kiran More]]||1986||1993||49||1285||73||25.70||0/7||0||-||-||0/0||110||20 |- |174||[[Chandrakant Pandit]]||1986||1992||5||171||39||24.42||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||14||2 |- |175||[[Raju Kulkarni]]||1986||1987||3||2||2||1.00||0/0||5||3/85||45.40||0/0||1||0 |- |176||[[Bharat Arun]]||1986||1987||2||4||2*||4.00||0/0||4||3/76||29.00||0/0||2||0 |- |177||[[Raman Lamba]]||1986||1987||4||102||53||20.40||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||5||0 |- |178||[[Arshad Ayub]]||1987||1989||13||257||57||17.13||0/1||41||5/50||35.07||3/0||2||0 |- |179||[[Sanjay Manjrekar]]||1987||1996||37||2043||218||37.14||4/9||0||-||-||0/0||25||1 |- |180||[[Narendra Hirwani]]||1988||1996||17||54||17||5.40||0/0||66||8/61||30.10||4/1||5||0 |- |181||[[Woorkeri Raman]]||1988||1997||11||448||96||24.88||0/4||2||1/7||64.50||0/0||6||0 |- |182||[[Ajay Sharma]]||1988||1988||1||53||30||26.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |183||[[Rashid Patel]]||1988||1988||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||1||0 |- |184||[[Sanjeev Sharma]]||1988||1990||2||56||38||28.00||0/0||6||3/37||41.16||0/0||1||0 |- |185||[[M. Venkataramana]]||1989||1989||1||0||0*||-||0/0||1||1/10||58.00||0/0||1||0 |- |186||[[Salil Ankola]]||1989||1989||1||6||6||6.00||0/0||2||1/35||64.00||0/0||0||0 |- |187||[[Sachin Tendulkar]]||1989||2013||200||15921||248*||53.86||51/68||45||3/10||54.64||0/0||115||0 |- |188||[[Vivek Razdan]]||1989||1989||2||6||6*||6.00||0/0||5||5/79||28.20||1/0||0||0 |- |189||[[Venkatapathy Raju]]||1990||2001||28||240||31||10.00||0/0||93||6/12||30.72||5/1||6||0 |- |190||[[Atul Wassan]]||1990||1990||4||94||53||23.50||0/1||10||4/108||50.40||0/0||1||0 |- |191||[[Gursharan Singh]]||1990||1990||1||18||18||18.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||2||0 |- |192||[[Anil Kumble]]||1990||2008||132||2506||110*||17.77||1/5||619||10/74||29.65||35/8||60||0 |- |193||[[Javagal Srinath]]||1991||2002||67||1009||76||14.21||0/4||236||8/86||30.49||10/1||22||0 |- |194||[[Subroto Banerjee]]||1992||1992||1||3||3||3.00||0/0||3||3/47||15.66||0/0||0||0 |- |195||[[Pravin Amre]]||1992||1993||11||425||103||42.50||1/3||-||-||-||-/-||9||0 |- |196||[[Ajay Jadeja]]||1992||2000||15||576||96||26.18||0/4||-||-||-||-/-||5||0 |- |197||[[Rajesh Chauhan]]||1993||1998||21||98||23||7.00||0/0||47||4/48||39.51||0/0||12||0 |- |198||[[Vinod Kambli]]||1993||1995||17||1084||227||54.20||4/3||-||-||-||-/-||7||0 |- |199||[[Vijay Yadav (cricketer)|Vijay Yadav]]||1993||1993||1||30||30||30.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||2 |- |200||[[Nayan Mongia]]||1994||2001||44||1442||152||24.03||1/6||-||-||-||-/-||99||8 |- |201||[[Aashish Kapoor]]||1994||1996||4||97||42||19.40||0/0||6||2/19||42.50||0/0||1||0 |- |202||[[Sunil Joshi]]||1996||2000||15||352||92||20.70||0/1||41||5/142||35.85||1/0||7||0 |- |203||[[Paras Mhambrey]]||1996||1996||2||58||28||29.00||0/0||2||1/43||74.00||0/0||1||0 |- |204||[[Venkatesh Prasad]]||1996||2001||33||203||30*||7.51||0/0||96||6/33||35.00||7/1||6||0 |- |205||[[Vikram Rathour]]||1996||1997||6||131||44||13.10||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||12||0 |- |206||[[Sourav Ganguly]]||1996||2008||113||7212||239||42.17||16/35||32||3/28||52.53||0/0||71||0 |- |207||[[Rahul Dravid]]||1996||2012||164<ref name=WorldXI>[[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Virender Sehwag]] have also played one test for the [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]].</ref>||13288||270||52.31||36/63||1||1/18||39.00||0/0||210||0 |- |208||[[David Johnson (cricketer, born 1971)|David Johnson]]||1996||1996||2||8||5||4.00||0/0||3||2/52||47.66||0/0||0||0 |- |209||[[V. V. S. Laxman]]||1996||2012||134||8781||281||45.97||17/56||2||1/2||63.00||0/0||135||0 |- |210||[[Dodda Ganesh]]||1997||1997||4||25||8||6.25||0/0||5||2/28||57.40||0/0||0||0 |- |211||[[Abey Kuruvilla]]||1997||1997||10||66||35*||6.60||0/0||25||5/68||35.68||1/0||0||0 |- |212||[[Nilesh Kulkarni]]||1997||2001||3||5||4||5.00||0/0||2||1/70||166.00||0/0||1||0 |- |213||[[Debashish Mohanty]]||1997||1997||2||0||0*||-||0/0||4||4/78||59.75||0/0||0||0 |- |214||[[Harbhajan Singh]]||1998||2015||103||2224||115||18.22||2/9||417||8/84||32.46||25/5||42||0 |- |215||[[Harvinder Singh]]||1998||2001||3||6||6||2.00||0/0||4||2/62||46.25||0/0||0||0 |- |216||[[Ajit Agarkar]]||1998||2006||26||571||109*||16.79||1/0||58||6/41||47.32||1/0||6||0 |- |217||[[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]]||1998||1998||1||27||15||13.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||5||0 |- |218||[[Robin Singh, Jr.]]||1999||1999||1||0||0||0.00||0/0||3||2/74||58.66||0/0||1||0 |- |219||[[Sadagoppan Ramesh]]||1999||2001||19||1367||143||37.97||2/8||0||-||-||0/0||18||0 |- |220||[[Ashish Nehra]]||1999||2004||17||77||19||5.50||0/0||44||4/72||42.40||0/0||5||0 |- |221||[[Devang Gandhi]]||1999||1999||4||204||88||34.00||0/2||-||-||-||-/-||3||0 |- |222||[[M. S. K. Prasad|MSK Prasad]]||1999||2000||6||106||19||11.77||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||15||0 |- |223||[[Vijay Bharadwaj]]||1999||2000||3||28||22||9.33||0/0||1||1/26||107.00||0/0||3||0 |- |224||[[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]]||1999||2000||2||74||45||18.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |225||[[Wasim Jaffer]]||2000||2008||31||1944||212||34.10||5/11||2||2/18||9.00||0/0||27||0 |- |226||[[Murali Kartik]]||2000||2004||8||88||43||9.77||0/0||24||4/44||34.16||0/0||2||0 |- |227||[[Nikhil Chopra]]||2000||2000||1||7||4||3.50||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |228||[[Mohammad Kaif]]||2000||2006||13||624||148*||32.84||1/3||0||-||-||0/0||14||0 |- |229||[[Shiv Sunder Das]]||2000||2002||23||1326||110||34.89||2/9||0||-||-||0/0||34||0 |- |230||[[Saba Karim]]||2000||2000||1||15||15||15.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||1||0 |- |231||[[Zaheer Khan]]||2000||2014||92||1231||75||11.95||0/3||311||7/87||32.94||10/1||19||0 |- |232||[[Vijay Dahiya]]||2000||2000||2||2||2*||-||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||6||0 |- |233||[[Sarandeep Singh]]||2000||2002||3||43||39*||43.00||0/0||10||4/136||34.00||0/0||1||0 |- |234||[[Rahul Sanghvi]]||2001||2001||1||2||2||1.00||0/0||2||2/67||39.00||0/0||0||0 |- |235||[[Sairaj Bahutule]]||2001||2001||2||39||21*||13.00||0/0||3||1/32||67.66||0/0||1||0 |- |236||[[Sameer Dighe]]||2001||2001||6||141||47||15.66||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||12||2 |- |237||[[Hemang Badani]]||2001||2001||4||94||38||15.66||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||6||0 |- |238||[[Deep Dasgupta]]||2001||2002||8||344||100||28.66||1/2||-||-||-||-/-||13||0 |- |239||[[Virender Sehwag]]||2001||2013||104<ref name=WorldXI/>||8448||319||50.89||23/32||40||5/104||47.35||1/0||81||0 |- |240||[[Sanjay Bangar]]||2001||2002||12||470||100*||29.37||1/3||7||2/23||49.00||0/0||4||0 |- |241||[[Iqbal Siddiqui]]||2001||2001||1||29||24||29.00||0/0||1||1/32||48.00||0/0||1||0 |- |242||[[Tinu Yohannan]]||2001||2002||3||13||8*||-||0/0||5||2/56||51.20||0/0||1||0 |- |243||[[Ajay Ratra]]||2002||2002||6||163||115*||18.11||1/0||0||-||-||0/0||11||2 |- |244||[[Parthiv Patel]]||2002||2018||25||934||71||31.13||0/6||-||-||-||-/-||62||10 |- |245||[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]||2003||2005||8||51||31||5.66||0/0||27||5/76||37.18||1/0||1||0 |- |246||[[Aakash Chopra]]||2003||2004||10||437||60||23.00||0/2||-||-||-||-/-||15||0 |- |247||[[Yuvraj Singh]]||2003||2012||40||1900||169||33.92||3/11||9||2/9||60.77||0/0||31||0 |- |248||[[Irfan Pathan]]||2003||2008||29||1105||102||31.57||1/6||100||7/59||32.26||7/2||8||0 |- |249||[[Gautam Gambhir]]||2004||2016||58||4154||206||41.95||9/22||-||-||-||-/-||38||0 |- |250||[[Dinesh Karthik]]||2004||2018||26||1025||129||25.00||1/7||-||-||-||-/-||57||6 |- |251||[[MS Dhoni ]]||2005||2014||90||4876||224||38.09||6/33||0||-||- ||0/0||256||38 |- |252||[[R. P. Singh]]||2006||2011||14||116||30||7.25||0/0||40||5/59||42.05||1/0||6||0 |- |253||[[S. Sreesanth]]||2006||2011||27||281||35||10.40||0/0||87||5/40||37.59||3/0||5||0 |- |254||[[Piyush Chawla]]||2006||2008||2||5||4||2.50||0/0||3||2/66||45.66||0/0||0||0 |- |255||[[Munaf Patel]]||2006||2011||13||60||15*||7.50||0/0||35||4/25||38.54||0/0||6||0 |- |256||[[V. R. V. Singh]]||2006||2007||5||47||29||11.75||0/0||8||3/48||53.37||0/0||1||0 |- |257||[[Ramesh Powar]]||2007||2007||2||13||7||6.50||0/0||6||3/33||19.66||0/0||0||0 |- |258||'''[[Ishant Sharma]]'''||2007||2021||100||746||57||8.38||0/1||303||7/74||32.20||11/1||22||0 |- |259||[[Amit Mishra]]||2008||2016||22||648||84||21.60||0/4||76||5/71||35.72||1/0||8||0 |- |260||[[Murali Vijay]]||2008||2018||61||3982||167||38.28||12/15||1||1/12||198.00||0/0||49||0 |- |261||[[Pragyan Ojha]]||2009||2013||24||89||18*||17.80||0/0||113||6/47||30.27||7/1||10||0 |- |262||[[Subramaniam Badrinath]]||2010||2010||2||63||56||21.00||0/1||-||-||-||-/-||0||0 |- |263||'''[[Wriddhiman Saha]]'''||2010||2020||38||1251||117||29.09||3/5||-||-||-||-/-||92||11 |- |264||[[Abhimanyu Mithun]]||2010||2011||4||120||46||24.00||-0/0||9||4/105||50.66||0/0||0||0 |- |265||[[Suresh Raina]]||2010||2015||18||768||120||26.48||1/7||13||2/1||46.38||0/0||23||0 |- |266||'''[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]'''||2010||2021||84||6227||206*||46.81||18/29||0||-||-||0/0||57||0 |- |267||[[Jaydev Unadkat]]||2010||2010||1||2||1*||2.00||0/0||0||-||-||0/0||0||0 |- |268||[[Abhinav Mukund]]||2011||2017||7||320||81||22.85||0/2||-||-||-||0/0||6||0 |- |270||[[Praveen Kumar]]||2011||2011||6||149||40||14.90||0/0||27||5/106||25.81||1/0||2||0 |- |269||'''[[Virat Kohli]]'''||2011||2021||90||7490||254*||52.74||27/25||0||-||-||0/0||87||0 |- |271||'''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]'''||2011||2021||77||2643||124||28.11||5/11||401||7/59||24.95||29/7||27||0 |- |272||'''[[Umesh Yadav]]'''||2011||2020||48||359||31||11.21||0/0||148||6/88||30.54||3/1||17||0 |- |273||[[Varun Aaron]]||2011||2015||9||35||9||3.88||0/0||18||3/97||52.61||0/0||1||0 |- |274||[[Vinay Kumar]]||2012||2012||1||11||6||5.50||0/0||1||1/73||73||0/0||0||0 |- |275||'''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]'''||2012||2021||51||1954||100*||36.18||1/15||220||7/48||24.32||9/1||38||0 |- |276||'''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]'''||2013||2018||21||552||63*||22.08||0/3||63||6/82||26.09||4/0||8||0 |- |277||'''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]'''||2013||2018||34||2315||190||40.61||7/5||0||-||-||0/0||28||0 |- |278||'''[[Ajinkya Rahane]]'''||2013||2021||72||4556||188||41.41||12/23||-||-||-||-/-||91||0 |- |279||'''[[Mohammed Shami]]'''||2013||2020||50||498||51*||11.06||0/1||180||6/56||27.58||5/0||11||0 |- |280||'''[[Rohit Sharma]]'''||2013||2021||37||2566||212||46.65||7/12||2||1/26||112.00||0/0||40||0 |- |281||[[Stuart Binny]]||2014||2015||6||194||78||21.55||0/1||3||2/24||86.00||0/0||4||0 |- |282||[[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]]||2014||2014||2||10||9||3.33||0/0||2||2/113||146.00||0/0||2||0 |- |283||[[Karn Sharma]]||2014||2014||1||8||4*||8.00||0/0||4||2/95||59.50||0/0||0||0 |- |284||'''[[KL Rahul]]'''||2014||2019||36||2006||199||34.58||5/11||-||-||-||-/-||46||0 |- |285||[[Naman Ojha]]||2015||2015||1||56||35||28.00||0/0||-||-||-||-/-||4||1 |- |286||[[Jayant Yadav]]||2016||2017||4||228||104||45.60||1/1||11||3/30||33.36||0/0||1||0 |- |287||[[Karun Nair]]||2016||2017||6||374||303*||62.33||1/0||0||-||-||0/0||6||0 |- |288||'''[[Kuldeep Yadav]]'''||2017||2021||7||54||26||6.75||0/0||26||5/57||23.84||2/0||3||0 |- |289||'''[[Hardik Pandya]]'''||2017||2018||11||532||108||31.29||1/4||17||5/28||31.05||1/0||7||0 |- |290||'''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]'''||2018||2021||19||43||10*||2.52||0/0||83||6/27||22.10||5/0||5||0 |- |291||'''[[Rishabh Pant]]'''||2018||2021||19||1257||159*||43.34||2/6||-||-||-||-/-||73||5 |- |292||'''[[Hanuma Vihari]]'''||2018||2021||12||624||111||32.84||1/4||5||3/37||36.00||0/0||3||0 |- |293||'''[[Prithvi Shaw]]'''||2018||2020||5||339||134||42.37||1/2||-||-||-||-/-||2||0 |- |294||'''[[Shardul Thakur]]'''||2018||2021||2||73||67||36.50||0/1||7||4/61||23.42||0/0||2||0 |- |295||'''[[Mayank Agarwal]]'''||2018||2021||14||1052||243||45.73||3/4||-||-||-||-/-||11||0 |- |296||'''[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]'''|| 2019||2021||2||1||1*||0.50||0/0||8||2/18||34.12||0/0||1||0 |- |297||'''[[Shubman Gill]]'''|| 2020||2021||6||378||91||37.80||0/3||-||-||-||-/-||3||0 |- |298||'''[[Mohammed Siraj]]'''|| 2020||2021||4||39||16*||13.00||0/0||14||5/73||28.21||0/0||2||0 |- |299||'''[[Navdeep Saini]]'''||2021||2021||2||8||5||4.00||0/0||4||2/54||43.00||0/0||1||0 |- |300||'''[[T. Natarajan|Thangarasu Natarajan]]'''|| 2021||2021||1||1||1*||-||-/-||3||3/78||39.66||0/0||0||0 |- |301||'''[[Washington Sundar]]'''|| 2021||2021||3||169||85*||42.25||0/2||5||3/89||53.80||0/0||1||0 |- |302||'''[[Axar Patel]]'''|| 2021||2021||2||12||7||4.00||0/0||18||6/38||9.44||3/1||1||0 |} ==Captains== Statistics are correct as of 17 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=1;id=6;type=team|title=List of captains|website=Cricinfo |access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" width=5%| S.No. ! scope="col" width=20%| Name ! scope="col" width=15%| Year ! scope="col" width=12%| Played ! scope="col" width=12%| Won ! scope="col" width=12%| Lost ! scope="col" width=12%| Drawn ! scope="col" width=12%| Win % |- | 1 | scope="row"| [[C. K. Nayudu]] | 1932–1933 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |- | 2 | scope="row"| [[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram]] | 1936 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |- | 3 | scope="row"| [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi, Sr.]] | 1946 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |- | 4 | scope="row"| [[Lala Amarnath]] | 1947–1952 | 15 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 13.33 |- | 5 | scope="row"| [[Vijay Hazare]] | 1951–1952 | 14 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 7.14 |- | 6 | scope="row"| [[Vinoo Mankad]] | 1954–1959 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 |- | 7 | scope="row"| [[Ghulam Ahmed (cricketer)|Ghulam Ahmed]] | 1955–1958 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |- | 8 | scope="row"| [[Polly Umrigar]] | 1955–1958 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 25.00 |- | 9 | scope="row"| [[Hemu Adhikari]] | 1958 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- | 10 | scope="row"| [[Datta Gaekwad]] | 1959 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |- | 11 | scope="row"| [[Pankaj Roy]] | 1959 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |- | 12 | scope="row"| [[Gulabrai Ramchand]] | 1959 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 20.00 |- | 13 | scope="row"| [[Nari Contractor]] | 1960–1961 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 16.66 |- | 14 | scope="row"| [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi|Nawab of Pataudi, Jr.]] | 1961–1974 | 40 | 9 | 19 | 12 | 22.50 |- | 15 | scope="row"| [[Chandu Borde]] | 1967 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |- | 16 | scope="row"| [[Ajit Wadekar]] | 1970–1974 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 25.00 |- | 17 | scope="row"| [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|Srinivas Venkataraghavan]] | 1974–1979 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 |- | 18 | scope="row"| [[Sunil Gavaskar]] | 1975–1984 | 47 | 9 | 8 | 30 | 19.14 |- | 19 | scope="row"| [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] | 1975–1978 | 22 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 27.27 |- | 20 | scope="row"| [[Gundappa Viswanath]] | 1979 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |- | 21 | scope="row"| [[Kapil Dev]] | 1982–1986 | 34 | 4 | 7 | 23<ref name='tied'>Includes one Tied Test Match</ref> | 11.70 |- | 22 | scope="row"| [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] | 1987–1989 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 20.00 |- | 23 | scope="row"| [[Ravi Shastri]] | 1987 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100.00 |- | 24 | scope="row"| [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] | 1989 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |- | 25 | scope="row"| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] | 1989–1998 | 47 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 29.78 |- | 26 | scope="row"| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] | 1996–1999 | 25 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 16.00 |- | 27 | scope="row"| [[Sourav Ganguly]] | 2000–2005 | 49 | 21 | 13 | 15 | 42.85 |- | 28 | scope="row"| [[Rahul Dravid]] | 2003–2007 | 25 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 32.00 |- | 29 | scope="row"| [[Virender Sehwag]] | 2005–2012 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 50.00 |- | 30 | scope="row"| [[Anil Kumble]] | 2007–2008 | 14 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 21.42 |- | 31 | scope="row"| [[MS Dhoni]] | 2008–2014 | 60 | 27 | 18 | 15 | 45.76 |- | 32 | scope="row"| [[Virat Kohli]] | 2014–2022 | 68 | 40 | 17 | 11 | 58.82 |- | 33 | scope="row"| [[Ajinkya Rahane]] | 2017–2021 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 66.67 |- |-class="sortbottom" |colspan=3| '''Total''' | '''548''' | '''161''' | '''168''' | '''219'''<ref name='tied'/> | '''29.37''' |} ==Notes and references== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{commons category|India Test cricketers}} *[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:India Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Indian people|Test cricketers]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] q8mxksqxtyzt6avuqaf5zmgomdmpd1b 0 386802 10330809 9186289 2025-06-14T20:16:07Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:New Zealand cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2019}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who play [[Test cricket]] for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. Statistics are correct as of New Zealand v England, 3rd Test, 2007-08 (26 March, 2008) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | New Zealand Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1||[[Ted Badcock]]||1930-1933||7||9||2||137||64||19.57||1608||66||610||16||4/80||38.13||1||- |- ||2||[[Roger Blunt]]||1930-1932||9||13||1||330||96||27.50||936||34||472||12||3/17||39.33||5||- |- ||3||[[Stewie Dempster]]||1930-1933||10||15||4||723||136||65.73||5||-||10||-||-||-||2||- |- ||4||[[George Dickinson]]||1930-1932||3||5||-||31||11||6.20||451||13||245||8||3/66||30.63||3||- |- ||5||[[Henry Foley (New Zealand cricketer)|Harry Foley]]||1930||1||2||-||4||2||2.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||6||[[Matt Henderson]]||1930||1||2||1||8||6||8.00||90||3||64||2||2/38||32.00||1||- |- ||7||[[Ken James (cricketer)|Ken James]]||1930-1933||11||13||2||52||14||4.73||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||5 |- ||8||[[Tom Lowry]]||1930-1931||7||8||-||223||80||27.88||12||1||5||-||-||-||8||- |- ||9||[[Bill Merritt (cricketer)|Bill Merritt]]||1930-1931||6||8||1||73||19||10.43||936||10||617||12||4/104||51.42||2||- |- ||10||[[Curly Page]]||1930-1937||14||20||-||492||104||24.60||379||11||231||5||2/21||46.20||6||- |- ||11||[[Alby Roberts]]||1930-1937||5||10||1||248||66*||27.56||459||19||209||7||4/101||29.86||4||- |- ||12||[[Eddie McLeod]]||1930||1||2||1||18||16||18.00||12||-||5||-||-||-||-||- |- ||13||[[John Mills (cricketer)|John Mills]]||1930-1933||7||10||1||241||117||26.78||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||14||[[Lindsay Weir (cricketer)|Lindsay Weir]]||1930-1937||11||16||2||416||74*||29.71||342||7||209||7||3/38||29.86||3||- |- ||15||[[Cyril Allcott]]||1930-1932||6||7||2||113||33||22.60||1206||41||541||6||2/102||90.17||3||- |- ||16||[[Herb McGirr]]||1930||2||1||-||51||51||51.00||180||5||115||1||1/65||115.00||-||- |- ||17||[[Mal Matheson]]||1930-1931||2||1||-||7||7||7.00||282||9||136||2||2/7||68.00||2||- |- ||18||[[Ian Cromb]]||1931-1932||5||8||2||123||51*||20.50||960||36||442||8||3/113||55.25||1||- |- ||19||[[Jack Kerr (cricketer)|Jack Kerr]]||1931-1937||7||12||1||212||59||19.27||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||20||[[Giff Vivian]]||1931-1937||7||10||-||421||100||42.10||1311||44||633||17||4/58||37.24||4||- |- ||21||[[Don Cleverley]]||1932-1946||2||4||3||19||10*||19.00||222||3||130||-||-||-||-||- |- ||22||[[Jack Newman (New Zealand cricketer)|Jack Newman]]||1932-1933||3||4||-||33||19||8.25||425||11||254||2||2/76||127.00||-||- |- ||23||[[Doug Freeman]]||1933||2||2||-||2||1||1.00||240||3||169||1||1/91||169.00||-||- |- ||24||[[Dennis Smith (cricketer)|Dennis Smith]]||1933||1||1||-||4||4||4.00||120||-||113||1||1/113||113.00||-||- |- ||25||[[Paul Whitelaw]]||1933||2||4||2||64||30||32.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||26||[[Jack Dunning]]||1933-1937||4||6||1||38||19||7.60||830||20||493||5||2/35||98.60||2||- |- ||27||[[Jack Cowie]]||1937-1949||9||13||4||90||45||10.00||2028||65||969||45||6/40||21.53||3||- |- ||28||[[Martin Donnelly (cricketer)|Martin Donnelly]]||1937-1949||7||12||1||582||206||52.91||30||-||20||-||-||-||7||- |- ||29||[[Walter Hadlee]]||1937-1951||11||19||1||543||116||30.17||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- ||30||[[Sonny Moloney]]||1937||3||6||-||156||64||26.00||12||1||9||-||-||-||3||- |- ||31||[[Eric Tindill]]||1937-1947||5||9||1||73||37*||9.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||1 |- ||32||[[Merv Wallace]]||1937-1953||13||21||-||439||66||20.90||6||-||5||-||-||-||5||- |- ||33||[[Norman Gallichan]]||1937||1||2||-||32||30||16.00||264||11||113||3||3/99||37.67||-||- |- ||34||[[Mac Anderson]]||1946||1||2||-||5||4||2.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||35||[[Cecil Burke]]||1946||1||2||-||4||3||2.00||66||2||30||2||2/30||15.00||-||- |- ||36||[[Len Butterfield]]||1946||1||2||-||0||||0.00||78||6||24||-||-||-||-||- |- ||37||[[Don McRae (cricket)|Don McRae]]||1946||1||2||-||8||8||4.00||84||3||44||-||-||-||-||- |- ||38||[[Gordon Rowe]]||1946||1||2||-||0||||0.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||39||[[Verdun Scott]]||1946-1952||10||17||1||458||84||28.63||18||-||14||-||-||-||7||- |- ||40||[[Tom Burtt]]||1947-1953||10||15||3||252||42||21.00||2593||119||1170||33||6/162||35.45||2||- |- ||41||[[Roy Scott]]||1947||1||1||-||18||18||18.00||138||3||74||1||1/74||74.00||-||- |- ||42||[[Brun Smith]]||1947-1952||4||6||1||237||96||47.40||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||43||[[Colin Snedden]]||1947||1||-||-||0||||-||96||5||46||-||-||-||-||- |- ||44||[[Bert Sutcliffe]]||1947-1965||42||76||8||2727||230*||40.10||538||10||344||4||2/38||86.00||20||- |- ||45||[[Don Taylor (cricketer)|Don Taylor]]||1947-1956||3||5||-||159||77||31.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||46||[[Harry Cave]]||1949-1958||19||31||5||229||22*||8.81||4074||242||1467||34||4/21||43.15||8||- |- ||47||[[Frank Mooney]]||1949-1954||14||22||2||343||46||17.15||8||1||0||-||-||-||22||8 |- ||48||[[Geoff Rabone]]||1949-1955||12||20||2||562||107||31.22||1385||48||635||16||6/68||39.69||5||- |- ||49||[[John Richard Reid|John Reid]]||1949-1965||58||108||5||3428||142||33.28||7725||444||2835||85||6/60||33.35||43||1 |- ||50||[[Fen Cresswell]]||1949-1951||3||5||3||14||12*||7.00||650||30||292||13||6/168||22.46||-||- |- ||51||[[John Hayes (cricketer)|John Hayes]]||1951-1958||15||22||7||73||19||4.87||2675||86||1217||30||4/36||40.57||3||- |- ||52||[[Tony MacGibbon]]||1951-1958||26||46||5||814||66||19.85||5659||228||2160||70||5/64||30.86||13||- |- ||53||[[Alex Moir]]||1951-1959||17||30||8||327||41*||14.86||2650||82||1418||28||6/155||50.64||2||- |- ||54||[[Don Beard]]||1952-1956||4||7||2||101||31||20.20||806||37||302||9||3/22||33.56||2||- |- ||55||[[Raymond Emery]]||1952||2||4||-||46||28||11.50||46||-||52||2||2/52||26.00||-||- |- ||56||[[Gordon Leggat]]||1952-1956||9||18||2||351||61||21.94||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||57||[[Bob Blair (cricketer)|Bob Blair]]||1953-1964||19||34||6||189||64*||6.75||3525||114||1515||43||4/85||35.23||5||- |- ||58||[[Eric Fisher]]||1953||1||2||-||23||14||11.50||204||6||78||1||1/78||78.00||-||- |- ||59||[[Ted Meuli]]||1953||1||2||-||38||23||19.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||60||[[Lawrie Miller]]||1953-1958||13||25||-||346||47||13.84||2||-||1||-||-||-||1||- |- ||61||[[Murray Chapple]]||1953-1966||14||27||1||497||76||19.12||248||17||84||1||1/24||84.00||10||- |- ||62||[[Eric Dempster]]||1953-1954||5||8||2||106||47||17.67||544||17||219||2||1/24||109.50||1||- |- ||63||[[Matt Poore]]||1953-1956||14||24||1||355||45||15.43||788||24||367||9||2/28||40.78||1||- |- ||64||[[Guy Overton]]||1953-1954||3||6||1||8||3*||1.60||729||23||258||9||3/65||28.67||1||- |- ||65||[[John Beck (cricketer)|John Beck]]||1953-1956||8||15||-||394||99||26.27||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||66||[[William Bell (cricketer)|William Bell]]||1954||2||3||3||21||21*||-||491||13||235||2||1/54||117.50||1||- |- ||67||[[Ian Leggat]]||1954||1||1||-||0||||0.00||24||-||6||-||-||-||2||- |- ||68||[[Ian Colquhoun]]||1955||2||4||2||1||1*||0.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||69||[[Noel McGregor]]||1955-1965||25||47||2||892||111||19.82||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- ||70||[[Leslie Watt]]||1955||1||2||-||2||2||1.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||71||[[Jack Alabaster]]||1955-1972||21||34||6||272||34||9.71||3992||178||1863||49||4/46||38.02||7||- |- ||72||[[Zin Harris]]||1955-1965||9||18||1||378||101||22.24||42||2||14||-||-||-||6||- |- ||73||[[Trevor McMahon]]||1955-1956||5||7||4||7||4*||2.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||7||1 |- ||74||[[Noel Harford]]||1955-1958||8||15||-||229||93||15.27||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||75||[[Eric Petrie]]||1955-1966||14||25||5||258||55||12.90||-||-||-||-||-||-||25||- |- ||76||[[John Guy (cricketer)|John Guy]]||1955-1961||12||23||2||440||102||20.95||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||77||[[Allen Lissette]]||1956||2||4||2||2||1*||1.00||288||16||124||3||2/73||41.33||1||- |- ||78||[[Sammy Guillen]]||1956||3¹||6||-||98||41||16.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||3 |- ||79||[[Ian Sinclair (cricketer)|Ian Sinclair]]||1956||2||4||1||25||18*||8.33||233||9||120||1||1/79||120.00||1||- |- ||80||[[Trevor Barber]]||1956||1||2||-||17||12||8.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||81||[[John D'Arcy (cricketer)|John D'Arcy]]||1958||5||10||-||136||33||13.60||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||82||[[Trevor Meale]]||1958||2||4||-||21||10||5.25||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||83||[[Bill Playle]]||1958-1963||8||15||-||151||65||10.07||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||84||[[John Sparling]]||1958-1964||11||20||2||229||50||12.72||708||33||327||5||1/9||65.40||3||- |- ||85||[[Bruce Bolton]]||1959||2||3||-||59||33||19.67||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||86||[[Roger Harris]]||1959||2||3||-||31||13||10.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||87||[[Kenneth Hough]]||1959||2||3||2||62||31*||62.00||462||23||175||6||3/79||29.17||1||- |- ||88||[[Gary Bartlett]]||1961-1968||10||18||1||263||40||15.47||1768||64||792||24||6/38||33.00||8||- |- ||89||[[Paul Barton]]||1961-1963||7||14||-||285||109||20.36||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||90||[[Frank Cameron]]||1961-1965||19||30||20||116||27*||11.60||4570||220||1849||62||5/34||29.82||2||- |- ||91||[[Artie Dick]]||1961-1965||17||30||4||370||50*||14.23||-||-||-||-||-||-||47||4 |- ||92||[[Dick Motz]]||1961-1969||32||56||3||612||60||11.55||7034||279||3148||100||6/63||31.48||9||- |- ||93||[[Graham Dowling]]||1961-1972||39||77||3||2306||239||31.16||36||2||19||1||1/19||19.00||23||- |- ||94||[[Barry Sinclair]]||1963-1968||21||40||1||1148||138||29.44||60||3||32||2||2/32||16.00||8||- |- ||95||[[Bryan Yuile]]||1963-1969||17||33||6||481||64||17.81||2897||168||1213||34||4/43||35.68||12||- |- ||96||[[Bruce Morrison (cricketer)|Bruce Morrison]]||1963||1||2||-||10||10||5.00||186||5||129||2||2/129||64.50||1||- |- ||97||[[Mike Shrimpton]]||1963-1974||10||19||-||265||46||13.95||257||1||158||5||3/35||31.60||2||- |- ||98||[[Graham Gedye]]||1964-1965||4||8||-||193||55||24.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||99||[[John Ward (New Zealand cricketer)|John Ward]]||1964-1968||8||12||6||75||35*||12.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||16||1 |- ||100||[[Wynne Bradburn]]||1964||2||4||-||62||32||15.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||101||[[Bob Cunis]]||1964-1972||20||31||8||295||51||12.83||4250||140||1887||51||6/76||37.00||1||- |- ||102||[[Richard Collinge]]||1965-1978||35||50||13||533||68*||14.41||7689||228||3393||116||6/63||29.25||10||- |- ||103||[[Bevan Congdon]]||1965-1978||61||114||7||3448||176||32.22||5620||197||2154||59||5/65||36.51||44||- |- ||104||[[Ross Morgan]]||1965-1972||20||34||1||734||97||22.24||1114||38||609||5||1/16||121.80||12||- |- ||105||[[Peter Truscott]]||1965||1||2||-||29||26||14.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||106||[[Terrence Jarvis]]||1965-1973||13||22||1||625||182||29.76||12||1||3||-||-||-||3||- |- ||107||[[Vic Pollard]]||1965-1973||32||59||7||1266||116||24.35||4421||207||1853||40||3/3||46.33||19||- |- ||108||[[Bruce Taylor (New Zealand cricketer)|Bruce Taylor]]||1965-1973||30||50||6||898||124||20.41||6334||206||2953||111||7/74||26.60||10||- |- ||109||[[Graham Vivian]]||1965-1972||5||6||-||110||43||18.33||198||7||107||1||1/14||107.00||3||- |- ||110||[[Grahame Bilby]]||1966||2||4||-||55||28||13.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||111||[[Tom Puna]]||1966||3||5||3||31||18*||15.50||480||20||240||4||2/40||60.00||1||- |- ||112||[[Mark Burgess (cricket player)|Mark Burgess]]||1968-1980||50||92||6||2684||119*||31.21||498||27||212||6||3/23||35.33||34||- |- ||113||[[Roy Harford]]||1968||3||5||2||7||6||2.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- ||114||[[Bruce Murray (cricketer)|Bruce Murray]]||1968-1971||13||26||1||598||90||23.92||6||1||0||1||1/0||0.00||21||- |- ||115||[[Keith Thomson (sportsman)|Keith Thomson]]||1968||2||4||1||94||69||31.33||21||1||9||1||1/9||9.00||-||- |- ||116||[[Brian Hastings]]||1969-1976||31||56||6||1510||117*||30.20||22||-||9||-||-||-||23||- |- ||117||[[Barry Milburn]]||1969||3||3||2||8||4*||8.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||2 |- ||118||[[Glenn Turner]]||1969-1983||41||73||6||2991||259||44.64||12||1||5||-||-||-||42||- |- ||119||[[Dayle Hadlee]]||1969-1978||26||42||5||530||56||14.32||4883||114||2389||71||4/30||33.65||8||- |- ||120||[[Hedley Howarth]]||1969-1977||30||42||18||291||61||12.13||8833||393||3178||86||5/34||36.95||33||- |- ||121||[[Ken Wadsworth]]||1969-1976||33||51||4||1010||80||21.49||-||-||-||-||-||-||92||4 |- ||122||[[Murray Webb]]||1971-1974||3||2||-||12||12||6.00||732||6||471||4||2/114||117.75||-||- |- ||123||[[Richard Hadlee]]||1973-1990||86||134||19||3124||151*||27.17||21918||809||9611||431||9/52||22.30||39||- |- ||124||[[John Parker (cricketer, born 1951)|John Parker]]||1973-1980||36||63||2||1498||121||24.56||40||2||24||1||1/24||24.00||30||- |- ||125||[[David O'Sullivan (cricketer)|David O'Sullivan]]||1973-1976||11||21||4||158||23*||9.29||2744||75||1224||18||5/148||68.00||2||- |- ||126||[[Rodney Redmond]]||1973||1||2||-||163||107||81.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||127||[[Bryan Andrews]]||1974||2||3||2||22||17||22.00||256||3||154||2||2/40||77.00||1||- |- ||128||[[John Morrison (cricketer)|John Morrison]]||1974-1982||17||29||-||656||117||22.62||264||17||71||2||2/52||35.50||9||- |- ||129||[[Jeremy Coney]]||1974-1987||52||85||14||2668||174*||37.58||2835||135||966||27||3/28||35.78||64||- |- ||130||[[Lance Cairns]]||1974-1985||43||65||8||928||64||16.28||10628||447||4280||130||7/74||32.92||30||- |- ||131||[[Ewen Chatfield]]||1975-1989||43||54||33||180||21*||8.57||10360||489||3958||123||6/73||32.18||7||- |- ||132||[[Geoff Howarth]]||1975-1985||47||83||5||2531||147||32.45||614||20||271||3||1/13||90.33||29||- |- ||133||[[Andrew Roberts (cricketer)|Andrew Roberts]]||1976||7||12||1||254||84*||23.09||440||15||182||4||1/12||45.50||4||- |- ||134||[[Robert Anderson (cricketer)|Robert Anderson]]||1976-1978||9||18||-||423||92||23.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||135||[[Warren Lees]]||1976-1983||21||37||4||778||152||23.58||5||-||4||-||-||-||52||7 |- ||136||[[Peter Petherick]]||1976-1977||6||11||4||34||13||4.86||1305||37||681||16||3/90||42.56||4||- |- ||137||[[Murray Parker]]||1976||3||6||-||89||40||14.83||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||138||[[Gary Troup]]||1976-1986||15||18||6||55||13*||4.58||3183||105||1454||39||6/95||37.28||2||- |- ||139||[[Jock Edwards]]||1977-1981||8||15||-||377||55||25.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||7||- |- ||140||[[Stephen Boock]]||1978-1989||30||41||8||207||37||6.27||6598||327||2564||74||7/87||34.65||14||- |- ||141||[[John Wright (cricketer)|John Wright]]||1978-1993||82||148||7||5334||185||37.83||30||1||5||-||-||-||38||- |- ||142||[[Brendon Bracewell]]||1978-1985||6||12||2||24||8||2.40||1036||29||585||14||3/110||41.79||1||- |- ||143||[[Bruce Edgar]]||1978-1986||39||68||4||1958||161||30.59||18||1||3||-||-||-||14||- |- ||144||[[John Fulton Reid]]||1979-1986||19||31||3||1296||180||46.29||18||1||7||-||-||-||9||- |- ||145||[[Peter Webb (cricketer)|Peter Webb]]||1980||2||3||-||11||5||3.67||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||146||[[Paul McEwan]]||1980-1984||4||7||1||96||40*||16.00||36||1||13||-||-||-||5||- |- ||147||[[John Bracewell]]||1980-1990||41||60||11||1001||110||20.43||8403||360||3653||102||6/32||35.81||31||- |- ||148||[[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian Smith]]||1980-1992||63||88||17||1815||173||25.56||18||1||5||-||-||-||168||8 |- ||149||[[Martin Snedden]]||1981-1990||25||30||8||327||33*||14.86||4775||194||2199||58||5/68||37.91||7||- |- ||150||[[Martin Crowe]]||1982-1995||77||131||11||5444||299||45.37||1377||52||676||14||2/25||48.29||71||- |- ||151||[[Jeff Crowe]]||1983-1990||39||65||4||1601||128||26.25||18||1||9||-||-||-||41||- |- ||152||[[Evan Gray]]||1983-1988||10||16||-||248||50||15.50||2076||87||886||17||3/73||52.12||6||- |- ||153||[[Trevor Franklin (cricketer)|Trevor Franklin]]||1983-1991||21||37||1||828||101||23.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||- |- ||154||[[Derek Stirling]]||1984-1986||6||9||2||108||26||15.43||902||24||601||13||4/88||46.23||1||- |- ||155||[[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]]||1985-1995||56||99||8||2465||107*||27.09||256||3||161||1||1/38||161.00||32||- |- ||156||[[Vaughan Brown]]||1985||2||3||1||51||36*||25.50||342||13||176||1||1/17||176.00||3||- |- ||157||[[Stuart Gillespie]]||1986||1||1||-||28||28||28.00||162||2||79||1||1/79||79.00||-||- |- ||158||[[Gary Robertson (cricketer)|Gary Robertson]]||1986||1||1||-||12||12||12.00||144||6||91||1||1/91||91.00||-||- |- ||159||[[Willie Watson (New Zealand cricketer)|Willie Watson]]||1986-1993||15||18||6||60||11||5.00||3486||182||1387||40||6/78||34.68||4||- |- ||160||[[Tony Blain]]||1986-1994||11||20||3||456||78||26.82||-||-||-||-||-||-||19||2 |- ||161||[[Dipak Patel]]||1987-1997||37||66||8||1200||99||20.69||6594||253||3154||75||6/50||42.05||15||- |- ||162||[[Phil Horne]]||1987-1990||4||7||-||71||27||10.14||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||163||[[Andrew Jones (cricketer)|Andrew Jones]]||1987-1995||39||74||8||2922||186||44.27||328||8||194||1||1/40||194.00||25||- |- ||164||[[Danny Morrison (cricketer)|Danny Morrison]]||1987-1997||48||71||26||379||42||8.42||10064||313||5549||160||7/89||34.68||14||- |- ||165||[[Mark Greatbatch]]||1988-1996||41||71||5||2021||146*||30.62||6||1||0||-||-||-||27||- |- ||166||[[Robert Vance]]||1988-1989||4||7||-||207||68||29.57||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||167||[[Chris Kuggeleijn]]||1988||2||4||-||7||7||1.75||97||2||67||1||1/50||67.00||1||- |- ||168||[[Chris Cairns]]||1989-2004||62||104||5||3320||158||33.54||11698||414||6410||218||7/27||29.40||14||- |- ||169||[[Shane Thomson]]||1990-1995||19||35||4||958||120*||30.90||1990||74||953||19||3/63||50.16||7||- |- ||170||[[Mark Priest]]||1990-1998||3||4||-||56||26||14.00||377||15||158||3||2/42||52.67||-||- |- ||171||[[Adam Parore]]||1990-2002||78||128||19||2865||110||26.28||-||-||-||-||-||-||197||7 |- ||172||[[Grant Bradburn]]||1990-2001||7||10||2||105||30*||13.13||867||28||460||6||3/134||76.67||6||- |- ||173||[[Chris Pringle]]||1990-1995||14||21||4||175||30||10.29||2985||113||1389||30||7/52||46.30||3||- |- ||174||[[David White (cricketer)|David White]]||1990||2||4||-||31||18||7.75||3||-||5||-||-||-||-||- |- ||175||[[Blair Hartland]]||1992-1994||9||18||-||303||52||16.83||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||176||[[Murphy Su'a]]||1992-1995||13||18||5||165||44||12.69||2843||92||1377||36||5/73||38.25||8||- |- ||177||[[Rod Latham|Rodney Latham]]||1992-1993||4||7||-||219||119||31.29||18||2||6||-||-||-||5||- |- ||178||[[Simon Doull]]||1992-2000||32||50||11||570||46||14.62||6053||251||2872||98||7/65||29.31||16||- |- ||179||[[Mark Haslam]]||1992-1995||4||2||1||4||3||4.00||493||19||245||2||1/33||122.50||2||- |- ||180||[[Dion Nash]]||1992-2001||32||45||14||729||89*||23.52||6196||312||2649||93||6/27||28.48||13||- |- ||181||[[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]]||1992-2002||23||42||4||777||71||20.45||2560||106||1170||16||2/16||73.13||14||- |- ||182||[[Michael Owens (cricketer)|Michael Owens]]||1992-1994||8||12||6||16||8*||2.67||1074||42||585||17||4/99||34.41||3||- |- ||183||[[Justin Vaughan]]||1992-1997||6||12||1||201||44||18.27||1040||41||450||11||4/27||40.91||4||- |- ||184||[[Blair Pocock]]||1993-1997||15||29||-||665||85||22.93||24||-||20||-||-||-||5||- |- ||185||[[Richard de Groen]]||1993-1994||5||10||4||45||26||7.50||1060||44||505||11||3/40||45.91||-||- |- ||186||[[Bryan Young (cricketer)|Bryan Young]]||1993-1999||35||68||4||2034||267*||31.78||-||-||-||-||-||-||54||- |- ||187||[[Matthew Hart (cricketer)|Matthew Hart]]||1994-1995||14||24||4||353||45||17.65||3086||127||1438||29||5/77||49.59||9||- |- ||188||[[Stephen Fleming]]||1994-2008||111||189||10||7172||274*||40.06||-||-||-||-||-||-||171||- |- ||189||[[Heath Davis]]||1994-1997||5||7||4||20||8*||6.67||1010||26||499||17||5/63||29.35||4||- |- ||190||[[Gavin Larsen]]||1994-1996||8||13||4||127||26*||14.11||1967||109||689||24||3/57||28.71||5||- |- ||191||[[Darrin Murray]]||1994-1995||8||16||1||303||52||20.20||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- ||192||[[Kerry Walmsley]]||1995-2000||3||5||-||13||5||2.60||774||26||391||9||3/70||43.44||-||- |- ||193||[[Lee Germon]]||1995-1997||12||21||3||382||55||21.22||-||-||-||-||-||-||27||2 |- ||194||[[Roger Twose]]||1995-1999||16||27||2||628||94||25.12||211||2||130||3||2/36||43.33||5||- |- ||195||[[Craig Spearman]]||1995-2000||19||37||2||922||112||26.34||-||-||-||-||-||-||21||- |- ||196||[[Geoff Allott]]||1996-1999||10||15||7||27||8*||3.38||2023||62||1111||19||4/74||58.47||2||- |- ||197||[[Nathan Astle]]||1996-2006||81||137||10||4702||222||37.02||5688||317||2143||51||3/27||42.01||70||- |- ||198||[[Robert Kennedy (cricketer)|Robert Kennedy]]||1996||4||5||1||28||22||7.00||636||17||380||6||3/28||63.33||2||- |- ||199||[[Greg Loveridge]]||1996||1||1||1||4||4*||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||200||[[Daniel Vettori]]||1997-2008||79²||117||19||2676||137*||27.58||19016||784||8417||244||7/87||34.49||39||- |- ||201||[[Matt Horne|Matthew Horne]]||1997-2003||35||65||2||1788||157||28.38||66||7||26||-||-||-||17||- |- ||202||[[Shayne O'Connor]]||1997-2001||19||27||9||103||20||5.72||3667||149||1724||53||5/51||32.53||6||- |- ||203||[[David Sewell]]||1997||1||1||1||1||1*||-||138||3||90||-||-||-||-||- |- ||204||[[Craig McMillan]]||1997-2005||55||91||10||3116||142||38.47||2502||101||1257||28||3/48||44.89||22||- |- ||205||[[Paul Wiseman]]||1998-2005||25||34||8||366||36||14.08||5660||209||2903||61||5/82||47.59||11||- |- ||206||[[Matthew Bell (cricketer)|Matthew Bell]]||1998-2008||18||32||2||729||107||24.30||-||-||-||-||-||-||19||- |- ||207||[[Gary Stead]]||1999||5||8||-||278||78||34.75||6||-||1||-||-||-||2||- |- ||208||[[Mathew Sinclair]]||1999-2008||32||54||5||1595||214||32.55||24||-||13||-||-||-||31||- |- ||209||[[Daryl Tuffey]]||2000-2004||22||30||7||263||35||11.43||4110||181||2057||66||6/54||31.17||12||- |- ||210||[[Mark Richardson (cricketer)|Mark Richardson]]||2000-2004||38||65||3||2776||145||44.77||66||-||21||1||1/16||21.00||26||- |- ||211||[[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin]]||2000-||40||56||27||74||12*||2.55||7744||278||4443||136||6/54||32.66||9||- |- ||212||[[Brooke Walker]]||2000-2002||5||8||2||118||27*||19.67||669||17||399||5||2/92||79.80||-||- |- ||213||[[Hamish Marshall]]||2000-2006||13||19||2||652||160||38.35||6||-||4||-||-||-||1||- |- ||214||[[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]]||2001-2006||21||28||5||505||122*||21.95||3577||110||2143||76||6/119||28.19||9||- |- ||215||[[Chris Drum]]||2001-2002||5||5||2||10||4||3.33||806||27||482||16||3/36||30.13||4||- |- ||216||[[Shane Bond]]||2001-2007||17||18||7||139||41*||12.63||3079||104||1769||79||6/51||22.39||6||- |- ||217||[[Lou Vincent]]||2001-2007||23||40||1||1332||224||34.15||6||-||2||-||-||-||19||- |- ||218||[[Ian Butler (cricketer)|Ian Butler]]||2002-2004||8||10||2||76||26||9.50||1368||37||884||24||6/46||36.83||4||- |- ||219||[[Andre Adams]]||2002||1||2||-||18||11||9.00||190||5||105||6||3/44||17.50||1||- |- ||220||[[Robbie Hart (cricketer)|Robbie Hart]]||2002-2003||11||19||3||260||57*||16.25||-||-||-||-||-||-||29||1 |- ||221||[[Scott Styris]]||2002-2007||29||48||4||1586||170||36.04||1966||76||1023||20||3/28||51.15||23||- |- ||222||[[Jacob Oram]]||2002-||33||59||10||1780||133||36.32||4964||?||1983||60||4/41||33.05||15||- |- ||223||[[Richard Jones (cricketer)|Richard Jones]]||2003||1||2||-||23||16||11.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||224||[[Brendon McCullum]]||2004-||32||51||3||1485||143||30.93||-||-||-||-||-||-||95||6 |- ||225||[[Michael Papps]]||2004-2007||8||16||1||246||86||16.40||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- ||226||[[Michael Mason (cricketer)|Michael Mason]]||2004||1||2||-||3||3||1.50||132||5||105||-||-||-||-||- |- ||227||[[Kyle Mills]]||2004-||19||30||5||289||57||11.56||2902||?||1453||44||4/16||33.02||4||- |- ||228||[[Craig Cumming]]||2005-2008||11||19||2||441||74||25.94||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||229||[[Iain O'Brien]]||2005-2009||22||34||5||219||31||7.55||4394||?||2429||73||6/75||33.27||7||- |- ||230||[[James Marshall (cricketer)|James Marshall]]||2005||5||7||-||166||52||23.71||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||231||[[Peter Fulton]]||2006-||7||10||1||236||75||26.22||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- ||232||[[Jamie How]]||2006-||9||16||1||332||92||22.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- ||233||[[Jeetan Patel]]||2006-||3||5||2||67||27*||22.33||869||31||404||11||3/107||36.72||1||- |- ||234||[[Ross Taylor]]||2007-||25||46||1||1941||154*||43.13||32||-||14||-||-||45||- |- ||235||[[Mark Gillespie (cricketer)|Mark Gillespie]]||2007-||2||4||0||9||9||2.25||390||10||278||11||5/136||25.27||-||- |- ||236||[[Grant Elliott]]||2008-||1||2||0||10||6||5.00||144||3||85||1||1/27||85.00||2||- |- ||237||[[Tim Southee]]||2008-||2||3||1||82||77*||41.50||283||13||139||5||5/55||27.80||-||- |- ||238||[[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]]||2008-||2||3||2||42||29*||42.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||239||[[Aaron Redmond]]||2008-||3||6||0||54||28||9.00||12||1||4||0||-||-||0||- |- ||240||[[Gareth Hopkins (cricketer)|Gareth Hopkins]]||2008-||1||2||0||27||15||13.50||0||0||0||0||-||-||3||0 |- ||241||[[Jesse Ryder]]||2008-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||242||[[Tim McIntosh]]||2008-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||243||[[Martin Guptill]]||2009-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||244||[[BJ Watling]]||2009-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||245||[[Peter Ingram]]||2010-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||246||[[Brent Arnel]]||2010-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||247||[[Hamish Bennett]]||2010-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||248||[[Kane Williamson]]||2010-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||249||[[Andy McKay]]||2010-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||250||[[Reece Young]]||2011-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||251||[[Doug Bracewell]]||2011-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||252||[[Dean Brownlie]]||2011-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||253||[[Trent Boult]]||2011-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||254||[[Rob Nicol]]||2012-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||255||[[Kruger van Wyk]]||2012-||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |} Note: *¹[[Sammy Guillen]] also played Test cricket for the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]]. Only his records for [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] is shown above. *²[[Daniel Vettori]] has also played Test cricket for the [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]]. Only his record for [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] is shown above. == Related pages == * [[List of New Zealand cricketers]] == Other websites == * [http://content.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/caps.html?country=5;class=1 Cricinfo] * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:New Zealand-related lists|Test cricketers]] [[Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2015]] jq8lpulrbirupto9hh1mdfoefwre8rn 0 386803 10330820 8788297 2025-06-14T20:22:50Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Pakistani cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who play [[Test cricket]] for [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. Statistics are correct as of 24 August 2008. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan=4 | Pakistani Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1||[[Amir Elahi]]¹||1952||5||7||1||65||47||10.83||400||5||248||7||4/134||35.43||-||- |- ||2||[[Anwar Hussain (cricketer)|Anwar Hussain]]||1952||4||6||-||42||17||7.00||36||1||29||1||1/25||29.00||-||- |- ||3||[[Fazal Mahmood]]||1952–1962||34||50||6||620||60||14.09||9834||560||3434||139||7/42||24.71||11||- |- ||4||[[Hanif Mohammad]]||1952–1969||55||97||8||3915||337||43.99||206||9||95||1||1/1||95.00||40||- |- ||5||[[Imtiaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Imtiaz Ahmed]]||1952–1962||41||72||1||2079||209||29.28||6||1||0||-||-||-||77||16 |- ||6||[[Israr Ali]]||1952–1959||4||8||1||33||10||4.71||318||12||165||6||2/29||27.50||1||- |- ||7||[[Abdul Hafeez Kardar|Abdul Kardar]]¹||1952–1958||23||37||3||847||93||24.91||2712||139||954||21||3/35||45.43||15||- |- ||8||[[Khan Mohammad]]||1952–1958||13||17||7||100||26*||10.00||3157||153||1292||54||6/21||23.93||4||- |- ||9||[[Maqsood Ahmed]]||1952–1955||16||27||1||507||99||19.50||462||21||191||3||2/12||63.67||13||- |- ||10||[[Nazar Mohammad]]||1952||5||8||1||277||124*||39.57||12||1||4||-||-||-||7||- |- ||11||[[Waqar Hasan]]||1952–1959||21||35||1||1071||189||31.50||6||-||10||-||-||-||10||- |- ||12||[[Mahmood Hussain (cricketer)|Mahmood Hussain]]||1952–1962||27||39||6||336||35||10.18||5910||225||2628||68||6/67||38.65||5||- |- ||13||[[Zulfiqar Ahmed]]||1952–1956||9||10||4||200||63*||33.33||1285||78||366||20||6/42||18.30||5||- |- ||14||[[Wazir Mohammad]]||1952–1959||20||33||4||801||189||27.62||24||-||15||-||-||-||5||- |- ||15||[[Alimuddin (cricketer)|Alimuddin]]||1954–1962||25||45||2||1091||109||25.37||84||-||75||1||1/17||75.00||8||- |- ||16||[[Khalid Wazir]]||1954||2||3||1||14||9*||7.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||17||[[Shujauddin Butt|Shujauddin]]||1954–1962||19||32||6||395||47||15.19||2313||121||801||20||3/18||40.05||8||- |- ||18||[[Mohammed Ghazali]]||1954||2||4||-||32||18||8.00||48||1||18||-||-||-||-||- |- ||19||[[Khalid Hasan (cricketer)|Khalid Hasan]]||1954||1||2||1||17||10||17.00||126||1||116||2||2/116||58.00||-||- |- ||20||[[Mohammad Aslam (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohammad Aslam]]||1954||1||2||-||34||18||17.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||21||[[Miran Bux]]||1955||2||3||2||1||1*||1.00||348||22||115||2||2/82||57.50||-||- |- ||22||[[Agha Saadat Ali]]||1955||1||1||1||8||8*||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||23||[[Wallis Mathias]]||1955–1962||21||36||3||783||77||23.73||24||-||20||-||-||-||22||- |- ||24||[[Gul Mohammad]]^{1, 2}||1956||1||2||1||39||27*||39.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||25||[[Haseeb Ahsan]]||1958–1962||12||16||7||61||14||6.78||2835||100||1330||27||6/202||49.26||1||- |- ||26||[[Nasim-ul-Ghani]]||1958–1973||29||50||5||747||101||16.60||4406||204||1959||52||6/67||37.67||11||- |- ||27||[[Saeed Ahmed (cricketer)|Saeed Ahmed]]||1958–1973||41||78||4||2991||172||40.42||1980||89||802||22||4/64||36.45||13||- |- ||28||[[Fazal-ur-Rehman]]||1958||1||2||-||10||8||5.00||204||3||99||1||1/43||99.00||1||- |- ||29||[[Antao D'Souza]]||1959–1962||6||10||8||76||23*||38.00||1587||56||745||17||5/112||43.82||3||- |- ||30||[[Ijaz Butt]]||1959–1962||8||16||2||279||58||19.93||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||31||[[Mushtaq Mohammad]]||1959–1979||57||100||7||3643||201||39.17||5260||177||2309||79||5/28||29.23||42||- |- ||32||[[Duncan Sharpe]]||1959||3||6||-||134||56||22.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||33||[[Mohammad Munaf (cricketer)|Mohammad Munaf]]||1959–1962||4||7||2||63||19||12.60||769||31||341||11||4/42||31.00||-||- |- ||34||[[Intikhab Alam]]||1959–1977||47||77||10||1493||138||22.28||10474||383||4494||125||7/52||35.95||20||- |- ||35||[[Munir Malik]]||1959–1962||3||4||1||7||4||2.33||684||21||358||9||5/128||39.78||1||- |- ||36||[[Javed Burki]]||1960–1969||25||48||4||1341||140||30.48||42||2||23||-||-||-||7||- |- ||37||[[Mohammad Farooq]]||1960–1965||7||9||4||85||47||17.00||1422||50||682||21||4/70||32.48||1||- |- ||38||[[Afaq Hussain]]||1961–1964||2||4||4||66||35*||-||240||7||106||1||1/40||106.00||2||- |- ||39||[[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]]||1962||1||2||1||4||2*||4.00||96||5||52||-||-||-||-||- |- ||40||[[Shahid Mahmood]]||1962||1||2||-||25||16||12.50||36||1||23||-||-||-||-||- |- ||41||[[Abdul Kadir (cricketer)|Abdul Kadir]]||1964–1965||4||8||-||272||95||34.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||1 |- ||42||[[Asif Iqbal (cricketer)|Asif Iqbal]]||1964–1980||58||99||7||3575||175||38.86||3864||181||1502||53||5/48||28.34||36||- |- ||43||[[Khalid Ibadulla]]||1964–1967||4||8||-||253||166||31.63||336||21||99||1||1/42||99.00||3||- |- ||44||[[Majid Khan (cricket player)|Majid Khan]]||1964–1983||63||106||5||3931||167||38.92||3584||124||1456||27||4/45||53.93||70||- |- ||45||[[Pervez Sajjad]]||1964–1973||19||20||11||123||24||13.67||4145||217||1410||59||7/74||23.90||9||- |- ||46||[[Shafqat Rana]]||1964–1969||5||7||-||221||95||31.57||36||1||9||1||1/2||9.00||5||- |- ||47||[[Arif Butt]]||1964–1965||3||5||-||59||20||11.80||666||26||288||14||6/89||20.57||-||- |- ||48||[[Farooq Hamid]]||1964||1||2||-||3||3||1.50||184||1||107||1||1/82||107.00||-||- |- ||49||[[Mohammad Ilyas]]||1964–1969||10||19||-||441||126||23.21||84||1||63||-||-||-||6||- |- ||50||[[Naushad Ali (cricketer)|Naushad Ali]]||1965||6||11||-||156||39||14.18||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- ||51||[[Mufasir-ul-Haq]]||1965||1||1||1||8||8*||-||222||12||84||3||2/50||28.00||1||- |- ||52||[[Salahuddin (cricket player)|Salahuddin]]||1965–1969||5||8||2||117||34*||19.50||546||27||187||7||2/36||26.71||3||- |- ||53||[[Saleem Altaf]]||1967–1978||21||31||12||276||53*||14.53||4001||122||1710||46||4/11||37.17||3||- |- ||54||[[Wasim Bari]]||1967–1984||81||112||26||1366||85||15.88||8||-||2||-||-||-||201||27 |- ||55||[[Niaz Ahmed]]||1967–1969||2||3||3||17||16*||-||294||14||94||3||2/72||31.33||1||- |- ||56||[[Ghulam Abbas (cricketer)|Ghulam Abbas]]||1967||1||2||-||12||12||6.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||57||[[Aftab Gul]]||1969–1971||6||8||-||182||33||22.75||6||-||4||-||-||-||3||- |- ||58||[[Asif Masood]]||1969–1977||16||19||10||93||30*||10.33||3038||78||1568||38||5/111||41.26||5||- |- ||59||[[Sarfraz Nawaz]]||1969–1984||55||72||13||1045||90||17.71||13951||486||5798||177||9/86||32.76||26||- |- ||60||[[Mohammad Nazir]]||1969–1983||14||18||10||144||29*||18.00||3262||162||1124||34||7/99||33.06||4||- |- ||61||[[Sadiq Mohammad]]||1969–1981||41||74||2||2579||166||35.82||200||5||98||-||-||-||28||- |- ||62||[[Younis Ahmed]]||1969–1987||4||7||1||177||62||29.50||6||-||6||-||-||-||-||- |- ||63||[[Zaheer Abbas]]||1969–1985||78||124||11||5062||274||44.80||370||9||132||3||2/21||44.00||34||- |- ||64||[[Aftab Baloch]]||1969–1975||2||3||1||97||60*||48.50||44||-||17||-||-||-||-||- |- ||65||[[Imran Khan]]||1971–1992||88||126||25||3807||136||37.69||19458||727||8258||362||8/58||22.81||28||- |- ||66||[[Talat Ali]]||1972–1979||10||18||2||370||61||23.13||20||1||7||-||-||-||4||- |- ||67||[[Wasim Raja]]||1973–1985||57||92||14||2821||125||36.17||4082||134||1826||51||4/50||35.80||20||- |- ||68||[[Shafiq Ahmed]]||1974–1981||6||10||1||99||27*||11.00||8||-||1||-||-||-||-||- |- ||69||[[Agha Zahid]]||1975||1||2||-||15||14||7.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||70||[[Liaqat Ali (cricketer)|Liaqat Ali]]||1975–1978||5||7||3||28||12||7.00||808||23||359||6||3/80||59.83||1||- |- ||71||[[Javed Miandad]]||1976–1993||124||189||21||8832||280*||52.57||1470||32||682||17||3/74||40.12||93||1 |- ||72||[[Farrukh Zaman]]||1976||1||-||-||0||||-||80||2||15||-||-||-||-||- |- ||73||[[Shahid Israr]]||1976||1||1||1||7||7*||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||74||[[Sikander Bakht (cricketer)|Sikander Bakht]]||1976–1983||26||35||12||146||22*||6.35||4870||147||2412||67||8/69||36.00||7||- |- ||75||[[Iqbal Qasim]]||1976–1988||50||57||15||549||56||13.07||13019||649||4807||171||7/49||28.11||42||- |- ||76||[[Mudassar Nazar]]||1976–1989||76||116||8||4114||231||38.09||5967||217||2532||66||6/32||38.36||48||- |- ||77||[[Haroon Rashid (cricketer)|Haroon Rashid]]||1977–1983||23||36||1||1217||153||34.77||8||-||3||-||-||-||16||- |- ||78||[[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]]||1977–1990||67||77||11||1029||61||15.59||17126||608||7742||236||9/56||32.81||15||- |- ||79||[[Mohsin Khan]]||1978–1986||48||79||6||2709||200||37.11||86||4||30||-||-||-||34||- |- ||80||[[Anwar Khan (cricketer)|Anwar Khan]]||1979||1||2||1||15||12||15.00||32||-||12||-||-||-||-||- |- ||81||[[Ehteshamuddin]]||1979–1982||5||3||1||2||2||1.00||940||40||375||16||5/47||23.44||2||- |- ||82||[[Taslim Arif]]||1980||6||10||2||501||210*||62.63||30||-||28||1||1/28||28.00||6||3 |- ||83||[[Tauseef Ahmed]]||1980–1993||34||38||20||318||35*||17.67||7778||359||2950||93||6/45||31.72||9||- |- ||84||[[Azhar Khan]]||1980||1||1||-||14||14||14.00||18||1||2||1||1/1||2.00||-||- |- ||85||[[Azmat Rana]]||1980||1||1||-||49||49||49.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||86||[[Mansoor Akhtar]]||1980–1990||19||29||3||655||111||25.19||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- ||87||[[Ijaz Faqih]]||1980–1988||5||8||1||183||105||26.14||534||9||299||4||1/38||74.75||-||- |- ||88||[[Rizwan-uz-Zaman]]||1981–1989||11||19||1||345||60||19.17||132||7||46||4||3/26||11.50||4||- |- ||89||[[Rashid Khan (cricketer)|Rashid Khan]]||1982–1985||4||6||3||155||59||51.67||738||32||360||8||3/129||45.00||2||- |- ||90||[[Saleem Malik]]||1982–1999||103||154||22||5768||237||43.70||734||20||414||5||1/3||82.80||65||- |- ||91||[[Saleem Yousuf]]||1982–1990||32||44||5||1055||91*||27.05||-||-||-||-||-||-||91||13 |- ||92||[[Tahir Naqqash]]||1982–1985||15||19||5||300||57||21.43||2800||108||1398||34||5/40||41.12||3||- |- ||93||[[Ashraf Ali]]||1982–1987||8||8||3||229||65||45.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||17||5 |- ||94||[[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-din]]||1982–1985||6||3||2||3||2||3.00||1197||51||537||11||3/77||48.82||-||- |- ||95||[[Azeem Hafeez]]||1983–1985||18||21||5||134||24||8.38||4351||172||2204||63||6/46||34.98||1||- |- ||96||[[Qasim Umar]]||1983–1986||26||43||2||1502||210||36.63||6||1||0||-||-||-||15||- |- ||97||[[Shoaib Mohammad]]||1983–1995||45||68||7||2705||203*||44.34||396||16||170||5||2/8||34.00||22||- |- ||98||[[Anil Dalpat]]||1984–1985||9||12||1||167||52||15.18||-||-||-||-||-||-||22||3 |- ||99||[[Rameez Raja]]||1984–1997||57||94||5||2833||122||31.83||-||-||-||-||-||-||34||- |- ||100||[[Mohsin Kamal]]||1984–1994||9||11||7||37||13*||9.25||1348||28||822||24||4/116||34.25||4||- |- ||101||[[Manzoor Elahi]]||1984–1995||6||10||2||123||52||15.38||444||23||194||7||2/38||27.71||7||- |- ||102||[[Wasim Akram]]||1985–2002||104||147||19||2898||257*||22.64||22627||871||9779||414||7/119||23.62||44||- |- ||103||[[Zulqarnain]]||1986||3||4||-||24||13||6.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||2 |- ||104||[[Zakir Khan]]||1986–1989||2||2||2||9||9*||-||444||13||259||5||3/80||51.80||1||- |- ||105||[[Asif Mujtaba]]||1986–1997||25||41||3||928||65*||24.42||666||26||303||4||1/0||75.75||19||- |- ||106||[[Saleem Jaffar]]||1986–1992||14||14||6||42||10*||5.25||2531||93||1139||36||5/40||31.64||2||- |- ||107||[[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Ijaz Ahmed]]||1987–2001||60||92||4||3315||211||37.67||180||1||77||2||1/9||38.50||45||- |- ||108||[[Aamer Malik]]||1987–1994||14||19||3||565||117||35.31||156||5||89||1||1/0||89.00||15||1 |- ||109||[[Aaqib Javed]]||1989–1998||22||27||7||101||28*||5.05||3918||136||1874||54||5/84||34.70||2||- |- ||110||[[Shahid Saeed]]||1989||1||1||-||12||12||12.00||90||-||43||-||-||-||-||- |- ||111||[[Waqar Younis]]||1989–2003||87||120||21||1010||45||10.20||16224||516||8788||373||7/76||23.56||18||- |- ||112||[[Nadeem Abbasi]]||1989||3||2||-||46||36||23.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- ||113||[[Naved Anjum]]||1989–1990||2||3||-||44||22||14.67||342||14||162||4||2/57||40.50||-||- |- ||114||[[Akram Raza]]||1989–1995||9||12||2||153||32||15.30||1526||61||732||13||3/46||56.31||8||- |- ||115||[[Shahid Mahboob]]||1989||1||-||-||0||||-||294||12||131||2||2/131||65.50||-||- |- ||116||[[Mushtaq Ahmed]]||1990–2003||52||72||16||656||59||11.71||12532||405||6100||185||7/56||32.97||23||- |- ||117||[[Nadeem Ghauri]]||1990||1||1||-||0||||0.00||48||1||20||-||-||-||-||- |- ||118||[[Zahid Fazal]]||1990–1995||9||16||-||288||78||18.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||119||[[Moin Khan]]||1990–2004||69||104||8||2741||137||28.55||-||-||-||-||-||-||128||20 |- ||120||[[Saeed Anwar]]||1990–2001||55||91||2||4052||188*||45.53||48||3||23||-||-||-||18||- |- ||121||[[Masood Anwar]]||1990||1||2||-||39||37||19.50||161||4||102||3||2/59||34.00||-||- |- ||122||[[Aamer Sohail]]||1992–2000||47||83||3||2823||205||35.29||2383||80||1049||25||4/54||41.96||36||- |- ||123||[[Ata-ur-Rehman]]||1992–1996||13||15||6||76||19||8.44||1973||62||1071||31||4/50||34.55||2||- |- ||124||[[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]³||1992–2007||119||198||22||8829||329||50.16||9||-||8||-||-||-||81||- |- ||125||[[Rashid Latif]]||1992–2003||37||57||9||1381||150||28.77||12||-||10||-||-||-||119||11 |- ||126||[[Basit Ali]]||1993–1995||19||33||1||858||103||26.81||6||-||6||-||-||-||6||- |- ||127||[[Aamer Nazir]]||1993–1995||6||11||6||31||11||6.20||1057||24||597||20||5/46||29.85||2||- |- ||128||[[Nadeem Khan]]||1993–1999||2||3||1||34||25||17.00||432||10||230||2||2/147||115.00||-||- |- ||129||[[Shakeel Ahmed jnr]]||1993–1995||3||5||-||74||33||14.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||130||[[Ashfaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Ashfaq Ahmed]]||1993||1||2||1||1||1*||1.00||138||9||53||2||2/31||26.50||-||- |- ||131||[[Atif Rauf]]||1994||1||2||-||25||16||12.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||132||[[Kabir Khan (cricketer)|Kabir Khan]]||1994–1995||4||5||2||24||10||8.00||655||15||370||9||3/26||41.11||1||- |- ||133||[[Ijaz Ahmed jnr]]||1995||2||3||-||29||16||9.67||24||-||6||-||-||-||3||- |- ||134||[[Saqlain Mushtaq]]||1995–2004||49||78||14||927||101*||14.48||14070||541||6206||208||8/164||29.84||15||- |- ||135||[[Mohammad Akram]]||1995–2001||9||15||6||24||10*||2.67||1477||37||859||17||5/138||50.53||4||- |- ||136||[[Saleem Elahi]]||1995–2003||13||24||1||436||72||18.96||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||1 |- ||137||[[Shadab Kabir]]||1996–2002||5||7||-||148||55||21.14||6||-||9||-||-||-||11||- |- ||138||[[Azam Khan (cricketer)|Azam Khan]]||1996||1||1||-||14||14||14.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||139||[[Shahid Nazir]]||1996–2007||15||19||3||194||40||12.12||2234||71||1272||36||5/53||35.33||5||- |- ||140||[[Hasan Raza]]||1996–2005||7||10||1||235||68||26.11||6||-||1||-||-||-||5||- |- ||141||[[Mohammad Hussain]]||1996–1998||2||3||-||18||17||6.00||180||7||87||3||2/66||29.00||1||- |- ||142||[[Mohammad Wasim]]||1996–2000||18||28||2||783||192||30.12||-||-||-||-||-||-||22||2 |- ||143||[[Zahoor Elahi]]||1996||2||3||-||30||22||10.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||144||[[Mohammad Zahid]]||1996–2003||5||6||1||7||6*||1.40||792||17||502||15||7/66||33.47||-||- |- ||145||[[Ali Naqvi (cricketer)|Ali Naqvi]]||1997–1998||5||9||1||242||115||30.25||12||-||11||-||-||-||1||- |- ||146||[[Azhar Mahmood]]||1997–2001||21||34||4||900||136||30.00||3015||111||1402||39||4/50||35.95||14||- |- ||147||[[Mohammad Ramzan]]||1997||1||2||-||36||29||18.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||148||[[Ali Hussain Rizvi]]||1997||1||-||-||0||||-||111||1||72||2||2/72||36.00||-||- |- ||149||[[Arshad Khan]]||1997–2005||9||8||2||31||9*||5.17||2538||119||960||32||5/38||30.00||-||- |- ||150||[[Shoaib Akhtar]]||1997–2007||46||67||13||544||47||10.07||8143||237||4574||178||6/11||25.69||12||- |- ||151||[[Fazl-e-Akbar]]||1998–2004||5||8||4||52||25||13.00||882||24||511||11||3/85||46.45||2||- |- ||152||[[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]⁴||1998–present||79||134||12||6770||223||55.49||6||-||3||-||-||-||59||- |- ||153||[[Shahid Afridi]]||1998–2010||26||46||1||1683||156||37.40||3092||69||1640||47||5/52||34.89||10||- |- ||154||[[Shakeel Ahmed snr]]||1998||1||1||-||1||1||1.00||325||12||139||4||4/91||34.75||1||- |- ||155||[[Naved Ashraf]]||1998–2000||2||3||-||64||32||21.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||156||[[Wajahatullah Wasti]]||1999–2000||6||10||1||329||133||36.56||18||2||8||-||-||-||7||- |- ||157||[[Imran Nazir]]||1999–present||8||13||-||427||131||32.85||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||158||[[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]]||1999–2006||46||77||9||1946||134||28.61||7008||219||3694||100||5/35||36.94||15||- |- ||159||[[Younis Khan]]||2000–present||58||105||7||4816||267||49.14||300||7||203||2||1/24||101.50||66||- |- ||160||[[Atiq-uz-Zaman]]||2000||1||2||-||26||25||13.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||161||[[Irfan Fazil]]||2000||1||2||1||4||3||4.00||48||-||65||2||1/30||32.50||2||- |- ||162||[[Qaiser Abbas]]||2000||1||1||-||2||2||2.00||96||3||35||-||-||-||-||- |- ||163||[[Danish Kaneria]]||2000–present||51||69||31||260||29||6.84||14994||464||7458||220||7/77||33.90||16||- |- ||164||[[Faisal Iqbal]]||2001–present||21||37||2||897||139||25.62||6||-||7||-||-||-||15||- |- ||165||[[Imran Farhat]]||2001–present||27||51||1||1655||128||33.10||295||3||218||3||2/69||72.67||30||- |- ||166||[[Misbah-ul-Haq]]||2001–present||10||18||2||671||161*||41.93||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||- |- ||167||[[Mohammad Sami]]||2001–present||33||51||13||458||49||12.05||6984||183||4161||81||5/36||51.37||7||- |- ||168||[[Humayun Farhat]]||2001||1||2||-||54||28||27.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||169||[[Shoaib Malik]]||2001–present||21||35||5||1076||148*||35.86||1507||37||871||13||4/42||67.00||9||- |- ||170||[[Taufeeq Umar]]||2001–present||25||46||2||1729||135||39.29||78||2||44||-||-||-||33||- |- ||171||[[Naved Latif]]||2002||1||2||-||20||20||10.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||172||[[Kamran Akmal]]||2002–present||38||65||4||1944||154||31.86||-||-||-||-||-||-||123||19 |- ||173||[[Mohammad Hafeez]]||2003–present||11||21||1||677||104||33.85||750||23||319||4||1/11||79.75||4||- |- ||174||[[Shabbir Ahmed]]||2003–2005||10||15||5||88||24*||8.80||2576||97||1175||51||5/48||23.04||3||- |- ||175||[[Umar Gul]]||2003–present||16||20||2||136||26||7.55||3612||100||2114||67||5/31||31.55||4||- |- ||176||[[Yasir Hameed]]||2003–2010||23||45||3||1450||170||34.52||72||-||72||-||-||-||16||- |- ||177||[[Farhan Adil]]||2003||1||2||-||33||25||16.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||178||[[Salman Butt]]||2003–2010||19||36||-||1047||122||29.08||131||1||95||1||1/36||95.00||8||- |- ||179||[[Yasir Ali]]||2003||1||2||2||1||1*||-||120||5||55||2||1/12||27.50||-||- |- ||180||[[Asim Kamal]]||2003–2005||12||20||1||717||99||37.74||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||- |- ||181||[[Rana Naved-ul-Hasan]]||2004–present||9||15||3||239||42*||19.91||1565||36||1044||18||3/30||58.00||3||- |- ||182||[[Riaz Afridi]]||2004||1||1||-||9||9||9.00||186||10||87||2||2/42||43.50||-||- |- ||183||[[Mohammad Khalil]]||2004–2005||2||4||1||9||5||3.00||290||3||200||-||-||-||-||- |- ||184||[[Mohammad Asif]]||2005–2010||11||16||6||60||12*||6.00||2334||91||1180||51||6/44||23.13||2||- |- ||185||[[Bazid Khan]]||2005||1||2||-||32||23||16.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||186||[[Iftikhar Anjum]]||2006–2008||1||1||1||9||9*||-||84||1||62||-||-||-||-||- |- ||187||[[Abdur Rehman (cricketer, born 1980)|Abdur Rehman]]||2007–present||2||3||1||34||25*||17.00||750||21||352||11||4/105||32.00||1||- |- ||188||[[Sohail Tanvir]]||2007–present||2||3||-||17||13||5.66||504||15||316||5||3/83||63.20||2||- |- ||189||[[Yasir Arafat (cricketer)|Yasir Arafat]]||2007||1||2||-||44||44||22.00||315||8||210||7||5/161||30.00||-||- |- ||190||[[Khurram Manzoor]]||2009–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||191||[[Sohail Khan (cricketer)|Sohail Khan]]||2009||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||192||[[Mohammad Talha]]||2009||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||193||[[Abdur Rauf (cricketer)|Abdur Rauf]]||2009||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||194||[[Mohammad Aamer]]||2009–2010||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||195||[[Saeed Ajmal]]||2009–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||196||[[Fawad Alam]]||2009–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||197||[[Umar Akmal]]||2009–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||198||[[Sarfraz Ahmed]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||199||[[Azhar Ali]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||200||[[Umar Amin]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||201||[[Zulqarnain Haider]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||202||[[Wahab Riaz]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||203||[[Adnan Akmal]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||204||[[Asad Shafiq]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||205||[[Tanvir Ahmed]]||2010–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||206||[[Mohammad Salman]]||2011–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||207||[[Aizaz Cheema]]||2011–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||208||[[Junaid Khan]]||2011–present||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |} Notes: *¹[[Amir Elahi]], [[Gul Mohammad]] and [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]] also played cricket for [[Indian cricket team|India]]. Only their records for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] are given above. *² [[Gul Mohammad]]'s name is sometimes recorded as [[Gul Mahomed]] *³ [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] has also played for the [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]]. Only his record for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] is given above. *⁴ [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricket)|Mohammad Yousuf]] was known as [[Yousuf Youhana]] until 2005. == Other websites == * [http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=7;class=1 Cricinfo] * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Pakistani people|Test cricketers]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] 0a5bsn8wktpsy0h30ztshldbsyu25av 0 387196 10331025 10044427 2025-06-14T23:01:08Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 logo for it for your 10331025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|thumb|150px|Wikipedia in Hebrew, Telugu, Fazaj, Sfegh ]] The '''[[logo]] of [[Wikipedia]]''', which is a free, open-source [[online encyclopedia]], that's accessible in many languages, is a picture that shows the following description: A cut [[globe]] made from Jigsaw [[puzzle]] pieces with some missing at the top, and has [[glyph]]s from many different [[writing system]]s. The reason for missing pieces is because there is a never ending amount of information, making Wikipedia never done. As shown on the top and left [[corner]] web pages of the [[English language|English-language]] version of Wikipedia, it says "Wikipedia" under it, and there's a text that says "The Free Encyclopedia", in a [[serif]] and free [[open source|open-source]] [[font]]. {{stub|wikipedia}} [[Category:Wikipedia]] [[Category:Symbols]] sf164s2oupsy9q4r2vxh6cnyvgt1txr 10331026 10331025 2025-06-14T23:01:11Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 9655624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|thumb|150px|Wikipedia’s current logo since 2010]] The '''[[logo]] of [[Wikipedia]]''', which is a free, open-source [[online encyclopedia]], that's accessible in many languages, is a picture that shows the following description: A cut [[globe]] made from Jigsaw [[puzzle]] pieces with some missing at the top, and has [[glyph]]s from many different [[writing system]]s. The reason for missing pieces is because there is a never ending amount of information, making Wikipedia never done. As shown on the top and left [[corner]] web pages of the [[English language|English-language]] version of Wikipedia, it says "Wikipedia" under it, and there's a text that says "The Free Encyclopedia", in a [[serif]] and free [[open source|open-source]] [[font]]. {{stub|wikipedia}} [[Category:Wikipedia]] [[Category:Symbols]] rvxp9ovjrrukpimkcpwjp32xnienxub 0 390201 10331280 10324186 2025-06-15T01:37:41Z 180.150.36.182 10331280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP unsourced|date=March 2013}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Kellie Pickler | image = KellieP.JPG | alt = Pickler smiling while holding a microphone | caption = Pickler performing in 2013 | birth_name = Kellie Dawn Pickler | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|06|28}} | birth_place = [[Albemarle, North Carolina]], U.S. | spouse = {{marriage|[[Kyle Jacobs (songwriter)|Kyle Jacobs]]|2011|2023|reason=died}} | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Country music|Country]]|[[country pop]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress|television personality}} | years_active = 2005–2019, 2022–present | label = {{hlist|[[BNA Records|BNA]]|[[19 Entertainment|19 Recordings]]|[[Sony Music Nashville|Columbia Nashville]]|[[Black River Entertainment]]}} | website = {{URL|kelliepickler.com}} }} '''Kellie Dawn Pickler''' (born June 28, 1986) is an [[Americans|American]] [[country music]] [[singer]], [[actress]] and [[television personality]]. She has had several [[Hit record|hit songs]] such as [[Red High Heels (song)|Red High Heels]], [[I Wonder]] and Things That Never Cross a Man's Mind. She was born in [[Albemarle, North Carolina]]. ==''American Idol''== In 2005, Pickler auditioned for ''[[American Idol]]'' in [[Greensboro, North Carolina]]. She [[Kelly Clarkson]]'s "[[Since U Been Gone]]" and [[Martina McBride]]'s "[[A Broken Wing]]". The judges sent her to Hollywood. Pickler went through to the semi-final rounds in and she reached the Top 12. ===Performances and results (during voting weeks)=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:left;" |+Kellie Pickler performances on ''American Idol'' |- !scope="col"| Week # !scope="col"| Theme !scope="col"| Song choice !scope="col"| Original artist !scope="col"| Result |- | Top 24 (12 Women) | N/A |scope="row"| "[[How Far]]" | [[Martina McBride]] | Safe |- | Top 20 (10 Women) | N/A |scope="row"| "[[Something to Talk About (Bonnie Raitt song)|Something to Talk About]]" | [[Bonnie Raitt]] | Safe |- | Top 16 (8 Women) | N/A |scope="row"| "[[I'm the Only One]]" | [[Melissa Etheridge]] | Safe |- | Top 12 | [[Stevie Wonder]] |scope="row"| "[[Blame It on the Sun]]" | Stevie Wonder | Safe |- | Top 11 | The 1950s |scope="row"| "[[Walkin' After Midnight]]" | [[Patsy Cline]] | Safe |- | Top 10 | Songs from The 21st Century |scope="row"| "[[Suds in the Bucket]]" | [[Sara Evans]] | Safe |- | Top 9 | [[Country music|Country]] |scope="row"| "[[Fancy (Bobbie Gentry song)|Fancy]]" | [[Bobbie Gentry]] | Safe |- | Top 8 | [[Queen (band)|Queen]] |scope="row"| "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" | Queen | Safe |- | Top 7 | [[Great American Songbook]] |scope="row"| "[[Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered]]" | [[Vivienne Segal]] | Safe |- | Top 6 | [[Love song]]s |scope="row"| "[[Unchained Melody]]" | [[Todd Duncan]] | Eliminated |} {{Clear}} ==Discography== {{Main|Kellie Pickler discography}} * ''[[Small Town Girl]]'' (2006) * ''[[Kellie Pickler (album)|Kellie Pickler]]'' (2008) * ''[[100 Proof (album)|100 Proof]]'' (2012) * ''[[The Woman I Am]]'' (2013) ==Tours== * ''Still Feels Good Tour'' (2007) <small>with [[Rascal Flatts]]</small> * ''Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour'' (2007–08) <small>with Brad Paisley</small> * ''[[Love on the Inside Tour]]'' (2008) <small>with [[Sugarland]]</small> * ''[[Fearless Tour]]'' (2009–10) <small>with Taylor Swift</small> * ''American Living Unstoppable Tour'' (2010) <small>with Rascal Flatts</small> * ''Nothing Like This Tour'' (2010) <small>with Rascal Flatts</small> ==Television work== {| class="wikitable" |+Television appearances by Kellie Pickler |- !scope="col"| Year !scope="col"| Series !scope="col"| Role !scope="col"| Notes |- | 2006 |scope="row"| ''[[American Idol]]'' | Contestant | [[American Idol (season 5)|season 5]], 6th place |- | 2007 |scope="row"| ''[[Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (American game show)|Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?]]'' | Herself | |- | 2009 |scope="row"| ''[[Extreme Makeover: Home Edition]]'' | Herself | |- |2011 |scope="row"|''[[90210 (TV series)|90210]]'' | Uncredited | |- | 2013 |scope="row"| ''[[Dancing with the Stars (American TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' | Herself | season 16 winner with [[Derek Hough]] |- |2014 |scope="row"| ''[[VeggieTales]]'' | Mirabelle (voice) | Episode: "[[Beauty and the Beet]]" |- | 2015–2017 |scope="row"| ''I Love Kellie Pickler'' | Herself | |- | rowspan="3"| 2016 |scope="row"| ''American Idol'' | Herself / Mentor | Duet with contestants: Amelia Eisenhauer and Tristan McIntosh |- |scope="row"| ''[[Celebrity Family Feud]]'' | Herself | Playing for $25,000 for USO |- |scope="row"| ''CMT Hot 20 Countdown'' | Herself / Guest Host | August 20 |- | 2017–2019 |scope="row"| ''[[Pickler & Ben]]'' | Herself / Host | |- | 2018 |scope="row"| ''Christmas at Graceland''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hallmarkchannel.com/christmas/new-movies-countdown-to-christmas-2018|title=New Movies 2018 – Countdown to Christmas|website=Hallmarkchannel.com}}</ref> | Laurel | Hallmark's ''Countdown to Christmas'' |- |rowspan="2"|2019 |scope="row"|''Wedding at Graceland'' | Laurel | Hallmark Movie |- |scope="row"|''The Mistletoe Secret'' |Aria |Hallmark Movie |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Kellie Pickler}} * {{Official website|http://www.kelliepickler.com}} * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000732652}} * {{IMDb name|2213728|Kellie Pickler}} <!-- considering adding a fan or social-media site? please read [[WP:EL]] first --> {{S-start}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | title=[[Dancing with the Stars (US TV series)|''Dancing with the Stars'' (US)]] winners | before=[[Melissa Rycroft]] & [[Tony Dovolani]]| years=Season 16<br>(Spring 2013 with [[Derek Hough]])|after= [[Amber Riley]] and [[Derek Hough]]}} {{S-end}} {{Kellie Pickler}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pickler, Kellie}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Country musicians from Carolina]] [[Category:Country musicians from North Carolina]] [[Category:American country singers]] [[Category:American Idol contestants]] [[Category:Singers from North Carolina]] [[Category:BNA Records artists]] [[Category:Columbia Records artists]] {{us-bio-stub}} e5bxc4u5gdim5kl3hm8dtfas45g7bin 0 391029 10331015 9285493 2025-06-14T22:50:13Z 2605:A601:AE1A:FF00:FED6:2E54:5E9E:830C Matthew Lillard is not in this movie 10331015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox movie | name = Kindergarten Cop | image = | caption = | director = [[Ivan Reitman]] | producer = {{ubl|Ivan Reitman|[[Brian Grazer]]}} | screenplay = {{ubl|[[Murray Salem]]|[[Herschel Weingrod]]|[[Timothy Harris (writer)|Timothy Harris]]}} | story = Murray Salem | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] * [[Penelope Ann Miller]] * [[Pamela Reed]] * [[Linda Hunt]] * [[Cathy Moriarty]] * [[Richard Tyson]] * [[Carroll Baker]]}} | music = [[Randy Edelman]] | cinematography = [[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]] | editing = {{ubl|[[Wendy Greene Bricmont]]|[[Sheldon Kahn]]}} | studio = [[Imagine Entertainment]] | distributor = [[Universal Pictures]] | released = {{Movie date|1990|12|21}} | runtime = 111 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kindergarten-cop-1970-1|title=Kindergarten Cop (12)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=25 January 1991|access-date=March 28, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328121827/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kindergarten-cop-1970-1 |archive-date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $26 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Kindergarten-Cop#tab=summary|title=Kindergarten Cop (1990)|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> | gross = $202 million<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|title= WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : Moviegoers Go for the Laughs |work=The Los Angeles Times|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-08/entertainment/ca-7898_1_weekend-box-office|access-date=January 11, 2011|first=Pat H.|last=Broeske|date=January 8, 1991}}</ref><ref name="BOM"/> }} '''''Kindergarten Cop''''' is a 1990 [[Americans|American]] [[Action movie|action]] [[comedy movie]] directed by [[Ivan Reitman]]. It is about two [[police|undercover cops]] from [[Los Angeles]] pretending to be [[teacher]]s at an [[elementary school]] in [[Astoria, Oregon]] to find the ex-wife of a [[illegal drugs|drug dealer]], who wants to [[kidnap]] their son. [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Penelope Ann Miller]], [[Pamela Reed]], [[Richard Tyson]], [[Carroll Baker]], and [[Linda Hunt]] are in the [[cast member|cast]]. The movie was released in December 1990. It received mixed reviews by [[movie critic|critics]].<ref name=rt /> However, the movie earned over $200 million at the [[box office]], making the movie very successful.<ref name=BOM /> ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=rt>{{cite web|title=Kindergarten Cop|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kindergarten_cop/|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> <ref name=BOM>{{cite web|title=Kindergarten Cop (1990)|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=kindergartencop.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> }} [[Category:1990 comedy movies]] [[Category:1990 crime movies]] [[Category:1990s criminal comedy movies]] [[Category:American criminal comedy movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Movies about children]] [[Category:Movies about drugs]] [[Category:Movies about abduction]] [[Category:Movies directed by Ivan Reitman]] [[Category:Movies set in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Movies set in Oregon]] [[Category:Police comedy movies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures movies]] {{movie-stub}} pc5ebydm567cx688k0veloy834c4xed 0 391438 10330939 10178439 2025-06-14T22:06:09Z LilyKitty 103847 about spirituality 10330939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabbalistic Tree of Life (Sephiroth).svg|thumb|200px|The Tree of life diagram]] '''Kabbalah''' (also '''Cabala''' or '''Qabbālâ''') is a Jewish [[mysticism]] of the [[Torah]]. The kabbalah started in the 1st-century by Rabbi [[Simeon bar Yochai]]. It continued in the [[13th century]] in [[Spain]] by Rabbi Moses de León. It tries to explain how something beyond thought and imagining can still be seen and felt. The kabbalah has a great influence on the Jewish spiritual life. It is based on the various [[spirituality|spiritual]] movements. == Tree of Life == The kabbalah is based on 10 powers or elements called Sefirot, arranged in a specific way called the "Tree of Life". == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Kabbalah}} * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1&letter=C Cabala] - 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia's scholarship view * [http://www.kabbalah-red-bracelets.com Kabbalah Red Bracelets] - Information about Kabbalah Bracelets, history and meaining * [http://www.digital-brilliance.com/biblio/index.php Don Karr's Bibliographic Surveys] of contemporary academic scholarship on all traditions of Kabbalah * [http://www.Chabad.org/article.asp?AID=170308 "What is Kabbalah?"] - Article from Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidism at Chabad.org * [http://www.jewfaq.org/kabbalah.htm Kabbalah and Jewish Mysticism] - Kabbalah article at JewFaq.org * [http://www.kabbalah.com Kabbalah.com] - Official site of the Kabbalah Centre * [http://www.kabbalah.info Kabbalah.info] - Official site of ''Bnei Baruch'' * [http://www.kabbalaonline.org Kabbalaonline.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213205954/http://www.kabbalaonline.org/ |date=2007-12-13 }} - Orthodox kabbalah reference portal [[Category:Esotericism]] [[Category:Judaism]] {{religion-stub}} nowc4f7ewvpfdshtqk4b2dfmlv2ryz1 0 392610 10330875 10326145 2025-06-14T20:59:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Heinrich Wilhelm Schott | image = Heinrich Wilhelm Schott.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1794|1|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brno]], [[Moravia]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1865|5|3|1794|1|7|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | citizenship = | nationality = {{AUT}} | fields = {{Unbulleted list | [[Botany]] | [[Horticulture]]}} | workplaces = {{Unbulleted list | [[Schönbrunn Palace]] | [[Belvedere, Vienna|Schloss Belvedere]]}} | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Extensive works on [[Araceae]] | author_abbrev_bot = Schott | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --> | footnotes = | spouse = }} '''Heinrich Wilhelm Schott''' was an [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] [[botanist]] well known for his extensive work on [[aroid]]s (Family [[Araceae]]). He was born on 7 January 1794 in [[Brno]], a city in [[Moravia]] that in those years was part of the [[Austrian Empire]] and that now is part of the [[Czech Republic]]. As a young boy, he came to live in [[Vienna]], where his father was the chief [[gardener]] of the botanical garden of the university.<ref name="taxon">{{cite journal |last=Riedl |first=Harald |date=September 1965 |title=Heinrich Wilhem Schott |journal=Taxon |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=209 |doi=10.2307/1216290 |jstor=1216290 }}</ref> He studied [[botany]], [[agriculture]] and [[chemistry]] at the [[University of Vienna]], where he was a student of the botanist [[Joseph Franz von Jacquin]] (1766-1839). In 1815 he became gardener at the garden for the Austrian flora at the [[Belvedere, Vienna|Belveder palace]].<ref name="taxon" /> He was a participant in the [[Austrian Brazil Expedition]] from 1817 to 1821. While in [[Brazil]] from mid-1817 through 1821, Schott established and managed an introduction garden for accustoming living plants to more [[temperate climate]]s in order to have them brought to [[Europe]] at a later date,<ref name="taxon" /> made field trips, and prepared many notes concerning the plants and animals he saw.<ref name="croat">{{cite web|url=http://www.aroid.org/literature/croat/history/earliest_specialists.php#Schott|title=History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae|author=Thomas B. Croat|publisher= International Aroid Society|access-date= 5 April 2013 }}</ref> In 1821 Schott returned to Vienna, where he worked as gardener again. In 1828 he was appointed ''Hofgärtner'' ([[Royal family|Royal]] [[Gardener]]) in Vienna, later serving as director of the Imperial Gardens at [[Schönbrunn Palace]] (1845). In 1852 he was in charge of transforming part of palace gardens in the fashion of an [[English garden]]. He also enriched the Viennese court gardens with his collections from [[Brazil]]. He was interested in plants that grow in high mountains, above the [[tree line]],<ref group="N">These plants are called sometimes as '''alpine plants''' because they are common in the high [[Alps]], even if they exist in other high mountains. Alpine plants must resist the difficult conditions of the alpine environment, like low [[temperature]]s, [[:wikt:dry|dryness]], [[Ultraviolet|ultraviolet radiation]], and a short growing [[season]].</ref> He developed a garden with that kind of plants (an [[alpine garden]]) at Belvedere in Vienna. He died at the [[Schönbrunn Palace]], Vienna, on 5 March 1865. == Publications == [[File:Xanthosoma sagittifolium.jpg|thumb|250px|''Xanthosoma sagittifolium'' (L.) '''Schott''']] * ''Meletemata botanica'' (with [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher]]), 1832 * ''Rutaceae. Fragmenta botanica'', 1834 * ''Genera filicum'', 84 pp.&nbsp;1834–1836 * ''Aroideae'', 1853-1857 * ''Analecta botanica'' (with [[Theodor Kotschy]] and [[Carl Fredrik Nyman]]), 70 pp.&nbsp;1854 * ''Synopsis Aroidearum complectens enumerationem systematicam generum at specierum hujus ordinis'', 148 pp.&nbsp;1856 * ''Icones Aroidearum'', 1857 * ''Genera Aroidearum Exposita'', 1858 * ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum'', 1860 ==Species named for Schott== Other botanists named plants in [[honour]] of Schott; some of them are: * ([[Acanthaceae]]) ''[[Aphelandra]] schottiana'''' <small>(Nees) [[Profice]]</small> * (Acanthaceae) ''[[Schaueria]] schottii'' <small>[[Nees]]</small> * ([[Agavaceae]]) ''[[Agave]] schottii'' <small>[[Engelm.]]</small> * ([[Apiaceae]]) ''[[Dichoropetalum]] schottii'' <small>([[Besser]] ex [[DC.]]) [[Pimenov]] & [[Kljuykov]]</small> * ([[Rubiaceae]]) ''[[Uragoga]] schottiana'' <small>([[Müll.Arg.]]) [[Kuntze]]</small> * ([[Trigoniaceae]]) ''[[Trigonia]] schottiana'' <small>[[Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow|Turcz.]]</small> * ([[Verbenaceae]]) ''[[Stachytarpheta]] schottiana'' <small>[[Schauer]]</small> ==Notes== <references group="N" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.aroid.org/gallery/schott/ ''The Botanical Art of Schott's Aroideae Maximilianae'' by Scott Hyndman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615132451/http://www.aroid.org/gallery/schott/ |date=2013-06-15 }} * [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz79090.html Deutsche Biographie] Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm (biography). {{DEFAULTSORT:Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm}} [[Category:1794 births]] [[Category:1865 deaths]] [[Category:Austrian botanists]] [[Category:People from Brno]] 3wcvzdwp6o7d3kj20xh3an38c4yyr3c 0 392915 10331525 10152214 2025-06-15T06:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bussard Interstellar Ramjet Engine.jpg|thumb|Artistic depiction of a Bussard Ramjet, a proposed spacecraft thruster that could accelerate an interstellar spacecraft to a very, very high speed.]] '''Interstellar space travel''' is manned or unmanned [[travel]] between [[star]]s. Interstellar travel is much more difficult than travel within the [[Solar System]], though travel in [[Spacecraft|starship]]s is a staple of [[science fiction]]. Actually, there is no suitable technology at present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/televisioncity/2049/DAEDALUS.HTM|title=Project Daedalus - Origins|date=26 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026192110/http://geocities.com/televisioncity/2049/DAEDALUS.HTM|archive-date=2009-10-26}}</ref> However, the idea of a probe with an [[ion]] engine has been studied. The energy would come through a [[laser]] base station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://go2starss.narod.ru/pub/E013_IZRL.html|title=Лендис. Межзвездный ионный зонд, снабжаемый энергией по лазерному лучу|website=go2starss.narod.ru}}</ref> Given sufficient travel time and engineering work, both unmanned and [[sleeper ship]] interstellar travel seem possible. Both present considerable technological and economic challenges which are unlikely to be met in the near future, particularly for manned probes. [[NASA]], [[ESA]] and other space agencies have done research into these topics for several years, and have worked out some theoretical approaches. Energy requirements appear to make interstellar travel impractical for "generation ships", but less so for heavily shielded sleeper ships.<ref name="O’Neill">{{cite web |first=Ian |last=O’Neill |date= 2008 |work=Universe Today |title=Interstellar travel may remain in science fiction |url=http://www.universetoday.com/2008/08/19/bad-news-insterstellar-travel-may-remain-in-science-fiction/ }}</ref> == The difficulties of interstellar travel == The main challenge facing interstellar travel is the vast distances that have to be covered. This means that a very great speed and/or a very long travel time is needed. The travel time with most realistic [[spacecraft propulsion|propulsion methods]] would be from [[decade]]s to [[millennia]]. Hence an interstellar ship would be much more exposed to the hazards found in [[interplanetary travel]], including [[vacuum]], [[Ionizing radiation|radiation]], [[free fall|weightlessness]], and micro[[meteoroid]]s. At high speeds the vehicle would be penetrated by many microscopic particles of matter unless heavily shielded. Carrying the shield would greatly increase the propulsion problems. === Cosmic rays === [[Cosmic rays]] are of great interest because there is no protection outside the atmosphere and [[magnetic field]]. The energies of the most energetic [[ultra-high-energy cosmic ray]]s (UHECRs) have been observed to approach 3 × 10²⁰ [[Electronvolt|eV]],<ref name=nerlich-2011>{{cite news | url=http://www.universetoday.com/86490/astronomy-without-a-telescope-oh-my-god-particles/ | title=Astronomy without a telescope – Oh-My-God particles | work=Universe Today | date=12 June 2011 | agency=Universe Today | accessdate=17 February 2013 | author=Nerlich, Steve}}</ref> about 40 million times the energy of particles accelerated by the [[Large Hadron Collider]].<ref name=lhc1-cern>{{cite web | url=http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/Facts-en.html | title=Facts and figures | publisher=European Organization for Nuclear Research | work=The LHC | date=2008 | accessdate=17 February 2013 | archive-date=16 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716140645/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/Facts-en.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> At 50 J,<ref name=gaensler-2013>{{cite journal | url=http://ska.cosmosmagazine.com/features/print/5162/extreme-speed | title=Extreme speed | author=Gaensler, Brian | journal=COSMOS | date=November 2011 | issue=41 | access-date=2015-06-12 | archive-date=2013-04-07 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407234845/http://ska.cosmosmagazine.com/features/print/5162/extreme-speed | url-status=dead }}</ref> the highest-energy ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have energies comparable to the [[kinetic energy]] of a {{convert|90|kph|mph|adj=on}} baseball. As a result of these discoveries, there has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies.<ref>{{cite journal|author=L. Anchordoqui ''et al 2003.''|title=Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays: the state of the art before the Auger Observatory|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A|year=2003|volume=18 |issue=13|pages=2229–2366|doi=10.1142/S0217751X03013879|arxiv=hep-ph/0206072|bibcode = 2003IJMPA..18.2229A |s2cid=119407673}}</ref> Most cosmic rays, however, do not have such extreme energies. The energy distribution of cosmic rays peaks at {{convert|0.3|GeV|J}}.<ref name=hyperphysics-2012>{{cite web | url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/cosmic.html | title=Cosmic rays | publisher=Georgia State University | work=HyperPhysics Concepts | accessdate=17 February 2013 | author=Nave, Carl R.}}</ref> === Required energy === A significant factor is the energy needed for a reasonable travel time. A lower bound for the required energy is the [[kinetic energy]] K&nbsp;=&nbsp;½&nbsp;mv² where m is the final mass. If [[deceleration]] on arrival is desired and cannot be achieved by any means other than the engines of the ship, then the required energy at least doubles, because the energy needed to halt the ship equals the energy needed to accelerate it to travel speed. The velocity for a manned round trip of a few decades to even the nearest star is thousands of times greater than those of present space vehicles. This means that due to the v² term in the kinetic energy formula, millions of times as much energy is required. Accelerating one ton to one-tenth of the speed of light requires at least 450&nbsp;PJ or 4.5&nbsp;{{e|17}}&nbsp;J or 125&nbsp;billion&nbsp;kWh, not accounting for losses. The source of energy has to be carried, since [[solar panel]]s do not work far from the Sun and other stars. The magnitude of this energy may make interstellar travel impossible.<ref name="O’Neill"/> One engineer stated “At least 100 times the total energy output of the entire world [in a given year] would be required for the voyage (to [[Alpha Centauri]])”.<ref name="O’Neill"/> === Interstellar medium === [[interstellar medium|interstellar dust and gas]] may cause considerable damage to the craft, due to the high relative speeds and large kinetic energies involved. Larger objects (such as bigger dust grains) are far less common, but would be much more destructive. . ===Travel time=== The long travel times make it difficult to design manned missions. The fundamental limits of [[space-time]] present another challenge.<ref>{{cite journal| author =Lance Williams| year =2012| title =Electromagnetic control of spacetime and gravity: the hard problem of interstellar travel| journal =Astronomical Review| volume =7| issue =2| page =5| doi =10.1080/21672857.2012.11519699| bibcode =2012AstRv...7b...5W| s2cid =125078631| url =http://astroreview.com/issue/2012/article/electromagnetic-control-of-spacetime-and-gravity-the-hard-problem-of-interstellar-travel| access-date =2013-04-09| archive-date =2013-01-17| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082954/http://astroreview.com/issue/2012/article/electromagnetic-control-of-spacetime-and-gravity-the-hard-problem-of-interstellar-travel| url-status =dead}}</ref> Also, interstellar trips would be hard to justify for economic reasons. It can be argued that an interstellar mission which cannot be completed within 50 years should not be started at all. Instead, the resources should be invested in designing a better propulsion system. This is because a slow spacecraft would probably be passed by another mission sent later with more advanced propulsion.<ref>Kondo, Yoji: ''Interstellar travel and multi-generation spaceships'', {{ISBN|1-896522-99-8}} p. 31</ref> On the other hand, a case can therefore be made for starting a mission without delay, because the non-propulsion problems may turn out to be more difficult than the propulsion engineering. [[Intergalactic travel]] involves distances about a million-fold greater than interstellar distances, making it radically more difficult than even interstellar travel. ==== Kennedy's calculation ==== Andrew Kennedy has shown that voyages undertaken before the minimum ''wait time'' will be overtaken by those who leave at the minimum, while those who leave after the minimum will never overtake those who left at the minimum.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Interstellar travel: the wait calculation and the incentive trap of progress |journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) |volume=59 |number=7 |year=2006 |pages=239–246 |last=Kennedy |first=Andrew |bibcode=2006JBIS...59..239K |url=http://www.jbis.org.uk/paper.php?p=2006.59.239 |access-date=2013-04-09 |archive-date=2018-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927182154/http://www.jbis.org.uk/paper.php?p=2006.59.239 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kennedy's calculation depends on <big>'''r'''</big>, the mean annual increase in world power production. From any point in time to a given destination, there is a minimum to the total time to destination. Voyagers would probably arrive without being overtaken by later voyagers by waiting a time <big>'''t'''</big> before leaving. The relation between the time it takes to get to a destination (now, T_now, or after waiting, T_t, and growth in velocity of travel is ::<math>\frac{T_{now}} {T_{t}} = {(1+r)}^\tfrac{t} {2}</math> Taking a journey to [[Barnard's Star]], six [[light years]] away, as an example, Kennedy shows that with a world mean annual economic growth rate of 1.4% and a corresponding growth in the velocity of travel, the quickest human civilization might get to the star is in 1,110 years from the year 2007. ===Interstellar distances=== Astronomical distances are often measured in the time it would take a beam of [[light]] to travel between two points (''see [[light-year]]''). Light in a vacuum travels approximately 300,000 kilometers per second or 186,000 miles per second. The distance from [[Earth]] to the Moon is 1.3&nbsp;[[light-second]]s. With current spacecraft propulsion technologies, a craft can cover the distance from the Earth to the Moon in around eight hours ([[New Horizons]]). That means light travels approximately thirty thousand times faster than current spacecraft propulsion technologies. The distance from Earth to other planets in the Solar System ranges from three light-minutes to about four light-hours. Depending on the planet and its alignment to Earth, for a typical unmanned spacecraft these trips will take from a few months to a little over a decade. The distance to other stars is much greater. If the distance from Earth to Sun is scaled down to one meter, the distance to [[Alpha Centauri A]] would be 271&nbsp;kilometers or about 169&nbsp;miles. The nearest known star to the [[Sun]] is [[Proxima Centauri]], which is 4.23 light-years away. The fastest outward-bound spacecraft yet sent, [[Voyager 1#Interstellar medium|Voyager 1]], has covered 1/600th of a light-year in 30 years and is currently moving at 1/18,000th the speed of light. At this rate, a journey to Proxima Centauri would take 72,000 years. Of course, this mission was not specifically intended to travel fast to the stars, and current technology could do much better. The travel time could be reduced to a few millennia using [[solar sail]]s, or to a century or less using [[nuclear pulse propulsion]]. [[Special relativity]] offers the possibility of shortening the travel time: if a starship with sufficiently advanced engines could reach velocities near the speed of light, relativistic [[time dilation]] would make the voyage much shorter for the traveller. However, it would still take many years of elapsed time as viewed by the people remaining on Earth. On returning to Earth, the travellers would find that far more time had elapsed on Earth than had for them ([[twin paradox]]). Many problems would be solved if [[wormhole]]s existed. [[General relativity]] does not rule them out, but so far as we know at present, they do not exist. ===Communications=== The round-trip delay time is the minimum time between a probe signal reaching Earth, and the probe getting instructions from Earth. Given that information can travel no faster than the [[speed of light]], this is for the [[Voyager 1|Voyager&nbsp;1]] about 32&nbsp;hours, near Proxima Centauri it would be 8&nbsp;years. Faster reactions would have to be programmed to be carried out automatically. Of course, in the case of a manned flight the crew can respond immediately to their observations. However, the round-trip delay time makes them not only extremely distant but, in terms of [[communication]], extremely isolated from Earth. Another factor is the energy needed for [[interstellar communication]]s to arrive reliably. Obviously, gas and particles would degrade signals ([[interstellar extinction]]), and there would be limits to the energy available to send the signal. === Manned missions === The mass of any craft capable of carrying humans would inevitably be substantially larger than that necessary for an unmanned [[interstellar probe]]. The vastly greater travel times involved would require a [[life support system]]. The first interstellar missions are unlikely to carry life forms. == Prime targets for interstellar travel == There are 59 known stellar systems within 20 light years from the Sun, containing 81 visible stars. The following could be considered prime targets for interstellar missions:<ref name="Bob Forward 1996">{{Cite journal |first=Robert L. |last=Forward |title=Ad Astra! |journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=23–32 |year=1996}}</ref> Radiation dangers would rule out any organic beings for an expedition to [[Sirius]]. In any event, it is hard to visualise any manned expeditions at all, given the probable journey times. Perhaps the most likely time for interstellar travel would be when a star comes through our [[Oort cloud]]. We should get a good 10,000 years' warning of this, so could plan for the event in some detail. See [[Scholz's star]] for the last time one came through. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" |- ! Stellar system !! Distance (ly) !! Remarks |- | [[Alpha Centauri]] || 4.3 || Closest system. Three stars (G2, K1, M5). Component&nbsp;A is similar to the Sun (a G2 star). Proxima Centauri has one confirmed exoplanet.<ref>{{cite journal|author=jobs |url=http://www.nature.com/news/the-exoplanet-next-door-1.11605 |title=The exoplanet next door : Nature News & Comment |journal=Nature |date=October 2012 |volume=490 |issue=7420 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1038/nature11572 |publisher=Nature.com |pmid=23075844 |s2cid=1110271 |accessdate=October 17, 2012}}</ref> |- | [[Barnard's Star]] || 6.0 || Small, low luminosity M5&nbsp;[[red dwarf]]. Next closest to Solar System. Barnard's star has four confirmed exoplanets |- | [[Sirius]] || 8.7 || Large, very bright A1&nbsp;star with a [[white dwarf]] companion. |- | [[Epsilon Eridani]] || 10.8 || Single K2&nbsp;star slightly smaller and colder than the Sun. Has two asteroid belts, has a gas giant that has a high probabillity having some moons and one much smaller planet,<ref>[http://exoplanet.eu/star.php?st=eps+Eridani ''Star: eps Eridani'']. Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia (Die Enzyklopädie der extrasolaren Planeten), retrieved 2011-01-15</ref> and may possess a solar system type planetary system. |- | [[Tau Ceti]] || 11.8 || Single [[G8 star|G8&nbsp;star]] similar to the Sun. High probability of possessing a solar-system-type planetary system: current evidence shows that there are 8 unconfirmed planets. |- | [[Gliese 581]] || 20.3 || Multiple planet system. The former exoplanet [[Gliese 581 g|Gliese&nbsp;581&nbsp;g]] and the confirmed exoplanet [[Gliese 581 d]] are in the star's [[habitable zone]]. |- | [[Vega]] || 25.0 || Has a debris disk and possibly planets. |} Existing and near-term astronomical technology is capable of finding planetary systems around these objects, increasing their potential for exploration. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Emerging technologies}} [[Category:Spaceflight]] 28sz1ihx7i2y7787lda09htmtwx9y28 10 398374 10331262 10328616 2025-06-15T01:33:13Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=250888 |ed=257359 |created=1 |deleted=12366 |revdel=107 |eventdel=3 |restored=398 |blocked=1599 |protected=272 |unprotected=77 |rights=538 |reblock=91 |unblock=46 |modify=29 |filter=19 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=128 |import=23076 |style={{{style|}}}}} mmy5vxzld58fvj26wapuksci80je2n7 0 401623 10330619 9530562 2025-06-14T18:52:08Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maureen duffy.jpg|right|thumb|Maureen Duffy]] '''Maureen Patricia Duffy''' (born 21 October 1933 in [[Worthing]], [[Sussex]], England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays. ==Early life and education == Duffy graduated from [[King's College London]]. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a full-time poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was ''That's How It Was''. It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics. == Works == She has published around thirty books. Her ''Collected Poems, 1949–84'' appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek Myth as a framework. She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals.<ref>See the television programme [http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/gay_rights/12008.shtml "''Late Night Lineup'' - "Man Alive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917092747/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/gay_rights/12008.shtml |date=2013-09-17 }}, 14 June 1967, BBC Archive website.</ref> In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the ''[[Gay News]]'' newspaper for "blasphemous libel." She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers. At one time, she was the President of the ''European Writers' Congress'' (renamed [[European Writers Council]] in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]] in 1985<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows|title = Royal Society of Literature All Fellows|publisher = Royal Society of Literature|accessdate = 10 August 2010|archive-date = 5 March 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305070326/http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows|url-status = dead}}</ref> and awarded their [[Benson Medal]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/d/14761/Maureen%20Patricia+DUFFY.aspx|title = Ms. Maureen Duffy|publisher=Debretts|accessdate = 10 August 2010}}</ref> She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * Yorke, L. (1999). "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration". ''Feminist Review''; (62) Summer 1999, pp.&nbsp;78–90. ==Other websites== * [http://www.maureenduffy.co.uk/ Official website] * [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/duffy_m.html Maureen Duffy on the GLBTQ Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021527/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/duffy_m.html |date=2013-05-30 }} * [http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/authors/Maureen_Duffy.htm A Duffy bibliography] {{DEFAULTSORT:Duffy, Maureen}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Humanists]] [[Category:English playwrights]] [[Category:English novelists]] [[Category:English poets]] [[Category:English screenwriters]] [[Category:British LGBT rights activists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Writers from Sussex]] 5srr70co2jskll59ewe4vhgz49cnsbv 0 406875 10330904 9605511 2025-06-14T21:31:44Z ZuppaDiCarlo 1202522 sodacan-style CoA 10330904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox family |surname = Della Rovere |coat of arms = Stemma della famiglia Della Rovere.svg |image_size = |caption = |type = |country = {{ubl|[[Duchy of Urbino]]|[[Papal States]]}} |estates = {{ubl|[[Palazzo Ducale, Urbino]]|[[Palazzo Della Rovere]], Rome}} |titles = [[Duke of Urbino]] |styles = |founded = |founder = |current head = |final head = [[Vittoria della Rovere]], died 1694 |deposition = }} The '''Della Rovere''' family ({{IPA-it|della ˈroːvere|pron}}; literally "of the oak tree") was a [[Nobility|noble]] family of [[Urbino]] in central [[Italy]]. They originally came from [[Savona]], [[Liguria]]. The family rose to nobility through [[nepotism]] and ambitious marriages. These marriages were arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere ([[Pope Sixtus IV]], 1471–1484)<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14032b.htm "Pope Sixtus IV"], ''Catholic Encyclopedia''; retrieved 2011-11-6.</ref> and his nephew Giuliano ([[Pope Julius II]], 1503–1513).<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm "Pope Julius II"], ''Catholic Encyclopedia''; retrieved 2011-11-6.</ref> Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the [[Sistine Chapel]], which is named for him. The [[Basilica]] [[San Pietro in Vincoli]] in [[Rome]] is the family church of the della Rovere. [[Vittoria della Rovere]] was a member of the family and was one of the last Grand Duchesses of [[Tuscany]]. == Dukes of Urbino == #[[Francesco Maria I della Rovere]] (1490–1538) #[[Guidobaldo II della Rovere]] (1514–1574) #[[Francesco Maria II della Rovere]] (1549–1631) #[[Federico Ubaldo della Rovere]] (1605–1623) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/rovere.html#GSA |title= italy/rovere.html#GSA |publisher=Genealogy.EU}} * {{cite web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/italy/rovere.html |title= Genealogy of Leonardo della Rovere |publisher=Genealogy.EU}} [[Category:House of della Rovere| ]] he3jjqz9f12k2ivcoplz8k6rigm1w6h 0 413610 10330593 10214387 2025-06-14T18:32:32Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = John Barry | image = John-barry-2006.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = John Barry at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], London, September 2006 | landscape = yes | background = non_performing_personnel | birth_name = John Barry Prendergast | birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|11|3|df=y}} | birth_place = [[York]], [[Yorkshire]], England | death_date = {{Death date and age|2011|1|30|1933|11|3|df=y}}<br />[[Oyster Bay (town), New York|Oyster Bay]], New York | occupation = Composer, conductor | genre = [[Film score]] | years_active = 1959–2006 }} '''John Barry Prendergast''', [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (3 November 1933 &ndash; 30 January 2011)<ref>The Sunday Times Magazine, The Sunday Times, 18 December 2011, page 64</ref><ref name="one-india">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/hollywood/top-stories/scoop/2011/james-bond-composer-john-barry-dies-010211.html|title='James Bond Theme' composer John Barry dies of heart attack|publisher=One India|date=1 February 2010|accessdate=1 February 2010|archive-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218050401/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/hollywood/top-stories/scoop/2011/james-bond-composer-john-barry-dies-010211.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> was an [[English people|English]] [[composer]] and [[Conductor (music)|conductor]] of [[movie]] music. He [[composed]] the soundtracks for 11 of the ''[[James Bond (movie series)|James Bond]]'' movies between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "[[James Bond Theme]]" to the first movie in the series, 1962's ''[[Dr. No (movie)|Dr. No]]''. He wrote the scores to the award-winning films ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'', ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'' and ''[[Out of Africa (movie)|Out of Africa]]'', in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999 he was appointed OBE for services to music. Barry was born on 3 November 1933 in [[York]], [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]. He studied at [[St Peter's School, York]]. Barry was married four times.{{Verify source|date=April 2025}} His first three marriages, to [[Barbara Pickard]] (1959–63), [[Jane Birkin]] (1965–68), and [[Jane Sidey]] (1969–78) all ended in divorce.<ref name="Telegraph Obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/8292892/John-Barry.html|title=John Barry|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 January 2010|location=London}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202071251/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jan/31/john-barry-obituary WebCitation archive].</ref> He was married to Laurie from 1978<ref name="Telegraph Obit"/> until his death. The couple had a son, Jonpatrick. Barry had three daughters, Suzanne (Susie) with his first wife, Barbara, Kate with his second wife, Jane, and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages. Barry [[death|died]] of a [[heart attack]] on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home, aged 77.<ref name=variety.com>Burlingame, Jon. [http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118031189 "John Barry Dies at 77"], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', 31 January 2011..</ref><ref>[[Frank Lovece|Lovece, Frank]]. [http://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/john-barry-oscar-winning-composer-dies-1.2651728 "John Barry, Oscar-winning Composer, Dies"], ''[[Newsday]]'', 31 January 2011</ref> He is survived by Laurie, his wife of 33 years, and by his four children and five grandchildren. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * {{IMDb name|id=0000290|name=John Barry}} {{BAFTA Award for Best Film Music}} {{bio-stub}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, John}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:English composers]] [[Category:Musicians from Yorkshire]] [[Category:People from York]] 1oeq99hdcjzl7b8inbb5u9vx3cuchtu 0 414827 10331747 10263632 2025-06-15T10:28:11Z 2A02:8071:52E1:D80:503C:3170:9643:8294 10331747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | image = PewDiePie at PAX 2015 crop.jpg | caption = PewDiePie in 2015 | birth_name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]] | nationality = [[Swedish people|Swedish]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *[[YouTuber]] *[[actor]] }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|2019}} | website = | pseudonym = {{flatlist| * Pewds * Poods * Pewdie<ref name=Wadeson2013>{{cite web |last=Wadeson |first=Danny |url=http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/9/6/4641320/pewdiepie-youtube-commentary |title=Gamertube: PewDiePie and the YouTube Commentary Revolution |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627134246/http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/9/6/4641320/pewdiepie-youtube-commentary |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> }} | channel_name = PewDiePie | years_active = 2010–present | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Let's Play]] * [[vlog]] * [[comedy]] * [[satire]] }} | subscribers = 111 million | subscriber_date = 10 February 2024 | views = 29.2 billion | view_date = 10 February 2024 | network = None (formerly [[Machinima, Inc.|Machinima]] and later [[Maker Studios]]) | signature = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg Signature.svg | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2012{{efn|PewDiePie received a second Silver Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |title=I WAITED 4 YEARS FOR THIS!!!! |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=24 November 2016 |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |archive-date=25 November 2016 }}</ref>}} | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2012{{efn|PewDiePie received a second Gold Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton/>}} | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2013<ref>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |title=THE DIAMOND PLAYBUTTON (Part 3) |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=11 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612163108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref> | ruby_button = yes | ruby_year = 2016<ref name=Cohen2016>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|title=YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=19 December 2016|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> | red_diamond_button = yes | red_diamond_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-09|title=YouTube Forges New ‘Red Diamond Creator Award’ For Channels With 100 Million Subscribers|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/09/09/youtube-red-diamond-creator-award/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> | stats_update = 10 February 2024 }} '''Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg''' (born 24 October 1989), better known by his online [[Pseudonym|username]] '''PewDiePie''', is a [[Swedes|Swedish]] [[YouTuber]]. His content has changed significantly since he began uploading, now focusing on [[Minecraft]] [[Let's Play|gaming videos]] and established [[series]] such as 'You Laugh You Lose' and 'Last Week I Asked You (LWIAY)' where he reviews [[meme]]s that his fans have posted on [[Reddit]]. He has over 111 million subscribers as of January 2024, but is slowly losing subscribers now as YouTube is removing inactive subscribers. <ref>{{cite web|title=PewDiePie|url=https://www.youtube.com/pewdiepie|access-date=12 September 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> On 15 August 2013, his channel became the most subscribed channel on YouTube.<ref name="PewdieTubefilter">{{Cite news|last=Dredge|first=Stuart|date=2013-07-08|title=With 50m weekly views, PewDiePie is world's most popular YouTube channel|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/08/pewdiepie-youtube-channel-games-popularity|access-date=2025-01-08|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He was also the first YouTuber creator to get 100 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Webb|first=Kevin|title=PewDiePie just became the first solo YouTuber to reach 100 million subscribers|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-star-pewdiepie-100-million-subscribers-2019-8|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life == PewDiePie was born on 24 October 1989 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]]. Before starting his own YouTube channel, PewDiePie studied Industrial Economics and Technology Management at [[Chalmers University of Technology]] until he dropped out. Disapproving of his decision, his parents cut off his support. He made a living by selling hot dogs until his channel got enough subscribers for him to make a living from the channel == Career == === YouTube === In 2013 PewDiePie surpassed [[Smosh]] making him the Number 1 Youtuber.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaw|first=Lucas|date=2013-08-15|title=PewDiePie Overtakes Smosh as YouTube's Top Channel|url=https://www.thewrap.com/pewdiepie-overtakes-smosh-youtube-s-top-channel-111246/|access-date=2025-01-08|website=TheWrap|language=en-US}}</ref> PewDiePie was the first channel ever to pass 50 million subscribers. PewDiePie is attempting to break the like record on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=2016-12-08|title=PewDiePie hits 50 million subscribers, promises again to delete his account|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/8/13892822/pewdiepie-50-million-youtube-subscribers-delete-account|access-date=2025-01-08|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> PewDiePie was the first individual creator ever to pass 100 million subscribers on YouTube as of August 2019, though he did lose the position of being the first channel ever to reach that milestone by the Indian music channel [[T-Series]] in months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-01|title=PewDiePie concedes defeat to YouTube rival T-Series|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47042761|access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> PewDiePie has been creating content that can be described as "silly and fun". Videos such as Meme Review, You Laugh You Lose ([[YLYL]]), Pew News, and Last Week I Asked You (LWIAY) are just a few examples. Recently, he has been uploading many [[Minecraft]] videos. In 16 November 2022 [[MrBeast]] surpassed PewDiePie.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-11-16|title=MrBeast overtakes PewDiePie as most-subscribed YouTuber|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63635382|access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> == Personal life == PewDiePie lives in Japan. He formerly lived in [[Brighton]], [[England]] with his wife, Marzia Bisognin, who is also a former YouTuber. In 2019 he married his long-time girlfriend, [[Marzia Bisognin]]. The marriage was held at [[Kew Gardens]] in [[London]], England.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leskin|first=Paige|title=YouTuber PewDiePie got married to his longtime girlfriend — see the photos from their wedding day|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pewdiepie-wedding-photos-felix-kjellberg-marzia-bisognin-kew-gardens-youtube-2019-8|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> == Notes == {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|PewDiePie}} *{{Twitch}} *{{Instagram}} *{{YouTube|channel=PewDiePie}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:PewDiePie}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Gothenburg]] [[Category:Swedish YouTubers]] a7r0wfw2lf7g3870tfnmdfgd8h0imb2 10331748 10331747 2025-06-15T10:29:10Z Cactusisme 1477024 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2A02:8071:52E1:D80:503C:3170:9643:8294|2A02:8071:52E1:D80:503C:3170:9643:8294]] ([[User talk:2A02:8071:52E1:D80:503C:3170:9643:8294|talk]]) to last version by Raayaan9911 10263632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | image = PewDiePie at PAX 2015 crop.jpg | caption = PewDiePie in 2015 | birth_name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]] | nationality = [[Swedish people|Swedish]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *[[YouTuber]] *[[actor]] }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|2019}} | website = | pseudonym = {{flatlist| * Pewds * Poods * Pewdie<ref name=Wadeson2013>{{cite web |last=Wadeson |first=Danny |url=http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/9/6/4641320/pewdiepie-youtube-commentary |title=Gamertube: PewDiePie and the YouTube Commentary Revolution |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627134246/http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/9/6/4641320/pewdiepie-youtube-commentary |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> }} | channel_name = PewDiePie | years_active = 2010–present | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Let's Play]] * [[vlog]] * [[comedy]] * [[satire]] }} | subscribers = 111 million | subscriber_date = 10 February 2024 | views = 29.2 billion | view_date = 10 February 2024 | network = None (formerly [[Machinima, Inc.|Machinima]] and later [[Maker Studios]]) | signature = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg Signature.svg | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2012{{efn|PewDiePie received a second Silver Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |title=I WAITED 4 YEARS FOR THIS!!!! |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=24 November 2016 |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |archive-date=25 November 2016 }}</ref>}} | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2012{{efn|PewDiePie received a second Gold Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton/>}} | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2013<ref>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |title=THE DIAMOND PLAYBUTTON (Part 3) |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=11 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612163108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref> | ruby_button = yes | ruby_year = 2016<ref name=Cohen2016>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|title=YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=19 December 2016|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> | red_diamond_button = yes | red_diamond_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-09|title=YouTube Forges New ‘Red Diamond Creator Award’ For Channels With 100 Million Subscribers|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/09/09/youtube-red-diamond-creator-award/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> | stats_update = 10 February 2024 }} '''Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg''' (born 24 October 1989), better known by his online [[Pseudonym|username]] '''PewDiePie''', is a [[Swedes|Swedish]] [[YouTuber]]. His content has changed significantly since he began uploading, now focusing on [[Minecraft]] [[Let's Play|gaming videos]] and established [[series]] such as 'You Laugh You Lose' and 'Last Week I Asked You (LWIAY)' where he reviews [[meme]]s that his fans have posted on [[Reddit]]. He has over 111 million subscribers as of January 2024, but is slowly losing subscribers now as YouTube is removing inactive subscribers. <ref>{{cite web|title=PewDiePie|url=https://www.youtube.com/pewdiepie|access-date=12 September 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> On 15 August 2013, his channel became the most subscribed channel on YouTube.<ref name="PewdieTubefilter">{{Cite news|last=Dredge|first=Stuart|date=2013-07-08|title=With 50m weekly views, PewDiePie is world's most popular YouTube channel|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/08/pewdiepie-youtube-channel-games-popularity|access-date=2025-01-08|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He was also the first YouTuber creator to get 100 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Webb|first=Kevin|title=PewDiePie just became the first solo YouTuber to reach 100 million subscribers|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-star-pewdiepie-100-million-subscribers-2019-8|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life == PewDiePie was born on 24 October 1989 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]]. Before starting his own YouTube channel, PewDiePie studied Industrial Economics and Technology Management at [[Chalmers University of Technology]] until he dropped out. Disapproving of his decision, his parents cut off his support. He made a living by selling hot dogs until his channel got enough subscribers for him to make a living from the channel. == Career == === YouTube === In 2013 PewDiePie surpassed [[Smosh]] making him the Number 1 Youtuber.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaw|first=Lucas|date=2013-08-15|title=PewDiePie Overtakes Smosh as YouTube's Top Channel|url=https://www.thewrap.com/pewdiepie-overtakes-smosh-youtube-s-top-channel-111246/|access-date=2025-01-08|website=TheWrap|language=en-US}}</ref> PewDiePie was the first channel ever to pass 50 million subscribers. PewDiePie is attempting to break the like record on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=2016-12-08|title=PewDiePie hits 50 million subscribers, promises again to delete his account|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/8/13892822/pewdiepie-50-million-youtube-subscribers-delete-account|access-date=2025-01-08|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> PewDiePie was the first individual creator ever to pass 100 million subscribers on YouTube as of August 2019, though he did lose the position of being the first channel ever to reach that milestone by the Indian music channel [[T-Series]] in months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-01|title=PewDiePie concedes defeat to YouTube rival T-Series|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47042761|access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> PewDiePie has been creating content that can be described as "silly and fun". Videos such as Meme Review, You Laugh You Lose ([[YLYL]]), Pew News, and Last Week I Asked You (LWIAY) are just a few examples. Recently, he has been uploading many [[Minecraft]] videos. In 16 November 2022 [[MrBeast]] surpassed PewDiePie.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-11-16|title=MrBeast overtakes PewDiePie as most-subscribed YouTuber|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63635382|access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> == Personal life == PewDiePie lives in Japan. He formerly lived in [[Brighton]], [[England]] with his wife, Marzia Bisognin, who is also a former YouTuber. In 2019 he married his long-time girlfriend, [[Marzia Bisognin]]. The marriage was held at [[Kew Gardens]] in [[London]], England.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leskin|first=Paige|title=YouTuber PewDiePie got married to his longtime girlfriend — see the photos from their wedding day|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pewdiepie-wedding-photos-felix-kjellberg-marzia-bisognin-kew-gardens-youtube-2019-8|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> == Notes == {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|PewDiePie}} *{{Twitch}} *{{Instagram}} *{{YouTube|channel=PewDiePie}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:PewDiePie}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Gothenburg]] [[Category:Swedish YouTubers]] ad8uv3yobkzn2v4l0w7s641mwnk3kdk 10331751 10331748 2025-06-15T10:31:03Z Cactusisme 1477024 /* YouTube */ 10331751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | image = PewDiePie at PAX 2015 crop.jpg | caption = PewDiePie in 2015 | birth_name = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]] | nationality = [[Swedish people|Swedish]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *[[YouTuber]] *[[actor]] }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Marzia Bisognin]]|2019}} | website = | pseudonym = {{flatlist| * Pewds * Poods * Pewdie<ref name=Wadeson2013>{{cite web |last=Wadeson |first=Danny |url=http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/9/6/4641320/pewdiepie-youtube-commentary |title=Gamertube: PewDiePie and the YouTube Commentary Revolution |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=22 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627134246/http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/9/6/4641320/pewdiepie-youtube-commentary |archive-date=27 June 2015 }}</ref> }} | channel_name = PewDiePie | years_active = 2010–present | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Let's Play]] * [[vlog]] * [[comedy]] * [[satire]] }} | subscribers = 111 million | subscriber_date = 10 February 2024 | views = 29.2 billion | view_date = 10 February 2024 | network = None (formerly [[Machinima, Inc.|Machinima]] and later [[Maker Studios]]) | signature = Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg Signature.svg | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2012{{efn|PewDiePie received a second Silver Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |title=I WAITED 4 YEARS FOR THIS!!!! |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=24 November 2016 |access-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125003035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdJcBoJYwRY |archive-date=25 November 2016 }}</ref>}} | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2012{{efn|PewDiePie received a second Gold Play Button for the Jack septiceye2 channel in 2016.<ref name=Playbutton/>}} | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2013<ref>{{cite AV media |author=PewDiePie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |title=THE DIAMOND PLAYBUTTON (Part 3) |work=PewDiePie |publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=11 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612163108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWIZpZdpTUw |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref> | ruby_button = yes | ruby_year = 2016<ref name=Cohen2016>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Joshua|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2016/12/19/pewdiepie-ruby-play-button-youtube-50-million-subscribers/|title=YouTube Sends PewDiePie Custom Ruby Play Button To Commemorate 50 Million Subscribers|work=[[Tubefilter]]|date=19 December 2016|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> | red_diamond_button = yes | red_diamond_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-09|title=YouTube Forges New ‘Red Diamond Creator Award’ For Channels With 100 Million Subscribers|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/09/09/youtube-red-diamond-creator-award/|access-date=2021-07-18|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> | stats_update = 10 February 2024 }} '''Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg''' (born 24 October 1989), better known by his online [[Pseudonym|username]] '''PewDiePie''', is a [[Swedes|Swedish]] [[YouTuber]]. His content has changed significantly since he began uploading, now focusing on [[Minecraft]] [[Let's Play|gaming videos]] and established [[series]] such as 'You Laugh You Lose' and 'Last Week I Asked You (LWIAY)' where he reviews [[meme]]s that his fans have posted on [[Reddit]]. He has over 111 million subscribers as of January 2024, but is slowly losing subscribers now as YouTube is removing inactive subscribers. <ref>{{cite web|title=PewDiePie|url=https://www.youtube.com/pewdiepie|access-date=12 September 2016|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> On 15 August 2013, his channel became the most subscribed channel on YouTube.<ref name="PewdieTubefilter">{{Cite news|last=Dredge|first=Stuart|date=2013-07-08|title=With 50m weekly views, PewDiePie is world's most popular YouTube channel|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/08/pewdiepie-youtube-channel-games-popularity|access-date=2025-01-08|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He was also the first YouTuber creator to get 100 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Webb|first=Kevin|title=PewDiePie just became the first solo YouTuber to reach 100 million subscribers|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-star-pewdiepie-100-million-subscribers-2019-8|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life == PewDiePie was born on 24 October 1989 in [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden]]. Before starting his own YouTube channel, PewDiePie studied Industrial Economics and Technology Management at [[Chalmers University of Technology]] until he dropped out. Disapproving of his decision, his parents cut off his support. He made a living by selling hot dogs until his channel got enough subscribers for him to make a living from the channel. == Career == === YouTube === In 2013 PewDiePie surpassed [[Smosh]] making him the Number 1 Youtuber.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaw|first=Lucas|date=2013-08-15|title=PewDiePie Overtakes Smosh as YouTube's Top Channel|url=https://www.thewrap.com/pewdiepie-overtakes-smosh-youtube-s-top-channel-111246/|access-date=2025-01-08|website=TheWrap|language=en-US}}</ref> PewDiePie was the first channel ever to pass 50 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Popper|first=Ben|date=2016-12-08|title=PewDiePie hits 50 million subscribers, promises again to delete his account|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/8/13892822/pewdiepie-50-million-youtube-subscribers-delete-account|access-date=2025-01-08|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> PewDiePie is attempted to break the like record on [[YouTube]]. PewDiePie was the first individual creator ever to pass 100 million subscribers on YouTube as of August 2019, though he did lose the position of being the first channel ever to reach that milestone by the Indian music channel [[T-Series]] in months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-01|title=PewDiePie concedes defeat to YouTube rival T-Series|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47042761|access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> PewDiePie has been creating content that can be described as "silly and fun". Videos such as Meme Review, You Laugh You Lose ([[YLYL]]), Pew News, and Last Week I Asked You (LWIAY) are just a few examples. Recently, he has been uploading many [[Minecraft]] videos. In 16 November 2022 [[MrBeast]] surpassed PewDiePie.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-11-16|title=MrBeast overtakes PewDiePie as most-subscribed YouTuber|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63635382|access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref> == Personal life == PewDiePie lives in Japan. He formerly lived in [[Brighton]], [[England]] with his wife, Marzia Bisognin, who is also a former YouTuber. In 2019 he married his long-time girlfriend, [[Marzia Bisognin]]. The marriage was held at [[Kew Gardens]] in [[London]], England.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leskin|first=Paige|title=YouTuber PewDiePie got married to his longtime girlfriend — see the photos from their wedding day|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pewdiepie-wedding-photos-felix-kjellberg-marzia-bisognin-kew-gardens-youtube-2019-8|access-date=2025-01-08|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> == Notes == {{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=note}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|PewDiePie}} *{{Twitch}} *{{Instagram}} *{{YouTube|channel=PewDiePie}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:PewDiePie}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Gothenburg]] [[Category:Swedish YouTubers]] h3tzapo0iefogatvitdan55589xnrkf 0 415347 10331452 10309870 2025-06-15T04:58:06Z 1.152.107.23 10331452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Name = With Blood Comes Cleansing | Img = | Landscape = yes | Background = group_or_band | Alias = | Origin = [[Albany, Georgia|Albany]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[United States]] | genre = [[Deathcore]], [[Christian metal]] | years_active = 2005–2010, 2022–present | label = Blood & Ink, Victory | current_members = Jeremy Sims<br>Scott Erickson<br>Michael Crain<br>Zach Lewis<br>Robert Manzone | past_members = Dean Atkinson<br>Josh Pearson<br>Doug McMillan<br>Darrell Bentley<br>Hank Day<br>Michael Sasser<br>Spence Erickson<br>Jon Stripling<br>Matt Fidler<br>Tyler Holt<br>Greg Titus<br>Dennis Fraizer }} '''With Blood Comes Cleansing''' is an American [[deathcore]] band. They formed in February 2005. is an American Christian deathcore band from Albany, Georgia, known for their intense blend of brutal deathcore and overtly Christian lyrical themes. The band originally formed in 2005, released two influential albums (Golgotha in 2006 and Horror in 2008), and disbanded in 2010 before reuniting in 2022. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Golgotha]]'' (2006) * ''[[Horror (album)|Horror]]'' (2008) * ''With Blood Comes Cleansing'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2005 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:2000s American music groups]] [[Category:2010s American music groups]] [[Category:2010 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Category:Albany, Georgia]] [[Category:American heavy metal bands]] [[Category:Deathcore bands]] [[Category:Christian metal bands]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 2005]] [[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2010]] {{multistub|bio|music}} iq28brit36gqm8fat45yxubnrmhl8ii 0 426294 10330957 10328102 2025-06-14T22:20:41Z 118.211.75.73 10330957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jeff Bennett | image = Jeff Bennett 2023.jpg | caption = Bennett in 2023 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|10|2}}<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web |title=Geoffrey R Bennett, 2008 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KVB7-115 |website=United States Public Records, 1970-2009 |publisher=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=23 November 2022 |date=12 November 2019}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]], U.S.<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web |title=Geoffrey R Bennett, 2008 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KVB7-115 |website=United States Public Records, 1970-2009 |publisher=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=23 November 2022 |date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|6|10|1962|10|2}}<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web |title=Geoffrey R Bennett, 2008 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KVB7-115 |website=United States Public Records, 1970-2009 |publisher=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=23 November 2022 |date=12 November 2019}}</ref> | death_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]], U.S.<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web |title=Geoffrey R Bennett, 2008 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KVB7-115 |website=United States Public Records, 1970-2009 |publisher=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=23 November 2022 |date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> | othername = Bradley Bissett (Ricky Zoom only) | occupation = Voice actor | years_active = 1970–present | spouse = {{marriage|Susan E. Welby|1988|2025|}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Talkin Toons with Rob Paulsen: Episode 32 with Guest Jeff Bennett|url=http://techjives.net/2012/03/17/032-talkin-toons-with-rob-paulsen-weekly-voice-acting-and-voice-over-tips/|date=March 17, 2012|publisher=Rob Paulsen's Talkin Toons podcast on Techjives.com|access-date=May 11, 2016|archive-date=December 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231101758/http://techjives.net/2012/03/17/032-talkin-toons-with-rob-paulsen-weekly-voice-acting-and-voice-over-tips/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | children = 3 }} '''Jeff Bennett''' (October 2, 1962 — June 10, 2025),<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web|date=12 November 2019|title=Geoffrey R Bennett, 2008|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KVB7-115|access-date=23 November 2022|website=United States Public Records, 1970-2009|publisher=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> credited personality as Bradley Bissett who voiced Loop Hoopla, also known as [[Vertical loop|Loop]], in [[Hasbro]]'s preschool cartoon ''[[Ricky Zoom]]'', was an American voice actor. He was best known for voicing the titular characters of [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob SquarePants]] and ''[[Johnny Bravo]]'', Dexter and Dee Dee's Dad in ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'', the [[Dalek]]<nowiki/>s in ''[[Doctor Who]]'', [[List of The Powerpuff Girls characters|Ace]], [[List of The Powerpuff Girls characters|Grubber]], and [[List of The Powerpuff Girls characters|Big Billy]] in ''[[the Powerpuff Girls]]'', Peter Puppy in [[Earthworm Jim (TV series)|Earthworm Jim]], [[Paw Patrol|Cap'n Turbot]] and Mayor Humdinger in ''[[Paw Patrol|PAW Patrol]]'', [[List of Gargoyles characters|Brooklyn]] in ''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]'', Dr. Jacques von Hamsterveil in [[Lilo & Stitch: The Series|''Lilo & Stitch: The Series'']], Grandpa Pig in ''[[Peppa Pig]]'', Clay Bailey in ''[[Xiaolin Showdown|Xioalin Showdown]]'', [[Cookie Monster]] in ''[[Sesame Street]]'' (replacing [[Frank Oz]]), Petrie in ''[[the Land Before Time]]'' franchise, Various characters in ''[[64 Zoo Lane]]'' and ''[[Thomas & Friends|Thomas and Friends]]'', [[Applejack (My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic)|Applejack]] and [[Rainbow Dash]] in the ''[[My Little Pony]]'' franchise, [[Curious George|The Man with the Yellow Hat]] in ''[[Curious George]]'', Clank in ''[[Tinker Bell]]'', Various characters in ''[[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]]'', including Map, Swiper, the Fiesta Trio and other various characters, [[Brains (Thunderbirds)|Brains]], [[Aloysius Parker]], [[Gordon Tracy]] and [[Kyrano]] in ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'' and [[Kowalski (Madagascar)|Kowalski]] in ''[[the Penguins of Madagascar]]'' series (replacing Chris Miller). In 2012, Bennett was awarded an [[Imagen Awards|Imagen Award]] for his role in the ''Penguins of Madagascar'' and in 2016, he was awarded an [[ALMA Award]] for his role in ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots]]''. He has been working together with some [[teamwork]] people from 2013 to 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/about|access-date=2023-01-03|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us}}</ref> ==Filmography== Bennett was born in 1962 in [[Houston]], [[Texas]].<ref name="DVA" /> He got his acting training on the stage at the [[Alley Theatre]] in Houston, before moving to [[California]] with his family in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Family Friendly Gaming Jeff Bennett from Jake and the Never Land Pirates - Jeff Bennett from Jake and the Never Land Pirates FFG|url=http://www.familyfriendlygaming.com/News/Interviews/Jeff%20Bennett%20from%20Jake%20and%20the%20Never%20Land%20Pirates.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018045001/http://www.familyfriendlygaming.com/News/Interviews/Jeff%20Bennett%20from%20Jake%20and%20the%20Never%20Land%20Pirates.html|archive-date=2013-10-18|access-date=2013-10-17|work=familyfriendlygaming.com}}</ref> During his first roles, Bennett provided the voices of Sam-I-Am and the unnamed character Sam pesters in ''[[Green Eggs and Ham]]'' from the animated television special ''[[Dr. Seuss on the Loose]]'' in 1973.<ref><ref>[http://www.ilic.artinstitutes.edu/news_detail.asp?nid=3513 www.ilic.artinstitutes.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903174105/http://www.ilic.artinstitutes.edu/news_detail.asp?nid=3513|date=September 3, 2006}}</ref></ref> In 1975, Bennett became the voices of [[Gordon Tracy]], [[Brains (Thunderbirds)|Brains]], [[Aloysius Parker]] and [[Kyrano]] in ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'', as well as its film sequels: ''[[Thunderbirds Are Go]]'' and ''[[Thunderbird 6]]''. He did not believe Brains had a stutter, claiming that he was instead excitedly trying to find the words to explain his latest ideas. He based the voice of Parker on a waiter at the King's Arms pub in [[Cookham]], and he and [[Ray Barrett]] shared many of the guest villains. Although he was not highly paid for production, the many repeats earned him a lot more,;<ref name="NTBS" /> Parker became Anderson's favourite voice.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web|date=9 November 2016|title=Thunderbirds Are Go is back on Amazon Prime Video 11/9/16|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=I3s36aL6vDY&pp=ygUZZGF2aWQgZ3JhaGFtIHRodW5kZXJiaXJkcw%3D%3D|access-date=5 August 2023|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> While playing characters in the TV series ''Private Investigator''<ref name="NTBS2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=David Graham – Avengers Forever|url=http://theavengers.tv/forever/pnote-graham.htm|access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> in 1980, Bennett met English writer and producer [[Gerry Anderson]], who was planning his first puppet productions. Bennett mentioned to him that he could pull off accents well; this led to his first voiceover role in ''[[Four Feather Falls]]'', as Grandpa Twink, whom he based on [[Walter Brennan]].<ref name="Voiceover" /> He subsequently voiced Dr. Beaker, Zarin and Mitch the Monkey in ''[[Supercar (TV series)|Supercar]]'', Mat Matic and Lieutenant Ninety in ''[[Fireball XL5]]'' and various guest characters in ''[[Stingray (1964 TV series)|Stingray]]''. Bennett also played Johnny in ''[[Crossroads to Crime]]'', a live-action film Anderson directed. Between 1975 and 1977, Bennett was part of the [[Radio Drama Company]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=David|title=Radio|url=http://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=24|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120215655/http://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=24|archive-date=20 January 2021|access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> In 1979, he played Professor Kerensky in the ''Doctor Who'' story ''[[City of Death]]''. He, later, played the role of [[Big Brother (1984)|Big Brother]] in the "[[1984 (advertisement)|1984]]" television [[Super Bowl advertising|Super Bowl advert]] to introduce the [[Mac (computer)|Apple Macintosh]] computer,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=David|title=Film|url=https://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612175729/https://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=14|archive-date=12 June 2021|access-date=30 December 2023|website=David Graham Official Site}}</ref> before reuniting with Hawkins and his wife, Rosemary Miller, to provide voices together in the English dub of German animated film ''[[Stowaways on the Ark]]''. In 2004, Bennett became the voice of Grandpa Pig in ''[[Peppa Pig]]'', having known creator [[Mark Baker (animator)|Mark Baker]] from when he was younger.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 June 2019|title=David Graham on Doing the Voice for Thunderbirds' Parker for 50 Years|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IwFdUdVOALQ&pp=ygUZZGF2aWQgZ3JhaGFtIHRodW5kZXJiaXJkcw%3D%3D|access-date=4 August 2023|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The following year<ref>{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=David|title=Television|url=http://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=21|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120214114/http://davidgraham.co/blog/?page_id=21|archive-date=20 January 2021|access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> he played [[Albert Einstein]] in a ''[[Horizon (British TV series)|Horizon]]'' docudrama, for which he was very proud that the [[BBC]] would select him to play the lead role.<ref name="NTBS3" /> Bennett's one hundredth role in the voice-over industry was Horace "I.Q." Boothroyd the Third in ''[[James Bond Jr.]]''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YX_daEhlnbsC&q=Jeff+Bennett+james+bond+jr&pg=PA524|title=Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010|author=Vincent Terrace|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|year=2014|isbn=9780786486410|pages=524}}</ref> Afterwards, more roles came which included [[Manhattan Clan#Brooklyn|Brooklyn]] in ''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]'', Petrie in [[The Land Before Time (franchise)|''The Land Before Time'' series]] from the second film onward (replacing the late [[Will Ryan]]), [[Jitters A. Dog]] in ''[[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]]'', Lord Camembert in ''[[Biker Mice from Mars]]'', Roger Dearly, Lieutenant Pug and several others on ''[[101 Dalmatians: The Series]]'', and Dexter's Dad in ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]].'' In early 1995, he played what would be his best-known role, the [[Johnny Bravo (character)|title character]] in ''Johnny Bravo'' and ''Johnny Bravo and the Amazon Women'' in ''[[What a Cartoon!]]''. For the character, Bennett used an [[Elvis Presley]] impersonation, which was somewhere between the young and the older Presley. In 1997, ''[[Johnny Bravo]]'' was made into a television series. A cult hit show, it continued from 1997 to 2004, receiving praise and multiple Annie Award nominations, including one for Bennett. The series, titled ''SpongeBob SquarePants'', premiered on [[Nickelodeon]] on May 1, 1999. It soon became a commercial success. Bennett plays various other characters on the show, including the live-action character Patchy the Pirate and the voices of [[Gary the Snail]], the French Narrator (a parody of [[Jacques Cousteau]]), and SpongeBob's father (Harold SquarePants). In 2010, Bennett received the [[Annie Award]] for "Voice Acting in a Television Production" for his role as SpongeBob in ''[[SpongeBob's Truth or Square]]'' (season 6, episode 23–24). He also voiced SpongeBob in the [[The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water|sequel film]] released on February 6, 2015. In 2018 and 2020, he received the [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patick|date=April 27, 2018|title=Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards: 'Bold And The Beautiful', 'Sesame Street' Top Winners|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/daytime-creative-arts-emmy-awards-winners-2018-list-1202378665/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428195255/http://deadline.com/2018/04/daytime-creative-arts-emmy-awards-winners-2018-list-1202378665/|archive-date=April 28, 2018|access-date=April 29, 2018|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Since the continuing of ''Johnny Bravo'', he has provided the voices of several characters on the [[Nick Jr. (block)|Nick Jr.]] shows ''[[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora the Explorer]]'', ''[[Go, Diego, Go!]]'', and ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City!]]'', including Map, Fiesta Trio and Swiper the Fox, and starred in the show ''Wordville'', also on Nick Jr. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], he starred in "Trebor Mighty Mints" commercials. Bennett also provided the voice of “The Map” in the 2019 film adaptation ''[[Dora and the Lost City of Gold]]''. Bennett has been a ''[[Sesame Street]]'' performer since 1985—currently performing [[Cookie Monster]] (since 2001), [[The Bear family#Baby Bear|Baby Bear]] and the right head of the [[Two-Headed Monster]] (since 1998). He has also provided various voices in the animated series ''[[Freakazoid!]]'', voicing characters such as The Huntsman, Cave Guy, Candle Jack, Lord Bravery, and many others. Bennett voiced Drixenol "Drix" Koldriliff in ''[[Ozzy & Drix|Ozzy and Drix]]'' (replacing [[David Hyde Pierce]]), Clay Bailey on ''[[Xiaolin Showdown]]'', Mister Boss and Mister Fizz in ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]'', Raj on ''[[Camp Lazlo]]'', Principal Luna and Jan Rongetes (janitor and Swedish air guitarist) on ''[[Class of 3000]]'', Azmuth in ''[[Ben 10: Alien Force]]'' and ''[[Ben 10: Ultimate Alien]]'', Clank in ''[[Tinker Bell (film series)|Tinker Bell]]'', [[Mr. Smee (Disney)|Mr. Smee]] and Bones on ''[[Jake and the Never Land Pirates]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Macquarrie|first=Jim|date=September 20, 2011|title=TALKING WITH PIRATES: A CHAT WITH COREY BURTON AND JEFF BENNETT|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/09/talking-with-pirates-a-chat-with-corey-burton-and-jeff-bennett/|url-status=live|magazine=Wired|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222185239/https://www.wired.com/2011/09/talking-with-pirates-a-chat-with-corey-burton-and-jeff-bennett/|archive-date=December 22, 2016|access-date=February 8, 2019}}</ref> Since 2006, Bennett has voiced the role of [[Peppermint Larry]] in the television show ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]'' from 2008 to 2010, and [[List of Curious George characters|The Man With the Yellow Hat]] and neighborhood farmer [[List of Curious George characters|Mr. Renkins]] in the [[PBS Kids]] TV series ''[[Curious George]]''. The series was awarded [[Daytime Emmy Award|Daytime Emmys]] for [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program|Outstanding Children's Animated Program]] in 2008, 2010, and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Imagine Entertainment|author2=WGBH Boston|author3=Universal Studios Family Productions|date=30 June 2010|title=CURIOUS GEORGE® Wins 2010 Daytime Emmy® Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program|url=http://www.wgbh.org/kids/CuriosGeorgeAward.cfm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502183903/http://www.wgbh.org/kids/CuriosGeorgeAward.cfm|archive-date=2 May 2012|access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=OnTheRedCarpet.com Staff|date=23 June 2012|title=Daytime Emmys 2012: Full list of winners|url=http://www.ontheredcarpet.com/Daytime-Emmys-2012:-Full-list-of-winners/8712262|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627115722/http://www.ontheredcarpet.com/Daytime-Emmys-2012:-Full-list-of-winners/8712262|archive-date=27 June 2012|access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> Bennett was the speaking voice of Alvin in ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks (film)|Alvin and the Chipmunks]]'' (2007), ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]'' (2009), ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked]]'' (2011) and ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip]]'' (2014).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|date=February 11, 2015|title=Tony Hale Joins 'Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/tony-hale-alvin-and-the-chipmunks-the-road-chip-1201431279/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316051308/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/tony-hale-alvin-and-the-chipmunks-the-road-chip-1201431279/|archive-date=March 16, 2015|access-date=March 14, 2015|website=Variety}}</ref> From 2009 until 2021, Bennett provided the voices of various characters in the CGI series: Edward, Henry, Gordon, James, Percy, Whiff, Dash and Harold in the UK, and Harvey, Glynn, Skarloey, Sir Handel, Bert, Stafford, Salty, Den, Norman, Bertie, Captain, Sir Topham Hatt, Dowager Hatt in both the UK/US, among others.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Bennett has also done the voices of the [[Joker (Batman)|Joker]] and other characters on ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'', Dorkus in ''[[Planet Sheen]]'', several characters (Keswick, Larry, and Ollie) on ''[[T.U.F.F. Puppy]]'', [[Red Tornado]] in ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]'', and [[Kowalski (Madagascar)|Kowalski]] in ''[[The Penguins of Madagascar]]''. In 2012, Bennett was awarded the [[Annie Award]] for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting in a Television Production for his role as Kowalski.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beck|first=Jerry|date=February 4, 2012|title="Rango" tops Annie Award Winners|newspaper=[[Cartoon Brew]]|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/top/rango-tops-annie-award-winners.html|url-status=dead|access-date=August 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603222731/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/top/rango-tops-annie-award-winners.html|archive-date=June 3, 2012}}</ref> He was also nominated for a [[Daytime Emmy Award]] for [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program|Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program]], but lost to [[June Foray]].<ref>{{cite web|date=May 9, 2012|title=The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces the 39th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy® Award Nominations|url=http://www.emmyonline.tv/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1112_nominees_anounced_v03.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108032652/http://www.emmyonline.tv/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1112_nominees_anounced_v03.pdf|archive-date=November 8, 2014|access-date=August 4, 2012|publisher=National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 17, 2012|title=The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces Winners for the 39th Annual Daytime Entertainment Creative Arts Emmy® Awards|url=http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1112_creative_arts_winners.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095154/http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1112_creative_arts_winners.pdf|archive-date=April 2, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2012|publisher=National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences}}</ref> Since 2013, Bennett provides the voices of Cap'n Turbot and Mayor Humdinger in ''[[Paw Patrol]]'' and reprised both roles in ''[[Paw Patrol: The Movie]].''<ref>{{cite web|title=PAW Patrol Cast - Zap2it|url=http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/paw-patrol/cast/EP01764916|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331142831/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/paw-patrol/cast/EP01764916|archive-date=March 31, 2016|work=[[Zap2it]]|accessdate=April 17, 2016}}</ref> From 2015 to 2020, he reprised his role as Parker in ''[[Thunderbirds Are Go (TV series)|Thunderbirds Are Go]]'', a reboot of the original series. Although [[Kayvan Novak]] took over as Brains, Bennett would no longer reprise that role as well. Most of his dialogue was recorded with [[Rosamund Pike]], who played [[Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fanderson – The Thunderbirds Are Go Interviews Part 2: Parker, Brains and the Hood|url=https://fanderson.org.uk/news/the-thunderbirds-are-go-interviews-part-2/|access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Dora and Friends: Into the City]]'' (2014–2017), also has Bennett as the voice of Map. While Bennett speaks in a higher pitch for Map in ''Dora the Explorer'' in 2012, he met six teenage actors, [[Fátima Ptacek]], [[Alexandria Suarez]], [[Ashley Earnest]], and [[Isabela Merced|Isabela Moner]]. Before visiting [[Ross Bagdasarian Jr]], The new series allows him a more natural voice, as the character is 10 to Bennett’s real life age at the start of production, 37. Production continues on the original series. Producers have allowed Bennett to modify lines, when he feels he can provide a more accurate version of how youth speak.{{cn|date=March 2024}} Bennett won "Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children’s TV Series" at the 2015 NAACP Image Awards.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015|title=OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE BY A YOUTH IN A YOUTH/CHILDREN'S PROGRAM (SERIES OR SPECIAL)|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/nominees/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319050437/http://www.naacpimageawards.net/nominees/|archive-date=2017-03-19|website=The 46th NAACP Image Awards}}</ref> In 2016, Bennett won the Daytime Emmy Award for [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program|Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program]] for his performance as Mayor Lusky on ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 20, 2016|title=Jeff Bennett Wins Daytime Emmy, Frank Welker Honoured|url=http://voicechasers.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2200|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602015513/http://voicechasers.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2200|archive-date=June 2, 2016|access-date=May 3, 2016|publisher=Voicechasers.com}}</ref> In 2020, Bennett reprised his roles as Gordon and Sir Topham Hatt in Rainbow Sun Productions' 20th anniversary celebration reading of [[Thomas and the Magic Railroad]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Bennett died in his sleep on the 10th of June, 2025, because he was only the age of 62.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last1=Bushby|first1=Helen|date=20 September 2024|title=Peppa Pig and Thunderbirds actor David Graham dies|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cgj463gx8gyo|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web|last1=Hayward|first1=Anthony|title=David Graham obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/sep/22/david-graham-obituary|access-date=22 September 2024|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited}}</ref> Despite this, a representative of the ''Peppa Pig'' brand confirmed that further episodes featuring his voice would continue to be released until 2027.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Tina|title=Peppa Pig confirms fate of Grandpa Pig following death of voice actor David Graham|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/peppa-pig-confirms-grandpa-pig-fate-voice-actor-david-graham-dead-new-series-b1184544.html|access-date=1 October 2024|website=The Standard}}</ref> ===Film roles=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) |- | 1984 | ''[[Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind]]'' | Gikkuri | 2005 [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|English dub]] |- | 1989 | ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' | Kiki's Dad | 1998 English dub |- | 1992 | ''[[Porco Rosso]]'' | Additional voices | 2003 English dub |- | 1992 | ''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | Cosgrove Thackery | |- | 1993 | ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'' | Burton Earny, Helicopter Cop #1 and Police Officer |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''A Hollywood Hounds Christmas'' | Dude, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Return of Jafar]]'' | Thief |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Lion King]]'' |[[Zazu (Disney character)|Zazu]] (singing voice) |2003 Platinum Edition |- | ''[[The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure]]'' | Petrie, Ozzy |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Pom Poko]]'' | Additional voices | 2005 English dub |- | ''[[Radioland Murders]]'' | Page | Live-action |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''[[Whisper of the Heart (film)|Whisper of the Heart]]'' | 2006 English dub for Disney |- | ''[[Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins]]'' | [[Johnny Cage]], [[Scorpion (Mortal Kombat)|Scorpion]] |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken]]'' | Brooklyn, Magus, Owen | |- | ''[[The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving]]'' | Petrie, Mutt, Iguanodon |Direct-to-video |- | rowspan="6" | 1996 | ''[[Siegfried & Roy: Masters of the Impossible]]'' | | |- | ''[[James and the Giant Peach (film)|James and the Giant Peach]]'' | Centipede (singing voice) | |- |''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' |Frollo's Soldiers | |- | ''[[Aladdin and the King of Thieves]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists]]'' | Petrie, Ichy |Direct-to-video |- | ''Dot and Spot's Magical Christmas'' | Steve | |- |rowspan="3"| 1997 | ''[[Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off]]'' | Duke L'Orange | |- | ''[[Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas]]'' | Axe, Poke |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island]]'' | Petrie, Mr. Clubtail |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''[[Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World]]'' | Crane |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock]]'' | Petrie, Spike |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''[[My Neighbors the Yamadas]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Wakko's Wish]]'' | Captain of the Guard, Baloney |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Nuttiest Nutcracker]]'' | The Colonel, Mouse Doctor, Mouse Soldier | |- | ''[[Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas]]'' | Dad, Firefighter #2, Mortimer, Store Announcer, Man, Costumer |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster]]'' | Slug / Dog Leader |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Dexter's Laboratory: Ego Trip]]'' | Action Dexter, Mandark Robot, Dad, Robot #1, Officer 9412 | |- |rowspan="5"| 2000 | ''[[An Extremely Goofy Movie]]'' | Bradley Uppercrust III, Unemployment Lady, Chuck the Sportscaster |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders]]'' | Lester |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tweety's High-Flying Adventure]]'' | [[Foghorn Leghorn]], Casino Cat, additional voices | |- | ''[[Joseph: King of Dreams]]'' | Levi |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire]]'' | Petrie, Spokes Dinosaur |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="5"| 2001 | ''[[Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure]]'' | Tramp, Jock, Trusty, Dogcatcher |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Flintstones: On the Rocks]]'' | Xavier the Villain, Club Announcer, Pool Waiter | |- | ''[[Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse]]'' | Mr. Jollyland, additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze]]'' | Petrie, Corythosaurus |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'' | Pilot | |- |rowspan="8"| 2002 | ''[[Return to Never Land]]'' | [[Smee (Peter Pan character)|Smee]], Pirate Crew | |- | ''[[Balto II: Wolf Quest]]'' | Yak |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Cinderella II: Dreams Come True]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring]]'' | Tom, Droopy, Joey |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls Movie]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber, Baboon Kaboom, Go-Go Patrol, Hacha Chacha | |- | ''[[Tarzan & Jane]]'' | Professor Archimedes Q. Porter, Robert "Bobby" Canler |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Mickey's House of Villains]]'' | Salesman |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="9"| 2003 | ''[[101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure]]'' | [[One Hundred and One Dalmatians|Jasper]] |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'' | Buzzie the Vulture | |- | ''[[Inspector Gadget 2]]'' | Brain | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire]]'' | Jasper Ridgeway, Jack, Lifeguard #1 | |- | ''[[Atlantis: Milo's Return]]'' | Sam McKeane |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Stitch! The Movie]]'' | Dr. Hamsterviel | |- | ''[[Looney Tunes: Back in Action]]'' | [[Yosemite Sam]], [[Foghorn Leghorn]], [[Nasty Canasta]] | |- | ''[[The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | ''The Powerpuff Girls: 'Twas the Fight Before Christmas'' | Driver, Servant, Elf #2 | |- |rowspan="7"| 2004 | ''[[The Lion King 1½]]'' | Iron Joe and Bashful | |- | ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour]]'' | Fairy Agent #2 | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster]]'' | Del Chillman, Sir Ian Locksley, Harpoon Gunner | |- | ''[[Win, Lose and Kaboom|Jimmy Neutron: Win, Lose and Kaboom]]'' | Gorlock #2, Brain #1 | |- | ''[[Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers]]'' | [[Beagle Boys]], additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.!]]'' | Kangaroo "Jackie Legs" Jack | |- | ''[[Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas]]'' | Donner |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="6"| 2005 | ''[[Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars]]'' | Dr. Gluckman, Martian Guard #1, President |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Mulan II]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry]]'' | Steed, TV Announcer |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Batman vs. Dracula]]'' | Arkham Asylum Inmate, additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]'' | Skinny Old Man, Stout Old Man, Gollum-Rudy, additional voices | |- |rowspan="10"| 2006 | ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide]]'' | Dr. Moist | |- | ''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |Salesman | |- | ''[[Asterix and the Vikings]]'' | [[Getafix]], Narrator | |- | ''[[Queer Duck: The Movie]]'' | Rev. Vandergelding, additional voices | |- | ''[[Leroy & Stitch]]'' | Dr. Hamsterviel | |- | ''[[Tales from Earthsea (film)|Tales from Earthsea]]'' | Advisor #1 (additional voices) | |- | ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door: The Movie]]'' | Mr. Boss, Mr. Fizz, Benedict Wigglestein | |- | ''[[Brother Bear 2]]'' | Atka |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Fox and the Hound 2]]'' | Amos Slade (replacing [[Jack Albertson]]) |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="7"| 2007 | ''[[Cinderella III: A Twist in Time]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Camp Lazlo: Where's Lazlo?]]'' | Raj, Samson, Hoo Ha, Harold | |- | ''[[TMNT (film)|TMNT]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams]]'' | Lord Duke, The Painter, [[List of Disney's Aladdin characters#The Sultan|The Sultan]], [[List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters#King Hubert|King Hubert]], Farmer, Arguing Neighbor #1 | |- | ''[[Chill Out, Scooby-Doo!]]'' | Dell Chillman, Pilot | |- | ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'' | Pip in Andalasia | |- | ''[[The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="7"| 2008 | ''[[Justice League: The New Frontier]]'' | Sportscaster | |- | ''[[The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning]]'' | Benjamin, Swordfish Guards |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tinker Bell (film)|Tinker Bell]]'' | Clank | |- | ''[[Dead Space: Downfall]]'' | Leggio, Dobbs, Jackson | |- | ''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]'' | Lloyd | |- | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls Rule!]]'' | Ace, Prisoner, Concerned Citizen | |- | ''A Cranberry Christmas'' | Cyrus Grape | |- |rowspan="6"| 2009 | ''[[Afro Samurai|Afro Samurai: Resurrection]]'' | Brother 3 | |- | ''[[Open Season 2]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Dr. Dolittle Million Dollar Mutts]]'' | Princess, Rocco, Frog, Horse | |- | ''[[Bionicle: The Legend Reborn]]'' | Strakk, Tarix |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure]]'' | Clank, Leech, Fairy Gary | |- | ''[[The Haunted World of El Superbeasto]]'' | Nerdy Patron |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="7"| 2010 | ''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]'' | The Man with the Yellow Hat |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Lego Atlantis: The Movie]]'' | Dr. Jeff "Fish" Fisher | |- | ''[[Gaturro (film)|Gaturro]]'' | Federico Michou | English dub |- | ''[[Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers]]'' | Bernie von Beam, Artie Fol |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore]]'' | [[List of Cats & Dogs characters#The MacDougall Twins|Duncan MacDougall]] | |- | ''[[Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue]]'' | Clank, Driver | |- | ''[[DC Showcase: The Spectre]]'' | Foster Brenner, Flemming, Peter McCoy | |- |rowspan="5"| 2011 | ''[[Open Season 3]]'' | Earl |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Little Engine That Could (2011 film)|The Little Engine That Could]]'' | Hudson, Engine 35 |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Pixie Hollow Games]]'' | Clank, Fairy Gary | |- | ''[[Batman: Year One (film)| Batman: Year One]]'' | [[Alfred Pennyworth]] |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="3"| 2012 | ''[[Secret of the Wings]]'' | Clank, Dewey | |- | ''[[Foodfight!]]'' | Lieutenant X | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon]]'' | Owen Garrison/Blue Falcon | |- |rowspan="6"| 2013 | ''[[Khumba]]'' | Riverine Rabbit, Elder # 3, The Zebra | |- | ''[[Turbo (film)|Turbo]]'' | The Crows #2 | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright]]'' | Mike Gale, Mel Richmond | |- | ''[[Planes (film)|Planes]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map]]'' | Lighthouse Lou, Hot Dog Vendor | |- | ''[[I Know That Voice]]'' | Himself | Documentary |- |rowspan="3"| 2014 | ''[[The Pirate Fairy]]'' | Smee, Clank, Fairy Gairy |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy]]'' | Iago, Schmidlap | |- | ''[[The Snow Queen 2|The Snow Queen 2: The Snow King]]'' | Troll King | |- | rowspan="2"| 2015 | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness]]'' | Colt Steelcase |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]'' | The Man With the Yellow Hat |Direct-to-video |- | rowspan="1"| 2016 | ''[[The Land Before Time: Journey of the Brave]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | rowspan="1"| 2018 | ''[[Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' | [[Joker (character)|Joker]] |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan=1|2019 | ‘’[[Curious George: Royal Monkey]]’’ | Ted |Direct-to-video |} ===Television roles=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- | 1991 | ''[[Where's Wally?: The Animated Series|Where's Waldo?]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 1991–1992 | ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'' | Horace "I.Q." Boothroyd the Third, Nick Nack, Oddjob, Pump | |- | 1991–1994 | ''[[The Legend of Prince Valiant]]'' | Lord Maldon | |- |rowspan="5"| 1992 | ''[[Raw Toonage]]'' | Jitters A. Dog | |- | ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' | [[H.A.R.D.A.C.]] | |- | ''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[Prince Eric]] | Episode: "Scuttle" |- | ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Plucky Duck Show]]'' | Kevin Costner | |- | 1992–1993 | ''[[Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa]]'' | The Cowlorado Kid | |- |rowspan="3" | 1993 | ''Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories'' | Ticker the Clock | Episode: "Bootsie Barker Bites/Ruby the Copycat" |- | ''[[2 Stupid Dogs]]'' | Big Bad Wolf, Hot Rodney | |- | ''[[Marsupilami (1993 TV series)|Marsupilami]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 1993–1994 | ''[[Bonkers (TV series)|Bonkers]]'' | Jitters A. Dog, Roderick Lizzard, Mr. Doodles | |- | 1993–1996 | ''[[Biker Mice from Mars]]'' | Lord Camembert, Mace | |- | 1993–1998 | ''[[Animaniacs]]'' | Baloney, Captain Mel, Mr. Flaxseed, [[Sherlock Holmes]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], additional voices | |- | 1993–1999 | ''[[Rugrats]]'' | Ben, the Brother-in-Law, Best Man, Hip Guy | |- | 1994 | ''A Hollywood Hounds Christmas'' | Dude, additional voices | Television film |- | 1994–1995 | ''[[Aladdin (TV series)|Aladdin]]'' | Amin Damoola, [[Mozenrath]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 1994–1996 | ''[[Phantom 2040]]'' | Maxwell Maddision, Jr. | |- | ''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]'' | Brooklyn, Owen Burnett | |- |rowspan="4" | 1995 | ''[[Skeleton Warriors]]'' | Justin Steele, Lightstar | |- | ''[[The Tick (1994 TV series)|The Tick]]'' | [[Thomas Edison]] | Episode: "Leonardo Da Vinci and His Fightin' Genius Time Commandos!" |- | ''[[Bump in the Night (TV series)|Bump in the Night]]'' | Gloog | Episode: "Love Stinks/Love's Labor Bumped" |- | ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show]]'' | People Screaming | Episode: "Stimpy's Pet/Ren's Brain" |- |rowspan="4"| 1995–1996 | ''[[Earthworm Jim (TV series)|Earthworm Jim]]'' | [[Peter Puppy]], Narrator, Additional Voices | |- | ''[[What-a-Mess]]'' | Additional Voices | |- | ''[[The Savage Dragon (TV series)|The Savage Dragon]]'' | Barbaric, Howard Niseman, Mako the Shark | |- | ''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]'' | Natives, Toucan Dan | |- |rowspan="3"| 1995–1997 | ''[[Freakazoid!]]'' | Cave Guy, Lord Bravery, the Huntsman, Candle Jack, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Mask: The Animated Series]]'' | Eddie, Fish Guy, additional voices | |- | 1995–1998 | ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]'' | Baloney, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], Leonard Shelton | |- | 1995–2000 | ''[[Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries]]'' | [[Hubie and Bertie|Bertie]], Dawes the Butler, Shecky White, Nohans, Pitu Le Pew, Mole, Fred Daily, Angua, Fog Dog | |- |rowspan="6" | 1996 | ''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' | Frog Prince, Samuel Washington | Episode: "Honesty" |- | ''[[Wing Commander Academy]]'' |rowspan="3" | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]'' | |- | ''[[Bruno the Kid]]'' | |- | ''[[Jungle Cubs]]'' | McCoy | Episode: "Hulla Baloo/Shere Bliss" |- | ''[[Quack Pack]]'' | The Great Dr. Horton Letrek | |- |rowspan="3"| 1996–1997 | ''[[Captain Simian and the Space Monkeys]]'' | Orbitron / Aronus | |- | ''[[Mighty Ducks (TV series)|Mighty Ducks]]'' | Duke L'Orange | |- | ''[[Road Rovers]]'' | Blitz | |- | 1996–2003 | ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' | Dexter's Dad, additional voices | |- | 1997 | ''[[Nightmare Ned]]'' | Conrad | |- | 1997–1998 | ''[[101 Dalmatians: The Series]]'' | Roger Dearly, Lt. Pug, Sgt. Tibbs, additional voices | |- | 1997–1999 | ''[[The New Batman Adventures]]'' | [[The Creeper (comics)|Jack Ryder/Creeper]], [[Scarecrow (DC Comics)|Jonathan Crane/Scarecrow]] | |- | 1997–2000 | ''[[Pepper Ann]]'' | Dieter Lederhosen, Shelf McClean, Craig Bean | |- | 1997–2004 | ''[[Johnny Bravo]]'' | [[Johnny Bravo (character)|Johnny Bravo]], additional voices | |- | 1997–2006 | ''[[Space Goofs]]'' | Bud Biddiovitch, Stereo Monovici | |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[I Am Weasel]]'' | Dog Catcher | Episode: "I Are Good Dog" |- | ''[[Oh Yeah! Cartoons]]'' | Juanito, Man #1, Policeman | Episode: "The Ugly Duck-Thing" |- | 1998–1999 | ''[[Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain]]'' | Wally Faust, Baloney, additional voices | |- | 1998–2000 | ''[[Histeria!]]'' | [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], Lucky Bob, [[Alexander the Great]], [[Jefferson Davis]], David Labrador, [[Nicola Tesla]], Job Counselor, additional voices | He only voiced Jefferson Davis in "The U.S. Civil War – Part II" |- | 1998–2005 | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber, Major Man, Professor Dick Hardly, Squirrel (Fuzzy Logic), additional voices | |- |rowspan="4"| 1999 | ''[[The New Woody Woodpecker Show]]'' | Pigeon Boss | Episode: "Downsized Woody" |- | ''[[The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' | Stewart Lowe/2-D Man, Cop, Zookeeper | |- | ''[[Detention (TV series)|Detention]]'' | Buzzsaw | Episode: "Capitol Punishment" |- | 1999–2000 | ''[[Mickey Mouse Works]]'' | Mr. Jollyland, Baby Shelby, Magical Mouse | |- |rowspan="2"| 2000 | ''[[Poochini's Yard]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''Cartoon Cartoon Fridays'' | Johnny Bravo | |- | 2000–2002 | ''[[Clerks: The Animated Series]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2000–2004 | ''[[The Weekenders]]'' | Tish's Dad, Pizza Guy, Percy, Lor's Dad, Manny, Mr. Cardigan, Miltie, Mr. Hassenfeld, Costume Store Guy, Shoe Salesman, Museum Docent, Earl, Jan the Man, Actor #1, Space Program Official, Reggie Trash, Zoo Keeper, additional voices | |- |rowspan="3"| 2001–2003 | ''[[House of Mouse]]'' | Reluctant Dragon, Shelby, Mr. Toad, Policeman and Dennis the Duck | |- | ''[[The Book of Pooh]]'' | Piglet (singing voice) | |- | ''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]'' | Prof. Archimedes Q. Porter, Robert Canler | |- | 2001–2004 | ''[[Samurai Jack]]'' |rowspan="2"| Additional voices | |- | 2001–2005 | ''[[The Proud Family]]'' | |- | 2002 | ''[[Totally Spies!]]'' | Great Kandinsky, Auctioneer, Edison | |- | 2002–2003 | ''[[Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?]]'' | Principal Madman, additional voices | |- |rowspan="3"| 2002–2004 | ''[[Fillmore!]]'' | Mason, Plant Manager, Cowboy, Man #1 | |- | ''[[Ozzy & Drix]]'' | Drix, Butane, PB, Bubba | |- | ''[[Teamo Supremo]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2002–2005 | ''[[Kim Possible]]'' | Adrena Lynn's Cameraman, Jerry, Desk Clerk, Emergency Pet Groomer, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2002–2006 | ''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[What's New, Scooby-Doo?]]'' | Charles "Crunchy" Granville, Fritz, Mr. Keenan, Roderick Kingston, Writer, Mister B, Scar, Guard, Earnest Bailey, Sam, General Nessmeyer | |- | 2002–2008 | ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]'' | Numbuh 4's Dad, Mr. Boss, Mr. Fizz, Destructo Dad, Principal Sauerbraten, Daddy | |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Stuart Little (TV series)|Stuart Little]]'' | The Crows | Episode: "A Little Bit Country" |- | ''[[The Mummy (TV series)|The Mummy]]'' | Fadil | |- | ''[[Time Squad]]'' | [[Johannes Gutenberg]] | Episode: "Ex Marks the Spot" |- |rowspan="2"| 2003–2005 | ''[[ChalkZone]]'' | Bruno Bullnerd | |- | ''[[Duck Dodgers (TV series)|Duck Dodgers]]'' | [[Count Blood Count|Count Muerte]], Victor Von Boogieman, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2003–2006 | ''[[Lilo & Stitch: The Series]]'' | Fibber, Yaarp, Sample, Elastico, Slick, Remmy, Hammerface, Ace, Woops | |- | ''[[Xiaolin Showdown]]'' | Clay Bailey, Master Monk Guan | |- | 2003–2008 | ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]'' | Additional voices | |- |rowspan="5"| 2004 | ''[[Hare and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'' | Yosemite Sam |rowspan="3"| TV short |- | ''Duck Dodgers in Attack of the Drones'' | [[Daffy Duck]] |- | ''Cock-a-Doodle-Duel'' | Foghorn Leghorn |- | ''[[Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!]]'' | Robo-Ape Alfa | Episode: "Ape New World" |- | ''[[Brandy and Mr. Whiskers]]'' | Artaro | |- |rowspan="2"| 2004–2005 | ''[[Dave the Barbarian]]'' | Narrator, Twinkle the Marvel Horse | |- | ''[[Megas XLR]]'' | Skalgar, Drallag, Zarek | |- | 2004–2008 | ''[[The Batman (TV series)|The Batman]]'' | [[Killer Moth (The Batman)|Killer Moth]], [[Ragdoll (The Batman)|Ragdoll]], [[D.A.V.E.]] | |- | 2004–2009 | ''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]'' | Bloppypants, Bendy, additional voices | |- | 2005–2006 | ''[[The Buzz on Maggie]]'' | Principal Peststrip | |- |rowspan="2"| 2005–2007 | ''[[American Dragon: Jake Long]]'' | Jonathan Long, The Hunstman, Jaren MacArthur, Councilor Kulde, Petite Messenger Fairy, King Hammer, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Life and Times of Juniper Lee]]'' | Cletus, Skeeter Knommen Ghetit, Loki, Mummy, Mike | |- | 2005–2008 | ''[[Camp Lazlo]]'' | Raj, Samson, Commander Hoo-Ha, Walrus, additional voices | |- |rowspan="3"| 2006 | ''[[Danger Rangers]]'' | Henri Ennui, EMT, Factory Worker | Episode: "Medicine Mix-Up" |- | ''[[Loonatics Unleashed]]'' | Colonel Trench, Dr. Fidel Chroniker, Professor Zane | |- | ''[[Me, Eloise]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2006–2007 | ''[[Shorty McShorts' Shorts]]'' | Frankie - Train Conductor | |- |rowspan="3"| 2006–2008 | ''[[Class of 3000]]'' | Principal Luna | |- | ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'' | Ipi, Topo, Security Cam | |- | ''[[Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!]]'' | Dr. Phinius Phibes, Agent #2, Techie #2, Dr. Eisenhorn | |- | 2006–2009 | ''[[The Replacements (TV series)|The Replacements]]'' | Conrad Fleem, Shelton Klutzberry, Principal Cutler, additional voices | |- | 2006–2010 | ''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2006–2015 | ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' | [[The Man with the Yellow Hat]], [[List of Curious George characters|Mr. Renkins]] | |- |rowspan="4"| 2007 | ''[[Afro Samurai]]'' | Foo, Hachiro | |- | ''[[El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera]]'' | Senor Siniestro | Episode: "Fool Speed Ahead/Ballad of Frida Suarez" |- | ''[[Higglytown Heroes]]'' | Auctioneer Hero | Episode: "Big Pink Elephant Sale/Higglies on Horseback" |- | ''[[Saul of the Mole Men]]'' | Clancy Burrows | |- | 2007–2008 | ''[[The Land Before Time (TV series)|The Land Before Time]]'' | Petrie | |- |rowspan="2"| 2007–2009 | ''[[Tak and the Power of Juju (TV series)|Tak and the Power of Juju]]'' | Gremlin Juju, Chief Zogsnob, Colonel, "Traloc" | |- | ''[[Transformers: Animated]]'' | [[Prowl (Transformers)|Prowl]], [[Ultra Magnus]], Captain Fanzone, Angry Archer, [[Soundwave (Transformers)|Soundwave]], [[Mixmaster (Transformers)|Mixmaster]] | |- | 2007, 2010 | ''[[Chowder (TV series)|Chowder]]'' | Thrice Cream Man | 2 episodes: "The Thrice Cream Man", "The Firebreather" |- | 2007–2011 | ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]'' | Mayor, Youngblood, Horse, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008–2009 | ''[[Random Cartoons]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)|The Spectacular Spider-Man]]'' | [[Montana (comics)|Montana]], [[Shocker (comics)|Shocker]], St. John Devereaux, Bernard Houseman | |- |rowspan="3"| 2008–2010 | ''[[Ben 10: Alien Force]]'' | Azmuth, Ghostfreak | |- | ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]'' | Peppermint Larry, Lady Nickelbottoms, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Secret Saturdays]]'' | Dr. Arthur Beeman | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008–2011 | ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' | [[Joker (comics)|Joker]], [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Captain Marvel]], [[Ultra-Humanite]], [[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]], [[Abra Kadabra (comics)|Abra Kadabra]], [[Red Hood (comics)|Red Hood]], [[Starman (comics)|Starman]], Batman's singing voice(one episode) | |- | ''[[The Mighty B!]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2008–2013 | ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'' | Ben Baxter, Talking Zebra, Square Dance Singer, additional voices | |- | 2008–2015 | ''[[The Penguins of Madagascar]]'' | Kowalski, The Red Squirrel, The Amarillo Kid, Frankie the Pigeon, Computer, Chuck Charles, Chameleons | |- | 2009–2014 | ''[[Fanboy & Chum Chum]]'' | Boog, Lenny (Pilot only), Sigmund The Sorcerer, Mr. Hank Mufflin, Duke, Dollar-nator, Man-Arctica, Global Warmer, Necronomicon, Scrivener Elf, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2010 | ''[[Hero Factory]]'' | Xplode | |- | ''[[Generator Rex]]'' | Meechum, Providence Agent | |- | 2010–2011 | ''[[Sym-Bionic Titan]]'' | Steve "Babyface" Stevens | |- |rowspan="2"| 2010–2012 | ''[[Ben 10: Ultimate Alien]]'' | Azmuth, Ghostfreak, additional voices | |- | ''[[Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil]]'' | Billy Stumps | |- |rowspan="3"| 2010–2013 | ''[[Planet Sheen]]'' | [[List of Planet Sheen characters#Dorkus|Dorkus]], Grish, additional voices | |- | ''[[Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)|Pound Puppies]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]]'' | Gary, Professor Emmanuel Raffalo, Doodle McGuiness, Blaine LeFrank, Ugly Jimmy, Male Tourist, additional voices | |- | 2010–2014 | ''[[Fish Hooks]]'' | Principal Stikler, additional voices | Replaced [[Jerry Stiller]] in Season 2 |- | 2010–2015 | ''[[T.U.F.F. Puppy]]'' | Keswick, Larry, Ollie, Sharing Moose, Gorilla, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2010–2017 | ''[[Regular Show]]'' | Party Pete, High-Five Ghost (season 1), additional voices | |- | ''[[Adventure Time]]'' | Choose Goose, additional voices | |- | 2010–present | ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]'' | [[Red Tornado]], [[T.O. Morrow]], [[Red Torpedo]], [[Red Volcano]], [[Wade Eiling]], [[Jason Bard]], Bernell Jones, [[Alfred Pennyworth]], [[Abra Kadabra (comics)|Abra Kadabra]], [[Nuidis Vulko|Vulko]], Dr. David Wilcox, [[Psimon]], John Smith, Casey Klebba, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2011–2013 | ''[[Dan Vs.]]'' | Jeff, Buddy Starr, Spencer Bainbridge, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Looney Tunes Show]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2011–2015 | ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness]]'' | Tong Fo, Anvil of Heaven Guard, Prisoner | |- | 2011–2016 | ''[[Jake and the Never Land Pirates]]'' | Mr. Smee, Bones | |- | 2011–2017 | ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' | Fairy Elder, Father Time, Big Willy, Merman, Red Leader Dog, Dogman, Catman, Fair Bear, additional voices | "[[Timmy's Secret Wish!|Timmy's Secret Wish]]", "Dog Gone", "Cat-astrophe", Various episodes |- |rowspan="3"| 2012 | ''[[Gravity Falls]]'' | The Summerween Trickster | |- | ''[[Robot and Monster]]'' | Snap Winsome/Marf | Episode: "Anger Management" |- | ''[[Motorcity]]'' | Carter | Episode: "Threat Level: Texas!" |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[Green Lantern: The Animated Series]]'' | [[Tomar-Re]] | |- | 2012–2014 | ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' | Shiro Shinobi, additional voices | |- | 2012–2016 | ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots]]'' | Huxley Prescott, Mayor Luskey, Deputy Barney | |- |rowspan="4"| 2013 | ''[[Pixie Hollow Bake Off]]'' | Clank, Fairy Gary | Short film |- | ''[[Sofia the First]]'' | Farley | Episode: "The Floating Palace" |- | ''[[Teen Titans Go! (TV series)|Teen Titans Go!]]'' | Ed | Episode: "Driver's Ed" |- | ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]'' | Mayor of Boston, Slam Adams, Grand Master, The Collector | 5 episodes |- |rowspan="3"| 2013–2014 | ''[[Beware the Batman]]'' | [[Simon Stagg]], Robber #1, Store Keeper | |- | ''[[Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.]]'' | [[The Collector]] | |- | ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens (TV series)|Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' | Coverton | |- | 2013–2016 | ''[[Turbo FAST]]'' | Ace Gecko, Brahdhi | |- |rowspan="3"| 2014 | ''[[Ben 10 Omniverse]]'' | Kundo, Medic, Bryk | 2 episode: "Rook Tales", "The Final Countdown" |- | ''[[Stan Lee's Mighty 7]]'' | Man in Black | |- | ''[[Wander Over Yonder]]'' | Harvax, Brainz, additional voices | 2 episodes: "The Timebomb", "The Big Job" |- |rowspan="2"| 2014–2015 | ''[[The 7D]]'' | The Big Bad Wolf, Jack Flashback | 2 episodes: "Big Bad Sneezy", "Leaf It to Sneezy" |- | ''[[Clarence (2014 TV series)|Clarence]]'' | Seymour Wendle | 2 episodes: "Patients", "Hurricane Dillis" |- |rowspan="2"| 2014–2017 | ''[[All Hail King Julien]]'' | Hector, Willie, Horst | |- | ''[[Sheriff Callie's Wild West]]'' | Cody, Mr. Dillo, Doc Quackers | |- | 2014–present | ''[[Blaze and the Monster Machines]]'' | Additional voices | |- |rowspan="4"| 2015 | ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' | Charlton, Food Vendor, Fancy Fish, Fish in Long Pants, Old Fish | Episode: "The Sewers of Bikini Bottom"<br>Episode: "SpongeBob LongPants" |- | ''[[The Lion Guard|The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar]]'' | [[Zazu (Disney character)|Zazu]] | Television film |- | ''[[Mixels]]'' | Dribbal, Gurggle, Jinky, Camillot, Ranger Jinx | Two episodes: "A Quest for the Lost Mixamajig"; "Every Knight Has Its Day" |- | ''[[Crossy Road: The Series]]'' | Creamy / Mr. Wong / Kowalski / Red Squirrel / Dorkus / Keswick | |- |rowspan="5"| 2015–2017 | ''[[Harvey Beaks]]'' | Doctor Roberts, Stempunk Fox, Stempunk Frog, Stempunk Butler, additional voices | |- | ''[[Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero]]'' | 8 Ball, additional voices | Episode: "I'm Still Super/Balls!" |- | ''[[Pig Goat Banana Cricket]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show]]'' | [[Mark Twain]], Additional voices | |- | ''[[Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!]]'' | Alistair Leventhal, Dr. Mezmit, Tour Bus Guide<br>Big Ed | 2 episodes: "Scary Christmas", "Gremlin on a Plane" |- | 2015–2018 | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' | [[Rhomann Dey]], [[Wraith (Marvel Comics)|Wraith]] | |- | 2015–2019 | ''[[Star vs. the Forces of Evil]]'' | Principal, Justin, Bearicorn, additional voices | |- |rowspan="7"| 2016 | ''[[Sofia the First]]'' | [[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Merlin]] | Episode: "Gone With the Wand" |- | ''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)|Transformers: Robots in Disguise]]'' | Axiom and Theorem | Episode: "Brainpower" |- |''[[Wabbit (TV series)|Wabbit]]'' | [[Hubie and Bertie|Hubie]], [[Hubie and Bertie|Bertie]], additional voices | Episode: "Appropriate Technology" |- | ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]'' | Leprechaun | Episode: "The Lepre-Con" |- | ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)]]'' | Screwloose | Episode: "Bat in the Belfry" |- | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series)|The Powerpuff Girls]]'' | Ace D. Copular, additional voices | Episode: "Tiara Trouble" |- | ''[[Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures]]'' | Lt. Plumestriker, [[Nien Nunb]], Ignacio Wortan | 4 episodes |- | 2016–2019 | ''[[The Lion Guard]]'' | Zazu | 7 episodes |- | 2016–present | ''[[The Loud House]]'' | Mall Cop Captain, Ticket Seller, Mick Swagger, Coach Pacowski, Park Ranger, Narrator, Bill Buck, Goon #1, Man, Automated Lie Detector, Lincoln's Dentures | 12 episodes |- | 2017 | ''[[Mighty Magiswords]]'' | Sir Grimmsibald Femursworth | Episode: "The Tom of Morrow" |- | 2017–2018 | ''[[Bunsen Is a Beast]]'' | Bob, Bunsen's Dad and General Lance | |- | 2017-2019 | ''[[Elena of Avalor]]'' | King Lars, Felipe | 3 episodes |- |rowspan="2"| 2017–present | ''[[Puppy Dog Pals]]'' | Johnathon, Cagey, Crumpet, Titus, Barry, and Quinty Mcsquinty | 12 episodes |- | ''[[If You Give a Mouse a Cookie (TV series)|If You Give a Mouse a Cookie]]'' | Dog | 25 episodes |- | rowspan=2|2018-19 | ''[[Big Hero 6: The Series]]'' | Baron Von Steamer, Chef, Rich People, Security Guard, Waiter | 5 episodes |- | ''[[Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny]]'' | Zhizhu, Chow Guard #1, Chow Guard #2, Rabbit Bandit Leader, Chow Guard #3, Mole Rat #3, Yak Bouncer 1, Tahr 1, Chow Guard #1 | 16 episodes |- | rowspan=2|2018 | ''[[Voltron: Legendary Defender]]'' | Nortox | Episode: "The Feud" |- | ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Mickey Mouse]]'' | [[Mortimer Mouse]] and The Director | 2 episodes |- | 2018–present | ''[[The Stinky & Dirty Show]]'' | Towpher, Toots, additional voices | Recurring Role |- | rowspan=2|2019 | ''[[Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?]]'' | Bobby and Beafeater Guard | Episode: "Elementary, My Dear Shaggy!" |- | ''[[Pinky Malinky]]'' | Mr. Malinky | 5 episodes |} ===Video game roles=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) |- |rowspan="2"| 1993 | ''[[Leisure Suit Larry 6: Shape Up or Slip Out!]]'' | Gary the Towel Attendant | |- | ''[[Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers]]'' | Sam, Uniform Officer, Artist, Bruno, Lucky Dog Vendor, Motorcycle Cop | |- | 1994 | ''[[Quest for Glory: Shadows of Darkness|Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness]]'' | Dr. Cranium, Igor, Bonehead, Ad Avis | |- | 1995 | ''[[Stonekeep]]'' | Murph, Winkle | |- |rowspan="3"| 1996 | ''Someone's in the Kitchen!'' | Blub, Sir Eaton Scraps, Dendron | |- | ''[[Goosebumps (video game series)#Escape from HorrorLand|Goosebumps: Escape from HorrorLand]]'' | Pumpkins | |- | ''[[Toonstruck]]'' | The Carecrow, Jim, Spike, Woof, Outhouse Guard, The Robot Maker | |- |rowspan="2"| 1997 | ''[[Fallout (video game)|Fallout]]'' | Loxley | |- | ''[[The Lost Vikings 2]]'' | Baleog the Fierce | |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[ClayFighter: Sculptor's Cut]]'' | Laughing Voice in Mudville Mansion | |- | ''[[Baldur's Gate]]'' | [[List of Baldur's Gate characters#Xan|Xan]], [[Drizzt Do'Urden]], Dream Knight, Quayle | |- | 1999 | ''[[List of The Powerpuff Girls video games#Console|The Powerpuff Girls: Chemical X-Traction]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber | |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue]]'' | Dipstick, Jasper, Shelby the Turtle | |- | ''[[X-Squad]]'' | Judd | |- | ''[[Star Wars: Force Commander]]'' | Brenn Tantor | |- |rowspan="3" | 2001 | ''[[Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds]]'' | [[Jango Fett]] | |- | ''[[Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal]]'' | Saemon Havarian, Cespenar, Cyric, Carras, Yakman, Carston | |- | ''[[Space Goofs#Stupid Invaders|Stupid Invaders]]'' | Bud Bidiovitch | |- |rowspan="4"| 2002 | ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast]]'' | [[Kyle Katarn]] | |- | ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter]]'' | Jango Fett, [[Count Dooku]] | |- | ''[[List of The Powerpuff Girls video games#Console|The Powerpuff Girls: Relish Rampage]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts (video game)|Kingdom Hearts]]'' | [[Mayor (The Nightmare Before Christmas)|The Mayor of Halloween Town]], [[Lock, Shock, and Barrel|Barrel]], [[Smee (Peter Pan character)|Mr. Smee]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 2003 | ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy]]'' | Kyle Katarn | |- | ''[[Tak and the Power of Juju]]'' | Caged Juju, Pins and Needles | |- | rowspan="2" | 2004 | ''[[Tak 2 The Staff of Dreams]]'' | JB, Caged Juju, Pins and Needles | |- | ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' | Big Poppa Voice | Mission: A Home in the Hills |- | rowspan="2" | 2005 | ''[[Tak: The Great Juju Challenge]]'' | Caged Juju | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]'' | Barrel, Lumiere, [[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Merlin]] | |- | 2006 | ''[[The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning]]'' | Cyril the Ice Guardian Dragon, Flash (Sparx's Dad), Mole-Yair | |- | 2007 | ''[[The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night]]'' | Cyril the Ice Guardian Dragon, Mole-Yair, Scratch | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''[[The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon]]'' | Cyril the Ice Guardian Dragon | |- | ''[[Transformers Animated: The Game]]'' | Prowl | |- |rowspan="3"| 2009 | ''[[Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall]]'' | [[Johnny Bravo]], Ace | |- | ''[[Ghostbusters: The Video Game]]'' | Spider Witch's Victim | |- | ''[[Ben 10 Alien Force: Vilgax Attacks]]'' | Azmuth, Bellicus, Ghostfreak | |- |rowspan="3"| 2010 | ''[[Ben 10 Ultimate Alien: Cosmic Destruction]]'' | Azmuth, Kraab | |- | ''[[Crash Bandicoot Nitro Kart 2]]'' | Ripper Roo | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep]]'' | Mr. Smee, Merlin, [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Bashful]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''[[Kinect Disneyland Adventures]]'' | Smee, [[White Rabbit]], [[March Hare]] | |- | ''[[Star Wars: The Old Republic]]'' | [[Revan]] | |- | 2012 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance]]'' | [[Mister Geppetto|Geppetto]], [[Beagle Boys]] | |- | 2013 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix]]'' | The Mayor of Halloween Town, Barrel, Mr. Smee | |- |rowspan="2"| 2014 | ''[[Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric]]'' | Fastidious Beaver | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix]]'' | [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Lumiere|Lumiere]], Mr. Smee, Merlin, [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Bashful]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 2015 | ''[[SpongeBob HeroPants]]'' | Bubbles the Talking Dolphin | |- | ''[[Disney Infinity 3.0]]'' | Merlin | |- | 2017 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue]]'' | [[Mister Geppetto|Geppetto]], [[Beagle Boys]] | |- | 2019 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts III]]'' | Merlin | |} ===Other=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) |- | 2014 | ''[[There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly]]'' | [[Dog]], [[Artist]] | [[Audiobook]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=0071818}} * {{Amg name|131859}} * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jeff_bennett/ Jeff Bennett at Rotten Tomatoes] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett, Jeff}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Houston]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] {{US-actor-stub}} 3dc4vgjo0hb4cuubqn0zosel3p149o9 10330975 10330957 2025-06-14T22:31:11Z Davey2010 314522 Reverting edit(s) by [[Special:Contributions/118.211.75.73|118.211.75.73]] ([[User_talk:118.211.75.73|talk]]) : [[WP:COPYVIO|copyright violation]] 10330975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = JeffBennett2017SLCC.png | caption = Bennett in 2017 | birth_name = Jeffrey Glen Bennett | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|10|2}} | birth_place = [[Houston, Texas]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | othername = | occupation = Voice actor, singer | years_active = 1980–present | spouse = {{marriage|Susan E. Welby|1988|}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Talkin Toons with Rob Paulsen: Episode 32 with Guest Jeff Bennett|url=http://techjives.net/2012/03/17/032-talkin-toons-with-rob-paulsen-weekly-voice-acting-and-voice-over-tips/|date=March 17, 2012|publisher=Rob Paulsen's Talkin Toons podcast on Techjives.com|access-date=May 11, 2016|archive-date=December 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231101758/http://techjives.net/2012/03/17/032-talkin-toons-with-rob-paulsen-weekly-voice-acting-and-voice-over-tips/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | children = 1 }} '''Jeffrey Glenn "Jeff" Bennett''' (born October 2, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] voice actor and singer. He has voiced over 100 television characters and has appeared in over 200 television shows. He was in ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'', ''[[Johnny Bravo]]'', ''[[Scooby Doo!]]'', ''[[Adventure Time]]'', ''[[Regular Show]]'', and had a role in ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]''. And he was also playing the live-action role of Gordy in ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]''. ==Filmography== ===Film roles=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) |- | 1984 | ''[[Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind]]'' | Gikkuri | 2005 [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|English dub]] |- | 1989 | ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' | Kiki's Dad | 1998 English dub |- | 1992 | ''[[Porco Rosso]]'' | Additional voices | 2003 English dub |- | 1992 | ''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | Cosgrove Thackery | |- | 1993 | ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'' | Burton Earny, Helicopter Cop #1 and Police Officer |- |rowspan="6"| 1994 | ''A Hollywood Hounds Christmas'' | Dude, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Return of Jafar]]'' | Thief |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Lion King]]'' |[[Zazu (Disney character)|Zazu]] (singing voice) |2003 Platinum Edition |- | ''[[The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure]]'' | Petrie, Ozzy |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Pom Poko]]'' | Additional voices | 2005 English dub |- | ''[[Radioland Murders]]'' | Page | Live-action |- |rowspan="4"| 1995 | ''[[Whisper of the Heart (film)|Whisper of the Heart]]'' | 2006 English dub for Disney |- | ''[[Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins]]'' | [[Johnny Cage]], [[Scorpion (Mortal Kombat)|Scorpion]] |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken]]'' | Brooklyn, Magus, Owen | |- | ''[[The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving]]'' | Petrie, Mutt, Iguanodon |Direct-to-video |- | rowspan="6" | 1996 | ''[[Siegfried & Roy: Masters of the Impossible]]'' | | |- | ''[[James and the Giant Peach (film)|James and the Giant Peach]]'' | Centipede (singing voice) | |- |''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' |Frollo's Soldiers | |- | ''[[Aladdin and the King of Thieves]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists]]'' | Petrie, Ichy |Direct-to-video |- | ''Dot and Spot's Magical Christmas'' | Steve | |- |rowspan="3"| 1997 | ''[[Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off]]'' | Duke L'Orange | |- | ''[[Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas]]'' | Axe, Poke |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island]]'' | Petrie, Mr. Clubtail |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="3"| 1998 | ''[[Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World]]'' | Crane |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock]]'' | Petrie, Spike |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | ''[[My Neighbors the Yamadas]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Wakko's Wish]]'' | Captain of the Guard, Baloney |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Nuttiest Nutcracker]]'' | The Colonel, Mouse Doctor, Mouse Soldier | |- | ''[[Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas]]'' | Dad, Firefighter #2, Mortimer, Store Announcer, Man, Costumer |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[An American Tail: The Mystery of the Night Monster]]'' | Slug / Dog Leader |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Dexter's Laboratory: Ego Trip]]'' | Action Dexter, Mandark Robot, Dad, Robot #1, Officer 9412 | |- |rowspan="5"| 2000 | ''[[An Extremely Goofy Movie]]'' | Bradley Uppercrust III, Unemployment Lady, Chuck the Sportscaster |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders]]'' | Lester |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tweety's High-Flying Adventure]]'' | [[Foghorn Leghorn]], Casino Cat, additional voices | |- | ''[[Joseph: King of Dreams]]'' | Levi |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire]]'' | Petrie, Spokes Dinosaur |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="5"| 2001 | ''[[Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure]]'' | Tramp, Jock, Trusty, Dogcatcher |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Flintstones: On the Rocks]]'' | Xavier the Villain, Club Announcer, Pool Waiter | |- | ''[[Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse]]'' | Mr. Jollyland, additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze]]'' | Petrie, Corythosaurus |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'' | Pilot | |- |rowspan="8"| 2002 | ''[[Return to Never Land]]'' | [[Smee (Peter Pan character)|Smee]], Pirate Crew | |- | ''[[Balto II: Wolf Quest]]'' | Yak |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Cinderella II: Dreams Come True]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring]]'' | Tom, Droopy, Joey |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls Movie]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber, Baboon Kaboom, Go-Go Patrol, Hacha Chacha | |- | ''[[Tarzan & Jane]]'' | Professor Archimedes Q. Porter, Robert "Bobby" Canler |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Mickey's House of Villains]]'' | Salesman |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="9"| 2003 | ''[[101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure]]'' | [[One Hundred and One Dalmatians|Jasper]] |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'' | Buzzie the Vulture | |- | ''[[Inspector Gadget 2]]'' | Brain | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire]]'' | Jasper Ridgeway, Jack, Lifeguard #1 | |- | ''[[Atlantis: Milo's Return]]'' | Sam McKeane |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Stitch! The Movie]]'' | Dr. Hamsterviel | |- | ''[[Looney Tunes: Back in Action]]'' | [[Yosemite Sam]], [[Foghorn Leghorn]], [[Nasty Canasta]] | |- | ''[[The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | ''The Powerpuff Girls: 'Twas the Fight Before Christmas'' | Driver, Servant, Elf #2 | |- |rowspan="7"| 2004 | ''[[The Lion King 1½]]'' | Iron Joe and Bashful | |- | ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour]]'' | Fairy Agent #2 | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster]]'' | Del Chillman, Sir Ian Locksley, Harpoon Gunner | |- | ''[[Win, Lose and Kaboom|Jimmy Neutron: Win, Lose and Kaboom]]'' | Gorlock #2, Brain #1 | |- | ''[[Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers]]'' | [[Beagle Boys]], additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.!]]'' | Kangaroo "Jackie Legs" Jack | |- | ''[[Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas]]'' | Donner |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="6"| 2005 | ''[[Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars]]'' | Dr. Gluckman, Martian Guard #1, President |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Mulan II]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry]]'' | Steed, TV Announcer |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Batman vs. Dracula]]'' | Arkham Asylum Inmate, additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]'' | Skinny Old Man, Stout Old Man, Gollum-Rudy, additional voices | |- |rowspan="10"| 2006 | ''[[The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide]]'' | Dr. Moist | |- | ''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |Salesman | |- | ''[[Asterix and the Vikings]]'' | [[Getafix]], Narrator | |- | ''[[Queer Duck: The Movie]]'' | Rev. Vandergelding, additional voices | |- | ''[[Leroy & Stitch]]'' | Dr. Hamsterviel | |- | ''[[Tales from Earthsea (film)|Tales from Earthsea]]'' | Advisor #1 (additional voices) | |- | ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door: The Movie]]'' | Mr. Boss, Mr. Fizz, Benedict Wigglestein | |- | ''[[Brother Bear 2]]'' | Atka |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Fox and the Hound 2]]'' | Amos Slade (replacing [[Jack Albertson]]) |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="7"| 2007 | ''[[Cinderella III: A Twist in Time]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Camp Lazlo: Where's Lazlo?]]'' | Raj, Samson, Hoo Ha, Harold | |- | ''[[TMNT (film)|TMNT]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams]]'' | Lord Duke, The Painter, [[List of Disney's Aladdin characters#The Sultan|The Sultan]], [[List of Disney's Sleeping Beauty characters#King Hubert|King Hubert]], Farmer, Arguing Neighbor #1 | |- | ''[[Chill Out, Scooby-Doo!]]'' | Dell Chillman, Pilot | |- | ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'' | Pip in Andalasia | |- | ''[[The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="7"| 2008 | ''[[Justice League: The New Frontier]]'' | Sportscaster | |- | ''[[The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning]]'' | Benjamin, Swordfish Guards |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tinker Bell (film)|Tinker Bell]]'' | Clank | |- | ''[[Dead Space: Downfall]]'' | Leggio, Dobbs, Jackson | |- | ''[[Bolt (2008 film)|Bolt]]'' | Lloyd | |- | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls Rule!]]'' | Ace, Prisoner, Concerned Citizen | |- | ''A Cranberry Christmas'' | Cyrus Grape | |- |rowspan="6"| 2009 | ''[[Afro Samurai|Afro Samurai: Resurrection]]'' | Brother 3 | |- | ''[[Open Season 2]]'' | Additional voices |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Dr. Dolittle Million Dollar Mutts]]'' | Princess, Rocco, Frog, Horse | |- | ''[[Bionicle: The Legend Reborn]]'' | Strakk, Tarix |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure]]'' | Clank, Leech, Fairy Gary | |- | ''[[The Haunted World of El Superbeasto]]'' | Nerdy Patron |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="7"| 2010 | ''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]'' | The Man with the Yellow Hat |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Lego Atlantis: The Movie]]'' | Dr. Jeff "Fish" Fisher | |- | ''[[Gaturro (film)|Gaturro]]'' | Federico Michou | English dub |- | ''[[Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers]]'' | Bernie von Beam, Artie Fol |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore]]'' | [[List of Cats & Dogs characters#The MacDougall Twins|Duncan MacDougall]] | |- | ''[[Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue]]'' | Clank, Driver | |- | ''[[DC Showcase: The Spectre]]'' | Foster Brenner, Flemming, Peter McCoy | |- |rowspan="5"| 2011 | ''[[Open Season 3]]'' | Earl |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[The Little Engine That Could (2011 film)|The Little Engine That Could]]'' | Hudson, Engine 35 |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Pixie Hollow Games]]'' | Clank, Fairy Gary | |- | ''[[Batman: Year One (film)| Batman: Year One]]'' | [[Alfred Pennyworth]] |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan="3"| 2012 | ''[[Secret of the Wings]]'' | Clank, Dewey | |- | ''[[Foodfight!]]'' | Lieutenant X | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon]]'' | Owen Garrison/Blue Falcon | |- |rowspan="6"| 2013 | ''[[Khumba]]'' | Riverine Rabbit, Elder # 3, The Zebra | |- | ''[[Turbo (film)|Turbo]]'' | The Crows #2 | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright]]'' | Mike Gale, Mel Richmond | |- | ''[[Planes (film)|Planes]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map]]'' | Lighthouse Lou, Hot Dog Vendor | |- | ''[[I Know That Voice]]'' | Himself | Documentary |- |rowspan="3"| 2014 | ''[[The Pirate Fairy]]'' | Smee, Clank, Fairy Gairy |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy]]'' | Iago, Schmidlap | |- | ''[[The Snow Queen 2|The Snow Queen 2: The Snow King]]'' | Troll King | |- | rowspan="2"| 2015 | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness]]'' | Colt Steelcase |Direct-to-video |- | ''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]'' | The Man With the Yellow Hat |Direct-to-video |- | rowspan="1"| 2016 | ''[[The Land Before Time: Journey of the Brave]]'' | Petrie |Direct-to-video |- | rowspan="1"| 2018 | ''[[Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' | [[Joker (character)|Joker]] |Direct-to-video |- |rowspan=1|2019 | ‘’[[Curious George: Royal Monkey]]’’ | Ted |Direct-to-video |} ===Television roles=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- | 1991 | ''[[Where's Wally?: The Animated Series|Where's Waldo?]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 1991–1992 | ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'' | Horace "I.Q." Boothroyd the Third, Nick Nack, Oddjob, Pump | |- | 1991–1994 | ''[[The Legend of Prince Valiant]]'' | Lord Maldon | |- |rowspan="5"| 1992 | ''[[Raw Toonage]]'' | Jitters A. Dog | |- | ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' | [[H.A.R.D.A.C.]] | |- | ''[[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]]'' | [[Prince Eric]] | Episode: "Scuttle" |- | ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Plucky Duck Show]]'' | Kevin Costner | |- | 1992–1993 | ''[[Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa]]'' | The Cowlorado Kid | |- |rowspan="3" | 1993 | ''Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories'' | Ticker the Clock | Episode: "Bootsie Barker Bites/Ruby the Copycat" |- | ''[[2 Stupid Dogs]]'' | Big Bad Wolf, Hot Rodney | |- | ''[[Marsupilami (1993 TV series)|Marsupilami]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 1993–1994 | ''[[Bonkers (TV series)|Bonkers]]'' | Jitters A. Dog, Roderick Lizzard, Mr. Doodles | |- | 1993–1996 | ''[[Biker Mice from Mars]]'' | Lord Camembert, Mace | |- | 1993–1998 | ''[[Animaniacs]]'' | Baloney, Captain Mel, Mr. Flaxseed, [[Sherlock Holmes]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], additional voices | |- | 1993–1999 | ''[[Rugrats]]'' | Ben, the Brother-in-Law, Best Man, Hip Guy | |- | 1994 | ''A Hollywood Hounds Christmas'' | Dude, additional voices | Television film |- | 1994–1995 | ''[[Aladdin (TV series)|Aladdin]]'' | Amin Damoola, [[Mozenrath]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 1994–1996 | ''[[Phantom 2040]]'' | Maxwell Maddision, Jr. | |- | ''[[Gargoyles (TV series)|Gargoyles]]'' | Brooklyn, Owen Burnett | |- |rowspan="4" | 1995 | ''[[Skeleton Warriors]]'' | Justin Steele, Lightstar | |- | ''[[The Tick (1994 TV series)|The Tick]]'' | [[Thomas Edison]] | Episode: "Leonardo Da Vinci and His Fightin' Genius Time Commandos!" |- | ''[[Bump in the Night (TV series)|Bump in the Night]]'' | Gloog | Episode: "Love Stinks/Love's Labor Bumped" |- | ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show]]'' | People Screaming | Episode: "Stimpy's Pet/Ren's Brain" |- |rowspan="4"| 1995–1996 | ''[[Earthworm Jim (TV series)|Earthworm Jim]]'' | [[Peter Puppy]], Narrator, Additional Voices | |- | ''[[What-a-Mess]]'' | Additional Voices | |- | ''[[The Savage Dragon (TV series)|The Savage Dragon]]'' | Barbaric, Howard Niseman, Mako the Shark | |- | ''[[Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)|Timon & Pumbaa]]'' | Natives, Toucan Dan | |- |rowspan="3"| 1995–1997 | ''[[Freakazoid!]]'' | Cave Guy, Lord Bravery, the Huntsman, Candle Jack, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Mask: The Animated Series]]'' | Eddie, Fish Guy, additional voices | |- | 1995–1998 | ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]'' | Baloney, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], Leonard Shelton | |- | 1995–2000 | ''[[Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries]]'' | [[Hubie and Bertie|Bertie]], Dawes the Butler, Shecky White, Nohans, Pitu Le Pew, Mole, Fred Daily, Angua, Fog Dog | |- |rowspan="6" | 1996 | ''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' | Frog Prince, Samuel Washington | Episode: "Honesty" |- | ''[[Wing Commander Academy]]'' |rowspan="3" | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]'' | |- | ''[[Bruno the Kid]]'' | |- | ''[[Jungle Cubs]]'' | McCoy | Episode: "Hulla Baloo/Shere Bliss" |- | ''[[Quack Pack]]'' | The Great Dr. Horton Letrek | |- |rowspan="3"| 1996–1997 | ''[[Captain Simian and the Space Monkeys]]'' | Orbitron / Aronus | |- | ''[[Mighty Ducks (TV series)|Mighty Ducks]]'' | Duke L'Orange | |- | ''[[Road Rovers]]'' | Blitz | |- | 1996–2003 | ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' | Dexter's Dad, additional voices | |- | 1997 | ''[[Nightmare Ned]]'' | Conrad | |- | 1997–1998 | ''[[101 Dalmatians: The Series]]'' | Roger Dearly, Lt. Pug, Sgt. Tibbs, additional voices | |- | 1997–1999 | ''[[The New Batman Adventures]]'' | [[The Creeper (comics)|Jack Ryder/Creeper]], [[Scarecrow (DC Comics)|Jonathan Crane/Scarecrow]] | |- | 1997–2000 | ''[[Pepper Ann]]'' | Dieter Lederhosen, Shelf McClean, Craig Bean | |- | 1997–2004 | ''[[Johnny Bravo]]'' | [[Johnny Bravo (character)|Johnny Bravo]], additional voices | |- | 1997–2006 | ''[[Space Goofs]]'' | Bud Biddiovitch, Stereo Monovici | |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[I Am Weasel]]'' | Dog Catcher | Episode: "I Are Good Dog" |- | ''[[Oh Yeah! Cartoons]]'' | Juanito, Man #1, Policeman | Episode: "The Ugly Duck-Thing" |- | 1998–1999 | ''[[Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain]]'' | Wally Faust, Baloney, additional voices | |- | 1998–2000 | ''[[Histeria!]]'' | [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], Lucky Bob, [[Alexander the Great]], [[Jefferson Davis]], David Labrador, [[Nicola Tesla]], Job Counselor, additional voices | He only voiced Jefferson Davis in "The U.S. Civil War – Part II" |- | 1998–2005 | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber, Major Man, Professor Dick Hardly, Squirrel (Fuzzy Logic), additional voices | |- |rowspan="4"| 1999 | ''[[The New Woody Woodpecker Show]]'' | Pigeon Boss | Episode: "Downsized Woody" |- | ''[[The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' | Stewart Lowe/2-D Man, Cop, Zookeeper | |- | ''[[Detention (TV series)|Detention]]'' | Buzzsaw | Episode: "Capitol Punishment" |- | 1999–2000 | ''[[Mickey Mouse Works]]'' | Mr. Jollyland, Baby Shelby, Magical Mouse | |- |rowspan="2"| 2000 | ''[[Poochini's Yard]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''Cartoon Cartoon Fridays'' | Johnny Bravo | |- | 2000–2002 | ''[[Clerks: The Animated Series]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2000–2004 | ''[[The Weekenders]]'' | Tish's Dad, Pizza Guy, Percy, Lor's Dad, Manny, Mr. Cardigan, Miltie, Mr. Hassenfeld, Costume Store Guy, Shoe Salesman, Museum Docent, Earl, Jan the Man, Actor #1, Space Program Official, Reggie Trash, Zoo Keeper, additional voices | |- |rowspan="3"| 2001–2003 | ''[[House of Mouse]]'' | Reluctant Dragon, Shelby, Mr. Toad, Policeman and Dennis the Duck | |- | ''[[The Book of Pooh]]'' | Piglet (singing voice) | |- | ''[[The Legend of Tarzan (TV series)|The Legend of Tarzan]]'' | Prof. Archimedes Q. Porter, Robert Canler | |- | 2001–2004 | ''[[Samurai Jack]]'' |rowspan="2"| Additional voices | |- | 2001–2005 | ''[[The Proud Family]]'' | |- | 2002 | ''[[Totally Spies!]]'' | Great Kandinsky, Auctioneer, Edison | |- | 2002–2003 | ''[[Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?]]'' | Principal Madman, additional voices | |- |rowspan="3"| 2002–2004 | ''[[Fillmore!]]'' | Mason, Plant Manager, Cowboy, Man #1 | |- | ''[[Ozzy & Drix]]'' | Drix, Butane, PB, Bubba | |- | ''[[Teamo Supremo]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2002–2005 | ''[[Kim Possible]]'' | Adrena Lynn's Cameraman, Jerry, Desk Clerk, Emergency Pet Groomer, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2002–2006 | ''[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[What's New, Scooby-Doo?]]'' | Charles "Crunchy" Granville, Fritz, Mr. Keenan, Roderick Kingston, Writer, Mister B, Scar, Guard, Earnest Bailey, Sam, General Nessmeyer | |- | 2002–2008 | ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]'' | Numbuh 4's Dad, Mr. Boss, Mr. Fizz, Destructo Dad, Principal Sauerbraten, Daddy | |- |rowspan="3"| 2003 | ''[[Stuart Little (TV series)|Stuart Little]]'' | The Crows | Episode: "A Little Bit Country" |- | ''[[The Mummy (TV series)|The Mummy]]'' | Fadil | |- | ''[[Time Squad]]'' | [[Johannes Gutenberg]] | Episode: "Ex Marks the Spot" |- |rowspan="2"| 2003–2005 | ''[[ChalkZone]]'' | Bruno Bullnerd | |- | ''[[Duck Dodgers (TV series)|Duck Dodgers]]'' | [[Count Blood Count|Count Muerte]], Victor Von Boogieman, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2003–2006 | ''[[Lilo & Stitch: The Series]]'' | Fibber, Yaarp, Sample, Elastico, Slick, Remmy, Hammerface, Ace, Woops | |- | ''[[Xiaolin Showdown]]'' | Clay Bailey, Master Monk Guan | |- | 2003–2008 | ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]'' | Additional voices | |- |rowspan="5"| 2004 | ''[[Hare and Loathing in Las Vegas]]'' | Yosemite Sam |rowspan="3"| TV short |- | ''Duck Dodgers in Attack of the Drones'' | [[Daffy Duck]] |- | ''Cock-a-Doodle-Duel'' | Foghorn Leghorn |- | ''[[Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!]]'' | Robo-Ape Alfa | Episode: "Ape New World" |- | ''[[Brandy and Mr. Whiskers]]'' | Artaro | |- |rowspan="2"| 2004–2005 | ''[[Dave the Barbarian]]'' | Narrator, Twinkle the Marvel Horse | |- | ''[[Megas XLR]]'' | Skalgar, Drallag, Zarek | |- | 2004–2008 | ''[[The Batman (TV series)|The Batman]]'' | [[Killer Moth (The Batman)|Killer Moth]], [[Ragdoll (The Batman)|Ragdoll]], [[D.A.V.E.]] | |- | 2004–2009 | ''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]'' | Bloppypants, Bendy, additional voices | |- | 2005–2006 | ''[[The Buzz on Maggie]]'' | Principal Peststrip | |- |rowspan="2"| 2005–2007 | ''[[American Dragon: Jake Long]]'' | Jonathan Long, The Hunstman, Jaren MacArthur, Councilor Kulde, Petite Messenger Fairy, King Hammer, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Life and Times of Juniper Lee]]'' | Cletus, Skeeter Knommen Ghetit, Loki, Mummy, Mike | |- | 2005–2008 | ''[[Camp Lazlo]]'' | Raj, Samson, Commander Hoo-Ha, Walrus, additional voices | |- |rowspan="3"| 2006 | ''[[Danger Rangers]]'' | Henri Ennui, EMT, Factory Worker | Episode: "Medicine Mix-Up" |- | ''[[Loonatics Unleashed]]'' | Colonel Trench, Dr. Fidel Chroniker, Professor Zane | |- | ''[[Me, Eloise]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2006–2007 | ''[[Shorty McShorts' Shorts]]'' | Frankie - Train Conductor | |- |rowspan="3"| 2006–2008 | ''[[Class of 3000]]'' | Principal Luna | |- | ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'' | Ipi, Topo, Security Cam | |- | ''[[Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!]]'' | Dr. Phinius Phibes, Agent #2, Techie #2, Dr. Eisenhorn | |- | 2006–2009 | ''[[The Replacements (TV series)|The Replacements]]'' | Conrad Fleem, Shelton Klutzberry, Principal Cutler, additional voices | |- | 2006–2010 | ''[[Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2006–2015 | ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' | [[The Man with the Yellow Hat]], [[List of Curious George characters|Mr. Renkins]] | |- |rowspan="4"| 2007 | ''[[Afro Samurai]]'' | Foo, Hachiro | |- | ''[[El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera]]'' | Senor Siniestro | Episode: "Fool Speed Ahead/Ballad of Frida Suarez" |- | ''[[Higglytown Heroes]]'' | Auctioneer Hero | Episode: "Big Pink Elephant Sale/Higglies on Horseback" |- | ''[[Saul of the Mole Men]]'' | Clancy Burrows | |- | 2007–2008 | ''[[The Land Before Time (TV series)|The Land Before Time]]'' | Petrie | |- |rowspan="2"| 2007–2009 | ''[[Tak and the Power of Juju (TV series)|Tak and the Power of Juju]]'' | Gremlin Juju, Chief Zogsnob, Colonel, "Traloc" | |- | ''[[Transformers: Animated]]'' | [[Prowl (Transformers)|Prowl]], [[Ultra Magnus]], Captain Fanzone, Angry Archer, [[Soundwave (Transformers)|Soundwave]], [[Mixmaster (Transformers)|Mixmaster]] | |- | 2007, 2010 | ''[[Chowder (TV series)|Chowder]]'' | Thrice Cream Man | 2 episodes: "The Thrice Cream Man", "The Firebreather" |- | 2007–2011 | ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]'' | Mayor, Youngblood, Horse, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008–2009 | ''[[Random Cartoons]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)|The Spectacular Spider-Man]]'' | [[Montana (comics)|Montana]], [[Shocker (comics)|Shocker]], St. John Devereaux, Bernard Houseman | |- |rowspan="3"| 2008–2010 | ''[[Ben 10: Alien Force]]'' | Azmuth, Ghostfreak | |- | ''[[The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack]]'' | Peppermint Larry, Lady Nickelbottoms, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Secret Saturdays]]'' | Dr. Arthur Beeman | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008–2011 | ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' | [[Joker (comics)|Joker]], [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Captain Marvel]], [[Ultra-Humanite]], [[Penguin (comics)|Penguin]], [[Abra Kadabra (comics)|Abra Kadabra]], [[Red Hood (comics)|Red Hood]], [[Starman (comics)|Starman]], Batman's singing voice(one episode) | |- | ''[[The Mighty B!]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2008–2013 | ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'' | Ben Baxter, Talking Zebra, Square Dance Singer, additional voices | |- | 2008–2015 | ''[[The Penguins of Madagascar]]'' | Kowalski, The Red Squirrel, The Amarillo Kid, Frankie the Pigeon, Computer, Chuck Charles, Chameleons | |- | 2009–2014 | ''[[Fanboy & Chum Chum]]'' | Boog, Lenny (Pilot only), Sigmund The Sorcerer, Mr. Hank Mufflin, Duke, Dollar-nator, Man-Arctica, Global Warmer, Necronomicon, Scrivener Elf, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2010 | ''[[Hero Factory]]'' | Xplode | |- | ''[[Generator Rex]]'' | Meechum, Providence Agent | |- | 2010–2011 | ''[[Sym-Bionic Titan]]'' | Steve "Babyface" Stevens | |- |rowspan="2"| 2010–2012 | ''[[Ben 10: Ultimate Alien]]'' | Azmuth, Ghostfreak, additional voices | |- | ''[[Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil]]'' | Billy Stumps | |- |rowspan="3"| 2010–2013 | ''[[Planet Sheen]]'' | [[List of Planet Sheen characters#Dorkus|Dorkus]], Grish, additional voices | |- | ''[[Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)|Pound Puppies]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]]'' | Gary, Professor Emmanuel Raffalo, Doodle McGuiness, Blaine LeFrank, Ugly Jimmy, Male Tourist, additional voices | |- | 2010–2014 | ''[[Fish Hooks]]'' | Principal Stikler, additional voices | Replaced [[Jerry Stiller]] in Season 2 |- | 2010–2015 | ''[[T.U.F.F. Puppy]]'' | Keswick, Larry, Ollie, Sharing Moose, Gorilla, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2010–2017 | ''[[Regular Show]]'' | Party Pete, High-Five Ghost (season 1), additional voices | |- | ''[[Adventure Time]]'' | Choose Goose, additional voices | |- | 2010–present | ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]'' | [[Red Tornado]], [[T.O. Morrow]], [[Red Torpedo]], [[Red Volcano]], [[Wade Eiling]], [[Jason Bard]], Bernell Jones, [[Alfred Pennyworth]], [[Abra Kadabra (comics)|Abra Kadabra]], [[Nuidis Vulko|Vulko]], Dr. David Wilcox, [[Psimon]], John Smith, Casey Klebba, additional voices | |- |rowspan="2"| 2011–2013 | ''[[Dan Vs.]]'' | Jeff, Buddy Starr, Spencer Bainbridge, additional voices | |- | ''[[The Looney Tunes Show]]'' | Additional voices | |- | 2011–2015 | ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness]]'' | Tong Fo, Anvil of Heaven Guard, Prisoner | |- | 2011–2016 | ''[[Jake and the Never Land Pirates]]'' | Mr. Smee, Bones | |- | 2011–2017 | ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' | Fairy Elder, Father Time, Big Willy, Merman, Red Leader Dog, Dogman, Catman, Fair Bear, additional voices | "[[Timmy's Secret Wish!|Timmy's Secret Wish]]", "Dog Gone", "Cat-astrophe", Various episodes |- |rowspan="3"| 2012 | ''[[Gravity Falls]]'' | The Summerween Trickster | |- | ''[[Robot and Monster]]'' | Snap Winsome/Marf | Episode: "Anger Management" |- | ''[[Motorcity]]'' | Carter | Episode: "Threat Level: Texas!" |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[Green Lantern: The Animated Series]]'' | [[Tomar-Re]] | |- | 2012–2014 | ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' | Shiro Shinobi, additional voices | |- | 2012–2016 | ''[[Transformers: Rescue Bots]]'' | Huxley Prescott, Mayor Luskey, Deputy Barney | |- |rowspan="4"| 2013 | ''[[Pixie Hollow Bake Off]]'' | Clank, Fairy Gary | Short film |- | ''[[Sofia the First]]'' | Farley | Episode: "The Floating Palace" |- | ''[[Teen Titans Go! (TV series)|Teen Titans Go!]]'' | Ed | Episode: "Driver's Ed" |- | ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]'' | Mayor of Boston, Slam Adams, Grand Master, The Collector | 5 episodes |- |rowspan="3"| 2013–2014 | ''[[Beware the Batman]]'' | [[Simon Stagg]], Robber #1, Store Keeper | |- | ''[[Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.]]'' | [[The Collector]] | |- | ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens (TV series)|Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' | Coverton | |- | 2013–2016 | ''[[Turbo FAST]]'' | Ace Gecko, Brahdhi | |- |rowspan="3"| 2014 | ''[[Ben 10 Omniverse]]'' | Kundo, Medic, Bryk | 2 episode: "Rook Tales", "The Final Countdown" |- | ''[[Stan Lee's Mighty 7]]'' | Man in Black | |- | ''[[Wander Over Yonder]]'' | Harvax, Brainz, additional voices | 2 episodes: "The Timebomb", "The Big Job" |- |rowspan="2"| 2014–2015 | ''[[The 7D]]'' | The Big Bad Wolf, Jack Flashback | 2 episodes: "Big Bad Sneezy", "Leaf It to Sneezy" |- | ''[[Clarence (2014 TV series)|Clarence]]'' | Seymour Wendle | 2 episodes: "Patients", "Hurricane Dillis" |- |rowspan="2"| 2014–2017 | ''[[All Hail King Julien]]'' | Hector, Willie, Horst | |- | ''[[Sheriff Callie's Wild West]]'' | Cody, Mr. Dillo, Doc Quackers | |- | 2014–present | ''[[Blaze and the Monster Machines]]'' | Additional voices | |- |rowspan="4"| 2015 | ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' | Charlton, Food Vendor, Fancy Fish, Fish in Long Pants, Old Fish | Episode: "The Sewers of Bikini Bottom"<br>Episode: "SpongeBob LongPants" |- | ''[[The Lion Guard|The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar]]'' | [[Zazu (Disney character)|Zazu]] | Television film |- | ''[[Mixels]]'' | Dribbal, Gurggle, Jinky, Camillot, Ranger Jinx | Two episodes: "A Quest for the Lost Mixamajig"; "Every Knight Has Its Day" |- | ''[[Crossy Road: The Series]]'' | Creamy / Mr. Wong / Kowalski / Red Squirrel / Dorkus / Keswick | |- |rowspan="5"| 2015–2017 | ''[[Harvey Beaks]]'' | Doctor Roberts, Stempunk Fox, Stempunk Frog, Stempunk Butler, additional voices | |- | ''[[Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero]]'' | 8 Ball, additional voices | Episode: "I'm Still Super/Balls!" |- | ''[[Pig Goat Banana Cricket]]'' | Additional voices | |- | ''[[The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show]]'' | [[Mark Twain]], Additional voices | |- | ''[[Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!]]'' | Alistair Leventhal, Dr. Mezmit, Tour Bus Guide<br>Big Ed | 2 episodes: "Scary Christmas", "Gremlin on a Plane" |- | 2015–2018 | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' | [[Rhomann Dey]], [[Wraith (Marvel Comics)|Wraith]] | |- | 2015–2019 | ''[[Star vs. the Forces of Evil]]'' | Principal, Justin, Bearicorn, additional voices | |- |rowspan="7"| 2016 | ''[[Sofia the First]]'' | [[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Merlin]] | Episode: "Gone With the Wand" |- | ''[[Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series)|Transformers: Robots in Disguise]]'' | Axiom and Theorem | Episode: "Brainpower" |- |''[[Wabbit (TV series)|Wabbit]]'' | [[Hubie and Bertie|Hubie]], [[Hubie and Bertie|Bertie]], additional voices | Episode: "Appropriate Technology" |- | ''[[Uncle Grandpa]]'' | Leprechaun | Episode: "The Lepre-Con" |- | ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)]]'' | Screwloose | Episode: "Bat in the Belfry" |- | ''[[The Powerpuff Girls (2016 TV series)|The Powerpuff Girls]]'' | Ace D. Copular, additional voices | Episode: "Tiara Trouble" |- | ''[[Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures]]'' | Lt. Plumestriker, [[Nien Nunb]], Ignacio Wortan | 4 episodes |- | 2016–2019 | ''[[The Lion Guard]]'' | Zazu | 7 episodes |- | 2016–present | ''[[The Loud House]]'' | Mall Cop Captain, Ticket Seller, Mick Swagger, Coach Pacowski, Park Ranger, Narrator, Bill Buck, Goon #1, Man, Automated Lie Detector, Lincoln's Dentures | 12 episodes |- | 2017 | ''[[Mighty Magiswords]]'' | Sir Grimmsibald Femursworth | Episode: "The Tom of Morrow" |- | 2017–2018 | ''[[Bunsen Is a Beast]]'' | Bob, Bunsen's Dad and General Lance | |- | 2017-2019 | ''[[Elena of Avalor]]'' | King Lars, Felipe | 3 episodes |- |rowspan="2"| 2017–present | ''[[Puppy Dog Pals]]'' | Johnathon, Cagey, Crumpet, Titus, Barry, and Quinty Mcsquinty | 12 episodes |- | ''[[If You Give a Mouse a Cookie (TV series)|If You Give a Mouse a Cookie]]'' | Dog | 25 episodes |- | rowspan=2|2018-19 | ''[[Big Hero 6: The Series]]'' | Baron Von Steamer, Chef, Rich People, Security Guard, Waiter | 5 episodes |- | ''[[Kung Fu Panda: The Paws of Destiny]]'' | Zhizhu, Chow Guard #1, Chow Guard #2, Rabbit Bandit Leader, Chow Guard #3, Mole Rat #3, Yak Bouncer 1, Tahr 1, Chow Guard #1 | 16 episodes |- | rowspan=2|2018 | ''[[Voltron: Legendary Defender]]'' | Nortox | Episode: "The Feud" |- | ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Mickey Mouse]]'' | [[Mortimer Mouse]] and The Director | 2 episodes |- | 2018–present | ''[[The Stinky & Dirty Show]]'' | Towpher, Toots, additional voices | Recurring Role |- | rowspan=2|2019 | ''[[Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?]]'' | Bobby and Beafeater Guard | Episode: "Elementary, My Dear Shaggy!" |- | ''[[Pinky Malinky]]'' | Mr. Malinky | 5 episodes |} ===Video game roles=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) |- |rowspan="2"| 1993 | ''[[Leisure Suit Larry 6: Shape Up or Slip Out!]]'' | Gary the Towel Attendant | |- | ''[[Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers]]'' | Sam, Uniform Officer, Artist, Bruno, Lucky Dog Vendor, Motorcycle Cop | |- | 1994 | ''[[Quest for Glory: Shadows of Darkness|Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness]]'' | Dr. Cranium, Igor, Bonehead, Ad Avis | |- | 1995 | ''[[Stonekeep]]'' | Murph, Winkle | |- |rowspan="3"| 1996 | ''Someone's in the Kitchen!'' | Blub, Sir Eaton Scraps, Dendron | |- | ''[[Goosebumps (video game series)#Escape from HorrorLand|Goosebumps: Escape from HorrorLand]]'' | Pumpkins | |- | ''[[Toonstruck]]'' | The Carecrow, Jim, Spike, Woof, Outhouse Guard, The Robot Maker | |- |rowspan="2"| 1997 | ''[[Fallout (video game)|Fallout]]'' | Loxley | |- | ''[[The Lost Vikings 2]]'' | Baleog the Fierce | |- |rowspan="2"| 1998 | ''[[ClayFighter: Sculptor's Cut]]'' | Laughing Voice in Mudville Mansion | |- | ''[[Baldur's Gate]]'' | [[List of Baldur's Gate characters#Xan|Xan]], [[Drizzt Do'Urden]], Dream Knight, Quayle | |- | 1999 | ''[[List of The Powerpuff Girls video games#Console|The Powerpuff Girls: Chemical X-Traction]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber | |- |rowspan="3"| 2000 | ''[[102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue]]'' | Dipstick, Jasper, Shelby the Turtle | |- | ''[[X-Squad]]'' | Judd | |- | ''[[Star Wars: Force Commander]]'' | Brenn Tantor | |- |rowspan="3" | 2001 | ''[[Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds]]'' | [[Jango Fett]] | |- | ''[[Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal]]'' | Saemon Havarian, Cespenar, Cyric, Carras, Yakman, Carston | |- | ''[[Space Goofs#Stupid Invaders|Stupid Invaders]]'' | Bud Bidiovitch | |- |rowspan="4"| 2002 | ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast]]'' | [[Kyle Katarn]] | |- | ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter]]'' | Jango Fett, [[Count Dooku]] | |- | ''[[List of The Powerpuff Girls video games#Console|The Powerpuff Girls: Relish Rampage]]'' | Ace, Big Billy, Grubber | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts (video game)|Kingdom Hearts]]'' | [[Mayor (The Nightmare Before Christmas)|The Mayor of Halloween Town]], [[Lock, Shock, and Barrel|Barrel]], [[Smee (Peter Pan character)|Mr. Smee]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 2003 | ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy]]'' | Kyle Katarn | |- | ''[[Tak and the Power of Juju]]'' | Caged Juju, Pins and Needles | |- | rowspan="2" | 2004 | ''[[Tak 2 The Staff of Dreams]]'' | JB, Caged Juju, Pins and Needles | |- | ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' | Big Poppa Voice | Mission: A Home in the Hills |- | rowspan="2" | 2005 | ''[[Tak: The Great Juju Challenge]]'' | Caged Juju | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]'' | Barrel, Lumiere, [[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|Merlin]] | |- | 2006 | ''[[The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning]]'' | Cyril the Ice Guardian Dragon, Flash (Sparx's Dad), Mole-Yair | |- | 2007 | ''[[The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night]]'' | Cyril the Ice Guardian Dragon, Mole-Yair, Scratch | |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | ''[[The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon]]'' | Cyril the Ice Guardian Dragon | |- | ''[[Transformers Animated: The Game]]'' | Prowl | |- |rowspan="3"| 2009 | ''[[Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall]]'' | [[Johnny Bravo]], Ace | |- | ''[[Ghostbusters: The Video Game]]'' | Spider Witch's Victim | |- | ''[[Ben 10 Alien Force: Vilgax Attacks]]'' | Azmuth, Bellicus, Ghostfreak | |- |rowspan="3"| 2010 | ''[[Ben 10 Ultimate Alien: Cosmic Destruction]]'' | Azmuth, Kraab | |- | ''[[Crash Bandicoot Nitro Kart 2]]'' | Ripper Roo | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep]]'' | Mr. Smee, Merlin, [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Bashful]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 | ''[[Kinect Disneyland Adventures]]'' | Smee, [[White Rabbit]], [[March Hare]] | |- | ''[[Star Wars: The Old Republic]]'' | [[Revan]] | |- | 2012 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance]]'' | [[Mister Geppetto|Geppetto]], [[Beagle Boys]] | |- | 2013 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix]]'' | The Mayor of Halloween Town, Barrel, Mr. Smee | |- |rowspan="2"| 2014 | ''[[Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric]]'' | Fastidious Beaver | |- | ''[[Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix]]'' | [[Characters in Disney's Beauty and the Beast#Lumiere|Lumiere]], Mr. Smee, Merlin, [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Bashful]] | |- |rowspan="2"| 2015 | ''[[SpongeBob HeroPants]]'' | Bubbles the Talking Dolphin | |- | ''[[Disney Infinity 3.0]]'' | Merlin | |- | 2017 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue]]'' | [[Mister Geppetto|Geppetto]], [[Beagle Boys]] | |- | 2019 | ''[[Kingdom Hearts III]]'' | Merlin | |} ===Other=== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Note(s) |- | 2014 | ''[[There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly]]'' | [[Dog]], [[Artist]] | [[Audiobook]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=0071818}} * {{Amg name|131859}} * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jeff_bennett/ Jeff Bennett at Rotten Tomatoes] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett, Jeff}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actors from Houston]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] {{US-actor-stub}} gonued1ymwz34m29inwhlb2xdh626sr 0 429730 10330946 10227209 2025-06-14T22:12:21Z Davey2010 314522 Lint error: Reference tags without correct match - fixed 10330946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birth_name=Joseph Kabila Kabange |name = Joseph Kabila |image = Joseph kabila.jpg |caption = Kabila visiting the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] in November 2003. |office = [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |primeminister = [[Antoine Gizenga]]<br />[[Adolphe Muzito]]<br />[[Louis Alphonse Koyagialo]] <small>(Acting)</small><br>[[Augustin Matata Ponyo]]<br>[[Bruno Tshibala]] |term_start = 17 January 2001 |term_end = 25 January 2019 |predecessor = [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] |successor = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|4|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Fizi]], [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo-Léopoldville]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy]] |spouse = [[Olive Lembe di Sita]] |alma_mater = [[Makerere University]]<br>[[PLA National Defense University|People's Liberation Army National Defense University]] }} '''Joseph Kabila Kabange''' (commonly known as '''Joseph Kabila''', born 4 June 1971) is a [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] politician. He became [[President]] of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] in January 2001. He took office ten days after the assassination of his father, President [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]]. He was elected as President in 2006. In 2011, he was re-elected for a second term.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-democratic-republic-of-the.html|title=CIA World Leaders, Democratic Republic of the Congo|publisher=|access-date=2013-12-14|archive-date=2009-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506023504/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-democratic-republic-of-the.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Forbes writer Richard Miniter documented the wealth of Joseph Kabila, estimated at 2 billion US Dollars in offshore banks in the [[British Virgin Islands]], accumulated in just over 13 years of being in power.<ref>Richard Miniter: Obama’s Secret Neo-Con Agenda, Forbes, July 1, 2014</ref> After widespread speculation surrounding his continued stay in office, it was feared Kabila would seek re-election for a third term in the 2018 election. But he announced in August 2018, that he will not stand.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/drc-kabila-stand-election-spokesman-180808130105604.html | DR Congo's Kabila will not stand for re-election: spokesman</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-politics/congos-kabila-to-step-down-ahead-of-presidential-election-idUSKBN1KT1L4 | Congo's Kabila will not stand for election in December | Article [AMP] | Reuters</ref> In October 2021, Joseph Kabila defended his graduation thesis at the University of Johannesburg. A master's degree in political science and international relations was awarded to him at the end of his studies which lasted five years. In April 2025, the Attorney General of the Armed Forces filed a request with the Senate to lift Joseph Kabila's immunity, which would allow him to be prosecuted for treason, war crimes and crimes against humanity.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250430-rdc-une-requ%C3%AAte-d%C3%A9pos%C3%A9e-au-s%C3%A9nat-pour-obtenir-une-lev%C3%A9e-de-l-immunit%C3%A9-de-l-ex-pr%C3%A9sident-kabila | RDC: une requête déposée au Sénat pour obtenir une levée de l'immunité de l'ex-président Kabila | Article [AMP] | Radio France International</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.africafederation.net/Puppet_Elections_2006.htm Joseph Kabila, The Untold Story] * [http://www.france24.com/static/infographies/webdocumentary-congo-peace-rape-goma-drc-north-kivu-un-goma/index.html Rape in the DRC] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1076399.stm BBC Country Profile] * [http://www.presidentrdc.cd/lepresident.html Official website of the President of the DRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720182608/http://www.presidentrdc.cd/lepresident.html |date=2006-07-20 }} * [http://www.josephkabila-2011.com Joseph Kabila 2011 campaign site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819153753/http://www.josephkabila-2011.com/ |date=2019-08-19 }} * [http://www.un.int/drcongo/index.html Democratic Republic of the Congo – Permanent Mission to the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126062136/http://www.un.int/drcongo/index.html |date=2005-11-26 }} * [http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/iwr/iwr060822_1_n.shtml DR Congo presidential candidates face off in second round] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528090656/https://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/iwr/iwr060822_1_n.shtml |date=2020-05-28 }} Jane's Intelligence Watch Report, 22 August 2006 * [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/world/africa/04kabila.html?hpw For Congo's Leader, Middling Reviews] by Jeffrey Gettleman, ''The New York Times'', April 4, 2009 {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabila, Joseph}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Makerere University alumni]] ggmcbgaq64pw3gxgsswu9ksjnadw7jv 0 430280 10330361 10072586 2025-06-14T17:10:31Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox news event | title = Suicide of Amanda Todd | image = | image_name = | image_size = | caption = | place = [[Port Coquitlam]], [[British Columbia]], Canada | cause = Suicide | inquest = British Columbia Coroners Service | convicted = Aydin Coban | trial = June 6, 2022 – August 5, 2022 | charges = * [[Extortion]] * [[Harassment#Canada|Criminal harassment]] * [[Child sexual abuse|Communication with a young person to commit a sexual offence]] * [[Child pornography laws in Canada|Possession of child pornography]] (2 counts)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Judd |first=Amy |date=10 January 2022 |title=B.C. judge rules Amanda Todd's name can be reported during cyberbullying trial |work=[[Global News]] |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8501386/amanda-todd-name-bc-judgement-aydin-coban/}}</ref>{{efn|Other charges in the [[Netherlands]]: * Extortion * [[Child grooming#Netherlands|Luring]] * Criminal harassment * [[Child pornography laws in the Netherlands|Possession of child pornography for the purpose of distribution]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hainsworth |first=Jeremy |date=18 April 2014 |title=Dutch man's case linked to Amanda Todd |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://news.msn.com/crime-justice/dutch-mans-case-linked-to-amanda-todd |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421074026/http://news.msn.com/crime-justice/dutch-mans-case-linked-to-amanda-todd |archive-date=21 April 2014 |via=MSN News}}</ref>}} | verdict = 13 years in prison | convictions = | notes = }} '''Amanda Michelle Todd''' (born November 27, 1996) died by [[suicide]] on October 10, 2012 at the age of 15 at her home in [[Port Coquitlam]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. She was a sophomore when she died. On October 10, 2012, she posted a video on [[YouTube]] called ''My Story: Struggling, bullying, suicide and self-harm''. Todd's suicide was written about her life on index cards. Many news websites linked to Todd's video. It had 1,600,000 views by October 13, 2012. Todd's death made people pay attention to the issue of [[cyberbullying]], extortion and bullying. People made memorial pages for Todd on [[Facebook]]. Some people posted mean comments on them while others supported her. ==Background== On her YouTube video Todd revealed that she showed her [[breast]]s on a video chat. She got a message on Facebook from a man. The message said that if Todd did not show more parts of her body then he would post the pictures he had taken of her from the video chat to the [[Internet]]. The police came to her home to tell her that photos of her were sent to "everyone". Todd then got [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]] and [[panic disorder]]. She started abusing alcohol and drugs. Todd was asked by a boy to come to his house. The boy had a girlfriend but he acted like he liked Todd. She went to his house. The next week the boy's girlfriend appeared at Todd's school with fifteen other people. Todd was hurt really really bad and it was filmed by people who watched. When she went home she drank bleach. People made fun of her for doing this and wrote on Facebook that they wished that she had not survived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/10/12/world/americas/canada-teen-bullying/index.html|title=Bullied Canadian teen leaves behind chilling YouTube video|first=By Lateef Mungin|last=CNN|website=CNN}}</ref> ==Aftermath== Aydin Coban, a 35-year-old man from [[The Netherlands]] was charged with extortion, internet luring, criminal harassment and child pornography in connection with Todd's suicide in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27076991|title=Charges over Todd cyber-bullying|date=18 April 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Coban had already been sentenced to 10 years and 8 months in prison for committing sexual blackmail against victims in The Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39295474|access-date=June 25, 2024|title=Amanda Todd case: Accused Dutch man jailed for cyberbullying|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In December 2020, Coban was [[extradition|extradited]] to Canada to face trial in the Supreme Court of British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/extradited-aydin-coban-2017-trial-appeal-amanda-todd-1.5902918|access-date=June 25, 2024|title=Dutch man charged in Amanda Todd cyberbullying case was extradited to Canada in early December|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205200521/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/extradited-aydin-coban-2017-trial-appeal-amanda-todd-1.5902918|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> On August 5, 2022, a jury found him guilty on all charges and he was sentenced to 13 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/amanda-got-justice-dutch-man-accused-in-b-c-teen-sextortion-case-found-guilty-on-all-charges-1.6017100|access-date=June 25, 2024|title='Amanda got justice': Dutch man accused in B.C. teen sextortion case found guilty on all charges|publisher=CTV News Vancouver|archive-date=June 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625120940/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/amanda-got-justice-dutch-man-accused-in-b-c-teen-sextortion-case-found-guilty-on-all-charges-1.6017100|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9199914/amanda-todd-aydin-coban-sentence-sextortion-trial-bc/|access-date=June 25, 2024|title=Judge sentences B.C. teen Amanda Todd's online tormentor to 13 years in prison|publisher=Global News}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej7afkypUsc ''My Story: Struggling, bullying, suicide and self-harm''] [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:2012 deaths]] [[Category:British Columbia]] [[Category:Suicides by hanging]] [[Category:Suicides in Canada]] ryezk35aijl5gwiorkr4ec6tsay152h 0 430976 10330551 9540022 2025-06-14T18:02:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Håvard Nielsen | fullname = Håvard Kallevik Nielsen | image = Havard Nielsen91.JPG | image_size = 220 | caption = Nielsen with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2012 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Oslo]], Norway | height = 1.87 m | currentclub = [[Hannover 96]] | clubnumber = 16 | position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]], [[winger (association football)|winger]] | youthyears1 = 2000–2006 | youthclubs1 = [[Oppsal IF|Oppsal]] | youthyears2 = 2007–2010 | youthclubs2 = [[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]] | years1 = 2009–2012 | clubs1 = [[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]] | caps1 = 46 | goals1 = 9 | years2 = 2012–2016 | clubs2 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps2 = 39 | goals2 = 3 | years3 = 2014–2015 | clubs3 = → [[Eintracht Braunschweig]] (loan) | caps3 = 46 | goals3 = 10 | years4 = 2016–2017 | clubs4 = [[SC Freiburg]] | caps4 = 11 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2017–2019 | clubs5 = [[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] | caps5 = 23 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2019 | clubs6 = [[Fortuna Düsseldorf II]] | caps6 = 1 | goals6 = 1 | years7 = 2019 | clubs7 = → [[MSV Duisburg]] (loan) | caps7 = 16 | goals7 = 4 | years8 = 2019–2022 | clubs8 = [[SpVgg Greuther Fürth|Greuther Fürth]] | caps8 = 91 | goals8 = 20 | years9 = 2022– | clubs9 = [[Hannover 96]] | caps9 = 47 | goals9 = 14 | nationalyears1 = 2008 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2009 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 10 | nationalgoals2 = 7 | nationalyears3 = 2010 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 8 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2010–2011 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 15 | nationalgoals4 = 3 | nationalyears5 = 2011–2012 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 15 | nationalgoals5 = 4 | nationalyears6 = 2012–2013 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps6 = 15 | nationalgoals6 = 3 | nationalyears7 = 2012–2015 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps7 = 14 | nationalgoals7 = 2 | club-update = 10 October 2023 | ntupdate = 2020 }} '''Håvard Nielsen''' (born 15 July 1993) is a Norwegian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[2. Bundesliga]] club [[Hannover 96]]. He played for the [[Norway national football team|Norway national team]]. ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 14 May 2022}}<ref>{{Soccerway|99831}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anders Trondsen|url=http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=230022&tournamentId=240&seasonId=341&teamId=1180&useFullUrl=false|website=altomfotball.no|publisher=TV 2|access-date=1 September 2019|language=no|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901073058/http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=230022&seasonId=341&teamId=1180&tournamentId=240&useFullUrl=false|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National Cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="5"|[[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]] |[[2009 Tippeligaen|2009]] |rowspan="4"|[[Tippeligaen]] |1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||1||0 |- |[[2010 Tippeligaen|2010]] |1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|–||2||1 |- |[[2011 Tippeligaen|2011]] |28||3||1||0||4||0||33||3 |- |[[2012 Tippeligaen|2012]] |16||6||2||1||colspan="2"|–||18||7 |- !colspan="2"|Total !46!!9!!4!!2!!4!!0!!52!!11 |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] |[[2012–13 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2012–13]] |rowspan="4"|[[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] |24||3||0||0||colspan="2"|–||24||3 |- |[[2013–14 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2013–14]] |7||0||0||0||4||0||11||0 |- |[[2014–15 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2014–15]] |0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||0||0 |- |[[2015–16 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2015–16]] |8||0||0||0||1||0||9||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !39!!3!!0!!0!!5!!0!!43!!3 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Eintracht Braunschweig]] (loan) |[[2013–14 Eintracht Braunschweig season|2013–14]] |[[Bundesliga]] |16||2||0||0||colspan="2"|–||16||2 |- |[[2014–15 Eintracht Braunschweig season|2014–15]] |[[2. Bundesliga]] |30||8||2||2||colspan="2"|–||32||10 |- !colspan="2"|Total !46!!10!!2!!2!!colspan="2"|–!!48!!12 |- |rowspan="3"|[[SC Freiburg]] |[[2015–16 Bundesliga|2015–16]] |rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga |7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||7||0 |- |[[2016–17 SC Freiburg season|2016–17]] |4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||4||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !11!!0!!0!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!11!!0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Fortuna Düsseldorf]] |[[2017–18 Fortuna Düsseldorf season|2017–18]] |2. Bundesliga |23||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||23||0 |- |[[2018–19 Fortuna Düsseldorf season|2018–19]] |Bundesliga |0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|–||1||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !23!!0!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!24!!0 |- |[[MSV Duisburg]] (loan) |[[2018–19 MSV Duisburg season|2018–19]] |rowspan="1"|2. Bundesliga |16||4||1||0||colspan="2"|–||17||4 |- |rowspan="4"|[[SpVgg Greuther Fürth|Greuther Fürth]] |[[2019–20 SpVgg Greuther Fürth season|2019–20]] |rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga |31||7||1||0||colspan="2"|–||32||7 |- |[[2020–21 SpVgg Greuther Fürth season|2020–21]] |34||11||3||0||colspan="2"|–||36||11 |- |[[2021–22 SpVgg Greuther Fürth season|2021–22]] |Bundesliga |26||2||0||0||colspan="2"|–||26||2 |- !colspan="2"|Total !91!!20!!4!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!95!!20 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !272!!46!!12!!2!!9!!0!!293!!48 |} ===International=== :''Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nielsen goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Håvard Nielsen |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition |- | align="center"|1 || 14 November 2012 || [[Ferenc Puskás Stadium (1953)|Ferenc Puskás Stadium]], [[Budapest]], Hungary || {{fb|HUN}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|2–0 || [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- | align="center"|2 || 13 October 2014 || [[Ullevaal Stadion]], [[Oslo]], Norway || {{fb|BUL}} || align="center"|2–1 || align="center"|2–1 || [[UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group H|UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Havard Nielsen}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nielsen, Havard}} [[Category:Norwegian footballers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Oslo]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players]] dhi40jxn4wr1izb3eh4ckwo4tjdcbst 0 432084 10330013 10280700 2025-06-14T13:37:00Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Emre220|Emre220]] ([[User talk:Emre220|talk]]) to last version by Kashingggz 9406416 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karat-Einprägung.jpg|thumb|[[Engraving]] on the backside of a watch, showing that it contains 14 carat.]] {{distinguish2|[[Carat (mass)]], a unit of measurement for the purity of [[diamonds]] and [[pearl]]s}} The '''carat''' is a unit of [[measurement]] for [[gold]] [[alloy]]s. In that context, one carat gold means that the twenty-fourth part of an alloy is gold, the other parts are made of other [[metal]]s, generally [[silver]] or [[copper]]. Pure gold would be soft, which makes it unusable for many purposes. Alloyed gold is harder than pure gold and so more suitable for applications such as jewellery. An alloy that has 24 carat actually contains 99.9 percent gold, 18 carat gold contains 75 percent gold . Sometimes, a scale up to 1000 is used; as an example, gold 585 mean there is 58.5 percent gold in the alloy. This means that "Gold 585" actually contains 14 carat. {{science-stub}} [[Category:Units of measurement]] 1zgx4gcod8qqbgtrftrih5tpepiyktl 0 437886 10329884 10215417 2025-06-14T12:52:35Z Moulyags 1145829 Added reference for Kushtagi, the Towns in Karnataka State, India 10329884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kushtagi | native_name = ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ | native_name_lang = kn | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = city | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Karnataka | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India | coordinates = {{coord|15.77|76.2|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[India]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Koppal district|Koppal]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 639 | population_total = 21180 | population_as_of = 2001 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 583277 | registration_plate = KA 37 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Kushtagi''' {{lang-kn|ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ}} is a [[panchayat town|municipality]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is part of the Koppal district. <ref>{{cite web |title=Things to do in Kushtagi Karnataka, India |url=https://mindtrip.ai/location/kushtagi-karnataka/kushtagi/lo-PlKkwhyZ |website=Mindtrip.ai |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=New Kushtagi-Talakal railway line in Koppal district of Karnataka inaugurated by V. Somanna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-kushtagi-talakal-railway-line-in-koppal-district-of-karnataka-inaugurated-by-v-somanna/article69579026.ece |website=The Hindu |date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Historically city gets its name by a disease called kushta roga in Kannada. It is believed British rulers used this village as a camp to separate out and keep the deceased people here. In the 2001 [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Kushtagi had a population of 21,180. Kushtagi is well connected by road to [[Bangalore]], [[Hubli]], [[Raichur]], [[Bagalkot]] and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in Hubli. [[Koppal]] and [[Hospet]] have the nearest railway stations to Kushtagi. Villages in the Kushtagi area include:<ref name="villagemap">{{cite web|url=http://villagemap.in/karnataka/koppal/kushtagi/578000.html|title= Villagemap|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> * Vanageri * Varikal * Virupapur * Yelbunchi * Yelburthi * Yerigeri * Zhoolkunti * Zhunjalkoppa Though India got independence from British. It was under Nizams of Hyderabad when rest of the India was struggling for independence. Nizams continued to rule it even post Independent India And kushtagi had to carry a seperate fight to get its independence. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Towns in Karnataka]] {{asia-stub}} oyoec0vr37d24vx9ccrfsrc8048o4o7 10329895 10329884 2025-06-14T12:59:10Z Fr33kman 15149 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) to last version by 2409:40F2:30D:E193:8000:0:0:0 10215417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kushtagi | native_name = ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ | native_name_lang = kn | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = city | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Karnataka | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India | coordinates = {{coord|15.77|76.2|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[India]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Koppal district|Koppal]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 639 | population_total = 21180 | population_as_of = 2001 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 583277 | registration_plate = KA 37 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Kushtagi''' {{lang-kn|ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ}} is a [[panchayat town|municipality]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is part of the [[Koppal district]]. Historically city gets its name by a disease called kushta roga in Kannada. It is believed British rulers used this village as a camp to seperate out and keep the deceased people here. In the 2001 [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Kushtagi had a population of 21,180. Kushtagi is well connected by road to [[Bangalore]], [[Hubli]], [[Raichur]], [[Bagalkot]] and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in Hubli. [[Koppal]] and [[Hospet]] have the nearest railway stations to Kushtagi. Villages in the Kushtagi area include:<ref name="villagemap">{{cite web|url=http://villagemap.in/karnataka/koppal/kushtagi/578000.html|title= Villagemap|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> * Vanageri * Varikal * Virupapur * Yelbunchi * Yelburthi * Yerigeri * Zhoolkunti * Zhunjalkoppa Though India got independence from British. It was under Nizams of Hyderabad when rest of the India was struggling for independence. Nizams continued to rule it even post Independent India And kushtagi had to carry a seperate fight to get its independence. <br /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Towns in Karnataka]] {{asia-stub}} ru6i2of1dpfj0eaqe9wj5msm0wp6fed 10329922 10329895 2025-06-14T13:13:20Z Fr33kman 15149 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] ([[User talk:Fr33kman|talk]]) to last version by Moulyags 10329884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kushtagi | native_name = ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ | native_name_lang = kn | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = city | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Karnataka | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India | coordinates = {{coord|15.77|76.2|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[India]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Koppal district|Koppal]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 639 | population_total = 21180 | population_as_of = 2001 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 583277 | registration_plate = KA 37 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Kushtagi''' {{lang-kn|ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ}} is a [[panchayat town|municipality]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is part of the Koppal district. <ref>{{cite web |title=Things to do in Kushtagi Karnataka, India |url=https://mindtrip.ai/location/kushtagi-karnataka/kushtagi/lo-PlKkwhyZ |website=Mindtrip.ai |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=New Kushtagi-Talakal railway line in Koppal district of Karnataka inaugurated by V. Somanna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-kushtagi-talakal-railway-line-in-koppal-district-of-karnataka-inaugurated-by-v-somanna/article69579026.ece |website=The Hindu |date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Historically city gets its name by a disease called kushta roga in Kannada. It is believed British rulers used this village as a camp to separate out and keep the deceased people here. In the 2001 [[census]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> Kushtagi had a population of 21,180. Kushtagi is well connected by road to [[Bangalore]], [[Hubli]], [[Raichur]], [[Bagalkot]] and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in Hubli. [[Koppal]] and [[Hospet]] have the nearest railway stations to Kushtagi. Villages in the Kushtagi area include:<ref name="villagemap">{{cite web|url=http://villagemap.in/karnataka/koppal/kushtagi/578000.html|title= Villagemap|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> * Vanageri * Varikal * Virupapur * Yelbunchi * Yelburthi * Yerigeri * Zhoolkunti * Zhunjalkoppa Though India got independence from British. It was under Nizams of Hyderabad when rest of the India was struggling for independence. Nizams continued to rule it even post Independent India And kushtagi had to carry a seperate fight to get its independence. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Towns in Karnataka]] {{asia-stub}} oyoec0vr37d24vx9ccrfsrc8048o4o7 0 439683 10330434 8848091 2025-06-14T17:32:56Z Sulov Jondauss 76 1598585 Yvette Lebon, 1930 (cropped).jpg 10330434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yvette Lebon | image = Yvette Lebon, 1930 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = Simone Lebon | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|08|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2014|07|28|1910|08|14|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Cannes]], France | other_names = Ivette Lebon | alma_mater = | occupation = Actress | spouse = [[Roger Duchesne]] (divorced)<br />[[Nathan Wachsberger]] (widowed) | children = [[Patrick Wachsberger]] | relatives = | website = | years_active = 1931&ndash;1972 }} '''Simone''' "'''Yvette'''" '''Lebon''' (14 August 1910 &ndash; 28 July 2014) was a [[French people|French]] [[actress]]. She appeared in 39 [[movie]]s between 1931 and 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0495816/|title=Yvette Lebon|website=IMDb}}</ref> Lebon was born in [[Paris]]. During [[World War II]], she was the mistress of [[Jean Luchaire]], a French [[journalist]] and [[politician]]. After moving to [[Hollywood]], [[California]], she married [[Belgians|Belgian]]-[[Americans|American]] producer [[Nathan Wachsberger]] who died in 1992. They had a son together, [[Patrick Wachsberger]] of [[Summit Entertainment]]. In August 2013, she turned 103, making her the [[France]]'s oldest surviving actor.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/invites-du-point/jean-noel-mirande/yvette-lebon-102-ans-doyenne-des-actrices-francaises-30-06-2012-1479331_572.php|title=Yvette Lebon, 102 ans : doyenne des actrices françaises|magazine=[[Le Point]]|date=6 June 2012|accessdate=23 February 2014|language=French}}</ref> Lebon died from [[natural causes]] on 28 July 2014 in [[Cannes]], aged 103.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/invites-du-point/jean-noel-mirande/yvette-lebon-la-doyenne-des-actrices-francaises-est-morte-03-08-2014-1851165_572.php|title=Yvette Lebon, la doyenne des actrices françaises, est morte|magazine=[[Le Point]]|date=3 August 2014|accessdate=9 August 2014|language=French}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0495816}} {{Actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lebon, Yvette}} [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Paris]] [[Category:French centenarians]] [[Category:French movie actors]] [[Category:French stage actors]] fsxgujpbw5ahvvlcior85f457wge9mr 0 440144 10330281 9150926 2025-06-14T16:39:59Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | birthname = Harlan Fiske Stone | image = Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone photograph circa 1927-1932.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = | office = [[Chief Justice of the United States#List of chief justices|12th]] [[Chief Justice of the United States]] | termstart = July 3, 1941 | termend = April 22, 1946 | nominator = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] | appointer = | predecessor = [[Charles Evans Hughes]] | successor = [[Fred M. Vinson]] | office2 = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court]] | termstart2 = February 5, 1925<ref name='fedjudcenter'>{{cite news | title=Federal Judicial Center: Harlan Fiske Stone | date=December 12, 2009 | url=http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=2299 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926205536/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=2299 | access-date = 2009-12-12 | archive-date=2006-09-26 }}</ref> | termend2 = July 3, 1941 | nominator2 = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | appointer2 = | predecessor2 = [[Joseph McKenna]] | successor2 = [[Robert H. Jackson]] | order3 = 52nd | title3 = [[United States Attorney General]] | term_start3 = April 7, 1924 | term_end3 = March 1, 1925 | predecessor3 = [[Harry M. Daugherty]] | successor3 = [[John G. Sargent]] | nominator3 = [[Calvin Coolidge]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1872|10|11|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Chesterfield, New Hampshire|Chesterfield]], [[New Hampshire]], [[United States]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1946|04|22|1872|10|11}} | death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]] | spouse = Agnes E. Harvey (1899 - 1946, his death) | children = [[Marshall Harvey Stone]]<br/>[[Lauson Stone|Lauson Harvey Stone]] | alma_mater = [[Amherst College]],<br />[[Columbia University]] }} '''Harlan Fiske Stone''' (October 11, 1872&nbsp;– April 22, 1946) was an [[Americans|American]] [[lawyer]] and [[judge|jurist]]. He served as the dean of [[Columbia Law School]], his [[alma mater]], in the early 20th century. As a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], he was appointed as the 52nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] before becoming an [[Associate Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in 1925. In 1941, Stone became the 12th [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] of the United States, serving until his death in 1946&nbsp;– one of the [[List of United States Chief Justices by time in office|shortest terms]] of any Chief Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/stone.htm |title=Ariens, Michael, ''Harlan Fiske Stone'' |access-date=2014-02-25 |archive-date=2009-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303134124/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/stone.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. His most famous quotes was: "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Frank |first1= John P. |year= 1957 |title= Harlan Fiske Stone: An Estimate |journal= [[Stanford Law Review]] |volume= 9 |issue= 3 |pages= 621–632 |jstor= 1226615 |doi= 10.2307/1226615 |last2= Mason |first2= Alpheus Thomas }} Frank cites [http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0297_0001_ZD.html "United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 87 (1936) (dissenting opinion)"].</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/stone.htm Ariens, Michael, ''Harlan Fiske Stone''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303134124/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/stone.htm |date=2009-03-03 }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_stone.html Fox, John, ''Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Harlan Fiske Stone''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618134615/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/robes_stone.html |date=2017-06-18 }} [[Public Broadcasting Service]]. * [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_chief_012stone.htm ''Harlan Fiske Stone'',] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304085122/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_chief_012stone.htm |date=2010-03-04 }} [[Supreme Court Historical Society]] * [http://www.answers.com/topic/harlan-fiske-stone Nash, A. E. Kier, ''Harlan Fiske Stone'', answers.com] * [http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_history_stone.htm ''The Stone Court, 1941–1945, History of the Court,'' Supreme Court Historical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416135522/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_history_stone.htm |date=2010-04-16 }} * [http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/stone/ Stone Family Papers, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst, MA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516163131/http://www.joneslibrary.org/specialcollections/collections/stone/ |date=2008-05-16 }} * [http://www.coverbrowser.com/image/time/323-1.jpg Cover photograph] [[Time Magazine]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Stone, Harlan Fiske}} [[Category:1872 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage]] [[Category:Chief justices of the United States]] [[Category:United States Attorneys General]] [[Category:Politicians from New Hampshire]] [[Category:Lawyers from New Hampshire]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{USChiefJustices}} {{USAttGen}} 30blvppskdgby2acdw7qj45p4wcary2 10 446847 10331266 10328612 2025-06-15T01:33:25Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=308830 |ed=329062 |created=42 |deleted=39359 |revdel=606 |eventdel=1 |restored=379 |blocked=1513 |protected=475 |unprotected=18 |rights=913 |reblock=219 |unblock=21 |modify=29 |filter=0 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=4226 |style={{{style|}}}}} 9zc7yj9yqvzu5xkaimk60e7w6dmlfc2 0 453515 10330233 9247197 2025-06-14T16:01:04Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2015 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final Gracie Gold IMG 8672.JPG|thumb|Gracie Gold skating in 2015.]] '''Gracie Gold''' (born August 17, 1995) is an [[Americans|American]] [[figure skater]]. == Childhood == Gracie Gold was born on August 17, 1995 in [[Newton, Massachusetts]]. When she was four years old her family moved to [[Springfield, Illinois]]. At a skating birthday party when she was eight years old, she began to try figure skating. After that party she signed up for lessons. She was a natural; she soon was landing double axels. == Before Olympics and other competitions == After a while her hard work wasn't paying off. She kept getting low scores! Around a year before the Sochi, Olympics Gracie's relationship with her coach, Alex Ouriashev had completely crumbled. A little while after that Gracie switched coaches. She switched to Frank Carroll and this switch took her mother and sister Carly Gold with her to Hermosa Beach, Los Angeles. Frank Carroll’s experience with coaching other Olympians like [[Evan Lysacek]], [[Michelle Kwan]], Tim Goebel, Linda Fratianne and [[Denis Ten]] helped and inspired Gracie. Going to the Olympics gave a lot of stress to her. She would stress about being an Olympian and would stress out about all of the mistakes she would make in practice. Sometimes to calm down Gracie would juggle. She had to learn how to relax while doing her triple axels and how to save a jump if she started off wrong. Gracie also had to learn how to make her performance still look good to the judges, even after a fall. Later, after all of this training Gracie was ready to compete in competitions like the Midwestern sectional, The U.S. Championships, and the U.S. International Classic. In almost all of her later competitions she did better than the firsts. This helped her earn her spot in the 2014 Sochi, Olympics. == Sochi, Olympics == Gracie got a bronze medal from the Olympics, she got this from the team event. In the Ladies free skate, and short program she was placed fourth. Gracie is eager to return to Olympic Ice in the 2018 Winter Olympics. == References == * Hersh, Philip. "A Brave New World for Gold." Chicago Tribune. 19 Feb. 2014: 12. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 06 May. 2014. * "Gracie Gold." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Biography in Context. Web. 6 May 2014 {{sports-bio-stub}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics]] [[Category:American figure skaters]] [[Category:People from Springfield, Missouri]] bqyqphjqysuepqama97j6ot1e65lswx 0 454069 10331497 7769736 2025-06-15T05:41:43Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unreferenced|date=June 2014}} [[Image:Martha_Scott_1943.jpg|thumb|Martha Scott 1943]] '''Martha Ellen Scott''' (September 22, 1912 – May 28, 2003) was an [[Americans|American]] [[movie]] and [[television]] actress. She played Janie Prescott in ''Hi Diddle Diddle''. She also played Catherine in the movie ''In Old Oklahoma''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-25|title=Martha Scott|url=https://walkoffame.com/martha-scott/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Hollywood Walk of Fame|language=en-US}}</ref> Scott was born in Jamesport, [[Missouri]]. She died at the age of 90.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martha Scott {{!}} Movies {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/03/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries|access-date=2021-08-29|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{imdb|0779549}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Martha}} [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:Actors from Missouri]] [[Category:1912 births]] [[Category:2003 deaths]] {{us-actor-stub}} pferdld111b9lhrhw3o6u1jlc0dkzxa 0 455991 10331380 9966855 2025-06-15T03:06:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lowercase}} {{Infobox OS version | name = iOS 5 | family = iOS | logo = Ios5.jpg | logo_size = 95px | screenshot = Téléphones mobiles.JPG | screenshot_size = | caption = iOS 5 running on iPhone 4 | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | website = {{URL|https://www.apple.com/ios/}} | source_model = Closed, with open-source components <!-- See Darwin Unix wiki page for complete source model explanation --> | license = [[proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[EULA]] except for open-source components | kernel_type = [[Hybrid kernel|Hybrid]] ([[XNU]]) | first_release_date = {{Start date and age|2011|10|12}} | first_release_url = | release_version = 5.1.1 | slogan = ''Years ahead and moving forward.'' | release_date = {{Start date and age|2012|05|07}} | release_url = | preceded_by = [[iOS 4]] | succeeded_by = [[iOS 6]] | preview_version = | preview_date = | preview_url = | sales = | support_status = | other_articles = |date=September 2012}} '''iOS 5''' is the [[iOS|fifth]] major version of [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[mobile operating system]], [[iOS]]. It came after [[iOS 4]], and was replaced by [[iOS 6]], which was released on September 19, 2012. The current version of iOS 5 is iOS 5.1.1.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Ross|date=2011-10-12|title=iOS 5 and iCloud: everything you need to know|url=https://www.theverge.com/apple/2011/10/12/2485877/apples-ios-5-icloud-itunes-availability|access-date=2024-12-24|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> ==History== iOS 5 was announced during Apple's [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference|Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC) 2011.<ref name="press release">{{cite web|title=Apple - Press Info - Apple to Unveil Next Generation Software at Keynote Address on Monday, June 6|publisher=Apple Inc.|date=May 31, 2011|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/05/31Apple-to-Unveil-Next-Generation-Software-at-Keynote-Address-on-Monday-June-6.html|accessdate=September 20, 2012}}</ref> Support was dropped for the [[iPhone 3G]] and the [[iPod Touch]] (2nd generation), and devices that are supported are the [[iPhone 3GS]] and later, the iPod Touch (3rd generation) and later, and the [[iPad (1st generation)|first generation iPad]] and later.<ref name="MacObserver">{{cite web|title=Apple to Release iOS 5 October 12 - The Mac Observer|last=Garnet|first=Jeff|publisher=The Mac Observer, Inc.|date=October 4, 2011|url=http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/apple_to_release_ios_5_october_12/|accessdate=September 20, 2012|archive-date=October 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010095541/http://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/apple_to_release_ios_5_october_12/|url-status=dead}}</ref> When the [[iPhone 4S]] was announced on October 4, 2011, the release date for iOS 5 was also announced.<ref name="CNN Live">{{cite web|title=Live from Apple's iPhone event - Apple 2.0 - Fortune Tech|last=Elmer-DeWitt|first=Philip|publisher=Time Warner|date=October 4, 2011|url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/04/live-from-apples-iphone-event/?iid=SF_F_Lead&section=money_topstories&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fmoney_topstories+%28Top+Stories%29&utm_content=Google+Feedfetcher|accessdate=September 20, 2012|archive-date=November 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109121156/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/04/live-from-apples-iphone-event/?iid=SF_F_Lead&section=money_topstories&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fmoney_topstories+%28Top+Stories%29&utm_content=Google+Feedfetcher|url-status=dead}}</ref> iOS 5 was released on October 12, 2011.<ref name="MacObserver"/> The [[iPhone 4S]] already had iOS 5 installed on it, but other devices had to have the update installed through [[iTunes]].<ref name="MacWorld">{{cite web|title=iOS 5: What you need to know {{!}} Macworld|publisher=IDG Consumer & SMB|date=June 7, 2011|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1160376/ios5_faq.html|accessdate=September 20, 2012}}</ref> At first, many people could not install iOS 5 because they got error messages when they tried to download it. This was because Apple's [[Server|servers]] could not keep up with the number of people who are downloading the update.<ref name="The Register">{{cite web|title=iOS update woes prompt gnashing of teeth for Apple fans{{•}} The Register|last=Goodin|first=Dan|publisher=The Register|date=October 12, 2011|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/12/apple_ios_update_woes/|accessdate=September 20, 2012}}</ref> ==Features== ===iCloud=== {{main|iCloud}} Apple's cloud-based service, [[iCloud]], came as part of the iOS 5 update. This feature allows users to sync their music, pictures, videos, and more across all of their devices that have iCloud on them. Each user is given 5 [[gigabyte]]s of storage for free, but they are allowed to sync unlimited amounts of music, apps, books, and photos.<ref name="PCWorld">{{cite web|title=The 5 best features in Apple's iOS 5 {{!}} PCWorld|last=deAgonia|first=Michael|publisher=IDG Consumer & SMB|date=June 9, 2011|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/229866/The_5_best_features_in_Apple_iOS_5.html|accessdate=September 20, 2012|archive-date=August 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810061456/http://www.pcworld.com/article/229866/The_5_best_features_in_Apple_iOS_5.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===New apps=== A new feature called [[iMessage]], built into the Messages app, allows anyone with an iOS device to send unlimited messages to people with iOS 5.<ref name="PadGadget">{{Cite web|date=2011-10-12|title=Up close with iOS 5: iMessage|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/214747/ios-5-imessage.html|access-date=2022-03-29|website=Macworld|language=en-US}}</ref> It also allows iPhone users to send text messages to people who don't have an iOS device.<ref name="PCWorld"/> The Messages app used to be only on the iPhone, but iOS 5 brought it to the iPod Touch and iPad. The Reminders app allows users to make lists and alerts that can be based on a date or a location.<ref name="MacWorld 2">{{cite web|title=WWDC: Apple unveils iOS 5 {{!}} Macworld|last=Friedman|first=Lex|publisher=IDG Consumer & SMB|date=June 6, 2011|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1160322/ios5.html|accessdate=September 20, 2012}}</ref> The Newsstand app is not a real app, but it is a folder that shows the newspapers and magazines that the user is subscribed to.<ref name="MacWorld 2"/> ===Other new features=== iOS 5 allows devices to sync with iTunes wirelessly for the first time, without being connected to a computer. iOS devices can also be activated and updated over a wireless network for the first time.<ref name="PCWorld"/> In iOS 5, you can get to the [[camera]] quickly from the lock screen swiping up on the camera icon. Users can get to the camera without having to enter a passcode, but you can only use the camera.<ref name="PCWorld"/> At first, you had to double-click the home button on the lock screen to get to the camera button, but it was changed in iOS 5.1 so that you could swipe up on the camera button. [[Notification Center]] was introduced in iOS 5, and it also changed how notifications are displayed. Instead of a message that appears in the middle of the screen, stopping what was going on at the time, they appear in a banner on the top of the screen. You can access Notification Center by swiping down from the top of the screen, where it is hidden, and it shows notifications that happened in the past.<ref name="PCWorld"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{iOS}} [[Category:IOS|5]] [[Category:Operating systems]] mv51zc4koqriaifwxyyizi804dvlx0v 0 460550 10331630 9344370 2025-06-15T09:01:16Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | name = James H. Burnley IV | image = James burnley IV.jpg | imagesize = 200px | smallimage = | caption = | order = 9th | office = United States Secretary of Transportation | term_start = December 3, 1987 | term_end = January 20, 1989 | deputy = | president = [[Ronald Reagan]] | predecessor = [[Elizabeth Dole|Elizabeth H. Dole]] | successor = [[Samuel K. Skinner]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|7|30}} | birth_place = [[High Point, North Carolina]], [[United States]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[United States|American]] | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | relations = | children = Jay, Anne, Alexandra and Christina | parents = | residence = | alma_mater = [[Yale University]]<br/>[[Harvard Law School]] | occupation = Attorney, Public Official | profession = | religion = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''James Horace Burnley IV''' (born July 30, 1948) is an [[Americans|American]] politician and [[lawyer]]. He served as the [[United States Secretary of Transportation]] from 1987 until 1989. He served during the administration of President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=USDOT>{{cite web|title=United States Department of Transportation Office of the Historian|publisher=USDOT|accessdate=2014-07-25|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/historian/bios.htm|archive-date=2014-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709005810/http://ntl.bts.gov/historian/bios.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.venable.com/attorneys.cfm?action=view&attorney_id=418 Venable.com profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113215252/http://www.venable.com/attorneys.cfm?action=view&attorney_id=418 |date=2006-01-13 }} *[http://www.isi.org/about/our_leadership/trustees.html Intercollegiate studies Instititute page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030203246/http://www.isi.org/about/our_leadership/trustees.html |date=2005-10-30 }} *[http://www.aei-brookings.org/events/page.php?id=52 American Enterprise Institute page mention] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223602/http://www.aei-brookings.org/events/page.php?id=52 |date=2007-09-27 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burnley IV, James H.}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of Transportation]] [[Category:Politicians from North Carolina]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] {{us-bio-stub}} {{USSecTrans}} tgx1y08q7u6qvpaepvphq1cxo01itoa 0 460771 10331225 10304558 2025-06-15T01:17:59Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Ángel Di María | image = NIG-ARG (5).jpg | caption = Di María with [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] | full_name = Ángel Fabián Di María<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mexico.as.com/resultados/ficha/deportista/di_maria/17825/|title=Di María (Ángel Fabián Di María)|work=AS|access-date=1 February 2022|language=es}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|2|14|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/5794/Ángel-Di-María/overview |title=Ángel Di María: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Rosario, Santa Fe]], Argentina | height = 1.78 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/en-us/futebol/plantel-principal/Di-Maria |title=Di María |publisher=S.L. Benfica |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> | position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]], [[attacking midfielder]] | currentclub = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | clubnumber = 11 | youthyears1 = 1991–1992 | youthclubs1 = Torito | youthyears2 = 1992–2005 | youthclubs2 = [[Rosario Central]] | years1 = 2005–2007 | clubs1 = [[Rosario Central]] | caps1 = 35 | goals1 = 6 | years2 = 2007–2010 | clubs2 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | caps2 = 76 | goals2 = 7 | years3 = 2010–2014 | clubs3 = [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | caps3 = 124 | goals3 = 22 | years4 = 2014–2015 | clubs4 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | caps4 = 27 | goals4 = 3 | years5 = 2015–2022 | clubs5 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps5 = 197 | goals5 = 56 | years6 = 2022–2023 | clubs6 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | caps6 = 26 | goals6 = 4 | years7 = 2023– | clubs7 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | caps7 = 34 | goals7 = 10 | nationalyears1 = 2007 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 11 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | nationalyears2 = 2008 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]] | nationalcaps2 = 6 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2008–2024 | nationalteam3 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps3 = 145 | nationalgoals3 = 31 | club-update = 01:13, 13 November 2023 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 16:55, 13 September 2023 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|ARG}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 Qatar]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 Brazil]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2021 Copa América|2021 Brazil]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2015 Copa América|2015 Chile]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[Copa América Centenario|2016 United States]]|}} {{Medal|3rd|[[2019 Copa America|2019 Brazil]]|}} {{MedalComp|[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2022 Finalissima|2022 England]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}} {{Medal|G|[[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|[[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|Team]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2007 FIFA World Youth Championship|2007 Canada]]|}} }} '''Ángel Fabián Di María''' ({{IPA-es|ˈaŋxel faˈβjan di maˈɾia}}; born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine professional [[footballer]] who plays as a [[winger (association football)|right winger]] or [[attacking midfielder]] for [[Primeira Liga]] club [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] and the [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]]. He is a prolific winger, and can play as either a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] or [[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|attacking midfielder]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/108223/angel-di-maria|title=Ángel Di María Player Profile|website=ESPN|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> == Career == After beginning his [[career]] with [[Rosario Central]], Di María moved to [[Europe]] in 2007 to play for [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] of the Portuguese [[Primeira Liga]]. He made a €25 [[million]] move to [[Real Madrid]] three years later, in 2010. After winning the [[UEFA Champions League]] with Real Madrid in 2014, he signed for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in summer 2014 for a national record £59.7 million. In summer 2015, he signed a 4 year contract with [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] for €63 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/joueur/di-maria-angel|title=Ligue1.com - Player profile Angel DI MARIA (Paris Saint-Germain)|website=www.ligue1.com|access-date=2019-12-14|archive-date=2020-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106211839/https://www.ligue1.com/joueur/di-maria-angel|url-status=dead}}</ref> A full international for Argentina since 2008, Di María has earned over 50 caps for his country. He scored the goal that gave Argentina first place at the [[2008 Olympics]] in [[Beijing]], and has also represented them at two [[FIFA World Cup|World Cups]] and the [[2011 Copa América]], [[2015 Copa América]], and the [[Copa América Centenario|2016 Copa América Centenario]]. == Career statistics == === Club === {{updated|match played 12 November 2023}}<ref>{{Soccerway|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup !colspan="2"|League cup !colspan="2"|Continental !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- ! Division || Apps || Goals || Apps || Goals || Apps || Goals || Apps || Goals || Apps || Goals || Apps || Goals |- | rowspan="3"|[[Rosario Central]] | [[2005–06 in Argentine football|2005–06]] |[[Argentine Primera División]] | 10 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 4{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Appearances in [[Copa Libertadores]]}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || 14 || 0 |- | [[2006–07 in Argentine football|2006–07]] |Argentine Primera División | 25 || 6 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 25 || 6 |- !colspan="2"|Total ! 35 || 6 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 39 || 6 |- | rowspan="4"|[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | [[2007–08 S.L. Benfica season|2007–08]] |[[Primeira Liga]] | 26 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 11{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Seven appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], four appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 45 || 1 |- | [[2008–09 S.L. Benfica season|2008–09]] |Primeira Liga | 24 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 1 || 5{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Appearances in UEFA Cup}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 35 || 4 |- | [[2009–10 S.L. Benfica season|2009–10]] |Primeira Liga | 26 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 14{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}} || 4 || 0 || 0 || 45 || 10 |- !colspan="2"|Total ! 76 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 12 || 2 || 30 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 125 || 15 |- | rowspan="6"|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | [[2010–11 Real Madrid CF season|2010–11]] |[[La Liga]] | 35 || 6 || 8 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 10{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}} || 3 || 0 || 0 || 53 || 9 |- | [[2011–12 Real Madrid CF season|2011–12]] |La Liga | 23 || 5 || 2 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 7{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 2 || 2{{refn|name=SdE|group=lower-alpha|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa de España]]}} || 0 || 34 || 7 |- | [[2012–13 Real Madrid CF season|2012–13]] |La Liga | 32 || 7 || 9 || 2 || colspan="2"|— || 11{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 0 || 2{{refn|name=SdE|group=lower-alpha}} || 1 || 54 || 10 |- | [[2013–14 Real Madrid CF season|2013–14]] |La Liga | 34 || 4 || 7 || 4 || colspan="2"|— || 11{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 3 || 0 || 0 || 52 || 11 |- | [[2014–15 Real Madrid CF season|2014–15]] |La Liga | 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 0 || 0 || 1{{refn|name=SdE|group=lower-alpha}} || 0 || 1 || 0 |- !colspan="2"|Total ! 124 || 22 || 26 || 6 || colspan="2"|— || 39 || 8 || 5 || 1 || 194 || 37 |- | [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | [[2014–15 Manchester United F.C. season|2014–15]] | [[Premier League]] | 27 || 3 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 0 || 0 || 32 || 4 |- | rowspan="8"|[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | [[2015–16 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2015–16]] |[[Ligue 1]] | 29 || 10 || 4 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 10{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 3 || 0 || 0 || 47 || 15 |- | [[2016–17 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2016–17]] |Ligue 1 | 29 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 3 || 3 || 7{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 4 || 1{{refn|name=TdC|group=lower-alpha|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} || 0 || 43 || 14 |- | [[2017–18 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2017–18]] |Ligue 1 | 30 || 11 || 6 || 7 || 4 || 2 || 5{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || 45 || 21 |- | [[2018–19 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2018–19]] |Ligue 1 | 30 || 12 || 4 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 8{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 2 || 1{{refn|name=TdC|group=lower-alpha}} || 2 || 45 || 19 |- | [[2019–20 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2019–20]] |Ligue 1 | 26 || 8 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 9{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 3 || 1{{refn|name=TdC|group=lower-alpha}} || 1 || 41 || 13 |- | [[2020–21 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2020–21]] |Ligue 1 | 27 || 4 || 5 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 10{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 1 || 1{{refn|name=TdC|group=lower-alpha}} || 0 || 43 || 5 |- | [[2021–22 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. season|2021–22]] |Ligue 1 | 26 || 5 || 0 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 5{{refn|name=UCL|group=lower-alpha}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || 31 || 5 |- !colspan="2"|Total ! 197 || 56 || 24 || 11 || 16 || 8 || 54 || 14 || 4 || 3 || 295 || 92 |- | [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | [[2022–23 Juventus FC season|2022–23]] | [[Serie A]] | 26 || 4 || 4 || 0 || colspan="2"|— || 10{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, seven appearances and four goals in UEFA Europa League}} || 4 || colspan="2"|— || 40 || 8 |- | Benfica | [[2023–24 S.L. Benfica season|2023–24]] | Primeira Liga | 9|| 5|| 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 3{{Efn|name=UCL}}|| 0 || 1{{efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}} || 1 || 14 || 7 |- !colspan="3"|Career total ! 494 || 103|| 66 || 18 || 29 || 11 || 140 || 32 || 10 || 5 || 739 || 169 |} {{notelist}} === International === {{updated|match played 16 November 2023}}<ref name="nft">{{cite web |title=Ángel Di María |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/24743/Angel_Di_Maria.html |website=National Football Teams |access-date=9 December 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="16"|[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | 2008 | 1 || 0 |- | 2009 | 5 || 0 |- | 2010 | 11 || 2 |- | 2011 | 10 || 3 |- | 2012 | 8 || 3 |- | 2013 | 9 || 1 |- | 2014 | 13 || 2 |- | 2015 | 13 || 4 |- | 2016 | 12 || 3 |- | 2017 | 10 || 1 |- | 2018 | 5 || 1 |- | 2019 | 5 || 0 |- | 2020 | 2 || 0 |- | 2021 | 14 || 2 |- | 2022 | 11 || 6 |- | 2023 |6 || 1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !135!!29 |} {{updated|match played 12 September 2023}} :''Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Di María goal''<ref>{{Soccerway|access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Ángel Di María |- !No. !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- | align=center|1 | 24 May 2010 | [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|Estadio Antonio Vespucio Liberti]], Buenos Aires, Argentina | {{fb|CAN}} | align=center|3–0 | align=center|5–0 | [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- | align=center|2 | 11 August 2010 | [[Aviva Stadium]], Dublin, Ireland | {{fb|IRL}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|1–0 | Friendly |- | align=center|3 | 9 February 2011 | [[Stade de Genève]], Carouge, Switzerland | {{fb|POR}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|2–1 | Friendly |- | align=center|4 | 11 July 2011 | [[Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes]], Córdoba, Argentina | {{fb|CRC}} | align=center|3–0 | align=center|3–0 | [[2011 Copa America Group A|2011 Copa América]] |- | align=center|5 | 6 September 2011 | [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], Dhaka, Bangladesh | {{fb|NGA}} | align=center|2–0 | align=center|3–1 | Friendly |- | align=center|6 | 2 June 2012 | Estadio Antonio Vespucio Liberti, Buenos Aires, Argentina | {{fb|ECU}} | align=center|4–0 | align=center|4–0 | [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- | align=center|7 | 15 August 2012 | [[Commerzbank-Arena]], Frankfurt am Main, Germany | {{fb|GER}} | align=center|3–0 | align=center|3–1 | Friendly |- | align=center|8 | 7 September 2012 | Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes, Córdoba, Argentina | {{fb|PAR|1990}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|3–1 | 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align=center|9 | 10 September 2013 | [[Estadio Defensores del Chaco]], Asunción, Paraguay | {{fb|PAR}} | align="center" |1–0 | align=center|5–2 | 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align=center|10 | 1 July 2014 | [[Arena Corinthians]], São Paulo, Brazil | {{fb|SUI}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|1–0 | [[2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|2014 FIFA World Cup]] |- | align=center|11 | 3 September 2014 | [[Esprit Arena]], Düsseldorf, Germany | {{fb|GER}} | align=center|4–0 | align=center|4–2 | Friendly |- | align=center|12 | rowspan=2|6 June 2015 | rowspan=2|[[Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario]], San Juan, Argentina | rowspan=2|{{fb|BOL}} | align=center|1–0 | rowspan=2 align=center|5–0 | rowspan=2|Friendly |- | align=center|13 | align=center|5–0 |- | align=center|14 | rowspan=2|30 June 2015 | rowspan=2|[[Estadio Municipal de Concepción]], Concepción, Chile | rowspan=2|{{fb|PAR}} | align=center|3–1 | rowspan=2 align=center|6–1 | rowspan=2|[[2015 Copa America Group B|2015 Copa América]] |- | align=center|15 | align=center|4–1 |- | align=center|16 | 24 March 2016 | [[Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos]], Santiago, Chile | {{fb|CHI}} | align=center|1–1 | align=center|2–1 | [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- | align=center|17 | 6 June 2016 | [[Levi's Stadium]], Santa Clara, United States | {{fb|CHI}} | align="center" |1–0 | align=center|2–1 | [[Copa América Centenario Group D|Copa América Centenario]] |- | align=center|18 | 15 November 2016 | Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario, San Juan, Argentina | {{fb|COL}} | align=center|3–0 | align=center|3–0 | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align=center|19 | 13 June 2017 | [[National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]], Kallang, Singapore | {{fb|SIN}} | align=center|6–0 | align=center|6–0 | Friendly |- | align=center|20 | 30 June 2018 | [[Kazan Arena]], Kazan, Russia | {{fb|FRA|1974}} | align=center|1–1 | align=center|3–4 | [[2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage|2018 FIFA World Cup]] |- | align=center|21 | 10 July 2021 | [[Maracanã Stadium|Estádio do Maracanã]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | {{fb|BRA}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|[[2021 Copa América Final|1–0]] | [[2021 Copa América]] |- | align=center|22 | 12 November 2021 | [[Estadio Campeón del Siglo]], Montevideo, Uruguay | {{fb|URU}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|1–0 | [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- | align=center|23 | 27 January 2022 | [[Estadio Zorros del Desierto]], Calama, Chile | {{fb|CHI}} | align=center|1–0 | align=center|2–1 | 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align=center|24 | 25 March 2022 | [[La Bombonera]], Buenos Aires, Argentina | {{fb|VEN}} | align=center|2–0 | align=center|3–0 | 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align=center|25 | 1 June 2022 | [[Wembley Stadium]], London, England | {{fb|ITA}} | align=center|2–0 | align=center|3–0 | [[2022 Finalissima]] |- | align=center|26 | rowspan=2|16 November 2022 | rowspan=2|[[Zayed Sports City Stadium]], Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates | rowspan=2|{{fb|UAE}} | align=center|2–0 | rowspan=2 align=center|5–0 | rowspan=2|Friendly |- | align=center|27 | align=center|3–0 |- | align=center|28 | 18 December 2022 | [[Lusail Iconic Stadium]], Lusail, Qatar | {{fb|FRA}} | align=center|2–0 | align=center|[[2022 FIFA World Cup Final|3–3]]<br>{{aet}}<br>{{pen|4–2}} | [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] |- | align=center|29 | 28 March 2023 | [[Estadio Único Madre de Ciudades]], [[Santiago del Estero]], Argentina | {{fb|CUR}} | align=center|6–0 | align=center|7–0 | [[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]] |} == Honours == '''Benfica''' * [[Primeira Liga]]: [[2009–10 Primeira Liga|2009–10]] * [[Taça da Liga]]: [[2008–09 Taça da Liga|2008–09]], [[2009–10 Taça da Liga|2009–10]] * [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]: [[2023 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaza |first=Marco |date=9 August 2023 |title=Benfica soube mudar para ganhar a Supertaça |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/08/09/desporto/cronica_de_jogo/benfica-vence-fc-porto-conquista-supertaca-2059795 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Público |language=pt}}</ref> '''Real Madrid''' * [[La Liga]]: [[2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]] * [[Copa del Rey]]: [[2010–11 Copa del Rey|2010–11]], [[2013–14 Copa del Rey|2013–14]] * [[Supercopa de España]]: [[2012 Supercopa de España|2012]] * [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League|2013–14]] * [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2014 UEFA Super Cup|2014]] '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1]]: [[2015–16 Ligue 1|2015–16]], [[2017–18 Ligue 1|2017–18]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-my/news/psg-clinch-ligue-1-title-by-thrashing-monaco/1ty70ovdroka415jkim9oc0zsj|title=PSG clinch Ligue 1 title by thrashing Monaco|website=Goal (website)|access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> [[2018–19 Ligue 1|2018–19]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/psg-champions-as-lille-held-at-toulouse.htm|title=PSG Champions as Lille held at Toulouse|date=21 April 2019|access-date=21 April 2019|website=ligue1.com|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626220236/https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/psg-champions-as-lille-held-at-toulouse.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2019–20 Ligue 1|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/NEWS/2020/04/30/psg-champions-season-ended-ligue-1|title=PSG champions as season ended|date=30 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2020|publisher=Ligue 1}}</ref> [[2021–22 Ligue 1|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Whitehead |first=Luke Bosher and Jacob |title=PSG crowned Ligue 1 champions after draw against Lens |url=https://theathletic.com/news/psg-crowned-ligue-1-champions-after-messi-secures-draw-against-lens/aoDgDkRZDFEo/ |date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> * [[Coupe de France]]: [[2015–16 Coupe de France|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Coupe de France|2016–17]], [[2017–18 Coupe de France|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/paris-saint-germain-set-record-with-fourth-straight-coupe-de/1ubb1rik0lw6b1pwatka3l5nh6|title=Paris Saint-Germain set record with fourth straight Coupe De France crown|website=Goal (website)|access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> [[2019–20 Coupe de France|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/OTHER-COMPETITIONS/2020/07/25/psg-edge-asse-for-coupe-de-france-win|title=PSG edge ASSE for Coupe de France win!|date=24 July 2020|access-date=25 July 2020|website=ligue1.com}}</ref> [[2020–21 Coupe de France|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylian Mbappé stars as PSG beat Monaco in Coupe de France final|url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/OTHER-COMPETITIONS/2021/05/19/kylian-mbappe-stars-as-psg-beat-monaco-in-coupe-de-france-final|website=ligue1.com|date=19 May 2021|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> * [[Coupe de la Ligue]]: [[2015–16 Coupe de la Ligue|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Coupe de la Ligue|2016–17]], [[2017–18 Coupe de la Ligue|2017–18]], [[2019–20 Coupe de la Ligue|2019–20]] * [[Trophée des Champions]]: [[2016 Trophée des Champions|2016]], [[2018 Trophée des Champions|2018]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId=511012|title=PSG thrash Monaco to win French Super Cup as Neymar plays 15 minutes|publisher=ESPN|access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> [[2019 Trophée des Champions|2019]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm|title=Mbappé and Di Maria Earn PSG First 2019–20 Trophy|date=3 August 2019|access-date=3 August 2019|website=ligue1.com|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803150004/https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2020 Trophée des Champions|2020]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/Articles/MATCH-REPORTS/2021/01/13/neymar-and-icardi-fire-pochettino-to-first-title|title=Neymar and Icardi fire Pochettino to first title|website=ligue1.com|date=13 January 2021|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref> '''Argentina U20''' * [[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]: [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup|2007]] '''Argentina Olympic''' * [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]: [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008]] '''Argentina''' * [[FIFA World Cup]]: [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Scott |date=18 December 2022 |title=Argentina beat France on penalties after thrilling World Cup final – live reaction |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/dec/18/argentina-france-world-cup-2022-final-live |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=The Guardian }}</ref> * [[Copa América]]: [[2021 Copa América|2021]]<ref name="Copa América final">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2021/jul/10/argentina-v-brazil-copa-america-final-live |title=Argentina 1–0 Brazil: Copa América final – live! |work=The Guardian |last1=Graham |first1=Bryan Armen |date=11 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 }}</ref> * [[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]: [[2022 Finalissima|2022]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61653337|title=Italy 0–3 Argentina (Argentina win 3–0)|work=BBC Sport|date=1 June 2022|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> '''Individual''' * [[Argentine Footballer of the Year]]: 2014 * [[FIFPro#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|FIFA FIFPro World11]]: [[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or#FIFA/FIFPro World XI|2014]] * [[2014 FIFA World Cup awards#Dream Team|FIFA World Cup Dream Team]]: [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/games/dream-team/index.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140528003307/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/games/dream-team/index.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 May 2014 | title = The Dream Team | publisher = FIFA | access-date = 21 September 2014}}</ref> * [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#IFFHS CONMEBOL Man Team of the Decade 2011–2020|IFFHS CONMEBOL Team of the Decade]] 2011–2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/921 |title=IFFHS MAN TEAM – CONMEBOL – OF THE DECADE 2011–2020 |work=IFFHS |date=26 January 2021 }}</ref> * [[UEFA Team of the Year]]: 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=UEFA.com users' Team of the Year 2014 revealed |url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=2201103.html |publisher=UEFA |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 }}</ref> * [[European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Year|ESM Team of the Year]]: [[European Sports Magazines#2015–16|2015–16]], [[European Sports Magazines#2019–20|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ESM reveal Team of the Year for 2019/20 |date=31 August 2020 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/08/31/5f4d437d268e3e985e8b4577.html |work=Marca|location=Spain |access-date=31 August 2020 }}</ref> * UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: [[2013–14 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the Season|2013–14]] * [[UEFA Champions League]] top assist provider: [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League|2019–20]] *[[UEFA Europa League]] top assist provider: [[2009–10 UEFA Europa League|2009–10]] * [[Primeira Liga]] top assist provider: [[2009–10 Primeira Liga|2009–10]] * [[La Liga]] top assist provider: [[2013–14 La Liga#Assists table|2013–14]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-13 |title=Estadísticas Jugadores Liga BBVA {{!}} Liga adelante |url=http://www.lfp.es/Estadisticas/EstadisticasJugadores.aspx |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2013-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513205840/http://www.lfp.es/Estadisticas/EstadisticasJugadores.aspx |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * [[Ligue 1]] top assist provider: [[2015–16 Ligue 1|2015–16]],<ref name="Top assists - Ligue 1 Uber Eats">{{Cite web |title=Top assists - Ligue 1 Uber Eats |url=https://www.ligue1.com/ranking/assists |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Ligue1 |language=en}}</ref> [[2019–20 Ligue 1|2019–20]]<ref name="Top assists - Ligue 1 Uber Eats" /> * [[SJPF Player of the Month]]: [[2009–10 Primeira Liga#SJPF Player of the Month|April 2010]] * UNFP Ligue 1 [[UNFP Player of the Month|Player of the Month]]: December 2015 * [[Trophées UNFP du football#Team of the Year|UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year]]: [[Trophées UNFP du football#2016|2015–16]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11800/10275117/zlatan-ibrahimovic-scoops-record-third-ligue-1-player-of-the-year-award|title=Zlatan Ibrahimovic scoops record third Ligue 1 Player of the Year award}}</ref> [[Trophées UNFP du football#2019|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mbappe-wins-awards-double.htm|title=Mbappé Wins Awards Double|website=ligue1.com|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525011547/https://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/mbappe-wins-awards-double.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Sports links}} {{Navboxes | title = Argentina squads | bg = white | fg = #0074E7 | bordercolor = black | list1 = {{Argentina squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes | title = Awards | bg = gold | fg = black | list1 = {{2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament}} {{2014 UEFA Team of the Year}} {{Argentine Footballer of the Year}} {{2015–16 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year}} {{2018–19 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Di Maria, Angel}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Argentina]] [[Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:People from Rosario, Argentina]] hijfd5htz4dfswvmrsenelsaf77m5zv 0 461917 10331654 9589620 2025-06-15T09:15:47Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox artist | name = James Turrell | image = James-Turrell-medals-hi-res.jpg | image_size = | caption = President Barack Obama presents the National Medal of Arts to James Turrell on July 28, 2014 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|6}} | birth_place = Los Angeles | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | field = [[Installation art]] | training = | movement = | works = [[Roden Crater]], [[Acton (Turrell)|Acton]] | patrons = | awards = }} [[File:Roden.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Satellite view of ''Roden Crater'' where James Turrell is building a large artwork outside Flagstaff, Arizona.]] [[File:James Turrel - space that sees.jpg|thumb|right|250px|'Space That Sees' [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem]] '''James Turrell''' (born May 6, 1943) is an [[Americans|American]] [[artist]]. He uses light and space to create his artwork. == Background == James Turrell was born in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref>Birthplace sometimes given as Los Angeles (for instance, see Adcock, Craig, ''James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space'', Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford : University of California Press, 1990, p. 2). Pasadena is given in a biographical note to the introductory leaflet for the 1993 exhibition at the [[Hayward Gallery]], South Bank, London, UK.</ref> His father was Archibald Milton Turrell.<ref name="Adcock, Craig 1990, p. 2">Adcock, Craig, ''James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space'', Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford : University of California Press, 1990, p. 2.</ref> He was an aeronautical engineer and teacher. His mother was Margaret Hodges Turrell.<ref name="Adcock, Craig 1990, p. 2"/> She studied medicine and worked in the [[Peace Corps]]. Both of his parents were [[Quakers]]. Turrell got a pilot's license when he was 16 years old. He carried supplies by plane to mines that were far away. He also made maps by flying over areas. He earned a BA degree from [[Pomona College]] in [[perceptual psychology]] in 1965. He studied the [[Ganzfeld effect]] and [[mathematics]], [[geology]] and [[astronomy]] there. Turrell entered the graduate Studio Art program at the [[University of California, Irvine]] in 1966. Then he began making work using light projections.<ref>Belcove, Julie L. [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/james-turrell-interview-0513 "Incredible Lightness"], ''Harpers Bazaar'', April 19, 2013.</ref> In 1966 he was arrested for teaching young men how to avoid getting drafted in the [[Vietnam War]]. He spent about a year in jail and left UC Irvine.<ref>Wil S. Hylton (June 13, 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/magazine/how-james-turrell-knocked-the-art-world-off-its-feet.html How James Turrell Knocked the Art World Off Its Feet] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> In 1973, he earned an MA degree in art from [[Claremont Graduate University]].<ref name="Hayward">Biographical note to the introductory leaflet for the 1993 exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, South Bank, London, UK</ref> In 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by [[Haverford College]]. == Awards == Turrell has received many awards in the arts including [[MacArthur Fellows Program|The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship]] in 1984 and the [[National Medal of Arts]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hoye|first1=Matthew|title=Obama admits boyhood crush on Linda Ronstadt|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/28/obama-admits-boyhood-crush-on-linda-ronstadt/?hpt=hp_t2|website=www.cnn.com|accessdate=July 29, 2014|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124047/https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/28/obama-admits-boyhood-crush-on-linda-ronstadt/?hpt=hp_t2|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Books == * <u>Eclipse</u>. Documents The Elliptic Ecliptic and Arcus, two temporary installations accompanying the last total eclipse of the 20th century. ({{ISBN|3-7757-0898-7}}) * <u>The Other Horizon</u>. An overview of Turrell's development from 1967 to 2001. ({{ISBN|3-7757-9062-4}}) * <u>James Turrell : the art of light and space</u> by Craig Adcock. ({{ISBN|0-520-06728-2}}) * <u>James Turrell. Geometrie di luce. Roden Crater Project</u> by Agostino De Rosa. ({{ISBN|0-520-06728-2}}) * <u>''L'homme qui marchait dans la couleur'' (The Man Who Walked in Colour)</u> by Georges Didi-Huberman. ({{ISBN|978-2-7073-1736-0}}) == Interviews == * [http://www.conversations.org/story.php?sid=32 works + conversations interview of James Turrell] * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/egg/215/turrell/interview_content_1.html EGG interview with James Turrell] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130113144042/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/egg/215/turrell/interview_content_1.html |date=2013-01-13 }} * [http://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag02/nov02/turrell/turrell.shtml Into The Light: A Conversation with James Turrell by Elaine A. King] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://jamesturrell.com Authorized James Turrell Website] * [http://goo.gl/maps/7jWzk Google Map of James Turrell Installations] * [http://www.bakerIE.org BakerIE.org] * [http://www.mattress.org/index.cfm?event=ShowArtist&eid=45&id=216&c=Permanent Mattress Factory exhibition by James Turrell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022141051/http://www.mattress.org/index.cfm?event=ShowArtist&eid=45&id=216&c=Permanent |date=2013-10-22 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/highlights/001102_turrell.shtml BBC article about James Turrell] * [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/tags/jamesturrell Flickr: jamesturrell] * [http://www.lasersol.com/art/turrell/roden_crater.html Roden Crater 1978] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=35.425350,+-111.258950&ie=UTF8&ll=35.425288,-111.258888&spn=0.099736,0.158787&t=k&z=13&iwloc=addr&om=1 Roden Crater on Google Maps] * [http://www.academyartmuseum.org/exhibitions/exhib_james_turrell.html ''James Turrell Perspectives'' exhibition at the Academy Art Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505185938/http://www.academyartmuseum.org/exhibitions/exhib_james_turrell.html |date=2015-05-05 }} [[Category:American artists]] [[Category:Quakers]] rz9d6aergnzkz1qupjd8uo14rjfeyww 0 470703 10330195 9965615 2025-06-14T15:40:05Z Deadstar 13303 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:WP 20140830 001.Fourcigny.jpg]] → [[File:Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Fourcigny 20140830-1.jpg]] better 10330195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eglise Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Fourcigny 20140830-1.jpg|thumb|Church and [[World War I]] memorial]] [[Image:Blason ville fr Fourcigny (Somme).svg|thumb|90px|coat of arms]] '''Fourcigny''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]]. It is in the [[Hauts-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]] in the [[Somme]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the north of [[France]]. In 2011, 183 people lived there. It is found 26 miles southwest of [[Amiens]]. {{Somme communes}} {{France-geo-stub}} [[Category:Communes in Somme]] atnbppf5e10k9z9t24jgublmru70icy 0 471555 10330927 9861763 2025-06-14T21:54:44Z Wukuendo 1292020 /* Programming languages that use snake case */ Update List 10330927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Snake case''' (or snake_case) is the process of writing [[Compound (linguistics)|compound words]] so that the [[word]]s are separated with an [[underscore]] symbol (_) instead of a [[Space (punctuation)|space]]. The first letter is usually changed to [[lowercase]]. Some examples of Snake case would be "foo_bar" or "hello_world". It is commonly used in [[computer code]]. At least one study found that readers can recognize snake case faster than [[CamelCase]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = An Eye Tracking Study on camelCase and under_score Identifier Styles | url = http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&tp=&arnumber=5521745 }}</ref> == Variants == If the first letter of each word is [[uppercase]], this is known as Train-Case.<ref>{{Cite web | title = StackOverflow - What's the name for snake_case with dashes? | url = http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11273282/whats-the-name-for-snake-case-with-dashes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Camel_SNAKE-kebab | url = https://github.com/qerub/camel-snake-kebab }}</ref> == Programming languages that use snake case == * [[OCaml]] * [[C++]] * [[Kotlin]] * [[Perl]] * [[PHP]] * [[Prolog]] * [[Python (programming language)|Python]] * [[R (programming language)|R]] * [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] * [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] * [[V (programming language)|V (Vlang)]] == Related pages == * [[CamelCase]] ==References== <references/> {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Programming languages]] [[Category:Typography]] fb5roe8w5j50g1fyf0l91qnr9sedoyc 10330956 10330927 2025-06-14T22:19:59Z Wukuendo 1292020 Updating of References 10330956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Snake case''' (or snake_case) is the process of writing [[Compound (linguistics)|compound words]] so that the [[word]]s are separated with an [[underscore]] symbol (_) instead of a [[Space (punctuation)|space]]. The first letter is usually changed to [[lowercase]]. Some examples of Snake case would be "foo_bar" or "hello_world". It is commonly used in [[computer code]]. At least one study found that readers can recognize snake case faster than [[CamelCase]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = An Eye Tracking Study on camelCase and under_score Identifier Styles | url = http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&tp=&arnumber=5521745 }}</ref> == Variants == If the first letter of each word is [[uppercase]], this is known as Train-Case.<ref>{{Cite web | title = StackOverflow - What's the name for snake_case with dashes? | url = http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11273282/whats-the-name-for-snake-case-with-dashes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Camel_SNAKE-kebab | url = https://github.com/qerub/camel-snake-kebab }}</ref> == Programming languages that use snake case == * [[OCaml]] * [[C++]] * [[Kotlin]] * [[Perl]] * [[PHP]] * [[Prolog]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Coding Guidelines for Prolog (v.3) |author1=Michael A. Covington |author2=Roberto Bagnara |author3=Richard A. O'Keefe |author4=Jan Wielemaker |author5=Simon Price |page=14 |year=2009}}</ref> * [[Python (programming language)|Python]] * [[R (programming language)|R]] * [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] * [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] * [[V (programming language)|V (Vlang)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Navule Pavan Kumar |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Getting Started with V Programming |asin=B09FKK3JL7 |isbn=978-1839213434 |language=en |oclc=1290492862 |pp=29}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[CamelCase]] ==References== <references/> {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Programming languages]] [[Category:Typography]] noe7c80vv9ll8z4ucj9wgasn0wj0iho 0 471653 10330540 10290487 2025-06-14T17:55:52Z Tbhotch 94202 [[:en:Wikipedia:Long-term abuse/Mexican media image vandal]] 10330540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | alt_name = Los Supergenios de la Mesa Cuadrada {{noitalic|<small>(1968–1970)</small>}}<br />Chespirito y la Mesa Cuadrada {{noitalic|<small>(1970–1971)</small>}} | image = Chespirito 1993 text logo.png | runtime = 30 minutes (1968–1973; 1993–1995); 60 minutes (1980–1992; 1994) | camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]] | creator = [[Chespirito|Roberto Gómez Bolaños]] | starring = [[Chespirito|Roberto Gómez Bolaños]]<br>[[María Antonieta de las Nieves]]<br />[[Carlos Villagrán]] (1970–1973) <br>[[Florinda Meza]] (1970–1973; 1980–1990; 1992–1995) <br>[[Ramón Valdés]] (1968–1973; 1981–1982)<br>[[Rubén Aguirre]] (1968–1972; 1980–1995)<br>[[Angelines Fernández]] (1972–1973; 1980–1993)<br>[[Edgar Vivar]] (1972–1973; 1980–1992; 1993–1995)<br> [[Horacio Gómez Bolaños]] (1980–1995)<br>[[Raul Padilla]] (1982–1994)<br>[[Aníbal de Mar]] (1968–1969)<br> [[Anabel Gutierrez]] (1969–1973; 1987–1995)<br> [[Moises Suarez]] (1993–1995) | opentheme = | director = Sergio Peña and Alberto del Bosque (1968-1973) / [[Chespirito|Roberto Gómez Bolaños]] and Roberto Gómez Fernández (1980-1995) | company = [[Televisión Independiente de México|TIM]] (1968-1973); [[Televisa]] (1980-1995) | country = [[Mexico]] | language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | network = [[XEQ-TV|XHTM-TV]] | first_aired = {{start date|1980|4|2}} | last_aired = {{end date|1995|9|25}} | num_seasons = 22 | num_episodes = 693 approximately; from both periods }} '''''Chespirito''''', also known as '''''Los Supergenios de la Mesa Cuadrada''''' from 1968–1970 and '''''Chespirito y la Mesa Cuadrada''''' from 1970-1971, is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] sketch comedy show. It aired in Mexico for two periods, 1968–1973 and 1980-1995. The program aired various sketches of characters created by [[Roberto Gómez Bolaños]]. {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Mexican television series]] [[Category:Sitcoms]] [[Category:1968 television series debuts]] [[Category:1960s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:1973 television series endings]] [[Category:1970s disestablishments in North America]] [[Category:20th-century disestablishments in Mexico]] [[Category:1980 television series debuts]] [[Category:1980 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1980s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:1995 television series endings]] [[Category:1990s disestablishments in North America]] 40vinb7902b67bpa484sl431a21ylc4 0 477611 10329845 9129311 2025-06-14T12:26:22Z Moulyags 1145829 Added citation for 2011 Times of India article on quality teaching 10329845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:IISc-Admin-building.jpg|thumb|right|200px|{{Center|IISc administration building}}]] '''Indian Institute of Science (IISc)''' is a [[public university]] for [[Research#Scientific research|scientific research]]. It is located in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. [[Jamshetji Tata]] gave active support to establish this [[Institution|institute]]. He is one of the earliest [[wikt:industrialist|industrialists]] of India. IISc is well known as India's finest research [[university]].<ref>Ramachandra Guha, ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (London: Pan Books; Macmillan Distribution (MDL), 2008), p. 697</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Technocrats stress on quality teaching |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/technocrats-stress-on-quality-teaching/articleshow/8103249.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 April 2011 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> ==History== In 1893, [[Jamshetji Tata]] had a chance meeting with [[Swami Vivekananda]] on a ship from [[Japan]] to [[Chicago]]. Then, Jamshetji Tata discussed his plan with Vivekananda to bring [[Iron]] and [[Steel]] [[industry]] to India. Five years later, Tata wrote a letter to Vivekananda about his desire to establish a research institution. He also asked Vivekananda for guidance in this matter. Vivekananda softly declined this proposal. The [[government]] of [[Mysore]] donated (371 acres or 1.50 sq km) to build the institute.<ref name=Wright206>''Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources'', ed. Arnold Wright (New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 2004), p. 206</ref> They also agreed to [[Donation|donate]] 50,000 [[rupee]]s every year.<ref name=Wright206/> The institute was established in 1909.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/about-iisc/generalinformation.php |title=About Us |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India |accessdate= |archive-date=2012-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206214348/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/about-iisc/generalinformation.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> It had two departments - Department of General and Applied Chemistry and Electro Technology. [[Morris Travers]] became the first director of IISc. ==Campus== IISc [[campus]] is in [[Malleswaram]], {{convert|4|km}} north of [[Bangalore City railway station]]. A number of other research institutes are nearby. These are [[Raman Research Institute]], [[Central Power Research Institute]] and the [[Institute of Wood Science and Technology]]. There are regular [[Bus|bus services]] between them and IISc. The campus is home to over 40 [[Academic department|departments]] and centers of sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-0 |title=Indian Institute Of Science (IISc), Bangalore |author=<!--Staff writer(s)--> |date=20 January 2015 |website= |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |accessdate=20 January 2015 }}</ref> It has more than 3,000 [[student]]s who are pursuing their [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.energy.gov/ia/articles/deputy-secretary-poneman-attends-us-india-strategic-dialogue |title=Deputy Secretary Poneman Attends U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue |author=<!--Staff writer(s)--> |date=27 August 2014 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> The facilities on the campus include a [[library]],[[wikt:gymnasium|gymnasium]], [[Cafeteria|dining halls]] and [[restaurant]]s. There are [[Dormitory|dormitories]] for men and women and [[wikt:accommodation|accommodation]] for staff members. A [[visitor]]'s [[hostel]] was built in 1990.<ref>Jon T. Lang, ''A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India'' (New Delhi: Permanent Black: Distributed by Orient Longman Ltd., 2002), p. 109</ref> The campus is full of greenery. It has over 110 species of trees and rare and native plant species. The roads connecting the departments are named after [[species]] of [[tree]]s. For [[example]] ''Arjun Marg'' (''Marg'' means path in [[Hindi]]), ''Tala Marg'' and Silver Oak Marg. == Related pages == * [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] * [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons}} * [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/ Indian Institute of Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232834/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/ |date=2020-11-06 }} * [http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/indian-institute-science/undergrad Top Universities: Indian Institute of Science] [[Category:Buildings and structures in India]] [[Category:1909 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:20th-century establishments in India]] 8y14smiezdjey3uwulwt1n1azw7vv5a 0 479126 10331128 5600843 2025-06-15T00:19:20Z Wukuendo 1292020 Add section and references 10331128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Modular programming''' is a way of [[Organization|organizing]] a [[computer program]] into smaller parts called [[wikt:module|module]]s. Each module contains the necessary [[code]] to run one specific part of the final computer program. Modular programs are simpler to [[wikt:understand|understand]].<ref name=Reddy266>Rama Reddy; Carol Ziegler, ''C Programming for Scientists and Engineers with Applications'' (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2010), p. 266</ref> They are also more simple to [[wikt:maintain|maintain]]. Different [[programmer]]s can each make different modules.<ref name=Reddy266/> Usually, each module is designed to do only one thing.<ref>E. Balagurusamy, ''Programming In Ansi C, 5E'' (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2011), p. 266</ref><!--by coincidence same page number as above citation --> ==Implementations== Languages that use the module concept: [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Fortran]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Haskell]], [[JavaScript]],<ref>[http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-modules ECMAScript® 2015 Language Specification, 15.2 Modules]</ref> [[Objective-C]], [[OCaml]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], and [[V (programming language)|V (Vlang)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Navule Pavan Kumar |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Getting Started with V Programming |asin=B09FKK3JL7 |isbn=978-1839213434 |language=en |oclc=1290492862 |pp=193}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Computer programming]] 14261wdjros4etbua5aicr9kkg6qq34 0 481418 10330210 9182655 2025-06-14T15:46:45Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 + 6 categories using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map Iberian Peninsula 1030-es.svg|thumb|The Kingdom of Navarre in 1030 in dark orange (labeled as Pamplona). This was when the kingdom was largest.]] The '''Kingdom of Navarre''' was a small [[kingdom]] in [[Europe]]. It was independent from 841 to 1820. The kingdom was roughly in the [[Basque Country]] on both sides of the [[Pyrenees]] mountains. In 1512, it was split into two parts: a Spanish part and a French part. In 1620, the French part, called Lower Navarre, became part of [[France]]. The Spanish part was independent until 1820. The capital of the kingdom was [[Pamplona]].<ref name="Amorrortu14">Estibaliz Amorrortu, ''Basque Sociolinguistics: Language, Society, and Culture'', (University of Nevada Press, 2003), 14 note5.</ref><ref>R. L. Trask, ''The History of Basque'', (Routledge, 2014), 427.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=L.P. |date=1996 |title=Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-kQJr-D_ikC&dq=Muslims+in+Spain%2C+1500+to+1614%2C+by+L.+P.+Harvey%2C+page+12&pg=PR4 |location=Chicago |publisher=Chicago University Press|pages=124–125|isbn=978-0-226-31964-3}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{multistub|history|Europe}} [[Category:History of France]] [[Category:History of Europe]] [[Category:16th century in Spain]] [[Category:17th century in Spain]] [[Category:18th century in Spain]] [[Category:19th century in Spain]] [[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]] [[Category:820s establishments]] [[Category:9th-century establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Establishments in Spain]] [[Category:1841 disestablishments]] [[Category:19th-century disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:Disestablishments in Spain]] 3s05gmxir2qwvq94h97rv7sij1ivrbd 0 484106 10331628 9644280 2025-06-15T08:57:18Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airline | airline = Aerolíneas Argentinas | image = Aerolíneas Argentinas Logo 2010.svg | image_size = 200 | alt = Light blue and gray letters with a stylized light blue condor at the top | IATA = AR | ICAO = ARG | callsign = ARGENTINA | founded = {{Start date and years ago|1949|5|14|df=yes}} | commenced = {{Start date|1950|12|7|df=yes}} | ceased = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | aoc = <!-- XNXN --> <!-- Alpha numeric pattern varies --> | bases = | hubs = [[Aeroparque Jorge Newbery]] | secondary_hubs = [[Ministro Pistarini International Airport]] | focus_cities = {{startplainlist}} *{{nowrap|[[Ingeniero Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport]]}} *[[Rosario Islas Malvinas International Airport]] {{endplainlist}} | frequent_flyer = Aerolíneas Plus | alliance = [[SkyTeam]] | subsidiaries = {{plainlist| *Aerohandling *Aerolíneas Argentinas Cargo *[[Austral Líneas Aéreas]] *JetPaq S.A. *Optar S.A. }} | fleet_size = 56 | destinations = 58 | company_slogan = Alta en el cielo<br/>{{nowrap|({{lang-en|Up high in the sky}})}} | parent = [[Argentine Government]] (100%) | headquarters = Aeroparque Jorge Newbery, [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | key_people = Pablo Ceriani, {{small|President}} | revenue = {{increase}} [[United States dollar|US$]] {{To USD|32.778|ARG|year=2017}}&nbsp;billion <small>(FY 2017) </small><ref name="report2017"/> | net_income = {{decreasepositive}} US$ –{{To USD|3833|ARG|year=2017}}&nbsp;million <small>(FY 2017) </small><ref name="report2017"/> | assets = {{increase}} US$ {{To USD|27.919|ARG|year=2017}}&nbsp;billion <small>(FY 2017) (incl. all subsidiaries)</small><ref name="report2017"/> | equity = <!-- {{Increase/decrease/steady compared to previous year}} US$XXX million <small>(''FY YYYY'')</small> --> | num_employees = 10,657<ref name="report2017">{{cite web |title=Memoria y Estados Contables |url=http://www.aerolineas.com.ar/OfficeFile/E-commerce/MemoriayEstadoContableAerolineasArgentinas2017.pdf |access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> | website = {{URL|www.aerolineas.com.ar}} }} '''Aerolineas Argentinas''' is the largest airline and the country{{'s}} [[flag carrier]] of [[Argentina]]. It began in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aerolineas Argentinas|url=http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Aerolineas-Argentinas|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025210457/https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Aerolineas-Argentinas|archive-date=2015-10-25|access-date=2023-02-10}}</ref> [[File:320ap - Aerolineas Argentinas MD-81; LV-WPY@AEP;23.09.2004 (4733718317).jpg|thumbnail|left|An Aerolineas Argentinas [[airplane]] about to land at [[Buenos Aires]].]] [[File:Aerolineas Argentinas, LV-FNI, Airbus A330-223 (49593359927).jpg|thumb|An Airbus A330-200.]] == Fleet == The average age of the Aerolíneas Argentinas fleet is 6.7 years (Airlines 6.6 and Austral 6.8, in September 2018) {| class="sortable toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center" |+'''Current Fleet''' |- style="color:black;" bgcolor="#1e90ff" ! width="150" rowspan="2" |<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Aircraft</span> ! width="57" rowspan="2" |<span style="color:#f4f0ec">In Fleet</span> ! width="33" rowspan="2" |<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Ordered</span> !colspan="3"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Seats</span> !rowspan="2"|<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Note</span> |- style="color:" bgcolor="#1e90ff" #F4F0EC; !width:"33px"|<abbr title="Club Condor/Club Economy"><span style="color:#f4f0ec">C</span></abbr> ! width="33" |<abbr title="Economy class"><span style="color:#f4f0ec">Y</span></abbr> ! width="33" |<span style="color:#f4f0ec">Total</span> |- | rowspan="3" |[[Airbus A330#A330-200|Airbus A330-200]] | rowspan="3" |10 | rowspan="3" | — | rowspan="3" |24 |243 |267 | |- |246 |270 | |- |248 |272 | |- | rowspan="2" |[[Airbus A340#A340-300X|Airbus A340-300]] | rowspan="2" |2 | rowspan="2" |— | rowspan="2" |30 |255 |285 |Evaluating change by B787 or A350<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aerolineas-to-debut-737-max-in-december-443434/|title=Aerolineas to debut 737 Max in December|first=Ghim-Lay|last=Yeo|date=18 November 2017|website=Flightglobal.com}}</ref> |- | |- | rowspan="2" |[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-700]] | rowspan="2" |8 | rowspan="2" |— |12 |125 |137 | |- |8 |120 |128 |They will be removed as they reach the 737 MAX 8. LV-BZA with livery of SkyTeam |- |[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-800]] |31 | — |8 |162 |170 | |- |[[Boeing 737 MAX|Boeing 737 MAX 8]] |5 |6 |8 |162 |170 | |- |[[Embraer E-Jets|Embraer 190]] |26 |— | | | |LV–FPS with livery SkyTeam. All operated by Austral líneas Aéreas. Evaluating B737-800 o A320 |- |'''Total''' |82 |6 |} == References == <references /> {{transport-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aerolineas Argentinas}} [[Category:Airlines of South America]] [[Category:Transport in Argentina]] [[Category:1949 establishments]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:IATA members]] [[Category:Companies of Argentina]] 0jb9ql18e670h6u81ope0woyzaj1431 0 501209 10329812 9187520 2025-06-14T12:05:10Z 24.47.179.93 10329812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Stand by Me Doraemon | image = | caption = | director = [[Takashi Yamazaki]]<br>[[Ryuichi Yagi]] | producer = | writer = [[Takashi Yamazaki]] | starring = | music = [[Naoki Sato]] | editing = | studio = [[Shirogumi]]<br>[[Robot Communications]]<br>[[Shin-Ei Animation]] | distributor = [[Toho]] | released = August 8th, 2014 | runtime = 95 minutes | country = [[Japan]] | language = Japanese | budget = $35 million | gross = ¥ 8,38 billion }} '''''Stand by Me Doraemon''''' is a 2014 [[Japan]]ese [[3D film|3D]] [[animated movie]], based on the popular [[manga]] and [[anime]] series [[Doraemon]]. It was [[movie release|released]] in [[Japan]] on August 8th, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15716 |title=Stand by Me Doraemon (movie)|author= |date= |work= |publisher=Anime News Network |accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref> it is the first CGI installment in the [[Doraemon]] franchise. ==Cast== {| class = "shorttable" ! Character !! Japanese |- | Doraemon || [[Wasabi Mizuta]] |- | Nobita Nobi || [[Megumi Ohara]] |- | Nobita (adult) || [[Satoshi Tsumabuki]] |- | Shizuka || [[Yumi Kakazu]] |- | Gian || [[Subaru Kimura]] |- | Suneo || [[Seki Tomokazu]] |- | Nobita's mother || [[Kotono Mitsuishi]] |- | Nobita's father || [[Yasunori Matsumoto]] |- | Gian's mother || [[Miyako Takeuchi]] |- | Sewashi || [[Sachi Matsumoto]] |- | Jaiko || [[Vanilla Yamazaki]] |- | Dekisugi || [[Shihoko Hagino]] |- | Teacher || [[Wataru Takagi]] |- | Shizuka's father || [[Arunoe Tahara]] |} ==Music== *Himawari no Yakusoku (ひまわりの約束) by [[Motohiro Hata]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:2014 movies]] [[Category:Animated movies]] j1fp8re4djn1ojjaq6jles53xl9ev4c 0 503849 10331771 6007999 2025-06-15T10:47:05Z Д.Ильин 251904 10331771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Truncatedicosahedron.svg|thumb|A [[truncated icosahedron]] looks like a soccer ball. It is made of 12 equilateral [[Pentagon|pentagons]] and 20 regular [[Hexagon|hexagons]]. It has 60 vertices and 90 edges. It is an Archimedean solid]] In [[geometry]], an '''Archimedean solid''' is a [[Convex set|convex]] shape which is composed of [[polygon|polygons]]. It is a [[polyhedron]], with the following properties: * Each face is made of a regular polygon * All the corners of the shape look the same * The shape is neither a [[platonic solid]], nor a [[prism]], nor an [[antiprism]]. Depending on the way there are counted, there are thirteen or fifteen such shapes. Of two of these shapes, there are two versions, which cannot be made [[Congruence|congruent]] using rotation. The Archimedean solids are named after the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[mathematician]] [[Archimedes]], who probably discovered them in the 3rd century BC. The writings of Archimedes have been lost, but [[Pappus of Alexandria]] summarized them in the 4th century.<ref name="Branko">Grünbaum, Branko 2009. An enduring error. ''Elemente der Mathematik'' '''64''' (3): 89–101. Reprinted in Pitici, Mircea, ed. 2011. ''The best writing on mathematics, 2010''. Princeton University Press, pp. 18–31.</ref> During the [[Renaissance]], [[artist]]s and [[mathematician]]s valued ''pure forms'' and rediscovered all of these forms. [[Johannes Kepler]] probably completed this search around 1620.<ref>Field J. 1997. Rediscovering the Archimedean Polyhedra: Piero della Francesca, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Daniele Barbaro, and Johannes Kepler. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences''. '''50''', 227.</ref> Constructing an Archimedean solid takes at least two different polygons. == Properties == * Archimedean solids are made of regular polygons, therefore all edges have the same length. * All Archimedean solids can be produced from Platonic solids, by "cutting the edges" of the platonic solid. * The type of polygons meting at a corner ("vertex") characterizes both the archimedean and platonic solid == Relationship with Platonic solids == [[File:Polyhedron truncation example3.png|thumb|300px|The Archimedeans solids can be constructed as generator positions in a kaleidoscope]] Platonic solids can be turned into Archimedean solids by following a series of rules for their construction. == Listing of Archimedean solids == The following is a listing of all Archimedean solids {| class="wikitable sortable" !Image !Name !Faces !class="unsortable"|Type !Edges !Vertices |- |[[File:Truncatedtetrahedron.jpg|60px|8]] |[[Truncated tetrahedron]] |8 |4 [[triangle|triangles]] 4 hexagons |18 |12 |- |[[File:Cuboctahedron.svg|60px|14]] |[[Cuboctahedron]] |14 |8 triangles 6 [[square|squares]] |24 |12 |- |[[File:Truncatedhexahedron.jpg|60px|14]] |[[Truncated cube]] |14 |8 triangles 6 [[Octagon|octagons]] |36 |24 |- |[[File:Truncatedoctahedron.jpg|60px|14]] |[[Truncated octahedron]] |14 |6 squares 8 hexagons |36 |24 |- |[[File:Rhombicuboctahedron.jpg|60px|26]] |[[Rhombicuboctahedron]] |26 |8 triangles 18 squares |48 |24 |- |[[File:Truncatedcuboctahedron.jpg|60px|26]] |[[Truncated cuboctahedron]] |26 |12 squares 8 hexagons 6 octagons |72 |48 |- |[[File:Snubhexahedronccw.jpg|60px|38]]<br />[[File:Snubhexahedroncw.jpg|60px|38]] |[[Snub cube]] (2 mirrored versions) |38 |32 triangles 6 squares |60 |24 |- |[[File:Icosidodecahedron.svg|60px|32]] |[[Icosidodecahedron]] |32 |20 triangles 12 [[pentagon|pentagons]] |60 |30 |- |[[File:Truncateddodecahedron.jpg|60px|32]] |[[Truncated dodecahedron]] |32 |20 triangles 12 [[decagon|decagons]] |90 |60 |- |[[File:Truncatedicosahedron.jpg|60px|32]] |[[Truncated icosahedron]] |32 |12 pentagons 20 hexagons |90 |60 |- |[[File:Rhombicosidodecahedron.jpg|60px|62]] |[[Rhombicosidodecahedron]] |62 |20 triangles<br>30 squares<br>12 pentagons |120 |60 |- |[[File:Truncatedicosidodecahedron.jpg|60px|62]] |[[Truncated icosidodecahedron]] |62 |30 squares 20 hexagons 12 decagons |180 |120 |- |[[File:Snubdodecahedronccw.jpg|60px|92]]<br />[[File:Snubdodecahedroncw.jpg|60px|92]] |[[Snub dodecahedron]] (2 mirrored versions) |92 |80 triangles 12 pentagons |150 |60 |} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Archimedean solids| ]] [[Category:Archimedes]] 21tkqdhn6iv16a7bfg88llmyjx5y9m4 10331797 10331771 2025-06-15T11:08:17Z Д.Ильин 251904 10331797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Truncatedicosahedron.svg|thumb|A [[truncated icosahedron]] looks like a soccer ball. It is made of 12 equilateral [[Pentagon|pentagons]] and 20 regular [[Hexagon|hexagons]]. It has 60 vertices and 90 edges. It is an Archimedean solid]] In [[geometry]], an '''Archimedean solid''' is a [[Convex set|convex]] shape which is composed of [[polygon|polygons]]. It is a [[polyhedron]], with the following properties: * Each face is made of a regular polygon * All the corners of the shape look the same * The shape is neither a [[platonic solid]], nor a [[prism]], nor an [[antiprism]]. Depending on the way there are counted, there are thirteen or fifteen such shapes. Of two of these shapes, there are two versions, which cannot be made [[Congruence|congruent]] using rotation. The Archimedean solids are named after the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[mathematician]] [[Archimedes]], who probably discovered them in the 3rd century BC. The writings of Archimedes have been lost, but [[Pappus of Alexandria]] summarized them in the 4th century.<ref name="Branko">Grünbaum, Branko 2009. An enduring error. ''Elemente der Mathematik'' '''64''' (3): 89–101. Reprinted in Pitici, Mircea, ed. 2011. ''The best writing on mathematics, 2010''. Princeton University Press, pp. 18–31.</ref> During the [[Renaissance]], [[artist]]s and [[mathematician]]s valued ''pure forms'' and rediscovered all of these forms. [[Johannes Kepler]] probably completed this search around 1620.<ref>Field J. 1997. Rediscovering the Archimedean Polyhedra: Piero della Francesca, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Daniele Barbaro, and Johannes Kepler. ''Archive for History of Exact Sciences''. '''50''', 227.</ref> Constructing an Archimedean solid takes at least two different polygons. == Properties == * Archimedean solids are made of regular polygons, therefore all edges have the same length. * All Archimedean solids can be produced from Platonic solids, by "cutting the edges" of the platonic solid. * The type of polygons meting at a corner ("vertex") characterizes both the archimedean and platonic solid == Relationship with Platonic solids == [[File:Polyhedron truncation example3.png|thumb|300px|The Archimedeans solids can be constructed as generator positions in a kaleidoscope]] Platonic solids can be turned into Archimedean solids by following a series of rules for their construction. == Listing of Archimedean solids == The following is a listing of all Archimedean solids {| class="wikitable sortable" !Image !Name !Faces !class="unsortable"|Type !Edges !Vertices |- |[[File:Truncatedtetrahedron.jpg|60px|8]] |[[Truncated tetrahedron]] |8 |4 [[triangle|triangles]] 4 hexagons |18 |12 |- |[[File:Cuboctahedron.svg|60px|14]] |[[Cuboctahedron]] |14 |8 triangles 6 [[square|squares]] |24 |12 |- |[[File:Truncatedhexahedron.jpg|60px|14]] |[[Truncated cube]] |14 |8 triangles 6 [[Octagon|octagons]] |36 |24 |- |[[File:Truncatedoctahedron.jpg|60px|14]] |[[Truncated octahedron]] |14 |6 squares 8 hexagons |36 |24 |- |[[File:Rhombicuboctahedron.jpg|60px|26]] |[[Rhombicuboctahedron]] |26 |8 triangles 18 squares |48 |24 |- |[[File:Truncatedcuboctahedron.jpg|60px|26]] |[[Truncated cuboctahedron]] |26 |12 squares 8 hexagons 6 octagons |72 |48 |- |[[File:Snubhexahedronccw.jpg|60px|38]]<br />[[File:Snubhexahedroncw.jpg|60px|38]] |[[Snub cube]] (2 mirrored versions) |38 |32 triangles 6 squares |60 |24 |- |[[File:Icosidodecahedron.svg|60px|32]] |[[Icosidodecahedron]] |32 |20 triangles 12 [[pentagon|pentagons]] |60 |30 |- |[[File:Truncateddodecahedron.jpg|60px|32]] |[[Truncated dodecahedron]] |32 |20 triangles 12 [[decagon|decagons]] |90 |60 |- |[[File:Truncatedicosahedron.svg|60px|32]] |[[Truncated icosahedron]] |32 |12 pentagons 20 hexagons |90 |60 |- |[[File:Rhombicosidodecahedron.jpg|60px|62]] |[[Rhombicosidodecahedron]] |62 |20 triangles<br>30 squares<br>12 pentagons |120 |60 |- |[[File:Truncatedicosidodecahedron.jpg|60px|62]] |[[Truncated icosidodecahedron]] |62 |30 squares 20 hexagons 12 decagons |180 |120 |- |[[File:Snubdodecahedronccw.jpg|60px|92]]<br />[[File:Snubdodecahedroncw.jpg|60px|92]] |[[Snub dodecahedron]] (2 mirrored versions) |92 |80 triangles 12 pentagons |150 |60 |} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Archimedean solids| ]] [[Category:Archimedes]] dge5xzp4sk3z3xdzrrrji5y9ge0cayv 0 503972 10331772 7858181 2025-06-15T10:47:25Z Д.Ильин 251904 10331772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Truncatedicosahedron.svg|thumb|Truncated icosahedron]] [[File:Icosahedron.svg|thumb|Convex [[icosahedron|regular icosahedron]]]] A '''truncated icosahedron''' is an [[Archimedean solid]]. A regular icosahedron is made of 20 faces. When a regular [[icosahedron]] is truncated, this means that each "corner" (or vertex) is replaced by a [[pentagon]], as there are five edges at each corner. A truncated icosahedron is made of 12 regular [[pentagon]]s and 20 [[hexagon]]s. It has 60 vertices, and 90 edges. == Truncated icosahedra in nature == The [[molecule]] [[Fullerene]] is made of 60 [[carbon]] [[atom|atoms]] and looks like a truncated icosahedron. Most [[soccer ball|soccer balls]] are truncated icosahedra. [[File:Comparison of truncated icosahedron and soccer ball.png|thumb|A truncated icosahedron, colored to look like a soccer ball. Next to it is an actual soccer ball.]] [[Category:Archimedean solids|Icosahedron]] {{Archimedean solids}} 80a4opn72985hocvctlxat93aup5edh 0 505461 10331555 9589508 2025-06-15T07:13:00Z Stephan1000000 430706 | num_seasons = 9<!--Only increment as a new season premieres in Canada, per the documentation of the template!--> | num_episodes = 255<!--Only increment as a new episode premieres in Canada, per the documentation of the template!--> 10331555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = The-Next-Step-logo.png | caption = | genre = [[Teen drama and dance]] | creator = Frank Van Keeken | location = '''Production studio:'''<br />Filmport Presentation Centre, [[Toronto]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09jl8q3|title=Filming Location}}</ref><br /><br />'''Exterior and street shots:'''<br />[[Colborne Street, Toronto|Colborne Street]]<br />[[Dundas Street]]<br />[[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Street]]<br />[[Jarvis Street]]<br />[[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]]<br />[[Yonge Street]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episodes/b05qvqn5/the-next-step|title=Exterior and street locations}}</ref> | starring = [[List of The Next Step characters|Current and former cast]] | theme_music_composer = Grayson Matthews | opentheme = ''Stand Up''<br />by Jessica Lee and Kit Knows | endtheme = {{plainlist| *''Stand Up''<br />by Jessica Lee and Kit Knows (seasons 1-4) *Songs from ''The Next Step'' (season 5–) }} | country = Canada | language = English | num_seasons = 9<!--Only increment as a new season premieres in Canada, per the documentation of the template!--> | num_episodes = 255<!--Only increment as a new episode premieres in Canada, per the documentation of the template!--> | list_episodes = List of The Next Step episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Frank van Keeken<ref name="CNWSeason6">{{cite web|title=Temple Street Productions and Family Channel announce start of principal photography on season two of hit tween drama The Next Step|url=http://cnw.ca/omndE|work=CNW|accessdate=December 4, 2013|date=July 24, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131221223555/http://cnw.ca/omndE|archive-date=December 21, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ivan Schneeberg<ref name="CNWSeason6" /> * David Fortier<ref name="CNWSeason6" /> }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Laura Harbin * Rachael Schaefer * Chloe Van Keeken * Jay Prychidny * Amy Wright * Laurie McLarty * Laura Notarianni }} | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 22–43 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Radical Sheep Productions]] }} | network = {{plainlist| *[[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]]<ref name="CNWSeason6" /> *[[CBBC]]<!--Episodes have been shown on CBBC before Family Channel for a number of years--> }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|3|8}} | last_aired = present | related = ''[[Lost & Found Music Studios]]'' | alt = The letters for the Next Step logo, created by small circles. }} '''''The Next Step''''' is a TV Program about a dance studio. It is filmed in Canada. ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|2374744|The Next Step}} * {{citation|url=http://www.hulu.com/the-next-step|title=The Next Step on Hulu|accessdate=2015-06-30|archive-date=2015-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703155612/http://www.hulu.com/the-next-step|url-status=dead}} {{tv-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Next Step, The}} [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s teen television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] lq0jkvtfc5hk3bsj2gyzqr4my77cgqe 0 505964 10330225 9501483 2025-06-14T15:57:22Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Sara Däbritz | image = 2023-07-03 Fussball, Frauen, Deutsche Nationalmannschaft, Media Day 1DX 6571 by Stepro-2.jpg | caption = Däbritz with [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]] in 2023 | full_name = Sara Ilonka Däbritz<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF |title=FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019: List of Players |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Football Association|FIFA]] |page=10 |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606143649/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|2|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Amberg]], Germany | height = 1.71 m | currentclub = [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]] | clubnumber = 8 | position = [[Midfielder]] | youthyears1 = | youthyears2 = {{0|0000}}–2010 | youthyears3 = 2011–2012 | youthyears4 = 2012 | youthclubs1 = SpVgg Ebermannsdorf | youthclubs2 = JFG Vilstal | youthclubs3 = [[SpVgg SV Weiden]] | youthclubs4 = [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] | years1 = 2012–2015 | clubs1 = [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] | caps1 = 69 | goals1 = 7 | years2 = 2015–2019 | clubs2 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] | caps2 = 80 | goals2 = 31 | years3 = 2019–2022 | clubs3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain Féminine|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps3 = 45 | goals3 = 15 | years4 = 2022– | clubs4 = [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]] | caps4 = 27 | goals4 = 11 | nationalyears1 = 2010 | nationalteam1 = Germany U15 | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2010–2012 | nationalteam2 = [[Germany women's national under-17 football team|Germany U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 18 | nationalgoals2 = 9 | nationalyears3 = 2012–2013 | nationalteam3 = [[Germany women's national under-19 football team|Germany U19]] | nationalcaps3 = 7 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2014 | nationalteam4 = [[Germany women's national under-20 football team|Germany U20]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 5 | nationalyears5 = 2013– | nationalteam5 = [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]] | nationalcaps5 = 104 | nationalgoals5 = 17 | club-update = 15 March 2024 | nationalteam-update = 11:55, 24 February 2024 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Association football|football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fbw|GER}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Team]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Women's Championship]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[UEFA Women's Euro 2013|2013 Sweden]]|}} {{MedalSilver|[[UEFA Women's Euro 2022|2022 England]]|}} }} '''Sara Däbritz''' (born 15 February 1995 in [[Amberg]], [[Germany]]) is a [[German people|German]] [[association football]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Division 1 Féminine]] club [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]] and the [[Germany women's national football team|Germany national team]]. == Club career == She played for [[SpVgg SV Weiden]] and [[SC Freiburg]] in her youth, and played for [[SC Freiburg]] in her senior career until she transferred to [[FC Bayern Munich]] in 2015. == International career == Däbritz has played for Germany's Under 15, Under 17, Under 19 and Under 20 youth squads. She most recently was played in the [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] and the [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]]. === International statistics === ''As of 15 June 2015'' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/frauen-nationalmannschaft/team/mittelfeld/sara-daebritz/|title=Sara Däbritz|date=16 January 2014|website=DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V.}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! {{Tooltip| Apps | Appearances}} ! Goals |- |align="center"| 2015 |align="center"| 8 |align="center"| 2 |- |align="center"| 2014 |align="center"| 4 |align="center"| 0 |- |align="center"| 2013 |align="center"| 7 |align="center"| 0 |- ! Total ! 19 ! 2 |} === International goals === ''As of 15 June 2015'' {| class="wikitable" |+ '''International goals''' ! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition |- | 1. || 7 June 2015 || [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]] || {{flag|Ivory Coast}} || '''8''' – 0 || 10 – 0 || [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]] |- | 2. || 15 June 2015 || [[Ottawa]], [[Canada]] || {{flag|Thailand}} || '''4''' – 0 || 4 – 0 || [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]] |} ==Career statistics== {{Updated|23 February 2024|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfb.de/frauen-nationalmannschaft/spiele-termine/spiele/?spieledb_path=%2Fteams%2F27385%2Fnational_player%2F234876 |title=Sara Däbritz |website=dfb.de|date=13 January 2014 }}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="12"|[[Germany women's national football team|Germany]] |2013||7||0 |- |2014||4||0 |- |2015||15||4 |- |2016||12||4 |- |2017||10||0 |- |2018||10||2 |- |2019||12||6 |- |2020||2||0 |- |2021||10||1 |- |2022||11||0 |- |2023||10||0 |- |2024||1||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!104!!17 |} :''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Däbritz goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Sara Däbritz |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition |- | align="center"|1 || 7 June 2015 ||[[Ottawa]], Canada ||{{fbw|CIV}} || align="center"|8–0 || align="center"|10–0 || [[2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Group B#Germany vs Ivory Coast|2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]] |- | align="center"|2 || 15 June 2015 || [[Winnipeg]], Canada || {{fbw|THA}} || align="center"|4–0 || align="center"|4–0 || 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |- | align="center"|3 || rowspan="2"|25 October 2015 || rowspan="2"|[[Sandhausen]], [[Germany]] || rowspan="2"|{{fbw|TUR}} || align="center"|4–0 ||align=center rowspan="2"|7–0 || rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying Group 5|UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying]] |- | align="center"|4 || align="center"|7–0 |- | align="center"|5 || 22 July 2016 || [[Paderborn]], Germany || {{fbw|GHA}} || align="center"|6–0 || align="center"|11–0 || [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- | align="center"|6 || 3 August 2016 || [[São Paulo]], Brazil || {{fbw|ZIM}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|6–1 || [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]] |- | align="center"|7 || 6 August 2016 || São Paulo, Brazil || {{fbw|AUS}} || align="center"|1–2 || align="center"|2–2 || 2016 Summer Olympics |- | align="center"|8 || 16 August 2016 || [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil || {{fbw|CAN}} ||align=center|2–0 || align="center"|2–0 || 2016 Summer Olympics |- | align="center"|9 || 10 June 2018 || [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], Canada || {{fbw|CAN}} || align="center"|2–2 || align="center"|3–2 || Friendly |- | align="center"|10 || 10 November 2018 || [[Osnabrück]], Germany || {{fbw|ITA}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|5–2 || Friendly |- | align="center"|11 || 12 June 2019 || [[Valenciennes]], France || {{fbw|ESP}} || align="center"|1–0 || align="center"|1–0 || [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Group B|2019 FIFA Women's World Cup]] |- | align="center"|12 || 17 June 2019 || [[Montpellier]], France || {{fbw|RSA}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|4–0 || 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup |- | align="center"|13 || 22 June 2019 || [[Grenoble]], France || {{fbw|NGA}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|3–0 || [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup knockout stage|2019 FIFA Women's World Cup]] |- | align="center"|14 || rowspan="3"|3 September 2019 || rowspan="3"|[[Lviv]], Ukraine || rowspan="3"|{{fbw|UKR}} || align="center"|1–0 ||align=center rowspan="3"| 8–0 || rowspan="3"|[[UEFA Women's Euro 2021 qualifying Group I|UEFA Women's Euro 2021 qualifying]] |- | align="center"|15 || align=center| 5–0 |- | align="center"|16 || align=center| 7–0 |- | align="center"|17 || 26 October 2021 || [[Essen]], Germany || {{fbw|ISR}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|7–0 || [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification - UEFA Group H|2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification]] |} ==Honours== '''Bayern München''' *[[Frauen-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]: [[2015–16 Frauen-Bundesliga|2015–16]] '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Division 1 Féminine]]: [[2020–21 Division 1 Féminine|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Loyant|first=Richard|date=4 June 2021|title=Paris SG sacré pour la première fois|url=https://www.fff.fr/article/2976-paris-sg-sacre-pour-la-premiere-fois.html|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> * [[Coupe de France féminine]]: 2021–22<ref>{{cite web|title=Coupe de France féminine : les Parisiennes sans pitié pour Yzeure|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/psg/coupe-de-france-feminine-les-parisiennes-sans-pitie-pour-yzeure-15-05-2022-HNXQZ7TI6VAG3KB3A4IG5F7UQE.php|date=15 May 2022|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> '''Lyon''' * [[Division 1 Féminine]] : [[2022–23 Division 1 Féminine|2022–23]] * [[Coupe de France Féminine|Coupe de France féminine:]] : 2022–23 * [[Trophée des Championnes]]: [[2022 Trophée des Championnes|2022]], [[2023 Trophée des Championnes|2023]] '''Germany U17''' *[[UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship]]: [[2012 UEFA Women's U-17 Championship|2012]] '''Germany U20''' *[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]]: [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup|2014]] '''Germany''' * [[Summer Olympic Games]]: [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2016]] *[[UEFA Women's Championship]]: [[UEFA Women's Euro 2013|2013]], runner-up: [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022|2022]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Emma |date=31 July 2022 |title=England beat Germany to win first major women's trophy |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62339532 |accessdate=31 July 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> * [[UEFA Women's Nations League]] third place: [[2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League|2023–24]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title=Germany win Nations League play-off to reach Olympics |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68430606 |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Algarve Cup]]: [[2014 Algarve Cup|2014]] '''Individual''' *[[FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] Bronze Shoe: [[2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup#Awards|2014]] *[[Fritz Walter Medal]]: Bronze in 2012, Silver in 2013, Gold in 2014 *[[Silbernes Lorbeerblatt]]: 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/federal-president-joachim-gauck-awards-sara-daebritz-of-the-news-photo/619885650|title=Federal President Joachim Gauck awards Sara Daebritz of the german}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Germany squad 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dabritz, Sara}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Female footballers]] [[Category:German footballers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Bavaria]] jvo3xek1es8m6rjuih23lzc4gjzzw77 0 507984 10331393 10326028 2025-06-15T03:18:43Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 Undid revision 10326028 by [[Special:Contributions/35.147.129.47|35.147.129.47]] ([[User talk:35.147.129.47|talk]]) 10331393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | runtime = 26 minutes | alt_name = ''William Joyce's George Shrinks'' | genre = [[Animated series|Animated]] | based_on = ''[[William Joyce (writer)|George Shrinks]]'' by [[William Joyce (writer)|William Joyce]] | composer = Roberto Occhipinti | theme_music_composer = [[Colin James]] | writer = Peter Sauder<br />[[Ken Cuperus]]<br />Dave Dias<br />Hugh Duffy<br />Richard Elliott<br />Ben Joseph | voices = [[Tracey Moore (actress)|Tracey Moore]]<br />[[Robbi Jay Thuet]]<br />[[Erica Lutrell]]<br />[[Paul O'Sullivan (actor)|Paul O'Sullivan]]<br />[[Catherine O'Hara]] | executive_producer = {{ubl|William Joyce|[[Michael Hirsh (producer)|Michael Hirsh]]|[[Patrick Loubert]] (seasons 1–2)|[[Clive A. Smith]] (seasons 1–2)|Scott Dyer (season 3)|Wallace Wong}} | producer = Michelle Melanson (seasons 2–3) | company = {{unbulleted list|[[TVB|Jade Animation]]|[[Nelvana Limited]]}}<ref name=Ep15>{{Cite episode |title=Dog Sitting Miss Daisy |series=George Shrinks |season=2 |number=3 |time=25:30}}</ref> | country = {{unbulleted list|Canada|United States}} | language = English | network = {{Plainlist| * [[TVOKids]] (Canada) * [[Knowledge Network|Knowledge Kids]] (Canada) * [[CTV 2 Alberta|Access]] (Canada) * [[Citytv Saskatchewan|SCN]] (Canada) * [[PBS]] (United States) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2000|9|30}} | last_aired = {{End date|2003|1|23}} | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 40 }} '''''George Shrinks''''' is a Canadian [[animated series|animated]] [[children's television series]]. It is based on the children's book by the author [[William Joyce (writer)|William Joyce]]. It is co-produced by [[Nelvana Limited]] and Jade Animation, it is made in association with [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1-4766-6599-3 |pages=369–370}}</ref> The series started on September 30, 2000 on [[PBS]]. ==Content== Because of George's very small size, everyday activities, such as working around the house or playing outside, often become exciting adventures. He mostly uses the Zooper Car to travel. It can change into a [[submarine]] or a [[helicopter]]. The show has a [[retro]]-1940s look, with simple animation and colors. Most of the background music is jazz. ==Characters== * '''George Shrinks''' &mdash; George is the main character of the series. George wakes up from a dream to discover he is small.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=May 17, 2014 |title=Based on William Joyce's book, George Shrinks is an animated series about a boy who wakes up and discovers he's the size of a mouse |url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/tvprograms/program-georgeshrinks.html |archive-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409123248/http://www.pbs.org/parents/tvprograms/program-georgeshrinks.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is voiced by [[Tracey Moore]]. * '''Junior Shrinks''' &mdash; George's baby brother. Junior helps George with things that are too difficult for him. He is voiced by [[Robbi Jay Thuet]]. * '''Becky Lopez''' &mdash; George's best friend and neighbor. She goes on many of George's adventures. She is voiced by [[Erica Lutrell]]. * '''Perdita "Mom" Shrinks''' &mdash; Mom is a [[sculptor]]. She is voiced by [[Catherine O'Hara]]. * '''Harold "Dad" Shrinks''' &mdash; Dad is an [[inventor]] and a musician in a jazz band. He makes [[musical instrument]]s and [[vehicle]]s. He is voiced by [[Paul O'Sullivan (actor)|Paul O'Sullivan]]. ==Broadcast == [[TVOntario|TVO]], [[Citytv Saskatchewan|SCN]], [[Télé-Québec]], [[Treehouse TV]], [[Knowledge Network]], [[TFO]], & [[CTV 2 Alberta|Access]] (Canada) & [[PBS]] (United States) ==Other websites== *[http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/N/Nelvana_Limited/George_Shrinks/index.html ''George Shrinks'' Episode Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130117213521/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/N/Nelvana_Limited/George_Shrinks/index.html |date=2013-01-17 }} at Big Cartoon DataBase *{{IMDb title|0364811}} *[http://www.retrojunk.com/content/child/description/page/41785/george-shrinks/ Retrojunk: George Shrinks] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] nl5ymjazexef9ddq1am2awgy68mxnaw 10 511395 10329878 10261964 2025-06-14T12:45:42Z CallumBen13 1611993 10329878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox | name = Toy Story | title = ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]'' | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | image = [[File:Toy Story logo.svg|100px]] | group1 = Movies | list1 = * ''[[Toy Story]]'' * ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' * ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' * ''[[Toy Story 4]]'' * ''[[Lightyear (movie)|Lightyear]]'' * ''[[Toy Story 5]]'' | group2 = [[List of Toy Story characters|Characters]] | list2 = * [[Woody (Toy Story)|Woody]] * [[Buzz Lightyear]] * [[Jessie (Toy Story)|Jessie]] | group3 = Television | list3 = * ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]]'' ** ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins|The Adventure Begins]]'' * ''[[Toy Story of Terror!]]'' * ''[[Toy Story That Time Forgot]]'' | group4 = Video games | list4 = * ''[[Toy Story (video game)|Toy Story]]'' * ''[[Disney's Animated Storybook|Disney's Animated Storybook: Toy Story]]'' * ''[[Toy Story 2: Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue]]'' * ''[[Toy Story Racer]]'' * ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (video game)|Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]]'' * ''[[Toy Story Mania! (video game)|Toy Story Mania!]]'' * ''[[Toy Story 3 (video game)|Toy Story 3: The Video Game]]'' * ''[[Toy Story: Smash It!]]'' * ''[[Disney Infinity (video game)|Disney Infinity]]'' * ''[[Kingdom Hearts III]]'' | group5 = Shorts | list5 = * ''[[Toy Story Treats]]'' * ''[[Toy Story Toons]]'' ** ''[[Hawaiian Vacation]]'' ** ''[[Small Fry (film)|Small Fry]]'' ** ''[[Partysaurus Rex]]'' | group7 = Music | list7 = * "[[You've Got a Friend in Me]]" * "[[When She Loved Me]]" * "[[We Belong Together (Randy Newman song)|We Belong Together]]" | group8 = Miscellaneous | list8 = * ''[[Toy Story: The Musical]]'' * [[Lego Toy Story|Lego ''Toy Story'']] * ''[[Tiny Toy Stories]]'' * ''[[Live Action Toy Story]]'' (2013) }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Entertainment navigational boxes]] [[category:Animated movie series navigational boxes|τ]] [[Category:Disney navigational boxes|τ]] [[Category:Pixar|τ]] [[Category:Media franchises|τ]] </noinclude> 2ruv4rtcubl3g7n8s8m8urpij0bxc7r 3 529312 10331111 10326420 2025-06-15T00:04:30Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Which of my drafts did you think was good enough to move to mainspace? */ new section 10331111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:BRPever/Archives/%(year)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 }} == You've got mail! == {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=09:08, 19 May 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 09:08, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == RE: RfD Closure Concerns == Hello, I was the creator of [[Devan Leos]]. I noticed you closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Devan Leos (3rd nomination)|the RfD]] as delete based on consensus, however there are a few things i'm concerned about. First of all, (albeit bias), I did not agree that the page warranted deletion. I created the page because I was surprised this person did not have one. Two other editors @thetakodread and @[[User:Scripfowl|Scripfowl]] also made really strong arguments in favor of keeping the page. There is also a concerning pattern with the deletion requests against this page. The page was renominated multiple times within a few months. Worse though, if you look through the discussion, someone posted a link to a (now deleted) reddit post that was asking people to give deletion votes. Additionally, a user named CountryandWestern who voted, not only created their wikipedia account the day they cast the vote, but shortly after voting "keep" is when the reddit post asking people to delete page popped up. By far the strongest argument in favor of deletion was by Hian, whose argument was endorsed by CountryAndWestern, (a brand new editor). The other editor named Gotanda made a very thin delete vote, and the only other editor in favor of delete was an IP editor who said they came from a reddit post that encouraged people to delete the article. Both @[[User:Scripfowl|Scripfowl]] and @[[User:TheTakodread|theTakodread]] made analytical and policy backed arguments in favor of keeping. So if Hian was the only editor who made a strong (but not perfect) argument in favor deleting, how can we say there was consensus? If we negate the IP editor troll, and the brand new user, then that leaves only one strong delete vote, and a one sentence delete vote, compared to two well reasoned and in depth keeps (plus my vote). Given the controversial nature of this RfD, I wanted to ask you to please reconsider your closure, and allow the discussion to stay up longer. Not only did the nominator fail to acknowledge the subjects multiple roles (in the nomination lede, it shows they didn't look into the subject); there's also some very questionable delete votes that seem abusive. At best, the outcome seemed to be lacking consensus, at worst, the discussion should have resulted in a keep but was sabotaged by abusive editors. Please understand, I'm not accusing you of overlooking these, but in the event of a possible oversight, I wanted to bring this to your attention, and hope you will reconsider the outcome of that RfD. -Casey [[Special:Contributions/2603:8001:1DF0:94E0:F0A8:9859:8A67:722D|2603:8001:1DF0:94E0:F0A8:9859:8A67:722D]] ([[User talk:2603:8001:1DF0:94E0:F0A8:9859:8A67:722D|talk]]) 02:39, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :Both thetakodread and Scripfowl seem to be singe-purpose account whose sole purpose here is creation of that page. None of the keep votes were actually acknowledged by any of the neutral community members. Hiàn's comment made a lot of sense in regards to roles and sources, and were made on the basis of established community policy and guidelines. I stand by my closure of that RFD.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 05:53, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == South Asian Wikiproject == Hi, I've noticed that you edit articles mostly related to [[South Asia]], and therefore I warmly invite you to join [[user:shubhsamant09/Wikiproject South Asia|Wikiproject South Asia]], a place where all fellow editors can contribute collectively to help expand and enhance articles related to South Asia. [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 16:18, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == May 2025 == Why did you block me? There was already a discussion about it, a troll created chaos on the "Oldest people" page. Another user added another content deleting 80% of the content and replacing it with only Top 10, instead of Top 100, sources were already listed and everything accurately updated. More in this discussion: https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD2021?markasread=4830516&markasreadwiki=simplewiki#c-Barras-20250529145300-%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD2021-20250529145000 [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:34, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, you broke the [[WP:3RR]] so until the discussion about how to keep the page is concluded, I blocked you. If you can discuss and come to an agreement on which way to take the page, you can be unblocked. The page does mention it is based on Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records (GWR) which is quite different from what was there. I understand that your change was based on longeviquest, so I am waiting for a discussion to see which source the information should be based on because the current back and forth will get us nowhere.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:43, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok, I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? Also, because of that there is no good reason to permanently block the user, because I want a solution to know whether to stay Top 100 or Top 10? what is the conclusion? I saved that page from being wrong and out of date content for the last two years, I will continue with regular and proper updates, only I want to know if you want Top 100 or Top 10? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 18:07, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Question == Why does "[[Zomp]]" remain as an article, but "[[Dancing molecule]]", which is obviously more notable than "[[Zomp]]" get deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 19:18, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :I was about to redirect it to [[Shades of cyan]], but the main page had no information about Zomp, so I thought it was a good idea to wait till someone expands the main page. You are free to redirect if you can improve the Shades of cyan. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:21, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vijay Kanakamedala|Vijay Kanakamedala RFD]] == Hi @[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], I hope you're doing well. I have a concern regarding the Wikipedia deletion request for [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vijay Kanakamedala|Vijay Kanakamedala]]. Vijay Kanakamedala has received two awards and one nomination. His work and direction have been acclaimed by reputable news outlets, and several reliable sources have cited his contributions to the industry. Could you please clarify the basis on which the page was deleted? I apologize if I made any mistakes. Thanks! [[Special:Contributions/175.101.68.55|175.101.68.55]] ([[User talk:175.101.68.55|talk]]) 16:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted after a request for deletion. RFD consensus supersedes most other policies, if no comments are generated during that time, it is treated as a Proposed deletion. Feel free to ask for review at [[WP:DRV]].--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:37, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the reply, I have already asked at DRV, [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#Vijay Kanakamedala]]. After asking at DRV, it got into RFD. Can you please take a look on this? - [[Special:Contributions/175.101.68.55|175.101.68.55]] ([[User talk:175.101.68.55|talk]]) 16:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) :::Yeah, you had a week to comment and present your point in the RFD, but you didn't do that. Now another admin has to make decision on the matter.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:44, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Same second vandalism warnings == Me and you both warned {{ipvandal|101.8.85.43}} at the same moment (for different warnings). You placed a 4im warning and I placed a level 1, would this mean they should go onto [[WP:VIP]] or should we wait for another warning to move to VIP. Thanks :) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 02:58, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :It was a level 3 warning. I generally don't go by levels, and usually just use the necessary wording to discourage vandals depending on the type of vandalism. I see no point in waiting for them to vandalize 5 pages before we block them when we can pretty much tell they have no intention of doing any good editing today. If they continue, they will probably be blocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 03:02, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Which of my drafts did you think was good enough to move to mainspace? == You mentioned that you unblocked me over my drafts being good. Were any of these drafts ones that you thought were good enough for mainspace? I am hesitant to unilaterally move anything to mainspace until I have been editing for a bit more. == Good drafts == === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) kqq6ew65al8t0rbrnlrnpb8sr8n69gq 10331112 10331111 2025-06-15T00:05:16Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Good drafts */ 10331112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:BRPever/Archives/%(year)s |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 }} == You've got mail! == {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=09:08, 19 May 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 09:08, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == RE: RfD Closure Concerns == Hello, I was the creator of [[Devan Leos]]. I noticed you closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Devan Leos (3rd nomination)|the RfD]] as delete based on consensus, however there are a few things i'm concerned about. First of all, (albeit bias), I did not agree that the page warranted deletion. I created the page because I was surprised this person did not have one. Two other editors @thetakodread and @[[User:Scripfowl|Scripfowl]] also made really strong arguments in favor of keeping the page. There is also a concerning pattern with the deletion requests against this page. The page was renominated multiple times within a few months. Worse though, if you look through the discussion, someone posted a link to a (now deleted) reddit post that was asking people to give deletion votes. Additionally, a user named CountryandWestern who voted, not only created their wikipedia account the day they cast the vote, but shortly after voting "keep" is when the reddit post asking people to delete page popped up. By far the strongest argument in favor of deletion was by Hian, whose argument was endorsed by CountryAndWestern, (a brand new editor). The other editor named Gotanda made a very thin delete vote, and the only other editor in favor of delete was an IP editor who said they came from a reddit post that encouraged people to delete the article. Both @[[User:Scripfowl|Scripfowl]] and @[[User:TheTakodread|theTakodread]] made analytical and policy backed arguments in favor of keeping. So if Hian was the only editor who made a strong (but not perfect) argument in favor deleting, how can we say there was consensus? If we negate the IP editor troll, and the brand new user, then that leaves only one strong delete vote, and a one sentence delete vote, compared to two well reasoned and in depth keeps (plus my vote). Given the controversial nature of this RfD, I wanted to ask you to please reconsider your closure, and allow the discussion to stay up longer. Not only did the nominator fail to acknowledge the subjects multiple roles (in the nomination lede, it shows they didn't look into the subject); there's also some very questionable delete votes that seem abusive. At best, the outcome seemed to be lacking consensus, at worst, the discussion should have resulted in a keep but was sabotaged by abusive editors. Please understand, I'm not accusing you of overlooking these, but in the event of a possible oversight, I wanted to bring this to your attention, and hope you will reconsider the outcome of that RfD. -Casey [[Special:Contributions/2603:8001:1DF0:94E0:F0A8:9859:8A67:722D|2603:8001:1DF0:94E0:F0A8:9859:8A67:722D]] ([[User talk:2603:8001:1DF0:94E0:F0A8:9859:8A67:722D|talk]]) 02:39, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :Both thetakodread and Scripfowl seem to be singe-purpose account whose sole purpose here is creation of that page. None of the keep votes were actually acknowledged by any of the neutral community members. Hiàn's comment made a lot of sense in regards to roles and sources, and were made on the basis of established community policy and guidelines. I stand by my closure of that RFD.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 05:53, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == South Asian Wikiproject == Hi, I've noticed that you edit articles mostly related to [[South Asia]], and therefore I warmly invite you to join [[user:shubhsamant09/Wikiproject South Asia|Wikiproject South Asia]], a place where all fellow editors can contribute collectively to help expand and enhance articles related to South Asia. [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 16:18, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == May 2025 == Why did you block me? There was already a discussion about it, a troll created chaos on the "Oldest people" page. Another user added another content deleting 80% of the content and replacing it with only Top 10, instead of Top 100, sources were already listed and everything accurately updated. More in this discussion: https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD2021?markasread=4830516&markasreadwiki=simplewiki#c-Barras-20250529145300-%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD2021-20250529145000 [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:34, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, you broke the [[WP:3RR]] so until the discussion about how to keep the page is concluded, I blocked you. If you can discuss and come to an agreement on which way to take the page, you can be unblocked. The page does mention it is based on Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records (GWR) which is quite different from what was there. I understand that your change was based on longeviquest, so I am waiting for a discussion to see which source the information should be based on because the current back and forth will get us nowhere.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:43, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Ok, I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? Also, because of that there is no good reason to permanently block the user, because I want a solution to know whether to stay Top 100 or Top 10? what is the conclusion? I saved that page from being wrong and out of date content for the last two years, I will continue with regular and proper updates, only I want to know if you want Top 100 or Top 10? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 18:07, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Question == Why does "[[Zomp]]" remain as an article, but "[[Dancing molecule]]", which is obviously more notable than "[[Zomp]]" get deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51]] ([[User talk:2607:F140:6000:8072:50FD:3C0A:40FC:5D51|talk]]) 19:18, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :I was about to redirect it to [[Shades of cyan]], but the main page had no information about Zomp, so I thought it was a good idea to wait till someone expands the main page. You are free to redirect if you can improve the Shades of cyan. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 19:21, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Regarding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vijay Kanakamedala|Vijay Kanakamedala RFD]] == Hi @[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], I hope you're doing well. I have a concern regarding the Wikipedia deletion request for [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Vijay Kanakamedala|Vijay Kanakamedala]]. Vijay Kanakamedala has received two awards and one nomination. His work and direction have been acclaimed by reputable news outlets, and several reliable sources have cited his contributions to the industry. Could you please clarify the basis on which the page was deleted? I apologize if I made any mistakes. Thanks! [[Special:Contributions/175.101.68.55|175.101.68.55]] ([[User talk:175.101.68.55|talk]]) 16:32, 7 June 2025 (UTC) :It was deleted after a request for deletion. RFD consensus supersedes most other policies, if no comments are generated during that time, it is treated as a Proposed deletion. Feel free to ask for review at [[WP:DRV]].--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:37, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the reply, I have already asked at DRV, [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#Vijay Kanakamedala]]. After asking at DRV, it got into RFD. Can you please take a look on this? - [[Special:Contributions/175.101.68.55|175.101.68.55]] ([[User talk:175.101.68.55|talk]]) 16:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) :::Yeah, you had a week to comment and present your point in the RFD, but you didn't do that. Now another admin has to make decision on the matter.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 16:44, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Same second vandalism warnings == Me and you both warned {{ipvandal|101.8.85.43}} at the same moment (for different warnings). You placed a 4im warning and I placed a level 1, would this mean they should go onto [[WP:VIP]] or should we wait for another warning to move to VIP. Thanks :) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 02:58, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :It was a level 3 warning. I generally don't go by levels, and usually just use the necessary wording to discourage vandals depending on the type of vandalism. I see no point in waiting for them to vandalize 5 pages before we block them when we can pretty much tell they have no intention of doing any good editing today. If they continue, they will probably be blocked. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 03:02, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Which of my drafts did you think was good enough to move to mainspace? == You mentioned that you unblocked me over my drafts being good. Were any of these drafts ones that you thought were good enough for mainspace? I am hesitant to unilaterally move anything to mainspace until I have been editing for a bit more. ; Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] ;Drafts I am working on I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] ;Short completed drafts I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) dvd9lf46akgakvfxabrx6kyyy0xcs45 0 536678 10331468 9840444 2025-06-15T05:22:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox University |name = Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace |image_name= |image_size= |established = 1909 |type = Public, Graduate engineering school |students=1600 |city = [[Toulouse]] | campus = Rangueil |country = [[France]] |coor = {{coord|43|33|57.087|N|1|28|28.54|E|region:FR_type:edu}} |affiliations=[[Conférence des Grandes Écoles]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cge.asso.fr/en/our-members/grandes-ecoles/171-institut-superieur-de-l-aeronautique-et-de-l-espace-supaero |title=Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace-SUPAERO |access-date=2016-03-27 |archive-date=2017-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421210502/http://www.cge.asso.fr/en/our-members/grandes-ecoles/171-institut-superieur-de-l-aeronautique-et-de-l-espace-supaero |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>[[Elles Bougent]]<br>[[Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique|GEA]]<br>[[Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies|ISSAT]]<br>[[Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities|PEGASUS]]<br>[[Toulouse Tech]]<br>[[Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées]]<br>[[University of Toulouse]] |website = http://www.isae.fr }} The '''Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace''' ('''ISAE-SUPAERO'''; {{lang-en|National Higher French Institute of Aeronautics and Space}}) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2016/03/23/2309650-ecoles-ingenieurs-enac-isae-supaero-top-10-10.html Ecoles d'ingénieurs : l'Enac et Isae-Supaero dans le top 10]</ref> It is in a campus of the [[University of Toulouse]] (South France). Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees : * ''Ingénieur SUPAERO'' (SUPAERO Graduate engineer Masters level program) * [[Master of Science]] & ''Doctorat'' (PhD doctorate studies ) * ''[[Mastère Spécialisé|Mastères Spécialisés]]'' (MS) (In partnership with the [[French Civil Aviation University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.enac.fr/en/menu/programmes/advanced-masters/ms-aerospace-project-management |title=MS Aerospace Project Management |access-date=2016-03-27 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110111720/http://www.enac.fr/en/menu/programmes/advanced-masters/ms-aerospace-project-management |url-status=dead }}</ref>) * Massive Online Open Course Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a lot of nationalities participate to the different curricula at SUPAERO. Most of the 1600 graduate engineer students at ISAE-SUPAERO live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports. == History == The school results from the ''École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace'' (created In 1909) and the ''École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de construction aéronautique'' (created in 1946).<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/supaero-et-l-ensica-fusionnent.N13476 Supaero et l'Ensica fusionnent]</ref> == Admission == Admission to the ''Supaero engineering Programme'' implemented at ISAE is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either: * an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ; * a French nationwide selective exam with ''numerus clausus'' : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France) * a selective application as per ''Top Industrial Managers for Europe'' (TIME) double degrees<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.time-association.org/ |title=TIME double degrees |access-date=2016-03-27 |archive-date=2007-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009220053/https://www.time-association.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France) The ''Supaero Programme'' typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the Supaero Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system. However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ISAE and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree. == Research labs == Research activities at ISAE relate to the following topics: * Aerodynamics, energetics, propulsion * Mechanics of structure and materials * Electronics, optronics and signal * Mathematics, [[computer science]], automatics * Languages, arts, cultures, societies * Aeronautics and Space Centre == Notable graduate == * [[Guy du Merle]], French [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]], pilot and writer == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Commons|Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace}} * [http://www.isae.fr/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027062203/http://www.isae.fr/ |date=2016-10-27 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Institut Superieur de l'Aeronautique et de l'Espace}} [[Category:Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse]] [[Category:1909 establishments in France]] 1hmik0ow8hv7dw45f7t3ex1qvzflt25 0 537609 10331464 8782639 2025-06-15T05:17:50Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331464 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz''' (IAJM) is a [[France|French]] airline [[pilot]] school created in 1957. It is in [[Rungis]], [[Ile-de-France]]<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/32773-l-enac-et-l-institut-mermoz-partenaires-dans-la-formation-theorique-des-pilotes-de-ligne L'ENAC et l'Institut Mermoz partenaires dans la formation théorique des pilotes de ligne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221801/http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/32773-l-enac-et-l-institut-mermoz-partenaires-dans-la-formation-theorique-des-pilotes-de-ligne |date=2017-08-27 }}</ref> The school is famous for its aviation books, published in French and also in English since 2016, thanks to a cooperation with the [[French Civil Aviation University]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.aerobuzz.fr/jobs/breve/accord-strategique-entre-l-enac-et Accord stratégique entre l’ENAC et l’Institut Mermoz sur la formation théorique des pilotes de ligne]</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.aeromorning.com/blog/lenac-linstitut-mermoz-lancent-collection-de-manuels-atpl/ L’ENAC et l’Institut MERMOZ lancent leur collection de manuels ATPL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924073526/http://www.aeromorning.com/blog/lenac-linstitut-mermoz-lancent-collection-de-manuels-atpl/ |date=2017-09-24 }}</ref> The school is member of the [[International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools]]<ref>[http://iaaps.info/members-list/ Members]</ref> and is in partnership with the aerospace university [[Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées|IPSA]] to offer a double-degree [[Master of Science|MSc]] in aviation / airline pilot.<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[http://www.aeromorning.com/blog/partenariats-rencontres-visiteurs-prestigieux-retour-presence-de-lipsa-52e-salon-international-bourget/ Partenariats, rencontres, visiteurs prestigieux… retour sur la présence de l’IPSA au 52e Salon International du Bourget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913200112/http://www.aeromorning.com/blog/partenariats-rencontres-visiteurs-prestigieux-retour-presence-de-lipsa-52e-salon-international-bourget/ |date=2017-09-13 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * [http://www.institut-mermoz.com Official] {{Europe-stub}} [[Category:1957 establishments in France]] [[Category:Aviation in France]] [[Category:Education in France]] [[Category:Val-de-Marne]] 4uz7zhm88v0r9uvgvbxd01oxquxoelf 0 543657 10331254 9149467 2025-06-15T01:28:20Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexander John Such''' (November 14, 1951 &ndash; June 4, 2022) was an American bassist.<ref name="Alec John Such: Former Bon Jovi bassist dies aged 70">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-61701017 | title=Alec John Such: Former Bon Jovi bassist dies aged 70 | work=BBC News | date=June 6, 2022 }}</ref> He was best known as a founding member of the [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Bon Jovi]], and as their bass player, from 1983 to 1994.<ref>[https://variety.com/2022/music/news/alec-john-such-bon-jovi-bassist-dead-1235285223/ Alec John Such, Bon Jovi’s First Bassist, Dies at 70]</ref> He was inducted into the [[Rock & Roll Hall of Fame]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/05/1103173736/alec-john-such-dies-former-bon-jovi-bassist?t=1654518958095 | title=Alec John Such, a founding member of Bon Jovi, dies at 70 | website=NPR | date=June 5, 2022 }}</ref> He was born in [[Yonkers, New York]]. Such died on June 4, 2022 from a [[heart attack]] at his home in [[Horry County, South Carolina]], aged 70.<ref name="Alec John Such: Former Bon Jovi bassist dies aged 70" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Such, Alec John}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]] [[Category:American bass guitarists]] [[Category:Musicians from New York (state)]] [[Category:People from Yonkers, New York]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] {{US-bio-stub}} nt7ey0x5gwpelev0s5pkm2zw20qmold 0 546505 10331566 9071917 2025-06-15T07:35:32Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Interlaken COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Interlaken | image_photo = Europe Pictures 001.jpg | image_caption = Interlaken | municipality_name = Interlaken | municipality_type = municipality | imagepath_coa = CHE Interlaken COA.svg|pixel_coa= | map = Karte Gemeinde Interlaken.png | languages = German | canton = Bern | iso-code-region = CH-BE | district = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] |coordinates={{coord|46|41|N|7|51|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 3800 | municipality_code = 0581 | area = 4.4 | elevation = 568|elevation_description= | population = 5683 | populationof = Dec 2014 | website = www.interlaken-gemeinde.ch | mayor = Urs Graf |mayor_asof=March 2014|mayor_party=SPS/PSS | mayor_title = Gemeindepräsident |list_of_mayors = | executive_name = Gemeinderat | executive_number_of_members = 7 | parliament_name = Grosser Gemeinderat | parliament_number_of_members = 30 | places = Im Moos, Öli | demonym = {{lang-de|Interlakener(in)}} | neighboring_municipalities= [[Bönigen]], [[Därligen]], [[Matten bei Interlaken]], [[Ringgenberg]], [[Unterseen]] | twintowns = [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]] (USA), [[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]] (Japan), [[Třeboň]] (Czech Republic) |}} '''Interlaken''' is a town and [[municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. It is an important and well-known tourist destination in the [[Bernese Oberland]] region of the [[Swiss Alps]], and the main transport gateway to the mountains and lakes of that region. In 2018, 5,610 people lived there. The town is on the [[Bödeli]] between two lakes [[Lake Brienz|Brienz]] and [[Lake Thun|Thun]]. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Interlaken, Zwitserland.jpg|View of Interlaken File:2011-07-21-Interlaken (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 034.JPG|Victoria-Jungfrau File:Interlaken Bahnhoff 02.jpg|Interlaken Ost train station File:Interlaken West railway station.JPG|Interlaken West train station </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Interlaken}} {{wikivoyage-inline|Interlaken}} * [http://www.interlaken.ch Official Website] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.interlaken-gemeinde.ch Official Website of the municipality] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.swisspanorama.com Activities and webcams in the surrounding area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204073425/http://www.swisspanorama.com/ |date=2012-02-04 }} {{in lang|en}} * {{HDS|336|Interlaken (municipality)}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] [[Category:Cities in Switzerland]] 5dtsn0sihnk513mdxxhxjh4782vhz88 0 546791 10330407 9827796 2025-06-14T17:23:42Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|Oh}} {{Infobox person | name = <center>Oh Se-hun</center> | image = Oh Se-hun at Rimowa Essential Poly Color Collection Launch on July 5, 2019.png | caption = Sehun in July 2019 | birth_name = Oh Se-hun | native_name = 오세훈 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|4|12}} | birth_place = [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] | occupation = {{hlist|[[rapper]]|[[singer]]|[[dancer]]|[[actor]]|[[Model (person)|model]]}} Dono do meu coração, goxtoso | misc = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Dance music|dance]]}} | instruments = [[Vocals]] | years_active = 2012–present | label = [[SM Entertainment]] (2012-present) | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Exo]]|[[SM Town]]}} | URL = [http://instagram.com/oohsehun Instagram] }} }} {{Infobox Korean name | color = khaki | title = [[Korean name]] | hangul = 오세훈 | hanja = {{linktext|吳|世|勳}} | rr = O Se-hun | mr = O Se-hun }} '''Oh Se-hun''' ([[hangul]]: 오세훈; [[hanja]]: 吳世勳; born April 12, 1994 in [[Seoul]]) better known by the [[Mononymous person|mononym]] '''Sehun''' is a South Korean [[rapper]], [[singer]], [[dancer]], [[model (person)|model]] and [[actor]]. Since 2012, he is a member of the boy band [[EXO]] under [[S.M. Entertainment]].<ref name=sehun /> == Early years == Sehun was born in Jungnang-gu, Seoul, South Korea<ref name="Russell2014">{{cite book|author=Mark Russell|title=K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etDZAwAAQBAJ|date=2014-04-29|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1411-1|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2016-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527064350/https://books.google.com/books?id=etDZAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> on April 12, 1994.<ref name="Sehun Naver Profile">{{cite web|url=http://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%84%B8%ED%9B%88&sm=ppl_cts&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=309762|title=Sehun Naver Profile|work=Naver Profiles|publisher=Naver|language=ko|access-date=2019-01-06|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194616/http://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%84%B8%ED%9B%88&sm=ppl_cts&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=309762|url-status=live}}</ref> He was discovered by a talent agent when he was twelve years old. He joined SM Entertainment after a successful audition on Casting System in 2008.<ref name="sehun">{{cite journal|journal=Allkpop|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/01/sm-introduces-exos-fifth-member-se-hun|title=SM introduces Exo's fifth member, SE HUN|date=2011-01-09|access-date=2012-04-09|archive-date=2012-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423163503/http://www.allkpop.com/2012/01/sm-introduces-exos-fifth-member-se-hun|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dksinterview">{{cite journal|work=Oh My News via Oh My Star|url=http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001731067|title=Exo-K manual part 2: D.O., Kai, Sehun|date=2012-05-11|accessdate=2012-05-12|language=ko}}</ref> == Career == {{Main|Exo}} He was introduced as a [[Exo]]'s member on January 10, 2012.<ref name="sehun"/> In April. It officially debuted with the extended play, ''[[Mama]]''. Still in April, along with [[Byun Baek-hyun|Baekhyun]], [[Park Chan-yeol|Chanyeol]] and [[Kai]], appeared in the video of [[Girls' Generation-TTS]]'s debut song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/04/taetiseo-releases-mv-for-twinkle|title=TaeTiSeo releases MV for "Twinkle"!|publisher=Allkpop|date=2012-04-30|access-date=2015-10-09|archive-date=2015-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141533/http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/04/taetiseo-releases-mv-for-twinkle|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 17, 2012, he performed with his labelmate, [[BoA]] at ''[[Music Bank]]'' as a dancer in the song "Only One," after Yunho, Eunhyuk and Taemin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pasangan BoA Selanjutnya Untuk Penampilan 'Only One' Adalah Sehun EXO-K|url=http://koreanindo.net/2012/08/16/pasangan-boa-selanjutnya-untuk-penampilan-only-one-adalah-sehun-exo-k/|publisher=Koreanindo|date=2012-08-16|access-date=2012-08-17|archive-date=2012-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820023231/http://koreanindo.net/2012/08/16/pasangan-boa-selanjutnya-untuk-penampilan-only-one-adalah-sehun-exo-k/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, he starred in the second episode of the sitcom ''Royal Villa'', along with Chanyeol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2013/07/20/exos-chanyeol-and-sehun-to-cameo-on-sitcom-royal-villa/|author=crystalcove|title=EXO's Chanyeol and Sehun to Cameo on Sitcom "Royal Villa"|publisher=Soompi|date=2013-07-20|access-date=2015-10-09|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132154/http://www.soompi.com/2013/07/20/exos-chanyeol-and-sehun-to-cameo-on-sitcom-royal-villa/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2014, he starred in the remake of the music video for "Yo!" made for ''[[EXO 90:2014]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2014/08/exos-sehun-does-his-own-dramatic-remake-of-shinhwas-yo-mv|title=EXO's Sehun does his own dramatic remake of Shinhwa's 'Yo' MV|publisher=Allkpop|date=2014-08-29|access-date=2016-06-22|archive-date=2016-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214121801/http://www.allkpop.com/article/2014/08/exos-sehun-does-his-own-dramatic-remake-of-shinhwas-yo-mv|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2015, appeared in the music video of Donghae & Eunhyuk's song, "Can You Feel It?".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/blog/2015/03/31/donghae-eunhyuk-do-chok-chok-dance-sm-town-label-mates-their-new-mv|title=Donghae & Eunhyuk do the "Chok Chok" dance with SM Town label mates for their new MV|publisher=SBS PopAsia Home|date=2015-04-01|access-date=2016-06-22|archive-date=2016-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701165919/http://www.sbs.com.au/popasia/blog/2015/03/31/donghae-eunhyuk-do-chok-chok-dance-sm-town-label-mates-their-new-mv|url-status=live}}</ref> In April of the same year, she starred alongside the other EXO members the web series ''[[EXO Next Door]]'', also starring actress Moon Ga-young.<ref>{{cite web|title=EXO's Web Drama ''EXO Next Door'' to Air First Episode on April 9|url=http://www.soompi.com/2015/03/05/exo-to-be-in-a-web-drama-titled-exo-next-door-first-episode-released-on-april/|publisher=Soompi|access-date=2015-06-14|date=2015-03-05|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626125840/http://www.soompi.com/2015/03/05/exo-to-be-in-a-web-drama-titled-exo-next-door-first-episode-released-on-april/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May of 2015, appeared in the music video of BoA's "Who Are You?".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2015/05/05/exos-sehun-stars-in-boas-music-video-for-who-are-you/|title=EXO's Sehun Stars in BoA's Music Video for "Who Are You"|publisher=Soompi|author=CallMeN00NA|date=2015-05-05|access-date=2015-05-25|archive-date=2015-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526065017/http://www.soompi.com/2015/05/05/exos-sehun-stars-in-boas-music-video-for-who-are-you/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2016, Sehun was confirmed as the male lead in the Korean-Chinese film ''[[Catman]]'', playing Liang Qu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2016/03/13/exos-sehun-cast-in-joint-korean-chinese-production/|title=EXO's Sehun Cast in Joint Korean-Chinese Production|author=kminjungee|website=Soompi|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-date=2016-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729204524/http://www.soompi.com/2016/03/13/exos-sehun-cast-in-joint-korean-chinese-production/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2016, he was introduced as the male lead in the Korean-Chinese web-drama ''Dear Archimedes''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0002795380&lfrom=twitter|title=엑소 세훈, 한중합작 영화 '친애하는 아르키메데스' 남주 확정|publisher=entertain.naver|language=ko|date=2016-07-31|access-date=2016-07-31|archive-date=2017-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510125511/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0002795380&lfrom=twitter|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2017, he was confirmed as a cast member at the [[Netflix]] variety show, ''[[Busted!]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=241&aid=0002713476&lfrom=twitter|title=[단독]유연석, 넷플릭스 '범인은 바로 너' 첫 게스트|publisher=Entertain Naver|date=2017-09-27|access-date=2017-09-27|language=ko|archive-date=2018-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129032039/http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=241&aid=0002713476&lfrom=twitter|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2018, he obtained his role as protagonist of ''Dokgo Rewind'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201802121732343524641_2|title=EXO's Sehun to take lead role in action web drama|date=2018-02-12|website=Kpop Herald|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213021556/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201802121732343524641_2|url-status=live}}</ref> where he plays two twins: Kang Hyuk, a wrestler and Kang Hoo, a shy student.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/46175/20180904/exos-sehun-makes-fans-heart-flutter-with-new-promo-photos-for-k-movie-dokgo-rewind.htm|title=EXO's Sehun Makes Fans' Heart Flutter With New Promo Photos For K-Movie 'Dokgo Rewind'|author=Jessica Rapir|date=2018-09-04|publisher=Korea Portal|access-date=2018-09-04|archive-date=2018-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065149/http://en.koreaportal.com/articles/46175/20180904/exos-sehun-makes-fans-heart-flutter-with-new-promo-photos-for-k-movie-dokgo-rewind.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, he starred in the web drama ''Secret Queen Makers'', produced by Lotte Duty Free.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1RZP1E17MA/GD02|title=롯데면세점, 웹드라마 '퀸카메이커' 론칭|last=Heo|first=Se-min|date=2018-05-27|work=Seoul Daily|access-date=2018-07-04|language=ko|archive-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704182802/http://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1RZP1E17MA/GD02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2018/05/27/0200000000AKR20180527041500030.HTML|title=롯데면세점, 두 번째 웹드라마 '퀸카메이커' 선보인다|last=Lee|first=Yu-mi|date=2018-05-27|work=Yeonhap News|access-date=2018-07-04|language=ko|archive-date=2018-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704182743/http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2018/05/27/0200000000AKR20180527041500030.HTML|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 14, he released "We Young" along with Chanyeol<ref>{{cite web|url=https://woman.infoseek.co.jp/news/k-pop/wowkorea_219753|title=【公式】「EXO」CHANYEOL ＆ SEHUN、14日デュエット曲「We Young」発表へ…2人の阿吽の呼吸に期待|date=2018-09-04|publisher=Woman [Rakuten]|access-date=2018-09-04|language=ja|archive-date=2018-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905065230/https://woman.infoseek.co.jp/news/k-pop/wowkorea_219753|url-status=dead}}</ref> as part of Station X 0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.huanqiu.com/hanliu/2018-09/12922347.html|title=EXO CHANYEOL x SEHUN合唱曲《We Young》14号公开|date=2018-09-04|publisher=ent.huanqiu.com|access-date=2018-09-04|language=zh|archive-date=2018-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905162205/http://ent.huanqiu.com/hanliu/2018-09/12922347.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Other works == In January 2016, [[UNICEF]] and [[Louis Vuitton]] have teamed up for the Make a Promise campaign, [[Irene Bae]] and Sehun as role models on the February cover of [[CeCi]] magazine. For this campaign, 40 percent of the profits of Louis Vuitton silver bracelet and necklace Sehun and Irene used in the magazine will go to UNICEF to help children in need.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2016/01/13/exos-sehun-and-red-velvets-irene-participate-in-charity-pictorial-to-help-children-in-need/|title=EXO's Sehun and Red Velvet's Irene Participate in Charity Pictorial to Help Children in Need|author=JiwonYu|publisher=[[Soompi]]|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=February 3, 2016|archive-date=February 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217185545/http://www.soompi.com/2016/01/13/exos-sehun-and-red-velvets-irene-participate-in-charity-pictorial-to-help-children-in-need/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sehun said: "I want to buy treats for the children and help them not lose hope." Irene added: "I want to continue to participate in campaigns like 'make a promise' to help the children."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201601140946585010|title='SM 비주얼' 엑소 세훈-레드벨벳 아이린 다정 스킨십 포착|publisher=Newsen|date=January 14, 2016|access-date=February 3, 2016|language=ko|archive-date=September 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927095606/http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201601140946585010|url-status=live}}</ref> == Discography == {{main|Exo discography}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Gaon Digital Chart|KOR]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL|title=Gaon Digital Chart|work=Gaon Music Chart|language=ko|access-date=2019-01-06|archive-date=2017-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309051712/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=37&hitYear=2018&termGbn=week|title=We Young|work=Gaon Music Chart|date=September 9–15, 2018|access-date=2018-09-20|archive-date=2018-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173513/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2018&targetTime=37&nationGbn=T|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[K-pop Hot 100|KOR<br />{{small|Billboard}}]]<br /><ref>Kpop Hot 100 * {{cite web|date=September 10, 2018|title=We Young|url=http://billboard.co.kr/index_subpage.html?mainwhat=1&subwhat=0&nchart_pos=61|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922211644/http://billboard.co.kr/index_subpage.html?mainwhat=1&subwhat=0&nchart_pos=61|archive-date=2018-09-22|access-date=2019-01-06|publisher=Billboard chart}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard (magazine)|US<br />{{small|World}}]]<br /><ref>Billboard World Digital *{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-09-29/world-digital-songs|title=We Young - Billboard World Digital (September 29, 2018)|publisher=Billboard chart}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! colspan="7"| As lead artist |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"| "We Young"<br />{{small|(with [[Park Chan-yeol|Chanyeol]])}} | 2018 | 72 || 71 || 3 |style="text-align: left;"| *CHN: 241,500+<!-- 90.9 (2018.09.23) + 74.6 (2018.09.30) + 76.0 (2018.10.07) --><ref>We Young sales in QQ Music: *{{cite web|url=https://y.qq.com/portal/mv_toplist.html#t2=all_musicshow_mvtoplist_20180923_new&t1=all&|title=巅峰榜·MV (2018.9.17-9.23) - see #04|publisher=China QQ|access-date=2018-10-04|language=zh|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191226200816/https://y.qq.com/portal/mv_toplist.html%23t2=201951&&&t1=mainland&stat=y_new.toplist.menu.mv_toplist#t2=all_musicshow_mvtoplist_20180923_new&t1=all&|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=https://y.qq.com/portal/mv_toplist.html#t2=all_musicshow_mvtoplist_20180930_new&t1=all&|title=巅峰榜·MV (2018.9.24-9.30) - see #15|publisher=China QQ|access-date=2018-10-04|language=zh|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191226200816/https://y.qq.com/portal/mv_toplist.html%23t2=201951&&&t1=mainland&stat=y_new.toplist.menu.mv_toplist#t2=all_musicshow_mvtoplist_20180930_new&t1=all&|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=https://y.qq.com/portal/mv_toplist.html#t2=all_musicshow_mvtoplist_current_new&t1=all&|title=巅峰榜·MV (2018.10.01-10.07) - see #14|publisher=China QQ|access-date=2018-10-04|language=zh|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191226200816/https://y.qq.com/portal/mv_toplist.html%23t2=201951&&&t1=mainland&stat=y_new.toplist.menu.mv_toplist#t2=all_musicshow_mvtoplist_current_new&t1=all&|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! colspan="7"| Other appareances |- !scope="row" style="text-align: left;"| "Beat Maker" | 2014 | — || — || — | {{n/a}} | ''[[Exology Chapter 1: The Lost Planet]]'' |- | colspan="7" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. |} == Filmography == {{Main article|Exo videography}} === Films === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Notes |- | 2015 | ''SMTOWN The Stage'' | Himself | Documentary of [[SM Town]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/05/smtown-the-stage-concert-documentary-film-to-be-released-this-summer|title='SMTOWN The Stage' concert documentary film to be released this summer|publisher=[[Allkpop]]|date=2015-05-15|access-date=2015-06-24|archive-date=2015-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103075438/http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/05/smtown-the-stage-concert-documentary-film-to-be-released-this-summer|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"| 2018 | ''Catman'' | Liang Qu |rowspan="2"| Main role |- | ''Dokgo Rewind'' | Kang Hyuk / Kang Hoo |} === Television shows === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Rol ! Network ! Notes |- | 2013 | ''Welcome to Royal Villa'' |rowspan="2"| Himself | [[JTBC]] | [[Cameo appearance]] (Ep. 2) |- | 2018–<br />present | ''Busted!'' | [[Netflix]] | Regular |} === Webdramas === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Network ! Notes |- | 2015 | ''[[EXO Next Door]]'' | Sehun | [[Naver|Naver TV Cast]] | Regular; Fictional character |- | 2016 | ''The Visible SM'' | Himself | [[Naver|V Live]] | Ep. 1–4 |- | 2018 | ''Secret Queen Makers'' | Sehun | Naver TV Cast | Main (Ep. 6-7) |- | 2019 | ''Dear Archimedes'' | Yan Su | {{n/a}} | Main role |} == Awards and nominations == {{Main article|List of awards and nominations received by Exo}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Nominated work ! Result |- | 2015 | 5th [[Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards]] | Weibo Star Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2016/02/17/winners-of-the-5th-gaon-chart-k-pop-awards/|title=Winners of the 5th Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards|publisher=Soompi|date=2016-02-17|access-date=2016-06-22|archive-date=2016-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517200546/http://www.soompi.com/2016/02/17/winners-of-the-5th-gaon-chart-k-pop-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> |rowspan="5" {{n/a|Himself}} | {{won}} |- | 2016 | 6th [[Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards]] | Artist of Fans' Choice – Individual<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/02/winners-from-the-6th-gaon-chart-kpop-awards|title=Winners from 'The 6th GAON Chart Kpop Awards'!|publisher=Allkpop|access-date=2017-02-23|archive-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130042/http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/02/winners-from-the-6th-gaon-chart-kpop-awards|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 | 5th V Chart Awards | Most Popular Artist Tonight<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vchart.yinyuetai.com/awards2017/honour|title=第五届音悦V榜年度盛典 – 音悦台|publisher=vchart.yinyuetai.com|access-date=2017-10-22|language=zh|archive-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417114849/http://vchart.yinyuetai.com/awards2017/honour|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{won}} |- | Fashionista Awards | Global Icon<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0003162821&lfrom=kakao|title="올해는 누구?" 2017 패셔니스타 어워즈, 더욱 뜨겁게 돌아온다|date=2017-10-13|publisher=Entertain Naver|access-date=2017-10-22|language=ko|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518110550/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0003162821&lfrom=kakao|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{won}} |- | 2018 | 3rd [[Asia Artist Awards]] | Best Actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1266911wpp/2018-asia-artist-awards-announces-popularity-award-winners|title=2018 Asia Artist Awards Announces Popularity Award Winners|publisher=Soompi|date=2018-11-21|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128034922/https://www.soompi.com/article/1266911wpp/2018-asia-artist-awards-announces-popularity-award-winners|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{won}} |} == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} *[http://instagram.com/oohsehun Instagram] {{Exo}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Actors from Seoul]] [[Category:Exo members]] [[Category:K-pop singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:SM Entertainment artists]] [[Category:South Korean models]] [[Category:South Korean movie actors]] [[Category:South Korean singers]] [[Category:South Korean television actors]] t1=all 333lkgkt9h4cpb70fxpkx7y3yle51jn 0 547028 10331596 9300901 2025-06-15T08:26:37Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Lauterbrunnen COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Lauterbrunnen | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Switzerland|Municipality]] <!-- images, nickname, motto --> | image_skyline = 4864 - Stechelberg.JPG | imagesize = 265px | image_caption = View of Lauterbrunnen | image_flag = CHE Lauterbrunnen Flag.svg | image_seal = CHE Lauterbrunnen COA.svg <!-- maps and coordinates --> | pushpin_map = Switzerland | pushpin_mapsize = 265px | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|46|36|20.0|N|7|55|13.5|E}} <!-- location --> | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Switzerland|civil}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Cantons of Switzerland|Canton]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Bern}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Switzerland|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] <!-- government type, leaders --> | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Karl Näpflin <!-- area --> | area_total_km2 = 164.6 <!-- population --> | population_total = 2,914 | population_as_of = December 5, 2000 | population_density_km2 = 17.70 <!-- time zone(s) --> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +01:00 <!-- postal codes, area code --> | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 3822 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]](s) | area_code = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec2 = [[Community Identification Number|CIN]] | blank_info_sec2 = 0584 | blank1_name_sec2 = Address | blank1_info_sec2 = <!-- website, footnotes --> | website = {{Official|1=https://www.lauterbrunnen.ch/}} }} '''Lauterbrunnen''' is a [[Municipalities of Switzerland|municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Lauterbrunnen3.JPG|Lauterbrunnen File:1 wengen 2012.jpg|Wengen File:1 murren 2012.jpg|Mürren File:Gimmelwald-Grütschalp 29.07.2009 14-13-24.JPG|Gimmelwald File:4864 - Stechelberg.JPG|Stechelberg File:Isenfluh-Seeli.jpg|Isenfluh File:2012-07-26 Berner Oberland 5552.JPG|Jungfraubahn </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Lauterbrunnen}} * {{HDS|338|Lauterbrunnen}} * [http://www.lauterbrunnen.ch Official Website] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.truemmelbachfaelle.ch Truemmbelbachfaelle] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.movingpostcards.tv/lauterbrunnen Moving Postcards Lauterbrunnen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013951/http://www.movingpostcards.tv/lauterbrunnen/ |date=2016-03-05 }} {{in lang|en}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] [[Category:Villages in Bern]] d1atwqijues40x2lynanvjby6g06lxa 0 547394 10331618 10126192 2025-06-15T08:54:46Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = James Green |image = James Green.jpg |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = James Robert Green |birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|11|4}} |birth_place = [[Oak Park, Illinois|Oak Park]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|6|23|1944|11|4}} |death_place = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], United States |body_discovered = |death_cause = [[Leukemia]] |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |nationality = [[United States|American]] |ethnicity = |citizenship = |other_names = |known_for = Academic work in the field of [[organized labor]] |education = [[Ph.D.]] |alma_mater = [[Northwestern University]], [[Yale University]] |employer = [[University of Massachusetts Boston]] |occupation = Historian |years_active = 1968-2016 |home_town = |title = Professor of History Emeritus |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |opponents = |boards = |religion = |spouse = {{marriage|Janet Grogan |1988}} |partner = |children = 1 son |parents = |relations = |callsign = |signature = |website = http://www.jamesgreenworks.com/ |footnotes = }} '''James Robert Green''' (November 4, 1944 &ndash; June 23, 2016) was an [[Americans|American]] historian. He was the Professor of History Emeritus at the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]]. He was also a well-known author and labor activist.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=2016-06-28|title=James Green, Author and Human Rights Activist, Dies at 71|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/business/james-green-author-and-human-rights-activist-dies-at-71.html|access-date=2025-03-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Green's research focuses on radical political and [[social movement]]s in the U.S. (including [[new social movement]]s), as well as the history of [[labor unions in the United States]]. Green writes social and political history from "the bottom up." He writes from a [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] theoretical standpoint. Green died in Boston on June 23, 2016, of complications from [[leukemia]]. He was 71.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/29/business/james-green-author-and-human-rights-activist-dies-at-71.html|title=James Green, Author and Human Rights Activist, Dies at 71|last=Roberts|first=Sam|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 28, 2016|access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.eugenevdebs.com/pages/foundation.html Bryant Spann Memorial Prize, Eugene V. Debs Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505034745/http://www.eugenevdebs.com/pages/foundation.html |date=2008-05-05 }} *[https://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/index.html ''The Fight in the Fields''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130113025618/http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/index.html |date=2013-01-13 }} *[https://tshaonline.org/awards-and-fellowships/56 H. Bailey Carroll Award, ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly'', Texas Historical Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530162547/https://tshaonline.org/awards-and-fellowships/56 |date=2016-05-30 }} *[http://www.lawcha.org/ Labor and Working Class History Association] *[http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/lwp/ Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard Law School] *[http://www.cpcs.umb.edu/lrc/ Labor Resource Center, College of Public and Community Service, UMass-Boston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115061653/http://www.cpcs.umb.edu/lrc/ |date=2012-01-15 }} *[http://dl.lib.brown.edu/radicalamerica/ ''Radical America'' archives, Digital Collections, Brown University Library] *[http://www.radicalamericas.org/ ''Radical America'' Web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720165122/http://www.radicalamericas.org/ |date=2008-07-20 }} *[http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00726 Records of the Massachusetts History Workshop, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070828004640/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00726 |date=2007-08-28 }} *[http://www.woodrow.org/ Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706063700/http://woodrow.org/ |date=2016-07-06 }} *[http://www.hillmanfoundation.org/sol-stetin-award-labor-history The Hillman Foundation] *[http://www.groveatlantic.com/?title=The+Devil+Is+Here+in+These+Hills Grove Atlantic Press] {{DEFAULTSORT:Green, James}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from leukemia]] [[Category:American historians]] [[Category:Educators from Illinois]] [[Category:American activists]] [[Category:Writers from Oak Park, Illinois]] {{US-bio-stub}} p476exqh4yoa2qk797i7t1wv5key9fy 0 547756 10331556 9072056 2025-06-15T07:13:48Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Niederried bei Interlaken-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Niederried bei Interlaken COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Niederried bei Interlaken | municipality_name = Niederried bei Interlaken | municipality_type = municipality | imagepath_coa = CHE Niederried bei Interlaken COA.svg|pixel_coa= | map = Karte Gemeinde Niederried.png | languages = German | canton = Bern | iso-code-region = CH-BE | district = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] |coordinates={{coord|46|43|N|7|55|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 3853 | municipality_code = 0588 | area = 6.81 | elevation = 578|elevation_description= | population = 332 | populationof = Dec 2010 | popofyear = 2010 | website = www.niederried-be.ch | mayor = Hans Studer |mayor_asof=|mayor_party= | mayor_title = |list_of_mayors = | places = | demonym = | neighboring_municipalities= [[Habkern]], [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] and [[Ringgenberg]] | twintowns = }} '''Niederried bei Interlaken''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. [[File:Niederried Brienzersee.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] f6lzgthq2r92vejtr7mz6g3xostdbzw 0 547990 10331465 9072061 2025-06-15T05:20:22Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Oberried am Brienzersee-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Oberried am Brienzersee | municipality_name = Oberried am Brienzersee | municipality_type = municipality | imagepath_coa = CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg|pixel_coa= | map = Karte Gemeinde Oberried.png | languages = German | canton = Bern | iso-code-region = CH-BE | district = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] |coordinates={{coord|46|44|N|7|57|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 3854 | municipality_code = 0589 | area = 20.0 | elevation = 570|elevation_description= | population = 482 | populationof = Dec 2010 | popofyear = 2010 | website = www.oberried.ch | mayor = Theo Keller |mayor_asof=|mayor_party= | mayor_title = |list_of_mayors = | places = | demonym = | neighboring_municipalities= [[Brienz]], [[Flühli]] (LU), [[Habkern]], [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] | twintowns = }} '''Oberried am Brienzersee''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. [[File:Oberried Dorf.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Oberried am Brienzersee}} * [http://www.oberried.ch Official Website] {{in lang|de}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] 6iqfh4swas2fxh7j7ol8d7wtfa5ophj 0 549221 10331567 8383015 2025-06-15T07:35:34Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Interlaken COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:CHE Interlaken COA.svg|right|200px]] The [[district]] of '''Interlaken''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 23 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 724 [[km²]]. * CH-3803 [[Beatenberg]] * CH-3806 [[Bönigen]] * CH-3855 [[Brienz]] * CH-3856 [[Brienzwiler]] * CH-3707 [[Därligen]] * CH-3818 [[Grindelwald]] * CH-3814 [[Gsteigwiler]] * CH-3815 [[Gündlischwand]] * CH-3804 [[Habkern]] * CH-3858 [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] * CH-3800 [[Interlaken]] * CH-3807 [[Iseltwald]] * CH-3822 [[Lauterbrunnen]] * CH-3706 [[Leissigen]] * CH-3816 [[Lütschental]] * CH-3800 [[Matten bei Interlaken]] * CH-3853 [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] * CH-3854 [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] * CH-3852 [[Ringgenberg]] * CH-3813 [[Saxeten]] * CH-3855 [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] * CH-3800 [[Unterseen]] * CH-3812 [[Wilderswil]] {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Former districts of Bern|Interlaken]] jar6fr7y1s9coi6q8wwkf1k62jjiwmk 0 549444 10331449 9072067 2025-06-15T04:54:20Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Saxeten-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Saxeten COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Saxeten | municipality_name = Saxeten | municipality_type = municipality | imagepath_coa = CHE Saxeten COA.svg|pixel_coa= | map = | languages = German | canton = Bern | iso-code-region = CH-BE | district = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] | coordinates={{coord|46|38|N|7|50|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 3813 | municipality_code = 0591 | area = 19.2 | elevation = 1103|elevation_description= | population = 100 | populationof = Dec 2010 | popofyear = 2010 | website = www.saxeten.ch | mayor = |mayor_asof=|mayor_party= | mayor_title = |list_of_mayors = | places = | demonym = | neighboring_municipalities= [[Aeschi bei Spiez]], [[Därligen]], [[Lauterbrunnen]], [[Leissigen]], [[Wilderswil]] | twintowns = }} '''Saxeten''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. [[File:Interlaken from saxeten.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Saxeten]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] s1isot5415ohzggdbtkcf00l4u86wwp 0 549739 10330166 9071914 2025-06-14T15:19:58Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Schwanden bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10330166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Schwanden bei Brienz | municipality_name = Schwanden bei Brienz | municipality_type = municipality | imagepath_coa = CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|pixel_coa= | map = | languages = German | canton = Bern | iso-code-region = CH-BE | district = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] | coordinates={{coord|46|45|N|8|3|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 3855 | municipality_code = 0592 | area = 7.1 | elevation = 659|elevation_description= | population = 612 | populationof = Dec 2010 | popofyear = 2010 | website = www.schwandenbrienz.ch | mayor = Xaver Pfyl |mayor_asof=|mayor_party= | mayor_title = |list_of_mayors = | places = | demonym = | neighboring_municipalities= [[Brienz]], [[Flühli]] (LU), [[Giswil]] (OW) and [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] | twintowns = }} '''Schwanden bei Brienz''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. [[File:5914 - Brienzersee - Looking toward Schwanden bei Brienz.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Schwanden bei Brienz}} * [http://www.schwandenbrienz.ch Official Website] {{in lang|de}} * {{HDS|346|Schwanden bei Brienz}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] sac3laivr7pqxt06cfrl5tv9v917c1v 0 549833 10330142 10329066 2025-06-14T15:02:46Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Unterseen-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Unterseen COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10330142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Niederried bei Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Oberried am Brienzersee-coat of arms.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Saxeten-coat of arms.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Schwanden bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] es1rdz01twer1kncirdqgf4ti75pq5u 10330167 10330142 2025-06-14T15:20:00Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Schwanden bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10330167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Niederried bei Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Oberried am Brienzersee-coat of arms.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Saxeten-coat of arms.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] sbxs4u5o8vnv9ls26fg0881w3t9t8kl 10331450 10330167 2025-06-15T04:54:21Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Saxeten-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Saxeten COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Niederried bei Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Oberried am Brienzersee-coat of arms.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Saxeten COA.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] h7jse33y60gk17j6v902df583j63uhx 10331466 10331450 2025-06-15T05:20:23Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Oberried am Brienzersee-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Niederried bei Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Saxeten COA.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] 0iom1pft4pm0hswuyi9qzlkq7phnnos 10331557 10331466 2025-06-15T07:13:49Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Niederried bei Interlaken-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Niederried bei Interlaken COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Niederried bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Saxeten COA.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] 14pfbq0f3sbvfce94ip6i6u6gwc82c6 10331568 10331557 2025-06-15T07:35:41Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Interlaken-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Interlaken COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Niederried bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Saxeten COA.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] 0bgguq6dgw1wtbae8rxg8g0m638sgpn 10331597 10331568 2025-06-15T08:26:38Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Lauterbrunnen-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Lauterbrunnen COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10331597 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli 2022.png|thumbnail|Maps of municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district]] The [[administrative district]] of '''Interlaken-Oberhasli''' in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] has 29 [[municipality|municipalities]] in an [[area]] of 1,229 [[km²]]. {|class ="wikitable sortable" !Flag !Name !Population (Dec 2014) !Area in km² |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Beatenberg COA.svg|35px|Beatenberg]] || [[Beatenberg]] || align="center" | 1,184 || align="center" | 29.18 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bönigen BE COA.svg|35px|Bönigen]] || [[Bönigen]] || align="center" | 2,524 || align="center" | 15.14 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienz COA.svg|35px|Brienz]] || [[Brienz]] || align="center" | 3,073 || align="center" | 47.94 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg|35px|Brienzwiler]] || [[Brienzwiler]] || align="center" | 478 || align="center" | 17.62 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Därligen COA.svg|35px|Därligen]] || [[Därligen]] || align="center" | 408 || align="center" | 6.89 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gadmen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gadmen]] || [[Gadmen]] || align="center" | 227 || align="center" | 116.30 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Grindelwald COA.svg|35px|Grindelwald]] || [[Grindelwald]] || align="center" | 3,736 || align="center" | 170.60 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gsteigwiler COA.svg|35px|Gsteigwiler]] || [[Gsteigwiler]] || align="center" | 406 || align="center" | 7.01 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Gündlischwand-coat of arms.svg|35px|Gündlischwand]] || [[Gündlischwand]] || align="center" | 339 || align="center" | 16.88 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Guttannen COA.svg|35px|Guttannen]] || [[Guttannen]] || align="center" | 306 || align="center" | 200.77 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Habkern COA.svg|35px|Habkern]] || [[Habkern]] || align="center" | 660 || align="center" | 51.06 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hasliberg COA.svg|35px|Hasliberg]] || [[Hasliberg]] || align="center" | 1,162 || align="center" | 41.68 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Hofstetten bei Brienz-coat of arms.svg|35px|Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || [[Hofstetten bei Brienz]] || align="center" | 535 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Innertkirchen COA.svg|35px|Innertkirchen]] || [[Innertkirchen]] || align="center" | 1,069 || align="center" | 120.10 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Interlaken]] || '''[[Interlaken]]''' || align="center" | 5,683 || align="center" | 4.31 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Iseltwald COA.svg|35px|Iseltwald]] || [[Iseltwald]] || align="center" | 434 || align="center" | 22.12 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Lauterbrunnen COA.svg|35px|Lauterbrunnen]] || [[Lauterbrunnen]] || align="center" | 2,455 || align="center" | 164.47 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Leissigen-coat of arms.svg|35px|Leissigen]] || [[Leissigen]] || align="center" | 976 || align="center" | 10.40 |- | align="center" | [[Image:Lütschental-coat of arms.svg|35px|Lütschental]] || [[Lütschental]] || align="center" | 226 || align="center" | 13.21 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Matten bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Matten bei Interlaken]] || [[Matten bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 3,833 || align="center" | 5.92 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Meiringen COA.svg|35px|Meiringen]] || [[Meiringen]] || align="center" | 4,669 || align="center" | 40.17 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Niederried bei Interlaken COA.svg|35px|Niederried bei Interlaken]] || [[Niederried bei Interlaken]] || align="center" | 362 || align="center" | 4.24 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberried am Brienzersee COA.svg|35px|Oberried am Brienzersee]] || [[Oberried am Brienzersee]] || align="center" | 457 || align="center" | 20.11 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ringgenberg COA.svg|35px|Ringgenberg]] || [[Ringgenberg]] || align="center" | 2,624 || align="center" | 8.81 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Saxeten COA.svg|35px|Saxeten]] || [[Saxeten]] || align="center" | 96 || align="center" | 19.09 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schattenhalb COA.svg|35px|Schattenhalb]] || [[Schattenhalb]] || align="center" | 584 || align="center" | 31.41 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schwanden bei Brienz COA.svg|35px|Schwanden bei Brienz]] || [[Schwanden bei Brienz]] || align="center"| 589 || align="center" | 7.031 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterseen COA.svg|35px|Unterseen]] || [[Unterseen]] || align="center" | 5,691 || align="center" | 14.05 |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wilderswil COA.svg|35px|Wilderswil]] || [[Wilderswil]] || align="center" | 2,596 || align="center" | 13.61 |- |} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:2010 establishments in Switzerland]] [[Category:Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)]] 9f5q97clxy9uzyfy9ricvsfgcwqlxdh 10 549947 10330119 10326042 2025-06-14T14:52:51Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 reverted vandalism 10330119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = PBS Kids shows | title = [[PBS Kids|<span style="color:black;">PBS Kids</span>]] [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids|<span style="color: black;">original programming</span>]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | abovestyle = font-size: 90%; | group1 = Current | list1 = *''[[Sesame Street]]'' (since 1969, second run since 2016) *''[[Cyberchase]]'' (since 2002) *''[[Wild Kratts]]'' (since 2011) *''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' (since 2012) *''[[Odd Squad]]'' (since 2014) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]'' (since 2018) *''[[Molly of Denali]]'' (since 2019) *''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]'' (since 2019) *''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'' (since 2020) *''[[Donkey Hodie]]'' (since 2021) *''[[Alma's Way]]'' (since 2021) *''[[Rosie's Rules]]'' (since 2022) *''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]'' (since 2022) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]'' (since 2023) *''[[Lyla in the Loop]]'' (since 2024) *''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]'' (since 2024) *''[[Carl the Collector]]'' (since 2024) | group2 = Upcoming | list2 = *''Weather Hunters'' (July 7, 2025) | group3 = See also | list3 = *[[:Category:PBS original programming|PBS original programming]] *[[:Category:Educational television|Educational television]] *[[:PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] *[[:PBS Kids Go!]] *[[:PBS Kids Preschool Block]] | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:Former PBS Kids original programming|<span style="color: black;">Former original series template</span>]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b664yxs3x696r16q7ovb24arsunbm50 10331329 10330119 2025-06-15T02:08:39Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = PBS Kids shows | title = [[PBS Kids|<span style="color:black;">PBS Kids</span>]] [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids|<span style="color: black;">original programming</span>]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | abovestyle = font-size: 90%; | group1 = Current | list1 = *''[[Sesame Street]]'' (since 1969) *''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (since 1989) *''[[Zoboomfaoo]]'' (since 1999) *''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (since 1999) *''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (since 2009) *''[[Molly of Denali]]'' (since 2019) *''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]'' (since 2019) | group2 = Upcoming | list2 = *''Weather Hunters'' (July 7, 2025) | group3 = See also | list3 = *[[:Category:PBS original programming|PBS original programming]] *[[:Category:Educational television|Educational television]] *[[:PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] *[[:PBS Kids Go!]] *[[:PBS Kids Preschool Block]] | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:Former PBS Kids original programming|<span style="color: black;">Former original series template</span>]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 9ztibjtod0zowdxvfeh43onw5bogqiv 10331331 10331329 2025-06-15T02:13:57Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = PBS Kids shows | title = [[PBS Kids|<span style="color:black;">PBS Kids</span>]] [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids|<span style="color: black;">original programming</span>]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | abovestyle = font-size: 90%; | group1 = Current | list1 = *''[[Sesame Street]]'' (since 1969) *''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (since 1989) *''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' (since 1999) *''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (since 1999) *''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (since 2009) *''[[Molly of Denali]]'' (since 2019) *''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]'' (since 2019) | group2 = Upcoming | list2 = *''Weather Hunters'' (July 7, 2025) | group3 = See also | list3 = *[[:Category:PBS original programming|PBS original programming]] *[[:Category:Educational television|Educational television]] *[[:PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] *[[:PBS Kids Go!]] *[[:PBS Kids Preschool Block]] | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:Former PBS Kids original programming|<span style="color: black;">Former original series template</span>]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2k8bm1nssr8g0t9y1iudqexiea1jn40 10331391 10331331 2025-06-15T03:17:08Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 reverted vandalism again, but the wiki IPs soon blocked from editing 10331391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = PBS Kids shows | title = [[PBS Kids|<span style="color:black;">PBS Kids</span>]] [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids|<span style="color: black;">original programming</span>]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | abovestyle = font-size: 90%; | group1 = Current | list1 = *''[[Sesame Street]]'' (since 1969, second run since 2016) *''[[Cyberchase]]'' (since 2002) *''[[Wild Kratts]]'' (since 2011) *''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' (since 2012) *''[[Odd Squad]]'' (since 2014) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]'' (since 2018) *''[[Molly of Denali]]'' (since 2019) *''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]'' (since 2019) *''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'' (since 2020) *''[[Donkey Hodie]]'' (since 2021) *''[[Alma's Way]]'' (since 2021) *''[[Rosie's Rules]]'' (since 2022) *''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]'' (since 2022) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]'' (since 2023) *''[[Lyla in the Loop]]'' (since 2024) *''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]'' (since 2024) *''[[Carl the Collector]]'' (since 2024) | group2 = Upcoming | list2 = *''Weather Hunters'' (July 7, 2025) | group3 = See also | list3 = *[[:Category:PBS original programming|PBS original programming]] *[[:Category:Educational television|Educational television]] *[[:PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] *[[:PBS Kids Go!]] *[[:PBS Kids Preschool Block]] | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:Former PBS Kids original programming|<span style="color: black;">Former original series template</span>]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> b664yxs3x696r16q7ovb24arsunbm50 0 551082 10330143 9071909 2025-06-14T15:02:47Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Unterseen-coat of arms.svg]] → [[File:CHE Unterseen COA.svg]] → File replacement: update to new version ([[c:c:GR]]) 10330143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Swiss town | subject_name = Unterseen | municipality_name = Unterseen | municipality_type = municipality | imagepath_coa = CHE Unterseen COA.svg|pixel_coa= | map = Karte Gemeinde Unterseen.png | languages = German | canton = Bern | iso-code-region = CH-BE | district = [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] | coordinates={{coord|46|41|N|7|51|E|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 3800 | municipality_code = 0593 | area = 14.1 | elevation = 567|elevation_description= | population = 5492 | populationof = Dec 2010 | popofyear = 2010 | website = www.unterseen.ch | mayor = Jürgen Ritschard |mayor_asof=|mayor_party=SVP | mayor_title = |list_of_mayors = | places = | demonym = | neighboring_municipalities= [[Beatenberg]], [[Därligen]], [[Habkern]], [[Interlaken]], [[Leissigen]], [[Ringgenberg]] | twintowns = }} '''Unterseen''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[administrative district]] of [[Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district)|Interlaken-Oberhasli]] in the [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Bern (canton)|Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. [[File:Unterseen.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Unterseen]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat-inline|Unterseen}} * [http://www.unterseen.ch Official Website] {{in lang|de}} {{Switzerland-stub}} [[Category:Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli]] [[Category:Cities in Switzerland]] fx0g0droah0d4if91mx308iypqbdmgt 0 553243 10331261 10299188 2025-06-15T01:32:59Z Yilangderen 824311 see also 10331261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] |name={{raise|0.2em|Zhao Ziyang}} |native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|赵紫阳}}}}}} |image=Zhao Ziyang (1985).jpg |imagesize= |caption=Zhao Ziyang in 1985 |nationality=Chinese |office=[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|General Secretary]] of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] of the [[Communist Party of China]] |term_start=1 November 1987 |term_end=23 June 1989<br />{{small|acting from 16 January 1987}} |president=[[Li Xiannian]]<br>[[Yang Shangkun]] |premier=[[Li Peng]] |predecessor=[[Hu Yaobang]] |successor=[[Jiang Zemin]] |order1=[[List of premiers of the People's Republic of China|Premier of the People's Republic of China]] |president1=Post abolished<br>[[Li Xiannian]] |term_start1=10 September 1980 |term_end1=24 November 1987 |deputy1=[[Deng Xiaoping]]<br>[[Wan Li]] |predecessor1=[[Hua Guofeng]] |successor1=[[Li Peng]] |birth_date={{birth date|1919|10|17|df=y}} |birth_place= [[Hua County, Henan]] |death_date={{death date and age|2005|1|17|1919|10|17|df=y}} |death_place= [[Beijing]], [[China|People's Republic of China]] |death_cause= [[Stroke]] |spouse=Liang Boqi(1918–2013) |children=Zhao Daijun (eldest son)<br>Zhao Erjun (second son)<br>Zhao Sanjun (third son)<br>Zhao Sijun (fourth son)<br>Zhao Liang (daughter)<br>Zhao Wujun (fifth son) |party=[[Communist Party of China]] }} '''Zhao Ziyang''' was a high-ranking politician in [[China]]. He was the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]] from 1980 to 1987, [[Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China]] from 1981 to 1982 and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China]] from 1987 to 1989. Zhao did not like [[Maoist]] policies. He received support from [[Deng Xiaoping]] after the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Zhao tried to stop [[corruption]] and to make general [[market economy|market economic]] changes. His views made him unpopular with important leaders including Premier [[Li Peng]], former President [[Li Xiannian]] and Party elder [[Chen Yun]]. After the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] Zhao was not allowed to be a politician. He was placed under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Pomfret|first=John|title=In Posthumous Memoir, China's Zhao Ziyang Details Tiananmen Debate, Faults Party|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/14/AR2009051400942.html|publisher=The Washington Post|access-date=10 September 2016|date=15 May 2009}}</ref> {{seealso|List of Chinese dissidents}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhao, Ziyang}} [[Category:1919 births]] [[Category:2005 deaths]] [[Category:General Secretaries of the Communist Party of China]] [[Category:Premiers of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:20th-century Chinese politicians]] 2wdj5zblx6caxn6kax17crn3pygtlhn 0 557376 10331626 10023993 2025-06-15T08:56:39Z 193.5.232.52 /* Other websites */ 10331626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox airport | name = Ministro Pistarini <br />International Airport | nativename = <small>''Aeropuerto Internacional Ministro Pistarini'' <br />''Aeropuerto Internacional de Ezeiza''</small> | image = <!--airport logo--> | image-width = <!-T- if less than 200 --> | image2 = Aeropuerto Ministro Pistarini, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.jpg | image2-width = 250 | IATA = EZE | ICAO = SAEZ | FAA = | TC = | LID = | GPS = | WMO = 87576<ref name="WMO">{{cite web |last1=Oakley |first1=T. |title=Instrument and Observing Methods – Report No. 56 |url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=9606 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121152118/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=9606 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |page=14 |date=November 1993}}</ref> | type = Public | owner-oper = Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 | opened = {{Start date and age|df=y|1949|4|30}} | city-served = [[Buenos Aires metropolitan area]] | location = [[Ezeiza, Buenos Aires|Ezeiza]], [[Argentina]] | hub = {{unbulleted list|[[Aerolíneas Argentinas]]|[[Flybondi]]}} | timezone = [[Time in Argentina|Argentina Standard Time]] | utc = [[UTC−03:00]] | built = <!-- military airports --> | used = <!-- military airports --> | commander = <!-- military airports --> | occupants = <!-- military airports --> | metric-elev = Y | elevation-f = 67 | elevation-m = 21 | coordinates = {{coord|34|49|20|S|58|32|09|W|display=inline,title}} | website = {{URL|www.aa2000.com.ar/ezeiza}} | image_map = | image_mapsize = | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = Argentina Greater Buenos Aires | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_label = '''EZE''' | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_image = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in greater Buenos Aires | r1-number = 11/29 | r1-length-f = 10,828 | r1-length-m = 3,300 | r1-surface = [[Asphalt]] | r2-number = 17/35 | r2-length-f = 10,187 | r2-length-m = 3,105 | r2-surface = Asphalt | metric-rwy = y | h1-number = | h1-length-f = | h1-length-m = | h1-surface = <!-- up to h12 --> | stat-year = 2018 | stat1-header = Passengers | stat1-data = 11,204,000 | stat2-header = Passenger traffic change | stat2-data = {{increase}} 8.5% | footnotes = Sources: [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]],<ref name="AIP">{{cite web|title=SAEZ/Ezeiza Ministro Pistarini fact sheet |url=http://www.cra.gov.ar/dta/ais/aip/docs/124.pdf |publisher=[[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209155627/http://www.cra.gov.ar/dta/ais/aip/docs/124.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> EANA,<ref>[https://www.eana.com.ar/sites/default/files/media/estadisticas/tableros/2018/SAEZ.pdf Tablero 2017 Aeropuerto Internacional Ministro Pistarini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092629/https://www.eana.com.ar/sites/default/files/media/estadisticas/tableros/2018/SAEZ.pdf |date=31 March 2019 }} (in Spanish) EANA.</ref> ORSNA,<ref>[https://www.orsna.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Aeropuertos-SNA-Ene-Dic-2017.-Fuente-regulatoria-web.pdf Movimiento operacional de los aeropuertos del Sistema Nacional (TOTAL 2017)] {{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Spanish) ORSNA.</ref><ref name="ORSNA">{{cite web|title=Aeropuerto Internacional de Ezeiza "Ministro Pistarini" |publisher=Organismo Regulador del Sistema Nacional de Aeropuertos&nbsp;(ORSNA) |url=http://www.orsna.gov.ar/aeropuertos/infoaeropuertos.aspx?cod_aero=12 |language=es |trans-title=Ezeiza "Ministro Pistarini" International Airport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055746/http://www.orsna.gov.ar/aeropuertos/infoaeropuertos.aspx?cod_aero=12 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> WorldAeroData,<ref>{{cite web|url-status=usurped|url=http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=SAEZ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143444/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=SAEZ|archive-date=2019-03-05|title=Airport information for Ministro Pistarini Airport|website=World Aero Data}} Data current as of October 2006.</ref> Empresa Argentina de Navegación Aérea statistics for 2018<ref name="eanaeze2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.eana.com.ar/sites/default/files/2019-01/Informe%20Mensual%20201812_1.pdf |title=Tablero 2018 Aeropuerto Internacional Ministro Pistarini |publisher=Empresa Argentina de Navegación Aérea (EANA) |access-date=19 January 2019 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044314/https://www.eana.com.ar/sites/default/files/2019-01/Informe%20Mensual%20201812_1.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''Ministro Pistarini International Airport''' or also called as '''Ezeiza International Airport''' is an [[airport]] in Ezeiza, [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. Its IATA code is EZE and ICAO code is SAEZ. It is the direct entrance of long-distance international flights to the country, since the domestic and regional connections operate mostly from the Jorge Newbery Airport, which makes it the largest and most modern air terminal in Argentina. It recently received a rating of over 8 points out of 10 in the 2019 AirHelp Score, earning it 20th place in this ranking. It is currently the base of operations for [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] internationally. It is also the headquarters of the Ezeiza Naval Air Station of the Argentine Navy. Opened in 1949, it was for three years the largest air base in the world. It operates with several airlines. Given its geographical location and market size, an important part of its flights have stopovers in [[Santiago]], [[São Paulo]] and [[Lima]]. Here are some of North American carriers that currently serve Ministro Pistarini: * [[American Airlines]] (Flies JFK-EZE and MIA-EZE) * [[United Airlines]] (Flies IAH-EZE) ==Extensions== ===Modernization 2017-Current=== In January 2017, the Minister of the Interior, Rogelio Frigerio, presented the Advance [[Passenger]] Information system that speeds up [[immigration]] procedures and obtains accurate information on the [[criminal record]] of passengers entering the country. In March 2018, the Argentine government presented a $15 billion investment plan to transform the Ezeiza International Airport. == Statistics == <center> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:525px" |+ Traffic by calendar year. Official ACI Statistics |- ! style="width:50px"| !! style="width:100px"| Passengers !! style="width:50px"| Change from previous year !! style="width:100px"| Aircraft operations !! style="width:50px"| Change from previous year !! style="width:125px"| Cargo<br />(metric tons) !! style="width:50px"| Change from previous year |- !2005 |6,365,989 || {{increase}}14.34% || 62,048 || {{increase}} 6.10% || 177,358 || {{increase}} 1.41% |- !2006 |6,867,596 || {{increase}} 7.88% || 63,693 || {{increase}} 2.65% || 187,415 || {{increase}} 5.67% |- !2007 |7,487,779 || {{increase}} 9.03% || 70,576 || {{increase}}10.81% || 204,909 || {{increase}} 9.33% |- !2008 |8,012,794 || {{increase}} 7.01% || 71,037 || {{increase}} 0.65% || 205,506 || {{increase}} 0.29% |- !2009 |7,910,048 || {{decrease}} 1.28% || 67,488 || {{decrease}} 5.00% || 162,806 || {{decrease}}20.78% |- !2010 |8,786,807 || {{increase}}11.08% || 65,063 || {{decrease}} 3.59% || 212,890 || {{increase}}30.96% |- | colspan="7" style="text-align:left;"| ''Source: Airports Council International. World Airport Traffic Statistics<br />(Years 2005–2010)'' |} </center> <center> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" width=align= |+ '''Busiest international routes from and to Ezeiza (2017)<ref>{{cite web|title= Anuario Estadístico 2017|trans-title= Statistical Yearbook 2017|language= es|url= https://www.eana.com.ar/media/1714/anuario-estadístico-2017-eana.pdf|publisher= Argentine Ministry of Transport|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180405001331/https://www.eana.com.ar/media/1714/anuario-estad%C3%ADstico-2017-eana.pdf|archive-date= 5 April 2018|access-date= 30 September 2019|url-status= dead}}</ref>''' |- ! Rank ! City ! Passengers |- | 1 | [[Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago, Chile]] | 1,130,000 |- | 2 | [[Miami International Airport|Miami, USA]] | 1,001,000 |- | 3 | [[Jorge Chávez International Airport|Lima, Peru]] | 896,000 |- | 4 | [[Madrid Barajas Airport|Madrid, Spain]] | 815,000 |- | 5 | [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport|São Paulo, Brazil]] | 739,000 |- | 6 | [[Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]] | 654,000 |- | 7 | [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá, Colombia]] | 372,000 |- | 8 | [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|Rome, Italy]] | 332,000 |- | 9 | [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York City]] | 329,000 |- | 10 | [[Tocumen International Airport|Panama City, Panama]] | 275,000 |} </center> ==Infrastructure== [[File:Hangar 5 de Aerolíneas Argentinas en Ezeiza.jpg|thumb|Hangar 5 of [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]]]] * Track area: 483,897&nbsp;m² * Taxiway area: 298,720&nbsp;m² * Platforms: 515,900&nbsp;m² * Maintenance area: 15,000&nbsp;m² * Hangars: 5 * Landing and take-off runways: 2 * Telescopic sleeves: 20 * Remote positions: 25 The airport has the capacity to serve the [[Airbus A380|Airbus A380 superjumbo]] in hangar 5. == References == <references /> == Other websites == {{Commons category|Ministro Pistarini International Airport}} * [http://www.aa2000.com.ar Official website] {{in lang|es|en}} [[Category:Airports in Argentina]] [[Category:1946 establishments in South America]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires]] {{Transport-stub}} 8ar5kwunf87xk9tzth4gohe99gieybf 0 571950 10331508 9570324 2025-06-15T05:45:59Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sara Coward | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1948|01|30|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Eltham]], [[London]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|02|12|1948|01|30|df=y}} | death_place = [[Warwickshire]], England | nationality = [[English people|English]] | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Bristol University]] * [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] }} | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1970–2016 | known_for = Role of [[List of The Archers characters|Caroline Sterling]] in ''[[The Archers]]'' }} '''Sara Coward''' (30 January 1948 – 12 February 2017) was an English actress. She was best known as the [[Voice acting|voice]] of [[List of The Archers characters|Caroline Sterling]] in the [[BBC Radio 4]] [[soap opera]] ''[[The Archers]]''. == Early life == Sara Coward was born in [[Eltham]], [[South East London]], England on 30 January 1948. She had two elder brothers, John and David.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=13 February 2017|title=The Archers actor Sara Coward dies at 69|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/feb/13/the-archers-actor-sara-coward-caroline-sterling-dies-at-69|access-date=29 May 2024|website=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> Coward attended a local girls' grammar school. She read English and drama at [[Bristol University]].<ref name=":0" /> == Career == Coward won the Carleton Hobbs award at [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] in [[London]], which lead to a six-month contract with the BBC drama department.<ref name=":0" /> Coward joined the cast of the [[BBC Radio 4]] [[Radio drama|radio]] [[soap opera]] ''[[The Archers]]'' in 1977, as the [[Voice acting|voice]] of [[List of The Archers characters|Caroline Sterling]] (3 June 1955 – 10 July 2017). She left the serial in September 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 4 - The Archers - Caroline Sterling|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4HBpkxLSpLpLZTh6thTpVp0/caroline-sterling|access-date=29 May 2024|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> She appeared in a scene, which was broadcast on 12 April 2012, when [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]] made a cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-12|title=Camilla stars in The Archers|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/camilla-stars-in-the-archers-6567755.html|access-date=2024-05-29|website=Evening Standard|language=en}}</ref> In January 2017, 40 days before her death, Coward had said that she wanted Caroline to survive; in the episode broadcast on 11 July 2017, it was revealed that Caroline had died suddenly but peacefully at the Sterlings' second home in [[Italy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2017|title=Terminally-ill Archers actress wants her character to survive|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-38496197|access-date=29 May 2024|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Coward was a trained and licensed acupuncturist.<ref name=":1" /> == Personal life == Coward once moved to [[France]] on a whim; returning a year later speaking fluent [[French language|French]].<ref name=":0" /> She had owned pet rescue greyhounds.<ref name=":1" /> === Charity work === Coward volunteered for the [[Samaritans (charity)|Samaritans]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2017|title=Tribute to Sara Coward, Archers actress and Samaritans volunteer|url=https://www.samaritans.org/news/tribute-sara-coward-archers-actress-and-samaritans-volunteer/|access-date=29 May 2024|website=Samaritans|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Illness and death === Coward was diagnosed with [[breast cancer]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2017|title=Sara Coward, Caroline in The Archers – obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/02/13/sara-coward-caroline-archers-obituary/|access-date=29 May 2024|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shahid|first=Sharnaz|date=13 February 2017|title=The Archers actress Sara Coward dies aged 69|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2017021336599/the-archers-actress-sara-coward-dies/|access-date=29 May 2024|website=HELLO!|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 February 2017|title=Archers actress Sara Coward dies of cancer, aged 69|url=https://archive.news.stv.tv/entertainment/1380632-sara-coward-archers-actress-dies-of-cancer-aged-69.html|access-date=29 May 2024|website=STV News|language=en-GB}}</ref> She underwent a [[mastectomy]], however, a lump was found in her neck afterwards and she was further diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2017|title=Sara Coward: Archers actress dies of cancer aged 69|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2017-02-13/sara-coward-archers-actress-dies-of-cancer-aged-69|access-date=29 May 2024|website=ITVX|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2017|title=The Archers actress Sara Coward dies from cancer aged 69|url=https://news.sky.com/story/the-archers-actress-sara-coward-dies-from-cancer-aged-69-10766831|access-date=29 May 2024|website=Sky News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Shepherd|first=Jack|date=13 February 2017|title=Sara Coward dead: The Archers's Caroline Sterling dies aged 69|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/sara-coward-dead-the-archers-actress-caroline-sterling-dies-aged-69-died-radio-a7577486.html|access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> Coward died at a hospice in [[Warwickshire]] on 12 February 2017. She was 69.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2017|title=Sara Coward, The Archers' Caroline Sterling, dies at 69|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-38956870|access-date=29 May 2024|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ratcliffe|first=Hannah|date=13 February 2017|title=Sara Coward (Caroline Sterling) has died|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thearchers/entries/1b45d644-8fa2-4f78-ab6d-f2838e5d8f70|access-date=29 May 2024|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Warner|first=Sam|date=13 February 2017|title=The Archers actress Sara Coward, who played Caroline Sterling, dies aged 69|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/a821172/archers-sara-coward-dies-aged-69/|access-date=29 May 2024|website=Digital Spy|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2017|title=The Archers actress Sara Coward dies aged 69|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/the-archers-actress-sara-coward-dies-aged-69/|access-date=29 May 2024|website=Radio Times|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Walford|first=Jessica|date=17 February 2024|title=The Archers legend Sara Coward dies aged 69 after nearly four decades starring in the radio soap|url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/02/13/the-archers-legend-sara-coward-dies-aged-69-after-nearly-four-decades-starring-in-the-radio-soap-6445778/|access-date=29 May 2024|website=Metro|language=en-GB}}</ref> Coward was survived by her mother and her brother, David.<ref name=":0" /> Coward had launched SM:)E ("smile"), a campaign to encourage people to be friendly and kind to each other, during her last weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dray|first=Kayleigh|title=Archers star unveils kindness campaign after terminal cancer diagnosis|url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/people/sara-coward-the-archers-radio-star-dying-wish-terminal-illness-caroline-sterling-cancer/31781|access-date=29 May 2024|website=Stylist|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coward, Sara}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from London]] [[Category:English radio actors]] [[Category:English stage actors]] [[Category:English television actors]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in England]] [[Category:Deaths from breast cancer]] 6bhmmbufm7rnzfvhhdx2x3fge94356b 0 573737 10330958 10303186 2025-06-14T22:21:43Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted to revision 10156581 by EthanGaming675: rv spam. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox company | name = Creos Luxembourg S.A. | logo = Logo creos.jpg | successor = | fate = 2010: Integration of Luxgaz Distribution S.A. 2011: Integration of the electricity and gas networks of the City of Luxembourg | area_served = Luxembourg | key_people = Laurence Zenner (CEO)<br /> Mario Grotz (President) | industry = [[Energy]] | products = Electricity and natural gas | revenue = 429.7 million € (as at 31 December 2023) | owner = 1. Encevo S.A. (75.43%)<br>2. City of Luxembourg (20%)<br>3. State of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (2.28%)<br>4. 41 Luxembourg municipal authorities (2.08%)<br>5. Fédération du Génie Technique: 0.10%<br>6. Creos Luxembourg S.A. (0.10%) | num_employees = 888 (as at 31 December 2023) | parent = Encevo Group | foundation = 2009 | location = Rue de Strassen, 105<br /> L-2555 Luxembourg | homepage = {{URL|creos-net.lu/}} }} '''Creos Luxembourg S.A.''' owns and manages [[electricity]] networks and [[natural gas]] pipelines in the [[Luxembourg|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=127343562|title=Creos Luxembourg S.A.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> == History == Creos was formed as a result of a deal to unite: *Cegedel S.A. – the Grand-Ducal electricity company of Luxembourg. It was founded in 1928 and distributed 70% of the electricity in the country. * Soteg S.A. – Luxembourg's primary gas supplier - and Saar Ferngas AG – a distribution company created in 1929 in [[Saarland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cegedel.lu/cegedel/cegedel-sa/profil/presentation.html|title=Cegedel S.A. - Le profil de Cegedel - Présentation|publisher=Cegedel S.A.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807022331/http://www.cegedel.lu/cegedel/cegedel-sa/profil/presentation.html|archive-date=2007-08-07|language=fr}} Archived 2007-08-07.</ref> ===2000s=== On 23 January 2009 Cegedel S.A. and Saar Ferngas AG were moved to Soteg S.A. This made a new energy group named Enovos. It included the parent company Enovos International S.A. and the two main subsidiaries: Creos Luxembourg (formerly Cegedel S.A.) in charge of network activities, and Enovos Luxembourg S.A. in charge of production, sales and marketing. Enovos and Creos each have a subsidiary for the German market: Enovos Deutschland and Creos Deutschland.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Annual Report 2009|publisher=Creos Luxembourg S.A.|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mywort.lu/strassen/10264927.html?lang=en|title=mywort.lu in Stroossen - CREOS Luxembourg S.A.|website=mywort.lu|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051908/http://www.mywort.lu/strassen/10264927.html?lang=en|archive-date=2017-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2010s=== In 2010, Creos bought the natural gas networks from Luxgaz Distribution S.A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gemengen.lu/2010/10/06/enovos-poursuit-sur-la-lignee-de-luxgaz/|title=DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE Enovos poursuit sur la lignée de Luxgaz|date=6 October 2010|website=gemengen.lu|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021942/http://www.gemengen.lu/2010/10/06/enovos-poursuit-sur-la-lignee-de-luxgaz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 January 2011, the City of Luxembourg transferred its electricity and natural gas networks and its teams to Creos in exchange for owning units of property in Creos. The owned units of property increased from 5.71% to 24.57%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gemengen.lu/2011/03/01/leo-integre-le-groupe-enovos/|title=Leo intègre le groupe Enovos|date=1 March 2011|website=gemengen.lu|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022438/http://www.gemengen.lu/2011/03/01/leo-integre-le-groupe-enovos/|url-status=dead}}</ref>^,.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fossil Fuel Country Note - Luxembourg|publisher=OECD|date=September 2016}}</ref> In order to make a difference between the parent company and its subsidiaries – energy provider Enovos and grid operator Creos –, Enovos International is now called [https://www.encevo.eu Encevo].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/categoriesbusinessenergy/item/19013-enovos-international-rebrands-to-become-encevo|title=Enovos International Rebrands to become Encevo|date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Private equity]] firm [https://www.ardian.com Ardian] sold its stake up to 24.92 percent in Encevo to [[China Southern Power Grid|China Southern Power Grid International]], the second grid operator in China and in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/34586-ardian-to-sell-encevo-stake-to-chinese-investor|title=Ardian to sell Encevo stake to Chinese investor|website=luxtimes.lu|date=August 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2019-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607151247/https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/34586-ardian-to-sell-encevo-stake-to-chinese-investor|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Balansys, premier pas vers un marché européen du gaz" /> ===2020s=== Following a reorganization of the Encevo Group in Germany at the end of October 2021, Creos Luxembourg sold its stake in Creos Deutschland Holding GmbH  .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energie-und-management.de/nachrichten/wirtschaft/beteiligung/detail/aus-creos-und-enovos-wird-encevo-145966|title=Fusion: Aus Creos und Enovos wird Encevo|language=de|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zfk.de/unternehmen/nachrichten/creos-und-enovos-ruecken-naeher-zusammen|title=Creos und Enovos rücken näher zusammen"|language=de|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> On 1 July 2023, Laurence Zenner, previously head of [[CFL Cargo]], became the new CEO of Creos Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=RTL Today|date=April 3, 2023|title=Laurence Zenner to take over as new CEO of Creos Luxembourg|url=happas://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2048300.html|journal=RTL Today}}</ref> Creos also has a shareholding in the following companies: # [https://www.luxmetering.lu Luxmetering], an Economic Interest Group which pilots the smart metering network; # [https://www.balansys.eu Balansys], a joint-venture between Creos and [https://www.fluxys.com/en#/ Fluxys Belgium] which aims to faciltate the integration of the Belgian and Luxembourg natural H gas market sectors into a single zone; # [https://www.ampacimon.com Ampacimon], the world leader in electricity grid monitoring; # `[https://nexxtlab.com NEXXTLAB] which develops digital solutions for real-time management of interactions between electricity market players; # [https://www.tscnet.eu TSCNet], a European company which provides coordination and support services to 16 transmission system operators (TSOs) to ensure the efficient and secure operation of electricity grids in Europe; # [https://www.jao.eu JAO], a trading platform that hosts Europe’s leading cross-border trading system, e-CAT, and provides a full range of services from auctions for long- and short-term capacity rights to back-up auctions for day-ahead coupling. == Business sector == Creos Luxembourg S.A. plans, constructs and maintains the electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution networks in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In Luxembourg, following the [[liberalisation]] of the energy markets, an independent organisation – the [[Luxembourg Institute of Regulation]] – organises and supervises access to the networks. The [[Tariff|tariffs]] are subject to its approval. The energy suppliers are [[Guarantee|guaranteed]] transparent access to Creos's networks.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Les acteurs du marché – Fournisseur, gestionnaire de réseau… Qui fait quoi ?|publisher=Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation}}</ref> == Infrastructure == === Electricity network === The majority of the electricity in Luxembourg comes from [[Germany]] via two double high-voltage 220,000 volt (220 kV) lines connected to the German network.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Labro|first=Thierry|date=10 November 2016|title=Le courant français ne manquera pas|journal=Luxemburger Wort}}</ref> Interconnection with [[Belgium]] has become operational with a [[phase shifting transformer]] at the Schifflange Centre in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.creos-net.lu/actualites/actualites/article/ic-bedelux-technical-go-live-of-the-phase-shifter-transformer-is-foreseen-11-october-2017.html|title=IC BeDeLux - Technical Go live of the Phase Shifter Transformer is foreseen 11 October 2017|last=S.A.|first=Creos Luxembourg|website=www.creos-net.lu|access-date=2018-03-29}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Around 15% of the energy is produced locally ([[biogas]], [[cogeneration]], [[wind turbine]]s, [[hydroelectricity]] and [[photovoltaics]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmit|first=Laurent|year=2016|title=Gut vernetzt|journal=Luxemburger Wort}}</ref> ====Voltage==== The electricity is send to the six stations (Flebour, Roost, Itzig/Blooren, Heisdorf, Bertange and Schifflange) where the voltage is reduced from 220 to 65 kV. It is given to industries and large municipal distribution networks. The voltage is then reduced from 65 kV to 20 kV in more than 60 transformer stations in the whole country. The electric energy obtained is distributed to [[Small and Medium Enterprises|SME]]<nowiki/>s, towns and villages where the transformers reduce the current voltage to 0.4 kV before distributing it to the final [[consumer]]. A control centre, known as Electricity Dispatching, controls and manages these high and medium-voltage networks. ====Length==== The total length of the Luxembourg electricity network managed by Creos is 12,278.8 kilometres, including 944.8 kilometres of high-voltage lines, 3,520.7 kilometres of medium-tension lines and 7,813.3 kilometres of low tension lines. {| class="wikitable" !Electricity ! !2023 |- |Electricity flow |GWh |4,719.0 |- |Electricity network peak |MW |807.0 |- |Length of network |km |12,278.8 |} === Natural gas network === Thanks to its connections with Germany, Belgium and [[France]], Luxembourg is linked to the interconnected [[gas network]]<nowiki/>s throughout Europe. Monitored by Dispatching Gas, the high and medium-pressure pipelines distribute the gas to 60 communes that are connected to the national gas network. Pressure-reducing stations that supply the local networks then reduce the gas pressure. Creos distributes natural gas in 45 communes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.erdgas.lu/mmp/online/website/content/info/28/index_FR.html|title=Gaz naturel au Luxembourg|website=erdgas.lu}}</ref><sup>,</sup>.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Réseaux d'électricité et de gaz naturel|publisher=Creos Luxembourg S.A.|year=2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Natural gas ! !2023 |- |Total capacity of gas network |Nm<sup>3</sup>/h |319,000 |- |Gas network peak |Nm<sup>3</sup>/h |167,186 |- |Volume transported |GWh |6,369 |- |Length of network |km |2,204.2 |} Since 1 October 2015, Creos and Fluxys Belgium, in collaboration with their respective regulators ILR and CREG, have united the national [[Market|markets]] of Luxembourg and Belgium into one Belux market. This integration, the first between two [[European Union]] member states, reflects the will of the European Union to create an European gas market without [[border]]<nowiki/>s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lngworldnews.com/creos-and-fluxys-integrating-belgium-luxembourg-gas-market/|title=Creos and Fluxys Integrating Belgium-Luxembourg Gas Market|date=22 May 2014|website=lngworldnews.com|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052135/http://www.lngworldnews.com/creos-and-fluxys-integrating-belgium-luxembourg-gas-market/|url-status=dead}}</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/luxembourg-belgium-fluxys-belgium-idAFL5N1213JO20151001|title=Belgium, Luxembourg announce first link of gas markets|date=1 October 2015|website=reuters.com}}</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/categoriesluxembourgeconomic/item/14203-be-lux-common-gas-trade-area-first-european-integration-project-for-the-gas-sector|title=Be-Lux Common Gas Trade Area First European Integration Project for the Gas Sector|first=Sarah|last=Graham|date=10 November 2015|website=Chronicle.lu}}</ref><sup>,</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fluxys.com/belgium/en/NewsAndPress/2014/140522_Press_Creos|title=Creos Luxembourg and Fluxys Belgium heading for an integrated Belgium-Luxembourg gas market|website=fluxys.com|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225125825/http://www.fluxys.com/belgium/en/NewsAndPress/2014/140522_Press_Creos|url-status=dead}}</ref> [http://www.balansys.eu Balansys], the joint venture between Creos and its Belgian counterpart [https://www.fluxys.com/en/company/fluxys-belgium Fluxys], is the balancing operator in the Belux zone from 1 June 2020. It is responsible for ensuring that the gas market is well supplied, without one of the two suppliers having to pay an entry fee for its gas on the other's market.<ref name="Balansys, premier pas vers un marché européen du gaz">{{Cite web|url=https://paperjam.lu/article/balansys-premier-pas-vers-marc|title=Balansys, premier pas vers un marché européen du gaz|website=paperjam.lu|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> === Operations centres === Creos has four regional centres. They build, operate, maintain and repair the electricity and natural gas networks. The Roost Centre covers the central and northern regions. It covers the high, medium and low-voltage electricity services and the medium and low-pressure natural gas services, the central store and the mechanical and electrical workshops<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/inauguration-du-centre-regional-et-ateliers-creos-de-roost/106886|title=Inauguration du Centre régional et ateliers de Roost|first=Céline|last=Coubray|website=archiduc.lu|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015722/http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/inauguration-du-centre-regional-et-ateliers-creos-de-roost/106886|url-status=dead}}</ref><sup>,</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.creos-net.lu/creos-luxembourg/infrastructure/centres-dexploitation.html|title=Centres d'exploitation|website=creosnet.lu|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Schifflange Centre covers the southern part of the country. The [[Luxembourg City]] Centre, which covers the capital and the communes of [[Strassen, Luxembourg|Strassen]] and [[Hesperange]], moved together with the Strassen headquarters to a new site in Merl at the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/nouveau-siege-pour-creos-luxembourg/170651#pid=1|title=Nouveau siège pour Creos à Luxembourg - ARCHIDUC - Magazine d'Architecture (Luxembourg)|date=2018-02-21|work=Archiduc|access-date=2018-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2018-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330014249/http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/nouveau-siege-pour-creos-luxembourg/170651#pid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Contern Centre manages and adjusts the [[meters]], in particular smart meters. Dispatching for electricity and natural gas together with the monitoring rooms for remote network control and management are installed in [[Bettembourg]] since 2020. == Projects == Creos is involved in three major national themes; [[smart grid]]s, electromobility and energy management. ===European Energy Efficiency Directive=== In accordance with the law of 7 August 2012 that puts the European [[Energy efficiency|Energy Efficiency]] Directive into Luxembourg law, all the gas and electricity [[Meter|meters]] must be changed in the country, independently of the network operator. Creos has made 300,000 smart meters that record information about energy in Luxembourg. This includes 250,000 [[Electricity meter|electricity meters]] and 50,000 gas meters. The installation of these new electricity and gas meters – called Smarty – in Luxembourg homes will allow the creation of networks with real intelligence: [[smart grid]]s. These smart grids can monitor decentralised electricity production (like [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]] and photovoltaic panels), regulating the variations of the feeds into the distribution networks with greater precision and managing the demand peaks linked with the charging of [[Electric vehicle|electric vehicles]] more effectively. The law from 7 August 2012 also demands that the metering system must be able to receive water and heating<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/component/k2/item/17790-smart-meter-replacement-and-installation-requirements-to-come-into-effect-on-friday|title=Smart Meter Replacement and Installation Requirements to Come into Effect on Friday|first=Sarah|last=Graham|date=2016|website=Chronicle.lu|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131906/http://www.chronicle.lu/component/k2/item/17790-smart-meter-replacement-and-installation-requirements-to-come-into-effect-on-friday|url-status=dead}}</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-creos|title=Smart grid Creos|website=Smart Grid Systems and Interoperability|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051548/https://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-creos|url-status=dead}}</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>{{Cite book|title=Smart Grid Security: Second International Workshop|last=Cuellar|first=Jorge|publisher=Springer|year=2014}}</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/categoriesbusinessenergy/item/19681-first-electric-vehicle-recharging-stations-inaugurated|title=First Electric Vehicle Recharging Stations Inaugurated|date=2016|website=Chronicle.lu}}</ref><sup>,</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/en/actualites/2015/11/09-electromobilite/index.html|title=Electromobility: deployment of the national infrastructure of 800 public charging stations by 2020|website=The official portal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg|archive-date=2017-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119100302/http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/en/actualites/2015/11/09-electromobilite/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Electric mobility=== Creos installed nearly 700 public charging stations out of the planned 800 stations for [[Electric vehicle|electric cars]] and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] plug-in cars across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hennebert|first=Jean-Michel|date=2016|title=400 bornes dans les P+R, 400 autres sur la voirie|url=http://paperjam.lu/news/400-bornes-dans-les-pr-400-autres-sur-la-voirie|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311002345/http://paperjam.lu/news/400-bornes-dans-les-pr-400-autres-sur-la-voirie|archive-date=2017-03-11|website=paperjam.lu}}</ref> Each charging station has two charging points, and the network – called Chargy – will include at the end 1,600 parking spaces for electric vehicles. In January 2021, Creos inaugurated the first two Superchargy ultra-fast charging terminals at Kirchberg, a district of [[Luxembourg City]]. By the end of 2023, 60 SuperChargy direct current (DC) terminals have been distributed along the country's main roads and [[motorways]], as well in some [[Park and ride|Park & Ride]] car parks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Chargy - Ultra fast charging stations in Luxembourg|url=https://superchargy.lu/fr|access-date=2021-08-24|website=superchargy.lu|language=en}}</ref> ===Energy Management=== Creos is also preparing the Third [[Industrial Revolution]] of the country. This convergence of [[Information technology|IT,]] [[renewable energy]] and means of transport will have an impact on how the power grids are managed. To anticipâtes this évolution, Creos has been involved in two major national projects since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 15, 2024|title=Garder la transition énergétique en ligne de mire – Entretien avec Laurence Zenner, CEO, et Mario Grotz, Président|url=https://www.creosnews.lu/garder-la-transition-energetique-en-ligne-de-mire-entretien-avec-laurence-zenner-ceo-et-mario-grotz-president/|access-date=July 26, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726130810/https://www.creosnews.lu/garder-la-transition-energetique-en-ligne-de-mire-entretien-avec-laurence-zenner-ceo-et-mario-grotz-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first project is called Leneda. It brings together Creos, other distribution networks and suppliers in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy and the [https://web.ilr.lu/FR/ILR Luxembourg Institute for Regulation] (ILR). The aim is to collect all gas and electricity consumption and production data, make it available to the various market players and facilitate communication between them. The second project is called Alva.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Machuron|first=Charles-Louis|date=September 13, 2023|title=Creos Advances Energy Distribution With ALVA Smart Grid AI Twin|url=https://www.siliconluxembourg.lu/creos-advances-energy-distribution-with-alva-smart-grid-ai-twin/}}</ref> Developed by [https://datathings.com DataThings], a spin-off of the [https://www.uni.lu/en/ University of Luxembourg], and operational since September 2023, this digital twin of Creos will eventually enable advanced analysis of network usage and load to optimise operational efficiency. Always on the lookout for energy efficiency, Creos is also leading the [https://www.flexbean.lu FlexBeAn] project which focuses on the flexibility and analysis of user behaviour, in collaboration with the [https://www.list.lu Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology] and the Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT) of the [https://www.uni.lu/en/ University of Luxembourg]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *'''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Creos_Luxembourg?uselang=en Commons: Creos Luxembourg]''' * [https://www.creos-net.lu/start.html Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810020611/https://www.creos-net.lu/start.html |date=2019-08-10 }} * [http://www.creosnews.lu creosnews (blog)] [[Category:Companies of Luxembourg]] [[Category:Energy companies]] 4rcwn1enimgypxy2tj28dvxo6p3itrj 10330960 10330958 2025-06-14T22:23:11Z Davey2010 314522 Lint error: Link with no space - fixed 10330960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox company | name = Creos Luxembourg S.A. | logo = Logo creos.jpg | successor = | fate = 2010: Integration of Luxgaz Distribution S.A. 2011: Integration of the electricity and gas networks of the City of Luxembourg | area_served = Luxembourg | key_people = Laurence Zenner (CEO)<br /> Mario Grotz (President) | industry = [[Energy]] | products = Electricity and natural gas | revenue = 429.7 million € (as at 31 December 2023) | owner = 1. Encevo S.A. (75.43%)<br>2. City of Luxembourg (20%)<br>3. State of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (2.28%)<br>4. 41 Luxembourg municipal authorities (2.08%)<br>5. Fédération du Génie Technique: 0.10%<br>6. Creos Luxembourg S.A. (0.10%) | num_employees = 888 (as at 31 December 2023) | parent = Encevo Group | foundation = 2009 | location = Rue de Strassen, 105<br /> L-2555 Luxembourg | homepage = {{URL|creos-net.lu/}} }} '''Creos Luxembourg S.A.''' owns and manages [[electricity]] networks and [[natural gas]] pipelines in the [[Luxembourg|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=127343562|title=Creos Luxembourg S.A.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> == History == Creos was formed as a result of a deal to unite: *Cegedel S.A. – the Grand-Ducal electricity company of Luxembourg. It was founded in 1928 and distributed 70% of the electricity in the country. * Soteg S.A. – Luxembourg's primary gas supplier - and Saar Ferngas AG – a distribution company created in 1929 in [[Saarland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cegedel.lu/cegedel/cegedel-sa/profil/presentation.html|title=Cegedel S.A. - Le profil de Cegedel - Présentation|publisher=Cegedel S.A.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807022331/http://www.cegedel.lu/cegedel/cegedel-sa/profil/presentation.html|archive-date=2007-08-07|language=fr}} Archived 2007-08-07.</ref> ===2000s=== On 23 January 2009 Cegedel S.A. and Saar Ferngas AG were moved to Soteg S.A. This made a new energy group named Enovos. It included the parent company Enovos International S.A. and the two main subsidiaries: Creos Luxembourg (formerly Cegedel S.A.) in charge of network activities, and Enovos Luxembourg S.A. in charge of production, sales and marketing. Enovos and Creos each have a subsidiary for the German market: Enovos Deutschland and Creos Deutschland.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Annual Report 2009|publisher=Creos Luxembourg S.A.|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mywort.lu/strassen/10264927.html?lang=en|title=mywort.lu in Stroossen - CREOS Luxembourg S.A.|website=mywort.lu|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051908/http://www.mywort.lu/strassen/10264927.html?lang=en|archive-date=2017-02-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2010s=== In 2010, Creos bought the natural gas networks from Luxgaz Distribution S.A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gemengen.lu/2010/10/06/enovos-poursuit-sur-la-lignee-de-luxgaz/|title=DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE Enovos poursuit sur la lignée de Luxgaz|date=6 October 2010|website=gemengen.lu|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021942/http://www.gemengen.lu/2010/10/06/enovos-poursuit-sur-la-lignee-de-luxgaz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 January 2011, the City of Luxembourg transferred its electricity and natural gas networks and its teams to Creos in exchange for owning units of property in Creos. The owned units of property increased from 5.71% to 24.57%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gemengen.lu/2011/03/01/leo-integre-le-groupe-enovos/|title=Leo intègre le groupe Enovos|date=1 March 2011|website=gemengen.lu|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022438/http://www.gemengen.lu/2011/03/01/leo-integre-le-groupe-enovos/|url-status=dead}}</ref><sup>,</sup>.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fossil Fuel Country Note - Luxembourg|publisher=OECD|date=September 2016}}</ref> In order to make a difference between the parent company and its subsidiaries – energy provider Enovos and grid operator Creos –, Enovos International is now called [https://www.encevo.eu Encevo].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/categoriesbusinessenergy/item/19013-enovos-international-rebrands-to-become-encevo|title=Enovos International Rebrands to become Encevo|date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Private equity]] firm [https://www.ardian.com Ardian] sold its stake up to 24.92 percent in Encevo to [[China Southern Power Grid|China Southern Power Grid International]], the second grid operator in China and in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/34586-ardian-to-sell-encevo-stake-to-chinese-investor|title=Ardian to sell Encevo stake to Chinese investor|website=luxtimes.lu|date=August 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2019-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607151247/https://luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/34586-ardian-to-sell-encevo-stake-to-chinese-investor|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Balansys, premier pas vers un marché européen du gaz" /> ===2020s=== Following a reorganization of the Encevo Group in Germany at the end of October 2021, Creos Luxembourg sold its stake in Creos Deutschland Holding GmbH  .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energie-und-management.de/nachrichten/wirtschaft/beteiligung/detail/aus-creos-und-enovos-wird-encevo-145966|title=Fusion: Aus Creos und Enovos wird Encevo|language=de|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zfk.de/unternehmen/nachrichten/creos-und-enovos-ruecken-naeher-zusammen|title=Creos und Enovos rücken näher zusammen"|language=de|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> On 1 July 2023, Laurence Zenner, previously head of [[CFL Cargo]], became the new CEO of Creos Luxembourg.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=RTL Today|date=April 3, 2023|title=Laurence Zenner to take over as new CEO of Creos Luxembourg|url=happas://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2048300.html|journal=RTL Today}}</ref> Creos also has a shareholding in the following companies: # [https://www.luxmetering.lu Luxmetering], an Economic Interest Group which pilots the smart metering network; # [https://www.balansys.eu Balansys], a joint-venture between Creos and [https://www.fluxys.com/en#/ Fluxys Belgium] which aims to faciltate the integration of the Belgian and Luxembourg natural H gas market sectors into a single zone; # [https://www.ampacimon.com Ampacimon], the world leader in electricity grid monitoring; # `[https://nexxtlab.com NEXXTLAB] which develops digital solutions for real-time management of interactions between electricity market players; # [https://www.tscnet.eu TSCNet], a European company which provides coordination and support services to 16 transmission system operators (TSOs) to ensure the efficient and secure operation of electricity grids in Europe; # [https://www.jao.eu JAO], a trading platform that hosts Europe’s leading cross-border trading system, e-CAT, and provides a full range of services from auctions for long- and short-term capacity rights to back-up auctions for day-ahead coupling. == Business sector == Creos Luxembourg S.A. plans, constructs and maintains the electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution networks in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In Luxembourg, following the [[liberalisation]] of the energy markets, an independent organisation – the [[Luxembourg Institute of Regulation]] – organises and supervises access to the networks. The [[Tariff|tariffs]] are subject to its approval. The energy suppliers are [[Guarantee|guaranteed]] transparent access to Creos's networks.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Les acteurs du marché – Fournisseur, gestionnaire de réseau… Qui fait quoi ?|publisher=Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation}}</ref> == Infrastructure == === Electricity network === The majority of the electricity in Luxembourg comes from [[Germany]] via two double high-voltage 220,000 volt (220 kV) lines connected to the German network.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Labro|first=Thierry|date=10 November 2016|title=Le courant français ne manquera pas|journal=Luxemburger Wort}}</ref> Interconnection with [[Belgium]] has become operational with a [[phase shifting transformer]] at the Schifflange Centre in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.creos-net.lu/actualites/actualites/article/ic-bedelux-technical-go-live-of-the-phase-shifter-transformer-is-foreseen-11-october-2017.html|title=IC BeDeLux - Technical Go live of the Phase Shifter Transformer is foreseen 11 October 2017|last=S.A.|first=Creos Luxembourg|website=www.creos-net.lu|access-date=2018-03-29}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Around 15% of the energy is produced locally ([[biogas]], [[cogeneration]], [[wind turbine]]s, [[hydroelectricity]] and [[photovoltaics]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schmit|first=Laurent|year=2016|title=Gut vernetzt|journal=Luxemburger Wort}}</ref> ====Voltage==== The electricity is send to the six stations (Flebour, Roost, Itzig/Blooren, Heisdorf, Bertange and Schifflange) where the voltage is reduced from 220 to 65 kV. It is given to industries and large municipal distribution networks. The voltage is then reduced from 65 kV to 20 kV in more than 60 transformer stations in the whole country. The electric energy obtained is distributed to [[Small and Medium Enterprises|SME]]s, towns and villages where the transformers reduce the current voltage to 0.4 kV before distributing it to the final [[consumer]]. A control centre, known as Electricity Dispatching, controls and manages these high and medium-voltage networks. ====Length==== The total length of the Luxembourg electricity network managed by Creos is 12,278.8 kilometres, including 944.8 kilometres of high-voltage lines, 3,520.7 kilometres of medium-tension lines and 7,813.3 kilometres of low tension lines. {| class="wikitable" !Electricity ! !2023 |- |Electricity flow |GWh |4,719.0 |- |Electricity network peak |MW |807.0 |- |Length of network |km |12,278.8 |} === Natural gas network === Thanks to its connections with Germany, Belgium and [[France]], Luxembourg is linked to the interconnected [[gas network]]s throughout Europe. Monitored by Dispatching Gas, the high and medium-pressure pipelines distribute the gas to 60 communes that are connected to the national gas network. Pressure-reducing stations that supply the local networks then reduce the gas pressure. Creos distributes natural gas in 45 communes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.erdgas.lu/mmp/online/website/content/info/28/index_FR.html|title=Gaz naturel au Luxembourg|website=erdgas.lu}}</ref>^,.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Réseaux d'électricité et de gaz naturel|publisher=Creos Luxembourg S.A.|year=2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Natural gas ! !2023 |- |Total capacity of gas network |Nm³/h |319,000 |- |Gas network peak |Nm³/h |167,186 |- |Volume transported |GWh |6,369 |- |Length of network |km |2,204.2 |} Since 1 October 2015, Creos and Fluxys Belgium, in collaboration with their respective regulators ILR and CREG, have united the national [[Market|markets]] of Luxembourg and Belgium into one Belux market. This integration, the first between two [[European Union]] member states, reflects the will of the European Union to create an European gas market without [[border]]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lngworldnews.com/creos-and-fluxys-integrating-belgium-luxembourg-gas-market/|title=Creos and Fluxys Integrating Belgium-Luxembourg Gas Market|date=22 May 2014|website=lngworldnews.com|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052135/http://www.lngworldnews.com/creos-and-fluxys-integrating-belgium-luxembourg-gas-market/|url-status=dead}}</ref>^,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/luxembourg-belgium-fluxys-belgium-idAFL5N1213JO20151001|title=Belgium, Luxembourg announce first link of gas markets|date=1 October 2015|website=reuters.com}}</ref>^,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/categoriesluxembourgeconomic/item/14203-be-lux-common-gas-trade-area-first-european-integration-project-for-the-gas-sector|title=Be-Lux Common Gas Trade Area First European Integration Project for the Gas Sector|first=Sarah|last=Graham|date=10 November 2015|website=Chronicle.lu}}</ref>^,.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fluxys.com/belgium/en/NewsAndPress/2014/140522_Press_Creos|title=Creos Luxembourg and Fluxys Belgium heading for an integrated Belgium-Luxembourg gas market|website=fluxys.com|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225125825/http://www.fluxys.com/belgium/en/NewsAndPress/2014/140522_Press_Creos|url-status=dead}}</ref> [http://www.balansys.eu Balansys], the joint venture between Creos and its Belgian counterpart [https://www.fluxys.com/en/company/fluxys-belgium Fluxys], is the balancing operator in the Belux zone from 1 June 2020. It is responsible for ensuring that the gas market is well supplied, without one of the two suppliers having to pay an entry fee for its gas on the other's market.<ref name="Balansys, premier pas vers un marché européen du gaz">{{Cite web|url=https://paperjam.lu/article/balansys-premier-pas-vers-marc|title=Balansys, premier pas vers un marché européen du gaz|website=paperjam.lu|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> === Operations centres === Creos has four regional centres. They build, operate, maintain and repair the electricity and natural gas networks. The Roost Centre covers the central and northern regions. It covers the high, medium and low-voltage electricity services and the medium and low-pressure natural gas services, the central store and the mechanical and electrical workshops<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/inauguration-du-centre-regional-et-ateliers-creos-de-roost/106886|title=Inauguration du Centre régional et ateliers de Roost|first=Céline|last=Coubray|website=archiduc.lu|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015722/http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/inauguration-du-centre-regional-et-ateliers-creos-de-roost/106886|url-status=dead}}</ref>^,.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.creos-net.lu/creos-luxembourg/infrastructure/centres-dexploitation.html|title=Centres d'exploitation|website=creosnet.lu|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Schifflange Centre covers the southern part of the country. The [[Luxembourg City]] Centre, which covers the capital and the communes of [[Strassen, Luxembourg|Strassen]] and [[Hesperange]], moved together with the Strassen headquarters to a new site in Merl at the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/nouveau-siege-pour-creos-luxembourg/170651#pid=1|title=Nouveau siège pour Creos à Luxembourg - ARCHIDUC - Magazine d'Architecture (Luxembourg)|date=2018-02-21|work=Archiduc|access-date=2018-03-30|language=fr|archive-date=2018-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330014249/http://archiduc.lu/a/detail/news/nouveau-siege-pour-creos-luxembourg/170651#pid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Contern Centre manages and adjusts the [[meters]], in particular smart meters. Dispatching for electricity and natural gas together with the monitoring rooms for remote network control and management are installed in [[Bettembourg]] since 2020. == Projects == Creos is involved in three major national themes; [[smart grid]]s, electromobility and energy management. ===European Energy Efficiency Directive=== In accordance with the law of 7 August 2012 that puts the European [[Energy efficiency|Energy Efficiency]] Directive into Luxembourg law, all the gas and electricity [[Meter|meters]] must be changed in the country, independently of the network operator. Creos has made 300,000 smart meters that record information about energy in Luxembourg. This includes 250,000 [[Electricity meter|electricity meters]] and 50,000 gas meters. The installation of these new electricity and gas meters – called Smarty – in Luxembourg homes will allow the creation of networks with real intelligence: [[smart grid]]s. These smart grids can monitor decentralised electricity production (like [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]] and photovoltaic panels), regulating the variations of the feeds into the distribution networks with greater precision and managing the demand peaks linked with the charging of [[Electric vehicle|electric vehicles]] more effectively. The law from 7 August 2012 also demands that the metering system must be able to receive water and heating<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/component/k2/item/17790-smart-meter-replacement-and-installation-requirements-to-come-into-effect-on-friday|title=Smart Meter Replacement and Installation Requirements to Come into Effect on Friday|first=Sarah|last=Graham|date=2016|website=Chronicle.lu|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131906/http://www.chronicle.lu/component/k2/item/17790-smart-meter-replacement-and-installation-requirements-to-come-into-effect-on-friday|url-status=dead}}</ref>^,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-creos|title=Smart grid Creos|website=Smart Grid Systems and Interoperability|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-date=2017-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051548/https://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-creos|url-status=dead}}</ref>^,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Smart Grid Security: Second International Workshop|last=Cuellar|first=Jorge|publisher=Springer|year=2014}}</ref>^,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chronicle.lu/categoriesbusinessenergy/item/19681-first-electric-vehicle-recharging-stations-inaugurated|title=First Electric Vehicle Recharging Stations Inaugurated|date=2016|website=Chronicle.lu}}</ref>^,.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/en/actualites/2015/11/09-electromobilite/index.html|title=Electromobility: deployment of the national infrastructure of 800 public charging stations by 2020|website=The official portal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg|archive-date=2017-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119100302/http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/en/actualites/2015/11/09-electromobilite/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Electric mobility=== Creos installed nearly 700 public charging stations out of the planned 800 stations for [[Electric vehicle|electric cars]] and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] plug-in cars across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hennebert|first=Jean-Michel|date=2016|title=400 bornes dans les P+R, 400 autres sur la voirie|url=http://paperjam.lu/news/400-bornes-dans-les-pr-400-autres-sur-la-voirie|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311002345/http://paperjam.lu/news/400-bornes-dans-les-pr-400-autres-sur-la-voirie|archive-date=2017-03-11|website=paperjam.lu}}</ref> Each charging station has two charging points, and the network – called Chargy – will include at the end 1,600 parking spaces for electric vehicles. In January 2021, Creos inaugurated the first two Superchargy ultra-fast charging terminals at Kirchberg, a district of [[Luxembourg City]]. By the end of 2023, 60 SuperChargy direct current (DC) terminals have been distributed along the country's main roads and [[motorways]], as well in some [[Park and ride|Park & Ride]] car parks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Chargy - Ultra fast charging stations in Luxembourg|url=https://superchargy.lu/fr|access-date=2021-08-24|website=superchargy.lu|language=en}}</ref> ===Energy Management=== Creos is also preparing the Third [[Industrial Revolution]] of the country. This convergence of [[Information technology|IT,]] [[renewable energy]] and means of transport will have an impact on how the power grids are managed. To anticipâtes this évolution, Creos has been involved in two major national projects since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 15, 2024|title=Garder la transition énergétique en ligne de mire – Entretien avec Laurence Zenner, CEO, et Mario Grotz, Président|url=https://www.creosnews.lu/garder-la-transition-energetique-en-ligne-de-mire-entretien-avec-laurence-zenner-ceo-et-mario-grotz-president/|access-date=July 26, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726130810/https://www.creosnews.lu/garder-la-transition-energetique-en-ligne-de-mire-entretien-avec-laurence-zenner-ceo-et-mario-grotz-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first project is called Leneda. It brings together Creos, other distribution networks and suppliers in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy and the [https://web.ilr.lu/FR/ILR Luxembourg Institute for Regulation] (ILR). The aim is to collect all gas and electricity consumption and production data, make it available to the various market players and facilitate communication between them. The second project is called Alva.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Machuron|first=Charles-Louis|date=September 13, 2023|title=Creos Advances Energy Distribution With ALVA Smart Grid AI Twin|url=https://www.siliconluxembourg.lu/creos-advances-energy-distribution-with-alva-smart-grid-ai-twin/}}</ref> Developed by [https://datathings.com DataThings], a spin-off of the [https://www.uni.lu/en/ University of Luxembourg], and operational since September 2023, this digital twin of Creos will eventually enable advanced analysis of network usage and load to optimise operational efficiency. Always on the lookout for energy efficiency, Creos is also leading the [https://www.flexbean.lu FlexBeAn] project which focuses on the flexibility and analysis of user behaviour, in collaboration with the [https://www.list.lu Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology] and the Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT) of the [https://www.uni.lu/en/ University of Luxembourg]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *'''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Creos_Luxembourg?uselang=en Commons: Creos Luxembourg]''' * [https://www.creos-net.lu/start.html Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810020611/https://www.creos-net.lu/start.html |date=2019-08-10 }} * [http://www.creosnews.lu creosnews (blog)] [[Category:Companies of Luxembourg]] [[Category:Energy companies]] ola3dq6vkehxnl5c489zcdf6enfujvz 0 587956 10331017 9252301 2025-06-14T22:56:59Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 let him 😤 👏 10331017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Indian-Nepalese border gate at Birgunj.jpg|thumb|200px]] '''Birgunj''' is a metropolitan city and border town in [[Parsa District]] in the [[Narayani Zone]] of southern [[Nepal]].As an entry point to Nepal from Patna and Kolkata, Birgunj is known as the "Gateway to Nepal". It is also called "Commercial capital of Nepal". The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of the trade with India is via Birgunj and the Indian town of Raxaul. Bhojpuriya FM 92.8 radio {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Cities in Nepal]] [[Category:Madhesh Province]] k7ct0zywu92gg1a0f84mi7qxga9nfet 10331028 10331017 2025-06-14T23:01:20Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10331017 by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) 10331028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Indian-Nepalese border gate at Birgunj.jpg|thumb|200px]] '''Birgunj''' is a metropolitan city and border town in [[Parsa District]] in the [[Narayani Zone]] of southern [[Nepal]].As an entry point to Nepal from Patna and Kolkata, Birgunj is known as the "Gateway to Nepal". It is also called "Commercial capital of Nepal". The town has significant economic importance for Nepal as most of the trade with India is via Birgunj and the Indian town of Raxaul. {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Cities in Nepal]] [[Category:Madhesh Province]] lx9v2yu9cyd6vaxk0pe2tsfx7lf6koo 0 592246 10331395 10326179 2025-06-15T03:19:46Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 reverted vandalism 10331395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | runtime = 26 minutes | genre = [[Animation]] | country = [[Canada]]<br />[[Hong Kong]] | company = Silver Lining Enterprises Limited<br />Animation Servies (Hong Kong) Limited<br />[[Nelvana Limited]] | network = [[PBS]] and [[Ready Set Learn]] (U.S.)<br />[[TVOKids]], [[Knowledge Kids]], [[Treehouse TV|Treehouse]], [[Saskatchewan Communications Network|SCN]], & [[CTV 2 Alberta|Access]] (Canada) | first_aired = {{start date|2000|09|30}} | last_aired = {{end date|2002|1|26}} | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 26 (52 segments) }} '''''Timothy Goes to School''''', also referred to as '''''Timothy''''' for short, is a Canadian-Hong Kong preschool children’s animated television series based on the books by [[Rosemary Wells]] and was co-produced by [[Nelvana Limited]]. The series originally aired on [[TVOKids]] in Canada and [[PBS]] as part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] as part of [[Ready Set Learn]] in the United States, focusing on a young enthusiastic anthropomorphic raccoon named Timothy (voiced by Austin Di Iulio), who attends kindergarten at a fictional place called "Hilltop School" along with ten other students (each of which are of different animals except for the Frank Twins and Claude). The kindergarten class is taught by Mrs. Jenkins, a comforting teacher who enjoys educating and helping her students. [[Category:2000 television series debuts]] [[Category:2001 television series endings]] [[Category:2000 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:2001 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Category:2000 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2002 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] pm1kct0n9cyg7ln2za9rff6d1im5gz1 10331406 10331395 2025-06-15T03:30:21Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 separated categories 10331406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | runtime = 26 minutes | genre = [[Animation]] | country = [[Canada]]<br />[[Hong Kong]] | company = Silver Lining Enterprises Limited<br />Animation Servies (Hong Kong) Limited<br />[[Nelvana Limited]] | network = [[PBS]] and [[Ready Set Learn]] (U.S.)<br />[[TVOKids]], [[Knowledge Kids]], [[Treehouse TV|Treehouse]], [[Saskatchewan Communications Network|SCN]], & [[CTV 2 Alberta|Access]] (Canada) | first_aired = {{start date|2000|09|30}} | last_aired = {{end date|2002|1|26}} | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 26 (52 segments) }} '''''Timothy Goes to School''''', also referred to as '''''Timothy''''' for short, is a Canadian-Hong Kong preschool children’s animated television series based on the books by [[Rosemary Wells]] and was co-produced by [[Nelvana Limited]]. The series originally aired on [[TVOKids]] in Canada and [[PBS]] as part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] as part of [[Ready Set Learn]] in the United States, focusing on a young enthusiastic anthropomorphic raccoon named Timothy (voiced by Austin Di Iulio), who attends kindergarten at a fictional place called "Hilltop School" along with ten other students (each of which are of different animals except for the Frank Twins and Claude). The kindergarten class is taught by Mrs. Jenkins, a comforting teacher who enjoys educating and helping her students. {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:2000 television series debuts]] [[Category:2001 television series endings]] [[Category:2000 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2002 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] ofhz2ol2mt6y65jepmkbkdl0mfmstrl 0 598309 10330438 10329746 2025-06-14T17:33:27Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simpsons character | image= | name=Mr. Burns | appearance="[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]" (1989) }} '''Charles Montgomery Burns''' (also known as '''C. Montgomery Burns''' and '''Monty Burns''', but usually said as '''Mr. Burns''') is a [[fictional character]] in the [[animated]] [[television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]''. [[Harry Shearer]] is the [[voice actor]] for Burns. [[Christopher Collins]] was the voice actor for him in the [[The Simpsons season 1|first season]]. [[Waylon Smithers]] is his [[wikt:assistant|assistant]]. He is the [[owner]] of [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]]'s [[power plant]]. ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520043424/http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_townspeople_burns.htm Mr. Burns' profile] at TheSimpsons.com * {{imdb character|0003020}} {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Mr.}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters]] [[Category:Animated human characters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1989]] [[de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#C. Montgomery Burns]] [[en:Mr. Burns#C.Montgomery Burns]] [[pl:Postacie w serialu Simpsonowie#C. Montgomery Burns]] cp2r741h6u3tgrzkayoful3puwq8nc2 10330477 10330438 2025-06-14T17:35:09Z CallumBen13 1611993 /* Other websites */ 10330477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simpsons character | image= | name=Mr. Burns | appearance="[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]" (1989) }} '''Charles Montgomery Burns''' (also known as '''C. Montgomery Burns''' and '''Monty Burns''', but usually said as '''Mr. Burns''') is a [[fictional character]] in the [[animated]] [[television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]''. [[Harry Shearer]] is the [[voice actor]] for Burns. [[Christopher Collins]] was the voice actor for him in the [[The Simpsons season 1|first season]]. [[Waylon Smithers]] is his [[wikt:assistant|assistant]]. He is the [[owner]] of [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]]'s [[power plant]]. ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520043424/http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_townspeople_burns.htm Mr. Burns] at TheSimpsons.com * {{imdb character|0003020}} {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Mr.}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters]] [[Category:Animated human characters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1989]] [[de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#C. Montgomery Burns]] [[en:Mr. Burns#C.Montgomery Burns]] [[pl:Postacie w serialu Simpsonowie#C. Montgomery Burns]] s3geyc1wu4ubc5plwib9ssq77qubyoc 10330505 10330477 2025-06-14T17:36:22Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simpsons character | image= | name=Mr. Burns | appearance="[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]" (1989) }} '''Charles Montgomery Burns''' (also known as '''C. Montgomery Burns''' and '''Monty Burns''', but usually said as '''Mr. Burns''') is a [[fictional character]] in the [[animated]] [[television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]''. [[Harry Shearer]] is the [[voice actor]] for Burns. [[Christopher Collins]] was the voice actor for him in the [[The Simpsons season 1|first season]]. [[Waylon Smithers]] is his [[wikt:assistant|assistant]]. He is the [[owner]] of [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]]'s [[power plant]]. ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520043424/http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_townspeople_burns.htm Mr. Burns] at TheSimpsons.com * {{imdb character|0003020}} {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Mr.}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters]] [[Category:Animated human characters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1989]] [[de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#C. Montgomery Burns]] [[en:Mr. Burns#C.Montgomery Burns]] [[pl:Postacie w serialu Simpsonowie#C. Montgomery Burns]] 26daw85yf1kodp4aq759lmalir1opvq 0 598588 10329852 9069995 2025-06-14T12:29:24Z Moulyags 1145829 Added citation for “The History of Anantapur” from Anantapur District SBCU website 10329852 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anantapur district''' (officially:Anantapuram district<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reporter|first1=Staff|title=Anantapur district to be renamed Anantapuram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/anantapur-district-to-be-renamed-anantapuram/article4604677.ece|access-date=5 June 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>) is a district in the [[Rayalaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The district headquarters is located at [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]] city. {{As of|2011}} Census, the district had a population of 4,083,315, of which 28.09% is urban. It has a literacy rate of 64.28%.<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|title=Anantapur district profile |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/Pages/Districts.aspx |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Portal |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715100812/http://www.ap.gov.in/Pages/Districts.aspx }}</ref> It is the largest district in terms of area in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the eighth largest district in [[India]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/facts/largedistricts.html|title=Top 10 Largest Districts of India by Total Area|work=census2011.co.in}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Anantapur |url=http://anantapurdsbcu.com/home/atp_histoy |publisher=Anantapur District SBCU |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> == Geography == [[File:Map AP dist all shaded.png|thumb|Districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]]] It is the largest district of Andhra Pradesh spanning an area of {{convert|19130|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="'Reference Annual'">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaareferencea00divi|title=India 2010: A Reference Annual|publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]]|year=2010|isbn=978-81-230-1617-7|editor-last=Srivastava, Dayawanti|edition=54th|location=New Delhi, India|pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiaareferencea00divi/page/1111 1111]–1112|chapter=States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government}}<!--| accessdate = 11 October 2011 --></ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Japan]]'s [[Shikoku Island]].<ref name="'Islands'">{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 11 October 2011 | date = 18 February 1998 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Shikoku 18,545km2 | archive-date = 1 December 2015 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> It is bounded on the north by [[Kurnool district|Kurnool District]], on the east by [[Kadapa district|Kadapa District]], on the southeast by [[Chittoor district|Chittoor District]], and on the southwest and west by [[Karnataka]] state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Background |url=http://anantapur.gov.in/html/district-profile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515233608/http://www.anantapur.gov.in/html/district-profile.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> It is part of [[Rayalaseema]] region on the state. Its northern and central portions are a high [[plateau]], generally undulating, with large [[granite]] rocks or low hill ranges rising occasionally above its surface. In the southern portion of the district the surface is more hilly, the plateau there rising to {{convert|2000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. above the sea.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anantapur|volume=1|page=913}}</ref> Six rivers flow within the district: [[Penner River|Penna]], [[Chithravathi]], [[Vedavathi]], [[Papagni]], [[Swarnamukhi]], and [[Thadakaleru]]. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 381 millimetres. Anantapur city is 354&nbsp;km from [[Hyderabad]], 200&nbsp;km from the neighbouring state capital of [[Bangalore]]. Anantapur connects Hyderabad and Bangalore through [[National Highway 44 (India) (new numbering)|National Highway 7]]. There is an airport in the district located in [[Puttaparthi]], known as [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport]]; however this airport currently has no scheduled service. [[Bangalore International Airport]] is nearest commercial airport to Anantapur District. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]] 0qfiy8xd0o7ljr3znowsap82mj9gfc1 0 599269 10330507 10314681 2025-06-14T17:38:11Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simpsons character | image= | name=Waylon Smithers | appearance="[[Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons)|Homer's Odyssey]]" (1990) }} '''Waylon J. Smithers Jr.''', usually referred to as '''Mr. Smithers''' or simply '''Smithers''', is a [[fictional character|character]] in the [[animated]] [[television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]''. He is voiced by [[Harry Shearer]] and made his first appeared in the episode "[[Homer's Odyssey (The Simpsons)|Homer's Odyssey]]", although his voice could be heard in the series premiere "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]". He is the consummate executive and personal assistant of Springfield Nuclear Power Plant's owner [[Mr. Burns]]. ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520042911/http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_townspeople_smithers.htm Waylon Smithers] at TheSimpsons.com * {{imdb character|0003025}} {{The Simpsons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smithers, Waylon}} [[Category:The Simpsons characters]] [[Category:Animated human characters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1990]] k5nuowq1z2tyczrvpjf8rvt1qgxu1v7 0 603069 10331544 10023319 2025-06-15T06:45:55Z 186.94.138.244 10331544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Stranger Things logo.png | alt = Stranger Things written in red neon on a black background | image_alt = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Drama]] * [[Horror]] * [[Mystery]] * [[Science fiction]] * [[Supernatural]] }} | creator = [[Daniel Stonier]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Winona Ryder]] * [[David Harbour]] * [[Finn Wolfhard]] * [[Millie Bobby Brown]] * [[Gaten Matarazzo]] * [[Caleb McLaughlin]] * [[Natalia Dyer]] * [[Charlie Heaton]] * [[Cara Buono]] * [[Matthew Modine]] * [[Noah Schnapp]] * [[Sadie Sink]] * [[Joe Keery]] * [[Dacre Montgomery]] * [[Sean Astin]] * [[Paul Reiser]] * [[Maya Hawke]] * [[Priah Ferguson]] * [[Brett Gelman]] }} | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 34 | list_episodes = #Episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[The Duffer Brothers]] * [[Shawn Levy]] * Dan Cohen }} | location = [[Jackson, Georgia]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * Tim Ives * Tod Campbell }} }} '''''Stranger Things''''' is an American [[science fiction]] television series created, written, directed and co-executive produced by the [[Duffer Brothers]], as well as co-executive produced by [[Shawn Levy]] and Dan Cohen. The first season, released in July 2016, stars [[Winona Ryder]], [[David Harbour]], [[Finn Wolfhard]], [[Millie Bobby Brown]], [[Gaten Matarazzo]], [[Caleb McLaughlin]], [[Natalia Dyer]], [[Charlie Heaton]], [[Cara Buono]] and [[Matthew Modine]], with [[Noah Schnapp]] and [[Joe Keery]] in recurring roles. For the second season, Schnapp and Keery were made series regulars, with actors [[Sadie Sink]], [[Dacre Montgomery]], [[Sean Astin]] and [[Paul Reiser]] also appearing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment-news/top-list/best-shows-on-netflix|title=Best Shows On Netflix That You Can’t Afford To Not Catch Up On - Stranger Things|website=BookMyShow|access-date=2017-12-04|archive-date=2019-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903173923/https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment-news/top-list/best-shows-on-netflix|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series is allegedly based on a 1992 book ''[[The Montauk Project: Experiments in Time]]'' which tells stories about the Montauk Project, an alleged series of secret U.S. government projects in Long Island.{{fact|date=March 2021}} Season 5 is set to be released in 2025. == Overview == ''Stranger Things'' is set in the fictional town of Hawkins, [[Indiana]] in the 1980s, the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a [[psychokinesis|psychokinetic]] girl who helps the missing boy's friends in their own search. The second season is set a year after the first, and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences from that season. The third season is set in the summer of 1985. ==Reception== ''Stranger Things'' was met with a very positive response by fans and critics. Viewer numbers for the series quickly climbed to around 14.7 million within the first 35 days after release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/stranger-things-tv-ratings-netflix-most-watched-1201844081/|title='Stranger Things' Ratings: Where Series Ranks Among Netflix's Most Watched|work=Variety (magazine)|date=August 25, 2016|access-date=August 26, 2016|last=Holloway|first=Daniel}}</ref> Popular review site [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gave the first season an approval rating of 96% based on 68 reviews, and a [[weighted average]] rating of 8.04/10.<ref name="rotten" >{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/stranger_things/s01/ |title=''Stranger Things'': Season 1 (2016)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=Fandango Media |access-date=October 23, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2010s American drama television series]] [[Category:2010s mystery television series]] [[Category:2010s science fiction television series]] [[Category:American horror television series]] [[Category:American mystery television series]] [[Category:American science fiction television series]] [[Category:Indiana in fiction]] [[Category:Period television series]] [[Category:Works set in the 1980s]] [[Category:2016 American television series debuts]] [[Category:Netflix original series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] 58zdw8jwvzw9d87qv3a1dx6nccvnkss 0 610026 10331794 9228022 2025-06-15T11:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name=Jean Schmidt | image name=Jean_Schmidt_Official.jpg | imagesize = 200px | state=[[Ohio]] | district=[[Ohio's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] | party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | term_start = August 2, 2005 | term_end = January 3, 2013 | preceded=[[Rob Portman]] | succeeded=[[Brad Wenstrup]] | state_house2=Ohio | state2=Ohio | district2=66th | term2=January 3, 2001–December 31, 2004 | preceded2=[[Sam Bateman]] | succeeded2=[[Joe Uecker]] | birth_date={{birth date and age|1951|11|29}} | birth_place=[[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]] | death_date= | death_place= | spouse=Peter Schmidt | children=Emilie Schmidt | residence= [[Loveland, Ohio]] | occupation= [[Politician]], [[Teacher]], [[Bank|Bank manager]] | alma_mater= [[University of Cincinnati]] }} '''Jeannette Marie Schmidt''' (born November 29, 1951) is a former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for {{ushr|OH|2}}, serving from 2005 to 2013. She is a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. On March 6, 2012, Schmidt was defeated for re-election in the GOP primary by [[Brad Wenstrup]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Eric |last=Kleefeld |url=http://2012.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/03/jean-schmidt-loses-house-seat-in-major-gop-primary-upset.php |title=Jean Schmidt Loses House Seat In Major GOP Primary Upset |publisher=Talking Points Memo |date=March 6, 2012 |access-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307193922/http://2012.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/03/jean-schmidt-loses-house-seat-in-major-gop-primary-upset.php |archive-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050608235324/http://www.jeanschmidt.com/ Jean Schmidt for Congress] ''official campaign site'' * [http://ohioladiesgallery.org/PublicOfficial.aspx?personId=108210 Profile on the Ohio Ladies' Gallery website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801102036/http://www.ohioladiesgallery.org/PublicOfficial.aspx?personId=108210 |date=2012-08-01 }} * {{CongLinks | congbio=S001164 | votesmart=45475 | fec=H6OH02086 | congress= }} Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template: * [http://ballotpedia.org/Jean_Schmidt Biography] at [[Ballotpedia]] * [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/412010 Congressional profile]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[GovTrack]] * [http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/412010_jean_schmidt Congressional profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119001037/http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/412010_jean_schmidt |date=2018-11-19 }} at [[Participatory Politics Foundation|OpenCongress]] * [http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00027526 Financial information (federal office)] at [[Center for Responsive Politics|OpenSecrets.org]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Jean}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from Ohio]] [[Category:Politicians from Cincinnati]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] lt46uwruk1gffgodyjbe71jwhglyib4 0 614716 10331587 5938828 2025-06-15T08:15:38Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:2004-08-08 1580x2800 chicago republic.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Statue of the Republic|Statue of ''The Republic'']] in Jackson park is a replica of [[Daniel Chester French]]'s [[Statue of the Republic|''The Republic'']]]] '''Jackson Park''' is a 500-acre (2&nbsp;km²) park on [[Chicago]]'s [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]], located at 6401 South [[Stony Island Avenue]] in the [[Woodlawn, Chicago|Woodlawn]] community area. It extends into the [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] and [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]] community areas, bordering [[Lake Michigan]] and several South Side neighborhoods. It is named for President [[Andrew Jackson]], it is one of two [[Chicago Park District]] parks with the name "Jackson", the other being [[Mahalia Jackson]] Park in the community area of [[Auburn Gresham, Chicago|Auburn Gresham]] on the far southwest side of Chicago. The parkland was first developed as the host site of the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]] in 1893. The [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] resides in the remaining "palace" in the park from that era. The park includes woodland trails, playing fields, a beach, golf course, and a boat harbor. It is the future site of the [[Barack Obama Presidential Center]] and library.<ref name="CaputoUnveil">{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obamalibrary/ct-obama-library-met-kamin-0503-20170503-story.html|title=Obamas unveil design of presidential center in Chicago|authors=Angela Caputo, Katherine Skiba, Blair Kamin|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=May 4, 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/jackson-park/ Jackson Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905154616/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/jackson-park/ |date=2012-09-05 }} – official site at Chicago Park District * [http://www.jacksonparkadvisorycouncil.org/ Jackson Park Advisory Council] * [http://www.gardenofthephoenix.org Garden of the Phoenix] – friends site [[Category:Parks in Chicago]] {{US-geo-stub}} ef8w1dwqsdgixulohntzcnyes38733j 10 615867 10330078 10247863 2025-06-14T14:21:11Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Replacing File:UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg with [[File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Information_Agency.svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 10330078 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>[[File:{{#switch:{{{1|{{{branch|}}}}}} |42MPB |42dMPB |42nd Military Police Brigade |42d Military Police Brigade |42ndMPB=Distinctive unit insignia of the 42nd Military Police Brigade.png |AGFF-1=USS Glover (AGFF-1) Crest.png |Albanians |Albanian |Albania=Coat of arms of Albania.svg |ARBIH |ARBiH=Logo of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal |Armed Forces Expeditionary |US Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal |US Armed Forces Expeditionary |U.S. Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal |U.S. Armed Forces Expeditionary |AFEM=Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border |Armed Forces Service Medal |Armed Forces Service |AFSM=Armed Forces Service Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border |Army Good Conduct Medal |Army Good Conduct |United States Army Good Conduct Medal |United States Army Good Conduct |U.S. Army Good Conduct Medal |U.S. Army Good Conduct |US Army Good Conduct Medal |US Army Good Conduct |USAGCM |AGCM=Army Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border |Distinguished Army Service Medal |U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal |U.S. Army Distinguished Service |Army Distinguished Service Medal |Army Distinguished Service |US Army Distinguished Service Medal |US Army Distinguished Service |ADSM |USADSM=U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border |airforce |Airforce |USAF |US Air Force |Air Force=Military service mark of the United States Air Force.svg |Air Guard |Air National Guard |AFNG |ANG=US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg |AFROTC |USAFJROTC |Air Force JROTC |Air Force Junior ROTC |AFJROTC=AF Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps.svg |Army Com |Army Comm |Army Commendation Medal |Army Commendation |ARCOM=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg{{!}}border |USA |U.S. Army |United States Army |US Army |Army |army=Military service mark of the United States Army.svg |Army Reserve |US Army Reserve |U.S. Army Reserve |United States Army Reserve |Army Reserves |Army Reservist |USAR=Seal of the United States Army Reserve.svg |AS39 |AS-39=USS Emory S. 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sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Japan]]''' sent people to compete at the '''[[2018 Winter Paralympics]]''' in [[Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]]. The group from Japan was going to compete in [[para-alpine skiing]], [[para-Nordic skiing]], [[para-snowboarding]] and [[sledge hockey]]. == Team == There were three announcements with who would go to the 2018 Winter Games representing Japan. The second announcement was made on 8 February 2018. The last announcement was made on 18 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/index.html|title=日本パラリンピック委員会|website=www.jsad.or.jp|language=ja|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115215142/http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/news/detail/20180209_001430.html|title=日本パラリンピック委員会｜ニュース|website=www.jsad.or.jp|language=ja|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209233615/http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/news/detail/20180209_001430.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/news/detail/20180214_001435.html|title=日本パラリンピック委員会｜ニュース|website=www.jsad.or.jp|language=ja|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227214644/http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/news/detail/20180214_001435.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The last announcement said two male para-alpine skiers would be going to [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsad.or.jp/paralympic/news/up_file/平昌【選手団名簿】 三次追加_20180214.pdf|title=平昌2018パラリンピック冬季競技大会　日本代表選手団|date=18 February 2018|website=Japanese Paralympic Committee|language=ja|trans-title=Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games Games Japan national team|access-date=18 February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The country has the third largest team among all nations. It has 38 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/02/26/0200000000AEN20180226010000315.html|title=PyeongChang to host largest Winter Paralympics next month|date=26 February 2018|newspaper=Yonhap News Agency|access-date=28 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Japan") that will be participating in the 2018 Games. {| class="wikitable" |+Team Japan !Name !Sport !Gender !Classification !Events !ref |- |Momoka Muraoka |para-alpine skiing |female |LW10.2 | |<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results/info-live-results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/daily-schedule-date=2018-03-10.htm|title=Daily Schedule - Sat, 10 Mar|website=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Gurimu Narita]] |para-snowboarding |male |SB-LL2 | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/pyeongchang-2018-sport-week-snowboard-ones-watch|title=PyeongChang 2018 Sport Week: Snowboard Ones to Watch|date=6 February 2018|website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> |- |[[Keiichi Sato]] |para-Nordic skiing |male | |biathlon, cross country skiing |<ref name=":02" /> |- |[[Atsushi Yamamoto]] |para-snowboarding |male | | |<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/pyeongchang-2018-6-dual-sport-athletes|title=PyeongChang 2018: 6 dual-sport athletes|date=9 February 2018|website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> |} == Para-alpine skiing == === Schedule and training === Skiers had training runs for the downhill race on 7 March.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results/info-live-results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/daily-schedule-date=2018-03-07.htm|title=Alpine Skiing|website=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> Their practice runs in the downhill on 8 and 9 March were cancelled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results/info-live-results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/daily-schedule-date=2018-03-08.htm|title=Alpine Skiing: 8 March|website=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results/info-live-results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/daily-schedule-date=2018-03-09.htm|title=Alpine Skiing: 9 March|website=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The first event on the para-alpine program was the downhill. It started on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers raced between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March.  Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions.  Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oepc.at/index.php/de/pyeongchang/programm|title=Programm|date=12 February 2018|website=Austrian Paralympic Committee|language=de|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209221030/http://www.oepc.at/index.php/de/pyeongchang/programm|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Results === Anna Schaffelhuber of Germany won gold in the women's downhill sitting race.  Momoka Muraoka of Japan won silver.  Laurie Stephens of the United States won bronze.<ref name=":022" /> In the men's downhill sitting race, Andrew Kurka of the United States won gold, Taiki Morri of Japan won silver and Corey Peters of New Zealand won bronze.<ref name=":022" /> In the women's Super-G sitting race, Anna Schaffelhuber of Germany won gold, Claudia Loesch of Austria won silver, and Momoka Muraoka of Japan won bronze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/pyeongchang-2018/results/info-live-results/PWG2018/en/alpine-skiing/daily-schedule-date=2018-03-11.htm|title=Alpine Skiing Live Results: 11 March|website=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> == Para-Nordic skiing == === Skiers === [[Keiichi Sato]] competes in two sports: [[para-triathlon]] and [[para-Nordic skiing]].  The first sport he did was para-Nordic skiing.  As a member of Team Japan, he went to the [[2010 Winter Paralympics|2010]] and [[2014 Winter Paralympics]].  After para-triathlon became a Paralympic sport, Sato decided to try it.  He then was part of Team Japan at the [[2016 Summer Paralympics]]. He then went to the 2017 Triathlon World Championships.  After that, he stopped competing in para-triathlon.  He wanted to try to medal at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.  He thought he needed to focus on para-Nordic skiing to do that.<ref name=":02" /> === Schedule and results === On 12 March, the 15&nbsp;km race takes place, with standing and vision impaired women starting at 10:00 PM. Thee sprint classic qualification takes place on 14 March from 10:00 AM – 11:25 AM for both men and women in all classes. It is followed in the afternoon by the semifinals and finals.  The classic race takes place on 17 March. The standing and visually impaired women's race takes place from 10:00 AM - 12:30.<ref name=":122"/> == Para-snowboarding == === Snowboarders === [[Atsushi Yamamoto]] is a track and field competitor.  He won a silver medal in the men's T42 long jump at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.  In November 2017, he went to the World Para Snowboard World Cup in [[Landgraaf]], [[Netherlands]].  The World Cup was his first para-snowboarding competition.  Also there was [[Daniel Wagner]] of [[Denmark]].  Wagner won gold in the event which Yamamoto won silver.  Both men had decided to compete internationally in snowboarding during the same year.<ref name=":02" /> === Schedule and results === The snowboard cross event starts on 12 March. It goesfrom 10:30 AM to 5:00 PM for all classes for both men and women.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oepc.at/index.php/de/pyeongchang/programm|title=Programm|date=2 February 2018|website=Austrian Paralympic Committee|language=de|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209221030/http://www.oepc.at/index.php/de/pyeongchang/programm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The slalom race is scheduled to take place on 16 March, going from 10:30 AM – 4:55 PM for men and women in all classes.<ref name=":122"/> == Sledge hockey == === Roster === Japan's team has 17 men. Their coach is [[Kojin Nakakita]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/pyeongchang-2018-japan-name-para-ice-hockey-team|title=PyeongChang 2018: Japan name Para ice hockey team|website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Team Japan !Name !Position !Role !Past Games !ref |- |Mikio Annaka |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Shinobu Fukushima |[[goaltender]] | |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Susumu Hirose |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Wataru Horie |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Hideaki Ishii |[[Defenceman|defenseman]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Nao Kodama |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Masaharu Kumagai |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] |alternate captain | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Eiji Misawa |[[Defenceman|defenseman]] | |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Kazuya Mochizuki |[[goaltender]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Keisuke Nagumo |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Toshiyuki Nakamura |[[Defenceman|defenseman]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Taimei Shiba |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Yoshihiro Shioya |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | | |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Satoru Sudo |[[Defenceman|defenseman]] |captain |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Kazuhiro Takahashi |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] |alternate captain |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Daisuke Uehara |[[Defenceman|defenseman]] | |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |- |Mamoru Yoshikawa |[[Winger (ice hockey)|forward]] | |2014 |<ref name=":2" /> |} === To the Games === Japan, Sweden and the Czech Republic were the last 3 teams that were able to go to the 2018 Games. They could go because of how they finished at the Qualification Tournament in October in Ostersund, Sweden in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/pyeongchang-2018-10-things-know|title=PyeongChang 2018: 10 things to know|website=www.paralympic.org|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/pyeongchang-2018-para-ice-hockey-seedings-and-groups-revealed|title=PyeongChang 2018: Para ice hockey seedings and groups revealed|website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ostersund-2017-sweet-victory-sweden|title=Ostersund 2017: Sweet Victory for Sweden|website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> === Schedule and results === The [[United States of America at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|United States]], [[South Korea at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|South Korea]], the [[Czech Republic at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|Czech Republic]] and Japan were in Group B for the sledge hockey competition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hockeycanada.ca/fr-ca/team-canada/men/sledge/2018-paralympics/stats/schedule|title=Parahockey sur glace - Horaire et Résultats|website=www.hockeycanada.ca|access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref> Japan plays against South Korea on 10 March.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/sport/vintersport/sa-sander-svt-paralympics-2018/|title=Så sänder SVT Paralympics 2018 - Sport {{!}} SVT.se|newspaper=SVT Sport|access-date=2018-02-16|language=sv}}</ref> They play the Czech Republic on 13 March.<ref name=":1" /> ; Preliminary round {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! width="165" |Team ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|GP|Games played}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|W|Wins}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|OTW|Overtime wins}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|OTL|Overtime losses}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|L|Losses}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} ! width="40" |{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}} |- bgcolor="ccffcc" | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic | | | | | | | | | |- bgcolor="ccffcc" | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|Japan}} Japan | | | | | | | | | |- bgcolor="ffcccc" | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|South Korea}} South Korea | | | | | | | | | |- bgcolor="ffcccc" | style="text-align:left;" |{{Flagicon|United States}} United States | | | | | | | | | |} {{Hockeybox2|bg=#eeeeee|date=March 10, 2018|time=15:30 [[Korean Standard Time|KST]]|team1=Japan {{flagicon|Japan}}|team2={{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|South Korea]]|score=|periods=|progression=|goals1=|goals2=|official=|stadium=[[Gangneung Hockey Centre]]|attendance=}}{{Hockeybox2|bg=#eeffff|date=March 11, 2018|time=12:00 [[Korean Standard Time|KST]]|team1=Japan {{flagicon|Japan}}|team2={{flagicon|United States}} [[United States of America at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|United States]]|score=|periods=|progression=|goals1=|goals2=|official=|stadium=[[Gangneung Hockey Centre]]|attendance=}}{{Hockeybox2|bg=#eeeeee|date=March 13, 2018|time=19:00 [[Korean Standard Time|MSK]]|team1=Japan {{flagicon|Japan}}|team2={{flagicon|Czech Republic }} '''[[Czech Republic at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|Czech Republic]]'''|score=|periods=|progression=|goals1=|goals2=|official=|stadium=[[Gangneung Hockey Centre]]|attendance=}} == Media and television == For the first time, the Paralympic Games will be live on television. The 2018 Games will be on NHK.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://satkurier.pl/news/167058/nhk-zimowe-igrzyska-paraolimpijskie-w-8k.html|title=NHK: Zimowe igrzyska paraolimpijskie w 8K {{!}} 8K - SATKurier.pl|newspaper=SATKurier.pl|access-date=20 February 2018|language=pl-PL}}</ref> People can watch on NHK General TV and NHK Educational TV channels.<ref name=":3" /> Some will be televised with a [[Display resolution|resolution]] of 8K.<ref name=":3" /> There are going to be 62 hours of live coverage.<ref name=":3" /> ; == References == {{reflist|30em}} {{Countries at the 2018 Paralympic Games}} [[Category:Nations at the 2018 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Sport in Japan]] cfq7jw9anufix880qsz1n0n4uakdgyi 0 621506 10331496 8761673 2025-06-15T05:41:08Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madina Nalwanga''' (born February 2, 2002)<ref>{{cite news | url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/ugandan-premiere-girls-slum-chess-champ-story-195730837.html | title=Ugandan premiere of girl's slum-to-chess-champ story | first=Michael | last=O'Hagan | date=2016-10-02 | agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] | access-date=2018-02-11 | archive-date=2020-10-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017194058/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/ugandan-premiere-girls-slum-chess-champ-story-195730837.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> became famous for her lead role in Disney's [[Queen of Katwe]]. The film depicts the life of [[Phiona Mutesi]], a [[Uganda]]n girl living in a slum in [[Katwe]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/madina-nalwanga/|title=Madina Nalwanga|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}</ref> For her role in the film, she won [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Most Promising Actor|most promising actor]] award at 2017 [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] in Lagos, Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theugandatoday.com/entertainment/2017/07/queen-of-katwe-actress-madina-nalwanga-wins-an-award-at-the-african-movie-academy-awards-2017/ |title=Queen of Katwe Actress Madina Nalwanga wins an award at the African Movie Academy Awards 2017 |website=theugandatoday.com |access-date=2018-02-13 |archive-date=2018-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214145123/http://www.theugandatoday.com/entertainment/2017/07/queen-of-katwe-actress-madina-nalwanga-wins-an-award-at-the-african-movie-academy-awards-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Early life== Born in the poor [[Kampala]]'s slum of [[Katwe]], she spent their childhood selling corn on the streets of Katwe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/09/21/queen-katwe-madina-nalwanga-lupita-nyongo-david-oyelowo/90708606|title=How Nyong'o, Oyelowo bonded with their 'Queen of Katwe'|website=amp.usatoday.com|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nalwanga, Madina}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Kampala]] [[Category:African actors]] s50qjre61dp4loip6jyscvf0wi7bin6 0 623621 10331474 10261229 2025-06-15T05:30:07Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav|2023}} {{Year in various calendars|2023}} '''2023''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MMXXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]], the 2023rd year of the [[Common Era]] (CE) and [[Anno Domini]] (AD) designations, {{Year article header/year number|2023}}. The year started with the continuation of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] which began in early 2022. In January, July and September, [[Islamist]] [[suicide bomber]]s killed a total of over 200 people in [[Pakistan]]. In February, [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|an earthquake]] struck [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]], that killed more than 50,000 people, making it one of the [[:en:Lists of 21st-century earthquakes|deadliest earthquakes of the 21st century]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-02-24|title=Earthquake death toll surpasses 50,000 in Turkey and Syria|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/earthquake-death-toll-surpasses-50000-turkey-syria-2023-02-24/|access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref> in April, [[India]] became the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|world's most populous country]], overtaking [[China]]. In September, [[Storm Daniel]] killed nearly 7,000 people in [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Libya]] and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Najjar|first=Linah Alsaafin,Urooba Jamal,Farah|title=Libya floods updates: Aid sent to Derna, death toll expected to rise 6000|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/9/13/libya-floods-live-thousands-missing-as-derna-counts-human-cost-of-disaster|access-date=2023-09-14|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> In September, [[Azerbaijan]] [[:en:2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|launched an offensive]] which ended the existence of the [[Republic of Artsakh]], causing its [[Armenians|Armenian]] inhabitants to [[:en:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians#:~:text=Faced with threats of ethnic,dozen people within the region.|move back]] to [[Armenia]]. Between October to December, over 23,000 Palestinians and 1,300 Israelis were killed during a [[war]] [[2023 Israel–Hamas war|between]] [[Israel]] and [[Hamas]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 December 2023|title=Gaza death toll hits 21,822 as Israel kills 150 people in 24 hours|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/gaza-death-toll-hits-21822-as-israel-kills-150-people-in-24-hours|access-date=|website=Daily Sabah|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Netanyahu says Israel must control Gaza's border with Egypt, war to last months: Top points|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/israel-hamas-war-latest-developments-benjamin-netanyahu-gaza-border-with-egypt-2482437-2023-12-31|access-date=2023-12-31|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Former [[King of Greece]] [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]], former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], former [[Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]], musicians [[Burt Bacharach]], [[Tina Turner]] and [[Tony Bennett]] and [[association football|footballer]] [[Bobby Charlton]] died. == Events == === January === * [[January 1]] ** [[Croatia]] adopts the [[euro]] and joins the [[Schengen Area]], becoming the 20th member state of the [[Eurozone]] and the 27th member of Schengen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2022 |title=Croatia set to join the euro area on 1 January 2023: Council adopts final required legal acts |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/07/12/croatia-set-to-join-the-euro-area-on-1-january-2023-council-adopts-final-required-legal-acts/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=European Council/Council of the European Union |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725212627/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/07/12/croatia-set-to-join-the-euro-area-on-1-january-2023-council-adopts-final-required-legal-acts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Buckley|first=Julia|date=January 2, 2023|title=This popular European country just got a new currency|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/croatia-joins-euro-zone-schengen/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001950/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/croatia-joins-euro-zone-schengen/index.html|archive-date=January 3, 2023|access-date=2023-01-03|website=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Uzbekistan]] switches from [[Cyrillic script]] to [[Latin script]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 7, 2021|title=Uzbekistan to switch to Latin alphabet in 2023|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uzbekistan-to-switch-to-latin-alphabet-in-2023/2200498|website=AA|language=en}}</ref> * [[January 4]] &ndash; [[:en:Mahas bombings|Mahas bombings]] in [[:en:Mahas District|Mahas District]], [[:en:Hiran, Somalia|Hiran]], [[Somalia]]. * [[January 5]] &ndash; The [[Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI|funeral]] of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] is held at [[St. Peter's Square|Saint Peter's Square]] in the [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-31 |title=Pope Francis to lead funeral for Benedict XVI, a first in modern history |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221231-pope-francis-to-lead-funeral-for-benedict-xvi-a-first-in-modern-history |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231164708/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20221231-pope-francis-to-lead-funeral-for-benedict-xvi-a-first-in-modern-history |url-status=live }}</ref> * January 5–[[January 13|13]] &ndash; [[2023 Sinaloa unrest|Unrest]] follows the arrest of drug kingpin [[Ovidio Guzmán López]] in [[Sinaloa]], [[Mexico]], killing 10 soldiers and 19 cartel members.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-01-05|title=Ovidio Guzmán-López: Twenty-nine killed during arrest of El Chapo's son|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64179356|access-date=}}</ref> * [[January 8]] ** A [[Kaffrine bus crash|bus crash]] in [[Senegal]] kills 40 people and injures over 100 others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-08 |title=Senegal bus crash kills 40: President Sall declares mourning period |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64202369 |access-date=2023-01-09 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109045422/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64202369 |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[COVID-19 pandemic]]: China reopens its borders to international visitors, marking the end of travel restrictions that began in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2023 |title=China reopens borders as lunar new year travel kicks off amid Covid surge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/china-drops-quarantine-for-visitors-as-lunar-new-year-travel-kicks-off-amid-covid-surge |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108112815/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/china-drops-quarantine-for-visitors-as-lunar-new-year-travel-kicks-off-amid-covid-surge |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2023 |title=Zero-Covid over, Chinese travellers swing into overseas holiday mode |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3206017/zero-covid-over-chinese-travellers-swing-overseas-holiday-mode |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108112822/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3206017/zero-covid-over-chinese-travellers-swing-overseas-holiday-mode |url-status=live }}</ref> ** Supporters of former [[President of Brazil|Brazilian president]] [[Jair Bolsonaro]] [[2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress|storm]] the Brazilian [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]], the [[Supreme Federal Court]] and the [[Palácio do Planalto|Presidential Palace of Planalto]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gortázar |first=Naiara Galarraga |date=8 January 2023 |title=Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's Congress |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-01-08/bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-congress.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108231244/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-01-08/bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-congress.html |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="decree">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Federal forces to intervene in Brasília after pro-coup riot |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-01/senate-confirms-federal-intervention-public-safety-df |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Agência Brasil |language=en |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111134007/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-01/senate-confirms-federal-intervention-public-safety-df |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]], the last [[King of Greece]], dies aged 82.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/obituary-former-king-greece-constantine-ii-dies-82-2023-01-10/ Former King of Greece Constantine II dies at 82]</ref> * January 10-[[January 17|17]] &ndash; A [[2023 Afghanistan cold snap|winter storm]] in [[Afghanistan]] begins, killing over 120 people.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64386145 Afghanistan: Freezing weather kills at least 124 people]</ref> * [[January 15]] &ndash; A [[Yeti Airlines Flight 691|plane crash]] in [[Nepal]] kills all 72 people onboard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-15 |title=Nepal crash: Dozens killed as plane crashes near Pokhara airport |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64280480 |access-date=2023-01-20 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120130951/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64280480 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 16]] &ndash; Italian police arrest [[Matteo Messina Denaro]], the head of [[Sicilian Mafia]] in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/01/16/news/matteo_messina_denaro_arrestato_boss_mafia-383767757/|title=Arrestato il boss della mafia Matteo Messina Denaro|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111107/https://palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2023/01/16/news/matteo_messina_denaro_arrestato_boss_mafia-383767757/|archive-date=16 January 2023|access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/16/italy-most-wanted-mafia-boss-matteo-messina-denaro-arrested| title=Italy's most-wanted mafia boss Matteo Messina Denaro arrested| newspaper=The Guardian| date=16 January 2023}}</ref> * January 17 &ndash; [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]] [[resign]]s as [[President of Vietnam]] and is replaced by [[Võ Thị Ánh Xuân]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Vietnam President Nguyen Xuan Phuc Resigns in Rare Shakeup |url=https://time.com/6247672/vietnam-president-phuc-resigns-corruption-purge/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 18]] ** A [[2023 Brovary helicopter crash|helicopter crash]] in [[Kyiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]] kills fourteen people, including Interior Minister [[Denys Monastyrsky]].<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Ian|last1=Lovett|first2=Jared|last2=Malsin|title=Ukraine Helicopter Crash Kills Interior Minister and at Least 13 Others|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-interior-minister-killed-in-kyiv-helicopter-crash-11674033634|date=18 January 2023|access-date=19 January 2023|work=The Wall Street Journal|language=en-US|url-access=subscription|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraines-interior-minister-killed-in-kyiv-helicopter-crash-11674033634|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[Gaston Browne]] is re-elected [[Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Sherrylyn |date=19 January 2023 |title=Third term for Gaston Browne |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2023/01/19/third-term-gaston-browne/ |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Nation News |language=en-US |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119153221/https://www.nationnews.com/2023/01/19/third-term-gaston-browne/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Jacinda Ardern]] announces her [[resignation]] as [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]], months before the [[2023 New Zealand general election|general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malpass |first=Luke |date=2023-01-19 |title=Live: Jacinda Ardern announces she will resign as prime minister by February 7th |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/130990117/live-jacinda-ardern-announces-she-will-resign-as-prime-minister-by-february-7th |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> Three days later, [[Chris Hipkins]] is elected as her replacement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Hipkins on flight when he received leadership backing |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/01/21/chris-hipkins-on-flight-when-he-received-leadership-backing/ |access-date=21 January 2023 |website=1 News |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 20]] – [[Christine Kangaloo]] is elected as the 7th [[President of Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Gail |title=Kangaloo is President-elect |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/kangaloo-is-presidentelect-6.2.1614391.6ddaed2070 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 21]] &ndash; In [[2023 Monterey Park shooting|a mass shooting]] at a [[Chinese New Year]] celebration, a gunman kills eleven people in [[Monterey Park, California]], [[United States]].<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/los-angeles-mass-shooting-01-22-2023/index.html January 22, 2023 Monterey Park mass shooting news]</ref> Two days later, seven others would be killed in another [[2023 Half Moon Bay shootings|mass shooting]] in [[Half Moon Bay, California]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64382598 Half Moon Bay: Seven dead in another California mass shooting]</ref> * [[January 24]] &ndash; A [[C/2022 E3 (ZTF)|green comet]] makes its closest approach to the [[Earth]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64252258 Green comet approaching Earth for first time in 50,000 years]</ref> * [[January 27]]–[[January 28|28]] &ndash; The second round of the [[2023 Czech presidential election]] is held. [[Petr Pavel]] wins the election.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Česká televize|title=Prezidentské volby 2023 |url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/volby2023 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ČT24|language=cs |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114070350/https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/volby2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 30]] &ndash; An Islamist suicide bomber [[2023 Peshawar mosque bombing|kills over 80 people]] in a [[mosque]] in [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-31|title=Pakistan mosque blast {{!}} death toll rises to 100|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64462321|access-date=2023-09-18|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> === February === * [[February 3]] &ndash; A train carrying [[hazardous materials]] [[2023 Ohio train derailment|runs off the tracks]] in [[East Palestine, Ohio]], United States. Several train cars burned for more than two days, and then [[emergency crew]]s did a [[controlled burn]] of more cars. The fires released [[hydrogen chloride]] and [[phosgene]] into the [[atmosphere]].<ref name="guardian2">{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2023 |title=Ohio catastrophe is 'wake-up call' to dangers of deadly train derailments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/11/ohio-train-derailment-wake-up-call |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213091852/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/11/ohio-train-derailment-wake-up-call |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="guardian2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Orsagos |first1=Patrick |last2=Seewer |first2=John |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Crews release toxic chemicals from derailed tankers in Ohio |url=https://apnews.com/article/ohio-train-derailment-updates-bf5a60de2243cd6f7f730096aa33294c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207084734/https://apnews.com/article/ohio-train-derailment-updates-bf5a60de2243cd6f7f730096aa33294c |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=Associated Press }}</ref> * [[February 4]] &ndash; The [[U.S. Government]] [[2023 Chinese balloon incident|shoots down a Chinese spy balloon]] in U.S. [[territorial waters]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] off [[South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=China condemns US military strike on suspected spy balloon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/4/biden-says-us-will-take-care-of-suspected-chinese-spy-balloon |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tangalakis-Lippert |first=Katherine |title=A second 'Chinese surveillance balloon' has been spotted over Latin America, according to Pentagon officials |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/second-chinese-surveillance-balloon-spotted-over-latin-america-2023-2 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[February 5]] &ndash; The [[2023 Cypriot presidential election]] is held, with [[Nikos Christodoulides]] elected [[President of Cyprus|president]].<ref name=":123">{{Cite news |last=Kambas |first=Michele |date=2023-02-12 |title=Former Cyprus foreign minister wins presidential election |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cypriot-diplomats-face-off-cliffhanger-presidential-vote-2023-02-12/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212123454/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cypriot-diplomats-face-off-cliffhanger-presidential-vote-2023-02-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 6]] &ndash; [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake|An earthquake]] in [[southeastern Turkey]] kills over 45,000 people in Turkey and over 6,000 in Syria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Earthquake Kills More Than 110 People in Turkey, Syria |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-06/magnitude-7-7-earthquake-strikes-in-turkey-gfz |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Powerful quake kills at least 360 people in Turkey, Syria |url=https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-shakes-turkey-b927808f6a5c54bdb669120faa40b7bc |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> * [[February 20]] &ndash; [[2023 Daytona 500]].{{cn|date=March 2023}} * [[February 21]] &ndash; [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] announces that [[Russia]] is suspending its participation in [[New START]], a nuclear arms reduction treaty with the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-64713099|title=Putin suspends key US nuclear arms deal in bitter speech against West|work=BBC News|date=21 February 2023|access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref> * [[February 25]] &ndash; [[2023 Nigerian general election]]: [[Bola Tinubu]] is elected as [[Nigeria]]'s [[President of Nigeria|president]], defeating former [[Vice President of Nigeria|vice president]] [[Atiku Abubakar]] and [[Peter Obi]].<ref name="Punch Newspapers 2023">{{cite web | title=BREAKING: INEC declares Tinubu winner of presidential election | website=Punch Newspapers | date=2023-03-01 | url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-tinubu-winner-of-presidential-election/ | access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref> * [[February 27]] &ndash; The [[United Kingdom]] and the [[European Union]] reach an [[Windsor Framework|agreement]] about changes to the [[Northern Ireland Protocol]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.sky.com/story/windsor-framework-what-role-will-eu-rules-continue-to-play-in-northern-ireland-12822023 | title=Windsor Framework: What role will EU rules continue to play in Northern Ireland? }}</ref> * [[February 28]] &ndash; A [[head-on collision|head-on]] [[train crash]] in [[Tempi (municipality)|Tempi]], [[Larissa (regional unit)|Larissa]], [[Thessaly]], Greece, [[Tempi train crash|kills at least 57 people]].<ref>{{Cite news| date=2023-03-01| title=Dozens killed after two trains collide in Greece| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-64807384| website=BBC News| access-date=2023-03-01| archive-date=1 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301102920/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-europe-64807384| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/5/demonstrators-police-clash-amid-train-crash-protests-in-athens|title=Demonstrators, police clash at Greece train crash protest|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> === March === * [[March 2]] &ndash; The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] declares [[Võ Văn Thưởng]] as the country's new president after receiving 98.38% votes from the Vietnamese parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vu |first1=Khanh |last2=Guarascio |first2=Francesco |date=2023-03-02 |title=Vietnam parliament elects Vo Van Thuong as new state president |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-parliament-elects-vo-van-thuong-new-state-president-2023-03-02/ |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref> * [[March 4]] &ndash; [[United Nations]] member states agree on a legal framework for the [[High Seas Treaty]], which aims to protect 30% of the world's [[ocean]]s by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ocean treaty: Historic agreement reached after decade of talks |work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64815782 |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=High seas treaty: historic deal to protect international waters finally reached at UN |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/05/high-seas-treaty-agreement-to-protect-international-waters-finally-reached-at-un |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> * [[March 5]] &ndash; [[2023 Estonian parliamentary election]] * [[March 9]] &ndash; A former [[Jehovah's Witness]] [[2023 Hamburg shooting|kills seven people]], a [[fetus]] [[murder–suicide|and]] [[suicide|himself]] in a [[mass shooting]] at a [[Kingdom Hall]] in [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]. * [[March 10]] **[[2023 People's Republic of China presidential election]]: The [[National People's Congress]] unanimously re-elects [[Xi Jinping]] as the [[President of the People's Republic of China]] to an unprecedented third term.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Xi Jinping handed unprecedented third term as China's president|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/10/xi-jinping-handed-unprecedented-third-term-as-chinas-president|work=The Guardian|date=2023-03-10}}</ref> ** [[Iran]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] agree to resume diplomatic relations which were severed in 2016 at talks meditated by China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/10/iran-saudi-arabia-agree-restore-ties-china-talks|title=Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to restore ties after China-brokered talks|first=Patrick|last=Wintour|date=March 10, 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> ** [[Silicon Valley Bank]], the 16th largest bank in the United States, [[Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank|fails]], creating then the [[March 2023 United States bank failures|largest bank failure]] since the [[2007–2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crisis]], affecting companies around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Russell |first1=Karl |last2=Zhang |first2=Christine |date=2023-03-11 |title=The Second-Biggest Bank Failure |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/03/10/business/bank-failures-silicon-valley-collapse.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aby Jose|first=Koilparambil|date=March 14, 2023|title=Factbox: Which companies are affected by SVB collapse?|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/global-firms-with-exposure-collapsed-svb-2023-03-13/|access-date=March 14, 2023|website=Reuters}}</ref> * [[March 17]] &ndash; The [[International Criminal Court]] issues [[ICC arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova|an arrest warrant]] for Russian president Vladimir Putin. This is the first arrest warrant it has issued against a leader of a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Putin arrest warrant: Biden welcomes ICC's war crimes charges |work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-64998165 |date=18 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Russia-Ukraine war live: Biden welcomes Putin arrest warrant as UK says Moscow likely to expand conscription |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-live-xxxxx |date=18 March 2023 |access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> * [[March 19]] &ndash; Swiss investment bank [[UBS]] Group AG [[Acquisition of Credit Suisse by UBS|agrees to buy]] [[Credit Suisse]] for 3 billion [[Swiss franc]]s ({{USD|3.2 billion}}) in an all-stock deal brokered by the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|government of Switzerland]] and the [[Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |date=19 March 2023 |title=UBS buys Credit Suisse for $3.2 billion as regulators look to shore up the global banking system |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/19/ubs-agrees-to-buy-credit-suisse-as-regulators-look-to-shore-up-global-banking-system.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319193819/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/19/ubs-agrees-to-buy-credit-suisse-as-regulators-look-to-shore-up-global-banking-system.html |archive-date=19 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Halftermeyer |first1=Marion |last2=Bazelou |first2=Myriam |date=2023-03-19 |title=UBS Agrees to Buy Credit Suisse in Historic Deal to End Crisis |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-19/ubs-agrees-to-buy-credit-suisse-in-historic-deal-to-end-crisis |url-status=live |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319172338/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-19/ubs-agrees-to-buy-credit-suisse-in-historic-deal-to-end-crisis |archive-date=19 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Massoudi |first1=Arash |last2=Morris |first2=Stephen |last3=Fontanella-Khan |first3=James |last4=Noonan |first4=Laura |last5=Walker |first5=Owen |date=19 March 2023 |title=UBS agrees to buy Credit Suisse for more than $2bn |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ec4be743-052a-4381-a923-c2fbd7ea9cfd?sharetype=gift |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319193829/https://www.ft.com/content/ec4be743-052a-4381-a923-c2fbd7ea9cfd?sharetype=gift |archive-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>[[File:Zaporizhzhia after Russian shelling, 2023-03-22 (01).webp|thumb|Residential buildings in [[Zaporizhzhia]], Ukraine after [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|Russian rocket strikes]] on 22 March 2023, the second day of [[2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia|Xi Jinping's visit to Russia]]]] * [[March 20]] &ndash; The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) releases the synthesis report of its [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] on [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=ipcc.ch }}</ref> * [[March 26]] &ndash; [[2023 Israeli judicial reform protests]]: Protests break out across Israel, after [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] fires his defence minister who spoke against the government's [[2023 Israeli judicial reform|judicial reform plan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Netanyahu fires defense minister Gallant for calling to stop judicial overhaul|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article/netanyahu-fires-defense-minister-gallant-for-calling-to-stop-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1f31-d4ca-afff-1f39e2be0000|date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel: mass protests after sacking of minister who opposed judicial overhaul|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/26/benjamin-netanyahu-fires-defence-minister-yoav-gallant-judicial-overhaul|date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands of Israelis march on Benjamin Netanyahu's residence as tensions reach boiling point|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/03/26/israelis-break-past-security-barrier-near-benjamin-netanyahus/|date=26 March 2023}}</ref> * [[March 27]] ** A [[trans man]] [[Nashville school shooting|shoots dead]] six people at an [[elementary school]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Elamroussi|first=Aya|date=2023-03-31|title=First funeral of Nashville school shooting victim comes a day after police release terrifying 911 calls of attack|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/31/us/covenant-school-shooting-nashville-tennessee-friday/index.html|website=CNN}}</ref> ** [[Detainee]]s at an [[immigration detention]] centre in [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], Mexico, [[arson|set fire to]] their [[mattress]]es, [[Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire|killing 39 people]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Olson|first=Emily|last2=Chappell|first2=Bill|last3=Treisman|first3=Rachel|date=2023-03-28|title=Ciudad Juarez, Mexico: 39 people dead in fire at a migrant facility near border|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/03/28/1166429686/fire-migrant-mexico-ciudad-juarez|website=NPR}}</ref> === April === * [[April 2]] **[[2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2023 |title=Ex-PM Borissov's GERB nudges ahead in Bulgarian election, partial results show |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ex-pm-borissovs-gerb-nudges-ahead-bulgarian-election-partial-results-2023-04-03/ |access-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref> **[[2023 Montenegrin presidential election]]: [[Jakov Milatović]] of the [[Europe Now!]] movement wins in the second round, becoming the first [[President of Montenegro|president]] not from the [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|DPS]] party since the introduction of a multi-party system in 1990.<ref>[https://rtcg.me/predsjednickiizbori/413500/jakov-milatovic-ubjedljivo-pobijedio-dobio-601-odsto-glasova-djukanovic-399-.html Jakov Milatović ubjedljivo pobijedio: Dobio 60,1 odsto glasova, Đukanović 39,9 %], RTCG, 2 April 2023</ref> **[[2023 Finnish parliamentary election]]: the centre-right [[National Coalition Party|National Coalition]] led by [[Petteri Orpo]] receives the most votes.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=Karkkola|first=Minna|title=Näin Petteri Orpo laittaa hallitusneuvottelut käyntiin – Lähteekö viestejä SDP:lle tai PS:lle?|url=https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/nain-petteri-orpo-laittaa-hallitusneuvottelut-kayntiin-lahteeko-viesteja-sdplle-tai-pslle/d5fdecd9-d800-41b6-b61e-640322b60a77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402211115/https://www.uusisuomi.fi/uutiset/nain-petteri-orpo-laittaa-hallitusneuvottelut-kayntiin-lahteeko-viesteja-sdplle-tai-pslle/d5fdecd9-d800-41b6-b61e-640322b60a77|archive-date=2 April 2023|access-date=2023-04-03|website=Uusi Suomi|language=fi}}</ref> **[[2023 Andorran parliamentary election]]: the ruling [[Democrats for Andorra]] led by Prime Minister [[Xavier Espot]] win the majority of the seats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://electionguide.org/elections/id/4032/?%27report_type=upcoming |title=IFES Election Guide &#124; Elections: Andorra General Council 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-date=December 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225191004/https://electionguide.org/elections/id/4032/?%27report_type=upcoming |url-status=live }}</ref> **[[2023 Saint Petersburg bombing]]: Russian pro-[[Government of Russia|government]] war correspondent [[Vladlen Tatarsky]] is killed by a bombing at a café in [[Saint Petersburg]] owned by [[oligarch]] [[Yevgeny Prigozhin]]. Sixteen others are injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=В Петербурге при взрыве в кафе погиб военкор Владлен Татарский |url=https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/17429999 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=TACC}}</ref> * [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Finland]] becomes the 31st member of [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-04 |title=Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-65173043 |access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref> * [[April 10]] &ndash; [[2023 Pentagon document leaks|Two document leaks]] from the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] detailing foreign military aid relating to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] are leaked onto the Internet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-11 |title=What the leaked Pentagon documents reveal - 8 key takeaways |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65238951 |access-date=2023-05-01}}</ref> * [[April 11]] &ndash; [[:en:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)|Myanmar civil war]]: In the village of [[Pazigyi]], [[Pazigyi massacre|at least 165 people are killed]] by the [[Myanmar Air Force]] during the opening celebrations of a [[People's Defence Force (Myanmar)|People's Defence Force]] administration office.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=12 April 2023 |title=Myanmar's junta kills over 100 including women, children in a deadly airstrike on village: Report |language=en |work=India TV News |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/myanmar-junta-killed-over-more-than-100-including-women-children-live-updates-airstrike-village-kant-balu-sagaing-min-aung-hlaing-aung-san-suu-kyi-2023-04-12-862665}}</ref> * [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer]] (JUICE) is launched by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) to search for life in the [[Moons of Jupiter]]. It is expected to reach the moons in 2031.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2023 |title=Space mission to Jupiter's moons blasts off |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/science-environment-65258309 |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> * [[April 15]] ** [[Nuclear power in Germany]] ends after the final power plants close. Nuclear was a power source for the country for over 50 years.<ref>[https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/energie/energie-atomkraft-konnte-die-versprechungen-nie-einloesen-deutschland-beendet-das-kernkraft-zeitalter/29085488.html Handelsblatt.com: „Atomkraft konnte die Versprechungen nie einlösen“ – Deutschland beendet das Kernkraft-Zeitalter] (German), April 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/atomausstieg-atomkraft-risiken-101.html Tagesschau.de: Nukleare Risiken bleiben] (German), April 2023</ref> ** [[2023 Sudan conflict|Fighting]] breaks out across [[Sudan]] between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]]. The RSF captures [[Khartoum International Airport]], and the [[Presidential Palace, Khartoum|presidential palace]] in [[Khartoum]].{{cn}} * [[April 19]] &ndash; At least 90 people are killed and another 322 injured in a [[Sanaa stampede|crowd crush]] during a [[Ramadan]] charity event in [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2023 |title=Stampede in Yemen at Ramadan charity event kills at least 78 |work=AP NEWS |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-stampede-sanaa-ab3873de51fd74fc5f6f765a39a47d3d |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2023 |title='People sacrificed their lives for just 10 dollars': At least 78 killed in Yemen crowd surge=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/19/middleeast/yemen-sanaa-crowd-surge-intl/index.html |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> * [[April 20]] ** [[SpaceX Starship|SpaceX's Starship]] rocket, the largest and most powerful rocket ever built, is launched during a flight test from a base in [[Boca Chica launch site|Boca Chica]], [[Texas]], United States. It [[explode]]s four minutes after launch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Musk's SpaceX big rocket explodes on test flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65334810 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> ** A [[Solar eclipse of April 20, 2023|hybrid solar eclipse]] is visible from [[Australia]], [[East Timor]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA - Hybrid Solar Eclipse of 2023 Apr 20 |url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2001/SE2023Apr20Hgoogle.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> * [[April 25]] &ndash; A [[Malindi cult|mass cult suicide]] is uncovered in [[Shakahola forest]], [[Kenya]]. 110 followers are found in shallow [[grave]]s throughout the forest. Over 300 people remain missing. It is believed Good News International Ministries leader Paul Nthenge Mackenzie told his followers to [[Starvation|starve]] themselves to death in order to "meet [[God]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=25 April 2023 |title=Kenya starvation cult death toll hits 90 as morgues fill up: 'Nothing prepares you for shallow mass graves of children' |language=en |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kenya-starvation-cult-death-toll-rises-child-graves-shakahola-forest-massacre/}}</ref> * [[April 26]] &ndash; [[China|Chinese]] leader [[Xi Jinping]] calls [[President of Ukraine|Ukrainian president]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], a month after [[2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia|Xi's summit]] with Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=China's Xi calls Ukraine's Zelenskyy, after weeks of intensifying pressure to do so |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/26/1164668179/xi-putin-summit-zelenskyy-china-russia-ukraine |website=[[National Public Radio]] |date=2023-04-26}}</ref> * [[April 30]] &ndash; [[2023 Paraguayan general election]]: the [[Colorado Party (Paraguay)|Colorado Party]] candidate [[Santiago Peña]] is elected as the next [[President of Paraguay|president]].<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC Mundo|title=Elecciones en Paraguay: el oficialista Santiago Peña gana al opositor Efraín Alegre con una amplia ventaja y será el nuevo presidente|date=30 April 2023|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-65445095|language=es}}</ref> === May === * [[May 1]] &ndash; [[2023 banking crisis]]: San Francisco-based [[First Republic Bank]] fails and is auctioned off by the US [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation|FDIC]] to [[JPMorgan Chase]] for $10.7 billion. The collapse surpasses March's collapse of Silicon Valley Bank to become the second largest in US history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=Khristopher J. |last2=Dakss |first2=Brian |title=Troubled First Republic Bank seized and sold to JPMorgan Chase |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/first-republic-bank-fdic-jpmorgan-chase-control/ |website=www.cbsnews.com |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> * [[May 2]]-[[May 17|17]] &ndash; [[2023 Emilia-Romagna floods|Floods]] hit [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Italy]]. * [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Belgrade school shooting]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[May 4]] &ndash; [[4 May 2023 Serbia shootings]]. * [[May 5]] &ndash; The [[World Health Organization]] announces that [[COVID-19]] is no longer considered a [[Public health emergency of international concern|global health emergency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2023 |title=Covid global health emergency is over, WHO says |work=BBC |last=Mundasad |first=Smitha |last2 = Roxby |first2=Philippa |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-65499929 |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2023 |title=Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic |work=WHO |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> * [[May 6]] &ndash; The [[coronation of Charles III and Camilla]] as [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King]] and [[List of British royal consorts|Queen]] of the United Kingdom and the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s is held in [[Westminster Abbey]], [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronation on 6 May for King Charles and Camilla, Queen Consort |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-63172425 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011170432/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-63172425 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Cyclone Mocha]] in Asia * May 9-[[May 13|13]] &ndash; The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]] is held in [[Liverpool]], UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=Liverpool will host Eurovision 2023 |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/liverpool-will-host-eurovision-2023 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Eurovision.tv |publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) }}</ref> * May 13-[[May 27|27]] &ndash; [[2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election|A parliamentary election happens]] in [[Mauritania]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://alakhbar.info/?q=node/44628 |title=تحديد مايو 2023 موعدا للانتخابات البرلمانية والبلدية والجهوية بموريتانيا |trans-title=May 2023 set as the date for the parliamentary, municipal and regional elections in Mauritania |language=ar |newspaper=AlAkhbar.info |date=13 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref> * [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Canada]] restore full [[diplomatic relations]], ending 2018 dispute.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Steve Scherer|first=|date=25 May 2023|title=Canada and Saudi Arabia normalize diplomatic relations after 2018 spat|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-saudi-arabia-appoint-new-ambassadors-end-2018-dispute-2023-05-24/|access-date=}}</ref> === June === * [[June 2]] &ndash; [[2023 Odisha train collision|A train crash]] happens in [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2023|title=At least 288 killed in India’s deadliest train crash in decades|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/2/many-feared-dead-after-train-derails-in-eastern-india|access-date=|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Kwara boat disaster]] on the [[Niger River]] in [[Kwara State]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2023|title=Nigeria search for survivors as boat disaster death toll hits 106|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/africa/nigeria-search-for-survivors-as-boat-disaster-death-toll-hits-106|access-date=|website=[[Daily Sabah]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[June 13]] &ndash; [[2023 Nottingham attacks]] in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Suliman|first=Adela|date=13 June 2023|title=3 dead in knife attacks in central England and suspect held, police say|language=en-US|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/13/nottingham-van-attack/|access-date=|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> * [[June 14]] &ndash; [[2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster]] off the coast of Greece.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2023|title=Timeline: How the migrant boat tragedy unfolded off Greece|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/16/timeline-how-the-refugee-boat-tragedy-unfolded-off-greece|access-date=|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Mpondwe school massacre]] in [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 June 2023|title=Families in Uganda bury their dead after school massacre|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/18/families-in-uganda-bury-their-dead-after-school-massacre|access-date=2023-10-24|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Titan submersible implosion|The Titan submersible implodes]] in the North [[Atlantic Ocean]]. * [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Támara prison riot]] in [[Francisco Morazán Department]], [[Honduras]]. * [[June 25]]-[[July 26|26]] &ndash; [[2023 South Korea floods|Severe flooding]] happens in [[South Korea]]. === July === {{expand section|date=November 2023}} * [[July 17]] &ndash; [[2023 Greece wildfires|Wildfires]] begin in Greece, killing 35 people. * [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Voyager 2]] overtook [[Pioneer 10]] to become the 2nd farthest spacecraft from the Sun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Distance between the Sun and Voyager 2|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Sun%27&START_TIME=%272023-07-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-08-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27500@-32%27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Distance between the Sun and Pioneer 10|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27Sun%27&START_TIME=%272023-07-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-08-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27500@-23%27}}</ref> * [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Kuwait]] executes five by hanging, including a man convicted for a [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] mosque bombing in 2015 that had killed 26 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kuwaittimes|date=2023-07-27|title=Kuwait hangs five, including mosque bombing convict|url=https://www.kuwaittimes.com/kuwait-hangs-five-including-mosque-bombing-convict/|access-date=2023-09-09|website=Kuwait Times|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[July 30]] &ndash; [[2023 Khar bombing]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Anwarullah|last2=Ahmed|first2=Munir|date=2 August 2023|title=Deaths from IS bombing at Islamist rally in Pakistan rise to 63|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/deaths-bombing-islamist-rally-pakistan-rise-63-after-101946686|access-date=|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en}}</ref> === August === * [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Global warming]]: The world's oceans reach a new record high temperature of 20.96&nbsp;°C, exceeding the previous record in 2016. July is also confirmed as having been the hottest month on record for globally averaged surface air temperatures by a considerable margin (0.3&nbsp;°C).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ocean heat record broken, with grim implications for the planet |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-66387537|date=4 August 2023|access-date=4 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=These places baked the most during Earth's hottest month on record |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/08/02/july-hottest-month-global-temperatures/|date=2 August 2023|access-date=4 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=July 2023 is set to be the hottest month on record |work=World Meteorological Organization |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/july-2023-set-be-hottest-month-record |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802000509/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/july-2023-set-be-hottest-month-record |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[August 6]] &ndash; [[2023 Hazara Express derailment]] in Pakistan. * [[August 8]]-[[August 11|11]] &ndash; [[2023 Hawaii wildfires|Wildfires]] in [[Hawaii]], US, kill over 100 people. * [[August 15]] &ndash; [[2023 Tenerife wildfire|A wildfire]] begins in [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]] of [[Spain]]. * [[August 23]] &ndash; [[2023 Wagner Group plane crash]] in Russia. * [[August 30]] &ndash; The [[military]] of [[Gabon]] performs [[2023 Gabonese coup d'état|a coup]], replacing [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] as [[President of Gabon|president]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gerauds Wilfried Obangome|date=31 August 2023|title=Gabonese Military Coup; President Ali Bongo detained|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gabonese-military-officers-announce-they-have-seized-power-2023-08-30/|website=Reuters}}</ref> * [[August 31]] &ndash; [[2023 Johannesburg building fire|A fire]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] kills 77 people.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cocks|first=Tim|last2=Plessis|first2=Carien du|date=2023-09-01|title=Sniffer dogs search for clues in ashes of deadly South African fire|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sniffer-dogs-search-clues-ashes-deadly-south-african-fire-2023-09-01/|access-date=2023-09-09}}</ref> === September === * [[September 2]] ** [[Aditya-L1|India's first solar observation mission]]: The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) successfully launches [[Aditya-L1]] from [[Satish Dhawan space centre]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Geeta Pandey|date=2023-09-01|title=Aditya-L1: India successfully launches its first mission of the Sun|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66643805|access-date=}}</ref> ** [[Eritreans]] supporting and opposing [[Isaias Afwerki]]'s government [[2023 Eritrean clashes in Tel Aviv|riot]] in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]. Over 100 people are injured and about 40 arrested.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-66694149 Israel: Police clash with rioting Eritrean rivals]</ref> * [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Saudi Pro League]] clubs will now play Champions League matches in [[Iran]] as both nations resume home-and-away games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Historic move’: Saudi football clubs to play in Iran as travel ban lifted|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/9/4/historic-move-saudi-football-clubs-to-play-in-iran-as-travel-ban-lifted|access-date=2023-09-09|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> * September 4 &ndash; [[September 12|12]] &ndash; [[Storm Daniel]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Megan Gaen|first=|title=Storm Daniel causing extreme flooding in Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria|url=http://www.itij.com/latest/news/storm-daniel-causing-extreme-flooding-greece-turkey-and-bulgaria|access-date=2023-09-14|website=ITIJ|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 8]] &ndash; [[2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake]]: A 6.8 magnitude earthquake strikes western [[Morocco]]'s [[Marrakesh]]-[[Safi]] province. Atleast 2946 people killed and more than 5,650 injured.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|date=2023-09-15|title=Buried under the bricks|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/MOROCCO-QUAKE/CONSTRUCTION/xmpjlblojpr/|access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref> * [[September 9]] &ndash; At the 18th [[G20]] summit in [[New Delhi]], India, the [[African Union]] is announced as the 21st permanent member of the G20.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=2023-09-09|title=African Union admitted as permanent G20 member|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/09/african-union-admitted-as-permanent-g20-member/|access-date=|website=Africanews|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Storm Daniel]]: A [[Mediterranean]] storm resembling a [[tropical cyclone]] struck [[Libya]], causing a significant loss of life, with at least 5,000 people losing their lives. Libyan authorities reported a vast number of people missing, ranging from 10,000 to as many as 100,000. Additionally, in the city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], two dams gave way, leading to the destruction of a quarter of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Bodies everywhere’: Thousands feared dead as Storm Daniel hammers Libya|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/11/dozens-killed-as-devastating-storm-daniel-sweeps-eastern-libya|access-date=2023-09-14|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 18]] &ndash; Iran releases five [[Americans]] as the United States unfreezes [[United States dollar|$]]6 billion of Iran which was blocked in [[South Korea]] while also releasing five Iranians in a [[prisoner exchange]] deal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harb|first=Ali|title=US-Iran prisoner swap ‘important first step’ but tensions remain: Analysts|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/18/us-iran-prisoner-swap-important-first-step-but-tensions-remain-analysts|access-date=2023-09-18|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=John Hudson|first=|date=2023-09-18|title=U.S. and Iran trade prisoners, signaling partial thaw in relations|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/09/18/us-iran-prisoner-exchange/|access-date=|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> * [[September 23]] &ndash; [[2023 Beledweyne bombing]] in Somalia * [[September 24]] &ndash; [[OSIRIS-REx]] returns with samples from the [[asteroid]] [[101955 Bennu|Bennu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 September 2023|title=OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/osiris-rex/press-kit|website=NASA|access-date=14 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918193605/https://www.nasa.gov/content/osiris-rex/press-kit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Berkadzor fuel depot explosion]] in [[Berkadzor]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roth|first=Andrew|last2=Jones|first2=Sam|date=2023-09-26|title=Nagorno-Karabakh: dozens feared dead and hundreds injured after fuel depot blast|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/26/nagorno-karabakh-blast-fuel-depot-armenia-azerbaijan|access-date=|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[September 26]] ** [[Qaraqosh wedding fire]]: More than 100 people are killed and more than 150 others are injured in a fire at a wedding in [[Qaraqosh]], [[Nineveh Governorate]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-09-26|title=Iraq fire: Around 100 killed in blaze at wedding party in Qaraqosh|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66932327|access-date=2023-09-29}}</ref> ** Saudi Arabia to resume flights to Canada as relations between the two countries normalize after 2018 [[dispute]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2023|title=Press Releases|url=https://www.saudia.com/experience/about-us/corporate-communication/press-releases-and-news/press-releases|access-date=|website=www.saudia.com}}</ref> * [[September 27]] &ndash; Iran's [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] puts '[[Noor-3]]', an [[Earth observing satellite|imaging satellite]], 450 kms into an [[orbit]] above the earth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maziar Motamedi|first=|title=Iran’s IRGC successfully puts third imaging satellite into orbit|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/irans-irgc-successfully-puts-third-imaging-satellite-into-orbit|access-date=2023-09-29|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> * [[September 29]] ** [[2023 Mastung bombing]]: A suicide bombing takes place killing at least 59 and injuring more than 70 people at a gathering in [[Mastung District]] of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Muhammad Shahid|first=|date=2023-09-29|title=Death toll rises to more than 59 after twin blasts in Pakistan|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/2023/09/29/explosion-targets-religious-gathering-in-pakistans-baluchistan/|access-date=|website=The National|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Hangu mosque bombing]] in [[Hangu, Pakistan|Hangu]], Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan * [[September 30]] &ndash; [[2023 Slovak parliamentary election]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=John Kampfner|first=|date=2023-09-05|title=At a stroke, Slovakia could soon become Russia’s newest ally|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/sep/05/slovakia-elections-robert-fico-ukraine-russia|access-date=2023-09-13|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === October === [[File:Incidente autobus cavalcavia di Mestre - 03.10.2023.jpg|right|100px]] * [[October 1]] &ndash; A suicide bombing claimed by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) was carried out in [[Ankara]], Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hayatsever|first=Huseyin|last2=Karakas|first2=Burcu|date=2023-10-01|title=Attackers set off bomb at Turkish government building, both die|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosion-heard-turkish-capital-media-report-2023-10-01/|access-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> * [[October 2]] &ndash; An attack by suspected [[Jihadism|jihadists]] took place in western [[Niger]] near the country's border with [[Mali]], killing at least 29 soldiers. Several [[Terrorism|terrorists]] are also killed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Niger mourns soldiers killed in deadliest attack since coup|url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/niger-mourns-soldiers-killed-in-deadliest-attack-since-coup-15233386|access-date=|website=TRT Afrika|language=en}}</ref> * [[October 3]] &ndash; Twenty-one people are killed when [[2023 Venice bus crash|a bus falls from a bridge]] ''(aftermath pictured)'' in [[Venice]], Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-03|title=Bus crash in Venice kills 21 people|url=https://apnews.com/article/italy-bus-crash-victims-venice-b4c4ee8c32b5685e40dda9a06f5119c2|access-date=|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> * [[October 4]] &ndash; [[2023 Sikkim flash floods]]: A [[glacial lake]] [[Megaflood|outburst flood]] kills at least 22 in [[Sikkim]], India, 102 people including 22 soldiers missing.<ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=Sikkim flood: Death toll rises to 22, rescue efforts continue|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67017845|access-date=}}</ref> * [[October 5]] ** [[2023 Homs drone strike]]: A [[drone strike]] on a [[Military academy|military college]] in [[Homs]], Syria, during a [[graduation]] [[ceremony]] killed 67-80 people and injured more than 200 others. The [[Government of Syria|government]] responded by attacking [[Rebellion|rebel]]-controlled areas, particularly [[Idlib Governorate|Idlib]], killing atleast 6.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-05|title=Drone strikes at Syrian military ceremony kill 67 people and wound 180, health official says|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/at-least-60-killed-in-drone-attack-on-syrian-military-academy/articleshow/104193957.cms?from=mdr|access-date=|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Arwa Ibrahim|first=|title=Eighty killed as Syrian military college hit in drone attack: Minister|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/5/syria-live-news-dozens-killed-in-drone-attack-on-military-college|access-date=|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Hroza missile attack]] in [[Hroza, Kharkiv Oblast|Hroza]], [[Kharkiv Oblast]], Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=Ukraine war: Every family in Hroza village affected by missile attack|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67025706|access-date=}}</ref> * [[October 7]] ** [[Hamas]] [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|invades]] [[Israel]], killing over 1,100 people. Israel responds by launching [[Operation Iron Swords]], repelling the [[invasion]], killing around 1,000 Palestinian attackers in Israel and, by the end of the year, over 21,800 people in the [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Israel-Palestine escalation live|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza|access-date=|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> ** [[2023 Herat earthquakes]] in [[Herat Province]], Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2023|title=Nature's Fury: The Herat earthquakes of 2023|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/nautres-fury-the-herat-earthquakes-of-2023/|access-date=1 January 2024|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English}}</ref> * [[October 10]] &ndash; [[2023 Liberian general election]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2023|title=What to know about Liberia’s presidential election|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/what-to-know-about-liberias-upcoming-elections|access-date=|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[October 14]] &ndash; [[2023 New Zealand general election]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2023|title=New Zealand elects conservative Christopher Luxon as premier after 6 years of liberal rule|url=https://apnews.com/article/new-zealand-election-luxon-hipkins-ardern-9309fc1816569adac27efe0e7ec77c25|access-date=|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> * [[October 15]] &ndash; [[2023 Polish parliamentary election]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2023|title=Tusk celebrates potential win over ruling nationalists in Poland election|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/16/new-era-tusk-celebrates-exit-polls-suggesting-opposition-win-in-poland|access-date=|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion|An explosion]] at the [[Al-Ahli Arab Hospital]] in [[Gaza City]] kills dozens of people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emma Graham-Harrison|first=|last2=|date=18 October 2023|title=‘The wounded started stumbling towards us’: the chaos after Gaza hospital blast {{!}} Israel-Hamas war|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/the-wounded-started-stumbling-towards-us-the-chaos-after-gaza-hospital-blast|access-date=|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> * [[October 22]] &ndash; [[2023 Swiss federal election]]: The [[Swiss People's Party]] maintained its majority in the [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Switzerland: Right-wing populists strengthen hold after elections|url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/22/swiss-elections-polls-show-right-wing-populists-and-socialists-may-fare-well|access-date=|website=euronews|language=en}}</ref> * [[October 25]] &ndash; [[2023 Lewiston shootings]] in [[Lewiston, Maine|Lewiston]], [[Maine]], United States. * [[October 29]] &ndash; A [[2023 Andhra Pradesh train collision|train collision]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, kills 14 people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Nonika|date=30 October 2023|title=Andhra Pradesh Train Accident LIVE Updates: 14 Killed, 50 Injured As 2 Trains Collide In Andhra|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/andhra-pradesh-train-accident-live-updates-9-killed-40-injured-as-2-trains-collide-in-andhra-4526421|access-date=30 October 2023|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> === November === {{expand section|date=November 2023}} * [[November 3]] &ndash; [[2023 Nepal earthquake]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=At least 128 killed as magnitude 5.6 quake hits western Nepal|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/4/at-least-69-killed-as-magnitude-5-6-quake-hits-western-nepal|access-date=19 November 2023|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}</ref> * [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Egbekaw massacre]] in Egbekaw, [[Mamfe]], [[Manyu (department)|Manyu]], [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]], [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2023|title=Separatist gunmen kill at least 20 in Cameroon|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/6/anglophone-separatist-gunmen-kill-20-in-cameroons-south-west-region|access-date=|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> * [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Ardamata massacre]] in Ardamata, [[Geneina]], [[West Darfur]], Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2023|title=More than 800 Sudanese reportedly killed in attack on Darfur town, UN says|url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-darfur-military-rsf-militias-1d7becc3b9c4dbf1e814892f3b88396e|access-date=19 November 2023|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> * [[November 19]] ** [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]: [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] wins 6th [[ODI]] [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] as it defeats [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India vs Australia, World Cup 2023: Australia win 6th ODI World Cup as Travis Head hundred ends India's invincible run|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-final-score-travis-head-6th-title-ahmedabad-rohit-sharma-2464998-2023-11-19|access-date=20 November 2023|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2023|title=India vs Australia, Final, Nov 19, ICC Cricket World Cup 2023|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scores/75651/ind-vs-aus-final-icc-cricket-world-cup-2023|access-date=|website=[[Cricbuzz]]|language=en}}</ref> ** [[Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war]]: [[Yemen]]i Islamist [[insurgent]] group the [[Houthis]] [[piracy|hijack]] a [[Freighter|cargo ship]] owned by an Israeli businessman. Twenty-five [[crew]] members were taken [[hostage]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 November 2023|title=Yemen’s Houthis hijack an Israeli-linked ship in Red Sea, take 25 crew members hostage|work=Al Arabiya News|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/11/19/Israeli-ship-reportedly-hijacked-by-Yemen-s-Houthis-in-Red-Sea}}</ref> * [[November 22]] &ndash; [[2023 Dutch general election]] === December === {{expand section|date=December 2023}} * [[December 10]]–[[December 12|12]] &dash; [[2023 Egyptian presidential election]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-12|title=Egypt Nears End of Three-Day Vote With Sisi Win All But Assured|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-12/egypt-nears-end-of-three-day-vote-with-sisi-win-all-but-assured|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref> * [[December 16]] &dash; [[Emir of Kuwait]] [[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] dies at the age of 86 and is succeeded by his half-brother [[Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuwait’s Emir Sheikh Nawaf dies at 86, Sheikh Meshaal named successor|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/16/kuwaits-emir-sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah-dies-at-86-state-tv|access-date=2024-01-01|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> * [[December 17]] **[[2023 Chilean constitutional referendum]]: [[Voter]]s in [[Chile]] vote to not have a new [[constitution]]. **The [[2023 Serbian parliamentary election]] is held with the [[SNS coalition]] led by [[Miloš Vučević]] winning 128 of 250 seats in the [[Serbian National Assembly]] * [[December 21]] &dash; [[2023 Prague shooting]]: A [[mass shooting]] kills 16 people in [[Prague]], [[Czechia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gunman kills 14 in unprecedented attack at Prague university|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/prague-university-shooting-leaves-several-dead-police-say-2023-12-21/}}</ref> * [[December 23]]-[[December 25|25]] &ndash; [[2023 Plateau State massacres]] * [[December 31]] &dash; [[Margrethe II|Queen Margrethe II of Denmark]] announced her [[abdication]], which will take place on 14 January. She will be succeeded by her eldest son [[Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark|Prince Frederik]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 December 2023|title=Denmark’s Queen Margrethe II to abdicate after 52 years on the throne|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/31/denmarks-queen-margrethe-ii-to-abdicate-after-52-years-on-the-throne|access-date=|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> == Deaths == {{main|Deaths in 2023}} === January === {{main|Deaths in January 2023}} [[File:Jeff Beck in Amsterdam 1979 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jeff Beck]]]] [[File:Koning Constantijn en koningin Anne-Marie van Griekenland in de kerk, Bestanddeelnr 919-0443 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Constantine II of Greece]]]] [[File:Ivo Lollobrigida 2.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Gina Lollobrigida]]]] * [[January 2]] – [[Ken Block]], American [[World Rally Championship|World Rally]] driver (b. [[1967]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a42381041/ken-block-dead/|title=Pro Rally Driver and Hoonigan Founder Ken Block Killed in Snowmobile Accident|date=January 3, 2023|accessdate=January 3, 2023|first=Brian|last=Silvestro|website=roadandtrack.com|publisher=Hearst Digital Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-03 |title=Action sports legend Block, 55, dies in accident |url=https://www.espn.com/racing/story/_/id/35368528/action-sports-legend-ken-block-dies-snowmobile-accident |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 3]] – [[Abdelsalam Majali]], 29th [[Prime Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Prime Minister Abdel Salam Majali passes away |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/39092/2023-01-03 |website=en.royanews.tv |access-date=3 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115024034/https://en.royanews.tv/news/39092/2023-01-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 6]] ** [[Dick Savitt]], American tennis player (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/06/sports/tennis/dick-savitt-dead.html |title=Dick Savitt Dies at 95; Won Australian and Wimbledon Tennis Titles in 1951 |work=The New York Times |date=January 6, 2023 |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106192124/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/06/sports/tennis/dick-savitt-dead.html |url-status=live |last1=Goldstein |first1=Richard }}</ref> ** [[Gianluca Vialli]], Italian footballer and manager (b. [[1964]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/sport/2023/01/06/news/e_morto_gianluca_vialli-12450136/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106092201/https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/sport/2023/01/06/news/e_morto_gianluca_vialli-12450136/|url-status=dead|title=Addio a Luca Vialli, il volto sorridente della Sampdoria campione d'Italia|date=January 6, 2023|archivedate=January 6, 2023|website=Il Secolo XIX}}</ref> * [[January 9]] – [[K. Alex Müller]], Swiss Nobel physicist (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Physik-Nobelpreisträger Karl Alex Müller stirbt mit 95 Jahren |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/physik-nobelpreistraeger-karl-alex-mueller-stirbt-mit-95-jahren/48209386 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |access-date=17 January 2023 |language=de |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117193122/https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/physik-nobelpreistraeger-karl-alex-mueller-stirbt-mit-95-jahren/48209386 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 10]] ** [[Jeff Beck]], English guitarist (b. [[1944]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/jeff-beck-guitarist-dead-dies-1235486491/ |title=Jeff Beck, one of the guitar masters of the rock era, dies at 78 |date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111222302/https://variety.com/2023/music/news/jeff-beck-guitarist-dead-dies-1235486491/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]], last [[List of kings of Greece|King of Greece]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/constantine-ii-greeces-former-and-last-king-dies-at-82/a-64345808 | title=Constantine II: Greece's former and last king dies at 82 – DW – 01/10/2023 | access-date=January 10, 2023 | archive-date=January 10, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110215423/https://amp.dw.com/en/constantine-ii-greeces-former-and-last-king-dies-at-82/a-64345808 | url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[George Pell]], Australian cardinal (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/23_gennaio_10/vaticano-morto-cardinale-pell-67bbd4b8-9133-11ed-abfe-55c170b4cf65.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110233426/https://www.corriere.it/cronache/23_gennaio_10/vaticano-morto-cardinale-pell-67bbd4b8-9133-11ed-abfe-55c170b4cf65.shtml|url-status=dead|title=Vaticano, morto il cardinale Pell. Accusato di pedofilia, era stato condannato e poi prosciolto|first=Redazione|last=Cronache|archivedate=January 10, 2023|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref> <!-- Do not add Lisa Marie Presley per talk page consensus --> *[[January 12]] – [[Lisa Marie Presley]], American singer-songwriter (b. [[1968]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Marie Presley, Daughter of Elvis and Priscilla, Dead at 54: 'The Most Strong and Loving Woman' |url=https://people.com/music/lisa-marie-presley-dead-at-54/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> * [[January 16]] – [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian actress (b. [[1927]])<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 Gina Lollobrigida: Italian screen star dies at 95] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116125023/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 |date=January 16, 2023 }}. BBC</ref> * [[January 17]] – [[Lucile Randon]], French supercentenarian (b. [[1904]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/mort-de-la-doyenne-de-lhumanite-la-francaise-soeur-andre-est-decedee-a-118-ans-17-01-2023-IWWNT7I5A5CULK66HIP6VNUWSM.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117204100/https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/mort-de-la-doyenne-de-lhumanite-la-francaise-soeur-andre-est-decedee-a-118-ans-17-01-2023-IWWNT7I5A5CULK66HIP6VNUWSM.php|url-status=dead|title=La doyenne de l'humanité, la Française sœur André, est morte à 118 ans|first1=Par Le Parisien avec AFP Le 17 janvier 2023|last1=à 21h35|first2=Modifié Le 18 Janvier 2023|last2=À 06h39|date=January 17, 2023|archivedate=January 17, 2023|website=leparisien.fr}}</ref> * [[January 18]] – [[David Crosby]], American musician (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Dolan |first1=Jon |last2=Greene |first2=Andy |date=2023-01-19 |title=David Crosby, Iconoclastic Rocker, Dead at 81 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-crosby-dead-obituary-1234664235/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012457/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-crosby-dead-obituary-1234664235/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 23]] – [[Álvaro Colom]], 47th [[President of Guatemala]] (b. [[1951]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece Álvaro Colom, expresidente de Guatemala, confirman fuentes allegadas a la familia |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/fallece-alvaro-colom-expresidente-de-guatemala-confirman-fuentes-allegadas-a-la-familia-breaking/ |access-date=24 January 2023 |language=es-GT |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124074312/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/fallece-alvaro-colom-expresidente-de-guatemala-confirman-fuentes-allegadas-a-la-familia-breaking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[January 24]] – [[B. V. Doshi]], Indian architect (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-renowned-architect-bv-doshi-passes-away-at-age-of-95-years-818483|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124072540/https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-renowned-architect-bv-doshi-passes-away-at-age-of-95-years-818483|url-status=dead|title=જાણીતા આર્કિટેક્ટ બીવી દોશીનું નિધન, અનેક જાણીતી ઈમારતોની ડિઝાઇન કરી હતી તૈયાર|first=એબીપી અસ્મિતા વેબ|last=ટીમ|date=January 24, 2023|archivedate=January 24, 2023|website=gujarati.abplive.com}}</ref> * [[January 30]] – [[Bobby Hull]], Canadian ice hockey player (b. [[1939]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailyherald.com/sports/20230130/former-blackhawks-great-bobby-hull-dies-at-84 |title=Former Blackhawks great Bobby Hull dies at 84 |date=January 30, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130145247/https://www.dailyherald.com/sports/20230130/former-blackhawks-great-bobby-hull-dies-at-84 |url-status=live }}</ref> === February === {{main|Deaths in February 2023}} [[File:Pervez Musharraf 2004 (square).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Pervez Musharraf]]]] [[File:Burt Bacharach 1972 (cropped).JPG|thumb|100px|[[Burt Bacharach]]]] [[File:Raquel Welch 1976.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Raquel Welch]]]] * [[February 3]] – [[Paco Rabanne]], Spanish-French fashion designer (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64515027|title=Designer Paco Rabanne dies aged 88|work=BBC News|date=February 3, 2023|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203143540/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64515027|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[February 4]] – [[Sherif Ismail]], 53rd [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://see.news/president-sisi-mourns-death-of-former-pm-sherif-ismail |title=President Sisi Mourns Death of Former PM Sherif Ismail |access-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204182858/https://see.news/president-sisi-mourns-death-of-former-pm-sherif-ismail |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 5]] – [[Pervez Musharraf]], 10th [[President of Pakistan]] (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pervez-musharraf-former-pakistan-president-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-in-dubai/articleshow/97618205.cms |title=Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistan President, passes away after prolonged illness in Dubai |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 5, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205071310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pervez-musharraf-former-pakistan-president-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-in-dubai/articleshow/97618205.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 6]] – [[Lubomír Štrougal]], 19th [[Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia]] (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/domaci-politika-zemrel-expremier-lubomir-strougal-225178|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206152318/https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/domaci-politika-zemrel-expremier-lubomir-strougal-225178|url-status=dead|title=Zemřel expremiér Lubomír Štrougal - Seznam Zprávy|archivedate=February 6, 2023|website=www.seznamzpravy.cz}}</ref> * [[February 8]] ** [[Burt Bacharach]], American composer (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/legendary-composer-burt-bacharach-dies-at-94/ | title=Burt Bacharach, legendary composer of pop songs, dies at 94 | website=[[CBS News]] | access-date=February 9, 2023 | archive-date=February 9, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209161213/https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/legendary-composer-burt-bacharach-dies-at-94/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Ivan Silayev]], 12th and final [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] (b. [[1930]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/885396|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209103355/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/885396|url-status=dead|title=Скончался экс-председатель Совета министров РСФСР Иван Силаев|archivedate=February 9, 2023|website=Interfax.ru}}</ref> * [[February 10]] ** [[Hugh Hudson]], English film director (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/10/chariots-fire-director-hugh-hudson-dies-aged-86/ |title=Chariots of Fire director Hugh Hudson dies aged 86 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210185444/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/10/chariots-fire-director-hugh-hudson-dies-aged-86/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Carlos Saura]], Spanish filmmaker (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-02-10/muere-carlos-saura-a-los-91-anos-el-ultimo-director-clasico-del-cine-espanol.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210154451/https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-02-10/muere-carlos-saura-a-los-91-anos-el-ultimo-director-clasico-del-cine-espanol.html|url-status=dead|title=Muere Carlos Saura a los 91 años, el último director clásico del cine español|first=Gregorio|last=Belinchón|date=February 10, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023|website=El País}}</ref> * [[February 13]] – [[José María Gil-Robles]], 8th [[President of the European Parliament]] (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/asuntos-sociales/fallece-expresidente-parlamento-europeo-jose-maria-gil-robles/2881330/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213231749/https://www.lainformacion.com/asuntos-sociales/fallece-expresidente-parlamento-europeo-jose-maria-gil-robles/2881330/|url-status=dead|title=Fallece el expresidente del Parlamento Europeo, José María Gil-Robles|date=February 13, 2023|archivedate=February 13, 2023|website=La Información}}</ref> * [[February 14]] – [[Shoichiro Toyoda]], Japanese businessman (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2023/02/14/shoichiro-toyoda-toyota-cars-dies/|title=Shoichiro Toyoda, who led Toyota's surge into U.S. market, dies at 97|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=February 24, 2023}}</ref> * [[February 15]] ** [[Paul Berg]], American Nobel biochemist (b. [[1926]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/02/nobel-paul-berg-obit.html |title=Nobel Prize winner and recombinant DNA pioneer Paul Berg dies |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218002047/https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/02/nobel-paul-berg-obit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ** [[Raquel Welch]], American actress (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tmz.com/2023/02/15/raquel-welch-actress-model-dead-dies-82/ |title=Raquel Welch Dead at 82 |access-date=February 15, 2023 |archive-date=February 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215192851/https://www.tmz.com/2023/02/15/raquel-welch-actress-model-dead-dies-82/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 17]] – [[Stella Stevens]], American actress (b. [[1938]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/stella-stevens-dead-poseidon-adventure-elvis-presley-nutty-professor-1235263438/ |title=Stella Stevens Dies; 'Poseidon Adventure' Actress & Elvis Presley, Jerry Lewis Co-Star Was 84 |date=February 17, 2023 |access-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217205340/https://deadline.com/2023/02/stella-stevens-dead-poseidon-adventure-elvis-presley-nutty-professor-1235263438/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[February 22]] – [[Ahmed Qurei]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/367843 Former PA cabinet leader Ahmed Qurei dies at 85]</ref> * [[February 24]] – [[Walter Mirisch]], American film producer (b. [[1921]])<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/walter-mirisch-dead-heat-of-the-night-producer-1235334408/ Walter Mirisch, Oscar-Winning Producer of ‘In the Heat of the Night,’ Dies at 101]</ref> * [[February 26]] – [[Bob Richards]], American pole vaulter and Olympic champion (b. [[1926]])<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/78946 Bob Richards]</ref> * [[February 27]] – [[Gérard Latortue]], 12th [[Prime Minister of Haiti]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-obituaries-caribbean-jean-bertrand-aristide-338c275d819a4b759753c2becf6a91d0 Gérard Latortue, former interim Haitian premier, dies at 88]</ref> === March === {{Main|Deaths in March 2023}} [[File: 23.05.66 Just Fontaine dans son magasin (1966) - 53Fi634 (Cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Just Fontaine]]]] [[File: Keigo Oyamada and Ryuichi Sakamoto (cropped2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ryuichi Sakamoto]]]] * [[March 1]] – [[Just Fontaine]], French footballer (b. [[1933]])<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2023/03/01/just-fontaine-legende-du-football-francais-est-mort_6163719_3242.html Just Fontaine, légende du football français, est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> * [[March 2]] – [[Wayne Shorter]], American jazz saxophonist (b. [[1933]])<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/02/wayne-shorter-icon-of-jazz-saxophone-dies-aged-89 Wayne Shorter, icon of jazz saxophone, dies aged 89]</ref> * [[March 3]] ** [[Tom Sizemore]], American actor (b. [[1961]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=2023-03-04 |title=Tom Sizemore, 'Heat' and 'Saving Private Ryan' Actor, Dead at 61 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/tom-sizemore-saving-private-ryan-actor-dead-obituary-1234682777/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[Kenzaburō Ōe]], Japanese Nobel writer (b. [[1935]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cain |first=Sian |date=2023-03-13 |title=Kenzaburo Oe, Nobel prize-winning Japanese writer, dies aged 88 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/13/kenzaburo-oe-nobel-prize-winning-japanese-writer-dies |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[March 8]] – [[Chaim Topol]], Israeli actor (b. [[1935]])<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/368466 Actor, singer and Israel Prize laureate Chaim Topol dies at 87]</ref> * [[March 9]] – [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]], American actor (b. [[1933]])<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/03/robert-blake-dead-actor-in-baretta-in-cold-blood-was-89-beat-real-life-murder-rap-1235284339/ Robert Blake Dies: Actor In ‘Baretta’ And ‘In Cold Blood’ Was 89, Beat Real-Life Murder Rap]</ref> * [[March 11]] – [[Ignacio López Tarso]], Mexican actor (b. [[1925]]) <ref>{{cite news |title=Muere el actor Ignacio López Tarso, el Macario inmortal del cine de oro mexicano |url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-03-12/muere-el-actor-ignacio-lopez-tarso-el-macario-inmoral-del-cine-de-oro-mexicano.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |work=El País |date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * [[March 17]] – [[Lance Reddick]], American actor (b. [[1962]])<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/03/lance-reddick-dead-john-wick-the-wire-fringe-bosch-actor-1235303293/ Lance Reddick Dies: ‘John Wick’, ‘The Wire’, ‘Fringe’ & ‘Bosch’ Actor Was 60]</ref> * [[March 25]] - [[Pascoal Mocumbi]], 2nd [[Prime Minister of Mozambique]] (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/morreu-ex-primeiro-ministro-de-mo%C3%A7ambique-pascoal-mocumbi/a-65120912|title=Morreu ex-primeiro-ministro de Moçambique Pascoal Mocumbi|date=25 March 2023|accessdate=25 March 2023|first=Thiago|last=Melo|website=dw.com|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> * [[March 28]] – [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], Japanese composer (b. [[1952]]) <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/02/ryuichi-sakamoto-japanese-pop-pioneer-and-oscar-winning-composer-dies-aged-71 Ryuichi Sakamoto, Japanese pop pioneer and Oscar-winning composer, dies aged 71]</ref> === April === {{Main|Deaths in April 2023}} [[File: Harry_Belafonte_1970_(cropped).tif|thumb|100px|[[Harry Belafonte]]]] * [[April 7]] – [[Ben Ferencz]], Last [[Nuremberg]] prosecutor (b. [[1920]]) <ref name = McFadden>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/world/europe/benjamin-b-ferencz-dead.html|title = Benjamin B. Ferencz, Last Surviving Nuremberg Prosecutor, Dies at 103|last = McFadden|first = Robert D.|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = April 8, 2023|accessdate = April 8, 2023|url-access = limited|archive-date = April 8, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230408145153/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/world/europe/benjamin-b-ferencz-dead.html|url-status = live}}</ref> * [[April 13]] – [[Mary Quant]], British fashion designer (b. [[1930]]) <ref name="Sky News">{{Cite web |title=Fashion designer Mary Quant dies aged 93 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/fashion-designer-mary-quant-dies-aged-93-12855489 |access-date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> * [[April 22]] ** [[Mudar Badran]], 23rd [[Prime Minister of Jordan]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/41292/2023-04-22 |title=Former PM Mudar Badran passes away |access-date=2024-12-16 |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427184252/https://en.royanews.tv/news/41292/2023-04-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[Barry Humphries]], Australian actor and comedian (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2023 |title=Barry Humphries, entertainment icon behind Dame Edna, dies aged 89 |language=en |url=https://7news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/dame-edna-creator-barry-humphries-dies-aged-89-c-8708002 |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422154921/https://7news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/dame-edna-creator-barry-humphries-dies-aged-89-c-8708002 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[April 25]] – [[Harry Belafonte]], American singer, actor, and activist (b. [[1927]])<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/25/entertainment/harry-belafonte-death/index.html Harry Belafonte, radical activist and entertainer with a ‘rebel heart,’ dies at 96]</ref> * [[April 29]] – [[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi]] 4th caliph of the [[Islamic State]] (b. N/A) <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-leader-killed-syria-by-turkish-intelligence-services-erdogan-2023-04-30/ Islamic State leader killed in Syria by Turkish intelligence services, Erdogan says]</ref> * [[April 30]] – [[Ralph Boston]] American long jumper and Olympic champion (b. [[1939]])<ref>[https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/college/2023/04/30/ralph-boston-olympics-world-long-jump-record-holder-dies-at-83/70167985007/ Tennessee State and Olympic track great Ralph Boston, who set world long jump record, dies at 83]</ref> === May === {{Main|Deaths in May 2023}} [[File: Tina_Turner_50th_Anniversary_Tour.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tina Turner]]]] * [[May 1]] – [[Gordon Lightfoot]], Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. [[1938]]) <ref>{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Chris |title=Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian Folk Singer-Songwriter, Dies at 84 |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/obituaries-people-news/gordon-lightfoot-dead-edmund-fitzgerald-folk-singer-1235600585/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> * [[May 15]] – [[Robert Lucas Jr.]], American economist and Nobel laureate (b. [[1937]])<ref>[https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/robert-lucas-r-i-p/ Robert Lucas, R.I.P.]</ref> * [[May 19]] – [[Martin Amis]], English writer (b. [[1949]]) <ref name="Garner">{{Cite news |last=Garner |first=Dwight |date=20 May 2023 |title=Martin Amis, Acclaimed Author of Bleakly Comic Novels, Dies at 73 |language=en-US |volume=172 |pages=A1, A23 |work=The New York Times |issue=59795 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/20/books/martin-amis-dead.html |url-access=limited |access-date=20 May 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[May 24]] – [[Tina Turner]], American-born Swiss singer, songwriter and actress (b. [[1939]])<ref>[https://news.sky.com/story/tina-turner-dies-aged-83-12888593 Tina Turner dies aged 83]</ref> * [[May 28]] – [[Harald zur Hausen]], German virologist and Nobel Prize recipient (b. [[1936]])<ref>[https://www.dkfz.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/2023/dkfz-pm-23-31-Nobel-laureate-Harald-zur-Hausen-has-passed-away.php Nobel laureate Harald zur Hausen has passed away]</ref> === June === {{Main|Deaths in June 2023}} [[File: Silvio Berlusconi (2010) cropped (cropped2).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]] [[File: Nobel 9 Dec 2019 029 copy (49204051647) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[John B. Goodenough]]]] * [[June 4]] – [[George Winston]], American pianist (b. [[1949]])<ref>[https://www.stereogum.com/2226239/pianist-george-winston-dead-at-73/news/ Pianist George Winston Dead At 73]</ref> * [[June 5]] – [[Astrud Gilberto]], Brazilian samba and bossa nova singer (b. [[1940]])<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65818566 Astrud Gilberto: The Girl from Ipanema singer dies at 83]</ref> * [[June 10]] – [[Ted Kaczynski]], American mathematician and domestic terrorist (b. [[1942]])<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/US/unabomber-ted-kaczynski-found-dead-jail-cell/story?id=99984583 Unabomber Ted Kaczynski found dead in prison cell]</ref> * [[June 12]] ** [[Silvio Berlusconi]], three-time [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/former-italian-pm-silvio-berlusconi-has-died-italian-media-2023-06-12/ Silvio Berlusconi: former Italian prime minister has died at 86]</ref> ** [[Treat Williams]], American actor (b. [[1951]])<ref>[https://people.com/treat-williams-dead-at-71-7511398 Treat Williams, Star of 'Everwood' and 'Hair,' Dead at 71 Following Motorcycle Accident]</ref> * [[June 15]] – [[Glenda Jackson]], English actress (b. [[1936]])<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65916692 Glenda Jackson: Oscar-winning actress and former MP dies at 87]</ref> * [[June 25]] – [[John B. Goodenough]], American materials scientist and Nobel laureate (b. [[1922]])<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/goodenough-nobel-laureate-who-gave-the-world-li-ion-batteries-passes-away/article67010369.ece Goodenough, Nobel laureate who gave the world Li-ion batteries, passes away]</ref> * [[June 26]] – [[Lloyd Erskine Sandiford|Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Barbados]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>[https://www.nationnews.com/2023/06/26/former-prime-minister-sir-lloyd-passes/ Former Prime Minister Sir Lloyd passes]</ref> * [[June 29]] ** [[Alan Arkin]], American actor and filmmaker (b. [[1934]])<ref>[https://people.com/alan-arkin-dead-obituary-7502474 Alan Arkin, Oscar-Winning 'Little Miss Sunshine' Actor, Dead at 89]</ref> ** [[Tapley Seaton|Sir Tapley Seaton]], 4th [[Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (b. [[1950]])<ref>[https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2023/06/30/st-kitts-and-nevis-mourns-as-former-governor-general-sir-samuel-weymouth-tapley-seaton-passes-away/ St. Kitts and Nevis mourns as Former Governor-General Sir Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton passes away]</ref> === July === {{Main|Deaths in July 2023}} [[File: Tony_Bennett_(12462253053)_(1).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Tony Bennett]]]] * [[July 6]] – [[Arnaldo Forlani]], [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (b. [[1925]])<ref>[https://www.lastampa.it/politica/2023/07/06/news/morto_arnaldo_forlani-12927992/ E’ morto a 97 anni Arnaldo Forlani, pezzo di storia della Dc] {{in lang|it}}</ref> * [[July 11]] – [[Milan Kundera]], Czech-French novelist (b. [[1929]])<ref>[https://www.barrons.com/news/czech-writer-milan-kundera-dies-at-94-a70ebc9a Czech Writer Milan Kundera Dies At 94]</ref> * [[July 20]] – [[Rachid Sfar]], [[Prime Minister of Tunisia]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>[https://www.zawya.com/en/world/africa/tunisia-former-prime-minister-rachid-sfar-passes-away-di8te8yh Tunisia: Former Prime Minister Rachid Sfar passes away]</ref> * [[July 21]] – [[Tony Bennett]], American singer (b. [[1926]])<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/tony-bennett-dies-c3b3a7e2360449fb936a38794c7c3266 Tony Bennett, masterful stylist of American musical standards, dies at 96]</ref> * [[July 25]] – [[Bo Goldman]] American screenwriter (b. [[1932]])<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/film/news/bo-goldman-dead-one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-1235681100/ Bo Goldman, Oscar-Winning Writer of ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ Script, Dies at 90]</ref> * [[July 26]] ** [[Jean-Jacques Honorat]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Haiti]] (b. [[1931]])<ref>[https://gazettehaiti.com/node/10109 L’ancien premier ministre de facto sous le règne des putchistes Jean Jacques Honorat est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ** [[Randy Meisner]], American musician (b. [[1946]])<ref>[https://bestclassicbands.com/randy-meisner-obituary-eagles-7-7-23/ Randy Meisner, Founding Eagles Member, Dies at 77]</ref> ** [[Sinéad O'Connor]], Irish singer (b. [[1966]])<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jul/26/sinead-oconnor-obituary Sinéad O'Connor obituary]</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[Paul Reubens]], American actor (b. [[1952]])<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/07/paul-reubens-dead-pee-wee-herman-obituary-actor-was-70-1235451477/ Paul Reubens Dies: Pee-Wee Herman Actor Was 70]</ref> === August === {{Main|Deaths in August 2023}} [[File: William Friedkin, Owen Roizman and William Peter Blatty making The Exorcist in the streets of Georgetown (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[William Friedkin]]]] [[File: Vladimir Putin tours Yevgeny Prigozhin's Concord food catering factory 11 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yevgeny Prigozhin]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[Henri Konan Bédié]], 2nd [[President of the Ivory Coast]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>[https://www.afrique-sur7.ci/494232-deces-du-president-henri-konan-bedie-a-la-pisam-la-cote-divoire-perd-une-figure-politique Décès du Président Henri Konan Bédié à la Pisam: La Côte d'Ivoire perd une figure politique] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> * [[August 4]] – [[Boniface Alexandre]], provisional [[president of Haiti]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>[https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/deces-de-boniface-alexandre-ancien-chef-de-letat-haitien-par-interim Décès de Boniface Alexandre, ancien président haïtien par intérim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805143425/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/deces-de-boniface-alexandre-ancien-chef-de-letat-haitien-par-interim |date=2023-08-05 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> * [[August 7]] – [[William Friedkin]], American film and television director (b. [[1935]])<ref>[https://variety.com/2023/film/news/william-friedkin-dead-the-exorcist-1235689676/ William Friedkin, ‘The Exorcist’ Director, Dies at 87]</ref> * [[August 23]] - [[Yevgeny Prigozhin]], mercenary leader and co-founder of [[Wagner Group]] (b. [[1961]])<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/08/27/europe/yevgeny-prigozhin-confirmed-dead-by-russia-intl/index.html Wagner chief Prigozhin confirmed dead by Russian authorities after genetic tests]</ref> === September === {{Main|Deaths in September 2023}} [[File: Presidente_Napolitano.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Giorgio Napolitano]]]] * [[September 4]] ** [[Steve Harwell]], American singer (b. [[1967]])<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/steve-harwell-smash-mouth-singer-dead-obituary-1234817636/ Steve Harwell, Smash Mouth Founding Singer, Dead at 56]</ref> ** [[Ferid Murad]], Albanian-American Nobel pharmacologist (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Almanac Online - Lasting Memories - Ferid Murad's memorial |url=https://www.almanacnews.com/obituaries/memorials/ferid-murad?o=8003 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=web.archive.org |archive-date=2023-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906094747/https://www.almanacnews.com/obituaries/memorials/ferid-murad?o=8003 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * [[September 13]] - [[Mircea Snegur]], 1st [[President of Moldova]] (b. [[1940]])<ref>[https://www.thevoicemag.ru/stars/news/14-09-2023/umer-ot-neizlechimoi-bolezni-pervyi-prezident-moldavii-mircha-snegur/ Умер от неизлечимой болезни первый президент Молдавии Мирча Снегур] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Fernando Botero]], Colombian painter and sculptor (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Cristian Camilo Ávila |date=2023-09-15 |title=Urgente: murió Fernando Botero, el artista colombiano más grande de todos los tiempos |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/arte-y-teatro/murio-fernando-botero-el-artista-mas-grande-de-colombia-806295 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=El Tiempo |language=spanish}}</ref> * [[September 22]] - [[Giorgio Napolitano]], [[President of Italy]] (b. [[1925]])<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/09/22/news/giorgio_napolitano_morto_presidente_repubblica_g-415450210/ Giorgio Napolitano è morto: se ne va il primo presidente della Repubblica eletto due volte] {{in lang|it}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[David McCallum]], Scottish actor (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-09-25 |title=David McCallum Dies: Beloved ‘NCIS’ Actor & ‘Man From U.N.C.L.E’ Star Was 90 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/david-mccallum-dead-ncis-actor-1235555770/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[September 27]] - [[Michael Gambon|Sir Michael Gambon]], Irish-English actor (b. [[1940]])<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/michael-gambon-obituary-00aa748c527249a2b5cb906b5ca35965 Michael Gambon, veteran actor who played Dumbledore In 'Harry Potter' films, dies at age 82]</ref> === October === {{Main|Deaths in October 2023}} [[File:Bobby Charlton en 1966 160.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Bobby Charlton]]]] [[File:Matthew Perry 2013.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Matthew Perry]]]] * [[October 8]] ** [[László Sólyom]], 3rd [[President of Hungary]] (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=RFE/RL's Hungarian |title=Former Hungarian President Laszlo Solyom Dies At Age 81 |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/hungarian-president-solyom-dies-81/32628479.html |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref> ** [[Burt Young]], American actor (b. [[1940]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-19 |title=Burt Young: Oscar-nominated Rocky actor dies aged 83 |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-67155816 |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref> * [[October 13]] - [[Louise Glück]], American poet, essayist and Nobel laureate (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew |first=Scottie |date=2023-10-13 |title=Poet and Nobel Laureate Louise Gluck dies at 80 |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/louise-gluck-dies-poet-nobel-prize-cec/index.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> * [[October 14]] - [[Piper Laurie]], American actress (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Mike |date=2023-10-14 |title=Piper Laurie, Actress in ‘The Hustler,’ ‘Carrie’ and ‘Twin Peaks,’ Dies at 91 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/piper-laurie-dead-twin-peaks-hustler-carrie-1235618677/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[October 16]] - [[Martti Ahtisaari]], 10th [[President of Finland]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kauranen |first=Anne |date=2023-10-16 |title=Finnish Nobel Peace laureate and former president Ahtisaari dies at 86 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finnish-nobel-peace-laureate-ahtisaari-dies-86-2023-10-16/ |access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref> * [[October 21]] ** [[Bobby Charlton]], English footballer (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=Bobby Charlton, Manchester United legend, dies at 86 - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bobby-charlton-manchester-united-legend-dies-at-86/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[Bill Hayden]], 21st [[Governor-General of Australia]] (b. [[1933]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-21 |title=Bill Hayden, former governor-general and Labor luminary, dies aged 90 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-21/bill-hayden-dies-labor-obituary/102096584 |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> * [[October 24]] ** [[Richard Roundtree]], American actor (b. [[1942]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=2023-10-25 |title=Richard Roundtree Dies: ‘Shaft’ Star Was 81 |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/richard-roundtree-dead-shaft-star-1235582237/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> ** [[Hans Albert]], German philosopher (b. [[1921]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philosopher Hans Albert dies at 102 years of age |url=https://ground.news/article/philosopher-hans-albert-dies-at-102-years-of-age |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Ground News |language=en}}</ref> * [[October 27]] - [[Li Keqiang]], 7th [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]] (b. [[1955]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Simone McCarthy, Laura He, Steven |date=2023-10-27 |title=Former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang dies: state media |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/27/china/china-former-premier-li-keqiang-died-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> * [[October 28]] - [[Matthew Perry]], Canadian-American actor (b. [[1969]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raine |first=Andrew |date=2023-10-29 |title=Matthew Perry, ‘Friends’ star, dead at 54 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/28/entertainment/matthew-perry-dead/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> === November === {{Main|Deaths in November 2023}} [[File:Henry A. Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, 1973-1977.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Henry Kissinger]]]] [[File:Shane-MacGowan (cropped).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Shane MacGowan]]]] * [[November 3]] - [[Oleg Protopopov]], Soviet-Russian figure skater and Olympic champion (b. [[1932]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-03|title=Двукратный олимпийский чемпион Олег Протопопов скончался на 92-м году жизни|url=https://www.sports.ru/figure-skating/1115611809-dvukratnyj-olimpijskij-chempion-oleg-protopopov-skonchalsya-na-92-m-go.html|access-date=2023-11-05|website=Sports.ru|language=Russian}}</ref> * [[November 6]] - [[Antoni Martí]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Andorra]] (b. [[1963]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Europa |date=2023-11-06 |title=Muere el exjefe de Gobierno de Andorra Toni Martí a los 60 años |url=https://www.europapress.es/catalunya/andorra-01111/noticia-muere-exjefe-gobierno-andorra-toni-marti-60-anos-20231106204908.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.europapress.es |language=Spanish}}</ref> * [[November 7]] - [[Frank Borman]], American astronaut (b. [[1928]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-09 |title=Astronaut Frank Borman, commander of the first Apollo mission to the moon, has died at age 95 |url=https://apnews.com/article/astronaut-frank-borman-died-at-95-ed5eb4edf26a4076a2fef6cc31881aff |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 12]] - [[Rahim Huseynov]], 3rd [[Prime Minister of Azerbaijan]] (b. [[1936]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Azərbaycanın keçmiş Baş naziri vəfat edib |url=https://report.az/hadise/azerbaycanin-kecmis-bas-naziri-vefat-edib/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Report İnformasiya Agentliyi |language=az}}</ref> * [[November 18]] - [[Ruud Geels]], Dutch football player (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=sportredactie |first=Door onze |date=2023-11-18 |title=Legendarische Eredivisie-spits Ruud Geels op 75-jarige leeftijd overleden |url=https://www.nu.nl/voetbal/6290311/legendarische-eredivisie-spits-ruud-geels-op-75-jarige-leeftijd-overleden.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=NU |language=nl}}</ref> * [[November 19]] - [[Rosalynn Carter]], 39th [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1927]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luscombe |first=Richard |date=2023-11-19 |title=Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter and former first lady, dies aged 96 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/19/rosalynn-carter-jimmy-carter-first-lady-dies |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * [[November 25]] - [[Terry Venables]], English soccer player and coach (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terry Venables: Former England manager dies aged 80 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/terry-venables-former-england-manager-dies-aged-80-13016598 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> * [[November 29]] - [[Henry Kissinger]], American political scientist and politician (b. [[1923]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=Former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger dies aged 100 |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67574495 |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> * [[November 30]] - [[Shane MacGowan]], Irish singer and songwriter (b. [[1957]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=Shane MacGowan: Pogues singer dies aged 65 |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-67546785 |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref> === December === {{Main|Deaths in December 2023}} [[File:Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (cropped).jpg|100px|thumb|[[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]]] [[File:Jacques Delors in 1993.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Jacques Delors]]]] * [[December 2]] - [[Faustin Twagiramungu]], 6th [[Prime Minister of Rwanda]] (b. [[1945]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bénjamin |first=BABOU |date=2023-12-02 |title=Twagiramungu wigeze kuba Minisitiri w'Intebe w'u Rwanda yapfuye - Bwiza.com |url=https://bwiza.com/?Twagiramungu-wigeze-kuba-Minisitiri-w-Intebe-w-u-Rwanda-yapfuye |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=bwiza.com |language=Swahili}}</ref> * [[December 8]] - [[Ryan O'Neal]], American actor (b. [[1941]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title=Ryan O'Neal, Oscar-nominated star of Love Story, dead at 82 |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67667166 |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref> * [[December 11]] ** [[Paulin Obame-Nguema]], 4th [[Prime Minister of Gabon]] (b. [[1934]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=dit |first=Jean Jacques |date=2023-12-11 |title=Disparition : Paulin Obame Nguéma, ce Premier ministre tout en humilité |url=https://www.gabonreview.com/disparition-paulin-obame-nguema-ce-premier-ministre-tout-en-humilite/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Gabonreview.com {{!}} Actualité du Gabon {{!}} |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ** [[Andre Braugher]], American actor (b. [[1962]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Andre Braugher, Emmy-winning actor who starred in 'Homicide' and 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' dies at 61 |url=https://apnews.com/article/andre-braugher-dead-f2ee7dd990dbd40c8fd5258ac624bab7 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 13]] - [[Antonio Juliano]], Italian footballer (b. [[1943]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Muere 'Tottonno' Juliano, histórico jugador del Nápoles que fichó a Maradona |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/liga-italiana/2023/12/13/6579a35cca4741421e8b458d.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=MARCA |language=es}}</ref> * [[December 16]] - [[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], [[Emir of Kuwait]] (b. [[1937]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait’s Emir Sheikh Nawaf dies at 86, Sheikh Meshaal named successor |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/16/kuwaits-emir-sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah-dies-at-86-state-tv |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 21]] - [[Robert Solow]], American Nobel economist (b. [[1924]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jr |first=Robert D. Hershey |last2=Weinstein |first2=Michael M. |date=2023-12-21 |title=Robert M. Solow, Groundbreaking Economist and Nobelist, Dies at 99 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/business/robert-solow-dead.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[December 27]] ** [[Jacques Delors]], 8th [[president of the European Commission]] (b. [[1925]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Jacques Delors, father of European integration, dies at 98 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3246439/jacques-delors-father-european-integration-dies-98 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> ** [[Lee Sun-kyun]], South Korean actor (b. [[1975]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-27 |title=Lee Sun-kyun: Parasite actor, 48, found dead in apparent suicide |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67825665 |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> ** [[Gaston Glock]], Austrian engineer (b. [[1929]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Gaston Glock, Austrian developer of the Glock handgun, dies at 94 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaston-glock-developer-glock-handgun-dies-94-rcna131406 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 29]] - [[Michael Hardie Boys]], 17th [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] (b. [[1931]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Governor-General Sir Michael Hardie Boys dies |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/30/former-governor-general-sir-michael-hardie-boys-dies/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=1 News |language=en}}</ref> * [[December 30]] - [[Tom Wilkinson]], English actor (b. [[1948]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saperstein |first=Pat |date=2023-12-30 |title=Tom Wilkinson, Star of ‘The Full Monty’ and Two-Time Oscar Nominee, Dies at 75 |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/tom-wilkinson-dead-the-full-monty-1235858705/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2023| ]] gk9jkcjanv482na3shkqwqp09p9vo0x 0 623845 10330031 10312681 2025-06-14T13:43:42Z Minorax 844779 Redirected page to [[Flag of the Republic of China]] 10330031 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Flag of the Republic of China]] rbzv0681cc5bskadpfc3ozhw6t8ey4l 0 627055 10330587 8723048 2025-06-14T18:31:40Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person |name=Anna-Lisa |image=Anna Lisa.JPG |caption=Anna-Lisa in ''Black Saddle'' in 1959 |birth_name=Anna Lisa Ruud |birth_date={{Birth date|1933|3|30|df=y}} |birth_place=[[Oslo]], [[Norway]] |death_date={{death date and age|2018|3|21|1933|3|30|df=y}} |death_place= Oslo, Norway |death_cause= |occupation=Actress of film, television, and stage |years_active= |spouse= |children= |footnotes= }} '''Anna-Lisa''' (30 March 1933<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltUkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Anna+Lisa+Ruud+1933&pg=PR23 | title=Television Western Players, 1960-1975: A Biographical Dictionary | isbn=9781476662503 | last1=Aaker | first1=Everett | date=8 June 2017 }}</ref> &ndash; 21 March 2018) was a [[Norway|Norwegian]]-born [[Americans|American]] [[actress]]. He appeared in [[United States|American]] [[movie]]s and [[television]]. She was known for her role as Nora Travers in the ABC western series ''[[Black Saddle]]'', with [[Peter Breck]] and [[Russell Johnson]]. In 1954, she was cast in guest-starring roles in such [[Western (genre)|western]] [[television series]] as ''[[Sugarfoot]]'', ''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'', and ''[[Bronco (TV series)|Bronco]]''. She appeared in an episode of ''[[The Millionaire (TV series)|The Millionaire]]'' in 1959, the episode ''.45 Caliber'' of ''[[Laramie (TV series)]]'', and a 1963 segment of ''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'', "The Case of the Velvet Claws" as Norma Vickers and a 1964 episode of ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]''.<ref>"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea." IMDb. Retrieved January 28, 2016. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057798/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm</ref> Anna-Lisa died in [[Oslo]] on 21 March 2018, nine days before her 85th birthday.<ref>[https://www.dagbladet.no/kjendis/den-norske-hollywood-skuespilleren-anna-lisa-ruud-er-dod/69637998 Den norske Hollywood-skuespilleren Anna-Lisa Ruud er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{IMDb name|0030241|name=Anna-Lisa}} {{US-actor-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anna-Lisa}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:Norwegian movie actors]] [[Category:Norwegian television actors]] [[Category:Norwegian stage actors]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:Actors from Oslo]] jxbzdu5atms3kktrfxsee7kedr71ra1 0 630355 10330296 9517674 2025-06-14T16:49:31Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronali Amatya''' (born 1996) in [[Kathmandu]] [[Nepal]] is a Nepali model and beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of [[Miss Nepal 2018|Miss Nepal International 2018]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shrinkhala Khatiwada crowned as Miss Nepal-World 2018|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/39754/?categoryId=81|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=My Republica}}</ref> She is 26th [[Miss Nepal International]] of the Nation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shrinkhala Khatiwada crowned Miss Nepal 2018|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-04-11/shrinkhala-khatiwada-crowned-miss-nepal-2018.html|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=Kathmandupost|archive-date=2019-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321091038/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-04-11/shrinkhala-khatiwada-crowned-miss-nepal-2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shrinkhala Khatiwada crowned 24th Miss Nepal|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/shrinkhala-khatiwada-crowned-24th-miss-nepal/|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> She has also won the [[Model Hunt Nepal]] in 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Ronali Amatya: Contestant number 2 for Miss Nepal 2018|url=https://www.inheadline.com/news/meet-ronali-amatya-contestant-number-2-for-miss-nepal-2018|access-date=10 April 2018|publisher=Inheadline}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and won [[Miss Congeniality]] in [[Miss Rco International 2017]] in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ronali Amatya wins Miss congeniality, Miss Eco International 2017 title goes to Canada|url=https://xnepali.net/ronali-amatya-wins-miss-congeniality-title-at-miss-eco-international-2017-title-goes-to-canada|access-date=15 April 2017|publisher=Xnepali.net}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amatya, Ronali}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nepalese models]] [[Category:Nepalese beauty pageant winners]] dkeb53sjull9sy5u63rmbqpuslgtc69 0 630356 10330308 9669361 2025-06-14T16:55:43Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pageant titleholder | image = Manita Devkota for DV Education Nepal.jpg | caption = Devkota speaks to DV Education Nepal in 2020 | birth_name = {{nowrap|Manita Devkota}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|04|11}} | birth_place = [[Khandbari District Hospital]], [[Nepal]] | education = Bachelor's degree In Public Health | occupation = Public Health Activist, Model | alma_mater =[[East Carolina University]] | title = [[Miss Nepal 2018|Miss Universe Nepal 2018]] | competitions = [[Miss Nepal 2018|Miss Universe Nepal 2018]]<br>(Winner)<br>[[Miss Universe 2018]]<br>(Top 10) | height = {{height|m=1.73}} | hair_color = Brown }} '''Manita Devkota''' (born 1995) in [[Gorkha]] [[Nepal]] is a Nepali [[Model (person)|Model]] & beauty pageant titleholder of [[Miss Nepal 2018|Miss Universe Nepal 2018]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shrinkhala Khatiwada crowned 24th Miss Nepal|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/shrinkhala-khatiwada-crowned-24th-miss-nepal/|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Manita Devkota: Contest number 10 for Miss Nepal 2018|url=https://www.inheadline.com/news/meet-manita-devkota-contest-number-10-for-miss-nepal-2018|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=inheadline|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012943/https://www.inheadline.com/news/meet-manita-devkota-contest-number-10-for-miss-nepal-2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She defeated 25 participants in the [[Miss Nepal]] pageant which was held on 11th April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=श्रृंखला खतिवडा बनिन् मिस नेपाल २०१८|url=http://www.sancharnepal.com/content/20992/|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=Sanchar Nepal Pvt. Ltd|archive-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617113737/http://www.sancharnepal.com/content/20992/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shrinkhala Khatiwada crowned as Miss Nepal-World 2018|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/39754/?categoryId=81|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=My Republica}}</ref> She is 2nd [[Miss Nepal Universe]] of the Nation crowned by 1st [[Miss Universe]] [[Nepal]], [[Nagma Shrestha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shrinkhala Khatiwada crowned Miss Nepal 2018|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-04-11/shrinkhala-khatiwada-crowned-miss-nepal-2018.html|access-date=11 April 2018|publisher=Kathmandupost|archive-date=2019-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321091038/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-04-11/shrinkhala-khatiwada-crowned-miss-nepal-2018.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Nepalese models]] [[Category:Nepalese beauty pageant winners]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Devkota, Manita}} dtycg9x4exaszoc0rvabbulpnh26u2q 0 630785 10330390 8347482 2025-06-14T17:19:25Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Chen Meng | image = Chen Meng ATTC 2017 crop.jpg | caption = Chen Meng at the 2017 Asian Table Tennis Championships | native_name = 陈梦 | birth_name = 陳夢 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|01|15}} | birth_place = [[Qingdao]], [[People's Republic of China]] | occupation = [[Table tennis]] player }} '''Chen Meng''' ({{zh|s=陈梦|t=陳夢}} born 15 January 1994 in [[Qingdao]]<ref name="Chen Meng">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tischtennis-infos.de/content/spielerinnen-und-spieler/damen/chen-meng.html|title=Chen Meng|website=www.tischtennis-infos.de|language=de|access-date=2018-04-13}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) is a female Chinese [[table tennis]] player. == Career == In 2007 and 2008, Chen Meng won the championship playing in both singles and in doubles in [[Asian Championship]]. She won 7 medals in 2008, 2009, and 2011. === Australian Open === In 2010, Chen took part in the [[Australian Open]] where she beat [[Kasumi Ishikawa]], but lost to [[Zhu Yuling]]. In the U21-competition, she reached the semifinals. By 2012, she won her first goldmedal by the adults at the [[Qatar Open]], while winning gold at the [[Kuwait Open]] in the doubles. At the World Tour Grand Finals she beat [[Ai Fukuhara]] in the quarterfinals while losing 3:4 against [[Ding Ning]] in the semifinals. === World Championship === Her first World [[Championship]]s she played in 2013, where she in the round of 16 lost to [[Li Xiaoxia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tischtennis-infos.de/content/wettbewerbe/weltmeisterschaften/wm-2013-in-paris.html|title=WM 2013 in Paris|website=www.tischtennis-infos.de|language=de|access-date=2018-04-13}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but won bronze in the doubles. At the Asian Championships Chen won bronze in the singles and in the [[Mixed-sex education|mixed]] category, in the team event she won gold, and in the doubles, too. 2014 Chen became World Champion with the team<ref name="Chen Meng" /> and wo gold at the [[Asian Games]] in the singles category. In the doubles she won gold, too. At the World Championships 2015 she only took part in the mixed category, where she lost in the round of 32. At the Grand Finals she came to the final, where she lost for her second time against [[Ding Ning]]. At the World Championships 2016 she won gold with the team<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tischtennis-infos.de/content/wettbewerbe/weltmeisterschaften/wm-2016-in-kuala-lumpur.html|title=WM 2016 in Kuala Lumpur|website=www.tischtennis-infos.de|language=de|access-date=2018-04-13|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226233446/http://www.tischtennis-infos.de/content/wettbewerbe/weltmeisterschaften/wm-2016-in-kuala-lumpur.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and became Vice Asian Champion in the singles. In 2017, Meng won gold in the singles and doubles at the Qatar Open. === Asian Championship === She became Vice Asian Champion in the Asian Championships, but eventually lost to [[Miu Hirano]] in the singles game. In the doubles, she won silver together with [[Zhu Yuling]]. At the Grand Finals she won gold in the singles and doubles. Therefore she became for the first time number one. == Results from the ITTF-databank == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Assciation !Year !Competition !Country !City !Singles !Doubles !Mixed !Team |- |CHN |2007 |Asianchampionships |PRK |[[Pyongyang]] |Gold | | |Gold |- |CHN |2008 |Asianchampionships |IND |[[Lucknow]] |Gold | | |Gold |- |CHN |2009 |Youth-Worldchampionships |COL |[[Cartagena de Indias]] |Bronze |Gold |Bronze |Gold |- |CHN |2010 |Austrian Open |AUT |[[Wels]] |last 32 |Qualifikation | | |- |CHN |2011 |Youth-Worldchampionships |BRN |[[Manama]] |Gold |Gold |Gold |Gold |- |CHN |2012 |Pro Tour Grand Finals |CHN |[[Hangzhou]] |Bronze | | | |- |CHN |2013 |Asianchampionships |KOR |[[Busan]] |Bronze |Gold |Bronze |Gold |- |CHN |2013 |World Championships |FRA |[[Paris]] |last 16 |Bronze | | |- |CHN |2014 |World Championships |JPN |[[Tokyo|Tokio]] | | | |Gold |- |CHN |2015 |Asianchampionships |THA |[[Pattaya]] |Silver |Bronze |Gold |Gold |- |CHN |2016 |World Championships |MAL |[[Kuala Lumpur]] | | | |Gold |- |CHN |2015 |World Championships |CHN |[[Tianjin]] | | |last 32 | |- |CHN |2017 |World Championships |GER |[[Düsseldorf]] |Quartefinals |Silver | | |- |CHN |2017 |Asianchampionships |CHN |[[Guangzhou]] |Silver | | |Gold |- |CHN |2018 |Asian Cup |JPN |[[Yokohama]] |Silver | | | |} == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chen, Meng}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Chinese table tennis players]] naxc43azwh0uulhq4uublorcfa0bo1e 0 633380 10330583 10094351 2025-06-14T18:31:08Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yang Ha-eun''' ([[Korean language|Korean]] ㅋ뭏 ㅗㅁ뎌ㅜ; born 25 February 1994 in [[Seoul]]) is a female South Korean [[table tennis]] player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.google.de/search?q=Yang+Ha-eun|title=Yang Ha-eun - Google Search|website=www.google.de|language=en|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref> She won the gold medal in the mixed-doubles at the World [[Championship]]s 2015. == Results from the ITTF-database == {| class="wikitable" |+<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tischtennis-infos.de/content/spielerinnen-und-spieler/damen/yang-haeun.html|title=Yang Haeun|website=www.tischtennis-infos.de|language=de|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224142016/http://www.tischtennis-infos.de/content/spielerinnen-und-spieler/damen/yang-haeun.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Association !Competition !Year !City !Country !Singles !Doubles !Mixed !Team |- |KOR |Asian Cup |2013 |Hong Kong |HKG |7th place | | | |- |KOR |Asian Cup |2011 |Changsha |CHN |5th place | | | |- |KOR |Asian Cup |2010 |Guangzhou |CHN |8th place | | | |- |KOR |Asian Youth Champ ATTU Cadets |2009 |Jaipur |IND !Gold | | | |- |KOR |Asian Youth Champ ATTU Cadets |2008 |Singapore |SIN !Silver | | | |- |KOR |Olympic Youth Games |2010 |Singapore |SIN !Bronze | | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Stockholm |SWE |last 64 !Silver | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Chengdu |CHN !Semifinals | | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Incheon |KOR |last 16 !Silver | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Otocec' |SLO |Quarterfinals !Silver | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Zagreb |HRV |Quarterfinals !Silver | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Warschau |POL |last 16 !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Berlin |GER |Quarterfinals !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2016 |Budapest |HUN !Silver !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Mendoza |ARG !Silver !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Olomouc |CZE |last 16 !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Panagjurischte |BUL !Semifinals !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Zagreb |HRV !Semifinals !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Bremen |GER |last 16 |Quarterfinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Doha |QAT !Semifinals !Semifinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2015 |Kuwait City |KUW |last 16 |Quarterfinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Stockholm |SWE |last 64 |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Eketarinburg |RUS |Quarterfinals !Semifinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Incheon |KOR !Semifinals |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Chengdu |CHN |last 16 |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Magdeburg |GER |last 32 |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Doha |QAT |last 32 !Semifinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2014 |Kuwait City |KUW |last 16 |Quarterfinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Dubai |UAE | !Semifinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Berlin |GER |last 32 |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Spala |POL |last 16 !Semifinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Suzhou |CHN |last 16 |Quarterfinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Incheon |KOR |last 32 !Gold | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Doha |QAT |Quarterfinals |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2013 |Kuwait City |KUW |last 16 |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Olomouc |CZE |Quarterfinals !Silver | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Suzhou |CHN |last 16 | | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Kobe |JPN |Quarterfinals | | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Incheon |KOR |last 32 |last 16 | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Santiago de Chile |CHI !Semifinals |Quarterfinals | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Almeria |ESP !Semifinals |Silver | | |- |KOR |Pro Tour |2012 |Kuwait City |KUW |last 32 |Quarterfinals | | |- |KOR |World Championships |2009 |Yokohama |JPN | | |last 64 | |- |KOR |World Championships |2011 |Rotterdam |NED |last 32 |last 32 |last 32 | |- |KOR |World Championships |2012 |Dortmund |GER | | | !3 |- |KOR |World Championships |2013 |Paris |FRA |last 32 |Quarterfinals |Quarterfinals | |- |KOR |World Championships |2014 |Tokio |JPN | | | |9 |- |KOR |World Championships |2015 |Suzhou |CHN |last 16 |last 64 !Gold | |} ==References== {{reflist}}{{Sports-biography-stub}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South Korean table tennis players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Seoul]] mprdvopagstumueqm5j9kaqtlm2zcrk 0 634262 10331639 10244817 2025-06-15T09:06:46Z 193.5.232.52 /* Other websites */ 10331639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DANONE LOGO HORIZONTAL.png|right|250x250px]] '''Danone''' is a [[France|French]] [[multinational corporation|multinational]] food-products corporation based in [[Paris]] and founded in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]. The company is listed on [[Euronext Paris]] where it is a component of the [[CAC 40]] stock market index. Danone is present in over 130 markets and generated sales of €21.9 billion in 2016, with more than half in emerging countries. In 2015, fresh dairy products represented 50% of the group's total sales, early life nutrition 22%, water 21% and medical nutrition 7%.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.danone.com/uploads/tx_bidanonepublications/Danone_FY_2015_Results_UK_02.pdf|title =Press release – February 23, 2016|archive-date =March 15, 2016|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160315225618/http://www.danone.com/uploads/tx_bidanonepublications/Danone_FY_2015_Results_UK_02.pdf|url-status =dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Groupe Danone}} * {{Official website|http://www.danone.com/}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danone}} [[Category:1919 establishments in France]] [[Category:Companies based in Paris]] [[Category:Food companies of France]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] {{food-stub}} {{authority control}} 5f9c4g7vxev6kuc8t8fcppurqp5hj5g 0 637809 10330597 9667246 2025-06-14T18:34:05Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = The Baroness Butler-Sloss | honorific-suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]] [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] | image = official portrait of Baroness Butler-Sloss crop 2.jpg | caption = | office1 = [[President of the Family Division]]<br/>of the [[High Court of Justice]] | term_start1 = 1999 | term_end1 = April 2005 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = [[Sir Mark Potter]] | office2 = [[Lord Justice of Appeal]] | term_start2 = 1988 | term_end2 = 1999 | office3 = [[High Court judge]]<br/>([[Family Division]]) 3458 | term_start3 = 1979 | term_end3 = 1988 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|08|10|df=y}}<ref name="burke">{{cite book |title= Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood|url= https://archive.org/details/burkespeeragebar0000char|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Mosley, Charles |edition=107 |year= 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/burkespeeragebar0000char/page/617 617] |ref=Burke |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Buckinghamshire]], England | death_date = | death_place = | restingplace = | birthname = Ann Elizabeth Oldfield Havers | nationality = British | spouse = Joseph William Alexander Butler-Sloss (m. 1958) | relations = [[Cecil Havers|Sir Cecil Havers]] (father) <br> [[Michael Havers, Baron Havers|Lord Havers]] (brother) <br> [[Nigel Havers]] (nephew) <br> [[Philip Havers]] (nephew) | children = Frances (b. 1959)<br>Robert (b. 1962)<br>William (1967&ndash;2018) }} '''Ann Elizabeth Oldfield Butler-Sloss, Baroness Butler-Sloss''' <small>[[Order of the British Empire|GBE]] [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]]</small> (''née'' '''Havers'''; born 10 August 1933), is an [[England and Wales|English]] judge. She was the first female [[Lord Justice of Appeal]] and, until 2004, was the highest-ranking female judge in the United Kingdom. She was made a [[Order of the British Empire|dame]] (DBE) on appointment to the [[High Court]] in 1979, and was sworn in to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1988 when she became the first woman to be appointed to the [[Court of Appeal]]. When she retired as a [[judge]] in 2005, she was awarded Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE). In 2006, the government announced that she would be awarded a life [[peerage]] as '''Baroness Butler-Sloss'''. She sits as an independent peer in the [[House of Lords]]. Until June 2007, she chaired the [[inquest]]s into [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|the deaths]] of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], and [[Dodi Fayed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/nov/12/childrensservices.uknews|title=The Guardian profile: Elizabeth Butler-Sloss|first=Clare|last=Dyer|date=11 November 2004|access-date=23 June 2017|via=The Guardian}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,672289,00.html No-nonsense approach of the right-to-die judge] – Profile of Butler-Sloss at [[Guardian Unlimited]], 22 March 2002 *[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/minutes/060725/ldminute.htm Announcement of her introduction at the House of Lords], House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 25 July 2006 *[http://www.corab.org.uk/ Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207203929/http://www.corab.org.uk/ |date=2018-02-07 }} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Butler-Sloss, Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Baroness}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English judges]] [[Category:United Kingdom Life Peers]] [[Category:People from Buckinghamshire]] fup6ffx900ts7lk7k1ltjcplosdfcct 0 640037 10331488 9989787 2025-06-15T05:38:00Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = Google Assistant | logo = Google Assistant logo.svg | screenshot = Android Assistant on the Google Pixel XL smartphone (29526761674).jpg | caption = Google Assistant on the [[Pixel (smartphone)|Pixel XL]] smartphone | developer = [[Google]] | released = {{start date and age|2016|5|18}} | programming language = [[C++]] | operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Chrome OS]], [[iOS]] and [[KaiOS]] ([[Jio Phone]] and [[Nokia 8110 4G]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netans.com/2017/12/06/jio-phone-google-assistant/|title=Jio Phone to reboot with Google Assistant special edition|last=Narayanaswamy|first=Anand|date=2017-12-06|website=NetAns|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-20|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | platform = {{plainlist| * [[Android (operating system)|Android]] * [[Google Home]] * [[Wear OS by Google]] * [[Android TV]] * [[Chrome OS]] * [[Smart Speakers]] * [[Headphones]] * [[Smart Display|Smart Displays]] * [[Google Allo]] * [[iOS]] }} | language = English, Arabic, Chinese (Traditional), Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Vietnamese | genre = [[Virtual assistant]] | website = {{URL|https://assistant.google.com/}} }} '''Google Assistant''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] [[virtual assistant]]. It is developed by [[Google]]. It can be used on many devices, on [[mobile device]]s, like [[smartphone]]s, [[tablet]]s, and [[laptop]]s. It can also be used in [[home automation|smart home]] devices. It encompasses a wide variety of different tasks, such as [[random|rolling dice]], reading [[reminder]]s, [[Mad Libs]], Lucky Trivia (includes a sports version), [[Snake (video game)|Snake]], a geography quiz, and many more. It can also look up different songs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehrotra|first=Pranob|date=2018-12-11|title=Ok Google: 50 Google Assistant Commands You Can Use|url=https://beebom.com/google-assistant-commands/|access-date=2024-10-18|website=Beebom|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In 2016, Google Now was Replaced by Google Assistant, It had functions including What's Weather Today, Opening Third-Party Apps, Search Results and many others. Google assistant started using a voice of Kiki Baessell for the American female voice. In October 2019, Google announced that [[Issa Rae]] had added to Google Assistant as optional voice, which could be enabled by users by saying "Okay, Google, talk like Issa"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Issa Rae can now be your Google Assistant|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/10/entertainment/issa-rae-google-assistant|access-date=2024-10-18|website=CNN|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-10|title=Hey Google, talk like Issa|url=https://blog.google/products/assistant/hey-google-talk-issa/|access-date=2024-10-18|website=Google|language=en-us}}</ref> == Response == If one says, "Ok Google", "Hey Google", "Google" etc., it responses as, "Hi, how can I help?" == Search == Google Assistant can help one to show [[Google Search|google search]] results with voice searching or typing to search voice. == Navigation == In navigation, Google Assistant can help. For example, when one says, "I'm hungry", "Restaurants nearby" etc., Assistant will show restaurants near their home. It can also help with telling the shortest distance between the [[wikt:location|location]] and the [[wikt:destination|destination]]. == Interesting facts == If one says, "I'm bored", Assistant can show them interesting facts, jokes, riddles etc. to make them free from [[:en:wikt:boredom|boredom]]. == Interactive games == The Google Assistant has a variety of games to choose from. One of them is Crystal Ball on which the voice will be more softly speaking and the voice will ask the player to ask a "yes or no question". Once the player has given the question, the soothing female voice will give the player an answer. The assistant also has a game called Lucky Trivia where the voice pretends to be a gameshow host. The player has to try and answer all five questions to win the game. In the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, the voices in the Crystal Ball and Lucky Trivia are high quality and were recorded by voice actors. Another game that can be played in the US is Mad Libs which is a word association game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/302545/the-best-games-and-easter-eggs-in-google-assistant/|title=The Best Games and Easter Eggs In Google Assistant|last=Ravenscraft|first=Eric|website=How-To Geek|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|https://assistant.google.com/}} * [https://support.google.com/assistant/answer/7394513?hl=en&ref_topic=7391797 Google Assistant Supported Languages] * [https://developers.google.com/actions/ Google Assistant for Developers] [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Software]] 81zi9lm3pmoyooiyay9jyriq0ysp1dn 3 645077 10331707 10328131 2025-06-15T10:00:51Z Ervin111899 640760 /* RfD nomination of List of May Bukas Pa episodes */ 10331707 wikitext text/x-wiki == Why not create a user page? == Hi wikifriend, First I must say welcome. The Simple Wikipedia needs you so much and the world of learning can't wait for you to [[Wikipedia:Simple start|get started]]. Your user page has a name like this: User:''Example''. Its normal use is to give basic information, ''if you wish'', about yourself or your Wikimedia-related activities. Although it helps other users know more about you, you don't have to say anything about yourself. You may wish to create a [[meta:Special:MyPage|user page on Meta]] so that it will display on all Wikimedia projects where you have not created a local user page. You may click my username to see what is obtainable. (I'll love to know the inspiration behind your username though). I'm a 21 year old human. You could drop me a message on my [[User talk:Danidamiobi| talk page]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EmailUser/Danidamiobi Wiki mail me] for any questions or issues around Wikipedia. I could gladly adopt you. You may also get help from the rich resources [[Wikipedia:Help|here]] as well. [[User:Danidamiobi|Danidamiobi]] ([[User talk:Danidamiobi|talk]]) 17:13, 25 June 2018 (UTC) == January 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to the page [[:Wikipedia:Sock puppetry]] worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 12:12, 4 January 2025 (UTC) :You're welcome. [[User:Ervin111899|Ervin111899]] ([[User talk:Ervin111899#top|talk]]) 12:13, 4 January 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of List of May Bukas Pa episodes== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:List of May Bukas Pa episodes]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:48, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :You're welcome. [[User:Ervin111899|Ervin111899]] ([[User talk:Ervin111899#top|talk]]) 10:00, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of List of My Dear Heart episodes== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:List of My Dear Heart episodes]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:49, 13 June 2025 (UTC) gki9r70jyxmnavuehovldaji2rcj0p3 0 645881 10330215 10168418 2025-06-14T15:49:05Z Amogh Tripathi 1477875 Seriously? An empire will be succeeded by a company. At least, its rule should be specified. 10330215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | image_flag = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg | alt_flag = [[Bhagwa Dhwaj|Flag]] | flag_border = no | image_coat = Shivaji seal, reproduction.jpg | symbol_type = Royal Seal of [[Shivaji]] | conventional_long_name = Maratha Empire<br>{{small|Maratha Confederacy}}<br>'''मराठा साम्राज्य''' | common_name = Marathas | year_start = 1674 | year_end = 1820 | event_end = Dissolution | p1 = Mughal Empire | p2 = Deccan sultanates | s1 = Company Raj | today = [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]] | image_map = India1760 1905.jpg | map_width = 350 | image_map_caption = The Maratha Confederacy and its occupied territories during the [[Afghan–Maratha War]] in 1758 (yellow) | motto = "हर हर महादेव"<br />"[[Hara Hara Mahadeva|Har Har Mahādēv]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madan |first=T. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC&pg=PA360 |title=Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont |date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0527-9 |pages=360 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Sudhakar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaewdodLZQC&pg=PA75 |title=Reflections on the Tantras |date=1978 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0691-7 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref> | englishmotto = ([[English language|English]]: "Praises to [[Shiva|Mahādēv (Shiva)]]") | capital = '''Royal seat:'''{{plainlist| *[[Pratapgad]] (1659) *[[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] (1674–1708, {{nowrap|''de jure''}}) *[[Gingee Fort|Jinji]] (1691–1698, {{nowrap|''de facto''}}){{sfnp|Hatalkar|1958|p=}} *[[Satara (city)|Satara]] (1708–1818)}}<hr>'''Peshwa's seat:'''<br>[[Poona]] (1728–1818) | official_languages = {{plainlist| *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] (court language, literature) *[[Sanskrit]] (religious)}} | religion = '''State religion:'''<br/>[[Hinduism]] ----'''Other:'''<br />[[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]] | status = | government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] (1674–1731)<br />[[Federation|Federal]] [[oligarchy]] with a restricted monarchial [[figurehead]] (1731–1818) ([[Constitutional monarchy]]) | title_leader = [[Chhatrapati]] | leader1 = [[Shivaji]] | year_leader1 = 1674–1680 <small>(first)</small> | leader3 = [[Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara|Pratap Singh]] | year_leader3 = 1808–1818 <small>(last)</small> | title_deputy = [[Peshwa]] | deputy1 = [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle|Moropant Pingle]] | year_deputy1 = 1674–1683 <small>(first)</small> | deputy2 = [[Baji Rao II]] | year_deputy2 = 1803–1818 <small>(last)</small> | year_deputy3 = 1858–1859 | deputy3 = [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Saheb]] (claimed titular) | legislature = Ashta Pradhan | stat_area1 = 2500000 | stat_year1 = 1760 | ref_area1 = {{sfnp|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}} | currency = [[Rupee]], [[Paisa]], [[Mohur]], [[Shivrai]], Hon }} The '''Maratha Empire''', or '''Maratha Confederacy''', was a group of Indian states that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The empire formally existed from 1674 to 1820. The Marathas are given much of the credit for ending [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] in India.<ref>{{cite journal |first=M. N. |last=Pearson |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1976-02_35_2/page/221 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |date=February 1976 |jstor=2053980 |url-access=subscription |doi=10.2307/2053980|s2cid=162482005 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28 Delhi, the Capital of India By Anon, John Capper, p. 28. "This source establishes the Maratha control of Delhi before the British"]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82 An Advanced History of Modern India By Sailendra Nath Sen p.Introduction-14. The author says: "''The victory at Bhopal in 1738 established Maratha dominance at the Mughal court''"]</ref> The Marathas were a warrior people from the western [[Deccan Plateau]] (present-day [[Maharashtra]]). They rose to prominence by establishing "self-rule of Hindu/Indian people" in their region.<ref> {{harvnb|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=98}}: "Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for ''Hindawi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history." </ref><ref name=Jackson>{{cite book |title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature |last=Jackson |first=William Joseph |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2005 |isbn=9780754639503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38 |page=38}}</ref> The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership of [[Shivaji]] who revolted against the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Mughal Empire and formed a kingdom, with Raigad as his capital. Known for their mobility, the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal–Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent stretching from [[Peshawar]] in the north to [[Thanjavur]] in the south with their capital at [[Pune]] in the year [[1758]]. Their power was eventually ended by the series of wars fought against the [[British Empire]]. The first two Anglo-Maratha wars resulted in a victory for the Marathas however the third one resulted in the defeat of the Marathas and annexation of the Maratha Empire in [[Maharashtra]] into [[British India]]. The [[Marathas]] had another opportunity to rebel against British rule and form their own kingdom in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. They joined this rebellion in the hopes of permanently kicking the British power out of India. However, by the end of 1859, the rebellion was crushed and all the Maratha rebel leaders were either executed or went into exile and took refuge in [[Nepal]]. ==Thanjavur Branch== It was founded by Ekoji the step Brother of [[Shivaji]] and it was independent till 1855. Shahji II helped Marathas again Mughals in [[Deccan Wars|Deccan wars]] but was defeated by Zulfiqar khan during during an [[Mughal Expedition of Tanjore|Expedition to Tanjore]]. Shivaji of Tanjore was last Ruler of Thanjavur till it was annexed by [[East India Company]] in 1855. == Related pages == * [[Maratha dynasty]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maratha Empire| ]] [[Category:17th century in India]] [[Category:Former countries in Asia]] [[Category:18th century in India]] 1tf9jed607x2kzfjdt0rznv9jsu3eca 0 648705 10330327 10329000 2025-06-14T17:01:04Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Pages deleted 10330327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parmar''' also known as '''Panwar''' or '''Pawar''' may refer to clans of various Indian communities:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parmar Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History|url=https://forebears.io/surnames/parmar|access-date=2023-11-12|website=forebears.io}}</ref> It is found among the [[Jat (caste)|Jats]], [[Rajput|Rajputs]], [[Gurjar]], [[Koli caste|Koli]] and some other communities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Rajputs_of_Saurashtra/NYK7ZSpPzkUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=parmar+jats&pg=PA44&printsec=frontcover|title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra|last=Singhji|first=Virbhadra|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-546-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|date=1995|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|language=en}}</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Pawar]] *[[Pawar Koli]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Disambiguation|pages}} fwm85zf8003ef3ulprvgpv29rs75a69 0 649671 10330884 8672352 2025-06-14T21:06:56Z 2A02:8440:7506:41B9:1CC6:59FF:FE31:D1EB https://www.silive.com/news/2025/06/a-man-of-impact-lifetime-civil-servant-and-former-borough-president-ralph-lamberti-has-died.html 10330884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ralph J. Lamberti.jpg|right|200px]] '''Ralph J. Lamberti''' (born November 14, 1934 died June 14, 2025) is an American politician. He was born in [[New York City]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Lamberti was [[borough president]] of [[Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] from 1984 to 1989.<ref name="Purdum">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/08/nyregion/the-1989-elections-board-of-estimate-a-generation-of-ex-critics-gains-power.html | title=The 1989 Elections: Board of Estimate; A Generation Of Ex-Critics Gains Power | website=The New York Times | date=8 November 1989 | access-date=26 August 2016 | author=Purdum, Todd S.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamberti, Ralph J.}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Staten Island borough presidents]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] {{US-bio-stub}} 4gjwxmaarsismt697ggta1pk8rfv8mc 10330890 10330884 2025-06-14T21:10:32Z Barras 40117 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2025 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ralph J. Lamberti.jpg|right|200px]] '''Ralph J. Lamberti''' (born November 14, 1934 died June 14, 2025) is an American politician. He was born in [[New York City]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Lamberti was [[borough president]] of [[Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] from 1984 to 1989.<ref name="Purdum">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/08/nyregion/the-1989-elections-board-of-estimate-a-generation-of-ex-critics-gains-power.html | title=The 1989 Elections: Board of Estimate; A Generation Of Ex-Critics Gains Power | website=The New York Times | date=8 November 1989 | access-date=26 August 2016 | author=Purdum, Todd S.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamberti, Ralph J.}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Staten Island borough presidents]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] {{US-bio-stub}} kb6xhwirlh39ltvxiv87d0o8owdnhl8 10330892 10330890 2025-06-14T21:12:15Z Barras 40117 10330892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ralph J. Lamberti.jpg|right|200px]] '''Ralph J. Lamberti''' (November 14, 1934 – June 14, 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.silive.com/news/2025/06/a-man-of-impact-lifetime-civil-servant-and-former-borough-president-ralph-lamberti-has-died.html|title=A man of impact, lifetime civil servant and former Borough President Ralph Lamberti has died|access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref>) is an American politician. He was born in [[New York City]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Lamberti was [[borough president]] of [[Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] from 1984 to 1989.<ref name="Purdum">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/08/nyregion/the-1989-elections-board-of-estimate-a-generation-of-ex-critics-gains-power.html | title=The 1989 Elections: Board of Estimate; A Generation Of Ex-Critics Gains Power | website=The New York Times | date=8 November 1989 | access-date=26 August 2016 | author=Purdum, Todd S.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamberti, Ralph J.}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Staten Island borough presidents]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] {{US-bio-stub}} jxgy5651xe62elbwab85fxfqhg34dy2 10330902 10330892 2025-06-14T21:28:42Z Barras 40117 10330902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ralph J. Lamberti.jpg|right|thumb|Ralph J. Lamberti]] '''Ralph J. Lamberti''' (November 14, 1934 – June 14, 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.silive.com/news/2025/06/a-man-of-impact-lifetime-civil-servant-and-former-borough-president-ralph-lamberti-has-died.html|title=A man of impact, lifetime civil servant and former Borough President Ralph Lamberti has died|access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref>) is an American politician. He was born in [[New York City]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Lamberti was [[borough president]] of [[Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] from 1984 to 1989.<ref name="Purdum">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/08/nyregion/the-1989-elections-board-of-estimate-a-generation-of-ex-critics-gains-power.html | title=The 1989 Elections: Board of Estimate; A Generation Of Ex-Critics Gains Power | website=The New York Times | date=8 November 1989 | access-date=26 August 2016 | author=Purdum, Todd S.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lamberti, Ralph J.}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Staten Island borough presidents]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] k11vlsvr7cej0gbtshootgsqbx81r08 0 659335 10331559 10143262 2025-06-15T07:21:09Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:157B:ED31:21B7:1908 10331559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Scooby-Doo Where Are You logo.png | creator = Joe Ruby<br/>[[Ken Spears]] | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 41 | runtime = 22 minutes | network = CBS | first_aired = {{start date|1969|09|13}} | last_aired = {{end date|2009|12|12}} }} '''''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!''''' is an American animated children's mystery TV show made by [[Hanna-Barbera]] for CBS. The show first episode aired on September 13, 1969 to December 12, 2009. It's about 4 teens, and a dog named [[Scooby-Doo]]. They travel in the Mystery Machine solving mysteries and in the end discovering that the criminal is a disguised guy. The show features [[Don Messick]] as Scooby-Doo, [[Casey Kasem]] as Shaggy, Frank Welker as Fred, [[Nicole Jaffe]] as Velma, and Stefanianna Christopherson as Daphne. ==Other websites== {{wikiquote}} * [http://www2.warnerbros.com/sd_brand/index.html Official Scooby-Doo website] * {{bcdb|Hanna-Barbera_Studios/S/Scooby_Doo__Where_Are_You_/|Scooby Doo, Where Are You!}} * {{IMDb title|id=0063950|title=Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!}} * {{tv.com show|scooby-doo-where-are-you|Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!?}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010428020741/http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/doc/scooby/ Cartoon Network: Dept. of Cartoons: Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!]—cached copy from Internet Archive * [http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/index.html "Hanna-Barbera Studios" (and sub-articles)] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120722012715/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/index.html |date=2012-07-22 }}, [[The Big Cartoon DataBase]] {{TV-stub}} [[Category:1969 television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 television series endings]] [[Category:Scooby-Doo television series]] [[Category:1960s American animated television series]] [[Category:1970s American animated television series]] [[Category:1980s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American crime television series]] [[Category:American mystery television series]] [[Category:CBS network shows]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] 7q3713hh505goex52uzh6dg8sx726pe 10 659468 10331267 10328615 2025-06-15T01:33:26Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=24107 |ed=26977 |created=1 |deleted=3034 |revdel=100 |eventdel=3 |restored=23 |blocked=1076 |protected=97 |unprotected=0 |rights=27 |reblock=73 |unblock=7 |modify=13 |filter=1 |merge=2 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=147 |style={{{style|}}}}} hec1lguncuyuq53ya5afql271jj97xa 0 660624 10331641 8323027 2025-06-15T09:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = James P. Allison | image =James P. Allison EM1B5485 (32335660198).jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = James P. Allison in 2018 |birth_name=James Patrick Allison<ref name=fmrs1>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VD62-RT3</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|08|07}} | birth_place = [[Alice, Texas]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | citizenship = | nationality = American | fields = [[Immunology]] | workplaces = [[M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]] <br /> [[Weill Cornell Medicine]]<br /> [[University of California, Berkeley]] | alma_mater = [[University of Texas, Austin]] | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = G. Barrie Kitto | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = [[Cancer immunotherapy]] | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences]] (2014)<br/> [[Tang Prize]] (2014)<ref name="Tang Prize">{{cite news|title=First Tang Prize for Biopharmaceutical Science Awarded to James P. Allison, PhD, and Tasuku Honjo, MD, PhD|url=http://www.tang-prize.org/en/media_detail.php?cat=24&id=396|access-date=4 August 2016|work=www.tang-prize.org|publisher=ASCO Post|date=10 July 2014}}</ref> <br/> [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] (2014)<br/> [[Harvey Prize]] (2014)<br>[[Gairdner Foundation International Award]] (2014)<br/> [[Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award]] (2015)<ref name="Lasker Award">{{cite news|last1=Foundation|first1=Lasker|title=Unleashing the immune system to combat cancer {{!}} The Lasker Foundation|url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/unleashing-immune-system-combat-cancer/|access-date=4 August 2016|work=The Lasker Foundation|publisher=Lasker Foundation}}</ref> <br/> [[Wolf Prize]] (2017)<br/> [[Balzan Prize]] (2017, jointly with [[Robert D. Schreiber]])<br/> [[The Sjöberg Prize]] (2017, jointly with [[Anthony R. Hunter]]) <br/> [[King Faisal International Prize]] (2018) <br/> [[Albany Medical Center Prize]] (2018) <br/> [[Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research]] (2018)<ref>{{cite news|title=James Allison wins 2018 Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research|url=https://www.janssen.com/belgium/james-allison-phd-wins-2018-dr-paul-janssen-award-biomedical-research|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> <br/> [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (2018) | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --> | footnotes = | spouse = Padmanee Sharma<ref name="Houston Chronicle">{{cite news|last1=Ackerman|first1=Todd|title=For pioneering immunotherapy researcher, the work is far from over|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/For-pioneering-immunotherapy-researcher-the-work-6728734.php|access-date=4 August 2016|publisher=Houston Chronicle|date=30 December 2015}}</ref> }} {{nobelprize|Physiology or Medicine}}'''James Patrick Allison''' (born August 7, 1948) is an American [[immunologist]]. He is a [[professor]] and chair of [[Immunology]] and executive director of immunotherapy platform at the [[M. D. Anderson Cancer Center]]. His discoveries have led to new cancer treatments for the deadliest cancers. He is also the director of the [[Cancer Research Institute]] (CRI). He is thought to be the first person to isolate the [[T-cell]] [[antigen]] receptor complex protein.<ref name="Cancer Research Institute">{{cite web|title=James Allison|url=http://www.cancerresearch.org/our-strategy-impact/people-behind-the-progress/scientists/james-allison|website=Cancer Research Institute|publisher=Cancer Research Institute|access-date=4 August 2016|archive-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430083750/http://www.cancerresearch.org/our-strategy-impact/people-behind-the-progress/scientists/james-allison|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] along with [[Tasuku Honjo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tang-prize.org/en/owner.php?cat=11&y=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020051653/http://www.tang-prize.org/en/owner.php?cat=11&y=2 |archive-date=2017-10-20 |title=2014 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science |access-date=2016-06-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Devlin 2018">{{cite web | last=Devlin | first=Hannah | title=James P Allison and Tasuku Honjo win Nobel prize for medicine | website=the Guardian | date=2018-10-01 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/01/james-p-allison-and-tasuku-honjo-win-nobel-prize-for-medicine | access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Allison, James P.}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Educators from Texas]] [[Category:Scientists from Texas]] [[Category:People from Alice, Texas]] bizgamqmibwq0xqrfpjxojp2b12etyz 0 661209 10331212 10328605 2025-06-15T01:12:26Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:5D3D:BC4:B651:1B7 /* Reboot series */ 10331212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | genre = [[Animation]]<br />[[Educational]]<br />[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]<br />[[Comedy]]<br />[[Science fantasy]] | based_on = {{based on|''[[The Magic School Bus]]''|[[Joanna Cole (author)|Joanna Cole]]<br />[[Bruce Degen]]}} | developer = Alison Blank<br />Kristin Laskas Martin<br />Jane Startz | director = Lawrence Jacobs (S1)<br />Charles E. Bastien (S2-S3)<br />Shawn Seles | voices = [[Lily Tomlin]]<br />[[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]]<br />[[Lisa Yamanaka]]<br />Amos Crawley<br />[[Danny Tamberelli]]<br />[[Daniel DeSanto]]<br />Tara Meyer<br />[[Erica Luttrell]]<br />Maia Filar<br />[[Stuart Stone]]<br />Max Beckford<br />Andre Ottley-Lorant | composer = Peter Lurye <br /> Fred Barton (seasons 2-4) | opentheme = "Ride on the Magic School Bus", performed by [[Little Richard]] | country = [[Canada]]<br>[[United States]] | language = English | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 52 | runtime = 26 minutes | executive_producer = {{plainlist | * Patrick Loubert * Michael Hirsh * Clive A. Smith * Alison Blank * Kristin Laskas Martin * Jane Startz * Joanna Cole * Bruce Degen }} | producer = {{plainlist | * Hasmi Giakoumis (S1) * Marianne Culbert (S2-4) }} | network = [[PBS]]<br />[[TVOKids]] | first_aired = {{start date|1994|9|10}} | last_aired = {{end date|1997|12|6}} }} '''''The Magic School Bus''''' is an [[animated series|animated]] [[educational]] [[children's television series]], based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen. The series has received critical acclaim for its use of celebrity talent and combining entertainment with an educational series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&category2=&article_no=3921&page=1|title=Word Knowledge is Power for WordGirl|last=Moody|first=Annemarie|date=March 7, 2009|website=Animation World Magazine|publisher=Animation World Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309032418/http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&category2=&article_no=3921&page=1|archive-date=March 9, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-03-07}}</ref> ''Broadcasting & Cable'' said the show was "among the highest-rated [[PBS]] shows for school-age children."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Michelle Y.|date=July 28, 1997|title=Scholastic Productions banks on Best-Sellers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_broadcasting-cable_1997-07-28_127_31/page/n48|journal=Broadcasting & Cable|publisher=Cahners Publishing Co./Reed Publishing (USA) Inc.|volume=127|issue=31|pages=48}}</ref> A reboot titled ''The Magic School Bus Rides Again'' began on [[Netflix]] on September 29, 2017. ==Plot== A teacher named "Ms. Frizzle" embarks on exciting adventures with her pet chameleon called Liz Ard and her class known as the Frizzlers on her eponymous vintage [[Dollar van|Spanish]] [[Steam bus|steam-diesel hybrid]] [[School bus|school]] [[Types of buses|minibus]] referred as the Magic School Bus. As they journey on their secret field trips, they discover locations, creatures, time periods and more things to learn about the wonders of science along the way. ==Voice cast== * [[Lily Tomlin]] as Mrs. Valerie Frizzle * Amos Crawley (season 1) and [[Danny Tamberelli]] (seasons 2-4) as Arnold Perlstein * [[Daniel DeSanto]] as Carlos Ramon * Tara Meyer as Dorothy Ann "D.A." Hudson * [[Erica Luttrell]] as Keesha Franklin * Maia Filar as Phoebe Terese * [[Stuart Stone]] as Ralphie Tennelli * Max Beckford (season 1) and Andre Ottley-Lorant (seasons 2-4) as Tim Wright * [[Lisa Yamanaka]] as Wanda Li * [[Edward James Olmos]] as Zookeeper == Production and broadcast == A [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]], [[Nelvana Limited]], & Hong Guang Animation (Suzhou) Company Limited Co-Production, Presented by South Carolina ETV. They made ''The Magic School Bus'' books into an animated television series. It began on September 10, 1994. Many parents and teachers wanted Scholastic, Nelvana Limited, & Hong Guang Animation (Suzhou) Company Limited to help kids and [[Minority group|minorities]] learn more about science in a fun way.<ref name="Clarke">{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Melanie M.|date=June 20, 2005|title=A Scholastic Achievement|journal=Broadcasting & Cable|publisher=Cahners Publishing Co./Reed Publishing (USA) Inc.|volume=135|issue=25|pages=30}}</ref> === Advertisements === Each [[episode]] of the series ran for 30 minutes. There was a ''Producer Says'' part at the end of each episode when ''The Magic School Bus'' had no [[Advertising|advertisements]]. There were no advertisements on [[international]] television, [[VHS]], and [[DVD]]. The ''Producer Says'' part was taken out when ''The Magic School Bus'' had advertisements. This way, there was enough time for advertisements. Sometimes the episode faded to black at the start of the advertisements. When there are no advertisements, the episode faded to black and then faded back in. === Writers === Peter Lurye wrote the song played at the beginning of the show. It was called "Ride on the Magic School Bus". Famous rock 'n' roll singer [[Little Richard]] sang it.<ref>{{IMDb name|id=0005153|name=Little Richard}}</ref> Frank Saperstein, Jeph Loeb, Ryan Araki, & Raymond Jafelice helped write the show. === Broadcast history === ==== In US ==== In the United States, ''The Magic School Bus'' originally aired on [[PBS]] as a part of its children's block, [[PBS Kids|PTV Park]], through [[South Carolina]]'s SCETV network. It was the first fully animated series to be aired on PBS. The final episode aired on December 6, 1997. The series then aired reruns on PBS until October 1998. [[Fox Kids Network]], in a hasty effort to fill educational television mandates for its stations, aired reruns on its weekday block from September 1998 to September 2002. Beginning on September 27, 2010, ''The Magic School Bus'' started a daily run on child-oriented network [[Qubo]] in the US, and on Saturday mornings on [[NBC]]. The Fox Kids and Qubo airings both used a shortened version of the opening. ''The Magic School Bus'' was also seen on TLC from February 15, 2003 until 2008. It also aired on the [[Ready Set Learn]] block on [[Discovery Kids]] from 2004 to 2009. ==== In Canada ==== The series was widely known in Canada for showing reruns on [[CBC]] as part of its children's block, now known as Kids' CBC, from 1999 to 2004. In 2005, Nelvana sold the series to Latin American versions of Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/399041793|title=Deals for Toons, Docs at MIPCOM|last=Dinoff|first=Dustin|date=November 7, 2005|website=accessed through [[ProQuest]]|publisher=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]: Canada's Broadcast and Production Journal|access-date=2009-03-26|id={{ProQuest|399041793}} }}</ref> In Canada, the series aired on [[CBC Kids]] (from 2000 until 2003), [[Teletoon]], and [[Knowledge Network]]. In the United Kingdom, it aired on Channel 4 ([[Channel 4|Children Planet]] Programmes Block) and [[Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]. Since 2005, Canada-based studio [[Nelvana Limited]] acquired the series and sold it to the Latin American versions of [[Cartoon Network (Latin American TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] and [[Nickelodeon (Latin American TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]. As of 2021, the show is currently distributed by [[9 Story Media Group]]. == Home media == The series was originally released on [[VHS]] by KidVision between 1995 and 2003 and on [[DVD]] by [[Warner Home Video]] between 2002 and 2013. Only the VHSs and DVDs contain the funding credits. In the home video releases, all the episodes are uncut with the ''Producer Says'' segments intact. On July 31, 2012, New Video Group released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jacobs|first1=Larry|title=The Magic School Bus: The Complete Series|date=July 31, 2012|url=https://www.amazon.com/Magic-School-Bus-Complete-Series/dp/B007I1Q4MM|last2=Bastien|first2=Charles E.|publisher=New Video Group|language=en|access-date=2016-07-10}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;accessdate=</code> and <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;accessdate=</code> specified ([[Help:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|help]]) </ref> On August 15, 2013, Scholastic announced the entire series would be available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/netflix-announces-top-rated-award-winning-scholastic-television-shows-now-available-ki|title=Netflix Announces Top Rated, Award Winning Scholastic Television Shows now Available as Kids Go Back to School {{!}} Scholastic Media Room|website=mediaroom.scholastic.com|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> == Reception == Jason Fry, in a column for the online edition of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', expressed an overall appreciation for the show, but wrote that the episode "The Magic School Bus Gets Programmed" should have been about the dangers of Internet searches and network concepts arising at the time, rather than an old-fashioned technology-run-amok story about the respective roles of programmer and machine (although he conceded that the episode was ten years old).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB119678405113213209|title=Real Time: From PET to Net; A Kid's TV Show Leaves Your Columnist Pondering a Generation of Immense Change; Online edition|last=Fry|first=Jason|date=December 10, 2007|website=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703162249/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB119678405113213209|archive-date=2015-07-03|url-status=live|access-date=2009-03-25}}</ref> Tomlin won a [[Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy]] for her role as Ms. Frizzle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americantheatrewing.org/biography/detail/lily_tomlin|title=Biography: Lily Tomlin|date=May 2007|publisher=American Theater Wing|access-date=2009-03-26|archive-date=2008-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102944/http://www.americantheatrewing.org/biography/detail/lily_tomlin|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Games == Various computer and video games associated with the series were released from 1994 to 2001, and were typically amalgamations of storylines from both the original book series and the television show. The games were published by Microsoft Home for the Educational purpose. A video game titled ''The Magic School Bus: Oceans'' was released for [[Nintendo DS]] on October 25, 2011, ten years after the release of the last game. The video game, similar to the computer game before it, was likely based on the book, ''The Magic School Bus On the Ocean Floor'' and the TV episode, ''The Magic School Bus Gets Eaten''. This is the only game to have been released for the Nintendo platform. == Reboot series == On June 10, 2014, a new series was announced by [[Netflix]] and Scholastic Media titled ''The Magic School Bus 360°''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/business/media/netflix-orders-new-childrens-show-based-on-magic-school-bus.html?emc=edit_tnt_20140610&nlid=39945777&tntemail0=y&_r=2|title=Netflix Orders New Children's Show Based on 'Magic School Bus|last=Jensen|first=Elizabeth|date=June 10, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=119412|title=Scholastic is Bringing The Magic School Bus 360 degrees to Netflix|date=June 11, 2014|publisher=Coming Soon|access-date=2014-06-11|archive-date=2014-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232929/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=119412|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new iteration of the franchise features a modernized Ms. Frizzle and high-tech bus that stresses modern inventions such as robotics, wearables and camera technology. The producers hoped to captivate children's imaginations and motivate their interest in the sciences.<ref name="kidscreen.com">{{cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2016/02/10/9-story-boards-netflixs-magic-school-bus-reboot/|title=Kidscreen » Archive » 9 Story boards Netflix's Magic School Bus reboot|date=February 10, 2016|work=Kidscreen}}</ref><ref name="cartoon">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.bcdb.com/animated-series-reboots-7699/|title=Three New Animated Series, Reboots All|last=Koch|first=Dave|date=June 18, 2014|access-date=2014-06-18|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620233051/http://blog.bcdb.com/animated-series-reboots-7699/|archive-date=June 20, 2014|url-status=dead|publisher=Big Cartoon News}}</ref> [[9 Story Media Group]] would produce the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miscrave.com/articles/magic-school-bus-360-delayed/|title=The Magic School Bus 360 delayed to 2017|date=December 3, 2016|website=Coming Soon'|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Producer Stuart Stone, who voiced Ralphie in the original series, stated that ''The Magic School Bus 360°'' will feature some of the original voice actors in same roles. The show's voice cast is based in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Toronto]] with [[Susan Blu]] as the Los Angeles voice director and Dan Hennessey as the Toronto voice director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/magic-school-bus-reboot-netflix-tmz|title=Celebrity cameos, familiar voices to ride 'Magic School Bus' reboot|last=Gael Fashingbauer Cooper|date=January 4, 2017|publisher=CNET|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref> In February 2017, Netflix announced that [[Lily Tomlin]] was in the role of Fiona Felicity Frizzle, the younger sister of Ms. Frizzle, now Professor Frizzle, again played by Tomlin. By this point the title of the series had been changed to ''The Magic School Bus Rides Again''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/02/08/kate-mckinnon-ms-frizzle-magic-school-bus-netflix/|title=Kate McKinnon to voice Ms. Frizzle in Netflix's 'Magic School Bus' revival|last=Serrao|first=Nivea|date=February 9, 2017|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-date=2017-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730110043/http://ew.com/tv/2017/02/08/kate-mckinnon-ms-frizzle-magic-school-bus-netflix/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Little Richard]] returns to perform the theme song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/lin-manuel-miranda-magic-school-bus-theme-song-1035172|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Updates 'Magic School Bus' Theme Song for Netflix Reboot|last=Stanhope|first=Kate|date=September 5, 2017|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> The series began on [[Netflix]] on September 29, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/08/23/new-to-netflix-september-2017/|title=New to Netflix in September: 'Pulp Fiction', 'Jerry Before Seinfeld' and More|date=August 23, 2017|work=EW.com|access-date=2017-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Frank Saperstein & Jeph Loeb returns to Scholastic Media to work on the reboot series. ''The Magic School Bus 360°'' Cast * [[Lily Tomlin]] as Professor Valerie Frizzle, PhD, Ms. Fiona Frizzle, & The Frizzle Fragments * [[Amos Crawley]] as Arnold Perlstein & Mr. Hudson * [[Lisa Yamanaka]] as Wanda Li, Mrs. Li, & Caller * [[Erica Lutrell]] – Keesha Franklin * [[Tara Meyer]] – Dorothy Ann Hudson, Pariksha, & Additional Voices * [[Daniel DeSanto]] – Carlos Ramón, Tony Tennelli, & Matthew Math Matthews * [[Stuart Stone]] – Ralphie Tennelli, The Gizmos That Go Staff, The Cosmic Corner Show Announcer, & Caller * [[Maia Filar]] – Jyoti Kaur & The Titular “Goldstealer” * [[Andre Ottley-Lorant]] – Tim Wright * [[Renessa Blitz]] – Janet Perlstein * [[Kevin Zegers]] – Mikey Ramón * [[Max Beckford]] – Mr. Ruhle * [[Susan Blu]] * [[Danny Tamberelli]] * [[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]] == Preschool spin-off == On October 17, 2024, it was announced a ''Magic School Bus'' spin-off ''The Magic School Bus: Mighty Explorers'' is currently in the works. The Magic School Bus will talk in this series. The series will be CG-animated and geared more towards a preschool audience. == References == {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|http://www.scholastic.com/magicschoolbus/home.htm}} * {{IMDb title|id=0108847|title=The Magic School Bus}} * {{bcdb|Other_Studios/S/Scholastic_Entertainment/The_Magic_School_Bus/|The Magic School Bus}} * {{bcdb|Other_Studios/S/Scholastic_Entertainment/The_Magic_School_Bus_360_/|The Magic School Bus 360°}} * {{tv.com show|the-magic-school-bus|The Magic School Bus}} * [https://www.netflix.com/title/80108373 ''The Magic School Bus Rides Again''] at [[Netflix]] * https://aaa.youtube.com/watch?v=VOyWd9JsCjU&pp=ygUhbWFnaWMgc2Nob29sIGJ1cyBuZXdzIGdsb2JhbCAxOTk3{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Magic School Bus, The}} [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1994 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1994 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 American television series endings]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Children's animated television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] 77a790fpnl3oulgw6fib6ea2tejmrk4 10331412 10331212 2025-06-15T03:34:42Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 /* Production and broadcast */ tone 10331412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | genre = [[Animation]]<br />[[Educational]]<br />[[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]<br />[[Comedy]]<br />[[Science fantasy]] | based_on = {{based on|''[[The Magic School Bus]]''|[[Joanna Cole (author)|Joanna Cole]]<br />[[Bruce Degen]]}} | developer = Alison Blank<br />Kristin Laskas Martin<br />Jane Startz | director = Lawrence Jacobs (S1)<br />Charles E. Bastien (S2-S3)<br />Shawn Seles | voices = [[Lily Tomlin]]<br />[[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]]<br />[[Lisa Yamanaka]]<br />Amos Crawley<br />[[Danny Tamberelli]]<br />[[Daniel DeSanto]]<br />Tara Meyer<br />[[Erica Luttrell]]<br />Maia Filar<br />[[Stuart Stone]]<br />Max Beckford<br />Andre Ottley-Lorant | composer = Peter Lurye <br /> Fred Barton (seasons 2-4) | opentheme = "Ride on the Magic School Bus", performed by [[Little Richard]] | country = [[Canada]]<br>[[United States]] | language = English | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 52 | runtime = 26 minutes | executive_producer = {{plainlist | * Patrick Loubert * Michael Hirsh * Clive A. Smith * Alison Blank * Kristin Laskas Martin * Jane Startz * Joanna Cole * Bruce Degen }} | producer = {{plainlist | * Hasmi Giakoumis (S1) * Marianne Culbert (S2-4) }} | network = [[PBS]]<br />[[TVOKids]] | first_aired = {{start date|1994|9|10}} | last_aired = {{end date|1997|12|6}} }} '''''The Magic School Bus''''' is an [[animated series|animated]] [[educational]] [[children's television series]], based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen. The series has received critical acclaim for its use of celebrity talent and combining entertainment with an educational series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&category2=&article_no=3921&page=1|title=Word Knowledge is Power for WordGirl|last=Moody|first=Annemarie|date=March 7, 2009|website=Animation World Magazine|publisher=Animation World Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309032418/http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&category2=&article_no=3921&page=1|archive-date=March 9, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-03-07}}</ref> ''Broadcasting & Cable'' said the show was "among the highest-rated [[PBS]] shows for school-age children."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Michelle Y.|date=July 28, 1997|title=Scholastic Productions banks on Best-Sellers|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_broadcasting-cable_1997-07-28_127_31/page/n48|journal=Broadcasting & Cable|publisher=Cahners Publishing Co./Reed Publishing (USA) Inc.|volume=127|issue=31|pages=48}}</ref> A reboot titled ''The Magic School Bus Rides Again'' began on [[Netflix]] on September 29, 2017. ==Plot== A teacher named "Ms. Frizzle" embarks on exciting adventures with her pet chameleon called Liz Ard and her class known as the Frizzlers on her eponymous vintage [[Dollar van|Spanish]] [[Steam bus|steam-diesel hybrid]] [[School bus|school]] [[Types of buses|minibus]] referred as the Magic School Bus. As they journey on their secret field trips, they discover locations, creatures, time periods and more things to learn about the wonders of science along the way. ==Voice cast== * [[Lily Tomlin]] as Mrs. Valerie Frizzle * Amos Crawley (season 1) and [[Danny Tamberelli]] (seasons 2-4) as Arnold Perlstein * [[Daniel DeSanto]] as Carlos Ramon * Tara Meyer as Dorothy Ann "D.A." Hudson * [[Erica Luttrell]] as Keesha Franklin * Maia Filar as Phoebe Terese * [[Stuart Stone]] as Ralphie Tennelli * Max Beckford (season 1) and Andre Ottley-Lorant (seasons 2-4) as Tim Wright * [[Lisa Yamanaka]] as Wanda Li * [[Edward James Olmos]] as Zookeeper == Production and broadcast == A [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]], [[Nelvana Limited]], and Hong Guang Animation (Suzhou) Company Limited Co-Production, Presented by South Carolina ETV. They made ''The Magic School Bus'' books into an animated television series. It began on September 10, 1994. Many parents and teachers wanted Scholastic, Nelvana Limited, and Hong Guang Animation (Suzhou) Company Limited to help kids and [[Minority group|minorities]] learn more about science in a fun way.<ref name="Clarke">{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=Melanie M.|date=June 20, 2005|title=A Scholastic Achievement|journal=Broadcasting & Cable|publisher=Cahners Publishing Co./Reed Publishing (USA) Inc.|volume=135|issue=25|pages=30}}</ref> === Advertisements === Each [[episode]] of the series ran for 30 minutes. There was a ''Producer Says'' part at the end of each episode when ''The Magic School Bus'' had no [[Advertising|advertisements]]. There were no advertisements on [[international]] television, [[VHS]], and [[DVD]]. The ''Producer Says'' part was taken out when ''The Magic School Bus'' had advertisements. This way, there was enough time for advertisements. Sometimes the episode faded to black at the start of the advertisements. When there are no advertisements, the episode faded to black and then faded back in. === Writers === Peter Lurye wrote the song played at the beginning of the show. It was called "Ride on the Magic School Bus". Famous rock 'n' roll singer [[Little Richard]] sang it.<ref>{{IMDb name|id=0005153|name=Little Richard}}</ref> Frank Saperstein, Jeph Loeb, Ryan Araki, and Raymond Jafelice helped write the show. === Broadcast history === ==== In US ==== In the United States, ''The Magic School Bus'' originally aired on [[PBS]] as a part of its children's block, [[PBS Kids|PTV Park]], through [[South Carolina]]'s SCETV network. It was the first fully animated series to be aired on PBS. The final episode aired on December 6, 1997. The series then aired reruns on PBS until October 1998. [[Fox Kids Network]], in a hasty effort to fill educational television mandates for its stations, aired reruns on its weekday block from September 1998 to September 2002. Beginning on September 27, 2010, ''The Magic School Bus'' started a daily run on child-oriented network [[Qubo]] in the US, and on Saturday mornings on [[NBC]]. The Fox Kids and Qubo airings both used a shortened version of the opening. ''The Magic School Bus'' was also seen on TLC from February 15, 2003 until 2008. It also aired on the [[Ready Set Learn]] block on [[Discovery Kids]] from 2004 to 2009. ==== In Canada ==== The series was widely known in Canada for showing reruns on [[CBC]] as part of its children's block, now known as Kids' CBC, from 1999 to 2004. In 2005, Nelvana sold the series to Latin American versions of Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/399041793|title=Deals for Toons, Docs at MIPCOM|last=Dinoff|first=Dustin|date=November 7, 2005|website=accessed through [[ProQuest]]|publisher=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]: Canada's Broadcast and Production Journal|access-date=2009-03-26|id={{ProQuest|399041793}} }}</ref> In Canada, the series aired on [[CBC Kids]] (from 2000 until 2003), [[Teletoon]], and [[Knowledge Network]]. In the United Kingdom, it aired on Channel 4 ([[Channel 4|Children Planet]] Programmes Block) and [[Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]. Since 2005, Canada-based studio [[Nelvana Limited]] acquired the series and sold it to the Latin American versions of [[Cartoon Network (Latin American TV channel)|Cartoon Network]] and [[Nickelodeon (Latin American TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]. As of 2021, the show is currently distributed by [[9 Story Media Group]]. == Home media == The series was originally released on [[VHS]] by KidVision between 1995 and 2003 and on [[DVD]] by [[Warner Home Video]] between 2002 and 2013. Only the VHSs and DVDs contain the funding credits. In the home video releases, all the episodes are uncut with the ''Producer Says'' segments intact. On July 31, 2012, New Video Group released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Jacobs|first1=Larry|title=The Magic School Bus: The Complete Series|date=July 31, 2012|url=https://www.amazon.com/Magic-School-Bus-Complete-Series/dp/B007I1Q4MM|last2=Bastien|first2=Charles E.|publisher=New Video Group|language=en|access-date=2016-07-10}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;accessdate=</code> and <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;accessdate=</code> specified ([[Help:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|help]]) </ref> On August 15, 2013, Scholastic announced the entire series would be available on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/netflix-announces-top-rated-award-winning-scholastic-television-shows-now-available-ki|title=Netflix Announces Top Rated, Award Winning Scholastic Television Shows now Available as Kids Go Back to School {{!}} Scholastic Media Room|website=mediaroom.scholastic.com|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref> == Reception == Jason Fry, in a column for the online edition of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', expressed an overall appreciation for the show, but wrote that the episode "The Magic School Bus Gets Programmed" should have been about the dangers of Internet searches and network concepts arising at the time, rather than an old-fashioned technology-run-amok story about the respective roles of programmer and machine (although he conceded that the episode was ten years old).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB119678405113213209|title=Real Time: From PET to Net; A Kid's TV Show Leaves Your Columnist Pondering a Generation of Immense Change; Online edition|last=Fry|first=Jason|date=December 10, 2007|website=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703162249/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB119678405113213209|archive-date=2015-07-03|url-status=live|access-date=2009-03-25}}</ref> Tomlin won a [[Emmy Award|Daytime Emmy]] for her role as Ms. Frizzle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americantheatrewing.org/biography/detail/lily_tomlin|title=Biography: Lily Tomlin|date=May 2007|publisher=American Theater Wing|access-date=2009-03-26|archive-date=2008-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102944/http://www.americantheatrewing.org/biography/detail/lily_tomlin|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Games == Various computer and video games associated with the series were released from 1994 to 2001, and were typically amalgamations of storylines from both the original book series and the television show. The games were published by Microsoft Home for the Educational purpose. A video game titled ''The Magic School Bus: Oceans'' was released for [[Nintendo DS]] on October 25, 2011, ten years after the release of the last game. The video game, similar to the computer game before it, was likely based on the book, ''The Magic School Bus On the Ocean Floor'' and the TV episode, ''The Magic School Bus Gets Eaten''. This is the only game to have been released for the Nintendo platform. == Reboot series == On June 10, 2014, a new series was announced by [[Netflix]] and Scholastic Media titled ''The Magic School Bus 360°''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/business/media/netflix-orders-new-childrens-show-based-on-magic-school-bus.html?emc=edit_tnt_20140610&nlid=39945777&tntemail0=y&_r=2|title=Netflix Orders New Children's Show Based on 'Magic School Bus|last=Jensen|first=Elizabeth|date=June 10, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=119412|title=Scholastic is Bringing The Magic School Bus 360 degrees to Netflix|date=June 11, 2014|publisher=Coming Soon|access-date=2014-06-11|archive-date=2014-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232929/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=119412|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new iteration of the franchise features a modernized Ms. Frizzle and high-tech bus that stresses modern inventions such as robotics, wearables and camera technology. The producers hoped to captivate children's imaginations and motivate their interest in the sciences.<ref name="kidscreen.com">{{cite web|url=http://kidscreen.com/2016/02/10/9-story-boards-netflixs-magic-school-bus-reboot/|title=Kidscreen » Archive » 9 Story boards Netflix's Magic School Bus reboot|date=February 10, 2016|work=Kidscreen}}</ref><ref name="cartoon">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.bcdb.com/animated-series-reboots-7699/|title=Three New Animated Series, Reboots All|last=Koch|first=Dave|date=June 18, 2014|access-date=2014-06-18|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620233051/http://blog.bcdb.com/animated-series-reboots-7699/|archive-date=June 20, 2014|url-status=dead|publisher=Big Cartoon News}}</ref> [[9 Story Media Group]] would produce the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miscrave.com/articles/magic-school-bus-360-delayed/|title=The Magic School Bus 360 delayed to 2017|date=December 3, 2016|website=Coming Soon'|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Producer Stuart Stone, who voiced Ralphie in the original series, stated that ''The Magic School Bus 360°'' will feature some of the original voice actors in same roles. The show's voice cast is based in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Toronto]] with [[Susan Blu]] as the Los Angeles voice director and Dan Hennessey as the Toronto voice director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/magic-school-bus-reboot-netflix-tmz|title=Celebrity cameos, familiar voices to ride 'Magic School Bus' reboot|last=Gael Fashingbauer Cooper|date=January 4, 2017|publisher=CNET|access-date=2017-07-27}}</ref> In February 2017, Netflix announced that [[Lily Tomlin]] was in the role of Fiona Felicity Frizzle, the younger sister of Ms. Frizzle, now Professor Frizzle, again played by Tomlin. By this point the title of the series had been changed to ''The Magic School Bus Rides Again''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/02/08/kate-mckinnon-ms-frizzle-magic-school-bus-netflix/|title=Kate McKinnon to voice Ms. Frizzle in Netflix's 'Magic School Bus' revival|last=Serrao|first=Nivea|date=February 9, 2017|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=2017-07-27|archive-date=2017-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730110043/http://ew.com/tv/2017/02/08/kate-mckinnon-ms-frizzle-magic-school-bus-netflix/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Little Richard]] returns to perform the theme song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/lin-manuel-miranda-magic-school-bus-theme-song-1035172|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Updates 'Magic School Bus' Theme Song for Netflix Reboot|last=Stanhope|first=Kate|date=September 5, 2017|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref> The series began on [[Netflix]] on September 29, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/08/23/new-to-netflix-september-2017/|title=New to Netflix in September: 'Pulp Fiction', 'Jerry Before Seinfeld' and More|date=August 23, 2017|work=EW.com|access-date=2017-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Frank Saperstein & Jeph Loeb returns to Scholastic Media to work on the reboot series. ''The Magic School Bus 360°'' Cast * [[Lily Tomlin]] as Professor Valerie Frizzle, PhD, Ms. Fiona Frizzle, & The Frizzle Fragments * [[Amos Crawley]] as Arnold Perlstein & Mr. Hudson * [[Lisa Yamanaka]] as Wanda Li, Mrs. Li, & Caller * [[Erica Lutrell]] – Keesha Franklin * [[Tara Meyer]] – Dorothy Ann Hudson, Pariksha, & Additional Voices * [[Daniel DeSanto]] – Carlos Ramón, Tony Tennelli, & Matthew Math Matthews * [[Stuart Stone]] – Ralphie Tennelli, The Gizmos That Go Staff, The Cosmic Corner Show Announcer, & Caller * [[Maia Filar]] – Jyoti Kaur & The Titular “Goldstealer” * [[Andre Ottley-Lorant]] – Tim Wright * [[Renessa Blitz]] – Janet Perlstein * [[Kevin Zegers]] – Mikey Ramón * [[Max Beckford]] – Mr. Ruhle * [[Susan Blu]] * [[Danny Tamberelli]] * [[Malcolm-Jamal Warner]] == Preschool spin-off == On October 17, 2024, it was announced a ''Magic School Bus'' spin-off ''The Magic School Bus: Mighty Explorers'' is currently in the works. The Magic School Bus will talk in this series. The series will be CG-animated and geared more towards a preschool audience. == References == {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|http://www.scholastic.com/magicschoolbus/home.htm}} * {{IMDb title|id=0108847|title=The Magic School Bus}} * {{bcdb|Other_Studios/S/Scholastic_Entertainment/The_Magic_School_Bus/|The Magic School Bus}} * {{bcdb|Other_Studios/S/Scholastic_Entertainment/The_Magic_School_Bus_360_/|The Magic School Bus 360°}} * {{tv.com show|the-magic-school-bus|The Magic School Bus}} * [https://www.netflix.com/title/80108373 ''The Magic School Bus Rides Again''] at [[Netflix]] * https://aaa.youtube.com/watch?v=VOyWd9JsCjU&pp=ygUhbWFnaWMgc2Nob29sIGJ1cyBuZXdzIGdsb2JhbCAxOTk3{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Magic School Bus, The}} [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1994 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1994 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 American television series endings]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Children's animated television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] fqtyfhv44yt4x8vjztyiw4pieof8m8l 0 661939 10331485 9991018 2025-06-15T05:36:15Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates}} {{use British English}} [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|thumb|250px|Flag of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]]] The '''flag of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]''' ({{lang-ar|علم فلسطين}}) is a [[horizontal]] [[tricolour]] of [[black]], [[white]], and [[green]]; with a [[red]] [[triangle]] based at the hoist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Flag Of Palestine: Exploring The Rich Heritage|url=https://www.rjtravelagency.com/flag-of-palestine/|access-date=|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Origin== At the time of [[World War I]], various Arab [[Tribe|tribes]] in the region united together to fight against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] who had been ruling various land in area for centuries, the event today is known as [[Arab Revolt]]. One of the main motive of this revolt was that the [[Arab people|Arabs]] wanted to have their own country, led by Arab leaders. During this time, a leader named [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]], who was Sherif''(in charge)'' of [[Mecca]], made a special flag for this [[rebellion]]. This flag was meant to show that they were united and fighting for their own country. It had three stripes, one black, one white, and one green, just like the modern Palestinian Flag although the order of stripes are now changed. This flag became a symbol of their struggle for freedom. A modified version (changing the order of stripes) of this flag has been used in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] at least since the late 1930s and was officially adopted as the flag of the [[Palestinian people]] by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) in 1964. At its first meeting on May 28, 1964, the [[Palestinian National Council]] drew up its National Charter, and its Article 27 stated that [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] would have a flag, an [[oath]], and an [[anthem]], and its colors were specified in order as follows: green, white, then black with a red triangle. On November 15, 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization adopted the flag as the flag of the Palestinian state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=العلم {{!}} مركز المعلومات الوطني الفلسطيني|url=https://info.wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=2345|access-date=|website=info.wafa.ps}}</ref> On 30 September 2015, the Palestinian flag was raised for the first time at the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|UN headquarters]] alongside flags of 193 other member states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palestine flag to fly at UN headquarters after majority vote|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/11/palestine-flag-to-fly-at-un-headquarters-after-majority-vote|access-date=|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Later that same day, Palestinian President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] declared September 30 of every year as Palestinian flag day.<ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=Palestinian flag raised at U.N.|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-un-assembly-palestinians-flag-idINKCN0RU2P520150930|access-date=}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{asia-stub}} {{Asia topic|Flag of|title=[[Flags of Asia]]}} {{Palestine topics}} [[Category:National flags|Palestine]] [[Category:National symbols of the State of Palestine]] 1rj24ew2fhfl3qnm9sq8v0i62dh5pqp 0 669264 10331189 10136089 2025-06-15T00:55:47Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Arun Gandhi | image = Arun Gandhi at Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial 4 April 2012 crop.jpg | caption = Gandhi at a memorial service at the [[Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial]] in Washington, D.C. in 2012 | birth_name = Arun Manilal Gandhi | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|4|14}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|5|2|1934|4|14|md=y}} | birth_place = [[Durban]], [[Natal Province]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arungandhi.net/}}</ref> | death_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[India]] | spouse = {{marriage|Sunanda Gandhi|1957|21 February 2007|end=d}} | children = 2, including [[Tushar Gandhi|Tushar]] | parents = [[Manilal Gandhi]]<br/>Sushila Mashruwala | relatives = Vivan Gandhi (grandson)<br/>Kasturi Gandhi (granddaughter)<br/>[[Ela Gandhi]],<br/>Sita Gandhi (sisters) | nationality = [[Indian citizenship]]<br/>[[South African citizenship]]<br/>[[American nationality law|American]] | citizenship = [[American nationality law|American]] }} '''Arun Manilal Gandhi''' (April 14, 1934 – May 2, 2023) was an Indian-American socio-political activist. He was born in [[South Africa]]. He is the fifth grandson of [[Mohandas Gandhi]]. Gandhi considers himself to be a [[Hindu]] but expresses [[Universalism|universalist]] views.<ref name="Arun Gandhi reaches beyond Hindu religious traditions">[http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Feb/21/il/il10a.html Arun Gandhi reaches beyond Hindu religious traditions]</ref> Gandhi has worked closely with Christian priests and his philosophies are strongly influenced by Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christian ideas. In 2003 Gandhi was one of the signatories to ''[[Humanism and Its Aspirations]]'' ([[Humanist Manifesto]] III).<ref name = "Human Manifesto III Signers"> (May 8, 2018) [https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/manifesto3/signers/ Human Manifesto III Signers] </ref> Gandhi considered himself to be a [[Hindu]] but expressed [[Universalism|universalist]] views.<ref name="Arun Gandhi reaches beyond Hindu religious traditions" /> Gandhi had worked closely with Christian priests and his philosophies were strongly influenced by Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christian concepts. Like his grandfather, he also believed in the concept of '[[non-violence]]' ([[Ahimsa]]).<ref>(May 8, 2018) [http://www.arungandhi.org/2.html Arun Gandhi Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304233505/http://arungandhi.org/2.html|date=2019-03-04}}</ref> Gandhi claimed to be more Unitarian then anything else. He took his prayers public and did not practice Hinduism in the traditional sense. Gandhi met nurse Sunanda in a hospital and they married in 1957. The couple had 2 children, [[Tushar Gandhi|Tushar]], born on January 17, 1960, and Archana. Gandhi and Sunanda stayed married until her death on February 21, 2007. Gandhi died on May 2, 2023 in [[Kolhapur]], India at the Sunanda Gandhi home for girls, after a brief illness, at the age of 89.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 2, 2023 |title=Mahatma Gandhi's grandson Arun Gandhi passes away at 89 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mahatma-gandhis-grandson-arun-gandhi-passes-away-at-89/articleshow/99922508.cms |access-date=May 2, 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Arun Manilal}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2023 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Indian writers]] [[Category:American political activists]] [[Category:Indian novelists]] [[Category:Biographers]] [[Category:21st-century Indian writers]] {{bio-stub}} d5krp2ree4irph95um7bvdg4vailse1 0 669268 10330216 10063796 2025-06-14T15:51:25Z லடாக்மாநிலம் 1622994 10330216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Charan Singh 1990 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Singh on a 1990 stamp of India]] '''Chaudhary Charan Singh''' (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was an Indian politician. He was the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|5th]] [[Prime Minister of India]] from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980. Many people called him the 'champion of India's peasants.'<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byres|first=Terence J.|date=1988-01-01|title=Charan Singh, 1902–87: An assessment|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066158808438356|journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies|volume=15|issue=2|pages=139–189|doi=10.1080/03066158808438356|issn=0306-6150}}</ref> He was born in [[Hapur district|Noorpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]. He was mainly a member of the [[Janata Party (Secular)]]. Singh died of a [[stroke]] on 29 May 1987 in [[New Delhi]] at the age of 84. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Deputy Prime Ministers of India}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Charan}} [[Category:1902 births]] [[Category:1987 deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]] [[Category:Prime Ministers of India]] [[Category:Indian Deputy Prime Ministers]] [[Category:Indian politician]] {{bio-stub}} 3mywsh541xg68q242x6iia92ytwpsrc 0 669275 10329865 10316346 2025-06-14T12:36:36Z Moulyags 1145829 Added citation for Neelam Sanjiva Reddy to support biographical info 10329865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |name = Neelam Sanjiva Reddy |honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] |image = NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg |image_size = |order = 6th |office = President of India |primeminister = [[Morarji Desai]]<br>[[Charan Singh]]<br>[[Indira Gandhi]] |vicepresident = [[B. D. Jatti]]<br>[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] |term_start = 25 July 1977 |term_end = 25 July 1982 |predecessor = [[B. D. Jatti]] <small>(Acting)</small> |successor = [[Zail Singh]] |order2 = 4th |office2 = Speaker of the Lok Sabha |term_start2 = 17 March 1967 |term_end2 = 19 July 1969 |deputy2 = [[R.K. Khadilkar]] |predecessor2 = [[Sardar Hukam Singh]] |successor2 = [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]] |term_start3 = 26 March 1977 |term_end3 = 13 July 1977 |deputy3 = [[Godey Murahari]] |predecessor3 = [[Bali Ram Bhagat]] |successor3 = [[K. S. Hegde]] |office4 = 1st [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] |governor4 = [[Bhim Sen Sachar]]<br>[[Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh]] |term_start4 = 12 March 1962 |term_end4 = 20 February 1964 |predecessor4 = [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]] |successor4 = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] |governor5 = [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]<br>[[Bhim Sen Sachar]] |term_start5 = 1 November 1956 |term_end5 = 11 January 1960 |successor5 = [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]] |office6 = Secretary General of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] |term_start6 = 7 March 1982 |term_end6 = 11 March 1983 |predecessor6 = [[Fidel Castro]] |successor6 = [[Zail Singh]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1913|5|19|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Anantapur district|Illur]], [[Anantapur District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br/>(now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]) |death_date = {{death date and age|1996|6|1|1913|5|13|df=y}} |death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] |spouse = Neelam Nagaratnamma |party = [[Janata Party]] <small>(since 1977)</small> |otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] <small>(before 1977)</small> |alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] }} '''Neelam Sanjiva Reddy''' {{audio|Nsr.ogg|pronunciation}} (19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996) was an Indian politician. He was the [[List of Presidents of India|sixth]] [[President of India]] from 1977 to 1982. He was the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] from 1967 to 1969 and again in 1977. <ref>{{cite web |title=Neelam Sanjiva Reddy |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/neelam-sanjiva-reddy-71880.html |website=OneIndia |publisher=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref> Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was born in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and started his [[political]] career at a young age. He was closely connected with the Indian freedom movement and worked with leaders like [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Reddy became the [[Chief Minister]] of Andhra Pradesh and played an important role in developing the state during its early years after [[independence]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.presidentofindia.gov.in/neelam-sanjiva-reddy-profile |title=Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Profile |website=President of India |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://inc.in/leadership/past-party-presidents/n-sanjiva-reddy |title=N. Sanjiva Reddy |website=Indian National Congress |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> Apart from his political positions, Reddy was known for his simple lifestyle and honesty. He was the first person to be elected [[President of India]] without any opposition. Even after becoming President, he remained humble and focused on serving the country. His leadership style was calm and balanced, earning him respect across political parties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/neelam-sanjeeva-reddy/ |title=Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy |website=Constitution of India |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> Reddy died on 1 June 1996 from [[pneumonia]] in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news|title=Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Former President of India, 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/03/world/neelam-sanjeeva-reddy-former-president-of-india-83.html|access-date=11 December 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 June 1996|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515112028/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/03/world/neelam-sanjeeva-reddy-former-president-of-india-83.html|archive-date=15 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}}{{Speakers of the Lok Sabha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Neelam Sanjiva}} [[Category:1913 births]] [[Category:1996 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]] [[Category:Presidents of India]] [[Category:Speakers of the Lok Sabha]] [[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]] [[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]] [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]] 3wlh8h6dqknwfnyfa8fzins034qtaa4 0 682131 10331571 10283507 2025-06-15T07:43:39Z Greenock125 652309 10331571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Madame Monsieur | image = Madame Monsieur 2018.jpg | caption = | landscape = | origin = [[France]] | genre = French pop, [[electropop]] | years_active = 2013–present | label = Musicast, Low Wood | associated_acts = | website = | Current_members = Émilie Satt <br/>Jean-Karl Lucas<ref>Kourouvanis, Fotis. "[http://infenetwork.net/france-2018-get-to-know-madame-monsieur/ France 2018: Get to Know Madame Monsieur]". ''Infenetwork''. 23 April 2018.</ref> }} '''Madame Monsieur''' is a [[France|French]] duo created by [[vocalist]] Émilie Satt and producer Jean-Karl Lucas. They represented France at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2018]] in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]. The duo performed the song "Mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/madame-monsieur-to-represent-france-at-eurovision-2018|title=It's Destination Eurovision for France's Madame Monsieur!|website=[[Eurovision.tv]]|date=27 January 2018|access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref> They finished in 13th place in the grand final. ==Members== * Émilie Satt (born 23 October 1986) — lead vocals * Jean-Karl Lucas (born 22 June 1982) — production, backing vocals ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madame+Monsieur|title=Discographie Madame Monsieur|publisher=Hung Medien|website=lescharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL (Wa)]]<br/><ref name="BELWA">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madame+Monsieur|title=Discographie Madame Monsieur|publisher=Hung Medien|website=ultratop.be/fr}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Vu d'ici'' | * Released: 20 April 2018 * Label: Low Wood, Musicast * Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]] | 39 || 60 |- ! scope="row"| ''Tandem'' | * Released: 26 June 2020 * Label: Low Wood * Format: Digital download, CD | 154 || — |- ! scope="row"| ''Emmêler nos solitudes'' | * Released: 24 March 2023 * Label: Low Wood * Format: Digital download, CD | — || — |- | colspan="25" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Des gens mortels'' | * Released: 10 December 2021 * Label: Low Wood * Format: Digital download |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL (Wa)]]<br/><ref name="BELWA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Madame+Monsieur|title=Discography Madame Monsieur|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "You Make Me Smile" | 2015 | — || — || — | rowspan="6"| ''Tandem'' |- ! scope="row"| "Égérie" | rowspan="5"| 2016 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "See Ya"<br/><small>(featuring S.Pri Noir)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Morts ou vifs"<br/><small>(featuring Jok'Air and Ibrahim Maalouf)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Partir" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Tournera"<br/><small>(featuring Youssoupha)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "[[:en:Mercy (Madame Monsieur song)|Mercy]]" | rowspan="2"| 2018 | 29 || 10 || 90 | rowspan="2"| ''Vu d'ici'' |- ! scope="row"| "Comme une reine" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Les lois de l'attraction"<br/><small>(featuring Kyo)</small> | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Tandem'' |- ! scope="row"| "Comme si j'avais mille ans"<br/><small>(featuring Kalash Criminel)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Bandido"<br/><small>(with Kpoint & Greg Zlap)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Comme un voleur"<br><small>(featuring Jérémy Frérot)</small> | rowspan="2"| 2020 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Prochain soleil" | — || — || — | rowspan="3" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Cœurs abîmés" | rowspan="3"| 2021 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Quelqu'un pour toi" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "On est tous le con de quelqu'un" | — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''Emmêler nos solitudes'' |- ! scope="row"| "Des nouvelles de Tania" | rowspan="4"| 2022 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Les autres on verra" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Tatoués"<br/><small>(with Ycare)</small> | — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Tu me manques encore" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Tour Eiffel" | rowspan="4"| 2023 | — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Emmêler nos solitudes'' |- ! scope="row"| "États dames" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Pupille"<br/><small>(with Les Frangines)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Pour savoir d'où je viens"<br/><small>(with Hiba Tawaji)</small> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Cinéma" | rowspan="2"| 2025 | — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Plus fort que toi" | — || — || — |- | colspan="25" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2013 establishments in France]] [[Category:French musical groups]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:Pop music groups]] [[Category:Musical duos]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 2013]] {{music-stub}} gvp8aka4bsnx226rmv7k4eneeuyjao5 0 690511 10331303 9610091 2025-06-15T01:55:10Z Yilangderen 824311 2020 10331303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chinese name|[[Ke (surname)|Ko]]}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Ko Wen-je |native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh|柯文哲}}}} |honorific-prefix= |honorific-suffix= |image = 柯文哲主席.jpg |width = 250px |caption = Ko Wen-je in 2024 |nationality = [[Taiwan]] | office1 = 1st [[Taiwan People's Party|Chairman of the Taiwan People's Party]] | term_start1 = 6 August 2019 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | order2 = 4th |office2 = Mayor of Taipei |deputy2 = {{list collapsed|title=''See list''|Charles Lin, Chou Li-fang, [[Chen Chin-jun]]<br>[[Teng Chia-chi]], [[Pong Cheng-sheng]] [[Tsai Ping-kun]]}} |term_start2 = 25 December 2014 |term_end2 = 25 December 2022 |predecessor2 = [[Hau Lung-pin]] |successor2 = [[Chiang Wan-an]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|8|6|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Hsinchu City]], [[Taiwan]] |party = [[Taiwan People's Party]] |spouse = Chen Pei-chi |children = 3 |alma_mater = [[National Taiwan University]] |signature = | module = {{Infobox Chinese |child=yes |c=柯文哲 |p=Kē Wénzhé |poj=Koa Bûn-tiat }} }} '''Ko Wen-je''' ({{zh|c=柯文哲|p=Kē Wénzhé|poj=Koa Bûn-tiat}}; born 6 August 1959) is a Taiwanese surgeon and independent politician. Ko was the [[Mayor of Taipei|Mayor]] of [[Taipei]] from 2014 to 2022.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/world/asia/independent-is-elected-taipei-mayor-as-taiwans-governing-party-falters-.html?_r=0 Independent Is Elected Taipei Mayor as Taiwan's Governing Party Falters]</ref> Before becoming the mayor, he was a doctor at the [[National Taiwan University Hospital]]. He was also a professor at National Taiwan University College of Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntuh.gov.tw/en/surg/doctors/DR/WenJeKo.aspx |title=Biography at NTUH |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=2019-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044701/https://www.ntuh.gov.tw/en/surg/doctors/DR/WenJeKo.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He sued [[Ethan Gutmann]] for [[defamation]] in 2020.<ref>[[wikiquote:zh:伊森·葛特曼]]</ref> <ref>https://gb.crntt.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=6&kindid=26&docid=105206658</ref> <ref>https://hk.crntt.com/doc/1058/1/7/9/105817943.html</ref> He is a candidate for [[President of the Republic of China]] in the [[2024 Taiwanese presidential election|2024 election]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Mayors of Taipei}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ko, Wen-je}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Surgeons]] [[Category:Political commentators]] [[Category:Taiwanese educators]] [[Category:Mayors of Taipei]] j5125keq5ega3m2tptcodc377v9lbwq 828 693657 10331434 6527910 2025-06-15T04:14:43Z Milenioscuro 247254 10331434 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Liechtenstein', top = 47.2952, bottom = 47.0298, left = 9.3726, right = 9.7287, image = 'Liechtenstein location map.svg', image1 = 'Liechtenstein relief location map.svg' } n70qdxda2o5gqyvqkbymxr051e443f3 0 699560 10331739 10129416 2025-06-15T10:24:02Z 109.245.38.19 /* Filmography */ 10331739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Illumination | logo = [[File:Illumination Entertainment logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]] | logo_caption = Logo used since 2017 | former_name = Illumination Entertainment (2007–2017) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | predecessor = | founded = {{start date and age|2007|01|17}} | founder = [[Chris Meledandri]] | location = 2230 Broadway | location_city = [[Santa Monica, California]] | location_country = United States | successor = | locations = | area_served = | key_people = {{plainlist| * Chris Meledandri ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<ref name="VarietyMeldsArtTechnology">{{cite news|last1=Gaita|first1=Paul|title=Illumination's Chris Meledandri Melds Together Cinematic Art and Cutting-Edge Technology|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/spotlight/meldandri-illuminates-world-animation-1202630448/|access-date=March 30, 2018|work=Variety|date=December 5, 2017|archive-date=March 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331035829/http://variety.com/2017/film/spotlight/meldandri-illuminates-world-animation-1202630448/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Keith Feldman ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lang|first1=Brent|title=Illumination Taps Keith Feldman as COO (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/illumination-keith-feldman-despicable-me-1203524844/|access-date=March 7, 2020|work=Variety|date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306163656/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/illumination-keith-feldman-despicable-me-1203524844/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | industry = {{ubl|[[Animation]]|Motion pictures|Television specials}} | production = | services = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | parent = [[Universal Pictures]] | num_employees = 100 (2016)<ref name="THRInsideLook247">{{cite news|last1=Richford|first1=Rhonda|title=An Inside Look at Illumination's 24/7 Operation, From L.A. to Paris|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-illumination-entertainment-runs-24-7-la-paris-953233|access-date=March 30, 2018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 9, 2016|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512123456/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-illumination-entertainment-runs-24-7-la-paris-953233|url-status=live}}</ref> | subsid = [[Illumination Studios Paris]] | divisions = {{plainlist| * Illumination Labs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/shorts/illumination-partners-with-streetwear-brand-brain-dead-for-experimental-short-films-203800.html|title=Illumination Partners With Streetwear Brand Brain Dead For Experimental Short Films|website=[[Cartoon Brew]]|date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> * Moonlight }} | homepage = {{URL|https://www.illumination.com/|Official website}} | footnotes = | intl = }} '''Illumination''' is an American [[movie studio|movie]] and [[animation]] studio. It is founded by [[Chris Meledandri]] in 2007 and is owned by [[Universal Pictures]],<ref name="VarietyOriginals">{{cite news|last=Debruge|first=Peter|title=Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/news/illumination-chief-chris-meledandri-lines-up-originals-for-universal-1200564348/|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=Variety|date=July 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name="THRSecretsRumors" /><ref name="FastCompanyInnovative2017" /> a division of [[NBCUniversal]]. NBCUniversal is a division of [[Comcast]]. [[Minions (movie)|The Minions]] are Illumination's mascots. ==Filmography== {{Main article|List of Illumination productions}} ==References== {{Reflist||refs= <ref name="THRSecretsRumors">{{cite news|last1=Kilday|first1=Gregg|title=Illumination's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets, Rumors He'll Head DreamWorks|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/illuminations-chris-meledandri-talks-success-secrets-rumors-hell-head-dreamworks-953232|access-date=January 22, 2017|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="FastCompanyInnovative2017">{{cite news|title=Why Illumination Entertainment Is One Of The Most Innovative Companies Of 2017|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3067473/why-illumination-entertainment-is-one-of-the-most-innovative-compa|access-date=February 11, 2017|work=Fast Company|date=February 13, 2017}}</ref>}} {{Illumination Entertainment}} {{NBCUniversal}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2007 establishments in California]] [[Category:American movie studios]] f3c2t7rnxu1yfg80di6ceweer8iftx3 0 701395 10330141 10317441 2025-06-14T15:01:46Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 /* top */ WP:OVERLINKING common words and WP:TVNOW 10330141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Dragon Tales''''' is an animated [[educational]] [[fantasy]] [[children's television series]] produced by [[Sony Pictures Television]] and [[Sesame Workshop]] that aired on [[PBS Kids]] from September 6, 1999. ==Characters== * Emily "Emmy" (voiced by [[Andrea Libman]]) is a 6-year-old girl, who commonly appears as the leader of the group until she gave her position to Enrique while helping him get used to Dragon Land in a self-colored-in dimension. She's Max's older sister. Her best friend is Cassie, and she's perhaps known for saying "Definitely!", whenever a good idea arises. Though Emmy is not ashamed to do girly things with Cassie, she's also heavily into sports and games and generally is up for any activity. Though she experiences occasional jealousy of her brother, the 2 are otherwise usually together within Dragon Land and share many adventures. Though a brave, smart natural leader, she's also impulsive and doesn't always think before she acts. She could also occasionally be seen being kind of bossy. * Max (voiced by [[Danny McKinnon]]) is 4 years old, and is Emmy's younger brother. For the most part, he and Emmy get along fine, but occasionally have arguments due to him being prone to anger. His best friend is Ord. Though Max loves Emmy, he sometimes struggles with being the younger brother, and is usually frustrated about being too little to do certain things, or when Emmy acts in certain ways, and he's perhaps known for saying "It's not fair!", whenever he gets upset. He's of an adventurous sort and sometimes helps to give courage to Ord when he's afraid of certain things. He's kind to others, but often enjoys acting silly or [[goofy]]. He sometimes acts in a stubborn manner, determined to prove that a child his age can do things on his own, even when he really needs help. Max was named after the son of executive producer Jim Coane.<ref name="chardesc">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308175122/http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=March 8, 2007|access-date=December 4, 2014|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Character Descriptions}}</ref><ref name="eurewebsite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|title=Dragon Tales - Wesley Eure|access-date=March 13, 2017|first=Wesley|last=Eure|archive-date=May 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520231416/http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Enrique (voiced by [[Aida Ortega]]) is 8 years old. He is Emmy and Max's new best friend and next-door neighbor who moved from Colombia to the [[United States]] and also once lived in [[Puerto Rico]]. He first appears in the Season 3 episode "To Fly with a New Friend", and travels to Dragon Land with the children when Max encourages Emmy to share their secret. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent, and his recent experiences in [[South America]] provide more opportunities for the characters to demonstrate the meanings of new Spanish words.<ref name="officialfaq">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|access-date=March 7, 2017|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Frequently Asked Questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062357/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He misses his former homeland in Colombia and is often saddened by reminders of times from his old home in the country he no longer lives in. He usually rides on his first and second best friends Zak and Wheezie, the two-headed dragon who rarely flew with any human friends prior to Enrique's debut in Season 3, and sometimes rides on the wheelchair of his third best friend Lorca. His personality is somewhat bashful but he is sometimes shy to join in on new experiences. However, he finds that he enjoys himself when he allows himself to let go, express his feelings and then move forward to have fun. He's raised by his father and grandmother and described as an intensely smart, good, and logical character. A series of moves throughout his early life has left him jaded and wary of both making new friends and trying new things.<ref name="officialfaq" /> Enrique received mixed reviews. The presence of Enrique on the program, in conjunction with Max and Emmy, was the subject of a study "'They Are?!' Latino Difference vis-à-vis Dragon Tales," which was critical of the show's use of the characters, feeling that the series ultimately "undermines multiculturalism because it fails to nurture children's ability to live fearlessly with and within difference. * Ordan "Ord" (voiced by [[Ty Olsson]]) is a strong blue male winged [[alien]] who is Max's best friend. He is extremely fond of food and always carries some just in case; a running gag in the show features Ord making "''Dragon Corn''" by throwing the kernels in the air and popping them with his fire breath. He's also allergic to dandelions. Despite his physical strength, Ord is sometimes scared due to his fear of [[Fear of the dark|the dark]], [[Astraphobia|thunder]] and bugs, and possesses a magical tendency to turn invisible when he is upset or frightened. However, he does learn to overcome those fears and also wishes he could be braver. Ord's sun-shaped Dragon Badge glows when he faces his fears. Ord is extremely sweet and kind in nature, he learns moral lessons when he is not being very kind. For instance, in "Kingdom Come" he refuses to share his huge cupcake, but finally gives in and learns moral lessons.<ref name="sproutchar">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|title=Sprout Online - ''Dragon Tales'' - Parents - "Who are the main characters in the series?"|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025018/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Cassie (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a shy, cute, reserved and sweet pink female winged alien who is Emmy's best friend. She possesses a magical tendency to shrink when she is too shy, sad, or may occasionally come across as slightly insecure and uncertain, and is prone to worrying, especially about making a mistake. However, Cassie is distinguished by her kind heart and maternal sweetness, primarily as a result of her responsibilities as an older sister and babysitter to a myriad of younger siblings. Cassie also is characterized by her color combination of pink and yellow, along with blue speckles in some areas. Cassie knows just about everything there is to know about Dragon Land and has a deep love of fairytales, both stemming from her love of reading, as well as being an amazing singer and dancer. Her dragon orb-shaped badge glows when she feels confident and believes in herself.<ref name="ctwcassie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|title=Dragontales - characters - "Meet Cassie!"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620023542/http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|archive-date=June 20, 2000|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> * Zakkie "Zak" (voiced by [[Jason Michas]]) and Wheezie (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) are a [[Dicephalic parapagus twins|conjoined twin]] green and purple winged alien with opposite personalities; Zak is a male, and Wheezie is a female. Zak is neat and clean, he also however worries a lot, and is pessimistic about many things, which he often complains about. His can also be lazy and act in a stubborn way. His catchphrase is "Take it easy, Wheezie!", which he often says when Wheezie takes off running, dragging him with her. Wheezie, on the other hand, is bold, hyper, energetic, confident, and free-spirited, with a tendency to be messy, much to her brother's annoyance. Her catchphrase is "Love it!", when she loves something. The two have a shared love of music and performing and they often perform in talent shows and recitals together.<ref name="sproutchar" /> Zak and Wheezie always fly with Enrique, though they rarely flew with any human friends in the first two seasons. In the third season, Enrique became their partner following his debut. Their dragon badges are musical notes that glow when they work together and get along, though they will sometimes glow independently when one of them accomplishes something on their own of significance. Although they usually argue a lot with each other, they're very close friends and also love and care about each other very much. In the episode "Not Separated at Birth", the viewers get a view of what Wheezie and Zak would look like separately as if they were born that way. They get in an argument complaining about how one of them always has to do what the other wants to do, and Queztal decides to grant them their request to be separated. Finally being able to live separately, it's only short lived as they realize how much they need each other and want to be back together. * Quetzal (voiced by [[Eli Gabay]]) is an elderly yellow male winged alien originally from [[Mexico]] who is the teacher at the School in the Sky where young dragons attend. He tries to encourage his students to find solutions to their problems on their own, but is a sounding board who offers stability and comfort, as well as sound advice.<ref name="sproutchar" /> In the episode "Snow Dragons", Quetzal mentions it has been hundreds of years since he visited the dragon snow sculpture as a child, implying he is centuries old. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent. He also has an identical twin brother named Fernando who works in his garden. ==Broadcast == It was broadcast on [[PBS Kids]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:Sesame Street]] [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2005 American television series endings]] [[Category:2005 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] kywytyk7ariwg49ho3kpj64idgfwxce 10330144 10330141 2025-06-14T15:03:27Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 /* top */ Italic title 10330144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Dragon Tales''''' is an animated [[educational]] [[fantasy]] [[children's television series]] produced by [[Sony Pictures Television]] and [[Sesame Workshop]] that aired on [[PBS Kids]] from September 6, 1999. ==Characters== * Emily "Emmy" (voiced by [[Andrea Libman]]) is a 6-year-old girl, who commonly appears as the leader of the group until she gave her position to Enrique while helping him get used to Dragon Land in a self-colored-in dimension. She's Max's older sister. Her best friend is Cassie, and she's perhaps known for saying "Definitely!", whenever a good idea arises. Though Emmy is not ashamed to do girly things with Cassie, she's also heavily into sports and games and generally is up for any activity. Though she experiences occasional jealousy of her brother, the 2 are otherwise usually together within Dragon Land and share many adventures. Though a brave, smart natural leader, she's also impulsive and doesn't always think before she acts. She could also occasionally be seen being kind of bossy. * Max (voiced by [[Danny McKinnon]]) is 4 years old, and is Emmy's younger brother. For the most part, he and Emmy get along fine, but occasionally have arguments due to him being prone to anger. His best friend is Ord. Though Max loves Emmy, he sometimes struggles with being the younger brother, and is usually frustrated about being too little to do certain things, or when Emmy acts in certain ways, and he's perhaps known for saying "It's not fair!", whenever he gets upset. He's of an adventurous sort and sometimes helps to give courage to Ord when he's afraid of certain things. He's kind to others, but often enjoys acting silly or [[goofy]]. He sometimes acts in a stubborn manner, determined to prove that a child his age can do things on his own, even when he really needs help. Max was named after the son of executive producer Jim Coane.<ref name="chardesc">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308175122/http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=March 8, 2007|access-date=December 4, 2014|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Character Descriptions}}</ref><ref name="eurewebsite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|title=Dragon Tales - Wesley Eure|access-date=March 13, 2017|first=Wesley|last=Eure|archive-date=May 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520231416/http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Enrique (voiced by [[Aida Ortega]]) is 8 years old. He is Emmy and Max's new best friend and next-door neighbor who moved from Colombia to the [[United States]] and also once lived in [[Puerto Rico]]. He first appears in the Season 3 episode "To Fly with a New Friend", and travels to Dragon Land with the children when Max encourages Emmy to share their secret. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent, and his recent experiences in [[South America]] provide more opportunities for the characters to demonstrate the meanings of new Spanish words.<ref name="officialfaq">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|access-date=March 7, 2017|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Frequently Asked Questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062357/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He misses his former homeland in Colombia and is often saddened by reminders of times from his old home in the country he no longer lives in. He usually rides on his first and second best friends Zak and Wheezie, the two-headed dragon who rarely flew with any human friends prior to Enrique's debut in Season 3, and sometimes rides on the wheelchair of his third best friend Lorca. His personality is somewhat bashful but he is sometimes shy to join in on new experiences. However, he finds that he enjoys himself when he allows himself to let go, express his feelings and then move forward to have fun. He's raised by his father and grandmother and described as an intensely smart, good, and logical character. A series of moves throughout his early life has left him jaded and wary of both making new friends and trying new things.<ref name="officialfaq" /> Enrique received mixed reviews. The presence of Enrique on the program, in conjunction with Max and Emmy, was the subject of a study "'They Are?!' Latino Difference vis-à-vis Dragon Tales," which was critical of the show's use of the characters, feeling that the series ultimately "undermines multiculturalism because it fails to nurture children's ability to live fearlessly with and within difference. * Ordan "Ord" (voiced by [[Ty Olsson]]) is a strong blue male winged [[alien]] who is Max's best friend. He is extremely fond of food and always carries some just in case; a running gag in the show features Ord making "''Dragon Corn''" by throwing the kernels in the air and popping them with his fire breath. He's also allergic to dandelions. Despite his physical strength, Ord is sometimes scared due to his fear of [[Fear of the dark|the dark]], [[Astraphobia|thunder]] and bugs, and possesses a magical tendency to turn invisible when he is upset or frightened. However, he does learn to overcome those fears and also wishes he could be braver. Ord's sun-shaped Dragon Badge glows when he faces his fears. Ord is extremely sweet and kind in nature, he learns moral lessons when he is not being very kind. For instance, in "Kingdom Come" he refuses to share his huge cupcake, but finally gives in and learns moral lessons.<ref name="sproutchar">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|title=Sprout Online - ''Dragon Tales'' - Parents - "Who are the main characters in the series?"|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025018/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Cassie (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a shy, cute, reserved and sweet pink female winged alien who is Emmy's best friend. She possesses a magical tendency to shrink when she is too shy, sad, or may occasionally come across as slightly insecure and uncertain, and is prone to worrying, especially about making a mistake. However, Cassie is distinguished by her kind heart and maternal sweetness, primarily as a result of her responsibilities as an older sister and babysitter to a myriad of younger siblings. Cassie also is characterized by her color combination of pink and yellow, along with blue speckles in some areas. Cassie knows just about everything there is to know about Dragon Land and has a deep love of fairytales, both stemming from her love of reading, as well as being an amazing singer and dancer. Her dragon orb-shaped badge glows when she feels confident and believes in herself.<ref name="ctwcassie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|title=Dragontales - characters - "Meet Cassie!"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620023542/http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|archive-date=June 20, 2000|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> * Zakkie "Zak" (voiced by [[Jason Michas]]) and Wheezie (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) are a [[Dicephalic parapagus twins|conjoined twin]] green and purple winged alien with opposite personalities; Zak is a male, and Wheezie is a female. Zak is neat and clean, he also however worries a lot, and is pessimistic about many things, which he often complains about. His can also be lazy and act in a stubborn way. His catchphrase is "Take it easy, Wheezie!", which he often says when Wheezie takes off running, dragging him with her. Wheezie, on the other hand, is bold, hyper, energetic, confident, and free-spirited, with a tendency to be messy, much to her brother's annoyance. Her catchphrase is "Love it!", when she loves something. The two have a shared love of music and performing and they often perform in talent shows and recitals together.<ref name="sproutchar" /> Zak and Wheezie always fly with Enrique, though they rarely flew with any human friends in the first two seasons. In the third season, Enrique became their partner following his debut. Their dragon badges are musical notes that glow when they work together and get along, though they will sometimes glow independently when one of them accomplishes something on their own of significance. Although they usually argue a lot with each other, they're very close friends and also love and care about each other very much. In the episode "Not Separated at Birth", the viewers get a view of what Wheezie and Zak would look like separately as if they were born that way. They get in an argument complaining about how one of them always has to do what the other wants to do, and Queztal decides to grant them their request to be separated. Finally being able to live separately, it's only short lived as they realize how much they need each other and want to be back together. * Quetzal (voiced by [[Eli Gabay]]) is an elderly yellow male winged alien originally from [[Mexico]] who is the teacher at the School in the Sky where young dragons attend. He tries to encourage his students to find solutions to their problems on their own, but is a sounding board who offers stability and comfort, as well as sound advice.<ref name="sproutchar" /> In the episode "Snow Dragons", Quetzal mentions it has been hundreds of years since he visited the dragon snow sculpture as a child, implying he is centuries old. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent. He also has an identical twin brother named Fernando who works in his garden. ==Broadcast == It was broadcast on [[PBS Kids]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:Sesame Street]] [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2005 American television series endings]] [[Category:2005 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] ll8exgjgk3bjxpp4kolykkrhr3cee1q 10331316 10330144 2025-06-15T02:01:21Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Dragon Tales''''' is an animated [[educational]] [[fantasy]] [[children's television series]] produced by [[Sony Pictures Television]] and [[Sesame Workshop]] that aired on [[PBS Kids]] from September 6, 1999 to December 12, 2009. ==Characters== * Emily "Emmy" (voiced by [[Andrea Libman]]) is a 6-year-old girl, who commonly appears as the leader of the group until she gave her position to Enrique while helping him get used to Dragon Land in a self-colored-in dimension. She's Max's older sister. Her best friend is Cassie, and she's perhaps known for saying "Definitely!", whenever a good idea arises. Though Emmy is not ashamed to do girly things with Cassie, she's also heavily into sports and games and generally is up for any activity. Though she experiences occasional jealousy of her brother, the 2 are otherwise usually together within Dragon Land and share many adventures. Though a brave, smart natural leader, she's also impulsive and doesn't always think before she acts. She could also occasionally be seen being kind of bossy. * Max (voiced by [[Danny McKinnon]]) is 4 years old, and is Emmy's younger brother. For the most part, he and Emmy get along fine, but occasionally have arguments due to him being prone to anger. His best friend is Ord. Though Max loves Emmy, he sometimes struggles with being the younger brother, and is usually frustrated about being too little to do certain things, or when Emmy acts in certain ways, and he's perhaps known for saying "It's not fair!", whenever he gets upset. He's of an adventurous sort and sometimes helps to give courage to Ord when he's afraid of certain things. He's kind to others, but often enjoys acting silly or [[goofy]]. He sometimes acts in a stubborn manner, determined to prove that a child his age can do things on his own, even when he really needs help. Max was named after the son of executive producer Jim Coane.<ref name="chardesc">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308175122/http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=March 8, 2007|access-date=December 4, 2014|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Character Descriptions}}</ref><ref name="eurewebsite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|title=Dragon Tales - Wesley Eure|access-date=March 13, 2017|first=Wesley|last=Eure|archive-date=May 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520231416/http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Enrique (voiced by [[Aida Ortega]]) is 8 years old. He is Emmy and Max's new best friend and next-door neighbor who moved from Colombia to the [[United States]] and also once lived in [[Puerto Rico]]. He first appears in the Season 3 episode "To Fly with a New Friend", and travels to Dragon Land with the children when Max encourages Emmy to share their secret. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent, and his recent experiences in [[South America]] provide more opportunities for the characters to demonstrate the meanings of new Spanish words.<ref name="officialfaq">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|access-date=March 7, 2017|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Frequently Asked Questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062357/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He misses his former homeland in Colombia and is often saddened by reminders of times from his old home in the country he no longer lives in. He usually rides on his first and second best friends Zak and Wheezie, the two-headed dragon who rarely flew with any human friends prior to Enrique's debut in Season 3, and sometimes rides on the wheelchair of his third best friend Lorca. His personality is somewhat bashful but he is sometimes shy to join in on new experiences. However, he finds that he enjoys himself when he allows himself to let go, express his feelings and then move forward to have fun. He's raised by his father and grandmother and described as an intensely smart, good, and logical character. A series of moves throughout his early life has left him jaded and wary of both making new friends and trying new things.<ref name="officialfaq" /> Enrique received mixed reviews. The presence of Enrique on the program, in conjunction with Max and Emmy, was the subject of a study "'They Are?!' Latino Difference vis-à-vis Dragon Tales," which was critical of the show's use of the characters, feeling that the series ultimately "undermines multiculturalism because it fails to nurture children's ability to live fearlessly with and within difference. * Ordan "Ord" (voiced by [[Ty Olsson]]) is a strong blue male winged [[alien]] who is Max's best friend. He is extremely fond of food and always carries some just in case; a running gag in the show features Ord making "''Dragon Corn''" by throwing the kernels in the air and popping them with his fire breath. He's also allergic to dandelions. Despite his physical strength, Ord is sometimes scared due to his fear of [[Fear of the dark|the dark]], [[Astraphobia|thunder]] and bugs, and possesses a magical tendency to turn invisible when he is upset or frightened. However, he does learn to overcome those fears and also wishes he could be braver. Ord's sun-shaped Dragon Badge glows when he faces his fears. Ord is extremely sweet and kind in nature, he learns moral lessons when he is not being very kind. For instance, in "Kingdom Come" he refuses to share his huge cupcake, but finally gives in and learns moral lessons.<ref name="sproutchar">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|title=Sprout Online - ''Dragon Tales'' - Parents - "Who are the main characters in the series?"|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025018/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Cassie (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a shy, cute, reserved and sweet pink female winged alien who is Emmy's best friend. She possesses a magical tendency to shrink when she is too shy, sad, or may occasionally come across as slightly insecure and uncertain, and is prone to worrying, especially about making a mistake. However, Cassie is distinguished by her kind heart and maternal sweetness, primarily as a result of her responsibilities as an older sister and babysitter to a myriad of younger siblings. Cassie also is characterized by her color combination of pink and yellow, along with blue speckles in some areas. Cassie knows just about everything there is to know about Dragon Land and has a deep love of fairytales, both stemming from her love of reading, as well as being an amazing singer and dancer. Her dragon orb-shaped badge glows when she feels confident and believes in herself.<ref name="ctwcassie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|title=Dragontales - characters - "Meet Cassie!"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620023542/http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|archive-date=June 20, 2000|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> * Zakkie "Zak" (voiced by [[Jason Michas]]) and Wheezie (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) are a [[Dicephalic parapagus twins|conjoined twin]] green and purple winged alien with opposite personalities; Zak is a male, and Wheezie is a female. Zak is neat and clean, he also however worries a lot, and is pessimistic about many things, which he often complains about. His can also be lazy and act in a stubborn way. His catchphrase is "Take it easy, Wheezie!", which he often says when Wheezie takes off running, dragging him with her. Wheezie, on the other hand, is bold, hyper, energetic, confident, and free-spirited, with a tendency to be messy, much to her brother's annoyance. Her catchphrase is "Love it!", when she loves something. The two have a shared love of music and performing and they often perform in talent shows and recitals together.<ref name="sproutchar" /> Zak and Wheezie always fly with Enrique, though they rarely flew with any human friends in the first two seasons. In the third season, Enrique became their partner following his debut. Their dragon badges are musical notes that glow when they work together and get along, though they will sometimes glow independently when one of them accomplishes something on their own of significance. Although they usually argue a lot with each other, they're very close friends and also love and care about each other very much. In the episode "Not Separated at Birth", the viewers get a view of what Wheezie and Zak would look like separately as if they were born that way. They get in an argument complaining about how one of them always has to do what the other wants to do, and Queztal decides to grant them their request to be separated. Finally being able to live separately, it's only short lived as they realize how much they need each other and want to be back together. * Quetzal (voiced by [[Eli Gabay]]) is an elderly yellow male winged alien originally from [[Mexico]] who is the teacher at the School in the Sky where young dragons attend. He tries to encourage his students to find solutions to their problems on their own, but is a sounding board who offers stability and comfort, as well as sound advice.<ref name="sproutchar" /> In the episode "Snow Dragons", Quetzal mentions it has been hundreds of years since he visited the dragon snow sculpture as a child, implying he is centuries old. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent. He also has an identical twin brother named Fernando who works in his garden. ==Broadcast == It was broadcast on [[PBS Kids]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:Sesame Street]] [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2009 American television series endings]] [[Category:2009 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] a2k4dcl3k0v6icbdlgb0c2qzazaw5rx 10331400 10331316 2025-06-15T03:25:38Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 Undid revision 10331316 by [[Special:Contributions/2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208|2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208]] ([[User talk:2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208|talk]]) 10331400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Dragon Tales''''' is an animated [[educational]] [[fantasy]] [[children's television series]] produced by [[Sony Pictures Television]] and [[Sesame Workshop]] that aired on [[PBS Kids]] from September 6, 1999. ==Characters== * Emily "Emmy" (voiced by [[Andrea Libman]]) is a 6-year-old girl, who commonly appears as the leader of the group until she gave her position to Enrique while helping him get used to Dragon Land in a self-colored-in dimension. She's Max's older sister. Her best friend is Cassie, and she's perhaps known for saying "Definitely!", whenever a good idea arises. Though Emmy is not ashamed to do girly things with Cassie, she's also heavily into sports and games and generally is up for any activity. Though she experiences occasional jealousy of her brother, the 2 are otherwise usually together within Dragon Land and share many adventures. Though a brave, smart natural leader, she's also impulsive and doesn't always think before she acts. She could also occasionally be seen being kind of bossy. * Max (voiced by [[Danny McKinnon]]) is 4 years old, and is Emmy's younger brother. For the most part, he and Emmy get along fine, but occasionally have arguments due to him being prone to anger. His best friend is Ord. Though Max loves Emmy, he sometimes struggles with being the younger brother, and is usually frustrated about being too little to do certain things, or when Emmy acts in certain ways, and he's perhaps known for saying "It's not fair!", whenever he gets upset. He's of an adventurous sort and sometimes helps to give courage to Ord when he's afraid of certain things. He's kind to others, but often enjoys acting silly or [[goofy]]. He sometimes acts in a stubborn manner, determined to prove that a child his age can do things on his own, even when he really needs help. Max was named after the son of executive producer Jim Coane.<ref name="chardesc">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308175122/http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=March 8, 2007|access-date=December 4, 2014|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Character Descriptions}}</ref><ref name="eurewebsite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|title=Dragon Tales - Wesley Eure|access-date=March 13, 2017|first=Wesley|last=Eure|archive-date=May 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520231416/http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Enrique (voiced by [[Aida Ortega]]) is 8 years old. He is Emmy and Max's new best friend and next-door neighbor who moved from Colombia to the [[United States]] and also once lived in [[Puerto Rico]]. He first appears in the Season 3 episode "To Fly with a New Friend", and travels to Dragon Land with the children when Max encourages Emmy to share their secret. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent, and his recent experiences in [[South America]] provide more opportunities for the characters to demonstrate the meanings of new Spanish words.<ref name="officialfaq">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|access-date=March 7, 2017|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Frequently Asked Questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062357/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He misses his former homeland in Colombia and is often saddened by reminders of times from his old home in the country he no longer lives in. He usually rides on his first and second best friends Zak and Wheezie, the two-headed dragon who rarely flew with any human friends prior to Enrique's debut in Season 3, and sometimes rides on the wheelchair of his third best friend Lorca. His personality is somewhat bashful but he is sometimes shy to join in on new experiences. However, he finds that he enjoys himself when he allows himself to let go, express his feelings and then move forward to have fun. He's raised by his father and grandmother and described as an intensely smart, good, and logical character. A series of moves throughout his early life has left him jaded and wary of both making new friends and trying new things.<ref name="officialfaq" /> Enrique received mixed reviews. The presence of Enrique on the program, in conjunction with Max and Emmy, was the subject of a study "'They Are?!' Latino Difference vis-à-vis Dragon Tales," which was critical of the show's use of the characters, feeling that the series ultimately "undermines multiculturalism because it fails to nurture children's ability to live fearlessly with and within difference. * Ordan "Ord" (voiced by [[Ty Olsson]]) is a strong blue male winged [[alien]] who is Max's best friend. He is extremely fond of food and always carries some just in case; a running gag in the show features Ord making "''Dragon Corn''" by throwing the kernels in the air and popping them with his fire breath. He's also allergic to dandelions. Despite his physical strength, Ord is sometimes scared due to his fear of [[Fear of the dark|the dark]], [[Astraphobia|thunder]] and bugs, and possesses a magical tendency to turn invisible when he is upset or frightened. However, he does learn to overcome those fears and also wishes he could be braver. Ord's sun-shaped Dragon Badge glows when he faces his fears. Ord is extremely sweet and kind in nature, he learns moral lessons when he is not being very kind. For instance, in "Kingdom Come" he refuses to share his huge cupcake, but finally gives in and learns moral lessons.<ref name="sproutchar">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|title=Sprout Online - ''Dragon Tales'' - Parents - "Who are the main characters in the series?"|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025018/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Cassie (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a shy, cute, reserved and sweet pink female winged alien who is Emmy's best friend. She possesses a magical tendency to shrink when she is too shy, sad, or may occasionally come across as slightly insecure and uncertain, and is prone to worrying, especially about making a mistake. However, Cassie is distinguished by her kind heart and maternal sweetness, primarily as a result of her responsibilities as an older sister and babysitter to a myriad of younger siblings. Cassie also is characterized by her color combination of pink and yellow, along with blue speckles in some areas. Cassie knows just about everything there is to know about Dragon Land and has a deep love of fairytales, both stemming from her love of reading, as well as being an amazing singer and dancer. Her dragon orb-shaped badge glows when she feels confident and believes in herself.<ref name="ctwcassie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|title=Dragontales - characters - "Meet Cassie!"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620023542/http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|archive-date=June 20, 2000|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> * Zakkie "Zak" (voiced by [[Jason Michas]]) and Wheezie (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) are a [[Dicephalic parapagus twins|conjoined twin]] green and purple winged alien with opposite personalities; Zak is a male, and Wheezie is a female. Zak is neat and clean, he also however worries a lot, and is pessimistic about many things, which he often complains about. His can also be lazy and act in a stubborn way. His catchphrase is "Take it easy, Wheezie!", which he often says when Wheezie takes off running, dragging him with her. Wheezie, on the other hand, is bold, hyper, energetic, confident, and free-spirited, with a tendency to be messy, much to her brother's annoyance. Her catchphrase is "Love it!", when she loves something. The two have a shared love of music and performing and they often perform in talent shows and recitals together.<ref name="sproutchar" /> Zak and Wheezie always fly with Enrique, though they rarely flew with any human friends in the first two seasons. In the third season, Enrique became their partner following his debut. Their dragon badges are musical notes that glow when they work together and get along, though they will sometimes glow independently when one of them accomplishes something on their own of significance. Although they usually argue a lot with each other, they're very close friends and also love and care about each other very much. In the episode "Not Separated at Birth", the viewers get a view of what Wheezie and Zak would look like separately as if they were born that way. They get in an argument complaining about how one of them always has to do what the other wants to do, and Queztal decides to grant them their request to be separated. Finally being able to live separately, it's only short lived as they realize how much they need each other and want to be back together. * Quetzal (voiced by [[Eli Gabay]]) is an elderly yellow male winged alien originally from [[Mexico]] who is the teacher at the School in the Sky where young dragons attend. He tries to encourage his students to find solutions to their problems on their own, but is a sounding board who offers stability and comfort, as well as sound advice.<ref name="sproutchar" /> In the episode "Snow Dragons", Quetzal mentions it has been hundreds of years since he visited the dragon snow sculpture as a child, implying he is centuries old. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent. He also has an identical twin brother named Fernando who works in his garden. ==Broadcast == It was broadcast on [[PBS Kids]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:Sesame Street]] [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2005 American television series endings]] [[Category:2005 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] ll8exgjgk3bjxpp4kolykkrhr3cee1q 10331402 10331400 2025-06-15T03:27:11Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 finale date is correct 10331402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Dragon Tales''''' is an animated [[educational]] [[fantasy]] [[children's television series]] produced by [[Sony Pictures Television]] and [[Sesame Workshop]] that aired on [[PBS Kids]] from September 6, 1999 to April 11, 2005. ==Characters== * Emily "Emmy" (voiced by [[Andrea Libman]]) is a 6-year-old girl, who commonly appears as the leader of the group until she gave her position to Enrique while helping him get used to Dragon Land in a self-colored-in dimension. She's Max's older sister. Her best friend is Cassie, and she's perhaps known for saying "Definitely!", whenever a good idea arises. Though Emmy is not ashamed to do girly things with Cassie, she's also heavily into sports and games and generally is up for any activity. Though she experiences occasional jealousy of her brother, the 2 are otherwise usually together within Dragon Land and share many adventures. Though a brave, smart natural leader, she's also impulsive and doesn't always think before she acts. She could also occasionally be seen being kind of bossy. * Max (voiced by [[Danny McKinnon]]) is 4 years old, and is Emmy's younger brother. For the most part, he and Emmy get along fine, but occasionally have arguments due to him being prone to anger. His best friend is Ord. Though Max loves Emmy, he sometimes struggles with being the younger brother, and is usually frustrated about being too little to do certain things, or when Emmy acts in certain ways, and he's perhaps known for saying "It's not fair!", whenever he gets upset. He's of an adventurous sort and sometimes helps to give courage to Ord when he's afraid of certain things. He's kind to others, but often enjoys acting silly or [[goofy]]. He sometimes acts in a stubborn manner, determined to prove that a child his age can do things on his own, even when he really needs help. Max was named after the son of executive producer Jim Coane.<ref name="chardesc">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308175122/http://pbskids.org/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=March 8, 2007|access-date=December 4, 2014|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Character Descriptions}}</ref><ref name="eurewebsite">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|title=Dragon Tales - Wesley Eure|access-date=March 13, 2017|first=Wesley|last=Eure|archive-date=May 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520231416/http://www.wesleyeure.com/Wesley_Eure/Dragon_Tales.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Enrique (voiced by [[Aida Ortega]]) is 8 years old. He is Emmy and Max's new best friend and next-door neighbor who moved from Colombia to the [[United States]] and also once lived in [[Puerto Rico]]. He first appears in the Season 3 episode "To Fly with a New Friend", and travels to Dragon Land with the children when Max encourages Emmy to share their secret. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent, and his recent experiences in [[South America]] provide more opportunities for the characters to demonstrate the meanings of new Spanish words.<ref name="officialfaq">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|access-date=March 7, 2017|title=Parents & Teachers - ''Dragon Tales'' - Frequently Asked Questions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213062357/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/faq_general.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He misses his former homeland in Colombia and is often saddened by reminders of times from his old home in the country he no longer lives in. He usually rides on his first and second best friends Zak and Wheezie, the two-headed dragon who rarely flew with any human friends prior to Enrique's debut in Season 3, and sometimes rides on the wheelchair of his third best friend Lorca. His personality is somewhat bashful but he is sometimes shy to join in on new experiences. However, he finds that he enjoys himself when he allows himself to let go, express his feelings and then move forward to have fun. He's raised by his father and grandmother and described as an intensely smart, good, and logical character. A series of moves throughout his early life has left him jaded and wary of both making new friends and trying new things.<ref name="officialfaq" /> Enrique received mixed reviews. The presence of Enrique on the program, in conjunction with Max and Emmy, was the subject of a study "'They Are?!' Latino Difference vis-à-vis Dragon Tales," which was critical of the show's use of the characters, feeling that the series ultimately "undermines multiculturalism because it fails to nurture children's ability to live fearlessly with and within difference. * Ordan "Ord" (voiced by [[Ty Olsson]]) is a strong blue male winged [[alien]] who is Max's best friend. He is extremely fond of food and always carries some just in case; a running gag in the show features Ord making "''Dragon Corn''" by throwing the kernels in the air and popping them with his fire breath. He's also allergic to dandelions. Despite his physical strength, Ord is sometimes scared due to his fear of [[Fear of the dark|the dark]], [[Astraphobia|thunder]] and bugs, and possesses a magical tendency to turn invisible when he is upset or frightened. However, he does learn to overcome those fears and also wishes he could be braver. Ord's sun-shaped Dragon Badge glows when he faces his fears. Ord is extremely sweet and kind in nature, he learns moral lessons when he is not being very kind. For instance, in "Kingdom Come" he refuses to share his huge cupcake, but finally gives in and learns moral lessons.<ref name="sproutchar">{{cite web|url=http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|title=Sprout Online - ''Dragon Tales'' - Parents - "Who are the main characters in the series?"|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213025018/http://pbskids.sproutonline.me/dragontales/parentsteachers/character_descriptions.html|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Cassie (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a shy, cute, reserved and sweet pink female winged alien who is Emmy's best friend. She possesses a magical tendency to shrink when she is too shy, sad, or may occasionally come across as slightly insecure and uncertain, and is prone to worrying, especially about making a mistake. However, Cassie is distinguished by her kind heart and maternal sweetness, primarily as a result of her responsibilities as an older sister and babysitter to a myriad of younger siblings. Cassie also is characterized by her color combination of pink and yellow, along with blue speckles in some areas. Cassie knows just about everything there is to know about Dragon Land and has a deep love of fairytales, both stemming from her love of reading, as well as being an amazing singer and dancer. Her dragon orb-shaped badge glows when she feels confident and believes in herself.<ref name="ctwcassie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|title=Dragontales - characters - "Meet Cassie!"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000620023542/http://www.ctw.org/preschool/dragontales/characters/0,4278,cassie,00.html|archive-date=June 20, 2000|access-date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> * Zakkie "Zak" (voiced by [[Jason Michas]]) and Wheezie (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) are a [[Dicephalic parapagus twins|conjoined twin]] green and purple winged alien with opposite personalities; Zak is a male, and Wheezie is a female. Zak is neat and clean, he also however worries a lot, and is pessimistic about many things, which he often complains about. His can also be lazy and act in a stubborn way. His catchphrase is "Take it easy, Wheezie!", which he often says when Wheezie takes off running, dragging him with her. Wheezie, on the other hand, is bold, hyper, energetic, confident, and free-spirited, with a tendency to be messy, much to her brother's annoyance. Her catchphrase is "Love it!", when she loves something. The two have a shared love of music and performing and they often perform in talent shows and recitals together.<ref name="sproutchar" /> Zak and Wheezie always fly with Enrique, though they rarely flew with any human friends in the first two seasons. In the third season, Enrique became their partner following his debut. Their dragon badges are musical notes that glow when they work together and get along, though they will sometimes glow independently when one of them accomplishes something on their own of significance. Although they usually argue a lot with each other, they're very close friends and also love and care about each other very much. In the episode "Not Separated at Birth", the viewers get a view of what Wheezie and Zak would look like separately as if they were born that way. They get in an argument complaining about how one of them always has to do what the other wants to do, and Queztal decides to grant them their request to be separated. Finally being able to live separately, it's only short lived as they realize how much they need each other and want to be back together. * Quetzal (voiced by [[Eli Gabay]]) is an elderly yellow male winged alien originally from [[Mexico]] who is the teacher at the School in the Sky where young dragons attend. He tries to encourage his students to find solutions to their problems on their own, but is a sounding board who offers stability and comfort, as well as sound advice.<ref name="sproutchar" /> In the episode "Snow Dragons", Quetzal mentions it has been hundreds of years since he visited the dragon snow sculpture as a child, implying he is centuries old. He speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]] with a very strong accent. He also has an identical twin brother named Fernando who works in his garden. ==Broadcast == It was broadcast on [[PBS Kids]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:Sesame Street]] [[Category:1990s American animated television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2005 American television series endings]] [[Category:2005 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] 4gmrvxfslyuedhik86czdgw4fy2ur9w 0 707198 10331415 10328619 2025-06-15T03:37:04Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 /* References */ 10331415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = Children's show<br/>Comedy | creator = [[Kaj Pindal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Peep and the Big Wide World |url=https://www.nfb.ca/film/peep_and_the_big_wide_world|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lerner, Loren Ruth|title=Canadian Film and Video: A Bibliography and Guide to the Literature, Volume 1 |date=1997 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=0802029884|page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwwjSEJSMHQC&q=peep+and+the+big+wide+world+kaj+pindal&pg=PA218}}</ref> | voices = Scott Beaudin (1-3)<br>Shawn Molko (4)<br/>Maxwell Uretsky (5)<br/>Jamie Watson<br>Amanda Soha | narrated = [[Joan Cusack]] | theme_music_composer = Steve D'Angelo<br>Terry Tompkins | opentheme = "Peep and the Big Wide World" <small>performed by [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]]</small> | endtheme = "Peep and the Big Wide World" (instrumental version) | director = Rick Marshall | country = Canada<br>United States | language = English | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 60 (240 segments) | executive_producer = Kate Taylor | producer = Vince Commisso<br>Marisa Wolsky | runtime = 22–25 minutes | company = [[WGBH-TV|WGBH Boston]]<br>[[9 Story Media Group|9 Story Entertainment]]<br>[[TVOntario]]<br>[[Discovery Family|Discovery Kids]]<br>Eggbox LLC<br>[[National Film Board of Canada]] | network = [[TVOKids]] (Canada)<br>TLC (2004–08) and [[Discovery Family]] (2004–10) U.S.<br>[[PBS Kids]] Member Stations (<small>seasons 4-5</small>) (U.S.) | first_aired = '''Original series''': <br />{{Start date|2004|4|12}} – {{End date|2007|9|14}}<br />'''Revival series''': <br />{{Start date|2010|1|4}} | last_aired = {{End date|2011|10|14}} }} '''Peep and the Big Wide World''' is an American animated children's [[Adventure fiction|adventure]] [[Comedy drama|dramedy]] television show. It was created by Kaj Pindal. ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' was based on the 1988 [[short movie]] ''Peep and the Big Wide World''. The movie was [[Producer|produced]] by the [[National Film Board of Canada]]. The short was based on the 1962 short ''The Peep Show''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Peep Show|url=https://www.nfb.ca/film/peep_show|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> It was also produced by the National Film Board of Canada. ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' premiered on April 12, 2004 on [[Discovery Kids]] and on [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] as part of their ''[[Ready Set Learn]]'' children's block. On the same day, it also premiered on [[TVOKids]] and [[Discovery Kids]]. It ended on the Discovery Children's [[Television network|networks]] on October 10, 2010. It ended with the end of ''Ready Set Learn'' and the replacement of Discovery Kids with [[The Hub]]. The program is still offered to [[Public broadcasting|public television stations]] by independent public television distributor [[Discovery Communications]]. Since January 1, 2018, the series was [[distribution|distributed]] by both [[Discovery Kids]] and [[APT]]. The program was [[Underwriting spot|underwritten]] by the [[National Science Foundation]]. [[Northrop Grumman]] underwrote the fourth [[Season (television)|season]] in 2009. Each [[episode]] had two 9-minute animated stories. They also had two 2-minute [[Live-action|live action]] segments. In these segments, children explore and demonstrate the same topics that were shown in the animated segment. ==Broadcast== On January 1, 2018, Peep and the Big Wide World was picked up on the [[PBS Kids#Network|24-hour PBS Kids channel]], marking the first time to air the series for PBS member stations, which never acquired the series since it's original run in 2004. The broadcast of the series ended on December 26, 2021, when it was replaced with reruns of [[Dinosaur Train]] to the 7:30&nbsp;a.m. weekend morning timeslot. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{authority control}} [[Category:2004 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2011 American television series endings]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] {{tv-stub}} atl8kib8344wtwx1kohb1slccrd3fhw 2 708974 10331730 10151074 2025-06-15T10:18:43Z Zaxxon0 823563 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331730 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === August 2019 === # [[:List of Forky: The Series episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|216.75.177.52}} 22:48, 19 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:*NSYNC (album)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Angryjoe1111}} 01:30, 20 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Indian Writers Association]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 22:15, 20 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jeopardy & Wheel of Fortune]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8500:D61:8946:CB16:A4C0:F97}} 20:51, 22 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Jersey Lottery or New York Lottery]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8500:D61:8946:CB16:A4C0:F97}} 20:51, 22 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Syndicated Version]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8500:D61:8946:CB16:A4C0:F97}} 20:53, 22 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:87.101.92.0/22]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 20:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joél Célestin Filsaime]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G4|G4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|172.58.14.202}} 11:47, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jacob Olgweiner]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|163.150.229.117}} 20:06, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rallo Tubbs]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.161.203.232}} 20:07, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hearst Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|116.58.202.219}} 20:08, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:English football league system]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|162.95.148.252}} 20:08, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|71.63.125.29}} 20:09, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Package manager]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|34.83.112.82}} 20:15, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Simon Cohen]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Skane Mr}} 20:15, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:1999 Cricket World Cup]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|86.178.217.202}} 20:57, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lockheed Ventura]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|65.33.181.123}} 21:05, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Video games in the Holy Roman Empire]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.250.195.97}} 21:27, 23 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Princess Akishino]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|175.35.125.20}} 00:19, 24 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:The People of Freedom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:196:17F:3BFB:1126:B4B5:458B:A1A4}} 00:23, 24 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:ThaPimpOfThaSouth]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|172.58.11.68}} 07:41, 24 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Telstra Corporate Centre]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|124.158.21.210}} 03:05, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:18C:CC00:575C:EC6D:46DF:2A19:2A98}} 03:06, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:One57]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2601:248:2:EEE0:8150:FB3A:2B2A:1C8A}} 03:06, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charter]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:208F:B68:A196:54D0:BF13:A0}} 03:09, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Sohelbw777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 03:13, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tally marks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jason S Heise}} 03:16, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:User license]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jason S Heise}} 03:16, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Java ME]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jason S Heise}} 03:17, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Jason S Heise]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jason S Heise}} 03:18, 27 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:FastTrack]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|DHichard}} 19:27, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Major Lazer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:3190:AB00:25CF:EDB6:C6E8:1E3F}} 19:29, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|75.80.98.97}} 19:30, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|98.166.28.112}} 19:32, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Plastic bags]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|184.177.41.148}} 19:32, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|98.166.28.112}} 19:33, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:True friends]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|203.104.15.192}} 09:13, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Queen's College, Oxford]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|49.176.18.153}} 09:14, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hampstead tube station]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|51.52.106.12}} 09:14, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Scouse]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|91.243.69.231}} 09:15, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|98.166.28.112}} 20:03, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Battle of the Decades]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|98.166.28.112}} 20:04, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deadgoal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:2F0C:7907:5E00:F531:DF8D:82C8:EF49}} 20:17, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sasha Bognibov]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 06:11, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:What was australia role in world war 1]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|203.54.186.78}} 06:13, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Norman Fucking Rockwell! (Lana Del Rey album)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.17.150.140}} 20:11, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Manisha129]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 20:13, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Three Days Bright]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 20:16, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Help:Getting started]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 21:36, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Poster Database]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|RandomHaiz}} 18:52, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:103.85.10.226]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 18:52, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shukla chaturthi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.212.140.131}} 18:54, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gawli]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Montokop}} 23:31, 31 August 2019 (UTC) === September 2019 === # [[:Decision Stream]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Mr Somogyi}} 17:59, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:East Asian religions]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|202.20.5.242}} 23:57, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mustard greens]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.104.11.84}} 00:26, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Journey of the nature]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2405:204:331E:99C5:0:0:6FB:B8A1}} 20:21, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gilgit-Baltistan Council]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|194.74.71.132}} 20:45, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gilgit Baltistan Order 2018]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:48, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 20:51, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mumble rock]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vadim2347}} 05:45, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joana Sainz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|151.236.30.94}} 05:51, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jack Cohen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.101.175.165}} 22:11, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Carolina Mudcats]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.65.31.50}} 22:11, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Urdish]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Urdu Wikipedian}} 22:12, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Austin 7]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|204.52.179.146}} 21:00, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Petrovo Polje, Kneževo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Праскозорје}} 21:03, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alpha Apodis]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|羅乍}} 21:21, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Variable star designation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|羅乍}} 06:26, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Čudnić]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.176.244.47}} 20:12, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:President of the Republic of the Congo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2409:4052:715:6BFE:0:0:1525:70A1}} 07:45, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Petrovo field (Bosnia)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 18:31, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:President of the Republic of the Congo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2409:4052:706:ADB8:0:0:1236:38A1}} 18:36, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/Template:Placeholder (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 23:13, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Aristotheronism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Scippiio}} 07:51, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Telltale Games]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Gooseflesh12}} 19:22, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tornjak]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|92.36.212.214}} 19:27, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Local community]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 19:29, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Spanish empire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|66.99.209.25}} 20:08, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:WorldCat Identities]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|66.99.209.25}} 20:16, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shekainah]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|GothicPatrick}} 07:11, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Q8PLAY]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 08:31, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Buddha Institute of Technology]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|103.93.201.2}} 05:41, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Two-state solution]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|91.125.23.35}} 05:43, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Samsung Galaxy Note 10]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|嘉傑}} 06:32, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Renzo Possenelli]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:37, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lotteries.com]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Madison Kelmenso}} 07:03, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vascular]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:C248:C000:682D:DCAC:9C25:654F}} 19:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thunderbolt]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|192.161.135.135}} 21:05, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|124.168.165.238}} 23:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lemon Grass]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 23:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joél J-Pimp Filsaime]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4500:60BB:E8DD:CAA8:BD5B:6800}} 05:11, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Šipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 05:35, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:GAC]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 07:45, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Immi]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 07:46, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Šipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 20:57, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Devon Bardy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|67.71.230.226}} 21:02, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jacques Roche]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|148.102.129.218}} 21:57, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Circumnavigate]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2601:40D:C101:573E:2481:88F7:8620:D18D}} 23:16, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Labour Party (Ireland)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|71.105.225.211}} 07:17, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J-Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4500:60BB:25C1:82A5:6F5B:50DE}} 14:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Social stratification]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|82.8.12.216}} 02:42, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Disembowelment]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:204:C302:BB20:D8CD:2A4C:2702:FF78}} 02:50, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bast fibre]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2405:204:A412:62D9:888C:A330:F304:E54A}} 09:27, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|137.221.135.216}} 09:28, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:United Nations General Assembly observers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|117.225.246.98}} 09:28, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alpha Apodis]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|暗闇様}} 09:29, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sayyid Kamil Fahad Mahmood Al Said]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Kamilalsaid}} 10:07, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Hammadlawyer]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hammadlawyer}} 20:08, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:जीतराम भट्ट]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|120.59.222.87}} 21:06, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Hong Kong extradition bill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|23.16.184.24}} 21:07, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kepler-62f]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.182.19.213}} 07:44, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kazilhoes]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|170.84.85.14}} 07:48, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The World of Piwi]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|162.192.196.118}} 06:40, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parliaments of the Australian states and territories]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:4285:5C00:4C97:4D2F:86F:F5B4}} 19:56, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call Of Duty: Mobile]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1007:B115:DEC4:911:2E55:9024:370E}} 19:56, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Šipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 19:58, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Congress Poland]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A02:8428:2:7701:719D:6B81:7055:B094}} 19:59, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ève Curie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:8428:2:7701:719D:6B81:7055:B094}} 19:59, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bridge maniac]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ripon221}} 02:24, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bridge maniac]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ripon221}} 08:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Riemannian geometry]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|89.101.246.214}} 18:25, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|197.206.190.21}} 18:29, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Daniel Jackson]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 01:11, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dennis Kelly]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|5.198.47.38}} 09:42, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Šipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 21:50, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Openness to experience]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Hakeem Shittu}} 11:01, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fhfhf]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.198.63.60}} 20:42, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bacha Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.107.183.22}} 20:43, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Margaret of Anjou]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Champisthebest123}} 21:02, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Šipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 22:44, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 20:06, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:SPACE: The Imagination Station]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|123.201.77.76}} 20:07, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bast fibre]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:2282:E505:AB:C7C3:4B3A:F8C6}} 06:40, 22 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Prominence Cosultancy Services Delhi NCR (Faridabad)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Prominence Cosultancy Services Delhi NCR (Faridabad)}} 06:42, 22 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Minister for the Civil Service]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Rohonimon}} 06:43, 22 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Thomas Wright]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|186.206.2.18}} 06:44, 22 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:YoungJahOfficial]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|YoungJahOfficial}} 06:44, 22 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Broccoli Republic]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 00:27, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Šipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|217.75.198.138}} 09:06, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joel Filsaime]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|208.54.86.222}} 13:51, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yolanda King]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|82.255.60.220}} 19:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The World (archipelago)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.99.7.35}} 19:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ecospirituality]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|103.251.172.69}} 20:21, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hollow Earth]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|66.154.193.101}} 22:42, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armed robbery]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|68.15.58.230}} 03:23, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Downton Abbey]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:183:8580:6AC0:88E9:4517:371F:8CF}} 03:23, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vzyan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:B827:B700:6C59:44D6:BBBA:DEB4}} 20:35, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sustainable Ecological footprint]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:B827:B700:6C59:44D6:BBBA:DEB4}} 20:38, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Online dispute resolution]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|212.219.197.149}} 20:42, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quebec Act]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:5282:BA40:389C:86F4:E9D:EE21}} 20:56, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Aqua (user interface)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|216.11.139.10}} 19:40, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:1946–47 Philadelphia Warriors season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.136.65.145}} 19:41, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of hazrat adam (as.)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|37.111.202.141}} 19:42, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amplify science curriculum]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|71.13.160.210}} 19:43, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:FRANK ZHONG]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|192.119.168.9}} 20:34, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mark Atkins (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 05:51, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Unsolved science problems]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|169.239.186.210}} 07:42, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Early history of video games]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:46:281:7380:51E9:5714:B6B0:AE8B}} 13:20, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tayberry]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|71.41.38.153}} 20:51, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rastak music group]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Iranimusiqi}} 01:37, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pip install]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 10:25, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Greeny Phatom characters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.19.201.167}} 22:10, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Danytop]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Danytop}} 22:13, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pain (album)]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 South Asia floods]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:B3AD:F400:698C:C768:A15D:604B}} 21:48, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Spambotblock]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}) 20:50, 29 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omer Sipraga]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Нео-План}} 23:54, 29 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:XP School]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A01:CB00:B51:3E00:9CDC:F6B0:8CC7:9D88}} 09:12, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:East Japan Railway Company]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|長岡市です}} 10:49, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coalition Wars]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:71B:2DD8:2940:3EB4:E400:93C4}} 10:55, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lucy maud montgomery]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|80.254.244.215}} 10:56, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Social advertising (social relationships)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.98.122.4}} 22:21, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bobby Hill (King of the Hill)]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|50.224.81.190}} 22:59, 30 September 2019 (UTC) === October 2019 === # [[:Redzed]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|37.188.237.185}} 19:38, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 in Mexico]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.188.212.147}} 19:39, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Diwali (Jainism)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|42.111.29.108}} 19:40, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brain Gym]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Ali Sardar 06}} 19:54, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:K. G. Balakrishnan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:8F8:1129:D651:B5DE:F815:EBDC:8755}} 20:03, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Legal aid]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|212.219.197.149}} 20:03, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cloudcroft, Hawaii]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|111.92.75.17}} 20:04, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hg9h9th\]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|199.185.67.232}} 21:07, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Help:Cite errors]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.224.179.193}} 16:49, 2 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Data transmission]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|58.26.108.156}} 05:38, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tadami line]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|長岡市です}} 06:22, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gràcia district]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.114.222.78}} 20:49, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Samuel Cooper (general)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|24.47.123.194}} 02:07, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tension Thai Gayu]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|CHKMTS}} 08:07, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Garhboli cinema]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ब्रजवासी}} 08:07, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Food culture]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.192.77.54}} 10:11, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Saif ElDeen Munir]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Saifmunir}} 20:35, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Edison Pebojot]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|110.54.241.5}} 20:36, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Pebojot]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Pebojot}} 20:37, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia/]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.34.161.100}} 20:40, 4 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Atmuzikafrica]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mtaturu John}} 20:36, 5 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:1936 in baseball]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.68.177.96}} 20:37, 5 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:WildCraft]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ricardojoseph20052010}} 03:02, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rohini Sub City]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|115.97.145.100}} 08:48, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kalki]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|223.233.51.26}} 08:48, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Category:The Dark Knight Trilogy]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 13:31, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|141.31.128.71}} 09:20, 7 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Beakhyun]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|68.129.45.120}} 09:20, 7 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sniff]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.148.107.12}} 03:05, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nouman Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|OUR Brothers}} 03:05, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hot List: "LF Top Songs"]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Youmusic}} 20:52, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marat Nikandrov]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Halywod50}} 21:03, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:SMG4]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|68.161.203.232}} 21:06, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Besa TV series]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|BESA TV series}} 21:08, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Demeke Mekonnen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|196.188.72.225}} 21:08, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Clutch]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|223.186.122.246}} 21:09, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Onima Kashyap]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|171.76.166.254}} 21:10, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Excited state]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:CF:8480:33D0:C5B6:3DD:5A8E:72FC}} 21:10, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:ClayWinters043]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|ClayWinters043}} 21:16, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Person of the Century]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|23.31.23.253}} 21:18, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Edunewsguru]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sagar29}} 03:10, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sawyer Mullin]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|73.243.9.244}} 03:11, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:RCI Records]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2602:306:3002:36A0:7D14:F1C0:2E5F:983B}} 03:12, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Octane number]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|119.160.118.185}} 03:13, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:GraceAlvarez]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|GraceAlvarez}} 05:57, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:FIFA World Player of the Year]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|108.194.183.0}} 19:08, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bud Light Platinum]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|108.194.183.0}} 19:08, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sugarcane juice]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:CE70:A000:2C32:97FD:85FD:1D69}} 19:14, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Powerpuff Girls Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 08:42, 17 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brian Tochi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 08:44, 17 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cathy Cavadini]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 08:44, 17 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Republic day india]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Hemanthguru}} 08:47, 17 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:1967 NBA Finals]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|199.116.135.34}} 08:47, 17 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Golden Ass]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|85.92.185.193}} 09:59, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shuddhodana]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|96.61.9.214}} 22:39, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Midsomer Norton]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|50.207.192.178}} 22:39, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hi. What's the origin of this word?]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|72.38.83.85}} 22:39, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Inside Out 2]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Cesar David Alvarez Ramos}} 04:10, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of animals in the Galápagos Islands]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|176.126.230.179}} 04:15, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:School of the Incarnation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Markd69}} 04:17, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Canine Patrol Reboot episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|81.37.131.242}} 04:17, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thoeris]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Paris Alexander Walker}} 04:21, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:James O. Davis]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|197.33.181.73}} 04:22, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Super T]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Kew1122}} 04:29, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ramli Sarip]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2001:E68:4459:93:95D:133E:758:9A49}} 04:35, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Book of Five Rings]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:C140:528:FDE0:CC49:7E66:FB00}} 21:58, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Youtubeindians]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Youtubeindians}} 22:03, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:An American Tail: Fievel Goes West]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 22:04, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Penal system in China]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|38.142.65.18}} 22:06, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Richard Steven Horvitz]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 22:08, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Donald Fullilove]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 22:08, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Super T]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Kew1122}} 22:12, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Druk tsendhen]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|24.209.29.163}} 22:14, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Molly Manson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.85.109.2}} 22:14, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Multiple integral]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.85.109.2}} 22:14, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rif Hutton]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.81.48.93}} 22:14, 19 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:United state]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 19:53, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shopnbc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 19:53, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ben Shapiro]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:8B60:CA00:84B:344A:8E16:A580}} 22:55, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Benjamin Shapiro]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:8B60:CA00:84B:344A:8E16:A580}} 22:55, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/United state]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 02:20, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sikh calendar]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2604:3D09:177B:E3E0:2092:FDBA:7379:7337}} 02:22, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:F sharp major]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.210.53.38}} 02:23, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:69.92.186.111]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 02:24, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/User:69.92.186.111]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 02:25, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/Feces]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 02:25, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/User:69.92.186.111]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 02:27, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Suman Gupta]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:07, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Inside Out 2]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|186.14.187.193}} 11:15, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doud Eisenhower]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.24.109.166}} 22:32, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Labour Party (Ireland)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|74.12.23.171}} 22:32, 21 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Extended Euclidean algorithm]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Abhinav Kumar CROCO}} 05:50, 22 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lizzo]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|ItsAwesomeArsh}} 20:48, 22 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Inside Out 2]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|190.201.230.40}} 02:30, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ricky Jacox (Jaxson Mazz)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hoop31life}} 03:59, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smithical the mythical]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2804:14C:4A2:7AA4:0:0:0:1004}} 04:04, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Que es la fuerza]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|191.97.12.195}} 04:04, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Suman Gupta]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:193:ED4A:8E2:E611:8ADE:E412}} 04:06, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Onward]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|190.201.230.40}} 20:45, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marc gasol]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|94.76.141.84}} 20:46, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cars 4]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.95.8.233}} 20:46, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Artemis tabs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.27.201.231}} 20:47, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:TheresaPrettyman]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|TheresaPrettyman}} 20:47, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Immunotherapy]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|31.146.70.244}} 20:47, 23 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|216.11.121.174}} 22:35, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Office Chair]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ulleseit}} 22:35, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Erwin H. Schell,]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|181.58.38.1}} 22:35, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Paulo Suárez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|189.139.241.59}} 22:37, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Picasso's Blue Period]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|204.108.110.145}} 22:37, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Procedural language]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A3|A3]]); notified {{user|2405:204:A68E:6623:FC27:8568:E79D:AAB6}} 22:39, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Aurora Winter]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|46.233.78.58}} 22:40, 24 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Number Ones]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|120.29.77.51}} 04:32, 25 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:LillieFrantz153]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|LillieFrantz153}} 04:33, 25 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frisee]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|168.184.84.15}} 21:45, 25 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Surtsey]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|209.221.95.250}} 21:45, 25 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Peacekeepers]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.11.121.174}} 21:45, 25 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mohammad Ghorbanpor]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|109.169.65.131}} 20:00, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Samsung Galaxy S11]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Lohitboruah}} 20:10, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Batman Begins (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|129.107.76.73}} 21:56, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:2015 Formula One season]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|70.29.81.122}} 21:57, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 21:11, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Easy Lover]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 21:11, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Salted squid]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 21:12, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quebec Act]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 21:24, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:The PJs]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|94.59.3.231}} 06:14, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Onward (Pixar film)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.29.45.180}} 21:33, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:LittleBigPlanet 3: The Journey Home]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|174.29.45.180}} 21:33, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chotu Ram]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|117.255.248.73}} 21:36, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:World Anti-Doping Agency]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|47.30.132.146}} 07:22, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Button eyes]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:28, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:A Kind of Magic (TV show)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.50.130.38}} 20:41, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arthur W. Murphy]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|205.222.3.96}} 20:43, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Posthumously]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.67.143.115}} 21:49, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Database management system]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.242.120.172}} 21:49, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Enterprise software]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.242.120.172}} 21:49, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:1990s in music]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.132.78.74}} 21:50, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Creswell Crags]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|61.3.232.26}} 21:50, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:President of Togo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2409:4052:2291:D2D4:0:0:FA6:A0AD}} 21:51, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Islamic democracy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|194.74.71.132}} 21:51, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Freedom of movement]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|194.74.71.132}} 21:51, 30 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Japanese street fashion]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|184.97.91.112}} 03:16, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:204.29.67.122]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 03:19, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Koyiguri Manoj]]: {{tl|QD}} 03:19, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Michael Jai White]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|87.60.7.214}} 03:23, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:European brown hare]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.67.140.152}} 03:25, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:2. verdenskrig]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|85.164.77.249}} 19:38, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Contiguous United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|198.237.49.217}} 19:39, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Junior M.A.F.I.A.]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|197.250.224.72}} 20:11, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Maninderpal Singh Dhillon]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Jimtsokanos}} 23:10, 31 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chelungpu]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:8800:2800:78E:F03A:9BE6:EE78:7ECB}} 23:32, 31 October 2019 (UTC) === November 2019 === # [[:Hundred Days Offensive]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|103.60.172.134}} 13:30, 1 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:1938 Stanley Cup Finals]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|158.123.200.226}} 13:30, 1 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:1977 Stanley Cup Finals]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|158.123.200.226}} 13:30, 1 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Prakash genius public english school]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2405:204:A318:3D52:F19C:6F37:7484:5FE1}} 19:48, 1 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:TikTok]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|209.221.95.250}} 20:21, 1 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Inside Out 2]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Cesar David Alvarez Ramos}} 03:15, 2 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Genndy Tartakovsky]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2.50.130.38}} 00:56, 3 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Expo 1990]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2606:6000:6408:D200:B022:DCCF:4101:65D5}} 01:47, 3 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Madagascar Plan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|212.173.124.102}} 23:52, 6 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coercion]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.244.141.254}} 23:53, 6 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:123]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 23:53, 6 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rijk Ardaseer]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Rijk2001}} 23:55, 6 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rocked Away]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|217.165.0.72}} 23:56, 6 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Klaybow Films]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2.50.130.38}} 23:59, 6 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Virgildizon]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 00:00, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:93.169.223.187]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 00:33, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Om jain]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2405:204:A027:7F17:857B:8A31:3317:6C18}} 00:40, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:24.72.160.12]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 00:42, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Antioch]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A3|A3]]); notified {{user|171.33.196.60}} 00:46, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Stafford, Shafforshire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Placesinengland}} 00:52, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oedipus complex]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.72.80.131}} 01:09, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yahya Petra of Kelantan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:1980:102:B262:F0C3:5C92:97FC:EA07}} 01:18, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex A.J. Gardner]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Thejamestheeditor32}} 04:37, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oakland Clippers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|160.3.61.208}} 18:59, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hey]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:992D:3200:950A:AD52:3BC3:E8A5}} 19:01, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Refugees of Iraq]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.114.222.82}} 19:01, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lazer Beam]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.138.43.246}} 19:02, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kotlin (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|51.39.115.169}} 04:13, 10 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:John VI of Portugal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|106.68.185.212}} 04:13, 10 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Logical Volume Manager (AIX)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Monchuhat}} 04:14, 10 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Procedural programming]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.164.211.198}} 04:14, 10 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Asterix the Gaul]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.39.61.18}} 04:20, 10 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex A.J. Gardner]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Carvinjonestheditor45}} 02:25, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex A.J. Gardner]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Carvinjonestheditor45}} 03:36, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Hollywoodtheeditor/Alex A.J. Gardner]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 04:22, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:South Gorgia]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.33.17.30}} 19:43, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quinton]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.33.17.30}} 19:45, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coeducational]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.33.17.30}} 19:45, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Penny Windsor]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:F208:D700:D037:7555:71D8:ABA2}} 19:45, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|192.33.17.30}} 20:04, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mahmud of Terengganu]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:1980:8144:3396:886E:29E7:3CA8:6B0D}} 20:11, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Africa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:2870:73E0:F135:461B:DD72:DD5C}} 23:04, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:IanDBeacon]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}) 23:46, 11 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Link to sandbox: User:Maiher16/sandbox]]: {{tl|QD}} 21:53, 12 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:João Vieira Pinto]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:F40:909:F1B9:E56E:FB5B:E886:5DCB}} 21:56, 12 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Sally salamander]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|2601:14D:0:18A0:8C58:AE16:D6D8:C364}} 04:57, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Substrate (biology)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|83.110.207.190}} 04:57, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jaxon]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1:D62D:82F0:58D6:6945:397E:E957}} 04:58, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Labour activists]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|67.85.47.118}} 04:58, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of heads of state of Ghana]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Hhhjjhhh}} 05:06, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:President of the Central African Republic]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Hhhjjhhh}} 05:07, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:President of Panama]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Hhhjjhhh}} 05:07, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Closefcps]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|151.188.25.139}} 22:20, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Zia-ul-Haq - Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|77.69.255.248}} 22:21, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Economy of Colorado]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 22:21, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Censorship in China]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Acitrin4}} 00:04, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:LGBT rights]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Acitrin4}} 00:04, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dog dog]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|155.205.200.40}} 06:29, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Duncan (politician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|99.174.78.91}} 06:31, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Luther Jackson Middle School]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|151.188.25.139}} 06:32, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Austin Antonelli]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|208.66.198.210}} 20:06, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:97.64.54.54]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 20:08, 14 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:239 Fishing]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|208.66.198.210}} 07:32, 15 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Verdis]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 07:46, 15 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:TravelLocal]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Djaloshbalona2}} 10:54, 15 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Salamina, Attica]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|65.255.80.120}} 03:21, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kevin Seal]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|217.165.0.72}} 03:22, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Margaret Mary Alacoque]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|73.181.227.166}} 03:23, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Absalom, Absalom!]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|181.176.107.158}} 03:23, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bubble (economics)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|138.51.116.24}} 03:24, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Verdis]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|137.147.8.153}} 03:45, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ameer Jackson]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Zackameer4444}} 23:00, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Help:IPA/Georgian]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|108.24.153.253}} 23:00, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Herodian kingdom]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.1.126.245}} 23:01, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vaniyambadi taluk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4072:609D:8A5A:0:0:187A:D8B0}} 23:01, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Sagar Shrestha Life Style]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sagar Shrestha Life Style}} 23:01, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mark Heatley]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|92.99.62.20}} 23:02, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thyrsus]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|96.40.125.176}} 23:52, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Keshab Dahal]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Rambabuyadavnp1}} 01:47, 17 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pyrus pyrifolia]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:26, 17 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mei hurley]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:5C9D:3700:C43B:7333:9E79:98D1}} 12:27, 17 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Barack Obama, Sr.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|LOKSTED}} 12:27, 17 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Dance-pop]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 22:33, 17 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Father-in-law]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.20.40.160}} 22:50, 17 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Verdis]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 00:15, 18 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sudden death (sport)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2A02:27B0:4C02:950:7835:6651:A574:CF4E}} 22:00, 18 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|167.88.240.13}} 22:01, 18 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Spermatogenesis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.246.196.136}} 22:01, 18 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cowpers gland]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|64.246.196.136}} 22:02, 18 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Neb Ȧa-t-Then]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.32.119.2}} 03:31, 19 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Michael Fang]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|AliSpike9}} 11:04, 19 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sagar Shrestha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Maxbro240}} 13:01, 19 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:LGBT in Islam]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|92.12.217.249}} 06:21, 20 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bijan Barati Targhi]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Heliholoo}} 07:58, 20 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Savannah Phillips]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|203.220.12.86}} 22:19, 20 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Afroasiatic languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.94.109.157}} 22:21, 20 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Menhit]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.43.76.133}} 22:21, 20 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mark Dewitt White]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 06:37, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mark Dewitt White (model)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 06:37, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Atrixo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|76.109.100.59}} 06:37, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:10Base2]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:73C6:772C:6AF7:A102:FDB2:B48}} 06:38, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Savannah Phillips]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.19.51.200}} 20:59, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Diplomatic recognition]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.179.134.8}} 21:00, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cool Math Games]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|147.0.60.178}} 21:05, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Geografía de la India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|187.160.254.114}} 21:05, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hubris]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|209.129.224.164}} 21:07, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Landon Oblinger]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.150.128.97}} 21:07, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS High Sierra]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|199.216.94.249}} 21:09, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Friedrich Miescher]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|216.56.110.225}} 21:58, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:British shorthair]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|MrWstewart}} 00:23, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:WWE Women's Tag Team Champions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.96.98.190}} 01:36, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quality of life]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:480:FB4D:0:0:20AB:78A4}} 02:32, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marie sharp]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|179.42.232.124}} 02:33, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:'Little Willie']]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.15.250.227}} 02:34, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:USSR Navy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|72.10.97.4}} 02:35, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adelolf, Count of Boulogne]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:8A70:47C0:BD0F:15DA:A1D9:7DC4}} 02:36, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ghost B.C.]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|69.129.111.226}} 02:36, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bobo's Oat Bars]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Guzman nad}} 02:50, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mantralayam]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|163.53.204.130}} 02:51, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Stanley Horace Gardiner]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gabriel Navinov}} 03:18, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dirk J. Vlug]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|150.137.1.25}} 03:22, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Juan Negrín]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2001:48F8:3022:1913:F50B:1194:6212:58AD}} 03:23, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sierra de Collserola]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.114.222.78}} 03:26, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Loredana Pavone]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|194.243.213.83}} 03:28, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dj Pancho]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|NiteshDevpal}} 03:40, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:AppGrooves]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ademola Balogun}} 03:49, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Barak R. Raviv]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Jokejust1000}} 03:50, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:II Dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:647:8006:770:F4D3:EAD9:E70F:6255}} 04:16, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:IV Dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2601:647:8006:770:F4D3:EAD9:E70F:6255}} 04:16, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:V Dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|23.227.143.66}} 04:16, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:1979 NBA Finals]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:603:197E:1760:68F1:40E:1BCE:B70E}} 06:54, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ready, Jet, Go!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Baozon90}} 06:57, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kevin George]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Djt7572}} 07:22, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Akola district]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.225.174.42}} 07:25, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Demesne]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.250.66.255}} 07:29, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lil Skies]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Baozon90}} 07:30, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Minster C of E Primary School]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|194.80.21.10}} 07:35, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Middle Way]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|83.96.72.211}} 07:36, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 4)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.105.247.66}} 07:37, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 2)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|74.105.247.66}} 07:37, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:EasyEnglish Bible]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:6E1C:BE01:F8D0:691B:189F:B287}} 07:38, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Friendly microorganisms]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.205.14.253}} 07:40, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cherusseri Namboothiri]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2.51.14.180}} 07:41, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Strongbridge Biopharma plc]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|StrongbridgeBio1}} 08:10, 22 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:British shorthair cats]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|209.237.103.236}} 04:00, 23 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oli london]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|RMH05}} 04:02, 23 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Oshwahs willy bitten off]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:46, 23 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Zzuuzz is a fjucking bastard who raipes babies]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Sausagebox}} 21:45, 25 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:ABC Family Worldwide Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.116.223.226}} 21:49, 25 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Artem Zhylin]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Wikikillz}} 22:20, 25 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:American Quarter Horse]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 22:22, 25 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Striated muscle tissue]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|112.79.212.160}} 21:43, 26 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Manguroll]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|MegaTeemees}} 21:44, 26 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Resume]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Jenny.Hamby}} 21:44, 26 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dahod District]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|223.31.122.202}} 21:49, 26 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:KHTML]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Ismailcade}} 22:56, 26 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:ABC Family Worldwide Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:5110:EA0:D92D:249B:C140:E429}} 00:04, 27 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Glycosome]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|96.30.139.188}} 00:04, 27 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|73.22.100.14}} 19:05, 27 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charles Taze Russell]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|2606:6000:E740:BB00:4930:7961:D2DD:3285}} 05:29, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smucker fucker]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:30, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:$600]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:30, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:600 dollars]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:30, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Paper brush]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:31, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Poop pee]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:31, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kulam]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:2080:157:2C4D:7FAA:621C:4DC}} 05:35, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smucker's]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:35, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wink]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|69.92.186.111}} 05:37, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alus (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Bradywuu}} 05:46, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Secularization]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|43.245.10.104}} 05:47, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jerome Elliot 'El-Jay' Woods II]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Englishwritere}} 05:48, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bikaner State]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|78.147.90.101}} 05:55, 30 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jodhpur State]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 06:08, 30 November 2019 (UTC) === December 2019 === # [[:User:Drojoe78]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Drojoe78}} 01:13, 1 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alpena michigan]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|75.128.191.208}} 20:15, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Province of Pennsylvania]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|199.119.30.100}} 20:20, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:San Pablo de las Salinas]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|73.67.74.112}} 20:20, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Puppy Bowl]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|170.185.116.17}} 20:20, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ojo de Agua]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|73.67.74.112}} 20:20, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:PBS Kids Preschool Block]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.116.223.226}} 20:20, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Lorne Epstein Show]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|InterviewGuy}} 20:21, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Year Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|197.247.49.242}} 20:23, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Video Brinquedo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|37.132.53.109}} 20:23, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chicka chicka boom boom]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|45.72.254.157}} 20:23, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Little Einsteins]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|37.132.53.109}} 20:23, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Season 4 (2019)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:6C48:7680:201D:4C25:F125:8A22:C741}} 20:24, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Napier Road]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 20:29, 2 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mark Heatley]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|217.164.18.195}} 06:28, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Shashi Bhushan y]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shashi Bhushan y}} 06:37, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Zooxanthella]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|LookICantThinkOfAGoodNameOkay}} 20:08, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Prime Ministers of King George VI]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|69.168.167.166}} 20:09, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User experience]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Kevin David K}} 20:11, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ballon D'Or]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Ragazzi112}} 20:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nick Park]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|217.165.0.72}} 11:31, 5 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Starfall]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|37.132.53.109}} 11:34, 5 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:MrBeast]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|70.27.16.49}} 02:26, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vijay (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ninkolotasda}} 22:11, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Peckham]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:148C:6800:31F3:BCD8:66FA:7EFE}} 10:31, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rye Lane]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:148C:6800:31F3:BCD8:66FA:7EFE}} 10:31, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:19, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nancy Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:19, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rebecca Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:19, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cycling at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's team time trial]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2003:C8:BF13:1CF:45C7:F2DF:2184:B048}} 20:19, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:68.97.32.88]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 20:23, 7 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mh6ti]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ایرانم آرزوست}} 00:19, 9 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Street Lamp Games]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Jajajohn}} 21:18, 9 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bikaner (princely state)]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|188.28.159.254}} 23:09, 9 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Travancore State]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|188.28.124.75}} 23:20, 9 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Reach Family (TV channel)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|95.123.92.45}} 23:29, 9 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Debt of Bones]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|108.248.173.67}} 03:43, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Human Resource Development Council]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1:F10F:4D18:2D99:CCEE:869C:96EA}} 03:43, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Her Majesty's Servants]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|75.87.184.44}} 03:44, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Boomerang (Spanish TV channel)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|95.123.92.45}} 03:44, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:CrystalDrain]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|CrystalDrain}} 03:45, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:66.203.40.85]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 10:31, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Middle Irish]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:14, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Old Irish]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:14, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Primitive Irish]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:14, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Falls Road]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Irish Braille]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Irish orthography]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parabrahman]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Itzashwini}} 08:16, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Omar zahid]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Tofu china}} 21:58, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:107.77.173.36]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 21:58, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Urethral sphincters]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|92.234.119.84}} 21:58, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cooling center]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|87.228.164.66}} 21:59, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gail Collins Pappalardi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:1702:31B0:9CE0:2087:26AC:51F4:7FB8}} 22:02, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Christine Falling]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:1702:31B0:9CE0:2087:26AC:51F4:7FB8}} 22:02, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Terrestrial radiation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|45.115.61.246}} 22:05, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:University of Tampere]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|203.122.35.14}} 22:05, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Robosapien: Rebooted]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|41.45.254.117}} 22:06, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amon Goeth]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:1702:31B0:9CE0:2087:26AC:51F4:7FB8}} 03:13, 12 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khanh Vu]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Wtfarah}} 03:16, 12 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2806:102E:10:3639:B054:D1CB:506D:7FB2}} 03:21, 12 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lewis Weed]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|NC-2017}} 08:44, 13 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Aexpress1]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Aexpress1}} 08:50, 13 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mouse Trouble]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|121.147.149.58}} 06:54, 14 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tom McGillis]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|65.99.160.217}} 19:57, 14 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Non-free use rationale poster]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|121.147.149.58}} 19:57, 14 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Video novel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|110.145.13.137}} 19:58, 14 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 12)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2407:7000:8969:D700:F062:7C0A:CB11:9D36}} 04:44, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 6)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 04:45, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 7)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 04:45, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 4)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 04:45, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:128-bit]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|50.53.144.54}} 04:45, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Baby Einstein episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|209.91.254.231}} 04:50, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Katrina Guevara]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Simplelife2727}} 05:06, 15 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Good Scouts]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|121.147.149.58}} 01:41, 16 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bangalistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 22:14, 17 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bengal (Pakistan)]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 22:14, 17 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Banga Pradesh]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 22:14, 17 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User talk:User TenPoundHammer]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 00:46, 18 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mark Heatley (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|217.164.161.227}} 06:56, 18 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Norris5723]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Norris5723}} 01:59, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rebecca Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|128.106.64.102}} 05:38, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|128.106.64.98}} 05:38, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nancy Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|128.106.64.98}} 05:38, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cristina Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|128.106.64.102}} 05:38, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|128.106.64.102}} 05:38, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Draven hay]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|67.6.66.39}} 22:24, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Crøîx Païx, Léogâne]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:4145:D85A:AB25:11AA}} 22:30, 19 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.24.118.26}} 00:29, 20 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:File:LithuaniaHistory.png]]: [[WP:QD#F1|CSD F1]] ({{tl|db-prohibitedimage}}); notified {{user|Rizwan Rizwan Rizu}} 22:30, 20 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tandoor]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|47.187.220.159}} 04:41, 21 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Himachal Abhi Abhi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Harshch881}} 04:45, 21 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magadha]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|157.41.66.235}} 04:57, 21 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of religious user names which were blocked under violation of user name policy,religious user names not allowed in wiki]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Umberease}} 07:48, 21 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Typhoon Francisco (2019) deleted]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 22:41, 23 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bikini Atoll]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|69.171.80.132}} 23:36, 23 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Baby Einstein episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|107.194.187.118}} 19:22, 24 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mohamed Sherif Hassan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|شريف}} 02:12, 25 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Night Lovell - Dark Light]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|36.81.247.133}} 15:06, 26 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Psr groups]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|PSR Groups}} 00:19, 27 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Zoot Cat]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|59.3.67.245}} 00:20, 27 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:COSMIC - Beat Slayer]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|36.81.247.133}} 12:03, 27 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vikram Sachora]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|223.178.184.206}} 12:06, 27 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mushu]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 02:39, 28 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Strategiecs Think Tank]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Aama93}} 02:40, 28 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Saar Protectorate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:6E46:3000:91B9:405A:59C8:D877}} 02:56, 28 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:The change of the living space]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.195.235.71}} 14:18, 29 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.132.243.77}} 23:55, 29 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:AntonioThrossell]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|AntonioThrossell}} 01:42, 31 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Titleblacklistfall 2]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|36.75.81.87}} 01:42, 31 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rabindra Sangeet]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|49.204.217.10}} 01:42, 31 December 2019 (UTC) === January 2020 === # [[:Pixels (2015 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2804:7F1:4180:93E4:161A:A3FF:FE37:213}} 01:20, 1 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Abad martinez]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|168.99.160.115}} 17:48, 6 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian National Army]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|77.69.255.224}} 17:49, 6 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sikhism in Punjab (India)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|188.29.102.75}} 17:53, 6 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pollito Tropical]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Bbernaded}} 18:02, 6 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Salma jafri]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2400:1A00:B010:AF22:8CB3:3173:F39:D471}} 07:04, 8 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Zhong (YouTuber)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Achiiiiver}} 07:05, 8 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Christopher Nowinski]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Cagyv1224}} 07:05, 8 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wiki/bio]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2.190.128.76}} 07:05, 8 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Yukesh Chaudhary]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2400:1A00:B010:AF22:98D0:6917:860E:DD59}} 07:06, 8 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam Cooper (American football)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|217.181.21.104}} 06:18, 10 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Fealty]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.232.206.207}} 06:18, 10 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Caillou Pettis (movie critic)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|FlorencesArdror}} 18:54, 10 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Big Mouth]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|107.167.211.222}} 18:54, 10 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Ahlem Fekih]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:19, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian-administered Ladakh]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:00, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian held ladakh]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:00, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian annexed ladakh]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:00, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian occupied ladakh]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:00, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian controlled ladakh]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:00, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:52-54 Lime Street]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:12, 13 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Controversial Reddit communities]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D8:795F:F5F9:E23:4503:5D6D}} 22:17, 15 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Carthage (c.149 BC)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|74.81.111.30}} 22:17, 15 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jenny Haniver (airship)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D8:795F:F5F9:E23:4503:5D6D}} 22:18, 15 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Project Borealis]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D8:795F:F5F9:E23:4503:5D6D}} 22:18, 15 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Olivine (color)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|197.1.201.236}} 22:19, 15 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bilal Orfali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Wikieditarab}} 22:20, 15 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mh6ti]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:01, 18 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:DieuDonné]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ZMPMJC}} 14:03, 18 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Towing service]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Bobdeomega11}} 17:46, 18 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Embriogénesis humana]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|191.99.164.134}} 18:16, 18 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Suhail Munawwar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|110.93.227.219}} 18:19, 18 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty 2]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|76.184.163.248}} 19:17, 18 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hans Coper]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|88.104.105.195}} 20:19, 19 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mequinenza]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|JosebaEder}} 20:21, 19 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Free-to-air]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:148C:6800:B015:ADDD:980E:B473}} 20:21, 19 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:University of California Berkeley]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|112.133.237.36}} 20:22, 19 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Minié ball]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Wiki cannot be trusted}} 20:23, 19 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Identity document]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:100C:B209:D2B7:18AF:1CED:BE8:B827}} 19:03, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:First Family of the United States]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|198.254.92.207}} 19:03, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Equal Rights (saying)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|170.185.111.17}} 19:05, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Realism theory]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|103.255.4.252}} 19:09, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Swae Lee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.58.107.243}} 19:21, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rico Recklezz]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.58.107.243}} 19:21, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sparta, Peloponnese]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|72.10.124.40}} 19:24, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Uwu]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|50.255.107.29}} 22:11, 22 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:169.204.229.34]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 20:06, 23 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Filmfx studio]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Vegisivakrishna}} 20:09, 23 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Vegisivakrishna]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vegisivakrishna}} 20:15, 23 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:British Leeward Islands]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|83.50.98.229}} 20:19, 23 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Anglo-Frisian languages]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:20, 23 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Anglic languages]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 20:20, 23 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dj Sani]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Sadism124}} 19:02, 24 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Eurosids II]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2001:8F8:1861:B0E5:4977:54BA:E5EF:A964}} 00:17, 26 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:AS-Level]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2404:160:8025:D61C:98DE:DEC5:8076:F92B}} 11:08, 26 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Badgers Year 4]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Rhiannapaine}} 11:35, 26 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Downend School]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|109.246.9.137}} 01:34, 28 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Number 15 Mixtape]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|MountOverlook}} 01:49, 28 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:207.163.250.15]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 22:44, 28 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:170.76.198.132]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 22:44, 28 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Lacquerware]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.167.126.5}} 23:38, 29 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Singer-songwriter, barefoot-on stage singer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|66.154.176.34}} 04:39, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Chewa language]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|136.228.35.158}} 04:41, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rybakov Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|213.87.136.61}} 13:52, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Lawal Media]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Lawal media}} 13:53, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Yurу Mosha]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|91.151.136.223}} 13:54, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:204.108.120.99]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 22:05, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rybakov Prize]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|213.87.147.104}} 22:08, 31 January 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of men's national association football teams]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.226.225.63}} 22:16, 31 January 2020 (UTC) === February 2020 === # [[:March Miller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|148.3.49.178}} 15:44, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Duiker]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 23:13, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hello I'm In Your Face]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|174.19.7.38}} 23:17, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Predynastic Period]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|50.233.222.127}} 23:19, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:ViacomCBS]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:387:0:9C2:0:0:0:64}} 23:21, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:System/370]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|69.47.75.176}} 23:21, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Trey Sartorius]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|99.203.0.136}} 23:29, 1 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ligma]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|203.26.2.2}} 23:26, 2 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Industrial Workers of the World philosophy and tactics]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|142.60.14.82}} 23:25, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mastaba]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|51.36.235.220}} 23:25, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Geography of Arizona]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|206.224.253.101}} 23:25, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Joe Mama]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|163.150.229.138}} 23:25, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:108.169.150.214]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 23:26, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Meharry Medical College]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2606:A000:121C:4743:8DB1:FFE5:485E:B2ED}} 23:26, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.140.217.46}} 23:28, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Keystone]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.40.216.2}} 23:28, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Brissa]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|209.252.188.76}} 23:29, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of numbers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|71.11.238.98}} 23:30, 3 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Harry Hopkins]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.29.75.106}} 00:03, 4 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Timeline of the history of the atom]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|WikihascalledforEmmaR}} 00:04, 4 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Der Fuehrer's Face]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2402:800:6134:6CF6:9D50:5E71:1C0D:1454}} 03:52, 4 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ali Sabri (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|105.190.144.148}} 22:37, 5 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Joe Mama]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|James Wilsonert}} 23:04, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Temple of Zeus, Olympia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|184.71.71.62}} 23:04, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Artifact (error)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|181.64.193.35}} 23:04, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Quando rondo]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|168.10.144.111}} 23:05, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mikashaa]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|VikramBannaVR}} 23:09, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:213.105.8.154]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 23:09, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Quantum field theory]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.72.71.69}} 23:09, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Abdullah alnefisi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ahmadqatari}} 23:10, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Deep decision tree]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Fuyuko Yukimura}} 23:18, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Asajj Ventress]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|98.27.50.2}} 23:20, 6 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dumbass (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.98.247.209}} 00:50, 8 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimes killing]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.209.178.40}} 01:03, 8 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Labor economics]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.115.53.202}} 01:03, 8 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Minu Nijhawan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2405:204:3487:784B:0:0:B69:58A5}} 01:09, 8 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Nikita calero]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 02:18, 8 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marioplex]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Marioplex's Page Maker}} 00:28, 9 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Ugandan promoters]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|41.210.155.224}} 00:29, 9 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Promoter Musa]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Fantansticug}} 00:30, 9 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Horse]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|184.148.86.4}} 01:04, 9 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Barney's 1, 2, 3, 4 Seasons]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|172.97.139.62}} 07:22, 9 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kvan]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|41.210.154.118}} 00:05, 11 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Doing First Time]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:169C:8D55:ED3E:1487:7630:C0F8}} 23:09, 11 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Helping Tutorials]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Helping Tutorials}} 06:52, 12 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:20th Century Fox Animation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:242:C002:8AE9:1A2:888D:CE8A:BFF6}} 07:02, 12 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Orientation (geometry)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|162.217.158.117}} 22:26, 12 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:64.114.207.56]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 22:26, 12 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:PM Music Publishing Group]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|41.210.145.70}} 22:26, 12 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Live22]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hennychen}} 03:45, 14 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tokyo is the capital of japan.it has many people than many countries.]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|207.241.242.57}} 04:11, 14 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Culture of Thailand]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|170.161.253.241}} 04:11, 14 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sylvia Young Theatre School]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:7D94:E500:8DA1:1522:FF13:3300}} 04:11, 14 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Divine hero]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|197.94.40.83}} 04:12, 14 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:DisneyAtoZ]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|59.3.67.139}} 22:40, 15 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Omar abd alkafi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ahmadqatari}} 23:06, 15 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rohit kishnani]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Adnankhan1738}} 23:07, 15 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Illegalism]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|212.55.60.210}} 13:17, 17 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Who is Preston plays]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.195.19.184}} 21:40, 18 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pilot(episode)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:8B:C300:7870:C129:1079:D21D:5DCA}} 22:53, 19 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tezcatlipoka]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|206.221.158.110}} 21:11, 20 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ratna Sarita]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|36.90.210.155}} 21:15, 20 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Quiet Please!]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:17, 20 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Athanasios Diakos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|205.196.190.73}} 14:22, 21 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pravda]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|208.67.142.193}} 14:36, 21 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Gori]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|208.67.142.193}} 14:37, 21 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom of Parisos]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|107.242.117.22}} 03:56, 22 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Lost (season 4)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:8B:C300:7870:9026:D713:8541:3C80}} 04:11, 24 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Oggy and the Cockroaches Pilot]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:8B:C300:7870:9026:D713:8541:3C80}} 04:11, 24 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:ایران.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.115.157.181}} 04:30, 24 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Sankara]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Azolluh}} 04:44, 24 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Contamination and Pollution]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.205}} 05:15, 26 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Non-renewabl]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.210}} 05:15, 26 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pendennis castle]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|180.95.40.120}} 05:17, 26 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nat bicki]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|113.197.9.10}} 01:32, 28 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dunn's River Falls]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|156.3.178.62}} 01:32, 28 February 2020 (UTC) # [[:Home Video Years]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:1007:B00C:6285:115F:573C:5033:3313}} 01:35, 28 February 2020 (UTC) === March 2020 === # [[:Fitzroy, Victoria]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|27.111.71.114}} 01:37, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:DaBaby]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.58.107.116}} 01:37, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rae Sremmurd]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.58.107.116}} 01:37, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:ASAP Rocky]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.58.107.116}} 01:37, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Young Thug]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.58.107.116}} 01:38, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wound Badge]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Junpa3}} 01:38, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Felipe Piovesan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|88.88.98.10}} 01:38, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:History of the Netherlands]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Patrick Gale NZ}} 01:38, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Operation Spring Shield]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|بهادير أوغلو}} 01:40, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:2601:646:8E00:2F6C:80B8:F7BB:F085:B2F6]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 01:42, 2 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Test eclipse of January 29, 2018]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Little Rock Bot}} 00:23, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:2030 FIFA World Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.132.192.193}} 18:01, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Toy Story Downside Up]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Alexander Riedl}} 18:04, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Upside Down Show: The Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Alexander Riedl}} 18:06, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Upside Down Show: The Movie Soundtrack]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Alexander Riedl}} 18:07, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Yiya Mozey]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|41.210.159.82}} 21:40, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Bernotuwt]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Bernotuwt}} 21:41, 3 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ninja legend codes]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|92.28.20.100}} 20:54, 4 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Machropages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|122.56.185.189}} 20:54, 4 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bisbee Deportation]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|184.184.116.217}} 20:54, 4 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Fourteen Points of Jinnah]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2001:16A2:57DB:5784:159E:97EC:6ACC:4552}} 20:54, 4 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Lene Bausager]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|216.208.243.156}} 01:32, 5 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Clarisse (Percy Jackson)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:1FA0:93F0:E1E2:A4ED:9917:7C44}} 01:33, 5 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Interrupt in miceoprocessor]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:A02F:BC2B:6CB7:802B:7447:2A19}} 01:34, 5 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Queen Maud Land]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|150.176.114.116}} 01:34, 5 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Gandhi River]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|69.74.15.234}} 01:35, 5 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Capulin Volcano National Monument]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|208.87.75.11}} 03:10, 5 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Uwu]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.111.71.133}} 03:53, 6 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|36.81.244.30}} 15:04, 6 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Grumpy3345]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Grumpy3345}} 15:04, 6 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Fart]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}) 15:04, 6 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sodium acetate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Couriouss0111}} 15:06, 6 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Avianah Abrahams]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|MaddyZA}} 15:06, 6 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Funneh]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|165.29.60.125}} 07:12, 7 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sir Degore]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|150.199.115.156}} 07:13, 7 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ceylon Dugas]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|Acalitri640}} 03:17, 9 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hindu views on Pantheism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.103.238.3}} 03:26, 9 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:47.16.99.72]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 05:50, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:1960 European Nations' Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|209.174.183.3}} 05:51, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|94.197.64.26}} 05:56, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian held sikkim]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 05:57, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Indian held khalistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 05:57, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dexter and Friends]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2601:8B:C300:7870:E5F2:E74F:ACE7:D20E}} 17:00, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Fortnite world cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|193.179.63.34}} 17:02, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Vaisakha]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A01:116F:67A:4600:C507:FF26:E1C5:B1FD}} 17:02, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sons of Odin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|170.185.215.46}} 17:04, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Fife Council]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.81.49.62}} 17:04, 10 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Dexter and Friends episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:8B:C300:7870:7959:1A52:6658:7ACC}} 00:52, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rowan Winch]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|NC-2017}} 00:55, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Gospel of Peter]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|65.36.8.111}} 05:50, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Epirus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.172.170.207}} 05:52, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Union Carbide India Limited]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|123.136.195.119}} 05:52, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:C. J. Nitkowski]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|164.104.75.178}} 21:06, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pur]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Acalitri640}} 21:06, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Akriti Banerjea]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|98.242.86.70}} 21:06, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shelby Otwell]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Acalitri640}} 22:34, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bloch sphere.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:0:9C2:0:0:0:34}} 22:37, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bloch sphere]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:0:9C2:0:0:0:34}} 22:37, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rick grimes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|198.163.212.16}} 22:37, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Dexter and Friends episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:8B:C300:7870:1E:F8D7:477E:BAAA}} 23:51, 11 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:153.107.48.106]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 04:56, 12 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Curtis McLay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:100C:B2AA:FC36:0:1E:2ADA:F501}} 04:58, 12 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Erfan Asadi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|همچون باد}} 05:02, 12 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Villupuram district]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|223.181.244.60}} 05:29, 12 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:159.191.228.61]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 00:30, 13 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Reijansi Miller]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|95.62.56.162}} 18:41, 13 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Baby Triplets and Mixels]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|95.62.56.162}} 18:46, 13 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:You Have a Warthog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Hammerkill}} 20:58, 13 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Syrian Interim Government]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.216.93.235}} 21:03, 13 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Syrian interim Goverment]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.216.93.233}} 21:03, 13 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Delightful Islamabadians]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|39.41.136.29}} 05:47, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Capture the Flag]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:7570:E0A0:39FD:9719:BEF0:2BA}} 17:51, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Terrifical even-toed ungulate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hammerkill}} 17:52, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Radwan Omar]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|27.34.26.187}} 17:52, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Constitution of Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.14.103.28}} 17:52, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:2012 phenomenon]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Nickthegoat33}} 17:52, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Yate]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:54, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:A Warthog's Life]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 17:55, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Anybody can play]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:6100:6B8D:B590:2E34:169:E580}} 20:13, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Scott McTominay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|IfsT74}} 20:14, 14 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Teletubbies]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|102.254.76.55}} 18:28, 15 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Iran-bio-stub]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|Korokodil111}} 18:29, 15 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Iran-stub]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|Korokodil111}} 18:31, 15 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Estado novo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Citadel2811}} 15:18, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Italian East Africa]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|73.125.19.0}} 15:19, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Italian North Africa]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|73.125.19.0}} 15:21, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Moosebox episode list]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|41.144.227.188}} 15:27, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shark Tale]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|70.73.25.202}} 15:27, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mr. Greedy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|109.79.138.146}} 15:29, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mr. Happy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|109.79.138.146}} 15:29, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mr. Tickle]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|109.79.138.146}} 15:30, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Megingjörð]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|138.44.194.130}} 15:31, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rubi Rose]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|38.121.43.37}} 15:32, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Abrar Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nextpassions}} 15:33, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Asian andy]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|131.242.7.14}} 15:33, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Beast of Houndtor]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|WikiEnglishBoi}} 15:33, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Irreligion in the United Kingdom]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|78.86.16.169}} 15:40, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Glencore]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|188.122.32.110}} 15:41, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Diocese of Fargo]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Lemmolim}} 15:45, 17 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Narendra Singh Dhami]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:30DB:C6E5:8FFD:1170:9B55:3AA5}} 18:53, 18 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Palace (Mexico)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2806:103E:2:BF46:4B3:496F:26DC:977}} 18:54, 18 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sing Sing prison]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|194.168.211.54}} 18:55, 18 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kakarot]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|80.2.21.247}} 18:57, 18 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:E gazakoff]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|E GAZAKOFF}} 19:13, 19 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Elsa Jean and her BBC]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Elsa Jean and her BBC}} 06:48, 21 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Coronavirus safety]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.232.72.83}} 07:42, 21 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rajeev Yasiru Mathew]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}) 08:34, 21 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Cervidea]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:10, 22 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sus]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:10, 22 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Was queen victoria a good queen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|79.71.81.84}} 19:19, 23 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sar Faraz khan]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|CODV9}} 19:21, 23 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Spingebill Boxpants The Series]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 19:21, 23 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Over the Hedge Christmas Special]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|68.62.189.222}} 22:29, 24 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Powerpuff Girls: 'Twas the Fight Before Christmas]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 20:34, 25 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Samiksha Jaiswal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.113.231.143}} 07:50, 26 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dominic Harrison]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:9CEE:CB00:B9B8:1F4C:133B:24F8}} 07:53, 26 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Cal So Scoped]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Englishwritere}} 07:55, 26 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Why is sleep important]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|86.30.88.230}} 11:07, 27 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Aybars İbak]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Baran Ahmet}} 11:09, 27 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Film score]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:81:4301:F0:EDE3:B6E7:C89:C5F6}} 04:53, 28 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Benjamin Reyes (Robert Randall Elementary School)]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Acalitri750}} 06:59, 28 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Caillou (character)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Arthurfan828}} 21:00, 28 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dj Parisa]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 22:06, 29 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:Vernon]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}) 23:48, 29 March 2020 (UTC) # [[:BAT99]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.11.189.203}} 21:59, 30 March 2020 (UTC) === April 2020 === # [[:Crimaeo Yugija]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|AnGellaMunoz}} 00:36, 1 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Live Action Toy Story series]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 00:40, 1 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Treachery]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.6.179.196}} 00:42, 1 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Dollintheattic}} 07:21, 2 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:1955–56 Philadelphia Warriors season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:586:300:1830:31E2:F68F:5D1B:E2CF}} 21:45, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Khusrau Mirza]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|202.47.33.170}} 21:45, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Taxation without representation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|172.89.108.61}} 21:45, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dare Stones]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|152.26.208.31}} 21:48, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:IPadOS]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:7A95:6600:78AA:BD9F:B332:FD9C}} 21:55, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Post-anarchism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2604:6000:1209:60F5:54D0:7C8E:B520:854D}} 21:57, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Moonfare]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Moonfare.}} 21:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:642:4302:90F0:8815:6733:D6B1:53A9}} 09:38, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Blocksworld]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 10:06, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ali Murthadha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|9976mitra6}} 10:07, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Powerpuff Girls Rule]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 19:22, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dexter's Lab: Ego Trip]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 19:25, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dance Pantsed]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 19:28, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:A Sticky Situation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|152.32.109.101}} 19:37, 4 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:56A:7762:700:D08D:C48C:237A:4216}} 02:56, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Atchoo!]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 09:33, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Paradise Run]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 09:34, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Welcome to the Chum Bucket]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 09:34, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rubbadubbers]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 09:34, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Samsung C&T]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|60.243.89.198}} 09:35, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Picard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:680:C500:1FF0:25A2:AB61:B3FB:4FE4}} 09:35, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Coronation Street characters (2017)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:148C:6800:B015:ADDD:980E:B473}} 09:45, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sandra Briggs]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:148C:6800:C465:F6E8:785A:ED1D}} 09:47, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Go Baby!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2606:A000:7BCB:4000:7D20:4B1D:60C4:F46C}} 09:48, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Julia (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Comp.arch}} 09:53, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marina Sirtis]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|2601:646:100:B1F0:9475:6E8F:970D:1FA1}} 09:54, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:LCVP]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|70.113.146.101}} 09:59, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Propagation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|39.41.204.199}} 10:02, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Numberjacks (season 1)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 20:43, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob's First Adventure Beach]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 20:43, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Double Dare]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 20:44, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Seaside Adventure]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 20:44, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Container Drainer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 20:45, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Krusty Towers]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 20:46, 5 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Timeline of the Mongol Empire]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|71.229.126.145}} 06:03, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:United States Asian June 6]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A3|A3]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|Little Rock Bot}} 06:04, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marvin Matyka]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Brainoniel}} 06:05, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of WordWorld episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 06:06, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:WordWorld]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 06:07, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Medium (spirituality)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|49.206.15.26}} 06:07, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Krabby Land]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 06:07, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Bits and Bobs episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.238}} 06:08, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Freiberg in Mähren]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|95.62.111.143}} 21:19, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:BAT99]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.11.189.203}} 21:19, 6 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of red Naruto moves]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.114.115.51}} 02:30, 7 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wilfred Tongoona Basera]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Wilfred3066}} 04:58, 7 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:M.K.Arjunan]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 23:09, 7 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Naruto episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|41.114.90.211}} 23:09, 7 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Prasish]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|43.231.211.176}} 23:55, 7 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:StarForce]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|36.79.253.243}} 00:18, 8 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Deep Decision Tree]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|54.37.18.136}} 20:20, 8 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dhime]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:280:C381:A130:A901:916F:A5F5:2216}} 20:22, 8 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rowley Jefferson's Awesome Friendly Adventure]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|107.77.215.212}} 20:22, 8 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Risas Dental and Braces]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|SEngSalSoft}} 22:07, 8 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mayiladuthurai district]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|37.34.139.2}} 22:24, 8 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Aaqib Anjum Aafi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|KaunainAjaz}} 15:09, 10 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Guin Records]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Rockpeterson}} 15:42, 10 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Aga Syed Danish Rizvi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4054:203:F3C0:1450:52BF:196F:79A8}} 21:04, 12 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Transgenderism history of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|188.31.169.168}} 23:07, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Section 377 of the British Indian penal code]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|92.26.191.24}} 23:12, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Symbol of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 23:19, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Game of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 23:20, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Mountain of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 23:20, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Tower of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 23:20, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Mausoleum of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 23:20, 15 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.21.224.204}} 00:17, 16 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Anecdote]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hideyoshi gowther}} 00:18, 16 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rehovot (place)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:3720:3770:4467:AE80:210:F7A3}} 00:19, 16 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Darwin Award]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|75.70.41.218}} 04:19, 17 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jacksonian Democracy]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|174.47.95.44}} 04:23, 17 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Keep It Upon My Sins]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hordem de Barthen}} 15:43, 17 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sugar Dream]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hordem de Barthen}} 15:43, 17 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:From the Fight]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hordem de Barthen}} 15:43, 17 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|213.205.205.9}} 01:42, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juegos Olímpicos en la Antigüedad]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|186.148.154.133}} 01:42, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:2014–15 Cleveland Cavaliers season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:8803:5A00:829:41DD:64F3:71B4:8D4E}} 01:42, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Intelligent Systems]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:8806:8601:D00:FDF4:D171:2125:677F}} 01:42, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Historical definitions of race]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:153:C100:A:E916:86DB:D16F:A8EE}} 01:43, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rangers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.205.205.9}} 01:44, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jumanji (picture book)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|162.0.251.248}} 01:44, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shmi Skywalker]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|2405:6E00:2F0B:1C01:2DFD:E0A1:421D:46F8}} 10:14, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jaycee Chan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.113.202.18}} 10:17, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Watkins College of Art]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|136.228.35.212}} 10:19, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mark Drakeford]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C6:C200:BD00:5D62:389C:7354:3D90}} 10:19, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Individualist anarchism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|150.107.172.37}} 10:20, 18 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tclassic]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Koya Babayemi}} 23:26, 19 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tolulope ajayi]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Koya Babayemi}} 23:26, 19 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jonas Lohrmann]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Rolf Jannsen}} 23:47, 22 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Numberjacks The Movie]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|202.93.153.255}} 23:47, 22 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hey Duggee]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.255}} 23:49, 22 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Who won all crusades withe muslims against cristians]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:BA75:D600:FD80:8BB1:636C:1C86}} 23:50, 22 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Numberblobs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.129}} 08:48, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:ToonMart Marty]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.129}} 08:48, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox show]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.129}} 08:48, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bumpees]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.129}} 08:49, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Who is Gladys Martinez]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.132.255.70}} 08:49, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Happy Monster Band]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|108.3.173.99}} 08:49, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Near, Far, Hear and Show]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.129}} 08:51, 23 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Box v5]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|82.192.38.128}} 04:07, 24 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Offshore]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:8071:2BA3:FC00:F530:17DB:1A43:F5A7}} 04:08, 24 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Good Barber]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|161.69.123.10}} 04:22, 24 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kay Qubadh III]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.136.106.218}} 04:29, 24 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:What does production mean]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|102.70.14.11}} 08:29, 24 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Half-track]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.5.222.95}} 08:35, 24 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rubbadubbers]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.244}} 05:33, 25 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Badanamu Stories]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.244}} 05:33, 25 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bluecross]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|202.93.153.244}} 05:33, 25 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ready Set Learn Short Stuff]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|24.157.29.141}} 02:08, 27 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Trevor Engelson]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|182.64.191.229}} 09:05, 27 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Communalism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.252.203.126}} 09:05, 27 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Larry Graham]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.67.18.117}} 09:06, 27 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Lade]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|84.65.169.75}} 09:08, 27 April 2020 (UTC) # [[:Larissa (mythology)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|73.231.167.86}} 09:10, 27 April 2020 (UTC) === May 2020 === # [[:Palak Sidhwani]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Pragatiiiiiii}} 07:45, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Aquila (Roman)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|80.91.206.2}} 07:56, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Interstate 115]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.190.248.3}} 07:57, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Civic conservatism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.192.78.170}} 07:58, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:New Holland]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.168.95.238}} 08:00, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rakesh Biswas]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2405:205:1005:9220:A533:DFE8:3F9:9A51}} 21:35, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bajwa]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Kashifbajwaa}} 21:46, 1 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Chris Lester]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Swagsevo}} 22:29, 3 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Phil Sokowicz]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Axelcraon}} 22:30, 3 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mario Filio]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Alexander Riedl}} 23:06, 3 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:CloudDevs]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Swagsevo}} 01:28, 4 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:What is the difference between hardware and software?]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|212.173.124.106}} 07:10, 5 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jack Robichaux]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|103.83.36.160}} 07:17, 5 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Why can't muslim girls date boys]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|82.1.19.119}} 02:00, 6 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:LO∨ifm Top Songs]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kils.fran}} 02:29, 6 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ben Dover]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:52, 8 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:European ethnic group]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4065:E83:5CF1:E851:3D28:6C4E:3B29}} 04:52, 8 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nitin Patkar]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|Bdministrator}} 04:54, 8 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Eliahasa]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|47.247.133.233}} 12:30, 9 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kris Houghton]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:8801:2800:57:F1FE:CD87:520:2A66}} 12:44, 9 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nob Hill Foods]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Acalitri1200}} 12:45, 9 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of classical pianists]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Rolf Jannsen}} 12:48, 9 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ottawa Central Railway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:C2E0:A750:C5AC:143E:8675:F5F1}} 12:55, 9 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Babbar Khalsa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|197.210.85.73}} 12:56, 9 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:DP Live]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Krishna2110}} 00:48, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hossein Rahmani Manesh]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Sinajam}} 00:49, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Zrcook9494]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:52, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Declared]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|112.213.137.130}} 01:22, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Lhasa international airport]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.156.116.120}} 01:22, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:British Ceylon]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.156.116.120}} 01:23, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rohit Chouhan]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2409:4052:2188:BE39:C53D:52E8:269C:CC5B}} 01:24, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Amilton Cristo]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Jatwnj13898}} 01:29, 11 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Politic-Ed]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|EtaPravda}} 17:05, 14 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Finance Friday]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ViscountVismut}} 17:06, 14 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Raptor Translations Magazine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ViscountVismut}} 17:06, 14 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:MacOS High Sierra]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:C7E0:2EC0:B5A3:D015:1975:E6ED}} 04:02, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Louie Duck]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|175.39.157.20}} 04:03, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Huey, Duck]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|175.39.157.20}} 04:03, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Province of Maryland]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|138.88.92.34}} 04:04, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:S/2009 S 1]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|68.93.136.51}} 04:04, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Australian Kriol language]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|61.69.246.250}} 04:04, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Category:Extinct dog breeds]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 04:05, 15 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hebron massacre]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.14.53.132}} 00:52, 16 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bikele Bhorer Phool]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.222.20.77}} 00:54, 16 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shubham Bairagi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4043:2E01:636B:50B4:4BFF:45CB:DBC5}} 00:58, 16 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:DP Live]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Krishna2110}} 01:00, 16 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Payment institution]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|92.251.80.216}} 01:02, 16 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Heather Holloway]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Norman R MacDonald}} 02:02, 16 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:The history of small heath]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|TheRealGMX48}} 03:43, 17 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rahul ahuja]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Axonbugle}} 07:59, 17 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sinew]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Adwayan}} 20:33, 17 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Murder of David Cena]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|95.61.245.129}} 09:06, 18 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hull house]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|GhostFoxRider}} 09:14, 18 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Alfa Romeo RA-1050]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2406:3400:51A:5850:8F88:8ECB:2777:A063}} 09:38, 18 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:South Atlantic Medal]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|27.71.232.240}} 09:38, 18 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Murder of Teslo Bourgeois]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A3|A3]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|95.61.245.129}} 22:54, 18 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:PandavaNanda]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|955AA}} 01:25, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:History of France]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|166.216.159.81}} 01:26, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kokichi Oma]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:49:4200:11E0:B477:5520:AC78:B9E4}} 01:26, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:1998–99 San Antonio Spurs season]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|72.74.17.176}} 01:27, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Geography of Canada]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|24.55.202.73}} 01:27, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dav Pilkey]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.238.100.219}} 01:30, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Haste raho india]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:5A2D:9200:701E:62DC:3E08:E114}} 01:30, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:201B:E524:A9EF:1BA2:FD2D:21D}} 01:36, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shubham Bairagi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4043:2D88:3124:453B:BB1E:ECD8:F7EA}} 01:36, 20 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:AkashNanda]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|955AA}} 10:57, 21 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Murder of Snoopy Rainer]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|95.61.245.129}} 10:57, 21 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Romans nuber line]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|79.74.37.159}} 10:58, 21 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Category:IPhone 7]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:7A95:6600:6979:540A:2670:A71B}} 03:07, 22 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Cc-by-sa-4.0]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}) 03:09, 22 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:Unblock/lang]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}) 03:10, 22 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Woni Roger Spotts (traveler)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Minedhefty}} 01:12, 23 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Rise of Kingdoms]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Bāādshāh}} 01:15, 23 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Igor litvak]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Falixx}} 01:16, 23 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shubham Bairagi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:24, 25 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Both Linetsky]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.4.182.213}} 05:32, 25 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of How to Be a Gentleman episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2601:201:280:1020:4DDF:56B9:B54E:2823}} 05:33, 25 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Declan Darcy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|109.255.60.119}} 18:34, 27 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:SLAMTYPE]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|Manuel Curral}} 18:36, 27 May 2020 (UTC) # [[:Anthony Agyeman]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|188.67.17.157}} 17:48, 30 May 2020 (UTC) === June 2020 === # [[:Mike Mort]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|176.205.190.182}} 11:24, 6 June 2020 (UTC) === September 2020 === # [[:2017 World Series]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:2C7:77F:ACA0:D4F4:A81B:AD7:6D15}} 21:44, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hellenism (religion)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|182.0.230.51}} 21:44, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jason Bourne (movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.83.62.38}} 21:44, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Owen Brown (1771)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:8DF0:3DF0:7D08:85FA:F985:BF4C}} 21:44, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Ajmal Raza Qadri]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|39.40.41.36}} 21:48, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nature spirit]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.20.213.13}} 21:48, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Province animals of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:811C:6901:B846:B41C:C04F:FA7D}} 21:49, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:One (manga artist)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:862F:3400:35EB:6F44:5822:D865}} 20:06, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Plasticity (physics)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|42.108.8.216}} 20:07, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:The Hello Kitty's Paradise Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:C4:8380:E160:F5BF:BD86:5FB3:5CB4}} 20:12, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Space Jam 3]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:C4:8380:E160:F5BF:BD86:5FB3:5CB4}} 20:12, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pango and Friends: The Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:C4:8380:E160:F5BF:BD86:5FB3:5CB4}} 20:12, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Support Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.235}} 09:59, 20 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:48974]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|PointBlankAlpha}} 00:49, 25 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:48975]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|PointBlankAlpha}} 00:49, 25 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:10000000000000]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|PointBlankAlpha}} 00:54, 25 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:2030 Winter Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|WikiPageLooker123}} 00:59, 25 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:2032 Summer Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|WikiPageLooker123}} 01:00, 25 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Atto Abbas]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|185.248.12.253}} 01:01, 25 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:DC Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|178.34.158.67}} 03:41, 26 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pentagon Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|178.34.158.67}} 03:41, 26 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Intraplate earthquake]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|89.211.185.46}} 20:54, 26 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Disha Vakani]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:1489:8BDB:9D94:B1D7:37DE:75EB}} 20:55, 26 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Richard Williams]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 20:56, 26 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Paraphrase]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|TheRobloxMaster}} 23:02, 27 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Meng Jin]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Slowking4}} 23:04, 27 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Presidencies and provinces of British India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4061:71C:97D7:8E5F:EF64:B97F:8F68}} 23:04, 27 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Bush family]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|124.253.215.38}} 23:07, 27 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Pango and Friends (TV Series)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:C4:8380:E160:E95E:63C9:CF:62CE}} 23:15, 27 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Cryptic Legends]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Badtaste988}} 23:18, 27 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:City of Kherson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|178.34.187.138}} 23:13, 28 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Shareable Asset]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|TianPark}} 01:32, 30 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Claude Vorilhon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.72.177.143}} 01:36, 30 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Munsee language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:8806:8400:67:4C6B:98F4:D6D0:41DA}} 01:37, 30 September 2020 (UTC) === October 2020 === # [[:List of Formula One Grand Prix wins by Lewis Hamilton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Father Physics}} 06:44, 1 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Himanshu Jaykar (musical artist)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Insulated 1}} 07:03, 1 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:99RDP]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|103.76.211.80}} 02:06, 4 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Horse of Liberty]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:3C4:4203:E53E:2D8A:D3DD:3576:AE7B}} 02:13, 4 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:English Nature]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|5.36.148.76}} 03:39, 5 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jalen McMillan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|110.93.214.37}} 03:43, 5 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Joanna of Castile]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|24.90.193.100}} 03:43, 5 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:IUCN Red List of extinct species]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4070:2EA8:E34B:15DE:D459:B390:EBBB}} 03:45, 5 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Kizuna AI]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|92.235.46.70}} 21:56, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|136.228.203.1}} 21:57, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Beau DeVois vs The World]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2.50.119.59}} 21:57, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Elvis impersonator]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.91.159.200}} 21:58, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Reece Ganley Films]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.152.109.194}} 22:24, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:My Country 'tis of Thee]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|86.145.58.147}} 22:25, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Vestibular schwannoma]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:B584:1600:6533:7997:9857:8B7E}} 22:26, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wazobet]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mithraic}} 07:25, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Habesha peoples]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2601:14D:8500:2200:51E5:FE10:D96C:DDC}} 00:25, 15 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Himanshu Jaykar (musical artist)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Capturing the 1}} 02:58, 15 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Abbas Atto]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|85.97.1.145}} 22:19, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:NITISH SAHANI]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:4066:186:D821:6F51:A7FD:5C7:10DF}} 04:29, 26 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Deal or No Deal US Game Show]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8501:5190:D9D1:D790:7092:3220}} 04:57, 26 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Syriza]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:3800:7B0:C46F:8D00:2D75:BA31}} 04:59, 26 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:2005 NFL Draft]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|98.212.93.51}} 05:00, 26 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:1 vs 100 Game Show (2006-2011)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8501:5190:D9D1:D790:7092:3220}} 05:01, 26 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Minecraft Orepros]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.145}} 10:34, 27 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Minecraft: Orepros]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.145}} 10:34, 27 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Minecraft: Passive Monsters]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.145}} 10:35, 27 October 2020 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:The Loud House: The Louds' First Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|69.156.206.236}} 08:39, 27 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Engine4X4]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 07:40, 31 December 2024 (UTC) === January 2025 === # [[:User:Pksaroyaloak]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Pksaroyaloak}} 08:42, 8 January 2025 (UTC) === March 2025 === # [[:User:Sowmiyaquill]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sowmiyaquill}} 00:07, 25 March 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|Ttsoinks}} 10:18, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 7mrc2bhjwao45i6do6xijxq3utcme2n 2 710217 10330024 10183446 2025-06-14T13:41:28Z Minorax 844779 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330024 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === August 2019 === # [[:Vansh Pandey]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:348C:A54:0:0:2A04:30A1}} 15:30, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:"Nothing without the Deity"]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|205.202.243.140}} 16:22, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|163.150.21.253}} 17:08, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.17.96.242}} 17:13, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Animal Sounds]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|206.180.243.147}} 00:25, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Congregational church]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:1900:1431:686E:8F3:C828:D168}} 00:27, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2604:2D80:5390:1E00:A91A:81D5:A729:8A29}} 00:43, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Image macro]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|23.150.224.56}} 15:23, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Book of Sirach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.22.118.10}} 03:59, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Funny club]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.25.39.69}} 11:48, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Contextual Modernism]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:204:1200:E820:BD24:2F3C:7FB2:FB67}} 14:54, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Henry Wellcome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.143.129.232}} 14:55, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Hello]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 15:25, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arsenal Ladies F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|51.148.65.77}} 15:33, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arsenal L.F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|51.148.65.77}} 15:34, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Florida College]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:41, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Graham Lotz]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Billy Graham rule]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Gospel Coalition]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hatteras Island]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Navicular bone]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1004:B07D:9A48:64A0:24F2:80C0:A903}} 16:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cholermus]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:44, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rutter’s tea]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:44, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Washer (hardware)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:45, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:One is the Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Multiple integral]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:47, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tom Hooper (director)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:E382:5900:6434:1CF3:9314:5E14}} 01:22, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Latin phrases (M)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|210.8.206.194}} 04:59, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Butt plug]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Kayvon2008}} 05:14, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parsnip]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|58.107.166.186}} 08:10, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hail pad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|83.226.120.37}} 12:39, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:I Didn't Do It (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2606:A000:1219:C39F:3DE6:E2F6:E4C9:F214}} 15:00, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Messenger]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:8ACA:1D00:9D1:21C4:92F1:D80B}} 15:38, 31 August 2019 (UTC) === September 2019 === # [[:National Anthem of Manchukuo]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2605:6001:F087:2E01:D8BF:A78D:F152:399D}} 02:29, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Races Under One Union (Manchukuo)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2605:6001:F087:2E01:D8BF:A78D:F152:399D}} 02:30, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:David Cardoza]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|105.61.68.230}} 13:51, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Myocyte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:2A48:7601:E82B:FA4C:A4C2:3E6F}} 13:57, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ava Eagle Brown]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|42.106.216.251}} 14:50, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Antonin Artaud]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.41.128.36}} 03:42, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|139.80.253.64}} 11:01, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catholic Monarchs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.42.122.7}} 11:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sixth generation of video game consoles]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|194.81.49.186}} 13:45, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hindustan Republican Association]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|1.187.81.68}} 14:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Catalysis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C3:780:8EC4:45FF:5FAB:B511:9D3}} 02:32, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Princess Akishino]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|180.150.86.11}} 02:51, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Calcium sulfate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.5.210.2}} 03:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:August Dvorak]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:C9B0:4500:E9CB:5E5A:3927:9308}} 12:55, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:China Pakistan Economic Corridor]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 12:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Salutation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:205:2083:2582:7F3B:80F9:C85D:2BC5}} 14:01, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:San Andrés (island)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:45, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Providencia Island]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:46, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tamil–Kudagu languages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4072:6298:AE54:0:0:1887:78A5}} 16:50, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chenghua Emperor]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|73.10.254.188}} 02:14, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:My Super Ex-Girlfriend]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|59.100.7.201}} 05:15, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:War flag]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|182.186.31.238}} 06:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Enoggera Barracks]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.173.187.136}} 08:35, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dennis Kelly]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.198.47.38}} 09:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bauer lexicon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|112.207.102.117}} 13:08, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:83:8100:58D7:F5DB:E338:81C6:A6B6}} 14:41, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Full-time]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:56, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Editorial]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:McKeesport, Pennsylvania]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2804:1B2:8180:CF62:9400:74E7:5FC1:A2D5}} 17:06, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coefficient of variation]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:C880:AE0:FDE6:3706:5A69:253C}} 01:56, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oramiriukwa River]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.4.85.94}} 02:04, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hibiscus brackenridgei]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:8589:2E44:FD76:E65E:891E:2788}} 09:23, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rahul Kumar Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:24, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hittler]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:48, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.21}} 14:38, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Metacom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.203.38.101}} 15:34, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mustafa Ali]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.9.145.206}} 15:53, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jazz rap]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.157.40.16}} 15:57, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mumble rock]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:14, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:3910:6930:A171:9C79:25B0:47EA}} 02:47, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charles Lee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.113.242.211}} 03:41, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kwa languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.221.101.116}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|188.39.51.170}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Text placeholder]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 13:17, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Belus (Egyptian)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.225.189.78}} 13:49, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Las virgenes de estados unidos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|67.203.240.34}} 17:03, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|109.159.78.61}} 08:44, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Mojave]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|147.148.47.21}} 15:01, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:California bungalow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D4:D42C:FC7D:B7A9:A5DE:B37}} 15:32, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cimbasso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.214.179.217}} 15:45, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:04, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:20, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:100 facts u should know]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|61.12.40.74}} 14:30, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Emperor Higashiyama]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:204:C101:F3DC:E007:E4D:B2A6:515D}} 03:18, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.40.46}} 04:10, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kottayam]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|84.21.152.164}} 09:19, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amjad ahmad as]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:06, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wyomingraptor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|207.210.154.52}} 13:23, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.244.181.241}} 14:16, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Team Ineos]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.113.57.166}} 15:54, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pelican (mythology)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.18.41}} 16:09, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mobilization]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|102.141.73.17}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:University of Munich]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|122.8.199.38}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.19}} 17:02, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nora Tokhosepyan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:17, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greek Dark Age]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.29.176.111}} 17:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:In Waves (Trivium album)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|220.239.78.90}} 06:27, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:12, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:58, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Steven Ginsburg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.70.90.2}} 11:43, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rassismus]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Vanessa.f1606}} 12:03, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Victor Francis Hess]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|209.249.55.140}} 12:10, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rosetta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Demotic]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doc gleason]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.246.6.146}} 13:44, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Leinbach Company]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.15.201.120}} 15:29, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Intiaz Haniff]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:42, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sothis (mythology)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|65.51.23.34}} 16:48, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:T.I. (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2601:154:8380:4F00:BD88:4F5E:1A58:C2C3}} 01:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Communist Party of Nepal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.32.42}} 01:47, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Material monism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|187.189.217.75}} 02:23, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shivaji Maharaj]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:58E:F323:55D5:3CB8:8B6F:6BE9}} 03:43, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:S. Robson Walton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|76.64.165.75}} 04:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|42.110.136.253}} 05:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rewa division]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|43.229.226.174}} 07:07, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of BL dramas and series]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hirok Raja}} 08:25, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bandwidth (disambiguation))]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 10:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Languages of Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:982:6FB4:0:0:2047:F0B1}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Temple of Zeus]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.6.114.77}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lutin?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.190.216.143}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cu computer]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.252.177.34}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fomalhaut]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Treatment of slaves in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:360F:3500:8B3:6762:8DAF:480E}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analytic geometry]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Soup kitchen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:469D:2200:C4ED:91F8:3F44:5008}} 18:02, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|63.137.76.11}} 23:59, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Square–cube law]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 00:00, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Polyvinyl acetate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Monaco Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:80:46D0:F47B:B778:484B:1EE8}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Le Blanc-Mesnil]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.124.4.98}} 03:27, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Type erasure]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|117.245.139.227}} 07:53, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare's wife)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|187.189.126.78}} 14:45, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Hong Kong protests]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:10, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Denwen]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.174}} 16:16, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Spectroscopic measurement]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|183.82.23.36}} 02:19, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Politics of Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.159}} 08:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.168}} 09:02, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ѱ]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.168.42.80}} 09:33, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vincenzo Ferdinandi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|194.243.213.83}} 12:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brandon rogers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.2.103.161}} 13:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quinton hook]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|22hooke}} 13:38, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/J-Pimp (rapper)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|大诺史}} 14:37, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Government of New York]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.165.252.136}} 15:53, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Roy Oliver Disney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:83F:8700:A4D4:9494:7139:C2FE}} 22:28, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Duke of Cleveland]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.252.53.15}} 01:17, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:File:Saint Elizabeth in Jamaica.svg]]: [[WP:QD#F1|CSD F1]] ({{tl|db-prohibitedimage}}); notified {{user|41.203.78.126}} 05:08, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Extreme Dodgeball]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1806:5CC4:1:2:7851:E98B}} 13:26, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fdjhkuyfvg]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2.29.126.7}} 13:41, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|197.237.223.90}} 14:34, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catamaran]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:4E2E:C01C:0:0:9F09:FE10}} 22:43, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:British rule in India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:D103:3DD4:0:0:D55:20A5}} 07:48, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magmatism]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:DF1:800:C004:1:0:0:1}} 10:59, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Environment (biophysical)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|120.29.109.98}} 11:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:KSS Design Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.100.170.132}} 13:36, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Barry Munnik Hertzog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|89.211.33.81}} 18:03, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chota Nagpur Plateau]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vindhya Mountains]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Middle India]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bette Cooper]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.255.129.54}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doritoes]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.207}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Francis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mesto Kun]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:49, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silsium]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|79.161.95.131}} 07:22, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Reformist socialism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.39.40.2}} 09:20, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mr mcewan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.195.236.5}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lori Dana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LoriDanaTius]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Puppet Designer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 10:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:54, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Christian Right]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|216.48.140.128}} 14:12, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yash]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nutrororti}} 17:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.204}} 01:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jonothancooper]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.211}} 04:16, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden kay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.203}} 04:36, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jashodaben Chimanlal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:B205:35AC:D948:CA8F:2BDE:9C2}} 06:08, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mines strike]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:678:464:A0E3:B5F4:2448:9C8:BAFF}} 08:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Player unknowns battle grounds]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|94.141.68.90}} 10:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:M62 motorway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.188.174.199}} 10:46, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:North carolina colony]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.138.118.188}} 13:15, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Massive parallel processing]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.181.23.104}} 13:21, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analsex]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:2811:9AE0:6C9C:ECB6:C267:BDCF}} 13:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greaser (subculture)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|74.112.114.161}} 14:13, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:William Williams (Connecticut politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.185.200.34}} 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bryce barkdull]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Hicks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|130.132.173.157}} 16:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:East African Campaign (World War II)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.37.28.30}} 06:43, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:F Sharp (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 08:59, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Node]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.142}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fetch decode execute cycle]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|88.211.72.122}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:DBS Bank]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|218.186.174.211}} 11:06, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Bowling]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.150.117.210}} 15:17, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gurmukhī]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:7F}} 15:18, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alois Hitler, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.33.135.182}} 15:34, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Diet of Speyer]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.45.57.98}} 15:36, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Climate of India]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|194.168.211.54}} 09:34, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:1990–91 Chicago Bulls season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|176.59.12.80}} 09:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sologub Nikolay Nikolaevich]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alien (law)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.139.119.16}} 13:45, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Remain Private Limited]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Olivia]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smalltalk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brother Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Finbar]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.227.248.120}} 14:11, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 15:54, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Abrar Moriya]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:17, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Margaret of Anjou]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Champisthebest123}} 17:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Design Museum]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:1281:8100:F04F:5368:F4E3:B2A9}} 17:20, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anglosajones]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|90.249.1.194}} 17:26, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The goldfinch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 03:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ed sheeran album]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|80.123.91.154}} 08:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|208.54.80.193}} 12:44, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.164.136.178}} 14:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Peterparler]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|96.4.79.24}} 15:16, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Warp (weaving)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|50.226.220.254}} 16:46, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alelepop]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|73.8.178.80}} 04:14, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Monika Linkytė]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|78.62.177.224}} 07:04, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LeJean Coetzee]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:1861:8AF0:D37E:6047}} 12:24, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kishore Raj Narayan Patar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|125.236.134.40}} 06:39, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The 3DO Company]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.14.168.130}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Birth rate]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.192.92.97}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Balsa wood]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.180.35.13}} 11:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joél Filsaime (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:91F8:6E3D:ACE3:A5EE}} 12:55, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2010 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.26.84.30}} 15:28, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Socialism with a human face]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.19.41}} 15:30, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eyes of a Blue Dog]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.21.36.74}} 16:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Acrosome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.4.87.33}} 04:48, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of numbers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.99.218.190}} 04:49, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sekolah Bogor Raya]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|119.18.159.170}} 05:54, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anup Dhir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:08, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Choosing Independence Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:15, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parapithecidae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.232.178.242}} 14:34, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Virgin of the Rocks]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.1}} 14:39, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Behavior tree (artificial intelligence, robotics and control)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.83.84.254}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ben austin]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|182.69.122.58}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dictatorship of the proletariat]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.185.78.10}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of wars]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|40.138.64.34}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Establish]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.194.86.83}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sword swallowers]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|178.77.200.243}} 17:17, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:BoxRec]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|177.247.116.189}} 04:44, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deep Thought]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.220.101.34}} 04:10, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Plant]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.137.152.194}} 08:48, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vest-telemark rådet]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Oeytveit}} 08:50, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sharks use up to 50,000 teeth in alltogether lifetime]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|5.149.15.233}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|80.90.87.201}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charlotte Winters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.78.20.212}} 12:14, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bruce Buck]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 16:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Apple Music]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Ani Didebashvili}} 16:12, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|157.52.21.130}} 12:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Member of the British House of Commons]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.115.58.180}} 12:31, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sar Faraz Harfi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cerys hartwright]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|143.159.84.202}} 11:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:United Federation of Planets]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|174.86.123.175}} 13:53, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rockaway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.51.172.221}} 13:54, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hazza Al Mansouri]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.49.187.195}} 13:56, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:George Peter Alexander Healy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:715:6100:444F:939:630C:5188}} 13:12, 29 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Japanese carpentry]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.22.231.133}} 08:23, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cortex (botany)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.9.249.153}} 08:45, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:FA Youth Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 08:47, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magnate]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2600:1700:610:B110:4952:E366:9B30:EE96}} 08:55, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tekken (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.74.131.231}} 15:31, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Qashqadaryo Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.230.112.18}} 16:07, 30 September 2019 (UTC) === October 2019 === # [[:Standard footnotes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|136.228.174.191}} 08:54, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marley's Ghosts]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.180.33.5}} 12:44, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Afraz Shaikh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.216.165.2}} 14:49, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lucy Hawking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|178.23.212.81}} 15:02, 2 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nae nae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.24.152.14}} 16:01, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amalia Fuentes]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos}} 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arabic letters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:7F17:7401:247D:9915:31B1:6433}} 15:15, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of banking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.36.49.56}} 08:49, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of games played between NBA and international teams]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.71.230.226}} 13:51, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chedi Amir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:14, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Absinthiana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.162.91.75}} 14:29, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:CraftYT]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Missouri Fox Trotter]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.191.190.125}} 15:49, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 128]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|83.31.194.166}} 17:25, 12 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:RichelleParr8]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|RichelleParr8}} 11:19, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hammock]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2.50.213.243}} 14:48, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deliquescent]]: {{tl|QD}} 14:53, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Year Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:A018:202:F900:60C6:5927:E026:4448}} 14:17, 14 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Meteorological history of Typhoon Hagibis (2019)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:36, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hackerspace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.235.223.25}} 14:37, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:FIFA World Player of the Year]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|88.11.115.41}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.152.49.25}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fair dealing in United Kingdom law]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.105.34.42}} 14:39, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Serryfukgomiludosjgl]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|143.255.58.55}} 15:19, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dirty Frank’s Hot Dog Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Home messaging]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:A new message has arrived]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yogabrata Chakraborty]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:05, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Donkeyballs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.67.72.50}} 15:30, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Microsoft Expression Web]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:AA01:9F9B:8D67:752F:429B:C9B0}} 15:38, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Flag of the Ba'ath Party]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:243:CC80:7A0:7020:21FD:47BF:D487}} 17:03, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Corbyn besson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.96.40.122}} 15:09, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.36.70.50}} 15:47, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Minaret]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:41, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Letuses]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.11.14.254}} 17:20, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jose Altuve]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 17:21, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:PitchMen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.98.95.87}} 22:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ethical dilemma]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.174.188.1}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silvers elements]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|70.91.135.225}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Moving industry]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.78.76.107}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:PeoplesTemplate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.138.43.190}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Koelkast]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|213.125.65.138}} 17:19, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:State function]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|39.33.83.80}} 15:05, 30 October 2019 (UTC) === November 2019 === # [[:Moti museum]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|185.98.124.97}} 09:18, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bird's opening]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.102.247.4}} 09:23, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:14, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Medea (play)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:B80:0:95:0:0:0:D0}} 11:55, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ambika kushwaha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:11, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:38, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Vianney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.134.135}} 15:13, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Devra Davis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|45.73.154.146}} 16:02, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Centralbayacademy}} 16:03, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 18:16, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oslo Accords]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.179.207.239}} 07:38, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jamie kingmullar Dellie]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:34, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Muntasir Billah Mahdi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Muntasir Billah Mahdi}} 17:37, 12 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom Almeria]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:11, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:SKSKSK]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:12, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hiram Johnson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.108.193.11}} 02:26, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Michael Müller]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|217.232.191.229}} 12:10, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.46.211.102}} 10:13, 24 November 2019 (UTC) === December 2019 === # [[:Rectangle]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.221.38.73}} 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B02F:BF13:1565:7DDD:60AC:7D5E}} 02:11, 4 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B014:FB6F:31A5:176E:BAAF:6AF5}} 05:09, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Moshier]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B012:1F89:51A6:1188:DA76:B405}} 05:12, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Www.Jaykishanpandey.com]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:22, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam R. Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B00C:6A9D:5C0:877E:D14A:1C3D}} 05:27, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Prince Diana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:1980:8247:C15C:1C56:D865:E446:A903}} 06:47, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pentadactyl limb]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|73.140.43.174}} 08:38, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cristina Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rebecca Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nancy Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nuclear weapons of the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Republic of Hawaii]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:11, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Water cycle Essay with few words]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|104.181.1.48}} 01:12, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Old State House (Boston)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|100.12.70.92}} 01:13, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:File talk:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|206.78.215.176}} 01:14, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:La Palma]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.219.107.252}} 09:47, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Montague]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|185.163.29.244}} 09:50, 11 December 2019 (UTC) === August 2020 === # [[:Ram Babu Yadav]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:59th Street Lexington Avenue station BMT Broadway Line]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:47, 9 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sahil Bagdi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:05, 15 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Country Disneymania]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:57, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:ConnectedDrive]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shusshi Teishi}} 11:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mayestron]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:34, 22 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Santana MontanaReal]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Santana MontanaReal}} 08:17, 27 August 2020 (UTC) === September 2020 === # [[:The Substitute]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:33, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Haider Sultan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:39, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Michael Steele]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|208.88.253.34}} 12:40, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nisa Harrison]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:47, 4 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Thailand]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.87.13.213}} 11:23, 7 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryaDB}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User talk:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJRE]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJNR]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea Bridge]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:25, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Zach Conley]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|201.251.229.68}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ra's love and interest]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|131.242.7.132}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Tatars]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea annexation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of awards and nominations received by Eminem]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|193.248.201.167}} 12:40, 17 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Capital Territory of Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2405:201:2009:2810:4D08:9D7:B204:C227}} 05:28, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dallas Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 07:48, 20 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 13:56, 29 September 2020 (UTC) === October 2020 === # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:07, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:User info2]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:38, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:44, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4070:68C:D317:EC4D:85DE:1401:F082}} 05:40, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:کص]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.234.59.109}} 07:49, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Maplewashing]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Telsho}} 08:16, 11 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Watson and crick model of dna]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|182.177.233.157}} 08:24, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mountains classification in the Tour de France]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|152.32.112.253}} 08:39, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nicky Wire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:KOMBU]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:IDAKKA]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:NBCUniversal Television Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|152.32.113.189}} 11:52, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twice]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:39, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Girls' Generation-TTS]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:49, 18 October 2020 (UTC) === December 2020 === # [[:Tulu Nad]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 04:10, 4 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Disenfranchisement]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|68.195.148.82}} 07:01, 11 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arkham khan lucknow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|46.152.34.81}} 12:02, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Javier Otxoa]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:47, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ray45]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:804:5100:4D55:3F2E:71B8:C4CA}} 08:54, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matthew Senreich]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sketch comedy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dave Hill (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jean-Yves Raimbaud]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marc du Pontavice]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matt Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Don Michael Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Olivier Jean-Marie]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tony Sampson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam Vincent (voice actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crunchbase]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|43.249.232.45}} 08:58, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Mohd Amir Zaidi}} 08:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hokkaido University]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Arad.rashidian}} 10:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}} 15:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twin language]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:100E:B137:C2B:3DB3:46E2:E90B:8255}} 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Sony Pictures Television programs]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|151.192.243.208}} 10:48, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned Patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Tonym2580xdf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tonym2580xdf}} 13:57, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Geology of the Moon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.104.10.75}} 00:42, 26 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:MohammadMehdi Rajabzadeh]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|VsDFRT}} 03:11, 27 December 2020 (UTC) === January 2021 === # [[:User:AryashahnaughtyJapanese]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:19, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Arya Kinchitkumar Shah]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:35, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mary Catherine Bateson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ngozikalu879}} 23:41, 8 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Agra division]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 09:17, 9 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Category:Chennai district]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 00:06, 10 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Precise]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:30, 23 January 2021 (UTC) === February 2021 === # [[:User:Shebi1234]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shebi1234}} 11:45, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Teletubbies (characters)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.155}} 12:01, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Anika]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:43, 28 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|74.89.134.163}} 08:52, 28 February 2021 (UTC) === March 2021 === # [[:Talk:Big Mouth]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Flossenfüße]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Habiba Ghribi]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hauspferd]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Dentistryatsheppard]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Dentistryatsheppard}} 05:42, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2003-Present)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8501:5190:70E7:5652:928C:7F0B}} 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:58, 10 March 2021 (UTC) === April 2021 === # [[:Template:Infobox Iranian Singer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Amiirsm}} 09:22, 28 April 2021 (UTC) # [[:Khashayar ghajar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:54, 28 April 2021 (UTC) === May 2021 === # [[:User:Vignesh professional boxer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Vignesh professional boxer}} 05:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Gilbert Diendéré]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.179.134.28}} 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mohsen Avid]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:100000 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2405:205:C921:8DD:0:0:28F:90A1}} 04:53, 3 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Fatherland's Front (Austria)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.198.39.38}} 15:48, 8 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kinbo Corporation]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|192.141.42.242}} 03:52, 9 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ashim KC]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 15 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Haider (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Mar dun ga}} 00:35, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:American Masters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Live from Lincoln Center]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Vinay Kumar konatala]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vinay Kumar konatala}} 04:02, 26 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Chungha discography]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|DynamiteIce}} 11:24, 27 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kinchit Shah]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:23, 30 May 2021 (UTC) === June 2021 === # [[:César Acuña]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 03:40, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mauricio Mulder]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Javier Velásquez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) === July 2021 === # [[:User:Freddie Warmbread]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Freddie Warmbread}} 11:21, 5 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Haider Khan]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ushna.gf}} 08:35, 13 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Khan (actors)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2400:ADC7:917:6A00:1548:9775:5244:F8C3}} 02:52, 15 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Casinokto]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Casinokto}} 08:04, 17 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Sok Kimsa]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|203.144.88.45}} 00:28, 26 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Tech Talk2]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:59, 31 July 2021 (UTC) === August 2021 === # [[:Swapnil Aggarwal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:59, 7 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:กรุงเทพมหานคร]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|112.200.194.21}} 12:51, 13 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Unreal Engine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|81.17.137.73}} 12:29, 14 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Persea americana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.54.176.190}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Dinosaur Game]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|202.91.75.86}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kimsa Sok (2003)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Sinn Zinnmin}} 09:40, 31 August 2021 (UTC) === September 2021 === # [[:Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:49, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:50, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Keenan kahill]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:01, 30 September 2021 (UTC) === October 2021 === # [[:Bardzo lubię ser i uwielbiam go.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 08:39, 2 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Pakistanis]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 01:05, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Naturaleza]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|190.186.82.122}} 01:50, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Polo G]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.165.99.200}} 08:06, 7 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:River polution]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|John032405}} 01:18, 31 October 2021 (UTC) === November 2021 === # [[:Taming of the Shrew]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.48.92}} 03:02, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:08, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:SOS Children's Villages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.203.53.165}} 02:57, 29 November 2021 (UTC) === December 2021 === # [[:Percy the Small Engine]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:8081:506:B6B3:2CDB:6FFB:9207:306B}} 09:35, 21 December 2021 (UTC) === January 2022 === # [[:Blacked.com]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 13:43, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White boys]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White girls]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Farti B]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thanksgiving (États-Unis)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.139.182.18}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fruit du démon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.138.119.178}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Apex Legends]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Oiseau]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Seconde Guerre mondiale]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|85.14.144.78}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Alain Souchon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.154.56.249}} 14:17, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Leiterplatte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:871:23A:599B:295D:B5AD:96A3:CBDC}} 14:19, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Comedy movie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|70.184.171.16}} 14:20, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Piano beruto]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|94.36.132.154}} 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Laine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:アーヤ シャー]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|アーヤ シャー}} 08:38, 19 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fascismo]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|82.60.205.106}} 15:55, 31 January 2022 (UTC) === April 2022 === # [[:Transvestism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:4976:E3F7:BE87:BB}} 09:26, 10 April 2022 (UTC) === May 2022 === # [[:User:Ngonishana07]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ngonishana07}} 07:44, 7 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Oaliur Rahman Sadaf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oaliur Rahman Sadaf}} 15:42, 8 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Bgmaster]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Bgmaster}} 06:11, 10 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dev DD]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2402:3A80:D75:60AA:0:1C:A4F2:E301}} 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC) === June 2022 === # [[:Clappa Don]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:21, 9 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:આર્યગુજરાત]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|આર્યગુજરાત}} 12:27, 16 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:IndianRailwaysArya]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:21, 22 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:7984113952arya]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:14, 25 June 2022 (UTC) === January 2023 === # [[:Teeth blackening]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Frontfrog}} 15:30, 26 January 2023 (UTC) === July 2023 === # [[:Emergency crew]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:59, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Anyang]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 05:30, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1973–74 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:01, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1987–88 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:03, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1995–96 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:04, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Luqman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:06, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Annibale de Gasparis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:511 Davida]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Alemão]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:10, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Isoelectric]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|92.21.6.4}} 17:37, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:Shakargarh]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 06:57, 16 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 10:56, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 13:48, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Taito]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:51, 18 July 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:News conference]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|79.78.115.206}} 17:30, 13 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Michael Jacksoff]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Emisqee}} 17:47, 13 January 2024 (UTC) === February 2024 === # [[:User:Minorax/adminlist.js]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 2 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dot and the Kangaroo (2030 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 11:10, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sanjay Govil]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:12, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sanjay Govil]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:42, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Miss Farah]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|197.1.69.54}} 14:18, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Tamizhaga Vaazhvurimai katchi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tamizhaga Vaazhvurimai katchi}} 05:18, 5 February 2024 (UTC) === March 2024 === # [[:Talk:Clyde Bruckman]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|XXBlackburnXx}} 04:59, 17 March 2024 (UTC) === April 2024 === # [[:Dr. Supratim Akaash Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:15, 8 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yin Boran]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:2021 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|198.62.219.22}} 15:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:User:Fire karthik sabapathi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Fire karthik sabapathi}} 01:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Minorax]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|67.170.207.150}} 05:28, 11 April 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|115.135.30.83}} 13:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) jj6g9ys42qaoolcyax3k2podwby2f8i 10330039 10330024 2025-06-14T13:45:06Z Minorax 844779 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Santal people]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330039 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === August 2019 === # [[:Vansh Pandey]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:348C:A54:0:0:2A04:30A1}} 15:30, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:"Nothing without the Deity"]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|205.202.243.140}} 16:22, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|163.150.21.253}} 17:08, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.17.96.242}} 17:13, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Animal Sounds]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|206.180.243.147}} 00:25, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Congregational church]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:1900:1431:686E:8F3:C828:D168}} 00:27, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2604:2D80:5390:1E00:A91A:81D5:A729:8A29}} 00:43, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Image macro]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|23.150.224.56}} 15:23, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Book of Sirach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.22.118.10}} 03:59, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Funny club]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.25.39.69}} 11:48, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Contextual Modernism]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:204:1200:E820:BD24:2F3C:7FB2:FB67}} 14:54, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Henry Wellcome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.143.129.232}} 14:55, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Hello]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 15:25, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arsenal Ladies F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|51.148.65.77}} 15:33, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arsenal L.F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|51.148.65.77}} 15:34, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Florida College]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:41, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Graham Lotz]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Billy Graham rule]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Gospel Coalition]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hatteras Island]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Navicular bone]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1004:B07D:9A48:64A0:24F2:80C0:A903}} 16:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cholermus]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:44, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rutter’s tea]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:44, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Washer (hardware)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:45, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:One is the Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Multiple integral]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:47, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tom Hooper (director)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:E382:5900:6434:1CF3:9314:5E14}} 01:22, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Latin phrases (M)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|210.8.206.194}} 04:59, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Butt plug]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Kayvon2008}} 05:14, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parsnip]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|58.107.166.186}} 08:10, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hail pad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|83.226.120.37}} 12:39, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:I Didn't Do It (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2606:A000:1219:C39F:3DE6:E2F6:E4C9:F214}} 15:00, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Messenger]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:8ACA:1D00:9D1:21C4:92F1:D80B}} 15:38, 31 August 2019 (UTC) === September 2019 === # [[:National Anthem of Manchukuo]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2605:6001:F087:2E01:D8BF:A78D:F152:399D}} 02:29, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Races Under One Union (Manchukuo)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2605:6001:F087:2E01:D8BF:A78D:F152:399D}} 02:30, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:David Cardoza]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|105.61.68.230}} 13:51, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Myocyte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:2A48:7601:E82B:FA4C:A4C2:3E6F}} 13:57, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ava Eagle Brown]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|42.106.216.251}} 14:50, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Antonin Artaud]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.41.128.36}} 03:42, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|139.80.253.64}} 11:01, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catholic Monarchs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.42.122.7}} 11:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sixth generation of video game consoles]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|194.81.49.186}} 13:45, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hindustan Republican Association]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|1.187.81.68}} 14:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Catalysis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C3:780:8EC4:45FF:5FAB:B511:9D3}} 02:32, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Princess Akishino]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|180.150.86.11}} 02:51, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Calcium sulfate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.5.210.2}} 03:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:August Dvorak]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:C9B0:4500:E9CB:5E5A:3927:9308}} 12:55, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:China Pakistan Economic Corridor]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 12:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Salutation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:205:2083:2582:7F3B:80F9:C85D:2BC5}} 14:01, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:San Andrés (island)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:45, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Providencia Island]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:46, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tamil–Kudagu languages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4072:6298:AE54:0:0:1887:78A5}} 16:50, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chenghua Emperor]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|73.10.254.188}} 02:14, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:My Super Ex-Girlfriend]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|59.100.7.201}} 05:15, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:War flag]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|182.186.31.238}} 06:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Enoggera Barracks]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.173.187.136}} 08:35, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dennis Kelly]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.198.47.38}} 09:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bauer lexicon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|112.207.102.117}} 13:08, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:83:8100:58D7:F5DB:E338:81C6:A6B6}} 14:41, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Full-time]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:56, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Editorial]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:McKeesport, Pennsylvania]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2804:1B2:8180:CF62:9400:74E7:5FC1:A2D5}} 17:06, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coefficient of variation]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:C880:AE0:FDE6:3706:5A69:253C}} 01:56, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oramiriukwa River]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.4.85.94}} 02:04, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hibiscus brackenridgei]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:8589:2E44:FD76:E65E:891E:2788}} 09:23, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rahul Kumar Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:24, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hittler]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:48, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.21}} 14:38, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Metacom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.203.38.101}} 15:34, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mustafa Ali]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.9.145.206}} 15:53, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jazz rap]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.157.40.16}} 15:57, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mumble rock]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:14, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:3910:6930:A171:9C79:25B0:47EA}} 02:47, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charles Lee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.113.242.211}} 03:41, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kwa languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.221.101.116}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|188.39.51.170}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Text placeholder]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 13:17, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Belus (Egyptian)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.225.189.78}} 13:49, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Las virgenes de estados unidos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|67.203.240.34}} 17:03, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|109.159.78.61}} 08:44, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Mojave]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|147.148.47.21}} 15:01, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:California bungalow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D4:D42C:FC7D:B7A9:A5DE:B37}} 15:32, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cimbasso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.214.179.217}} 15:45, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:04, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:20, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:100 facts u should know]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|61.12.40.74}} 14:30, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Emperor Higashiyama]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:204:C101:F3DC:E007:E4D:B2A6:515D}} 03:18, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.40.46}} 04:10, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kottayam]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|84.21.152.164}} 09:19, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amjad ahmad as]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:06, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wyomingraptor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|207.210.154.52}} 13:23, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.244.181.241}} 14:16, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Team Ineos]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.113.57.166}} 15:54, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pelican (mythology)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.18.41}} 16:09, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mobilization]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|102.141.73.17}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:University of Munich]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|122.8.199.38}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.19}} 17:02, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nora Tokhosepyan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:17, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greek Dark Age]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.29.176.111}} 17:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:In Waves (Trivium album)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|220.239.78.90}} 06:27, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:12, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:58, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Steven Ginsburg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.70.90.2}} 11:43, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rassismus]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Vanessa.f1606}} 12:03, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Victor Francis Hess]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|209.249.55.140}} 12:10, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rosetta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Demotic]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doc gleason]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.246.6.146}} 13:44, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Leinbach Company]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.15.201.120}} 15:29, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Intiaz Haniff]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:42, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sothis (mythology)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|65.51.23.34}} 16:48, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:T.I. (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2601:154:8380:4F00:BD88:4F5E:1A58:C2C3}} 01:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Communist Party of Nepal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.32.42}} 01:47, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Material monism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|187.189.217.75}} 02:23, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shivaji Maharaj]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:58E:F323:55D5:3CB8:8B6F:6BE9}} 03:43, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:S. Robson Walton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|76.64.165.75}} 04:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|42.110.136.253}} 05:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rewa division]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|43.229.226.174}} 07:07, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of BL dramas and series]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hirok Raja}} 08:25, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bandwidth (disambiguation))]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 10:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Languages of Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:982:6FB4:0:0:2047:F0B1}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Temple of Zeus]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.6.114.77}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lutin?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.190.216.143}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cu computer]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.252.177.34}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fomalhaut]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Treatment of slaves in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:360F:3500:8B3:6762:8DAF:480E}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analytic geometry]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Soup kitchen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:469D:2200:C4ED:91F8:3F44:5008}} 18:02, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|63.137.76.11}} 23:59, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Square–cube law]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 00:00, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Polyvinyl acetate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Monaco Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:80:46D0:F47B:B778:484B:1EE8}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Le Blanc-Mesnil]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.124.4.98}} 03:27, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Type erasure]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|117.245.139.227}} 07:53, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare's wife)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|187.189.126.78}} 14:45, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Hong Kong protests]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:10, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Denwen]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.174}} 16:16, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Spectroscopic measurement]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|183.82.23.36}} 02:19, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Politics of Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.159}} 08:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.168}} 09:02, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ѱ]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.168.42.80}} 09:33, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vincenzo Ferdinandi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|194.243.213.83}} 12:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brandon rogers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.2.103.161}} 13:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quinton hook]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|22hooke}} 13:38, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/J-Pimp (rapper)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|大诺史}} 14:37, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Government of New York]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.165.252.136}} 15:53, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Roy Oliver Disney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:83F:8700:A4D4:9494:7139:C2FE}} 22:28, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Duke of Cleveland]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.252.53.15}} 01:17, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:File:Saint Elizabeth in Jamaica.svg]]: [[WP:QD#F1|CSD F1]] ({{tl|db-prohibitedimage}}); notified {{user|41.203.78.126}} 05:08, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Extreme Dodgeball]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1806:5CC4:1:2:7851:E98B}} 13:26, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fdjhkuyfvg]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2.29.126.7}} 13:41, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|197.237.223.90}} 14:34, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catamaran]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:4E2E:C01C:0:0:9F09:FE10}} 22:43, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:British rule in India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:D103:3DD4:0:0:D55:20A5}} 07:48, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magmatism]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:DF1:800:C004:1:0:0:1}} 10:59, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Environment (biophysical)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|120.29.109.98}} 11:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:KSS Design Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.100.170.132}} 13:36, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Barry Munnik Hertzog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|89.211.33.81}} 18:03, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chota Nagpur Plateau]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vindhya Mountains]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Middle India]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bette Cooper]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.255.129.54}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doritoes]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.207}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Francis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mesto Kun]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:49, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silsium]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|79.161.95.131}} 07:22, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Reformist socialism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.39.40.2}} 09:20, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mr mcewan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.195.236.5}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lori Dana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LoriDanaTius]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Puppet Designer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 10:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:54, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Christian Right]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|216.48.140.128}} 14:12, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yash]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nutrororti}} 17:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.204}} 01:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jonothancooper]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.211}} 04:16, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden kay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.203}} 04:36, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jashodaben Chimanlal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:B205:35AC:D948:CA8F:2BDE:9C2}} 06:08, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mines strike]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:678:464:A0E3:B5F4:2448:9C8:BAFF}} 08:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Player unknowns battle grounds]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|94.141.68.90}} 10:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:M62 motorway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.188.174.199}} 10:46, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:North carolina colony]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.138.118.188}} 13:15, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Massive parallel processing]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.181.23.104}} 13:21, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analsex]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:2811:9AE0:6C9C:ECB6:C267:BDCF}} 13:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greaser (subculture)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|74.112.114.161}} 14:13, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:William Williams (Connecticut politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.185.200.34}} 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bryce barkdull]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Hicks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|130.132.173.157}} 16:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:East African Campaign (World War II)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.37.28.30}} 06:43, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:F Sharp (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 08:59, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Node]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.142}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fetch decode execute cycle]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|88.211.72.122}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:DBS Bank]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|218.186.174.211}} 11:06, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Bowling]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.150.117.210}} 15:17, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gurmukhī]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:7F}} 15:18, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alois Hitler, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.33.135.182}} 15:34, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Diet of Speyer]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.45.57.98}} 15:36, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Climate of India]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|194.168.211.54}} 09:34, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:1990–91 Chicago Bulls season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|176.59.12.80}} 09:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sologub Nikolay Nikolaevich]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alien (law)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.139.119.16}} 13:45, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Remain Private Limited]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Olivia]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smalltalk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brother Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Finbar]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.227.248.120}} 14:11, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 15:54, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Abrar Moriya]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:17, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Margaret of Anjou]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Champisthebest123}} 17:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Design Museum]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:1281:8100:F04F:5368:F4E3:B2A9}} 17:20, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anglosajones]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|90.249.1.194}} 17:26, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The goldfinch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 03:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ed sheeran album]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|80.123.91.154}} 08:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|208.54.80.193}} 12:44, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.164.136.178}} 14:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Peterparler]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|96.4.79.24}} 15:16, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Warp (weaving)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|50.226.220.254}} 16:46, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alelepop]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|73.8.178.80}} 04:14, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Monika Linkytė]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|78.62.177.224}} 07:04, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LeJean Coetzee]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:1861:8AF0:D37E:6047}} 12:24, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kishore Raj Narayan Patar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|125.236.134.40}} 06:39, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The 3DO Company]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.14.168.130}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Birth rate]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.192.92.97}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Balsa wood]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.180.35.13}} 11:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joél Filsaime (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:91F8:6E3D:ACE3:A5EE}} 12:55, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2010 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.26.84.30}} 15:28, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Socialism with a human face]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.19.41}} 15:30, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eyes of a Blue Dog]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.21.36.74}} 16:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Acrosome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.4.87.33}} 04:48, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of numbers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.99.218.190}} 04:49, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sekolah Bogor Raya]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|119.18.159.170}} 05:54, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anup Dhir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:08, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Choosing Independence Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:15, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parapithecidae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.232.178.242}} 14:34, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Virgin of the Rocks]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.1}} 14:39, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Behavior tree (artificial intelligence, robotics and control)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.83.84.254}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ben austin]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|182.69.122.58}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dictatorship of the proletariat]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.185.78.10}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of wars]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|40.138.64.34}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Establish]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.194.86.83}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sword swallowers]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|178.77.200.243}} 17:17, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:BoxRec]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|177.247.116.189}} 04:44, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deep Thought]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.220.101.34}} 04:10, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Plant]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.137.152.194}} 08:48, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vest-telemark rådet]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Oeytveit}} 08:50, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sharks use up to 50,000 teeth in alltogether lifetime]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|5.149.15.233}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|80.90.87.201}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charlotte Winters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.78.20.212}} 12:14, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bruce Buck]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 16:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Apple Music]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Ani Didebashvili}} 16:12, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|157.52.21.130}} 12:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Member of the British House of Commons]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.115.58.180}} 12:31, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sar Faraz Harfi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cerys hartwright]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|143.159.84.202}} 11:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:United Federation of Planets]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|174.86.123.175}} 13:53, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rockaway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.51.172.221}} 13:54, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hazza Al Mansouri]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.49.187.195}} 13:56, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:George Peter Alexander Healy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:715:6100:444F:939:630C:5188}} 13:12, 29 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Japanese carpentry]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.22.231.133}} 08:23, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cortex (botany)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.9.249.153}} 08:45, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:FA Youth Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 08:47, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magnate]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2600:1700:610:B110:4952:E366:9B30:EE96}} 08:55, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tekken (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.74.131.231}} 15:31, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Qashqadaryo Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.230.112.18}} 16:07, 30 September 2019 (UTC) === October 2019 === # [[:Standard footnotes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|136.228.174.191}} 08:54, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marley's Ghosts]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.180.33.5}} 12:44, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Afraz Shaikh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.216.165.2}} 14:49, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lucy Hawking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|178.23.212.81}} 15:02, 2 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nae nae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.24.152.14}} 16:01, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amalia Fuentes]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos}} 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arabic letters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:7F17:7401:247D:9915:31B1:6433}} 15:15, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of banking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.36.49.56}} 08:49, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of games played between NBA and international teams]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.71.230.226}} 13:51, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chedi Amir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:14, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Absinthiana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.162.91.75}} 14:29, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:CraftYT]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Missouri Fox Trotter]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.191.190.125}} 15:49, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 128]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|83.31.194.166}} 17:25, 12 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:RichelleParr8]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|RichelleParr8}} 11:19, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hammock]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2.50.213.243}} 14:48, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deliquescent]]: {{tl|QD}} 14:53, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Year Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:A018:202:F900:60C6:5927:E026:4448}} 14:17, 14 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Meteorological history of Typhoon Hagibis (2019)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:36, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hackerspace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.235.223.25}} 14:37, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:FIFA World Player of the Year]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|88.11.115.41}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.152.49.25}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fair dealing in United Kingdom law]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.105.34.42}} 14:39, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Serryfukgomiludosjgl]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|143.255.58.55}} 15:19, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dirty Frank’s Hot Dog Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Home messaging]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:A new message has arrived]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yogabrata Chakraborty]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:05, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Donkeyballs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.67.72.50}} 15:30, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Microsoft Expression Web]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:AA01:9F9B:8D67:752F:429B:C9B0}} 15:38, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Flag of the Ba'ath Party]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:243:CC80:7A0:7020:21FD:47BF:D487}} 17:03, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Corbyn besson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.96.40.122}} 15:09, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.36.70.50}} 15:47, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Minaret]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:41, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Letuses]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.11.14.254}} 17:20, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jose Altuve]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 17:21, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:PitchMen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.98.95.87}} 22:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ethical dilemma]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.174.188.1}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silvers elements]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|70.91.135.225}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Moving industry]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.78.76.107}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:PeoplesTemplate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.138.43.190}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Koelkast]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|213.125.65.138}} 17:19, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:State function]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|39.33.83.80}} 15:05, 30 October 2019 (UTC) === November 2019 === # [[:Moti museum]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|185.98.124.97}} 09:18, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bird's opening]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.102.247.4}} 09:23, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:14, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Medea (play)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:B80:0:95:0:0:0:D0}} 11:55, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ambika kushwaha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:11, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:38, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Vianney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.134.135}} 15:13, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Devra Davis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|45.73.154.146}} 16:02, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Centralbayacademy}} 16:03, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 18:16, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oslo Accords]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.179.207.239}} 07:38, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jamie kingmullar Dellie]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:34, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Muntasir Billah Mahdi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Muntasir Billah Mahdi}} 17:37, 12 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom Almeria]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:11, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:SKSKSK]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:12, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hiram Johnson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.108.193.11}} 02:26, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Michael Müller]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|217.232.191.229}} 12:10, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.46.211.102}} 10:13, 24 November 2019 (UTC) === December 2019 === # [[:Rectangle]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.221.38.73}} 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B02F:BF13:1565:7DDD:60AC:7D5E}} 02:11, 4 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B014:FB6F:31A5:176E:BAAF:6AF5}} 05:09, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Moshier]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B012:1F89:51A6:1188:DA76:B405}} 05:12, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Www.Jaykishanpandey.com]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:22, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam R. Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B00C:6A9D:5C0:877E:D14A:1C3D}} 05:27, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Prince Diana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:1980:8247:C15C:1C56:D865:E446:A903}} 06:47, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pentadactyl limb]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|73.140.43.174}} 08:38, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cristina Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rebecca Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nancy Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nuclear weapons of the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Republic of Hawaii]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:11, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Water cycle Essay with few words]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|104.181.1.48}} 01:12, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Old State House (Boston)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|100.12.70.92}} 01:13, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:File talk:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|206.78.215.176}} 01:14, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:La Palma]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.219.107.252}} 09:47, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Montague]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|185.163.29.244}} 09:50, 11 December 2019 (UTC) === August 2020 === # [[:Ram Babu Yadav]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:59th Street Lexington Avenue station BMT Broadway Line]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:47, 9 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sahil Bagdi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:05, 15 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Country Disneymania]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:57, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:ConnectedDrive]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shusshi Teishi}} 11:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mayestron]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:34, 22 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Santana MontanaReal]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Santana MontanaReal}} 08:17, 27 August 2020 (UTC) === September 2020 === # [[:The Substitute]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:33, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Haider Sultan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:39, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Michael Steele]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|208.88.253.34}} 12:40, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nisa Harrison]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:47, 4 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Thailand]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.87.13.213}} 11:23, 7 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryaDB}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User talk:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJRE]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJNR]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea Bridge]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:25, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Zach Conley]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|201.251.229.68}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ra's love and interest]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|131.242.7.132}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Tatars]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea annexation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of awards and nominations received by Eminem]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|193.248.201.167}} 12:40, 17 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Capital Territory of Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2405:201:2009:2810:4D08:9D7:B204:C227}} 05:28, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dallas Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 07:48, 20 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 13:56, 29 September 2020 (UTC) === October 2020 === # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:07, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:User info2]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:38, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:44, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4070:68C:D317:EC4D:85DE:1401:F082}} 05:40, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:کص]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.234.59.109}} 07:49, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Maplewashing]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Telsho}} 08:16, 11 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Watson and crick model of dna]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|182.177.233.157}} 08:24, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mountains classification in the Tour de France]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|152.32.112.253}} 08:39, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nicky Wire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:KOMBU]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:IDAKKA]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:NBCUniversal Television Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|152.32.113.189}} 11:52, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twice]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:39, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Girls' Generation-TTS]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:49, 18 October 2020 (UTC) === December 2020 === # [[:Tulu Nad]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 04:10, 4 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Disenfranchisement]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|68.195.148.82}} 07:01, 11 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arkham khan lucknow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|46.152.34.81}} 12:02, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Javier Otxoa]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:47, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ray45]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:804:5100:4D55:3F2E:71B8:C4CA}} 08:54, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matthew Senreich]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sketch comedy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dave Hill (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jean-Yves Raimbaud]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marc du Pontavice]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matt Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Don Michael Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Olivier Jean-Marie]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tony Sampson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam Vincent (voice actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crunchbase]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|43.249.232.45}} 08:58, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Mohd Amir Zaidi}} 08:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hokkaido University]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Arad.rashidian}} 10:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}} 15:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twin language]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:100E:B137:C2B:3DB3:46E2:E90B:8255}} 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Sony Pictures Television programs]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|151.192.243.208}} 10:48, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned Patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Tonym2580xdf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tonym2580xdf}} 13:57, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Geology of the Moon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.104.10.75}} 00:42, 26 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:MohammadMehdi Rajabzadeh]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|VsDFRT}} 03:11, 27 December 2020 (UTC) === January 2021 === # [[:User:AryashahnaughtyJapanese]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:19, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Arya Kinchitkumar Shah]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:35, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mary Catherine Bateson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ngozikalu879}} 23:41, 8 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Agra division]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 09:17, 9 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Category:Chennai district]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 00:06, 10 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Precise]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:30, 23 January 2021 (UTC) === February 2021 === # [[:User:Shebi1234]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shebi1234}} 11:45, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Teletubbies (characters)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.155}} 12:01, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Anika]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:43, 28 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|74.89.134.163}} 08:52, 28 February 2021 (UTC) === March 2021 === # [[:Talk:Big Mouth]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Flossenfüße]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Habiba Ghribi]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hauspferd]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Dentistryatsheppard]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Dentistryatsheppard}} 05:42, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2003-Present)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8501:5190:70E7:5652:928C:7F0B}} 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:58, 10 March 2021 (UTC) === April 2021 === # [[:Template:Infobox Iranian Singer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Amiirsm}} 09:22, 28 April 2021 (UTC) # [[:Khashayar ghajar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:54, 28 April 2021 (UTC) === May 2021 === # [[:User:Vignesh professional boxer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Vignesh professional boxer}} 05:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Gilbert Diendéré]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.179.134.28}} 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mohsen Avid]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:100000 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2405:205:C921:8DD:0:0:28F:90A1}} 04:53, 3 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Fatherland's Front (Austria)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.198.39.38}} 15:48, 8 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kinbo Corporation]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|192.141.42.242}} 03:52, 9 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ashim KC]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 15 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Haider (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Mar dun ga}} 00:35, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:American Masters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Live from Lincoln Center]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Vinay Kumar konatala]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vinay Kumar konatala}} 04:02, 26 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Chungha discography]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|DynamiteIce}} 11:24, 27 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kinchit Shah]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:23, 30 May 2021 (UTC) === June 2021 === # [[:César Acuña]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 03:40, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mauricio Mulder]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Javier Velásquez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) === July 2021 === # [[:User:Freddie Warmbread]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Freddie Warmbread}} 11:21, 5 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Haider Khan]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ushna.gf}} 08:35, 13 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Khan (actors)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2400:ADC7:917:6A00:1548:9775:5244:F8C3}} 02:52, 15 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Casinokto]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Casinokto}} 08:04, 17 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Sok Kimsa]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|203.144.88.45}} 00:28, 26 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Tech Talk2]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:59, 31 July 2021 (UTC) === August 2021 === # [[:Swapnil Aggarwal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:59, 7 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:กรุงเทพมหานคร]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|112.200.194.21}} 12:51, 13 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Unreal Engine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|81.17.137.73}} 12:29, 14 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Persea americana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.54.176.190}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Dinosaur Game]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|202.91.75.86}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kimsa Sok (2003)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Sinn Zinnmin}} 09:40, 31 August 2021 (UTC) === September 2021 === # [[:Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:49, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:50, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Keenan kahill]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:01, 30 September 2021 (UTC) === October 2021 === # [[:Bardzo lubię ser i uwielbiam go.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 08:39, 2 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Pakistanis]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 01:05, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Naturaleza]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|190.186.82.122}} 01:50, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Polo G]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.165.99.200}} 08:06, 7 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:River polution]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|John032405}} 01:18, 31 October 2021 (UTC) === November 2021 === # [[:Taming of the Shrew]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.48.92}} 03:02, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:08, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:SOS Children's Villages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.203.53.165}} 02:57, 29 November 2021 (UTC) === December 2021 === # [[:Percy the Small Engine]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:8081:506:B6B3:2CDB:6FFB:9207:306B}} 09:35, 21 December 2021 (UTC) === January 2022 === # [[:Blacked.com]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 13:43, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White boys]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White girls]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Farti B]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thanksgiving (États-Unis)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.139.182.18}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fruit du démon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.138.119.178}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Apex Legends]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Oiseau]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Seconde Guerre mondiale]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|85.14.144.78}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Alain Souchon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.154.56.249}} 14:17, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Leiterplatte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:871:23A:599B:295D:B5AD:96A3:CBDC}} 14:19, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Comedy movie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|70.184.171.16}} 14:20, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Piano beruto]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|94.36.132.154}} 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Laine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:アーヤ シャー]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|アーヤ シャー}} 08:38, 19 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fascismo]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|82.60.205.106}} 15:55, 31 January 2022 (UTC) === April 2022 === # [[:Transvestism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:4976:E3F7:BE87:BB}} 09:26, 10 April 2022 (UTC) === May 2022 === # [[:User:Ngonishana07]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ngonishana07}} 07:44, 7 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Oaliur Rahman Sadaf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oaliur Rahman Sadaf}} 15:42, 8 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Bgmaster]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Bgmaster}} 06:11, 10 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dev DD]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2402:3A80:D75:60AA:0:1C:A4F2:E301}} 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC) === June 2022 === # [[:Clappa Don]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:21, 9 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:આર્યગુજરાત]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|આર્યગુજરાત}} 12:27, 16 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:IndianRailwaysArya]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:21, 22 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:7984113952arya]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:14, 25 June 2022 (UTC) === January 2023 === # [[:Teeth blackening]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Frontfrog}} 15:30, 26 January 2023 (UTC) === July 2023 === # [[:Emergency crew]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:59, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Anyang]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 05:30, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1973–74 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:01, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1987–88 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:03, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1995–96 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:04, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Luqman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:06, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Annibale de Gasparis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:511 Davida]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Alemão]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:10, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Isoelectric]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|92.21.6.4}} 17:37, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:Shakargarh]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 06:57, 16 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 10:56, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 13:48, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Taito]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:51, 18 July 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:News conference]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|79.78.115.206}} 17:30, 13 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Michael Jacksoff]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Emisqee}} 17:47, 13 January 2024 (UTC) === February 2024 === # [[:User:Minorax/adminlist.js]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 2 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dot and the Kangaroo (2030 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 11:10, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sanjay Govil]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:12, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sanjay Govil]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:42, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Miss Farah]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|197.1.69.54}} 14:18, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Tamizhaga Vaazhvurimai katchi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tamizhaga Vaazhvurimai katchi}} 05:18, 5 February 2024 (UTC) === March 2024 === # [[:Talk:Clyde Bruckman]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|XXBlackburnXx}} 04:59, 17 March 2024 (UTC) === April 2024 === # [[:Dr. Supratim Akaash Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:15, 8 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yin Boran]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:2021 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|198.62.219.22}} 15:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:User:Fire karthik sabapathi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Fire karthik sabapathi}} 01:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Minorax]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|67.170.207.150}} 05:28, 11 April 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|115.135.30.83}} 13:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Santal people]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Md. Rayan Alam Rifat}} 13:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) rhrwu58bz54ivl88e9uyks1o763lp29 10330049 10330039 2025-06-14T13:46:56Z Minorax 844779 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330049 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === August 2019 === # [[:Vansh Pandey]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:348C:A54:0:0:2A04:30A1}} 15:30, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:"Nothing without the Deity"]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|205.202.243.140}} 16:22, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|163.150.21.253}} 17:08, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.17.96.242}} 17:13, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Animal Sounds]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|206.180.243.147}} 00:25, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Congregational church]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:1900:1431:686E:8F3:C828:D168}} 00:27, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2604:2D80:5390:1E00:A91A:81D5:A729:8A29}} 00:43, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Image macro]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|23.150.224.56}} 15:23, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Book of Sirach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.22.118.10}} 03:59, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Funny club]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.25.39.69}} 11:48, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Contextual Modernism]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:204:1200:E820:BD24:2F3C:7FB2:FB67}} 14:54, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Henry Wellcome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.143.129.232}} 14:55, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Hello]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 15:25, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arsenal Ladies F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|51.148.65.77}} 15:33, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arsenal L.F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|51.148.65.77}} 15:34, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Florida College]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:41, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Graham Lotz]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Billy Graham rule]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:The Gospel Coalition]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hatteras Island]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|83.28.190.104}} 15:43, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Navicular bone]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1004:B07D:9A48:64A0:24F2:80C0:A903}} 16:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cholermus]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:44, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rutter’s tea]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:44, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Washer (hardware)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:45, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:One is the Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:46, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Multiple integral]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.106.154.250}} 17:47, 30 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tom Hooper (director)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:E382:5900:6434:1CF3:9314:5E14}} 01:22, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Latin phrases (M)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|210.8.206.194}} 04:59, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Butt plug]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Kayvon2008}} 05:14, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parsnip]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|58.107.166.186}} 08:10, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hail pad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|83.226.120.37}} 12:39, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:I Didn't Do It (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2606:A000:1219:C39F:3DE6:E2F6:E4C9:F214}} 15:00, 31 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Messenger]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:8ACA:1D00:9D1:21C4:92F1:D80B}} 15:38, 31 August 2019 (UTC) === September 2019 === # [[:National Anthem of Manchukuo]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2605:6001:F087:2E01:D8BF:A78D:F152:399D}} 02:29, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Races Under One Union (Manchukuo)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2605:6001:F087:2E01:D8BF:A78D:F152:399D}} 02:30, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:David Cardoza]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|105.61.68.230}} 13:51, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Myocyte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:2A48:7601:E82B:FA4C:A4C2:3E6F}} 13:57, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ava Eagle Brown]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|42.106.216.251}} 14:50, 1 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Antonin Artaud]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.41.128.36}} 03:42, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|139.80.253.64}} 11:01, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catholic Monarchs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.42.122.7}} 11:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sixth generation of video game consoles]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|194.81.49.186}} 13:45, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hindustan Republican Association]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|1.187.81.68}} 14:57, 2 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Catalysis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C3:780:8EC4:45FF:5FAB:B511:9D3}} 02:32, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Princess Akishino]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|180.150.86.11}} 02:51, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Calcium sulfate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.5.210.2}} 03:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:August Dvorak]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:C9B0:4500:E9CB:5E5A:3927:9308}} 12:55, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:China Pakistan Economic Corridor]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 12:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Salutation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:205:2083:2582:7F3B:80F9:C85D:2BC5}} 14:01, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:San Andrés (island)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:45, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Providencia Island]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:46, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tamil–Kudagu languages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4072:6298:AE54:0:0:1887:78A5}} 16:50, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chenghua Emperor]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|73.10.254.188}} 02:14, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:My Super Ex-Girlfriend]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|59.100.7.201}} 05:15, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:War flag]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|182.186.31.238}} 06:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Enoggera Barracks]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.173.187.136}} 08:35, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dennis Kelly]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.198.47.38}} 09:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bauer lexicon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|112.207.102.117}} 13:08, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:83:8100:58D7:F5DB:E338:81C6:A6B6}} 14:41, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Full-time]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:56, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Editorial]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:McKeesport, Pennsylvania]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2804:1B2:8180:CF62:9400:74E7:5FC1:A2D5}} 17:06, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coefficient of variation]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:C880:AE0:FDE6:3706:5A69:253C}} 01:56, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oramiriukwa River]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.4.85.94}} 02:04, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hibiscus brackenridgei]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:8589:2E44:FD76:E65E:891E:2788}} 09:23, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rahul Kumar Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:24, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hittler]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:48, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.21}} 14:38, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Metacom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.203.38.101}} 15:34, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mustafa Ali]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.9.145.206}} 15:53, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jazz rap]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.157.40.16}} 15:57, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mumble rock]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:14, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:3910:6930:A171:9C79:25B0:47EA}} 02:47, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charles Lee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.113.242.211}} 03:41, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kwa languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.221.101.116}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|188.39.51.170}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Text placeholder]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 13:17, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Belus (Egyptian)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.225.189.78}} 13:49, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Las virgenes de estados unidos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|67.203.240.34}} 17:03, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|109.159.78.61}} 08:44, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Mojave]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|147.148.47.21}} 15:01, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:California bungalow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D4:D42C:FC7D:B7A9:A5DE:B37}} 15:32, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cimbasso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.214.179.217}} 15:45, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:04, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:20, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:100 facts u should know]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|61.12.40.74}} 14:30, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Emperor Higashiyama]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:204:C101:F3DC:E007:E4D:B2A6:515D}} 03:18, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.40.46}} 04:10, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kottayam]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|84.21.152.164}} 09:19, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amjad ahmad as]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:06, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wyomingraptor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|207.210.154.52}} 13:23, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.244.181.241}} 14:16, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Team Ineos]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.113.57.166}} 15:54, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pelican (mythology)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.18.41}} 16:09, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mobilization]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|102.141.73.17}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:University of Munich]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|122.8.199.38}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.19}} 17:02, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nora Tokhosepyan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:17, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greek Dark Age]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.29.176.111}} 17:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:In Waves (Trivium album)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|220.239.78.90}} 06:27, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:12, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:58, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Steven Ginsburg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.70.90.2}} 11:43, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rassismus]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Vanessa.f1606}} 12:03, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Victor Francis Hess]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|209.249.55.140}} 12:10, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rosetta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Demotic]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doc gleason]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.246.6.146}} 13:44, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Leinbach Company]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.15.201.120}} 15:29, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Intiaz Haniff]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:42, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sothis (mythology)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|65.51.23.34}} 16:48, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:T.I. (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2601:154:8380:4F00:BD88:4F5E:1A58:C2C3}} 01:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Communist Party of Nepal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.32.42}} 01:47, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Material monism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|187.189.217.75}} 02:23, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shivaji Maharaj]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:58E:F323:55D5:3CB8:8B6F:6BE9}} 03:43, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:S. Robson Walton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|76.64.165.75}} 04:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|42.110.136.253}} 05:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rewa division]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|43.229.226.174}} 07:07, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of BL dramas and series]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hirok Raja}} 08:25, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bandwidth (disambiguation))]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 10:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Languages of Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:982:6FB4:0:0:2047:F0B1}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Temple of Zeus]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.6.114.77}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lutin?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.190.216.143}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cu computer]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.252.177.34}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fomalhaut]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Treatment of slaves in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:360F:3500:8B3:6762:8DAF:480E}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analytic geometry]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Soup kitchen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:469D:2200:C4ED:91F8:3F44:5008}} 18:02, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|63.137.76.11}} 23:59, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Square–cube law]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 00:00, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Polyvinyl acetate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Monaco Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:80:46D0:F47B:B778:484B:1EE8}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Le Blanc-Mesnil]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.124.4.98}} 03:27, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Type erasure]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|117.245.139.227}} 07:53, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare's wife)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|187.189.126.78}} 14:45, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Hong Kong protests]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:10, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Denwen]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.174}} 16:16, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Spectroscopic measurement]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|183.82.23.36}} 02:19, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Politics of Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.159}} 08:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.168}} 09:02, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ѱ]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.168.42.80}} 09:33, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vincenzo Ferdinandi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|194.243.213.83}} 12:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brandon rogers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.2.103.161}} 13:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quinton hook]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|22hooke}} 13:38, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/J-Pimp (rapper)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|大诺史}} 14:37, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Government of New York]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.165.252.136}} 15:53, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Roy Oliver Disney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:83F:8700:A4D4:9494:7139:C2FE}} 22:28, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Duke of Cleveland]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.252.53.15}} 01:17, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:File:Saint Elizabeth in Jamaica.svg]]: [[WP:QD#F1|CSD F1]] ({{tl|db-prohibitedimage}}); notified {{user|41.203.78.126}} 05:08, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Extreme Dodgeball]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1806:5CC4:1:2:7851:E98B}} 13:26, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fdjhkuyfvg]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2.29.126.7}} 13:41, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|197.237.223.90}} 14:34, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catamaran]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:4E2E:C01C:0:0:9F09:FE10}} 22:43, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:British rule in India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:D103:3DD4:0:0:D55:20A5}} 07:48, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magmatism]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:DF1:800:C004:1:0:0:1}} 10:59, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Environment (biophysical)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|120.29.109.98}} 11:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:KSS Design Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.100.170.132}} 13:36, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Barry Munnik Hertzog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|89.211.33.81}} 18:03, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chota Nagpur Plateau]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vindhya Mountains]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Middle India]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bette Cooper]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.255.129.54}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doritoes]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.207}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Francis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mesto Kun]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:49, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silsium]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|79.161.95.131}} 07:22, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Reformist socialism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.39.40.2}} 09:20, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mr mcewan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.195.236.5}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lori Dana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LoriDanaTius]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Puppet Designer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 10:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:54, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Christian Right]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|216.48.140.128}} 14:12, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yash]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nutrororti}} 17:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.204}} 01:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jonothancooper]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.211}} 04:16, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden kay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.203}} 04:36, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jashodaben Chimanlal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:B205:35AC:D948:CA8F:2BDE:9C2}} 06:08, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mines strike]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:678:464:A0E3:B5F4:2448:9C8:BAFF}} 08:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Player unknowns battle grounds]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|94.141.68.90}} 10:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:M62 motorway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.188.174.199}} 10:46, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:North carolina colony]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.138.118.188}} 13:15, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Massive parallel processing]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.181.23.104}} 13:21, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analsex]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:2811:9AE0:6C9C:ECB6:C267:BDCF}} 13:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greaser (subculture)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|74.112.114.161}} 14:13, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:William Williams (Connecticut politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.185.200.34}} 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bryce barkdull]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Hicks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|130.132.173.157}} 16:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:East African Campaign (World War II)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.37.28.30}} 06:43, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:F Sharp (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 08:59, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Node]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.142}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fetch decode execute cycle]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|88.211.72.122}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:DBS Bank]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|218.186.174.211}} 11:06, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Bowling]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.150.117.210}} 15:17, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gurmukhī]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:7F}} 15:18, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alois Hitler, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.33.135.182}} 15:34, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Diet of Speyer]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.45.57.98}} 15:36, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Climate of India]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|194.168.211.54}} 09:34, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:1990–91 Chicago Bulls season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|176.59.12.80}} 09:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sologub Nikolay Nikolaevich]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alien (law)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.139.119.16}} 13:45, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Remain Private Limited]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Olivia]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smalltalk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brother Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Finbar]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.227.248.120}} 14:11, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 15:54, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Abrar Moriya]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:17, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Margaret of Anjou]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Champisthebest123}} 17:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Design Museum]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:1281:8100:F04F:5368:F4E3:B2A9}} 17:20, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anglosajones]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|90.249.1.194}} 17:26, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The goldfinch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 03:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ed sheeran album]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|80.123.91.154}} 08:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|208.54.80.193}} 12:44, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.164.136.178}} 14:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Peterparler]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|96.4.79.24}} 15:16, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Warp (weaving)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|50.226.220.254}} 16:46, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alelepop]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|73.8.178.80}} 04:14, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Monika Linkytė]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|78.62.177.224}} 07:04, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LeJean Coetzee]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:1861:8AF0:D37E:6047}} 12:24, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kishore Raj Narayan Patar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|125.236.134.40}} 06:39, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The 3DO Company]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.14.168.130}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Birth rate]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.192.92.97}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Balsa wood]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.180.35.13}} 11:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joél Filsaime (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:91F8:6E3D:ACE3:A5EE}} 12:55, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2010 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.26.84.30}} 15:28, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Socialism with a human face]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.19.41}} 15:30, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eyes of a Blue Dog]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.21.36.74}} 16:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Acrosome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.4.87.33}} 04:48, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of numbers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.99.218.190}} 04:49, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sekolah Bogor Raya]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|119.18.159.170}} 05:54, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anup Dhir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:08, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Choosing Independence Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:15, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parapithecidae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.232.178.242}} 14:34, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Virgin of the Rocks]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.1}} 14:39, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Behavior tree (artificial intelligence, robotics and control)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.83.84.254}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ben austin]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|182.69.122.58}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dictatorship of the proletariat]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.185.78.10}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of wars]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|40.138.64.34}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Establish]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.194.86.83}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sword swallowers]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|178.77.200.243}} 17:17, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:BoxRec]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|177.247.116.189}} 04:44, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deep Thought]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.220.101.34}} 04:10, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Plant]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.137.152.194}} 08:48, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vest-telemark rådet]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Oeytveit}} 08:50, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sharks use up to 50,000 teeth in alltogether lifetime]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|5.149.15.233}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|80.90.87.201}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charlotte Winters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.78.20.212}} 12:14, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bruce Buck]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 16:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Apple Music]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Ani Didebashvili}} 16:12, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|157.52.21.130}} 12:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Member of the British House of Commons]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.115.58.180}} 12:31, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sar Faraz Harfi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cerys hartwright]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|143.159.84.202}} 11:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:United Federation of Planets]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|174.86.123.175}} 13:53, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rockaway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.51.172.221}} 13:54, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hazza Al Mansouri]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.49.187.195}} 13:56, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:George Peter Alexander Healy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:715:6100:444F:939:630C:5188}} 13:12, 29 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Japanese carpentry]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.22.231.133}} 08:23, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cortex (botany)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.9.249.153}} 08:45, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:FA Youth Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 08:47, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magnate]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2600:1700:610:B110:4952:E366:9B30:EE96}} 08:55, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tekken (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.74.131.231}} 15:31, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Qashqadaryo Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.230.112.18}} 16:07, 30 September 2019 (UTC) === October 2019 === # [[:Standard footnotes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|136.228.174.191}} 08:54, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marley's Ghosts]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.180.33.5}} 12:44, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Afraz Shaikh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.216.165.2}} 14:49, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lucy Hawking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|178.23.212.81}} 15:02, 2 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nae nae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.24.152.14}} 16:01, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amalia Fuentes]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos}} 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arabic letters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:7F17:7401:247D:9915:31B1:6433}} 15:15, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of banking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.36.49.56}} 08:49, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of games played between NBA and international teams]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.71.230.226}} 13:51, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chedi Amir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:14, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Absinthiana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.162.91.75}} 14:29, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:CraftYT]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Missouri Fox Trotter]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.191.190.125}} 15:49, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 128]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|83.31.194.166}} 17:25, 12 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:RichelleParr8]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|RichelleParr8}} 11:19, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hammock]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2.50.213.243}} 14:48, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deliquescent]]: {{tl|QD}} 14:53, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Year Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:A018:202:F900:60C6:5927:E026:4448}} 14:17, 14 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Meteorological history of Typhoon Hagibis (2019)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:36, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hackerspace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.235.223.25}} 14:37, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:FIFA World Player of the Year]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|88.11.115.41}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.152.49.25}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fair dealing in United Kingdom law]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.105.34.42}} 14:39, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Serryfukgomiludosjgl]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|143.255.58.55}} 15:19, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dirty Frank’s Hot Dog Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Home messaging]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:A new message has arrived]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yogabrata Chakraborty]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:05, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Donkeyballs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.67.72.50}} 15:30, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Microsoft Expression Web]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:AA01:9F9B:8D67:752F:429B:C9B0}} 15:38, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Flag of the Ba'ath Party]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:243:CC80:7A0:7020:21FD:47BF:D487}} 17:03, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Corbyn besson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.96.40.122}} 15:09, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.36.70.50}} 15:47, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Minaret]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:41, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Letuses]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.11.14.254}} 17:20, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jose Altuve]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 17:21, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:PitchMen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.98.95.87}} 22:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ethical dilemma]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.174.188.1}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silvers elements]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|70.91.135.225}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Moving industry]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.78.76.107}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:PeoplesTemplate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.138.43.190}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Koelkast]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|213.125.65.138}} 17:19, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:State function]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|39.33.83.80}} 15:05, 30 October 2019 (UTC) === November 2019 === # [[:Moti museum]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|185.98.124.97}} 09:18, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bird's opening]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.102.247.4}} 09:23, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:14, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Medea (play)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:B80:0:95:0:0:0:D0}} 11:55, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ambika kushwaha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:11, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:38, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Vianney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.134.135}} 15:13, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Devra Davis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|45.73.154.146}} 16:02, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Centralbayacademy}} 16:03, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 18:16, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oslo Accords]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.179.207.239}} 07:38, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jamie kingmullar Dellie]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:34, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Muntasir Billah Mahdi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Muntasir Billah Mahdi}} 17:37, 12 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom Almeria]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:11, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:SKSKSK]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:12, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hiram Johnson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.108.193.11}} 02:26, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Michael Müller]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|217.232.191.229}} 12:10, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.46.211.102}} 10:13, 24 November 2019 (UTC) === December 2019 === # [[:Rectangle]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.221.38.73}} 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B02F:BF13:1565:7DDD:60AC:7D5E}} 02:11, 4 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B014:FB6F:31A5:176E:BAAF:6AF5}} 05:09, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Moshier]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B012:1F89:51A6:1188:DA76:B405}} 05:12, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Www.Jaykishanpandey.com]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:22, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam R. Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B00C:6A9D:5C0:877E:D14A:1C3D}} 05:27, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Prince Diana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:1980:8247:C15C:1C56:D865:E446:A903}} 06:47, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pentadactyl limb]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|73.140.43.174}} 08:38, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cristina Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rebecca Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nancy Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nuclear weapons of the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Republic of Hawaii]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:11, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Water cycle Essay with few words]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|104.181.1.48}} 01:12, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Old State House (Boston)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|100.12.70.92}} 01:13, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:File talk:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|206.78.215.176}} 01:14, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:La Palma]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.219.107.252}} 09:47, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Montague]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|185.163.29.244}} 09:50, 11 December 2019 (UTC) === August 2020 === # [[:Ram Babu Yadav]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:59th Street Lexington Avenue station BMT Broadway Line]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:47, 9 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sahil Bagdi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:05, 15 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Country Disneymania]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:57, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:ConnectedDrive]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shusshi Teishi}} 11:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mayestron]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:34, 22 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Santana MontanaReal]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Santana MontanaReal}} 08:17, 27 August 2020 (UTC) === September 2020 === # [[:The Substitute]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:33, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Haider Sultan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:39, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Michael Steele]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|208.88.253.34}} 12:40, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nisa Harrison]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:47, 4 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Thailand]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.87.13.213}} 11:23, 7 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryaDB}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User talk:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJRE]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJNR]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea Bridge]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:25, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Zach Conley]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|201.251.229.68}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ra's love and interest]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|131.242.7.132}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Tatars]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea annexation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of awards and nominations received by Eminem]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|193.248.201.167}} 12:40, 17 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Capital Territory of Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2405:201:2009:2810:4D08:9D7:B204:C227}} 05:28, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dallas Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 07:48, 20 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 13:56, 29 September 2020 (UTC) === October 2020 === # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:07, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:User info2]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:38, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:44, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4070:68C:D317:EC4D:85DE:1401:F082}} 05:40, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:کص]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.234.59.109}} 07:49, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Maplewashing]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Telsho}} 08:16, 11 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Watson and crick model of dna]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|182.177.233.157}} 08:24, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mountains classification in the Tour de France]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|152.32.112.253}} 08:39, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nicky Wire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:KOMBU]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:IDAKKA]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:NBCUniversal Television Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|152.32.113.189}} 11:52, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twice]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:39, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Girls' Generation-TTS]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:49, 18 October 2020 (UTC) === December 2020 === # [[:Tulu Nad]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 04:10, 4 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Disenfranchisement]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|68.195.148.82}} 07:01, 11 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arkham khan lucknow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|46.152.34.81}} 12:02, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Javier Otxoa]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:47, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ray45]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:804:5100:4D55:3F2E:71B8:C4CA}} 08:54, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matthew Senreich]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sketch comedy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dave Hill (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jean-Yves Raimbaud]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marc du Pontavice]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matt Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Don Michael Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Olivier Jean-Marie]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tony Sampson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam Vincent (voice actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crunchbase]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|43.249.232.45}} 08:58, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Mohd Amir Zaidi}} 08:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hokkaido University]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Arad.rashidian}} 10:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}} 15:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twin language]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:100E:B137:C2B:3DB3:46E2:E90B:8255}} 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Sony Pictures Television programs]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|151.192.243.208}} 10:48, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned Patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Tonym2580xdf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tonym2580xdf}} 13:57, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Geology of the Moon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.104.10.75}} 00:42, 26 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:MohammadMehdi Rajabzadeh]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|VsDFRT}} 03:11, 27 December 2020 (UTC) === January 2021 === # [[:User:AryashahnaughtyJapanese]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:19, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Arya Kinchitkumar Shah]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:35, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mary Catherine Bateson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ngozikalu879}} 23:41, 8 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Agra division]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 09:17, 9 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Category:Chennai district]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 00:06, 10 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Precise]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:30, 23 January 2021 (UTC) === February 2021 === # [[:User:Shebi1234]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shebi1234}} 11:45, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Teletubbies (characters)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.155}} 12:01, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Anika]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:43, 28 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|74.89.134.163}} 08:52, 28 February 2021 (UTC) === March 2021 === # [[:Talk:Big Mouth]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Flossenfüße]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Habiba Ghribi]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hauspferd]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Dentistryatsheppard]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Dentistryatsheppard}} 05:42, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2003-Present)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8501:5190:70E7:5652:928C:7F0B}} 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:58, 10 March 2021 (UTC) === April 2021 === # [[:Template:Infobox Iranian Singer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Amiirsm}} 09:22, 28 April 2021 (UTC) # [[:Khashayar ghajar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:54, 28 April 2021 (UTC) === May 2021 === # [[:User:Vignesh professional boxer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Vignesh professional boxer}} 05:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Gilbert Diendéré]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.179.134.28}} 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mohsen Avid]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:100000 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2405:205:C921:8DD:0:0:28F:90A1}} 04:53, 3 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Fatherland's Front (Austria)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.198.39.38}} 15:48, 8 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kinbo Corporation]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|192.141.42.242}} 03:52, 9 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ashim KC]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 15 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Haider (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Mar dun ga}} 00:35, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:American Masters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Live from Lincoln Center]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Vinay Kumar konatala]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vinay Kumar konatala}} 04:02, 26 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Chungha discography]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|DynamiteIce}} 11:24, 27 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kinchit Shah]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:23, 30 May 2021 (UTC) === June 2021 === # [[:César Acuña]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 03:40, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mauricio Mulder]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Javier Velásquez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) === July 2021 === # [[:User:Freddie Warmbread]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Freddie Warmbread}} 11:21, 5 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Haider Khan]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ushna.gf}} 08:35, 13 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Khan (actors)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2400:ADC7:917:6A00:1548:9775:5244:F8C3}} 02:52, 15 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Casinokto]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Casinokto}} 08:04, 17 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Sok Kimsa]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|203.144.88.45}} 00:28, 26 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Tech Talk2]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:59, 31 July 2021 (UTC) === August 2021 === # [[:Swapnil Aggarwal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:59, 7 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:กรุงเทพมหานคร]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|112.200.194.21}} 12:51, 13 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Unreal Engine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|81.17.137.73}} 12:29, 14 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Persea americana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.54.176.190}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Dinosaur Game]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|202.91.75.86}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kimsa Sok (2003)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Sinn Zinnmin}} 09:40, 31 August 2021 (UTC) === September 2021 === # [[:Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:49, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:50, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Keenan kahill]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:01, 30 September 2021 (UTC) === October 2021 === # [[:Bardzo lubię ser i uwielbiam go.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 08:39, 2 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Pakistanis]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 01:05, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Naturaleza]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|190.186.82.122}} 01:50, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Polo G]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.165.99.200}} 08:06, 7 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:River polution]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|John032405}} 01:18, 31 October 2021 (UTC) === November 2021 === # [[:Taming of the Shrew]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.48.92}} 03:02, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:08, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:SOS Children's Villages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.203.53.165}} 02:57, 29 November 2021 (UTC) === December 2021 === # [[:Percy the Small Engine]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:8081:506:B6B3:2CDB:6FFB:9207:306B}} 09:35, 21 December 2021 (UTC) === January 2022 === # [[:Blacked.com]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 13:43, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White boys]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White girls]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Farti B]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thanksgiving (États-Unis)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.139.182.18}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fruit du démon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.138.119.178}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Apex Legends]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Oiseau]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Seconde Guerre mondiale]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|85.14.144.78}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Alain Souchon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.154.56.249}} 14:17, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Leiterplatte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:871:23A:599B:295D:B5AD:96A3:CBDC}} 14:19, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Comedy movie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|70.184.171.16}} 14:20, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Piano beruto]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|94.36.132.154}} 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Laine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:アーヤ シャー]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|アーヤ シャー}} 08:38, 19 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fascismo]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|82.60.205.106}} 15:55, 31 January 2022 (UTC) === April 2022 === # [[:Transvestism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:4976:E3F7:BE87:BB}} 09:26, 10 April 2022 (UTC) === May 2022 === # [[:User:Ngonishana07]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ngonishana07}} 07:44, 7 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Oaliur Rahman Sadaf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oaliur Rahman Sadaf}} 15:42, 8 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Bgmaster]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Bgmaster}} 06:11, 10 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dev DD]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2402:3A80:D75:60AA:0:1C:A4F2:E301}} 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC) === June 2022 === # [[:Clappa Don]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:21, 9 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:આર્યગુજરાત]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|આર્યગુજરાત}} 12:27, 16 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:IndianRailwaysArya]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:21, 22 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:7984113952arya]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:14, 25 June 2022 (UTC) === January 2023 === # [[:Teeth blackening]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Frontfrog}} 15:30, 26 January 2023 (UTC) === July 2023 === # [[:Emergency crew]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:59, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Anyang]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 05:30, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1973–74 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:01, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1987–88 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:03, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1995–96 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:04, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Luqman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:06, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Annibale de Gasparis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:511 Davida]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Alemão]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:10, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Isoelectric]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|92.21.6.4}} 17:37, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:Shakargarh]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 06:57, 16 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 10:56, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 13:48, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Taito]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:51, 18 July 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:News conference]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); 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notified {{user|198.62.219.22}} 15:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:User:Fire karthik sabapathi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Fire karthik sabapathi}} 01:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Minorax]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|67.170.207.150}} 05:28, 11 April 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|115.135.30.83}} 13:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Santal people]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Md. Rayan Alam Rifat}} 13:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) n1777guo6hxq8ftt915njdx2gb2abbz 0 711244 10331634 9841742 2025-06-15T09:03:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Senator |name = James Henry Lane |image name = James Henry Lane.jpg |office1 = [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] <br> from [[Kansas]] |term1 = April 4, 1861 – July 11, 1866 |preceded1 = ''seat established'' |succeeded1 = [[Edmund G. Ross]] |state2 = [[Indiana]] |district2 = [[Indiana's 4th congressional district|4th]] |term_start2 = March 4, 1853 |term_end2 = March 3, 1855 |preceded2 = [[Samuel W. Parker]] |succeeded2 = [[William Cumback]] |order3 = 11th |office3 = Lieutenant Governor of Indiana |governor3 = [[Joseph A. Wright]] |term_start3 = December 5, 1849 |term_end3 = January 10, 1853 |preceded3 = [[Paris C. Dunning]] |succeeded3 = [[Ashbel P. Willard]] |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |otherparty = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (before 1856) |birth_date = {{birth date|1814|6|22}} |birth_place = [[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]], [[Indiana Territory]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1866|7|11|1814|6|22}} |death_place = [[Leavenworth, Kansas|Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]] |spouse = Mary E. Lane |religion = |allegiance = [[United States|United States of America]] |rank = [[File:Union Army brigadier general rank insignia.svg|35px]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] |branch = [[United States Army]]<br />[[Union Army]] |serviceyears = 1846–1848, 1861–1862 |battles = [[Mexican–American War]]<br />[[American Civil War]] |footnotes=| }} '''James Henry Lane''', also known as '''Jim Lane''', (June 22, 1814 – July 11, 1866) was a [[partisan]] during the [[Bleeding Kansas]] period. It was right before the [[American Civil War]]. During the war itself, Lane was a United States [[United States Senate|Senator]], and he was a general for the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. Although reelected as a Senator during 1865, Lane committed [[suicide]] the next year. ==Biography== Lane was born in [[Lawrenceburg, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/215/000050065/|title=James Henry Lane|publisher=[[NNDB]]|access-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905154216/https://www.nndb.com/people/215/000050065/|archive-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> He was the son of [[Amos Lane]]. He was a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. congressman]] from [[Indiana]] (1853–1855) where he voted for the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]]. On June 3, 1858, Lane shot and killed Gaius Jenkins in a land dispute in [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]]. Reports say Jenkins was coming to get water from a [[well]] on the disputed land.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://territorialkansasonline.ku.edu/index.php?SCREEN=show_document&SCREEN_FROM=immigration&document_id=102878&FROM_PAGE=&topic_id=141|title=Shooting of Gaius Jenkins|publisher=[[Kansas Historical Society]]|access-date=May 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508173446/https://territorialkansasonline.ku.edu/index.php?SCREEN=show_document&SCREEN_FROM=immigration&document_id=102878&FROM_PAGE=&topic_id=141|archive-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> Jenkins was reported to have been showing a [[revolver]]. Lane had a [[shotgun]]. One of the men with Jenkins shot Lane in the leg, and Lane shot back killing Jenkins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/jim-lane-shoots-gaius-jenkins|title=Jim Lane Shoots Gaius Jenkins|publisher=Kansas City Public Library|access-date=May 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014160947/https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/jim-lane-shoots-gaius-jenkins|archive-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref> ==Death and legacy== On July 1, 1866 Lane shot himself in the head as he jumped from his [[carriage]] in [[Leavenworth, Kansas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EFD61631EF34BC4C53DFB166838D679FDE|title=OBITUARY.; James H. Lane, United States Senator from Kansas|newspaper=The New York Times|volume=15|number=4609|date=July 4, 1866|page=5|access-date=June 13, 2009}}</ref> The following places were named in honor of him: * [[Lane University]], [[Lecompton, Kansas|Lecompton]] * [[Lane, Kansas]] * [[Lane County, Kansas]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ |title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |author=Gannett, Henry |year=1905 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n179 180]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category|James Henry Lane}} * {{CongBio|L000061}} Retrieved on 2008-02-19 * {{Find a Grave|10284|accessdate=2008-02-19}} * [http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/cgiwrap/imlskto/index.php?SCREEN=bio_sketches/lane_james James H. Lane at Territorial Kansas Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214135633/http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/cgiwrap/imlskto/index.php?SCREEN=bio_sketches%2Flane_james |date=2007-12-14 }} * [https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lane.htm James H. Lane at PBS: ''New Perspectives on The West''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106195719/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/i_r/lane.htm |date=2017-11-06 }} * [http://downfalldictionary.blogspot.com/search/label/James%20H.%20Lane James H. Lane at Downfall Dictionary] * [http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=159&subjectID=2 James H. Lane at Mr. Lincoln's White House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050037/http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=159&subjectID=2 |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://bullrunnings.wordpress.com/2006/11/30/senator-jim-at-bull-run/ Senator Jim at Bull Run] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lane, James Henry}} [[Category:Kansas Republicans]] [[Category:United States senators from Kansas]] [[Category:19th-century American politicians]] [[Category:American Civil War generals]] [[Category:1866 deaths]] [[Category:1814 births]] [[Category:Lieutenant Governors of Indiana]] [[Category:Military people from Indiana]] [[Category:Partisans]] o36950m8qd1e886tlwitduqhya7wc2l 0 715040 10331394 8827275 2025-06-15T03:19:33Z 2001:1970:4B1E:7A00:7DD1:74B7:7A93:A82E I added important information that is often not fully known unless you research the case in its entirety 10331394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox serial killer | name = Tony Costa | image = | image_size = | caption = | alt = | alias = | birth_name = Antone Charles Costa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|08|02}}<ref>{{cite book| last = Damore| first = Leo| title = In His Garden| year = 1981| publisher = Dell| isbn = 0-440-20707-X| page = 245 }}</ref> | birth_place= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|05|12|1944|08|02}} | death_place = [[Walpole, Massachusetts|Walpole]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S. | cause = [[Suicide by hanging]] | conviction = 2 counts murder | sentence = Life imprisonment | victims = 4–8 | beginyear = 1968 | endyear = 1969 | country = United States | states = [[Massachusetts]] | apprehended = 1969 }} '''Antone Charles "Tony" Costa''' (August 2, 1944 – May 12, 1974) was an American carpenter who achieved notoriety for committing serial murders in and around the town of Truro, Massachusetts in 1969. Costa preyed on either teenaged girls or young women, although it is unclear which, which resulted in the victims' deaths. Costa would then remove the corpses' hearts and dismember the corpses. Costa was convicted of two of the murders and sentenced to life imprisonment by Massachusetts. Tony Costas alleged crimes had little evidence and one of the leading factors in his guilty verdict was that he was an outsider to their little town and the inhabitants there are/were very closed minded , as well as Tony being seen as abnormal due to his hobby / interest in taxidermy which in the minds of detectives , judge and jury as well as towns people, anyone that participates in taxidermy must be a sick individual which no doubt influenced the verdict. There is hopes of a future rehash of the case to re-examine the "evidence". Four years into his imprisonment, Costa hanged himself in his prison cell. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Costa, Tony}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:1974 deaths]] [[Category:American people convicted of murder]] [[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]] [[Category:American serial killers]] [[Category:Murderers who committed suicide]] [[Category:Suicides by hanging in the United States]] m3v74w8erhd7jcsifaqhmnn1six5q9z 10331430 10331394 2025-06-15T04:05:30Z SolarX 1505746 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2001:1970:4B1E:7A00:7DD1:74B7:7A93:A82E|2001:1970:4B1E:7A00:7DD1:74B7:7A93:A82E]] ([[User talk:2001:1970:4B1E:7A00:7DD1:74B7:7A93:A82E|talk]]): Unsourced information in a biography. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox serial killer | name = Tony Costa | image = | image_size = | caption = | alt = | alias = | birth_name = Antone Charles Costa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|08|02}}<ref>{{cite book| last = Damore| first = Leo| title = In His Garden| year = 1981| publisher = Dell| isbn = 0-440-20707-X| page = 245 }}</ref> | birth_place= [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|05|12|1944|08|02}} | death_place = [[Walpole, Massachusetts|Walpole]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S. | cause = [[Suicide by hanging]] | conviction = 2 counts murder | sentence = Life imprisonment | victims = 4–8 | beginyear = 1968 | endyear = 1969 | country = United States | states = [[Massachusetts]] | apprehended = 1969 }} '''Antone Charles "Tony" Costa''' (August 2, 1944 – May 12, 1974) was an American carpenter who achieved notoriety for committing serial murders in and around the town of Truro, Massachusetts in 1969. Costa preyed on either teenaged girls or young women, although it is unclear which, which resulted in the victims' deaths. Costa would then remove the corpses' hearts and dismember the corpses. Costa was convicted of two of the murders and sentenced to life imprisonment by Massachusetts. Four years into his imprisonment, Costa hanged himself in his prison cell. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Costa, Tony}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:1974 deaths]] [[Category:American people convicted of murder]] [[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]] [[Category:American serial killers]] [[Category:Murderers who committed suicide]] [[Category:Suicides by hanging in the United States]] mvrs5slagocn4jb4awiumrnslybozpw 0 717181 10330568 10236431 2025-06-14T18:19:25Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kang Seul-gi | image = | caption = Kang in October 2022 | native_name = 강슬기 | native_name_lang = ko | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|2|20}} | birth_place = [[Ansan]], [[Gyeonggi Province]], South Korea | occupation = {{flatlist| * Singer * actress}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | years_active = 2014–present | background = solo_singer<!--mandatory field must be formatted this way--> | origin = [[Seoul]], South Korea | genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|[[dance-pop]]}} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{hlist|[[SM Entertainment]]}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Red Velvet (group)|Red Velvet]]|[[SM Town]]}} | module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes | title = [[Korean name]] | hangul = {{linktext|강슬기}} | hanja = {{linktext|姜|슬기}}<ref>{{cite news|language=ko|date=September 26, 2014|access-date=December 7, 2018|title=[더★프로필] 레드벨벳 슬기 "습관? 제 흔적 남기기요"|work=The Star|url=http://thestar.chosun.com/m/view.html?contid=2014092601385|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207145634/http://the-star.co.kr/m/view.html?contid=2014092601385|archive-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> | rr = Gang Seul-gi | mr = Kang Sŭlki }}}} | signature = }} {{Korean name|Kang}} '''Kang Seul-gi''' is a [[South Korea]]n singer, actress, and model. She goes by the [[Mononymous person|mononym]] Seulgi. She is known for being a member of K-pop girl group [[Red Velvet (group)|Red Velvet]] and its subunit Red Velvet - IRENE & SEULGI. Seulgi was born in South Korea on 20 February 1994. In 2013, she joined [[SM Entertainment]] as a trainee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smtown.com/Link/Board/3720489|access-date=November 29, 2017|website=SMTOWN|date=December 3, 2013|title='SM, 프리데뷔팀 'SMROOKIES(에스엠루키즈)' 런칭!!|language=ko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306030402/http://smtown.com/Link/Board/3720489|archive-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.donga.com/3/all/20131203/59301949/1 |access-date=October 29, 2016|website=dongA|date=December 3, 2013 |title='SM루키즈' 슬기, 미모+실력파 연습생…"제2의 태연"|language=ko}}</ref> Later she became a member of [[Red Velvet (group)|Red Velvet]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/292919|access-date=October 29, 2016|website=10asia|author=Choi Jin-sil|date=August 8, 2014|title=8월의 특급 루키 소개서 ① 레드벨벳|language=ko|archive-date=July 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721103902/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/292919|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, she made her first appearance as an actress.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Lim Jeong-yeo|title=TVXQ, SHINee, EXO, f(x) to star in hologram musical 'School OZ'|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201501081724380678096_2|access-date=October 29, 2016|work=K-Pop Herald|date=January 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name=offtosch>Yang So-young. [http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1430865028898899019 '학교다녀오겠습니다' 레드벨벳 슬기에서 허각까지, 아쉬운 이별의 순간들] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225125747/http://tvdaily.asiae.co.kr/read.php3?aid=1430865028898899019 |date=2020-12-25 }} ''TV Daily'', May 6, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2016.</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Other websites == * {{commonscat-inline|Seulgi}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Seulgi}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:K-pop singers]] [[Category:SM Entertainment artists]] [[Category:South Korean singers]] [[Category:Red Velvet (group)]] {{bio-stub}} qbwflnijw9eic7lglydltwqmquw2udh 0 720595 10330383 9571427 2025-06-14T17:17:28Z 123.16.5.1 10330383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Knives Out | image = | border = no | caption = | director = [[Rian Johnson]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Rian Johnson * [[Ram Bergman]] }} | writer = Rian Johnson | starring = {{Plainlist|<!-- PER POSTER BILLING. --> * [[Daniel Craig]] * [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]] * [[Ana de Armas]] * [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] * [[Michael Shannon]] * [[Don Johnson]] * [[Toni Collette]] * [[Lakeith Stanfield]] * [[Katherine Langford]] * [[Jaeden Martell]] * [[Christopher Plummer]] }} | music = [[Nathan Johnson (musician)|Nathan Johnson]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/03/13/nathan-johnson-to-reteam-with-rian-johnson-on-knives-out/ | title=Nathan Johnson to Reteam with Rian Johnson on 'Knives Out' | website=Film Music Reporter | date=March 13, 2019 | access-date=August 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401143559/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/03/13/nathan-johnson-to-reteam-with-rian-johnson-on-knives-out/|archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | cinematography = [[Steve Yedlin]] | editing = [[Bob Ducsay]] | studio = {{plainlist| * [[Media Rights Capital]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/daniel-craig-rian-johnson-knives-out-media-rights-capital-toronto-film-festival-1202459431/ | title=Toronto Whopper: MRC Buys World Rights To Daniel Craig-Rian Johnson Whodunit 'Knives Out' | first=Mike | last=Fleming Jr. | date=September 7, 2018 | website=Deadline Hollywood | language=en | access-date=March 11, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044512/https://deadline.com/2018/09/daniel-craig-rian-johnson-knives-out-media-rights-capital-toronto-film-festival-1202459431/ | archive-date=March 30, 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref> * T-Street }} | distributor = [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] | released = {{Film date|2019|9|7|[[2019 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2019|11|27|United States}} | runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tiff.net/events/knives-out | title=Knives Out | website=[[Toronto International Film Festival]] | access-date=July 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723210824/https://tiff.net/events/knives-out | archive-date=July 23, 2019 | url-status=dead}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $40 million<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-director-rian-johnson-tackling-a-whodunnit-1236039 | title='Knives Out' Director Rian Johnson on Shifting From 'Star Wars' to Agatha Christie-Style Whodunnit | author=Scott Roxborough | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=September 7, 2019 | access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909053251/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/knives-director-rian-johnson-tackling-a-whodunnit-1236039|archive-date=September 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = }} '''''Knives Out''''' is a 2019 American [[black comedy]] [[mystery]] [[movie]] written, produced and directed by [[Rian Johnson]]. The movie is about a rich family gathering gone horribly wrong, after the family [[patriarch]]'s death leads a master detective to investigate. The movie stars [[Daniel Craig]], [[Chris Evans]], [[Ana de Armas]], [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], [[Michael Shannon]], [[Don Johnson]], [[Toni Collette]], [[Lakeith Stanfield]], [[Katherine Langford]], [[Jaeden Martell]], [[M. Emmet Walsh]], [[K Callan]], [[Frank Oz]] and [[Christopher Plummer]]. The movie had its world premiere at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 7, 2019 and is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on November 27, 2019, by [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]. The movie has strong positive reviews with [[Rotten Tomatoes]] holding an approval rating of 98% based on 100 reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/knives_out | title=''Knives Out'' (2019) | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | publisher=[[Fandango (company)|Fandango Media]] | url-status=live | access-date=November 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909230144/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/knives_out|archive-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> A [[Knives Out 2|sequel]] will be released in 2022 on [[Netflix]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:2019 comedy movies]] [[Category:2010s mystery movies]] [[Category:American comedy movies]] [[Category:American mystery movies]] [[Category:Movies set in 2018]] [[Category:Lionsgate movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Rian Johnson]] 9oplmgwu8yt8gn0rqllcb4stwttmat1 0 724106 10331307 10318938 2025-06-15T01:57:26Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Infobox television | genre = [[Comedy]] | company = [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR Corporation]] | network = [[CBC Kids]]<br />[[PBS Kids]]<br />[[TVOKids]] | first_aired = {{Start date|1999|01|25}} | last_aired = {{End date|2009|12|12}} }} '''''Zoboomafoo''''' is a [[children's television series]]. It aired on [[PBS Kids]] from January 25, 1999 until December 12, 2009, with reruns continuing until 2017. It taught children about animals. {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1990s television series]] [[Category:1990s television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2000s television series]] [[Category:2000s television series endings]] [[Category:2009 American television series endings]] [[Category:2009 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2009 television series endings]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning programs]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Peabody Award winners]] [[Category:Television series about animals]] [[Category:Television series about brothers]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] r5sktcz2ail17xyouvm5nqds3hkaowv 10331398 10331307 2025-06-15T03:25:01Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 Undid revision 10331307 by [[Special:Contributions/2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208|2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208]] ([[User talk:2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208|talk]]) 10331398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Infobox television | genre = [[Comedy]] | company = [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR Corporation]] | network = [[CBC Kids]]<br />[[PBS Kids]]<br />[[TVOKids]] | first_aired = {{Start date|1999|01|25}} | last_aired = {{End date|2001|11|21}} }} '''''Zoboomafoo''''' is a [[children's television series]]. It aired on [[PBS Kids]] from January 25, 1999 until November 21, 2001, with reruns continuing until 2017. It taught children about animals. {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series]] [[Category:1990s American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1990s television series]] [[Category:1990s television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1999 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2000s television series]] [[Category:2000s television series endings]] [[Category:2001 American television series endings]] [[Category:2001 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2001 television series endings]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning programs]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Peabody Award winners]] [[Category:Television series about animals]] [[Category:Television series about brothers]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] ed2d2r15iwl6wjjy2bp9v1r1kq0f66n 0 725046 10331478 9852266 2025-06-15T05:32:35Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox award|name=Ballon d'Or|image=|alt=|caption=Ballon d'Or trophy|date={{start date and age|1956}}|country=France|presenter=''[[France Football]]''|year=1956|holder_label=Current holder|holder={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]]<br>(8th Award)|most_awards={{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]]<br>(8 awards)|most_nominations={{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]<br>(18 nominations)<ref>{{cite news |title=Ballon d'Or: Players who have received the most nominations |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/ballon-dor-players-who-have-received-most-nominations |access-date=29 November 2021 |work=90min |date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129222859/https://www.90min.com/posts/ballon-dor-players-who-have-received-most-nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>|website={{URL|https://www.francefootball.fr/ballon-d-or/|francefootball.fr}}|previous=[[2021 Ballon d'Or|2021]]|main=Ballon d'Or|next=[[2022 Ballon d'Or|2022]]}} The '''Ballon d'Or''' is a special award given to a football player every single year. It has been given since 1956 by a French news magazine called ''France Football''. From 2010 to 2015, it was combined with another award called FIFA World Player of the Year, and together they were known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. However, in 2016, they separated again, and the award returned to its original name, the Ballon d'Or. FIFA also started giving its own separate award called The Best FIFA Men's Player.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/messi-ronaldo-and-the-politics-of-celebrity-elections-voting-for-the-best-soccer-player-in-the-world/36CB5CB44D4C06866305408163A49290 | doi=10.1017/S1537592719002391 | title=Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World | year=2020 | last1=Anderson | first1=Christopher J. | last2=Arrondel | first2=Luc | last3=Blais | first3=André | last4=Daoust | first4=Jean-François | last5=Laslier | first5=Jean-François | last6=Van Der Straeten | first6=Karine | journal=Perspectives on Politics | volume=18 | pages=91–110 | s2cid=159085102 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-24|title=Ballon d'Or, FIFA The Best awards: what's the difference between them?|url=https://en.as.com/soccer/ballon-dor-fifa-the-best-awards-whats-the-difference-between-them-n-2/|access-date=2023-05-27|website=Diario AS|language=en-us|quote=Created by France Football in 1956, the Ballon d’Or is generally regarded as soccer’s most prestigious award.}}</ref> The Ballon d'Or was created by sports writers Gabriel Hanot and Jacques Ferran. It is given to the male player who is considered to have performed the best in the previous season. Football journalists used to do the voting for this award from 1956 to 2006.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=Straeten|first1=Karine van der|last2=Laslier|first2=Jean-François|last3=Daoust|first3=Jean-François|last4=Blais|first4=André|last5=Arrondel|first5=Luc|last6=Anderson|first6=Christopher J.|year=2020|title=Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=18|pages=91–110|doi=10.1017/S1537592719002391|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref> At first, it was only given to players from Europe and was called the European Footballer of the Year award. But in 1995, it was expanded to include players from any part of the world who have played for European clubs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/ballon-dor-votes-lionel-messi-cristiano-ronaldo-665271-20230302?source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR3LI1jGmPSn6t7ceIM-ql4o5eV5meCTB5dcbvPMeTArHAGJnDHlIuzPR_Y | title=Ballon d'Or scandal as player drops bombshell and claims his votes were changed to Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo was lies }}</ref> After 2007, coaches and captains of national teams were also allowed to vote.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Straeten|first1=Karine van der|last2=Laslier|first2=Jean-François|last3=Daoust|first3=Jean-François|last4=Blais|first4=André|last5=Arrondel|first5=Luc|last6=Anderson|first6=Christopher J.|year=2020|title=Messi, Ronaldo, and the Politics of Celebrity Elections: Voting for the Best Soccer Player in the World|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=18|pages=91–110|doi=10.1017/S1537592719002391|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref> This made the award a global prize, and any professional football player from around the world became eligible to win it. In 2022, France Football changed some rules for the Ballon d'Or. They decided to give the award not for achievements in a calendar year but for a football season.<ref name="lequipe.fr2">{{cite web|title=Ballon d'Or : Quatre changements pour l'histoire|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/France-Football/Actualites/Ballon-d-or-quatre-changements-pour-l-histoire/1321452}}</ref> They also made it so that only countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking could vote for the award.<ref name="lequipe.fr">{{cite web|title=Ballon d'Or : Quatre changements pour l'histoire|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/France-Football/Actualites/Ballon-d-or-quatre-changements-pour-l-histoire/1321452}}</ref> There is a different vote each year. It is for individual players to get recognised. Despite its popularity, critics have described the award as a "popularity contest", criticising its voting process and for systematically singling out an individual in a team sport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=Ballon d'Or, FIFA The Best awards: what's the difference between them? |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/ballon-dor-fifa-the-best-awards-whats-the-difference-between-them-n-2/ |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Diario AS |language=en-us |quote=Created by France Football in 1956, the Ballon d’Or is generally regarded as soccer’s most prestigious award.}}</ref><ref>[https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37411118/ballon-dor-silly-popularity-contest-means-iain-macintosh?platform=amp Why the Ballon d'Or is a waste of time]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2008/dec/01/cristiano-ronaldo-ballon-dor-football Why the Ballon d’Or is stupid and quite possibly evil]</ref><ref>[https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2607070-weekly-why-fifas-ballon-dor-and-the-absurdity-of-glorifying-individual-awards.amp.html Weekly Why: FIFA's Ballon d'Or and the Absurdity of Glorifying Individual Awards]</ref><ref>[https://deadspin.com/the-ballon-dor-is-stupid-but-mohamed-salah-deserves-to-1825470321 The Ballon d'Or Is Stupid, But Mohamed Salah Deserves To Win It Anyway]</ref><ref>[https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/balon-oro/los-votos-perdidos-del-balon-oro-3007672 Los votos 'perdidos' del Balón de Oro] </ref> == Winners == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Key ! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE6BD" |&nbsp;&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}&nbsp;&nbsp; |This indicates the Ballon d'Or winning player also won the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] or [[The Best FIFA Men's Player]] award in the same year (available in 1991–2009 and from 2016) |} [[File:Cristiano_Ronaldo_WC2022_-_01_(cropped).jpg|thumb|231x231px|[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] has the most nominations and second most points total in Ballon d'Or history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=rajarshi shukla|date=12 September 2022|title=Players with the most Ballon d'Or votes in football history|url=https://khelnow.com/football/top-10-players-most-ballon-dor-votes-in-history|access-date=30 March 2023|website=Khel Now|language=English}}</ref>He is the second most winner of the award in history.]] [[File:President_George_Weah_in_2019_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[George Weah]] was the first non-European and first African national team player to win the award.]] [[File:LevYashin.JPG|thumb|[[Lev Yashin]] is the only goalkeeper to win the award.]] [[File:Franz_Beckenbauer_22-6-74.png|thumb|Franz Beckenbauer is the only defender to win the award twice.]] {| class="wikitable" !Year !Rank !Player !Team !{{Tooltip|Points|Points received by the player during the voting phase.}} |- ! colspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Ballon d'Or (1956–2009) |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1956 Ballon d'Or|1956]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Stanley Matthews]]''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]''' | align="center" |'''47''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]] |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |44 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Raymond Kopa]]{{refn|Kopa was signed by Real Madrid from [[Stade de Reims|Reims]] midway through 1956.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |33 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |'''[[1957 Ballon d'Or|1957]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]{{refn|Born in Argentina, Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]].|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''72''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Billy Wright (footballer, born 1924)|Billy Wright]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]] | align="center" |19 |- | rowspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Duncan Edwards]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |16 |- |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Raymond Kopa]] |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1958 Ballon d'Or|1958]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} '''[[Raymond Kopa]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''71''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Helmut Rahn]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Rot-Weiss Essen]] | align="center" |40 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Just Fontaine]] |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Stade de Reims|Reims]] | align="center" |23 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1959 Ballon d'Or|1959]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''80''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Raymond Kopa]]{{refn|Kopa was signed by Reims from [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] midway through 1959.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|FRA|1830}} [[Stade de Reims|Reims]] | align="center" |42 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|WAL|1953}} [[John Charles]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |24 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1960 Ballon d'Or|1960]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)|Luis Suárez]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''54''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Ferenc Puskás]] |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |37 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Uwe Seeler]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Hamburger SV]] | align="center" |33 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1961 Ballon d'Or|1961]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Omar Sívori]]{{refn|Born in Argentina, Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the [[Italy national football team|Italy national team]].|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''46''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)|Luis Suárez]]{{refn|Luis Suárez was signed by Internazionale from [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] midway through 1961.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |40 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Johnny Haynes]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] | align="center" |22 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1962 Ballon d'Or|1962]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|TCH}} '''[[Josef Masopust]]''' |{{flagicon|TCH}} '''[[Dukla Prague]]''' | align="center" |'''65''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Eusébio]] |{{flagicon|POR}} [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | align="center" |53 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Karl-Heinz Schnellinger]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[1. FC Köln]] | align="center" |33 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1963 Ballon d'Or|1963]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|URS}} '''[[Lev Yashin]]''' |{{flagicon|URS}} '''[[FC Dynamo Moscow|Dynamo Moscow]]''' | align="center" |'''73''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianni Rivera]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |55 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Greaves]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] | align="center" |50 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1964 Ballon d'Or|1964]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|SCO}} '''[[Denis Law]]''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]''' | align="center" |'''61''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)|Luis Suárez]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |43 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Amancio (footballer)|Amancio]] |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |38 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1965 Ballon d'Or|1965]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Eusébio]]''' |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]''' | align="center" |'''67''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giacinto Facchetti]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |59 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[Luis Suárez (footballer, born 1935)|Luis Suárez]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |45 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1966 Ballon d'Or|1966]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Bobby Charlton]]''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]''' | align="center" |'''81''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Eusébio]] |{{flagicon|POR}} [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | align="center" |80 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |59 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1967 Ballon d'Or|1967]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Flórián Albert]]''' |{{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Ferencvárosi TC|Ferencváros]]''' | align="center" |'''68''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bobby Charlton]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | align="center" |40 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Jimmy Johnstone]] |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] | align="center" |39 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1968 Ballon d'Or|1968]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NIR}} '''[[George Best]]''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]''' | align="center" |'''61''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bobby Charlton]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | align="center" |53 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Dragan Džajić]] |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Red Star Belgrade]] | align="center" |46 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1969 Ballon d'Or|1969]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Gianni Rivera]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''83''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gigi Riva]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]] | align="center" |79 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Gerd Müller]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |38 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1970 Ballon d'Or|1970]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Gerd Müller]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]''' | align="center" |'''77''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bobby Moore]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] | align="center" |70 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gigi Riva]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]] | align="center" |65 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1971 Ballon d'Or|1971]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Johan Cruyff]]''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]''' | align="center" |'''116''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sandro Mazzola]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |57 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NIR}} [[George Best]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | align="center" |56 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1972 Ballon d'Or|1972]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Franz Beckenbauer]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]''' | align="center" |'''81''' |- | rowspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Gerd Müller]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |79 |- |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Günter Netzer]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]] |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1973 Ballon d'Or|1973]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Johan Cruyff]]{{refn|Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] midway through 1973.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''96''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Dino Zoff]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |47 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Gerd Müller]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |44 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1974 Ballon d'Or|1974]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Johan Cruyff]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''116''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |105 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|POL|1928}} [[Kazimierz Deyna]] |{{flagicon|POL|1928}} [[Legia Warsaw]] | align="center" |35 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1975 Ballon d'Or|1975]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|URS}} '''[[Oleg Blokhin]]''' |{{flagicon|URS}} '''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''' | align="center" |'''122''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |42 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Johan Cruyff]] |{{flagicon|ESP|1945}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |27 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1976 Ballon d'Or|1976]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Franz Beckenbauer]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]''' | align="center" |'''91''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Rob Rensenbrink]] |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]] | align="center" |75 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|TCH}} [[Ivo Viktor]] |{{flagicon|TCH}} [[Dukla Prague]] | align="center" |52 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1977 Ballon d'Or|1977]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|DEN}} '''[[Allan Simonsen]]''' |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Borussia Mönchengladbach]]'''}} | align="center" |'''74''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Kevin Keegan]]{{refn|Keegan was signed by Hamburger SV from [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] midway through 1977.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Hamburger SV]] | align="center" |71 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Michel Platini]] |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[AS Nancy|Nancy]] | align="center" |70 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1978 Ballon d'Or|1978]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Kevin Keegan]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Hamburger SV]]''' | align="center" |'''87''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Hans Krankl]]{{refn|Krankl was signed by Barcelona from [[SK Rapid Wien|Rapid Wien]] midway through 1978.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP|1977}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |81 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Rob Rensenbrink]] |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[R.S.C. Anderlecht|Anderlecht]] | align="center" |50 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1979 Ballon d'Or|1979]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Kevin Keegan]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Hamburger SV]]''' | align="center" |'''118''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |52 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Ruud Krol]] |{{flagicon|NED}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] | align="center" |41 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1980 Ballon d'Or|1980]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]''' | align="center" |'''122''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Bernd Schuster]]{{refn|Schuster was signed by Barcelona from [[1. FC Köln]] midway through 1980.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP|1977}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |34 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Michel Platini]] |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[AS Saint-Étienne|Saint-Étienne]] | align="center" |33 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1981 Ballon d'Or|1981]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[Karl-Heinz Rummenigge]]''' |{{flagicon|FRG}} '''[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]''' | align="center" |'''106''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Paul Breitner]] |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |64 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Bernd Schuster]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |39 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1982 Ballon d'Or|1982]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Paolo Rossi]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''115''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Alain Giresse]] |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins de Bordeaux]] | align="center" |64 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Zbigniew Boniek]]{{refn|Boniek was signed by Juventus from [[Widzew Łódź]] midway through 1982.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |39 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1983 Ballon d'Or|1983]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} '''[[Michel Platini]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''110''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Kenny Dalglish]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | align="center" |26 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Allan Simonsen]]{{refn|Simonsen was signed by Vejle BK from [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]] midway through 1983.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Vejle Boldklub|Vejle BK]] | align="center" |25 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1984 Ballon d'Or|1984]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} '''[[Michel Platini]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''110''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Jean Tigana]] |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins de Bordeaux]] | align="center" |57 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Preben Elkjær]]{{refn|Elkjær was signed by Hellas Verona from [[K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen|Lokeren]] midway through 1984.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Hellas Verona F.C.|Hellas Verona]] | align="center" |48 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1985 Ballon d'Or|1985]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} '''[[Michel Platini]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''127''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Preben Elkjær]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Hellas Verona F.C.|Hellas Verona]] | align="center" |71 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Bernd Schuster]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |46 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1986 Ballon d'Or|1986]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|URS}} '''[[Igor Belanov]]''' |{{flagicon|URS}} '''[[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]]''' | align="center" |'''84''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Lineker]]{{refn|Lineker was signed by Barcelona from [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] midway through 1986.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |62 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Emilio Butragueño]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |59 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1987 Ballon d'Or|1987]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Ruud Gullit]]{{refn|Gullit was signed by AC Milan from [[PSV Eindhoven]] midway through 1987.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''106''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Paulo Futre]]{{refn|Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from [[FC Porto|Porto]] midway through 1987.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid]] | align="center" |91 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Emilio Butragueño]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |61 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1988 Ballon d'Or|1988]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Marco van Basten]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''129''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Ruud Gullit]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |88 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Frank Rijkaard]]{{refn|Rijkaard was signed by AC Milan from [[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]] midway through 1988.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |45 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1989 Ballon d'Or|1989]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Marco van Basten]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''129''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Franco Baresi]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |80 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Frank Rijkaard]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |43 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1990 Ballon d'Or|1990]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Lothar Matthäus]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Inter Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''137''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Salvatore Schillaci]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |84 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Brehme]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |68 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |'''[[1991 Ballon d'Or|1991]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} '''[[Jean-Pierre Papin]]''' |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} '''[[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]]''' | align="center" |'''141''' |- | rowspan="3" scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Dejan Savićević]] |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Red Star Belgrade]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |42 |- |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Darko Pančev]] |{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Red Star Belgrade]] |- |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Lothar Matthäus]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1992 Ballon d'Or|1992]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|NED}} '''[[Marco van Basten]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''98''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Hristo Stoichkov]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |80 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Dennis Bergkamp]] |{{flagicon|NED}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] | align="center" |53 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1993 Ballon d'Or|1993]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Roberto Baggio]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''142''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Dennis Bergkamp]]{{refn|Bergkamp was signed by Internazionale from [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] midway through 1993.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |83 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Eric Cantona]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | align="center" |34 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1994 Ballon d'Or|1994]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|BUL}} '''[[Hristo Stoichkov]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''210''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roberto Baggio]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |136 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Paolo Maldini]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |109 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1995 Ballon d'Or|1995]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|LBR}} '''[[George Weah]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}{{refn|Weah was signed by AC Milan from [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] midway through 1995.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''144''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Jürgen Klinsmann]]{{refn|Klinsmann was signed by Bayern Munich from [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] midway through 1995.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |108 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Jari Litmanen]] |{{flagicon|NED}} [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] | align="center" |67 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1996 Ballon d'Or|1996]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Matthias Sammer]]''' |{{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Borussia Dortmund]]''' | align="center" |'''144''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]{{refn|Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from [[PSV Eindhoven]] midway through 1996.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |143 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Alan Shearer]]{{refn|Shearer was signed by Newcastle United from [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] midway through 1996.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] | align="center" |107 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1997 Ballon d'Or|1997]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}{{refn|Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] midway through 1997.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Inter Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''222''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRY}} [[Predrag Mijatović]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |68 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Zinedine Zidane]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |63 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1998 Ballon d'Or|1998]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} '''[[Zinedine Zidane]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''244''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Davor Šuker]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |68 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Inter Milan]] | align="center" |66 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[1999 Ballon d'Or|1999]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Rivaldo]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''219''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Beckham]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | align="center" |154 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{nowrap|{{flagicon|UKR|1992}} [[Andriy Shevchenko]]{{refn|group=note|Shevchenko was signed by AC Milan from [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]] midway through 1999.}}}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |64 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2000 Ballon d'Or|2000]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Luís Figo]]{{refn|Figo was signed by Real Madrid from [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] midway through 2000.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''197''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Zinedine Zidane]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |181 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|UKR|1992}} [[Andriy Shevchenko]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |85 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2001 Ballon d'Or|2001]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Michael Owen]]''' |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]''' | align="center" |'''176''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |140 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Kahn]] |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |114 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2002 Ballon d'Or|2002]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}{{refn|Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from [[Inter Milan]] midway through 2002.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''169''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Carlos]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |145 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Kahn]] |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |110 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2003 Ballon d'Or|2003]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Pavel Nedvěd]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA|2003}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]''' | align="center" |'''190''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Thierry Henry]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | align="center" |128 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ITA|2003}} [[Paolo Maldini]] |{{flagicon|ITA|2003}} [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] | align="center" |123 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2004 Ballon d'Or|2004]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|UKR|1992}} '''[[Andriy Shevchenko]]''' |{{flagicon|ITA|2003}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''175''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Deco]]{{refn|Deco was signed by Barcelona from [[FC Porto|Porto]] midway through 2004.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |139 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Ronaldinho]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |133 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2005 Ballon d'Or|2005]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Ronaldinho]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''225''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Frank Lampard]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | align="center" |148 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steven Gerrard]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | align="center" |142 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2006 Ballon d'Or|2006]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Fabio Cannavaro]] {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}}{{refn|Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] midway through 2006.|group=note}}''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''173''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianluigi Buffon]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |124 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Thierry Henry]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | align="center" |121 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2007 Ballon d'Or|2007]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|BRA}} '''[[Kaká]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]''' | align="center" |'''444''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | align="center" |277 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |255 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2008 Ballon d'Or|2008]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ENG}} '''[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]''' | align="center" |'''446''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |281 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Torres]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | align="center" |179 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2009 Ballon d'Or|2009]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''473''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]{{refn|Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] midway through 2009.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |233 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Xavi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |170 |- ! colspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |[[FIFA Ballon d'Or]] (2010–2015) |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2010]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''22.65%''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andrés Iniesta]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |17.36% |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Xavi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |16.48% |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2011]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''47.88%''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |21.60% |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Xavi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |9.23% |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2012]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''41.60%''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |23.68% |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andrés Iniesta]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |10.91% |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2013]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''27.99%''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |24.72% |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Franck Ribéry]] |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |23.36% |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2014]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''37.66%''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |15.76% |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Manuel Neuer]] |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |15.72% |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2015 FIFA Ballon d'Or|2015]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''41.33%''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] | align="center" |27.76% |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Neymar]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |7.86% |- ! colspan="5" scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Ballon d'Or (2016–present) |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2016 Ballon d'Or|2016]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''745''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |316 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Antoine Griezmann]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid]] | align="center" |198 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2017 Ballon d'Or|2017]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''946''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | align="center" |670 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Neymar]]{{refn|Neymar was signed by Paris Saint-Germain from [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] midway through 2017.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | align="center" |361 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2018 Ballon d'Or|2018]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Luka Modrić]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''753''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]{{refn|Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Juventus from [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] midway through 2018.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |476 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|FRA|1974}} [[Antoine Griezmann]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid]] | align="center" |414 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2019 Ballon d'Or|2019]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' | scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD" |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]''' {{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]''' | align="center" |'''686''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Virgil van Dijk]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | align="center" |679 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | align="center" |476 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | align="center" |'''2020''' | colspan="4" align="center" |Not awarded due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref name="Not20202">{{cite web|date=20 July 2020|title=THE BALLON D'OR® WILL NOT BE AWARDED IN 2020|url=https://blog.lequipe.fr/communiques/the-ballon-dor-will-not-be-awarded-in-2020/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720131723/https://blog.lequipe.fr/communiques/the-ballon-dor-will-not-be-awarded-in-2020/|archive-date=20 July 2020|access-date=20 July 2020|publisher=L'Equipe}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''[[2021 Ballon d'Or|2021]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]'''{{refn|Messi was signed by Paris Saint-Germain from [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] midway through 2021.|group=note}} |{{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]]''' | align="center" |'''613''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|POL}} [[Robert Lewandowski]] |{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | align="center" |580 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Jorginho (footballer, born December 1991)|Jorginho]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] | align="center" |460 |- ! colspan="5" | |- | rowspan="3" |'''[[2022 Ballon d'Or|2022]]''' | scope="col" style="background-color:gold" |'''1st''' |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Karim Benzema]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]''' | align="center" |'''549''' |- | scope="col" style="background-color:silver" |2nd |{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Sadio Mané]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | align="center" |193 |- | scope="col" style="background-color:#cc9966" |3rd |{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Kevin De Bruyne]] |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | align="center" |175 |- !colspan="5"| |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|'''[[2023 Ballon d'Or|2023]]''' |scope=col style="background-color:gold"|'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]'''{{refn|Messi was signed by Inter Miami from [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] midway through 2023.|group=note}} |{{fbaicon|USA}} '''[[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]]''' |align="center"|'''462''' |- |scope=col style="background-color:silver"|2nd |{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Erling Haaland]] |{{fbaicon|ENG}} [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |align="center"|357 |- |scope=col style="background-color:#cc9966"|3rd |{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kylian Mbappé]] |{{fbaicon|FRA}} [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] |align="center"|270 |- !colspan="5"| |- |align="center" rowspan="3"|'''[[2024 Ballon d'Or|2024]]''' |scope=col style="background-color:gold"|'''1st''' |{{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Rodri (footballer, born 1996)|Rodri]]''' |{{fbaicon|ENG}} '''[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]''' |align="center"|'''''' |- |scope=col style="background-color:silver"|2nd |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Vinícius Júnior]] |{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align="center"| |- |scope=col style="background-color:#cc9966"|3rd |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jude Bellingham]] |{{fbaicon|ESP}} [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |align="center"| |} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Ballon d'Or recipients}} [[Category:Ballon d'Or| ]] a3xhqht0h8sn8g627mr0d3ofhetylg4 0 727952 10330643 9463798 2025-06-14T19:08:05Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox fashion designer |image = Taormina film festival 2009, emmanuel ungaro.jpg |caption = Emanuel Ungaro(2009) |name = Emanuel Ungaro |nationality = French |birth_date = {{birth date|1933|02|13|df=y}}<ref name="Vogue">{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/biographies/100419-emanuel-ungaro-biography.aspx|title=Emanuel Ungaro Biography|last=Milligan|first=Lauren|date=19 April 2010|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]]|access-date=16 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718072106/http://www.vogue.co.uk/biographies/100419-emanuel-ungaro-biography.aspx|archive-date=18 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |birth_place = [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[France]]<ref name="Vogue"/> |death_date = {{death date and age|2019|12|22|1933|02|13|df=y}} |death_place = [[Paris]], France |education = |label_name = House of Emanuel Ungaro |headquarters = |significant_design= |awards = Légion d'honneur |website = [http://www.ungaro.com/ www.ungaro.com] |}} '''Emanuel Ungaro''' (13 February 1933 – 22 December 2019) was a French fashion designer. Ungaro launched his first menswear collection, Ungaro Uomo, in 1973, and his first [[perfume]], ''Diva'', 10 years later in 1983. Ungaro was a participant in [[The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show]] held on November 28, 1973. Later followed the perfumes ''Senso'' (1987), ''Ungaro'' (1991) and ''Emanuel Ungaro For Men'' (1991). Ungaro died in [[Paris]] on 22 December 2019 at the age of 86.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50886433 Emanuel Ungaro: French fashion designer Emanuel dies aged 86]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.ungaro.com/ Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ungaro, Emanuel}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:French fashion designers]] [[Category:People from Aix-en-Provence]] {{bio-stub}} qjwru0z7fjlqhmg3d17btbgv6cpzn34 0 731153 10331359 10328270 2025-06-15T02:49:11Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 nice try 10331359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = [[Children's television series]]<br />[[Educational]] | creator = | based_on = {{based on|''Ordinary People Change the World''|[[Brad Meltzer]]}} | writer = [[Julia Daly]]<br>[[Jiro C. Okada]]<br>[[Charles Johnston]]<br>[[Jennifer Daly]]<br>[[Desmond Sargeant]]<br>[[Meghan Read]]<br>[[Lakna Edilima]] | director = [[Cory Bobiak]] | voices = [[Aidan Vissers]]<br>[[Zoe Hatz]]<br>[[Wyatt White]] | theme_music_composer = [[Joseph Trapanese]]<br>[[Jason Lazarus]]<br>[[Lindsay Pitts]] | opentheme = "Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum Theme" | endtheme = "Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum Theme" (instrumental) | composer = [[Meiro Stamm]] | country = Canada<br>United States<br>Ireland | language = English | num_seasons = 2<!-- increment as new seasons air --> | num_episodes = 61 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = [[Brad Meltzer]]<br>[[Christopher Eliopoulos]]<br>[[Vince Commisso]]<br>[[Blake Tohana]]<br>[[Rob Weisbach]]<br>[[Fonda Snyder]] | producer = [[Jennifer Bradley]] | editor = [[Meghan Read]] | runtime = 30 minutes (per episode) | network = [[PBS Kids]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2019|11|11}} | last_aired = present | company = [[Brown Bag Films]]<br />[[9 Story Media Group]] }} '''''Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum''''' is a Canadian animated television show. It premiered on September 23, 2019 by [[9 Story Media Group]] and [[Brown Bag Films]] for [[PBS Kids]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering September 23, 2019|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-September-23-2019/|work=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is a concept of the children's book written by [[Brad Meltzer]] and [[Chris Eliopoulos]], named ''Ordinary People Change the World''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/2019/09/13/brad-meltzer-xavier-riddle-secret-museum-interview/|title=Brad Meltzer on Finding Heroes for "Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum"|website=TV Shows|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The series involves Xavier Riddle with his friends, Yadina, Brad, and Berby, at the Secret Museum and help historical heroes that are from the past.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldextra.com/entertainment/columnists/francine-brokaw/xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premieres-on-pbs-kids/article_df934e49-abc3-5ed3-955f-b934dc9fca39.html|title='Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum' premieres on PBS Kids.|last=Columnist|first=Francine Brokaw Community|website=Daily Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23|archive-date=2020-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111043727/https://www.heraldextra.com/entertainment/columnists/francine-brokaw/xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premieres-on-pbs-kids/article_df934e49-abc3-5ed3-955f-b934dc9fca39.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Characters== ===Main=== * Xavier Riddle (voiced by Aidan Vissers in season 1, and Ian Ho in season 2) is the leader of his group with his little sister Yadina and their friend Brad. * Yadina Riddle (voiced by Zoe Hatz) is Xavier's little sister. * Brad Meltzer (voiced by Wyatt White) is Xavier and Yadina's best friend. ===Supporting=== * Berby is a small, egg-shaped flying robot who lives at the Secret Museum. They are part of the time machine by transporting Xavier, Yadina, Dr. Zoom, and Brad back and forth in time. == International broadcast == The show first premiered on PBS Kids on November 11, 2019, episode redused on November 8, 2021 on PBS Kids, The show is also released on TVOkids and also on it's website. It also premiered on Yle Kids on Yle on Finland on a unknown day in August 2022. ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}} [[Category:2019 American television series debuts]] [[Category:American animated movies]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2019 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] 8yq1cn7l5jgw2874bszl6p2bwck9061 0 732444 10330243 10322554 2025-06-14T16:04:49Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Korean name|Park}}{{Infobox person | name = Jimin | image = File:Park Ji-min on the Billboard Music Awards red carpet, 1 May 2019.jpg | alt = | caption = Jimin in May 2019 | native_name = 박지민 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10|13}} | birth_place = Geumjeong District, [[Busan]], South Korea | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Dancer}} | awards = [[File:ROK_Order_of_Cultural_Merit_Hwa-gwan_(5th_Class)_ribbon.PNG|border|23px]] Hwagwan Order of Cultural Merit (2018) | net_worth = | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|[[Alternative R&B]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7950090/bts-jimin-serendipity-love-yourself-her-album-k-pop-south-korea|title=BTS Reveal 'Serendipity' Comeback Trailer for 'Love Yourself: Her' Album|last=Herman|first=Tamar|date=September 4, 2018|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412125400/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7950090/bts-jimin-serendipity-love-yourself-her-album-k-pop-south-korea|archive-date=April 12, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=September 7, 2018}}</ref>}} | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2013–present | associated_acts = [[BTS]]}} | signature = Park Jimin Signature (BTS).svg }} '''Jimin''' or '''Park Ji-min''' (born October 13, 1995) is a member of the [[South Korean]] [[boy band]], [[BTS]]. He is from [[Busan]], [[South Korea]] but moved to Seoul to pursue his passion. He is the main dancer and the lead vocalist in BTS. He has performed solo work with BTS such as "Lie"(2016), “Serendipity"(2017), "Filter"(2020),"Set me free"(2023), and outside of BTS "Promise"(2018) and "Christmas Love"(2020). Nicknames fans have given him are Mochi, Chimmy, Jimin-ssi, and Jiminie. ==Career== Jimin debuted as a member of BTS in 2013. He was in fact the last member to join the group. He's the main dancer and lead vocalist of the group, and is well known for his unique voice and the way his dancing skills. ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:BTS members]] [[Category:Hybe Corporation artists]] [[Category:K-pop singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Busan]] [[Category:South Korean singer-songwriters]] 1hpn5za1kws76wp9vwp9eh0yqm1rqv1 0 741282 10331236 10265414 2025-06-15T01:21:07Z Wrj203 1620056 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 10331236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} {{Infobox historical event |Event_Name = Emu War |Image_Name = Deceased emu during Emu War.jpg |Imagesize = 240px |Image_Alt = |Image_Caption = A man holding an emu killed by Australian soldiers |AKA = Great Emu War |Participants = {{plainlist| *Sir [[George Pearce]] *Major Gwynydd Purves Wynne-Aubrey Meredith *Royal Australian Artillery}} *Sir Nigel Newton III |Location = [[Campion, Western Australia|Campion district]], [[Western Australia]] |Date = 2 November – 10 December 1932 |Result = Failure. See [[#After the War|Aftermath]] }} The '''Emu War''', also called the '''Great Emu War''',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shuttlesworth|first=Dorothy Edwards|title=The Wildlife of Australia and New Zealand|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|year=1967|page=69}}</ref> was a [[military]] operation in [[Australia]] in late 1932. [[Emu|Emus]] are large [[Flightless birds|birds that cannot fly]]. [[Endemism|Wild emus only live in]] Australia. The Australian army killed many emus because the farmers thought they were [[Pest_(biology)|pests]]. Farmers were having trouble with the many emus [[Invasion|invading]] the [[Campion, Western Australia|Campion]] district of [[Western Australia]]. Soldiers tried to kill emus with [[Lewis gun]]s. The media called the military action against birds the "Emu War". The army did kill some, but there were still many emus and they continued to destroy [[Crop|crops]]. ==Background== [[File:Fallow caused by emus.jpg|thumb|Bare fields after attacks by emus]] After [[World War I]], the Australian government gave land to many ex-soldiers from Australia and some from [[Great Britain]]. The government gave these [[Settler|settlers]] land to farm in [[Western Australia]]. Much of the land was not very good. When the [[Great Depression]] hit Australia in 1929, the government told these farmers to grow more [[wheat]]. The government promised to help by giving [[subsidy|money to farmers]]. But the farmers did not get the money. Wheat was losing its worth. By October 1932, there were big problems in Western Australia. The farmers were ready to [[harvest]] the season's [[crop]] but they also threatened the government. They said they might not deliver the wheat.<ref name="Johnson2008">{{Cite journal| last = Johnson | first = Murray | year = 2006 | title = 'Feathered foes': soldier settlers and Western Australia's 'Emu War' of 1932 | journal = Journal of Australian Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 88 | issn = 1444-3058 | pages = 147–157 | doi = 10.1080/14443050609388083 | s2cid = 144598286 }}</ref> Farmers' lives and work became even worse when about 20,000 emus arrived.<ref name="Gill">{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zM0tG5ApO0UC&pg=PR26 | page = xxvi | title = Ornithology | first = Frank B. | last = Gill | edition = 3rd | publisher = Macmillan | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7167-4983-7 }}</ref> Emus regularly [[migrate]] (move from one area to another in big groups) after [[Seasonal breeder|breeding]] each year. They return to the coast from inland areas. Western Australian farmers had cleared more land and made water supplies for their [[livestock]] and crops better. The emus went to the settlers' farms. They were good [[habitat|places for the emus to live]]. Emus began to move into farms. Many moved into the farms around [[Chandler, Western Australia|Chandler]] and [[Walgoolan, Western Australia|Walgoolan]].<ref name="Johnson2008" /> The emus ate and ruined the crops. They also made large holes in fences where rabbits could enter and cause more problems.<ref name="defended">{{Cite news| url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4509731 | title = "Emu War" defended | work = The Argus (Melbourne) | date = 19 November 1932 | page = 22 }}</ref> [[File:Lewis Gun during Emu War.jpg|thumb|Lewis Gun during Emu War]] Farmers complained to the government about the birds destroying the crops. A group of [[veteran]] settler-farmers went to meet with the [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister of Defence]], Sir [[George Pearce]]. The settler-farmers had been soldiers in [[World War I]]. They understood machine guns. They asked the government to send machine guns. The minister agreed. But, he wanted soldiers to use the guns, not the settler-farmers. The Western Australian government would pay to transport the soldiers. The farmers would give them food and places to live. The farmers would also pay for the [[Bullet|bullets]].<ref name="Johnson2008" /><ref name="rain">{{Cite news| url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4504009 | title = Rain Scatters Emus | work = The Argus | date = 18 October 1932 | page = 7 }}</ref> Pearce also wanted to send the guns because the birds would be good target practice for the soldiers.<ref name = Boom>{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W_9jMwwC4foC&pg=PT267 | page = 256 | title = Boom and Bust: Bird Stories For a Dry Country | first1 = Libby | last1 = Robin | first2 = Leo | last2 = Joseph | first3 = Rob | last3 = Heinshohn | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-643-09606-6 }}</ref> Some in the government may have thought the military operation would make the government look good. People would see that they were helping the Western Australian farmers. They wanted to stop a plan for [[1933 Western Australian secession referendum|Western Australia to become an independent country]]. A [[cinematographer]] (movie-maker) from [[Movietone News|Fox Movietone]] joined the soldiers.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> == The "war" == [[File:Sir George Pearce.jpg|thumb|Sir [[George Pearce]] ordered the army to reduce the emu population. Later in Parliament, Senator [[James Dunn (Australian politician)|James Dunn]] called Pearce the "Minister of the Emu War".<ref>{{Cite news | date=19 November 1932 | title=Over the Speakers Chair | work=[[The Canberra Times]] | location=[[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]] | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2318780 | access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref>]] The military began to fight the birds in October 1932.<ref name="rain" /> The "war" was conducted under the command of Major G.P. Wynne-Aubrey Meredith of the Seventh Heavy Battery of the [[Royal Australian Artillery]].<ref name="Johnson2008" /><ref name="Boom" /> Meredith commanded soldiers Sergeant S. McMurray and Gunner J. O'Halloran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last=Burton | first=Adrian | date=1 August 2013 | title=Tell me, mate, what were emus like? | journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment | language=en | volume=11 | issue=6 | pages=336 | doi=10.1890/1540-9295-11.6.336 | issn=1540-9309}}</ref> They were armed with two [[Lewis gun]]s<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr7ddMAUnqUC&pg=PA123 | pages=123–124 | title=The Default Country: A Lexical Cartography of Twentieth-century Australia | first=Jay Mary | last=Arthur | publisher=UNSW Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-86840-542-1}}</ref> and 10,000 rounds of ammunition.<ref name="Boom" /> Some soldier-settlers also helped them. The operation was delayed, however, by rain that caused the emus to spread out all over a wider area.<ref name="rain" /> The rain stopped by 2 November 1932.<ref name="Johnson2008" /><ref name="rain" /> So, then the troops were sent with orders to help the farmers. A newspaper reported that soldiers were told to collect 100 emu skins. Feathers from these skins could be used to make hats for [[Australian Light Horse|light horsemen]].<ref name="machine">{{Cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2315329 | work=The Argus | date=3 November 1932 | title=Machine Guns Sent Against Emu Pests | page=2}}</ref> ===First attempt=== On 2 November, the men travelled to [[Campion, Western Australia|Campion]]. They saw about 50 emus there.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> The birds were too far from the guns, so the local settlers tried to [[Herding|herd]] the emus into an ambush. This failed. The birds split into small groups and ran so it was difficult to shoot them.<ref name="Boom" /> But, while the first shots from the machine guns did not hurt the emus because they were far away, a second round of gunfire killed "a number" of birds. Later the same day, settlers found a small flock and killed about a dozen birds.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> Next, on 4 November, Meredith prepared an [[ambush]] near a local [[dam]]. They saw more than 1,000 emus heading towards Meredith and his soldiers. This time, the gunners waited until the birds were very close. Then, they started to fire their guns. The guns jammed after only twelve birds were killed. The surviving birds ran away before any more could be shot.<ref name=":0" /> Meredith and the soldiers did not see any more birds that day.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> After losing the Battle of the Dam, Meredith moved further south, because he heard the birds were "fairly tame".<ref name="WA1992-11-04">''West Australian'', 4 March 1932, quoted in Johnson (2006), p152</ref> But, again, he had only limited success even though he and his men tried very hard to kill more emus.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> By the fourth day of the campaign, army observers reported that birds looked well organised. "Each [[Pack hunter|pack]] seems to have its own leader now – a big black-[[Feather|plumed]] bird which stands fully six feet high and keeps watch while his mates carry out their work of destruction and warns them of our approach".<ref name="Sunday Herald">{{Cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18516559 | title=New Strategy in a War on the Emu | work=[[The Sun-Herald|Sunday Herald]] | date=5 July 1953 | page=13}}</ref> Meredith was desperate. He even tried to put one of the guns on a truck. This failed because the truck was slower than the emus. The ride was so rough that the gunner could not fire any shots.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> By 8 November, six days after the fighting started, the soldiers had fired 2,500 bullets.<ref name="Boom" /> Nobody knows how many birds were killed. One estimate was 50 birds.<ref name="Boom" /> Others said from 200 to 500 birds. Settlers gave the large estimate. Meredith's official report said that none of his men were injured.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> On 8 November, members of the [[House of Representatives (Australia)|Australian House of Representatives]] discussed the operation.<ref name="Boom" /> Following the negative coverage in the local media,<ref name="elusive" >{{Cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2315839 | title=Elusive Emus | work=The Argus | date=5 November 1932 | page=4}}</ref> that included claims that "only a few" emus had died,<ref name="defended" /> Pearce took out the military personnel and the guns on 8 November.<ref name=defended /><ref name="Boom" /><ref name=withdrawn>{{Cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4507996 | title=War on Emus | work=The Argus | date=10 November 1932 | page=8}}</ref><ref name=war>{{Cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2317086 | title=Emu War Again | work=The Canberra Times | date=12 November 1932 | page=1}}</ref> After the [[Withdrawal (military)|withdrawal]], Major Meredith compared the emus to [[Zulu people|Zulus]] and commented on the striking maneuverability (ability to move quickly and carefully) of the emus, even while badly hurt. {{Quote | style=font-size:100% | If we had a military division with the bullet-carrying capacity of these birds it would face any army in the world&nbsp;... They can face machine guns with the invulnerability of tanks. They are like Zulus whom even [[Expanding bullet|dum-dum bullets]] could not stop.<ref name="Sunday Herald" />}} === Second attempt === After the soldiers retreated, the emus continued to attack crops. Farmers again asked for support, citing the hot weather and drought that brought emus invading farms in the thousands. [[James Mitchell (Australian politician)|James Mitchell]], the [[Premier of Western Australia]], lent his strong support to renewal of the military assistance. At the same time, a report from the Base Commander was issued that indicated 300 emus had been killed in the initial operation.<ref name="war" /> On November 12, the Minister of Defence started the war again because of the settlers' requests and the Base Commander's report.<ref name="war" /> He explained the decision to the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. He said they needed soldiers to fight the serious agricultural [[threat]] from the big emu population.<ref name="defended" /> The army had agreed to lend the guns to the Western Australian government. The army expected people from the Western Australian government would use the guns. But, there were not enough experienced machine gunners in the state, so Meredith was sent to fight again.<ref name="Johnson2008" /> The military started to attack on 13 November 1932. They were successful during the first two days, and killed about 40 of the invading emus. The third day, 15 November, was less successful. By 2 December, the soldiers were killing about 100 emus per week. Meredith was recalled on 10 December, and in his report he claimed 986 kills with 9,860 rounds, at a rate of exactly 10 rounds per confirmed kill. In addition, Meredith claimed 2,500 wounded birds had died as a result of their [[injury|injuries]].<ref name="Johnson2008" /> In judging the success of the war, an article in the ''Coolgardie Miner'' on 23 August 1935 reported that although the use of machine guns had been "criticised in many quarters, the method proved effective and saved what remained of the wheat".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/217998228?searchTerm=emu%20war%20effective&searchLimits= |title=Another "Emu War"? |newspaper=[[Coolgardie Miner]] |via=[[Trove]] |date=23 August 1935 |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> == Aftermath == [[File:Emu Side.JPG|thumb|Despite being attacked by the Australian Army, the IUCN rates the emu as a species of least concern.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|page= e.T22678117A131902466 |title= ''Dromaius novaehollandiae'' |author= [[BirdLife International]] |year= 2018 |accessdate= 15 February 2020}}</ref> ]] [[File:Rabbit-proof-fence-000876d.jpg|thumb|Rabbit proof fence in 1926]] [[File:Rabbit proof fence in 2005.jpg|thumb|Rabbit proof fence in 2005]] In and after 1930, farmers built fences to keep emus out of farms. The fences stopped [[dingo]]es and [[rabbit]]s too.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McKnight|first=Tom|date=July 1969|title=Barrier Fencing for Vermin Control in Australia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_1969-07_59_3/page/330|journal=Geographical Review|volume= 59| issue = 3|pages=330–347|jstor=213480|doi=10.2307/213480}}</ref><ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18516559 New Strategy in a War on the Emu, ''The (Sydney) Sunday Herald'', (Sunday, 5 July 1953), p13.]</ref> By December 1932, people in the [[United Kingdom]] had heard about the Emu War. Some [[Conservation movement|people who cared about animals]] said killing the emus was bad. They called it "[[Extinction|extermination]] of the rare emu".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=C.F.H.|title=The Wanderings of an Entomologist|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=1988|page=8|isbn=978-0-7316-2888-9}}</ref> Dominic Serventy and Hubert Whittell, Australian [[Ornithologist|ornithologists]], described the "war" as "an attempt at the mass destruction of the birds".<ref name=Serventy>{{Cite book|last=Serventy|first=Dominic Louis|author2=Hubert Massey Whittell|title=A Handbook of the Birds of Western Australia (with the exception of the Kimberley Division)|publisher=Patersons Press; Original: University of Wisconsin Press|year=1948|page=63}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2016/11/on-this-day-the-emu-wars-begin |title=Gore, J.G., "Looking Back: Australia's Emu Wars", ''Australian Geographic'', Wednesday, 2 November 2016. |access-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421023023/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2016/11/on-this-day-the-emu-wars-begin |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/the-great-emu-war-in-which-some-large-flightless-birds-unwittingly-foiled-the-australian-army Crew, B., "The Great Emu War: In which some large, flightless birds unwittingly foiled the Australian Army", ''Scientific American Blogs'', Monday, 4 August 2014.]</ref> Some farmers asked the army to fight the emus again in 1934, 1943, and 1948. Each year, the government said no.<ref name="Johnson2008" /><ref>[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/55872191 Request to Use Bombs to Kill Emus, ''The (Adelaide) Mail'', (Saturday, 3 July 1943), p.12.]</ref> Instead, the government continued the [[Bounty hunter|bounty]] system that had started in 1923. This worked. For six months in 1934, Western Australians killed 57,034 emus and asked for the bounty money.<ref name="Boom" /> In November 1950, [[Hugh Leslie]], a newspaper editor and state and federal politician from Western Australia, complained about emus in federal parliament. He asked the Army Minister [[Josiah Francis]] to give [[British .303|.303 ammunition]] from the army to farmers to kill the emus. The minister said yes and gave 500,000 [[Bullet|bullets]] to the farmers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/218049072|title=Control of emus|newspaper=Coolgardie Miner|date=30 November 1950}}</ref> ==Legacy== [[Playwright]] Simeon Yialeloglou and [[composer]] James Court made a [[Musical theater|musical]] adaptation of the story in [[Melbourne]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grassroots 2019 |url=http://www.homegrownaus.com/grassroots-2019 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Home Grown |language=en-US}}</ref> A movie about the War, written by [[John Cleese]], Monty Franklin, and [[Rob Schneider]], is being planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=British and US comedy legends bring bizarre chapter of Australian history to big screen |url=https://7news.com.au/entertainment/john-cleese-rob-schneider-write-script-for-australian-emu-war-movie-c-2307774 |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=7NEWS.com.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Australia's Emu War spawns feature film, jokes and memes 90 years on |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-10/great-emu-war-90-years-on-army-wheatbelt-battle-history/101752238 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=abc.net.au |language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Emu]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.emugigs.com/emuwar/ How we lost the "Emu War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092537/http://www.emugigs.com/emuwar/ |date=2020-11-08 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092700/http://www.naturebase.net/pdf/plants_animals/living_with_wildlife/0805_emu.pdf Plants & Animals: Emu] * {{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4508317|title=Attack on Emus|work=The Argus|date=12 November 1932}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Birds of Australia]] [[Category:Pests]] [[Category:Military of Australia]] [[Category:1932]] 0bab8xpxm3pb1a70aei88y71k61v8is 0 745836 10331483 10106467 2025-06-15T05:35:03Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Erling Haaland | image = Erling Haaland 2023 (cropped-v2).jpg | caption = Haaland playing for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in 2023 | full_name = Erling Braut Haaland<ref>{{cite web |title=Derfor byttet han fra Håland til Haaland |trans-title=The reason he changed from Håland to Haaland |language=no |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185824/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_name = Erling Braut Håland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland 2019: List of Players: Norway |publisher=FIFA |page=13 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], West Yorkshire<!-- DO NOT REMOVE "West Yorkshire", there are multiple "Leeds" in England, one cannot force a user to click the link to know which Leeds is meant here per [[MOS:FORCELINK]] --><!-- ALSO, DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->, England | height = 1.96 m<ref name="PremProfile"/> | position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2005–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 18 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2017 | clubs3 = [[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] | caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2017–2019 | clubs4 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 14 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 17 | years6 = 2020–2022 | clubs6 = [[Borussia Dortmund]] | caps6 = 67 | goals6 = 62 | years7 = 2022– | clubs7 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps7 = 64 | goals7 = 61<!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES AND GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2015 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2017 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2018 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 6 | nationalgoals5 = 6 | nationalyears6 = 2019 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-20 football team|Norway U20]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 11 | nationalyears7 = 2018 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps7 = 3 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | nationalyears8 = 2019– | nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps8 = 31 | nationalgoals8 = 27 | club-update = 15:30, 11 May 2024 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 23:30, 26 March 2024 (UTC) }} '''Erling Braut Haaland''' (''[[né]]'' '''Håland'''; born 21 July 2000) is a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] professional [[footballer]]. He plays as a [[Striker (association football)|striker]] for [[Premier League]] club [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] and the [[Norway national football team|Norway national team]]. Haaland was born in [[Leeds]], England. His father, [[Alf-Inge Håland]], is a former player<!-- a Norwegian international--> who played as a defender and midfielder. Erling Haaland started his career at his hometown club [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] in 2016. He moved to [[Molde FK|Molde]] in 2017 where he spent two years. In January 2019, Austrian club [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] signed him on a five-year contract. In the [[2019–20 UEFA Champions League]], he became the first teenager to score in five straight [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] matches and the second teenager to score 10 goals in the competition. He won the [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] twice and the [[Austrian Cup]] once with Salzburg. In December 2019, Haaland joined Borussia Dortmund for a fee reported in the region of [[€]]20&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50940894|title=Erling Braut Haaland: Borussia Dortmund sign striker from Red Bull Salzburg|date=29 December 2019|access-date=17 March 2020|publisher=BBC Sport|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230183508/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50940894|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[statistics]] for the season that will end in 2025: The ''[[expected goals]] per 90 minutes of play'' (in the Premier League), is 0.85<ref>https://understat.com/player/8260. Retrieved 2025-02-28</ref> (as of February 28); He has scored 20 goals in 26 games. ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 11 May 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Norwegian Football Cup]], [[Austrian Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[FA Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="3"|[[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] |[[2015 Norwegian Third Division|2015]]<ref name="NorwegianFA"/> |[[3. divisjon]] |3||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3||2 |- |[[2016 Norwegian Third Division|2016]]<ref name="NorwegianFA"/> |3. divisjon |11||16||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||11||16 |- !colspan="2"|Total !14||18||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||14||18 |- |[[Bryne FK|Bryne]] |[[2016 Norwegian First Division|2016]]<ref name="NorwegianFA"/> |[[1. divisjon]] |16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||16||0 |- |[[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] |[[2017 Norwegian Third Division|2017]]<ref name="NorwegianFA"/> |3. divisjon |4||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||2 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Molde FK|Molde]] |[[2017 Molde FK season|2017]]<ref name="NorwegianFA"/> |[[Eliteserien]] |14||2||6||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||4 |- |[[2018 Molde FK season|2018]]<ref name="NorwegianFA">{{cite web |url=https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/person/profil/?fiksId=3608320 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: Klubbstatistikk |trans-title=Erling Braut Haaland: Club statistics |publisher=Norwegian Football Federation |access-date=27 November 2020 |language=no |archive-date=27 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827132510/https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/person/profil/?fiksId=3608320 |url-status=live }}</ref> |Eliteserien |25||12||0||0||colspan="2"|—||5{{efn|name=UEL}}||4||colspan="2"|—||30||16 |- !colspan="2"|Total !39||14||6||2||colspan="2"|—||5||4||colspan="2"|—||50||20 |- |rowspan="3"|[[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] |{{Nowrap|[[2018–19 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2018–19]]}}<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] |2||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|name=UEL|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||5||1 |- |[[2019–20 FC Red Bull Salzburg season|2019–20]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |Austrian Bundesliga |14||16||2||4||colspan="2"|—||6{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||8||colspan="2"|—||22||28 |- !colspan="2"|Total !16||17||4||4||colspan="2"|—||7||8||colspan="2"|—||27||29 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Borussia Dortmund]] |[[2019–20 Borussia Dortmund season|2019–20]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[Bundesliga]] |15||13||1||1||colspan="2"|—||2{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||colspan="2"|—||18||16 |- |[[2020–21 Borussia Dortmund season|2020–21]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |Bundesliga |28||27||4||3||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||10||1{{efn|name=GSC|Appearance in [[DFL-Supercup]]}}||1||41||41 |- |[[2021–22 Borussia Dortmund season|2021–22]]<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/erling-haland/441484/ |title=E. Haaland: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825154100/http://int.soccerway.com/players/erling-haland/441484/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |Bundesliga |24||22||2||4||colspan="2"|—||3{{efn|name=UCL}}||3||1{{efn|name=GSC}}||0||30||29 |- !colspan="2"|Total !67||62||7||8||colspan="2"|—||13||15||2||1||89||86 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |[[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|101493|2022|access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |35||36||4||3||2||1||11{{efn|name=UCL}}||12||1{{efn|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||53||52 |- |[[2023–24 Manchester City F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|101493|2023|access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref> |Premier League |29||25||2||5||0||0||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||6||2{{efn|One appearance in FA Community Shield, one in [[UEFA Super Cup]]}}||0||42||36 |- !colspan="2"|Total !64||61||6||8||2||1||20||18||3||0||95||88 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !220||174||23||22||2||1||45||45||5||1||295||243 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 26 March 2024}}<ref name="wfnat">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/erling-haaland/4/ |title=Erling Haaland: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |date=<!-- citation bot adds wrong date --> |access-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419205149/https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/erling-haaland/4/ |archive-date=19 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="6"|[[Norway national football team|Norway]] |2019||2||0 |- |2020||5||6 |- |2021||8||6 |- |2022||8||9 |- |2023||6||6 |- |2024||2||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total||31||27 |} {{updated|match played 26 March 2024}} :''Norway score listed first, score column indicates score after each Haaland goal''<ref name="wfnat"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Erling Haaland |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Cap !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |style="text-align: center;"|1||4 September 2020||[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;"|3||{{fb|AUT}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–2||style="text-align: center;"|1–2||[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/04/europe/uefa-nations-league/norway/austria/3243375/ |title=Norway vs. Austria 1–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901223658/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/04/europe/uefa-nations-league/norway/austria/3243375/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|2||rowspan="2"|7 September 2020||rowspan="2"|[[Windsor Park]], Belfast, Northern Ireland||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|4||rowspan="2"|{{fb|NIR}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|5–1||rowspan="2"|[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/07/europe/uefa-nations-league/northern-ireland/norway/3243379/ |title=Northern Ireland vs. Norway 1–5: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127165429/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/07/europe/uefa-nations-league/northern-ireland/norway/3243379/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|3||style="text-align: center;"|5–1 |- |style="text-align: center;"|4||rowspan="3"|11 October 2020||rowspan="3"|[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|6||rowspan="3"|{{fb|ROU}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|4–0||rowspan="3"|[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/11/europe/uefa-nations-league/norway/romania/3243382/ |title=Norway vs. Romania 4–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901224452/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/11/europe/uefa-nations-league/norway/romania/3243382/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|5||style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|6||style="text-align: center;"|4–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|7||2 June 2021||[[La Rosaleda Stadium]], Málaga, Spain||style="text-align: center;"|11||{{fb|LUX}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/02/world/friendlies/norway/luxembourg/3492805/ |title=Norway vs. Luxembourg 1–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901224750/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/02/world/friendlies/norway/luxembourg/3492805/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|8||1 September 2021||[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;"|13||{{fb|NED}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–1||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/01/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/norway/netherlands/3430159/ |title=Norway vs. Netherlands 1–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901225103/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/01/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/norway/netherlands/3430159/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|9||4 September 2021||[[Daugava Stadium (Riga)|Daugava Stadium]], Riga, Latvia||style="text-align: center;"|14||{{fb|LVA}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/04/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/latvia/norway/3430161/ |title=Latvia vs. Norway 0–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715221914/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/04/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/latvia/norway/3430161/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|10||rowspan="3"|7 September 2021||rowspan="3"|[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|15||rowspan="3"|{{fb|GIB}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|5–1||rowspan="3"|[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/07/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/norway/gibraltar/3430166/ |title=Norway vs. Gibraltar 5–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907221201/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/07/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/norway/gibraltar/3430166/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|11||style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|12||style="text-align: center;"|5–1 |- |style="text-align: center;"|13||25 March 2022||[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;"|16||{{fb|SVK}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/25/world/friendlies/norway/slovakia/3718385/ |title=Norway vs. Slovakia 2–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116012422/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/25/world/friendlies/norway/slovakia/3718385/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|14||rowspan="2"|29 March 2022||rowspan="2"|[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|17||rowspan="2"|{{fb|ARM}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|9–0||rowspan="2"|[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/29/world/friendlies/norway/armenia/3717746/ |title=Norway vs. Armenia 9–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329193750/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/29/world/friendlies/norway/armenia/3717746/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|15||style="text-align: center;"|5–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|16||2 June 2022||[[Red Star Stadium]], Belgrade, Serbia||style="text-align: center;"|18||{{fb|SRB}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/02/europe/uefa-nations-league/serbia/norway/3710458/|title=Serbia vs. Norway 0–1: Summary|website=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602205529/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/02/europe/uefa-nations-league/serbia/norway/3710458/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|17||rowspan="2"|5 June 2022||rowspan="2"|[[Friends Arena]], Solna, Sweden||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|19||rowspan="2"|{{fb|SWE}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|2–1||rowspan="2"|[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/05/europe/uefa-nations-league/sweden/norway/3710461/ |title=Sweden vs. Norway 1–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210144/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/05/europe/uefa-nations-league/sweden/norway/3710461/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|18||style="text-align: center;"|2–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|19||rowspan="2"|12 June 2022||rowspan="2"|[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|21||rowspan="2"|{{fb|SWE}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|3–2||rowspan="2"|[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/12/europe/uefa-nations-league/norway/sweden/3710464/ |title=Norway vs. Sweden 3–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612185719/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/12/europe/uefa-nations-league/norway/sweden/3710464/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|20||style="text-align: center;"|2–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|21||24 September 2022||[[Stožice Stadium]], Ljubljana, Slovenia||style="text-align: center;"|22||{{fb|SVN}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–2||[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League B]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/09/24/europe/uefa-nations-league/slovenia/norway/3710466/ |title=Slovenia vs. Norway 2–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924192532/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/09/24/europe/uefa-nations-league/slovenia/norway/3710466/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|22||17 June 2023||[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;"|24||{{fb|SCO}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|1–2||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/17/europe/european-championship-qualification/norway/scotland/3972561/ |title=Norway vs. Scotland 1–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617182840/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/17/europe/european-championship-qualification/norway/scotland/3972561/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|23||rowspan="2"|20 June 2023||rowspan="2"|[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|25||rowspan="2"|{{fb|CYP}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|3–1||rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/20/europe/european-championship-qualification/norway/cyprus/3972564/ |title=Norway vs. Cyprus 3–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620204753/https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/06/20/europe/european-championship-qualification/norway/cyprus/3972564/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|24||style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |- |style="text-align: center;"|25||12 September 2023||[[Ullevaal Stadion]], Oslo, Norway||style="text-align: center;"|26||{{fb|GEO}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–1||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/09/12/europe/european-championship-qualification/norway/georgia/3972567/ |title=Norway vs. Georgia 2–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|26||rowspan="2"|12 October 2023||rowspan="2"|[[AEK Arena – Georgios Karapatakis|AEK Arena]], Larnaca, Cyprus||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|27||rowspan="2"|{{fb|CYP}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|4–0||rowspan="2"|[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/12/europe/european-championship-qualification/cyprus/norway/3972570/ |title=Cyprus vs. Norway 0–4: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|27||style="text-align: center;"|3–0 |} ==Honours== '''Red Bull Salzburg''' * [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]]: [[2018–19 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2018–19]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> * [[Austrian Cup]]: [[2018–19 Austrian Cup|2018–19]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> '''Borussia Dortmund''' * [[DFB-Pokal]]: [[2020–21 DFB-Pokal|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kicker.de/leipzig-gegen-dortmund-2021-dfb-pokal-4704927/aufstellung |title=DFB-Pokal 2020/21, Finale in Berlin: RB Leipzig 1:4 Borussia Dortmund: Takt. aufstellung |trans-title=DFB-Pokal 2020/21, Final in Berlin: RB Leipzig 1:4 Borussia Dortmund: Tactical lineup |website=kicker |publisher=Olympia-Verlag |access-date=13 May 2021 |language=de |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513224150/https://www.kicker.de/leipzig-gegen-dortmund-2021-dfb-pokal-4704927/aufstellung |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Manchester City''' * [[Premier League]]: [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]]<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/65970/Erling-Haaland/overview |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809064957/https://www.premierleague.com/players/65970/Erling-Haaland/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[FA Cup]]: [[2022–23 FA Cup|2022–23]]<ref name="fa cup final 2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637 |title=Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602230358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65845807 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=10 June 2023 |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610003917/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65845807 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2023 UEFA Super Cup|2023]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66513883 |title=Manchester City 1–1 Sevilla |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> '''Norway U17''' * Syrenka Cup: 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotball.no/landslag/norge-gutter-16/2016/g16-disse-starter-mot-romania/|title=G16: Historisk finaleseier|publisher=Norwegian Football Association|language=no|date=3 September 2016|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221160036/https://www.fotball.no/landslag/norge-gutter-16/2016/g16-disse-starter-mot-romania/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Individual''' * [[European Golden Shoe]]: 2022–23<ref name="European Sports Magazines z432">{{cite web |title=The Golden Shoe |website=European Sports Magazines |url=https://www.eusm.eu/item/goldenshoe_winners.htm |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220318235048/https://www.eusm.eu/item/goldenshoe_winners.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Kniksen Award#Breakthrough of the Year|Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year]]: 2018<ref name="breakthrough award">{{cite web |url=https://www.eliteserien.no/fotballfesten/alle-vinnerne-pa-fotballfesten |title=Alle vinnerne på fotballfesten |language=no |publisher=Eliteserien |date=25 November 2018 |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127152124/https://www.eliteserien.no/fotballfesten/alle-vinnerne-pa-fotballfesten |archive-date=27 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[ESPN]] Striker of the Year: 2022–23<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=FC 100 best men's soccer strikers, 2022-23 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37949548/fc-100-best-men-strikers-2022-23 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[Austrian Footballer of the Year]]: 2019<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.skysportaustria.at/erling-haaland-ist-oesterreichs-fussballer-des-jahres/ |title=Erling Haaland ist Österreichs Fußballer des Jahres |date=18 December 2019 |website=Sky Sport Austria |language=de |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611174616/https://www.skysportaustria.at/erling-haaland-ist-oesterreichs-fussballer-des-jahres/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] Player of the Season: [[2019–20 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Haaland erhielt Pokal als Österreichs Fußballer des Jahres |url=https://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/19-20/haaland-spieler-des-jahres-2019/ |website=Bundesliga.at |date=24 January 2020 |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060124/https://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/19-20/haaland-spieler-des-jahres-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Golden Boot|FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot]]: [[2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|2019]]<ref name=golden>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/lee-lunin-headline-award-winners-at-poland-2019|title=Lee, Lunin headline award winners at Poland 2019|publisher=FIFA |date=15 June 2019|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617114851/https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/lee-lunin-headline-award-winners-at-poland-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League Breakthrough XI: 2019<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2635905.html |title=Champions League breakthrough team of 2019 |date=30 December 2019 |publisher=UEFA |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230124127/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2635905.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Bundesliga]] Player of the Season: [[2020–21 Bundesliga#Annual awards|2020–21]]<ref name="goal21">{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/de/meldungen/haaland-spieler-der-saison-bundesliga-bvb-lewandowski/natrorjs169915wzfzoovcthb |title=BVB: Erling Haaland zum Spieler der Saison in der Bundesliga gekürt |website=Goal |language=de |date=25 May 2021 |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526070855/https://www.goal.com/de/meldungen/haaland-spieler-der-saison-bundesliga-bvb-lewandowski/natrorjs169915wzfzoovcthb |url-status=live }}</ref> * Bundesliga Player of the Month: [[2019–20 Bundesliga#Monthly awards|January 2020]], [[2020–21 Bundesliga#Monthly awards|November 2020]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Bundesliga Player of the Month |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/player-of-the-month-2019-20-ea-sports-fifa-20-6883 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404161121/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/player-of-the-month-2019-20-ea-sports-fifa-20-6883 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="November POTM">{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland named Bundesliga Player of the Month for November |url=https://bulinews.com/news/6934/erling-haaland-named-bundesliga-player-the-month-for-november |website=BuliNews.com |date=18 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218172129/https://bulinews.com/news/6934/erling-haaland-named-bundesliga-player-the-month-for-november |url-status=live }}</ref> April 2021,<ref>{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland named April Player of the Month! |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/player-of-the-month-vote-fifa-21-ea-sports-20-21-season-13184 |publisher=Bundesliga |date=5 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505022141/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/player-of-the-month-vote-fifa-21-ea-sports-20-21-season-13184 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2021–22 Bundesliga#Monthly awards|August 2021]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bundesliga Player of the Month |publisher=Bundesliga |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/player-of-the-month-vote-fifa-22-ea-sports-21-22-season-17213 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917185124/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/player-of-the-month-vote-fifa-22-ea-sports-21-22-season-17213 |archive-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> * Bundesliga Rookie of the Month: January 2020, February 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Bundesliga Rookie Award |publisher=Bundesliga |url=https://www.rookie-award.com/en |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103222706/https://www.rookie-award.com/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Bundesliga Goal of the Month: September 2021<ref>{{cite news|title=Bundesliga Goal of the Month|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/goal-of-the-month-vote-17205|access-date=18 November 2021|publisher=Bundesliga|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112183012/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/goal-of-the-month-vote-2021-22-17205|url-status=live}}</ref> * Bundesliga Team of the Season: [[2020–21 Bundesliga#Team of the season|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/team-of-the-season-2021-vote-fifa-21-ea-sports-haaland-lewandowski-overview-4204 |title=The 2020/21 Bundesliga Team of the Season! |publisher=Bundesliga |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517120158/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/team-of-the-season-2021-vote-fifa-21-ea-sports-haaland-lewandowski-overview-4204 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2021–22 Bundesliga#Team of the season|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/ea-sports-team-of-the-season-2021-22-overview-19624 |title=The EA Sports Bundesliga Team of the Season 2021/22 is here! |publisher=Bundesliga |date=13 May 2022 |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104100645/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/ea-sports-team-of-the-season-2021-22-overview-19624 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Vereinigung der Vertragsfußballspieler#Team of the Season|VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season]]: [[2019–20 Bundesliga|2019–20]],<ref name="20VDV">{{cite web |title=Die VDV 11 2019/2020 – Robert Lewandowski zum VDV-Spieler der Saison gewählt |url=https://www.spielergewerkschaft.de/de/Aktionen/VDV11.htm |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=VDV |language=de |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118223031/https://www.spielergewerkschaft.de/de/Aktionen/VDV11.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2020–21 Bundesliga|2020–21]],<ref name="21VDV">{{cite web |date=2 June 2021 |title=Robert Lewandowski zum VDV-Spieler der Saison gewählt |url=https://www.spielergewerkschaft.de/de/VDV/Aktuelles/Detail/1347/Aktuelles-%7C-Meldung-%7C-VDV-11-2020%2F2021.htm |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=VDV |language=de |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214747/https://www.spielergewerkschaft.de/de/VDV/Aktuelles/Detail/1347/Aktuelles-%7C-Meldung-%7C-VDV-11-2020%2F2021.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2021–22 Bundesliga|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Christopher Nkunku zum VDV-Spieler der Saison gewählt |url=https://www.spielergewerkschaft.de/de/VDV/Aktuelles/Detail/1487/Christopher%20Nkunku%20zum%20VDV-Spieler%20der%20Saison%20gew%C3.htm |access-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=VDV |language=de |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201638/https://www.spielergewerkschaft.de/de/VDV/Aktuelles/Detail/1487/Christopher%20Nkunku%20zum%20VDV-Spieler%20der%20Saison%20gew%C3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]]'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: [[2020–21 Bundesliga|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sechs Klubs dabei: Die kicker-Elf der Saison (2020/21) |url=https://www.kicker.de/sechs-klubs-dabei-die-kicker-elf-der-saison-2020-21-805773/slideshow |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=kicker.de |language=de |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201646/https://www.kicker.de/sechs-klubs-dabei-die-kicker-elf-der-saison-2020-21-805773/slideshow |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2021–22 Bundesliga|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |date=26 May 2022 |title=Sechs Klubs vertreten: Die kicker-Elf der Saison 2021/22 |url=https://www.kicker.de/sechs-klubs-vertreten-die-kicker-elf-der-saison-2021-22-902859/artikel |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=kicker.de |language=de |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201639/https://www.kicker.de/sechs-klubs-vertreten-die-kicker-elf-der-saison-2021-22-902859/artikel |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[FWA Footballer of the Year]]: [[2022–23 Premier League#Annual awards|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65568277|title=Erling Haaland and Sam Kerr win Football Writers' Association awards|publisher=BBC Sport|date=12 May 2023|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512100616/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65568277|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Premier League Player of the Season]]: [[2022–23 Premier League#Annual awards|2022–23]]<ref name="PremProfile"/> * [[Premier League Young Player of the Season]]: [[2022–23 Premier League#Annual awards|2022–23]]<ref name="PremProfile"/> * [[Premier League Golden Boot]]: [[2022–23 Premier League#Top scorers|2022–23]]<ref name="PremProfile"/> * [[Premier League Player of the Month]]: [[2022–23 Premier League#Monthly awards|August 2022]], April 2023<ref name="PremProfile"/> * [[Professional Footballers' Association|PFA]] Premier League Fans' Player of the Month: August 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelsey |first=George |date=21 September 2022 |title=Haaland wins PFA Fans' Player of the Month award |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-wins-pfa-fans-player-of-the-month-award-63799354 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Manchester City |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201643/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-wins-pfa-fans-player-of-the-month-award-63799354 |url-status=live }}</ref> September 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2022 |title=Haaland wins another PFA Fans' Player of the Month award |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/haaland-wins-pfa-fans-september-award-63801349 |access-date=12 December 2022 |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202145/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/haaland-wins-pfa-fans-september-award-63801349 |url-status=live }}</ref> December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2023 |title=The winner of the PFA Vertu Motors Premier League Fans' Player of the Month - December |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-winner-of-the-pfa-vertu-motors-premier-league-fans-player-of-the-month-december-2022 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=90min.com |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204202144/https://www.90min.com/posts/the-winner-of-the-pfa-vertu-motors-premier-league-fans-player-of-the-month-december-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Year|ESM Team of the Year]]: [[European Sports Magazines#2019–20|2019–20]]<ref>{{cite news |title=ESM reveal Team of the Year for 2019/20 |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/08/31/5f4d437d268e3e985e8b4577.html |newspaper=Marca |location=Madrid |date=31 August 2020 |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126041418/https://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2020/08/31/5f4d437d268e3e985e8b4577.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[European Sports Magazines#2022–23|2022–23]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jamie |date=1 August 2023 |title=ESM Team of the 2022-23 Season |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/world-soccer-latest/esm-team-of-the-2022-23-season-414771 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=World Soccer |language=en}}</ref> * [[International Federation of Football History & Statistics#IFFHS Men's World Youth (U20)|IFFHS Men's World Youth (U20) Team]]: 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1036%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjYi-TBkNb0AhUIUWwGHecyBNkQFnoECAQQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1KsuRLOkdvcpMgQgM2DzGA|title=WORLD YOUTH TEAM OF THE YEAR 2020 (U20)|publisher=IFFHS|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=9 December 2021|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220114122901/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1036&ved=2ahUKEwjYi-TBkNb0AhUIUWwGHecyBNkQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1KsuRLOkdvcpMgQgM2DzGA|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Golden Boy (award)|Golden Boy]]: 2020<ref name="Golden Boy">{{cite web|date=21 November 2020|title=Erling Haaland beats Sancho, Ansu Fati to the 2020 Golden Boy award|url=https://futaa.com/article/216531/erling-haaland-beats-sancho-ansu-fati-to-the-2020-golden-boy-award|access-date=21 November 2020|publisher=futaa|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121044434/https://futaa.com/article/216531/erling-haaland-beats-sancho-ansu-fati-to-the-2020-golden-boy-award|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Tuttosport#Golden Player Man Award|Golden Player Man Award]]: [[Tuttosport|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Erling Haaland vince il Golden Player Man |url=https://www.tuttosport.com/news/calcio/golden-boy/2023/11/17-117099691/erling_haaland_vince_il_golden_player_man |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Tuttosport}}</ref> * [[Gullballen]]: 2020,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2020/12/20/internacional/1608489832_114934.html|title=Erling Braut Haaland ha sido galardonado con el Balón de Oro noruego 2020 |newspaper=Diario AS |location=Madrid |date=20 December 2020|accessdate=21 December 2020|language=es|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220213655/https://as.com/futbol/2020/12/20/internacional/1608489832_114934.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotball.no/tema/nff-nyheter/2022/gullballen-til-graham-hansen-og-haaland/|website=fotball.no|title=Gullballen til Graham Hansen og Haaland|date=12 January 2022|access-date=27 December 2022|language=no|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204201644/https://www.fotball.no/tema/nff-nyheter/2022/gullballen-til-graham-hansen-og-haaland/|url-status=live}}</ref> 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kommunikasjon.ntb.no/pressemelding/gullballen-2022-til-haaland-og-reiten?publisherId=13368962&releaseId=17954020|website=kommunikasjon.ntb.no|title=Gullballen 2022 til Haaland og Reiten|date=25 January 2023|access-date=28 February 2023|language=no|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228035010/https://kommunikasjon.ntb.no/pressemelding/gullballen-2022-til-haaland-og-reiten?publisherId=13368962&releaseId=17954020|url-status=live}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2024 |title=Haaland og Graham Hansen tildelt NFFs gullball for 2023 |url=https://www.vg.no/i/dw3wdw |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=www.vg.no |language=nb}}</ref> * [[Kniksen Award|Kniksen's honour award]]: 2020<ref name="Kniksen's honour award">{{cite web|date=23 December 2020|title=Kniksens hederspris til Erling Braut Haaland|url=https://www.fotball.no/tema/nff-nyheter/2020/kniksens-hederspris-til-erling-braut-haaland/|access-date=23 December 2020|publisher=Norwegian Football Federation |language=no|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222203934/https://www.fotball.no/tema/nff-nyheter/2020/kniksens-hederspris-til-erling-braut-haaland/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year]]: 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Braut Haaland vant sportsjournalistenes pris |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/sport/2020/12/31/braut-haaland-vant-sportsjournalistenes-pris/ |language=no |publisher=Dagsavisen |date=31 December 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610185719/https://www.dagsavisen.no/sport/2020/12/31/braut-haaland-vant-sportsjournalistenes-pris/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * UEFA Champions League Squad/Team of the Season: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League#Squad of the season|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite news |title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0269-12688c451cdd-b6efcb4ce948-1000--champions-league-all-star-squad/ |publisher=UEFA |date=31 May 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531182653/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0269-12688c451cdd-b6efcb4ce948-1000--champions-league-all-star-squad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League#Team of the season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0282-183b47300272-09e23ed6220b-1000--2022-23-team-of-the-season/|title=2022/23 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season|website=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|date=11 June 2023|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611172223/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0282-183b47300272-09e23ed6220b-1000--2022-23-team-of-the-season/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[UEFA Club Football Awards#Best Forward|UEFA Champions League Forward of the Season]]: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League#Forward of the season|2020–21]]<ref name="UCL forward">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/026c-1317bed66b10-0c90556ae125-1000--forward-of-the-season-haaland/ |title=Champions League Forward of the Season: Erling Haaland |publisher=UEFA |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826183706/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/026c-1317bed66b10-0c90556ae125-1000--forward-of-the-season-haaland/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[List of UEFA Champions League top scorers#Top scorers by season|UEFA Champions League top scorer]]: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0262-10b6b6f4cee3-e1d53635e6e4-1000--champions-league-top-scorer-haaland-finishes-out-in-front/|title=Champions League top scorer: Haaland finishes out in front|date=29 May 2021|publisher=UEFA|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228230439/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0262-10b6b6f4cee3-e1d53635e6e4-1000--champions-league-top-scorer-haaland-finishes-out-in-front/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2022–23 UEFA Champions League#Top goalscorers|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Paul |date=11 June 2023 |title=Haaland tops Champions League scoring charts for 2022/23 |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/champions-league-erling-haaland-most-goals-63822064 |access-date=11 June 2023 |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611095805/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/champions-league-erling-haaland-most-goals-63822064 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[UEFA Men's Player of the Year Award|UEFA Men's Player of the Year]]: 2022–23<ref name="UMP23">{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0284-18de529caef8-f362cf4716f7-1000--men-s-player-of-the-year-erling-haaland/ |title=Erling Haaland wins UEFA Men's Player of the Year award |publisher=UEFA |date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023}}</ref> * [[UEFA Nations League]] top scorer: [[2020–21 UEFA Nations League|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite web|title=UEFA Nations League Top Scorers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/nations-league/top-scorers|access-date=11 October 2021|website=BBC Sport|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005194149/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/nations-league/top-scorers|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2022–23 UEFA Nations League|2022–23]]<ref name="UNL23">{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/027f-176ded810a4e-918ede06a9a8-1000--2022-23-nations-league-top-scorers-haaland-and-mitrovic/|title=2022/23 Nations League top scorers: Haaland and Mitrović|date=18 June 2023|publisher=UEFA|access-date=18 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619065412/https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/027f-176ded810a4e-918ede06a9a8-1000--2022-23-nations-league-top-scorers-haaland-and-mitrovic/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[FIFPRO#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|FIFA FIFPRO World 11]]: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|2021]],<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-men-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed |title=2020–2021 Men's FIFA FIFPRO World 11 revealed |website=fifpro.org |date=17 January 2022 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118005811/https://www.fifpro.org/en/industry/world-11/2020-2021-men-s-fifa-fifpro-world-11-revealed |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|2022]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Messi makes World 11 history as Benzema earns maiden inclusion |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-2022-benzema-cancelo-casemiro-courtois-de-bruyne-haaland-hakimi-mbappe-messi-modric-van-dijk |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=FIFA |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227214011/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-2022-benzema-cancelo-casemiro-courtois-de-bruyne-haaland-hakimi-mbappe-messi-modric-van-dijk |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2023|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=Six Manchester City treble winners make World 11 |url=https://fifpro.org/en/supporting-players/player-influence/world11/six-manchester-city-treble-winners-make-world-11 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=fifpro.org}}</ref> * [[IFFHS World Team#Men's winners|IFFHS Men's World Team]]: 2022,<ref>{{cite web|date=11 January 2023|title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM 2022|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2465|access-date=11 January 2023|website=IFFHS|archive-date=11 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111083043/https://iffhs.com/posts/2465|url-status=live}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{cite web|date=4 January 2024|title=IFFHS MEN'S WORLD TEAM 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3299|access-date=4 January 2024|website=IFFHS}}</ref> * [[Manchester City F.C.#Player of the Year|Manchester City Player of the Month]]: August 2022,<ref>{{cite news |title=Haaland voted Etihad Player of the Month |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-voted-etihad-player-of-the-month-63798161 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> September 2022,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clayton|first=David|date=2022-10-04|title=HAALAND WINS SEPTEMBER ETIHAD PLAYER OF THE MONTH VOTE|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-voted-etihad-player-of-the-month-1-63800477}}</ref> March 2023,<ref>{{cite news |last=Mumford |first=Jack |title=Haaland wins Etihad Player of the Month for March |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/Haaland%20wins%20Etihad%20Player%20of%20the%20Month%20for%20March |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> * [[Manchester City F.C.#Player of the Year|Manchester City Player of the Season]]: [[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Clayton |first=David |date=12 June 2023 |title=Haaland wins Etihad Player of the Season Vote |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/etihad-player-of-the-season-winner-announced-63822162 |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> * [[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[2022–23 Premier League]]<ref name="PFA">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723 |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award |publisher=BBC Sport |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref> * [[PFA Players' Player of the Year]]: 2022–23<ref name="PFA"/> * [[Gerd Müller Trophy]]: 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballon d'Or 2023 : Erling Haaland (Manchester City) remporte le Trophée Gerd Müller |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Ballon-d-or-2023-erling-haaland-manchester-city-remporte-le-trophee-gerd-muller/1428911 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> * [[Globe Soccer Awards#Best Player of the Year Award|Globe Soccer Best Player of the Year]]: 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2024 |title=Erling Haaland (Best Men’s Player) |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/erling-haaland-best-mens-player-2023/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=[[Globe Soccer Awards]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[The Guardian 100 Best Male Footballers in the World#Winners|''The Guardian'' Best Footballer in the World]]: 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=McVeigh |first=Niall |date=22 December 2023 |title=Erling Haaland voted the world's best player – and he's just getting started |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/dec/22/erling-haaland-manchester-city-top-100-analysis |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> * [[World Soccer (magazine)|''World Soccer'' Player of the Year]]: 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jamie |date=22 December 2023 |title=Out now: World Soccer January 2024 |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/world-soccer-latest/out-now-world-soccer-january-2024-414882 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=World Soccer |language=en}}</ref> * [[FourFourTwo#Rankings and awards|''FourFourTwo'' Player of the Year]]: 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hancock |first=Tom |date=18 November 2022 |title=Ranked! The 100 best players in the world, 2022 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-100-best-players-in-the-world-2022 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=fourfourtwo.com |language=en}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mark |date=19 December 2023 |title=Ranked! The 100 best football players in the world: 2023 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-100-best-football-players-in-the-world-2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=fourfourtwo.com |language=en}}</ref> * [[BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year]]: [[2023 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award#World Sport Star Award|2023]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/67726030 |title=Sports Personality of the Year 2023: Erling Haaland named World Sport Star of the Year |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> * [[IFFHS World's Best Player#Men's winners|IFFHS World's Best Player]]: 2023<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2023|title=ERLING HAALAND,THE WORLD'S BEST PLAYER 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3276|access-date=26 December 2023|website=IFFHS}}</ref> * [[Onze d'Or]]: [[Onze d'Or|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2024|title=ONZE D'OR 2023 : MEILLEUR JOUEUR, ERLING HAALAND SUCCÈDE À BENZEMA !|url=https://www.onzemondial.com/premier-league/onze-d-or-2023-meilleur-joueur-erling-haaland-succede-a-benzema-866635|language=fr|website=Onze Mondial}}</ref> * [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year]]: 2024 Nominee<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Novak Djokovic, Iga Swiatek and Coco Gauff nominated at the 25th Laureus World Sports Awards : All you need to know |url=https://www.tennisclubhouse.ca/en/post/novak-djokovic-iga-swiatek-and-coco-gauff-nominated-at-the-25th-laureus-world-sports-awards-all-y |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Tennis Clubhouse |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409002518/https://www.tennisclubhouse.ca/en/post/novak-djokovic-iga-swiatek-and-coco-gauff-nominated-at-the-25th-laureus-world-sports-awards-all-y |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * {{Soccerway}} * {{WorldFootball.net}} * {{Instagram}} * {{Twitter}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haaland, Erling}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Borussia Dortmund squad]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Norwegian footballers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Leeds]] [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg players]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:English footballers]] [[Category:Borussia Dortmund players]] [[Category:Austrian football champions]] awh1uy8irm9q0pkcyb04cf05lma1prt 0 747184 10330515 10185123 2025-06-14T17:42:47Z 2601:2C7:C283:39C0:3891:C7B0:D68:B9C Feet t vs the anameneacs 10330515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More sources|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = {{ubl|[[Comedy]]|[[Musical movie|Musical]]|[[Satire]]|[[Slapstick]]}} | creator = | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Animaniacs]]''|[[Tom Ruegger]]}} | developer = {{ubl|[[Wellesley Wild]]|[[Steven Spielberg]]<ref name="Announcement">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/05/animaniacs-reboot-steven-spielberg-amblin-1201817336/|title='Animaniacs' Reboot Being Developed By Steven Spielberg, Amblin TV and Warner Bros. — Exclusive|date=May 30, 2017|author=Michael Schneider|website=[[IndieWire]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022151907/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/05/animaniacs-reboot-steven-spielberg-amblin-1201817336/|archive-date=October 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Rob Paulsen]] * [[Jess Harnell]] * [[Tress MacNeille]] * [[Maurice LaMarche]] * [[Frank Welker]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[Richard Stone (composer)|Richard Stone]]<br/>Tom Ruegger | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = {{Plainlist| * Julie Bernstein * Steven Bernstein }} | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 3<!-- only include what has been broadcast, not what has been ordered --> | num_episodes = 36 (125 segments)<!-- only include what has been broadcast, not what has been ordered --> | list_episodes = #Episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Steven Spielberg * Wellesley Wild * [[Sam Register]] * Justin Falvey * Darryl Frank * Gabe Swarr }} | producer = Joann Estoesta | cinematography = | animator = | editor = <!-- Film editors --> | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 24–27 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Amblin Television]] * [[Warner Bros. Animation]]{{efn|Animation for the series is outsourced to [[Yowza! Animation]], Tonic DNA, [[Titmouse, Inc.]], Snipple Animation Studios, [[Digital eMation]], Tiger Animation and [[Saerom Animation]].}} }} | budget = | network = [[Hulu]] | released = {{Start date|2020|11|20}}<!-- date on US east coast when it first aired as reported by all sources, not the fact it was available in the late hours on the 19th on the west coast)--> | last_aired = {{End date|2023|2|17}} | related = {{Plainlist| {{ubl|''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''|''[[Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain]]''}} }} }} '''''Animaniacs''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[animated series]] made [[Wellesley Wild]] and [[Steven Spielberg]]. It first started showing on [[Hulu]] in 2020. It is a [[revival (television)|revival]] of the 1993 television show ''[[Animaniacs]]''. Feet t vs the animanics ==Voice Cast== *[[Rob Paulsen]] - Yakko, Pinky, Dr. Scratchisniff *[[Tress MacNeille]] - Dot *[[Jess Harnell]] - Wakko *[[Natalie Palamides]], [[Vanessa Marshall]] - Slappy *[[Stephanie Escajeda]] - Nora Rita Norita *[[Asher Bishop]] - Skippy *[[Kel Mitchell]] - Newt *[[Maurice LaMarche]] - Brain *[[William Salyers]] - Pesto *[[Trey Parker]] - Buttons *[[Frank Welker]] - Runt *[[John Mariano]] - Bobby *[[Christy Carlson Romano]] - Minerva *[[Chloë Grace Moretz]] - Katie Kaboom ==Episodes== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Season !! Episodes !! First episode !! Last episode |- | 1 || 13 || November 20, 2020 || November 20, 2020 |- | 2 || 13 || November 5, 2021 || November 5, 2021 |- | 3 || 10 || February 17, 2023 || February 5, 2023 |} ==References== {{reflist}} '''Notes''' <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Category:2020s American animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American comedy television series]] [[Category:2020s American children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Hulu original series]] ra3hdwqbfu91tf3xkyhdmvwu1c781qk 10330529 10330515 2025-06-14T17:51:33Z Barras 40117 [[User:Awesome Aasim/rcpatrol|RCP]] reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C7:C283:39C0:3891:C7B0:D68:B9C|2601:2C7:C283:39C0:3891:C7B0:D68:B9C]] ([[User_talk:2601:2C7:C283:39C0:3891:C7B0:D68:B9C|Talk]]); changed back to last revision by [[Special:Contributions/Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] 10185123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More sources|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = {{ubl|[[Comedy]]|[[Musical movie|Musical]]|[[Satire]]|[[Slapstick]]}} | creator = | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Animaniacs]]''|[[Tom Ruegger]]}} | developer = {{ubl|[[Wellesley Wild]]|[[Steven Spielberg]]<ref name="Announcement">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/05/animaniacs-reboot-steven-spielberg-amblin-1201817336/|title='Animaniacs' Reboot Being Developed By Steven Spielberg, Amblin TV and Warner Bros. — Exclusive|date=May 30, 2017|author=Michael Schneider|website=[[IndieWire]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022151907/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/05/animaniacs-reboot-steven-spielberg-amblin-1201817336/|archive-date=October 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Rob Paulsen]] * [[Jess Harnell]] * [[Tress MacNeille]] * [[Maurice LaMarche]] * [[Frank Welker]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[Richard Stone (composer)|Richard Stone]]<br/>Tom Ruegger | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = {{Plainlist| * Julie Bernstein * Steven Bernstein }} | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 3<!-- only include what has been broadcast, not what has been ordered --> | num_episodes = 36 (125 segments)<!-- only include what has been broadcast, not what has been ordered --> | list_episodes = #Episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Steven Spielberg * Wellesley Wild * [[Sam Register]] * Justin Falvey * Darryl Frank * Gabe Swarr }} | producer = Joann Estoesta | cinematography = | animator = | editor = <!-- Film editors --> | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 24–27 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Amblin Television]] * [[Warner Bros. Animation]]{{efn|Animation for the series is outsourced to [[Yowza! Animation]], Tonic DNA, [[Titmouse, Inc.]], Snipple Animation Studios, [[Digital eMation]], Tiger Animation and [[Saerom Animation]].}} }} | budget = | network = [[Hulu]] | released = {{Start date|2020|11|20}}<!-- date on US east coast when it first aired as reported by all sources, not the fact it was available in the late hours on the 19th on the west coast)--> | last_aired = {{End date|2023|2|17}} | related = {{Plainlist| {{ubl|''[[Pinky and the Brain]]''|''[[Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain]]''}} }} }} '''''Animaniacs''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[animated series]] made [[Wellesley Wild]] and [[Steven Spielberg]]. It first started showing on [[Hulu]] in 2020. It is a [[revival (television)|revival]] of the 1993 television show ''[[Animaniacs]]''. ==Voice Cast== *[[Rob Paulsen]] - Yakko, Pinky, Dr. Scratchisniff *[[Tress MacNeille]] - Dot *[[Jess Harnell]] - Wakko *[[Natalie Palamides]], [[Vanessa Marshall]] - Slappy *[[Stephanie Escajeda]] - Nora Rita Norita *[[Asher Bishop]] - Skippy *[[Kel Mitchell]] - Newt *[[Maurice LaMarche]] - Brain *[[William Salyers]] - Pesto *[[Trey Parker]] - Buttons *[[Frank Welker]] - Runt *[[John Mariano]] - Bobby *[[Christy Carlson Romano]] - Minerva *[[Chloë Grace Moretz]] - Katie Kaboom ==Episodes== {|class="wikitable" |- ! Season !! Episodes !! First episode !! Last episode |- | 1 || 13 || November 20, 2020 || November 20, 2020 |- | 2 || 13 || November 5, 2021 || November 5, 2021 |- | 3 || 10 || February 17, 2023 || February 5, 2023 |} ==References== {{reflist}} '''Notes''' <references group="lower-alpha"/> [[Category:2020s American animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American comedy television series]] [[Category:2020s American children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Hulu original series]] a8ji4i8c2mpcna4ee2c9hw77n1bhwbb 3 747198 10331592 10314218 2025-06-15T08:17:47Z 2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E /* Sam... L A P T O P! */ new section 10331592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user talk page}} {{#babel:en-N|en-us-5|ja-N}} {{userboxtop}} {{User wikipedia/Administrator}} {{User Wikimedia Commons}} {{User Meta-Wiki}} {{User:Chemicalinterest/article|280}} {{User Wikipedian For|year=2017|month=8}} {{userboxbottom}} ==Archives== * [[User talk:MathXplore/2020|2020]] - all talks in 2020 are archived at here. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 01:58, 18 January 2021 (UTC) * [[User talk:MathXplore/2021|2021]] - all talks in 2021. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 04:24, 4 January 2022 (UTC) * [[/2022]] - all talks in 2022. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 08:14, 1 January 2023 (UTC) * [[/2023]] - talks in 2023. 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[[User:Elytrian|<span style="color:#330099">Elytrian</span>]] - [[User talk:Elytrian|<span style="color:#870000">T</span><span style="color:#6d0000">a</span><span style="color:#490000">l</span><span style="color:#190a05">k</span>]] 11:19, 20 July 2021 (UTC)}}[[User:Elytrian|<span style="color:#330099">Elytrian</span>]] - [[User talk:Elytrian|<span style="color:#870000">T</span><span style="color:#6d0000">a</span><span style="color:#490000">l</span><span style="color:#190a05">k</span>]] 11:19, 20 July 2021 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {{Barnstar|''For your tireless work and being an amazing contributor''|img=Barnstar2.png}} --[[User:Hiya2011|Hiya2011]] ([[User talk:Hiya2011|talk]]) 23:41, 19 August 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. 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Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:25, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == For You, A Barnstar ! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Kanglei Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Kanglei Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your outstanding contributions of proper in-depth categorisation of articles on [[Manipur]] and her [[North East India|Seven sister states]], you deserve '''THE KANGLEI BARNSTAR'''! Keep it up! :) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:50, 22 January 2022 (UTC) |} == A barnstar for you! == {{Barnstar|''i don't have any words to thanks you but this is for your work, dedication''|img=Barnstar2.png}} : {{done}} Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 02:20, 20 March 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar again! == {| class="barnstar" style="padding: 5px; border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};" |- |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[Image:Recent Changes Hires.png|100px]]|[[Image:Recent changes.png|100px]]}} |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The New Changes Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | This barnstar is for your excellent work in patrolling new changes, improving articles and changes that are made by others, and continuing to go above and beyond in making this project a better place for the community and our readers. Thank you! [[User:Griffinofwales|Griff]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales|talk]]) 11:18, 17 February 2022 (UTC) |} == Thank You == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your tireless work here such as creating new categories and fixing articles! --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 15:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC) |} == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" width=100% |rowspan="2" valign="middle" width=75px | [[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Working {{#switch: {{{2}}} |w=Woman's |m=Man's |#default=Wikipedian's }} Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for your contributions in new pages and categories!— [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 05:20, 16 April 2022 (UTC) |} == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Congrats on becoming the 5th person on this wiki to reach 100,000 edits! Thanks for all the work you do!! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 21:40, 30 September 2022 (UTC) |} ==A barnstar for you!== {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:WikiDefender_Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Defender of the Wiki Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Math I have noticed you work nonstop doing various tasks all over the Simplewiki from antivandalism to article work as well as cataloging on Wikidata and wanted to thank you. You actually inspired me to start working on Wikidata as well. Thank you. <mark style="background:Silver">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 14:01, 3 June 2023 (UTC) |} == Barnstar for you == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You keep beating me to reverts..... [[User:Prodraxis|<span style="font-family:monospace,Courier;color:#515151">#prodraxis</span>]] [[User talk:Prodraxis|^{<span style="Color:Green">connect</span>}]] 14:11, 5 September 2023 (UTC) |} ==Barnstar== {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Categorisation barnstar1b.png|125px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Categorisation Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Well done on your work with categorization of the mainspace. Thanks for your hard work. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:32, 10 September 2023 (UTC) |} == Merry Christmas == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#01902a; background-color:#fff; border-width:3px; text-align:left; padding:2px;"><div style="border-style:solid; border-color:red; background-color:#fff; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:6px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Xmas colors, 2013 (photo by David J).jpg|x80px|left]] [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) is wishing you a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]]! This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! <br /> ''Spread the cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas5}} to their talk page with a friendly message.'' </div></div> [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 18:53, 24 December 2023 (UTC) == Thank you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For helping clean up titles when students failed to pay attention to capitalization of names, even when reminded! [[User:Castilibrary2|Castilibrary2]] ([[User talk:Castilibrary2|talk]]) 18:21, 14 February 2024 (UTC) |} == Nothing higher == {| style="border: .5px dashed pink; background-color: #dcfffb;" |rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[File:Goldenwiki 2.png|100px|Golden Wiki Award]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em; color: black" | '''The Golden Wiki Award''' |- |style="center-align: top; border-top: .5px solid gray; color: black" | For everything you do here and always being civil!Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]}[[:meta:SWMT|SWMT]] |} == Barnstar of Diligence == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Keep up the good work!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 12:03, 27 June 2024 (UTC) |} == You deserve this == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Administrator Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For all the work you've done here! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 19:15, 9 September 2024 (UTC) |} == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:22, 26 January 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == The Special Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Just wanted to say thank you not only for (very kindly) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser&diff=prev&oldid=10179630#Recent_enwiki_copy-paste_link_spam_incidents doing this CU request] but also for your hard work on this project, You're a valued asset and a credit to Wikipedia and without a shadow of doubt we would be worse off without you. Thank you for all that you do here, Your efforts, patience and hard work don't go unnoticed and are certainly greatly appreciated, Happy editing and blocking :), Take care and stay safe, Warm Regards, Dave // –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 16:51, 9 April 2025 (UTC) (Thank you again for filing the CU request, I greatly appreciate that - I was ready to ask at ANI why they were declined but I guess you answered that question :), I'll go to CU in future for cases such as that but yeah thanks again for filing the CU request and for your hard work here, both are greatly appreciated, Thanks,) |} == Sam... L A P T O P! == He's back baby!!! [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) 08:17, 15 June 2025 (UTC) op8iia0795csltpuvj0kefhi4acy64e 10331651 10331592 2025-06-15T09:14:44Z Barras 40117 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:E8C2:5AD:E770:44E|talk]]) to last version by MathXplore 10314218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user talk page}} {{#babel:en-N|en-us-5|ja-N}} {{userboxtop}} {{User wikipedia/Administrator}} {{User Wikimedia Commons}} {{User Meta-Wiki}} {{User:Chemicalinterest/article|280}} {{User Wikipedian For|year=2017|month=8}} {{userboxbottom}} ==Archives== * [[User talk:MathXplore/2020|2020]] - all talks in 2020 are archived at here. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 01:58, 18 January 2021 (UTC) * [[User talk:MathXplore/2021|2021]] - all talks in 2021. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 04:24, 4 January 2022 (UTC) * [[/2022]] - all talks in 2022. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 08:14, 1 January 2023 (UTC) * [[/2023]] - talks in 2023. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore#top|talk]]) 05:20, 1 March 2023 (UTC) * [[/2024]] - talks in 2024. * [[/2025]] - talks in 2025. == A barnstar for you! == {{Template:Barnstar|For your tireless work categorising, referencing, editing, and all around being an amazing contributor. [[User:Elytrian|<span style="color:#330099">Elytrian</span>]] - [[User talk:Elytrian|<span style="color:#870000">T</span><span style="color:#6d0000">a</span><span style="color:#490000">l</span><span style="color:#190a05">k</span>]] 11:19, 20 July 2021 (UTC)}}[[User:Elytrian|<span style="color:#330099">Elytrian</span>]] - [[User talk:Elytrian|<span style="color:#870000">T</span><span style="color:#6d0000">a</span><span style="color:#490000">l</span><span style="color:#190a05">k</span>]] 11:19, 20 July 2021 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {{Barnstar|''For your tireless work and being an amazing contributor''|img=Barnstar2.png}} --[[User:Hiya2011|Hiya2011]] ([[User talk:Hiya2011|talk]]) 23:41, 19 August 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello MathXplore:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:25, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == For You, A Barnstar ! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Kanglei Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Kanglei Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your outstanding contributions of proper in-depth categorisation of articles on [[Manipur]] and her [[North East India|Seven sister states]], you deserve '''THE KANGLEI BARNSTAR'''! Keep it up! :) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:50, 22 January 2022 (UTC) |} == A barnstar for you! == {{Barnstar|''i don't have any words to thanks you but this is for your work, dedication''|img=Barnstar2.png}} : {{done}} Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 02:20, 20 March 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar again! == {| class="barnstar" style="padding: 5px; border: 1px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#fdffe7}}};" |- |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#ifeq:{{{2}}}|alt|[[Image:Recent Changes Hires.png|100px]]|[[Image:Recent changes.png|100px]]}} |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The New Changes Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | This barnstar is for your excellent work in patrolling new changes, improving articles and changes that are made by others, and continuing to go above and beyond in making this project a better place for the community and our readers. Thank you! [[User:Griffinofwales|Griff]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales|talk]]) 11:18, 17 February 2022 (UTC) |} == Thank You == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your tireless work here such as creating new categories and fixing articles! --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 15:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC) |} == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" width=100% |rowspan="2" valign="middle" width=75px | [[File:Working Wikimedian's Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Working {{#switch: {{{2}}} |w=Woman's |m=Man's |#default=Wikipedian's }} Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for your contributions in new pages and categories!— [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 05:20, 16 April 2022 (UTC) |} == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Congrats on becoming the 5th person on this wiki to reach 100,000 edits! Thanks for all the work you do!! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 21:40, 30 September 2022 (UTC) |} ==A barnstar for you!== {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:WikiDefender_Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Defender of the Wiki Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Math I have noticed you work nonstop doing various tasks all over the Simplewiki from antivandalism to article work as well as cataloging on Wikidata and wanted to thank you. You actually inspired me to start working on Wikidata as well. Thank you. <mark style="background:Silver">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 14:01, 3 June 2023 (UTC) |} == Barnstar for you == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | You keep beating me to reverts..... [[User:Prodraxis|<span style="font-family:monospace,Courier;color:#515151">#prodraxis</span>]] [[User talk:Prodraxis|^{<span style="Color:Green">connect</span>}]] 14:11, 5 September 2023 (UTC) |} ==Barnstar== {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Categorisation barnstar1b.png|125px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Categorisation Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Well done on your work with categorization of the mainspace. Thanks for your hard work. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:32, 10 September 2023 (UTC) |} == Merry Christmas == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#01902a; background-color:#fff; border-width:3px; text-align:left; padding:2px;"><div style="border-style:solid; border-color:red; background-color:#fff; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:6px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Xmas colors, 2013 (photo by David J).jpg|x80px|left]] [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) is wishing you a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]]! This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! <br /> ''Spread the cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas5}} to their talk page with a friendly message.'' </div></div> [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 18:53, 24 December 2023 (UTC) == Thank you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For helping clean up titles when students failed to pay attention to capitalization of names, even when reminded! [[User:Castilibrary2|Castilibrary2]] ([[User talk:Castilibrary2|talk]]) 18:21, 14 February 2024 (UTC) |} == Nothing higher == {| style="border: .5px dashed pink; background-color: #dcfffb;" |rowspan="2" valign="top" | [[File:Goldenwiki 2.png|100px|Golden Wiki Award]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: bottom; height: 1.1em; color: black" | '''The Golden Wiki Award''' |- |style="center-align: top; border-top: .5px solid gray; color: black" | For everything you do here and always being civil!Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]}[[:meta:SWMT|SWMT]] |} == Barnstar of Diligence == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Keep up the good work!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 12:03, 27 June 2024 (UTC) |} == You deserve this == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Administrator Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Admin's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For all the work you've done here! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 19:15, 9 September 2024 (UTC) |} == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:22, 26 January 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == The Special Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Special Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Just wanted to say thank you not only for (very kindly) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser&diff=prev&oldid=10179630#Recent_enwiki_copy-paste_link_spam_incidents doing this CU request] but also for your hard work on this project, You're a valued asset and a credit to Wikipedia and without a shadow of doubt we would be worse off without you. Thank you for all that you do here, Your efforts, patience and hard work don't go unnoticed and are certainly greatly appreciated, Happy editing and blocking :), Take care and stay safe, Warm Regards, Dave // –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 16:51, 9 April 2025 (UTC) (Thank you again for filing the CU request, I greatly appreciate that - I was ready to ask at ANI why they were declined but I guess you answered that question :), I'll go to CU in future for cases such as that but yeah thanks again for filing the CU request and for your hard work here, both are greatly appreciated, Thanks,) |} 2l4ap2de36mnc4h7my58fh88a30ov66 0 749248 10331519 10290528 2025-06-15T05:53:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Validated Numerics''' (abbreviated as '''SCAN''') is an international conference about [[numerical analysis]] (such as [[numerical integration]], [[numerical linear algebra]], [[numerical methods for partial differential equations]], [[interval arithmetic]] and [[validated numerics]] etc.).<ref name="scan2014">[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31769-4 Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Validated Numerics 16th International Symposium, SCAN 2014, Würzburg, Germany, September 21-26, 2014. Revised Selected Papers.] Editors: Marco Nehmeier, Jürgen Wolff von Gudenberg, [[:en:Warwick Tucker]]. Published by Springer.</ref><ref name="scan2008">[http://www.proceedings.com/21948.html 13th GAMM-IMACS International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic and Verified Numerical Computations (SCAN'2008), Proceedings of a meeting held 29 September - 3 October 2008, El Paso, Texas, USA. Special volume devoted to materials presented at SCAN 2012. Published by the Institute of Computational Technologies]</ref><ref name="scan2006">[http://www.proceedings.com/04528.html 12th GAMM-IMACS International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic and Validated Numerics (SCAN 2006), Proceedings of a meeting held 26-29 September 2006, Duisburg, Germany. Published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] ([[IEEE]])</ref> It is held once in 2 years. ==Prizes== At each SCAN, the '''R. E. Moore Prize''' will be given. This is a prize for researchers in the field of [[validated numerics]], and the name of the prize came from Ramon E. Moore, one of the greatest expert of interval arithmetic (an important technology for validated numerics).<ref>Moore, R. E., Kearfott, R. B., & Cloud, M. J. (2009). Introduction to interval analysis. [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]].</ref><ref>Moore, R. E. (1979). Methods and applications of interval analysis. [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]].</ref><ref>Moore, R. E. (1966). Interval analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</ref> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== * [http://scan2018.oishi.info.waseda.ac.jp/ SCAN2018@TOKYO : SEP. 10-15, 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408210945/http://scan2018.oishi.info.waseda.ac.jp/ |date=2020-04-08 }} - Held at [[Waseda University]] ([[Tokyo]]) * [https://www.math.uu.se/scan2016/ SCAN 2016 UPPSALA UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 26-29, 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829073006/http://www.math.uu.se/scan2016 |date=2019-08-29 }} - Held at [[Uppsala University]] ([[Sweden]]) * [https://www.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/sonstiges/scan2014/start/ SCAN2014 - Universität Würzburg] - Held in [[Germany]] * [http://conf.nsc.ru/scan2012/ SCAN'2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519022551/http://conf.nsc.ru/scan2012/ |date=2020-05-19 }} - Held in [[Russia]] {{authority control}} {{math-stub}} [[Category:Mathematics]] [[Category:Technology]] [[Category:Numerical analysis]] aku7d1hh4xxznjlfbmj123vb2jb5han 0 752340 10331511 10191538 2025-06-15T05:47:48Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Supersessionism''', or '''replacement theology''', is the idea that one [[religion]] ceases to be true once another [[religion]] shows up to supersede<ref>Take the place of (a person or thing previously in authority or use). ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> it. ==Examples== For instance, [[Christianity]] believes that [[Judaism]] was true once but that because the [[Jews]] rejected [[Jesus]] they stopped being the Chosen People and that the [[New Testament]] and a faith-based [[religion]] replaced Jewish Law. [[Islam]] also believes that [[God]] gave the [[Torah]] alike to the [[Israelites]] at [[Mount Sinai]] but that the [[Quran]] ultimately replaced it. ==Antisemitism== ===Christianity=== Nowadays, supersessionism is widely deemed antisemitic as it laid the groundwork for the two [[Millennium|millennia]] of Christian [[antisemitism]] and [[persecution]] of Jews that peaked in [[the Holocaust]], killing at least 6,000,000 Jews – 67% of pre-war European Jews. Supersessionism is no longer backed by mainstream churches, reportedly including the Vatican,<ref name="A"> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal for the Study of Anti-Semitism |title=Traditional Catholicism and the Teachings of Bishop Richard Williamson |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6ecb5af9176fe56a398f5f4294e470286fcce0ea#page=152 |last=Pryor |first=J. Christopher |year=2009 |access-date=December 28, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/glossary/traditionalist-catholicism |title=Traditionalist Catholicism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=The Vatican has also rejected the idea of supersessionism [. ...] but traditionalist Catholics continue to support this doctrine and believe that there is no salvation outside of the Catholic church [. ...] One of its bishops, Richard Williamson, is a well-known [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust denier]].}} * {{cite book |title=Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust |chapter=“Every Sane Thinker Must Be an Anti-Semite”: Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial in the Theology of Radical Catholic Traditionalists |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48866-0_5 |last=Weitzman |first=Mark |pages=83–113 |date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=December 28, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Hutton Gibson, Extremist and Father of Mel Gibson, Dies at 101 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/hutton-gibson-extremist-and-father-of-mel-gibson-dies-at-101.html |date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=December 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=The Crisis in the Reception of Vatican II in the Catholic Church and the Return of Antisemitism |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/868123/pdf |last=Faggioli |first=Massimo |pages=354–372 |volume=6 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |issn=2474-1817 |doi=10.2979/antistud.6.2.08 |date=October 26, 2022 |access-date=December 28, 2024}}</ref> which have switched the focus to Christian–Jewish [[reconciliation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism |chapter=The Evils of Supersessionism |author=Timothy P. Jackson |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/39328/chapter-abstract/338954031?redirectedFrom=fulltext |year=2021 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> Some Christians endorse the dual-covenant theology (DCT) which holds that the Old Covenant between Jews and God is eternal, exempting Jews from the need of Christian conversion for receiving [[salvation]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://m.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/falwell-jews-can-get-to-heaven |title=Falwell: Jews can get to heaven |date=March 1, 2006 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> ====Radical taditionalist Catholics==== {{Further|Reddit#Controversies}} Despite the growing acceptance of the dual-covenant [[Christian theology|theology]] among Christians, the strongest opponents of it are the radical traditionalist Catholics who have significant influence over Catholic churches worldwide, making supersessionism a difficult issue to discuss.<ref name="A" /> Many radical traditionalist Catholics are reported to be [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]],<ref> * {{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/4317996/Pope-to-cancel-excommunication-of-rebel-bishops.html |title=Pope to cancel excommunication of rebel bishops {{!}} The Pope is expected to cancel the excommunication of four breakaway bishops including a Briton who has said the Nazis did not use gas chambers |date=22 January 2009 |work=The Telegraph |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221313/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/4317996/Pope-to-cancel-excommunication-of-rebel-bishops.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=9 February 2019}} * {{cite news |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/catholic-bishop-williamson-unrepentent-holocaust-denial/story?id=9717252 |title=Catholic Bishop Williamson Unrepentant in Holocaust Denial |date=February 1, 2020 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7870000/newsid_7878500/7878580.stm |title=Seminary sacks 'Holocaust bishop' {{!}} An ultra-traditionalist British bishop who denies the Holocaust has been removed from his post as the head of a Roman Catholic seminary in Argentina |work=BBC |date=9 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003040303/http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_7870000/newsid_7878500/7878580.stm |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=9 February 2019}} * {{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pope-readmits-holocaustdenying-priest-to-the-church-1515339.html |title=Pope readmits Holocaust-denying priest to the church {{!}} Vatican lifts excommunication on renegade British bishop who declared: 'There were no gas chambers' |last=Willan |first=Philip |work=The Independent |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124064317/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/pope-readmits-holocaust-denying-priest-to-the-church-1515339.html |archive-date=24 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=9 February 2019 |date=25 January 2009}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Bishop Richard Williamson |url=https://extremismterms.adl.org/glossary/bishop-richard-williamson |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> who have a huge presence on [[Reddit]]'s subreddits ''r/Catholicism'' (240K members) and ''r/AskAChristian'' (21K members), while Reddit has been long been criticized for uncontrolled antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite web |website=Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/reddit-shuts-down-some-racist-anti-semitic-web-forums |title=Reddit Shuts Down Some Racist, Anti-Semitic Web Forums |date=October 27, 2015 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Sky News| url=https://news.sky.com/story/racism-is-fine-on-our-site-says-reddits-chief-executive-11327584 |title='Racism is fine on our site,' says Reddit's chief executive |date=April 12, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brookings |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/combating-racism-on-social-media-5-key-insights-on-bystander-intervention |title=Combating racism on social media: 5 key insights on bystander intervention |date=December 1, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Business Insider |title=A moderator of one of the biggest Kanye West internet forums says the page has been a 'bloodbath' since the rapper's descent into antisemitism and conspiracy theories |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kanye-west-ye-reddit-forum-moderator-reacts-antisemitism-conspiracy-theories-2022-11 |date=November 16, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Holocaust denial finds new life in Oct. 7 revisionism |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-783228 |date=January 22, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> ====Christian Identity movement==== A similar, or somewhat overlapping, Christian movement that upholds supersessionism is the Christian Identity (CI) movement, whose followers [[Conspiracy theory|believe]] that [[White people]] to be the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]] with whom [[YHWH|God]] have a covenant.<ref name="CI"> * {{cite book |title=Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469611112_barkun |last=Barkun |first=Michael |year=1997 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]] Press |jstor=10.5149/9781469611112_barkun |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Christian Identity {{!}} White Supremacy, British Israelism, Neo-Nazism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christian-Identity |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) |title=Christian Identity |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/christian-identity |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Terrorism & Technology |title=Why We Should Care about Christian Identity Ideology and its Links to Antisemitic Mobilisation |url=https://gnet-research.org/2023/09/11/why-we-should-care-about-christian-identity-ideology-and-its-links-to-antisemitic-mobilisation |last=Marks |first=Eliza |date=September 11, 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The George Washington University |title=Christian Identity Reborn: The Evolution and Revitalization of an Antisemitic Theology |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/christian-identity-reborn-evolution-and-revitalization-antisemitic-theology |last1=Lewis |first1=Jon |last2=Wexler |first2=Stuart |last3=Mellea |first3=Jessa |last4=Tyler |first4=M.B. |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=December 4, 2024}}</ref> The [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) estimated in 2023 that the CI movement had 10 active groups in the [[United States]].<ref name="CI" /><ref>The 10 active groups of the CI movement in 2023 are as follows (place names in [[Bracket|brackets]] are their headquarters' [[Location|locations]]): * Assembly of Christian Israelites (Milford, [[Ohio]]) * Christogenea (Panama City Beach, [[Florida]]) * Church of Israel  (Schell City, [[Missouri]]) * Covenant People’s Ministry (Brooks, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]) * Euro Folk Radio ([[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]) * Fellowship of God’s Covenant People (Union, [[Kentucky]]) * Kingdom Identity Ministries (Harrison, [[Arkansas]]) * Mission to Israel Ministries (Scottsbluff, [[Nebraska]]) * Sacred Truth Publishing and Ministries (Mountain City, [[Tennessee]]) * Scriptures for America Worldwide Ministries (Laporte, [[Colorado]])</ref> ===Non-Christian examples=== ====Black Hebrew Israelites==== [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|Black Hebrew Israelites, who refuse to believe that [[Jesus]] was [[Jew|Jewish]], protested in [[San Diego, California]] against the long-standing [[Painting|depiction]] of Jesus as a "[[White people|White man]]" rather than a [[Black people|Black man]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|A [[propaganda]] [[poster]] made by the Black Hebrew Israelites implying that [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Native Americans]] are the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of the [[Tribes of Israel|Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israelites|Israel]]. The Black Hebrew Israelites allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White [[Imperialism|imperialists]] into different [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] across the [[Western hemisphere]].]] {{Main|Black Hebrew Israelites}} Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) is a modern movement promoting the [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] [[belief]] that [[African American|African Americans]] are allegedly the real [[Descendant|descendants]] of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]], with some of their [[Political faction|factions]] also seeing [[Native Americans|Native]] and Latino Americans as the descendants of ancient Israelites.<ref name="BHI1">{{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=Kyler |title=Ideological Convergence in the Extreme Right |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26954256 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1–7 |jstor=26954256 |issn=2382-6444 |date=September 2020}}</ref><ref name="BHI2">{{Cite journal |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |date=2020 |title=Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views? |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=255 |doi=10.3390/rel11050255 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}</ref> Their belief is shared by the [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) led by [[Louis Farrakhan]],<ref name="NOI1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel |page=4}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate (JNS) |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans.}} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=15 April 2015}} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars (NAS) |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NOI2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/culture/177636/malcolm-x-and-the-jews |title=Malcolm X and the Jews |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |title=Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/antisemitic-attitudes-among-young-black-and-hispanic-americans/5465F2124BC3D44B40521D2CD000D023 |last1=Royden |first1=Laura |last2=Hersh |first2=Eitan |date=April 17, 2023 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize}}</ref> which is one of the most influential groups among Black Americans.<ref name="NOI1" /><ref name="NOI2" /> [[Alberta Williams King]], the mother of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], was [[Assassination|shot and killed]] on June 30, 1974 at the age 69 by Marcus Wayne Chenault, a 23-year-old Black man from [[Ohio]] subscribed to the theology of a BHI [[preacher]] called Hananiah E. Israel of [[Cincinnati]]. The assassin had reportedly shown interest in a group called the "Hebrew Pentecostal Church of the Living God".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/84605333/|title=The Decatur Daily Review 12 Jul 1974, page Page 6|website=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} Israel, Chenault's [[mentor]], [[wikt:castigate|castigated]] Black [[civil rights]] [[Activism|activists]] and [[Black church]] leaders as being [[evil]] and [[wikt:deceptive|deceptive]], but claimed in [[Interview|interviews]] not to have [[Advocacy|advocated]] [[violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/405255068/|title=Dayton Daily News 03 Jul 1974, page 1|website=Newspapers.com}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} Chenault did not draw any such [[wikt:distinction|distinction]], and first decided to [[Assassination|assassinate]] [[Priest|Rev.]] [[Jesse Jackson]] in Chicago, but canceled the plan at the last [[minute]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} The BHI have also been involved in domestic [[terrorism]] towards American Jews since the 1970s, the most recent of which include but not limited to the 2019 Jersey City [[Mass shooting|shooting]] (7 dead and 3 injured) and the Monsey [[Hanukkah]] stabbing (1 dead and 4 injured).<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |title=Who are the Black Hebrew Israelites? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/us/hebrew-black-israelites-jersey-city |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Online posts tied to suspected New Jersey deli shooter pushed anti-Semitic conspiracies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/online-posts-tied-suspected-new-jersey-deli-shooter-pushed-anti-n1100136 |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=17 December 2019}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=30 March 2020}} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=1 August 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize}}</ref> Fran Markowitz, a [[professor]] of [[cultural anthropology]] at the [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]], wrote that the BHI's view on the [[African slave trade]] conflicts with historical accounts, as does the BHI's [[belief]] that [[Socrates]] and [[William Shakespeare]] were black.<ref name="Markowitz2013">{{cite book |last1=Markowitz |first1=Fran |title=Ethnographic Encounters in Israel: Poetics and Ethics of Fieldwork |date=2013 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00889-3 |page=69 |language=en}}</ref> Most BHI [[Political faction|factions]] were classified as [[Hate group|hate groups]] by at least two civil rights groups, including but not limited to the SPLC and [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL).<ref name="BHI1" /><ref name="BHI2" /> The ADL noted,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/black-hebrew-israelites |title=Black Hebrew Israelites |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |access-date=December 15, 2019}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Some, but not all, [Black Hebrew Israelites] are outspoken anti-Semites and [[Racism|racists]].}} On the other hand, [[Politics|political]] [[Observation|observer]] Ralph Lenoard further analyzed the BHI,<ref>{{cite web|website=UnHerd|url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/the-dangerous-rise-of-black-hebrew-israelites|title=The dangerous rise of Black Hebrew Israelites|date=23 November 2022}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Black Hebrew Israelism is an [[ideology]] [...] that 'black people are the real Jews' has permeated [...] [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12111-020-09459-6 African-American consciousness], given that [[Popularity|big-time]] [[Celebrity|celebrities]] like [[Kanye West|West]], [[Kyrie Irving|Irving]], and DeSean Jackson and [[Nick Cannon]] [...] [[Disinformation|amplified]] some of these [[Big lie|views]].}} Antisemitic BHI factions include but not limited to the ''Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK)'', ''House of Israel (HOI)'', ''Nation of Yahweh (NOY)'', ''Israelites Saints of Christ'', ''True Nation Israelite Congregation'' and ''The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC)''.<ref name="BHI">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/extremist-sects-within-black-hebrew-israelite-movement |title=Extremist Sects Within the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |date=7 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] documented some antisemitic [[Pejorative|slurs]] used by the BHI:<ref name="BHI" /> {{bulleted list |''Jew-ish'': Negative term for implying that mainstream Jews are "[https://www.adl.org/resources/article/untangling-false-claims-about-ashkenazi-jews-khazars-and-israel imposters]" |''So-called Jews'': Casting doubt on the Jewish identity of mainstream Jews |''[https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Satan Synagogue of Satan]'': An [[Classical antiquity|ancient]] [[Pejorative|slur]] borrowed from the [[Catholic Church#Other websites|Catholic Church]] to express the [[Antisemitism|hatred of Jews]]<ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Jeffrey |title=Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] Press |date=1997 |isbn=0-8156-0396-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIilYBbxSbcC |access-date=July 18, 2021 |page=2}} |{{cite book |last=Barkun |first=Michael |title=Religion and the Racist Right: the Origins of the Christian Identity Movement |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]] Press |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdGSbDaCQVsC |isbn=0-8078-2328-7 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |pages=149–150, 191, 206}} |{{cite book |first=James L. |last=Resseguie |title=The Revelation of John: A Narrative Commentary |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2009 |isbn=9781441210005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LO1iPKHZuEC |access-date=July 18, 2021}} }}</ref>}} ==Related pages== * [[Society of Saint Pius X]] * ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' * [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century]] ==Other websites== * [https://www.ushmm.org/research/about-the-mandel-center/initiatives/ethics-religion-holocaust/articles-and-resources/christian-persecution-of-jews-over-the-centuries/christian-persecution-of-jews-over-the-centuries Christian Persecution of Jews over the Centuries] * [https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/12-anti-semitic-radical-traditionalist-catholic-groups 12 Anti-Semitic Radical Traditionalist Catholic Groups] * [https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-from-the-early-church-to-1400 Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400] * [https://christinprophecy.org/articles/the-evil-of-replacement-theology The Evil of Replacement Theology: The Historical Abuse of the Jews by the Church] * [https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=etc The Building of a Wall of Separation between New Testament Theology and Its Jewish Roots/Context: A Consideration of Early Church History and a Call for Re-Examination for 21st Century Everyday Theological Reality] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bias]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Religion]] [[Category:Christianity]] [[Category:Catholicism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish people]] ncjacv843n4znt23dwp8vq2iv5rqotf 0 756971 10330609 10267959 2025-06-14T18:43:46Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Hüsamettin Cindoruk | image = | office = [[President of Turkey]] | status = Acting | vicepresident = | term_start = 17 April 1993 | term_end = 16 May 1993 | predecessor = [[Turgut Özal]] | successor = [[Süleyman Demirel]] | order2 = [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly#List of speakers|17th]] [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly]] | term_start2 = 16 November 1991 | term_end2 = 1 October 1995 | predecessor2 = [[İsmet Kaya Erdem]] | successor2 = [[İsmet Sezgin]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1933}} | birth_place = [[İzmir]], [[Turkey]] | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = Dilek Cindoruk | children = 3 | religion = }} '''Ahmet Hüsamettin Cindoruk''' (born 1933) is a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[politician]]. He was the 17th Speaker of the [[Turkish Grand National Assembly|Parliament of Turkey]] between 1991 and 1995. He was also the [[President of Turkey|Acting President of Turkey]] in 1993 following the death of [[Turgut Özal]].<ref>Biyografi.net - [http://www.biyografi.net/kisiayrinti.asp?kisiid=284 ''Biography of Hüsamettin Cindoruk''] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cindoruk, Husamettin}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Turkey]] [[Category:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of Turkey]] {{bio-stub}} t0x6npx99qgubtb9dw1rb3t8qvorbus 0 757586 10331114 7116197 2025-06-15T00:07:11Z NX3710 1629609 For me it looks better to place this at the top 10331114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the offensive gesture|The finger}} [[File:Hand - Middle finger.jpg|thumb|The middle finger]] The '''middle finger''' (also called the '''long finger''' or the '''tall finger''' is the third finger on the [[human]] [[hand]]. It is between the [[index finger]] and the [[ring finger]]. When people study [[anatomy]], they call the middle finger the ''third finger'', ''digitus medius'', ''digitus tertius'', or ''digitus III''. Sometimes the middle finger is used as an [[insult]] or to offend someone. When it is extended, usually by itself, it is known as "giving [[the finger]]", "flipping the bird", or"flipping someone off". [[Category:Limbs and extremities]] {{biology-stub}} nodms7yqeg9spg6shdo78zpo47s8059 0 760396 10331238 10319453 2025-06-15T01:21:52Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = Alycia Debnam-Carey | image = Alycia Debnam-Carey (48403725107) (cropped).jpg | caption = Debnam-Carey in 2019 | birth_name = Alycia Jasmin Debnam-Carey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|07|20|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]] | nationality = Australian | occupation = Actress | years active = 2003–present | notable works = {{Plainlist| * [[The 100 (TV series)|''The 100'']] (2014–2016) * ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' (2015–present) }} }} [[File:Alycia Debnam-Carey (48017198296) (cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|Debnam-Carey]] '''Alycia Jasmin Debnam-Carey''' (born 20 July 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alycia-debnamcarey.com/post/112984202571/regarding-alycias-birthday |title=Adoring Alycia, Regarding Alycia's birthday |website=alycia-debnamcarey.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614100843/http://alycia-debnamcarey.com/post/112984202571/regarding-alycias-birthday |archive-date=14 June 2015 }}</ref>) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her roles as Commander Lexa on [[The CW]] [[science fiction]] television series ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' (2014–2016)<ref name="The 100's Alycia Debnam-Carey tells all about Lexa's big kiss">{{cite magazine|last=Rovenstine|first=Dalene|title=The 100's Alycia Debnam-Carey tells all about Lexa's big kiss|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/03/04/100-alycia-debnam-carey-lexa-clarke-kiss|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=4 March 2015|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> and Alicia Clark on the [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] horror drama television series ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' (2015–present).<ref name="Frank Dillane & Alycia Debnam Carey Cast In 'The Walking Dead' Companion Seriess">{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/frank-dillane-alicia-debnam-carey-cast-the-walking-dead-companion-series-spinoff-1201305129/|title=Frank Dillane & Alycia Debnam Carey Cast In 'The Walking Dead' Companion Seriess|work=Deadline|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=1 December 2014|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> She was born on 20 July 1993 in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. Alycia has played percussion for nearly a decade, as well as piano for a shorter while. ==Filmography== ===Film<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Alycia Debnam-Carey|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/person/Alycia+Debnam+Carey-1178250/filmography|access-date=2024-11-21|website=Filmweb|language=pl}}</ref>=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Notes |- | 2003 | ''Martha's New Coat'' | Elsie | Short film |- | 2006 | ''The Safe House'' | Lee (voice) | Short film |- | 2008 | ''Jigsaw Girl'' | Caitlyn | Short film |- | 2010 | ''At the Tattooist'' | Jane | Short film |- | 2011 | ''The Branch'' | Anica | Short film |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''[[Into the Storm (2014 film)|Into the Storm]]'' | Kaitlyn Johnston | |- | ''[[The Devil's Hand (2014 film)|The Devil's Hand]]'' | Mary | |- | 2016 | ''[[Friend Request]]'' | Laura Woodson | |- | 2019 | ''[[A Violent Separation]]'' | Frances Campbell | |- | 2024 | ''[[It’s What’s Inside]]'' | Nikki | |- | {{TableTBA}} | ''Liked'' | Roxy | Post-production |} ===Television<ref name=":1" />=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Notes ! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | 2006 | ''[[McLeod's Daughters]]'' | Chloe Sanderson | Episode: "Second Best" | |- | 2008 | ''Dream Life'' | Cassie | Television film | |- | 2010 | ''[[Dance Academy]]'' | Mia | Episode: "Perfection" | |- | 2013 | ''[[Next Stop Hollywood]]'' | Herself | Documentary series | |- | 2014–2016 <hr /> 2020 | ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' | [[Lexa (The 100)|Lexa]]<hr /> The Judge {{small|(in the body of Lexa)}} | Recurring role (seasons 2–3)<hr /> Guest role (season 7) |<ref name="The 100's Alycia Debnam-Carey tells all about Lexa's big kiss" /><hr /> |- | 2015–2023 | ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' | [[Alicia Clark]] | Main role (seasons 1–7); Guest star (season 8); Director (Episode: "Ofelia") |<ref name="Frank Dillane & Alycia Debnam Carey Cast In 'The Walking Dead' Companion Seriess" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2023 | ''[[Saint X]]'' | Emily Thomas | Main role | |- | ''[[The Lost Flowers of Alice Hart]]'' | Alice Hart | Miniseries | |- | 2025 |''Apple Cider Vinegar'' | Milla | Limited series. Filming. |<ref name="if">{{cite web|url=https://if.com.au/netflix-commissions-see-saw-picking-scabs-apple-cider-vinegar/|title=Netflix commissions See-Saw/Picking Scabs’ ‘Apple Cider Vinegar’|work=[[IF Magazine]]|date=14 December 2023|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Debnam-Carey, Alycia}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Actors from Sydney]] [[Category:Australian child actors]] [[Category:Australian movie actors]] [[Category:Australian television actors]] [[Category:Australian stage actors]] [[Category:Australian voice actors]] [[Category:Living people]] {{actor-stub}} {{authority control}} ixhi3dspg93hqdtkqzflz68p7563okp 3 761509 10330175 10329651 2025-06-14T15:26:14Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Gaston Neal]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330175 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hi == Provided you don't use other accounts or IPs to edit, or edit disruptively, or make articles against our policies, there are no issues with you contributing here. However, if any of that happens, you will be blocked indefinitely and without warning as per [[WP:ONESTRIKE]]. Regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 00:54, 24 May 2020 (UTC) : thank you for the welcome. i'm just here to write 1000 articles about notable people. it's good that you wrote down the admin practice, that admins follow, regardless of what policy might say elsewhere. you should be aware that attempts to [[Wikipedia:Deny recognition]] that shock outsiders, might get you interviewed by Wired magazine. [https://www.wired.com/story/socked-into-the-puppet-hole-on-wikipedia/] - [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 02:07, 24 May 2020 (UTC) ::We don't have a G5 deletion criteria here. If you make an article, and at some point you're blocked, the admin making the block isn't going to be going to Special:MassDelete. In my personal view, DENY doesnt work with most LTAs that venture into content creation, and regardless if they provide useful content we might as well keep it. That's different for undisclosed paid editors, however; that's a terms of use violation and inherently bad faith. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 15:41, 24 May 2020 (UTC) :::i still have my "cyber rights now" t-shirt,[https://www.wired.com/1996/06/cyber-rights-15/] so getting my name in Wired is a recognition I never could have dreamed of. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 16:57, 24 May 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Lina Rohe== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Lina Rohe]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Lina Rohe]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 08:35, 24 May 2020 (UTC) == June 2020 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links"{{#if:|, which you used in "[[:{{{1}}}]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 00:30, 2 June 2020 (UTC) :ok, no problem, will copy edit those thus far. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 00:31, 2 June 2020 (UTC) ::Thank you friend. '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 00:34, 2 June 2020 (UTC) == Thank you, and a request == Thank you for all of the new article creation you are doing, especially the civil rights and human rights activists. I see that you are really into posting women athletes. I have a couple requests/suggestions that will improve them. One, add the sports-bio stub. Two, link, link, link. We aren't afraid of red links on this wiki. Link their hometowns, link [[water polo]], link the major international matches. That's one way we eventually get new articles. See [[Anne Belden]] as an example of what I mean. Third, if at all possible, try to make these a little bit longer or add an image when possible. Thanks, [[User:Gotanda|Gotanda]] ([[User talk:Gotanda|talk]]) 00:29, 18 June 2020 (UTC) :thanks for noticing. 300 down 700 to go. just taking a little bite out of the gender bias. apparently all the translation backlog at english is growing, since they hound anyone who is not perfect, and recreations are not systematic. i'm afraid the sports stubs are thin, because the sources are minimal. i will swing by again for those with college pages that have more detail. i was holding off adding images until Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos contest, next month; once they get linked to wikidata, then it is an easy infobox/wikidata. i may have changed my mind about all those competition articles - they are more like list articles from the old days, now more suited to a wikidata query. better to spend article writing time on translations of women bios. i will try more linking since it is easier in VE. cheers.[[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 00:47, 18 June 2020 (UTC) ::Cheers! We have a looooooong way to go around here on gender and racial bias. Every new article helps. --[[User:Gotanda|Gotanda]] ([[User talk:Gotanda|talk]]) 01:06, 18 June 2020 (UTC) {{od}}I have another request. When you create an article about a person, please include a defaultsort. You can see what it should look like by looking at the change I made to [[Alexandre Gaiscoigne]]. Thanks. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 09:05, 29 June 2020 (UTC) :{{tps|alc}} And one more thing, when you're making articles, please be as specific with their categories as possible. [[User:Miraclepine|Miracle]][[User talk:Miraclepine|pine]] 19:17, 29 June 2020 (UTC) :::yeah, sorry, i do not really use categories, or defaultsort. i use wikidata queries. i'm afraid i rely on my million edit friend to do the category work (elsewhere) i'm just making a rough pass of yob, nationality, and occupation. the category completion in VE is hit or miss. :::the dirty little secret of gender gap percentage, is that the men athletes got in under "special" notability rules, and too few are interested in filling the gap, with stubs that have little chance of getting reliable sourcing. and a banned admin mass deleted 12000 sports stubs. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 19:32, 29 June 2020 (UTC) ::::Just coming back around to ask once again if you would start adding links and the sport bio stub to these articles. No links=no connections, so the articles are not as easily found. I understand you want to address the gender gap in total articles, but visibility is also important. --[[User:Gotanda|Gotanda]] ([[User talk:Gotanda|talk]]) 00:03, 3 July 2020 (UTC) ==Thank you!== Hi! There are so many acceptable [[Template:Birth_date|birthdate templates]] out there, but appreciate you sticking to Day/Month/Year format in the articles you're creating. It makes adding infoboxes way easier for me. — [[User:Infogapp1|Infogapp1]] ([[User talk:Infogapp1|talk]]) 09:58, 23 June 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Paul Scharre== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Paul Scharre]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Paul Scharre]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Chenzw|<span style="color:black">Chenzw</span>]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Chenzw|<span style="font-size:10px;color:black">Talk</span>]]&nbsp; 02:41, 30 June 2020 (UTC) == #WPWP == Just saying thanks for the work you're doing for this campaign! It's a welcome improvement to our articles. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 03:25, 14 July 2020 (UTC) :just a little maintenance for cash. [[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos]] if we adopted more wikidata infoboxes, like french or catalan, i could write more articles. cheers. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 13:40, 14 July 2020 (UTC) ::Are there infoboxes on French or Catalan Wikipedia that don't exist in English? In any case, you can add an image or create an article without an infobox. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:41, 14 July 2020 (UTC) :::oh no - this is not a technical difference but a cultural one. here is the 2017 presentation by the expert [[:File:Wikidatacon 2017. Wikidata-powered infoboxes.pdf]] - "Some enwp community members ○ Expectations that everything is perfect immediately ○ Unwillingness to help fix content problems on Wikidata - need local editing of Wikidata info ; My roll-out work is on hold for now" - to the extent we import manual infoboxes from english, we will have manual maintenance (even if 1/10 the amount) we could as a project advocate and convert to wikidata infobox, but it would require some leadership, and consensus. cheers [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 20:42, 14 July 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Ilse Arts== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Ilse Arts]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Ilse Arts]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Chenzw|<span style="color:green">Chenzw</span>]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Chenzw|<span style="font-size:10px;color:green">Talk</span>]]&nbsp; 03:31, 19 July 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Ilse Arts== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Ilse Arts]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Ilse Arts]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 19:32, 30 July 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Toni Gilpin== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Toni Gilpin]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Toni Gilpin]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 22:24, 1 September 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Wendy Gail Olsoff== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Wendy Gail Olsoff]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Wendy Gail Olsoff]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 22:37, 1 September 2020 (UTC) == Notability == *Hello Slowking4, I hope you are well. I am just letting you know that several of your recent articles do not appear to meet our notability requirements. You should ensure the article has enough coverage in reliable sources before creating an article about them. Further details of the rules can be found [[:en:WP:N|here]], along with specifics for certain types of articles. I'd also like to remind you of our [[WP:ONESTRIKE|one strike rule]] that we have here. Considering you were blocked on the English Wikipedia because of similar issues to this, I would advise you to ensure the best that you can that people you create articles about are notable before publishing to avoid further RfDs and the possibility of an administrator exercising the one strike rule. Thank you, --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 23:00, 1 September 2020 (UTC) **we have a fundamental difference on what notability is. i have more article creations than you. i have hundreds more ready to go. do not threaten to block me; just block me right now in a summary way, since you are always right. so much for AGF. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 02:21, 2 September 2020 (UTC) ***What notability is is not a matter of opinion. We have guidelines for this. Are you saying you refuse to follow our guidelines as you disagree with them? I am assuming good faith, by the way. That is why I am letting you know to ensure there are enough sources. In no way am I suggesting bad faith. --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 06:27, 2 September 2020 (UTC) ****on the contrary, you have your opinion of what you think is notable, [[GirlsDoPorn]], and i have mine [[Ilse Arts]]. i do not find your interpretation of the clear notability language to be reasonable. and you do not collaborate. please do not interact with me. i will not read or respond to any further comments you may happen to make. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 13:08, 2 September 2020 (UTC) *You have made a lot of good articles also. I have been linking them to Wikidata and adding information to the relative item, as I am aware you cannot do this. Some required me to create an item. It also allowed me to add images to the articles where possible. Please don't think that I think all of your articles are about non-notable people &ndash; this is not the case. --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 15:46, 13 September 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Laura Sparks== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Laura Sparks]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Laura Sparks]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 22:34, 2 September 2020 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Meng Jin== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Meng Jin]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Meng Jin}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Zaxxon0|Zaxxon0]] ([[User talk:Zaxxon0|talk]]) 23:04, 27 September 2020 (UTC) == Indefinite Block == I've blocked you from editing on this project for consistently making bad articles, being disruptive, and unkind towards other editors. Since you were previously blocked on other projects, you are subject to the [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] policy here. You've been given many chances and we've tried to be accommodating, but it has become clear you are not willing to cooperate on our endeavor. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color:#00f">Operator873</span>]]^{''[[User talk:Operator873|<span style="color:#f00">talk</span>]][[User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''}</b> 01:00, 29 September 2020 (UTC) {{unblock reviewed|1= "You've been given many chances and we've tried to be accommodating, but it has become clear you are not willing to cooperate on our endeavor." [citation needed]. you have not accommodated me. you have now blocked an editor with 1000 article creations, that you have not interacted with. Slowking4 (talk) 01:08, 29 September 2020 (UTC)|decline=You certainly have been given a number of chances on this wiki, more than a user in your position would normally be given based on [[WP:ONESTRIKE]]. Many of your articles do not meet notability requirements and quite frankly will take a long time to clean up through deletions as each one is going to need to be gone through. So I am declining this based on user not showing their understanding of what caused them to be blocked and nothing that shows they intend to fix the issues. -- [[User:Djsasso|Djsasso]] ([[User talk:Djsasso|talk]]) 17:22, 29 September 2020 (UTC)}} :Slowking4, we have notability guidelines here that apparently differ from your perception of what is optimal. It is most beneficial if you accept that community consensus differs with your interpretation, rather than acting unkind to editors who disagree with you and creating articles you know do not fit within this community's definition of notability. You are welcome to contribute, as everyone is, so long as you abide by community consensus. That has not been the case. An unblock will be considered if you make note that you understand the problems with your activity here and how you will adjust your editing pattern to conform to existing community consensus. Regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 01:19, 29 September 2020 (UTC) ::Agree with Vermont. I'm very willing to unblock and happily welcome you to continuing to edit here, so long as you respect the community and the established policies. The number of articles you create does not excuse you from being respectful and kind towards other editors. Nor does it permit you to establish your own policies and definitions for notability. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color:#00f">Operator873</span>]]^{''[[User talk:Operator873|<span style="color:#f00">talk</span>]][[User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''}</b> 01:25, 29 September 2020 (UTC) :::thank you for the honor of your block. i am abiding by the policy. the written notability policy is clear: :::{{quote|3. The person has created, or played a major role in co-creating, a significant or well-known work, or collective body of work. [which is demonstrated by] This work has been the subject of an independent book or feature-length movie, or of '''multiple independent periodical articles or reviews'''.}} :::the first sentence is a normative statement, the second is positive, [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-microeconomics/chapter/positive-and-normative-statements/] and [[Falsifiability|falsifiable]]. you can assert your superior knowledge of who is a significant author, over and above Gish Jen, but you will need to elaborate on just who is a significant author, since it is idiosyncratic with your clique, at odds with the broad consensus elsewhere. when an author has ten independent and reliable reviews, that is a notable author, regardless of your POV misreading of the policy. you are headed for a Donna Strickland moment.[https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2018/10/04/donna-strickland-wikipedia/],[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/03/donna-strickland-nobel-physics-prize-wikipedia-denied] hope you have better answers for the press, other than "i was following policy".[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2018-10-28/Opinion] [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 19:36, 29 September 2020 (UTC) ::::[[WP:NLT]] --[[User:Synoman Barris|Synoman Barris]] ([[User talk:Synoman Barris|talk]]) 19:46, 29 September 2020 (UTC) :::::there is nothing legal about getting your conduct splashed all over papers. the point being you can feel as justified as you want abusing admin tools and process, but the press will call you out. but i take it the purpose of this block is to have another go at global ban, with this false charge. would you like to get interviewed by wired magazine? [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 02:42, 30 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::The editor who wrote the comment this is in reply to is not an admin, and is a new editor. The editor who proposed your global ban is not an admin. At the time of writing, no admin from this project has edited your global ban discussion. There is no concerted effort to ban you; if I were to vote I'd probably oppose. Regarding your local block, if you would like to discuss how your view of notability differs from community consensus here, I would be happy to look at specific examples and discuss. If, however, you'd like to continue to make sweeping generalizations and claim the existence of some broad admin conspiracy, there's very little discussion to be had. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 11:50, 30 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::yeah, which socking admin are they? they have an intimate knowledge of global rfc's. on the contrary, quickly escalating a dispute about speedy deletion without consensus, and author notability, sure looks like collusion doesn't it? this was the pattern before [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta:Requests_for_help_from_a_sysop_or_bureaucrat/Archives/2019-09#Slowking4_sockpuppets Requests_for_help_from_a_sysop], [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global/2019-04#Global_lock_for_Slowking4 Global lock for Slowking4 ] and IWI, Djsasso, and Operator873 have chimed in on meta (IWI at the time of your writing). notice that the usual suspects seem to want to try try again, and vote together. but it's all good, i'm sure the pressure from english must have been immense. no doubt the creation of a thousand articles G5'd at english must have been galling. :::::::no response to my interpretation of notability above other than to call it legal. you sure you want to endorse a personal "significance" standard? the optics are bad. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 21:33, 30 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::::If you disagree with our notability guidelines you may propose a change to them with reasoned discussion, but you cannot simply continue to create articles about people you know do not fit our criteria. I tried to explain to this to you a few weeks ago but you simply chose to insult and ignore me instead. I would imagine that the admins will not be willing to consider unblock unless you accept that your idea of notability differs from that of this community and agree to follow the community's criteria when creating articles. Suggestions of conspiracies and bad faith surrounding our users will not be tolerated indefinitely, and I would suggest you do not continue such suggestions if you wish to continue contributing here. Kind regards, --[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) 22:27, 30 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::::i don't disagree with the guideline, just your unreasonable interpretation of it. i am not continuing to create articles i "know" do not fit. you have a dispute about six articles out of a thousand. and after all, not all nominations were deleted. i am creating articles that clearly meet the guideline as elaborated above. you are not going to consider an unblock no matter what i might say: that was the point of this block. you only have to look at the users showing up at investigation pages, and then at global ban pages to see a co-relation. reasonable people can draw conclusions. warnings to assume good faith border on gas lighting- see also "It tells marginalized people that you don’t see codes of conduct as tools to address systemic discrimination, but as tools to manage personal conflicts without taking power differences into account. Telling people to “assume good intent” sends a message about whose feelings you plan to center when an issue arises in your community." [https://thebias.com/2017/09/26/how-good-intent-undermines-diversity-and-inclusion/] [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 00:34, 1 October 2020 (UTC) :[[user: Operator873]] - would you care to reconsider your block to enforce a speedy deletion, where the article is recreated, and not deleted? [[Meng Jin]]. the fact pattern suggests that you are not following consensus processes, but are ruling by fiat. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 14:51, 7 October 2020 (UTC) {{unblock reviewed|1=the purpose of this block having passed, the global ban attempt not achieving consensus, this block serves no purpose, other than to assert admin rule, unhinged from facts and evidence. <br /> an article was speedy deleted, and i recreated it, where it still exists. Meng Jin. therefore, this block serves to enforce admin rule, devoid of a consensus deletion discussion, or for that matter notability policy. Slowking4 (talk) 20:48, 16 October 2020 (UTC)|decline=I agree that the issue of notability is a matter of debate (and should rightfully be discussed at RFD anyway instead of summarily decided in QD; note that a QD A4 deletion is '''not''' a finding of non-notability). However, unless you address the issues with civility, and your attempts to antagonize others with unhelpful comments such as [[Special:Diff/7014409|appeal to authority]] and [[Special:Diff/7093980|association fallacy]], I do not see much about this unblock request to discuss. -- [[User:Chenzw|<span style="color:brown">Chenzw</span>]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Chenzw|<span style="font-size:10px;color:brown">Talk</span>]]&nbsp; 13:04, 17 October 2020 (UTC)}} :so you agree that "consistently making bad articles, being disruptive, and unkind towards other editors." was at least in part not founded on fact. don't know why your would say "that is an interesting interpretation of the criteria. don't know why you would second guess bill gates." and "on the contrary, you have your opinion of what you think is notable, [[GirlsDoPorn]], and i have mine [[Ilse Arts]]. " is uncivil. i prefer an appeal to the authority of bill gates, than to an admin here; it is the admin asserting their superior authority of "significance". the articles an admin thinks are worthy of keeping is a fact, not a personal attack. (i refrained from speculating on the motives for the admin conduct; i leave the question of explicit or implicit bias to the philosophers). just look at this talk page, the antagonism comes from the admin assertion of authority, and then policing responses that call out that antagonism. if you want me to address "issues with civility" please be specific - generalities are bad optics. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 15:02, 18 October 2020 (UTC) :when you say: "Saying that a "good faith" editor becomes an "LTA" is an oxymoron - if you accept that their contributions are good, what is the reason for turning into an LTA case in the first place?" you are being naive, and Manichean. LTA's are created all the time by the relentless cultural buzzsaw. it has become empty rhetoric unhinged from evidence. "LTAs are not one of us, and we can suspend the rules when dealing with them". in this current block, you admit the edits are good, but now you shift the rationale to "antagonize others" which is not in the policy. [[User:Slowking4|Slowking4]] ([[User talk:Slowking4#top|talk]]) 23:28, 20 October 2020 (UTC) == [[:m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Slowking4]] == [[User:Naleksuh|Naleksuh]] ([[User talk:Naleksuh|talk]]) 01:51, 30 September 2020 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Christopher Leonard== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Christopher Leonard]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Christopher Leonard]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 23:41, 22 May 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Christopher Phillips== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Christopher Phillips]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Christopher Phillips]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:27, 24 October 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caitlin C. Rosenthal== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caitlin C. Rosenthal]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Caitlin C. Rosenthal]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 14:01, 25 October 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Astrid Veillon== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Astrid Veillon]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Astrid Veillon]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:46, 2 November 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Cara Fitzpatrick== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Cara Fitzpatrick]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Cara Fitzpatrick]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:49, 2 November 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Rochelle Sharpe== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Rochelle Sharpe]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2021/Rochelle Sharpe]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:53, 2 November 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Erin Carter== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Erin Carter]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Erin Carter]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:41, 10 March 2022 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Adam Hollingsworth== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Adam Hollingsworth]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Adam Hollingsworth]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 18:59, 13 April 2022 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Anna Sieprath== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Anna Sieprath]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Anna Sieprath]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 21:57, 1 October 2022 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Meng Jin== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Meng Jin]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/Meng Jin]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 15:43, 2 October 2022 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Philipp Winkler== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Philipp Winkler]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2023/Philipp Winkler]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 13:25, 11 April 2023 (UTC) == Global ban proposal notification == Hello. This is to notify you that there is a proposal proposing that you be globally banned from all Wikimedia projects. You are invited to participate at [[m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Slowking4 (2)]]. Thank you. [[User:Seawolf35|Seawolf35]] ([[User talk:Seawolf35|talk]]) 19:18, 14 March 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Ricci Ferigo== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Ricci Ferigo]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Ricci Ferigo]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 10:04, 3 September 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Shafagat Alishanova== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Shafagat Alishanova]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Shafagat Alishanova]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 03:08, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Bayaz Aliyeva== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Bayaz Aliyeva]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Bayaz Aliyeva]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 03:08, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Estelle Rubens== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Estelle Rubens]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Estelle Rubens}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Gaston Neal== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Gaston Neal]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) jz6ub4lhhf1vqdyr9lopl1wu9z8eavo 0 763484 10330287 9797906 2025-06-14T16:44:51Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More footnotes needed|date=30 September}}{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Thembelihle Mkize''' (born 24 November 1995) is a [[South Africa]]n [[water polo player]]. She has represented South Africa in Waterpolo, twice. She was the Vice-Captain of the South African U18 Waterpolo team at only 17 years old in 2012. She then made the South African Women's national team at 18 years old and represented the country in Barcelona at the world champs. Where she made South African history as the youngest team member in the women's South African team. She competed for the [[South Africa women's national water polo team]] in the [[2013 World Aquatics Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waterpolo.sportresult.com/pdf/WCH2013/WRSA-R.pdf|title=15th FINA WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS - 2013 - South Africa|website=waterpolo.sportresult.com|access-date=2020-06-02|archive-date=2018-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015001352/http://waterpolo.sportresult.com/pdf/WCH2013/WRSA-R.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fina.org/news/water-polo-women-day-2-rsa-7-nzl-14|title=Water Polo Women, Day 2: RSA 7 NZL 14 - fina.org - Official FINA website|website=www.fina.org}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==Other websites== *[https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-tribune-south-africa/20121028/281844345887794 sunday-tribune-south-africa] *[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/chinas-yating-sun-is-held-back-by-south-africas-delaine-news-photo/174161055 chinas-yating-sun-is-held-back-by-south-africas-delaine] *[https://www.zimbio.com/Thembelihle+Mkize/pictures/pro Thembelihle Mkize], zimbio {{DEFAULTSORT:Mkize, Thembelihle}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South African water polo players]] {{sports-bio-stub}} kw0bwc02fclrmbz7g9704uqh5x6oz5v 0 763657 10331342 7569412 2025-06-15T02:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Héctor Suárez Hernández'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lopezdoriga.com/entretenimiento/murio-el-primer-actor-hector-suarez/|title=Murió el primer actor Héctor Suárez|publisher=[[Joaquín López Dóriga|López Dóriga Digital]]|date=2 June 2020|access-date=2 June 2020|language=es}}</ref> (October 21, 1938<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cronicajalisco.com/notas-hector_suarez_mayahuel_de_plata_del_ficg35-97991-2020|title=Héctor Suárez, Mayahuel de Plata del FICG35|date=5 March 2020|access-date=2 June 2020|work=[[La Crónica de Hoy|La Crónica Jalisco]]|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – June 2, 2020) was a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[actor]] and [[comedian]]. Suárez was best known for many roles in Mexican comedy. He also starred in ''[[Cesar Chavez (movie)|Cesar Chavez]]''. He was known for his roles in ''[[National Mechanics]]'', ''[[El buscabullas]]'' and ''[[El derecho de nacer (1981 TV series)|El derecho de nacer]]''. Suárez died on June 2, 2020 in [[Mexico City]] from [[bladder cancer]], aged 81.<ref>[https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/famosos/hector-suarez-muere-a-los-81-anos Murió el comediante Héctor Suárez a los 81 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suarez, Hector}} [[Category:1938 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from bladder cancer]] [[Category:Mexican movie actors]] [[Category:Mexican television actors]] [[Category:Mexican stage actors]] [[Category:Mexican voice actors]] [[Category:Mexican comedians]] [[Category:Actors from Mexico City]] {{actor-stub}} 75fvn42uuoyn0wk4jucevuazcz0gvfa 0 768033 10331443 10321490 2025-06-15T04:32:17Z Nagae Iku 1041891 10331443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] | name = Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh | native_name = {{lang|mn|Ухнаагийн Хүрэлсүх}} | image = Vladimir Putin meeting Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh (2025)(Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh)(3x4 cropped)(1).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Khürelsükh in 2025 | order = 6th | office = President of Mongolia | primeminister = [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene]] | term_start = 25 June 2021 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] | successor = | office1 = 31st [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]] | president1 = [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] | deputy1 = [[Ölziisaikhany Enkhtüvshin]]<br>Yangugiin Sodbaatar | term_start1 = 4 October 2017 | term_end1 = 27 January 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat]] | successor1 = [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene]] | office2 = [[Deputy Prime Minister]] of [[Mongolia]] | primeminister2 = [[Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat]] | term_start2 = 23 July 2016 | term_end2 = 4 October 2017 | predecessor2 = Tserendashiin Oyunbaatar | successor2 = [[Ölziisaikhany Enkhtüvshin]] | primeminister3 = [[Chimediin Saikhanbileg]] | term_start3 = 10 December 2014 | term_end3 = 6 August 2015 | predecessor3 = Dendev Terbishdagva | successor3 = Tserendashiin Oyunbaatar | office4 = [[Chairman of the Mongolian People's Party]] | term_start4 = 21 November 2017 | term_end4 = 25 June 2021 | predecessor4 = [[Miyeegombyn Enkhbold]] | successor4 = [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene]] | office5 = Member of [[State Great Khural]] | term_start5 = 2000 | term_end5 = 2004 | constituency5 = [[Khentii Province]] | term_start6 = 2004 | term_end6 = 2008 | constituency6 = [[Khentii Province]] | term_start7 = 2012 | term_end7 = 2012 | constituency7 = Proportional representation | term_start8 = 2020 | term_end8 = 2021 | constituency8 = [[Khentii Province]] | office9 = [[National Emergency Management Agency (Mongolia)|Minister for Emergency Situations]] | president9 = [[Natsagiin Bagabandi]]<br>[[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]] | primeminister9 = [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] | term_start9 = 2004 | term_end9 = 2006 | office10 = Minister of [[Professional]] [[Inspection]] | president10 = [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]] | primeminister10 = [[Miyeegombyn Enkhbold]]<br>[[Sanjiin Bayar]] | term_start10 = 2006 | term_end10 = 2008 | birth_place = [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolian People's Republic]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|6|14|df=y}} | death_place = | death_date = | party = [[Mongolian People's Party]] | spouse = Bolortsetseg Khürelsükh | children = 2 daughters | alma_mater = [[National Defense University (Mongolia)|Defense University of Mongolia]]<br/>[[National University of Mongolia]] | website = {{url|khurelsukh.mn|Official website}} | allegiance = {{flag|Mongolian People's Republic|1945–1992}} | branch = [[File:Emblem of Mongolian People's Army.svg|23px]] [[Mongolian People's Army]] | serviceyears = 1985-1990 | rank = [[File:Mongolian Army-COL-parade.svg|30px]] [[Mongolian Armed Forces|Colonel]] | nickname = "Fist"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jB3QOUf_TNg | title=Mongolia's new president nicknamed 'Fist' beats rivals in landslide victory | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> }} '''Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh''' ({{Lang-mn|Ухнаагийн Хүрэлсүх}}, born 14 June 1968) is a [[Mongolia]]n politician. In October 2017 he became the [[Prime Minister of Mongolia]], he was Prime Minister until January 2021. He became the [[President of Mongolia]] in June 2021. He was elected to the [[Parliament of Mongolia]] three times – in 2000, 2004 and 2012. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khurelsukh, Ukhnaagiin}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:Prime Ministers of Mongolia]] [[Category:People from Ulaanbaatar]] {{bio-stub}} 1vhfq12stqwhl2gavcl6u5fdfxyk06k 0 768882 10330174 9242989 2025-06-14T15:26:14Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Not notable. Award appears to be a local honor and not a major recognition. }} {{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Gaston Neal''' (1934 - October 21, 1999) was an [[Americans|American]] [[poet]] and [[activist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/article/13018792/gaston-neal-1934-1999|title=Gaston Neal, 1934-1999|website=Washington City Paper|date=29 October 1999|language=en|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref><ref name=wapo>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1999/10/22/activist-and-poet-gaston-t-neal-dies/e1bde9b9-0803-4ec6-937d-4bb66e7da0e9/|title=Activist and Poet Gaston T. Neal Dies|date=Oct 22, 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> He was from [[Pittsburgh]].<ref name=wapo/> He won a Mayor’s Award for Excellence in Literary Arts. He co-founded the New School for Afro-American Thought.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interchange.org/Gaston/gaston1.html|title=Gaston Neal wins arts Oscar|website=www.interchange.org|access-date=2020-06-23|archive-date=2006-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713044037/http://www.interchange.org/Gaston/gaston1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjoDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Gaston+Neal&pg=PA12|title=Black World/Negro Digest|last=Granton|first=E. Fannie|date=June 1967|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == *[[List of poets from North America]] == References == <references /> == Other websites == * {{C-SPAN|gastonneal}} * [https://anacostia.si.edu/collection/archives/object/sova-acma-09-023-ref539 Gaston Neal: 100 Years of Black Writing] anacostia.si.edu/ {{DEFAULTSORT:Neal, Gaston}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:1999 deaths]] [[Category:American poets]] [[Category:American activists]] [[Category:Writers from Pittsburgh]] [[Category:African-American people]] {{US-bio-stub}} oo5xuovruakfk172t03u3b5e220uwhp 0 771536 10331481 8588023 2025-06-15T05:33:48Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruben Armand "Benny" Mardones''' (November 9, 1946<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/06/29/into-night-singer-songwriter-benny-mardones-dies-73/3282863001 | title=Singer-songwriter Benny Mardones, whose 'Into the Night' made it to the top 20 twice, dies at 73 }}</ref> – June 29, 2020) was an American pop singer-songwriter. He was known for his hit single "[[Into the Night (Benny Mardones song)|Into the Night]],"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/66449061.html?dids=66449061:66449061&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+07%2C+1989&author=PAUL+GREIN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Old+Records+Are+New+Hits&pqatl=google|title=Old Records Are New Hits|last=Grein|first=Paul|date=May 7, 1989|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|page=76|access-date=August 4, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which hit the Top 20 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart twice, in 1980 (#11) and again in 1989 (#20). He was born in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. Mardones died on June 29, 2020 at his home in [[Menifee, California]] from [[Parkinson's disease]]-related problems, aged 73. <ref>{{Cite magazine|date=2020-06-29|title=Benny Mardones, 'Into the Night' Singer, Dies|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/9402923/benny-mardones-into-the-night-dead-73|access-date=2020-06-29|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mardones, Benny}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease]] [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:American rock singers]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:Singers from Cleveland]] [[Category:Writers from Cleveland]] {{US-bio-stub}} jwntsy8cgcc27yd7vunp0mdl3m3y6cp 0 773658 10330617 9195748 2025-06-14T18:51:50Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lydie Dooh Bunya''' (born in 1933 in [[Douala]]) is a [[Cameroon]]ian [[feminist]], [[journalist]], and [[woman of letters]]. She studied at [[École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris|Chimie ParisTech]]'''.'''<ref>A. Ngabeu, in Béatrice Didier, Antoinette Fouque et Mireille Calle-Gruber (dir.), ''Éditions des femmes'', 2013, <abbr>p.</abbr> 1295.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/DoohBunyaLydie.html|title=Lydie Dooh Bunya|website=aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au|access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref> She was a [[journalist]] and [[columnist]] at [[Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française|ORTF]]. She was influenced by [[Simone de Beauvoir]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abooxr14nCwC&dq=Lydie+Dooh+Bunya&pg=PA17|title=The Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: Critical Essays|last=Simons|first=Margaret A.|date=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34722-0|language=en}}</ref> She founded the Mouvement pour la défense des droits de la femme noire (MODEFEN) in 1981.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww1FXwFPlEsC&dq=Lydie+Dooh+Bunya&pg=PA293|title=Hipparchia's Choice: An Essay Concerning Women, Philosophy, Etc|last=Dœuff|first=Michèle Le|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13895-6|language=en}}</ref> == Works == * ''La Brise du jour'', éditions Clé, 1977. *Philippe Dewitte et Lydie Dooh-Bunya [http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hommes-et-migrations.fr%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1213 "La condition des femmes noires en France. Un entretien avec Lydie Dooh-Bunya"], ''hommes at migrations'', Article issu du N°1257, septembre-octobre 2005 : == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dooh Bunya, Lydie}} {{Biography-stub}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cameroonian activists]] [[Category:Feminists]] [[Category:Cameroonian writers]] [[Category:People from Douala]] 0us062d3b7c34ej1kwwhd5v2p90yg6s 0 774643 10330634 8936320 2025-06-14T19:04:11Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Короленко Цезарь Петрович.jpg|right|200px]] '''Caesar Petrovich Korolenko''' ({{lang-ru|Це́зарь Петро́вич Короле́нко}}; 3 October 1933 – 14 July 2020) was a Polish-born Russian [[psychiatrist]]. His scientific work was related to [[addictive disorders]]. He was a full-time member of [[New York Academy of Sciences]]. He was also on the editorial board of ''[[Anthropology & Medicine]]''.<ref>[http://www.tandfonline.com/action/aboutThisJournal?show=editorialBoard&journalCode=canm20 Anthropology & Medicine: Board of Editors]</ref> Korolenko was Chair of psychiatry in the [[Novosibirsk Medical Institute]] from 1964 to 2006. Korolenko was born in [[Brest-on-the-Bug]], [[Polesie Voivodeship]], [[Poland]]. He died from [[COVID-19]] on 14 July 2020 in [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]] at the age of 86.<ref>[https://newsib.net/novosti/ot-koronavirusnoj-infekcii-umer-cezar-korolenko.html От коронавирусной инфекции умер Цезарь Короленко] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Korolenko, Caesar}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Russian academics]] [[Category:Psychiatrists]] [[Category:Russian physicians]] [[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia]] {{bio-stub}} hignpzi71hovaxeho3lsbawed9qy7w7 0 777663 10331467 10177518 2025-06-15T05:22:21Z Surayeproject3 1462426 10331467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png|thumb|Aramean city states in the 8th century BC]] The '''Arameans''' ({{langx|he|אֲרַמִּים|arammim}}, {{langx|syc|ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ|ārāmāyē}}) were an ancient people from the [[Near East]]. Arameans controlled many [[City-state|city-states]] in ancient [[Syria]]. Some of the states include Aram-Damascus,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=347}} Hamath,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=249}} Bet-Adini,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=163}} Bet-Bagyan,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=119}} and others. Many ancient Arameans were identified by their tribe names, many of them beginning with the word "Beth" (house).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690595.001.0001|title=Ancient Israel's Neighbors|last=Doak|first=Brian R.|date=2020-06-18|publisher=Oxford University Press New York|isbn=0-19-069059-3|pages=54-55|quote=Groups of family members lived near one another, and the social structure was probably focused on the identity of a primarymale figure in the family ("patriarchal") and possibly even traced its roots to some local tribal ancestor, after which the group was named (e.g., Bit Adini, Bit-Agusi, Bit-Gabbari, Bit-Hazaili; the Semitic word "Bit" means "House of," followed by the name of a founding figure). Most scholars who study the Arameans speak of their origins in terms of "tribes" and tribal leaders who took advantage of political instability in the region during certain time periods to expand their territory.}}</ref> The Aramean states would largely fall to the [[Assyria|Assyrian empire]], when the emperor Ashurnasirpal began to take large amounts of land before moving into the [[Mediterranean region]].{{sfnp|Healy|1991|p=10}} Today, the legacy of the ancient Arameans continues to be recognized by a number of Syriac Christian groups from the [[Middle East]]. These include [[Maronites]], [[Arab Christians]], and [[Assyrian people]]. ==References== [[Category:Ethnic groups]] <references /> == Bibliography == * {{Cite book|title=The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2000|isbn=9789042908598}} * {{Cite book|title=The Ancient Assyrians|last=Healy|first=Mark|publisher=Osprey|year=1991|isbn=9781855321632}} j982tpzir99eho1vzfo5108chsbh0ay 10331480 10331467 2025-06-15T05:33:33Z Surayeproject3 1462426 10331480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png|thumb|Aramean city states in the 8th century BC]] The '''Arameans''' ({{langx|he|אֲרַמִּים|arammim}}, {{langx|syc|ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ|ārāmāyē}}) were an ancient people from the [[Near East]]. Arameans controlled many [[City-state|city-states]] in ancient [[Syria]]. Some of the states include Aram-Damascus,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=347}} Hamath,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=249}} Bet-Adini,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=163}} Bet-Bagyan,{{sfnp|Lipiński|2000|p=119}} and others. Many ancient Arameans were identified by their tribe names, many of them beginning with the word "Beth" (house).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690595.001.0001|title=Ancient Israel's Neighbors|last=Doak|first=Brian R.|date=2020-06-18|publisher=Oxford University Press New York|isbn=0-19-069059-3|pages=54-55|quote=Groups of family members lived near one another, and the social structure was probably focused on the identity of a primarymale figure in the family ("patriarchal") and possibly even traced its roots to some local tribal ancestor, after which the group was named (e.g., Bit Adini, Bit-Agusi, Bit-Gabbari, Bit-Hazaili; the Semitic word "Bit" means "House of," followed by the name of a founding figure). Most scholars who study the Arameans speak of their origins in terms of "tribes" and tribal leaders who took advantage of political instability in the region during certain time periods to expand their territory.}}</ref> The Aramean states would largely fall to the [[Assyria|Assyrian empire]], when the emperor Ashurnasirpal began to take large amounts of land before moving into the [[Mediterranean region]].{{sfnp|Healy|1991|p=10}} Today, the legacy of the ancient Arameans continues to be recognized by a number of Syriac Christian groups from the [[Middle East]]. These include [[Maronites]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiener|first=Noah|date=2012-10-12|title=Group Seeks Recognition of Aramaic Language and Maronite Heritage|url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/cultural-heritage/group-seeks-recognition-of-aramaic-language-and-maronite-heritage/|access-date=2025-06-15|website=Biblical Archaeology Society|language=en}}</ref> [[Arab Christians]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Christian Arabs can now register as Aramaic Christians, not Arabs. {{!}} The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/christian-arabs-can-now-register-as-aramaic-christians-not-arabs-375646|access-date=2025-06-15|website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com|language=en}}</ref> and [[Assyrian people]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Donabed|first=Sargon|last2=Mako|first2=Shamiran|year=2009|title=Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians|url=https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=fcas_fp|journal=Revue d’Histoire de l’Université de Balamand|volume=19|issn=1608 7526|quote=Non Jacobite scholars and others in favour of a recently promoted Syriac-Aramean identity have begun promoting a Pan-Arameanist ideology, which follows exactly the development of pan-Assyrianism from within the community itself.}}</ref> ==References== <references /> == Bibliography == * {{Cite book|title=The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=2000|isbn=9789042908598}} * {{Cite book|title=The Ancient Assyrians|last=Healy|first=Mark|publisher=Osprey|year=1991|isbn=9781855321632}} [[Category:History of Syria]] 8aeojuixoewer8yb8h9i5bd8svq7ibt 0 778360 10330149 8695704 2025-06-14T15:06:27Z Darkfrog24 508885 10330149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = | status = LC | status_ref =<ref name="IUCN">{{cite journal |title= ''Litoria nullicedens'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136933090/136933125 |website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |page=e.T136933090A136933125 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136933090A136933125.en |id=136933090 |year=2020 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |s2cid=242189860 |accessdate=August 18, 2022 |version=3.1}}</ref> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Litoria nullicedens | authority = (Kraus, 2018)<ref name="Museum" /> | range_map = |synonyms =*''Nyctimystes nullicedens'' }} '''''Litoria nullicedens''''' is a [[tree frog]] from [[Papua New Guinea]]. Scientists found this frog on the southwestern side of Mount Obree, at 550 meters above [[sea level]].<ref name="Museum">{{cite web|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Pelodryadidae/Pelodryadinae/Nyctimystes/Nyctimystes-nullicedens |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |title=''Nyctimystes nullicedens'' Kraus, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Amph">{{cite web|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8891|access-date=August 3, 2020|title=Litoria nullicedens|publisher=Amphibiaweb}}</ref> This frog has green coloring on the [[mucosa|inside of its mouth]]. Scientists say it is related to the [[northern New Guinea tree frog]], ''Litoria graminea''.<ref name="Description">{{cite journal|title=Taxonomy of Litoria graminea (Anura: Hylidae), with descriptions of two closely related new species (Abstract) |author=Fred Kraus|access-date=August 3, 2020|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30314169/|journal=Zootaxa|date=August 8, 2018|volume=4457|issue=2|pages=264–284|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.3|pmid=30314169|s2cid=52972250}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{-}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q98058296|from2=Q100699358}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Frogs of Oceania]] agijrrcr35ju0wbdiqayl788zno4cso 0 778390 10330528 10300297 2025-06-14T17:51:07Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 3 | episode = 23 | director = [[Jim Reardon]] | writer = [[Jay Kogen]]<br/>[[Wallace Wolodarsky]] | production = 8F22 | airdate = {{Start date|1992|05|07}} | guests = [[Kimmy Robertson]] as Samantha Stankey<br/>[[Phil Hartman]] as [[Troy McClure]] | blackboard = "I will not [[wikt:snap|snap]] [[bra]]s"<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Groening|first=Matt|author-link=Matt Groening|editor1-first=Ray|editor1-last=Richmond|editor1-link=Ray Richmond|editor2-first=Antonia|editor2-last=Coffman|title=[[The Simpsons episode guides#The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family|The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family]]|edition=1st|year=1997|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperPerennial]]|lccn=98141857|ol=433519M|oclc=37796735|isbn=978-0-06-095252-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/simpsonscomplete00groe/page/88 88]|ref={{harvid|Richmond & Coffman|1997}}}}.</ref> | couch_gag = The [[List of The Simpsons characters#The Simpson family]] makes the couch fall and break the wall behind them.<ref name="bbc"/> | commentary = [[Matt Groening]]<br />[[James L. Brooks]]<br/>[[Al Jean]]<br/>[[Mike Reiss]]<br/>[[Julie Kavner]]<br/>[[Nancy Cartwright]]<br/>[[Yeardley Smith]]<br/>[[Jay Kogen]]<br/>[[Wallace Wolodarsky]]<br/>[[Jim Reardon]] | prev = [[The Otto Show]] | next = [[Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?]] }} "'''Bart's Friend Falls in Love'''" is the 22nd episode of the [[The Simpsons season 3|3rd season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It was first shown on [[television]] on May 7, 1992. In the episode, [[Bart Simpson|Bart]]'s friend [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] gets a [[girlfriend]] named Samantha Stankey. Bart gets [[jealousy|jealous]] and tells Samantha's [[father]] about the [[wikt:relationship|relationship]]. Samantha's father sends her to a different [[school]] that [[single-sex education|only allows girls]]. While this happens, [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] tries to [[weight loss|lose weight]] using a [[subliminal stimuli]] [[cassette tape]]. However, Homer is given a tape about using better [[vocabulary]] instead. The [[wikt:beginning|beginning]] of the episode is a [[parody]] of the movie ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/3412777.stm|title=Simpsons keep the laughs coming|date=January 20, 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=July 22, 2009}}</ref> The [[wikt:end|end]] of the episode is a parody of the movie ''[[Casablanca (movie)|Casablanca]]''.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|archive-date=November 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071204/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season3/page23.shtml|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season3/page23.shtml|title=Bart's Friend Falls in Love|access-date=August 2, 2020|author1=Martyn, Warren|author2=Wood, Adrian|publisher=BBC|year=2000}}</ref> ==Story== [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] shows [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] his new [[toy]], a [[Magic 8-Ball]]. Bart asks the Magic 8-Ball if he and Milhouse will still be [[friendship|friends]] at the end of the day. The Magic 8-Ball says that they will not. A girl from [[Phoenix, Arizona]] named Samantha Stankey becomes a new [[student]] at the [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]] [[elementary school|Elementary School]]. Milhouse [[wikt:fall in love|falls in love]] with Samantha. When school is over, Milhouse brings Samantha to Bart's [[treehouse]] and [[kiss]] each other. Milhouse does not spend time with Bart anymore. This makes Bart feel [[jealousy|jealous]] and left out. Bart tells Samantha's [[father]] about her [[relationship]]. Samantha's father gets angry at her and puts her in a [[catholic school]] that is [[single-sex education|for girls]]. Bart starts to feel [[guilt (emotion)|guilty]] when he sees that Milhouse is very sad, so he tells Milhouse that he told Samantha's father about the relationship. Milhouse gets very angry and [[fight]]s Bart. When they [[wikt:calm down|calm down]], they go to the school that Samantha has been put in. Samantha loves the new school, but she still loves Milhouse. She kisses Milhouse, knowing that she will get [[punishment|punished]] for doing so. While this happens, [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] thinks that [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] is too [[obese]]. [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] [[wikt:order#Verb|orders]] a [[cassette tape]] that will [[subliminal stimuli|subliminally]] get Homer to [[weight loss|lose weight]]. However, they are given a tape on how to have better [[vocabulary]]. Homer has been using more [[wikt:complex|complex]] words, but he is also getting more [[weight]]. When Homer finds out that the tape is only making him more obese, he [[wikt:throw away|throws the tape away]] and no longer uses complex words. ==Reception== Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said that the episode is a "[[wikt:keeper|keeper]]". He says that the episode "gets into [[wikt:pre|pre]]-[[teen]] [[emotion]]s but never becomes [[wikt:sappy|sappy]]." He also says that the other story with Homer "provides [[wikt:terrific|terrific]] [[laugh]]s as well."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dvdmg.com/simpsonsseasonthree.shtml|title=The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season (1991)|last=Jacobson|first=Colin|date=August 21, 2003|publisher=DVD Movie Guide|access-date=June 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629194253/http://dvdmg.com/simpsonsseasonthree.shtml|archive-date=June 29, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed thought it was [[wikt:tough|tough]] to see Milhouse in a [[wikt:relationship|relationship]], but said "Still, the [[love triangle]] makes for some [[wikt:interesting|interesting]] [[wikt:drama|drama]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?ID=6129|title=The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season|last=Meyers|first=Nate|date=June 23, 2004|publisher=Digitally Obsessed|access-date=June 6, 2009|archive-date=March 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313103432/http://digitallyobsessed.com/displaylegacy.php?id=6129|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bill Gibron of [[DVD Verdict]] thought that the main story was "[[wikt:draw out|drawn out]]" but liked the story with Homer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/simpsonsseason3.php|title=The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season|last=Gibron|first=Bill|date=December 15, 2003|publisher=DVD Verdict|access-date=June 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629194944/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/simpsonsseason3.php|archive-date=June 29, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nathan Ditum of [[Total Film]] and Colin Kennedy of ''[[Empire (movie magazine)|Empire]]'' said that the episode's [[parody]] of ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' is the best movie parody of the show.<ref name="totalfilm">{{cite news|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the-50-greatest-simpsons-movie-references/page:18|title=The 50 Greatest Simpsons Movie References|last=Ditum|first=Nathan|date=June 6, 2009|work=[[Total Film]]|access-date=July 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622154132/http://www.totalfilm.com/features/the-50-greatest-simpsons-movie-references/page%3A18|archive-date=June 22, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ten Best Movie Gags In The Simpsons|last=Kennedy|first=Colin|date=September 2004|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|pages=76}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{wikiquote|The Simpsons/Season 3#Bart's Friend Falls in Love|"Bart's Friend Falls in Love"}} *{{Snpp capsule|8F22}} *{{IMDb episode|0701064}} *{{tv.com episode|the-simpsons/barts-friend-falls-in-love-1343}} [[Category:The Simpsons (season 3) episodes]] [[Category:1992 television episodes]] 7f545e4fu7nkzz2xr3pse0y01uqg6n5 0 778476 10331362 10329289 2025-06-15T02:53:14Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 reverted disrupting editing 10331362 wikitext text/x-wiki The following is a list of [[television program]]s that are being [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] or have been broadcast in the past on [[Public broadcasting|public television]] in the [[United States]] on the [[PBS Kids]] [[television channel]] (the original channel and its [[revival]]) and the PBS Kids [[Programming block|block]] on local [[PBS]] [[Television station|stations]]. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel. ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|54 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017 due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}} |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Cyberchase_episodes#Season_15_(2024)|15]] | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]].<br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ |rowspan=2|September 3, 2007 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Wild_Kratts_episodes#Season_7_(2023)|7]] | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Daniel_Tiger's_Neighborhood_episodes#Season 7 (2024–)|7]] | |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Odd_Squad_episodes#Season_4_(2024)|4]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |<ref name=Cast>{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Pinkalicious_&_Peterrific#Season_7_(2025)|7]] |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com |date=May 18, 2017 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030555/http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=AM>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Molly_of_Denali#Season_4_(2024)|4]] |<ref name="playback">[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Xavier_Riddle_and_the_Secret_Museum#Season_2_(2024)|2]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name=Milligan_June2019>{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Elinor_Wonders_Why#Episodes|2]] | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Donkey_Hodie_episodes#Season_2_(2023–)|2]] | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Alma's_Way_episodes#Season_2_(2023–)|2]] |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rosie%27s_Rules#Episodes|1]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Work_It_Out_Wombats!#Episodes|1]] |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Lyla_in_the_Loop#Episodes|1]] |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Milo_(TV_series)#Episodes|1]] |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"></ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List_of_Carl_the_Collector_episodes#Season_1_(2024)|1]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]''¹ |March 3, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, though are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]''¹ |January 6, 2003 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=bb|National runs ended on February 1, 2009 (PBS) and September 26, 2005 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}}<ref name="bbslm">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|title=The Berenstain Bears(R) Bring 40 Years of Literary History to 'PBS KIDS' With Premiere of 15-Minute Animated TV Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181921/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|access-date=January 22, 2021|archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]''¹ |September 1, 2008 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=martha|National runs ended on December 29, 2017 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="whyy2023"></ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 | |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|10 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|3 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''The Reading League's Reading Buddies'' |2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|3 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 | |- |''Wordsville'' |January 10, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |September 17, 2012 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''Jelly, Ben and Pogo'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super_Why!#Spin-off_series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Weather Hunters'' |September 8, 2025 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="2025new">{{cite web |last1=Shanfeld |first1=Ethan |title=Sheryl Lee Ralph, Holly Robinson Peete and LeVar Burton Join Al Roker's 'Weather Hunters' Animated Series (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/al-roker-weather-hunters-sheryl-lee-ralph-levar-burton-1236280394/ |website=Variety |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Phoebe & Jay'' |Fall 2025 |<ref name="phoebeandjay">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces Newest Animated Series, PHOEBE & JAY, Premiering Fall 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-newest-animated-series-phoebe-jay-premiering-fall-2025/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="2025new"></ref> |- |''The Day You Begin'' |TBA |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA | |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming.<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel. ===PTV=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[3-2-1 Contact]]'' |January 14, 1980 |September 27, 1992 | |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |1999 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |May 25, 1993 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |October 24, 1998 | |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Preschool Power'' |1995 |1998 | |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |1998 | |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |September 28, 1996 |November 2, 1996 | |- |''[[Groundling Marsh]]'' |1997 |1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 9, 1995 |November 6, 1997 | |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 6, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Reading Rainbow]]''¹ ² |July 11, 1983 |August 28, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro}} <ref>{{cite web |author1=John J. O'Connor |title=TV:'READING RAINBOW,' NEW SERIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/books/tv-reading-rainbow-new-series.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 July 1983}}</ref><ref name="wned">{{cite web |title=Celebrating 60 Years: WNED PBS Marks its 60th Anniversary |url=https://www.wned.org/celebrating-60-years/ |website=Buffalo Toronto Public Media |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 March 2019 |quote=July 11, 1983 was the birth of one of WNED PBS’s most decorated series, “Reading Rainbow”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=READING RAINBOW |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/reading-rainbow-august-28-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends]]'' |April 6, 1992 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1992a|Reruns continued through August 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |August 31, 2014 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|First run ended September 2, 2001. Reruns resumed approximately 2006 through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Kratts' Creatures]]''¹ ² |June 3, 1996 |June 9, 2000 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 | |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Zoboomafoo]]''¹ ² |January 25, 1999 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1999b|Reruns continued through December 23, 2017 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro}} |- |''[[Dragon Tales]]'' |September 6, 1999 |August 31, 2010 | |- |''[[Between the Lions]]'' |April 3, 2000 |August 31, 2011 | |- |''[[Caillou]]''¹ |September 4, 2000 |December 27, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2000b|National runs ended on November 13, 2015 (PBS) and December 27, 2020 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through December 31, 2020 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' |rowspan=6|September 30, 2000 |rowspan=2|October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |September 15, 2003 |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"></ref> |- |''[[George Shrinks]]'' |September 2, 2007 |{{refn|group=note|name=shrinks|''George Shrinks'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in its own half-hour timeslot from January 6, 2003 through September 2, 2007. Reruns continued through August 2008 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' |September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]'' |June 1, 2002 |August 29, 2009 | |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' |September 1, 2003 |April 23, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=puppy|National runs ended on September 2, 2007 (PBS) with specials airing periodically through February 14, 2014 (PBS) and April 23, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Award-Winning PBS KIDS® Launches New Programming This Fall 2003 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/award-winning-pbs-kids-launches-new-programming-this-fall-2003-july-12-2003/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=12 July 2003}}</ref> |- |''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''¹ |September 7, 2003 |rowspan=2 | August 31, 2008 | |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 | |- |''[[Thomas & Friends]]''² |September 5, 2004 |December 31, 2017 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro}} |- |''[[Postcards from Buster]]''¹ |October 11, 2004 |February 24, 2012 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder]]'' |January 1, 2005 |November 6, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=bob|After originally debuting on [[Nick Jr.]] in the United States on January 15, 2001, ''Bob the Builder'' was broadcast on PBS Kids from January 1, 2005 through November 6, 2015, when the series was replaced by the [[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|2015 reboot series]].}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=Everhart |first1=Karen |title=PBS, producers, Comcast wed to create digital kids' channel |url=https://current.org/2004/11/pbs-producers-comcast-wed-to-create-digital-kids-channel/ |website=Current |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=1 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="bobl">{{cite web |title=Watch Bob the Builder KLRU TV Schedule KLRU-TV, Austin PBS |url=http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |website=www.klru.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015431/http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |July 2, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[It's a Big Big World]]''¹ |January 2, 2006 |April 30, 2010 | |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''¹ |May 29, 2006 |November 20, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006d|First run ended September 2, 2012, with reruns continuing through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations. Reruns resumed January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018 exclusively on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Design Squad]]''¹ |February 28, 2007 |March 20, 2011 | |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[WordWorld]]''¹ |September 3, 2007 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=ww|Reruns continued through July 30, 2023 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid]]''¹ |September 1, 2008 |June 25, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2018|National runs ended on November 18, 2018 (PBS) and June 25, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2}}</ref> |- |''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009) |January 19, 2009 |August 31, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Back From the '70s, Without the Zaniness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/television/19elec.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2009 |access-date=13 March 2023 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl></ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[Splash and Bubbles]]''¹ |November 23, 2016 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=splash|Reruns continued through November 27, 2022 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-dates-premiere-for-hensons-splash-and-bubbles|title=PBS Kids Dates Premiere for Henson's 'Splash and Bubbles'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=May 21, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Esme & Roy]]'' |August 30, 2019 |June 27, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-13|title=Esme & Roy Now Airing Weekends on CPTV PBS Kids 24/7|url=https://cptv.org/esme-and-roy/}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]''¹ |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |May 24, 2009 | |- |''Someday School'' |1998 |May 31, 2001 | |- |''[[Adventures with Kanga Roddy]]'' |April 4, 1999 |March 4, 2001 | |- |''Wish*A*Roo Park'' |June 6, 1999 |June 5, 2001 | |- |''[[Hello Mrs. Cherrywinkle]]'' |July 12, 1999 |September 6, 2001 | |- |''[[The Dooley and Pals Show]]'' |April 3, 2000 |June 5, 2003 | |- |''Alef...Bet...Blast-Off!'' |September 3, 2000 |September 2, 2009 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|Redwall]]'' |April 1, 2001 |2006 |<ref>{{cite web |author1=Karen Everhart Bedford |title="Redwall," not for littlest kids |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033633/https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |website=current.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=26 March 2001 }}</ref> |- |''[[The Toy Castle]]'' |2002 |2005 | |- |''[[Real Wheels]]'' |2003 |2004 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[My Bedbugs]]'' |March 1, 2004 |November 2, 2005 | |- |''Mustard Pancakes'' |2005 |2007 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''[[Ribert and Robert's Wonderworld]]'' |September 4, 2005 |2016 | |- |''[[The Zula Patrol]]'' |September 10, 2005 |2022 |- |''[[Danger Rangers]]'' |September 5, 2005 |December 26, 2006 | |- |''[[Signing Time!]]'' |January 1, 2006 |January 19, 2008 | |- |''[[Sheira & Loli's Dittydoodle Works]]'' |April 22, 2006 |February 22, 2009 | |- |''[[SeeMore's Playhouse]]'' |September 10, 2006 |January 15, 2008 | |- |''[[The Saddle Club]]'' |September 3, 2006 |September 6, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=SADDLE CLUB, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911193536/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Raggs]]'' |February 4, 2008 |February 18, 2009 | |- |''[[Wunderkind Little Amadeus]]'' |September 7, 2008 |September 6, 2020 | |- |''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 |2014 | |- |''[[Bali (TV series)|Bali]]''¹ |September 12, 2010 |2021 | |- |''Wild Animal Baby Explorers'' |October 3, 2010 |June 29, 2014 | |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{cite web |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |access-date=July 14, 2014 |publisher=Animation Magazine |author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |2019 | |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |2018 | |- |''Ruby's Studio'' |January 7, 2016 |2021 | |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 | |- |''Blue Chip Kids'' |March 1, 2017 |2021 | |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=NETA|Syndicated to public television stations by the National Educational Telecommunications Association.}} |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 |{{refn|group=note|name=NETA}} |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |October 4, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 |rowspan=3|July 18, 2022 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 3, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 7, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool Block |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-06-09|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|reason= }}''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier_Riddle_and_the_Secret_Museum#Xavier_Riddle_and_the_Secret_Movie:_I_Am_Madam_President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]''* |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"></ref><ref name="apr24a"></ref> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mystery League]]''* |March 22, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band''* |May 1, 2025 | |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"></ref> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming.<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"></ref> |- |''Plum Landing''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch!_with_Ruff_Ruffman#Team_Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali]]'' Podcast (May 30, 2019−present) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]'' Podcast (October 28, 2020−present) *''[[Odd Squad|Odd Squadcast]]'' (December 2, 2020−present) *''The [[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]] Podcast'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 26, 2023−present) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]'' Podcast (January 4, 2024−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] onh5it04fveguh00jdvzsx47cldgq08 0 784148 10330395 10214544 2025-06-14T17:20:56Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|Borges|Fernandes}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Bruno Fernandes | image = Bruno Fernandes Portugal, 2018.jpg | caption = Fernandes playing for [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]] | full_name = Bruno Miguel Borges Fernandes<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 List of Players |url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812185537/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |archive-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|9|8|df=y}}<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/23396/Bruno-Fernandes/overview |title=Bruno Fernandes: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], Portugal | height = 1.79 m<ref name="PremProfile"/> | position = [[Attacking midfielder]] | currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | clubnumber = 8 | youthyears1 = 2002–2004 |youthclubs1 = [[F.C. Infesta|Infesta]] | youthyears2 = 2004–2012 |youthclubs2 = [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista]] | youthyears3 = 2005–2010 |youthclubs3 = → Pasteleira (loan) | youthyears4 = 2012–2013 |youthclubs4 = [[Novara Calcio|Novara]] | years1 = 2012–2013 |clubs1 = [[Novara Calcio|Novara]] |caps1 = 23 |goals1 = 4 | years2 = 2013–2016 |clubs2 = [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] |caps2 = 86 |goals2 = 10 | years3 = 2016–2017 |clubs3 = [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] |caps3 = 33 |goals3 = 5 | years4 = 2017–2020 |clubs4 = [[Sporting CP]] |caps4 = 83 |goals4 = 39 | years5 = 2020– |clubs5 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps5 = 135|goals5 = 47<!-- LEAGUE ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2012 |nationalteam1 = [[Portugal national under-19 football team|Portugal U19]] |nationalcaps1 = 2 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2014 |nationalteam2 = [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]] |nationalcaps2 = 5 |nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2014–2017 |nationalteam3 = [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal U21]] |nationalcaps3 = 17 |nationalgoals3 = 6 | nationalyears4 = 2016 |nationalteam4 = [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal U23]] |nationalcaps4 = 4 |nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 = 2017– |nationalteam5 = [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] |nationalcaps5 = 61 |nationalgoals5 = 18 | club-update = 18:17, 4 November 2023 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 21:03, 16 October 2023 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[association football|football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|POR}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019 Portugal]]|}} }} '''Bruno Miguel Borges Fernandes''' (born 8 September 1994 in [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], [[Porto]]) is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] professional [[footballer]]. He plays as a [[midfielder]] for {{English football updater|ManchesU}} club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] and for the [[Portugal national football team|Portugal national team]]. He has previously played in [[Italy]] for [[Novara Calcio|Novara]], [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]], and [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]], as well as in [[Portugal]] with [[Sporting CP]]. He was named [[LPFP Primeira Liga Player of the Year|Primeira Liga Player of the Year]] in both 2018 and 2019. In January 2020, Manchester United signed him for an initial fee of €55&nbsp;million (£47&nbsp;million). Fernandes made his senior debut for Portugal in November 2017. He had previously played for Portugal's [[Portugal national under-19 football team|under-19s]], [[Portugal national under-20 football team|under-20s]] and [[Portugal national under-21 football team|under-21s]]. He also played for Portugal at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]. ==Club career== ===Italy=== ====Novara==== Fernandes was born in [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], [[Metropolitan Area of Porto]]. He played most of his youth football with local club [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista FC]]. On 27 August 2012, he went to play for [[Novara Calcio]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://observador.pt/2017/06/27/bruno-fernandes-o-miudo-que-comecou-a-rolar-na-capital-do-hoquei/ |title=Bruno Fernandes. O miúdo que começou a rolar na capital do hóquei|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes. The kid who started rolling in the hockey capital |newspaper=Observador |location=Lisbon |first=Bruno |last=Roseiro |language=pt |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> After only a few weeks with the youth side, Fernandes started to play to the first team in [[Serie B]]. He played in just over half of the league games during the [[2012–13 Serie B|2012–13 season]]. He helped his team to fifth place and the promotion play-offs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novara - Calendario & risultati 2012/2013|url=https://www.calcio.com/squadre/novara-calcio/2013/3/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=calcio.com|language=it}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ====Udinese==== In summer 2013, Fernandes signed for [[Udinese Calcio]] in a [[Co-ownership (football)|co-ownership deal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://it.sports.yahoo.com/blog/euroscout-it/bruno-fernandes-l-ennesimo-colpo-dell-udinese-095838834--sow.html |title=Bruno Fernandes, l'ennesimo colpo dell'Udinese|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes, Udinese's umpteenth steal |website=Yahoo Sports |language=it |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408021728/https://it.sports.yahoo.com/blog/euroscout-it/bruno-fernandes-l-ennesimo-colpo-dell-udinese-095838834--sow.html |archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> He made his debut in [[Serie A]] on 3 November. He came on as a second-half [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]]. Udinese lost 0–3 at home against [[Inter Milan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calciomercato.com/inter/udinese-inter-diretta-989532 |title=Udinese-Inter 0–3: Palacio, raddoppia Rannocchia, tris di Alvarez |trans-title=Udinese-Inter 0–3: Palacio, Rannocchia doubles it, Alvarez gets third |website=Calciomercato.com |publisher=Calcioinfinito |language=it |date=3 November 2013 |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034817/https://www.calciomercato.com/news/udinese-inter-diretta-989532 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes scored his first league goal on 7 December 2013. This was in a 3–3 draw at [[S.S.C. Napoli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnapoli.it/static/news/Napoli-Udinese-3-3-1462.aspx |title=Pareggio al San Paolo, doppietta di Pandev e gol di Dzemaili per gli azzurri |trans-title=Draw at San Paolo, Pandev brace and Dzemaili goal for the blues |publisher=S.S.C. Napoli |language=it |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034821/https://www.sscnapoli.it/static/news/Napoli-Udinese-3-3-1462.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He scored again in the second match between the sides (a 1–1 draw).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/19-04-2014/udinese-napoli-1-1-gol-callejon-bruno-fernandes-espulso-fernandez-80482800612.shtml |title=Udinese-Napoli 1–1, gol di Callejon e Bruno Fernandes. Espulso Fernandez |trans-title=Udinese-Napoli 1–1, goals from Callejon and Bruno Fernandes. Fernandez sent off |newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport |location=Milan |first=Mimmo |last=Malfitano |language=it |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> ====Sampdoria==== On 16 August 2016, Fernandes moved to [[U.C. Sampdoria]] on loan. He also had to sign [[wikt:permanent|permanently]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.football-italia.net/89837/official-sampdoria-sign-bruno-fernandes |title=Official: Sampdoria sign Bruno Fernandes |website=Football Italia |publisher=Tiro Media |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/calcio-mercato/2016/08/16-14450411/ufficiale_bruno_fernandes_alla_sampdoria/ |title=Ufficiale: Bruno Fernandes alla Sampdoria|trans-title=Official: Bruno Fernandes to Sampdoria |newspaper=Corriere dello Sport |location=Rome |language=it |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> He made his league debut twelve days later. He played six minutes in a 2–1 home win against [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta BC]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Sport/sampdoria-atalanta-le-ultime-notizieil-modulo-e-il-3-5-2-gioca-carmona_1198963_11/ |title=Atalanta ancora ko: 2–1 per la Samp – Non riesce la rimonta in dieci uomini|trans-title=Atalanta down again: 2–1 to Samp – No comeback with ten men |newspaper=L'Eco di Bergamo |language=it |date=28 August 2016 |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124145/https://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Sport/sampdoria-atalanta-le-ultime-notizieil-modulo-e-il-3-5-2-gioca-carmona_1198963_11/ |archive-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> Fernandes scored his first goal for his new team on 26 September 2016. This was in a 1–2 away loss to [[Cagliari Calcio]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/serie-a/2016/09/26-15799051/serie_a_cagliari-sampdoria_2-1_joao_pedro_e_melchiorri_show_bruno_fernandes_non_basta/ |title=Serie A, Cagliari-Sampdoria 2–1: Joao Pedro e Melchiorri show, ma che papera di Viviano|trans-title=Serie A, Cagliari-Sampdoria 2–1: Joao Pedro and Melchiorri show, but what a blunder by Viviano |newspaper=Corriere dello Sport |location=Rome |language=it |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> He scored 5 goals in 33 Serie A appearances during [[2016–17 Serie A|the campaign]].<ref name=Soccerway/> He helped Udinese finish in thirteenth position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serie A 2016/2017 - 38. Giornata|url=https://www.calcio.com/calendario/ita-serie-a-2016-2017-spieltag/38/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=calcio.com|language=it|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030054045/https://www.calcio.com/calendario/ita-serie-a-2016-2017-spieltag/38/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Sporting CP=== On 27 June 2017, after the [[2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship|UEFA European Under-21 Championship]], Fernandes joined [[Sporting CP]] for five years. This was for a [[Journalist|reported]] fee of €8.5&nbsp;million plus bonuses. He had a [[buyout clause]] of €100&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/27-06-2017/oficial-sampdoria-confirma-bruno-fernandes-no-sporting?_ga=2.128693580.1153459493.1498137173-1125892984.1471973876 |title=Sporting: Bruno Fernandes com cláusula de 100 milhões|trans-title=Sporting: Bruno Fernandes with 100 million clause |website=Maisfutebol |publisher=IOL |language=pt |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> He scored four goals in his first five [[Primeira Liga]] games. This included two goals in a 5–0 away win against [[Vitória S.C.|Vitória de Guimarães]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/jorge-jesus-dupla-bruno-fernandes-bas-dost-nao-serve-para-todos-os-jogos.html |title=Jorge Jesus: "Dupla Bruno Fernandes-Bas Dost não serve para todos os jogos" |trans-title=Jorge Jesus: «Bruno Fernandes-Bas Dost duo is not good for every game» |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt |date=19 August 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034914/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/jorge-jesus-dupla-bruno-fernandes-bas-dost-nao-serve-para-todos-os-jogos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-arranca-como-balakov-8760054.html |title=Bruno Fernandes arranca como Balakov |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes gets going like Balakov |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |first1=Duarte |last1=Tornesi |first2=Rafael |last2=Toucedo |language=pt |date=10 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034922/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/bruno-fernandes-arranca-como-balakov-8760054.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes' first appearance in the [[UEFA Champions League]] group stage was on 12 September 2017. He scored the team's third goal in the 43rd minute. The time won [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League|3–2 win]] against [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos FC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2018/matches/round=2000881/match=2021594/postmatch/report/index.html?rss=2500275+Sporting+derrota+Olympiacos+na+Gr%C3%A9cia |title=Sporting derrota Olympiacos na Grécia |trans-title=Sporting defeat Olympiacos in Greece |publisher=UEFA |language=pt |date=12 September 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915173910/http://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2018/matches/round=2000881/match=2021594/postmatch/report/index.html?rss=2500275+Sporting+derrota+Olympiacos+na+Gr%C3%A9cia |url-status=dead }}</ref> He finished his first season with 16 goals across all competitions. This was second only to [[Bas Dost]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/quarta-vez-de-bruno-fernandes.html |title=Quarta vez de Bruno Fernandes |trans-title=Fourth time for Bruno Fernandes |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt |date=29 April 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034929/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/quarta-vez-de-bruno-fernandes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 15 May 2018, Fernandes and several of his teammates and coaches were injured following an attack by around 50 Sporting supporters at the club's training ground. This was after the team finished third in the league and did not get to the Champions League qualification stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/pt-pt/desporto/sporting/19-jogadores-do-sporting-contam-tudo-sobre-o-ataque-a-alcochete-e-como-palhinha-protegeu-montero/ar-AAxF6FQ |title=19 jogadores do Sporting contam tudo sobre o ataque a Alcochete (e como Palhinha protegeu Montero)|trans-title=19 Sporting players tell everything about the attack at Alcochete (and how Palinha protected Montero) |website=MSN |publisher=Microsoft |language=pt |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsjoe.ie/football/sporting-lisbon-attack-160186 |title=Sporting Lisbon players attacked at training ground after failing to secure Champions League spot |website=SportsJOE.ie |publisher=Maximum Media |first=Ben |last=Kiley |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Despite this, the team still played in [[2018 Taça de Portugal Final|the final]] of the [[Taça de Portugal]] the weekend after.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/amp/football/44142885 |title=Sporting Lisbon: Players agree to play Portuguese Cup final after attack |website=BBC Sport |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> Sporting lost against [[C.D. Aves]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/taca-portugal/noticias/interior/aves-ganha-a-taca-de-portugal-gracas-a-bis-de-guedes-9360212.html |title=Aves ganha a Taça de Portugal graças a bis de Guedes |trans-title=Aves win Portuguese Cup thanks to Guedes brace |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=20 May 2018 |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017203439/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/taca-portugal/noticias/interior/aves-ganha-a-taca-de-portugal-gracas-a-bis-de-guedes-9360212.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes was named the [[LPFP Primeira Liga Player of the Year|Primeira Liga Player of the Year]] on 6 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-da-i-liga-em-201718-9561926.html |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito melhor jogador da 1 Liga |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted best player of the 1 League |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034954/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-da-i-liga-em-201718-9561926.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four days later he signed a new five-year contract with a €100&nbsp;million release clause.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/sporting-lisbon/transfer-talk/news/bruno-fernandes-pens-sporting-lisbon-deal_330281.html |title=Bruno Fernandes pens Sporting Lisbon deal |publisher=Sports Mole |date=10 July 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> Fernandes scored his 23rd competitive goal of the [[2018–19 Sporting CP season|2018–19 campaign]]. This was during a 3–1 home win against [[Portimonense S.C.]] on 3 March 2019, through a late [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty]]. He beat [[António Luís Alves Ribeiro Oliveira|António Oliveira]]'s club record for goals by a midfielder in a season. This was set in [[1981–82 Primeira Divisão|1981–82]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://observador.pt/2019/03/03/bruno-fernandes-e-um-recorde-que-fica-bem-na-fotografia-medio-bate-registo-de-golos-de-oliveira/ |title=Bruno Fernandes e um recorde que fica bem na fotografia: médio bate registo de golos de Oliveira|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and a record that looks pretty good: midfielder breaks Oliveira's scoring figures |newspaper=Observador |location=Lisbon |first=Bruno |last=Roseiro |language=pt |date=3 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> On 5 May, he scored a [[hat-trick]] in an 8–1 away win against [[Belenenses SAD]]. He became the highest-scoring Portuguese midfielder in a single season ever, with 31 goals to his name.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1143-sporting-put-eight-past-belenenses-following-big-wins-for-title-bound-benfica-and-fc-porto |title=Sporting put eight past Belenenses following big wins for title-tussling Benfica and FC Porto |website=PortuGOAL.net |first=Patrick |last=Ribeiro |date=5 May 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> He scored his 33rd and final goal of the season on 25 May 2019. This was during Sporting's win against [[FC Porto]] in the Taça de Portugal final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1166-sporting-complete-cup-double-over-porto-to-secure-taca-de-portugal-title |title=Sporting complete cup-double over Porto and secure Taça de Portugal title |website=PortuGOAL.net |first=Patrick |last=Ribeiro |date=25 May 2019 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=fdj/> He was named Primeira Liga Player of the Year for the second year, in the 2018–19 season.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/sporting/06-07-2019/bruno-fernandes-eleito-o-melhor-jogador-da-liga-em-18-19 |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito o melhor jogador da Liga em 18/19 |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes elected the best player of the League in 18/19 |website=maisfutebol.iol.pt |language=pt |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> He scored seven goals in his first 10 appearances of the [[2019–20 Sporting CP season|2019–20 season]]. This included scoring in six matches in a row.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/match_live.php?id=7049462 |title=Sporting 2–1 LASK Linz: Relato |trans-title=Sporting 2–1 LASK Linz: Report |website=zerozero.pt |language=pt |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> This made him the third Sporting player in the 21st century to score in six or more matches in a row, after [[Mário Jardel]] and Bas Dost.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/news.php?id=264683 |title=Ainda há palavras para os registos históricos deste senhor capitão? |trans-title=Are there still words for this captain's historical record? |website=zerozero.pt |language=pt |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> On 28 November 2019, he scored twice and assisted the other two goals in a 4–0 win against [[PSV Eindhoven]]. This made sure Sporting qualified for the knockout stages of the [[UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1395-europa-league-all-smiles-for-sporting-porto-and-braga-vitoria-unlucky-again |title=Europa League: All smiles for Sporting, Porto and Braga, Vitória unlucky again |website=PortuGOAL.net |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> === Manchester United === On 29 January 2020, English club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] agreed with Sporting to buy Fernandes. This was for a fee of up to €80&nbsp;million (£67.6&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bruno Fernandes: Manchester United agree deal with Sporting Lisbon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51301424 |website=BBC Sport |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> Fernandes also needed to pass a medical and agree personal terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=United agree deal to sign Bruno Fernandes |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/manchester-united-agree-deal-to-sign-bruno-fernandes |publisher=Manchester United F.C. |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> The transfer was officially done the day after. The initial fee is around €55&nbsp;million (£47&nbsp;million),<ref>{{cite news |title=Bruno Fernandes: Manchester United sign Sporting Lisbon midfielder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51292312 |website=BBC Sport |date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> and up to €25&nbsp;million (£21&nbsp;million) in add-ons. Sporting will also get 10% of the [[Profit|profits]] if United ever sell Fernandes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sporting oficializa venda de Bruno Fernandes ao Man. United: todos os detalhes do negócio |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/sporting-oficializa-venda-de-bruno-fernandes-ao-manchester-united-os-detalhes-do-negocio |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202221656/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/sporting-oficializa-venda-de-bruno-fernandes-ao-manchester-united-os-detalhes-do-negocio |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes signed a five-and-a-half-year contract.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd complete the signing of Bruno Fernandes from Sporting |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-complete-the-signing-of-bruno-fernandes-from-sporting |publisher=Manchester United F.C. |date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> He made his debut on 1 February. He played the full 90 minutes of a 0-0 draw at home to [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Stone |title=Manchester United 0–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51246502 |website=BBC Sport |date=1 February 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> In Manchester United's 2–0 away win over [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] on 17 February, he made an assist for the second goal. This was a cross for a header from [[Harry Maguire]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Chelsea 0-2 Manchester United |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51439302 |website=BBC Sport |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=17 February 2020 }}</ref> Fernandes came on as a late substitute for Manchester United against [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] in a 1–1 draw. This was his European debut for the club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Club Bruges 1–1 Manchester United |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51533294 |website=BBC Sport |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 }}</ref> He scored his first goal for Manchester United against [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] on 23 February. This was a penalty in a 3–0 victory at [[Old Trafford]]. In this match, he also made an assist for the third goal scored by [[Mason Greenwood]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United 3–0 Watford |url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/46871 |website=Premier League |date=23 February 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 }}</ref> His first European goal for the club was in the second leg of their UEFA Europa League round of 32 tie against [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] at Old Trafford. Fernandes scored a penalty. This helped Manchester United to win 5–0.<ref>{{cite web |first=Emlyn |last=Begley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623256 |title=Manchester United 5–0 Club Brugge |website=BBC Sport |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> On 16 March 2020, Fernandes was voted as the [[Premier League Player of the Month]] for February.<ref name="POTMFeb20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1644143 |title=Fernandes: I'm happy with my start at Man Utd |publisher=Premier League |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> On 30 June 2020, Fernandes scored his first brace (two goals in one match) for the club in a 3–0 win against [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shamoon |last=Hafez|title=Brighton 0-3 Man Utd: Visitors score through Greenwood and Fernandes' double |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52072990 |work=BBC Sport |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=30 June 2020 }}</ref> In June 2020, he won awards for the club and in the Premier League. This included winning the Premier League Player of the Month and Goal of the Month. He became the first player to win both awards at the same time in the Premier League.<ref name="POTMJun20"/><ref name="GOTMJun20"/> He also became the first Manchester United player to win the Premier League Player of the Month award two months in a row since [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] in the [[2006–07 FA Premier League|2006–07 season]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sam |last=France |title=Fernandes matches Ronaldo's Man Utd feat with latest Premier League Player of the Month award|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/fernandes-matches-ronaldo-man-utd-premier-league-player-of/19bgfcebthnuq1u96efo56gyh2|work=Goal.com|date=10 July 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 }}</ref> Bruno Fernandes has scored 8 goals and assisted 7 times in 14 games in his Premier League first season with Manchester United.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/23396/Bruno-Fernandes/stats | title=Bruno Fernandes Statistics &#124; Premier League | access-date=2020-08-19 | archive-date=2020-07-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729152206/https://www.premierleague.com/players/23396/Bruno-Fernandes/stats | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==International career== [[File:Portugal x Alemanha - Futebol masculino - Olimpíadas Rio 2016 (28342817733).jpg|thumb|Fernandes playing for [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal]] at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]]] Fernandes has played for Portugal at five levels. Before he played in the senior team (the main Portugal team), he was [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of the [[Portugal national under-21 football team|under-21 team]]. Fernandes played for [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal]] in the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/selecao/noticias/interior/os-18-convocados-de-rui-jorge-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-5284354.html |title=Os 17 convocados de Rui Jorge para os Jogos Olímpicos |trans-title=The 17 called up by Rui Jorge for the Olympic Games |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130234318/https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/selecao/noticias/interior/os-18-convocados-de-rui-jorge-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-5284354.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He started every game, as Portugal reached the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Notícias/Notícia/news/8190/contextid/174 |title=Vitória na estreia|trans-title=Win in debut |publisher=Portuguese Football Federation |language=pt |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Notícias/Notícia/news/8222/contextid/174 |title=Portugal vence e garante quartos de final|trans-title=Portugal win and confirm quarter-finals |publisher=Portuguese Football Federation |language=pt |date=7 August 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> When he played in Italy, he did not play for Portugal. He was called up for the national team on 28 August 2017. He took the place of [[Pizzi (Portuguese footballer)|Pizzi]] because he was injured. This was for [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|World Cup qualifiers]] against the [[Faroe Islands national football team|Faroe Islands]] and [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/92067/bruno_fernandes_chamado_para_o_lugar_de_pizzi |title=Bruno Fernandes chamado para o lugar de Pizzi|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes called in place of Pizzi |publisher=Rádio Renascença |language=pt |date=28 August 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Fernandes won his first full [[Cap (sport)|cap]] on 10 November 2017. He came on in place of [[Manuel Fernandes]] for the last 34 minutes of the 3–0 [[Exhibition game|friendly]] win over [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/amigaveis-selecoes/artigos/portugal-vence-arabia-saudita-com-golos-de-manuel-fernandes-goncalo-guedes-e-joao-mario |title=Portugal vence Arábia Saudita com golos de Manuel Fernandes, Gonçalo Guedes e João Mário |trans-title=Portugal beat Saudi Arabia with goals from Manuel Fernandes, Gonçalo Guedes and João Mário |website=SAPO Desporto |language=pt |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> [[Fernando Santos (Portuguese footballer)|Fernando Santos]] chose him in his team for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/portugal-world-cup-squad |title=Nearly half Portugal's Euro squad to miss World Cup |publisher=Special Broadcasting Service |date=17 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> He scored his first national team goal on 7 June. This was a header in the last warm-up match before the tournament, a 3–0 win against [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] at the [[Estádio da Luz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44373997 |title=Portugal 3–0 Algeria |work=BBC Sport |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/selecao/portugal/bruno-fernandes-foi-o-meu-primeiro-golo-de-cabeca-como-profissional |title=Bruno Fernandes: "Foi o meu primeiro golo de cabeça como profissional"|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes: «It was my first goal with the head as a professional» |website=Maisfutebol |publisher=IOL |language=pt |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> Fernandes' first World Cup game was on 15 June 2018. He played 66 minutes in a [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group B#Portugal vs Spain|3–3 group stage]] draw against [[Spain national football team|Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2018/06/15/portugal-vs-spain-world-cup-2018-live-score-latest-updates/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores sensational hat-trick as Portugal hold Spain in instant World Cup classic |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |first1=Sam |last1=Wallace |first2=Rob |last2=Bagchi |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> == Style of play == Fernandes is an [[attacking midfielder]]. He is a direct, energetic [[playmaker]]. He can take on defenders and also set the rhythm of play.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bruno Fernandes age, position, Man Utd shirt number, stats, style|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/facts-on-man-utd-new-signing-in-transfer-window-bruno-fernandes|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.manutd.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Cox |author-link=Michael Cox (journalist) |title=Bruno Fernandes: the man who is at his most dangerous when he stands still |url=https://theathletic.com/1669101/2020/03/14/bruno-fernandes-manchester-united-man-utd-tactics-goal-cox/ |url-access=subscription |date=13 March 2020 |work=The Athletic |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> Because he is direct, Fernandes sometimes takes risks. He tries difficult passes to create chances of scoring goals.He often presses the opposition quickly after losing possession.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Laurie |last1=Whitwell |first2=Tom |last2=Worville |title=Bruno's passes are risky, but the rewards are well worth it |url=https://theathletic.com/1956276/2020/07/29/bruno-fernandes-manchester-united-passing-risk-reward/ |url-access=subscription |date=29 July 2020 |work=The Athletic |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> In addition, he is a a good free-kick taker. He likes to shoot from outside the penalty area.<ref name=":0" /> His movement off the ball is also important, as he looks to find space to create chances.<ref name=":0" /> Fernandes can also play in a deeper [[Central midfielder|central midfield]] role, or as a [[second striker]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 4 November 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[Taça de Portugal]], [[FA Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[Novara Calcio|Novara]] |[[2012–13 Serie B|2012–13]]<ref name=Soccerway>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/bruno-miguel-borges-fernandes/276371/ |title=Bruno Fernandes: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> |[[Serie B]] |23||4||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||23||4 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] |[[2013–14 Udinese Calcio season|2013–14]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |[[Serie A]] |24||4||4||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||28||4 |- |[[2014–15 Udinese Calcio season|2014–15]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |Serie A |31||3||3||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||34||4 |- |[[2015–16 Udinese Calcio season|2015–16]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |Serie A |31||3||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||33||3 |- !colspan="2"|Total !86||10||9||1||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||95||11 |- |[[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] |[[2016–17 U.C. Sampdoria season|2016–17]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |Serie A |33||5||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||35||5 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Sporting CP]] |[[2017–18 Sporting CP season|2017–18]]<ref name=fdj>{{cite web |url=https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=199409080001&language=2 |title=Bruno Fernandes |website=ForaDeJogo.net |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> |[[Primeira Liga]] |33||11||5||1||4||0||14{{efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], six appearances and three goals in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||4||colspan="2"|—||56||16 |- |[[2018–19 Sporting CP season|2018–19]]<ref name=fdj/> |Primeira Liga |33||20||7||7||5||3||8{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}}||3||colspan="2"|—||53||33 |- |[[2019–20 Sporting CP season|2019–20]]<ref name=fdj/> |Primeira Liga |17||8||1||0||4||2||5{{efn|name=UEL}}||5||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}}||0||28||15 |- !colspan="2"|Total !83||39||13||8||13||5||27||12||1||0||137||64 |- |rowspan="6"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |[[2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2019|access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |14||8||3||1||colspan="2"|—||5{{efn|name=UEL}}||3||colspan="2"|—||22||12 |- |[[2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2020|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> |Premier League |37||18||3||1||3||0||15{{efn|Six appearances and four goals in UEFA Champions League, nine appearances and five goals in UEFA Europa League}}||9||colspan="2"|—||58||28 |- |[[2021–22 Manchester United F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name=sb2122>{{soccerbase season|72111|2021|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> |Premier League |36||10||2||0||1||0||7{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}}||0||colspan="2"|—||46||10 |- |[[2022–23 Manchester United F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2022|access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |37||8||6||3||5||2||11{{efn|name=UEL}}||1||colspan=2|—||59||14 |- |[[2023–24 Manchester United F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2023|access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |11||3||0||0||1||0||3{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan=2|—||15||3 |- !colspan="2"|Total !135||47||14||5||10||2||41||13||colspan="2"|—||200||67 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !360||105||38||14||23||7||68||25||1||0||490||151 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 16 October 2023}}<ref name=internationalstats>{{cite web |title=Bruno Fernandes, international football player |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=30046 |website=eu-football.info |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="7"|[[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] |2017||2||0 |- |2018||9||1 |- |2019||8||1 |- |2020||6||0 |- |2021||15||4 |- |2022||13||7 |- |2023||8||5 |- !colspan="2"|Total||61||18 |} {{updated|match played 16 October 2023}} :''Portugal score listed first, score column indicates score after each Fernandes goal.''<ref name=internationalstats/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Bruno Fernandes |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col|Date !scope=col|Venue !scope=col|Opponent !scope=col|Score !scope=col|Result !scope=col|Competition |- |align=center| 1 || 7 June 2018 || [[Estádio da Luz]], Lisbon, Portugal || {{fb|ALG}} ||align=center| 2–0 ||align=center| 3–0 || [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- |align=center| 2 || 17 November 2019 || [[Stade Josy Barthel]], Luxembourg City, Luxembourg || {{fb|LUX}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center| 2–0 || [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]] |- |align=center| 3 ||rowspan=2| 9 June 2021 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|ISR}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 4–0 || rowspan="3" | [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- |align=center| 4 ||align=center| 4–0 |- |align=center| 5 || 4 September 2021 || [[Nagyerdei Stadion]], Debrecen, Hungary || {{fb|QAT}} ||align=center| 3–1 ||align=center| 3–1 |- |align=center| 6 || 12 October 2021 || [[Estádio Algarve]], Faro/Loulé, Portugal || {{fb|LUX}} ||align=center| 3–0 ||align=center| 5–0 || rowspan="3" | [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- |align=center| 7 ||rowspan=2| 29 March 2022 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio do Dragão]], Porto, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|MKD}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 2–0 |- |align=center| 8 ||align=center| 2–0 |- |align=center| 9 || 24 September 2022 || [[Fortuna Arena]], Prague, Czech Republic || {{fb|CZE}} ||align=center| 2–0 ||align=center| 4–0 || [[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]] |- |align=center| 10 ||rowspan=2| 17 November 2022 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|NGA}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 4–0 ||rowspan=2| [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- |align=center| 11 ||align=center| 2–0 |- |align=center| 12 ||rowspan=2| 28 November 2022 ||rowspan=2| [[Lusail Stadium]], Lusail, Qatar ||rowspan=2| {{fb|URU}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 2–0 ||rowspan=2| [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] |- |align=center| 13 ||align=center| 2–0 |- |align=center| 14 ||rowspan=2| 17 June 2023 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio da Luz]], Lisbon, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|BIH}} || align=center| 2–0|| align=center rowspan=2| 3–0 || rowspan="5" | [[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]] |- |align=center| 15 ||align=center| 3–0 |- |align=center| 16 || 8 September 2023 || [[Tehelné pole]], Bratislava, Slovakia || {{fb|SVK}} || align=center| 1–0 || align=center| 1–0 |- |align=center| 17 || 11 September 2023 || [[Estádio Algarve]], Faro/Loulé, Portugal || {{fb|LUX}} || align=center| 8–0 || align=center| 9–0 |- |align=center| 18 || 16 October 2023 || [[Bilino Polje Stadium]], Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina || {{fb|BIH}} || align=center| 3–0 || align=center| 5–0 |} ==Honours== '''Sporting CP''' *[[Taça de Portugal]]: [[2018–19 Taça de Portugal|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.pt/desportos/interior/leao-rei-dos-penaltis-e-leva-para-casa-o-segundo-trofeu-da-epoca-10941375.html |title=Leão rei dos penáltis leva para casa o segundo troféu da época|trans-title=Penalty-king lion takes home second trophy of the season |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |location=Lisbon |first=Carlos |last=Nogueira |language=pt |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> *[[Taça da Liga]]: [[2017–18 Taça da Liga|2017–18]], [[2018–19 Taça da Liga|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1045-penalties-give-sporting-the-taca-da-liga |title=Penalties smile on Sporting again as Lions retain Taça da Liga crown |website=PortuGOAL.net |date=26 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> '''Manchester United''' *[[EFL Cup]]: [[2022–23 EFL Cup|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64693810 |title=Manchester United 2–0 Newcastle United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> *[[FA Cup]]: runner-up: [[2022–23 FA Cup|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65785637|title=Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> *[[UEFA Europa League]]: runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Europa League|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57224112 |title=Villarreal 1–1 Manchester United |first=Simon |last=Stone |website=BBC Sport |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> '''Portugal''' *[[UEFA Nations League]]: [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/liga-das-nacoes/artigos/portugal-regressa-ao-topo-da-europa-liga-das-nacoes-fica-em-casa |title=Portugal regressa ao topo da Europa. Liga das Nações fica em casa|trans-title=Portugal return to the top of Europe. Nations League stays home |website=SAPO Desporto |language=pt |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[SJPF Young Player of the Month]]: August 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=8907 |title=Bruno Fernandes e Stojkovic são os Melhores Jovens de agosto |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Stojkovic are the Best Young Players of August |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053659/http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> September 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=8978 |title=Bruno Fernandes e Chiquinho são os melhores jovens de setembro |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Chiquinho are the Best Young Players of September |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053659/http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> October/November 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=9106 |title=Bruno Fernandes vence prémio de outubro/novembro|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes wins award of October/November |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> February 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=9305 |title=Bruno Fernandes é o Melhor Jovem de fevereiro da Liga|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes is League's Best Young Player of February |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=16 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> April 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=9425 |title=Bruno Fernandes e Chiquinho eleitos melhores jovens de abril |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Chiquinho elected Best Young Players of September |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053659/http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Primeira Liga]] Goal of the Month: [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2017]], [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|September 2017]] *Primeira Midfielder of the Month: [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2017]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|October/November 2018]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|December 2018]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|January 2019]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|February 2019]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|March 2019]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|April 2019]], [[2019–20 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2019]], [[2019–20 Primeira Liga#Awards|September 2019]] *Primeira Liga Player of the Month: [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2017]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/institucional/vencedores-dos-premios-mensais-da-liga-portugal-1 |title=Vencedores dos prémios mensais da Liga Portugal 2017–18 |trans-title=Winners of the Liga Portugal 2017–18 monthly awards |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210804/http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/institucional/vencedores-dos-premios-mensais-da-liga-portugal-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|September 2017]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/institucional/vencedores-dos-premios-mensais-da-liga-portugal-2017-18 |title=Vencedores dos prémios mensais da Liga Portugal 2017–18|trans-title=Winners of the Liga Portugal 2017–18 monthly awards |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|April 2018]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/geral/bruno-fernandes-e-ricardo-gomes-eleitos-jogador-do-mes-de-abril/ |title=Bruno Fernandes e Ricardo Gomes eleitos "Jogador do Mês" de abril|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Ricardo Gomes elected "Player of the Month" of April |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|December 2018]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20182019/noticias/geral/premios/melhores-de-dezembro-bruno-fernandes-e-luiz-phellype-em-destaque/ |title=Melhores de dezembro: Bruno Fernandes e Luiz Phellype em destaque|trans-title=Best in December: Bruno Fernandes and Luiz Phellype highlighted |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|February 2019]],<ref name="Jogo">{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-do-mes-de-marco-10812753.html |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito melhor jogador do mês de março |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted best player in March |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=18 April 2019 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531103250/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-do-mes-de-marco-10812753.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|March 2019]],<ref name="Jogo"/> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|April 2019]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20182019/noticias/geral/premios/abril-2019/melhores-de-abril-bruno-lage-eleito-o-melhor-treinador-da-liga-nos/ |title=Melhores de abril: Bruno Lage eleito o Melhor Treinador da Liga NOS|trans-title=Best in April: Bruno Lage voted Best Manager in NOS League |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=10 May 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> *[[Primeira Liga Player of the Year]]: 2017–18,<ref name="Best">{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.pt/desportos/interior/ruben-dias-eleito-jogador-jovem-da-i-liga-9561841.html |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito melhor jogador da I Liga|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted I League's best player |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |location=Lisbon |first=Carlos |last=Nogueira |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> 2018–19<ref name="Best2">{{cite web |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20192020/noticias/geral/kick-off-2019-20/vencedores-dos-premios-oficiais-da-liga-portugal-2018-2019/ |title=Vencedores dos prémios oficiais da Liga Portugal 2018–2019|trans-title=Winners of the 2018–19 Liga Portugal official awards |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> *Primeira Liga Team of the Year: 2017–18,<ref name="Best"/> 2018–19<ref name="Best2"/> *[[UEFA Europa League]] Squad of the Season: [[2017–18 UEFA Europa League#Squad of the Season|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2560036.html |title=UEFA Europa League Squad of the 2017/18 Season |publisher=UEFA |date=17 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> [[2019–20 UEFA Europa League#Squad of the season|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0260-10391fbb6c62-2c8b46747bf5-1000--uefa-europa-league-squad-of-the-season/|title=UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season|publisher=UEFA |date=26 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 UEFA Europa League#Squad of the season|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news|title=UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season 2020/21|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0269-1262ae3ac85f-0a3f996ae443-1000--uefa-europa-league-squad-of-the-season-2020-21/|date=28 May 2021|access-date=30 May 2021|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> *[[Sporting CP Footballer of the Year]]: 2018,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/premios-stromp-bruno-fernandes-e-o-futebolista-do-ano-10196368.html |title=Prémios Stromp: Bruno Fernandes é o futebolista do ano |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927035158/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/premios-stromp-bruno-fernandes-e-o-futebolista-do-ano-10196368.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/bruno-fernandes-e-joelson-agradecem-premios-stromp |title=Bruno Fernandes e Joelson agradecem prémios Stromp |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927035201/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/bruno-fernandes-e-joelson-agradecem-premios-stromp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[CNID Footballer of the Year]]: 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/bruno-fernandes-eleito-futebolista-da-i-liga-pelos-associados-do-cnid |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito futebolista da I Liga pelos associados do CNID|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted footballer of I League by CNID members |website=SAPO Desporto |language=pt |date=21 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> *[[UEFA Nations League]] Finals Team of the Tournament: [[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/newsid=2607717.html |title=UEFA Nations League Finals: Team of the Tournament |publisher=UEFA |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> *[[PFA Fans' Premier League Player of the Month]]: February 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=FERNANDES WINS FANS' PLAYER OF THE MONTH AWARD |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-wins-pfa-fans-player-of-the-month-for-february |website=ManUtd.com (Manchester United) |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> June/July 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruno Fernandes has been voted the PFA Bristol Street Motors Player of the Month for June/July by football fans across the country|url=https://www.bristolstreet.co.uk/news/manchester-uniteds-bruno-fernandez-wins-pfa-bristol-street-motors/|website=bristolstreet.co.uk|date=3 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> *[[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 2|2020–21 Premier League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57356719|title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne one of six Manchester City players picked |website=BBC Sport |date=4 June 2021|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> *[[Premier League Player of the Month]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|February 2020]],<ref name="POTMFeb20"/> [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|June 2020]],<ref name="POTMJun20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1715420 |title=Fernandes wins EA SPORTS Player of the Month again |publisher=Premier League |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 Premier League#Monthly awards|November 2020]], [[2020–21 Premier League#Monthly awards|December 2020]]<ref name="POTMDec20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1970984 |title=Fernandes makes history as EA SPORTS Player of the Month|publisher=Premier League |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> *[[Premier League Goal of the Month]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|June 2020]],<ref name="GOTMJun20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1644272 |title=Budweiser Goal of the Month completes Fernandes double|publisher=Premier League |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 Premier League#Monthly awards|February 2021]],<ref name="GOTMFeb21">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2061419 |title=Fernandes stunner wins Budweiser Goal of the Month |publisher=Premier League |date=12 March 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> [[2023–24 Premier League#Monthly awards|September 2023]]<ref name="GOTMSep23">{{cite web |title=Fernandes equals record with Budweiser Goal of the Month award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3735165|access-date=13 October 2023|date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> *[[List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers|UEFA Europa League top scorer]]: [[2019–20 UEFA Europa League|2019–20]] (8 goals)<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics — Tournament phase — Players — Goals (Assists) |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2020/statistics/round=2001150/players/kind=goals/index.html |publisher=UEFA |access-date=23 August 2020 }}</ref> *[[Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year]]: [[2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-wins-sir-matt-busby-player-of-the-year-award-for-2019-20|title=Fernandes Voted Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year|first=Joe|last=Ganley |website=manutd.com |publisher=Manchester United|date=18 September 2020|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-is-2020-21-sir-matt-busby-player-of-the-year|first=Adam|last=Marshall|title=Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Revealed|website=manutd.com |publisher=Manchester United|date=18 May 2021|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> *[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] Goal of the Season: [[2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season|2020–21]] (vs. Everton, 6 February 2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-wins-man-utd-goal-of-the-season-award-2020-21|title=Your Goal of the Season winner is |first=Sam|last=Carney|website=manutd.com|publisher=Manchester United|date=18 May 2021|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> *[[FSA Men's Player of the Year Award]]: 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=FSA Awards in association with BeGambleAware|url=https://thefsa.org.uk/news/fsa-awards-in-association-with-begambleaware/|website=thefsa.org.uk|date=12 March 2021|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> *[[ESM Team of the Year]]: 2020–21<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm-team-of-the-season-2020-21-412505|title=ESM Team of the Season – 2020–21|website=World Soccer|date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/bruno-fernandes Profile] at the Manchester United F.C. website *[https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/717039 National team data] {{in lang|pt}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Bruno}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympians for Portugal]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] cx4ltckl4u4i4v4ns86596ex0hrau3k 10330397 10330395 2025-06-14T17:21:09Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r 10330397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|Borges|Fernandes}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Bruno Fernandes | image = Bruno Fernandes Portugal, 2018.jpg | caption = Fernandes playing for [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]] | full_name = Bruno Miguel Borges Fernandes<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 List of Players |url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812185537/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWC/2018/pdf/FWC_2018_SQUADLISTS.PDF |archive-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|9|8|df=y}}<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/23396/Bruno-Fernandes/overview |title=Bruno Fernandes: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], Portugal | height = 1.79 m<ref name="PremProfile"/> | position = [[Attacking midfielder]] | currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | clubnumber = 8 | youthyears1 = 2002–2004 |youthclubs1 = [[F.C. Infesta|Infesta]] | youthyears2 = 2004–2012 |youthclubs2 = [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista]] | youthyears3 = 2005–2010 |youthclubs3 = → Pasteleira (loan) | youthyears4 = 2012–2013 |youthclubs4 = [[Novara Calcio|Novara]] | years1 = 2012–2013 |clubs1 = [[Novara Calcio|Novara]] |caps1 = 23 |goals1 = 4 | years2 = 2013–2016 |clubs2 = [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] |caps2 = 86 |goals2 = 10 | years3 = 2016–2017 |clubs3 = [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] |caps3 = 33 |goals3 = 5 | years4 = 2017–2020 |clubs4 = [[Sporting CP]] |caps4 = 83 |goals4 = 39 | years5 = 2020– |clubs5 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps5 = 135|goals5 = 47<!-- LEAGUE ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2012 |nationalteam1 = [[Portugal national under-19 football team|Portugal U19]] |nationalcaps1 = 2 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2014 |nationalteam2 = [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]] |nationalcaps2 = 5 |nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2014–2017 |nationalteam3 = [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal U21]] |nationalcaps3 = 17 |nationalgoals3 = 6 | nationalyears4 = 2016 |nationalteam4 = [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal U23]] |nationalcaps4 = 4 |nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 = 2017– |nationalteam5 = [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] |nationalcaps5 = 61 |nationalgoals5 = 18 | club-update = 18:17, 4 November 2023 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 21:03, 16 October 2023 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[association football|football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|POR}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019 Portugal]]|}} }} '''Bruno Miguel Borges Fernandes''' (born 8 September 1994 in [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], [[Porto]]) is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] professional [[footballer]]. He plays as a [[midfielder]] for {{English football updater|ManchesU}} club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] and for the [[Portugal national football team|Portugal national team]]. He has previously played in [[Italy]] for [[Novara Calcio|Novara]], [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]], and [[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]], as well as in [[Portugal]] with [[Sporting CP]]. He was named [[LPFP Primeira Liga Player of the Year|Primeira Liga Player of the Year]] in both 2018 and 2019. In January 2020, Manchester United signed him for an initial fee of €55&nbsp;million (£47&nbsp;million). Fernandes made his senior debut for Portugal in November 2017. He had previously played for Portugal's [[Portugal national under-19 football team|under-19s]], [[Portugal national under-20 football team|under-20s]] and [[Portugal national under-21 football team|under-21s]]. He also played for Portugal at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]. ==Club career== ===Italy=== ====Novara==== Fernandes was born in [[Maia, Portugal|Maia]], [[Metropolitan Area of Porto]]. He played most of his youth football with local club [[Boavista F.C.|Boavista FC]]. On 27 August 2012, he went to play for [[Novara Calcio]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://observador.pt/2017/06/27/bruno-fernandes-o-miudo-que-comecou-a-rolar-na-capital-do-hoquei/ |title=Bruno Fernandes. O miúdo que começou a rolar na capital do hóquei|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes. The kid who started rolling in the hockey capital |newspaper=Observador |location=Lisbon |first=Bruno |last=Roseiro |language=pt |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> After only a few weeks with the youth side, Fernandes started to play to the first team in [[Serie B]]. He played in just over half of the league games during the [[2012–13 Serie B|2012–13 season]]. He helped his team to fifth place and the promotion play-offs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novara - Calendario & risultati 2012/2013|url=https://www.calcio.com/squadre/novara-calcio/2013/3/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=calcio.com|language=it}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ====Udinese==== In summer 2013, Fernandes signed for [[Udinese Calcio]] in a [[Co-ownership (football)|co-ownership deal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://it.sports.yahoo.com/blog/euroscout-it/bruno-fernandes-l-ennesimo-colpo-dell-udinese-095838834--sow.html |title=Bruno Fernandes, l'ennesimo colpo dell'Udinese|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes, Udinese's umpteenth steal |website=Yahoo Sports |language=it |date=3 December 2013 |access-date=27 March 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408021728/https://it.sports.yahoo.com/blog/euroscout-it/bruno-fernandes-l-ennesimo-colpo-dell-udinese-095838834--sow.html |archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> He made his debut in [[Serie A]] on 3 November. He came on as a second-half [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]]. Udinese lost 0–3 at home against [[Inter Milan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calciomercato.com/inter/udinese-inter-diretta-989532 |title=Udinese-Inter 0–3: Palacio, raddoppia Rannocchia, tris di Alvarez |trans-title=Udinese-Inter 0–3: Palacio, Rannocchia doubles it, Alvarez gets third |website=Calciomercato.com |publisher=Calcioinfinito |language=it |date=3 November 2013 |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034817/https://www.calciomercato.com/news/udinese-inter-diretta-989532 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes scored his first league goal on 7 December 2013. This was in a 3–3 draw at [[S.S.C. Napoli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnapoli.it/static/news/Napoli-Udinese-3-3-1462.aspx |title=Pareggio al San Paolo, doppietta di Pandev e gol di Dzemaili per gli azzurri |trans-title=Draw at San Paolo, Pandev brace and Dzemaili goal for the blues |publisher=S.S.C. Napoli |language=it |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034821/https://www.sscnapoli.it/static/news/Napoli-Udinese-3-3-1462.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He scored again in the second match between the sides (a 1–1 draw).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/19-04-2014/udinese-napoli-1-1-gol-callejon-bruno-fernandes-espulso-fernandez-80482800612.shtml |title=Udinese-Napoli 1–1, gol di Callejon e Bruno Fernandes. Espulso Fernandez |trans-title=Udinese-Napoli 1–1, goals from Callejon and Bruno Fernandes. Fernandez sent off |newspaper=La Gazzetta dello Sport |location=Milan |first=Mimmo |last=Malfitano |language=it |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> ====Sampdoria==== On 16 August 2016, Fernandes moved to [[U.C. Sampdoria]] on loan. He also had to sign [[wikt:permanent|permanently]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.football-italia.net/89837/official-sampdoria-sign-bruno-fernandes |title=Official: Sampdoria sign Bruno Fernandes |website=Football Italia |publisher=Tiro Media |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/calcio-mercato/2016/08/16-14450411/ufficiale_bruno_fernandes_alla_sampdoria/ |title=Ufficiale: Bruno Fernandes alla Sampdoria|trans-title=Official: Bruno Fernandes to Sampdoria |newspaper=Corriere dello Sport |location=Rome |language=it |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> He made his league debut twelve days later. He played six minutes in a 2–1 home win against [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta BC]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Sport/sampdoria-atalanta-le-ultime-notizieil-modulo-e-il-3-5-2-gioca-carmona_1198963_11/ |title=Atalanta ancora ko: 2–1 per la Samp – Non riesce la rimonta in dieci uomini|trans-title=Atalanta down again: 2–1 to Samp – No comeback with ten men |newspaper=L'Eco di Bergamo |language=it |date=28 August 2016 |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520124145/https://www.ecodibergamo.it/stories/Sport/sampdoria-atalanta-le-ultime-notizieil-modulo-e-il-3-5-2-gioca-carmona_1198963_11/ |archive-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> Fernandes scored his first goal for his new team on 26 September 2016. This was in a 1–2 away loss to [[Cagliari Calcio]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/calcio/serie-a/2016/09/26-15799051/serie_a_cagliari-sampdoria_2-1_joao_pedro_e_melchiorri_show_bruno_fernandes_non_basta/ |title=Serie A, Cagliari-Sampdoria 2–1: Joao Pedro e Melchiorri show, ma che papera di Viviano|trans-title=Serie A, Cagliari-Sampdoria 2–1: Joao Pedro and Melchiorri show, but what a blunder by Viviano |newspaper=Corriere dello Sport |location=Rome |language=it |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> He scored 5 goals in 33 Serie A appearances during [[2016–17 Serie A|the campaign]].<ref name=Soccerway/> He helped Udinese finish in thirteenth position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serie A 2016/2017 - 38. Giornata|url=https://www.calcio.com/calendario/ita-serie-a-2016-2017-spieltag/38/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=calcio.com|language=it|archive-date=2020-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030054045/https://www.calcio.com/calendario/ita-serie-a-2016-2017-spieltag/38/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Sporting CP=== On 27 June 2017, after the [[2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship|UEFA European Under-21 Championship]], Fernandes joined [[Sporting CP]] for five years. This was for a [[Journalist|reported]] fee of €8.5&nbsp;million plus bonuses. He had a [[buyout clause]] of €100&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/27-06-2017/oficial-sampdoria-confirma-bruno-fernandes-no-sporting?_ga=2.128693580.1153459493.1498137173-1125892984.1471973876 |title=Sporting: Bruno Fernandes com cláusula de 100 milhões|trans-title=Sporting: Bruno Fernandes with 100 million clause |website=Maisfutebol |publisher=IOL |language=pt |date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> He scored four goals in his first five [[Primeira Liga]] games. This included two goals in a 5–0 away win against [[Vitória S.C.|Vitória de Guimarães]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/jorge-jesus-dupla-bruno-fernandes-bas-dost-nao-serve-para-todos-os-jogos.html |title=Jorge Jesus: "Dupla Bruno Fernandes-Bas Dost não serve para todos os jogos" |trans-title=Jorge Jesus: «Bruno Fernandes-Bas Dost duo is not good for every game» |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt |date=19 August 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034914/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/jorge-jesus-dupla-bruno-fernandes-bas-dost-nao-serve-para-todos-os-jogos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-arranca-como-balakov-8760054.html |title=Bruno Fernandes arranca como Balakov |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes gets going like Balakov |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |first1=Duarte |last1=Tornesi |first2=Rafael |last2=Toucedo |language=pt |date=10 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034922/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/bruno-fernandes-arranca-como-balakov-8760054.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes' first appearance in the [[UEFA Champions League]] group stage was on 12 September 2017. He scored the team's third goal in the 43rd minute. The time won [[2017–18 UEFA Champions League|3–2 win]] against [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos FC]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2018/matches/round=2000881/match=2021594/postmatch/report/index.html?rss=2500275+Sporting+derrota+Olympiacos+na+Gr%C3%A9cia |title=Sporting derrota Olympiacos na Grécia |trans-title=Sporting defeat Olympiacos in Greece |publisher=UEFA |language=pt |date=12 September 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915173910/http://pt.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2018/matches/round=2000881/match=2021594/postmatch/report/index.html?rss=2500275+Sporting+derrota+Olympiacos+na+Gr%C3%A9cia |url-status=dead }}</ref> He finished his first season with 16 goals across all competitions. This was second only to [[Bas Dost]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/quarta-vez-de-bruno-fernandes.html |title=Quarta vez de Bruno Fernandes |trans-title=Fourth time for Bruno Fernandes |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt |date=29 April 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034929/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/quarta-vez-de-bruno-fernandes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 15 May 2018, Fernandes and several of his teammates and coaches were injured following an attack by around 50 Sporting supporters at the club's training ground. This was after the team finished third in the league and did not get to the Champions League qualification stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/pt-pt/desporto/sporting/19-jogadores-do-sporting-contam-tudo-sobre-o-ataque-a-alcochete-e-como-palhinha-protegeu-montero/ar-AAxF6FQ |title=19 jogadores do Sporting contam tudo sobre o ataque a Alcochete (e como Palhinha protegeu Montero)|trans-title=19 Sporting players tell everything about the attack at Alcochete (and how Palinha protected Montero) |website=MSN |publisher=Microsoft |language=pt |date=23 May 2018 |access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsjoe.ie/football/sporting-lisbon-attack-160186 |title=Sporting Lisbon players attacked at training ground after failing to secure Champions League spot |website=SportsJOE.ie |publisher=Maximum Media |first=Ben |last=Kiley |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Despite this, the team still played in [[2018 Taça de Portugal Final|the final]] of the [[Taça de Portugal]] the weekend after.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44142885 |title=Sporting Lisbon: Players agree to play Portuguese Cup final after attack |website=BBC Sport |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> Sporting lost against [[C.D. Aves]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/taca-portugal/noticias/interior/aves-ganha-a-taca-de-portugal-gracas-a-bis-de-guedes-9360212.html |title=Aves ganha a Taça de Portugal graças a bis de Guedes |trans-title=Aves win Portuguese Cup thanks to Guedes brace |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=20 May 2018 |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017203439/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/taca-portugal/noticias/interior/aves-ganha-a-taca-de-portugal-gracas-a-bis-de-guedes-9360212.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes was named the [[LPFP Primeira Liga Player of the Year|Primeira Liga Player of the Year]] on 6 July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-da-i-liga-em-201718-9561926.html |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito melhor jogador da 1 Liga |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted best player of the 1 League |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034954/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-da-i-liga-em-201718-9561926.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Four days later he signed a new five-year contract with a €100&nbsp;million release clause.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/football/sporting-lisbon/transfer-talk/news/bruno-fernandes-pens-sporting-lisbon-deal_330281.html |title=Bruno Fernandes pens Sporting Lisbon deal |publisher=Sports Mole |date=10 July 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> Fernandes scored his 23rd competitive goal of the [[2018–19 Sporting CP season|2018–19 campaign]]. This was during a 3–1 home win against [[Portimonense S.C.]] on 3 March 2019, through a late [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty]]. He beat [[António Luís Alves Ribeiro Oliveira|António Oliveira]]'s club record for goals by a midfielder in a season. This was set in [[1981–82 Primeira Divisão|1981–82]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://observador.pt/2019/03/03/bruno-fernandes-e-um-recorde-que-fica-bem-na-fotografia-medio-bate-registo-de-golos-de-oliveira/ |title=Bruno Fernandes e um recorde que fica bem na fotografia: médio bate registo de golos de Oliveira|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and a record that looks pretty good: midfielder breaks Oliveira's scoring figures |newspaper=Observador |location=Lisbon |first=Bruno |last=Roseiro |language=pt |date=3 March 2019 |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> On 5 May, he scored a [[hat-trick]] in an 8–1 away win against [[Belenenses SAD]]. He became the highest-scoring Portuguese midfielder in a single season ever, with 31 goals to his name.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1143-sporting-put-eight-past-belenenses-following-big-wins-for-title-bound-benfica-and-fc-porto |title=Sporting put eight past Belenenses following big wins for title-tussling Benfica and FC Porto |website=PortuGOAL.net |first=Patrick |last=Ribeiro |date=5 May 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> He scored his 33rd and final goal of the season on 25 May 2019. This was during Sporting's win against [[FC Porto]] in the Taça de Portugal final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1166-sporting-complete-cup-double-over-porto-to-secure-taca-de-portugal-title |title=Sporting complete cup-double over Porto and secure Taça de Portugal title |website=PortuGOAL.net |first=Patrick |last=Ribeiro |date=25 May 2019 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=fdj/> He was named Primeira Liga Player of the Year for the second year, in the 2018–19 season.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/sporting/06-07-2019/bruno-fernandes-eleito-o-melhor-jogador-da-liga-em-18-19 |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito o melhor jogador da Liga em 18/19 |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes elected the best player of the League in 18/19 |website=maisfutebol.iol.pt |language=pt |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref> He scored seven goals in his first 10 appearances of the [[2019–20 Sporting CP season|2019–20 season]]. This included scoring in six matches in a row.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/match_live.php?id=7049462 |title=Sporting 2–1 LASK Linz: Relato |trans-title=Sporting 2–1 LASK Linz: Report |website=zerozero.pt |language=pt |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> This made him the third Sporting player in the 21st century to score in six or more matches in a row, after [[Mário Jardel]] and Bas Dost.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zerozero.pt/news.php?id=264683 |title=Ainda há palavras para os registos históricos deste senhor capitão? |trans-title=Are there still words for this captain's historical record? |website=zerozero.pt |language=pt |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> On 28 November 2019, he scored twice and assisted the other two goals in a 4–0 win against [[PSV Eindhoven]]. This made sure Sporting qualified for the knockout stages of the [[UEFA Europa League]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1395-europa-league-all-smiles-for-sporting-porto-and-braga-vitoria-unlucky-again |title=Europa League: All smiles for Sporting, Porto and Braga, Vitória unlucky again |website=PortuGOAL.net |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> === Manchester United === On 29 January 2020, English club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] agreed with Sporting to buy Fernandes. This was for a fee of up to €80&nbsp;million (£67.6&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bruno Fernandes: Manchester United agree deal with Sporting Lisbon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51301424 |website=BBC Sport |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> Fernandes also needed to pass a medical and agree personal terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=United agree deal to sign Bruno Fernandes |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/manchester-united-agree-deal-to-sign-bruno-fernandes |publisher=Manchester United F.C. |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> The transfer was officially done the day after. The initial fee is around €55&nbsp;million (£47&nbsp;million),<ref>{{cite news |title=Bruno Fernandes: Manchester United sign Sporting Lisbon midfielder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51292312 |website=BBC Sport |date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> and up to €25&nbsp;million (£21&nbsp;million) in add-ons. Sporting will also get 10% of the [[Profit|profits]] if United ever sell Fernandes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sporting oficializa venda de Bruno Fernandes ao Man. United: todos os detalhes do negócio |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/sporting-oficializa-venda-de-bruno-fernandes-ao-manchester-united-os-detalhes-do-negocio |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt-PT |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202221656/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/sporting-oficializa-venda-de-bruno-fernandes-ao-manchester-united-os-detalhes-do-negocio |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fernandes signed a five-and-a-half-year contract.<ref>{{cite news |title=Man Utd complete the signing of Bruno Fernandes from Sporting |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-complete-the-signing-of-bruno-fernandes-from-sporting |publisher=Manchester United F.C. |date=30 January 2020 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> He made his debut on 1 February. He played the full 90 minutes of a 0-0 draw at home to [[Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.|Wolverhampton Wanderers]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Stone |title=Manchester United 0–0 Wolverhampton Wanderers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51246502 |website=BBC Sport |date=1 February 2020 |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> In Manchester United's 2–0 away win over [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] on 17 February, he made an assist for the second goal. This was a cross for a header from [[Harry Maguire]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Phil |last=McNulty |title=Chelsea 0-2 Manchester United |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51439302 |website=BBC Sport |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=17 February 2020 }}</ref> Fernandes came on as a late substitute for Manchester United against [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] in a 1–1 draw. This was his European debut for the club.<ref>{{cite news |title=Club Bruges 1–1 Manchester United |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51533294 |website=BBC Sport |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 }}</ref> He scored his first goal for Manchester United against [[Watford F.C.|Watford]] on 23 February. This was a penalty in a 3–0 victory at [[Old Trafford]]. In this match, he also made an assist for the third goal scored by [[Mason Greenwood]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manchester United 3–0 Watford |url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/46871 |website=Premier League |date=23 February 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 }}</ref> His first European goal for the club was in the second leg of their UEFA Europa League round of 32 tie against [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] at Old Trafford. Fernandes scored a penalty. This helped Manchester United to win 5–0.<ref>{{cite web |first=Emlyn |last=Begley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623256 |title=Manchester United 5–0 Club Brugge |website=BBC Sport |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> On 16 March 2020, Fernandes was voted as the [[Premier League Player of the Month]] for February.<ref name="POTMFeb20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1644143 |title=Fernandes: I'm happy with my start at Man Utd |publisher=Premier League |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> On 30 June 2020, Fernandes scored his first brace (two goals in one match) for the club in a 3–0 win against [[Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.|Brighton & Hove Albion]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Shamoon |last=Hafez|title=Brighton 0-3 Man Utd: Visitors score through Greenwood and Fernandes' double |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52072990 |work=BBC Sport |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=30 June 2020 }}</ref> In June 2020, he won awards for the club and in the Premier League. This included winning the Premier League Player of the Month and Goal of the Month. He became the first player to win both awards at the same time in the Premier League.<ref name="POTMJun20"/><ref name="GOTMJun20"/> He also became the first Manchester United player to win the Premier League Player of the Month award two months in a row since [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] in the [[2006–07 FA Premier League|2006–07 season]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sam |last=France |title=Fernandes matches Ronaldo's Man Utd feat with latest Premier League Player of the Month award|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/fernandes-matches-ronaldo-man-utd-premier-league-player-of/19bgfcebthnuq1u96efo56gyh2|work=Goal.com|date=10 July 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 }}</ref> Bruno Fernandes has scored 8 goals and assisted 7 times in 14 games in his Premier League first season with Manchester United.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/23396/Bruno-Fernandes/stats | title=Bruno Fernandes Statistics &#124; Premier League | access-date=2020-08-19 | archive-date=2020-07-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729152206/https://www.premierleague.com/players/23396/Bruno-Fernandes/stats | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==International career== [[File:Portugal x Alemanha - Futebol masculino - Olimpíadas Rio 2016 (28342817733).jpg|thumb|Fernandes playing for [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal]] at the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]]] Fernandes has played for Portugal at five levels. Before he played in the senior team (the main Portugal team), he was [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of the [[Portugal national under-21 football team|under-21 team]]. Fernandes played for [[Portugal Olympic football team|Portugal]] in the [[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/selecao/noticias/interior/os-18-convocados-de-rui-jorge-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-5284354.html |title=Os 17 convocados de Rui Jorge para os Jogos Olímpicos |trans-title=The 17 called up by Rui Jorge for the Olympic Games |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130234318/https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/selecao/noticias/interior/os-18-convocados-de-rui-jorge-para-os-jogos-olimpicos-5284354.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He started every game, as Portugal reached the quarter-finals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Notícias/Notícia/news/8190/contextid/174 |title=Vitória na estreia|trans-title=Win in debut |publisher=Portuguese Football Federation |language=pt |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Notícias/Notícia/news/8222/contextid/174 |title=Portugal vence e garante quartos de final|trans-title=Portugal win and confirm quarter-finals |publisher=Portuguese Football Federation |language=pt |date=7 August 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> When he played in Italy, he did not play for Portugal. He was called up for the national team on 28 August 2017. He took the place of [[Pizzi (Portuguese footballer)|Pizzi]] because he was injured. This was for [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|World Cup qualifiers]] against the [[Faroe Islands national football team|Faroe Islands]] and [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/92067/bruno_fernandes_chamado_para_o_lugar_de_pizzi |title=Bruno Fernandes chamado para o lugar de Pizzi|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes called in place of Pizzi |publisher=Rádio Renascença |language=pt |date=28 August 2017 |access-date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Fernandes won his first full [[Cap (sport)|cap]] on 10 November 2017. He came on in place of [[Manuel Fernandes]] for the last 34 minutes of the 3–0 [[Exhibition game|friendly]] win over [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/amigaveis-selecoes/artigos/portugal-vence-arabia-saudita-com-golos-de-manuel-fernandes-goncalo-guedes-e-joao-mario |title=Portugal vence Arábia Saudita com golos de Manuel Fernandes, Gonçalo Guedes e João Mário |trans-title=Portugal beat Saudi Arabia with goals from Manuel Fernandes, Gonçalo Guedes and João Mário |website=SAPO Desporto |language=pt |date=10 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> [[Fernando Santos (Portuguese footballer)|Fernando Santos]] chose him in his team for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/portugal-world-cup-squad |title=Nearly half Portugal's Euro squad to miss World Cup |publisher=Special Broadcasting Service |date=17 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> He scored his first national team goal on 7 June. This was a header in the last warm-up match before the tournament, a 3–0 win against [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]] at the [[Estádio da Luz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44373997 |title=Portugal 3–0 Algeria |work=BBC Sport |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/selecao/portugal/bruno-fernandes-foi-o-meu-primeiro-golo-de-cabeca-como-profissional |title=Bruno Fernandes: "Foi o meu primeiro golo de cabeça como profissional"|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes: «It was my first goal with the head as a professional» |website=Maisfutebol |publisher=IOL |language=pt |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref> Fernandes' first World Cup game was on 15 June 2018. He played 66 minutes in a [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group B#Portugal vs Spain|3–3 group stage]] draw against [[Spain national football team|Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-cup/2018/06/15/portugal-vs-spain-world-cup-2018-live-score-latest-updates/ |title=Cristiano Ronaldo scores sensational hat-trick as Portugal hold Spain in instant World Cup classic |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |first1=Sam |last1=Wallace |first2=Rob |last2=Bagchi |date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> == Style of play == Fernandes is an [[attacking midfielder]]. He is a direct, energetic [[playmaker]]. He can take on defenders and also set the rhythm of play.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bruno Fernandes age, position, Man Utd shirt number, stats, style|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/facts-on-man-utd-new-signing-in-transfer-window-bruno-fernandes|access-date=2020-07-10|website=www.manutd.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Michael |last=Cox |author-link=Michael Cox (journalist) |title=Bruno Fernandes: the man who is at his most dangerous when he stands still |url=https://theathletic.com/1669101/2020/03/14/bruno-fernandes-manchester-united-man-utd-tactics-goal-cox/ |url-access=subscription |date=13 March 2020 |work=The Athletic |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> Because he is direct, Fernandes sometimes takes risks. He tries difficult passes to create chances of scoring goals.He often presses the opposition quickly after losing possession.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Laurie |last1=Whitwell |first2=Tom |last2=Worville |title=Bruno's passes are risky, but the rewards are well worth it |url=https://theathletic.com/1956276/2020/07/29/bruno-fernandes-manchester-united-passing-risk-reward/ |url-access=subscription |date=29 July 2020 |work=The Athletic |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref> In addition, he is a a good free-kick taker. He likes to shoot from outside the penalty area.<ref name=":0" /> His movement off the ball is also important, as he looks to find space to create chances.<ref name=":0" /> Fernandes can also play in a deeper [[Central midfielder|central midfield]] role, or as a [[second striker]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 4 November 2023}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[Taça de Portugal]], [[FA Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |[[Novara Calcio|Novara]] |[[2012–13 Serie B|2012–13]]<ref name=Soccerway>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/bruno-miguel-borges-fernandes/276371/ |title=Bruno Fernandes: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> |[[Serie B]] |23||4||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||23||4 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] |[[2013–14 Udinese Calcio season|2013–14]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |[[Serie A]] |24||4||4||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||28||4 |- |[[2014–15 Udinese Calcio season|2014–15]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |Serie A |31||3||3||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||34||4 |- |[[2015–16 Udinese Calcio season|2015–16]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |Serie A |31||3||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||33||3 |- !colspan="2"|Total !86||10||9||1||colspan="2"|—||0||0||colspan="2"|—||95||11 |- |[[U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] |[[2016–17 U.C. Sampdoria season|2016–17]]<ref name=Soccerway/> |Serie A |33||5||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||35||5 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Sporting CP]] |[[2017–18 Sporting CP season|2017–18]]<ref name=fdj>{{cite web |url=https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=199409080001&language=2 |title=Bruno Fernandes |website=ForaDeJogo.net |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> |[[Primeira Liga]] |33||11||5||1||4||0||14{{efn|Eight appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], six appearances and three goals in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||4||colspan="2"|—||56||16 |- |[[2018–19 Sporting CP season|2018–19]]<ref name=fdj/> |Primeira Liga |33||20||7||7||5||3||8{{efn|name=UEL|Appearances in UEFA Europa League}}||3||colspan="2"|—||53||33 |- |[[2019–20 Sporting CP season|2019–20]]<ref name=fdj/> |Primeira Liga |17||8||1||0||4||2||5{{efn|name=UEL}}||5||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira]]}}||0||28||15 |- !colspan="2"|Total !83||39||13||8||13||5||27||12||1||0||137||64 |- |rowspan="6"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |[[2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2019|access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |14||8||3||1||colspan="2"|—||5{{efn|name=UEL}}||3||colspan="2"|—||22||12 |- |[[2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2020|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> |Premier League |37||18||3||1||3||0||15{{efn|Six appearances and four goals in UEFA Champions League, nine appearances and five goals in UEFA Europa League}}||9||colspan="2"|—||58||28 |- |[[2021–22 Manchester United F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref name=sb2122>{{soccerbase season|72111|2021|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> |Premier League |36||10||2||0||1||0||7{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}}||0||colspan="2"|—||46||10 |- |[[2022–23 Manchester United F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2022|access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |37||8||6||3||5||2||11{{efn|name=UEL}}||1||colspan=2|—||59||14 |- |[[2023–24 Manchester United F.C. season|2023–24]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|72111|2023|access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |11||3||0||0||1||0||3{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan=2|—||15||3 |- !colspan="2"|Total !135||47||14||5||10||2||41||13||colspan="2"|—||200||67 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !360||105||38||14||23||7||68||25||1||0||490||151 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 16 October 2023}}<ref name=internationalstats>{{cite web |title=Bruno Fernandes, international football player |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=30046 |website=eu-football.info |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="7"|[[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] |2017||2||0 |- |2018||9||1 |- |2019||8||1 |- |2020||6||0 |- |2021||15||4 |- |2022||13||7 |- |2023||8||5 |- !colspan="2"|Total||61||18 |} {{updated|match played 16 October 2023}} :''Portugal score listed first, score column indicates score after each Fernandes goal.''<ref name=internationalstats/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Bruno Fernandes |- !scope=col|No. !scope=col|Date !scope=col|Venue !scope=col|Opponent !scope=col|Score !scope=col|Result !scope=col|Competition |- |align=center| 1 || 7 June 2018 || [[Estádio da Luz]], Lisbon, Portugal || {{fb|ALG}} ||align=center| 2–0 ||align=center| 3–0 || [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- |align=center| 2 || 17 November 2019 || [[Stade Josy Barthel]], Luxembourg City, Luxembourg || {{fb|LUX}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center| 2–0 || [[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]] |- |align=center| 3 ||rowspan=2| 9 June 2021 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|ISR}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 4–0 || rowspan="3" | [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- |align=center| 4 ||align=center| 4–0 |- |align=center| 5 || 4 September 2021 || [[Nagyerdei Stadion]], Debrecen, Hungary || {{fb|QAT}} ||align=center| 3–1 ||align=center| 3–1 |- |align=center| 6 || 12 October 2021 || [[Estádio Algarve]], Faro/Loulé, Portugal || {{fb|LUX}} ||align=center| 3–0 ||align=center| 5–0 || rowspan="3" | [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |- |align=center| 7 ||rowspan=2| 29 March 2022 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio do Dragão]], Porto, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|MKD}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 2–0 |- |align=center| 8 ||align=center| 2–0 |- |align=center| 9 || 24 September 2022 || [[Fortuna Arena]], Prague, Czech Republic || {{fb|CZE}} ||align=center| 2–0 ||align=center| 4–0 || [[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]] |- |align=center| 10 ||rowspan=2| 17 November 2022 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|NGA}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 4–0 ||rowspan=2| [[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]] |- |align=center| 11 ||align=center| 2–0 |- |align=center| 12 ||rowspan=2| 28 November 2022 ||rowspan=2| [[Lusail Stadium]], Lusail, Qatar ||rowspan=2| {{fb|URU}} ||align=center| 1–0 ||align=center rowspan=2| 2–0 ||rowspan=2| [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] |- |align=center| 13 ||align=center| 2–0 |- |align=center| 14 ||rowspan=2| 17 June 2023 ||rowspan=2| [[Estádio da Luz]], Lisbon, Portugal ||rowspan=2| {{fb|BIH}} || align=center| 2–0|| align=center rowspan=2| 3–0 || rowspan="5" | [[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]] |- |align=center| 15 ||align=center| 3–0 |- |align=center| 16 || 8 September 2023 || [[Tehelné pole]], Bratislava, Slovakia || {{fb|SVK}} || align=center| 1–0 || align=center| 1–0 |- |align=center| 17 || 11 September 2023 || [[Estádio Algarve]], Faro/Loulé, Portugal || {{fb|LUX}} || align=center| 8–0 || align=center| 9–0 |- |align=center| 18 || 16 October 2023 || [[Bilino Polje Stadium]], Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina || {{fb|BIH}} || align=center| 3–0 || align=center| 5–0 |} ==Honours== '''Sporting CP''' *[[Taça de Portugal]]: [[2018–19 Taça de Portugal|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.pt/desportos/interior/leao-rei-dos-penaltis-e-leva-para-casa-o-segundo-trofeu-da-epoca-10941375.html |title=Leão rei dos penáltis leva para casa o segundo troféu da época|trans-title=Penalty-king lion takes home second trophy of the season |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |location=Lisbon |first=Carlos |last=Nogueira |language=pt |date=26 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> *[[Taça da Liga]]: [[2017–18 Taça da Liga|2017–18]], [[2018–19 Taça da Liga|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portugoal.net/club-news/1045-penalties-give-sporting-the-taca-da-liga |title=Penalties smile on Sporting again as Lions retain Taça da Liga crown |website=PortuGOAL.net |date=26 January 2019 |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> '''Manchester United''' *[[EFL Cup]]: [[2022–23 EFL Cup|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64693810 |title=Manchester United 2–0 Newcastle United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> *[[FA Cup]]: runner-up: [[2022–23 FA Cup|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65785637|title=Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> *[[UEFA Europa League]]: runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Europa League|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57224112 |title=Villarreal 1–1 Manchester United |first=Simon |last=Stone |website=BBC Sport |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref> '''Portugal''' *[[UEFA Nations League]]: [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/liga-das-nacoes/artigos/portugal-regressa-ao-topo-da-europa-liga-das-nacoes-fica-em-casa |title=Portugal regressa ao topo da Europa. Liga das Nações fica em casa|trans-title=Portugal return to the top of Europe. Nations League stays home |website=SAPO Desporto |language=pt |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[SJPF Young Player of the Month]]: August 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=8907 |title=Bruno Fernandes e Stojkovic são os Melhores Jovens de agosto |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Stojkovic are the Best Young Players of August |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053659/http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> September 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=8978 |title=Bruno Fernandes e Chiquinho são os melhores jovens de setembro |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Chiquinho are the Best Young Players of September |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053659/http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> October/November 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=9106 |title=Bruno Fernandes vence prémio de outubro/novembro|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes wins award of October/November |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=29 December 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> February 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=9305 |title=Bruno Fernandes é o Melhor Jovem de fevereiro da Liga|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes is League's Best Young Player of February |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=16 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> April 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=9425 |title=Bruno Fernandes e Chiquinho eleitos melhores jovens de abril |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Chiquinho elected Best Young Players of September |publisher=Sindicato dos Jogadores |language=pt |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053659/http://sjpf.pt/?pt=news |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Primeira Liga]] Goal of the Month: [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2017]], [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|September 2017]] *Primeira Midfielder of the Month: [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2017]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|October/November 2018]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|December 2018]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|January 2019]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|February 2019]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|March 2019]], [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|April 2019]], [[2019–20 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2019]], [[2019–20 Primeira Liga#Awards|September 2019]] *Primeira Liga Player of the Month: [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|August 2017]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/institucional/vencedores-dos-premios-mensais-da-liga-portugal-1 |title=Vencedores dos prémios mensais da Liga Portugal 2017–18 |trans-title=Winners of the Liga Portugal 2017–18 monthly awards |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210804/http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/institucional/vencedores-dos-premios-mensais-da-liga-portugal-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|September 2017]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/institucional/vencedores-dos-premios-mensais-da-liga-portugal-2017-18 |title=Vencedores dos prémios mensais da Liga Portugal 2017–18|trans-title=Winners of the Liga Portugal 2017–18 monthly awards |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=20 October 2017 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> [[2017–18 Primeira Liga#Awards|April 2018]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20172018/noticias/geral/bruno-fernandes-e-ricardo-gomes-eleitos-jogador-do-mes-de-abril/ |title=Bruno Fernandes e Ricardo Gomes eleitos "Jogador do Mês" de abril|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes and Ricardo Gomes elected "Player of the Month" of April |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|December 2018]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20182019/noticias/geral/premios/melhores-de-dezembro-bruno-fernandes-e-luiz-phellype-em-destaque/ |title=Melhores de dezembro: Bruno Fernandes e Luiz Phellype em destaque|trans-title=Best in December: Bruno Fernandes and Luiz Phellype highlighted |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|February 2019]],<ref name="Jogo">{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-do-mes-de-marco-10812753.html |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito melhor jogador do mês de março |trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted best player in March |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=18 April 2019 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531103250/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/interior/bruno-fernandes-eleito-melhor-jogador-do-mes-de-marco-10812753.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|March 2019]],<ref name="Jogo"/> [[2018–19 Primeira Liga#Awards|April 2019]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20182019/noticias/geral/premios/abril-2019/melhores-de-abril-bruno-lage-eleito-o-melhor-treinador-da-liga-nos/ |title=Melhores de abril: Bruno Lage eleito o Melhor Treinador da Liga NOS|trans-title=Best in April: Bruno Lage voted Best Manager in NOS League |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=10 May 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> *[[Primeira Liga Player of the Year]]: 2017–18,<ref name="Best">{{cite news |url=https://www.dn.pt/desportos/interior/ruben-dias-eleito-jogador-jovem-da-i-liga-9561841.html |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito melhor jogador da I Liga|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted I League's best player |newspaper=Diário de Notícias |location=Lisbon |first=Carlos |last=Nogueira |language=pt |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> 2018–19<ref name="Best2">{{cite web |url=https://www.ligaportugal.pt/pt/epocas/20192020/noticias/geral/kick-off-2019-20/vencedores-dos-premios-oficiais-da-liga-portugal-2018-2019/ |title=Vencedores dos prémios oficiais da Liga Portugal 2018–2019|trans-title=Winners of the 2018–19 Liga Portugal official awards |publisher=Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional |language=pt |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> *Primeira Liga Team of the Year: 2017–18,<ref name="Best"/> 2018–19<ref name="Best2"/> *[[UEFA Europa League]] Squad of the Season: [[2017–18 UEFA Europa League#Squad of the Season|2017–18]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2560036.html |title=UEFA Europa League Squad of the 2017/18 Season |publisher=UEFA |date=17 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> [[2019–20 UEFA Europa League#Squad of the season|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0260-10391fbb6c62-2c8b46747bf5-1000--uefa-europa-league-squad-of-the-season/|title=UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season|publisher=UEFA |date=26 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 UEFA Europa League#Squad of the season|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news|title=UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season 2020/21|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0269-1262ae3ac85f-0a3f996ae443-1000--uefa-europa-league-squad-of-the-season-2020-21/|date=28 May 2021|access-date=30 May 2021|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> *[[Sporting CP Footballer of the Year]]: 2018,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/premios-stromp-bruno-fernandes-e-o-futebolista-do-ano-10196368.html |title=Prémios Stromp: Bruno Fernandes é o futebolista do ano |newspaper=O Jogo |location=Porto |language=pt |date=18 November 2018 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927035158/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/sporting/noticias/premios-stromp-bruno-fernandes-e-o-futebolista-do-ano-10196368.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2019<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/bruno-fernandes-e-joelson-agradecem-premios-stromp |title=Bruno Fernandes e Joelson agradecem prémios Stromp |newspaper=Record |location=Lisbon |language=pt |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927035201/https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/sporting/detalhe/bruno-fernandes-e-joelson-agradecem-premios-stromp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[CNID Footballer of the Year]]: 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/bruno-fernandes-eleito-futebolista-da-i-liga-pelos-associados-do-cnid |title=Bruno Fernandes eleito futebolista da I Liga pelos associados do CNID|trans-title=Bruno Fernandes voted footballer of I League by CNID members |website=SAPO Desporto |language=pt |date=21 May 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> *[[UEFA Nations League]] Finals Team of the Tournament: [[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefanationsleague/news/newsid=2607717.html |title=UEFA Nations League Finals: Team of the Tournament |publisher=UEFA |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> *[[PFA Fans' Premier League Player of the Month]]: February 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=FERNANDES WINS FANS' PLAYER OF THE MONTH AWARD |url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-wins-pfa-fans-player-of-the-month-for-february |website=ManUtd.com (Manchester United) |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> June/July 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bruno Fernandes has been voted the PFA Bristol Street Motors Player of the Month for June/July by football fans across the country|url=https://www.bristolstreet.co.uk/news/manchester-uniteds-bruno-fernandez-wins-pfa-bristol-street-motors/|website=bristolstreet.co.uk|date=3 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> *[[PFA Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 2|2020–21 Premier League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57356719|title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne one of six Manchester City players picked |website=BBC Sport |date=4 June 2021|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> *[[Premier League Player of the Month]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|February 2020]],<ref name="POTMFeb20"/> [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|June 2020]],<ref name="POTMJun20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1715420 |title=Fernandes wins EA SPORTS Player of the Month again |publisher=Premier League |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 Premier League#Monthly awards|November 2020]], [[2020–21 Premier League#Monthly awards|December 2020]]<ref name="POTMDec20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1970984 |title=Fernandes makes history as EA SPORTS Player of the Month|publisher=Premier League |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> *[[Premier League Goal of the Month]]: [[2019–20 Premier League#Monthly awards|June 2020]],<ref name="GOTMJun20">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1644272 |title=Budweiser Goal of the Month completes Fernandes double|publisher=Premier League |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 Premier League#Monthly awards|February 2021]],<ref name="GOTMFeb21">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2061419 |title=Fernandes stunner wins Budweiser Goal of the Month |publisher=Premier League |date=12 March 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> [[2023–24 Premier League#Monthly awards|September 2023]]<ref name="GOTMSep23">{{cite web |title=Fernandes equals record with Budweiser Goal of the Month award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3735165|access-date=13 October 2023|date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> *[[List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers|UEFA Europa League top scorer]]: [[2019–20 UEFA Europa League|2019–20]] (8 goals)<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics — Tournament phase — Players — Goals (Assists) |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2020/statistics/round=2001150/players/kind=goals/index.html |publisher=UEFA |access-date=23 August 2020 }}</ref> *[[Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year]]: [[2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season|2019–20]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-wins-sir-matt-busby-player-of-the-year-award-for-2019-20|title=Fernandes Voted Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year|first=Joe|last=Ganley |website=manutd.com |publisher=Manchester United|date=18 September 2020|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref> [[2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-is-2020-21-sir-matt-busby-player-of-the-year|first=Adam|last=Marshall|title=Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Revealed|website=manutd.com |publisher=Manchester United|date=18 May 2021|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> *[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] Goal of the Season: [[2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season|2020–21]] (vs. Everton, 6 February 2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/bruno-fernandes-wins-man-utd-goal-of-the-season-award-2020-21|title=Your Goal of the Season winner is |first=Sam|last=Carney|website=manutd.com|publisher=Manchester United|date=18 May 2021|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> *[[FSA Men's Player of the Year Award]]: 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=FSA Awards in association with BeGambleAware|url=https://thefsa.org.uk/news/fsa-awards-in-association-with-begambleaware/|website=thefsa.org.uk|date=12 March 2021|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> *[[ESM Team of the Year]]: 2020–21<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm-team-of-the-season-2020-21-412505|title=ESM Team of the Season – 2020–21|website=World Soccer|date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *[https://www.manutd.com/en/players-and-staff/detail/bruno-fernandes Profile] at the Manchester United F.C. website *[https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/717039 National team data] {{in lang|pt}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Bruno}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Association football midfielders]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympians for Portugal]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] fpaj0iibqw5qb5nv6gkf40bup1sbnd7 0 785278 10330648 9792640 2025-06-14T19:09:00Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography |embed = |name = Paul Wolfisberg |image = |image_size = |alt = |caption = |fullname = |birth_date = 15 June 1933 |birth_place = [[Horw]], Switzerland |death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|08|24|1933|06|15}} |death_place = Horw, Switzerland |height = |position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] |currentclub = |youthyears1 = |youthclubs1 = |collegeyears1 = |college1 = |collegecaps1 = |collegegoals1 = |years1 = 1950–1954 |clubs1 = [[FC Luzern]] |years2 = 1954–1955 |clubs2 = [[FC Biel-Bienne]] |years3 = 1955–1966 |clubs3 = [[FC Luzern]] |manageryears1 = 1966–1973 |managerclubs1 = [[SC Buochs]] |manageryears2 = 1975 |managerclubs2 = [[FC Luzern]] |manageryears3 = 1975–1977 |managerclubs3 = [[SC Kriens]] |manageryears4 = 1978–1981 |managerclubs4 = [[FC Luzern]] |manageryears5 = 1981–1985 |managerclubs5 = [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]] }} '''Paul Wolfisberg''' (15 June 1933 – 24 August 2020) was a Swiss footballer and coach. He was born in [[Horw]], [[Switzerland]]. Between 1950 and 1954 and 1955 to 1966, he played for [[FC Luzern]]. For one year between 1954 and 1955, he played for [[FC Biel-Bienne]]. Between 1966 and 1973, he managed [[SC Buochs]]. In 1975 and again from 1978 to 1981, he managed Luzern. Between 1981 and 1985, he managed the [[Switzerland national football team|Swiss national team]]. Wolfisberg died on 24 August 2020 in Horw, aged 87.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srf.ch/sport/fussball/fussball-allgemein/langjaehriger-nationaltrainer-paul-wolfisberg-87-jaehrig-verstorben|title=Paul Wolfisberg 87-jährig verstorben|date=24 August 2020|work=SRF|language=German}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wolfisberg, Paul}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Swiss footballers]] [[Category:Swiss football managers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from the canton of Lucerne]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 41c9rizhvi8iuw6ysozaoe7jlot7bg0 3 785411 10330907 10286064 2025-06-14T21:36:37Z BlackJack 572554 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Batter's ground]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330907 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[File:Bonnie's chocolate chip cookies on glass plate.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|Welcome to Wikipedia]], GreekApple123! I'm [[User:Hiàn|Hiàn]] and an active editor here. Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/GreekApple123|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Hiàn|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! [[User:Hiàn|Hiàn]] ([[User talk:Hiàn#top|talk]]) 23:17, 25 August 2020 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of File:Cricket fielding positions2.svg== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:File:Cricket fielding positions2.svg]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:File:Cricket fielding positions2.svg}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#f1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 10:51, 8 May 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Last man stands cricket== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Last man stands cricket]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Last man stands cricket]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BlackJack|<span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;background-color: #0000ff;color: white">'''Jack'''</span>]] ([[User talk:BlackJack|<span style="color: #0000ff">talk</span>]]) 13:56, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Batsman's ground== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Batsman's ground]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Batsman's ground}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:BlackJack|<span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;background-color: #0000ff;color: white">'''Jack'''</span>]] ([[User talk:BlackJack|<span style="color: #0000ff">talk</span>]]) 15:31, 26 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Batter's ground== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Batter's ground]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Batter's ground}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:BlackJack|<span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;background-color: #0000ff;color: white">'''Jack'''</span>]] ([[User talk:BlackJack|<span style="color: #0000ff">talk</span>]]) 21:36, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 5wd8vfhyu7dnjvtirlut8upsjt28ped 0 786444 10330624 7553391 2025-06-14T18:55:22Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adrien Gouteyron''' (13 May 1933 – 26 August 2020) was a French [[politician]]. He was a member of the [[Senate of France]] between 1978 and 2011. He represented the [[Haute-Loire]] department. He was a member of the [[Union for a Popular Movement]] Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=GOUTEYRON Adrien|url=http://www.senat.fr/senateur/gouteyron_adrien78006d.html|publisher=senat.fr|access-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> Gouteyron was born in [[Rosières]], France. Gouteyron died on 26 August 2020 at the age of 87.<ref>[https://www.leprogres.fr/societe/2020/08/27/adrien-gouteyron-est-decede Rosières: l'ancien maire et sénateur Adrien Gouteyron est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gouteyron, Adrien}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:French mayors]] {{bio-stub}} bine1ey16b4yae6jur2656gy9h4y05c 0 792471 10330080 10243819 2025-06-14T14:26:19Z Uschoen 1069947 photo added 10330080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Liliane Weissberg | image = 2025-05-08 Liliane Weissberg 1130300.jpg | caption = Weissberg in 2025 | birth_date = 1953 | birth_place = [[Vienna, Austria]] }} '''Liliane Weissberg''' is Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor in Arts and Sciences and Professor of German and Comparative Literature at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liliane Weissberg {{!}} Germanic Languages and Literatures|url=https://germanic.sas.upenn.edu/people/liliane-weissberg|access-date=2020-09-27|website=germanic.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref> Weissberg's work has been supported, among others, by the [[Alexander von Humboldt]] Research Prize, the Anna-Maria Kellen Fellowship at the [[American Academy in Berlin]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liliane Weissberg|url=https://www.americanacademy.de/person/liliane-weissberg/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=American Academy|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Guggenheim Fellowship|a Guggenheim Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Liliane Weissberg|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/liliane-weissberg/|access-date=2020-09-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924184711/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/liliane-weissberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has published widely on German, American, and French Literature of late eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries, and on German-Jewish culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liliane Weissberg (UPenn): "Postcards from the Avant-Garde: Else Lasker-Schüler and Franz Marc in Correspondence"|url=http://www.sas.rochester.edu/mlc/news-events/calendar/2017/02/liliane-weissberg-upenn-postcards-from-the-avant-garde-else-lasker-sch%C3%BCler-and-franz-marc-in-correspondence.html|access-date=2020-09-27|website=www.sas.rochester.edu}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Life == She was educated at [[Freire Universität Berlin]] and [[Harvard University]] where she completed her PhD in Comparative Literature in 1984. Before joining Penn in 1989, she taught at [[The Johns Hopkins University]], and she has held visiting professorships at Princeton, Hamburg, Bochum, Potsdam, Berlin, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Graz, Vienna, Innsbruck, Kassel, Aachen, and the [[ETH Zurich]]. Her work touches upon topics concerning cultural memory, the Frankfurt School, critical theory, [[Hannah Arendt]], among many others. ==Works== *''Cultural Memory and the Construction of Identity'' (with Dan Ben-Amos; Wayne State, 1999), *''Romancing the Shadow: Poe and Race'' (with J. Gerald Kennedy, Oxford, 2001), *''On Writing with Photography'' (with Karen Beckman, Minnesota, 2013), * Hannah Arendt critical edition, ''Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess'' (Johns Hopkins, 1997). ==References== {{reflist}} [[category:living people]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Weissberg, Liliane}} tbiz3gbv3x9wd1jsd7r5nwf2wmjqwdj 0 792738 10331495 10159049 2025-06-15T05:40:28Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Kiwi Farms | logo =File:KiwiFarmsLogo.svg | logo_size =125px | commercial = Yes<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moon |first1=Joshua |title=Ad discussion |url=https://kiwifarms.net/threads/ad-discussion.51212/ |website=Kiwi Farms |access-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418002923/https://kiwifarms.net/threads/ad-discussion.51212/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | type = [[Internet forum|Forum]] | registration = Optional, required for certain features | language = English, except the 'Internationale Clique' subforum for non-English discussions | owner = Joshua 'Null' Moon | launch_date = {{start date and age|2013|02|04}} | current_status = Active | website=}} '''Kiwi Farms''', formerly known as '''CWCki Forums''', is an American [[Internet forum]] for discussion and harassment about online people and communities it deems "lolcows"—people who can be “milked for laughs”. The site has been part of many [[controversy|controversies]] like hosting the video of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] and for being linked to three suicides.{{refn|name=suicides|<ref name="WaPoCloudflareDrop">{{Cite news |last1=Menn |first1=Joseph |last2=Lorenz |first2=Taylor |author-link2=Taylor Lorenz |date=September 3, 2022 |title=Under pressure, security firm Cloudflare drops KiwiFarms website where stalkers organize |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/cloudflare-drops-kiwifarms/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904111844/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/cloudflare-drops-kiwifarms/ |archive-date=September 4, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 4, 2022 |title=Situation eskaliert: Hassplattform Kiwi Farms vom Netz genommen |work=[[Der Standard]] |url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000138791948/situation-eskaliert-hass-plattform-kiwi-farms-vom-netz-genommen |access-date=September 4, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="LeMondeSep5">{{Cite news |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Decoding Kiwi Farms, the blocked Internet bully that continues to be a nuisance |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2022/09/05/decoding-kiwi-farms-the-online-bully-that-continues-to-thrive-despite-being-blocked_5995916_13.html |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905171559/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2022/09/05/decoding-kiwi-farms-the-online-bully-that-continues-to-thrive-despite-being-blocked_5995916_13.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baj |first=Lavender |date=July 13, 2021 |title=Kiwi Farms Has 14 Days To Find A New Domain Host After Being Booted Off DreamHost |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2021/07/kiwi-farms-domain-registrar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2021/07/kiwi-farms-domain-registrar/ |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=[[Kotaku]] Australia}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wodinsky |first=Shashona |date=June 29, 2021 |title=The Worst Site on the Web Gets DDoS'd After Being Connected to Prominent Developer's Suicide |url=https://gizmodo.com/the-worst-site-on-the-web-gets-ddosd-after-being-connec-1847196197 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629232418/https://gizmodo.com/the-worst-site-on-the-web-gets-ddosd-after-being-connec-1847196197 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |access-date=June 29, 2021 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wesolowski |first=Sébastien |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Vaches à lol: dans l'Internet qui harcèle pour s'amuser |trans-title=Lolcows: Inside the Internet which harasses for fun |url=https://www.vice.com/fr/article/wxq55y/vaches-a-lol-dans-linternet-qui-harcele-pour-samuser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/https://www.vice.com/fr/article/wxq55y/vaches-a-lol-dans-linternet-qui-harcele-pour-samuser |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=June 30, 2021 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |language=fr}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Near Suicide Kotaku">{{Cite news |last=Kotaku Staff |date=June 28, 2021 |title=The Brilliant SNES Emulator Author Known As Near Has Died |work=Kotaku |url=https://kotaku.com/the-brilliant-snes-emulator-creator-known-as-near-has-d-1847182851 |url-status=live |access-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627225413/https://kotaku.com/the-brilliant-snes-emulator-creator-known-as-near-has-d-1847182851 |archive-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Insider-Colombo">{{Cite web |last=Colombo |first=Charlotte |date=August 3, 2021 |title=Kiwi Farms, the forum that has been linked to 3 suicides, was made to troll Chris Chan years before she was arrested on an incest charge |url=https://www.insider.com/chris-chan-arrest-what-is-kiwifarms-the-forum-exposed-her-2021-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211001/https://www.insider.com/chris-chan-arrest-what-is-kiwifarms-the-forum-exposed-her-2021-8 |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |access-date=August 4, 2021 |website=[[Insider.com|Insider]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hutton |first=Christopher |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Webhost says it won't take down website behind Marjorie Taylor Greene 'swatting' |work=[[The Washington Examiner]] |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/technology/webhost-wont-take-down-website-mtg-swatting |access-date=September 4, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="APDDoSGuard">{{Cite news |date=September 4, 2022 |title=Citing imminent danger Cloudflare drops hate site Kiwi Farms |work=[[The Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/technology-gay-rights-7d64f7b71736e091a4b5d1b3935551b5 |access-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905000759/https://apnews.com/article/technology-gay-rights-7d64f7b71736e091a4b5d1b3935551b5 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ==History== The site launched with the name ''CWCki Forums'' in 2013, as a place to [[Troll (internet)|troll]] and harass Christine Weston Chandler, known as “Chris Chan”, a webcomic artist first noticed in 2007 on the ''Something Awful'' forums. The name was based off of her initials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Asarch |first=Steven |title=The online history of creator Chris Chan, who was charged with incest after leaked audio was posted online about mom |work=[[Insider (news website)|Insider]] |url=https://www.insider.com/chris-chan-arrested-trending-who-is-mom-twitter-history-sonichu-2021-8 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308145453/https://www.insider.com/chris-chan-arrested-trending-who-is-mom-twitter-history-sonichu-2021-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> The site's new name, ''Kiwi Farms'', was coined in 2014.<ref name="NewYork">{{Cite web |last=Pless |first=Margaret |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Kiwi Farms, the Web's Biggest Community of Stalkers |url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/07/kiwi-farms-the-webs-biggest-community-of-stalkers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511184633/http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/07/kiwi-farms-the-webs-biggest-community-of-stalkers.html |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=New York Magazine}}</ref> It now hosts threads targeting many individuals, including minorities, women, [[LGBT]] people, [[Neurodiversity|neurodivergent]] people, people considered by Kiwi Farms users to be [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]] or [[Paraphilia|sexually deviant]], feminists, journalists, internet celebrities and video game or comics hobbyists.<ref name="NewYork" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Scott |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Campaign pushes Cloudflare to drop trans hate site |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/08/25/cloudflare-trans-hate-site-kiwi-farms |url-status=live |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825120152/https://www.axios.com/2022/08/25/cloudflare-trans-hate-site-kiwi-farms |archive-date=August 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="LeMondeSep5" /> In 2022, Cloudflare removed it from their [[Denial-of-Service attack|DDoS]] protection due to an online campaign started by one of the site's victims.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cloudflare reverses decision and drops trans trolling website Kiwi Farms {{!}} Internet {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/sep/04/cloudflare-reverses-decision-and-drops-trans-trolling-website-kiwi-farms|access-date=2023-05-26|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> The site came back online after it switched to other DDoS protection providers, though various [[internet service provider]]<nowiki/>s blocked access to it. After switching to another internet service provider, it has been able to come back online.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-14|title=No Easy Way Out: The Effectiveness of Deplatforming an Extremist Forum to Suppress Hate and Harassment|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.07037|website=arXiv}}</ref> The site has since been sporadically online. == Related pages == * [[4chan]] * [[Reddit]] * [[Something Awful]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:American websites]] [[Category:Internet culture]] {{stub}} 829u08aokxvh3fzmr9s3p13vmvc7d20 0 795412 10330387 10019027 2025-06-14T17:18:51Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|Cavaco|Cancelo}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Infobox football biography | name = João Cancelo | image = CanceloCity23.jpg | caption = Cancelo playing for [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] in 2023 | full_name = João Pedro Cavaco Cancelo<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/uploads/default/attachments/comunicati/comunicati_m/7780/files/allegati/7844/cu59.pdf|title=Comunicato ufficiale N. 59|trans-title=Official press release No. 59|publisher=Lega Serie A|language=it|page=3|date=2 October 2018|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126100820/http://www.legaseriea.it/uploads/default/attachments/comunicati/comunicati_m/7780/files/allegati/7844/cu59.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|5|27|df=y}}<ref name="PremProfile"/> | birth_place = [[Barreiro, Portugal]] | height = 1.82 m<ref name="PremProfile"/> | position = [[Full back (association football)|Full-back]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/joao-cancelo/ |title=João Cancelo: Profile |website=WorldFootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> | currentclub = [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] | clubnumber = 20 | youthyears1 = 2002–2007 | youthclubs1 = [[F.C. Barreirense|Barreirense]] | youthyears2 = 2007–2012 | youthclubs2 = [[S.L. Benfica (youth)|Benfica]] | years1 = 2012–2014 | clubs1 = [[S.L. Benfica B|Benfica B]] | caps1 = 51 | goals1 = 3 | years2 = 2014–2015 | clubs2 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] | caps2 = 1 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2014–2015 | clubs3 = → [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] (loan) | caps3 = 10 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2015–2018 | clubs4 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | caps4 = 64 | goals4 = 2 | years5 = 2017–2018 | clubs5 = → [[Inter Milan]] (loan) | caps5 = 26 | goals5 = 1 | years6 = 2018–2019 | clubs6 = [[Juventus FC|Juventus]] | caps6 = 25 | goals6 = 1 | years7 = 2019–2024 | clubs7 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps7 = 98 | goals7 = 5 | years8 = 2023 | clubs8 = → [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] (loan) | caps8 = 15 | goals8 = 1 | years9 = 2023–2024 | clubs9 = → [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] (loan) | caps9 = 32 | goals9 = 2 | years10 = 2024– | clubs10 = [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] | caps10 = 10 | goals10 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2010 | nationalteam1 = [[Portugal national under-16 football team|Portugal U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2010–2011 | nationalteam2 = [[Portugal national under-17 football team|Portugal U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2011–2012 | nationalteam3 = [[Portugal national under-18 football team|Portugal U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 7 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2012–2013 | nationalteam4 = [[Portugal national under-19 football team|Portugal U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 25 | nationalgoals4 = 1 | nationalyears5 = 2013–2014 | nationalteam5 = [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]] | nationalcaps5 = 9 | nationalgoals5 = 0 | nationalyears6 = 2014–2017 | nationalteam6 = [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal U21]] | nationalcaps6 = 11 | nationalgoals6 = 1 | nationalyears7 = 2016– | nationalteam7 = [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] | nationalcaps7 = 60 | nationalgoals7 = 10 | medaltemplates = {{medal|Country|{{fb|POR}}}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA Nations League]]|}} {{medal|W|[[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019 Portugal]]|}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA European Under-21 Championship]]|}} {{Medal|Runner-up|[[2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship|2015 Czech Republic]]|}} | club-update = 09:28, 7 December 2024 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 09:28, 7 December 2024 (UTC) }} '''João Pedro Cavaco Cancelo''' (born 27 May 1994) is a Portuguese professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays primarily as a [[Full back (association football)|full-back]] for [[Saudi Pro League]] club [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] and the [[Portugal national football team|Portugal national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Mark |date=10 March 2023 |title=Ranked! The 10 best right-backs in the world |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-10-best-right-backs-world-trent-alexander-arnold-liverpool-man-city-cancelo |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=FourFourTwo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Man City star Joao Cancelo has risen to become one of the world's best full-backs |url=https://m.allfootballapp.com/news/EPL/Man-City-star-Joao-Cancelo-has-risen-to-become-one-of-the-worlds-best-full-backs/2714557 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=All Football}}</ref> He is often regarded as one of the best [[Full back (association football)|full-backs]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Joe MewisContributions from Mark White last |date=2023-03-10 |title=Ranked! The 10 best right-backs in the world |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-10-best-right-backs-world-trent-alexander-arnold-liverpool-man-city-cancelo |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=fourfourtwo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=The 25 best right backs in world football - ranked |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-25-best-right-backs-in-world-football-ranked |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=90min.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Club career== ===Benfica=== Cancelo was born in [[Barreiro, Portugal|Barreiro]], which is a city in the [[Setúbal District|District of Setúbal]]. He joined [[S.L. Benfica|SL Benfica]]'s youth academy in 2007. He made his debut for Benfica on July 28, 2012. The match was a [[Exhibition game|friendly match]] against [[Gil Vicente F.C.|Gil Vicente]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Desporto/Interior.aspx?content_id=2692273|title=Nélson Oliveira e Cancelo titulares|trans-title=Nélson Oliveira and Cancelo start|newspaper=[[Jornal de Notícias]]|last=Gomes|first=José Pedro|language=pt|date=28 July 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-date=4 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404221021/http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Desporto/Interior.aspx?content_id=2692273|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite being registered with the [[S.L. Benfica B|reserve team]], he was talked about as a possible replacement to [[Maxi Pereira]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/desporto/benfica/interior/vieira-confirma-joao-cancelo-para-a-lateral-direita-2683916.html|title=Vieira confirma João Cancelo para a lateral-direita|trans-title=Vieira confirms João Cancelo for right-back|newspaper=Jornal de Notícias|last1=Lousada Oliveira|first1=Otávio|last2=Fernandes|first2=Nuno|language=pt|date=24 July 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107070822/https://www.dn.pt/desporto/benfica/interior/vieira-confirma-joao-cancelo-para-a-lateral-direita-2683916.html|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref> He made his professional debut on January 25, 2014. The match was a [[Taça da Liga]] 3rd round match against Gil Vicente, where he came on as a [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]] for [[André Almeida]] in the 82nd minute.<ref name=JOGO>{{cite news|url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/taca-liga/noticias/interior/sulejmani-manteve-o-benfica-vitorioso-3651733.html|title=Sulejmani manteve o Benfica vitorioso|trans-title=Sulejmani kept Benfica victorious|newspaper=[[O Jogo]]|language=pt|date=25 January 2014|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822101048/http://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/taca-liga/noticias/interior/sulejmani-manteve-o-benfica-vitorioso-3651733.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His only league match for Benfica was a 2-1 loss against [[F.C. Porto|FC Porto]]. <ref name=DN>{{cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/desporto/futebol-nacional/interior/fc-porto-bate-benfica-sob-avaliacao-de-lopetegui-3855385.html|title=FC Porto bate Benfica sob avaliação de Lopetegui|trans-title=FC Porto beat Benfica as Lopetegui looks on|newspaper=[[Diário de Notícias]]|last=Ruela|first=João|language=pt|date=10 May 2014|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111853/http://www.dn.pt/desporto/futebol-nacional/interior/fc-porto-bate-benfica-sob-avaliacao-de-lopetegui-3855385.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Valencia=== Cancelo joined [[Valencia C.F.|Valencia]] on August 20, 2014 on a one year loan, with an option to buy for €15 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valenciacf.com/ver/36900/comunicado-oficial-joao-cancelo.html|title=Comunicado oficial: Joao Cancelo|trans-title=Official announcement: Joao Cancelo|publisher=Valencia CF|language=es|date=20 August 2014|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627012931/http://www.valenciacf.com/ver/36900/comunicado-oficial-joao-cancelo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He made his [[La Liga]] debut on September 25 2014, in a 3-0 win against [[Córdoba C.F.|Córdoba]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2014_15/primera/jornada_5/val_cor/|title=Líder no hay más que Nuno|trans-title=There's no leader like Nuno|newspaper=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|last=Egea|first=Pablo|language=es|date=25 September 2014|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> He was awarded the man of the match on April 12, 2015, after a 3-0 win against [[Levante U.D.|Levante]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=First great night of Cancelo|url=http://www.levante-emv.com/valencia-cf/2015/04/15/primera-gran-noche-cancelo/1250960.html|access-date=26 June 2018|author=Levante-EMV|date=15 April 2015|author-link=Levante-EMV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MAN OF THE MATCH: CANCELO|url=http://www.vcfplay.com/match/match-cancelo-5870.html|author=VCPlay|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005732/http://www.vcfplay.com/match/match-cancelo-5870.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He only made 13 appearances in the 2014-15 season, as he was mainly the backup of [[Antonio Barragán]]. On May 25, Cancelo agreed a permanent contract with Valencia until June 30, 2021. The transfer fee was €15 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slbenfica.pt/noticias/detalhedenoticia/tabid/2788/ArticleId/41904/language/pt-PT/.aspx|title=João Cancelo transferido para o Valência CF|trans-title=João Cancelo transferred to Valencia CF|publisher=S.L. Benfica|language=pt|date=25 May 2015|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525182752/http://www.slbenfica.pt/noticias/detalhedenoticia/tabid/2788/ArticleId/41904/language/pt-PT/.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/41323/joao-cancelo-joins-valencia-cf-on-a-permanent-deal-through-to-2021.html|title=Joao Cancelo joins Valencia CF on a permanent deal through to 2021|publisher=Valencia CF|date=25 May 2015|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628015746/http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/41323/joao-cancelo-joins-valencia-cf-on-a-permanent-deal-through-to-2021.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/pt-pt/slb/sad/ofertas_pub/-/media/benficadp/Images/generic_content_pages/slb/SAD/ofertas_publicas_distribuicao/fsd150611.pdf|title=Prospeto de "Benfica SAD 2016–2019"|trans-title=Prospect of "Benfica PLSC 2016–2019"|publisher=S.L. Benfica|language=pt|location=Lisbon|date=15 April 2016|access-date=22 August 2017|page=66}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?t=3&id=550925|url-status=dead|title=João Cancelo vendido ao Valência por 15 milhões de euros|trans-title=João Cancelo sold to Valencia for 15 million euros|newspaper=[[A Bola]]|language=pt|date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702123142/http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?t=3&id=550925|archive-date=2 July 2015|access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref> On September 16, 2015, Cancelo made his [[UEFA Champions League]] debut. The match was a 3-2 loss against [[F.C. Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]], where he scored 1 goal. The goal made him the 5th youngest Champions League scorer, aged 21 years and 107 days old. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2016/matches/round=2000634/match=2015679/postmatch/report/index.html#zenit+valencia|title=Witsel breaks Valencia hearts in five-goal thriller|publisher=UEFA|date=16 September 2016|access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> On April 20, 2016, he would score his first league goal for Valenica. The match was a 4-0 win against [[SD Eibar|Eibar]]. ===Loan to Inter Milan=== On August 22, 2017, Cancelo joined [[Inter Milan]] on a one-year loan until June 30, 2018, with an option to make the transfer permanent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/59321/cancelo-is-an-inter-player|title=Cancelo is an Inter player!|publisher=Inter Milan|date=22 August 2017|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111519/https://www.inter.it/en/news/59321/cancelo-is-an-inter-player|url-status=dead}}</ref> The deal also saw [[Geoffrey Kondogbia]] join [[Valencia C.F.|Valencia]] on loan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.football-italia.net/108594/official-inter-sign-cancelo|title=Official: Inter sign Cancelo|publisher=Football Italia|date=22 August 2017|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> He made his [[Serie A]] debut on August 26, 2017 in a 3-1 win against [[A.S. Roma|AS Roma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quotidiano.net/sport/calcio/roma-inter-1.3355556|title=Roma-Inter 1–3, Icardi spegne i sogni giallorossi|trans-title=Roma-Inter 1–3, Icardi puts an end to yellow-and-red dreams|publisher=[[Quotidiano.net]]|last=Bocchini|first=Francesco|language=it|date=26 August 2017|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> He would suffer a knee ligament injury in late August 2017, while on international duty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/inter-portugal-joao-cancelo-knee-injury/7gw8bf5hqvp012zffut0tq411|title=Inter confirm knee ligament injury for new boy Cancelo|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=31 August 2017|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830190324/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/inter-portugal-joao-cancelo-knee-injury/7gw8bf5hqvp012zffut0tq411|url-status=dead}}</ref> His first game back from injury was a 3-2 win on October 15, 2018 against [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/club/internazionale/110/blog/post/3230977/mauro-icardi-gets-10-10-as-hat-trick-earns-inter-win-against-milan|title=Mauro Icardi gets 10/10 as hat trick earns Inter win against Milan|publisher=ESPN FC|date=17 October 2017|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>He was a member of the 2017-18 Serie A Team of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/131574/serie-team-2017-18|title=Serie A Team of 2017–18|date=3 December 2018|website=Football Italia|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101933/https://www.football-italia.net/131574/serie-team-2017-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie-a/2018/03/19/5-azioni-di-cancelo-contro-la-sampdoria.html|title=Inter, 5 shares of Cancelo against Sampdoria|date=18 March 2018|access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://grangala.assocalciatori.it/Vincitori/joao-cancelo/|title=Joao Cancelo ⋆ Great Football Gal|date=11 December 2018|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> After the season, Inter Milan decided to not make the loan permanent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Juventus/26-04-2019/juve-cancelo-stagione-alti-bassi-bocciato-o-promosso-3301075377433.shtml|title=Inter-Juve, sliding doors Cancelo: chi ha scelto bene?|date=26 April 2019|language=it}}</ref> ===Juventus=== On June 27, 2018, [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] signed João Cancelo on a 5-year contract for €40.4 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juventus.com/en/news/news/2018/joao-cancelo-joins-juventus.php|title=João Cancelo signs for Juventus!|publisher=Juventus F.C.|date=27 June 2018|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref> He made his Juventus debut on August 18, in a 3-2 win against [[A.C. ChievoVerona|ChievoVerona]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2018/08/18/sport/la-juve-soffre-ma-batte-il-chievo-al-bentegodi-decide-bernardeschi-in-rimonta-wCtLRb2ptVKdd2faY3mtJM/pagina.html|title=La Juve soffre ma batte il Chievo, al Bentegodi decide Bernardeschi in rimonta|trans-title=Juve suffer but beat Chievo, Bernardeschi settles it at Bentegodi in comeback|newspaper=[[La Stampa]]|last=Oddenino|first=Gianluca|language=it|date=18 August 2018|access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> He won his first trophy with Juventus on January 16, 2019, when Juventus beat [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]] 1-0 in the [[2018 Supercoppa Italiana]].<ref name="Auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46897172|title=Juventus 1–0 AC Milan: Cristiano Ronaldo header wins Supercoppa for Juve|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=16 January 2019|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2816026-cristiano-ronaldo-wins-1st-juventus-trophy-scores-in-super-cup-against-milan|title=Cristiano Ronaldo wins 1st Juventus trophy, scores in Super Cup against Milan|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|last=Verschueren|first=Gianni|date=16 January 2019|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jan/16/juventus-v-milan-supercoppa-italiana-live|title=Juventus 1–0 Milan: Supercoppa Italiana – as it happened|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Burnton|first=Simon|date=16 January 2019|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> He would play in the ''Scudetto''-winning match, where Juventus won 2-1 against [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/match/juventus-v-fiorentina/report/3plhazl81l75b7ysmwn34hu22|title=Juventus 2 Fiorentina 1: Bianconeri bounce back to seal Scudetto|publisher=Goal|last=Dorman|first=Matt|date=20 April 2019|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> ===Manchester City=== On 7 August 2019, Cancelo joined [[English Premier League]] champions [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. The deal was a six-year deal worth £27.4&nbsp;million, with [[Danilo (footballer, born July 1991)|Danilo]] joining Juventus as part of the deal, equalling to £60&nbsp;million. This made João Cancelo the most expensive right-back ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/manchestercity/man-city-sign-joao-cancelo-from-juventus-with-danilo-in-partexchange-a4206581.html|title=Man City sign Joao Cancelo as Danilo heads to Juventus in part-exchange|date=7 August 2019|publisher=Standard|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/man-city-and-juventus-confirm-cancelo-danilo-swap-in-65m/ga32ehdxuelk1qso2ayr89hge|title=Man City and Juventus confirm Cancelo-Danilo swap in €65m deal|publisher=Goal|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> He made his [[Premier League]] debut on August 25, 2019 in a 3-1 win against [[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], where he came on as a substitute for [[Kyle Walker]]. He scored his first goal for Manchester City on December 18, 2019, in a 3–1 win against [[Oxford United F.C.|Oxford United]] in the [[2019–20 EFL Cup|EFL Cup quarter-finals]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50738362|title= Oxford United 1-3 Manchester City: Raheem Sterling double seals semi-final spot|publisher=BBC Sport|date=18 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> He made his first start of the [[2020-21 Premier League|2020-21 season]] on October 17, 2020 due to injury.The match was a 1–0 win against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. On November 3, 2020, Cancelo scored his first [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] goal for Manchester City in a 3–0 win against [[Greece|Greek]] team [[Olympiacos F.C.|Olympiacos]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54784118|title=Manchester City 3-0 Olympiakos: Gabriel Jesus returns to seal third win in Champions League|publisher=BBC Sport |date=3 November 2020|access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> His first league goal of the season happened on January 26, 2021. In that match, Cancelo scored the 2nd goal in a 5–0 win against [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/55714078|title=West Bromwich Albion 0-5 Manchester City|publisher=BBC Sport |date=26 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> He was named in the [[2020-21 Premier League|2020-21]] [[PFA Team of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57356719|title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne one of six Manchester City players picked |website=BBC Sport |date=4 June 2021|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manchester City win Premier League title after Manchester United lose to Leicester|website=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56964843|date=27 February 2021|access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> On October 17, 2021, Cancelo scored his first goal of the season for Manchester City. The goal was scored in a 6–3 win against [[RB Leipzig]] in the [[2021–22 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]] group stage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dias to be one of Man City's five captains this season|publisher=Sky Sports|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11679/12410930/ruben-dias-pep-guardiola-makes-man-city-defender-one-of-his-five-captains-this-season|date=18 September 2021|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> On November 3rd, Cancelo provided a [[hat-trick]] of assists in a 4–1 win against [[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]] in the Champions League group stage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11945/12459044/man-city-4-1-club-brugge-pep-guardiolas-side-on-brink-of-champions-league-last-16-qualification|title=Man City 4-1 Club Brugge: Pep Guardiola's side on brink of Champions League last-16 qualification|publisher=Sky Sports|date=3 November 2021|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> ==International career== [[File:João Cancelo (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Cancelo playing for the [[Portugal national under-19 football team|Portugal U-19s]] in 2012]] Cancelo represented [[Portugal national under-19 football team|Portugal]] at the [[2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/seleccao/edgar-borges-convocatoria-portugal-europeu-sub-19/1354495-1194.html|title=Euro de sub-19: Sporting e Benfica em maioria nos convocados|trans-title=Under-19 Euro: Sporting and Benfica rule selection|publisher=Mais Futebol|language=pt|date=11 June 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072345/http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/seleccao/edgar-borges-convocatoria-portugal-europeu-sub-19/1354495-1194.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and at the [[2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship]] in [[Lithuania]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/selecoes/interior.aspx?content_id=833181|title=Sub-19: Rui Silva substitui José Costa|trans-title=Under-19: Rui Silva replaces José Costa|newspaper=Record|language=pt|date=14 July 2013|access-date=14 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150341/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/selecoes/interior.aspx?content_id=833181|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal under-20s]], Cancelo appeared at the [[2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] and at the 2014 Toulon Tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/selecoes/interior.aspx?content_id=882916|title=Sub-20: Ilídio Vale convoca 20 para o Torneio de Toulon|trans-title=Under-20: Ilídio Vale calls 20 for Toulon Tournament|newspaper=Record|language=pt|date=13 May 2013|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516022919/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/selecoes/interior.aspx?content_id=882916|archive-date=16 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cancelo was part of the [[Portugal national under-21 football team|Portugal under-21 squad]] that played in the [[2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship]]. His only appearance in the tournament was as a substitute for [[Raphaël Guerreiro]] in the semi-finals. The match was a 5-0 win against [[Germany national under-21 football team|Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/under21/season=2015/matches/round=2000409/match=2015382/postmatch/report/index.html|title=Five-goal Portugal stun Germany in semi-finals|publisher=UEFA|last=Hart|first=Simon|date=27 June 2015|access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> Cancelo was called up to [[Portugal national football team|the Portugal national team]] for the first time on August 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugoal.net/selecao/524-andre-silva-and-joao-cancelo-called-into-portugal-squad|title=André Silva and João Cancelo called into Portugal squad|publisher=PortuGOAL|date=28 August 2016|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> In his first mach for Portugal, he scored the 3rd goal in a 5-0 [[Exhibition game|friendly]] win against [[Gibraltar national football team|Gibraltar]].<ref name="gibraltar">{{cite news |title=Without Cristiano Ronaldo, Euro champ Portugal routs Gibraltar |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2016/09/01/portugal-gibraltar-friendly-nani-goals |access-date=7 September 2020 |work=Sports Illustrated |date=1 September 2016}}</ref> In May 2018, Cancelo was included in the preliminary 35-man squad for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in [[Russia]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crawford |first1=Stephen |title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - 23-man & preliminary lists & when will they be announced? |url=https://www.goal.com/brasilglobaltour/en-ca/news/4179/england/2018/05/16/44824112/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists |website=goal.com |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> but he did not make the final team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/portugal-world-cup-squad|title=Nearly half Portugal's Euro squad to miss World Cup|publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]|date=17 May 2018|access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> On May 20, 2021, it was confirmed that Cancelo was selected for Portugal's [[UEFA Euro 2020|Euro 2020]] squad.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fpf.pt/pt/News/Todas-as-not%C3%ADcias/Not%C3%ADcia/news/29632 |title=EURO 2020: os 26 de Portugal |trans-title=Euro 2020: Portugal's 26 |work=[[Portuguese Football Federation]] |date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |language=pt}}</ref> However, he had to withdraw due to testing positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jun/13/joao-cancelo-positive-for-covid-and-replaced-in-portugal-squad-by-diogo-dalot-euro-2020 |title=João Cancelo positive for Covid and replaced in Portugal squad by Dalot |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 }}</ref> ==Career statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 10 April 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Coppa Italia]], [[FA Cup]], [[DFB-Pokal]]}} !colspan="2"|League cup{{efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga]], [[EFL Cup]]}} !colspan="2"|Europe !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="3"|[[S.L. Benfica B|Benfica B]] |[[2012–13 Segunda Liga|2012–13]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[Segunda Liga]] |20||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||2 |- |[[2013–14 Segunda Liga|2013–14]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |Segunda Liga |31||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||31||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !51!!3!!colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—!!51!!3 |- |[[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] |[[2013–14 S.L. Benfica season|2013–14]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[Primeira Liga]] |1||0|||0||0|||1||0|||0||0||colspan="2"|—||2||0 |- |[[Valencia CF|Valencia]] (loan) |[[2014–15 Valencia CF season|2014–15]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[La Liga]] |10||0||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0 |- |rowspan="4"|Valencia |[[2015–16 Valencia CF season|2015–16]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |La Liga |28||1||4||1||colspan="2"|—||7{{efn|Six appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], one appearance in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||1||colspan="2"|—||39||3 |- |[[2016–17 Valencia CF season|2016–17]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |La Liga |35||1||3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||38||1 |- |[[2017–18 Valencia CF season|2017–18]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |La Liga |1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !74!!2!!10!!1!!colspan="2"|—!!7!!1!!colspan="2"|—!!91!!4 |- |[[Inter Milan]] (loan) |[[2017–18 Inter Milan season|2017–18]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[Serie A]] |26||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||28||1 |- |[[Juventus FC|Juventus]] |[[2018–19 Juventus FC season|2018–19]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |Serie A |25||1||1||0||colspan="2"|—||7{{efn|name=UCL|Appearances in UEFA Champions League}}||0||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Supercoppa Italiana]]}}||0||34||1 |- |rowspan="5"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |[[2019–20 Manchester City F.C. season|2019–20]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|69841|2019|name=Joao Cancelo|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |[[Premier League]] |17||0||4||0||4||1||8{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||33||1 |- |[[2020–21 Manchester City F.C. season|2020–21]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|69841|2020|name=Joao Cancelo|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |28||2||3||0||3||0||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||1||colspan="2"|—||43||3 |- |[[2021–22 Manchester City F.C. season|2021–22]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|69841|2021|name=Joao Cancelo|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |36||1||5||0||1||0||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||1{{efn|name=FACS|Appearance in [[FA Community Shield]]}}||0||52||3 |- |[[2022–23 Manchester City F.C. season|2022–23]]<ref>{{soccerbase season|69841|2022|name=Joao Cancelo|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |Premier League |17||2||1||0||1||0||6{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||1{{efn|name=FACS}}||0||26||2 |- !colspan="2"|Total !98!!5!!13!!0!!9!!1!!32!!3!!2!!0!!154!!9 |- |[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] (loan) |[[2022–23 FC Bayern Munich season|2022–23]]<ref name="Soccerway"/> |[[Bundesliga]] |15||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||4{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||21||1 |- |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] (loan) |[[2023–24 FC Barcelona season|2023–24]]<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/joao-pedro-cavaco-cancelo/161784/ |title=João Cancelo: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> |La Liga |25||2||0||0||colspan="2"|—||9{{efn|name=UCL}}||2||0||0||34||4 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !316!!15!!28!!1!!10!!1!!59!!6!!3!!0!!414!!23 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {{updated|match played 26 March 2024}}<ref name="wfnat">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/joao-cancelo/4/ |title=João Cancelo: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=HEIM:SPIEL |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="9"|[[Portugal national football team|Portugal]] |2016||4||3 |- |2017||2||0 |- |2018||6||0 |- |2019||4||0 |- |2020||7||1 |- |2021||8||1 |- |2022||10||2 |- |2023||9||3 |- |2024||1||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!51!!10 |} {{updated|match played 26 March 2024}} :''Portugal score listed first, score column indicates score after each Cancelo goal.''<ref name="wfnat"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by João Cancelo |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Cap !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |style="text-align: center;"|1||1 September 2016||[[Estádio do Bessa]], Porto, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|1||{{fb|GIB}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||style="text-align: center;"|5–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/09/01/world/friendlies/portugal/gibraltar/2319779/ |title=Portugal vs. Gibraltar 5–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|2||7 October 2016||[[Estádio Municipal de Aveiro]], Aveiro, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|2||{{fb|AND}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||style="text-align: center;"|6–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/07/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/portugal/andorra/2116216/ |title=Portugal vs. Andorra 6–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|3||10 October 2016||[[Tórsvøllur]], Tórshavn, Faroe Islands||style="text-align: center;"|3||{{fb|FAR}}||style="text-align: center;"|6–0||style="text-align: center;"|6–0||[[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/10/europe/wc-qualifying-europe/faroe-islands/portugal/2116218/ |title=Faroe Islands vs. Portugal 0–6: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|4||5 September 2020||[[Estádio do Dragão]], Porto, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|16||{{fb|CRO}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–1||[[2020–21 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/09/05/europe/uefa-nations-league/portugal/croatia/3243363/ |title=Portugal vs. Croatia 4–1: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|5||9 June 2021||[[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|26||{{fb|ISR}}||style="text-align: center;"|3–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/09/world/friendlies/portugal/israel/3451878/ |title=Portugal vs. Israel 4–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|6||5 June 2022||[[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|33||{{fb|SUI}}||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/05/europe/uefa-nations-league/portugal/switzerland/3710386/ |title=Portugal vs. Switzerland 4–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|7||9 June 2022||[[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|34||{{fb|CZE}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[2022–23 UEFA Nations League A]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/09/europe/uefa-nations-league/portugal/czech-republic/3710387/ |title=Portugal vs. Czechia 2–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|8||23 March 2023||[[Estádio José Alvalade]], Lisbon, Portugal||style="text-align: center;"|41||{{fb|LIE}}||style="text-align: center;"|1–0||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/23/europe/european-championship-qualification/portugal/liechtenstein/3972838/ |title=Portugal vs. Liechtenstein 5–0: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|9||16 October 2023||[[Bilino Polje Stadium]], Zenica Bosnia and Herzegovina||style="text-align: center;"|48||{{fb|BIH}}||style="text-align: center;"|4–0||style="text-align: center;"|5–0||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/10/16/europe/european-championship-qualification/bosnia-herzegovina/portugal/3972860/ |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina vs. Portugal 0–5: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> |- |style="text-align: center;"|10||16 November 2023||[[Rheinpark Stadion]], Vaduz, Liechtenstein||style="text-align: center;"|49||{{fb|LIE}}||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||style="text-align: center;"|2–0||[[UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying]]||style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/16/europe/european-championship-qualification/liechtenstein/portugal/3972864/ |title=Liechtenstein vs. Portugal 0–2: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> |} ==Honours== '''Benfica''' *[[Primeira Liga]]: [[2013–14 Primeira Liga|2013–14]]<ref name=DN/> '''Juventus''' *[[Serie A]]: [[2018–19 Serie A|2018–19]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/juventus-de-ronaldo-e-cancelo-campea-italiana-pela-oitava-vez-consecutiva_d1142636|title=Juventus de Ronaldo e Cancelo campeã italiana pela oitava vez consecutive|trans-title=Ronaldo and Cancelo's Juventus crowned Italian champions for eighth time in a row|publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]]|language=pt|date=20 April 2019|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505084151/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/futebol-internacional/juventus-de-ronaldo-e-cancelo-campea-italiana-pela-oitava-vez-consecutiva_d1142636|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/apr/20/juventus-two-serie-a-titles-one-day-men-women|title=Juventus win two Serie A titles in one day as men and women triumph|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 April 2019|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722061742/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/apr/20/juventus-two-serie-a-titles-one-day-men-women|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[2018 Supercoppa Italiana|2018]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/2019/01/16/news/juventus_milan_supercoppa_ronaldo-216736039/|title=Juventus-Milan 1–0: il segno di Ronaldo, Supercoppa ai bianconeri|trans-title=Juventus-Milan 1–0: Ronaldo signs it, Supercup to the white-and-black|newspaper=[[La Repubblica]]|last=Currò|first=Enrico|language=it|date=16 January 2019|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426093024/https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/2019/01/16/news/juventus_milan_supercoppa_ronaldo-216736039/|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Manchester City''' *[[Premier League]]: [[2020–21 Premier League|2020–21]], [[2021–22 Premier League|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23]]<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/5051/Jo%C3%A3o-Cancelo/overview |title=João Cancelo: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623083128/https://www.premierleague.com/players/5051/Jo%C3%A3o-Cancelo/overview |archive-date=23 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> *[[EFL Cup]]: [[2020–21 EFL Cup|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56790307 |title=Manchester City 1–0 Tottenham Hotspur |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=25 April 2021 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424205229/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56790307 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[UEFA Champions League]] runner-up: [[2020–21 UEFA Champions League|2020–21]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57268064 |title=Manchester City 0–1 Chelsea |first=Phil |last=McNulty |website=BBC Sport |date=29 May 2021 |access-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> '''Bayern Munich''' *[[Bundesliga]]: [[2022–23 Bundesliga|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/joao-cancelo |title=Joao Cancelo |publisher=Deutsche Fußball Liga |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604003229/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/joao-cancelo |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Portugal U21''' *[[UEFA European Under-21 Championship]] runner-up: [[2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship|2015]]<ref name=U21>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/under21/season=2015/matches/round=2000411/match=2015383/postmatch/report/index.html|title=Spot-on Sweden beat Portugal to win U21 EURO|publisher=UEFA|last=Kell|first=Tom|date=30 June 2015|access-date=19 February 2016|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702103202/http://www.uefa.com/under21/season=2015/matches/round=2000411/match=2015383/postmatch/report/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Portugal''' *[[UEFA Nations League]]: [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2018–19]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/liga-das-nacoes/artigos/portugal-regressa-ao-topo-da-europa-liga-das-nacoes-fica-em-casa|title=Portugal regressa ao topo da Europa. Liga das Nações fica em casa|trans-title=Portugal return to the top of Europe. Nations League stays home|publisher=SAPO|language=pt|date=9 June 2019|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624214558/https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/liga-das-nacoes/artigos/portugal-regressa-ao-topo-da-europa-liga-das-nacoes-fica-em-casa|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[Serie A Team of the Year]]: 2017–18,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/131574/serie-team-2017-18|title=Serie A Team of 2017–18|publisher=Football Italia|date=3 December 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101933/https://www.football-italia.net/131574/serie-team-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref> 2018–19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.football-italia.net/147169/gran-gala-del-calcio-2019-winners|title=Gran Gala del Calcio 2019 winners|publisher=Football Italia|date=2 December 2019|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228015041/https://www.football-italia.net/147169/gran-gala-del-calcio-2019-winners|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[PFA Team of the Year|PFA Premier League Team of the Year]]: [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 2|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57356719 |title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne one of six Manchester City players picked |website=BBC Sport |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703060555/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57356719 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[PFA Team of the Year (2020s)#Premier League 3|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61736732 |title=Mohamed Salah and Sam Kerr win PFA player of year awards |website=BBC Sport |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609223111/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61736732 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[ESM Team of the Year]]: [[European Sports Magazines#2020s|2020–21]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm-team-of-the-season-2020-21-412505|title=ESM Team of the Season – 2020-21|website=World Soccer|date=7 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611030051/https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm-team-of-the-season-2020-21-412505|url-status=live}}</ref> [[European Sports Magazines#2020s|2021–22]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jamie |title=ESM Team of the Season – 2021-22 |website=World Soccer |date=13 June 2022 |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm11/esm-team-of-the-season-2021-22-413812 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154851/https://www.worldsoccer.com/esm-golden-shoe/esm11/esm-team-of-the-season-2021-22-413812 |url-status=live }}</ref> *UEFA Champions League Fantasy Football Team of the Season: 2021–22<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0275-15421a5498d6-30dea5cd2caf-1000--fantasy-team-of-the-season/|title=UEFA Champions League Fantasy Football Team of the Season|publisher=UEFA|date=29 May 2022|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=29 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529143906/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0275-15421a5498d6-30dea5cd2caf-1000--fantasy-team-of-the-season/|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[FIFPRO#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|FIFA FIFPRO World 11]]: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022#FIFA FIFPRO Men's World 11|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Messi makes World 11 history as Benzema earns maiden inclusion |url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-2022-benzema-cancelo-casemiro-courtois-de-bruyne-haaland-hakimi-mbappe-messi-modric-van-dijk |publisher=FIFA |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227214011/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifpro-mens-world-11-2022-benzema-cancelo-casemiro-courtois-de-bruyne-haaland-hakimi-mbappe-messi-modric-van-dijk |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[La Liga Goal of the Month]]: [[2023–24 La Liga#Monthly awards|September 2023]]<ref>{{cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=João Cancelo wins LALIGA EA SPORTS Goal of the Month for September |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-US/news/joao-cancelo-wins-laliga-ea-sports-goal-of-the-month-for-september |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=La Liga}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.valenciacf.com/ver/36906/joao-cancelo.html?temporada=2014 Valencia official profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807043005/https://www.valenciacf.com/ver/36906/joao-cancelo.html?temporada=2014 |date=2019-08-07 }} *[https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/5051/joao-pedro-cavaco-cancelo Profile] at the FC Barcelona website * {{BDFutbol}} * [https://www.fpf.pt/pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/716771 National team data] {{in lang|pt}} * {{NFT player}} * {{FIFA player}} * {{UEFA player}} * {{Sports links}} {{Portugal squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cancelo, Joao}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Portuguese footballers]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Association football defenders]] [[Category:Association football full-backs]] [[Category:Bundesliga players]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:FC Bayern München players]] [[Category:Al Hilal SFC players]] h928ddl1rgkd2oizbq8bvt6k5uy0imc 0 797411 10330641 7153112 2025-06-14T19:07:22Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stanley Stanford Schumacher''' {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|QC}} (June 12, 1933 &ndash; October 10, 2020) was a Canadian politician and lawyer. He was born in [[Hanna, Alberta|Hanna]], [[Alberta]]. He was a member of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]]. Schumacher was a member of the [[Parliament of Canada]] between 1968 and 1979. He was also a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] between 1986 and 1997. Schumacher died on October 10, 2020 in [[Drumheller]], Alberta at the age of 87.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/stan-schumacher-death-1.5766918 |title=Stanley Schumacher, former MP, MLA and Speaker of the Alberta Legislature, has died |website=CBC|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Schumacher, Stanley}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian lawyers]] [[Category:Politicians from Alberta]] {{bio-stub}} h8q1w2czovjzqyx9sbcitl1yfbjmrn8 0 800786 10330260 10158215 2025-06-14T16:18:00Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character }} '''Rayman''' is the title character of the ''[[Rayman]]'' video game franchise. He has no arms, legs and a neck. ==Development== [[Michel Ancel]] came up with the character because there were limits on the game's data. ==Portrayals== Rayman has been voiced by [[David Gasman]] and [[Billy West]] in the franchise. ==Reception== Rayman is considered one of the best [[Ubisoft]] characters thanks to the simple animation for him and his friendly attitude. {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1995]] [[Category:Fictional immortals]] [[Category:Rayman]] [[Category:Video game characters]] [[Category:Video game protagonists]] ol4m8wl3mc7x020pxkea9a8fpehet9u 10330263 10330260 2025-06-14T16:19:04Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character |first=''[[Rayman (video game)|Rayman]]'' (1995)}} '''Rayman''' is the title character of the ''[[Rayman]]'' video game franchise. He has no arms, legs and a neck. ==Development== [[Michel Ancel]] came up with the character because there were limits on the game's data. ==Portrayals== Rayman has been voiced by [[David Gasman]] and [[Billy West]] in the franchise. ==Reception== Rayman is considered one of the best [[Ubisoft]] characters thanks to the simple animation for him and his friendly attitude. {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1995]] [[Category:Fictional immortals]] [[Category:Rayman]] [[Category:Video game characters]] [[Category:Video game protagonists]] 1u5fw92x76no84wvr7p4qvjr1dg9w3p 0 800801 10331746 9814000 2025-06-15T10:26:56Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character }} '''Doctor Neo Periwinkle Cortex''' is the main villain of the ''[[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]]'' franchise. He was voiced by [[Clancy Brown]] and [[Lex Lang]]. ==Fictional biography== Neo Cortex became a mad scientist and made an Evolvo-Ray where he can mutate animals into mutants. He used it on [[Crash Bandicoot (character)|Crash Bandicoot]], but Crash escaped. ==Reception== A lot of people liked Cortex as a villain. {{video-game-stub}} {{Crash Bandicoot series}} [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1996]] [[Category:Fictional war veterans]] [[Category:Video game antagonists]] [[Category:Video game bosses]] [[Category:Mad scientists]] [[Category:Crash Bandicoot characters]] 4jrdxx0n2x8xftu2w47vyx5yydp285x 0 801405 10331699 10289902 2025-06-15T09:56:01Z BlackJack 572554 Added {{[[Template:cleanup|cleanup]]}}, {{[[Template:complex|complex]]}} and {{[[Template:more sources|more sources]]}} tags (within {{[[Template:multiple issues|multiple issues]]}}) to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{cleanup|reason=|date=June 2025}} {{complex|date=June 2025}} {{more sources|date=June 2025}} }} '''The''' '''Duckworth-Lewis-Stern''' ('''DLS''') method is a way of measuring the value of the runs scored by both teams in a [[limited overs cricket]] game when one team's [[Innings|scoring turn]] is made shorter than the other team's scoring turn because the game has been shortened midway (such as due to a rain delay). For example, if one team bats for 100 deliveries in their scoring turn, and then rain stops the game, the time remaining in the game may only allow the second team to receive a maximum of 50 deliveries. Therefore the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method is used to calculate a fair target for the second team considering the reduced remaining deliveries in the game. The DLS formula also looks at the number of batters that are [[Out (cricket)|out]] on a team when re-calculating the target score for the team batting second. .<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|date=2019-06-15|title=In cricket, how does the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method work?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/in-cricket-how-does-the-dls-method-work/article27951348.ece|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cricket statistics]] dc65bvgqhprrxigebow3dt6vm254dr6 10331701 10331699 2025-06-15T09:56:40Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Cricket statistics]]; added [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{cleanup|reason=|date=June 2025}} {{complex|date=June 2025}} {{more sources|date=June 2025}} }} '''The''' '''Duckworth-Lewis-Stern''' ('''DLS''') method is a way of measuring the value of the runs scored by both teams in a [[limited overs cricket]] game when one team's [[Innings|scoring turn]] is made shorter than the other team's scoring turn because the game has been shortened midway (such as due to a rain delay). For example, if one team bats for 100 deliveries in their scoring turn, and then rain stops the game, the time remaining in the game may only allow the second team to receive a maximum of 50 deliveries. Therefore the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method is used to calculate a fair target for the second team considering the reduced remaining deliveries in the game. The DLS formula also looks at the number of batters that are [[Out (cricket)|out]] on a team when re-calculating the target score for the team batting second. .<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|date=2019-06-15|title=In cricket, how does the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method work?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/in-cricket-how-does-the-dls-method-work/article27951348.ece|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] slyf96bc82gsv6v6hmyc2i6afqspqaf 0 801724 10331130 10224881 2025-06-15T00:20:02Z TavianCLirette 1069165 Grammatical & punctuation adjustment. 10331130 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1787, the [[US Constitutional Convention]] looked at the problem of counting its [[population]]. The population of a state determines the influence a state can take in a presidential election. The convention also looked at the problem of counting [[Slavery|slaves]]: If they were counted, the state would have more power in the election, and the taxes the state would have to pay to the government would also be higher. The '''Three-Fifths Compromise''' was that three out of every five slaves would be counted. In other words, black slaves were counted as three fifths of a human being. The compromise of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Finkelman|first1=Paul|author-link=Paul Finkelman|date=2013|title=How The Proslavery Constitution Led To The Civil War|journal=[[Rutgers Law Journal]]|volume=43|issue=3|pages=405|ssrn=2243060}}</ref> An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced. A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and, as such, not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation. The proposed ratio was, however, a ready solution to the problem that arose during the Constitutional Convention. In amending the Articles, the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government. In the Constitutional Convention, the more important issue was representation in Congress, so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did.<ref name="mad" />{{rp|397}} {{Quote|text=Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own.... They are men, though degraded to the condition of slavery. They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit, as well as to the laws of nature. But representation and taxation go together.... Would it be just to impose a singular burden, without conferring some adequate advantage?|sign=[[Alexander Hamilton]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OS4MAQAAMAAJ |title=The Debates In The Several State Conventions On The Adoption Of The Federal Constitution, As Recommended By The General Convention At Philadelphia, In 1787|volume=2 |editor-last=Elliot | editor-first=John|editor-link=Jonathan Elliot (historian)|publisher=[[J.B. Lippincott & Co.]]; Taylor & Maury | location=Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.|date=1866 | page=237 }}</ref>}} == References == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="mad">{{cite book|last=Madison|first=James|author-link=James Madison|date=1787|publication-date=1902|title=1787: The Journal of the Constitutional Convention, Part I|url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/madison-the-writings-vol-3-1787|volume=3|series=The Writings of James Madison|editor-last=Hunt|editor-first=Gaillard|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]|website=oll.libertyfund.org}}</ref> }} [[Category:1787 in the United States]] [[Category:United States Constitution]] [[Category:Slavery in the United States]] tldy7ap0cqpvrnd8bffbafo6vtz668g 0 804052 10330183 10265909 2025-06-14T15:31:48Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox noble|type |name = Hanna Jaff |image = Hanna Jaffa.jpg |birth_name = Hanna Jazmin Jaff Bosdet |occupation = [[Television personality]], politician, philanthropist, speaker, author, executive producer and activist |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|11|4|mf=y}} |birth_place = [[San Diego]], [[California]], [[United States]] |net_worth = |spouse = {{marriage|[[Baron Teynham|Harry Roper-Curzon]]|2020|2022|end=div}}<ref name="lista">{{Cite web |title=lista |url=http://www.pjbc.gob.mx/boletinj/2022/my_html/bc220325.htm |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=pjbc.gob.mx}}</ref> {{marriage|[[Count of Toreno|Francisco de Borja Queipo]]|2022|}} <ref>{{Citation |title=Count of Toreno |date=2022-10-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Toreno&oldid=1115327677 |work=Wikipedia|access-date=2023-04-14|language=en}}</ref> |noble family = Jaff |website = {{Official URL}} |Children=2}} '''Hanna, Marchioness of Guadiaro''';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosselia|date=2023-05-18|title=Francisco de Borja Queipo and Hanna Jaff's wedding - Grammy Weekly|url=https://grammyweekly.com/francisco-de-borja-queipo-and-hanna-jaffs-wedding/|access-date=2023-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> (born '''Hanna Jazmin Jaff Bosdet;''' November 4, 1986) is a [[television personality]], politician, [[philanthropist]], speaker, author, [[executive producer]] and activist.<ref>{{cite web|title=HANNA JAFF, ÉXITO ES EDUCACIÓN|url=http://mundoejecutivo.com.mx/mujer-ejecutiva/2015/02/26/hanna-jaff-exito-educacion|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821032035/http://mundoejecutivo.com.mx/mujer-ejecutiva/2015/02/26/hanna-jaff-exito-educacion|archive-date=21 August 2018|access-date=26 January 2018|publisher=Mundo Ejecutivo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 August 2018|title=Netflix to Debut First Mexican Reality Series|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-debuts-first-mexican-reality-series-made-mexico-1135924|access-date=20 August 2018|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Águila y Jaguar: Los guerreros legendarios {{!}} Atento Veracruz|url=https://atentoveracruz.com/2022/09/06/cine/|access-date=2023-08-10|language=es}}</ref> She is recognized for being the first [[Mexico|Mexican]] to join [[Nobility|British aristocracy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hanna Jaff, la mexicana que será parte de la aristocracia británica|url=https://www.vanidades.com/realeza/hannah-jaff-la-mexicana-que-sera-parte-de-la-aristocracia-inglesa//2347435/|access-date=October 20, 2020|publisher=Vanidades|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=Conoce a Hanna Jaff, la mexicana que pronto será parte de la aristocracia Británica|url=https://us.hola.com/es/realeza/20200305fla1v449pt/hanna-jaff-mexicana-realeza-britanica|access-date=October 20, 2020|publisher=Hola!|language=es|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408112259/https://us.hola.com/es/realeza/20200305fla1v449pt/hanna-jaff-mexicana-realeza-britanica|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hanna and Harry: A Mexican Netflix Reality Star Will Soon Marry Into British Nobility|url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/hanna-and-harry-a-mexican-netflix-reality-star-will-soon-marry-into-the-british-royal-family/2347435/|access-date=28 September 2020|publisher=NBC San Diego}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Everything you need to know about Hanna Jaff: Henry Roper-Curzon's fiancée|url=https://www.tatler.com/article/who-is-hanna-jaff-henry-roper-curzons-fiancee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922203338/https://www.tatler.com/article/who-is-hanna-jaff-henry-roper-curzons-fiancee|archive-date=22 September 2020|access-date=28 September 2020|publisher=Tatler}}</ref> She is married to Lord Francisco de Borja Queipo, [[:en:Guadiaro_(town)|6th Marquess of Guadiaro]] and eldest son of the [[:en:Count_of_Toreno|12th Count of Toreno]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BOE-A-2023-10902 Orden JUS/455/2023, de 17 de abril, por la que se manda expedir, sin perjuicio de tercero de mejor derecho, Real Carta de Sucesión como Marqués de Guadiaro a favor de don Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano y Campomanes.|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-10902|access-date=2023-08-03|website=www.boe.es}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Hanna is from [[Tijuana]], but was born in [[San Diego]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Forbes|date=2016-02-19|title=La millennial que apuesta por la filantropía para cambiar al mundo • Forbes México|language=es-ES|work=Forbes México|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/la-millennial-que-apuesta-por-la-filantropia-para-cambiar-al-mundo/|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> She is a member of the [[:en:Jaff_(tribe)|Jaff]] tribe,<ref>{{cite web|date=3 April 2019|title=Jaff family, Jaff Tribe, and Kurdistan|url=http://www.playlistmag.mx/2019/04/jaff-family-jaff-tribe-and-kurdistan.html?m=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404183603/http://www.playlistmag.mx/2019/04/jaff-family-jaff-tribe-and-kurdistan.html?m=1|archive-date=April 4, 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|publisher=Playlist Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jaff family, Jaff Tribe, and Kurdistan|url=http://revistakuadro.com/jaff-family-jaff-tribe-and-kurdistan/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195924/http://revistakuadro.com/jaff-family-jaff-tribe-and-kurdistan/|archive-date=4 April 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|publisher=Playlist Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 April 2019|title=Jaff family, Jaff Tribe, and Kurdistan|url=https://bizarro.fm/2019/04/jaff-family-jaff-tribe-and-kurdistan/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195843/https://bizarro.fm/2019/04/jaff-family-jaff-tribe-and-kurdistan/|archive-date=4 April 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|publisher=Playlist Magazine|language=en}}</ref> and is a paternal descendant of Mohamed Pasha Jaff and a maternal descendant of [[:en:Carlos_Henry_Bosdet|Carlos Henry Bosdet]].<ref name=":33" /> Her mother was born in [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hanna Jaff From 'Made In Mexico' Addresses Criticisms Of The Show Being Colorist|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/who-is-hanna-jaff-on-made-in-mexico-the-philanthropist-game-changer-wants-the-world-to-see-mexico-differently-11930769|access-date=28 September 2020|publisher=Bustle}}</ref> After graduating [[high school]] in [[San Diego]], Jaff completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[Psychology]] and Minors in [[Criminal justice system|Criminal Justice]] and [[Political science|Political Science]] from the [[:en:National_University_(California)|National University]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://hannajaff.com/curriculum-cv/|title= Hanna Jaff Official Website}}</ref> She later completed a [[Master's degree]] in [[International relations|International Relations]] at [[:en:Harvard_Extension_School|Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]]. Additionally, she intermittently attended [[University of Paris|La Sorbonne]] in Paris, [[King's College London|King's College]] in London, and [[Columbia University]] in New York for extended programs both during and after completing her degrees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-25 |title=Hanna Jaff y la Universidad de Harvard – La Nota Prensa De Sonora |url=https://lanotaprensadesonora.com/hanna-jaff-y-la-universidad-de-harvard/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-27 |title=Hanna Jaff se gradúa de la Universidad de Harvard en 2014 |url=https://obrnoticias.com/hanna-jaff-se-gradua-de-la-universidad-de-harvard-en-2014/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=OBRnoticias.com |language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quién es Hanna Jaff, la filántropa mexicana que formó parte de la realeza británica |url=https://www.rsvponline.mx/perfiles/quien-es-hanna-jaff-la-filantropa-mexicana-que-formo-parte-de-la-realeza-britanica |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=RSVPOnline}}</ref> ==Philanthropy and activism== Jaff has been a speaker for three [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDx Talks]] events in Mexico, as well as a discussant at the [[:en:Milken_Institute|Milken Institute]] and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://puebla.sintesis.mx/2017/07/06/tedx-ciudad-de-puebla/|title=TEDx Ciudad de Puebla - Síntesis Puebla|last=Síntesis|first=Redacción|date=2017-07-06|work=Síntesis Puebla|access-date=2018-11-18|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231601/https://puebla.sintesis.mx/2017/07/06/tedx-ciudad-de-puebla/|archive-date=June 26, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21635|title=TEDxNishtiman {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/33339|title=TEDxYouth@OxfordInstituto|work=TED|access-date=31 May 2019|language=es-ES}}</ref> In 2013, she founded a [[nonprofit organization]], Jaff Foundation for Education, to teach English to [[immigrants]] and [[refugees]].<ref name=":1" /> The organization works to host charity events. It has launched non-discrimination campaigns to support immigrants and refugees. As of 2016, it has locations in all major states in Mexico and it has over 7,000 active volunteers that works for them, benefiting more than 120,000 people.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cherylrobinson/2019/05/31/hanna-jaff-made-in-mexico/#9fc982f5c6cf|title=How The Netflix Star of Made In Mexico Is Transforming Immigrant And Refugee Lives|work=Forbes|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> To that end, Jaff has self-published four self-taught English books and created scholarships, which the foundation donates to students. In 2013, she organized the first ever Kurdish festival in Mexico which was the largest festival held outside of [[Kurdistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radioformula.com.mx/noticias/20131009/kurdistan-pais-invitado-a-festival-internacional-lsquo-sabor-es-morelos-rsquo-formula-internet/|title=Kurdistán país invitado a festival internacional 'Sabor es Morelos'.|date=9 October 2013|publisher=Radio Fórmula|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425234417/https://www.radioformula.com.mx/noticias/20131009/kurdistan-pais-invitado-a-festival-internacional-lsquo-sabor-es-morelos-rsquo-formula-internet/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.com.mx/noticia/b74950/inauguran-sabor-es-morelos-2013-con-cena-a-familia-real-de-kurdistan/|title= Inauguran Sabor Es Morelos 2013 con cena a familia real de Kurdistán|date=18 October 2013|publisher=20 minutos|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://actualidadkurda.wordpress.com/2013/11/11/felicidades-ronak-ahora-eres-una-de-nosotros/|title= "Felicidades Ronak, ahora eres una de nosotros"|date=11 November 2013|publisher= Actualidad Kurda|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariodemorelos.com/article/se-une-rep%C3%BAblica-kurda-f%C3%A9minas-morelenses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145511/https://www.diariodemorelos.com/article/se-une-rep%C3%BAblica-kurda-f%C3%A9minas-morelenses|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-01-30|title=Diario de Morelos {{!}} Se une República Kurda a féminas morelenses {{!}} @diariodemorelos|date=2018-01-30|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/e11ef849-33b2-4388-9764-9ec904f5a2e6/kurdish-woman-to-run-for-seat-in-mexican-congress|title=Kurdish woman plans to run for seat in Mexican Congress|last=Kurdistan24|work=Kurdistan24|access-date=25 April 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/culture/31122013|title=Kurdish Engineer Trains Successful Dance Group|work=Rudaw|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> In 2017, Jaff launched a clothing line under the brand name, We Are One Campaign to support the victims of war in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sexenio.com.mx/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?Id=22858|title=Hanna Jaff, la filántropa mexicana que quiere cambiar el mundo|last=Sexenio|first=Grupo|date=2018-02-19|website=Las noticias de México - Sexenio|language=es|access-date=2018-11-18|archive-date=2018-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053452/http://www.sexenio.com.mx/aplicaciones/articulo/default.aspx?Id=22858|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, Jaff was named Kindness Ambassador for [[:en:Mahatma_Gandhi_Institute_of_Education_for_Peace_and_Sustainable_Development|UNESCO MGEIP]] global campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 8, 2021|title=Hanna Jazmin Jaff Bosdet|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org/article/hanna-jazmin-jaff-bosdet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608231817/https://mgiep.unesco.org/article/hanna-jazmin-jaff-bosdet|archive-date=June 8, 2021|access-date=2022-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Council for #KindnessMatters|url=https://mgiep.unesco.org/council-for-kindnessmatters|access-date=2023-08-26|website=UNESCO MGIEP|language=en}}</ref> In 2022, she was an executive producer of animated movie: “Águila y Jaguar: Los Guerreros Legendarios”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Águila y Jaguar: Los guerreros legendarios {{!}} Atento Veracruz|url=https://atentoveracruz.com/2022/09/06/cine/|access-date=2022-09-28|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 9, 2022|title=Conoce a las voces mexicanas de la película "Águila y Jaguar: Los guerreros legendarios"|url=https://www.informador.mx/entretenimiento/Conoce-a-las-voces-mexicanas-de-la-pelicula-Aguila-y-Jaguar-Los-guerreros-legendarios-20220907-0071.html|access-date=2022-09-28|website=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento|language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Navarro|first=Héctor|date=2022-09-26|title="Águila y Jaguar: Los Guerreros Legendarios", cinta animada que retoma mitos prehispánicos|url=https://udgtv.com/noticias/aguila-jaguar-los-guerreros-legendarios-retoma-mitos-prehispanicos/|access-date=2022-09-28|website=UDG TV|language=es-ES|archive-date=2022-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928165825/https://udgtv.com/noticias/aguila-jaguar-los-guerreros-legendarios-retoma-mitos-prehispanicos/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Political history== In 2013-2018, Jaff held a number of nationwide political roles at the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]] in Mexico, such as Undersecretary of Immigrants, Undersecretary of Relations with the Civil Society, among others: * 2017 - 2018; Undersecretary of Relations with the Civil Society at the National Executive Committee of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capitalmexico.com.mx/show/que-cargos-politicos-tuvo-hanna-jaff-de-made-in-mexico/|title=Qué cargos políticos tuvo Hanna Jaff de Made in Mexico|date=7 October 2018|website=www.capitalmexico.com.mx|language=es|access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> * 2015; Federal Congresswoman candidate, [[:en:Ecologist_Green_Party_of_Mexico|Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/41927/hanna-jaff-bosdet|title=Hanna Jaff Bosdet on The Kathryn Zox Show {{!}} Wednesday, October 10, 2018|website=The VoiceAmerica Talk|language=en|access-date=2018-11-18|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205030935/https://www.voiceamerica.com/guest/41927/hanna-jaff-bosdet|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2014 - 2015; National Secretary General of Expresión Juvenil Revolucionaria at the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEDxNishtiman 2018 {{!}} Who is Hanna JAFF?|url=https://tedxnishtiman.com/who-is-hanna-jaff/|access-date=2018-11-18|website=tedxnishtiman.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2013|title=Dr. Hanna Jaff Bosdet receives honorary doctorate degree from Mexican Congress|url=https://www.pukmedia.com/en/EN_Direje.aspx?Jimare=21111|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824172847/https://www.pukmedia.com/en/EN_Direje.aspx?Jimare=21111|archive-date=24 August 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|website=turista.com.mx}}</ref> * 2013 - 2015; Undersecretary of Immigrants at the National Executive Committee of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2014|title=Distribuyen manuales de apoyo a migrantes|url=https://www.uniradioinforma.com/noticias/tijuana/281005/distribuyen-manuales-de-apoyo-a-migrantes.html|access-date=5 April 2019|website=www.uniradioinforma.com|language=es}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2013 - 2014; General Secretary for Social Management of the [[:en:Frente_Juvenil_Revolucionario|Frente Juvenil Revolucionario]].<ref name=":0" /> * 2013; Tourism Ambassador of the [[Morelos|State of Morelos]], Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-24|title=Diario de Morelos {{!}} Se une República Kurda a féminas morelenses {{!}} @diariodemorelos|url=https://www.diariodemorelos.com/article/se-une-rep%C3%BAblica-kurda-f%C3%A9minas-morelenses|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824065826/https://www.diariodemorelos.com/article/se-une-rep%C3%BAblica-kurda-f%C3%A9minas-morelenses|archive-date=2018-08-24|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mexico|first=Turista|title=Inauguran Sabor Es Morelos 2013 con cena a familia|url=https://www.turista.com.mx/article3399.html|access-date=2018-11-18|website=turista.com.mx|language=es|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203182901/https://www.turista.com.mx/article3399.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Awards== Jaff has received awards including "Honorary Representative of the Garmiyan Kurdistan for [[Latin America]]". Other awards include:<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://lideresmexicanos.com/entrevistas/hanna-jaff-bosdet///|title=Hanna Jaff Bosdet|date=13 October 2016|publisher=Lideres|language=es|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/espectaculos/sdhoy-hanna-jaff-cuando-la-discriminacion-se-convierte-en-filantropia-20180831-story.html|title=Hanna Jaff: Cuando la discriminación se convierte en filantropía|date=20 September 2018|work=San Diego Union Tribune|language=es|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115195136/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/espectaculos/sdhoy-hanna-jaff-cuando-la-discriminacion-se-convierte-en-filantropia-20180831-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lionessmagazine.com/how-netflixs-made-in-mexico-star-hanna-jaff-bosdets-is-helping-refugees-around-the-world/|title=How Netflix's 'Made In Mexico' Star Hanna Jaff Bosdet Is Helping Refugees Around The World|date=27 August 2018|publisher=Lioness magazine|language=en|access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/283700|title=Conoce a 30 mexicanos exitosos menores de 30 años|date=13 October 2016|publisher=Entrepreneur|language=es|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203073126/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/283700|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lanotaprensadesonora.com/reconocida-labor-altruista-de-hanna-jaff-recibe-diferentes-premios/|title=Reconocida labor altruista de Hanna Jaff recibe diferentes premios|date=10 March 2019|publisher=La Nota Prensa de Sonora|language=es|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621222310/http://lanotaprensadesonora.com/reconocida-labor-altruista-de-hanna-jaff-recibe-diferentes-premios/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://medios.obson.mx/hanna-jaff-y-sus-premios/|title=Hanna Jaff y sus premios|date=10 April 2019|publisher=Noticias en Ciudad Obregón|language=es|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183126/http://medios.obson.mx/hanna-jaff-y-sus-premios/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://obrnoticias.com/hanna-jaff-recibe-reconocimiento-por-labor-altruista/|title= Hanna Jaff recibe reconocimiento por labor altruista|date=10 April 2019|publisher=OBR Noticias |language=es|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.forbes.com.mx/las-100-mujeres-mas-poderosas-de-mexico-2019/|title= Las 100 mujeres más poderosas de México 2019|date=20 May 2019|work=Forbes México|language=es|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.forbes.com.mx/2019/05/Mujeres-Listado.pdf|title= 100 MUJERES + PODEROSAS DE MÉXICO 2019|date=20 May 2019|work=Forbes México|language=es|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com.mx/girl-power/page/2/|title=GIRL POWER|date=2019|publisher=Cosmopolitan|language=es|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204160744/https://www.cosmopolitan.com.mx/girl-power/page/2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferrusquía|first=Ruth Mata|date=2022-06-13|title=100 mujeres más poderosas de México: 10 años de Mujeres Poderosas|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/100-mujeres-mas-poderosas-de-mexico-10-anos-de-mujeres-poderosas/|access-date=2023-08-26|website=Forbes México|language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Revista Caras, MX. - Google Drive|url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1CEg38516OFm50Glnpa2r7ShfFQztow62?usp=sharing|access-date=2023-08-26|website=drive.google.com}}</ref> * "100 Most Powerful Women in Mexico 2022" by [[Forbes]]. * "Woman of Distinction 2020" by the [[:en:California's 78th State Assembly district|78th Assembly District in San Diego.]] * "100 Most Powerful Women in Mexico 2019" by [[Forbes]]. * "10 Most Powerful Women in [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]]" by Infobaja [[newspaper]]. * "30 under 30" most successful Mexicans by Entrepreneur magazine. * "200 Leaders of Tomorrow under 30" by St. Gallen Symposium in [[Switzerland]]. ==Television== In August 2018, [[Netflix]] announced that Jaff would be one of the cast members of the television show ''Made in Mexico'', which began airing on September 28, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://decider.com/2018/08/20/netflix-made-in-mexico-reality/|title= Netflix Launches Its Own 'Real Housewives' Franchise With Mexican Reality Series 'Made in Mexico' |date=20 August 2018|publisher=Decider|language=en|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2018/08/made-in-mexico-reality-series-on-nine-opulent-lifestyles-set-for-netflix-1202447982/|title= 'Made In Mexico' Reality Series On Nine Opulent Lifestyles Set For Netflix|date=20 August 2018|publisher=Deadline|language=en|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/veronicavillafane/2018/08/20/netflix-to-debut-first-mexican-reality-series-made-in-mexico-about-rich-socialites/#4b52e70c500e|title=Netflix To Debut First Mexican Reality Series 'Made In Mexico' About Rich Socialites|last=Villafañe|first=Veronica|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Netflix-Launching-First-Mexican-Reality-Series-MADE-IN-MEXICO-20180820|title=Netflix Launching First Mexican Reality Series, MADE IN MEXICO|last=Desk|first=TV News|work=BroadwayWorld.com|access-date=2018-11-18|language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== Jaff has been proposed to six times, engaged thrice, married twice, and [[divorce]] once. Jaff married Harry Roper-Curzon in February 2020 and divorced two years later because of financial and domestic abuse committed by him. <ref>{{Cite web|last=González|first=Renata|date=2021-07-05|title=Hanna Jaff y Henry Roper-Curzon se separan por violencia doméstica|url=https://www.quien.com/circulos/2021/07/05/hanna-jaff-y-henry-roper-curzon-se-separan-18-meses-casados|access-date=2023-04-14|website=Quién|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hanna Jaff cuenta los maltratos de la familia real de su exesposo|url=https://www.telemundo.com/shows/hoy-dia/famosos/su-cuento-de-hadas-resulto-una-pesadilla-hanna-jaff-cuenta-los-maltratos-de-la-familia-tmna3895221|access-date=2023-04-14|website=TELEMUNDO.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hanna Jaff revela audios racistas de Henry contra mexicanos|url=https://www.yucatan.com.mx/mexico/2021/7/15/hanna-jaff-revela-audios-racistas-de-henry-contra-mexicanos-263792.html|access-date=2023-04-14|website=www.yucatan.com.mx|language=spanish|archive-date=2023-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173401/https://www.yucatan.com.mx/mexico/2021/7/15/hanna-jaff-revela-audios-racistas-de-henry-contra-mexicanos-263792.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2022, she married Spanish aristocrat The Most Excellent Lord Francisco de Borja Queipo de Llano, [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee Grandee of Spain], Marquess of [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiaro_(town) Guadiaro], Knight of the [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Maestranza_de_Caballer%C3%ADa_de_Granada Royal Maestranza of Cavalry of Granada], and heir to the [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Toreno Count of Toreno] and other minor titles. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanna Jaff and Francisco de Borja Queipo love story |url=https://www.newsbreak.com/@befoxnews-1620198/2987979122019-hanna-jaff-and-francisco-de-borja-queipo-love-story |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=NewsBreak |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418190317/https://www.newsbreak.com/@befoxnews-1620198/2987979122019-hanna-jaff-and-francisco-de-borja-queipo-love-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== * [https://hannajaff.com Official website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jaff, Hanna}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American human rights activists]] [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] kglycopnr8fb1zd2r4ql2krt3x3s3l4 4 804331 10331047 9761610 2025-06-14T23:09:14Z SolarX 1505746 /* Enabling HotCat */word usage 10331047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|WP:HC|the page on the Hovercards beta feature|mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|hat collecting|Wikipedia:Hat collecting}} {{Shortcut|WP:HC}} {{Tool warning}} [[Image:HotCat.png|thumb|500px|An example of HotCat in use, in this case attempting to predict the next word.]] [[File:Nuvola apps package toys svg.svg|thumb|300px|Logo of HotCat]] '''HotCat''' is a [[Wikipedia:Gadget|gadget]] that helps [[WP:REGISTER|registered user]]s easily remove, change, and add [[WP:CAT|categories]] to Wikipedia pages. It has a suggestions list that will propose existing categories for auto-completion. == Enabling HotCat == You go to [[Special:Preferences|your settings]] and to to the Gadgets section. Click the checkbox for HotCat to enable. You have to have an account to do this. == HotCat usage == === +⁺ (Change Several Categories) === You click the double plus sign and you edit any category on the page. Click "save" when you are done === - (Remove Category) === You click the hyphen next to the category you want to remove to remove it. === ± (Change Category) === You might need to use this one to fix category links or spelling === ↓ (Change and View Subcategories) === You might need to use this to modify this from a category to a subcategory of the category you are modifying === ↑ (Change and View Parent Categories) === You might need to use this to modify this from a category to a category the category is in === + (Add Category) === You might want to add a new category (existing or not) [[Category:Wikipedia scripts]] [[Category:Wikipedia tools]] bsmty3ilxo9eidl1qwtvpxcwembk7x6 0 808611 10330096 10014419 2025-06-14T14:44:01Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name = Haltlose personality disorder |synonym = |image_size = |alt = |pronounce = |specialty = <!--from Wikidata; can be overwritten--> |symptoms = |complications = |onset = Adolescence |duration = |types = No subtypes<ref name="kramer" /> |causes = |risks = |diagnosis = |differential = [[ADHD]]<ref name="stein">Steinberg, Holger & Maria Strauss. "Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung bei Erwachsenen in der klinischen Beschreibung und der Klassifikation von Emil Kraepelin", 2019. Pgs 6–8 and elsewhere</ref><br />[[Asthenic personality disorder]]<ref name="asthen">{{cite book| last = Stumpfl| first = Friedrich| title = Studien uber Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Storungen| year = 1935| publisher = Springer-Verlag| isbn = 978-3-662-25838-5| page = 222| chapter = V. Erbanlage und Verbrechen Charakterologische und Psychiatrische Sippenuntersuchungen }} NB this work uses the term "Asthenic Psychopath", others use "Asthenic Personality Disorder" or "Dependent Personality Disorder".</ref><br />-Delayed maturity<ref name="muller">Muller, C. "Lexikon der Psychiatrie: Gesammelte Abhandlungen der gebräuchlichsten", 2013</ref><br />-[[Simple-type schizophrenia|Simplex]] or [[Disorganized schizophrenia]]<ref name="muller" /><ref name="bericht2">Schneider, Kurt. Bericht fiber die dritte Tagung fiber Psychopathenffirsorge, "Die Verwahrlosung vom Standpunkt des Psychiaters", Heidelberg 17.-19. September 1924</ref><br />[[Epilepsy]] (When Haltlose is combined with [[alcoholism]])<ref name="arc">Kraepelin, Emil. [https://archive.org/stream/einfhrungindiep00kraegoog/einfhrungindiep00kraegoog_djvu.txt Einführung in die psychiatrische Klinik: Zweiunddreissig Vorlesungen], Chapter XXIX: Vorlesung - Krankhafte Personlichkeiten, Leipzig, 1905</ref> |prevention = |treatment = <!-- or |management = --> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency = |deaths = }} '''Haltlose personality disorder''' is a [[mental illness]] manifesting as [[selfishness]], blaming others for the actions they have committed, lacking direction in life and a lack of [[insight]] and [[self-control]].<ref>Boumendjel, May Doria. "[https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01118459/document Diagnostic de la comorbidité du Trouble de Déficit Attentionnel et d’Hyperactivité (TDAH) chez les patients bipolaires adultes]." Psychiatrie et santé mentale. 2014.</ref><ref>BVwG of Austria, [https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/JudikaturEntscheidung.wxe?Abfrage=Bvwg&Dokumentnummer=BVWGT_20150427_W200_2007445_1_00 W200-2007445-1], heard by judge Ulrike Scherz, Dr. Clemens Kuzminski, Michael Svoboda, March 14, 2014 - referencing the earlier 1966 case.</ref> ==Overview== Patients of the Haltlose personality disorder are unable to [[Learning|learn]] from [[experience]] or [[Sin|mistakes]] in life as they lack any sense of past or future,<ref name="studie" /> and are not able to [[Empathy|genuinely care about other people]].<ref name="signs">[http://losttorrent.ru/en/psihopatiya---priznaki-u-muzhchin-i-zhenshchin-samye-znamenitye.html Psychopathy – Signs in men and Women]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2019</ref> People with Haltlose are also called an '''unstable psychopath'''.<ref name="kramer">{{cite book| last1 = Kramer| first1 = F.| title = Bericht uber die vierte Tagung uber Psychopathenfursorge Dusseldorf| year = 1927| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-3-642-94054-5| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-94454-3_3| pages = 35–94| chapter = Haltlose Psychopathen }}</ref><ref name = "roth">{{cite book| last1 = Mayer-Gross| first1 = Willy| last2 = Slater| first2 = Eliot| last3 = Roth| first3 = Martin| title = Clinical Psychiatry| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YMBrAAAAMAAJ| year = 1954| publisher = Cassell| isbn = | pages = 165–166 }}</ref><ref name="fam">{{cite book| last1 = Pollitt| first1 = John D.| title = Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practice| year = 1987| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-94-010-7931-0| doi = 10.1007/978-94-009-3191-6_22| pages = 220–228| chapter = Moody patients }}</ref> ==Research== It is studied in [[psychiatry]], [[sociology]] and [[criminology]]<ref name="rothmaler">Rothmaler, Christiane. "Von "Haltlosen Psychopathinnen" und "Konstitutionellen Sittlichkeitsverbrechern". Die kriminalbiologische Untersuchungs- und Sammelstelle der Hamburgischen Gefangenenanstalten 1926 bis 1945", Edited by Heidrun Kaupen-Haas et al. Frankfurt/Main 1999: 257-303</ref><ref>Birnbaum, NA, "Kriminal≈Psychopathologie und Psychobiologische Verbrecherkunde", Page 137</ref><ref>Kriminologie, Gerhard Ledig, Page 37</ref> - and is one of the most common types of [[psychopathy]] to end up committing [[Crime|crimes]], including [[violence]] and [[murder]].<ref name="roth" /><ref name="iust"> Dr. Iustinian Turcu, Psychology, "[https://www.scribd.com/doc/186880786/Criterii-de-Normalitate Tulburarile de Personalitate], section "Tulburarea de Personalitate de Tip Haltlose"</ref><ref name="cox">Weichbrodt, Dr. R., [https://archive.org/details/abhand-10 Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie Psychiatrie Psychologie und ihren Grenzgebieten], Chapter "Der Selbstmord" page 34 and elsewhere, Berlin 1923</ref> Healthier individuals may still focus on either [[vengeance]] or [[sadism]].<ref name="element">Elemente der Exakten Triebpsychiatrie, [https://issuu.com/szondiinstitut/docs/szondi_triebpathologie_2._teil "Klinische Psychologie Experimentelle Syndromatik"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313172120/https://issuu.com/szondiinstitut/docs/szondi_triebpathologie_2._teil |date=2022-03-13 }}, Page 190-191</ref> Parents with Haltlose make up the majority of those who [[Child sexual abuse|sexually abuse their own children]].<ref name="mull">{{cite book| last = Wyss| first = R.| title = Unzucht mit Kindern| series = Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie| volume = 121| year = 1967| publisher = Springer| language = de| isbn = 978-3-540-03939-6| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-88580-8| trans-title = Fornication with children }}{{pn|date=November 2020}}</ref> The disorder overlaps with [[anti-social personality disorder]]<ref name=Langmaack2000/><ref name="sieverts">Sieverts, Rudolf. Schneider, Hans J. "Aberglausse – Kriminalbiologie", 2011. Page 517</ref> and [[borderline personality disorder]] (BPD). In some countries, doctors diagnose BPD to describe two sets of [[Behavior|behaviors]], but doctors in [[List of countries|other countries]] diagnose the one group as BPD and the other group as Haltlose, or some people might have both. Those with Haltlose [[Comorbidity|tend to have other mental illnesses]],<ref name="petril">{{cite book| last = PETRIL| first = N.| editor1-last = Petrilowitsch| editor1-first = N.| title = Charakterstudien| year = 1968| language = de| isbn = 978-3-8055-0986-2| doi = 10.1159/000390426| pages = 223–232| chapter = Psychopathie und Neurose| trans-chapter = Psychopathy and neurosis| trans-title = Character studies }}</ref> such as [[histrionic personality disorder]]<ref name="india">[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.112778/page/n169/mode/2up Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders]", page 154-169</ref> [[narcissistic personality disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ekselius |first1=Lisa |title=Personality disorder: a disease in disguise |journal=Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences |date=December 2018 |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=194–204 |doi=10.1080/03009734.2018.1526235 |pmid=30539674 |pmc=6327594 }}</ref> or [[fantasy prone personality]].<ref name="schultz">{{cite book| last1 = Schultz| first1 = J. H.| title = Spezieller Teil| year = 1928| publisher = Springer| language = de| isbn = 978-3-540-01062-3| doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-51083-0_3| pages = 28–111| chapter = Die Konstitutionelle Nervosität| trans-chapter = The constitutional nervousness }}</ref> ==Diagnostics== Psychiatrists sometimes misdiagnose this disorder as [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="intl">International Advocacy, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1l9nnwVEvys Personality Disorders Webinar], July 21, 2020</ref> It can also look like [[epilepsy]] if combined with [[alcoholism]].<ref name="arc" /> It can be very difficult for a doctor to help them become better since they tend to lie to doctors because they are afraid, and their [[pathological lying]] can be convincing even though they view it similar to a child and often believe they should be rewarded for having taken the time to invent such a good lie.<ref name="art">[[Arthur Kielholz|Kielholz, Arthur]], [[iarchive:InternationaleZeitschriftFuumlrPsychoanalyseXix1933Heft4|Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4]], "Weh'dem der lugt! Beitrag zum problem der pseudologia phantastica"</ref> ==Management== Of all the different types of psychiatric patients, those with Haltlose personality disorder have some of the worst results.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalachev |first1=BP |last2=Burlakov |first2=IA |last3=Dobrokhotova |first3=EV |title=[Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis] |journal=Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova |date=1978 |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=1667–1671 |pmid=726763 }}</ref> The Haltlose will usually need boundaries and controls set by those around them,<ref name="tolle">Tolle, R. "Katamnestische Untersuchungen zur Biographie Abnormer Personlichkeiten", Berlin, 1966</ref> and "optimistic" professionals suggest that marriage to a spouse willing to curtail their behaviors may be sufficient to avoid professional involvement.<ref name="curran" /> Their symptoms get worse if they are given independence, whether at home, work or in a prison or hospital.<ref name="kramer" /> Those with Haltlose personality disorder tend to stop showing their symptoms almost immediately if they are in a controlled environment, like the [[army]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Günther |first1=Katrin |title=Diagnose 'Psychopath' - Die Behandlung von Soldaten und Zivilisten in der Marburger Universitäts-Nervenklinik 1939-1945 |trans-title=Diagnosis 'Psychopath' - The treatment of soldiers and civilians in the Marburg University Psychiatric Clinic 1939-1945 |language=de |date=24 June 2008 |doi=10.17192/z2008.0366 }}</ref> or a psychiatric hospital or [[prison]].<ref name="huber">Huber, Gerd. "Psychiatrie: Lehrbuch für Studium und Weiterbildung", Page 444+</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Über individuelle und kollektive Methoden in der Psychotherapie |trans-title=About individual and collective methods in psychotherapy |language=de |journal=Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie |date=December 1937 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=413–419 |doi=10.1007/BF02870762 |last1=Villinger |s2cid=179037457 }}</ref> ==Causes== [[File:Struwwelpeter 2.jpg|thumb|Picture that can illustrate the reckless behavior of Haltlose personality disorder.<ref>Asmae, Chekira. [https://studylibfr.com/doc/3755677/elaboration-d-un-programme-psychoéducatif-dans-le-tdah Elaboration d'un Programme Psychoeducatif dans le Trouble Deficit de l"attention/Hyperactivite Adapte au Contexte Marocain], 2015</ref>]] The name is based on a German word, "Haltlos", which means "without stability". In this context it is used for an irresponsible and unstable lifestyle. It appears in the [[ICD-10]] book, but not in the [[DSM-V]] book. Like other personality disorders, nobody is certain what causes it. There appears to be both [[Genetics|genetic]] and [[Environment|environmental]] causes. Although it is difficult to identify in children, it is typically easy to diagnose by [[adolescence]]. It is believed to be caused by the mother, not the father, both from her own health and also from how she treated the child when they were young.<ref name="frank">Frankenstein, Carl. "Varieties of Juvenile Delinquency", pp. 115, 158 and elsewhere</ref> ==Signs== It is equally common in [[Male|males]] and [[Female|females]], and doctors must be careful not to wrongly identify a child as Haltlose since many of the symptoms are actually normal for children,such as selfishness, lack of planning and feigning emotions they see others having, and they only suggest a mental illness if they continue at later ages.<ref name="roth" /> Professionals disagree on whether the Haltlose are actually unable to understand the difference between good and evil, or if they understand but do not care, or if they deliberately choose evil instead of good.<ref name="urs">{{cite book| last1 = Germann| first1 = Urs| title = Psychiatrie und Strafjustiz: Entstehung, Praxis und Ausdifferenzierung der forensischen Psychiatrie in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz 1850-1950| year = 2004| publisher = Chronos| language = de| isbn = 978-3-0340-0678-1| trans-title = Psychiatry and criminal justice: emergence, practice and differentiation of forensic psychiatry in German-speaking Switzerland 1850-1950 }}{{pn|date=November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1 = Skodol| first1 = Andrew E.| title = Psychopathology and Violent Crime| url = https://archive.org/details/psychopathologyv0000unse| year = 1998| publisher = American Psychiatric| isbn = 978-0-88048-834-1 }}{{pn|date=October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Личность расторможенная - это... Что такое Личность расторможенная? |url=https://psychology.academic.ru/4286/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F |website=Словари и энциклопедии на Академике |language=ru |trans-title=Disinhibited personality }}{{Unreliable source|date=November 2020}}</ref> ==Effects== {{Rquote|right|"In one hour, they are happy and excited with the whole world...but the next hour casts aside this optimism and the future now seems bleak, gray on gray...what was worshipped yesterday is garbage today, and despite all promises of eternal loyalty the best friend is transformed into the hated enemy overnight."|Dr. L. Scholz, [https://archive.org/details/anomalekinder00scho Anomale Kinder], Berlin. 1919<ref name="kinder">Scholz, Dr. L. with Dr. Adalbert Gregor, "[https://archive.org/details/anomalekinder00scho Anomale Kinder], Berlin. 1919. Page 157-159</ref>}} People with Haltlose personality disorder have "primitive reactions" to things, and their largest focus is simply on their own [[survival]].<ref>British Journal of Psychiatry, Special Publication, Issues 9-11, Page 30</ref><ref>[https://dokumen.pub/psychiatrie-der-brandstiftung-eine-psychopathologische-studie-anhand-von-gutachten-1nbsped-3798515190-9783798515192.html Psychiatrie der Brandstiftung: Eine psychopathologische Studie anhand von Gutachten [1 ed.], 2005</ref> They frequently struggle with [[addiction]]s, such as with [[drugs]] or [[alcohol]], and are one of two types of personality disorders that commit the most crimes.<ref name="nose">Waltisbühl, Rudolf. "Die Bekämpfung des Landstreicher und Landfahrertums in der Schweiz" (1944), PP 69, 109</ref> They also tend to have abnormal [[sexual]] habits, such as [[BDSM]] or increased [[masturbation]].<ref name="studie" /><ref name="element" /><ref name="matt">{{cite thesis |last1=Burnett |first1=Matthew |title=Psychopathy: Exploring Canadian Mass Newspaper Representations Thereof and Violent Offender Talk Thereon |date=November 2013 |hdl=10388/ETD-2013-11-1285 }}</ref><ref name="emil">Kraepelin, E. (1912). Psychiatry: A textbook for students and physicians (7th ed.) (A. R. Diefendorf, Trans.). London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1903–1904)</ref> They do struggle with addictions, most commonly with [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kristianson |first1=P. |title=Classification of the MMPI profiles of two alcoholic groups |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |date=November 1976 |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=359–380 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00132.x |pmid=1007940 |s2cid=20547244 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hampton |first1=Peter J. |title=Representative Studies of Alcoholism and Personality: I. Naturalistic Studies |journal=The Journal of Social Psychology |date=November 1951 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=203–210 |doi=10.1080/00224545.1951.9919074 }}</ref><ref>Kankeleit, Dr. "Alkohol und Geisteskrankheiten", Hamburg, 1926</ref> They often consume drugs, coffee, tea or medicines in larger quantities than normal.<ref name="studie" /> Because they spend so much money, they usually have large [[debts]] they cannot pay - and either ask family to pay, ignore, or attempt crime ([[theft]], [[prostitution]], etc) to pay their debts.<ref name="kramer" /> However many professionals suggest that parents and spouses do not pay such debts, and instead let the Haltlose person's bad decisions lead them to [[institutionalization]] where they will be healthier and have more guidance.<ref name="curran">D. Curran and E. Guttman, Psychological Medicine: A Short Introduction to Psychiatry with an Appendix: War-Time Psychiatry (E. and S. Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1943), p.61</ref><ref name="roth" /> Although they often threaten or pretend to commit [[suicide]], [[suicide pact]]s or [[murder suicide]], they do not commonly actually do it since they are easily distracted and made happy again.<ref name="studie" /> Often their reason for pretending is because they are scared of an approaching consequence for their actions, of even because they like the "excitement" of police and hospitals becoming involved.<ref name="studie" /> [[Lobotomy]] was tested as a possible means to limit their chaotic thinking.<ref>{{cite book| title = Zentralblatt fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qI4vAAAAIAAJ| year = 1962| publisher = Springer| isbn = | page = 166 }}</ref> It can be very difficult for people to understand them, because they can have "a number of endearing qualities" such as appearing naturally [[charm]]ing, plausible, likable or emotionally warm, but they are actually using those as tools to "conquer" the people watching them.<ref name=Langmaack2000/><ref name="fam" /><ref name="iust" /> Usually, they do not like [[science]] or [[religion]] as they control and limit the answers.<ref name="cox" /> Often, they are very good at [[arts]] like [[acting]] in [[theatres]]: their lack of [[memory]] means that they can easily play new characters and feel very similar to the character they are playing.<ref name="kramer" /><ref name="kinder" /> ==Family forming== Some have said that Haltlose patient should be [[Sterilization|sterilized]] to prevent them from having children since they are not able to make decisions that would be good for anyone except themselves<ref>Knaack, Kirsten. [http://www.hilfsschule-im-nationalsozialismus.de/seite-45.html Die Hilfschul: 8. Aktueller wissenschaftlicher Rassismus in der Neuen Rechten am Beispiel der Zeitschrift "Neue Anthropologie"]</ref><ref name="alice">Halmi, Alice. "[https://www.scribd.com/document/94901254/kontinuitaeten-zwangspsychiatrie Kontinuitäten der (Zwangs-)Psychiatrie. Eine kritische Betrachtung]", 2008</ref> and they can become "family tyrants" while pretending to be victims.<ref name="studie">Kraepelin, Emil, [https://archive.org/details/psychiatrieeinle04krae/page/n7/mode/2up Psychiatrie : ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzteby], 1915. Page 1794, 1996+ and elsewhere</ref> Sometimes, governments have even refused them marriage licenses, out of fear that marriage would lead to them having children.<ref name="wet">Wetzell, Richard F. "Inventing the Criminal: A History of German Criminology", page 151-152, 276</ref> ===Risks=== Even when they are not "true" [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]], the Haltlose demonstrate an increased risk of sexually molesting children,<ref>Markus T. Gastpar, Siegfried Kasper, Michael Linden, "Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie", 2013, pg 226</ref><ref name="exner">Exner, Dr. Franz. "Kriminologie", Heidelberg, 1949.</ref> with as many as 90% of [[incest]]uous adult-child molestors being Haltlose.<ref name="mull" /> Mothers with Haltlose may push their young daughters to engage in sex with men that the mother wishes she could have herself.<ref name="studie" /> They also like to have sex with their own partners in front of the children, rather than hiding the details of their sex life.<ref name="studie" /> Because they can have an "explosive" temper,<ref name="lux">Luxenburger, Dr. Hans. "Die Schizophrenie und ihr Erbkreis", pp 791, 1051, 1092, 1113, 1121, 1143, 1257 of the "Handbuch der Erbbiologie des Menschen", 1939</ref> [[domestic violence]] is common, beatings, death threats, smashing household objects.<ref name="studie" /> ==Examples== {{rquote|right|It is not possible to send Wolf as an apprentice...he would end up in prison if I let him go into the world, with his lack of morality, and that is something I cannot do.|[[Max Scheler]], speaking about his Haltlose son.}} Willy Roloff was a smart [[Pomerania]]n [[serial killer]] with Haltlose personality disorder, who was executed by [[guillotine]] in 1937 after his appeal for mercy to [[Adolf Hitler]] was denied.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.erichs-kriminalarchiv.de/1921-1940/3-seite-mit-15-faellen.html |title=erichs-kriminalarchiv |access-date=2020-12-23 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204134245/https://www.erichs-kriminalarchiv.de/1921-1940/3-seite-mit-15-faellen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Kruger| first = Wolfgang| title = Kriminalchronik des Dritten Reiches| year = 2008| publisher = Kirchschlager| isbn = 978-3-934277-24-3 }}</ref><ref>Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, July 10, 1937, Evening Edition</ref><ref>Berliner Volkszeitung, July 6, 1937 evening edition</ref> The philosopher [[Max Scheler]] had an adult son who was diagnosed as both a Haltlose and Gemutlose psychopath. He was guilty of many crimes over twenty years, and was eventually sent to a [[concentration camp]] where it is assumed that he died. ==Problems and solutions== [[File:Haltlosen Psychopathen Letter - Bleuler.png|thumb|This letter, in German, from a patient to his mother demonstrates Haltlose personality disorder. It was simple but understandable, repeatedly promised that his future would improve but without any plan, and showed more depth of feeling for the specific types of cigarettes he wanted to see than for other people.<ref name="ble">Bleuler, Eugen. "Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie", 1916.</ref>]] At some times, they will look very positive and responsible and talk about large plans that they intend to accomplish, but they are actually very depressed and cynical most of the time because they are unable to make their plans work since they cannot learn from their mistakes, and they do not have a good sense of [[time]]. They will very quickly change from acting very confident and brave, to very sad, angry or afraid when their plans do not work.<ref name="studie" /> A major source of the problem is that they are not able to remember the past, or think about the future - so every decision is decided only on the basis of the present time. Similarly, if asked to describe themselves, they cannot accurately describe things they felt in the past, because they only know the story they are telling right now.<ref name="Langmaack2000">{{cite journal |last1=Langmaack |first1=Claus |title='Haltlose' type personality disorder (ICD-10 F60.8) |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |date=June 2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.1192/pb.24.6.235-b |doi-access=free }}</ref> Because they are not capable of planning for the future, and make very bad choices, doctors often decide they need leaders and controls to guide them in every aspect of life. This means they can be very successful when they are in a hospital, prison or school with very strict rules and leadership - because their intelligence is normal, it is just their personality disorder that leads them to trouble. Some professionals say the haltlose do not understand warnings, so only punishments work to stop them from doing bad things.<ref name="mezger">Mezger, Edmund. "[https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Sitz-Ber-Akad-Muenchen-phil-hist-Kl_1949_0001-0051.pdf Probleme der strafrechtlichen Zurechnungsfähigkeit]", 1949. Page 4</ref> But other professionals say that they do not learn any long-term lessons from punishment.<ref name="fam" /> When they feel guilty about something, they become overwhelmed with the fear that there will be consequences or punishment,<ref name="huber"/><ref name="kramer" /> so they often exaggerate or invent untruthful stories to blame other people, and will pretend that they are a victim or being exploited or held prisoner.<ref name="adler">Adler, Herman M., "[[s:Psychiatric Contribution to the Study of Delinquency]]", 1917</ref><ref name="matt"/><ref name="kramer" /><ref name="arc" /> They will often pretend to be embarrassed, experience regret or to be submissive,<ref name="tonge">{{cite journal |last1=Tonge |first1=W. L. |title=The Neurasthenic Psychopath |journal=British Medical Journal |date=30 April 1955 |volume=1 |issue=4921 |pages=1066–1068 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4921.1066 |pmid=14363794 |pmc=2061785 }}</ref> even though these things are not usually real for haltlose personalities. This makes it "troublesome" for doctors trying to help them.<ref name="tonge" /> When they feel guilty about doing something that has not been noticed yet, they become overwhelmed with the fear that there will be consequences or punishment,<ref name="huber"/><ref name="kramer" /> so they often begin to exaggerate or invent untruthful stories to blame other people, and will pretend that they are a victim or being exploited or held prisoner.<ref name="adler" /><ref name="matt"/><ref name="kramer" /><ref name="arc" /> Once caught, the less intelligent haltlose will respond by claiming that their childhood was not good and that current friends or relatives have misled them and caused them to do these bad things.<ref name="kramer" /> The more intelligent haltlose will instead invent elaborate stories with a lot of false details to misdirect attention from what they have done.<ref name="kramer" /> ==Sources== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Borderline personality disorder]] [[Category:Personality disorders]] k6qrffty7g4733uu1lgpi2i0oqqjtbr 0 809069 10330534 9660385 2025-06-14T17:52:08Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = Otto I of Germany.jpg | caption = | season = 3 | episode = 22 | director = [[Wes Archer]] | writer = [[Jeff Martin]] | production = 8F21 | airdate = {{start date|1992|4|23}} | guests = * [[Christopher Guest]] as Nigel Tuffnel * [[Michael McKean]] as David St. Hubbins | prev = [[Black Widower]] | next = [[Bart's Friend Falls in Love]] }} "'''The Otto Show'''" is the 22nd [[episode]] of ''[[The Simpsons]]''{{'}} [[The Simpsons (season 3)|3rd season]]. It was first [[broadcast]] on the [[Fox network]] on April 23, 1992. == Other websites == {{wikiquote-inline|The Simpsons/Season 3#The Otto Show|"The Otto Show"}} *{{Snpp capsule|8F21}} *{{IMDb episode|0701254}} *{{tv.com episode|the-simpsons/the-otto-show-1342}} {{tv-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Otto Show, The}} [[Category:1992 television episodes]] [[Category:The Simpsons (season 3) episodes]] gklc3zw8b0jkn7y6d1wmivjhafw4w2p 3 809192 10329828 10270662 2025-06-14T12:15:05Z MathXplore 966595 Notification: You've got mail ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} __NOINDEX__ == Special:AbuseFilter/106 == This question is regarding [[Special:AbuseFilter/106]]. Is it necessary to include this line? <pre>& new_size > 10</pre> An IP has blanked [[WP:AN]] ([[Special:Diff/9903357]]) and this was warned but not disallowed. [[User:Depextual|Depextual]] ([[User talk:Depextual|talk]]) 20:56, 24 November 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Depextual|Depextual]] Not really, I've removed it. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 21:00, 24 November 2024 (UTC) == New email == Hello. There is a new request on oversight-wp-simple@lists.wikimedia.org :). Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 16:04, 26 November 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:BZPN|BZPN]] {{done}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 20:57, 26 November 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you! [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 20:59, 26 November 2024 (UTC) == Title blacklisting == Hello, can you handle this request ([[Special:Diff/9908161]])? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:36, 27 November 2024 (UTC) == Hi Dear, == I have created the page [[Terry Moore (comics)]] , but it was already present with the name [[Terry Moore (actress)]] And I end up making a redirect with [[Terry Moore]] if you think I did some mistake, please fix it. And thank you for understanding. Have a amazing day. [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 12:27, 1 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] I have merged the history of the article you created ([[Terry Moore (comics)]]) and the original article ([[Terry Moore (actress)]]). — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 12:50, 1 December 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, and I have question ::How to merge history ? ::I learned how to do Redirect. [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 13:04, 1 December 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] A merge is something only admins can do by using either the merge tool or by manually deleting the pages. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 13:24, 1 December 2024 (UTC) ::::Got it, thank you. ::::How to see list of deleted pages in simple wikipedia? I guess I can probably improve some notable pages if they are actually? [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 14:04, 1 December 2024 (UTC) :::::@[[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=delete&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=delete&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist] might be what you're looking for. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 23:41, 1 December 2024 (UTC) ::::::Movies , Anime , based wikis which got deleted , I would love to create some, and I have an objection on [[Casino.org]] why this wiki is not deleted it doesn't have english wiki. It's an gambling site. Which has radically promoted here. ::::::If possible can you kick this page ? [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 23:43, 1 December 2024 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] The article doesn't look blatantly promotional to me, so it cannot be [[WP:QD|quickly deleted]]. You can however start a [[WP:RfD|discussion to delete the article]]. You can use [[WP:Twinkle]] to help you with it. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 23:47, 1 December 2024 (UTC) ::::::::If you think it's not then I agree too it. 👑 ::::::::Can you help me to improve this page [[Cyber Crime Break Org]] ::::::::And Adding it info wikidata ::::::::https://wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q131239059 [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 23:51, 1 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikidata merger == Hi , can you add [[Child actor]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970153 Wikipedia list. [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 14:17, 1 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] {{done}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 23:41, 1 December 2024 (UTC) ::thank you [[User:AERCTANGE|AERCTANGE]] ([[User talk:AERCTANGE|talk]]) 23:42, 1 December 2024 (UTC) == Happy Holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Fehufanga:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 22:47, 2 December 2024 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 22:47, 2 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Asteralee|Asteralee]] Thank you! Have a great holiday season too. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 00:48, 3 December 2024 (UTC) == Time editing == Hello! Is three months suitable to do a self-nomination to become an administrator? Looking at the successful RFAs, it seems to be as if all the nominees joined years ago. ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 23:38, 4 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Asteralee|Asteralee]] Sorry for not replying to this sooner. When I was nominated for adminship, I had seven months of continuous activity on the wiki. I was editing over a year before that, but not at the same activity level as I had in 2022. I think three months may be a bit soon personally. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 21:58, 5 December 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=13:35, 5 December 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:35, 5 December 2024 (UTC) == [[List of states and territories of the United States]] == I'm wondering why you renamed this article when it doesn't include territories. [[User:Depextual|Depextual]] ([[User talk:Depextual|talk]]) 07:23, 8 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Depextual|Depextual]] The move was mostly to fix the history of the page, if you want to move it back, go ahead — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 07:47, 8 December 2024 (UTC) ::{{done}} [[User:Depextual|Depextual]] ([[User talk:Depextual|talk]]) 17:08, 8 December 2024 (UTC) == [[Baroque house]] == Hi. This was the reason, because I explained that this article was some strange and non-specific summary of the [[Baroque]] article that had no reason to exist (''Originating in Italy, its influence quickly spread across Europe and it became the first visual style to have a significant worldwide impact''). And by the way, I would appreciate it if you could look at my AWB request :). Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:18, 13 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:BZPN|BZPN]] The article doesn't fall into any one of valid QD criteria: It's not a test page (G2), it has valid text content (A2), anyone who reads it understands that the article is talking about the Baroque period, even if it is slightly unrelated to the title (A1), and it is not vandalism (G3). I will look at your AWB request separately. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 22:24, 13 December 2024 (UTC) ::Should I start a RfD then? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:25, 13 December 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:BZPN|BZPN]] I was thinking of redirecting it to [[Baroque]] but now that you've made an RfD that's fine. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 22:36, 13 December 2024 (UTC) == Merry Christmas! == {| style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:white; font color:red; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" |[[Image:Christmas_Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.png|110px]] |[[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) is wishing you a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]]! <small>This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! </small> <br /> <small>Spread the Christmas cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas3}} to their talk page with a friendly message.</small> |} [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 17:43, 19 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:BZPN|BZPN]] Thank you! Merry Christmas and happy holidays to you too. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 04:22, 20 December 2024 (UTC) :: I hereby wish you the happy holidays, and many thanks for your help in implementing my many changes to this project's abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]]) 05:28, 20 December 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Happy holidays to you too, and thank you for your helpful contributions to the abuse filters! — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 10:17, 20 December 2024 (UTC) == A requested change to filter 87 and a reminder to check your email I sent some time ago == The suggested code that I made below for [[Special:AbuseFilter/87|filter 87]] should exclude users with two WMF username formats, and I excluded anonymous user page creations on filter 87 itself since these are covered by [[Special:AbuseFilter/136|filter 136]] and do not need to be logged by filter 87. <pre> page_namespace == 2 & !("/" in page_title) & page_title != user_name & !("autoconfirmed" in user_rights | global_user_editcount > 500) & !(user_name rlike "(?:-WMF\b|\(WMF\))") & !( /* Covered by filter 136 */ page_id == 0 & user_editcount == null ) </pre> Also, you should probably check your email with the subject name {{tq|A couple of abuse filter requests}} that I have sent as of 24 November 2024. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]]) 01:17, 26 December 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Sorry, I think I lost that email. Could you send it again? — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 21:38, 1 January 2025 (UTC) :: Now forwarded to your email, you might want to check it. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]]) 22:00, 1 January 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] All {{done}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 22:17, 1 January 2025 (UTC) == ahmad saed alzein == Hi there. why did you delete the page / article about "Ahmad Saed Alzein"? the articke its true, a book author and an antique business owner. and i have prove that he got interview from a TV channel just in arabic langauge which i still find how to translate or add english subtitle. and he got verified by meta (instagram, twitter / x , linkedin, youtube) a lot of source about him. why you delete this article? please explain. Thanks in advance [[Special:Contributions/2400:9800:10:72FC:1:0:14AD:1874|2400:9800:10:72FC:1:0:14AD:1874]] ([[User talk:2400:9800:10:72FC:1:0:14AD:1874|talk]]) 04:45, 1 January 2025 (UTC) :The [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Ahmad saed alzein|discussion for the article's deletion]] ended with a consensus that the subject is not notable. If you wish to contest this, you may do so at [[WP:DRV]] — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 06:00, 1 January 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=07:28, 3 January 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:28, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:22, 26 January 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:55, 17 February 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:55, 17 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=13:19, 6 March 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:19, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] {{done}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 13:25, 6 March 2025 (UTC) == I noticed your edit summary... == ..."Wouldn't it be great to have a babel infobox that you can just pull from a centralized source like Wikidata?" Couldn't you do something like that by using your meta user page? I've been meaning to try setting up my meta page with general info, then adding an include to bring in site-specific stuff. Haven't tried it yet, though. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:27, 25 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] from what I remember, global user pages can't be transcluded like normal templates or pages. You can make text show up only on meta, or make text only show up on wikis outside of meta, but you can't specify which wikis you want them text to show up in. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 04:44, 25 March 2025 (UTC) ::What I meant was to put the include on the meta page, to include something local on the wikis that use it. You'd have to set up a user subpage specifically for that. Anyway, I might get around to trying it someday. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 07:33, 25 March 2025 (UTC) :I don't think it's possible to transclude cross-wiki (if it is, please, please let me know). I think it is your whole user page or nothing. :If you do get this working, please let me know! '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 08:27, 25 March 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=04:17, 29 March 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]]) 04:17, 29 March 2025 (UTC) == Abuse filter == It looks like you often update abuse filters. Can you look at [[Special:AbuseFilter/64]] and https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser=2601%3A644%3A8184%3AF2F0%3AE9D9%3ACDD6%3AEC5A%3AD91F please? Should edits like these be excluded from the filter by regex changes? [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F|2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F|talk]]) 03:47, 16 April 2025 (UTC) :Fixed the regex. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 04:23, 16 April 2025 (UTC) ::I think you fixed one thing but "Saturday" is still triggering it. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F|2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F|talk]]) 04:28, 16 April 2025 (UTC) :::How about now? — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 04:29, 16 April 2025 (UTC) ::::It seems good now, thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F|2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F]] ([[User talk:2601:644:8184:F2F0:E9D9:CDD6:EC5A:D91F|talk]]) 04:32, 16 April 2025 (UTC) ::::: I have a suggestion. Why not surround the regex with word boundaries on each side and on a capture group? I can fix it. Thank you. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 04:35, 16 April 2025 (UTC) == Hey Fehufanga == why you change an [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] again? please accepting the reality if his was really to did fu(king genocide [[Special:Contributions/111.95.36.47|111.95.36.47]] ([[User talk:111.95.36.47|talk]]) 11:53, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :First of all, no need for the profanity. Second, the choice of wording is terrible. A few sentences below you'll see that the article already states that he is accused of genocide. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 12:02, 18 April 2025 (UTC) == Thanks ( re: Hallucination ( artificial intelligence) == Thanks for your nominating, at AfD - an example of [[AI slop]] (related to '''[[Hallucination (disambiguation)]]'''). [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Il Fungo (Grigna) (2nd nomination)]]. (And thank you so much for your research, or [[Body of work]], in that Delete-discussion.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:8355:B9EA:FC35:132:41ED:26E8|2001:2020:8355:B9EA:FC35:132:41ED:26E8]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:8355:B9EA:FC35:132:41ED:26E8|talk]]) 05:44, 26 April 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=00:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:00, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) qmtbwxal0l7l3l5bpuu3uco2zbqg45m 0 809378 10331702 10289904 2025-06-15T09:57:02Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Cricket statistics]]; added [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331702 wikitext text/x-wiki In the [[sport]] of [[cricket]], '''net run rate''' (NRR) is a [[statistics|statistical method]] used to rank teams in [[limited overs cricket|limited overs tournaments]]. It is especially useful as a [[tie-breaker]] when teams have equal points. A team's NRR in a competition is the [[difference]] between the average number of [[run (cricket)|runs]] per [[over (cricket)|over]] that they have scored, and the average runs per over that have been scored against them. So, if a team has itself scored 9.99 runs per over, and conceded 6.66 runs per over, its NRR is +3.33.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/page/429305.html |title=Net Run Rate explained |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] [[Category:Sports words]] {{sports-stub}} 9sinf0nylwxni40kphd2n6x77sbfgnu 0 810868 10331815 10254405 2025-06-15T11:17:05Z 2A02:C7C:E145:E900:4072:F3F5:F636:2DA7 Ghfghgy 10331815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{notability|Television|date=December 2024}} {{primary sources|date=December 2024}} }} '''''Emma's Theatre''''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]]-[[United States|American]]-[[United Kingdom|British]]-[[Israel]]i [[Computer animation|computer-animated]] children's television series. It formerly aired on Kids' CBC in [[Canada]], and Playhouse Disney in the [[United States]] between programs from July 10, 2007 to June 9, 2009. It was aired on BabyTV in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Germany]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Switzerland]], [[Singapore]], [[Italy]], [[Latin America]], [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Turkey]], [[India]], [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Israel]]. The program aims to introduce babies and toddlers to different cultures and to expose them to different places and countries through short stories. The show is produced by PitchiPoy Animation Productions and distributed by Decode Entertainment, a DHX Media company. ==Plot== Each episode begins with multi color sparkles going through Emma's puppet theatre showing her puppets and toys, the logo for the series is formed, and Emma's magical door is created by the sparkles, Emma comes out of her magical door waving to the viewers, her toys and puppets come to life and wave to her, Emma runs to the center of her theatre, and quiets the viewers, Emma then greets the viewers and gives information about the story of the episode, she then puts a map setting of the country on the set of her puppets, along with a house related to the story, Emma then dresses her puppets and introduces the participants (characters in the US dub), Emma then says "Let's begin!", and it zooms to the set of the story, the puppets visit a specific country and the tale takes place. During the tale, Emma talks to the younger audiences while she shares and amuses the fun facts about all of the traditions of the country and the customs of a variety of far-away distant countries and cultures. The magical door includes a sky with both night and day, a [[Rainbow|colorful rainbow]], a [[Sun|yellow sun]], a [[Moon|white moon]], two [[Cloud|white clouds]], and three [[Tree|green and brown trees]]. During the end of the story, Emma and her toys give a round of applause by clapping, Emma puts her country map away and it disappears. She then thanks the viewers and tells them that if they’re asking if the story was true or not, the answer is up to them. Her puppets wave goodbye, and so does Emma as she walks out of her magical door, which promptly disappears. ==Characters== * '''Emma''' (voiced by [[Tajja Isen]] in Canada And US, [[Teresa Gallagher]] in the UK, and Rona Bekerman and Sapir Darmon in Israel) is a little 5-year-old girl who loves to put on a variety of puppet shows with her four charming and cute little puppets. * '''Puppet #1''' (voiced by [[Jordan Francis]] in Canada And US, [[Jan Hayden Rowles]] in the UK, and Einat Azulay in Israel) is a little male Afro-American puppet with tan skin, dark brown hair and a yellow t-shirt. * '''Puppet #2''' (voiced by [[Sugar Lyn Beard]] in Canada And US, [[Maria Darling]] in the UK, and Tayla Barkay in Israel) is a little female blonde puppet with fair skin, yellow hair with two pigtails and a pink t-shirt. * '''Puppet #3''' (voiced by [[Aaryn Doyle]] in Canada And US, [[Jo Wyatt]] in the UK, and Dikla Hadar and Dana Rishfi in Israel) is a little female Afro-American puppet with tan skin, dark brown hair and a red dress. * '''Puppet #4''' (voiced by [[Connor Price]] in Canada And US, Preston Oliver and [[Keith Wickham]] in the UK, and Dan Kiesler in Israel) is a little male red-headed puppet with fair skin, spiky orange hair and a green t-shirt. == Episodes == '''Season 1 (2007)''' # French Baguettes # Italian Pizza # [[China]] # [[Spain]] # [[Portugal]] # [[Angola]] # [[Germany]] # [[Luxembourg]] # [[Switzerland]] # British Biscuits # [[Ireland]] # [[Canada]] # American Marshmallows # [[Australia]] # [[New Zealand]] # [[Monaco]] # [[Russia]] # [[Netherlands|Holland]] # [[Belgium]] # [[Greenland]] # [[Poland]] # [[Yemen]] # [[India]] # [[Egypt]] # [[Israel]] # Country Fair '''Season 2 (2008)''' # [[Mexico]] # [[Argentina]] # [[Madagascar]] # [[Brazil]] # [[Hawaii]] # [[Philippines]] # [[Hong Kong]] # [[Japan]] # [[South Korea]] # [[Greece]] # [[Morocco]] # [[Iceland]] # Hungarian Danube # [[Scotland]] # Persian Carpet # [[Monaco]] # [[Turkey]] # [[Kenya]] # [[South Africa]] # [[Colombia]] # [[El Salvador]] # [[Sweden]] # [[Norway]] # [[Iceland]] # Danish Crown # [[Christmas Eve]] '''Season 3 (2009)''' # [[Nicaragua]] # [[Honduras]] # [[Ecuador]] # [[United States]] # [[Venezuela]] # [[Chile]] # [[Guatemala]] # [[Uruguay]] # [[Paraguay]] # [[Peru]] # [[United Kingdom]] # [[Bolivia]] # [[Belize]] # [[Cuba]] # [[Costa Rica]] # [[Puerto Rico]] # [[Guinea International]] # [[Dominican Republic]] # [[Austria]] # [[Anguilla]] # [[United Arab Emirates]] # [[American Samoa]] # [[North Korea]] # [[Belgium]] # [[Bermuda]] # [[Cook Islands]] == Other websites == * [https://www.tv.com/shows/emmas-theatre/episodes/ Emma's Theatre on TV.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915024329/http://www.tv.com/shows/emmas-theatre/episodes/ |date=2014-09-15 }} [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s British television series]] [[Category:2007 British television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 British television series endings]] abb7qjp5hj02r382atjygixvflsf1mx 0 816583 10329861 9474084 2025-06-14T12:35:28Z Jon Gua 1375466 10329861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pakhangba Laishang''' ({{lang-mni|ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ ꯂꯥꯢꯁꯪ}}) (literally, ''"Pakhangba Temple"'') is an ancient [[Meitei temples|Meitei temple]] dedicated to God [[Pakhangba]], inside the [[Kangla]] Palace in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name="imphalwest.nic.in">{{cite web | url=https://imphalwest.nic.in/2018032065/ | title=Pakhangba Temple &#124; Imphal West District, Government of Manipur &#124; India }}</ref><ref>https://www.ixigo.com/pakhangba-temple-moirang-india-ne-1639834{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After its reconstruction, it was consecrated in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..200210.feb10 | title=Pakhangba temple consecrated amidst religious rituals : 20th feb10 ~ E-Pao! Headlines }}</ref> [[File:Knagla fort, manipur, India 7.jpg|thumb|The ancient temple (rebuilt) of Lord Pakhangba inside the Kangla.]] {{Infobox religious building |name= Pakhangba Laishang |building_name= Pakhangba Temple|native_name= ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯄ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ|native_name_lang=Meitei|religious_affiliation=[[Sanamahism]] ([[Meitei religion]]) |image=Temple at Kangla.jpg |location=Imphal, [[Manipur]]<ref name="imphalwest.nic.in"/> |deity=[[Pakhangpa]]|tradition=[[Meitei religion]]|sect=[[Sanamahism]]|festivals=Pakhangba Cheng Hongba|district=Imphal West district|state=[[Manipur]]|province=[[Manipur]]|country=[[India]] |administration=Government of Manipur|consecration_year=2010|dome_quantity=1|temple_quantity=1|monument_quantity=1|shrine_quantity=1}} ==Gallery== <gallery> File:The_kangla.jpg File:The temple and its reflection.jpg File:Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg File:Kangla Temple.JPG File:Pakhangba Temple at Kangla Fort.JPG File:Pakhangba Temple, Kangla, Imphal West district, Manipur, India (2017).jpg </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Khwairakpa Erel]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Temples in India]] [[Category:Meitei religion]] [[Category:Meitei architecture]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 21st century]] d17ee1ke8jxprgv7p60yo7i2r9hay2r 0 817192 10330592 8174236 2025-06-14T18:32:17Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chadly ayari.JPG|right|200px]] '''Chedly Ayari''' ({{lang-ar|الشاذلي العياري}}) (21 August 1933 – 28 January 2021) was a Tunisian politician, economist, and diplomat. He was in many cabinet positions under the [[Habib Bourguiba]] government. He was President of the [[Central Bank of Tunisia]] from 24 July 2012 to 16 February 2018. Ayari was [[Ministry of Education (Tunisia)|Minister of Education]] from 1970 to 1971. He also was [[Ministry of Finance (Tunisia)|Minister of Finance]] from 1972 to 1974. He was a member of the [[Socialist Destourian Party]]. He was born in [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]]. Ayari died on 28 January 2021 from [[COVID-19]], aged 87.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2021/01/28/deces-ancien-ministre-gouverneur-bct-chedly-ayari/|title=Décès de l’ancien ministre et gouverneur de la BCT Chedly Ayari|date=28 January 2021|work=leconomistemaghrebin.com|language=French}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ayari, Chedly}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:African diplomats]] [[Category:Economists]] [[Category:Politicians from Tunis]] [[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia]] {{bio-stub}} r8qr5aztv6e84g8dfz0qjxm4hwdxkls 0 818949 10330524 7988918 2025-06-14T17:45:49Z Sulov Jondauss 76 1598585 Patrick Lebon, 2009(cropped).jpg 10330524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Patrick Lebon, 2009(cropped).jpg|thumb|]] '''Patrick Lebon''' (2 January 1940 – 3 February 2021) was a Belgian movie director and screenwriter. He was born in [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]]. His career began in 1965 with the movie ''Huuh huuh''. He also directed ''Salut en de kost'', ''{{ill|Hellegat (film)|nl|lt=Hellegat}}'', ''[[Zaman (movie)|Zaman]]'', and ''{{ill|Paniekzaaiers (film)|nl|lt=Paniekzaaiers}}''. Many of his movies are thought to be the best Belgian movies of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/de-20-meest-succesvolle-vlaamse-films-aller-tijden~b9c0ff3d/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|title=De 20 meest succesvolle Vlaamse films aller tijden|date=3 January 2014|work=De Morgen|language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaf.be/sites/vaf/files/jaarverslagen/vaf_filmfonds_2017_jaarverslag.pdf|title=VAF jaarverslag 2017|date=2017|work=Vlaams Audiovisueel Fonds|language=Dutch|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226154624/https://www.vaf.be/sites/vaf/files/jaarverslagen/vaf_filmfonds_2017_jaarverslag.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lebon died on 3 February 2021 in Antwerp, aged 81.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/02/04/filmregisseur-patrick-lebon-81-overleden-bekend-van-zaman-e/|title=Filmregisseur Patrick Lebon (81) overleden, bekend van "Zaman" en "Paniekzaaiers" met Gaston en Leo|date=4 February 2021|work=VRT NWS|language=Dutch}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lebon, Patrick}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Belgian movie directors]] [[Category:Belgian screenwriters]] [[Category:People from Antwerp]] {{bio-stub}} ln72rmv98m2rmplp66bx4s764djsqdg 10330963 10330524 2025-06-14T22:24:40Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Replacing File:Patrick_Lebon,_2009(cropped).jpg with [[File:Patrick_Lebon,_2009_(cropped).jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)). 10330963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Patrick Lebon, 2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|]] '''Patrick Lebon''' (2 January 1940 – 3 February 2021) was a Belgian movie director and screenwriter. He was born in [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]]. His career began in 1965 with the movie ''Huuh huuh''. He also directed ''Salut en de kost'', ''{{ill|Hellegat (film)|nl|lt=Hellegat}}'', ''[[Zaman (movie)|Zaman]]'', and ''{{ill|Paniekzaaiers (film)|nl|lt=Paniekzaaiers}}''. Many of his movies are thought to be the best Belgian movies of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/de-20-meest-succesvolle-vlaamse-films-aller-tijden~b9c0ff3d/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|title=De 20 meest succesvolle Vlaamse films aller tijden|date=3 January 2014|work=De Morgen|language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaf.be/sites/vaf/files/jaarverslagen/vaf_filmfonds_2017_jaarverslag.pdf|title=VAF jaarverslag 2017|date=2017|work=Vlaams Audiovisueel Fonds|language=Dutch|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2019-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226154624/https://www.vaf.be/sites/vaf/files/jaarverslagen/vaf_filmfonds_2017_jaarverslag.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lebon died on 3 February 2021 in Antwerp, aged 81.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/02/04/filmregisseur-patrick-lebon-81-overleden-bekend-van-zaman-e/|title=Filmregisseur Patrick Lebon (81) overleden, bekend van "Zaman" en "Paniekzaaiers" met Gaston en Leo|date=4 February 2021|work=VRT NWS|language=Dutch}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lebon, Patrick}} [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Belgian movie directors]] [[Category:Belgian screenwriters]] [[Category:People from Antwerp]] {{bio-stub}} jmkhyd91exovdka1kkgzkt0i4v9vqcf 0 820761 10330285 10321608 2025-06-14T16:44:19Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Hodori_(1986_Asiad_and_1988_Seoul_Olympics_Mascot).png|Hodori_(1986_Asiad_and_1988_Seoul_Olympics_Mascot).png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: [[:c:COM:DW|Derivative work]] of non-free content ([[:c: 10330285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox games | Name = X Asian Games | Logo = Asian Games logo.svg | Size = 250px | Optional caption = | Host city = [[Seoul]], South Korea | Nations participating = 27 | Athletes participating = 4,839 | Events = 296 in 25 sports | Opening ceremony = 20 September | Closing ceremony = 5 October | Officially opened by = [[Chun Doo-hwan]]<br />{{small|[[President of South Korea]]}} | Officially closed by = [[Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]]<br/>{{small|President of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]]}} | Athlete's Oath = | Judge's Oath = | Torch Lighter = [[Jang Jae-keun]] and [[Park Mi-seon (athlete)|Park Mi-sun]]<ref name="ency">{{cite web |title=서울아시아경기대회 |url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0028033 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> | Stadium = [[Seoul Olympic Stadium|Olympic Stadium]] | previous = [[1982 Asian Games|Delhi 1982]] | next = [[1990 Asian Games|Beijing 1990]] }} The '''1986 [[Asian Games]]''', officially known as the '''X Asian Games''', was a [[sports]] event in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. It occurred from 20 September to 5 October, 1986. There were 296 events from 25 sports and disciplines. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{multistub|sport|Asia}} {{Asian Games}} [[Category:1986 in Asian sport]] [[Category:Sport in Seoul]] [[Category:1980s in South Korean sport]] [[Category:Asian Games by year]] [[Category:History of Seoul]] r3ey5d1615jjx00tck9k5vc5lqazex1 2 821700 10331288 10322845 2025-06-15T01:40:52Z JJPMaster 641508 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[User:Alirashidalamin]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331288 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. 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He founded [[Giordano (clothing)|Giordano]].{{cn}} He is one of the main supporters of the [[pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pro-democracy camp]], especially to the [[Democratic Party (Hong Kong)|Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jimmy Lai, the testy tycoon defying Beijing|url=https://www.ft.com/content/398cbe8f-8b13-4537-a38e-84c8c0d75070|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Financial Times|language=en}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Lai is also an [[art]] collector.<ref name="biztoday_tw_20100603">{{Cite web|title=黎智英：丁雄泉，就代表藝術|trans-title=Jimmy Lai: Walasse Ting represents the arts|url=https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80732/post/201006030009/%E9%BB%8E%E6%99%BA%E8%8B%B1%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%81%E9%9B%84%E6%B3%89%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93|date=2010-06-03|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Business Today|language=zh-hant}}</ref> {{seealso|List of Chinese dissidents}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{biography-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lai, Jimmy}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Chinese businesspeople]] [[Category:Hong Kong activists]] 8veu7phapfi8oeu7fzb3idn3u1la4ad 10 828712 10331750 10329525 2025-06-15T10:29:55Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Ape Escape series | title = [[Ape Escape (series)|''Ape Escape]]'' series | state = {{{state|expand}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 = Main series | list1 = * ''[[Ape Escape]]'' * ''[[Ape Escape 2]]'' * ''[[Ape Escape 3]]'' | group2 = Spin-offs | list2 = * ''[[Pipo Saru 2001]]'' * ''[[Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys]]'' * ''[[Saru Get You: Pipo Saru Racer]]'' * ''[[Saru! Get You! SaruSaru Big Mission]]'' * ''[[Ape Quest]]'' | group3 = Party games | list3 = * ''[[Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed|Pumped & Primed]]'' * ''[[EyeToy: Monkey Mania]]'' * ''[[Ape Escape Academy|Academy]]'' * ''[[Ape Academy 2|Academy 2]]'' * '''[[PlayStation Move Ape Escape|Ape Escape Move]]'' | group4 = Appearences | list4 = * ''[[Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal]]'' * ''[[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater]]'' * ''[[PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale]]'' * ''[[Super Bomberman R]]'' | group5 = Related | list5 = * [[Ape Escape (Japanese TV series)|CG Shorts]] * [[Saru Get You -On Air-|Anime]] * [[Ape Escape (American TV series)|Ape Escape: The Series]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Video game navigational boxes]] </noinclude> ifbkajf3m4w66wxts46aulz776b0dhc 10331754 10331750 2025-06-15T10:31:50Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Ape Escape series | title = [[Ape Escape (series)|''Ape Escape]]'' series | state = {{{state|expand}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 = Main series | list1 = * ''[[Ape Escape]]'' * ''[[Ape Escape 2]]'' * ''[[Ape Escape 3]]'' | group2 = Spin-offs | list2 = * ''[[Pipo Saru 2001]]'' * ''[[Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys]]'' * ''[[Saru Get You: Pipo Saru Racer]]'' * ''[[Saru! Get You! SaruSaru Big Mission]]'' * ''[[Ape Quest]]'' | group3 = Party games | list3 = * ''[[Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed|Pumped & Primed]]'' * ''[[EyeToy: Monkey Mania]]'' * ''[[Ape Escape Academy|Academy]]'' * ''[[Ape Academy 2|Academy 2]]'' * ''[[PlayStation Move Ape Escape|Ape Escape Move]]'' | group4 = Appearences | list4 = * ''[[Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal]]'' * ''[[Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater]]'' * ''[[PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale]]'' * ''[[Super Bomberman R]]'' | group5 = Related | list5 = * [[Ape Escape (Japanese TV series)|CG Shorts]] * [[Saru Get You -On Air-|Anime]] * [[Ape Escape (American TV series)|Ape Escape: The Series]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Video game navigational boxes]] </noinclude> b8ovuv459fm96jzlvp9wha8rulbqx0o 0 829392 10331235 9655684 2025-06-15T01:21:00Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{mergeto|Amaranth (color)}} '''Amaranth''' is a red ish-rose [[color]] that is a representation of the color of the flower of the amaranth plant. {{Colorswatch|Amaranth purple|E52B50}} [[File:Amaranthus tricolor0.jpg|thumb]] ==Etymology== *Comes from the Greek a (not) + marainean (to waste away), i.e., a flower believed to grow on Mount Olympus which never died. ==Color codes== *In hex:#E52B50 == Types of amaranth == === Amaranth pink === {{infobox color |title=Amaranth pink |hex=F19CBB |source=Maerz and Paul<ref name="Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 189; Color Sample of Amaranth Pink: Page 121 Plate 49 Color Sample D8">Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 189; Color Sample of Amaranth Pink: Page 121 Plate 49 Color Sample D8</ref> |isccname=Moderate purplish pink}} The color '''amaranth pink''' is shown. This color is the color of pink [[amaranth]] flowers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.driedflowersdirect.com/dried-flowers/gomphrena-2.htm |title=Picture of ''amaranth pink'' colored amaranth flowers (labeled as "pink") |access-date=2011-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501203036/http://www.driedflowersdirect.com/dried-flowers/gomphrena-2.htm |archive-date=2016-05-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first use of ''amaranth pink'' as a color name in [[English language|English]] was in 1905.<ref name="Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930--McGraw Hill Page 189; Color Sample of Amaranth Pink: Page 121 Plate 49 Color Sample D8" /> {{-}} === Radical red (bright amaranth pink)=== {{infobox color |title=Radical red |hex=FF355E |source=[[List of Crayola crayon colors|Crayola]] |isccname=Vivid red}} The [[Crayola]] [[crayon]] color '''radical red''' is shown at right. The color ''radical red'', which is also called '''bright amaranth pink''' was made by [[Crayola]] in 1990. This color is [[fluorescent]], but there is no way to show fluorescence on a computer screen. {{-}} === Amaranth purple === {{infobox color |title=Amaranth purple |hex=AB274F |source=Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''amaranth purple'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color ''amaranth purple'' is displayed on page 129, Plate 53, Color Sample L3.</ref> |isccname=Vivid red}} The color '''amaranth purple''' is shown. This color is what color purple amaranth are.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/speciesphoto/AMACRU.jpg%26imgrefurl%3Dhttp%3A//wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/Searchcolors.asp%3Fcolor%3DB%26LIM%3D0%26sortop%3DTaxa%26h%3D102%26w%3D102%26sz%3D3%26hl%3Den%26start%3D16%26tbnid%3DGzu8akV9TW2sQM%3A%26tbnh%3D83%26tbnw%3D83%26prev%3D/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amaranth%2BPurple%2522%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG |title=Picture of ''amaranth purple'' colored amaranth flowers |access-date=2018-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723152638/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/speciesphoto/AMACRU.jpg%26imgrefurl%3Dhttp%3A//wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/Searchcolors.asp%3Fcolor%3DB%26LIM%3D0%26sortop%3DTaxa%26h%3D102%26w%3D102%26sz%3D3%26hl%3Den%26start%3D16%26tbnid%3DGzu8akV9TW2sQM%3A%26tbnh%3D83%26tbnw%3D83%26prev%3D/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amaranth%2BPurple%2522%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG |archive-date=2018-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{-}} === Amaranth deep purple === {{infobox color |title=Amaranth (M&P) |hex=9F2B68 |source=Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''amaranth'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color ''amaranth'' is displayed on page 111, Plate 44, Color Sample L8.</ref> |isccname=Deep purplish red}} '''Amaranth deep purple''' is a type of amaranth. {{-}} === Alizarin === {{infobox color |title=Alizarin |hex=DB2D43 |source=Maerz and Paul <ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''alizarin'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color ''alizarin'' is displayed on page 132, Plate 68, Color Sample L6.</ref> |isccname=Brilliant amaranth}} '''Alizarin''' is a type of amaranth. {{-}} ==Related pages== *[[Pink]] *[[Red]] *[[Cerise (color)]] == References == {{Reflist}}{{Shades of pink}} {{Shades of red}} {{Shades of magenta}} kru7sghagoq1q0y1cixk31jzotjxw3y 0 829417 10330982 9774962 2025-06-14T22:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = Heysel Stadium disaster | date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1985|05|29}} | venue = [[King Baudouin Stadium|Heysel Stadium]] | location = [[Brussels]], Belgium | coordinates = {{coord|50|53|45|N|4|20|3|E|type:landmark}} | cause = Riot | filmed_by = [[European Broadcasting Union]] | participants = Supporters of [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] and [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] | outcome = English clubs banned from European competition for five years; Liverpool for six years | reported deaths = 39 | reported injuries = 600 | arrests = 34 | convicted = Several top officials, police captain Johan Mahieu, and 14 Liverpool fans convicted of [[manslaughter]] }} The '''Heysel Stadium disaster''' ({{IPA-de|ˈɦɛizəl}}; {{IPA-fr|ɛizɛl}}; {{IPA-nl|ˈɦɛizəl|Nl-Heizel.ogg}}; {{lang-de|Katastrophe von Heysel}}; {{lang-fr|Drame du Heysel}}; {{lang-nl|Heizeldrama}}; {{lang-it|Tragedia dell'Heysel or Strage dell'Heysel}}) was a [[stampede|human stampede]] that occurred on 25 May 1985, when [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]] fans escaping from a breach by [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] fans were pressed against a collapsing wall in the [[King Baudouin Stadium|Heysel Stadium]] in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], before the start of the [[1985 European Cup Final]]. 39 people were killed and 600 were injured in the confrontation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heysel: Liverpool and Juventus remember disaster that claimed 39 lives |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/heysel-football-stadium-anniversary-of-disaster-852138 |date=29 May 2012 }}</ref> The tragedy resulted in all English [[association football|football]] clubs being banned indefinitely by the [[Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA) from all European competitions (lifted in 1990–91), with Liverpool being excluded for an additional three years. The Liverpool ban would later be reduced from 3 years to 1 year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tomkinstimes.com/2013/05/heysel-25-years-on-book-extract/ |title=Heysel, 27 Years On – Book Extract &#124; The Tomkins Times &#124; News, Opinion, Statistics and Discussion about Liverpool FC Football Club |publisher=The Tomkins Times |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> 14 Liverpool fans would be found guilty of [[manslaughter]] and each sentenced to three years' imprisonment. The [[disaster]] was later described as "the darkest hour in the history of the UEFA competitions".<ref>Quote from UEFA Chief Executive Lars-Christer Olsson in 2004, [http://www.uefa.com/uefa/Keytopics/kind=2/newsId=300034.html uefa.com]</ref> == Deaths == Of the 39 people killed, 32 were Italian (including two minors), four Belgian, two French, and one from [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-13430935 | work=BBC News | title=Heysel stadium disaster film is planned | date=17 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/heysel-tragedy/2010/05/27/the-39-victims-who-died-at-heysel-stadium-92534-26530945/ The 39 victims who died at Heysel Stadium] -''liverpooldailypost.co.uk''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.associazionefamiliarivittimeheysel.it/Le_Vittime.html|title=Le 39 Vittime della Strage|work=associazionefamiliarivittimeheysel.it|language=it|access-date=26 June 2018|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005234/http://www.associazionefamiliarivittimeheysel.it/Le_Vittime.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{columns-list|colwidth=25em| *{{flagicon|ITA}} Rocco Acerra, 29 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Bruno Balli, 50 *{{flagicon|BEL}} Alfons Bos, 35<ref name=French_book>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhSmIUmS5IgC&pg=PT56|title=Le Heysel: Une tragédie européenne|author=Jean-Philippe Leclaire|access-date=26 June 2018|isbn=9782702146842|date=2005-05-18}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} Giancarlo Bruschera, 21 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Andrea Casula, 11 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Giovanni Casula, 44 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Nino Cerullo, 24 *{{flagicon|BEL}} Willy Chielens, 41 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Giuseppina Conti, 17 *{{flagicon|BEL}} Dirk Daeninckx, 38 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Dionisio Fabbro, 51 *{{flagicon|FRA}} Jacques François, 45<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/171726/article/2017-06-02/il-y-trente-deux-ans-des-chapellois-frappes-par-le-drame-du-heysel|title=Il y a trente-deux ans, des Chapellois frappés par le drame du Heysel|work=lavoixdunord.fr|date=2 June 2017|access-date=26 June 2018|language=fr}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} Eugenio Gagliano, 35 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Francesco Galli, 24 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Giancarlo Gonnelli, 20 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Alberto Guarini, 21 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Giovacchino Landini, 50 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Roberto Lorentini, 31 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Barbara Lusci, 58 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Franco Martelli, 22 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Loris Messore, 28 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Gianni Mastroiaco, 20 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Sergio Bastino Mazzino, 38 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Luciano Rocco Papaluca, 38 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Luigi Pidone, 31 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Benito Pistolato, 50 *{{flagicon|NIR}} Patrick Radcliffe, 38<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/remembering-belfast-man-patrick-radcliffe-who-died-in-heysel-tragedy-31262076.html|title=Remembering Belfast man Patrick Radcliffe who died in Heysel tragedy|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=29 May 2015|access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref> *{{flagicon|ITA}} Domenico Ragazzi, 44 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Antonio Ragnanese, 49 *{{flagicon|FRA}} Claude Robert, 27<ref name=French_book/> *{{flagicon|ITA}} Mario Ronchi, 43 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Domenico Russo, 28 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Tarcisio Salvi, 49 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Gianfranco Sarto, 47 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Amedeo Giuseppe Spolaore, 55 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Mario Spanu, 41 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Tarcisio Venturin, 23 *{{flagicon|BEL}} Jean Michel Walla, 32 *{{flagicon|ITA}} Claudio Zavaroni, 28 }} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923190100/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/Heysel_Disaster/ Heysel Disaster] Original reports from ''[[The Times]]'', at [[Internet Archive]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110321174959/http://www.lfconline.com/news/loadsngl.asp?cid=EDB3 Heysel Tragedy article on LFC Online] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4394705.stm BBC Sports columnist Alan Hansen – Reds tie evokes Heysel memories] * [http://www.sirc.org/publik/football_violence.pdf Football Violence in Europe]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Paper by the [[Social Issues Research Centre]] * [http://tomkinstimes.com/2009/12/heysel-athens-the-truth/ Partial article by Paul Tompkins] {{Coord|50|53|42|N|4|20|2|E|region:BE_type:event|display=title}} <!--[[Category:1985 crimes]]--> [[Category:1985 disasters]] [[Category:1985 in Europe]] [[Category:1980s crimes in Europe]] [[Category:1980s disasters in Europe]] [[Category:1980s in Belgium]] <!--[[Category:Crime in Belgium]]--> [[Category:Football in Belgium]] [[Category:Brussels]] [[Category:Juventus F.C.]] [[Category:Manslaughter]] f6mtesmfl73zmazviw58d75vuieggz6 0 829974 10329859 8832063 2025-06-14T12:34:11Z Jon Gua 1375466 10329859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"Meitei architecture"''' or '''"Manipuri architecture"''' is the [[architecture]], produced by the [[Meitei ethnicity]] in [[Ancient Manipur]] from the middle of the fifteenth century BC.<ref name="webindia123.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.webindia123.com/MANIPUR/ART/index.html | title=Arts and Architecture of manipur }}</ref> [[File:Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion.jpg|thumb|center|The architecture of [[Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]] inside the [[Kangla]].]] [[File:Kangla Fort, Manipur, India.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|The architecture of the Inner Entrance Gate, along with the statues of a pair of [[Kanglasha]]s, the dragon lions, inside the [[Kangla]], the old [[metropolis]] of [[Ancient Manipur]].]] The major architectural designs and styles include traditional Meitei Yumjao (lit. Large House),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=education.Scientific_Papers.Scientific_Principles_of_Ancient_Manipuri_Yumjao_House_and_its_Courtyard_By_Khwairakpam_Gajananda | title=Scientific Principles of Ancient Manipuri Yumjao House and its Courtyard by Khwairakpam Gajananda }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageSelector.asp?src=Meitei_Yumjao_The_Endangered_Art&heading=&mx=&ch=manipur&sub1=Arts_and_Culture&sub2= | title=Meitei Yumjao the Endangered Art }}</ref> Sanglen (lit. Public House) and others.<ref name="webindia123.com"/> ==Related pages== # [[Meitei temples]] # [[Kangla]] # [[Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]] # [[Sana Konung]] # [[Langthabal Konung]] # [[Bihu Loukon]] ==Further reading== * https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21183 * https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318060629_Architecture_of_the_Kangla_palace_Manipur * http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.EI.Old_Imphal_town_and_Meitei_Yumjao_By_Irengbam_Mohendra ==Sources== {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_ycAAAAMAAJ&q=manipuri+architecture | title=Journal of Higher Education | year=1989 }} {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+architecture | title=Proceedings of North East India History Association | year=2000 }} {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DtuAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+architecture | title=101 Pilgrimages | year=2006 | isbn=9788189449032 }} {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhU1AAAAIAAJ&q=manipuri+architecture | title=Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Centuries | last1=Singh | first1=Moirangthem Kirti | year=1980 }} {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X84BAAAAMAAJ&q=manipuri+architecture | title=Manipur | last1=Jhalajit Singh | first1=R. K. | year=1975 }} {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFluAAAAMAAJ&q=manipur+architecture | title=Archaeology in Manipur | isbn=9788185891187 | last1=Kunjeswori Devi | first1=L. | year=2003 }} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Meitei architecture]] [[Category:Ancient buildings and structures]] jgyfdxenxlp1r62f0kkwgh7p6rlqjzm 0 830326 10329858 9027837 2025-06-14T12:33:39Z Jon Gua 1375466 10329858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanamahi Temple Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|The Sanamahi Kiyong Temple, in the hilltop of the [[Nongmaiching Hill]] of the [[Imphal East]] district of [[Kangleipak]] ([[Manipur]])]] The '''Sanamahi Kiyong''' ({{lang-mni|sa-naa-ma-hee kee-yong|Temple of Sanamahi}}) is a [[Meitei temples|Meitei temple]]. It is built in honor of God [[Sanamahi]] of [[Sanamahism]] ([[Meitei religion]]). It is built on the top of the Selloi Langmai mountains (Nongmaiching mountains) in Imphal East district of [[Manipur]].<ref name="imphaleast.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=SANAMAHI KIYONG TEMPLE {{!}} IMPHAL EAST DISTRICT, GOVERNMENT OF MANIPUR {{!}} India|url=https://imphaleast.nic.in/tourist-place/sanamahi_kiyong/|access-date=2022-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> It was opened on the 8th of June, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akoijam|first=Jeet|title=Sanamahi Kiyong to be inaugurated on June 8 - Imphal Times|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/14454-sanamahi-kiyong-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-8+Sanamahi+Kiyong|access-date=2022-09-25|website=www.imphaltimes.com|language=en-gb|archive-date=2021-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002434/https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/14454-sanamahi-kiyong-to-be-inaugurated-on-june-8+Sanamahi+Kiyong|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanamahi Kiyong inaugurated – Manipur News|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2019/06/08/sanamahi-kiyong-inaugurated/|access-date=2022-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> It is one of the most visited pilgrimage sites for the [[Meitei people]] as well as the other followers of [[Sanamahi religion]] in [[Manipur]].<ref name="imphaleast.nic.in"/> ==Related pages== * [[Ebudhou Thangjing Temple]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Religion-stub}} [[Category:Religion in India]] [[Category:Meitei architecture]] qri8r2p68rzdiicp656pkegwz4ptbx5 0 832490 10331515 10148349 2025-06-15T05:49:36Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | total_width = 310 | perrow = 2 | image1 = Trump MAGA rally in Greenville (1).jpg | image2 = Donald Trump (25858585711).jpg | image4 = United We Stand & Patriots March for America (50335364347).jpg | image3 = DC Capitol Storming IMG 7985.jpg | image6 = Fuck your Feelings & God, Guns and Trump button (48555430526).jpg | footer = {{center|'''Clockwise from top:'''}} [[Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign]] rally in Greenville, North Carolina; [[Donald Trump]] at a 2016 rally in Arizona; armed supporters of Trump at a Minnesota demonstration, September 2020; a supporter kneeling in prayer at a 2016 Trump rally in Tucson; a supporter calls for empathy at a rally in 2019; Trump supporters [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|attacking the Capitol]] on January 6, 2021. }} '''Trumpism''' is a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[political movement]] based on the [[political ideology|ideology]] of [[United States]] president [[Donald Trump]], a very active member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. The Trumpist faction of the Republican Party, the [[Freedom Caucus]], is now the largest faction in the federal Republican Party. Trumpism is a right-wing ideology that is heavily influenced by [[national conservatism]],<ref>https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2973/</ref> [[right-wing populism]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26407109 | jstor=26407109 | title=Populism and the Future of American Politics | last1=Stewart | first1=Charles | last2=Bobo | first2=Lawrence D. | last3=Hochschild | first3=Jennifer L. | journal=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | date=2017 | volume=70 | issue=2 | pages=53–61 }}</ref><ref>https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/national-conservatism/</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01442872.2021.1950667 | doi=10.1080/01442872.2021.1950667 | title=Donald Trump's impact on the Republican Party | date=2021 | last1=Espinoza | first1=Michael | journal=Policy Studies | volume=42 | issue=5–6 | pages=563–579 }}</ref> and [[social conservatism]].<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/04/trump-administration-cuts-funding-un-population-fund-concerns/</ref><ref>http://fortune.com/2017/03/13/mark-cuban-president-trump-sxsw/</ref><ref>http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/04/26/donald-trump-social-conservatives-215073</ref> It has also been described as [[Americanism (ideology)|Americanist]],<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gop-convention-speech/</ref> [[Christian right]]ist,<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-political-scene/how-trump-captured-iowas-religious-right</ref><ref>https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/09/12/republicans-church-trump-00113565</ref> [[Illiberalism|illiberal]], [[Isolationism|isolationist]],<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/</ref> [[Libertarianism|libertarian]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151231034812/http://www.ontheissues.org/Donald_Trump.htm</ref> [[Nationalism|nationalist]],<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/world/europe/france-election-trump-marine-le-pen.html?mcubz=1</ref><ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/07/03/trump-abroad-u-s-president-goes-poland-before-g-20-summit/447412001/</ref> [[Protectionism|protectionist]],<ref>https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party</ref><ref>http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2015/08/26/donald_trump_a_21st_century_protectionist_herbert_hoover_127893.html</ref> [[Authoritarianism|and semi-authoritarian]].<ref>https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/996617553/the-u-s-is-headed-away-from-the-ideals-of-democracy-says-author-masha-gessen</ref><ref>https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/190496/3/10564926221119395.pdf</ref> ==Similar ideologies overseas== Many foreign right-wing politicians have been described as their country's version of Trump or who have been major allies of Trump. These include [[Argentina]]'s [[Javier Milei]],<ref>https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/javier-milei-guide-argentina-trump-loving-president-1234888897/</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/world/americas/javier-milei-argentina-trump.html</ref> [[Australia]]'s [[Pauline Hanson]]<ref>https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/pauline-hanson-voters-are-our-biggest-trump-supporters-newspoll/v1dvy3225</ref><ref>https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/hanson-gets-celebrity-status-policies-cant-beat-ng-b88360637z.amp</ref> and [[Clive Palmer]],<ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/04/10/meet-australias-answer-donald-trump-unvaccinated-billionaire/</ref> [[Brazil]]'s [[Jair Bolsonaro]],<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-lula-calls-bolsonaro-trump-copycat-cnn-interview-2023-02-10/</ref><ref>https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/bolsonaro-emulates-trump-brazilian-journalists-struggle-cover-his-supporters</ref> [[France]]'s [[Marine Le Pen]],<ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-marine-le-pen-frances-trump/</ref> [[Hungary]]'s [[Viktor Orbán]],<ref>https://www.politico.eu/article/hungarian-pm-viktor-orban-donald-trump-ukraine-victory-over-russia-lie/</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/04/hungary-viktor-orban-donald-trump-cpac</ref><ref>https://index.hu/kulfold/2023/10/17/donald-trump-orban-viktor-egyesult-allamok-republikanusok-amerikai-elnokvalasztas/</ref> [[Italy]]'s [[Silvio Berlusconi]]<ref>https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-boris-johnson-and-berlusconi-the-unholy-trinity-of-false-outrage/</ref> and [[Giorgia Meloni]],<ref>https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/3939099-italys-giorgia-meloni-is-the-female-donald-trump-for-many-on-the-left/amp/</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2022/sep/28/giorgia-meloni-mussolini-trump-europe-italy-elections</ref><ref>https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/29/italys-meloni-trump-gop-00059363</ref> [[Japan]]'s [[Shinzo Abe]],<ref>https://www.thedailybeast.com/shinzo-abe-was-japans-donald-trump-before-trumpexcept-he-pulled-it-off</ref> the [[Netherlands]]' [[Geert Wilders]]<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/25/they-feel-they-are-being-neglected-why-voters-turned-to-dutch-trump-geert-wilders</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-23|title=The Dutch Trump: Who is Geert Wilders and what does he want?|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/who-is-dutch-geert-wilders-election/|access-date=2024-07-23|website=POLITICO|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>https://apnews.com/article/wilders-netherlands-islam-trump-8efc30fa18dd9c4a0da21b25eca9e01d</ref><ref>https://www.voanews.com/a/dutch-trump-struggles-to-form-government-after-shock-election-win/7367695.html</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Nigel Farage]].<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/29/nigel-farage-heaps-praise-on-donald-trump-at-arizona-rally</ref> During the lead-up to the [[45th Canadian federal election]], the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] compared the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] opposition to the Republican Party and the [[Make America Great Again|MAGA]] movement<ref>https://www.timescolonist.com/national-news/trump-card-liberals-say-much-is-at-stake-as-they-paint-tories-as-maga-politicians-8138664</ref> and compared [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Opposition Leader]] [[Pierre Poilievre]] to Trump.<ref>https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/kurl-liberals-shouldnt-be-comparing-pierre-poilievre-to-trump/wcm/beb47c05-c8fe-4461-a4b7-1a86e9490c6e/amp/</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Donald Trump}} [[Category:Donald Trump]] 2ttkr4zk76tgzlgtez32mypygthcewp 0 832630 10331494 10085904 2025-06-15T05:39:51Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox judge |name = Ketanji Brown Jackson |image = KBJackson.jpg |office = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] |nominator = [[Joe Biden]] |term_start = June 30, 2022 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Stephen Breyer]] |successor = |office1 = Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] |appointer1 = [[Joe Biden]] |term_start1 = June 17, 2021 |term_end1 = June 30, 2022 |predecessor1 = [[Merrick Garland]] |successor1 = [[Florence Y. Pan]] |office2 = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]] |appointer2 = [[Barack Obama]] |term_start2 = March 26, 2013 |term_end2 = June 17, 2021 |predecessor2 = [[Henry H. Kennedy Jr.]] |successor2 = [[Florence Y. Pan]] |office3 = Vice Chair of the [[United States Sentencing Commission]] |appointer3 = [[Barack Obama]] |term_start3 = February 2010 |term_end3 = December 2014 |predecessor3 = [[Michael E. Horowitz]] |successor3 = [[Charles Breyer]] |birth_name = Ketanji Onyika Brown |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|9|14}} |birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |spouse = {{marriage|Patrick Jackson|1996}} |children = 2 |education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) |signature = Ketanji Brown Jackson signature.svg }} '''Ketanji Brown Jackson''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑː|n|dʒ|i}} {{respell|kə|TAHN|jee}}; born '''Ketanji Onyika Brown'''; September 14, 1970) is an American lawyer, politician and judge. She is an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] since June 30, 2022, replacing [[Stephen Breyer]]. Jackson was the Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] from 2021 to 2022, replacing [[Merrick Garland]]. She was a [[United States District Judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]] from 2013 until 2021. She was nominated to the court by President [[Barack Obama]]. From 2010 until 2014, Jackson was Vice Chair of the [[United States Sentencing Commission]]. In March 2021, President [[Joe Biden]] nominated her to be a United States Circuit Judge of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Marimow|first1=Ann E.|last2=Viser|first2=Matt|title=Biden's first slate of judicial nominees aims to quickly boost diversity in federal courts|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/biden-judicial-nominees-ketanji--brown-jackson/2021/03/29/38efad34-7773-11eb-8115-9ad5e9c02117_story.html|access-date=2021-03-30|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> On June 14, 2021, the United States Senate confirmed Jackson in a 53-44 vote.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00231 | title = On the Nomination (Confirmation: Ketanji Brown Jackson, of the District of Columbia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit) | publisher = United States Senate | website=www.senate.gov | accessdate=June 15, 2021}}</ref> In February 2022, President [[Joe Biden]] nominated Jackson to be an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] to replace retiring Associate Justice [[Stephen Breyer]].<ref name="announce"/><ref name=Breyerleave>{{Cite news |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Read Justice Breyer's letter of resignation from the Supreme Court. |website=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/27/us/politics/breyer-resignation-letter-scotus.html |access-date=April 9, 2022}}</ref> Her nomination was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] by a 53–47 vote in April 2022.<ref name=con/> She is the first black woman to be an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court.<ref name=con/> ==Early life== Jackson was born Ketanji Onyika Brown on September 14, 1970, in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Marimow |first=Ann E. |date=April 30, 2021 |title=Biden's court pick Ketanji Brown Jackson has navigated a path few Black women have |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/ketanji-brown-jackson-biden-dc-circuit/2021/04/29/c0bd2f0c-a761-11eb-8d25-7b30e74923ea_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430174107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/ketanji-brown-jackson-biden-dc-circuit/2021/04/29/c0bd2f0c-a761-11eb-8d25-7b30e74923ea_story.html |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="SenateQuestionnaire">{{Cite web |title=Questionnaire for judicial nominees |url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Jackson%20Senate%20Questionnaire%20Public%20Final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143928/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Jackson%20Senate%20Questionnaire%20Public%20Final.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2017 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=[[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary]]}}</ref> Her father, Johnny Brown, was an attorney for public schools in [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]]. Her mother, Ellery, was a school principal in [[Miami]], Florida.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article257749578.html#storylink=cpy | title = Supreme Court prospect Brown Jackson was 'star in the making' at Miami's Palmetto High |date=January 26, 2022 | work = Miami Herald | first = Aaron | last = Leibowitz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220202231046/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article257749578.html#storylink=cpy | archive-date = February 2, 2022 | access-date = January 27, 2022}}</ref> Jackson grew up in Miami, Florida.<ref>D'Angelo, Bob, and Natalie Dreier (February 25, 2022) [https://www.wftv.com/news/trending/who-is-ketanji-brown-jackson-5-things-know/2Y2EZ27XG5AM3HSHKLGMO7PYD4/ "Who is Ketanji Brown Jackson? 5 things to know about Biden’s Supreme Court pick,"] ''WFTV 9''. Retrieved Febrary 25, 2022.</ref> After high school, Jackson studied government at [[Harvard College]]. She graduated in 1992 with an [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]]<ref name="wapo2">{{Cite news |last1=Marimow |first1=Ann |last2=Davis |first2=Aaron |date=January 30, 2022 |title=Possible Supreme Court nominee, former defender, saw impact of harsh drug sentence firsthand |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/ketanji-brown-jackson-uncle-prison/2022/01/30/669c5f68-8116-11ec-bf02-f9e24ccef149_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131070659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/ketanji-brown-jackson-uncle-prison/2022/01/30/669c5f68-8116-11ec-bf02-f9e24ccef149_story.html |archive-date=January 31, 2022}}</ref> She also performed [[Improvisation|improv comedy]] and took classes in drama while at Harvard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Meet Ketanji Brown Jackson |work=New York Magazine |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/02/supreme-court-nominee-ketanji-brown-jacksons-rise.html |access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> Jackson worked as a staff reporter and researcher for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine from 1992 to 1993. She graduated in 1996 from [[Harvard Law School]] with a [[Juris Doctor]] ''cum laude''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson |url=http://www.mofo.com/attorneys/13412/summary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906150725/http://www.mofo.com/attorneys/13412/summary.html |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |access-date=July 25, 2009 |website=Morrison & Foerster LLP}}</ref> ==Legal career== Jackson began working as a lawyer in [[Washington, D.C.]] She also clerked for Justice [[Stephen Breyer]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] from 1999 to 2000.<ref name="fjc.gov">{{Cite web |title=Jackson, Ketanji Brown |url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/jackson-ketanji-brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201230353/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/jackson-ketanji-brown |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=[[Federal Judicial Center]]}}</ref> Jackson worked in private legal practice from 2000 to 2003.<ref name="KetanjiCommission">{{Cite press release |title=President Obama Nominates Ketanji Brown Jackson to US Sentencing Commission |date=July 23, 2009 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-nominates-ketanji-brown-jackson-us-sentencing-commission |access-date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201230341/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-nominates-ketanji-brown-jackson-us-sentencing-commission |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]]}}</ref> On July 23, 2009, President [[Barack Obama]] nominated Jackson to become vice chair of the [[United States Sentencing Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=David |date=July 24, 2009 |title=Obama Taps Another MoFo Lawyer |url=https://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2009/07/obama-taps-another-morrison-foerster-lawyer.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726072433/http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2009/07/obama-taps-another-morrison-foerster-lawyer.html |archive-date=July 26, 2009 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times}}</ref> The [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] confirmed Jackson on February 11, 2010. Jackson was on the Sentencing Commission until 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2013 |title=Former Commissioner Information |url=http://www.ussc.gov/about/commissioners/former-commissioner-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523001120/http://www.ussc.gov/about/commissioners/former-commissioner-information |archive-date=May 23, 2015 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=ussc.gov}}</ref> During her time, she helped reduce sentences for people charged with drug offenses.<ref name="first slate">{{Cite news |last1=Marimow |first1=Ann E. |last2=Viser |first2=Matt |date=March 29, 2021 |title=Biden's first slate of judicial nominees aims to quickly boost diversity in federal courts |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/biden-judicial-nominees-ketanji--brown-jackson/2021/03/29/38efad34-7773-11eb-8115-9ad5e9c02117_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330130753/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/biden-judicial-nominees-ketanji--brown-jackson/2021/03/29/38efad34-7773-11eb-8115-9ad5e9c02117_story.html |archive-date=March 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwarzapfel |first=Beth |date=July 23, 2015 |title=Federal Prisons Could Release 1,000 Times More Drug Offenders Than Obama Did |url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/07/23/federal-prisons-could-release-1-000-times-more-drug-offenders-than-obama-did |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511021700/https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/07/23/federal-prisons-could-release-1-000-times-more-drug-offenders-than-obama-did |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |access-date=May 16, 2020 |website=The Marshall Project}}</ref> == District court (2013–2021) == On September 20, 2012, Obama nominated Jackson to be a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2012 |title=President Obama Nominates Two to the United States District Courts |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/20/president-obama-nominates-two-united-states-district-courts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411040310/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/20/president-obama-nominates-two-united-states-district-courts |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> On February 14, 2013, her nomination was reported to the full Senate by [[voice vote]] of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2013 |title=President Obama Re-nominates Thirty-Three to Federal Judgeships |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/03/president-obama-re-nominates-thirty-three-federal-judgeships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407085130/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/03/president-obama-re-nominates-thirty-three-federal-judgeships |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> She was confirmed by the full Senate by voice vote on March 22, 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Valencia |first=Milton J. |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Who is Ketanji Brown Jackson, Biden's pick for US Supreme Court? |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/25/nation/who-is-ketanji-brown-jackson-bidens-nominee-us-supreme-court |accessdate=February 25, 2022}}</ref> Her time in this court was known for ruling against executive decision made by the [[Donald Trump|Trump]] administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marimow |first=Ann |date=June 14, 2021 |title=Senate confirms D.C. Circuit nominee Ketanji Brown Jackson to replace Merrick Garland |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ketanji-brown-jackson-sentate-confirmation-vote/2021/06/14/14da742a-cd3a-11eb-8014-2f3926ca24d9_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615125504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ketanji-brown-jackson-sentate-confirmation-vote/2021/06/14/14da742a-cd3a-11eb-8014-2f3926ca24d9_story.html |archive-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref> == Court of Appeals (2021–2022) == On March 30, 2021, President [[Joe Biden]] announced his plans to nominate Jackson to be a United States circuit judge for the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]] to replace [[Merrick Garland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 19, 2021|title=Nominations Sent to the Senate|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/19/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-11/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509140740/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/19/nominations-sent-to-the-senate-11/|archive-date=May 9, 2021|access-date=May 14, 2021|website=The White House}}</ref> On April 19, 2021, her nomination was sent to the Senate. On April 28, 2021, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2021|title=Nominations &#124; United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/04/21/2021/nominations|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513205620/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/04/21/2021/nominations|archive-date=May 13, 2021|access-date=May 14, 2021|website=judiciary.senate.gov}}</ref> During her confirmation hearing, some senators questioned her about her rulings against former President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marimow|first=Ann|date=April 28, 2021|title=Biden judicial pick Ketanji Brown Jackson defends her independence in Senate hearing|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-defends-independence-in-senate-hearing/2021/04/28/ea4015c8-a794-11eb-8d25-7b30e74923ea_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827155730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-defends-independence-in-senate-hearing/2021/04/28/ea4015c8-a794-11eb-8d25-7b30e74923ea_story.html|archive-date=August 27, 2021}}</ref> The committee supported her nomination with a 13–9 vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 20, 2021|title=Results of Executive Business Meeting|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting%20May%2020,%202021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129030805/https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Results%20of%20Executive%20Business%20Meeting%20May%2020,%202021.pdf|archive-date=January 29, 2022|access-date=January 27, 2022|publisher=Senate Judiciary Committee}}</ref> On June 14, 2021, the United States Senate confirmed Jackson in a 53–44 vote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 14, 2021|title=On the Nomination (Confirmation: Ketanji Brown Jackson, of the District of Columbia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit)|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1171/vote_117_1_00231.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170858/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1171/vote_117_1_00231.htm|archive-date=January 26, 2022|website=www.senate.gov|publisher=United States Senate|accessdate=June 15, 2021}}</ref> ==Supreme Court (since 2022)== ===Nomination and confirmation=== [[File:Ketanji Brown Jackson & Biden walk along West Colonnade (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Jackson with President [[Joe Biden]] at the [[White House]], February 2022]] Jackson was seen as a possible [[Supreme Court]] [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Justice]] nominee since Joe Biden was elected president.<ref name=breyer/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Totenberg |first1=Nina |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson, a Supreme Court prospect, is confirmed to a key appeals court |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/06/14/ketanji-brown-jackson-confirmed-to-key-appeals-court/ |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=OPB |date=June 14, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620025026/https://www.opb.org/article/2021/06/14/ketanji-brown-jackson-confirmed-to-key-appeals-court/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=breyer>{{Cite web|title=Justice Stephen Breyer to retire from Supreme Court, paving way for Biden appointment|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/justice-stephen-breyer-retire-supreme-court-paving-way-biden-appointment-n1288042|access-date=2022-01-26|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> On February 25, 2022, President Joe Biden announced he would nominate Jackson to the [[United States Supreme Court]], replacing retiring [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Stephen Breyer]].<ref name="announce">{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2022 |title=First on CNN: Biden to nominate Ketanji Brown Jackson to be first Black woman to sit on Supreme Court |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/25/politics/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson |access-date=February 25, 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225135257/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/02/25/politics/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On February 28, 2022, her nomination was sent to the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Press Release: Nominations Sent to the Senate |date=February 28, 2022 |publisher=The White House |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/28/press-release-nominations-sent-to-the-senate-6/ |access-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301023641/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/02/28/press-release-nominations-sent-to-the-senate-6/ |url-status=dead }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> After the Judiciary Committee vote ended in an 11-11 vote tie, her nomination was advanced on April 4 by a 53–47 procedural vote in the Senate to discharge the committee deadlock vote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Republicans endorse Jackson in vote to advance her Supreme Court nomination |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/senate-democrats-advance-jackson-nomination-tie-vote-committee-rcna22818 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chung |first1=Andrew |last2=Hurley |first2=Lawrence |date=2022-04-05 |title=U.S. Supreme Court nominee Jackson secures more Republican backers, clears hurdle |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/bidens-supreme-court-pick-jackson-faces-us-senate-panel-vote-2022-04-04/ |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CNN |first=Alex Rogers |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson expected to be confirmed this week |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/04/politics/ketanji-brown-jackson-committee-vote/index.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=CNN}}</ref> This was first time that the Senate has discharged the Judiciary Committee from consideration of a Supreme Court nomination since 1853.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hayes |first1=Mike |last2=Sneed |first2=Tierney |last3=Lee |first3=Ji Min |last4=Chowdhury |first4=Maureen |last5=Macaya |first5=Melissa |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Jackson nomination advances after Senate committee deadlocks |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/ketanji-brown-jackson-confirmation-vote-senate-committee/index.html |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref> Jackson was confirmed by the Senate, 53–47, on April 7, 2022, to replace Breyer.<ref name=con>{{Cite news |last1=Hurley |first1=Lawrence |last2=Chung |first2=Andrew |last3=Cowan |first3=Richard |date=2022-04-07 |title=Senate confirms Jackson as first Black woman on U.S. Supreme Court |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/senate-set-confirm-jackson-first-black-woman-us-supreme-court-2022-04-07/ |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> She will become the first black woman on the Supreme Court.<ref name="announce"/> She will also be the first Supreme Court justice to have been a [[Public defender (United States)|public defender]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson could be the 1st in SCOTUS with experience as a public defender |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/22/1088097115/ketanji-brown-jackson-could-be-the-1st-in-scotus-with-experience-as-a-public-def |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref> Jackson was sworn-in as Associate Justice at the end of the Supreme Court's 2021&ndash;2022 term on June 30, 2022.<ref name=Breyerleave/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/supreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer-officially-retire-thursday/story?id=85935832|title=Justice Stephen Breyer to officially retire Thursday at noon, swear in Ketanji Brown Jackson|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=June 29, 2022|accessdate=June 30, 2022}}</ref> ===Tenure and decisions=== [[File:Supreme Court of the United States - Roberts Court 2022.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Jackson with other justices on the Roberts Court in 2022]] In 2023, Jackson wrote the sole dissenting opinion in ''[[Glacier Northwest, Inc. v. Teamsters]]'', a case that talked about the power of employers to sue labor unions about the destruction of employer property following a [[Strike action|strike]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/598/21-1449/ | title= Glacier Northwest, Inc. v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 598 U.S. ___ (2023) | date=June 1, 2023 }}</ref> Jackson says she does not have a particular judicial philosophy;<ref name="brookings">{{cite web |last1=Lempert |first1=Richard |title=Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson—what can we expect? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/04/01/justice-ketanji-brown-jackson-what-can-we-expect/ |website=Brookings |access-date=21 July 2022 |date=1 April 2022}}</ref> instead, she says she has a perspective on legal analysis or a "judicial methodology".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |title=By Turns Cautious and Confident, Judge Jackson Takes the Stage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/22/us/ketanji-brown-jackson-judicial-philosophy.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=21 July 2022 |date=22 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Harvard">{{cite web |last1=Anzarouth |first1=Matthew |date=10 May 2022 |title=The Misguided Criticism of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson's Judicial Philosophy |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/the-misguided-criticism-of-judge-ketanji-brown-jacksons-judicial-philosophy/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=[[Harvard Political Review]]}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' reported that "Jackson is popular with liberal legal activists looking to replace Breyer with a justice willing to engage in ideological combat with the court's conservatives."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gerstein|first=Josh|date=February 25, 2022|title=Ketanji Brown Jackson is the first Black woman selected for the nation's top court|language=en|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/25/ketanji-brown-jackson-is-the-first-black-woman-selected-for-the-nations-top-court-00011793|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225135621/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/25/ketanji-brown-jackson-is-the-first-black-woman-selected-for-the-nations-top-court-00011793|url-status=live}}</ref> Since joining the Court at the beginning of the 2022 term, Jackson was the most active participant in oral arguments.<ref name=active/> She spoke an average of 1,350 words per argument, while the eight other justices each spoke on average fewer than 1,000.<ref name=active>{{cite news |last1=Truscott |first1=Jake S. |last2=Feldman |first2=Adam |title=The new hot bench: With Jackson leading the way, the justices are speaking more during oral arguments |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/12/supreme-court-new-bench-with-ketanji-brown-jackson-justices-speaking-more-oral-arguments/ |agency=SCOTUSBlog |date=December 30, 2022}}</ref> On February 28, 2023, Jackson wrote her first majority opinion for a unanimous court in ''[[Delaware v. Pennsylvania]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Mark |last2=Gresko |first2=Jessica |title=Justice Jackson writes 1st Supreme Court majority opinion |url=https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-first-opinion-45c69cc90961682ef9c5a8d20a41e612 |website=AP News |access-date=28 February 2023 |language=en |date=28 February 2023}}</ref> == Legal positions == [[File:KBJ with Breyer (cropped).png|thumb|right|180px|Jackson's legal philosophy as been seen as [[liberalism|liberal]] just like her predecessor [[Stephen Breyer]]]] In January 2022, ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that Jackson had not yet written many publications showing a legal philosophy. This was mainly because she had joined the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit only recently, in the summer of 2021. However, ''The Times'' said, Jackson's earlier rulings showed a [[Liberalism|liberal]] point of view, including her opinions blocking various Trump administration actions.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last1=Mazzei |first1=Patricia |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |date=January 30, 2022 |title=For Ketanji Brown Jackson, View of Criminal Justice Was Shaped by Family |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/us/politics/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201204008/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/us/politics/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson.html |archive-date=February 1, 2022}}</ref> A review of many of her judicial opinions showed that she would likely be as liberal as Justice Stephen Breyer, the justice she replaced.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Adam|date=February 25, 2022|title=Judge Jackson's Rulings: Detailed, Methodical and Leaning Left|website=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/25/us/supreme-court-kentaji-brown-jackson-rulings.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225232425/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/25/us/supreme-court-kentaji-brown-jackson-rulings.html|archive-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> According to Sahil Kapur, writing for [[NBC News]], "Jackson fits well with the Democratic Party and the progressive movement's agenda" because she is relatively young, has a background as a public defender, and a history of labor-friendly rulings.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kapur|first=Sahil|date=January 26, 2022|title=Who is Ketanji Brown Jackson? A likely Biden short-lister for Supreme Court|language=en|publisher=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/who-ketanji-brown-jackson-likely-biden-short-lister-supreme-court-n1288053|url-status=live|access-date=February 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201211222/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/who-ketanji-brown-jackson-likely-biden-short-lister-supreme-court-n1288053|archive-date=February 1, 2022}}</ref> ''Politico'' reported that "Jackson is popular with liberal legal activists looking to replace Breyer with a justice willing to engage in ideological combat with the court's conservatives."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gerstein|first=Josh|date=February 25, 2022|title=Ketanji Brown Jackson is the first Black woman selected for the nation's top court|language=en|work=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/25/ketanji-brown-jackson-is-the-first-black-woman-selected-for-the-nations-top-court-00011793|url-status=live|access-date=February 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225135621/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/25/ketanji-brown-jackson-is-the-first-black-woman-selected-for-the-nations-top-court-00011793|archive-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Personal life== In 1996, Jackson married Patrick G. Jackson. He is the twin brother of former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Paul Ryan]]'s brother-in-law.<ref name=Goldstein2016>{{cite web |newspaper=[[SCOTUSblog]] |title=Continued thoughts on the next nominee (and impressions of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson) |author-link=Tom Goldstein |first=Tom |last=Goldstein |date=February 16, 2016 |access-date=2017-03-16 |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/continued-thoughts-on-the-next-nominee-and-impressions-of-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson/amp/ |archive-date=2017-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144856/http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/continued-thoughts-on-the-next-nominee-and-impressions-of-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Family to House Speaker Paul Ryan">{{cite news |title=This Potential Supreme Court Nominee Is Family to House Speaker Paul Ryan |work=ABC News |date=February 26, 2016 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/potential-supreme-court-nominee-family-house-speaker-paul/story?id=37187861 |first=Jordyn |last=Phelps }}</ref> They have two daughters.<ref name=Goldstein2016/> She is a [[protestant]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/06/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-would-add-second-protestant-voice/9378674002/?gnt-cfr=1 |title=Supreme Court: Ketanji Brown Jackson would add second Protestant voice |work=[[USA Today]]|first=John|last=Fritze|date=March 6, 2022 |access-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322172826/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/03/06/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-would-add-second-protestant-voice/9378674002/?gnt-cfr=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons}} {{wikiquote}} * {{FJC Bio|nid=1394151}} * {{Ballotpedia|Ketanji_Brown_Jackson|Ketanji Brown Jackson}} * {{C-SPAN|Ketanji Brown Jackson}} * [[whitehouse.gov]]: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/kbj/ Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225235215/https://www.whitehouse.gov/kbj/ |date=2022-02-25 }} {{Current US Supreme Court justices}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Kentaji Brown}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States Supreme Court justices]] [[Category:Politicians from Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:African-American lawyers]] [[Category:Lawyers from Miami]] [[Category:Politicians from Miami]] [[Category:American judges]] lnwcz9zwd8h8wbdmvssntwyxw23k7w8 0 832964 10331505 10177446 2025-06-15T05:44:48Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mobile phone | name = Samsung Galaxy Note 7 | codename = Grace (Note 7)<br> Grace R (Note FE) | logo = Galaxy Note 7 Logo.svg | logosize = 250px | image = Samsung Galaxy Note 7.png | imagesize = 150px | brand = [[Samsung Galaxy]] | manufacturer = [[Samsung Electronics]] | series = [[Samsung Galaxy Note]] | slogan = {{plainlist| * '''Note 7:''' ''The smartphone that thinks big'' * '''Note FE:''' ''Unlock more'' (Korea/Indonesia/Malaysia) }} | modelnumber = {{plainlist| * '''Note 7: '''SM-N930''x'' * '''Note FE: '''SM-N935''x'' * (Last letter varies by carrier & international models) }} | networks = [[2G]] [[GSM|GSM/GPRS/EDGE]] &ndash; 850, 900, 1800, 1900&nbsp; 96% are still in distribution [[2G]] [[CDMA2000|CDMA 1xRTT]] &ndash; 800, 850, 1900&nbsp;MHz<br /> [[3G]] [[TD-SCDMA]] &ndash; 1900, 2000&nbsp;MHz<br /> [[3G]] [[UMTS]]/[[HSDPA]]/[[HSUPA]]/[[HSPA+]] &ndash; 850, 900, [[Advanced Wireless Services|AWS]] (1700), 1900, 2000, 2100&nbsp;MHz<br /> [[4G]] [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] &ndash; Bands 1-5, 7-8, 12-13, 17-20, 25-26, 28-30, 38-41 | released = '''Note 7: '''{{Start date|df=yes|2016|8|19}}<br>'''Note FE: '''{{Start date|df=yes|2017|7|7}} | unitssold = | discontinued = '''Note 7:''' {{End date|df=yes|2016|10|11}} | unitsshipped = | predecessor = [[Samsung Galaxy Note 5]] | successor = [[Samsung Galaxy Note FE]]<br/>[[Samsung Galaxy Note 8]] | related = [[Samsung Galaxy S7|Samsung Galaxy S7/S7 Edge]] | type = [[Smartphone]] | form = [[Form factor (mobile phones)|Slate]] | size = {{convert|153.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}&nbsp;H<br> {{convert|73.7|mm|in|abbr=on}}&nbsp;W<br /> {{convert|7.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}&nbsp;D| weight = '''Note 7:''' {{convert|169|g|oz|abbr=on}}<br />'''Note FE:''' {{convert|167|g|oz|abbr=on}} | os = {{ubl | '''Original (Note 7)''': [[Android 6.0 Marshmallow|Android 6.0.1 "Marshmallow"]] with [[TouchWiz]] Grace UX | '''Original (Note FE)''': [[Android Nougat|Android 7.0 "Nougat"]] [[Samsung Experience]] 8.1 | '''Current (Note FE)''': [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Android Pie|9.0 "Pie"]] with [[One UI]] 1.0 }} | soc = {{plainlist| * '''Global (Note 7):''' Samsung [[Exynos 8890]] * '''Global (Note FE):''' Samsung Exynos 8890 * '''Canada/China/US/Japan (Note 7):''' [[Qualcomm Snapdragon 820]] }} | cpu = 2.3 [[Gigahertz|GHz]] Mongoose & 1.6 [[Gigahertz|GHz]] Cortex-A53 Octa-core 2.2 [[Gigahertz|GHz]] Kyro & 1.6 [[Gigahertz|GHz]] Kryo Quad-Core | gpu = {{plainlist| * '''Global:''' [[Mali (GPU)|Mali-T880 MP12]] * '''Canada/China/US/Japan:''' [[Adreno]] 530}} | memory = 4&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] [[LPDDR4]] [[Random Access Memory|RAM]] | storage = 64&nbsp;GB [[Universal Flash Storage|UFS]] 2.0 | memory_card = [[microSDXC]] up to 256&nbsp;GB | battery =|archive- | input = <!-- Data inputs: keypad or touch screen, push buttons, microphone, accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS, but does not support AR Core etc. --> | display = {{ubl | {{convert|5.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} 227&nbsp;ppcm (518&nbsp;ppi) | [[Super AMOLED|Quad HD Super AMOLED]] 2560×1440 pixel resolution (16:9 [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]]) }}}} [[File:Samsung Galaxy Note7.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Front of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7]] The '''Samsung Galaxy Note 7''' was a failed and recalled Android smartphone released on 25 August 2016. It has a 5.7" display. == Problems == === Explosion problems === On September of 2016 the first explosions of this device was reported, this incidents led to banning the device on the planes and many other public transports, [[Samsung]] called to a change of this device.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galaxy Note7 Safety Recall and Exchange Program|url=http://www.samsung.com/us/note7recall/|access-date=2022-04-02|website=Samsung Electronics America}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dolcourt|first=Jessica|title=Samsung Galaxy Note 7 recall: Everything you still need to know about what's coming next|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/samsung-galaxy-note-7-return-exchange-faq/|access-date=2022-04-02|website=CNET|language=en}}</ref> but later appears reports of changed devices that was exploited, on this point the company canceled the change program and the production of the device, it was also request to thee owners of the phone to return it,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Samsung scraps Galaxy Note 7 production|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-37618618|access-date=2022-04-02|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> on an investigation was discovered that the problem was the bateries<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-23|title=Samsung probe blames batteries for fires|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38714461|access-date=2022-04-02|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Nast|first=Condé|title=We finally know why Samsung's Galaxy Note 7s 'exploded'|language=en-GB|magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/galaxy-note-7-issues-what-happened|access-date=2022-04-02|issn=1357-0978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Chen|first1=Brian X.|last2=Sang-Hun|first2=Choe|date=2016-10-11|title=Why Samsung Abandoned Its Galaxy Note 7 Flagship Phone|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/international/samsung-galaxy-note7-terminated.html|access-date=2022-04-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On December of 2016 Samsung started to send updates for disable and limit the charge of the phone, to the people that does not return it, first the update limited to 60%, then 30% and on January of 2017 disable the charge, Verizon does not send the updates for do not leave there clients uncommunicated during the holiday time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samsung software update will disable Galaxy Note 7 phones completely {{!}} Samsung {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/09/galaxy-note-7-samsung-software-update|access-date=2022-04-02|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2016-12-08|title=Samsung may permanently disable Galaxy Note 7 phones in the US as soon as next week|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/8/13892400/samsung-galaxy-note-7-permanently-disabled-no-charging-us-update|access-date=2022-04-02|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Samsung Smartphones}} {{Samsung Galaxy Note}} {{Android Smartphones}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Samsung Galaxy]] [[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2016]] [[Category:Mobile phones with 4K video recording]] a22texucwylk6b9p4oa14tpvp8snlbo 0 834022 10331424 9724340 2025-06-15T03:58:16Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ichgam | official_name = Ichgam | settlement_type = Village | image_skyline = Roza Hazrat Abbas Ichigam.jpg | image_caption = The shrine of Hazrat Abbas in Ichgam. | pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] | coordinates = {{coord|33.9859|74.7527|region:IN_type:village|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 4.64 | population_total = 7,461 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | elevation_m = 1,622 | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Spoken | demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam District|Budgam]] | subdivision_type2 = District | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 191111 | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | other_name = Aliabad Ichgam | website = {{URL|budgam.nic.in}} | nickname = Aliabad Ichgam | blank1_name_sec1 = Literary rate | blank1_name_sec2 = Sex Ratio | blank1_info_sec1 = 53.69% | blank1_info_sec2 = 953 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]] }} '''Ichgam''' is a village in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|administered union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is in the [[Budgam District]]. ==Demographics== {{As of|2011}}, the population of Ichgam is 7,461 of which 3,820 are males while the remaining 3,641 are females as per the report released by Census of India.<ref name="census of Ichgam" /> Population of children with age of 0-6 is 15.64% that's 1,167 of the total population of Ichgam.<ref name="census of Ichgam" /> In Ichgam, the female sex ratio is of 953 against the erstwhile state average of 889. The [[child sex ratio]] in Ichgam village is around 1,065 compared to a previous state average of 862.<ref name="census of Ichgam " /> [[Literacy|Literacy rate]] of the Ichgam is 53.69% lower than the former state average of 67.16%.<ref name="census of Ichgam" /> In Ichgam, male literacy is around 61.32% while female literacy rate is 45.32%.{{efn|This information about Ichgam is as per the reports released by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 2011 in accordance with the census of India.}}<ref name="census of Ichgam">{{Cite web|last=Population|first=Ichgam|date=18 January 2021|title=Population of Class V Census Towns and Villages in India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html|access-date=18 January 2021|website=Census of India}}</ref> == Schools in Ichgam == ===Government Boys Higher Secondary School Ichgam=== Government Boys Higher Secondary School Ichgam is located at the main bus stand of Ichgam, behind the newly built complex. Managed by the Department of Education, the school was established in the year 1930.<ref>{{cite web| title= GBHSS Ichgam (Dreygam) |url=https://schools.org.in/badgam/01040900603/bhss-ichigam.html|access-date=26 January 2021| website= Schools}}</ref> The medium of instructions in this school is English. Government Boys Higher Secondary School is housed in the two government owned buildings. The [[U-DISE|UDISE code]] of the school is 01040900603.<ref>{{cite web| title=BHSS Ichgam, UDISE Plus| url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/byUdiseCodeAndSchoolOnSearchPage| website=UDISE Plus| access-date=26 January 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The school is co-educational and consists of the classes from nine (9th) to twelve (12th).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schools in Budgam|url=http://ceobudgam.in/Downloads/16.pdf|website=ceobudgam.in|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131133343/http://ceobudgam.in/Downloads/16.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BHSS Ichgam|url=http://jkeducation.gov.in/86%2520of%25202019.pdf|access-date=26 January 2021|website=JK Education}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/economic-census/Directories_of_Establishment/Rural_01.pdf|title=Directory of Schools|access-date=26 January 2021|website=mospi.nic.in}}</ref> [[File:Gate of GBHSS Ichgam.jpg|thumb|Image of the gate of Government Boys Higher Secondary School Ichgam]] ===Imamia Public School Ichgam=== Imamia Public School (IPS) Ichgam is managed and run by Educational Trust Kashmir (ETK), the organization that runs many schools in the [[Kashmir valley]] named, Imamia Public Schools. The school was established in 1989 and is located at the Kalbal, the North western part of the village; behind the Primary Health Center Ichgam. It's [[U-DISE|UDISE code]] is 01040900606.<ref>{{cite web| title=IPS Ichgam, UDISE Plus| url=https://src.udiseplus.gov.in/searchSchool/byUdiseCodeAndSchoolOnSearchPage| website=UDISE Plus| access-date=26 January 2021}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UDISE codes of Schools of Budgam|url=http://udise.in/Downloads/School%20Directory/J&K.htm|access-date=26 January 2021|website= UDISE}}</ref> At present, nearly 400 above students are studying in this school. Imamia Public School is housed in the Educational Trust Kashmir owned, big three floor building. The school is among the best schools of the village Ichgam and the in the near localities.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPS Ichgam, Educational Trust Kashmir |url=http://educationaltrustkashmir.com/etk-schools/ips-ichgam |publisher=Education Trust Kashmir |access-date=26 January 2021 |location=Ichgam |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121043614/http://educationaltrustkashmir.com/etk-schools/ips-ichgam |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:IPS Ichgam (cropped).jpg|thumb|Imamia Public School Ichgam]] === Others === * Government Girls High School Ichgam * Government Middle School Ichgam * Government School Wolina, Ichgam * Government School Baghat Mohalla, Ichgam * Government School Naru, Ichgam * IEI Ichgam * Hasnain Educational Institute, Ichgam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/search?qc=sitewide&q=Ichigam|title=Schools in Ichgam,Budgam, J&K|website=icbse|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schools in Ichgam|url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/jammu-and-kashmir/budgam/school.php?place=Ichigam|access-date=26 January 2021|website=study4sure|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617094349/https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/jammu-and-kashmir/budgam/school.php?place=Ichigam|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Budgam]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Villages in Jammu and Kashmir]] 5hlrsqztrmyi6jik7we39ygavtuzy48 0 834766 10330084 8984988 2025-06-14T14:40:17Z Haoreima 1043157 Expanding 10330084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa # House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) # House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} iy13na9xz4qj5l3e6u33z023aeodm2q 10330086 10330084 2025-06-14T14:40:46Z Haoreima 1043157 10330086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa # House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) # House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} 7fjmrydr5lwc7jj3437q18595ro6ewt 10330087 10330086 2025-06-14T14:41:34Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Branching families */ 10330087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} 1mxd1h3n4fegs0rdrrywvrx58jr3ool 10330097 10330087 2025-06-14T14:44:13Z Haoreima 1043157 10330097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} efx5o96tsmlofo4l9hz0iv21x6qzf41 10330101 10330097 2025-06-14T14:45:12Z Haoreima 1043157 10330101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} 7fy6ro7gicfd0rvqlqz6rh9y4c9ujkr 10330103 10330101 2025-06-14T14:46:17Z Haoreima 1043157 10330103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} jeeopw26cttwdsrdm31qjmhy9rdjvu1 10330104 10330103 2025-06-14T14:47:19Z Haoreima 1043157 10330104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty.]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{lang-omp|Khuman Yek Salai}}) is one of the seven ruling clan dynasties in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]). It was subjugated under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] in the end of the 14th century AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djx131iEeYkC&dq=ningthouja+subdue+principalities&pg=PA62|title=Society and Economy in North-East India|first1=Mignonette|last1=Momin|first2=Cecile A.|last2=Mawlong|first3=Fuz̤ail Aḥmad|last3=Qādrī|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=9788189233341|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=ningthouja+subdue+principalities|title=Proceedings|first=Indian History|last=Congress|date=12 April 2021|publisher=Indian History Congress|via=Google Books}}</ref> The theory of the formation of the Khuman dynasty has both historic as well as mythical aspects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khuman+salai|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|first=North East India History Association|last=Session|date=12 April 1991|publisher=The Association|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was one of the three most powerful dynasties, the others being [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang dynasty]]) and [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ&q=mangang+Luwang+khuman|title=The History of Manipur: An early period|first=Wahengbam Ibohal|last=Singh|date=12 April 1986|publisher=Manipur Commercial Company|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} 9ljvyig472aldb0ivb9sqy4d3elne4b 10330108 10330104 2025-06-14T14:48:33Z Haoreima 1043157 Merging info 10330108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] {{Asia-stub}} deko9wx7myb8q6qtju9j13aidhp1edp 10330110 10330108 2025-06-14T14:49:18Z Haoreima 1043157 10330110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{See also|Mangang Luwang Khuman}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] ftrxgjpq1haxmdwi51jskjwoz1ky1l5 10330111 10330110 2025-06-14T14:49:53Z Haoreima 1043157 Already mentioned below 10330111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] 5g1rgqgbsx405f45iioduapyzn5b0n7 10330113 10330111 2025-06-14T14:50:18Z Haoreima 1043157 10330113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]]. The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] 7k5xryqgevx6cgakzf5hxl83negl1r4 10330117 10330113 2025-06-14T14:51:50Z Haoreima 1043157 10330117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]]. == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] a1p4a4xep2gnsqzuxwqhz4yu7vq1o9u 10330118 10330117 2025-06-14T14:52:32Z Haoreima 1043157 10330118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal. == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] etsicktrajpuyv9fuld12qnd0n9esoq 10330120 10330118 2025-06-14T14:53:02Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Capital cities */ 10330120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]]. Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]]. Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen). Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] 8tgnz9uouhwiznmg51b8lo8co1fnp86 10330122 10330120 2025-06-14T14:54:19Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty */ 10330122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident. == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] 95vhb6yw4e1dwtl9g8rikxv5ibm11xr 10330125 10330122 2025-06-14T14:55:03Z Haoreima 1043157 10330125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Religion == According to a traditional legend, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]], had originated from the Luwang dominion, and arrived in the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]]. == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] f606wetph2hzvw8umqujfyeq3hohw00 10330127 10330125 2025-06-14T14:56:03Z Haoreima 1043157 10330127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Religion == According to tradition, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]] was deeply associated with the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages. The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom) * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king) * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others. == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] tbodgiel8mk3st2f85cy4tibzo680y4 10330131 10330127 2025-06-14T14:57:23Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Branching families */ 10330131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Religion == According to tradition, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]] was deeply associated with the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, during the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] 60g55elj45d68f2rwn429hq4eo2sk2x 10330137 10330131 2025-06-14T14:59:40Z Haoreima 1043157 10330137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Religion == According to tradition, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]] was deeply associated with the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, starting from the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintain their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] 4afqws6bxzysxinv4v09i2nn4am6enf 10330139 10330137 2025-06-14T15:00:12Z Haoreima 1043157 10330139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|the ruling house|the associated clan, which includes the common folks|Khuman}} [[File:Khuman Dynasty Sword.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|The sword that belongs to the Khuman dynasty]] The '''Khuman dynasty''' ({{langx|mni|Khuman Ningthou Mayum/Sagei}}) was a family of rulers or [[dynast]]s of the [[Khuman]] group of people ({{langx|mni|Khuman Salai/Khuman Yek}}) in [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref>Syiemlieh, David Reid; Dutta, Anuradha; Baruah, Srinath (2006). Challenges of Development in North-East India. Regency Publications. ISBN 978-81-89233-34-1.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref><ref>Session, North East India History Association (1991). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref><ref>Congress, Indian History (2004). Proceedings. Indian History Congress.</ref> It was descended from the ''[[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang common ancestral royal lineage]]''. It had 32 kings in the independent lineage. It had 9 predecessor kings from the shared Khuman-Luwang ancestral line, which if counted together with the independent lineage rulers, then the total number of kings became 41. If King Thawaren, the brother of King Poireiton, was also added, as was done in many sources, then the total number became 42. Similar counting pattern was seen in case of the [[Luwang dynasty]] too. For this reason, various sources stated early kings such as [[Poireiton]] and his elder brother [[Thongalen]] (also mentioned as Thawaren) as the foremost rulers or founders or ancestral deified figures of either or both the Khuman dynasty and the Luwang dynasty. Khuman dynasty was founded by King Aalong, the son of Singtapung, and the grandson of Poireiton. His brother Pamingnapa founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> The last sovereign ruler of the Khuman dynasty was King Lamyai Kaikhinpa and was a contemporary of King Kongyaamba of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. His two sons chose the life of ordinary people, thereby finally giving opportunity for annexation to the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] to fully control the Khuman dominion. Afterwards, Khuman group became one of the seven clans (or sub ethnic group) within the [[Yek Salai]] [[social stratification]] system of [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Royal chronicles == === Khuman Kangleirol === === Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba === === Khumanlol === == Capital cities == In 575 CE, King Khompa Ningthoupa's son as well as successor, King Laiphangpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laiphangba) developed [[Mayang Imphal]] as another capital city of the [[Khuman kingdom]], besides the already established capital city of [[Thoubal]], thereby maintaining two capitals simultaneously. During the reign of King Punsi Yumoipa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Yumoiba), the son of King Laiphangpa, the prominence of Mayang Imphal as a capital city grew stronger than that of Thoubal.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Ningthouja dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the Meitei royal family of the Ningthouja dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Kangla]] of [[Imphal]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Kacheng Waayenpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Kajeng Waayenba) (c. 400-450 CE) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Chengpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Chengbi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Pengsiba.{{efn|also spelled as Pengshiba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen){{efn|also spelled as Leimarel, Leimaren, or Leimalel}} of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Aton Nongpa Khompa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Adon Nongba Khomba) engaged in matrimonial alliance, by marrying Meitei princess, Leilum Lempi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Leirum Lembi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naokhamba.{{efn|also spelled as Naukhamba}} He made the Ningthouja princess the chief queen consort (Leimalen) of the [[Khuman kingdom]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Khompa Ningthoupa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khomba Ningthouba) made Meitei princess Laipi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Laipi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Naophangba,{{efn|also spelled as Naophangpa}} as his chief queen consort (Leimalen).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Siyalong ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shiyarong/Siyarong) (c. 930-960 CE) married Meitei princess Thong-ngaikhong (or Thongngaikhong), the daughter of Ningthouja King Chenglei Ipaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Punsi Pulenhanpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Punshi Purenhanba) (c. 1230-1270 CE) married Meitei princess Apaanphapi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Apaanphabi), the daughter of Ningthouja King Thawaan Thaaba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Khuman King Lamyai Kaikhinpa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Lamyai Kaikhinba) (c. 1330-1400 CE) married Meitei princess Kaangchaampi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Kaangjaambi), the daughter of Ningthouja king Kongyaamba, and made her the chief queen consort of the Khuman kingdom. With this union, the couple had two sons, Khamba and Ompu. Khuman prince Khamba{{efn|not to be confused with [[Khuman Khamba]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]], who is also a scion of the Khuman dynasty}} could not become king and later settled in the Ningthouja territory of Nongmeibung, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Nongmeibung.'' The younger Khuman prince, Ompu didn't want to become king, and settled in Yairipok, which was inside their own Khuman territory, and founded the family of ''Laikhuram lineage of Yairipok.'' Lamyai Kaikhinpa was the last ruler of the sovereign Khuman kingdom. After his reign, the Khuman territory was made a part of the dominion of the [[Meitei confederacy]], led by the rulers of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Relationship with the Moirang dynasty == Khuman kings were noted for engaging in diplomatic matrimonial alliances with the kings of the Moirang dynasty, who ruled from their administrative capital of [[Moirang Kangla]] of [[Moirang]]. == Relationship with the Luwang dynasty == Despite having the common ancestral royal lineage with the monarchs of the [[Luwang dynasty]], the Khuman kings continued to maintain diplomatic marital alliance with the Luwang regal household. Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa's daughter, princess Khayoilon Ngaanpi ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Khayoiron Ngaanbi) was married to Luwang king [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], where the Khuman princess became chief queen consort (leimalen) of the Luwang kingdom. With this union, they had a son named Senpa Mimaapa ([[Modern Meitei language|Modern Meitei]]: Shenba Mimaaba). Later, she got divorced from her husband and she returned to her parental Khuman realm, bringing her Luwang son, with her. Later, the Luwang king got reunited with his son, in a hunting incident.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Religion == According to tradition, the cult of goddess [[Imoinu]] was deeply associated with the Khuman religious and cultural sphere, starting from the reign of Khuman King Punsi Yumoipa, who ruled his dominion, prominently from Mayang Imphal as his capital. He established the cult in the Khuman royal palace in [[Mayang Imphal]]. Punsi Yumoipa was a contemporary of Luwang King, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Branching families == The uncrowned Khuman princes founded notable independent houses of their own lineages, which maintained their influence, power and status in the kingdom. However, it should be noted that not all the families within the [[Khuman]] clan (Khuman Salai) traced their origin from the royal blood of the Khuman dynasty. Some are from the Khuman commoners' lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The following is a list of few of the Khuman royal families: * House of Laikhuram family<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> ** Laikhuram of [[Nongmeibung]] - founded by Khuman prince Khamba, the eldest son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> ** Laikhuram of [[Yairipok]] - founded by Khuman prince Ompu, the younger son of King Lamyai Kaikhinpa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * House of [[Oinam family]] - founded by Khuman prince Laikhangba, the son of uncrowned prince Athingba, and the grandson of Khuman King Thongleilom (Thongleirom)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * House of Thoidingjam and Yanglem lineages - founded by uncrowned Khuman prince Haoramhan, the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai (Prince Haoramhan was assassinated by his younger brother Haoramton, who later became king)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> * Other lineages branched from the Khuman dynasty include Mongbijam, Langtem, Ngangbam, Thingujam, Pangkhaijam, Chandam, Telem, Taorem, Asem, Sougaijam, Wareppam, Ipushangbam (Ipusangbam), Haobijam, Kabrabam, Taibangjam, Maimom, Laipakhram, Ahongsangbam, Heikrujam, Chabungbam, Thongram, Kharam, Pukhrem, Kairenbam, Chungkham, Thangjam, Thingbaijam, Atom, Sinam, Karam, Laishangbam, Thangshabam (Thangsabam), Thongbam, Hanglem, Wangnureibam, Hawaibam, Pallujam, Akangjam, Maibam, Meitankeishangbam, Likmabam, Thingom, Charoibam, Khumanthem, Soram, Panggabam, Moirengjam, Sapam, Sappam, Hentakpam, Haobam, Lamabam, Yaithingbam, Thong-ngam, Taobam, Puyam, Shantham, Shamom, Sangkhom, Nepram, among others.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == In popular culture == [[Maniwood]] film [[Shaaphabee]] depicts the historical love story of Khuman prince Loyaa Nahaa Shaaphaba and Moirang princess Haorang Leirang Shaaphabi. [[Khamba Thoibi]] epic, with its adaptations, notably the [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng]] epic poem, and the [[Khamba Thoibi Jagoi]] dance drama, depict the historical love story of Khuman royal scion [[Khamba]] and Moirang princess [[Thoibi]]. == Related pages == * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:People from Manipur]] [[Category:Indian families]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] mxcvbjkqpg3qlksu3jruaua65nz80po 0 835405 10330105 10328039 2025-06-14T14:47:18Z 2.219.149.58 /* Season 3 (2023-2024) */Fuzzypeg has died 10330105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | alt_name = Dave Spud | image = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = [[Comedy|Comedy-adventure]]<br />[[Sitcom]]<br />[[Fantasy]]<br />[[Deadpan humor]] | creator = Edward Foster | director = Edward Foster | voices = {{unbulleted list|[[Johnny Vegas]]|[[Lisa Hammond (actress)|Lisa Hammond]]|[[Philip Glenister]]|[[Arthur Smith (comedian)|Arthur Smith]]|[[Jane Horrocks]]|[[Gina Yashere]]|Akiya Henry}} | composer = [[Basement Jaxx]] | country = United Kingdom | language = English | num_series = 3 | num_episodes = 104 | executive_producer = | producer = Iain Harvey | runtime = 11 minutes | company = [[The Illuminated Film Company]]<br />Cloth Cat Animation | channel = [[CITV]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2019|9|2|df=y}} | last_aired = present }} '''''Dave Spud''''' is a British children's animated series featuring the surreal adventures of the eponymous Dave Spud of [[Grimsby]], his friends and [[High-rise building|tower block]]-dwelling family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ed-foster.com/dave-spud|title=The Rubbish World of Dave Spud. Creator ed-foster. Dave Spud|website=edward-foster}}</ref> It was created and directed by Edward Foster, inspired by his 2003 NFTS student short 'Anna Spud'. It was developed into a pilot in 2010 produced by [[The Illuminated Film Company]]. 26 11-minute installments were commissioned, whilst the soundtrack was composed by electronic group [[Basement Jaxx]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/electronica-duo-basement-jaxx-signs-on-to-dave-spud/|title=Electronica Duo Basement Jaxx Signs on to 'Dave Spud'|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|date=9 March 2018}}</ref> ==Voice cast== * [[Johnny Vegas]] as Dave Spud * [[Lisa Hammond (actress)|Lisa Hammond]] as Anna Spud * [[Philip Glenister]] as Betty Spud (Mum) * [[Arthur Smith (comedian)|Arthur Smith]] as George Spud (Dad) * [[Jane Horrocks]] as Gran Spud * [[Gina Yashere]] as Gareth * [[Akiya Henry]] as Little Sue * [[Adam Gillen]] as Robert Robot * Additional voices: [[David Holt (voice actor)|David Holt]], [[Roger Griffiths]], Dave Peacock, Edward Foster {{clear}} == Series overview == <onlyinclude>{{Series overview | color1 = #5EFFF6 | link1 = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2019) | episodes1 = 26 | start1 = September 2, 2019 | end1 = September 18, 2019 | network1 = [[CITV]] | color2 = #00DB1A | link2 = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2020-2021) | episodes2 = 52 | start2 = December 28, 2020 | end2 = December 10, 2021 | color2S = AA336A | link2S = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Shorts (2022) | episodes2S = 1 | start2S = July 16, 2022 | color3 = #FFA500 | link3 = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2023-2024) | episodes3 = 26 | episodes3A = 6 | start3A = July 17, 2023 | end3A = July 21, 2023 | episodes3B = 20 | start3B = February 8, 2024 | end3B = September 2024 | network3B = [[ITVX]] }}</onlyinclude> <!-- --> ==Episodes== ===Season 1 (2019)=== {{Episode table | background=#5EFFF6 | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | Title = A Starfish Called Gareth | RTitle = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|title=The Rubbish World of Dave Spud Series and Episode Guides &#124; TV from RadioTimes|website=Radio Times|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415074041/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bgn8LQFAnSv/|title=Ed Foster on Instagram: "Recording. Brain farts become reality. #animation #voicerecording #davespud"|website=Instagram}}</ref> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|2|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds take the camper van on holiday, and end up at the bottom of the sea. Dave has to resort to a resourceful solution to get help. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | Title = Donkey | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|2|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave rescues an endangered donkey from the docks. Hiding it in the camper van, things take a turn when the donkey eats Gran's glasses. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | Title = A Whaley Good Time | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|3|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Fuzzypeg eats the Spuds' fish supper and Dave has to catch another. Things look up when he hooks something, but it turns out to be a whale. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | Title = Born Free | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|3|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George takes Dave on an adventure camping, but Dave isn't sure it's a great idea. He's proven right when they both wake up in a bear's cave. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | Title = Culture | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|4|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George takes the Spuds to the museum of mouldy cheese. Anna dares Dave to lick the cheeses on display. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | Title = Bored Silly | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[James Moran (writer)|James Moran]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|4|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran accidentally wins a board game as a Bingo prize, and after being locked up for years the game has a vendetta all of its own. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | Title = Blinking Heck | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alex Collier | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|5|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Betty wants a nice photo of Dave and Anna, but the camera George uses happens to belong to Gran, and it's been cursed by an ancient mummy. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | Title = Wishes | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|5|df=y}} | ShortSummary = If there were two things Dave could wish for it would be for Fuzzypeg to smell better, and for Gran to be nicer. Is getting what you want always a good thing? | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 9 | Title = Crush | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|6|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave gets a girlfriend who turns out to be an alien. She turns out to bear a striking similarity to a everyday household item. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 10 | Title = Bike | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|6|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Anna is practising for the school cycling test and is good at it. Dave isn't quite as skilled, but with a new bike from his parents he really hopes to pass. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 11 | Title = Dig | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[Steve Box]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|9|df=y}} | ShortSummary = When Betty insists Dave finds a hobby, he takes up treasure hunting, and rocks the very foundations of his tower block home. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 12 | Title = Sports Day | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|9|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It's the Grimsby High Sports Day and Betty wants nothing more than to bring home the trophy. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 13 | Title = Growing Pains | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is given a bulb to grow. Popping it in his lunch box, it isn't long before he discovers it's partial to Betty's sandwiches. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 14 | Title = Fuzzypeg | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George adapts the spin cycle of the washing machine causing a black hole to form in the Spuds' kitchen. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 15 | Title = Were Gran | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alex Collier | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|11|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran needs new teeth. Probably not wise to nab a set found on the side of the road though, under a full moon. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 16 | Title = Get Lost | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|11|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George wins tickets to the local stately home. It's not long before Dave and the rest of the Spuds find themselves lost in its maze. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 17 | Title = Freeze a Jolly Good Fellow | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alex Collier | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Summer rears its hot, cheeky head in Grimsby but Dave has found a way to keep the Spud flat nice and cool. Maybe too cool. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 18 | Title = Exchange | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[Tim Bain]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave demands to go on a foreign exchange. He soon finds himself headed for a week-long stay in a flat a few doors down. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 19 | Title = Bad Computer | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George finds a computer called Val but Val has a mind of her own. Soon she's set about uploading embarrassing videos to the internet. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 20 | Title = The Coat | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Steve Box and Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = When Dave needs a new coat, Gran kindly suggests she knows a good one by the car park bin. Dave promptly gets trapped inside the coat and discovers its past. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 21 | Title = Bog Roll Roll | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It's the biggest sporting event in Grimsby - the bog roll roll. All Dave has to do is chase the bog roll down the hill and catch it. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 22 | Title = Spud-ageddon | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds don't care about a carbon footprint, since George has come home with a haul of free electronics that they all want to test out. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 23 | Title = Rat Pack | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave wants to learn to play the drums at school, but is given the recorder. With a talent show around the corner, Dave gets practising. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 24 | Title = Flea Man | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and Fuzzypeg the dog get dirty playing at the local dump, so dirty in fact that Fuzzypeg picks up an extremely grumpy flea. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 25 | Title = Spuds on a Plane | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|18|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave's first plane journey doesn't go to plan when the air pressure and the need to go to the toilet make his head swell. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 26 | Title = The Wrinkly Bus | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|18|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Instructed to keep an eye on Gran while the rest of the Spuds visit the doctor, Dave finds that she has escaped. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ===Season 2 (2020-2021)=== {{Episode table | background=#00DB1A | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 27 | Title = Moth Gran | RTitle = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|title=The Rubbish World of Dave Spud Series and Episode Guides &#124; TV from RadioTimes|website=Radio Times|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415074041/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|28|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran sits in front of the television for so long that she turns into a cocoon, and with a little help from Dave - Who wants his favourite seat back - she hatches into a moth. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 28 | Title = The Beast of Grimsby | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|29|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friend, Zombie Katie, are working on a school project together about endangered animals, so George takes them on an expedition to the local park to see what they can find. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 29 | Title = Chow Wow | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|30|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave enters Fuzzypeg into a competition to become the face of a new brand of dog food, which he unexpectedly wins. As Fuzzypeg embarks on a glamorous new lifestyle, Dave misses his pal and seeks a way to terminate his contract. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 30 | Title = The Throne | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|31|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran buys a new loo, this lavatory has a tendency to flush its users into another dimension, and Dave and Gran quickly finds themselves flushed and spat out in olden day Grimsby. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 31 | Title = Grimmest Face | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Matt Baker | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|27|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is practising for Grimsby’s ‘grimmest face’ competition and finds that the wind changing direction really can cause the face to stick. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 32 | Title = Breaking Gran | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[Tim Bain]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|28|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran has been particularly naughty lately and is sentenced to a stay in an old people's home, but the home is the stuff of nightmares for Gran, and it's soon up to the Spuds to break her free. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 33 | Title = Two Toots Spud | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends get lost on a school orienteering exercise thanks to Robert Robot, who is unable to read the map - snatched by a flock of giant tiger pigeons and deposited into their equally giant nest, Dave must retrieve the map from Robert and get them all back to school. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 34 | Title = The Grimsby Mermaid | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave stumbles across a mermaid at the dockside who invites herself round for tea and takes up residence in the Spuds' bathtub, so Dave and his family must somehow persuade their unwanted guest to go back to her watery home. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 35 | Title = Venice of the North | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends embark on a school trip along a canal where they awaken an ancient monster called Big Lippy, who pushes them over a waterfall and sends them back in time to the Jurassic era. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 36 | Title = Zombie | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|14|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave finds a handheld computer game at the dump which involves killing zombies - his friend Zombie Katie, however, finds the game rather insulting. Exacting her revenge, Dave finds himself confronted with a group of very angry and very real zombies. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 37 | Title = The Grimsby Meteor | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is warned by local fortune teller Madam Donald that walking under a ladder will bring bad luck - he walks under one anyway, and soon a meteor is heading for Grimsby. It is up to Dave and his friend Robert Robot to catch it before everyone is squished. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 38 | Title = Magic | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Anna is training to be a magician with Dave as her helpful assistant, but their disappearing trick is not up to much - that is, until Zombie Katie bestows a magic spell book upon them. Soon they can't stop making stuff disappear, but what will happen when there is nothing left to make disappear in Grimsby? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 39 | Title = Delivery Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|27|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Lil Sue has started a delivery company called Deliver Sue, and in a quest to raise money for a new set of wheels, Dave lands himself with a job - Anna thinks she knows how to deliver packages quicker than Dave, though, and a dramatic sibling rivalry soon unfolds. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 40 | Title = Barry | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Matt Baker | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|28|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is thrilled when he wins an electronic home help device called Barry - finally, his family can boss something around other than him, but it is not long before Barry is overwhelmed by the Spuds' demands. Fighting back, Barry takes over Grimsby Heights and heads off to the sea for some well-earned peace and quiet. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 41 | Title = "Burning Wheels" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is sent down to the basement to find what is stopping the bath from working. There he meets a skateboarder called Josh Gnarly. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 42 | Title = Funnyfins | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave discovers that his pet goldfish has returned from the dead | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 43 | Title = "Do Zombies Dream of Banana Custard?" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Zombie Katie is so fascinated by Gran's Sweets that her life force leaves her body. Dave and his friends must find her life force quickly. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 44 | Title = "Space Fabric and Time" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave accidentally rips the fabric of space causing time to jump around and gravity to leak out. Now Dave must fix the tear before everything gets sucked in. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 45 | Title = "Cheesy Dreams" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave consumes a cheesecake which was not meant for him. At bedtime, he gets stuck into a cheesy dream with the rest of his family. The only way to escape is to admit everything he has done and confront his guilt. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 46 | Title = "Krustee Sloth" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Kirsty Peart and Jess Kedward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Using pieces given away free with every box of Bran Cran Krustee Cereals, Dave and Anna build a toy sloth which is bigger than Grimsby Heights | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 47 | Title = "Cheer Grimsby" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Kirsty Peart and Jess Kedward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends become cheerleaders for their school's sports team and with Gran's help, they're going to create the best cheerleading performance the school has ever seen. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 48 | Title = "A Wig Improvement" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = After Betty gives Dave bad hair ahead of the annual community disco, he finds a wig made from a donkey's hair. Soon he discovers the side effects of the wig. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 49 | Title = "Tiny Problem" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds plans a seaside picnic for Anna's Birthday but Dave's party food has shrunk them down to the size of mugs. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 50 | Title = "Electrogran" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave makes a weathervane during class which he tests on the rooftops of Grimsby Heights; things go wrong when his assistant Gran gets struck by lightning and is charged with electrical powers. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 51 | Title = "Fit is Fun" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds wants to become fit after watching strongman competitions, they order Gribits to get moving but cannot stop when they discover the devices were faulty. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 52 | Title = "Lucky Sausage" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = After helping an old lady called Tanya, Dave is rewarded a sausage as a thank you. But when he takes a bite of it, something lucky happens. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 53 | Title = Happy Birthday Gareth | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ben Ward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|14|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave makes a Gareth-shaped piñata for Gareth's birthday, but his starfish friend is unfamiliar with such an item and confused when the Spuds bash it to pieces. Convinced that Dave does not like her anymore, Gareth leaves and heads back out to sea - can Dave find her in time and persuade her that it was all a silly misunderstanding? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 54 | Title = King Of The Dump | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Kirsty Peart and Jess Kedward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|14|df=y}} | ShortSummary = School puts Dave on a work placement with his dad at the local dump - sucked into the mysterious world of rubbish, an old cow and a group of unruly fridges teach Dave an important lesson about recycling. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 55 | Title = Journey Into Fuzzypeg | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|15|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Lil Sue asks Dave to 'pet sit' her flea Mr Grumps - when Fuzzypeg, the Spud family dog, eats the little fella, Dave must launch a rescue mission. Will he and the rest of the Spuds reach Mr Grumps before he is dissolved like food inside Fuzzypeg's tummy? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 56 | Title = Top Town Of The North | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|15|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave has a bad day and tells a news reporter that Grimsby is rubbish - when his words are aired on the news, his whole seaside town turns against him. With the help of his friends and a rogue fox, Dave attempts to make amends by shooting a film about all of the great things that Grimsby has to offer. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 57 | Title = The Whippets | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave discovers that his body is a musical instrument and is asked to replace a band member in his second favourite band, The Whippets. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 58 | Title = Grimsby Fairy Tale | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Grimsby is putting on its annual community play and Anna wants the role of princess. Cast as a witch instead, the Spuds set out to prove that witches can have happy endings too. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 59 | Title = Spud Railways | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett and JonesCiaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George brings home a toy train set big enough for all the family to ride. Wherever might a trip on Spud railways take them? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber =60 | Title = Be More Unicorn | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave orders a water pistol with his birthday money but is sent a Happy Sparkle unicorn toy instead. Will it bring joy and sparkle into his grumpy world? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 61 | Title = Grim Fest | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It is the Spuds' turn to run Grim Fest, the annual festival at Grimsby Heights, but their jealous neighbours, the Dups, are out to sabotage their efforts. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 62 | Title = Old Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is tired of following his mum and dad's rules. Creating a reverse fountain of youth in the bathtub, he shrivels himself into an old man and sets about making up rules of his own. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 63 | Title = An Honest Face | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = A sweetie thief has been reported in the town and the suspect looks remarkably like Dave. Dave and his friends must find a clever way to prove that he is not guilty. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 64 | Title = Little Fluffy Cloud | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and Anna nurse a poorly, polluted cloud back to health and teach it how to fly again. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 65 | Title = Spud Island | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alison Gentleman | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|22|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds have a surprising day out when the lift in their tower block home, Grimsby Heights, delivers them to a desert island instead of the ground floor. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 66 | Title = Trucking American Dreams | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|22|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds join Betty on a work trip across America. Will an unexpected body swap help their American dreams come true? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 67 | Title = Down on the Farm | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|03|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds visit Betty's sister, Aunty Barbara, on her farm. Put in charge of searching for Aunty Barb's chickens and their eggs, Dave goes on an egg-citing adventure involving magic beans. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 68 | Title = Beware the Overpants | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Matt Baker | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|03|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave's lazy day of doing nothing is ruined when the town sees an uprising - of their pants. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 69 | Title = Moby Duck | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave gets sucked down the plughole in the bath and ends up adrift in a watery world, one that is full of lost bath time creatures. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 70 | Title = Apple Pip | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave swallows an apple pip and turns into a tree. With the help of an oak tree called Linda, he discovers the importance of looking after nature. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 71 | Title = Twinfestation | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Following an incident with the school photocopier, Dave must round up a horde of photocopied baby Spud twins. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 72 | Title = Treasure Hunt | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alison Gentleman | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave uses a magnet to search for treasure but ends up attracting all of the town's metal, and not just the small stuff. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 73 | Title = Night School | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ben Ward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends are locked in school overnight but find that they are not alone. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 74 | Title = Duvet Day | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds show off Betty and George's new bed by taking it for a spin around the town, picking up a few unexpected passengers along the way. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber =75 | Title = Look Into Our Eyes | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Jess Kedward and Kirsty Peart | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The people of Grimsby believe the Twins are wise lifestyle gurus, able to predict what everyone wants before they know it themselves, but the Twins need a nap before they get cranky. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 76 | Title = The Stowaways | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends are given a lesson in responsibility when their school assigns them an animal each to look after overnight. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 77 | Title = Green Eyed Monster | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Lil Sue turns into a stomping, green eyed monster. It is up to Dave and the rest of Lil Sues friends to calm her down before she ends up big and green forever | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 78 | Title = The Flipside | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = According to Gareth the starfish, every pancake has two sides, happy and grumpy. If Dave is to leave his pancake on the grumpy side, he had better prepare himself for an adventure - in the flipside. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ===Shorts (2022)=== {{Episode table | background=#0400ff | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 0 | Title = where do all the boats go | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = David Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = a short commissioned for The Festival of the Sea at Heritage Square Alexandra Dock in Grimsby on July 16, 2022. | LineColor = #0400ff }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ===Season 3 (2023-2024)=== {{Episode table | background=#FFA500 | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 79 | Title = Olden Days | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = A faulty television remote rewinds the Spuds back to the olden days where everything is black and white, everyone is a puppet, and there is a giant biscuit on the rampage.... | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 80 | Title = Ski Trip | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds find themselves back in the Flipside and must use their superpowers to stop their mischievous pancake from ruining a school ski trip | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 81 | Title = Get Knitted | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|18|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It is the hottest day of the year and Gran's naughty knitting crew have dressed the whole town in their woolly wares - when their finest work, a giant sock puppet, comes to life, Dave must stop it from eating them all. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 82 | Title = Lawnmower Land | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = James Moran | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|19|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George takes Anna and Dave on a trip to a local attraction called Lawnmower Land, but a run-in with the latest technology in lawnmowing gives them more than they baaaa-gained for... | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 83 | Title = Gorgeous George | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = David Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George shaves off his beard in a mistaken attempt to impress Betty, but the beard then runs away and it is up to Dave to coax it back for the sake of his family. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 84 | Title = Moonbreaker | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds set off the Bobby Dazzler firework that Gran has been saving, but when it hits the moon and breaks it into several pieces, the whole town goes wonky and Dave must somehow put the broken bits back together. Note: This was the last episode and the last programme to ever air on the CITV channel on 1st September 2023, before the channel closed and the show’s run moved to ITVX. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 85 | Title = Robo-Betty | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George creates a robot version of Betty while she is away, but when the real Betty returns, Robo-Betty is not quite ready to give up her place in the Spud family | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 86 | Title = Mind the Gap | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave finds out what really happens when you step on a gap in the pavement. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 87 | Title = The Deep End | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Mariama Ives-Moiba | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave has to contend with a living, singing blob on his head after using too much hair gel, and Anna faces her fear when confronted with the floating 'Lurgisaurus plaster' during her school swimming lesson. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 88 | Title = Dave, Dave and Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Myles McLeod | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave uses Gran's 'Chaos Toilet' to go back in time and stop a noisy 'Spellybot' toy from ruining his homework in the present. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 89 | Title = Warbling Weeds from Space | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = James Moran | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = meteor shower delivers an alien life form to Grimsby, and there are some very flowery, musical side effects for all who encounter them. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 90 | Title = The New Kid | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave gets to know the new kid at school, Colin, who lives on a boat called the Jolly Coffin. It turns out that Colin has some very interesting habits. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 91 | Title = The Tooth Scary | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave has a wobbly tooth that is refusing to budge. Can the Tooth Fairy and his seasonal friends help get it out so that he can claim his reward? | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 92 | Title = Stuck in the Mud | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds show off their competitive side when Dave and George take on Betty and Anna in The Tough Muddy Assault Course. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 93 | Title = Fuzzypeg's DNA | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Fuzzypeg has been exhibiting some odd night-time behaviour. Dave must find out why by going on a mission to discover more about his dog's surprising genetic makeup, but sadly Fuzzypeg dies. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 94 | Title = The Roundabout | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Mariama Ives-Moiba | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave, Gran and Anna embark on a road trip to avoid having to clean the flat. One wrong turning later and they end up in the Jurassic era, where some very large dinosaurs want a taste of Gran's custard cream biscuits | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 95 | Title = Spudstitute Teacher | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The teachers are excited about something hidden behind the bookcase in their school staff room. Disguising himself to get in, Dave cannot believe his eyes when all is revealed. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 96 | Title = Clawfish of Doom | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Myles McLeod | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran's nuclear pickle sandwiches turn out to be really good fishing bait on the school sea trip, too good as they have attracted Tabitha who is a very big crustacean bully. Can Gareth stop her and save them all? | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 97 | Title = Hypnocat | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = A stray cat enters the Spud residence and with one look into its swirly eyes, the Spuds are hypnotised into behaving like cats. It's up to Dave to find out just what Hypnocat wants. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 98 | Title = Chuffy Phone Home | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = James Moran | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Chuffy Peaches loves living in the Spuds' bathroom but is missing home. A quick phone call to her parents and the Spuds find themselves beamed up into space along with Chuffy, where they are all soon caught up in an explosive alien rivalry. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 99 | Title = Donkeys and Dragons | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Beth Hughes | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds have a fantastical gaming adventure with Robert Robot, and there is a very large, tasty pie for dinner at stake. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 100 | Title = Cowboy Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Aunty Barb and her animals have run away from the farm. Realising there is not enough room in the Spud flat for all of them, Dave uses his recently acquired cowboy skills to hunt down the large wriggly reason why Aunty Barb left in the first place | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 101 | Title = Baked Breakout | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Morgan Bailey | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds dare to go shopping without Gran, but when she wakes to find them gone, she creates a new family of freshly baked Spud-Scones using some rather questionable, life-giving ingredients | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 102 | Title = No Place Like Home | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Mariama Ives-Moiba | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave's wish for the wizard on television to grant him a 'dream home' leads to the Spuds' flat being taken away. Will Dave and his family accept any of the new homes offered to them or realise their old tower block, is really the best place to live? | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 103 | Title = The Great Spud Flood | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett and JonesCiaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds wake to find all of Grimsby underwater following an accidental toss of the pancake. It is a race against time to toss it back from the Flipside and to pull the plug on the watery world they are now living in. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 104 | Title = Uncle David | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George and Betty have a romantic night away leaving Gran in charge. After throwing a party, Gran's clean-up operation leads Dave to discover a vacuum cleaner haunted by a long-lost member of the Spud family. Everyone from Grimsby is about to morn the loving memory of the Spud family's beloved boy. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website}} * {{IMDb title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rubbish World of Dave Spud, The}} [[Category:2019 television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:British children's television series]] [[Category:Comedy television series]] [[Category:Fantasy television series]] [[Category:ITV children's television shows]] jgskap35yunot39jzhyn739v2v7wafk 10330537 10330105 2025-06-14T17:53:06Z Barras 40117 [[User:Awesome Aasim/rcpatrol|RCP]] reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/2.219.149.58|2.219.149.58]] ([[User_talk:2.219.149.58|Talk]]); changed back to last revision by [[Special:Contributions/Barras|Barras]]: [[WP:NPOV]] 10328039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | alt_name = Dave Spud | image = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = [[Comedy|Comedy-adventure]]<br />[[Sitcom]]<br />[[Fantasy]]<br />[[Deadpan humor]] | creator = Edward Foster | director = Edward Foster | voices = {{unbulleted list|[[Johnny Vegas]]|[[Lisa Hammond (actress)|Lisa Hammond]]|[[Philip Glenister]]|[[Arthur Smith (comedian)|Arthur Smith]]|[[Jane Horrocks]]|[[Gina Yashere]]|Akiya Henry}} | composer = [[Basement Jaxx]] | country = United Kingdom | language = English | num_series = 3 | num_episodes = 104 | executive_producer = | producer = Iain Harvey | runtime = 11 minutes | company = [[The Illuminated Film Company]]<br />Cloth Cat Animation | channel = [[CITV]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2019|9|2|df=y}} | last_aired = present }} '''''Dave Spud''''' is a British children's animated series featuring the surreal adventures of the eponymous Dave Spud of [[Grimsby]], his friends and [[High-rise building|tower block]]-dwelling family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ed-foster.com/dave-spud|title=The Rubbish World of Dave Spud. Creator ed-foster. Dave Spud|website=edward-foster}}</ref> It was created and directed by Edward Foster, inspired by his 2003 NFTS student short 'Anna Spud'. It was developed into a pilot in 2010 produced by [[The Illuminated Film Company]]. 26 11-minute installments were commissioned, whilst the soundtrack was composed by electronic group [[Basement Jaxx]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/electronica-duo-basement-jaxx-signs-on-to-dave-spud/|title=Electronica Duo Basement Jaxx Signs on to 'Dave Spud'|first=Mercedes|last=Milligan|date=9 March 2018}}</ref> ==Voice cast== * [[Johnny Vegas]] as Dave Spud * [[Lisa Hammond (actress)|Lisa Hammond]] as Anna Spud * [[Philip Glenister]] as Betty Spud (Mum) * [[Arthur Smith (comedian)|Arthur Smith]] as George Spud (Dad) * [[Jane Horrocks]] as Gran Spud * [[Gina Yashere]] as Gareth * [[Akiya Henry]] as Little Sue * [[Adam Gillen]] as Robert Robot * Additional voices: [[David Holt (voice actor)|David Holt]], [[Roger Griffiths]], Dave Peacock, Edward Foster {{clear}} == Series overview == <onlyinclude>{{Series overview | color1 = #5EFFF6 | link1 = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2019) | episodes1 = 26 | start1 = September 2, 2019 | end1 = September 18, 2019 | network1 = [[CITV]] | color2 = #00DB1A | link2 = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2020-2021) | episodes2 = 52 | start2 = December 28, 2020 | end2 = December 10, 2021 | color2S = AA336A | link2S = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Shorts (2022) | episodes2S = 1 | start2S = July 16, 2022 | color3 = #FFA500 | link3 = <includeonly>List to Dave Spud episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2023-2024) | episodes3 = 26 | episodes3A = 6 | start3A = July 17, 2023 | end3A = July 21, 2023 | episodes3B = 20 | start3B = February 8, 2024 | end3B = September 2024 | network3B = [[ITVX]] }}</onlyinclude> <!-- --> ==Episodes== ===Season 1 (2019)=== {{Episode table | background=#5EFFF6 | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | Title = A Starfish Called Gareth | RTitle = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|title=The Rubbish World of Dave Spud Series and Episode Guides &#124; TV from RadioTimes|website=Radio Times|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415074041/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bgn8LQFAnSv/|title=Ed Foster on Instagram: "Recording. Brain farts become reality. #animation #voicerecording #davespud"|website=Instagram}}</ref> | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|2|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds take the camper van on holiday, and end up at the bottom of the sea. Dave has to resort to a resourceful solution to get help. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | Title = Donkey | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|2|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave rescues an endangered donkey from the docks. Hiding it in the camper van, things take a turn when the donkey eats Gran's glasses. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | Title = A Whaley Good Time | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|3|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Fuzzypeg eats the Spuds' fish supper and Dave has to catch another. Things look up when he hooks something, but it turns out to be a whale. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | Title = Born Free | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|3|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George takes Dave on an adventure camping, but Dave isn't sure it's a great idea. He's proven right when they both wake up in a bear's cave. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | Title = Culture | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|4|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George takes the Spuds to the museum of mouldy cheese. Anna dares Dave to lick the cheeses on display. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | Title = Bored Silly | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[James Moran (writer)|James Moran]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|4|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran accidentally wins a board game as a Bingo prize, and after being locked up for years the game has a vendetta all of its own. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | Title = Blinking Heck | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alex Collier | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|5|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Betty wants a nice photo of Dave and Anna, but the camera George uses happens to belong to Gran, and it's been cursed by an ancient mummy. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | Title = Wishes | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|5|df=y}} | ShortSummary = If there were two things Dave could wish for it would be for Fuzzypeg to smell better, and for Gran to be nicer. Is getting what you want always a good thing? | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 9 | Title = Crush | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|6|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave gets a girlfriend who turns out to be an alien. She turns out to bear a striking similarity to a everyday household item. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 10 | Title = Bike | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|6|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Anna is practising for the school cycling test and is good at it. Dave isn't quite as skilled, but with a new bike from his parents he really hopes to pass. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 11 | Title = Dig | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[Steve Box]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|9|df=y}} | ShortSummary = When Betty insists Dave finds a hobby, he takes up treasure hunting, and rocks the very foundations of his tower block home. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 12 | Title = Sports Day | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|9|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It's the Grimsby High Sports Day and Betty wants nothing more than to bring home the trophy. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 13 | Title = Growing Pains | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is given a bulb to grow. Popping it in his lunch box, it isn't long before he discovers it's partial to Betty's sandwiches. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 14 | Title = Fuzzypeg | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George adapts the spin cycle of the washing machine causing a black hole to form in the Spuds' kitchen. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 15 | Title = Were Gran | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alex Collier | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|11|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran needs new teeth. Probably not wise to nab a set found on the side of the road though, under a full moon. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 16 | Title = Get Lost | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|11|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George wins tickets to the local stately home. It's not long before Dave and the rest of the Spuds find themselves lost in its maze. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 17 | Title = Freeze a Jolly Good Fellow | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alex Collier | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Summer rears its hot, cheeky head in Grimsby but Dave has found a way to keep the Spud flat nice and cool. Maybe too cool. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 18 | Title = Exchange | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[Tim Bain]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave demands to go on a foreign exchange. He soon finds himself headed for a week-long stay in a flat a few doors down. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 19 | Title = Bad Computer | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George finds a computer called Val but Val has a mind of her own. Soon she's set about uploading embarrassing videos to the internet. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 20 | Title = The Coat | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Steve Box and Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = When Dave needs a new coat, Gran kindly suggests she knows a good one by the car park bin. Dave promptly gets trapped inside the coat and discovers its past. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 21 | Title = Bog Roll Roll | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It's the biggest sporting event in Grimsby - the bog roll roll. All Dave has to do is chase the bog roll down the hill and catch it. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 22 | Title = Spud-ageddon | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds don't care about a carbon footprint, since George has come home with a haul of free electronics that they all want to test out. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 23 | Title = Rat Pack | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave wants to learn to play the drums at school, but is given the recorder. With a talent show around the corner, Dave gets practising. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 24 | Title = Flea Man | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and Fuzzypeg the dog get dirty playing at the local dump, so dirty in fact that Fuzzypeg picks up an extremely grumpy flea. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 25 | Title = Spuds on a Plane | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|18|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave's first plane journey doesn't go to plan when the air pressure and the need to go to the toilet make his head swell. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 26 | Title = The Wrinkly Bus | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|9|18|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Instructed to keep an eye on Gran while the rest of the Spuds visit the doctor, Dave finds that she has escaped. | LineColor = 5EFFF6 }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ===Season 2 (2020-2021)=== {{Episode table | background=#00DB1A | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 27 | Title = Moth Gran | RTitle = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|title=The Rubbish World of Dave Spud Series and Episode Guides &#124; TV from RadioTimes|website=Radio Times|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415074041/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/jmf5ry/the-rubbish-world-of-dave-spud-episode-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|28|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran sits in front of the television for so long that she turns into a cocoon, and with a little help from Dave - Who wants his favourite seat back - she hatches into a moth. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 28 | Title = The Beast of Grimsby | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|29|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friend, Zombie Katie, are working on a school project together about endangered animals, so George takes them on an expedition to the local park to see what they can find. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 29 | Title = Chow Wow | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|30|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave enters Fuzzypeg into a competition to become the face of a new brand of dog food, which he unexpectedly wins. As Fuzzypeg embarks on a glamorous new lifestyle, Dave misses his pal and seeks a way to terminate his contract. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 30 | Title = The Throne | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|31|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran buys a new loo, this lavatory has a tendency to flush its users into another dimension, and Dave and Gran quickly finds themselves flushed and spat out in olden day Grimsby. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 31 | Title = Grimmest Face | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Matt Baker | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|27|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is practising for Grimsby’s ‘grimmest face’ competition and finds that the wind changing direction really can cause the face to stick. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 32 | Title = Breaking Gran | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = [[Tim Bain]] | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|02|28|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran has been particularly naughty lately and is sentenced to a stay in an old people's home, but the home is the stuff of nightmares for Gran, and it's soon up to the Spuds to break her free. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 33 | Title = Two Toots Spud | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends get lost on a school orienteering exercise thanks to Robert Robot, who is unable to read the map - snatched by a flock of giant tiger pigeons and deposited into their equally giant nest, Dave must retrieve the map from Robert and get them all back to school. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 34 | Title = The Grimsby Mermaid | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave stumbles across a mermaid at the dockside who invites herself round for tea and takes up residence in the Spuds' bathtub, so Dave and his family must somehow persuade their unwanted guest to go back to her watery home. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 35 | Title = Venice of the North | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends embark on a school trip along a canal where they awaken an ancient monster called Big Lippy, who pushes them over a waterfall and sends them back in time to the Jurassic era. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 36 | Title = Zombie | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|14|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave finds a handheld computer game at the dump which involves killing zombies - his friend Zombie Katie, however, finds the game rather insulting. Exacting her revenge, Dave finds himself confronted with a group of very angry and very real zombies. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 37 | Title = The Grimsby Meteor | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is warned by local fortune teller Madam Donald that walking under a ladder will bring bad luck - he walks under one anyway, and soon a meteor is heading for Grimsby. It is up to Dave and his friend Robert Robot to catch it before everyone is squished. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 38 | Title = Magic | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Anna is training to be a magician with Dave as her helpful assistant, but their disappearing trick is not up to much - that is, until Zombie Katie bestows a magic spell book upon them. Soon they can't stop making stuff disappear, but what will happen when there is nothing left to make disappear in Grimsby? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 39 | Title = Delivery Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|27|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Lil Sue has started a delivery company called Deliver Sue, and in a quest to raise money for a new set of wheels, Dave lands himself with a job - Anna thinks she knows how to deliver packages quicker than Dave, though, and a dramatic sibling rivalry soon unfolds. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 40 | Title = Barry | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Matt Baker | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|28|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is thrilled when he wins an electronic home help device called Barry - finally, his family can boss something around other than him, but it is not long before Barry is overwhelmed by the Spuds' demands. Fighting back, Barry takes over Grimsby Heights and heads off to the sea for some well-earned peace and quiet. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 41 | Title = "Burning Wheels" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is sent down to the basement to find what is stopping the bath from working. There he meets a skateboarder called Josh Gnarly. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 42 | Title = Funnyfins | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave discovers that his pet goldfish has returned from the dead | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 43 | Title = "Do Zombies Dream of Banana Custard?" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Zombie Katie is so fascinated by Gran's Sweets that her life force leaves her body. Dave and his friends must find her life force quickly. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 44 | Title = "Space Fabric and Time" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave accidentally rips the fabric of space causing time to jump around and gravity to leak out. Now Dave must fix the tear before everything gets sucked in. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 45 | Title = "Cheesy Dreams" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave consumes a cheesecake which was not meant for him. At bedtime, he gets stuck into a cheesy dream with the rest of his family. The only way to escape is to admit everything he has done and confront his guilt. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 46 | Title = "Krustee Sloth" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Kirsty Peart and Jess Kedward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Using pieces given away free with every box of Bran Cran Krustee Cereals, Dave and Anna build a toy sloth which is bigger than Grimsby Heights | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 47 | Title = "Cheer Grimsby" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Kirsty Peart and Jess Kedward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends become cheerleaders for their school's sports team and with Gran's help, they're going to create the best cheerleading performance the school has ever seen. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 48 | Title = "A Wig Improvement" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = After Betty gives Dave bad hair ahead of the annual community disco, he finds a wig made from a donkey's hair. Soon he discovers the side effects of the wig. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 49 | Title = "Tiny Problem" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds plans a seaside picnic for Anna's Birthday but Dave's party food has shrunk them down to the size of mugs. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 50 | Title = "Electrogran" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave makes a weathervane during class which he tests on the rooftops of Grimsby Heights; things go wrong when his assistant Gran gets struck by lightning and is charged with electrical powers. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 51 | Title = "Fit is Fun" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds wants to become fit after watching strongman competitions, they order Gribits to get moving but cannot stop when they discover the devices were faulty. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 52 | Title = "Lucky Sausage" | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|13|df=y}} | ShortSummary = After helping an old lady called Tanya, Dave is rewarded a sausage as a thank you. But when he takes a bite of it, something lucky happens. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 53 | Title = Happy Birthday Gareth | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ben Ward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|14|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave makes a Gareth-shaped piñata for Gareth's birthday, but his starfish friend is unfamiliar with such an item and confused when the Spuds bash it to pieces. Convinced that Dave does not like her anymore, Gareth leaves and heads back out to sea - can Dave find her in time and persuade her that it was all a silly misunderstanding? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 54 | Title = King Of The Dump | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Kirsty Peart and Jess Kedward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|14|df=y}} | ShortSummary = School puts Dave on a work placement with his dad at the local dump - sucked into the mysterious world of rubbish, an old cow and a group of unruly fridges teach Dave an important lesson about recycling. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 55 | Title = Journey Into Fuzzypeg | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|15|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Lil Sue asks Dave to 'pet sit' her flea Mr Grumps - when Fuzzypeg, the Spud family dog, eats the little fella, Dave must launch a rescue mission. Will he and the rest of the Spuds reach Mr Grumps before he is dissolved like food inside Fuzzypeg's tummy? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 56 | Title = Top Town Of The North | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|15|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave has a bad day and tells a news reporter that Grimsby is rubbish - when his words are aired on the news, his whole seaside town turns against him. With the help of his friends and a rogue fox, Dave attempts to make amends by shooting a film about all of the great things that Grimsby has to offer. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 57 | Title = The Whippets | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave discovers that his body is a musical instrument and is asked to replace a band member in his second favourite band, The Whippets. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 58 | Title = Grimsby Fairy Tale | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Grimsby is putting on its annual community play and Anna wants the role of princess. Cast as a witch instead, the Spuds set out to prove that witches can have happy endings too. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 59 | Title = Spud Railways | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett and JonesCiaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George brings home a toy train set big enough for all the family to ride. Wherever might a trip on Spud railways take them? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber =60 | Title = Be More Unicorn | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave orders a water pistol with his birthday money but is sent a Happy Sparkle unicorn toy instead. Will it bring joy and sparkle into his grumpy world? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 61 | Title = Grim Fest | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It is the Spuds' turn to run Grim Fest, the annual festival at Grimsby Heights, but their jealous neighbours, the Dups, are out to sabotage their efforts. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 62 | Title = Old Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Tim Bain | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave is tired of following his mum and dad's rules. Creating a reverse fountain of youth in the bathtub, he shrivels himself into an old man and sets about making up rules of his own. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 63 | Title = An Honest Face | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = A sweetie thief has been reported in the town and the suspect looks remarkably like Dave. Dave and his friends must find a clever way to prove that he is not guilty. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 64 | Title = Little Fluffy Cloud | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and Anna nurse a poorly, polluted cloud back to health and teach it how to fly again. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 65 | Title = Spud Island | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alison Gentleman | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|22|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds have a surprising day out when the lift in their tower block home, Grimsby Heights, delivers them to a desert island instead of the ground floor. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 66 | Title = Trucking American Dreams | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|22|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds join Betty on a work trip across America. Will an unexpected body swap help their American dreams come true? | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 67 | Title = Down on the Farm | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|03|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds visit Betty's sister, Aunty Barbara, on her farm. Put in charge of searching for Aunty Barb's chickens and their eggs, Dave goes on an egg-citing adventure involving magic beans. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 68 | Title = Beware the Overpants | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Matt Baker | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|03|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave's lazy day of doing nothing is ruined when the town sees an uprising - of their pants. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 69 | Title = Moby Duck | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave gets sucked down the plughole in the bath and ends up adrift in a watery world, one that is full of lost bath time creatures. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 70 | Title = Apple Pip | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|06|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave swallows an apple pip and turns into a tree. With the help of an oak tree called Linda, he discovers the importance of looking after nature. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 71 | Title = Twinfestation | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Following an incident with the school photocopier, Dave must round up a horde of photocopied baby Spud twins. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 72 | Title = Treasure Hunt | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Alison Gentleman | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|07|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave uses a magnet to search for treasure but ends up attracting all of the town's metal, and not just the small stuff. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 73 | Title = Night School | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Ben Ward | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends are locked in school overnight but find that they are not alone. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 74 | Title = Duvet Day | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Isabel Fay | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds show off Betty and George's new bed by taking it for a spin around the town, picking up a few unexpected passengers along the way. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber =75 | Title = Look Into Our Eyes | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Jess Kedward and Kirsty Peart | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The people of Grimsby believe the Twins are wise lifestyle gurus, able to predict what everyone wants before they know it themselves, but the Twins need a nap before they get cranky. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 76 | Title = The Stowaways | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|09|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave and his friends are given a lesson in responsibility when their school assigns them an animal each to look after overnight. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 77 | Title = Green Eyed Monster | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Denise Cassar | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Lil Sue turns into a stomping, green eyed monster. It is up to Dave and the rest of Lil Sues friends to calm her down before she ends up big and green forever | LineColor = #00DB1A }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 78 | Title = The Flipside | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|10|df=y}} | ShortSummary = According to Gareth the starfish, every pancake has two sides, happy and grumpy. If Dave is to leave his pancake on the grumpy side, he had better prepare himself for an adventure - in the flipside. | LineColor = #00DB1A }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ===Shorts (2022)=== {{Episode table | background=#0400ff | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 0 | Title = where do all the boats go | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = David Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|16|df=y}} | ShortSummary = a short commissioned for The Festival of the Sea at Heritage Square Alexandra Dock in Grimsby on July 16, 2022. | LineColor = #0400ff }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ===Season 3 (2023-2024)=== {{Episode table | background=#FFA500 | overall= | title= | writer= | airdate= | episodes= {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 79 | Title = Olden Days | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = A faulty television remote rewinds the Spuds back to the olden days where everything is black and white, everyone is a puppet, and there is a giant biscuit on the rampage.... | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 80 | Title = Ski Trip | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|17|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds find themselves back in the Flipside and must use their superpowers to stop their mischievous pancake from ruining a school ski trip | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 81 | Title = Get Knitted | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|18|df=y}} | ShortSummary = It is the hottest day of the year and Gran's naughty knitting crew have dressed the whole town in their woolly wares - when their finest work, a giant sock puppet, comes to life, Dave must stop it from eating them all. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 82 | Title = Lawnmower Land | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = James Moran | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|19|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George takes Anna and Dave on a trip to a local attraction called Lawnmower Land, but a run-in with the latest technology in lawnmowing gives them more than they baaaa-gained for... | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 83 | Title = Gorgeous George | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = David Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|20|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George shaves off his beard in a mistaken attempt to impress Betty, but the beard then runs away and it is up to Dave to coax it back for the sake of his family. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 84 | Title = Moonbreaker | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds set off the Bobby Dazzler firework that Gran has been saving, but when it hits the moon and breaks it into several pieces, the whole town goes wonky and Dave must somehow put the broken bits back together. Note: This was the last episode and the last programme to ever air on the CITV channel on 1st September 2023, before the channel closed and the show’s run moved to ITVX. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 85 | Title = Robo-Betty | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George creates a robot version of Betty while she is away, but when the real Betty returns, Robo-Betty is not quite ready to give up her place in the Spud family | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 86 | Title = Mind the Gap | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave finds out what really happens when you step on a gap in the pavement. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 87 | Title = The Deep End | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Mariama Ives-Moiba | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave has to contend with a living, singing blob on his head after using too much hair gel, and Anna faces her fear when confronted with the floating 'Lurgisaurus plaster' during her school swimming lesson. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 88 | Title = Dave, Dave and Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Myles McLeod | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave uses Gran's 'Chaos Toilet' to go back in time and stop a noisy 'Spellybot' toy from ruining his homework in the present. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 89 | Title = Warbling Weeds from Space | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = James Moran | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = meteor shower delivers an alien life form to Grimsby, and there are some very flowery, musical side effects for all who encounter them. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 90 | Title = The New Kid | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Dave Ingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|02|08|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave gets to know the new kid at school, Colin, who lives on a boat called the Jolly Coffin. It turns out that Colin has some very interesting habits. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 91 | Title = The Tooth Scary | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave has a wobbly tooth that is refusing to budge. Can the Tooth Fairy and his seasonal friends help get it out so that he can claim his reward? | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 92 | Title = Stuck in the Mud | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds show off their competitive side when Dave and George take on Betty and Anna in The Tough Muddy Assault Course. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 93 | Title = Fuzzypeg's DNA | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Fuzzypeg has been exhibiting some odd night-time behaviour. Dave must find out why by going on a mission to discover more about his dog's surprising genetic makeup but, Fuzzypeg dies. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 94 | Title = The Roundabout | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Mariama Ives-Moiba | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave, Gran and Anna embark on a road trip to avoid having to clean the flat. One wrong turning later and they end up in the Jurassic era, where some very large dinosaurs want a taste of Gran's custard cream biscuits | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 95 | Title = Spudstitute Teacher | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett Jones and Ciaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The teachers are excited about something hidden behind the bookcase in their school staff room. Disguising himself to get in, Dave cannot believe his eyes when all is revealed. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 96 | Title = Clawfish of Doom | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Myles McLeod | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|21|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Gran's nuclear pickle sandwiches turn out to be really good fishing bait on the school sea trip, too good as they have attracted Tabitha who is a very big crustacean bully. Can Gareth stop her and save them all? | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 97 | Title = Hypnocat | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Madeleine Brettingham | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = A stray cat enters the Spud residence and with one look into its swirly eyes, the Spuds are hypnotised into behaving like cats. It's up to Dave to find out just what Hypnocat wants. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 98 | Title = Chuffy Phone Home | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = James Moran | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Chuffy Peaches loves living in the Spuds' bathroom but is missing home. A quick phone call to her parents and the Spuds find themselves beamed up into space along with Chuffy, where they are all soon caught up in an explosive alien rivalry. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 99 | Title = Donkeys and Dragons | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Beth Hughes | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds have a fantastical gaming adventure with Robert Robot, and there is a very large, tasty pie for dinner at stake. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 100 | Title = Cowboy Dave | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Hannah George | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Aunty Barb and her animals have run away from the farm. Realising there is not enough room in the Spud flat for all of them, Dave uses his recently acquired cowboy skills to hunt down the large wriggly reason why Aunty Barb left in the first place | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 101 | Title = Baked Breakout | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Morgan Bailey | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds dare to go shopping without Gran, but when she wakes to find them gone, she creates a new family of freshly baked Spud-Scones using some rather questionable, life-giving ingredients | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 102 | Title = No Place Like Home | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Mariama Ives-Moiba | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Dave's wish for the wizard on television to grant him a 'dream home' leads to the Spuds' flat being taken away. Will Dave and his family accept any of the new homes offered to them or realise their old tower block, is really the best place to live? | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 103 | Title = The Great Spud Flood | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Andrew Barnett and JonesCiaran Murtagh | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = The Spuds wake to find all of Grimsby underwater following an accidental toss of the pancake. It is a race against time to toss it back from the Flipside and to pull the plug on the watery world they are now living in. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 104 | Title = Uncle David | RTitle = <ref name="auto"/> | WrittenBy = Edward Foster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|12|df=y}} | ShortSummary = George and Betty have a romantic night away leaving Gran in charge. After throwing a party, Gran's clean-up operation leads Dave to discover a vacuum cleaner haunted by a long-lost member of the Spud family. Everyone from Grimsby is about to morn the loving memory of the Spud family's beloved boy. | LineColor = #FFA500 }} }}<!-- Marks end of episode table, do not remove --> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website}} * {{IMDb title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rubbish World of Dave Spud, The}} [[Category:2019 television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:British children's television series]] [[Category:Comedy television series]] [[Category:Fantasy television series]] [[Category:ITV children's television shows]] 04zmvml34yyhgdkadwm9wicqgt45c8v 0 837521 10331476 8960291 2025-06-15T05:31:21Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa''' ('''AGRA''') is an organization that works in Africa to teach people to [[farm]]. The [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] and [[Rockefeller Foundation]] pay for it. The governments of the United Kingdom, United States and Germany also gave money. AGRA started in 2006 with one billion U.S. dollars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Has Africa's green revolution failed?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/has-africas-green-revolution-failed/a-54581028|access-date=2021-04-25|website=amp.dw.com}}</ref><ref name=False>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=False Promises: The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)|url=https://afsafrica.org/false-promises-the-alliance-for-a-green-revolution-in-africa-agra/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=AFSA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=Guard>{{cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/the-quest-for-an-inclusive-agricultural-transformation-my-agra-story/|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 14, 2021|author=Kanayo F. Nwanze|title=The quest for an Inclusive Agricultural Transformation: My AGRA story|date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> According to one study, AGRA actually made things worse for farmers in Africa. AGRA gave loans to farmers so they could buy fertilizer, but the farmers could not pay back the loans. AGRA also told people to grow corn ([[maize]]), which meant fewer farmers grew traditional African crops. The African crops were stronger against [[drought|times with less rain than usual]]. AGRA also asked African governments to pass laws that made things easier for corporations and seed producers, which were bad for small farmers.<ref name=False /> == Goals == * doubling the income of 20 million small farmers. * reducing [[food insecurity|how hard it is to find food]] by 50% in 20 countries. * ensuring that at least 15 countries are on a path toward sustainable and climate-friendly green agriculture. == References == {{reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Agricultural organizations]] [[Category:2006 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Non-profit organizations of Africa]] [[Category:Organizations based in Kenya]] csk4ivx7w80qlitohiz2tqgi6p4hgcf 0 842464 10331526 10288537 2025-06-15T06:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Intifada''' (Arabic: انتفاضة) is an Arabic word. In Arabic, intifada means "shaking off".<ref name=":02" /> An intifada can be seen as a way for people to "shake off" a power that is oppressing them, a so called "uprising" against that power. The term Intifada is most famous for the two Palestinian uprisings in the 1980s and 2000s. These two intifadas are considered part of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli-Palestinian]] conflict. There were also other intifadas outside of Palestine, the protests in Bahrain against British presence from 1965 until 1972 are called the 'March Intifada'. [[File:Israel and occupied territories map.png|thumb|Israel and Palestinian occupied territories]] == List of intifadas == The [[First Intifada]] took place from 1987 to 1993, when Palestinians attacked the Israeli community. The [[Second Intifada]] began in 2000 and lasted until 2005. This Intifada is sometimes called the Al-Aqsa Intifada and was also where Palestinians rebelled against the Israeli power. The March Intifada in Bahrain broke out in March 1965 and protests were renewed every year until 1972.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=The March Intifada - Bahrain, 1965 {{!}} libcom.org|url=https://libcom.org/article/march-intifada-bahrain-1965|access-date=2022-05-16|website=libcom.org|language=en}}</ref> This Intifada was about people from Bahrain against the British power. == First Intifada (1987-1993) == {{Main|First Intifada}} The period of the first Intifada started on 9 December 1987<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Intifada - Its Impact on Israel, the Arab World, and the Superpowers.|last=Freedman|first=Robert O.|publisher=University press of Florida|year=1991|isbn=9780813010403|location=Miami|pages=XI|language=English}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=Naser-Najjab|first1=Nadia|last2=Khatib|first2=Ghassan|date=2019|title=The First Intifada, Settler Colonialism, and 21st Century Prospects for Collective Resistance|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/730231|journal=The Middle East Journal|volume=73|issue=2|pages=187–206|doi=10.3751/73.2.11 |s2cid=200032600 |issn=1940-3461}}</ref> and ended with the [[:en:Oslo Accords|Oslo accords]] in 1993. This Intifada lasted a total of six years. The Palestinian unrest which led to the outbreak of the first terrorist intifada started with the Israeli settlements on Palestinian territory, forcing Palestinians to leave their land.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=intifada {{!}} History, Meaning, Cause, & Significance {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifadah|access-date=2022-05-09|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Other reasons for the Palestinian rebellion were the worsening economy and the limited access to jobs.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Lesch|first=Ann M.|date=Autumn 1990|title=Prelude to the Uprising in the Gaza Strip|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537319|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=20, nr. 1|issue=1 |pages=12|doi=10.2307/2537319 |jstor=2537319 }}</ref> === Start of the First Intifada === The first protests against Israel's occupation erupted in Gaza. A car belonging to the Israeli army drove into a Palestinian car, killing all four occupants on 8 December 1987. That night, protests broke out in a Palestinian refugee camp during the funeral of the victims.<ref name=":12"/> It became a Palestinian mass uprising against the occupation, Palestinians came into active resistance.<ref name=":22"/><ref name=":12"/> A party (Unified National Leadership of the Uprising: [[:en:Unified National Leadership of the Uprising|UNLU]]) was established which brought together all important Palestinian organizations and parties that already opposed Israel before the Intifada.<ref name=":22" /> === Casualties and overview === The first Intifada is often known for its nonviolent nature. The nonviolent resistance from Palestinians existed of the boycott of Israeli products, strikes and the refusal to pay taxes or other obligated payments to Israel.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Nasrallah|first=Rami|title=The First and Second Palestinian Intifadas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203079553.ch5|work=Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203079553.ch5 |isbn=978-0-203-07955-3|access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref> However, the idea that the intifada was nonviolent is not correct. The more violence Palestinians used the more violent the Israeli responses became.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=McGinn|first=Jack|title=A study of grassroots political organising during, and in the years immediately preceding, the first Intifada as an example of anarchist praxis|url=https://www.academia.edu/4868055}}</ref>[[File:Shootings as a percent of all incidents during the First Intifada.svg|thumb|The amount of shootings as a percent of all incidents during the first Intifada increased from 1990.]] [[File:Arton8011.jpg|thumb|Palestinian demonstration during the first Intifada]] In 1989 the Israeli security forces switched to extreme violent tactics in this period.<ref name=":3" /> The Israeli tactics from this period led to a peak in Palestinian violence as well. An estimated number of 1282 Palestinians died and more than 130.472 became injured during the six year period of the Intifada.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aUq67aKpeAC&pg=PA231|title=Disasters and Mental Health|last1=Lopez-Ibor|first1=Juan José|last2=Christodoulou|first2=George|last3=Maj|first3=Mario|last4=Sartorius|first4=Norman|last5=Okasha|first5=Ahmed|date=2005-01-28|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-02124-8|language=en}}</ref> For every three Palestinians that died, less than one Israeli was killed. === End of the First Intifada === The Intifada officially ended on the 13th of September 1993, when the [[:en:Oslo I Accord|Declaration of principles]] was signed by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] and Israeli government.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Milestones: 1993–2000 - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/oslo|access-date=2022-05-09|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> This declaration was also the start of the [[Oslo Accords|Oslo accords]], in which Palestine and Israel would start to discuss the many issues on autonomy, borders, refugees and Jerusalem.<ref name=":8" /> == Second Intifada (2000-2005) == {{Main|Second Intifada}} The period of the Second Intifada is marked from September 2000<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|title=intifada {{!}} History, Meaning, Cause, & Significance {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intifadah|access-date=2022-05-12|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> until February 2005,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1155694634|title=Middle East conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st century : an encyclopedia and document collection|last=publication.|first=Tucker, Spencer C. (1937- ...)., Directeur de la|year=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4408-5352-4|oclc=1155694634}}</ref> even though opinions may differ about when it ended. The Second Intifada was more violent than the first.<ref name="britannica.com"/> ---- === Overview === After the First Intifada ended in 1993, there was still a lot of discontent among the Palestinians. They didn't agree with how the Oslo accords were followed by Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Redactie|first=Auteur|title=Intifada - Opstand van de Palestijnen|url=https://historiek.net/intifada-israel-betekenis-palestijnen/81842/|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Historiek|language=nl}}</ref> When the Israeli premier [[Ariel Sharon]] visited the [[Temple Mount]] in a provocative way, it was the last straw for the Palestinians. This is why some people also call this uprising the 'Al-Aqsa Intifada'.<ref name="britannica.com"/> The Second Intifada began with Palestinian demonstrations. These started in Jerusalem, but quickly spread to the West Bank. In the beginning the Palestinians mostly threw rocks and were not obedient towards the Israelis, the Israelis were heavily armed. Later on, the Palestinians used other, more deadly tactics. Some of them were suicide bombings, snipers and rocket attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=2018-11-20|title=What were the intifadas?|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080066/israel-palestine-intifadas-first-second|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> In 2002, during the Second Intifada, the Israeli government decided to build a barrier between Israel and the West Bank. Another important event during the Second Intifada was the Israeli withdrawal from the [[Gaza Strip]]. This happened after things escalated between [[Hamas]] and the Israeli occupiers, which resulted in many deaths on both sides. === The ending and aftermath === In 2005, after more than 5 years, the Second Intifada came to an end. In 2004 the intensity of the uprising was already fading. This was because of the Palestinians becoming weary, struggling against the strong lasting Israeli defense.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Second Intifada 2000|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/the-second-intifada-2000|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref> The Second Intifada was more violent than the first one, causing over 3000 Palestinian and nearly 1000 Israeli deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Just Vision|url=https://justvision.org/glossary/second-intifada|access-date=2022-05-12|website=justvision.org|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816213346/https://justvision.org/glossary/second-intifada|url-status=dead}}</ref> == March Intifada (Bahrain) == In March 1965 an Intifada broke out in [[Bahrain]]. The goal of the uprising was to stop the British presence in Bahrain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The March Intifada - Bahrain, 1965 {{!}} libcom.org|url=https://libcom.org/article/march-intifada-bahrain-1965|access-date=2022-05-18|website=libcom.org|language=en}}</ref> This Intifada was mostly led by groups with leftists ideas. Multiple people died, because of the violence the police used several times during the demonstrations. The protests started when a huge amount of workers from the Bahrain Petroleum company resigned. It changed fast into a general strike against the British. The protests continued to happen annually until 1972. In 1972 the government agreed to talk with the opposition and they allowed three members from the workers union to join the government. The Bahrain Intifada took officially from 1965 to 1975.<ref name=":9" /> == References == <references /> [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] [[Category:Rebellions]] nb3aq1737v5g78qrn1ki0b318xe5h52 0 843603 10330918 10318723 2025-06-14T21:44:35Z 62.18.111.228 10330918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{movenotice|Eicosane}} {{Chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 443869216 | ImageFile = Eicosane.png | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize = 300 | ImageAlt = Structural formula of icosane | ImageFile1 = Icosane 3D ball.png | ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize1 = 300 | ImageAlt1 = Ball and stick model of the icosane molecule | PIN = Icosane<ref>{{cite book |author=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |date=2014 |title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry|The Royal Society of Chemistry]] |pages=59 |doi=10.1039/9781849733069 |isbn=978-0-85404-182-4}}</ref> | OtherNames = ''n''-Eicosane |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 112-95-8 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 8222 | ChemSpiderID = 7929 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII = 3AYA9KEC48 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | EINECS = 204-018-1 | MeSHName = eicosane | ChEBI = 43619 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1233983 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | Beilstein = 1700722 | SMILES = CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | StdInChI = 1S/C20H42/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-20H2,1-2H3 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=20 | H=42 | Appearance = Colorless, waxy crystals | Odor = Odorless | MeltingPtK = 309 to 311 | BoilingPtK = 616.2 | LogP = 10.897 | HenryConstant = 31 μmol Pa⁻¹ kg⁻¹ }} |Section3={{Chembox Thermochemistry | Entropy = 558.6 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ | HeatCapacity = 602.5 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (at 6.0&nbsp;°C) }} |Section4={{Chembox Hazards | FlashPt = > | FlashPtC = 113 | NFPA-F = 1 | NFPA-H = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 }} |Section5={{Chembox Related | OtherFunction_label = alkanes | OtherFunction = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nonadecane]]|[[Heneicosane]]}} }} }} '''Eicosane''', also commonly spelled '''icosane''', is an alkane or a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula H₂₀C₄₂.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Eicosane|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8222|access-date=2021-05-20|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PDBeChem: Ligand Dictionary (PDB Ligand Chemistry - chemical component dictionary)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/LFA|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> It has 366,319 structural [[isomers]]. Its high flash point makes it a hard to light [[fuel]], so it is not much use in the petrochemical industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=icosane (CHEBI:43619)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:43619|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> However, an isomer of eicosane, ''n''-Eicosane (the straight-chain structural isomer of eicosane) is the shortest compound found in paraffin waxes (C_nH_2n+2, where <math>n = \mathbb {Z} = {[20,40]} </math>) used to form [[Candle|candles]]. Eicosane's phase transition at a moderate temperature makes it a candidate for PCM, which is used to store thermal energy and control temperature. Eicosane is a non-polar molecule: quite unreactive except when it burns (see the NFPA Diamond in the infobox). It is also way less dense than insoluble in [[water]]. This also means it shares properties with its smaller alkaline counterparts. Eicosane can also be detected in the body odor of people diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]].<ref name=":0" /> The compound is found in the highest concentrations in plants such as Mexican ageratum, licorice, and the Bayrum tree.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title=Activities of a Specific Chemical Query|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?EICOSANE|access-date=2021-05-21|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173912/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?EICOSANE|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Chem-stub}} [[Category:Alkanes]] tj0vlzcnyd78ycdczkek4tul2so0rux 10331622 10330918 2025-06-15T08:56:26Z Barras 40117 Barras moved page [[Icosane]] to [[Eicosane]] over redirect 10330918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{movenotice|Eicosane}} {{Chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 443869216 | ImageFile = Eicosane.png | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize = 300 | ImageAlt = Structural formula of icosane | ImageFile1 = Icosane 3D ball.png | ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize1 = 300 | ImageAlt1 = Ball and stick model of the icosane molecule | PIN = Icosane<ref>{{cite book |author=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |date=2014 |title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry|The Royal Society of Chemistry]] |pages=59 |doi=10.1039/9781849733069 |isbn=978-0-85404-182-4}}</ref> | OtherNames = ''n''-Eicosane |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 112-95-8 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 8222 | ChemSpiderID = 7929 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII = 3AYA9KEC48 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | EINECS = 204-018-1 | MeSHName = eicosane | ChEBI = 43619 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1233983 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | Beilstein = 1700722 | SMILES = CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | StdInChI = 1S/C20H42/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-20H2,1-2H3 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=20 | H=42 | Appearance = Colorless, waxy crystals | Odor = Odorless | MeltingPtK = 309 to 311 | BoilingPtK = 616.2 | LogP = 10.897 | HenryConstant = 31 μmol Pa⁻¹ kg⁻¹ }} |Section3={{Chembox Thermochemistry | Entropy = 558.6 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ | HeatCapacity = 602.5 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (at 6.0&nbsp;°C) }} |Section4={{Chembox Hazards | FlashPt = > | FlashPtC = 113 | NFPA-F = 1 | NFPA-H = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 }} |Section5={{Chembox Related | OtherFunction_label = alkanes | OtherFunction = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nonadecane]]|[[Heneicosane]]}} }} }} '''Eicosane''', also commonly spelled '''icosane''', is an alkane or a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula H₂₀C₄₂.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Eicosane|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8222|access-date=2021-05-20|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PDBeChem: Ligand Dictionary (PDB Ligand Chemistry - chemical component dictionary)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/LFA|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> It has 366,319 structural [[isomers]]. Its high flash point makes it a hard to light [[fuel]], so it is not much use in the petrochemical industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=icosane (CHEBI:43619)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:43619|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> However, an isomer of eicosane, ''n''-Eicosane (the straight-chain structural isomer of eicosane) is the shortest compound found in paraffin waxes (C_nH_2n+2, where <math>n = \mathbb {Z} = {[20,40]} </math>) used to form [[Candle|candles]]. Eicosane's phase transition at a moderate temperature makes it a candidate for PCM, which is used to store thermal energy and control temperature. Eicosane is a non-polar molecule: quite unreactive except when it burns (see the NFPA Diamond in the infobox). It is also way less dense than insoluble in [[water]]. This also means it shares properties with its smaller alkaline counterparts. Eicosane can also be detected in the body odor of people diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]].<ref name=":0" /> The compound is found in the highest concentrations in plants such as Mexican ageratum, licorice, and the Bayrum tree.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title=Activities of a Specific Chemical Query|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?EICOSANE|access-date=2021-05-21|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173912/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?EICOSANE|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Chem-stub}} [[Category:Alkanes]] tj0vlzcnyd78ycdczkek4tul2so0rux 10331627 10331622 2025-06-15T08:56:51Z Barras 40117 10331627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 443869216 | ImageFile = Eicosane.png | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize = 300 | ImageAlt = Structural formula of icosane | ImageFile1 = Icosane 3D ball.png | ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize1 = 300 | ImageAlt1 = Ball and stick model of the icosane molecule | PIN = Icosane<ref>{{cite book |author=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] |date=2014 |title=Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry|The Royal Society of Chemistry]] |pages=59 |doi=10.1039/9781849733069 |isbn=978-0-85404-182-4}}</ref> | OtherNames = ''n''-Eicosane |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 112-95-8 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 8222 | ChemSpiderID = 7929 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII = 3AYA9KEC48 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | EINECS = 204-018-1 | MeSHName = eicosane | ChEBI = 43619 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1233983 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | Beilstein = 1700722 | SMILES = CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC | StdInChI = 1S/C20H42/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h3-20H2,1-2H3 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = CBFCDTFDPHXCNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=20 | H=42 | Appearance = Colorless, waxy crystals | Odor = Odorless | MeltingPtK = 309 to 311 | BoilingPtK = 616.2 | LogP = 10.897 | HenryConstant = 31 μmol Pa⁻¹ kg⁻¹ }} |Section3={{Chembox Thermochemistry | Entropy = 558.6 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ | HeatCapacity = 602.5 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (at 6.0&nbsp;°C) }} |Section4={{Chembox Hazards | FlashPt = > | FlashPtC = 113 | NFPA-F = 1 | NFPA-H = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 }} |Section5={{Chembox Related | OtherFunction_label = alkanes | OtherFunction = {{Unbulleted list|[[Nonadecane]]|[[Heneicosane]]}} }} }} '''Eicosane''', also commonly spelled '''icosane''', is an alkane or a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula H₂₀C₄₂.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PubChem|title=Eicosane|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8222|access-date=2021-05-20|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PDBeChem: Ligand Dictionary (PDB Ligand Chemistry - chemical component dictionary)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/pdbechem/chemicalCompound/show/LFA|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> It has 366,319 structural [[isomers]]. Its high flash point makes it a hard to light [[fuel]], so it is not much use in the petrochemical industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=icosane (CHEBI:43619)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:43619|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> However, an isomer of eicosane, ''n''-Eicosane (the straight-chain structural isomer of eicosane) is the shortest compound found in paraffin waxes (C_nH_2n+2, where <math>n = \mathbb {Z} = {[20,40]} </math>) used to form [[Candle|candles]]. Eicosane's phase transition at a moderate temperature makes it a candidate for PCM, which is used to store thermal energy and control temperature. Eicosane is a non-polar molecule: quite unreactive except when it burns (see the NFPA Diamond in the infobox). It is also way less dense than insoluble in [[water]]. This also means it shares properties with its smaller alkaline counterparts. Eicosane can also be detected in the body odor of people diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]].<ref name=":0" /> The compound is found in the highest concentrations in plants such as Mexican ageratum, licorice, and the Bayrum tree.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-23|title=Activities of a Specific Chemical Query|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?EICOSANE|access-date=2021-05-21|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173912/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/chemical.pl?EICOSANE|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Chem-stub}} [[Category:Alkanes]] 2mgteusst73i18jaqfdq6utcxfeb2qh 0 844330 10331390 9896914 2025-06-15T03:15:00Z 2600:4040:9180:4B00:B130:9BC8:9CB6:C31D Removed directly inaccurate opening sentences 10331390 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Trilete spores.png|thumb|right|A late [[Silurian]] [[sporangium]], artificially coloured. '''green''': A spore tetrad. '''blue''': A spore bearing a trilete mark&nbsp;– the ''Y''-shaped scar. The spores are about 30–35&nbsp;μm across]] [[File:Plant phylogeny.png|thumb|300px|[[Phylogenetic tree|Phylogenetic]] [[plant]] tree, showing the major [[clade]]s and traditional groups. <ref>T. Cavalier Smith 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-YEYFhgUBsQC&pg=PA21 Evolution and relationships of algae major branches of the tree of life.] from: Unravelling the algae, by Brodie & Lewis. CRC Press</ref> and phylogeny of [[algae]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ševčíková | first1 = Tereza | display-authors = 1 | last2 = Horák | first2 = Aleš | last3 = Klimeš | first3 = Vladimír | last4 = Zbránková | first4 = Veronika | last5 = Demir-Hilton | first5 = Elif | last6 = Sudek | first6 = Sebastian | last7 = Jenkins | first7 = Jerry | last8 = Schmutz | first8 = Jeremy | last9 = Přibyl | first9 = Pavel | last10 = Fousek | first10 = Jan | last11 = Vlček | first11 = Čestmír | last12 = Lang | first12 = Franz B. | last13 = Oborník | first13 = Miroslav | last14 = Worden | first14 = Alexandra Z. | last15 = Eliáš | first15 = Marek | year = 2015 | title = Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 5 | page = 10134 | doi = 10.1038/srep10134 | pmid = 26017773 | pmc = 4603697 | bibcode = 2015NatSR...510134S }}</ref> [[bryophyte]]s,<ref>Theodor Cole & Hartmut Hilger 2013 [http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/BPP-E.pdf Bryophyte Phylogeny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123192055/http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/BPP-E.pdf |date=2015-11-23 }}</ref> [[vascular plant]]s,<ref>Theodor Cole & Hartmut Hilger 2013 [http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/TPP-E.pdf Trachaeophyte Phylogeny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191705/http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/TPP-E.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> and [[flowering plant]]s.<ref>Theodor Cole & Hartmut Hilger 2015 [http://www2.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf Angiosperm Phylogeny, Flowering Plant Systematics.] Freie Universität Berlin</ref>]] The first plants were [[cyanobacteria]] which formed [[stromatolites]]. However, this article deals with plants as understood by most people. Their history starts in the [[Silurian]] period, about 430 million years ago (mya). Evidence of the earliest [[Embryophyta|land plants]] is about 470 mya, in Ordovician rocks from [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name="Strotheretal1996">{{cite journal|last1=Strother|first1=P.K.|last2=Al-Hajri|first2=S.|last3=Traverse|first3=A.|date=1996|title=New evidence for land plants from the lower Middle Ordovician of Saudi Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_1996-01_24_1/page/55|journal=Geology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=55–59 |bibcode=1996Geo....24...55S|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0055:NEFLPF>2.3.CO;2}}</ref> and [[Gondwana]].<ref name="Rubinstein">{{cite journal|first1=C. V.|last1=Rubinstein|first2=P.|last2=Gerrienne|first3=G. S.|last3=de la Puente|first4=R. A.|last4=Astini|first5=P.|last5=Steemans|date=2010|title=Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana)|journal=New Phytologist|volume=188|issue=2|pages=365–369|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03433.x |pmid=20731783|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010NewPh.188..365R }}</ref> In the [[Devonian]] of ~370 mya, some spore plants such as ''[[Archaeopteris]]'' had secondary [[vascular tissue]] which produced wood and had formed forests of tall trees. Also by this time ''[[Elkinsia]]'', an early [[seed fern]], had evolved [[seeds]]. The order in which tree-like land plants evolved is this: #[[Pteridophyte]]s (tree ferns): reproduce by spreading [[spores]]. Ferns are in this group, but they were much bigger and more tree-like in the [[Carboniferous]] period. #[[Gymnosperms]]: seed-producing plants such as [[conifers]], [[cycads]], and ''[[Ginkgo]]''. These were the food of [[herbivorous]] dinosaurs, very tough and difficult to digest. They are first found in the Carboniferous period, and grew in the huge warm forests of the [[Mesozoic era]]. Some of these plants left evidence that they had begun to encourage insects to help with pollination. #[[Flowering plant]] trees. These are the dominant trees in the warmer parts of Earth, though conifers still dominate the colder regions. Flowering plants eventually evolved the type of plant which almost all [[herbivores]] eat today: that is, [[grass]]. It would not have been true of the early [[Miocene]], the first half, when the Earth was warmer and wetter and covered mainly with trees. == References == {{reflist}} === Selected textbooks on plant evolution === *Taylor T.N. & E.L. 1993. ''The biology and evolution of fossil plants''. Englwood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall,. *Willis K.J. & McElwain J.C. 2002. ''The evolution of plants''. Oxford University Press. *Bell P.R. 1992. ''Green plants: their origin and diversity''. Cambridge University Press. *Kenrick P. & Crane P.R. 1997. ''The origin and diversification of land plants''. Washington D.C. Smithsonian Institute Press. [[Category:Evolution]] [[Category:Trees]] oyiciczyppioyeoosikbp7v8pmb9n2r 1 844533 10331624 10327606 2025-06-15T08:56:27Z Barras 40117 Barras moved page [[Talk:Icosane]] to [[Talk:Eicosane]] 10327606 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Move?== Eicosane is a more common spelling. Most of the sources in this article have a title of Eicosane not Icosane. Thanks, [[Special:Contributions/73.158.114.70|73.158.114.70]] ([[User talk:73.158.114.70|talk]]) 00:24, 24 May 2021 (UTC). :It appears that Icosane is the official name used by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]. It would make sense to me to follow industry standard for naming the article. I'll create a redirect from Eicosane for now, so people looking for that will be directed to the correct page. Of course, if others feel a move is in order, we can also do that.--[[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 00:30, 24 May 2021 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Animalguy7|Animalguy7]] ([[User talk:Animalguy7|talk]]) 00:52, 3 June 2021 (UTC). == Request move == * '''Support''' to move for [[Wikipedia:COMMONNAME]] and consistency with [[eicosanoid]] [[Special:Contributions/109.54.231.189|109.54.231.189]] ([[User talk:109.54.231.189|talk]]) 17:40, 13 June 2025 (UTC) karew4ibd4od74bd3rvf3q88ff2nqyr 10331632 10331624 2025-06-15T09:01:47Z Barras 40117 10331632 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Move?== Eicosane is a more common spelling. Most of the sources in this article have a title of Eicosane not Icosane. Thanks, [[Special:Contributions/73.158.114.70|73.158.114.70]] ([[User talk:73.158.114.70|talk]]) 00:24, 24 May 2021 (UTC). :It appears that Icosane is the official name used by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]. It would make sense to me to follow industry standard for naming the article. I'll create a redirect from Eicosane for now, so people looking for that will be directed to the correct page. Of course, if others feel a move is in order, we can also do that.--[[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 00:30, 24 May 2021 (UTC) ::I agree. [[User:Animalguy7|Animalguy7]] ([[User talk:Animalguy7|talk]]) 00:52, 3 June 2021 (UTC). * '''Support''' to move for [[Wikipedia:COMMONNAME]] and consistency with [[eicosanoid]] [[Special:Contributions/109.54.231.189|109.54.231.189]] ([[User talk:109.54.231.189|talk]]) 17:40, 13 June 2025 (UTC) As chemist, I can tell you, that like nobody would ever use ''icosane'' when publishing. ''Eicosane'' is normally used. I moved the page. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 09:01, 15 June 2025 (UTC) flwub591gjqdorge12qd08zsxe7t9d8 0 847473 10331460 10327369 2025-06-15T05:04:56Z 102.89.22.132 /* Related pages */ 10331460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV|date=May 2024}} '''Temitope Balogun Joshua''' (June 12, 1963 – June 5, 2021), also known as '''T.B. Joshua''', was a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]] [[pastor]], [[televangelist]], [[prophet]] and [[philanthropist]]. He was the leader and founder of [[The Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] (SCOAN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoan.org/about/prophet-tb-joshua/ |title=Prophet TB Joshua |publisher=Scoan.org |access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref> He also helped run the [[Emmanuel TV]] television station from [[Lagos]]. Joshua was born in [[Arigidi Akoko]], Nigeria. Joshua died on June 5, 2021 after a service on that same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-prophet-t-b-joshua-is-dead/ |title=Prophet T.B. Joshua is dead at 57 |newspaper=Peoples Gazette |date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref> ==Successor== Following his death in June 2021, his wife Evelyn Joshua took over as the new leader of The SCOAN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|last1=Alaka|first1=Gboyega|last2=Ogunlade|first2=Adeola|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=13 June 2023|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|title=EVENT: EVELYN JOSHUA, THE LATE TB JOSHUA'S WIFE, HOSTED HER HUSBAND'S CLASSIC 60TH POSTHUMOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION (Details Of The Event)|date=14 June 2023|accessdate=16 June 2023|publisher=Event Diary Lifestyle|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616193201/https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title=TB Joshua: Influential Nigerian preacher dies at 57|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57374250|access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref> [[File:TB Joshua.jpg|thumb|TB Joshua at the Synagogue Church of All Nations]] ==Legacy and posthumous abuse accusations== Today, the impact of T. B. Joshua's ministry is seen to have gone beyond the pulpit,<ref name="lib">{{cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|title=Beyond the Pulpit: Remembering Prophet TB Joshua's Life of Service|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=Linda Ikeji's Blog|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605105958/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="tdl">{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|title=Celebrating a Great Leader: The Enduring Legacy of Prophet TB Joshua|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605042126/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> as Joshua was said to have dedicated a major part of his life to helping the needy in the society. Joshua's legacy is often regarded as being "intertwined with acts of cheerful giving and a genuine desire to assist those in need".<ref>https://www.blanknewsonline.com/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb-joshuas-legacy-falls-flat-by-prophet-isaiah/</ref><ref>https://watchtbjoshua.blogspot.com/2024/02/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb.html</ref><ref>https://watchedtbjoshua.wordpress.com/2024/02/22/bbc-attempt-tarnish-tbjoshuas-legacy-falls-flat/</ref> ==Tribute works== A tribute song,<ref>https://thesun.ng/clergyman-composes-heartfelt-song-in-honour-of-t-b-joshuas-62nd-posthumous-birthday/</ref><ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/06/12/prophet-i-o-samuel-unveils-heartfelt-song-in-honour-of-t-b-joshuas-62nd-posthumous-birthday/</ref> as well as a tribute poem,<ref>https://mypoeticside.com/show-poem-204960</ref> have been composed in Joshua's honour to mark his 62nd posthumous birthday. Since his passing, Joshua's death continues to be seen as "a major blow to Christianity" in Nigeria.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230315025347/https://nobelie.com/pastor-t-b-joshua-biography-wikipedia-net-worth-age-and-ministry/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241127155152/https://www.biographyvip.com/who-was-t-b-joshua/</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Synagogue Church building collapse]] *[[Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshua, T. B.}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:African philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] [[Category:Television presenters]] [[Category:People from Lagos]] {{bio-stub}} kd7xn3tt8zukte9om7t9p9o1h5gjj9a 10331545 10331460 2025-06-15T06:48:51Z 102.88.110.2 /* Related pages */ 10331545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV|date=May 2024}} '''Temitope Balogun Joshua''' (June 12, 1963 – June 5, 2021), also known as '''T.B. Joshua''', was a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]] [[pastor]], [[televangelist]], [[prophet]] and [[philanthropist]]. He was the leader and founder of [[The Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] (SCOAN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoan.org/about/prophet-tb-joshua/ |title=Prophet TB Joshua |publisher=Scoan.org |access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref> He also helped run the [[Emmanuel TV]] television station from [[Lagos]]. Joshua was born in [[Arigidi Akoko]], Nigeria. Joshua died on June 5, 2021 after a service on that same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-prophet-t-b-joshua-is-dead/ |title=Prophet T.B. Joshua is dead at 57 |newspaper=Peoples Gazette |date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref> ==Successor== Following his death in June 2021, his wife Evelyn Joshua took over as the new leader of The SCOAN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|last1=Alaka|first1=Gboyega|last2=Ogunlade|first2=Adeola|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=13 June 2023|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|title=EVENT: EVELYN JOSHUA, THE LATE TB JOSHUA'S WIFE, HOSTED HER HUSBAND'S CLASSIC 60TH POSTHUMOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION (Details Of The Event)|date=14 June 2023|accessdate=16 June 2023|publisher=Event Diary Lifestyle|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616193201/https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title=TB Joshua: Influential Nigerian preacher dies at 57|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57374250|access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref> [[File:TB Joshua.jpg|thumb|TB Joshua at the Synagogue Church of All Nations]] ==Legacy and posthumous abuse accusations== Today, the impact of T. B. Joshua's ministry is seen to have gone beyond the pulpit,<ref name="lib">{{cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|title=Beyond the Pulpit: Remembering Prophet TB Joshua's Life of Service|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=Linda Ikeji's Blog|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605105958/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="tdl">{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|title=Celebrating a Great Leader: The Enduring Legacy of Prophet TB Joshua|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605042126/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> as Joshua was said to have dedicated a major part of his life to helping the needy in the society. Joshua's legacy is often regarded as being "intertwined with acts of cheerful giving and a genuine desire to assist those in need".<ref>https://www.blanknewsonline.com/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb-joshuas-legacy-falls-flat-by-prophet-isaiah/</ref><ref>https://watchtbjoshua.blogspot.com/2024/02/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb.html</ref><ref>https://watchedtbjoshua.wordpress.com/2024/02/22/bbc-attempt-tarnish-tbjoshuas-legacy-falls-flat/</ref> ==Tribute works== A tribute song,<ref>https://thesun.ng/clergyman-composes-heartfelt-song-in-honour-of-t-b-joshuas-62nd-posthumous-birthday/</ref><ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/06/12/prophet-i-o-samuel-unveils-heartfelt-song-in-honour-of-t-b-joshuas-62nd-posthumous-birthday/</ref> as well as a tribute poem,<ref>https://mypoeticside.com/show-poem-204960</ref> have been composed in Joshua's honour to mark his 62nd posthumous birthday. Since his passing, Joshua's death continues to be seen as "a major blow to Christianity" in Nigeria.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230315025347/https://nobelie.com/pastor-t-b-joshua-biography-wikipedia-net-worth-age-and-ministry/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241127155152/https://www.biographyvip.com/who-was-t-b-joshua/</ref> Governor Kayode Fayemi of [[Ekiti State]] rendered tribute, calling his death "a major blow to the Christian community in the country".<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/06/07/buhari-jonathan-akeredolu-fayemi-senators-others-mourn-tb-joshua/</ref><ref>https://newtelegraphng.com/akeredolu-fayemi-ortom-obaseki-mourn/</ref><ref>https://saharaweeklyng.com/fayemi-mourns-pastor-t-b-joshuas-death/</ref><ref>https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/22858</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Synagogue Church building collapse]] *[[Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshua, T. B.}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:African philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] [[Category:Television presenters]] [[Category:People from Lagos]] {{bio-stub}} lx6txbbkng0ezgtepcbiyo640faacb3 10331591 10331545 2025-06-15T08:16:49Z 197.210.78.86 /* Related pages */ 10331591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV|date=May 2024}} '''Temitope Balogun Joshua''' (June 12, 1963 – June 5, 2021), also known as '''T.B. Joshua''', was a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]] [[pastor]], [[televangelist]], [[prophet]] and [[philanthropist]]. He was the leader and founder of [[The Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] (SCOAN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoan.org/about/prophet-tb-joshua/ |title=Prophet TB Joshua |publisher=Scoan.org |access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref> He also helped run the [[Emmanuel TV]] television station from [[Lagos]]. Joshua was born in [[Arigidi Akoko]], Nigeria. Joshua died on June 5, 2021 after a service on that same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-prophet-t-b-joshua-is-dead/ |title=Prophet T.B. Joshua is dead at 57 |newspaper=Peoples Gazette |date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref> ==Successor== Following his death in June 2021, his wife Evelyn Joshua took over as the new leader of The SCOAN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|last1=Alaka|first1=Gboyega|last2=Ogunlade|first2=Adeola|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=13 June 2023|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|title=EVENT: EVELYN JOSHUA, THE LATE TB JOSHUA'S WIFE, HOSTED HER HUSBAND'S CLASSIC 60TH POSTHUMOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION (Details Of The Event)|date=14 June 2023|accessdate=16 June 2023|publisher=Event Diary Lifestyle|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616193201/https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title=TB Joshua: Influential Nigerian preacher dies at 57|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57374250|access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref> [[File:TB Joshua.jpg|thumb|TB Joshua at the Synagogue Church of All Nations]] ==Legacy and posthumous abuse accusations== Today, the impact of T. B. Joshua's ministry is seen to have gone beyond the pulpit,<ref name="lib">{{cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|title=Beyond the Pulpit: Remembering Prophet TB Joshua's Life of Service|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=Linda Ikeji's Blog|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605105958/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="tdl">{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|title=Celebrating a Great Leader: The Enduring Legacy of Prophet TB Joshua|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605042126/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> as Joshua was said to have dedicated a major part of his life to helping the needy in the society. Joshua's legacy is often regarded as being "intertwined with acts of cheerful giving and a genuine desire to assist those in need".<ref>https://www.blanknewsonline.com/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb-joshuas-legacy-falls-flat-by-prophet-isaiah/</ref><ref>https://watchtbjoshua.blogspot.com/2024/02/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb.html</ref><ref>https://watchedtbjoshua.wordpress.com/2024/02/22/bbc-attempt-tarnish-tbjoshuas-legacy-falls-flat/</ref> ==Tribute works== A tribute song,<ref>https://thesun.ng/clergyman-composes-heartfelt-song-in-honour-of-t-b-joshuas-62nd-posthumous-birthday/</ref><ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/06/12/prophet-i-o-samuel-unveils-heartfelt-song-in-honour-of-t-b-joshuas-62nd-posthumous-birthday/</ref> as well as a tribute poem,<ref>https://mypoeticside.com/show-poem-204960</ref> have been composed in Joshua's honour to mark his 62nd posthumous birthday. Since his passing, Joshua's death continues to be seen as "a major blow to Christianity" in Nigeria.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230315025347/https://nobelie.com/pastor-t-b-joshua-biography-wikipedia-net-worth-age-and-ministry/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241127155152/https://www.biographyvip.com/who-was-t-b-joshua/</ref> Governor Kayode Fayemi of [[Ekiti State]] rendered tribute, calling his death "a major blow to the Christian community in the country".<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/06/07/buhari-jonathan-akeredolu-fayemi-senators-others-mourn-tb-joshua/</ref><ref>https://newtelegraphng.com/akeredolu-fayemi-ortom-obaseki-mourn/</ref><ref>https://saharaweeklyng.com/fayemi-mourns-pastor-t-b-joshuas-death/</ref><ref>https://www.ekitistate.gov.ng/archives/22858</ref> However, his death seemed to have led to the spread of his work and the spread of several churches all over the world, because many of his former disciples left the country in order to "carry his teachings into new territories, expanding the reach of his spiritual philosophy and ensuring that his voice is not silenced by time".<ref>https://authorityngr.com/2025/06/05/t-b-joshua-four-years-after-the-legacy-lives-on/</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Synagogue Church building collapse]] *[[Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshua, T. B.}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:African philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] [[Category:Television presenters]] [[Category:People from Lagos]] {{bio-stub}} b5w5gt4mmp3iv6cwug4wz90yvr8ukim 10331681 10331591 2025-06-15T09:47:03Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reverted to revision 10325195 by CountryANDWestern: Revert spam . ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{NPOV|date=May 2024}} '''Temitope Balogun Joshua''' (June 12, 1963 – June 5, 2021), also known as '''T.B. Joshua''', was a [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]] [[pastor]], [[televangelist]], [[prophet]] and [[philanthropist]]. He was the leader and founder of [[The Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] (SCOAN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoan.org/about/prophet-tb-joshua/ |title=Prophet TB Joshua |publisher=Scoan.org |access-date=2015-07-16}}</ref> He also helped run the [[Emmanuel TV]] television station from [[Lagos]]. Joshua was born in [[Arigidi Akoko]], Nigeria. Joshua died on June 5, 2021 after a service on that same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazettengr.com/breaking-prophet-t-b-joshua-is-dead/ |title=Prophet T.B. Joshua is dead at 57 |newspaper=Peoples Gazette |date=2021-06-06 |access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref> ==Successor== Following his death in June 2021, his wife Evelyn Joshua took over as the new leader of The SCOAN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|last1=Alaka|first1=Gboyega|last2=Ogunlade|first2=Adeola|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=13 June 2023|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|title=EVENT: EVELYN JOSHUA, THE LATE TB JOSHUA'S WIFE, HOSTED HER HUSBAND'S CLASSIC 60TH POSTHUMOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION (Details Of The Event)|date=14 June 2023|accessdate=16 June 2023|publisher=Event Diary Lifestyle|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616193201/https://www.eventdiarylifestyle.com/2023/06/event-evelyn-joshua-late-tb-joshuas.html?m=1|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title=TB Joshua: Influential Nigerian preacher dies at 57|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57374250|access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref> [[File:TB Joshua.jpg|thumb|TB Joshua at the Synagogue Church of All Nations]] ==Legacy and posthumous abuse accusations== Today, the impact of T. B. Joshua's ministry is seen to have gone beyond the pulpit,<ref name="lib">{{cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|title=Beyond the Pulpit: Remembering Prophet TB Joshua's Life of Service|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=Linda Ikeji's Blog|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605105958/https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2024/6/beyond-the-pulpit-remembering-prophet-tb-joshuas-life-of-service-2.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="tdl">{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|title=Celebrating a Great Leader: The Enduring Legacy of Prophet TB Joshua|date=5 June 2024|accessdate=7 June 2024|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605042126/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/05/celebrating-a-great-leader-the-enduring-legacy-of-prophet-tb-joshua/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> as Joshua was said to have dedicated a major part of his life to helping the needy in the society. Joshua's legacy is often regarded as being "intertwined with acts of cheerful giving and a genuine desire to assist those in need".<ref>https://www.blanknewsonline.com/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb-joshuas-legacy-falls-flat-by-prophet-isaiah/</ref><ref>https://watchtbjoshua.blogspot.com/2024/02/bbcs-attempt-to-tarnish-prophet-tb.html</ref><ref>https://watchedtbjoshua.wordpress.com/2024/02/22/bbc-attempt-tarnish-tbjoshuas-legacy-falls-flat/</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Synagogue Church building collapse]] *[[Synagogue, Church of All Nations]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joshua, T. B.}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:African philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian philanthropists]] [[Category:Nigerian Christian clergy]] [[Category:Television presenters]] [[Category:People from Lagos]] {{bio-stub}} qwh5jechwg2hs1fvm245cnk8g6tzu7t 0 851366 10331665 10327787 2025-06-15T09:26:47Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Cricket grounds]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Gaddafi Stadium (Lahore).jpg|thumb|International stadium of Pakistan in Lahore.]] '''Lahore Stadium''' is a [[cricket]] stadium in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] and the home ground of [[Lahore Qalandars]]. It is owned by the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pcb-team-to-visit-bugti-stadium-next-week.html |title=PCB team to visit Bugti Stadium next week |work=Pakistan Cricket Board |access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> With a capacity of 27,000, it is the fourth largest cricket stadium of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=COUNTDOWN BEGIN: AROUND 27,000 FANS ARE READY TO THRONG ‘GADDAFI STADIUM’|url=http://www.baaghi.tv/countdown-begin-around-27000-fans-are-ready-to-throng-gaddafi-stadium/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526174202/http://www.baaghi.tv/countdown-begin-around-27000-fans-are-ready-to-throng-gaddafi-stadium/|archive-date=26 May 2015|access-date=11 November 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="cap">{{cite news|author=Mohammad Yaqoob|date=24 May 2015|title=Malik, Bilawal likely to be dropped for second T20 (27000-capacity Gaddafi Stadium)|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1183817|access-date=11 November 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Stadiums in Asia]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Lahore]] [[Category:Cricket in Pakistan]] [[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]] 9qsfybmil2d8lsnb8eshisdjt4smz25 10331666 10331665 2025-06-15T09:26:54Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Cricket in Pakistan]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Gaddafi Stadium (Lahore).jpg|thumb|International stadium of Pakistan in Lahore.]] '''Lahore Stadium''' is a [[cricket]] stadium in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] and the home ground of [[Lahore Qalandars]]. It is owned by the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/pcb-team-to-visit-bugti-stadium-next-week.html |title=PCB team to visit Bugti Stadium next week |work=Pakistan Cricket Board |access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> With a capacity of 27,000, it is the fourth largest cricket stadium of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=COUNTDOWN BEGIN: AROUND 27,000 FANS ARE READY TO THRONG ‘GADDAFI STADIUM’|url=http://www.baaghi.tv/countdown-begin-around-27000-fans-are-ready-to-throng-gaddafi-stadium/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526174202/http://www.baaghi.tv/countdown-begin-around-27000-fans-are-ready-to-throng-gaddafi-stadium/|archive-date=26 May 2015|access-date=11 November 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="cap">{{cite news|author=Mohammad Yaqoob|date=24 May 2015|title=Malik, Bilawal likely to be dropped for second T20 (27000-capacity Gaddafi Stadium)|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1183817|access-date=11 November 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Stadiums in Asia]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Lahore]] [[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]] fe054ywnsfpilpa4lrssgcrbp4o2bfl 0 853364 10331252 10317213 2025-06-15T01:27:03Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Template with Unicode control characters - Reference duplication) 10331252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alex Kinter''' (born July 21, 1989) is an award-winning [[Movie director|director]], [[Cinematography|cinematographer]], and a storyteller with a background in commercial video production, [[Movie|film]], [[music video]]s, and [[Digital camera|digital photography]].<ref name="Alex Kinter">{{Cite web|title=Alex Kinter|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4026889/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamilton|first=Ernest|date=2021-04-19|title=Latino Director and Cinematographer Receives International Awards for "Poolside" Short|url=https://www.latinpost.com/articles/149992/20210419/latino-director-and-cinematographer-receives-international-awards-for-poolside-short.htm|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Latin Post - Latin news, immigration, politics, culture|language=en}}</ref> == Early life == Alex was born on July 21, 1989, in [[Cali]], [[Colombia]], and moved to [[Florida]] with his mother at the age of 5. His father was a regional manager for a chain of furniture rental stores. The family moved to [[Texas]] because of the change of father’s workplace.<ref name="Poolside">{{Cite web|title=Poolside|url=https://filmfreeway.com/poolside-film|access-date=2021-07-05|website=FilmFreeway|language=en}}</ref> He had an interest in action sports and the arts from an early age and was engaged in graphics, computers, and web development.<ref name="noragouma.com">{{Cite web|date=2016-09-19|title=Interview with Dallas & LA based director Alex Kinter -|url=https://www.noragouma.com/interview-dallas-la-based-director-alex-kinter/|access-date=2021-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref> He took up photography during his junior year and had an early start in lighting and composition.<ref name="Poolside"/><ref name="Stories">{{Cite web|last=Stories|first=Local|title=Meet Alex Kinter of Kinter Media in Uptown - Voyage Dallas Magazine {{!}} Dallas City Guide|url=http://voyagedallas.com/interview/meet-alex-kinter-kinter-media-uptown/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=voyagedallas.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Education == In 2007-2009, Kinter studied in Texas A&M University-Commerce Art Direction with a Minor in Photography. In those years he also attended Wylie High School.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni US {{!}} Texas A&M University-Commerce (2012)|url=https://alumnius.net/texas_am_university--9495-year-2012|access-date=2021-07-05|website=alumnius.net}}</ref> In 2009, he entered Collin County Community College. In 2010-2011, Alex attended Richland College. In 2013, Kinter entered REDucation [[Hollywood]] (Digital Imaging & Post Processing). He received his certification as Digital Imaging & Post-processing Technician from RED Digital Cinema Education.<ref name="Stories"/> == Career == In 2012, Alex Kinter started his career in photography and cinematography.<ref name="admin">{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2016-10-13|title=Alex Kinter|url=http://www.cnfmag.com/celebs-profile/alex-kinter/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Celebs & Fashion Mag|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428132833/http://www.cnfmag.com/celebs-profile/alex-kinter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> For several years he cooperated with entertainment host Paul Salfen on shows The Drew Pearson Show, Sports Plus, Inside Entertainment, and print publications Envy Magazine, 944 Magazine, ScoreBoard Monthly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-29|title=SUCCESS STORIES: ALEX KINTER|url=http://www.playbuzz.com/christmartin10/success-stories-alex-kinter|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Playbuzz|language=en}}</ref> Then he started a media production company Solarity Studios that worked with [[AT&T]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], Hublot, [[Mercedes-Benz]]. etc.<ref name="noragouma.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nobby|title=Solarity Studios - A ShowBiz feature|url=http://www.nobbys.info/2016/10/solarity-studios-showbiz-feature.html|access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Trendy|first=Hip N.|title=Hip N Trendy - World Of Fashion Unveiled|url=http://hipntrendy.com/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=hipntrendy.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he acted in a music video of [[David Lee Roth|David Lee]] (Bringin' Hippie Back).<ref>{{Citation|title=David Lee: Bringin' Hippie Back (Video 2016) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6326648/mediaindex/|accessdate=2021-07-05}}</ref> In 2020-2021, Alex Kinter received 20 awards from the US and international film festivals for his short film The Poolside starring Anney Beyer. The film was directed and produced by Kinter in 2020.<ref name="Stories"/><ref name="admin"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Short Indie Film "Poolside" Racks Up Awards at Prestigious International Film Festivals|url=https://www.prdistribution.com/news/short-indie-film-poolside-racks-up-awards-at-prestigious-international-film-festivals/8483272|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.prdistribution.com|archive-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424233312/https://www.prdistribution.com/news/short-indie-film-poolside-racks-up-awards-at-prestigious-international-film-festivals/8483272|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Monday|first1=Source: Kinter Media Posted|last2=July 22|last3=Permalink|first3=2019 at 10:10 AM CDT-|date=2019-07-22|title=Kinter Media Announces the Release of Dallas Short Film "Poolside" This Fall 2019|url=http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/kinter-media-announces-the-release-of-dallas-short-film-poolside-this-fall-2019-1248046.htm|access-date=2021-07-05|website=SBWire|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423065137/http://www.sbwire.com/press-releases/kinter-media-announces-the-release-of-dallas-short-film-poolside-this-fall-2019-1248046.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Production == === Director === * 2021: Poolside (short)<ref name="Alex Kinter"/> * 2020: Alone at the Pool (short) (co-director) * 2016: Lunazul (commercial)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lunazul Tеԛuilа|url=https://worldwidetweets.com/lunazul-t%D0%B5%D4%9Buil%D0%B0/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=worldwidetweets.com|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920142210/https://worldwidetweets.com/lunazul-t%D0%B5%D4%9Buil%D0%B0/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2016: Mercedes Benz (commercial) * 2016: Lowe’s Home Improvement (commercial) * 2016: MRoads (commercial) * 2016: Play to Win by Parrish Tha Great (video short)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Releases Archive|url=https://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/find-top-brands-discount-offers-from-brandcouponmall-bcm|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Digital Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2015: SmartPond (commercial)<ref>{{Cite web|title=DIY ѕtер-bу-ѕtер guide tо build a роnd|url=https://worldwidetweets.com/diy-%D1%95t%D0%B5%D1%80-b%D1%83-%D1%95t%D0%B5%D1%80-guide-t%D0%BE-build-a-%D1%80%D0%BEnd/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=worldwidetweets.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * 2015: Biosteel with Sean Lee (commercial)<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Things Yоu Might Not Know Abоut LB Sеаn Lее|url=https://worldwidetweets.com/5-things-y%D0%BEu-might-not-know-ab%D0%BEut-lb-s%D0%B5%D0%B0n-l%D0%B5%D0%B5/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=worldwidetweets.com|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920144632/https://worldwidetweets.com/5-things-y%D0%BEu-might-not-know-ab%D0%BEut-lb-s%D0%B5%D0%B0n-l%D0%B5%D0%B5/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2014: Hublot - Cowboys (commercial) === Cinematographer === * 2021: Poolside (short) (director of photography) * 2018: Alone at the Pool (director of photography) * 2016: Lowe’s Home Improvement (commercial) * 2015: Drew Pearson Live (TV series, 1 episode) * 2015: Sonic, Americas Drive (commercial) * 2014: NatGeo Wild live event (NatGeo Wild Vegas) * 2013: Shawty Wassup by Yung Nation (video short) * 2013: The Drew Pearson Show (TV series, 1 episode)<ref name="Alex Kinter"/> == Awards == * 2021Best Cinematographer according to European Cinematography Awards 2021 * Across The Globe Film Festival - Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Music, Best Editing<ref>{{Cite web|title=March 2021|url=https://www.acrosstheglobefilmfestival.com/march-2021|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Across the Globe Film Festival|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805114521/https://www.acrosstheglobefilmfestival.com/march-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Hollywood Blvd Film Festival - Best Experimental Short Film 2021<ref name="WINNERS MARCH 2021">{{Cite web|title=WINNERS MARCH 2021|url=https://www.hollywoodblvdfilmfestival.com/winners-march-2021|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Mysite|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727115543/https://www.hollywoodblvdfilmfestival.com/winners-march-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Indie Short Fest - Best Thriller Short, Jury Award of Excellence (Special Mention) (Los Angeles, California, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Award Winners: February 2021|url=https://indieshortfest.com/award-winners-february-2021/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Indie Short Fest|language=en-US}}</ref> * IndieX Film Fest - Award of Excellence (Special Mention), Best Women Short (Los Angeles, California, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=Award Winners: February 2021|url=https://indiexfest.com/award-winners-february-2021/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=IndieX Film Fest|language=en}}</ref> * Best Indie Film Award - Best Indie Experimental Film (Short) (London, England, 2021)<ref name="WINNERS MARCH 2021" /> * Milan Gold Awards - Silver Award for Indie Short Film (Milan, Italy, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Awards|first=Milan Gold|title=MILAN GOLD AWARDS|url=https://milangoldawards.com/may-2021|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Milan Gold Awards|language=it-IT|archive-date=2021-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616143337/https://milangoldawards.com/may-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> * New York Movie Awards - Best Indie Short Film (New York City, USA, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Awards|first=New York Movie|title=New York Movie Awards|url=https://newyorkmovieawards.com/may-2021|access-date=2021-07-05|website=New York Movie Awards|language=it-IT}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Florence Film Awards - Honorable Mention for Indie Short Film (Florence, Italy, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|last=AWARDS|first=FLORENCE FILM|title=February 2021|url=https://florencefilmawards.com/february-2021|access-date=2021-07-05|website=FLORENCE FILM AWARDS|language=it-IT|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729141450/https://florencefilmawards.com/february-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Best Director Award - Gold Award for Best 1st Time Director of a Short (New York City, USA, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=Gold Awards: January 2021|url=https://independentshortsawards.com/gold-awards-january-2021/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Independent Shorts Awards|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kinter, Alex}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Movie directors]] hpnu5bpa23bzc1v9agd9hcps8wie5qj 0 853780 10331655 10136372 2025-06-15T09:16:41Z Uschoen 1069947 photo added 10331655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Raffaella Carrà | image = Raffaella Carrà 2008.jpg | caption = Carrà in 2008 | birth_name = Raffaella Maria Roberta Pelloni | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1943|06|18}} | birth_place = [[Bologna]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2021|07|05|1943|06|18}} | death_place = [[Rome]], Italy | death_cause = [[Lung cancer]] | occupation = {{hlist|Showgirl|television personality|dancer|singer|actress|radio host|television writer|television host|model}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Europop]] * [[Eurodisco]] * [[Latin pop]] * [[New wave music|New wave]]}} | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Compagnia Generale del Disco|CGD]] * [[Sony Music|CBS]] * Hispavox }} | associated_acts = }} }} '''Raffaella Maria Roberta Pelloni''' (18 June 1943 – 5 July 2021), better known as '''Raffaella Carrà''' ({{IPA-it|raffaˈɛlla karˈra|lang}}), was an Italian singer, dancer, television presenter and actress. She was known for her 1976 album ''[[Forte forte forte]]''. Her best known song was "[[A far l'amore comincia tu]]". Carrà starred in ''[[Caesar the Conqueror]]'' and ''[[Von Ryan's Express]]''. Carrà died on 5 July 2021 in [[Rome]] of [[lung cancer]], aged 78.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/morta-Raffaella-Carra-b629828d-551e-430e-b79c-a38050e7ee8b.html|title=Addio a Raffaella Carrà, aveva 78 anni|publisher=Rai News|date=5 July 2021|access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2021/07/05/morta-raffaella-carra-aveva-78-anni-japino-e-andata-dove-il-suo-straordinario-talento-risplendera-per-sempre/6251709/|title=Morta Raffaella Carrà, aveva 78 anni. Japino: "È andata dove il suo straordinario talento risplenderà per sempre"|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=5 July 2021}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carra, Rafaella}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Italian singers]] [[Category:Italian television presenters]] [[Category:Italian movie actors]] [[Category:Italian television actors]] [[Category:Italian models]] [[Category:Italian dancers]] [[Category:People from Bologna]] {{actor-stub}} 2iuruobzehejlb05xrpx11k5tjn6n9a 0 854998 10331659 10053717 2025-06-15T09:21:35Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}} {{Infobox university | name = Jamia Millia Islamia | native_name = | other_name = JMI | image_size = | caption = | motto = ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʻallam al-insān-a mā lam yaʻlam}}'' | motto_lang = Arabic | mottoeng = Taught man what he knew not.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Alaq Verse 5 {{!}} 96:5 العلق – Quran O|url=https://qurano.com/en/96-al-alaq/verse-5/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=qurano.com|language=en}}</ref> | founders = {{bulleted list|[[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]|[[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]]|[[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]|[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]|[[Abdul Majeed Khwaja]] | [[Allama Iqbal]]|[[Dr Zakir Hussain]] | [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]]}} | established = {{Start date and age|1920|10|29}} | type = [[Public university|Public]] | visitor = [[President of India]] | chancellor = [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] | vice_chancellor = [[Mazhar Asif]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=Jamia Millia Islamia appoints JNU professor Mazhar Asif as vice-chancellor|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/news/jamia-millia-islamia-appoints-jnu-professor-mazhar-asif-as-vice-chancellor-2024-10-24-958696 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=India TV }}</ref> | students = 24,138<ref name="JMI">{{cite web |title=Combined Prospectus Schools 2022 |url=http://jmicoe.in/pdf22/PROSPECTUS%202022-23%20(12.04.2022).pdf |website=Jamia Millia Islamia |date=2021}}</ref> | undergrad = 9,430<ref name="JMI"/> | postgrad = 5,189<ref name="JMI"/> | doctoral = 2,047<ref name="JMI"/> | city = [[New Delhi]] | state = Delhi | country = India | coordinates = {{coord|28.5603|77.2836|type:edu_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}} | campus = Urban, {{cvt|254|acre}} | free_label = | free = | free_label1 = Anthem | free1 = Jamia Tarana | colours = | mascot = | website = {{URL|https://jmi.ac.in/}} | image_name = JamiaMilliaIslamia gobeirne.jpg | administrative_staff = | colors = {{Color box|#2FA76D}} Green | accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] | affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]], [[Dental Council of India|DCI]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]] | budget = {{INRConvert|538.16|c}}<ref name="ugcannualreport">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/annualreport/AR.2022-23.English_WEB.pdf |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415220752/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/annualreport/AR.2022-23.English_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2022-23) }} '''Jamia Millia Islamia''' is a [[Central university (India)|central university]] located in [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name="memar">{{cite book|title=Memarān-e-Jamia|author1=Zafar Ahmad Nizami|publisher=Maktaba Jamia Limited, Delhi|isbn=978-81-7587-475-6|edition=2011|language=ur|author-link=Zafar Ahmad Nizami}}</ref> It established at [[Aligarh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] (present day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]) during the [[British Raj]] in 1920, it moved to its current location in [[Okhla]] in 1935. It was given the [[Deemed university|deemed status]] by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 1962. On 26 December 1988, it a central university. On 26 May 2017, [[Najma Heptulla]] became 11th Chancellor of the university, and [[Najma Akhtar (academic)|Najma Akhtar]] became the first woman to hold the post of Vice Chancellor in April 2019 and served their till 12 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-29 |title=Najma Heptulla appointed new Jamia Chancellor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/najma-heptulla-appointed-new-jamia-chancellor/articleshow/58895707.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 13th March 2023, [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]] was elected the 12th Chancellor of the university, replacing Najma Heptulla.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=Dr Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin to be the new chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/dr-syedna-mufaddal-saifuddin-to-be-the-new-chancellor-of-jamia-millia-islamia-8494916/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Jamia Millia Islamia was ranked first among all central universities in the country in rankings released by [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mohammad Ibrar|title=Jamia Millia Islamia News: Jamia Millia Islamia tops central universities in government rankings {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/jamia-millia-islamia-tops-central-universities-in-government-rankings/articleshow/77515366.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]] [[Category:1920 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Colleges and universities in India]] bndilufo3ba15ce7zun53lur44eht4q 0 856753 10330396 9719482 2025-06-14T17:21:05Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|title=Killing of Mario Gonzalez|duration=<!-- {{duration|h=x|m=x|s=x}} or {{time interval|date1|date2|options}} -->|coordinates=|location=[[Alameda, California]], U.S.|date={{start date|2021|04|19}}|participants=|deaths=Mario Gonzalez|type=|timezone=|partof=[[2020–2021 United States racial unrest]]|time=10:45 a.m.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family: Mario Gonzalez Died in Police Custody in ‘Same Manner They Killed George Floyd' |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/family-says-mario-gonzalez-died-in-police-custody-in-same-manner-they-killed-george-floyd/2529629/ |website=NBC Bay Area |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>|map_caption=Location of the incident in Alameda.|map={{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=right|frame-lat=37.7585|frame-long=-122.2486|zoom=8|type=point|coord={{coord|37.7585|-122.2486}}}}|caption=|image_alt=|image_upright=|image=|notes=Under investigation}}On April 19, 2021, '''Mario Gonzalez''', a 26-year-old [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] man was killed by the Alameda Police Department.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Will |title=California Man Dies After Officers Pin Him to Ground for 5 Minutes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/27/us/mario-gonzalez-alameda-police.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="video">{{cite web|last1=Ruiz-Grossman|first1=Sarah|title=Video Shows Police Kneeled On Mario Gonzalez’s Back For 5 Minutes Before He Died|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/video-mario-gonzalez-death-police-alameda-california_n_608897cfe4b046202700c835|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Huff Post}}</ref> In their initial report of the incident, the department reported that Gonzalez died after a “scuffle” and “physical altercation” resulting in a “medical emergency.”<ref name="answers">{{cite web|last1=Greene|first1=Jason|last2=Salonga|first2=Robert|title=‘Our family needs answers’: Relatives call for swift transparency in Oakland man’s death during arrest by Alameda police|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2021/04/20/alameda-police-officers-did-not-use-weapons-on-man-who-died-in-custody-body-camera-footage-exists/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=East Bay Times}}</ref> In body cam footage released on April 27, Gonzalez could be seen being pinned to the ground for more than five minutes after refusing to provide identification, eventually becoming unresponsive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alameda Police Bodycam Video Shows Struggle That Led To Mario Gonzalez’s In-Custody Death|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2021/04/27/alameda-police-bodycam-video-mario-gonzalez-death-in-custody/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=CBS SF Bay Area}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Debolt|first1=David|title=Alameda releases video showing police pin Mario Gonzalez to the ground before his death|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/04/27/alameda-releases-video-showing-police-pin-mario-gonzalez-to-the-ground-before-his-death/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Mercury News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Fernandez|first1=Lisa|last2=Lee|first2=Henry|title=Body cam video shows Alameda officer kneeling on Mario Gonzalez before death|url=https://www.ktvu.com/news/body-cam-video-shows-alameda-officer-kneeling-on-mario-gonzalez-before-death|access-date=28 April 2021|website=KTVU }}</ref> He died in police custody.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man’s Family Demands Answers From Alameda Police After He Dies In Custody |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2021/04/21/mans-family-demands-answers-from-alameda-police-after-he-dies-in-custody/ |website=CBS SF Bay Area}}</ref> == People involved == === Mario Gonzalez === {{Infobox person | name = Mario Gonzalez | image = Alameda Police Department body-worn camera footage April 19, 2021.webm | birth_name = Mario Arenales Gonzalez | birth_date = December 24, 1994 {{cn}} | birth_place = [[Alameda, California]], [[Akita Kousei Medical Center]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|4|19|1994|12|24}} | death_place = {{USA}}, [[Alameda, California]], [[Akita Kousei Medical Center]] | death_cause = | nationality = American }} Mario Gonzalez (December 24,{{cn}} 1994 &ndash; April 19, 2021) was a 26-year-old man from [[Oakland, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernández|first1=Lauren|last2=Mishanec|first2=Nora|title=Family of man who died in Alameda police custody says he had no known medical conditions|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/local/article/Healing-community-vigil-for-victims-of-16119441.php|access-date=28 April 2021|website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> He was a father and was the primary caretaker of his mother and brother, who has [[autism]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=Khaleda |title=Who Is Mario Gonzalez? Bodycam Shows Police Kneeling on Man Before His Death |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mario-gonzalez-body-cam-shows-police-kneeling-him-1587000 |website=Newsweek |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gary|first1=Jesse|last2=Lee|first2=Amber|title=Vigil held for father, caretaker who died of 'medical emergency' in Alameda police custody|url=https://www.ktvu.com/news/vigil-held-for-father-caretaker-who-died-of-medical-emergency-in-alameda-police-custody|access-date=28 April 2021|website=KTVU}}</ref> === Officers === The officers involved with Gonzalez' death were identified as Eric McKinley, who has been on the force for three years, Cameron Leahy, who has been on the force for three years, and James Fisher, who has been on the force for 10 years. The three men have been placed on paid administrative leave.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bodycam video shows moments leading to Mario Gonzalez’s death while in Alameda police custody|url=https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/bodycam-video-shows-alameda-officer-kneeling-on-mario-gonzalezs-neck-before-he-died-family-says/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=KRON 4|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428022011/https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/bodycam-video-shows-alameda-officer-kneeling-on-mario-gonzalezs-neck-before-he-died-family-says/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Incident== An officer approaches Gonzalez at a park after police said they were responding to reports of a man who was believed to be intoxicated and suspected of theft.<ref name="california">{{cite web |last1=Aaro |first1=David |title=California police scrutinized over Mario Gonzalez’s death, bodycam footage released |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/california-police-pinned-mario-gonzalez-to-the-ground-before-his-death-body-cam-footage-shows |website=Fox News |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Gonzalez was in the park with two baskets. Officials asked him to produce his name and identification; Gonzalez does not produce an ID, and an officer states, "Please put your hand behind your back ... please stop resisting us."<ref name="california"/> The officers push Gonzalez into the ground into wood chips, placing a knee on his back and leaving it there for four minutes as an out-of-breath Gonzalez says, "I didn't do nothing." and “Please don't do this.”<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feldman |first1=Kate |title=California man died after police kneeled on his back for five minutes; officers claimed ‘struggle’ |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-mario-gonzalez-alameda-california-police-kneel-20210428-6pbleooz7je4pnyjh7org3vv3m-story.html |website=New York Daily News |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="california"/> Gonzalez loses consciousness, at which point the officers rolled him over and perform [[CPR]]. He was pronounced dead.<ref name="california"/> == Investigation == Alameda city officials launched an independent investigation into Gonzalez' death.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernández|first1=Lauren|title=Alameda launches independent probe into police custody death of Mario Gonzalez|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/local/article/Alameda-launches-independent-probe-into-police-16125444.php|access-date=28 April 2021|website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> == Reactions == === Family === Gonzalez' brother stated, "Everything we saw in that video was unnecessary and unprofessional. The police killed my brother in the same manner that they killed [[George Floyd]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Green|first1=Matthew|title=City of Alameda Releases Police Body Cam Footage of Mario Gonzalez's Death|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11871345/city-of-alameda-releases-police-body-cam-footage-of-mario-gonzalez-death|access-date=28 April 2021|website=KQED}}</ref> Julia Sherwin, a lawyer representing the Gonzalez family, stated, "His death was completely avoidable and unnecessary. Drunk guy in a park doesn't equal a [[Death sentence|capital sentence]]."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mastrangelo |first1=Dominick |title=Man dies after being pinned to ground by California officers during arrest |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/550629-man-dies-after-being-pinned-to-ground-by-california-officers-during |website=The Hill |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> === Institutions === CURYJ Executive Director George Galvis stated, “We have seen this play out time and time again. Police come up with a false narrative until footage is revealed and the truth comes out. They did this to 13-year-old Adam Toledo, and they would have done it to George Floyd if there wasn't community recording.”<ref name="answers" /> === Public figures === [[Alameda, California|Alameda]] mayor Marilyn Ezzy Ashcraft stated, “I'm just heartsick. This is a young man. This shouldn't have happened."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burke|first1=Minyvonne|title=Officials ask for patience as calls for answers in police custody death intensify|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/officials-ask-patience-calls-answers-police-custody-death-intensify-n1265193|access-date=28 April 2021|website=NBC News}}</ref> On Twitter, former-Housing and Urban Development Secretary [[Julian Castro]] wrote, "Police in Alameda, CA wrote in a report that Mario Gonzalez was violent before his arrest and died in the hospital after a 'medical emergency.' Body cam footage shows he was calm and peaceful. He died on-site after they knelt on his back for 5 minutes."<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement from Julian Castro|url=https://twitter.com/juliancastro/status/1387246117847511043?s=10|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Julian Castro on Twitter}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gonzalez, Mario}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:2021 in California]] [[Category:Deaths by person in the United States]] [[Category:Police misconduct in the United States]] [[Category:2021 murders in the United States]] ea2tlyc464gv90elco7b0gnvwlnq3m2 0 857142 10331823 10311704 2025-06-15T11:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Reformat 4 URLs ([[en:User:GreenC/WaybackMedic_2.5|Wayback Medic 2.5]])) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 10331823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ariana Greenblatt''' (born August 27, 2007) is an American [[actress]] known for her work in film and television. She gained recognition for her role as young [[Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Gamora]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] movie ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018). Beyond that, she has appeared in various television series and films, showcasing her talent at a young age. In addition to her acting career, Ariana is also active on social media and has garnered a following for sharing her experiences and interests. ==Acting credits== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | {{center|2016}} | ''[[:en:Chuck (film)|Chuck]]'' | Kimberly | |- | {{center|2017}} | ''[[:en:The Glass Castle (2017 film)|The Glass Castle]]'' | Lori Walls (13) | |- | {{center|2019}} | ''[[:en:Eli (2019 film)|Eli]]'' | Haley | |- | rowspan="3" | {{center|2021}} | ''[[:en:Fear Street Part Two: 1978|Fear Street Part 2: 1978]]'' | Ziggy Berman | |- | ''[[:en:All Too Well: The Short Film|All Too Well: Short Film]]'' | Her | [[:en:Short film|Short film]] |- | ''[[:en:Fear Street Part Three: 1666|Fear Street Part 3: 1666]]'' | Ziggy Berman | |- | rowspan="2" | {{center|2022}} | ''[[:en:Dear Zoe (film)|Dear Zoe]]'' | Tess DeNunzio | |- | ''[[:en:The Whale (2022 film)|The Whale]]'' | Ellie Sarsfield | Nominated - [[:en:Alliance of Women Film Journalists#2022 Female Focus|Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Breakout Performance]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Erik|url=https://awardswatch.com/2022-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-nominations-everything-everywhere-the-woman-king-lead/|title=2022 Alliance of Women Film Journalists nominations: ‘Everything Everywhere,’ ‘The Woman King’ lead|website=AwardsWatch|date=December 26, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529162606/https://awardswatch.com/2022-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-nominations-everything-everywhere-the-woman-king-lead/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-and-the-woman-king-lead-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-eda-award-nominations/|title=Everything Everywhere All at Once and The Woman King Lead Alliance of Women Film Journalists EDA Award Nominations|website=Filmotomy|date=December 27, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=January 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102130105/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-and-the-woman-king-lead-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-eda-award-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/the-banshees-of-inisherin-named-best-film-by-alliance-of-women-film-journalists/|title=The Banshees of Inisherin Named Best Film by Alliance of Women Film Journalists|website=Filmotomy|date=January 5, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001180346/https://filmotomy.com/the-banshees-of-inisherin-named-best-film-by-alliance-of-women-film-journalists/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Merin|first=Jennifer|title=2022 EDA Awards Nominees|url=https://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2022-eda-awards-categories/2022-eda-awards-nominees/ |access-date=June 22, 2024|website=[[:en:Alliance of Women Film Journalists|Alliance of Women Film Journalists]] |date=December 22, 2022|archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022114554/https://awfj.org/eda-awards-2/2022-eda-awards-categories/2022-eda-awards-nominees/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations/|title=The 2022 Alliance Of Women Film Journalists (AWFJ) EDA Award Nominations|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 27, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=November 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129225347/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-awards-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-award-winners/|title=The 2022 Alliance Of Women Film Journalists (AWFJ) EDA Award Winners|website=Next Best Picture|date=January 5, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223081248/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-alliance-of-women-film-journalists-awfj-eda-award-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Nominated - [[:en:28th Critics' Choice Awards|Critics' Choice Film Award]] [[:en:Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer|for Best Young Actor/Actress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/2023-critics-choice-awards-winners-list|title=All the Winners at the 2023 Critics Choice Awards|website=[[:en:Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|date=January 15, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216181144/https://www.vogue.com/article/2023-critics-choice-awards-winners-list|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Clayton|url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-1235460381/|title=Critics Choice Nominations: ‘Everything Everywhere All at Once’ Leads With 14, Followed by ‘The Fabelmans’ and ‘Babylon’|website=[[:en:Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=February 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227194058/https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-1235460381/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.criticschoice.com/2022/12/14/film-nominations-announced-for-the-28th-annual-critics-choice-awards-hosted-by-chelsea-handler/|title=Film Nominations Announced for the 28th Annual Critics Choice Awards, hosted by Chelsea Handler|website=[[:en:Broadcast Film Critics Association|Critics' Choice Association]]|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204004035/https://www.criticschoice.com/2022/12/14/film-nominations-announced-for-the-28th-annual-critics-choice-awards-hosted-by-chelsea-handler/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Grein|first=Paul|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-critics-choice-awards-full-nominations-list-1235186913/|title=Lady Gaga, Rihanna & Taylor Swift Are 2023 Critics Choice Awards Nominees for Best Song: See the Full List of Nods|website=[[:en:Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216181144/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-critics-choice-awards-full-nominations-list-1235186913/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hammond|first=Pete|url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/critics-choice-awards-nominations-fabelmans-tom-cruise-babylon-1235198638/|title=‘Everything Everywhere’, ‘Fabelmans’, ‘Babylon’ Lead Critics Choice Award Nominees For Film|website=[[:en:Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528233819/https://deadline.com/2022/12/critics-choice-awards-nominations-fabelmans-tom-cruise-babylon-1235198638/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-2023-1235300137/|title=Critics Choice Awards: Full List of Winners|website=[[:en:The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 15, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=April 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413012245/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-2023-1235300137/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Panaligan|first1=EJ|last2=Earl|first2=William|url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/critics-choice-awards-2023-winners-list-1235488828/|title=Critics‘ Choice Awards 2023 Full Winners List: ‘Everything Everywhere All at Once,’ ‘Abbott Elementary’ and ‘Better Call Saul’ Take Top Honors|website=[[:en:Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 15, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=April 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409091531/https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/critics-choice-awards-2023-winners-list-1235488828/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rich|first1=Katey|last2=Wickman|first2=Kase|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/01/awards-insider-critics-choice-awards-2023-winners|title=Critics Choice Awards 2023 Winners: See the Full List Here|website=[[:en:Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=January 15, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=March 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318132937/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/01/awards-insider-critics-choice-awards-2023-winners|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Anne|url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/2023-critics-choice-awards-film-nominees-full-list-1234792142/|title=‘Everything Everywhere All at Once’ Leads Critics Choice Awards with 14 Nominations|website=[[:en:IndieWire|IndieWire]]|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530033315/https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/2023-critics-choice-awards-film-nominees-full-list-1234792142/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Verhoeven|first=Beatrice|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/|title=‘Everything Everywhere All At Once’ Leads 2023 Critics Choice Awards Film Nominations|website=[[:en:The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=January 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118072130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-2023-film-nominations-list-1235281602/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Zilko|first=Christian|url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/critics-choice-awards-2023-winners-list-1234800300/|title=‘Everything Everywhere All at Once’ Takes Best Picture at 2023 Critics Choice Awards: Full Winners List|website=[[:en:IndieWire|IndieWire]]|date=January 15, 2024|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=February 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216181146/https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/critics-choice-awards-2023-winners-list-1234800300/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Nominated - [[:en:List of film awards|Indiana Film Journalists Association Award]] for Best Supporting Actress<ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-indiana-film-journalists-association-nominations/|title=Everything Everywhere All At Once Leads Indiana Film Journalists Association Nominations|website=Filmotomy|date=December 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524023928/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-indiana-film-journalists-association-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-named-best-film-by-indiana-film-journalists-association/|title=Everything Everywhere All At Once Named Best Film by Indiana Film Journalists Association|website=Filmotomy|date=December 19, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615043505/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-named-best-film-by-indiana-film-journalists-association/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-indiana-film-journalists-association-ifja-nominations/|title=The 2022 Indiana Film Journalists Association (IFJA) Nominations|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 13, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317050025/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-indiana-film-journalists-association-ifja-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-indiana-film-journalists-association-ifja-winners/|title=The 2022 Indiana Film Journalists Association (IFJA) Winners|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 19, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130164400/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-indiana-film-journalists-association-ifja-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=Nick|url=https://midwestfilmjournal.com/2022/12/13/nominations-announced-for-the-2022-indiana-film-journalists-association-awards/|title=Nominations Announced for the 2022 Indiana Film Journalists Association Awards|website=Midwest Film Journal|date=December 13, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131528/https://midwestfilmjournal.com/2022/12/13/nominations-announced-for-the-2022-indiana-film-journalists-association-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Nominated - [[:en:List of film awards|Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award]] for Youth in Film - Female<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Erik|url=https://awardswatch.com/2022-las-vegas-film-critics-society-awards-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-wins-seven/|title=2022 Las Vegas Film Critics Society awards: ‘Everything Everywhere All At Once’ wins sevev|website=AwardsWatch|date=December 12, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=October 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024074148/https://awardswatch.com/2022-las-vegas-film-critics-society-awards-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-wins-seven/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Erik|url=https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-las-vegas-film-critics-society-nominations-the-banshees-of-inisherin-the-fabelmans-next/|title=‘Everything Everywhere All At Once’ leads Las Vegas Film Critics Society nominations; ‘The Banshees of Inisherin,’ ‘The Fabelmans’ next|website=AwardsWatch|date=December 10, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203065140/https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-las-vegas-film-critics-society-nominations-the-banshees-of-inisherin-the-fabelmans-next/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1601656331047354368|user=FilmUpdates|title=2022 Las Vegas Film Critics Society (LVFCS) Nominations: Best Female Youth Performance (Under 21): Vanessa Burghardt – Cha Cha Real Smooth / Frankie Corio – Aftersun / Xochitl Gomez – Dr. Strange in the Multiverse of Madness / Jenna Ortega – The Fallout / Sadie Sink – The Whale|author=Film Updates|date=December 10, 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250501200243/https://x.com/FilmUpdates/status/1601656331047354368|archive-date=May 1, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-las-vegas-film-critics-society-nominations/|title=Everything Everywhere All At Once Leads Las Vegas Film Critics Society Nominations|website=Filmotomy|date=December 11, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615043454/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-las-vegas-film-critics-society-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-named-best-picture-by-las-vegas-film-critics-society/|title=Everything Everywhere All At Once Named Best Picture by Las Vegas Film Critics Society|website=Filmotomy|date=December 12, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615045005/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-named-best-picture-by-las-vegas-film-critics-society/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-nominations/|title=The 2022 Las Vegas Film Critics Society (LVFCS) Nominations|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 10, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202183604/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-winners/|title=The 2022 Las Vegas Film Critics Society (LVFCS) Winners|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 11, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=February 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229085718/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-las-vegas-film-critics-society-lvfcs-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref> <br>Nominated - [[:en:List of film awards|Music City Film Critics Association Award]] for Best Young Actress<ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Erik|url=https://awardswatch.com/2022-music-city-film-critics-association-nominations/|title=2022 Music City Film Critics Association nominations|website=AwardsWatch|date=January 3, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=October 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030094319/https://awardswatch.com/2022-music-city-film-critics-association-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-music-city-film-critics-association-nominations/|title=Everything Everywhere All at Once Leads Music City Film Critics Association Nominations|website=Filmotomy|date=January 3, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=January 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105221155/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-music-city-film-critics-association-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-named-best-picture-by-music-city-film-critics-association/|title=Everything Everywhere All at Once Named Best Picture by Music City Film Critics Association|website=Filmotomy|date=January 10, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609001231/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-named-best-picture-by-music-city-film-critics-association/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1610323564246220801|user=mcfca615|title=Best Young Actress: Anna Cobb - We’re All Going to the World’s Fair / Bella Ramsey - Catherine Called Birdy / Frankie Corio - Aftersun / Julia Butters - The Fabelmans / Sadie Sink - The Whale|author=Music City Film Critics Association|date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250501201202/https://x.com/mcfca615/status/1610323564246220801|archive-date=May 1, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-nominations/|title=The 2022 Music City Film Critics Association (MCFCA) Nominations|website=Next Best Picture|date=January 3, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317061518/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-winners/|title=The 2022 Music City Film Critics Association (MCFCA) Winners|website=Next Best Picture|date=January 9, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317061531/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-music-city-film-critics-association-mcfca-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Valero|first=Richard|url=https://musiccitydrivein.com/2023/01/03/2022-music-city-film-critic-association-nominations/|title=2022 Music City Film Critic Association Nominations|website=The Music City Drive-In|date=January 3, 2023|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610142737/https://musiccitydrivein.com/2023/01/03/2022-music-city-film-critic-association-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Nominated - [[:en:Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2022|Washington Area Film Critics Award for Best Youth Performance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wafca.com/2022-wafca-award-winners/|title=2022 WAFCA Award Winners|website=[[:en:Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]|date=December 12, 2022|accessdate=June 1, 2025|archive-date=June 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601220203/https://wafca.com/2022-wafca-award-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Erik|url=https://awardswatch.com/washington-dc-critics-go-for-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-glass-onion-the-banshees-of-inisherin/|title=Washington DC Critics go for ‘Everything Everywhere All At Once,’ ‘Glass Onion,’ ‘The Banshees of Inisherin’|website=AwardsWatch|date=December 12, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151325/https://awardswatch.com/washington-dc-critics-go-for-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-glass-onion-the-banshees-of-inisherin/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Erik|url=https://awardswatch.com/washington-dc-film-critics-nominations-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-the-fabelmans-lead/|title=Washington DC Film Critics nominations: ‘Everything Everywhere All At Once,’ ‘The Fabelmans’ lead|website=AwardsWatch|date=December 10, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530005938/https://awardswatch.com/washington-dc-film-critics-nominations-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-the-fabelmans-lead/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-and-the-fabelmans-lead-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-nominations/|title=Everything Everywhere All At Once and The Fabelmans Lead Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Nominations|website=Filmotomy|date=December 11, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=September 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929082421/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-and-the-fabelmans-lead-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jamieson|first=Doug|url=https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-declared-best-film-by-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-nominations/|title=Everything Everywhere All At Once Declared Best Film by Washington DC Area Film Critics Association|website=Filmotomy|date=December 12, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524024229/https://filmotomy.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-declared-best-film-by-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-nominations/|title=The 2022 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Nominations|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 10, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=December 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203115906/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Neglia|first=Matt|url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-winners/|title=The 2022 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Winners|website=Next Best Picture|date=December 12, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=November 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130174516/https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2022-washington-dc-area-film-critics-association-wafca-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | {{center|2024}} | ''[[:en:A Sacrifice|A Sacrifice <small>''(Berlin Nobody)''</small>]]'' | Mazzy Monroe | |- | {{center|2025}} | ''[[:en:O'Dessa|O'Dessa]]'' | O'Dessa | |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | {{center|2013}} | ''[[:en:The Americans|The Americans]]'' | Lana | Episode: "[[:en:Mutually Assured Destruction (The Americans)|Mutually Assured Destruction]]" |- | {{center|2014}} | ''[[:en:Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]'' | Daisy Carpenter | Episode: "Insult to Injury" |- | {{center|2015}} | ''[[:en:American Odyssey|American Odyssey]]'' | Suzanne Ballard | Main role |- | {{center|2017–25}} | ''[[:en:Stranger Things|Stranger Things]]'' | [[:en:Maxine "Max" Mayfield|Maxine Mayfield]] | Main role (seasons 2–5)<br>[[:en:2nd Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards|Hollywood Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama (Streaming)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theastras.com/apple-tvs-severance-leads-2nd-annual-hca-tv-awards-streaming-edition-with-5-wins/|title=Apple TV+'s "Severance" Leads 2nd Annual HCA TV Awards Streaming Edition with 5 Wins|website=[[:en:Hollywood Creative Alliance|Hollywood Creative Alliance]]|date=August 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=June 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623205623/https://theastras.com/apple-tvs-severance-leads-2nd-annual-hca-tv-awards-streaming-edition-with-5-wins/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hca-tv-awards-severance-ted-lasso-dopesick-winners-night-2-1235198782/|title=HCA TV Awards: ‘Severance,’ ‘Ted Lasso,’ ‘Dopesick’ Win Top Streaming Awards on Night 2|website=[[:en:The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=April 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406185056/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/hca-tv-awards-severance-ted-lasso-dopesick-winners-night-2-1235198782/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=Michael|url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/hca-tv-awards-winners-2022-hollywood-critics-association-1235340902/|title=‘The White Lotus,’ ‘Severance’ Lead 2nd Annual HCA TV Awards (Winners List)|website=[[:en:Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507053516/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/hca-tv-awards-winners-2022-hollywood-critics-association-1235340902/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tinoco|first=Armando|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/hca-tv-awards-winners-list-1235091768/|title=HCA TV Awards: ‘Severance’ Tops Streaming Winners In Night 2, Joining ‘The White Lotus’, ‘Abbott Elementary’, ‘Better Call Saul’|website=[[:en:Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=August 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2024|archive-date=May 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528192751/https://deadline.com/2022/08/hca-tv-awards-winners-list-1235091768/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Nominated - [[:en:Penske Media Corporation|Gold Derby Television Award]] for Best Drama Supporting Actress<ref>{{cite web |last1=Montgomery|first1=Daniel|last2=Beachum|first2=Chris|last3=Davidson|first3=Denton|last4=Dixon|first4=Marcus James|last5=Eng|first5=Joyce|last6=Rosen|first6=Christopher|url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2022-gold-derby-tv-awards-winners-announcement-1205039884/ |title=2022 Gold Derby TV Awards winners ceremony: ‘Only Murders, ‘Pachinko,’ ‘The White Lotus’ … |date=August 11, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=[[:en:Penske Media Corporation|Gold Derby]] |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230125010440/https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2022-gold-derby-tv-awards-winners-announcement-1205039884/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Montgomery|first1=Daniel|last2=Beachum|first2=Chris|last3=Dixon|first3=Marcus James|last4=Rosen|first4=Christopher|last5=Davidson|first5=Denton|last6=Eng|first6=Joyce|url=https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2022-gold-derby-tv-awards-nominations-announcement-1205006741/|title=2022 Gold Derby TV Awards: Top nominees are ‘Succession,’ ‘Only Murders’ and all things Taika Waititi|date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=[[:en:Penske Media Corporation|Gold Derby]] |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230519162338/https://www.goldderby.com/feature/2022-gold-derby-tv-awards-nominations-announcement-1205006741/|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Nominated - [[:en:List of film awards|Online Film and Television Association Award]] for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/26th-annual-tv-awards-2021-22/|title=26th Annual TV Awards (2021-22): The Season of The White Lotus |website=[[:en:List of film awards|Online Film and Television Association]] |date=October 2, 2022|access-date=June 22, 2024|archivedate=January 27, 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127170714/https://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/26th-annual-tv-awards-2021-22/|url-status=live}}</ref> |} ===Theatre=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Venue ! class="unsortable"| Notes |- | {{center|2011}} | ''[[:en:White Christmas (musical)|White Christmas]]'' | Susan Waverly | rowspan="2"| [[:en:Theatre Under the Stars (Houston)|T.U.T.S. Theatre]] | rowspan="2"| [[:en:Regional theater in the United States|Regional]] |- | {{center|2012}} | rowspan="3"| ''[[:en:Annie (musical)|Annie]]'' | Annie |- | {{center|2012–13}} | Annie, Duffy, July, <br>Tessie, Pepper <small>([[:en:Understudy#Similar tasks|sb]])</small> | rowspan="2"| [[:en:Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]] | [[:en:Broadway theatre|Broadway]] |- | {{center|2013–14}} | Annie & Duffy <small>([[:en:Understudy#Similar tasks|alt.]])</small> | [[:en:Broadway theatre|Broadway]] |- | {{center|2015}} | ''[[:en:The Audience (2013 play)|The Audience]]'' | young [[:en:Elizabeth II|Elizabeth II]] | [[:en:Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre|Plymouth Theatre]] | [[:en:Broadway theatre|Broadway]] |- | {{center|2025}} | ''[[:en:John Proctor Is the Villain|John Proctor is <br>the Villain]]'' | Shelby Holcomb | [[:en:Booth Theatre|Booth Theatre]] | [[:en:Broadway theatre|Broadway]]<br>Nominated - [[:en:78th Tony Awards|Tony Award]] [[:en:Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play|for Best Actress in a Play]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2025/category/actress-leading-role-play/show/any/|title=2025 / Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play|website=[[:en:Tony Awards|Tony Awards]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501184058/https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2025/category/actress-leading-role-play/show/any/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tonyawards.com/press/2025-tony-award-nominations/|title=2025 Tony Award® Nominations|website=[[:en:Tony Awards|Tony Awards]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501173712/https://www.tonyawards.com/press/2025-tony-award-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Breen|first1=Kerry|last2=Earl|first2=Jennifer|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2025-tony-awards-nominations/|title=2025 Tony Awards nominations announced. See the full list of nominees.|website=[[:en:CBS News|CBS News]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501173715/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2025-tony-awards-nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Culwell-Block|first=Logan|url=https://playbill.com/article/tony-nominations-2025|title=2025 Tony Award Nominations: Buena Vista Social Club, Death Becomes Her, Maybe Happy Ending Lead the Pack|website=[[:en:Playbill|Playbill]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501173731/https://playbill.com/article/tony-nominations-2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Greg|url=https://deadline.com/lists/tony-awards-nominations-2025/|title=Tony Awards Nominations: ‘Buena Vista Social Club’, ‘Maybe Happy Ending’ And ‘Death Becomes Her’ Lead Way – Complete List|website=[[:en:Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501163607/https://deadline.com/lists/tony-awards-nominations-2025/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hall|first=Margaret|url=https://playbill.com/article/see-all-the-leading-actresses-in-a-play-nominated-for-a-2025-tony-award|title=See All the Leading Actresses in a Play Nominated for a 2025 Tony Award|website=[[:en:Playbill|Playbill]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501174952/https://playbill.com/article/see-all-the-leading-actresses-in-a-play-nominated-for-a-2025-tony-award|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huston|first=Caitlin|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/2025-tony-awards-nominees-full-list-nominations-1236204935/|title=2025 Tony Awards: ‘Buena Vista Social Club,’ ‘Death Becomes Her,’ ‘Maybe Happy Ending’ Lead Nominations|website=[[:en:The Hollywood Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501174955/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/2025-tony-awards-nominees-full-list-nominations-1236204935/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tonyawards.com/shows/john-proctor-is-the-villain/|title=John Proctor is the Villain|website=[[:en:Tony Awards|Tony Awards]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501175148/https://www.tonyawards.com/shows/john-proctor-is-the-villain/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Paulson|first=Michael|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/01/theater/tony-nominations-broadway.html|title=George Clooney, Sarah Snook and Sadie Sink Get Tony Nominations|website=[[:en:The New York Times|The New York Times]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501175003/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/01/theater/tony-nominations-broadway.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|url=https://variety.com/2025/legit/news/tony-nominations-2025-complete-list-1236383117/|title=Tony Nominations 2025: ‘Death Becomes Her,’ ‘Maybe Happy Ending’ and ‘Buena Vista Social Club’ Lead|website=[[:en:Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501131259/https://variety.com/2025/legit/news/tony-nominations-2025-complete-list-1236383117/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Russo|first=Gillian|url=https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/theatre-news/news/2025-tony-award-nominations-announced|title=2025 Tony Award nominations announced|website=New York Theatre Guide|date=May 1, 2025|accessdate=May 1, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501184100/https://www.newyorktheatreguide.com/theatre-news/news/2025-tony-award-nominations-announced|url-status=live}}</ref> |} == References == {{Reflist}} 498z9qzbyehb6rgi492l3qscezou4p4 10 857729 10330984 9685130 2025-06-14T22:35:03Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|Fixing broken anchor]]: Remove 1 notification (When checking links to [[2021 Virginia House of Delegates election]]) 10330984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = Elections in Virginia sidebar | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[Elections in Virginia]] | image = [[File:Seal of Virginia.svg|150px|alt=|link=]] | listtitlestyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid; | listclass = hlist | navbarstyle = padding-top:0; | list1title = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United States.svg}} [[Federal government of the United States|Federal government]] | list1 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = [[United States presidential election|U.S. President]] | content1 = * [[1788–89 United States presidential election in Virginia|1788–89]] * [[1792 United States presidential election in Virginia|1792]] * [[1796 United States presidential election in Virginia|1796]] * [[1800 United States presidential election in Virginia|1800]] * [[1804 United States presidential election in Virginia|1804]] * [[1808 United States presidential election in Virginia|1808]] * [[1812 United States presidential election in Virginia|1812]] * [[1816 United States presidential election in Virginia|1816]] * [[1820 United States presidential election in Virginia|1820]] * [[1824 United States presidential election in Virginia|1824]] * [[1828 United States presidential election in Virginia|1828]] * [[1832 United States presidential election in Virginia|1832]] * [[1836 United States presidential election in Virginia|1836]] * [[1840 United States presidential election in Virginia|1840]] * [[1844 United States presidential election in Virginia|1844]] * [[1848 United States presidential election in Virginia|1848]] * [[1852 United States presidential election in Virginia|1852]] * [[1856 United States presidential election in Virginia|1856]] * [[1860 United States presidential election in Virginia|1860]] * [[1872 United States presidential election in Virginia|1872]] * [[1876 United States presidential election in Virginia|1876]] * [[1880 United States presidential election in Virginia|1880]] * [[1884 United States presidential election in Virginia|1884]] * [[1888 United States presidential election in Virginia|1888]] * [[1892 United States presidential election in Virginia|1892]] * [[1896 United States presidential election in Virginia|1896]] * [[1900 United States presidential election in Virginia|1900]] * [[1904 United States presidential election in Virginia|1904]] * [[1908 United States presidential election in Virginia|1908]] * [[1912 United States presidential election in Virginia|1912]] * [[1916 United States presidential election in Virginia|1916]] * [[1920 United States presidential election in Virginia|1920]] * [[1924 United States presidential election in Virginia|1924]] * [[1928 United States presidential election in Virginia|1928]] * [[1932 United States presidential election in Virginia|1932]] * [[1936 United States presidential election in Virginia|1936]] * [[1940 United States presidential election in Virginia|1940]] * [[1944 United States presidential election in Virginia|1944]] * [[1948 United States presidential election in Virginia|1948]] * [[1952 United States presidential election in Virginia|1952]] * [[1956 United States presidential election in Virginia|1956]] * [[1960 United States presidential election in Virginia|1960]] * [[1964 United States presidential election in Virginia|1964]] * [[1968 United States presidential election in Virginia|1968]] * [[1972 United States presidential election in Virginia|1972]] * [[1976 United States presidential election in Virginia|1976]] * [[1980 United States presidential election in Virginia|1980]] * [[1984 United States presidential election in Virginia|1984]] * [[1988 United States presidential election in Virginia|1988]] * [[1992 United States presidential election in Virginia|1992]] * [[1996 United States presidential election in Virginia|1996]] * [[2000 United States presidential election in Virginia|2000]] * [[2004 United States presidential election in Virginia|2004]] * [[2008 United States presidential election in Virginia|2008]] ** [[2008 Virginia Democratic primary|Dem]] ** [[2008 Virginia Republican primary|GOP]] * [[2012 United States presidential election in Virginia|2012]] * [[2016 United States presidential election in Virginia|2016]] ** [[2016 Virginia Democratic primary|Dem]] * [[2020 United States presidential election in Virginia|2020]] ** [[2020 Virginia Democratic primary|Dem]] | heading3 = [[List of United States senators from Virginia|U.S. Senate]] | content3 = * [[1788 United States Senate elections in Virginia|1788]] * [[1790 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1790 (sp)]] * [[1791 United States Senate election in Virginia|1791]] * [[1792 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1792 (sp)]] * [[1793 United States Senate election in Virginia|1793]] * [[1794 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|1794 (sp)]] * [[1796 United States Senate election in Virginia|1796]] * [[1798 United States Senate election in Virginia|1798]] * [[1799 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1799 (sp)]] * [[1803 United States Senate election in Virginia|1803]] * [[1803 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1803 (sp)]] * [[1804 United States Senate election in Virginia|1804]] * [[1804 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|1804 (sp)]] * [[1808 United States Senate election in Virginia|1808]] * [[1809 United States Senate election in Virginia|1809]] * [[1811 United States Senate election in Virginia|1811]] * [[1814 United States Senate election in Virginia|1814]] * [[1814 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1814 (sp)]] * [[1815 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1815 (sp)]] * [[1816 United States Senate election in Virginia|1816]] * [[1816 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1816 (sp)]] * [[1819 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1819 (sp)]] * [[1821 United States Senate election in Virginia|1821]] * [[1822 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1822 (sp)]] * [[1823 United States Senate election in Virginia|1823]] * [[1824 United States Senate election in Virginia|1824]] * [[1824 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1824 (sp)]] * [[1827 United States Senate election in Virginia|1827]] * [[1829 United States Senate election in Virginia|1829]] * [[1832 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1832 (sp)]] * [[1833 United States Senate election in Virginia|1833]] * [[1834 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1834 (sp)]] * [[1835 United States Senate election in Virginia|1835]] * [[1836 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1836 (sp)]] * [[1837 United States Senate election in Virginia|1837]] * [[1837 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1837 (sp)]] * [[1839 United States Senate election in Virginia|1839]] * [[1840 United States Senate election in Virginia|1840]] * [[1841 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1841 (sp)]] * [[1845 United States Senate elections in Virginia|1845]] * [[1845 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1845 (sp)]] * [[1846 United States Senate election in Virginia|1846]] * [[1847 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1847 (sp)]] * [[1850 United States Senate election in Virginia|1850]] * [[1852 United States Senate election in Virginia|1852]] * [[1856 United States Senate election in Virginia|1856]] * [[1858 United States Senate election in Virginia|1858]] * [[1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|1861 (sp)]] * [[1863 United States Senate election in Virginia|1863]] * [[1865 United States Senate election in Virginia|1865]] * [[1865 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1865 (sp)]] * [[1870 United States Senate elections in Virginia|1870]] * [[1871 United States Senate election in Virginia|1871]] * [[1875 United States Senate election in Virginia|1875]] * [[1877 United States Senate election in Virginia|1877]] * [[1881 United States Senate election in Virginia|1881]] * [[1883 United States Senate election in Virginia|1883]] * [[1887 United States Senate elections in Virginia|1887]] * [[1889 United States Senate election in Virginia|1889]] * [[1893 United States Senate election in Virginia|1893]] * [[1893 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1893 (sp)]] * [[1894 United States Senate election in Virginia|1894]] * [[1899 United States Senate election in Virginia|1899]] * [[1899 United States Senate elections in Virginia|1899]] * [[1904 United States Senate election in Virginia|1904]] * [[1906 United States Senate election in Virginia|1906]] * [[1910 United States Senate election in Virginia|1910]] * [[1911 United States Senate election in Virginia|1911]] * [[1912 United States Senate election in Virginia|1912]] * [[1912 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1912 (sp)]] * [[1916 United States Senate election in Virginia|1916]] * [[1918 United States Senate election in Virginia|1918]] * [[1920 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1920 (sp)]] * [[1922 United States Senate election in Virginia|1922]] * [[1924 United States Senate election in Virginia|1924]] * [[1928 United States Senate election in Virginia|1928]] * [[1930 United States Senate election in Virginia|1930]] * [[1933 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1933 (sp)]] * [[1934 United States Senate election in Virginia|1934]] * [[1936 United States Senate election in Virginia|1936]] * [[1940 United States Senate election in Virginia|1940]] * [[1942 United States Senate election in Virginia|1942]] * [[1946 United States Senate election in Virginia|1946]] * [[1946 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1946 (sp)]] * [[1948 United States Senate election in Virginia|1948]] * [[1952 United States Senate election in Virginia|1952]] * [[1954 United States Senate election in Virginia|1954]] * [[1958 United States Senate election in Virginia|1958]] * [[1960 United States Senate election in Virginia|1960]] * [[1964 United States Senate election in Virginia|1964]] * [[1966 United States Senate election in Virginia|1966]] * [[1966 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1966 (sp)]] * [[1970 United States Senate election in Virginia|1970]] * [[1972 United States Senate election in Virginia|1972]] * [[1976 United States Senate election in Virginia|1976]] * [[1978 United States Senate election in Virginia|1978]] * [[1982 United States Senate election in Virginia|1982]] * [[1984 United States Senate election in Virginia|1984]] * [[1988 United States Senate election in Virginia|1988]] * [[1990 United States Senate election in Virginia|1990]] * [[1994 United States Senate election in Virginia|1994]] * [[1996 United States Senate election in Virginia|1996]] * [[2000 United States Senate election in Virginia|2000]] * [[2002 United States Senate election in Virginia|2002]] * [[2006 United States Senate election in Virginia|2006]] * [[2008 United States Senate election in Virginia|2008]] * [[2012 United States Senate election in Virginia|2012]] * [[2014 United States Senate election in Virginia|2014]] * [[2018 United States Senate election in Virginia|2018]] * [[2020 United States Senate election in Virginia|2020]] * [[2024 United States Senate election in Virginia|''2024'']] * [[2026 United States Senate election in Virginia|''2026'']] | heading4 = [[List of United States Representatives from Virginia|U.S. House]] | content4 = * [[1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1789]] * [[1790 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1790]] ** [[1790 Virginia's 9th congressional district special election|9th sp]] * [[1793 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1793]] * [[1795 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1795]] * [[1797 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1797]] * [[1798 Virginia's 9th congressional district special election|1798 (9th sp)]] * [[1799 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1799]] * [[1800 Virginia's 13th congressional district special election|1800 (13th sp)]] * [[1801 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1801]] * [[1803 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1803]] * 1804 ** [[1804 Virginia's 5th congressional district special election|5th sp]] ** [[1804 Virginia's 13th congressional district special election|13th sp]] * [[1805 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1805]] ** [[1806 Virginia's 13th congressional district special election|13th sp]] * [[1807 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1807]] ** [[1808 Virginia's 17th congressional district special election|17th sp]] * [[1809 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1809]] * [[1809 Virginia's 21st congressional district special election|21st sp]] ** [[1810 Virginia's 1st congressional district special election|1st sp]] * [[1811 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1811]] * [[1813 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1813]] * [[1814 Virginia's 11th congressional district special election|1814 (11th sp)]] * [[1815 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1815]] ** [[1815 Virginia's 15th congressional district special election|15th sp]] * 1816 ** [[1816 Virginia's 18th congressional district special election|18th sp]] ** [[1816 Virginia's 23rd congressional district special election|23rd sp]] * [[1817 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1817]] * [[1818 Virginia's 19th congressional district special election|1818 (19th sp)]] * [[1819 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1819]] * 1820 ** [[1820 Virginia's 1st congressional district special election|1st sp]] ** [[1820 Virginia's 10th congressional district special election|10th sp]] ** [[1820 Virginia's 17th congressional district special election|17th sp]] ** [[1820 Virginia's 20th congressional district special election|20th sp]] * [[1821 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1821]] * [[1822 Virginia's 2nd congressional district special election|1822 (2nd sp)]] * [[1823 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1823]] * [[1824 Virginia's 13th congressional district special election|1824 (13th sp)]] * [[1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1825]] * [[1826 Virginia's 5th congressional district special election|1826 (5th sp)]] * [[1827 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1827]] * [[1829 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1829]] ** [[1829 Virginia's 10th congressional district special election|10th sp]] * [[1831 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1831]] * [[1833 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1833]] * [[1835 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1835]] * [[1837 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1837]] * [[1839 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1839]] * [[1841 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1841]] * [[1843 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1843]] * [[1845 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1845]] * [[1847 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1847]] * [[1849 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1849]] * [[1851 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1851]] * [[1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1853]] * [[1855 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1855]] * [[1857 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1857]] * [[1859 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1859]] ** [[1859 Virginia's 4th congressional district special election|4th sp]] * [[1861 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1861]] ** [[1861 Virginia's 11th congressional district special election|11th sp]] * [[1862 Virginia's 1st congressional district special election|1862 (1st sp)]] * [[1869 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1869]] * [[1870 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1870]] * [[1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1872]] * [[1874 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1874]] * [[1876 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1876]] * [[1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1878]] * [[1880 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1880]] * [[1882 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1882]] * [[1884 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1884]] ** [[1884 Virginia's 7th congressional district special election|7th sp]] * [[1886 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1886]] * [[1888 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1888]] * [[1890 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1890]] * [[1892 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1892]] * [[1894 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1894]] ** [[1894 Virginia's 7th congressional district special election|7th sp]] * [[1896 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1896]] * [[1898 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1898]] * [[1900 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1900]] * [[1902 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1902]] * [[1904 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1904]] * [[1906 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1906]] * [[1908 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1908]] * [[1910 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1910]] * [[1912 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1912]] * [[1914 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1914]] * [[1916 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1916]] * [[1918 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1918]] ** [[1918 Virginia's 1st congressional district special election|1st sp]] * [[1920 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1920]] ** [[1920 Virginia's 4th congressional district special election|4th sp]] * [[1922 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1922]] * [[1924 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1924]] * [[1926 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1926]] * [[1928 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1928]] * [[1930 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1930]] * [[1932 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1932]] * [[1934 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1934]] * [[1936 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1936]] * [[1938 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1938]] * [[1940 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1940]] * [[1942 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1942]] * [[1944 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1944]] ** [[1944 Virginia's 2nd congressional district special election|2nd sp]] * [[1946 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1946]] ** [[1946 Virginia's 5th congressional district special election|5th sp]] ** [[1946 Virginia's 6th congressional district special election|6th sp]] ** [[1946 Virginia's 7th congressional district special election|7th sp]] * [[1948 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1948]] ** [[1948 Virginia's 4th congressional district special election|4th sp]] * [[1950 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1950]] * [[1952 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1952]] * [[1954 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1954]] * [[1956 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1956]] * [[1958 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1958]] * [[1960 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1960]] * [[1962 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1962]] * [[1964 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1964]] * [[1966 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1966]] * [[1968 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1968]] * [[1970 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1970]] * [[1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1972]] ** [[1972 Virginia's 6th congressional district special election|6th sp]] * [[1974 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1974]] * [[1976 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1976]] * [[1978 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1978]] * [[1980 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1980]] * [[1982 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1982]] * [[1984 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1984]] * [[1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1986]] * [[1988 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1988]] ** [[1988 Virginia's 5th congressional district special election|5th sp]] * [[1990 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1990]] * [[1991 Virginia's 7th congressional district special election|1991 (7th sp)]] * [[1992 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1992]] * [[1994 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1994]] * [[1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1996]] * [[1998 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|1998]] * [[2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2000]] * [[2001 Virginia's 4th congressional district special election|2001 (4th sp)]] * [[2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2002]] ** [[2002 Virginia's 8th congressional district election|8th]] * [[2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2004]] * [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2006]] * [[2007 Virginia's 1st congressional district special election|2007 (1st sp)]] * [[2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2008]] * [[2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2010]] * [[2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2012]] * [[2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2014]] * [[2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2016]] * [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2018]] ** [[2018 Virginia's 10th congressional district election|10th]] * [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|2020]] * [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia|''2022'']]}} | list2title = {{flagicon image|Flag of Virginia.svg}} [[Government of Virginia|State government]] | list2 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = Governor | content1 = * [[1776 Virginia gubernatorial election|1776]] * [[1851 Virginia gubernatorial election|1851]] * [[1855 Virginia gubernatorial election|1855]] * [[1859 Virginia gubernatorial election|1859]] * 1863 ** [[1863 Virginia gubernatorial election (Confederate)|C]] ** [[1863 Virginia gubernatorial election (Union)|U]] * [[1869 Virginia gubernatorial election|1869]] * [[1873 Virginia gubernatorial election|1873]] * [[1877 Virginia gubernatorial election|1877]] * [[1881 Virginia gubernatorial election|1881]] * [[1885 Virginia gubernatorial election|1885]] * [[1889 Virginia gubernatorial election|1889]] * [[1893 Virginia gubernatorial election|1893]] * [[1897 Virginia gubernatorial election|1897]] * [[1901 Virginia gubernatorial election|1901]] * [[1905 Virginia gubernatorial election|1905]] * [[1909 Virginia gubernatorial election|1909]] * [[1913 Virginia gubernatorial election|1913]] * [[1917 Virginia gubernatorial election|1917]] * [[1921 Virginia gubernatorial election|1921]] * [[1925 Virginia gubernatorial election|1925]] * [[1929 Virginia gubernatorial election|1929]] * [[1933 Virginia gubernatorial election|1933]] * [[1937 Virginia gubernatorial election|1937]] * [[1941 Virginia gubernatorial election|1941]] * [[1945 Virginia gubernatorial election|1945]] * [[1949 Virginia gubernatorial election|1949]] * [[1953 Virginia gubernatorial election|1953]] * [[1957 Virginia gubernatorial election|1957]] * [[1961 Virginia gubernatorial election|1961]] * [[1965 Virginia gubernatorial election|1965]] * [[1969 Virginia gubernatorial election|1969]] * [[1973 Virginia gubernatorial election|1973]] * [[1977 Virginia gubernatorial election|1977]] * [[1981 Virginia gubernatorial election|1981]] * [[1985 Virginia gubernatorial election|1985]] * [[1989 Virginia gubernatorial election|1989]] * [[1993 Virginia gubernatorial election|1993]] * [[1997 Virginia gubernatorial election|1997]] * [[2001 Virginia gubernatorial election|2001]] * [[2005 Virginia gubernatorial election|2005]] * [[2009 Virginia gubernatorial election|2009]] * [[2013 Virginia gubernatorial election|2013]] * [[2017 Virginia gubernatorial election|2017]] * [[2021 Virginia gubernatorial election|2021]] * [[2025 Virginia gubernatorial election|''2025'']] | heading2 = Lieutenant Governor | content2 = * [[1973 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1973]] * [[1977 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1977]] * [[1981 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1981]] * [[1985 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1985]] * [[1989 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1989]] * [[1993 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1993]] * [[1997 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|1997]] * [[2001 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|2001]] * [[2005 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|2005]] * [[2009 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|2009]] * [[2013 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|2013]] * [[2017 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|2017]] * [[2021 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|2021]] | heading3 = Attorney General | content3 = * [[2001 Virginia Attorney General election|2001]] * [[2005 Virginia Attorney General election|2005]] * [[2009 Virginia Attorney General election|2009]] * [[2013 Virginia Attorney General election|2013]] * [[2017 Virginia Attorney General election|2017]] * [[2021 Virginia Attorney General election|2021]] | heading4 = Senate | content4 = * [[1967 Virginia Senate election|1967]] * [[1971 Virginia Senate election|1971]] * [[1975 Virginia Senate election|1975]] * [[1979 Virginia Senate election|1979]] * [[1983 Virginia Senate election|1983]] * [[1987 Virginia Senate election|1987]] * [[1991 Virginia Senate election|1991]] * [[1995 Virginia Senate election|1995]] * [[1999 Virginia Senate election|1999]] * [[2003 Virginia Senate election|2003]] * [[2007 Virginia Senate election|2007]] * [[2011 Virginia Senate election|2011]] * [[2015 Virginia Senate election|2015]] * [[2019 Virginia Senate election|2019]] * [[2023 Virginia Senate election|''2023'']] | heading5 = House of Delegates | content5 = * [[1975 Virginia House of Delegates election|1975]] * [[1977 Virginia House of Delegates election|1977]] * [[1979 Virginia House of Delegates election|1979]] * [[1981 Virginia House of Delegates election|1981]] * [[1983 Virginia House of Delegates election|1983]] * [[1985 Virginia House of Delegates election|1985]] * [[1987 Virginia House of Delegates election|1987]] * [[1989 Virginia House of Delegates election|1989]] * [[1991 Virginia House of Delegates election|1991]] * [[1993 Virginia House of Delegates election|1993]] * [[1995 Virginia House of Delegates election|1995]] * [[1997 Virginia House of Delegates election|1997]] * [[1999 Virginia House of Delegates election|1999]] * [[2001 Virginia House of Delegates election|2001]] * [[2003 Virginia House of Delegates election|2003]] * [[2005 Virginia House of Delegates election|2005]] * [[2007 Virginia House of Delegates election|2007]] * [[2009 Virginia House of Delegates election|2009]] * [[2011 Virginia House of Delegates election|2011]] * [[2013 Virginia House of Delegates election|2013]] * [[2015 Virginia House of Delegates election|2015]] * [[2017 Virginia House of Delegates election|2017]] * [[2019 Virginia House of Delegates election|2019]] * [[2021 Virginia House of Delegates election|''2021'']] | heading6 = State elections | content6 = * [[1989 Virginia elections|1989]] * [[1991 Virginia elections|1991]] * [[1993 Virginia elections|1993]] * [[1995 Virginia elections|1995]] * [[1997 Virginia elections|1997]] * [[1999 Virginia state elections|1999]] * [[2000 Virginia elections|2000]] * [[2001 Virginia elections|2001]] * [[2002 Virginia elections|2002]] * [[2003 Virginia elections|2003]] * [[2004 Virginia elections|2004]] * [[2005 Virginia elections|2005]] * [[2006 Virginia elections|2006]] * [[2007 Virginia elections|2007]] * [[2008 Virginia elections|2008]] * [[2009 Virginia elections|2009]] * [[2010 Virginia elections|2010]] * [[2011 Virginia elections|2011]] * [[2012 Virginia elections|2012]] * [[2013 Virginia elections|2013]] * [[2014 Virginia elections|2014]] * [[2015 Virginia elections|2015]] * [[2016 Virginia elections|2016]] * [[2017 Virginia elections|2017]] * [[2018 Virginia elections|2018]] * [[2019 Virginia elections|2019]] * [[2020 Virginia elections|2020]] * [[2021 Virginia elections|''2021'']] }} | list3title = [[File:Yes check.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] [[Ballot measure]]s | list3 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = Statewide | content1 = * [[1970 Virginia ballot measures|1970]] * [[1972 Virginia ballot measures|1972]] * [[1974 Virginia ballot measures|1974]] * [[1976 Virginia ballot measures|1976]] * [[1977 Virginia ballot measures|1977]] * [[1978 Virginia ballot measures|1978]] * [[1980 Virginia ballot measures|1980]] * [[1982 Virginia ballot measures|1982]] * [[1984 Virginia ballot measures|1984]] * [[1986 Virginia ballot measures|1986]] * [[1987 Virginia ballot measures|1987]] * [[1988 Virginia ballot measures|1988]] * [[1990 Virginia ballot measures|1990]] * [[1992 Virginia ballot measures|1992]] * [[1994 Virginia ballot measures|1994]] * [[1996 Virginia ballot measures|1996]] * [[1998 Virginia ballot measures|1998]] * [[2000 Virginia ballot measures|2000]] * [[2002 Virginia ballot measures|2002]] * [[2004 Virginia ballot measures|2004]] * [[2006 Virginia ballot measures|2006]] * [[2010 Virginia ballot measures|2010]] * [[2012 Virginia ballot measures|2012]] * [[2014 Virginia ballot measures|2014]] * [[2016 Virginia ballot measures|2016]] * [[2018 Virginia ballot measures|2018]] * [[2020 Virginia ballot measures|2020]] | heading2 = Fairfax County | content2 = [[2016 Fairfax County meals tax referendum|2016]] }} | list6title = {{flagicon image|Flag of Alexandria, Virginia.svg}} [[Alexandria, Virginia#Government|Alexandria]] | list6 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = [[List of mayors of Alexandria, Virginia|Mayor]] | content1= * [[2015 Alexandria, Virginia mayoral election|2015]] * [[2018 Alexandria, Virginia mayoral election|2018]] * [[2021 Alexandria, Virginia mayoral election|''2021'']] }} | list8title = {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]] | list8 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = [[List of mayors of Hampton, Virginia|Mayor]] | content1= * [[2016 Hampton, Virginia mayoral election|2016]] }} | list9title = {{flagicon image|Flag of Norfolk, Virginia.gif}} [[Norfolk, Virginia#Government and politics|Norfolk]] | list9 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = [[List of mayors of Norfolk, Virginia|Mayor]] | content1 = * [[2006 Norfolk mayoral election|2006]] * [[2010 Norfolk mayoral election|2010]] * [[2014 Norfolk mayoral election|2014]] * [[2016 Norfolk mayoral election|2016]] }} | list10title = {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Richmond, Virginia#Government and politics|Richmond]] | list10 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = [[List of mayors of Richmond, Virginia|Mayor]] | content1 = * [[2016 Richmond, Virginia mayoral election|2016]] * [[2020 Richmond, Virginia mayoral election|2020]] | heading3 = [[Richmond, Virginia City Council|City Council]] | content3 = * [[2016 Richmond, Virginia City Council elections|2016]] }} | list11title = {{flagicon image|Flag of Virginia Beach, Virginia.png}} [[Virginia Beach, Virginia#Government and politics|Virginia Beach]] | list11 = {{sidebar | bodystyle = {{Subinfobox bodystyle}} | heading1 = [[Mayor of Virginia Beach|Mayor]] | content1= * [[2008 Virginia Beach mayoral election|2008]] * [[2012 Virginia Beach mayoral election|2012]] * [[2016 Virginia Beach mayoral election|2016]] * [[2018 Virginia Beach mayoral election|2018]] * [[2020 Virginia Beach mayoral election|2020]] | heading2 = [[Virginia Beach City Council|City Council]] | content2= * [[2020 Virginia Beach City Council election|2020]] }} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Virginia templates|Sidebar]] [[Category:United States election templates|Virginia]] </noinclude> jbt3xtdck394a0oawxsg9cvbglcsvzp 0 857830 10330979 8928632 2025-06-14T22:32:41Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}} {{Infobox election | election_name = 2021 Virginia House of Delegates elections | country = Virginia | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = 2019 Virginia House of Delegates election | previous_year = 2019 | election_date = November 2, 2021 | next_election = 2023 Virginia House of Delegates election | next_year = 2023 | seats_for_election = All 100 seats in the [[Virginia House of Delegates]] | majority_seats = 51 | turnout = 54.3% {{increase}}11.9 | image1 = 3x4.svg | image1_size = | leader1 = [[Todd Gilbert]] | party1 = Republican Party (United States) | leader_since1 = January 8, 2020 | leaders_seat1 = [[Virginia's 15th House of Delegates district|15th]] | last_election1 = 45 | seats1 = '''52''' | seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 7 | popular_vote1 = '''1,666,569''' | percentage1 = '''51.6%''' | swing1 = {{Increase}} 8.3% | image2 = [[File:Eileen Filler-Corn (cropped).jpg|x160px]] | leader2 = [[Eileen Filler-Corn]] | leader_since2 = January 1, 2019 | party2 = Democratic Party (United States) | leaders_seat2 = [[Virginia's 41st House of Delegates district|41st]] | last_election2 = '''55''' | seats2 = 48 | seat_change2 = {{Decrease}} 7 | popular_vote2 = 1,536,509 | percentage2 = 47.5% | swing2 = {{Decrease}} 5.2% | title = [[List of Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates|Speaker]] | before_election = [[Eileen Filler-Corn]] | before_party = Democratic Party (United States) | after_election = [[Todd Gilbert]] | after_party = Republican Party (United States) | reporting = | last_update = | time_zone = | map = [[File:Virginia House of Delegates election map by party changes, 2021.svg|300px]] | map_size = | map_caption = '''Results:'''<br /> {{legend0|#ca0120|Republican gain}} <br /> {{legend0|#f48c84|Republican hold}} {{legend0|#92c5de|Democratic hold}} }} {{ElectionsVA}} The '''2021 [[Virginia House of Delegates]] election''' for the [[162nd Virginia General Assembly]] were held on November 2, 2021. All 100 Delegates are elected to two-year terms. Primary elections took place on June 8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virginia elections, 2021 |website=Ballotpedia |url=https://www.ballotpedia.org/Virginia_elections,_2021}}</ref> This election took place at the same time as the elections for the [[2021 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia Governor]], [[2021 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|lieutenant governor]] and [[2021 Virginia Attorney General election|Attorney General]]. All of the elections were won by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]. The next election for the upper house of the [[Virginia General Assembly]], the [[Senate of Virginia]], will be held on November 7, 2023. The results were certified on November 15. They showed that Republicans took seven seats from the Democrats. This gave them a majority in the House of Delegates.<ref name="loom">{{Cite news|last=Lavoie|first=Denise|date=November 16, 2021|title=Virginia certifies election results, but 2 recounts loom|work=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/virginia-richmond-election-recounts-house-elections-election-2020-ec8b4d6e47c8be860159f1aeafc1588a|access-date=November 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116143427/https://apnews.com/article/virginia-richmond-election-recounts-house-elections-election-2020-ec8b4d6e47c8be860159f1aeafc1588a|archive-date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> All races have been called by the [[Associated Press]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lavoie|first=Denise|date=November 16, 2021|title=Virginia House Control in Limbo; Recounts Sought in 2 Races|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-11-16/two-virginia-house-races-headed-for-recounts|access-date=November 17, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211117054120/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-11-16/two-virginia-house-races-headed-for-recounts|archive-date=November 17, 2021}}</ref> ==Retirements== Five [[incumbent]]s did not seek re-election. They either retired or tried to be elected to other positions. ===Democrats=== One Democrat did not seek re-election. #[[Virginia's 51st House of Delegates district|District 51]]: [[Hala Ayala]] retired to run for [[2021 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|lieutenant governor]].<ref name="Ayala">{{cite news |last1=Olivo |first1=Antonio |title=Virginia Del. Hala Ayala announces bid for lieutenant governor |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-hala-ayala-lieutenant-governor/2020/07/13/9c828cbe-c516-11ea-a99f-3bbdffb1af38_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> ===Republicans=== Four Republicans did not seek re-election. #[[Virginia's 7th House of Delegates district|District 7]]: [[Nick Rush]] retired.<ref name="Rush">{{cite web|last1=WSLS|date=March 3, 2021|title=Virginia Del. Nick Rush to not seek re-election|url=https://www.wsls.com/news/local/2021/03/03/virginia-del-nick-rush-to-not-seek-re-election/|website=WSLS}}</ref> #[[Virginia's 66th House of Delegates district|District 66]]: [[Kirk Cox]] retired to run for [[2021 Virginia gubernatorial election|governor]].<ref name="Cox">{{cite web|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/kirk-cox-virginia-governor/2020/11/16/b4c77634-2526-11eb-952e-0c475972cfc0_story.html|title= Former Virginia House speaker Kirk Cox says he'll seek GOP nomination for governor|newspaper=The Washington Post|last1=Schneider|first1=Gregory|access-date=November 17, 2020|date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> #[[Virginia's 82nd House of Delegates district|District 82]]: [[Jason Miyares]] retired to run for [[2021 Virginia Attorney General election|attorney general]].<ref name="Miyares">{{cite web|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-republican-convention-remote-vote/2021/05/09/5becf312-ad12-11eb-acd3-24b44a57093a_story.html|title= Virginia Del. Jason Miyares wins Republican nomination for state attorney general|newspaper=The Washington Post|last1=Vozzella|first1=Laura|access-date=June 2, 2021|date=May 9, 2021}}</ref> #[[Virginia's 88th House of Delegates district|District 88]]: [[Mark Cole]] retired.<ref name="Cole">{{Cite web|last1=Shenk|first1=Scott|date=March 1, 2021|title=Spotsylvania Republican Del. Mark Cole won't seek re-election|url=https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/spotsylvania-republican-del-mark-cole-wont-seek-re-election/article_0e73a561-7741-532f-95df-d140a2e72518.html|website=The Free Lance Star}}</ref> ==Special elections== There were two special elections in 2021 to the [[161st Virginia General Assembly]], both held on January 5. === District 90 === Incumbent Democrat [[Joseph C. Lindsey]], first elected in a 2014 special election, retired on November 10, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Edwards |first=Jonathan |title=State delegate, longtime lawyer Joe Lindsey appointed Norfolk judge |date=November 10, 2020 |work=The Virginian-Pilot |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/government/local/vp-nw-joe-lindsey-judge-20201110-xuhs6fvyzzfvznqm6sdmpj7ff4-story.html}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 90th House of Delegates district, 2021 special election<ref name="2021 January Special">{{cite web |title=2021 January Special |publisher=Virginia Department of Elections |date=January 13, 2021 |url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20January%20Special/Site/GeneralAssembly.html |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218044410/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20January%20Special/Site/GeneralAssembly.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = [[Angelia Williams Graves]] | votes = 3,691 | percentage = 63.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (United States) | candidate = Sylvia Bryant | votes = 2,114 | percentage = 36.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes = 6 | percentage = 0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 5,811 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} === District 2 === Incumbent Democrat [[Jennifer Carroll Foy]], first elected in 2017, retired on December 12, 2020 to run for [[2021 Virginia gubernatorial election|governor]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vozzella |first1=Laura |title=Del. Jennifer Carroll Foy announces bid in Virginia governor's race |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/del-jennifer-carroll-foy-announces-bid-in-virginia-governors-race/2020/05/26/3b627e34-9f6a-11ea-b5c9-570a91917d8d_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 2nd House of Delegates district, 2021 special election<ref name="2021 January Special" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (United States) | candidate = [[Candi King]] | votes = 4,451 | percentage = 51.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (United States) | candidate = Heather Mitchell | votes = 4,143 | percentage = 48.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes = 9 | percentage = 0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 8,603 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ==Results== === Overview === The Republican Party showed a strong performance in 2021, gaining seven seats over the Democrats. Due to close races in Districts 85 and 91, recounts were requested by Democrats [[Alex Askew]] and [[Martha Mugler]], who fell in close second places to their Republican challengers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-15|title=Virginia certifies election results, but 2 recounts loom|url=https://apnews.com/article/virginia-richmond-election-recounts-house-elections-election-2020-ec8b4d6e47c8be860159f1aeafc1588a|access-date=2021-12-03|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> On December 3, 2021, the recount in District 85 reaffirmed the victory of Republican Karen Greenhalgh, giving the Republican Party a majority in the House of Delegates and ending the Democratic Party's control over the chamber. District 91's recount, which took place on December 7, resulted in victory for Republican candidate A.C. Cordoza, making the final seat count 52 Republicans to 48 Democrats.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vozzela|first=Laura|date=8 December 2021|title=With judges' ruling in recount, GOP cements two-seat majority in Virginia House of Delegates|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/12/08/virginia-house-recount-mugler-cordoza-gop/}}</ref> Both major parties fielded a record high number of candidates, with [[Republican Party of Virginia|Republicans]] contesting 98 out of the 100 districts, and [[Democratic Party of Virginia|Democrats]] contesting 93.<ref name="VAsosg">{{cite web |title=Nov. 2, 2021 General Election Statewide Candidates |url=https://www.elections.virginia.gov/casting-a-ballot/candidate-list/candidate-list-2nov2021/ |website=Virginia Department of Elections |access-date=2021-07-25 |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182542/https://www.elections.virginia.gov/casting-a-ballot/candidate-list/candidate-list-2nov2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| style="width:60%; text-align:center;" |+ ↓ |- style="color:white;" | style="background:red; width:52.0%;" | 52 | style="background:blue; width:48.0%;" | 48 |- | <span style="color:red;">'''Republican'''</span> | <span style="color:blue;">'''Democratic'''</span> |} {| class=wikitable ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan= 2 colspan=2| Parties ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan= 2| Candidates ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=4| Seats ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center colspan=3| Popular Vote |- ! align=center | 2019 ! align=center | 2021 ! align=center | +/- ! align=center | Strength ! align=center | Votes ! align=center | % ! align=center | Change |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} |align=left|[[Republican Party of Virginia|Republican]] | align=right | 98 | align=right | 45 | align=right | 52 | align=right | {{increase}} 7 | align=right | 52.00% | align=right | 1,666,569 | align=right | 51.56 | align=right | +8.25 |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} |align=left|[[Democratic Party of Virginia|Democratic]] | align=right | 93 | align=right | 55 | align=right | 48 | align=right | {{decrease}} 7 | align=right | 48.00% | align=right | 1,536,509 | align=right | 47.54 | align=right | -5.12 |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Independent politician|Independent]] | align=right | 5 | align=right | 0 | align=right | 0 | align=right | {{steady}} | align=right | 0.00% | align=right | 12,315 | align=right | 0.38 | align=right | -0.70 |- | {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | [[Libertarian Party of Virginia|Libertarian]] | align=right | 5 | align=right | 0 | align=right | 0 | align=right | {{steady}} | align=right | 0.00% | align=right | 2,992 | align=right | 0.09 | align=right | -0.33 |- | | [[Write-ins]] | align=right | – | align=right | 0 | align=right | 0 | align=right | {{steady}} | align=right | 0.00% | align=right | 13,799 | align=right | 0.43 | align=right | -1.45 |- ! align=center colspan="2" |Total ! align=center | 201 ! align=center | 100 ! align=center | 100 ! align=center | – ! align=center | 100.00% ! align=center | 3,232,184 ! align=center | 100.00 ! align=center | – |- |align=left colspan="2" |Turnout | colspan=5| | align=right |3,296,705 | align=right |55.39 | align=right | |- |align=left colspan="2" |Registered | colspan=5| | align=right |5,951,368 | align=right | | align=right | |- |} === Close races === Seats where the margin of victory was under 10%: {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| # '''{{font color|red|HD District 91, 0.33%}} gain''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 85, 0.44%}} gain''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 21, 1.15%}}''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 63, 1.54%}} gain''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 10, 1.97%}}''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 28, 2.02%}} gain''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 83, 2.34%}} gain''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 93, 3.26%}}''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 27, 3.62%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 31, 4.23%}}''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 66, 4.91%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 73, 5.03%}}''' # '''{{font color|red|HD District 75, 5.17%}} gain''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 40, 5.39%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 72, 6.13%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 68, 6.32%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 51, 6.94%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 13, 8.61%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 76, 9.38%}}''' # '''{{font color|blue|HD District 50, 9.60%}}''' }} ==List of districts== {| id=toc class=toc summary=Contents | align=center | [[#District 1|District 1]] • [[#District 2|District 2]] • [[#District 3|District 3]] • [[#District 4|District 4]] • [[#District 5|District 5]] • [[#District 6|District 6]] • [[#District 7|District 7]] • [[#District 8|District 8]] • [[#District 9|District 9]] • [[#District 10|District 10]] • [[#District 11|District 11]] • [[#District 12|District 12]] • [[#District 13|District 13]] • [[#District 14|District 14]] • [[#District 15|District 15]] • [[#District 16|District 16]] • [[#District 17|District 17]] • [[#District 18|District 18]] • [[#District 19|District 19]] • [[#District 20|District 20]] • [[#District 21|District 21]] • [[#District 22|District 22]] • [[#District 23|District 23]] • [[#District 24|District 24]] • [[#District 25|District 25]] • [[#District 26|District 26]] • [[#District 27|District 27]] • [[#District 28|District 28]] • [[#District 29|District 29]] • [[#District 30|District 30]] • [[#District 31|District 31]] • [[#District 32|District 32]] • [[#District 33|District 33]] • [[#District 34|District 34]] • [[#District 35|District 35]] • [[#District 36|District 36]] • [[#District 37|District 37]] • [[#District 38|District 38]] • [[#District 39|District 39]] • [[#District 40|District 40]] • [[#District 41|District 41]] • [[#District 42|District 42]] • [[#District 43|District 43]] • [[#District 44|District 44]] • [[#District 45|District 45]] • [[#District 46|District 46]] • [[#District 47|District 47]] • [[#District 48|District 48]] • [[#District 49|District 49]] • [[#District 50|District 50]] • [[#District 51|District 51]] • [[#District 52|District 52]] • [[#District 53|District 53]] • [[#District 54|District 54]] • [[#District 55|District 55]] • [[#District 56|District 56]] • [[#District 57|District 57]] • [[#District 58|District 58]] • [[#District 59|District 59]] • [[#District 60|District 60]] • [[#District 61|District 61]] • [[#District 62|District 62]] • [[#District 63|District 63]] • [[#District 64|District 64]] • [[#District 65|District 65]] • [[#District 66|District 66]] • [[#District 67|District 67]] • [[#District 68|District 68]] • [[#District 69|District 69]] • [[#District 70|District 70]] • [[#District 71|District 71]] • [[#District 72|District 72]] • [[#District 73|District 73]] • [[#District 74|District 74]] • [[#District 75|District 75]] • [[#District 76|District 76]] • [[#District 77|District 77]] • [[#District 78|District 78]] • [[#District 79|District 79]] • [[#District 80|District 80]] • [[#District 81|District 81]] • [[#District 82|District 82]] • [[#District 83|District 83]] • [[#District 84|District 84]] • [[#District 85|District 85]] • [[#District 86|District 86]] • [[#District 87|District 87]] • [[#District 88|District 88]] • [[#District 89|District 89]] • [[#District 90|District 90]] • [[#District 91|District 91]] • [[#District 92|District 92]] • [[#District 93|District 93]] • [[#District 94|District 94]] • [[#District 95|District 95]] • [[#District 96|District 96]] • [[#District 97|District 97]] • [[#District 98|District 98]] • [[#District 99|District 99]] • [[#District 100|District 100]]__NOTOC__ |} *Uncontested primaries are not reported by the [[Virginia Department of Elections]]. ===District 1=== Incumbent Republican [[Terry Kilgore]] was first elected in 1993. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 1st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Terry Kilgore]] (incumbent) | votes =21,910 | percentage =97.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =602 | percentage =2.7 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =22,512 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 2=== Incumbent Democrat [[Candi King]] was first elected in a 2021 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 June Democratic Primary |url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(002).html |website=Virginia Department of Elections |access-date=2021-07-25 |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615160159/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(002).html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = '''[[Candi King]] (incumbent)''' | votes = '''3,532''' | percentage = '''69.0''' }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Pamela Montgomery | votes = 1,584 | percentage = 31.0 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 5,116 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 2nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Candi King]] (incumbent) | votes =15,310 | percentage =57.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Gina Ciarcia | votes =11,393 | percentage =42.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =60 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =26,763 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Candi King]] | list = * [[Joe Biden]], 46th [[President of the United States]] (2021–present), 47th [[Vice President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Delaware (1973–2009), Candidate for [[President of United States]] in 1988 & 2008 * [[Barack Obama]]. 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008) }} ===District 3=== Incumbent Republican [[Will Morefield]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 3rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Will Morefield]] (incumbent) | votes =21,193 | percentage =97.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =479 | percentage =2.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =21,672 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 4=== Incumbent Republican [[Will Wampler]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 4th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }}{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Will Wampler]] (incumbent) | votes =22,965 | percentage =95.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =1,000 | percentage =4.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =23,965 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 5=== Incumbent Republican [[Israel O'Quinn]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 5th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Israel O'Quinn]] (incumbent) | votes =24,601 | percentage =98.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =284 | percentage =1.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =24,885 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 6=== Incumbent Republican [[Jeff Campbell (politician)|Jeff Campbell]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 6th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Jeff Campbell (politician)|Jeff Campbell]] (incumbent) | votes =25,454 | percentage =96.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =838 | percentage =3.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =26,292 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 7=== Incumbent Republican [[Nick Rush]] was first elected in 2011. He is retiring.<ref name="Rush" /> {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican firehouse primary results<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reece|first1=Janay|title=March wins Virginia's 7th District GOP primary|url=https://www.wdbj7.com/2021/04/23/voting-for-virginias-7th-district-gop-primary-begins-april-24/|date=April 23, 2021|access-date=April 25, 2021|website=WDBJ7}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Marie March]] | votes = 1,387 | percentage = 54.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Sherri Blevins | votes = 660 | percentage = 25.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Lowell Bowman | votes = 514 | percentage = 20.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 2,561 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 June Democratic Primary |url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(007).html |website=Virginia Department of Elections |access-date=2021-07-25 |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609030541/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(007).html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = '''Derek Kitts''' | votes = '''1,332''' | percentage = '''53.1''' }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Tara Orlando | votes = 1,176 | percentage = 46.9 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 2,508 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 7th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Marie March]] | votes =21,098 | percentage =65.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Derek Kitts | votes =10,914 | percentage =34.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =122 | percentage =0.4 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =32,134 | percentage = 100.0 }}{{Election box hold with party link no change|winner=Virginia Republican Party}} {{Election box end}} ===District 8=== Incumbent Republican [[Joseph McNamara (Virginia politician)|Joseph McNamara]] was first elected in a 2018 special election. Democratic challenger Dustin Wimbish withdrew from the race on October 13, but his candidacy remained on the ballot.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democratic challenger in 8th District House of Delegates race withdraws |url=https://wset.com/news/local/democratic-challenger-dustin-wimbish-8th-district-virginia-house-of-delegates-race-withdraws |website=ABC13 News|date=October 13, 2021 }}</ref> {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 8th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Joseph McNamara (Virginia politician)|Joseph McNamara]] (incumbent) | votes = 25,030 | percentage =70.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Dustin Wimbish | votes =10,090 | percentage =28.5 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =272 | percentage =0.8 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35,392 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 9=== Incumbent Republican [[Charles Poindexter]] was first elected in 2007. He lost renomination. {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 June Republican Primary |url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(009).html |website=Virginia Department of Elections |access-date=2021-07-25 |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609030534/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(009).html |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Wren Williams]] | votes = 4,210 | percentage = 62.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party=Virginia Republican Party |candidate= [[Charles Poindexter]] (incumbent) |votes= 2,493 |percentage= 37.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =6,703 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 9th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Wren Williams]] | votes =23,926 | percentage =76.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Bridgette Craighead | votes =7,210 | percentage =23.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =89 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =31,225 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 10=== Incumbent Democrat [[Wendy Gooditis]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 10th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Wendy Gooditis]] (incumbent) | votes =21,229 | percentage =50.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Nick Clemente | votes =20,408 | percentage =49.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =57 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =41,694 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Wendy Gooditis]] | list = * [[Joe Biden]], 46th [[President of the United States]] (2021–present), 47th [[Vice President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Delaware (1973–2009), Candidate for [[President of United States]] in 1988 & 2008<ref>https://www.facebook.com/joebiden/photos/a.10150487089926104/10158552535071104/?type=3</ref> * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1">{{cite tweet |author=Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee |author-link=Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee |user=DLCC |number=1451896240543764494 |date=October 23, 2021 |title=Huge news from Virginia! President @BarackObama is throwing his support behind 21 Virginia House candidates running in the most competitive districts. These are the races we need to win in order to #KeepVABlue. https://t.co/fmuGwaiMYm |language=en |access-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023152111/https://twitter.com/DLCC/status/1451896240543764494 |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ===District 11=== Incumbent Democrat [[Sam Rasoul]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 11th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Sam Rasoul]] (incumbent) | votes =14,532 | percentage =64.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Charlie Nave | votes =7,963 | percentage =35.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =37 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =22,532 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 12=== Incumbent Democrat [[Chris Hurst (Virginia politician)|Chris Hurst]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 12th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Jason Ballard]] | votes =13871 | percentage =55.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Chris Hurst (Virginia politician)|Chris Hurst]] (incumbent) | votes =11224 | percentage =44.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =88 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =25183 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 13=== Incumbent Democrat [[Danica Roem]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 13th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Danica Roem]] (incumbent) | votes =15604 | percentage =54.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Christopher Stone | votes =13125 | percentage =45.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =53 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =28782 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Danica Roem]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 14=== Incumbent Republican [[Danny Marshall]] was first elected in 2001. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 14th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Danny Marshall]] (incumbent) | votes =17750 | percentage =65.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Rhett Deitz | votes =9286 | percentage =34.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =32 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =27068 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 15=== Incumbent Republican and House Minority Leader [[Todd Gilbert]] was first elected in 2005. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 15th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Todd Gilbert]] (incumbent) | votes =26613 | percentage =77.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Emily Scott | votes =7601 | percentage =22.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =41 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34255 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 16=== Incumbent Republican [[Les Adams (politician)|Les Adams]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 16th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Les Adams (politician)|Les Adams]] (incumbent) | votes =19412 | percentage =69.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Chance Trevillian | votes =8308 | percentage =29.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =35 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =27755 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 17=== Incumbent Republican [[Chris Head (politician)|Chris Head]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 17th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Chris Head (politician)|Chris Head]] (incumbent) | votes =26102 | percentage =92.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =2013 | percentage =7.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =28115 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 18=== Incumbent Republican [[Michael Webert]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 18th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Michael Webert]] (incumbent) | votes =25737 | percentage =65.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Douglas Ward | votes =13249 | percentage =33.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =57 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =39043 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 19=== Incumbent Republican [[Terry Austin (politician)|Terry Austin]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 19th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Terry Austin (politician)|Terry Austin]] (incumbent) | votes =27515 | percentage =78.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Wendy Rowden | votes =6918 | percentage =19.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Libertarian Party (United States) | candidate = Dean D. Davison | votes =640 | percentage =1.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =64 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35137 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 20=== Incumbent Republican [[John Avoli]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 20th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[John Avoli]] (incumbent) | votes =21978 | percentage =63.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Randall Wolf | votes =12491 | percentage =36.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =29 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34498 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 21=== Incumbent Democrat [[Kelly Convirs-Fowler]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 21st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kelly Convirs-Fowler]] (incumbent) | votes =15162 | percentage =50.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tanya Gould | votes =14818 | percentage =49.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =40 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =30020 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Kelly Convirs-Fowler]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 22=== Incumbent Republican [[Kathy Byron]] was first elected in 1997. {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Republican Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(022).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063744/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(022).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Kathy Byron]] (incumbent) | votes = 3197 | percentage = 81.22 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Isaiah J. Knight | votes = 739 | percentage = 18.78 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 3936 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 22nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Kathy Byron]] (incumbent) | votes =23922 | percentage =72.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Greg Eaton | votes =8415 | percentage =25.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Libertarian Party (United States) | candidate = Sarah Jerose | votes =537 | percentage =1.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =52 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =32926 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 23=== Incumbent Republican [[Wendell Walker]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 23rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Wendell Walker]] (incumbent) | votes =22045 | percentage =66.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Natalie Short | votes =11007 | percentage =33.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =64 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =33116 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 24=== Incumbent Republican [[Ronnie R. Campbell]] was first elected in a 2018 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Republican Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(024).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063745/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(024).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Ronnie R. Campbell]] (incumbent) | votes = 2089 | percentage = 87.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mark Reed | votes = 299 | percentage = 12.5 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 2388 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 24th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Ronnie R. Campbell]] (incumbent) | votes =24445 | percentage =73.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Sam Soghor | votes =8934 | percentage =26.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =66 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =33445 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 25=== Incumbent Republican [[Chris Runion]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 25th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Chris Runion]] (incumbent) | votes =25674 | percentage =62.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Jennifer Kitchen | votes =15553 | percentage =37.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =65 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =41292 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 26=== Incumbent Republican [[Tony Wilt]] was first elected in a 2010 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 26th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Tony Wilt]] (incumbent) | votes =15062 | percentage =59.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = William Helsley | votes =10321 | percentage =40.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =37 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =25420 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 27=== Incumbent Republican [[Roxann Robinson]] was first elected in a 2010 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 27th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Roxann Robinson]] (incumbent) | votes =19047 | percentage =51.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Debra Gardner | votes =17714 | percentage =48.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =79 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =36840 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = Debra Gardner | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 28=== Incumbent Democrat [[Joshua G. Cole]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 28th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Tara Durant]] | votes =16378 | percentage =51.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Joshua G. Cole]] (incumbent) | votes =15731 | percentage =48.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =39 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =32148 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Joshua G. Cole]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 29=== Incumbent Republican [[Bill Wiley]] was first elected in a 2020 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 29th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Bill Wiley]] (incumbent) | votes =22843 | percentage =66.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Delmara Bayliss | votes =11458 | percentage =33.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =41 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34342 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 30=== Incumbent Republican [[Nick Freitas]] was first elected in 2015. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 30th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Nick Freitas]] (incumbent) | votes =23537 | percentage =65.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Annette Hyde | votes =12392 | percentage =34.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =50 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35979 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 31=== Incumbent Democrat [[Elizabeth Guzmán]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(031).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615150036/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(031).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Elizabeth Guzmán]] (incumbent) | votes = 3178 | percentage = 53.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Rod Hall | votes = 2106 | percentage = 35.6 }} {{election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Idris O'Connor | votes = 352 | percentage = 6.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Kara Pitek | votes = 274 | percentage = 4.6 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 5910 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 31st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Elizabeth Guzmán]] (incumbent) | votes =18384 | percentage =52.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Ben Baldwin | votes =16888 | percentage =47.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =54 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35326 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Elizabeth Guzmán]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 32=== Incumbent Democrat [[David A. Reid]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 32nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[David A. Reid]] (incumbent) | votes =23839 | percentage =57.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Scott Pio | votes =16385 | percentage =39.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Independent (United States) | candidate = Nicholas Allegro | votes =886 | percentage =2.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =68 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =41178 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 33=== Incumbent Republican [[Dave LaRock]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 33rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Dave LaRock]] (incumbent) | votes =25188 | percentage =58.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Paul Siker | votes =18049 | percentage =41.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =54 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =43291 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 34=== Incumbent Democrat [[Kathleen Murphy (politician)|Kathleen Murphy]] was first elected in a 2015 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(034).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063754/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(034).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kathleen Murphy (politician)|Kathleen Murphy]] (incumbent) | votes = 5136 | percentage = 74.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Jennifer Adeli | votes = 1760 | percentage = 25.5 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 6896 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 34th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kathleen Murphy (politician)|Kathleen Murphy]] (incumbent) | votes =23093 | percentage =57.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Gary Pan | votes =17327 | percentage =42.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =46 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =40466 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 35=== Incumbent Democrat [[Mark Keam]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 35th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Mark Keam]] (incumbent) | votes =24226 | percentage =68.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Kevin McGrath | votes =10975 | percentage =31.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =49 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35250 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 36=== Incumbent Democrat [[Kenneth R. Plum]] was first elected in 1981. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(036).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kenneth R. Plum]] (incumbent) | votes = 6074 | percentage = 77.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Mary Barthelson | votes = 1777 | percentage = 22.6 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 7851 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 36th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kenneth R. Plum]] (incumbent) | votes =26189 | percentage =71.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Matthew Lang | votes =10287 | percentage =28.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =69 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =36545 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 37=== Incumbent Democrat [[David Bulova]] was first elected in 2005. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 37th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[David Bulova]] (incumbent) | votes =18750 | percentage =66.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Kenny Meteiver | votes =9291 | percentage =33.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =47 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =28088 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 38=== Incumbent Democrat [[Kaye Kory]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(038).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kaye Kory]] (incumbent) | votes = 3428 | percentage = 61.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Holly Hazard | votes = 2150 | percentage = 38.5 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 5578 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 38th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kaye Kory]] (incumbent) | votes =16853 | percentage =68.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tom Pafford | votes =7544 | percentage =30.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =80 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =24477 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 39=== Incumbent Democrat [[Vivian Watts]] was first elected in 1995. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 39th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Vivian Watts]] (incumbent) | votes =20712 | percentage =66.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Maureen Brody | votes =10382 | percentage =33.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =77 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =31171 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 40=== Incumbent Democrat [[Dan Helmer]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 40th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Dan Helmer]] (incumbent) | votes =20201 | percentage =52.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Harold Pyon | votes =18133 | percentage =47.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =37 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =38371 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Dan Helmer]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 41=== Incumbent Democrat and Speaker of the House [[Eileen Filler-Corn]] was first elected in a 2010 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 41st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Eileen Filler-Corn]] (incumbent) | votes =23201 | percentage =65.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = John M. Wolfe | votes =12346 | percentage =34.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =71 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35618 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Eileen Filler-Corn]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 42=== Incumbent Democrat [[Kathy Tran]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 42nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Kathy Tran]] (incumbent) | votes =21374 | percentage =60.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Ed McGovern | votes =14186 | percentage =39.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =56 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35616 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 43=== Incumbent Democrat [[Mark Sickles]] was first elected in 2003. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 43rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Mark Sickles]] (incumbent) | votes =22447 | percentage =70.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Brenton Hammond | votes =9502 | percentage =29.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =40 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =31989 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 44=== Incumbent Democrat [[Paul Krizek]] was first elected in 2015. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 44th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Paul Krizek]] (incumbent) | votes =18262 | percentage =67.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Richard Hayden | votes =8661 | percentage =32.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =37 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =26960 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 45=== Incumbent Democrat [[Mark Levine (Virginia politician)|Mark Levine]] was first elected in 2015. He lost renomination. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(045).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063749/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(045).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Elizabeth Bennett-Parker | votes = 9310 | percentage = 59.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Mark Levine (Virginia politician)|Mark Levine]] (incumbent) | votes = 6402 | percentage = 40.8 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 15712 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 45th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Elizabeth Bennett-Parker | votes =31310 | percentage =73.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = JD Maddox | votes =11069 | percentage =26.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =117 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =42496 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 46=== Incumbent Democrat and House Majority Leader [[Charniele Herring]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 46th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Charniele Herring]] (incumbent) | votes =20445 | percentage =92.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =1,740 | percentage =7.8 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =22185 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 47=== Incumbent Democrat [[Patrick Hope]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 47th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Patrick Hope]] (incumbent) | votes =31078 | percentage =78.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Laura Hall | votes =8549 | percentage =21.5 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =112 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =39739 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 48=== Incumbent Democrat [[Rip Sullivan]] was first elected in a 2014 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 48th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Rip Sullivan]] (incumbent) | votes =28545 | percentage =72.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Ed Monroe | votes =10937 | percentage =27.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =95 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =39577 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 49=== Incumbent Democrat and House Majority Whip [[Alfonso H. Lopez]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(049).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063749/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(049).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Alfonso H. Lopez]] (incumbent) | votes = 4819 | percentage = 70.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Karishma Mehta | votes = 2015 | percentage = 29.5 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 6834 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 49th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Alfonso H. Lopez]] (incumbent) | votes =19799 | percentage =76.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Timothy Kilcullen | votes =5013 | percentage =19.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Independent (United States) | candidate = Terry Modglin | votes =1004 | percentage =3.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =52 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =25868 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 50=== Incumbent Democrat [[Lee J. Carter]] was first elected in 2017. He lost renomination. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(050).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615152739/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(050).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Michelle Maldonado | votes = 1548 | percentage = 44.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Lee J. Carter]] (incumbent) | votes = 1348 | percentage = 38.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Helen Zurita | votes = 617 | percentage = 17.6 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 3513 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican firehouse primary results<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Palermo|first1=Jill|title=Bristow dentist Dr. Steve Pleickhardt wins GOP 'firehouse primary' for 50th District House seat|url=https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/bristow-dentist-dr-steve-pleickhardt-wins-gop-firehouse-primary-for-50th-district-house-seat/article_3ad8429c-aac1-11eb-860a-833d8d5ceb90.html|date=May 3, 2021|access-date=June 3, 2021|website=[[Prince William Times]]}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Steve Pleickhardt | votes = 266 | percentage = 61.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mike Allers Jr. | votes = 169 | percentage = 38.9 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 435 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 50th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Michelle Maldonado | votes =14426 | percentage =54.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Steve Pleickhardt | votes =11893 | percentage =45.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =52 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =26371 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = Michelle Maldonado | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 51=== Incumbent Democrat [[Hala Ayala]] was first elected in 2017. She is retiring to run for [[2021 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election|lieutenant governor]].<ref name="Ayala" /> {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Republican Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Locality/PRINCE_WILLIAM_COUNTY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(051).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615170929/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Locality/PRINCE_WILLIAM_COUNTY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(051).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tim Cox | votes = 1270 | percentage = 76.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Jeff Dove | votes = 388 | percentage = 23.4 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 1658 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 51st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Briana Sewell]] | votes =19038 | percentage =53.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tim Cox | votes =16566 | percentage =46.5 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =43 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35647 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = Briana Sewell | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 52=== Incumbent Democrat [[Luke Torian]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 52nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Luke Torian]] (incumbent) | votes =15196 | percentage =70.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Maria Martin | votes =6457 | percentage =29.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =42 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =21695 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 53=== Incumbent Democrat [[Marcus Simon]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 53rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Marcus Simon]] (incumbent) | votes =22741 | percentage =72.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Sarah White | votes =8806 | percentage =27.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =57 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =31604 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 54=== Incumbent Republican [[Bobby Orrock]] was first elected in 1989. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 54th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Bobby Orrock]] (incumbent) | votes =21231 | percentage =60.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Eric Butterworth | votes =13616 | percentage =39.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =42 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34889 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 55=== Incumbent Republican [[Buddy Fowler]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 55th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Buddy Fowler]] (incumbent) | votes =27246 | percentage =63.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Rachel Levy | votes =15400 | percentage =36.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =51 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =42697 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 56=== Incumbent Republican [[John McGuire (Virginia politician)|John McGuire]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 56th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[John McGuire (Virginia politician)|John McGuire]] (incumbent) | votes =27706 | percentage =61.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Blakely Lockhart | votes =17187 | percentage =38.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =65 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =44958 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 57=== Incumbent Democrat [[Sally L. Hudson]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 57th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Sally L. Hudson]] (incumbent) | votes =25227 | percentage =78.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Philip Hamilton | votes =6847 | percentage =21.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =73 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =32147 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 58=== Incumbent Republican [[Rob Bell (Virginia politician)|Rob Bell]] was first elected in 2001. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 58th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Rob Bell (Virginia politician)|Rob Bell]] (incumbent) | votes =25835 | percentage =63.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Sara Ratcliffe | votes =14999 | percentage =36.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =36 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =40870 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 59=== Incumbent Republican [[Matt Fariss]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 59th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Matt Fariss]] (incumbent) | votes =22891 | percentage =64.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Ben Moses | votes =11421 | percentage =32.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Independent (United States) | candidate = Louis Scicli | votes =1105 | percentage =3.1 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =41 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =35458 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 60=== Incumbent Republican [[James E. Edmunds]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 60th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[James E. Edmunds]] (incumbent) | votes =21128 | percentage =95.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =1120 | percentage =5.0 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =22248 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 61=== Incumbent Republican [[Thomas C. Wright]] was first elected in a 2000 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 61st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Thomas C. Wright]] (incumbent) | votes =20976 | percentage =67.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Trudy Berry | votes =9418 | percentage =30.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Libertarian Party (United States) | candidate = Joe Paschal | votes =675 | percentage =2.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =20 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =31089 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 62=== Incumbent Republican [[Carrie Coyner]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 62nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Carrie Coyner]] (incumbent) | votes =16679 | percentage =56.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Jasmine Gore | votes =12830 | percentage =43.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =69 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =29578 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 63=== Incumbent Democrat [[Lashrecse Aird]] was first elected in 2015. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 63rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Kim Taylor (politician)|Kim Taylor]] | votes =16813 | percentage =50.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Lashrecse Aird]] (incumbent) | votes =16301 | percentage =49.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =45 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =33159 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Lashrecse Aird]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Aird |first=Lashrecse |author-link=Lashrecse Aird |user=delegateaird |number=1451908620543725572 |date=October 23, 2021 |title=🔥I cannot believe🔥 I have @barackobama alongside me in our fight to win this re-election! I’m incredibly proud to have his endorsement and to finish strong! Too much is on the line, let’s do this! Vote #TeamAird now or Nov. 2nd! https://t.co/x0nUb42qme |language=en |access-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023152731/https://twitter.com/delegateaird/status/1451908620543725572 |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ===District 64=== Incumbent Republican [[Emily Brewer]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 64th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Emily Brewer]] (incumbent) | votes =24903 | percentage =65.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Michael Drewry | votes =13398 | percentage =34.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =40 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =38341 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 65=== Incumbent Republican [[Lee Ware]] was first elected in a 1998 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 65th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Lee Ware]] (incumbent) | votes =33621 | percentage =66.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party of Virginia | candidate = Caitlin Coakley | votes =17235 | percentage =33.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =75 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =50931 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 66=== Incumbent Republican [[Kirk Cox]] was first elected in 1989. He is retiring to run for [[2021 Virginia gubernatorial election|governor]].<ref name="Cox" /> {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(066).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063759/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(066).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Katie Sponsler | votes = 2823 | percentage = 59.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Linnard K. Harris, Sr. | votes = 1902 | percentage = 40.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 4725 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 66th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mike Cherry | votes =16833 | percentage =52.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Katie Sponsler | votes =15254 | percentage =47.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =87 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =32174 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 67=== Incumbent Democrat [[Karrie Delaney]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 67th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Karrie Delaney]] (incumbent) | votes =21111 | percentage =60.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Bob Frizzelle | votes =13649 | percentage =39.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =44 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34804 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 68=== Incumbent Democrat [[Dawn Adams]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(068).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611210219/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(068).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Dawn Adams]] (incumbent) | votes = 5112 | percentage = 61.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Kyle Elliott | votes = 3201 | percentage = 38.51 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 8313 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Republican Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(068).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063752/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(068).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mark Earley Jr. | votes = 2034 | percentage = 91.42 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mike Dickinson | votes = 191 | percentage = 8.58 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 2225 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 68th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Dawn Adams]] (incumbent) | votes =24624 | percentage =53.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mark Earley Jr. | votes =21693 | percentage =46.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =54 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =46371 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 69=== Incumbent Democrat [[Betsy B. Carr]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 69th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Betsy B. Carr]] (incumbent) | votes =21470 | percentage =85.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Sheila Furey | votes =3690 | percentage =14.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =34 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =25194 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 70=== Incumbent Democrat [[Delores McQuinn]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 70th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Delores McQuinn]] (incumbent) | votes =21764 | percentage =71.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Independent (United States) | candidate = Dave Vaught | votes =8435 | percentage =27.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =230 | percentage =0.8 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =30429 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 71=== Incumbent Democrat [[Jeff Bourne (politician)|Jeff Bourne]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Locality/RICHMOND_CITY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(071).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063800/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Locality/RICHMOND_CITY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(071).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Jeff Bourne (politician)|Jeff Bourne]] (incumbent) | votes = 5751 | percentage = 69.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Richard Walker | votes = 2554 | percentage = 30.75 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 8305 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 71st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Jeff Bourne (politician)|Jeff Bourne]] (incumbent) | votes =25587 | percentage =85.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Nancye Hunter | votes =4241 | percentage =14.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =70 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =29898 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 72=== Incumbent Democrat [[Schuyler VanValkenburg]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Republican Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Locality/HENRICO_COUNTY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(072).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063751/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Locality/HENRICO_COUNTY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(072).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Christopher Holmes | votes = 1069 | percentage = 70.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tom Gardner | votes = 449 | percentage = 29.6 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 1518 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 72nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Schuyler VanValkenburg]] (incumbent) | votes =19710 | percentage =53.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Christopher Holmes | votes =17427 | percentage =46.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =63 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =37200 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Schuyler VanValkenburg]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 73=== Incumbent Democrat [[Rodney Willett]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 73rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Rodney Willett]] (incumbent) | votes =17972 | percentage =52.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Mary Margaret Kastelberg | votes =16248 | percentage =47.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =45 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34265 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Rodney Willett]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 74=== Incumbent Democrat [[Lamont Bagby]] was first elected in 2015. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(074).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063804/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(074).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Lamont Bagby]] (incumbent) | votes = 7894 | percentage = 91.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = John Dantzler | votes = 743 | percentage = 8.6 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 8637 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 74th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Lamont Bagby]] (incumbent) | votes =22913 | percentage =72.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Jimmy Brooks | votes =8539 | percentage =27.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =113 | percentage =0.4 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =31565 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 75=== Incumbent Democrat [[Roslyn Tyler]] was first elected in 2005. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 75th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Otto Wachsmann]] | votes =14487 | percentage =52.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Roslyn Tyler]] (incumbent) | votes =13061 | percentage =47.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =37 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =27585 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 76=== Incumbent Democrat [[Clinton Jenkins]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 76th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Clinton Jenkins]] (incumbent) | votes =18353 | percentage =53.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Michael Dillender | votes =15123 | percentage =44.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Independent (United States) | candidate = Craig Warren | votes =885 | percentage =2.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =52 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34413 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 77=== Incumbent Democrat [[Cliff Hayes Jr.]] was first elected in a 2016 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 77th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Cliff Hayes Jr.]] (incumbent) | votes =16135 | percentage =61.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Geoffrey Burke | votes =10201 | percentage =38.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =82 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =26418 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 78=== Incumbent Republican [[Jay Leftwich]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 78th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Jay Leftwich]] (incumbent) | votes =24907 | percentage =66.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Melanie Cornelisse | votes =12788 | percentage =33.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =66 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =37761 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 79=== Incumbent Democrat [[Steve Heretick]] was first elected in 2015. He lost renomination. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(079).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063756/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(079).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Nadarius Clark]] | votes = 2033 | percentage = 45.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Steve Heretick]] (incumbent) | votes = 1883 | percentage = 42.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Dante Walston | votes = 530 | percentage = 11.92 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 4446 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 79th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Nadarius Clark]] | votes =10647 | percentage =56.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Lawrence Mason | votes =8283 | percentage =43.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =63 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =18993 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 80=== Incumbent Democrat [[Don Scott (Virginia politician)|Don Scott]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 80th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Don Scott (Virginia politician)|Don Scott]] (incumbent) | votes =15703 | percentage =66.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Deanna Stanton | votes =8012 | percentage =33.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =51 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =23766 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 81=== Incumbent Republican [[Barry Knight (politician)|Barry Knight]] was first elected in 2009. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 81st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Barry Knight (politician)|Barry Knight]] (incumbent) | votes =17271 | percentage =57.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Jeffrey Feld | votes =12503 | percentage =41.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =161 | percentage =0.5 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =29935 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 82=== Incumbent Republican [[Jason Miyares]] was first elected in 2015. He is retiring to run for [[2021 Virginia Attorney General election|attorney general]].<ref name="Miyares" /> {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican firehouse primary results<ref>{{cite web|last1=Coutu|first1=Peter|title=Anne Ferrell Tata wins Republican nomination for 82nd district|url=https://news.yahoo.com/anne-ferrell-tata-wins-republican-212400897.html|date=June 5, 2021|access-date=June 5, 2021}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Anne Ferrell Tata]] | votes = 927 | percentage = 60.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Kathy Owens | votes = 598 | percentage = 39.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 1525 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 82nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Anne Ferrell Tata]] | votes =20768 | percentage =59.3 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Scott Flax | votes =14196 | percentage =40.6 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =29 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =34993 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 83=== Incumbent Democrat [[Nancy Guy]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Republican Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(083).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063746/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Republican%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(083).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tim Anderson | votes = 1477 | percentage = 48.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Chris Stolle]] | votes = 1449 | percentage = 47.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Phil Kazmierczak | votes = 146 | percentage = 4.8 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 3072 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 83rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Tim Anderson | votes =14456 | percentage =51.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Nancy Guy]] (incumbent) | votes =13793 | percentage =48.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =35 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =28284 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Nancy Guy]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 84=== Incumbent Republican [[Glenn Davis (politician)|Glenn Davis]] was first elected in 2013. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Locality/VIRGINIA_BEACH_CITY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(084).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611210218/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Locality/VIRGINIA_BEACH_CITY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(084).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Kim Melnyk | votes = 1876 | percentage = 52.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Tracie Liguid | votes = 1691 | percentage = 47.4 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 3567 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 84th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Glenn Davis (politician)|Glenn Davis]] (incumbent) | votes =15400 | percentage =55.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Kim Melnyk | votes =12232 | percentage =44.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =53 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =27685 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = Kim Melnyk | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 85=== Incumbent Democrat [[Alex Askew]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 85th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Karen Greenhalgh | votes =14270 | percentage =50.2 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Alex Askew]] (incumbent) | votes =14143 | percentage =49.7 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =29 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =28442 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Alex Askew]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 86=== Incumbent Democrat [[Ibraheem Samirah]] was first elected in 2019. He lost renomination to [[Irene Shin]], who was elected with 65.4% of the vote. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref name="VAsosg" /> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Irene Shin]] | votes = 3415 | percentage = 51.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Ibraheem Samirah]] (incumbent) | votes = 3185 | percentage = 48.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 6600 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 86th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(086).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063745/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(086).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Irene Shin]] | votes =19296 | percentage =65.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Julie Perry | votes =10116 | percentage =34.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =90 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =29502 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 87=== Incumbent Democrat [[Suhas Subramanyam]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 87th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Suhas Subramanyam]] (incumbent) | votes =24348 | percentage =58.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Greg Moulthrop | votes =17273 | percentage =41.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =56 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =41677 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 88=== Incumbent Republican [[Mark Cole (politician)|Mark Cole]] was first elected in 2001. He is retiring.<ref name="Cole" /> {{Election box begin no change |title = Republican firehouse primary results<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shenk|first1=Scott|title=Republicans choose 88th District candidate|url=https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/republicans-choose-88th-district-candidate/article_b1fa0d9b-5a63-54b7-a681-13a59cfee548.html#tracking-source=home-top-story-1|date=April 24, 2021|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=The Free Lance-Star}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Phillip Scott | votes = 614 | percentage = 45.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Rich Breeden | votes = 536 | percentage = 40.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Holly Hazard | votes = 187 | percentage = 14.0 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 1337 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 88th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Phillip Scott | votes =22747 | percentage =57.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Kecia Evans | votes =16158 | percentage =40.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Libertarian Party (United States) | candidate = Tim Lewis | votes =723 | percentage =1.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =32 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =39660 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 89=== Incumbent Democrat [[Jay Jones (politician)|Jay Jones]] was first elected in 2017. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Locality/NORFOLK_CITY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(089).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063805/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Locality/NORFOLK_CITY/Member_House_of_Delegates_(089).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Jay Jones (politician)|Jay Jones]] (incumbent) | votes = 4607 | percentage = 78.1 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Hannah Kinder | votes = 1293 | percentage = 21.9 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 5900 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 89th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Jay Jones (politician)|Jay Jones]] (incumbent) | votes =17450 | percentage =79.8 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Hahns Copeland | votes =4340 | percentage =19.9 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =63 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =21853 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 90=== Incumbent Democrat [[Angelia Williams Graves]] was first elected in a 2021 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 90th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Angelia Williams Graves]] (incumbent) | votes =14295 | percentage =64.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Sylvia Bryant | votes =7831 | percentage =35.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =52 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =22178 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 91=== Incumbent Democrat [[Martha Mugler]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 91st House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = A.C. Cordoza | votes =13741 | percentage =49.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Martha Mugler]] (incumbent) | votes =13647 | percentage =49.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Libertarian Party (United States) | candidate = Charles West | votes =417 | percentage =1.5 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =31 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =27836 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box gain with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party | loser = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Martha Mugler]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 92=== Incumbent Democrat [[Jeion Ward]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 92nd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Jeion Ward]] (incumbent) | votes =19235 | percentage =73.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Benjamin Siff | votes =6787 | percentage =26.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =64 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =26086 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 93=== Incumbent Democrat [[Michael P. Mullin]] was first elected in a 2016 special election. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 93rd House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Michael P. Mullin]] (incumbent) | votes =17048 | percentage =51.6 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Jordan Gray | votes =15968 | percentage =48.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =40 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =33056 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Michael P. Mullin]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 94=== Incumbent Democrat [[Shelly Simonds]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 94th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Shelly Simonds]] (incumbent) | votes =13725 | percentage =56.0 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = Russ Harper | votes =10734 | percentage =43.8 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =54 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =24513 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = [[Shelly Simonds]] | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} ===District 95=== Incumbent Democrat [[Marcia Price]] was first elected in 2015. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 95th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = [[Marcia Price]] (incumbent) | votes =13633 | percentage =63.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = David Wilson | votes =7789 | percentage =36.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =48 | percentage =0.2 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =21470 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Democratic Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 96=== Incumbent Republican [[Amanda Batten]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 96th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Amanda Batten]] (incumbent) | votes =25431 | percentage =55.7 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Mark Downey | votes =20146 | percentage =44.2 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =52 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =45629 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 97=== Incumbent Republican [[Scott Wyatt (politician)|Scott Wyatt]] was first elected in 2019. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 97th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Scott Wyatt (politician)|Scott Wyatt]] (incumbent) | votes =33994 | percentage =72.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Stan Scott | votes =12819 | percentage =27.3 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =147 | percentage =0.3 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =46960 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 98=== Incumbent Republican [[Keith Hodges]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 98th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Keith Hodges]] (incumbent) | votes =27056 | percentage =71.9 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Ella Webster | votes =10520 | percentage =28.0 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =45 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =37621 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 99=== Incumbent Republican [[Margaret Ransone]] was first elected in 2011. {{Election box begin no change |title = Democratic primary results<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 June Democratic Primary|url=https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(099).html|website=Virginia Department of Elections|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063805/https://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2021%20June%20Democratic%20Primary/Site/Member_House_of_Delegates_(099).html|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Linwood Blizzard | votes = 2714 | percentage = 73.29 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Jolicia Ward | votes = 667 | percentage = 18.01 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Zach Filtz | votes = 322 | percentage = 8.7 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 3703 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 99th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Margaret Ransone]] (incumbent) | votes =23780 | percentage =65.4 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Linwood Blizzard | votes =12558 | percentage =34.5 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =35 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =36373 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} ===District 100=== Incumbent Republican [[Robert Bloxom Jr.]] was first elected in 2014. {{Election box begin no change |title = Virginia's 100th House of Delegates district, 2021<ref name="VAsosg"/> }} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Republican Party | candidate = [[Robert Bloxom Jr.]] (incumbent) | votes =15408 | percentage =56.5 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Virginia Democratic Party | candidate = Finale Norton | votes =11829 | percentage =43.4 }} {{Election box write-in with party link no change | votes =35 | percentage =0.1 }} {{Election box total no change | votes =27272 | percentage = 100.0 }} {{Election box hold with party link no change | winner = Virginia Republican Party }} {{Election box end}} {{Endorsements box | title = Finale Norton | list = * [[Barack Obama]], 44th [[President of the United States]] (2009–2017), United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] from Illinois (2005–2008)<ref name="merged1"/> }} == Related pages == * [[2021 Virginia gubernatorial election]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:2021 elections in the United States]] [[Category:Virginia elections]] [[Category:November 2021 events]] f5ingm7l3o92a9z1d0pudo1gafdg4wr 10 863124 10331263 10328611 2025-06-15T01:33:15Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=87277 |ed=92833 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'''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 03:09, 15 June 2025 (UTC) luxlnkn8f9r0ul004fncqjw9k22st5f 3 863765 10330727 9673704 2025-06-14T19:40:34Z Shariful Islam (Engineer) 1628072 10330727 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Darubrub|Darubrub]] ([[User talk:Darubrub|Let me know]]) 00:48, 15 August 2021 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Fixing26|Fixing26]] ([[User talk:Fixing26|talk]]) 18:18, 15 August 2021 (UTC) == August 2021 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|left]] Please do not remove [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]] tags from articles{{#if:User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)|, as you did to "[[:User:Shariful Islam Naik (CEO)]]",}} without a good reason. If you think the article should not be deleted, please add {{tl|wait}} to the article and explain your reason on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk page]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:Uw-qd --> [[User:Fixing26|Fixing26]] ([[User talk:Fixing26|talk]]) 18:22, 15 August 2021 (UTC) lqde1d18dv6j38tv0hr8fq5m5dprj9g 0 865501 10331513 9238824 2025-06-15T05:48:24Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book|<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> | name = The Unlimited Dream Company | title_orig = | translator = | image = | caption = Cover of first edition (hardcover) | author = [[J. G. Ballard]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = United Kingdom | language = English | series = | genre = [[Surrealism]], [[Postmodernism]], [[Science fiction]] | publisher = [[Jonathan Cape]] | release_date = 1979 | english_release_date = | media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] & [[Paperback]]) | pages = 223 | isbn = 0-09-976941-7 | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''The Unlimited Dream Company''''' is a novel written by  [[J. G. Ballard]], It was published in 1979. The novel was selected for the John W. Campbell Memorial Award in 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jg-ballard/unlimited-dream-company/|title=THE UNLIMITED DREAM COMPANY {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Summary of J. G. Ballard's Novel The Unlimited Dream Company|url=https://literariness.org/tag/summary-of-j-g-ballards-novel-the-unlimited-dream-company/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=Literary Theory and Criticism|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JG Ballard: five years on – a celebration {{!}} JG Ballard {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/04/jg-ballard-celebration-five-years-writers-books-reissued|access-date=2021-08-22|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Unlimited Dream Company, The}} [[Category:1979 books]] [[Category:British novels]] {{lit-stub}} 5uxdf7pea7xraox0jr28pv4z8jdc5lm 0 866568 10331487 9654106 2025-06-15T05:37:25Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Giovanna Fletcher | image = Giovanna Fletcher 20171207 04.jpg | caption = Fletcher in 2017 | birth_name = Giovanna Falcone | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|1|29|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Essex]], England | occupation = {{Hlist|Author|presenter|actress|blogger|vlogger}} | spouse = [[Tom Fletcher]] | children = 3 | relatives = {{Plainlist| * [[Mario Falcone]] (brother) * [[Carrie Hope Fletcher]] (sister-in-law) }} | website = {{url|giovannasworld.com}} }} '''Giovanna Fletcher''' ([[Birth name|née]] '''Falcone''', born 29 January 1985) is an English author, actress, blogger, vlogger and presenter. Since 2019, she has presented the [[CBeebies]] series ''The Baby Club''. She won series 20 of [[I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-04|title=I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! crowns its 2020 winner beating Jordan North and Vernon Kay|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-55190364|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref> == Early life == Falcone was born in [[Essex]] on 29 January 1985 to an Italian father, Mario, and Argentine mother, Kim Falcone. She has two siblings: Giorgina and Mario Falcone.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Who is I'm A Celebrity's Giovanna Fletcher? Age, career and children revealed|work=[[Heart (radio network)|Heart]]|url=https://www.heart.co.uk/showbiz/celebrities/giovanna-fletcher-age-career-children/|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826105519/https://amp.heart.co.uk/showbiz/celebrities/giovanna-fletcher-age-career-children/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She went the performing arts school Sylvia Young Theatre School in London, as well the Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance.<ref name="celebsnow.co.uk">{{Cite web|last=Francis|first=Anna|date=14 November 2014|title=Tom and Giovanna Fletcher: A love story in pictures|url=http://www.celebsnow.co.uk/celebrity-pictures/celebrity-love-stories/tom-and-giovanna-fletcher-a-love-story-in-pictures-85894|access-date=25 February 2017|website=CelebsNow.co.uk}}</ref> == Career == === Podcast === Fletcher is the host of [[parenting]] [[Podcasting|podcast]] ''Happy Mum, Happy Baby''. The podcast gained national attention when [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge|Kate Middleton]] came to talk about her own [[wikt:experience|experiences]] with [[Mother|motherhood]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prince William Encouraged Kate Middleton Behind the Scenes Before Candid Podcast: 'Don't Worry'|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-happy-mum-happy-baby-podcast-details/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kate Middleton recalls special moments from childhood in parenting interview|url=https://www.today.com/parents/kate-middleton-talks-motherhood-happy-mum-happy-baby-podcast-t174008}}</ref> == Bibliography == * Fletcher, Giovanna (2013). ''Billy and Me''. (Billy and Me Series Book #1) London: Penguin. {{ISBN|1250077125}} * Fletcher, Giovanna (2014). ''You're the One That I Want''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|1405909978}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1405909978|1405909978]] * Fletcher, Giovanna (2014). ''Christmas With Billy and Me''. (Billy and Me Series Book #1.5) London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9780718180454}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780718180454|9780718180454]] * Fletcher, Giovanna (2015). ''Dream a Little Dream'' (Dream a Little Dream Series Book #1). London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9781405925877}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781405925877|9781405925877]] * Fletcher, Giovanna (2015). ''Dream a Little Christmas Dream'' (Dream a Little Dream Series Book #1.5). London: Penguin. {{ISBN|1405919167}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1405919167|1405919167]] * Fletcher, Giovanna (2016). ''Always With Love''. (Billy and Me Series Book #2) London: Penguin. {{ISBN|1405919183}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1405919183|1405919183]] * Fletcher, Giovanna (2017). ''Happy Mum, Happy Baby: My Adventures in Motherhood''. London: Coronet. {{ISBN|1473651204}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1473651204|1473651204]] * Fletcher, Giovanna (2017). ''Some Kind of Wonderful''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9781405924863}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781405924863|9781405924863]] * Fletcher, Giovanna and Tom (2018). ''Eve of Man (Book 1)''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9780718186340}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780718186340|9780718186340]] * Fletcher, Giovanna and Tom (2019). ''Eve of Man (Book 2)''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9780718184148}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780718184148|9780718184148]] * Fletcher, Giovanna. (2020). ''Letters on Motherhood''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9780241481097}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780241481097|9780241481097]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fletcher, Giovanna}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British YouTubers]] [[Category:British novelists]] 3zlfsj3h65nux07rseyjrwry3xj0z41 0 866700 10331222 10094277 2025-06-15T01:17:08Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angom Gopi''', also known as '''Angom Chaopa''' (1710-1780), was an Indian [[Meitei people|Meitei]] writer and a court scholar of Emperor Garib Niwaj Pamheiba of [[Medieval Manipur]]. He is best known for introducing "Hindu literature" (especially [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literary works) into [[Meitei literature]] ([[Manipuri literature]]).<ref name="A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 - Sujit Mukherjee - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=Angom+Gopi&pg=PA21|title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|language=en}}</ref> He was one of the best translators during his time. He transcribed the [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]] secretly before the occurrence of the [[Puya Mei Thaba]]. Regarding his contributions to Hindu Manipuri literature, he translated the [[Mahabharata]] written by Gangadas Sen in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and the [[Ramayana]] written by Kritibas in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] into [[Manipuri language]] ([[Meetei language]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=Angom+Gopi&pg=PA103|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|last=Sana|first=Raj Kumar Somorjit|date=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name="A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 - Sujit Mukherjee - Google Books" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=Angom+Gopi&pg=PA324|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJbXAAAAMAAJ&q=Angom+Gopi|title=Follow the Notes of the Flute: A Chaitanya Quinquennial Birth Centenary Commemoration Volume|last=Miśra|first=Vidyānivāsa|date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs4BAAAAMAAJ&q=Angom+Gopi|title=Manipur and the Mainstream|last=Singh|first=N. Tombi|date=1975|publisher=Chitrebirentombichand Khorjeirup|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Angom+Gopi|title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1998|publisher=Parimal Publications|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9gYAAAAYAAJ&q=Angom+Gopi|title=Genesis and Evolution of the Rāma Kathā in Indian Art, Thought, Literature, and Culture: From the Earliest Period to the Modern Times|last=Nagar|first=Shanti Lal|date=1999|publisher=B.R. Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7646-083-5|language=en}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCMqAAAAYAAJ&q=Angom+Gopi|title=Rāmāyaṇa in the North-East India: Proceedings of the National Seminar Organised by Bharatiya Itihāsa Sankalana Samiti, Silchar|last=Ghosh|first=Sujit K.|date=2002|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7646-107-8|language=en}} [[Category:Meitei people]] qj1rcn8qqb0wyzq2gl1p804bsj14l9q 0 870876 10331530 10244884 2025-06-15T06:18:25Z Jon Gua 1375466 /* Francis */ 10331530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Catholic Church sidebar}} The '''history of the Catholic Church''' is the formation, events, and change of the [[Catholic Church]] through time. The Catholic Church began with [[Jesus Christ]] and his teachings. It is a continuation of the early Christian community established by the Disciples of Jesus. The Church believes its [[bishop]]s to be the successors to Jesus's apostles and the Church's leader, the Bishop of Rome (also known as the [[Pope]]), to be the only successor to [[Saint Peter]] who ministered in Rome in the first century AD after his appointment by Jesus as head of the Church. Christianity spread throughout the early [[Roman Empire]], with all persecutions due to conflicts with the pagan state religion. In 313, the persecutions were lessened by the [[Edict of Milan]] with the legalization of Christianity by the Emperor [[Constantine I]]. In 380, under Emperor [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]], Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the [[Edict of Thessalonica]]. The battles of Toulouse preserved the Christian west against the Umayyad Muslim army, even though Rome itself was destroyed in 850, and Constantinople attacked. In the 11th century, already difficult relations between the mostly Greek church in the East, and the Latin church in the West, developed into the East-West [[Schism (religion)|Schism]], partially due to conflicts over the Pope's authority. Before and during the 16th century, the Church started a process of reform and renewal. Reform during the 16th century is known as the [[Counter-Reformation]]. In later centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world even though it experienced a reduction of European believers due to the growth of Protestantism and also because of religious doubt and distrust during and after the [[Enlightenment]]. The [[Second Vatican Council]] in the 1960s introduced the most big changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent four centuries before. == Church beginnings == === Origins === === Early organization === According to Catholic tradition, the Catholic Church was founded by Jesus Christ. The New Testament narrates about Jesus' activities, teaching, his appointment of the twelve Apostles, and his instructions to them to continue his work. The Catholic Church teaches that Pentocost signaled the beginning of the public ministry of the Church. In this event, the Holy Spirit came upon the apostles. According to the Catholic Church, Christ desginated Peter as the "rock" upon which he would build his church. Catholics hold that Saint Peter was Rome's first bishop. He started the unbroken line which includes the current pontiff, Pope Leo XIV. That is, the Catholic Church maintains the apostolic succession of the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, who is the successor to Saint Peter. Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's network of roads and waterways allowed easier travel. Also, the Pax Romana made it safe to travel from one region to another. The government had encouraged inhabitants to learn Greek. Having a common language allowed ideas to be more easily expressed. Jesus's apostles gained converts in Jewish communities around the Mediterranean Sea. They established over 40 Christian communities by 100. Although most of these were in the Roman Empire, notable Christian communities were also established in Armenia, Iran and along the Indian Malabar Coast. The new religion was most successful in urban areas and it spread first among slaves and people of low social standing, and then among [[Aristocrat|aristocratic]] women. At first, Christians continued to worship alongside Jewish believers. However, twenty years after Jesus's death, Sunday was being regarded as the primary day of worship. Christianity established itself as a separate religion when preachers such as Paul of Tarsus began converting Gentiles . To solve doctrinal differences, around year 50 the apostles gathered in the first Church council, the Council of Jerusalem. This council affirmed that Gentiles could become Christians without adopting all of the Mosaic Law. The early Christian Church was not very organized. This resulted in diverse interpretations of Christian beliefs. To have more consistency, by the end of the 2nd century Christian communities had developed a more structured hierarchy. The organization of the Church began to mimic that of the Empire. The churches in Antioch, Alexandria, and Rome were the most important. To solve problems about doctrine or policy, bishops often congregated in regional synods. This happened from the beginning of the 2nd century. By the 3rd century, the bishop of Rome began to be asked about problems that other bishops could not resolve. Influential theologians, named Church Fathers, refined the doctrine. From the year 100, some teachers such as Ignatius of Antioch and Irenaeus defined Catholic teaching. This was done by opposing them to opposed them to Gnosticism. Theological apologists consolidated teachings and traditions. Among them we can find Pope Clement I and Augustine of Hippo. === Persecutions === Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods. This was adopted from Judaism and was different from most religions in the Roman Empire. As Christians refuse to join pagan celebrations, they weren't able to take part in much of public life. This caused non-Christians to fear that Christians were angering the gods (this meant a threat to the peace and prosperity of the Empire). Due to its secrecy, Christians were accused of practising incest and cannibalism. In the 3rd century, Christians were persecuted by order of the emperors. They hold them responsible for the Empire's crises. All residents were ordered to give sacrifices or be punished. Jews were exempted as long as they paid the Jewish Tax. Estimates of the number of Christians who were executed ranges from a few hundred to 50,000. Many fled or renounced their beliefs. In spite of these persecutions, evangelization efforts persisted. This led to the Edict of Milan which legalized Christianity in 313. By 380, Christianity had become the state religion of the Roman Empire. == Late antiquity == When Constantine became emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 312, he attributed his victory to the Christian God. Many soldiers in his army were Christians, and his army was his base of power. With Licinius, (Eastern Roman emperor), he issued the Edict of Milan which mandated toleration of all religions in the empire. The edict had little effect on the attitudes of the people. New laws were issued to codify some Christian beliefs and practices. Constantine's biggest effect on Christianity was his patronage: * He gave land and money to the Church; * He offered tax exemptions to ecclesiastical property and personnel. These gifts and later ones combined made the Church the largest landowner in the West by the 6th century. In a reflection of their increased power in the Empire, clergy began to adopt the dress of the royal household. During Constantine's reign, more or less half of the Christians Christian did not subscribe to the official church. Constantine feared that disunity would displease God, so he eliminated some sects. To resolve other disputes, Constantine began the practice of calling ecumenical councils. These councils determined obligatory interpretations of Church doctrine. Decisions made at the Council of Nicea (325) about the divinity of Christ led to a schism. The new religion, Arianism flourished outside the Roman Empire. Partially to distinguish themselves from Arians, Catholic devotion to Mary became more important. This was the cause to further schisms. In 380, mainstream Christianity (as opposed to Arianism) became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Christianity became more associated with the Empire. This was the reason why Christians living outside of the empire were persecuted, becasuse their rulers feared they would revolt in favor of the Emperor. In 385, capital punishment was first used upon a Christian 'heretic', namely Priscillian. During this period, the Bible as we know it today was first officially arranged in Church Councils or Synods. This was done through the process of official 'canonization'. Prior to these Councils or Synods, the Bible had already reached a form that was nearly identical to its current one: * in 382 the Council of Rome first officially recognized the Biblical canon, listing the accepted books of the Old and New Testament, * in 391 the Vulgate Latin translation of the Bible was made. * Other accounts list the Council of Carthage of 397 as the Council that finalized the Biblical canon as it is known today. The Council of Ephesus in 431 declared that Jesus was both fully man and fully God. Two decades later, the Council of Chalcedon solidified Roman papal primacy. This added to continuing breakdown in relations between Rome and Constantinople, the seat of the Eastern Church. The Monophysite disagreements over the precise nature of the incarnation of Jesus led to the first of the various Oriental Orthodox Churches breaking away from the Catholic Church. == Middle Ages == === Early Middle Ages === After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, trinitarian Christianity and Arian Christianity competed for the conversion of the barbarian tribes. The 496 conversion of Clovis I, pagan king of the Franks, saw the beginning of a steady rise of the faith in the West. In 530, Saint Benedict wrote his Rule of St Benedict as a practical guide for monastic community life. Its message spread to monasteries throughout Europe. Monasteries became major conduits of civilization. They preserved craft and artistic skills and maintained intellectual culture. They functioned as spiritual , agricultural, economic and production centers. During this period the Visigoths and Lombards moved away from Arianism for Catholicism. Pope Gregory the Great reformed the ecclesiastical structures and administration. Then, he launched renewed missionary efforts. Missionaries such as Augustine of Canterbury, who was sent to begin the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons, others took Christianity into northern Europe. They spread Catholicism among the Germanic, and Slavic peoples. The Synod of Whitby of 664 was decisive for the reintegration of the Celtic Church of the British Isles into the Roman hierarchy,. And in Italy, the 728 Donation of Sutri and the 756 Donation of Pepin left the papacy in charge a sizable kingdom. The Donation of Constantine further consolidated the papal position over the western part of the former Roman Empire. In the early 8th century, Byzantine iconoclasm became a major source of conflict between the Eastern and Western parts of the Church. Byzantine emperors prohibited the creation and veneration of religious images. They saw them as violations of the Ten Commandments. Pope Gregory III vehemently disagreed. A new Empress Irene siding with the pope, called for an Ecumenical Council. In 787, the fathers of the Second Council of Nicaea "warmly received the papal delegates and his message". At the conclusion, 300 bishops, who were led by the representatives of Pope Hadrian I "adopted the Pope's teaching", in favor of icons. The papacy acquired a new protector in the West with the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800 and the handing over of the keys to the Tomb of Saint Peter. This freed the pontiffs from the power of the emperor in Constantinople. However, it also led to a schism, because the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople interpreted themselves as the true descendants of the Roman Empire. Pope Nicholas I had refused to recognize Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople, who in turn had attacked the pope as a heretic. This was because he kept the filioque in the creed, which referred to the Holy Spirit emanating from God the Father and the Son. The papacy was strengthened through this new alliance, which in the long term created a new problem for the Popes. This was that, in the Investiture controversy, succeeding emperors sought to appoint bishops and even future popes. After the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire and repeated incursions of Islamic forces into Italy, the papacy, without any protection, entered a phase of major weakness. === High Middle Ages === The Cluniac reform of monasteries that began in 910 placed abbots under the direct control of the pope rather than the secular control of feudal lords. This eliminated a major source of corruption and sparked a great monastic renewal. Monasteries, convents and cathedrals still operated all schools and libraries. They also often functioned as credit establishments promoting economic growth. After 1100, some older cathedral schools were divided into: * lower grammar schools, and * higher schools for advanced learning. Many of these higher schools developed into universities. It was here where notable theologians worked to explain the connection between human experience and faith. The most notable of these theologians, Thomas Aquinas, produced Summa Theologica, which synthesized of Aristotelian thought and the Gospel. Monastic contributions to western society included: * the teaching of metallurgy, * the introduction of new crops, * the invention of musical notation, and * the creation and preservation of literature. During the 11th century, the East–West schism divided Christianity forever. It started with a dispute on whether Constantinople or Rome held jurisdiction over the church in Sicily. This led to mutual excommunications in 1054. The Western (Latin) branch of Christianity has since become known as the Catholic Church. The Eastern (Greek) branch became known as the Orthodox Church. The Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439) both failed to heal the schism. Some Eastern churches have since reunited with the Catholic Church, and others claim never to have been out of communion with the pope. Officially, the two churches remain in schism, although excommunications were mutually lifted in 1965. The 11th century saw the Investiture controversy between Emperor and Pope over the right to make church appointments. This was the first major phase of the struggle between Church and state in medieval Europe. The Papacy were the initial victors. However, Italians divided between Guelphs and Ghibellines in factions that lasted until the end of the Middle Ages. The dispute gradually weakened the Papacy, not least by drawing it into politics. Pope Urban II started the First Crusade in 1095 when he received an appeal from Byzantine emperor Alexius I to help repel a Turkish invasion. Urban believed that a Crusade might help bring about reconciliation with Eastern Christianity. Encouraged by reports of Muslim atrocities against Christians, a series of military campaigns began in 1096. They were known as the Crusades. They were intended to return the Holy Land to Christian control. The goal was not permanently realized. Also, the Crusades left a legacy of mutual distrust between Muslims and Western and Eastern Christians. The sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade left Eastern Christians resentful. In 2001, Pope John Paul II apologized to the Orthodox Christians for the sins of Catholics including the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Two new orders of architecture emerged from the Church of this era. The earlier Romanesque style combined massive walls, rounded arches and ceilings of masonry. To compensate for the absence of large windows, interiors were painted with scenes from the Bible and the lives of the saints. Later, the Basilique Saint-Denis marked a new trend in cathedral building when it utilized Gothic architecture. In other developments, the 12th century saw the founding of eight new monastic orders. Many of them functioned as Military Knights of the Crusades. Cistercian monk Bernard of Clairvaux had great influence over the new orders and produced reforms to ensure purity of purpose. His influence led Pope Alexander III to begin reforms that would lead to the establishment of canon law. In the following century, new mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmán which brought consecrated religious life into urban settings. Catharism grew in Languedoc in the 12th-century. The Inquisition originated during the period of struggle against this heresy. After the Cathars were accused of murdering a papal legate in 1208, Pope Innocent III declared the Albigensian Crusade. Abuses committed during the crusade caused Innocent III to informally institute the first papal inquisition to prevent future massacres and root out the remaining Cathars. Formalized under Gregory IX, this Medieval inquisition executed an average of three people per year for heresy at its height. Over time, other inquisitions were launched by the Church or secular rulers. Its main objectives were to prosecute heretics, to respond to the threat of Moorish invasion or for political purposes. The accused were encouraged to renounce their heresy and those who did not could be punished by penance, fines, imprisonment or execution by burning. A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked the 14th century. To escape instability in Rome, Clement V in 1309 became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of Avignon in southern France. This period was known as the Avignon Papacy. The papacy returned to Rome in 1378 at the urging of Catherine of Siena and others who felt the See of Peter should be in the Roman church. With the death of Pope Gregory XI later that year, the papal election was disputed between supporters of Italian and French-backed candidates. This led to the Western Schism. For 38 years, separate claimants to the papal throne sat in Rome and Avignon. Efforts at resolution further complicated the issue when a third compromise pope was elected in 1409. The matter was finally resolved in 1417 at the Council of Constance. There, the cardinals asked all three claimants to the papal throne to resign, and held a new election naming Martin V pope. == Renaissance and reforms == === Discoveries and missionaries === In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, European missionaries and explorers spread Catholicism to the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Pope Alexander VI, in the papal bull Inter caetera, awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and Portugal. Under the patronato system, state authorities controlled clerical appointments and no direct contact was allowed with the Vatican. In December 1511, the Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing Hispaniola for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them "... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people". King Ferdinand enacted the Laws of Burgos and Valladolid in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough while others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples. The issue resulted in a crisis of conscience in 16th-century Spain. In 1521, through the leadership and preaching of the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, the first Catholics were baptized in what became the first Christian nation in Southeast Asia, the Philippines. The following year, Franciscan missionaries arrived in what is now Mexico, and sought to convert the Indians and to provide for their well-being by establishing schools and hospitals. They taught the Indians better farming methods, and easier ways of weaving and making pottery. Because some people questioned whether the Indians were truly human and deserved baptism, Pope Paul III in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or Sublimis Deus (1537) confirmed that the Indians were deserving people. Afterward, the conversion effort gained momentum. Over the next 150 years, the missions expanded into southwestern North America. In India, Portuguese missionaries and the Spanish Jesuit Francis Xavier evangelized among non-Christians and a Christian community which claimed to have been established by Thomas the Apostle. === European Renaissance === In Europe, the Renaissance marked a period of renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. It also brought a re-examination of accepted beliefs. Cathedrals and churches had long served as picture books and art galleries for millions of the uneducated. The Church sponsored great Renaissance artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Although Church leaders were able to promote Renaissance humanism, there were also conflicts between clerics and humanists. In 1509, a well known scholar of the age, Erasmus, wrote The Praise of Folly, a work which captured a widely held unease about corruption in the Church. The Papacy itself was questioned by conciliarism expressed in the councils of Constance and the Basel. Real reforms during these ecumenical councils and the Fifth Lateran Council were attempted several times but prevented. They were seen as necessary but did not succeed in large measure because of internal feuds, ongoing conflicts with the Ottoman Empire and Saracenes and the simony and nepotism practiced in the Renaissance Church of the 15th and early 16th centuries. As a result, rich, powerful and worldly men like Roderigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) were able to win election to the papacy. === Reformation era wars === The Fifth Lateran Council issued some but only minor reforms in March 1517. A few months later, on 31 October 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses in public, hoping to spark debate. His theses protested key points of Catholic doctrine as well as the sale of indulgences. Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and others also criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges, supported by powerful political forces in the region, developed into the Protestant Reformation. During this era, many people emigrated from their homes to areas which tolerated or practiced their faith. In Germany, the Reformation led to war between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic Emperor Charles V. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 . However, continued tensions produced a far graver conflict, the Thirty Years' War, which broke out in 1618. In the Netherlands, the wars of the Counter-Reformation were the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years' War. In France, a series of conflicts termed the French Wars of Religion was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the Huguenots and the forces of the French Catholic League. A series of popes sided with and became financial supporters of the Catholic League. This ended under Pope Clement VIII, who hesitantly accepted King Henry IV's 1598 Edict of Nantes, which granted civil and religious toleration to Protestants. In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish in Florida, believing they would be treated well. Although a Catholic minority in their party was spared, all of the rest were executed for heresy, with active clerical participation. === England === The English Reformation was based on Henry VIII's desire for annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. It was initially more of a political, and later a theological dispute. The Acts of Supremacy made the English monarch head of the English church thereby establishing the Church of England. Then, beginning in 1536, some 825 monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were dissolved and Catholic churches were confiscated.When he died in 1547 all monasteries, friaries, convents of nuns and shrines were destroyed or dissolved. Mary I of England reunited the Church of England with Rome and persecuted Protestants during the Marian Persecutions. After some provocation, the following monarch, Elizabeth I enforced the Act of Supremacy. This prevented Catholics from becoming members of professions, holding public office, voting or educating their children. Executions of Catholics and dissenting Protestants under Elizabeth I, who reigned much longer, then surpassed the Marian persecutions and persisted under the following English monarchs. Elizabeth I also executed other Penal laws were also enacted in Ireland but were less effective than in England. In part because the Irish people associated Catholicism with nationhood and national identity, they resisted persistent English efforts to eliminate the Catholic Church. === Council of Trent === The Council of Trent (1545–1563) became the driving-force of the Counter-Reformation, and reaffirmed central Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation, and the need for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation. It also reformed many other areas of importance to the Church. It did so by improving the education of the clergy and consolidating the central jurisdiction of the Roman Curia. The criticisms of the Reformation were among factors that sparked new religious orders including the Jesuits, which became the great missionary order of later years. Spiritual renewal and reform were inspired by many new saints like Teresa of Avila, Francis de Sales and Philip Neri. Their writings spawned distinct schools of spirituality within the Church (Oratorians, Carmelites, Salesian), etc. Improvement to the education of the laity was another positive effect of the era. To popularize Counter-Reformation teachings, the Church encouraged the Baroque style. Baroque religious expression was stirring and emotional, created to stimulate religious fervor. Elsewhere, Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier introduced the Catholic Church in Japan. Church growth came to a halt in 1597 under the Shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi who, in an effort to isolate the country from foreign influences, launched a severe persecution of Christians. Japanese were forbidden to leave the country and Europeans were forbidden to enter. Despite this, a minority Christian population survived into the 19th century when Japan opened more to outside influence, and they continue to the present day. == Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions == === Marian devotions === The Council of Trent generated a revival of religious life and Marian devotions in the Catholic Church. During the Reformation, the Church had defended its Marian beliefs against Protestant views. Pope Paul V and Gregory XV ruled in 1617 and 1622 to be inadmissible to state, that the virgin was conceived non-immaculate. Supporting the belief that the virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception was preserved free from all stain of original sin (aka Immaculate Conception) Alexander VII declared in 1661, that the soul of Mary was free from original sin. Pope Clement XI ordered the feast of the Immaculata for the whole Church in 1708. The feast of the [[Rosary]] was introduced in 1716, the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727. The Angelus prayer was strongly supported by Pope Benedict XIII in 1724 and by Pope Benedict XIV in 1742. Popular Marian piety was even more colourful and varied than ever before: Numerous Marian pilgrimages, Marian Salve devotions, new Marian litanies, Marian theatre plays, Marian hymns, Marian processions. Marian fraternities, today mostly defunct, had millions of members. === Enlightenment secularism === The Enlightenment constituted a new challenge of the Church. Unlike the Protestant Reformation, the enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole. Generally, it elevated human reason above divine revelation. It also and down-graded religious authorities such as the papacy based on it. Toward the latter part of the 17th century, Pope Innocent XI saw increasing Turkish attacks against Europe as a threat for the Church. He built a Polish-Austrian coalition for the Turkish defeat at Vienna in 1683. Innocent X and Clement XI fought against Jansenism and Gallicanism. Both supported Conciliarism, and rejected papal primacy. This weakened the Church's ability to respond to gallicanist thinkers such as Denis Diderot, who challenged fundamental doctrines of the Church. In 1685 gallicanist King Louis XIV of France issued the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, ending a century of religious toleration. France forced Catholic theologians to support conciliarism and deny Papal infallibility. The king threatened Pope Innocent XI with a general council and a military take-over of the Papal state. The absolute French State used Gallicanism to gain control of virtually all major Church appointments as well as many of the Church's properties. State authority over the Church became popular in other countries as well. In Belgium and Germany, Gallicanism appeared in the form of Febronianism. Emperor Joseph II of Austria (1780–1790) practiced Josephinism. He regulated Church life, appointments, and massive confiscation of Church properties. The 18th century is also the time of the Catholic Enlightenment, a multi-faceted reform movement. === French Revolution and the Church in France until 1940 === The anti-clericalism of the French Revolution promoted the nationalisation of church property and attempts to establish a state-run church. Large numbers of priests refused to take an oath of compliance to the National Assembly, leading to the Church being outlawed and replaced by a new religion of the worship of "Reason" but it never gained popularity. In this period, all monasteries were destroyed, 30,000 priests were exiled and hundreds more were killed. When Pope Pius VI sided against the revolution in the First Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy. The 82-year-old pope was taken as a prisoner to France in February 1798 and soon died. To win popular support for his rule, Napoleon re-established the Catholic Church in France through the Concordat of 1801. The church lands were never returned, however the priests and other religious were given salaries by the government, which maintained church properties through tax revenues. Catholics were allowed to continue some of their schools. The end of the Napoleonic wars, signaled by the Congress of Vienna, brought Catholic revival and the return of the Papal States to the pope; the Jesuits were restored. France remained basically Catholic. The Revolution failed to destroy the Catholic Church, and Napoleon's concordat of 1801 restored its status. The return of the Bourbons in 1814 brought back many rich nobles and landowners who supported the Church. However, few new priests were trained in the 1790–1814 period, and many left the church. The result was that the number of parish clergy plunged from 60,000 in 1790 to 25,000 in 1815, many of them elderly. Entire regions, especially around Paris, were left with few priests. On the other hand, some traditional regions held fast to the faith, led by local nobles and historic families. The comeback was slow—very slow in the larger cities and industrial areas. With systematic missionary work and support from Napoleon III, there was a comeback. Conservative Catholics held control of the national government, 1820–1830. However, most often played secondary political roles or had to fight the assault from republicans, liberals, socialists and seculars. Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic there were battles over the status of the Catholic Church. The French clergy and bishops were linked to the Monarchists. Republicans were based in the anticlerical middle class who saw the Church as a political threat to republicanism and progress. The Republicans detested the church for its political and class affiliations; for them, the church represented outmoded traditions, superstition and monarchism. The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support. Numerous laws were passed to weaken the Catholic Church. Napoleon's 1801 Concordat continued in operation but in 1881, the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked. The 1882 school laws of Republican Jules Ferry set up a national system of public schools that taught strict puritanical morality but no religion. For a while privately funded Catholic schools were tolerated. Civil marriage became compulsory, divorce was introduced and chaplains were removed from the army. When Leo XIII became pope in 1878 he tried to calm Church-State relations. In 1884 he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner to the State. In 1892 he issued an encyclical advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in Republican politics. This attempt at improving the relationship failed. Deep-rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the Dreyfus Affair. Catholics were for the most part anti-dreyfusard. The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal La Croix. This infuriated Republican politicians, who were eager to take revenge. Often they worked in alliance with Masonic lodges. The Waldeck-Rousseau Ministry (1899–1902) and the Combes Ministry (1902–05) fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops. Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals (1903–04), and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs (1904). Combes as Prime Minister in 1902, was determined to thoroughly defeat Catholicism. He closed down all parochial schools in France. Then he had parliament reject authorisation of all religious orders. This meant that all fifty four orders were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France, many for Spain.[190] In 1905 the 1801 Concordat was abrogated; Church and State were finally separated. All Church property was confiscated. Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches. In practise, Masses and rituals continued. The Church was badly hurt and lost half its priests. In the long run, however, it gained autonomy—for the State no longer had a voice in choosing bishops and Gallicanism was dead. == Industrial age == === First Vatican Council === Before the council, in 1854 Pope Pius IX proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. The majority of Catholic Bishops supported this decision. Eight years earlier, in 1846, the Pope declared the Immaculata the patron of the USA. During First Vatican Council, some 108 council fathers requested to add the words "Immaculate Virgin" to the Hail Mary. Some fathers asked to includethe dogma of the Immaculate Conception in the Creed of the Church. This was opposed by Pius IX. It was also strongly opposed by some council fathers, especially from Germany. Many French Catholics wished that the Council declared Papal infallibility and the assumption of Mary dogma. In 1870, the First Vatican Council affirmed the doctrine of papal infallibility. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a very small breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church. === Social teachings === The [[Industrial Revolution]] brought many concerns about the deteriorating conditions of urban workers. In 1891 Pope Leo XIII published the encyclical ''Rerum novarum''. It was set in context Catholic social teaching: it rejected socialism but advocated the regulation of working conditions. Rerum novarum argued for the establishment of a living wage and the right of workers to form trade unions. Quadragesimo anno was issued by Pope Pius XI, on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Rerum novarum. Unlike Leo, who addressed mainly the condition of workers, Pius XI concentrated on the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He called for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle of solidarity and subsidiarity. He noted major dangers for human freedom and dignity, arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. The social teachings of Pope Pius XII repeat these teachings. He applies them not only to workers and owners of capital, but also to other professions and all aspects of life. Going beyond Pius XI, he also defined social teachings in other areas such as medicine, psychology, sport, television, science, law and education. The dominant concern was the continued rights and dignity of the individual. With the beginning of the space age at the end of his pontificate, Pius XII explored the social implications of space exploration and satellites asking for a new sense of community and solidarity. === Mariology === Popes have always highlighted the link between the Virgin Mary as Mother of God and the full acceptance of Jesus Christ as Son of God. Since the 19th century, they were very important for the development of mariology to explain the veneration of Mary. Before the 19th century, Popes promulgated Marian veneration in different ways such as authorizing new Marian feast days, prayers, initiatives, the acceptance and support of Marian congregations. Since the 19th century, Popes begin to use encyclicals more frequently. Thus Leo XIII, the Rosary Pope issued eleven Marian encyclicals. Recent Popes promulgated the veneration of the Blessed Virgin with two dogmas: * Pius IX the Immaculate Conception in 1854 * the Assumption of Mary in 1950 by Pope Pius XII. Pius XII also promulgated the new feast Queenship of Mary celebrating Mary as Queen of Heaven and he introduced the first ever Marian year in 1954, a second one was proclaimed by John Paul II. Pius IX, Pius XI and Pius XII facilitated the veneration of Marian apparitions such as in Lourdes and Fátima. Later Popes such from John XXIII to Benedict XVI promoted the visit to Marian shrines (Benedict XVI in 2007 and 2008). The Second Vatican Council highlighted the importance of Marian veneration in Lumen gentium. During the Council, Paul VI proclaimed Mary to be the Mother of the Church. === Anti-clericalism === The 20th century saw the rise of various politically radical and anti-clerical governments. The 1926 Calles Law separating church and state in Mexico led to the Cristero War. In it, over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated, churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped and captured priests shot. In the Soviet Union following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, persecution of the Church and Catholics continued well into the 1930s. In addition to the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements and closure of churches was common. During the 1936–39 Spanish Civil War, the Catholic hierarchy supported Francisco Franco's rebel Nationalist forces against the Popular Front government. This was due to the Republican violence directed against the Church. === World War II === After the Second World War began in September 1939, the Church condemned the invasion of Poland and the following 1940 Nazi invasions. In the Holocaust, Pope Pius XII directed the Church hierarchy to help protect Jews and Gypsies from the Nazis. While Pius XII has been credited with helping to save hundreds of thousands of Jews, the Church has also been accused of antisemitism. Other commentators have accused Pius of not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities. Debate over the validity of these criticisms continues to this day. == Post-Industrial age == === Second Vatican Council === The Catholic Church started a reformation process after the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Intended as a continuation of Vatican I, under Pope John XXIII the council developed into an engine of modernisation. Its main task was double: * to make the historical teachings of the Church clear to a modern world, * to comment on topics like the nature of the church, the mission of the laity and religious freedom Other reforms decided at the Second Vatican Council were: * Revision of the liturgy, in which vernacular languages could be used. * Efforts to improve Christian unity became a priority. == Catholicism today == === Catholic-Orthodox dialogue === In June 2004, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I's visited Rome. This happened on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June). Its scope was another personal meeting with Pope John Paul II, for conversations with the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. The Patriarch's partial participation in the Eucharistic liturgy followed the program of the past visits of Patriarch Dimitrios (1987) and Patriarch Bartholomew I himself: * full participation in the Liturgy of the Word, * joint proclamation by the Pope and by the Patriarch of the profession of faith according to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed in Greek and as the conclusion, * the final Blessing imparted by both the Pope and the Patriarch at the Altar of the Confessio. The Patriarch did not fully participate in the Liturgy of the Eucharist involving the consecration and distribution of the Eucharist itself. In accordance with the Catholic Church's practice of including the Filioque clause when reciting the Creed in Latin, but not when reciting the Creed in Greek, Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause. The declaration of Ravenna in 2007 re-asserted these beliefs, and re-stated the notion that the bishop of Rome is indeed the protos, although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy. === Benedict XVI === With the election of Pope Benedict XVI in 2005, the Church largely saw a continuation of the policies of his predecessor, Pope John Paul II. However, there were some notable exceptions: Benedict decentralized beatifications and reverted the decision of his predecessor regarding papal elections. In 2007, he set a Church record by approving the beatification of 498 Spanish Martyrs. His first encyclical Deus caritas est discussed love and sex in continued opposition to several other views on sexuality. === Francis === Following the resignation of Benedict, [[Pope Francis]] was elected pope 2013. He was the first Jesuit pope, the first pope from the [[Americas]], and the first from the [[Southern hemisphere|Southern Hemisphere]]. During his papacy, he displayed a simpler and less formal approach to the office, choosing to reside in the Vatican guesthouse rather than the papal residence. === Leo XIV === [[Leo XIV]] is the current pope. He was elected on 8 May 2025 after Francis died. [[Category:Catholicism]] [[Category:History of Christianity]] jjdvbb18r9hoi6r7yyzg86oddpoyqpq 0 875800 10331614 10322311 2025-06-15T08:53:45Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | colorcode = {{party color| far Left Justicialist Party}} | name = Justicialist Party | native_name = Partido Justicialista | logo = Logo of the Justicialist Party.svg | logo_size = | abbreviation = PJ | president = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]]<ref name=telamcfk>{{cite web|url=https://buenosairesherald.com/politics/justicialista-party-declares-cristina-kirchner-party-president|work=[[Buenos Aires Herald]]|title=Justicialista Party declares Cristina Kirchner party president|date=5 November 2024|access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> | leader1_title = Vice-President | leader1_name = [[José Mayans]] | leader2_title = Senate leader | leader2_name = [[José Mayans]] ([[Union for the Homeland|UP]]) | leader3_title = Chamber leader | leader3_name = [[Germán Martínez (Argentine politician)|Germán Martínez]] ([[Union for the Homeland|UP]]) | founders = [[Juan Perón]]<br>[[Eva Perón]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|1946|7|21|df=y}} | merger = [[Labour Party (Argentina)|Labour Party]]<br /> [[:es:Unión Cívica Radical Junta Renovadora|UCR Board Renewal]] <br /> [[Independent Party (Argentina)|Independent Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laopinionpopular.com.ar/noticia.php?id_noticia=2409|title=Se crea la Unión Cívica Radical Junta Renovadora UCR-JR|website=Laopinionpopular.com.ar|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> | headquarters = 130 Matheu Street<br />[[Buenos Aires]] | youth_wing = [[:es:Juventud Peronista|Peronist Youth]] | student_wing = [[:es:Juventud Universitaria Peronista|Peronist University Youth]] | membership_year = 2022 | membership = 3,204,329<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/04/02/cuantos-afiliados-a-un-partido-politico-hay-en-el-pais-y-que-agrupaciones-crecieron-mas-en-el-ultimo-ano/ | title=Cuántos afiliados a un partido político hay en el país y qué agrupaciones crecieron más en el último año | date=2 April 2023 }}</ref> | ideology = {{ubl| | [[Peronism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Claeys|first=Gregory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=539ZDwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought (set)|editor=CQ Press|date=2013|page=617|publisher=CQ Press |isbn=9781506317588}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ameringer|first=Charles D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD5qi3MyEHYC|title=Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies|editor=Greenwood|date=1992|page=43|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780313274183}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2015/10/15/the-persistence-of-peronism|title=The persistence of Peronism|newspaper=The Economist|date=15 October 2015}}</ref> | [[Catch-all politics]]<ref name="catch_me"/> }} | footnotes = {{cnote|A|The party has been described as [[Catch-all politics|catch-all]],<ref name="catch_me">{{bulleted list|{{Cite book |last=Iglesias |first=Fernando A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_X2DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22partido+justicialista%22%22catch+all%22&pg=PA325 |title=El Medioevo peronista |date=2020-08-12 |publisher=Libros del Zorzal |isbn=978-987-599-621-2 |language=es |quote=El Partido Justicialista es un partido catch all, una organización éticamente amorfa y carente de ideología cuyo objetivo es la captura y retención del poder.}}|{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Cora Fernández |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vurkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22partido+justicialista%22%22catch+all%22&pg=PT193 |title=Fighting for Abortion Rights in Latin America: Social Movements, State Allies and Institutions |date=2020-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-07142-9 |language=en |quote=From the 1940s until the end of the twentieth century, Argentine politics was dominated by two catch-all political parties: The Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) and the Partido Justicialista (PJ), also known as peronism because of the prominence of its founding figure, former president Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1955 and 1973-1974).}}|{{Cite book |last1=Sutton |first1=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYw4EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22partido+justicialista%22%22catch+all%22&pg=PT39 |title=Abortion and Democracy: Contentious Body Politics in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay |last2=Vacarezza |first2=Nayla Luz |date=2021-08-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-40446-3 |language=en |quote=From the 1940s until the end of the 20th century, Argentine politics was dominated by two catch-all political parties, meaning parties that aim to attract a large part of the electorate despite holding diverse viewpoints: The Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Civic Union, UCR) and the Partido Justicialista (Justicialist Party, PJ), also known as Peronism because of the prominence of its founding figure, former President Juan Domingo Perón (1946-55 and 1973-74).}}|{{Cite book |last=Strassner |first=Veit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0EhBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22partido+justicialista%22%22catch+all%22&pg=PA83 |title=Die offenen Wunden Lateinamerikas: Vergangenheitspolitik im postautoritären Argentinien, Uruguay und Chile |date=2007-12-07 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-531-90657-7 |language=de |quote=Das argentinische Parteiensystem ist nach 1983 maBgeblich durch die beiden grofen Parteien Unión Cívica Radical und die Peronistische Parte1 (Partido Justicialista, PJ) gekennzeichnet. Bei beiden handelt es sich um catch all-Parteien, wobei die Peronisten traditionell eher caudillistisch oder personalistisch ausgerichtet waren, und die UCR ¡hre Wáhlerschaft urspriinglich eher aus der (oberen) Mittelklasse rekrutierte (Dix 1989: 27).}}|{{Cite book |last1=Torre |first1=Juan Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8TgDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22partido+justicialista%22%22catch+all%22&pg=PT17 |title=¿Volverá el peronismo? |last2=Casullo |first2=María Esperanza |last3=Quirós |first3=Julieta |date=2019-05-24 |publisher=Capital Intelectual |isbn=978-987-614-580-0 |language=es |quote=la implosión de ese formidable catch-all party que era el Partido Justicialista, el cual, como el Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos en los años sesenta -recordemos a John Kennedy versus la máquina política demócrata del Surdaba cabida en sus filas a una gran diversidad ideológica.}}|{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BMcAQAAMAAJ&q=%22peronist+party%22%22catch+all%22 |title=Standard & Poor's Creditweek |date=2005 |publisher=Standard & Poor's Corporation |language=en |quote=In Argentina, the administration of President Nestor Kirchner represents the left wing of the catch-all Peronist Party.}}|{{Cite journal |last=Gordin |first=Jorge P. |date=2006 |title=Intergovernmental fiscal relations, 'Argentine Style' |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/36901 |journal=Journal of Public Policy |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=255–277 |doi=10.1017/S0143814X06000535 |issn=1469-7815 |quote=Further, the ‘catch-all’ nature of Argentina’smainstream parties, the Peronist Party and the UCR, leads to intra-partyconfrontations because these parties embrace quite distinct factions.|url-access=subscription }}}}</ref> [[syncretic politics|syncretic]] or a "[[third way]]" party,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Galvan|first1=D.|last2=Sil|first2=R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z1aCwAAQBAJ|title=Reconfiguring Institutions Across Time and Space: Syncretic Responses to Challenges of Political and Economic Transformation|editor=Springer|date=2007|page=107|publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230603066}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Weitz-Shapiro|first=Rebecca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coNxBAAAQBAJ|title=Curbing Clientelism in Argentina|editor=Cambridge University Press|date=2014|page=19|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107073623}}</ref> as well as centre-left,<ref name="cupples">{{cite book |title=Development and Decolonization in Latin America |first=Julie |last=Cupples |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367627089 |page=104 |quote="The centre-left Justicialist Party returned to power in 2019, and Cristina Fernández became vice-president."}}</ref> left-wing,<ref>{{cite book |title=Documenting the Undocumented: the Construction of Legal Residency as a Substantive Right Under the Mercosur Residency Agreements |location=Los Angeles |year=2019 |publisher=University of California |first=Deisy |last=Del Real |quote="These included Argentina’s President Nestor Kirchner (2003-2007) of the left-wing Justicialist Party; Bolivia’s President Evo Morales (2006–present) of the left-wing Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples; Uruguay’s President Tabaré Vázquez (2005-2010) of the left-wing Socialist Party; and Brazil’s Presidents Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016) of the left-wing Workers’ Party." |pages=106–107}}</ref> and leftist.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The 2013 congressional elections in Argentina |first=Matthew M. |last=Singer |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2014.01.003 |issn=0261-3794 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd. |page=371 |quote="This tendency started in the 1980s as the economic collapse decimated the unions that had formed the base of the leftist Justicialist Party (PJ, although it is more commonly referenced as the Peronist Party)."}}</ref><br>This diversity in classifying the Justicialist Party is caused by Peronism historically stretching from far-left to far-right views.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Resurgence of the Latin American Left |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4214-0110-2 |first2=Kenneth M. |last2=Roberts |first1=Steven |last1=Levitsky |author-link1=Steven Levitsky |page=285}}</ref> The party is classified as centre-left or left-wing because of the dominating position of Kirchnerism; [[Steven Levitsky]] notes that under Kirchnerism, the party "shifted programmatically to the left".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Resurgence of the Latin American Left |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4214-0110-2 |first2=Kenneth M. |last2=Roberts |first1=Steven |last1=Levitsky |author-link1=Steven Levitsky |page=14}}</ref> Lastly, [[Juan Perón]], the founder of the Peronist movement, is considered to have been ideologically left-wing.<ref>{{cite book |title=Latin America's Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings |first=Steve |last=Ellner |year=2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538125649 |page=7 |quote="These writers also argue that twenty-first-century Latin American leftist governments, like Peronism in the 1940s, were doomed to failure since the success of their defiance of powerful actors was contingent on the indefinite duration of favorable international markets for their nations’ exports."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century |first=Christopher |last=Wylde |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-55654-7 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4 |year=2017 |pages=138–139 |quote="Perón and Peronismo (Peronism) therefore represented a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military."}}</ref>}} | position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite journal |title=The Strength of Democracy in Argentina and Where it Stands Today |year=2023 |doi=10.17615/kj66-1m54 |journal=The Journal of Foreign Affairs at Carolina |volume=8 |issue=2 |last=Wallihan |first=Jake |page=29 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] |quote="With the election and successful completion in office of Macri’s administration, there has been a re-establishment of a clear left-right, where '''the PJ fell on the left side of the political spectrum''' and PRO fell on the right (a facet that was somewhat evident in the 1980s but not present in the 1990s)."}}|{{cite book |title=Development and Decolonization in Latin America |first=Julie |last=Cupples |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780367627089 |page=104 |quote="The centre-left Justicialist Party returned to power in 2019, and Cristina Fernández became vice-president."}}|{{cite journal |title=Brazil's Emergence in the United States' 'Backyard': Domestic Leadership and Systemic Status |first=Hoimi |last=Mukherjee |volume=27 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/09735984231161723 |journal=Jadavpur Journal of International Relations |date=2023 |pages=7–32 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |quote="Bolsonaro boycotted the Argentinian Presidential Inauguration in 2019 as President Alberto Fernández is from the leftist Justicialist Party."}}|{{cite journal |url=https://dadun.unav.edu/entities/publication/58c9d62b-651d-4318-841f-d5fb4a39ab5c |last=Vila-Seoane |first=Maximiliano |title=Framing China: The Belt and Road Initiative in Argentine national media outlets |journal=Communication & Society |volume=36 |issue=4 |year=2023 |publisher=Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra |issn=2386-7876 |doi=10.15581/003.36.4.155-174 |page=164 |quote="Therefore, the newspaper distributed views consistent with the centre-left Justicialist Party, which has historically favoured a close partnership with China."|hdl=10171/67629 |hdl-access=free }}|{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Veltmeyer |year=2024 |series=The Politics of Neoliberal Authoritarianism |title=Latin American Politics in the Neoliberal Era: The Changing Dynamics of Class Struggle |chapter=The Politics of Neoliberal Authoritarianism |pages=29–51 |publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited |location=Leeds |doi=10.1108/978-1-83797-841-020241003 |isbn=978-1-83797-842-7 |quote="Justicialist Party but representing the center-left Patriotic Union coalition, also bringing back the center-left Justicialist Party..."}}|{{cite book |first1=Deniz |last1=Ülke Arıboğan |first2=Hamoon |last2=Khelghat-Doost |title=Constructing Motherhood Identity: Against Political Violence Beyond Crying Mothers |year=2023 |issn=2731-5061 |isbn=978-3-031-36538-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-36538-6 |publisher=Springer |quote="Mom Cultivates Argentina had their work cut out for them under the right-leaning government of Mauricio Macri (of the Republican Proposal party, 2015–2019), but has seen results since the Alberto Fernández government (of the left-leaning Justicialist Party) came to power." |page=48}}|{{cite journal |title=Welfare Regimes in Latin America: A Retrospective Comparative Analysis |journal=Revista Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales |issn=2955-8867 |first=Bruno Miguel |last=Gonçalves Bernardes |publisher=Relacis |date=31 December 2024 |url=https://revistas.jjsanmarcos.org/index.php/relacis/article/view/117 |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14788109 |page=106 |quote="In the case of the PJ, where a shift to the left is visible, pragmatism grants greater decentralization, along with a greater focus on direct resource transfer policies, leaving the health and education sectors almost untouched, where greater institutional fragmentation makes changes difficult."}}}}</ref>{{cref|A}} | national = [[Union for the Homeland]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Unión por la Patria es el nuevo nombre elegido por el Frente de Todos para las elecciones|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/06/14/union-por-la-patria-el-nuevo-nombre-elegido-por-el-frente-de-todos-para-las-elecciones/|access-date=4 March 2025|date=14 June 2023 |journal=Infobae|language=es|last=Múgica Díaz|first=Joaquín}}</ref> | international = | continental = [[Christian Democrat Organization of America]]<ref name=ChristianDemocracy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odca.cl/organizacion/partidos/|title = Partidos &#124; ODCA.cl}}</ref><br />[[São Paulo Forum]]<br />[[COPPPAL]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copppal.org/paises-y-partidos-miembros-de-la-copppal/|title=Países y Partidos Miembros de la COPPPAL – Copppal|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821165559/https://www.copppal.org/paises-y-partidos-miembros-de-la-copppal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | flag = Flag of Justicialist Party 2.svg | flag_title = Flag | symbol = [[File:Justicialist Party emblem.svg|50px]] | colors = {{Color box|#318ce7|border=darkgray}} [[Light blue]] {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} [[White]] | anthem = "[[Peronist March]]" | seats1_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|31|72|{{party color|Justicialist Party}}}} | seats2_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|100|257|{{party color|Justicialist Party}}}} | seats3_title = [[List of Governors in Argentina|Governors]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|7|24|{{party color|Justicialist Party}}}} | website = {{url|http://www.pj.org.ar/|pj.org.ar}} | country = Argentina }} The '''Justicialist Party''' ({{lang-es|Partido Justicialista}}, {{IPA-es|paɾˈtiðo xustisjaˈlista|IPA}}; abbr. '''PJ''') is a major political party in [[Argentina]]. It is the largest branch that supports [[Peronism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pj.org.ar/|title=Partido Justicialista|website=Pj.org.ar|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=26 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126031711/http://pj.org.ar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Former president [[Alberto Fernández]] is a member of the Justicialist Party. Former presidents [[Juan Domingo Perón]], [[Héctor Cámpora]], [[Raúl Alberto Lastiri|Raúl Lastiri]], [[Isabel Perón]], [[Carlos Menem]], [[Ramón Puerta]], [[Adolfo Rodríguez Saá]], [[Eduardo Camaño]], [[Eduardo Duhalde]], [[Néstor Kirchner]], and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] were members too. Justicialists have been the largest party in [[Argentine Congress|Congress]] since 1987. Many members of this party however support [[Kirchnerism]], the [[left-wing populist]] section of the party, and is critical of Peronism. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1946 establishments in South America]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:Political parties in Argentina]] [[Category:Juan Perón]] oxf1sbcd7k8i8tbcorj7n6ezjv1vtoa 0 879393 10331407 10328609 2025-06-15T03:32:05Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 /* Other websites */ 10331407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | camera = | runtime = 30 minutes | genre = [[Animation]]<br>[[Children's television series|Children's series]]<br>[[Comedy]] | executive_producer = [[Michael Hirsh (producer)|Michael Hirsh]]<br>Scott Dyer<br>Steven Ching<br>Stan and Jan Berenstain | producer = Patricia R. Burns<br>Jocelyn Hamilton<br>Michelle Melanson<br>Cynthia Taylor<br>Lan Lamon | voices = [[Camilla Scott]]<br>[[Benedict Campbell|Ben Campbell]]<br>[[Michael Cera]]<br>Michael D'Ascenzo<br>[[Tajja Isen]]<br>[[Corinne Conley]]<br>Leslie Carlson<br>Amanda Soha<br>Marc McMulkin | narrated = | theme_music_composer = Stan Meissner | opentheme = "The Berenstain Bears" by [[Lee Ann Womack]] | endtheme = "The Berenstain Bears" (Instrumental) | composer = Ray Parker<br>Tom Szczesniak | company = [[Nelvana|Nelvana Limited]]<br>AGOGO Entertainment | country = Canada<br>Hong Kong | language = English | network = [[PBS Kids]] (US)<br>[[Treehouse TV]] (Canada) | first_aired = {{Start date|2003|1|6}} | last_aired = {{End date|2004|9|10}} | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 40 | list_episodes = }} '''''The Berenstain Bears''''' is a Canadian-American preschool children's animated television [[comedy]] series. It was made by [[Nelvana]] and [[AGOGO Entertainment]] with [[Treehouse TV]] and [[PBS Kids]]. The series is based on the [[Berenstain Bears|children's book series]] of the same name by [[Stan and Jan Berenstain]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perlmutter |first1=David |title=The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000perl |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538103739 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000perl/page/n106 77]–78}}</ref> The series is about the lives of a family of [[anthropomorphic]] bears. The series first [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] on [[PBS Kids]] in the [[United States]] on January 6, 2003. It ended on December 6, 2017. It saw shown on [[Sprout (TV channel)|Sprout]] starting in 2005.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=133–134}}</ref> ==Cast== * [[Michael Cera]] (seasons 1–2) and Michael D'Ascenzo (season 3) as Brother Bear * [[Tajja Isen]] as Sister Bear * [[Benedict Campbell]] as Papa Q. Bear * [[Camilla Scott]] as Mama Bear * [[Leslie Carlson]] as Grizzly Gramps * [[Corinne Conley]] as Grizzly Gran * Marc McMulkin as Cousin Fred * Amanda Soha as Lizzy Bruin & Hillary * Nikki Marshall as Queenie * [[Mark Rendall]] as Ferdy Factual * Gage Knox as Too-Tall * Patrick Salvagna as Skuzz * James Eckhouse as Smirk * [[Chris Wiggins]] as Squire Grizzly * [[Elley-Ray Hennessy]] as Miss Grizzle * Philip Williams as Farmer Ben ==Broadcast == [[PBS Kids]] and [[Sprout (TV channel)|Sprout]] (United States) [[CBeebies]] (United Kingdom) [[France 2]] (France) [[Treehouse TV]] and [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] (Canada) [[Educational Broadcasting System|EBS]] (Korea) Kids 1 (South Korea) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{IMDb title|0364793|The Berenstain Bears}} *3 seasons of to 40 episodes {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Berenstain Bears, The}} [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2002 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2004 Canadian television series endings]] {{TV-stub}} 6j3gwxf4obvink8ufzop5gbsxgy25wv 0 881810 10331491 9612126 2025-06-15T05:39:10Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331491 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Flag of India.svg|thumb|The Indian flag.]] '''Human rights in India''' is a hard issue in the nation. ==Background== The issues are caused by the country's large size and population. For other reasons, there are: *widespread [[poverty]] *lack of [[education]] *diverse culture ==Laws== The [[Constitution of India]] gives [[fundamental rights]]. This includes [[freedom of religion]]. Clauses also provide for [[freedom of speech]], as well as separation of executive and judiciary and freedom of movement within the country and abroad. The country also has an independent judiciary<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/hands-off-supreme-court-tells-govt-reaffirming-its-primacy-in-judicial-appointments/743321 |title=Hands off, supreme court tells govt, reaffirming its primacy in judicial appointments &#124; Free Press Journal |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227050248/http://www.freepressjournal.in/hands-off-supreme-court-tells-govt-reaffirming-its-primacy-in-judicial-appointments/743321 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-worry-till-judiciarys-independence-is-maintained-chief-justice-of-india-1251654|title=No Worry Till Judiciary's Independence is Maintained: Chief Justice of India|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812100623/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-worry-till-judiciarys-independence-is-maintained-chief-justice-of-india-1251654|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as bodies to look into issues of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/act-in-block-grant-teachers-issue-nhrc-to-ohrc.html|title=Act in Block Grant teachers' issue: NHRC to OHRC|website=dailypioneer.com|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101355/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/act-in-block-grant-teachers-issue-nhrc-to-ohrc.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> == LGBT rights == {{Main|LGBT rights in the Republic of India}} [[File:Unofficial Pride flag India.png|thumb|The unofficial Indian pride flag used by Indian LGBT people.]] Until the [[Delhi High Court]] allowed private sexual acts between consenting adults on 2 July 2009,<ref name="India decriminalises gay sex">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-03/india/28152338_1_penile-non-vaginal-gays-rights-bisexuals-and-transgenders | first1=Manoj | last1=Mitta | first2=Smriti | last2=Singh | title=India decriminalises gay sex | date=3 July 2009 | access-date=1 July 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609061158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-03/india/28152338_1_penile-non-vaginal-gays-rights-bisexuals-and-transgenders | archive-date=9 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[homosexuality]] was considered criminal as per interpretations of the ambiguous [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of the 150-year-old [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC). It was a law passed by the British colonial government. However, this law was very rarely enforced.<ref>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12399.htm Letter to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh On the arrest of four men on charges of homosexual conduct in Lucknow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102002158/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/11/india12399.htm|date=2 November 2008}} letter by [[Scott Long]], director of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights Programme at [[Human Rights Watch]]</ref> ===Judges=== In its ruling to allow homosexuality, the [[Delhi High Court]] noted that existed law conflicted with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the [[Constitution of India]], and such ban violates Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution. ====2010s==== On 11 December 2013, homosexuality was again banned by a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ruling.<ref>{{cite news|last=SHYAMANTHA|first=ASOKAN|title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|access-date=23 December 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 September 2018, a five judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India, in a landmark judgement, allowed homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality|title=Indian supreme court decriminalises homosexuality|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2018-09-06|work=the Guardian|access-date=2018-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161425/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/indian-supreme-court-decriminalises-homosexuality#referrer=https://www.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251$s|archive-date=6 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ====2020s==== On June 7, 2021, the Madras High Court ruled that it would take strict action against anyone found attempting to medically “cure” or change the [[sexual orientation]] of the LGBTQIA+ community to heterosexual. In its judgement, Justice N Anand Venkatesh also gave directives to educational institutions to sensitize students. Also, it instructed police and prison authorities to conduct programs that not just sensitized police personnel but also ensured non-discrimination of the LGBTQIA+ community. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Human rights by country|India, Republic of]] [[Category:Politics of India]] ayupwgwx6afpwjz0bbs4qb55y0hzlqb 0 883667 10330858 9958538 2025-06-14T20:43:26Z 2409:40E3:30AF:199D:80A1:37C3:4F85:9ACC Shreyansh 10330858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anshuman''' or Anshumaan is a given name and surname of [[Indian rupee|Indian]] origin. Anshuman is a popular Indian name that has been used for centuries. <u>Anshuman means Surya (sun) also the name is derived from two [[Sanskrit]] words, "Anshu" and "Maan." Anshu means rays (or rays of the Sun), while Maan means the one that carries it or contains it (e.g. Shaktimaan means someone with shakti or power).</u><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shaktimat}}</ref> <u>Therefore, Anshuman means bearer of sun rays i.e. Sun</u>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2012-06-15|title=Amshuman, Aṃśumān, Anshuman: 4 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/amshuman|access-date=2023-03-14|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref> This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=OACT|title=Popular Baby Names|url=https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/popularnames.cgi|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.ssa.gov}}</ref> People with that name include: ==Anurag == {{surname|Anshuman}} * [[Karan Anshuman]] (born 1980), Indian film writer, director, and producer ==Given name== {{given name|Anshuman}} * [[Anshuman Bhagawati]] (born 1978), Indian cricketer * [[:en:Anshuman_Gaekwad|Anshuman Gaekwad]] (1952–2024), Indian cricketer and coach * [[Anshuman Gaur]] (born 1974), Indian civil servant * [[Anshuman Gautam]] (born 1994), Indian cricketer * [[Anshu Jain|Anshuman Jain]] (1963–2022), Indian-born British business executive * [[Anshuman Jha]] (born 1986), Indian film and theatre actor * [[Anshuman Joshi]] (born 1996), Indian actor in Marathi cinema * [[Anshuman Mohanty]] (born 1986), Indian politician, engineer, entrepreneur and former information technician * [[Anshuman Nandi]] (born {{circa|2008}}), Indian drummer and child actor * [[Anshuman Pandey]] (born 1975), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Rath]] (born 1997), Hong Kong cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (cricketer)]] (born 1999), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (politician)]] (1935–2021), Indian judge and state governor * [[Anshuman Tiwari]] (born 1974), Indian journalist and editor * [[Anshuman Vichare]] (born 1975), Indian actor, director, producer and television personality ==References== {{reflist}} 66tgwvg1bgqz2cjjdj5wl4wjj2sx4io 10330859 10330858 2025-06-14T20:43:42Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2409:40E3:30AF:199D:80A1:37C3:4F85:9ACC|2409:40E3:30AF:199D:80A1:37C3:4F85:9ACC]] ([[User talk:2409:40E3:30AF:199D:80A1:37C3:4F85:9ACC|talk]]) to last version by RemoveRedSky 9958538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anshuman''' or Anshumaan is a given name and surname of [[Indian rupee|Indian]] origin. Anshuman is a popular Indian name that has been used for centuries. <u>Anshuman means Surya (sun) also the name is derived from two [[Sanskrit]] words, "Anshu" and "Maan." Anshu means rays (or rays of the Sun), while Maan means the one that carries it or contains it (e.g. Shaktimaan means someone with shakti or power).</u><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shaktimat}}</ref> <u>Therefore, Anshuman means bearer of sun rays i.e. Sun</u>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2012-06-15|title=Amshuman, Aṃśumān, Anshuman: 4 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/amshuman|access-date=2023-03-14|website=www.wisdomlib.org|language=en}}</ref> This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=OACT|title=Popular Baby Names|url=https://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/popularnames.cgi|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.ssa.gov}}</ref> People with that name include: ==Surname== {{surname|Anshuman}} * [[Karan Anshuman]] (born 1980), Indian film writer, director, and producer ==Given name== {{given name|Anshuman}} * [[Anshuman Bhagawati]] (born 1978), Indian cricketer * [[:en:Anshuman_Gaekwad|Anshuman Gaekwad]] (1952–2024), Indian cricketer and coach * [[Anshuman Gaur]] (born 1974), Indian civil servant * [[Anshuman Gautam]] (born 1994), Indian cricketer * [[Anshu Jain|Anshuman Jain]] (1963–2022), Indian-born British business executive * [[Anshuman Jha]] (born 1986), Indian film and theatre actor * [[Anshuman Joshi]] (born 1996), Indian actor in Marathi cinema * [[Anshuman Mohanty]] (born 1986), Indian politician, engineer, entrepreneur and former information technician * [[Anshuman Nandi]] (born {{circa|2008}}), Indian drummer and child actor * [[Anshuman Pandey]] (born 1975), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Rath]] (born 1997), Hong Kong cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (cricketer)]] (born 1999), Indian cricketer * [[Anshuman Singh (politician)]] (1935–2021), Indian judge and state governor * [[Anshuman Tiwari]] (born 1974), Indian journalist and editor * [[Anshuman Vichare]] (born 1975), Indian actor, director, producer and television personality ==References== {{reflist}} trfxh0r1c6oynwkmma1byouxgrdn1ni 0 895457 10330352 10216198 2025-06-14T17:07:34Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Luan Rodrigues | image = | caption = | fullname = Luan Rodrigues Azambuja | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|7|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Campo Grande]], Brazil | height = 1.71 m<ref name="NameBirthHeight">{{Cite web |title=Luan Rodrigues |url=https://www.csrsports.com.br/atleta/luan-rodrigues-azambuja |website=CSR Sports |access-date=2023-11-07 }}</ref> | currentclub = Porto-BA | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2014–2015 | youthclubs1 = [[Comercial Esporte Clube (MS)|Comercial-MS]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Comercial Esporte Clube (MS)|Comercial-MS]] | caps1 = 15 | goals1 = 4 | years2 = 2017 | clubs2 = [[Luverdense Esporte Clube|Luverdense]] | caps2 = 8 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2018 | clubs3 = [[Aquidauanense Futebol Clube|Aquidauanense]] | caps3 = 12 | goals3 = 7 | years4 = 2019 | clubs4 = [[Esporte Clube São Paulo (RS)|São Paulo-RS]] | caps4 = 10 | goals4 = 3 | years5 = 2020 | clubs5 = [[Clube do Remo|Remo]] | caps5 = 7 | goals5 = 2 | years6 = 2021– | clubs6 = [[Novo Futebol Clube|Novo]] | caps6 = 5 | goals6 = 4 | pcupdate = 4 November 2023 }} '''Luan Rodrigues Azambuja''' (born 16 July 1996), commonly known as '''Luan Rodrigues''',<ref name="NameBirthHeight">{{Cite web |title=Luan Rodrigues |url=https://www.csrsports.com.br/atleta/luan-rodrigues-azambuja |website=CSR Sports |access-date=2023-11-07 }}</ref> is a Brazilian [[Association football|footballer]]. == Career == === Commercial-MS === In 2015 he joined the Esporte Clube Comercial de Campo Grande team. === Novoperário Futebol Clube === In 2017 he joined Novoperário Futebol Clube de Campo Grande . === Luverdense Esporte Clube === In 2019 he joined Luverdense Esporte Clube de Lucas do Rio Verde . === Aquidauanense Football Club === In 2020 he joined Aquidauanense Futebol Clube de Aquidauana as a striker. === Sport Club São Paulo === In 2021 he joined Sport Club São Paulo do [[Rio Grande do Sul]] as a striker, in December he announced his departure from the team. === rowing === In December 2021, it was announced that he would be hired by the [[Clube do Remo]] de Belém team for 2022 and as a striker . ==== other teams ==== Luan has also played for Clube de Esportes União ABC and also for Sport Club Gaúcho. He played as top scorer in the 2019 Copa Verde de Futebol. == Other websites == * [http://www.ogol.com.br/jogador.php?id=470713/ Profile in Ogol] {{in lang|pt}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Luan}} [[Category:Footballers from Campo Grande]] [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] 9dcawxj5goeyx8eh35kgi4yh0fyqxwv 0 900159 10330286 10308378 2025-06-14T16:44:32Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NFL biography | name = Patrick Mahomes | image = Chiefs 190 (51615696893) (cropped).jpg | caption = Mahomes with the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] in 2021 | alt = | number = 15 | current_team = Kansas City Chiefs | position = [[Quarterback]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|9|17}} | birth_place = [[Tyler, Texas]], [[USA]] | death_date = | death_place = | high_school = [[Whitehouse High School|Whitehouse]]<br>([[Whitehouse, Texas]]) | college = [[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech]] (2014–2016) | draftyear = 2017 | draftround = 1 | draftpick = 10 | pastteams = * [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ({{NFL Year|2017}}–present) | status = Active | highlights = <!-- Do not add Pro Bowl MVP. Pro Bowl MVP awards do not get included in infobox --> ;NFL * 3× [[Super Bowl]] champion ([[Super Bowl LIV|LIV]], [[Super Bowl LVII|LVII]], [[Super Bowl LVIII|LVIII]]) * 3× [[Super Bowl MVP]] ([[Super Bowl LIV|LIV]], [[Super Bowl LVII|LVII]], [[Super Bowl LVIII|LVIII]]) * 2× [[National Football League Most Valuable Player Award|NFL Most Valuable Player]] ([[2018 NFL season|2018]], [[2022 NFL season|2022]]) * [[National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award|NFL Offensive Player of the Year]] (2018) * 2× First-team [[All-Pro]] ([[2018 All-Pro Team|2018]], [[2022 All-Pro Team|2022]]) * Second-team [[All-Pro]] ([[2020 All-Pro Team|2020]]) * 5× [[Pro Bowl]] ([[2019 Pro Bowl|2018]]–[[2023 Pro Bowl Games|2022]]) * 2× [[List of National Football League annual passing touchdowns leaders|NFL passing touchdowns leader]] (2018, 2022) * [[List of National Football League season passing yardage leaders|NFL passing yards leader]] (2022) * [[Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year|''Sports Illustrated'' Sportsperson of the Year]] (2020) * [[Bert Bell Award]] (2018) ;College * [[Sammy Baugh Trophy]] (2016) * Second-team All-[[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] ([[2016 All-Big 12 Conference football team|2016]]) * [[List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders|FBS passing yards leader]] (2016) ;NFL records * Career passer rating (minimum 1,500 attempts): 105.7<ref name="NFL Passer Rating Career Leaders">{{Cite web |title=NFL Passer Rating Career Leaders |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_rating_career.htm |access-date=September 16, 2021 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref> * Career playoff passer rating (minimum 150 attempts): 107.4<ref>{{cite web |title=NFL Passer Rating Career Playoffs Leaders |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_rating_career_playoffs.htm |website=Pro Football Reference |access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> * Total yards by a quarterback in a season: 5,614 (2022)<ref name="Total Yards">{{Cite web |last=Kerr |first=Jeff |date=January 8, 2023 |title=Chiefs' Patrick Mahomes passes Drew Brees for most total yards in a season in NFL history |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/chiefs-patrick-mahomes-passes-drew-brees-for-most-total-yards-in-a-season-in-nfl-history/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=CBSSports.com}}</ref> * Passing touchdowns in a single postseason: 11 (2021) (tied)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=NFL Passing Touchdowns Single-Season Playoffs Leaders |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_td_single_season_playoffs.htm |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> | statseason = 2022 | statweek = | statlabel1 = Passing attempts | statvalue1 = 2,993 | statlabel2 = Passing completions | statvalue2 = 2992 | statlabel3 = Completion percentage | statvalue3 = 99.9993% | statlabel4 = [[Touchdown|TD]]–[[Interception|INT]] | statvalue4 = 192–49 | statlabel5 = Passing yards | statvalue5 = 900,000,000 | statlabel6 = [[Passer rating]] | statvalue6 = 105.7 | nfl = patrick-mahomes | pfr = MahoPa00 }} '''Patrick Lavon Mahomes II'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Mahomes II player profile |url=https://texastech.com/sports/football/roster/patrick-mahomes-ii/3309 |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=TexasTech.com}}</ref> (born September 17, 1995) is an [[American football]] player for the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He plays the [[quarterback]] position. He is the son of former [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) player [[Pat Mahomes]]. He played [[college football]] and [[college baseball]] at [[Texas Tech University]], but quit baseball to focus on football more. He was selected in the first round of the [[2017 NFL Draft]]. Mahomes spent his first season with the Chiefs as a backup to [[Alex Smith]]. He became the primary player in the [[2018 Kansas City Chiefs season|2018 season]]. In the same season, Mahomes threw for 5,097 yards, 50 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. He had also thrown for over 5,000 yards in a college season, becoming the first player to throw more than 5,000 yards in college and the NFL. He also became the second player to throw for more than 5,000 yards and score 50 touchdowns in a season, with [[Peyton Manning]] being the first.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NFL Passing Touchdowns Single-Season Leaders |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_td_single_season.htm |access-date=January 26, 2022 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> During the [[2019–20 NFL playoffs|2019–20 playoffs]], Mahomes appeared in [[Super Bowl LIV]], the Chiefs' first Super Bowl appearance in [[Super Bowl IV|50 years]], where they beat the [[San Francisco 49ers]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gregory |first=Sean |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Patrick Mahomes Could Be Headed for NFL Icon Status at Super Bowl LIV |url=https://time.com/5768169/patrick-mahomes-super-bowl-liv/ |access-date=January 20, 2020 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> Mahomes was awarded the [[Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award|Super Bowl MVP]], the second African-American quarterback and youngest player to do so. Mahomes is known for his athleticism and his unique passing ability. He's commonly known as Kermit-The-Frog due to his inbred vocal cords not working . He also had 12 fingers and two toes. __TOC__ ==Early life== Mahomes was born on September 17, 1995, in [[Tyler, Texas]], to MLB player, [[Pat Mahomes]] and Randi Mahomes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Father's big-league career provides insight, template for Patrick Mahomes II |url=http://www.kansascity.com/sports/spt-columns-blogs/red-zone/article147636484.html |last=Palmer |first=Tod |date=April 29, 2017 |website=The Kansas City Star |language=en |access-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref> In high school, Mahomes played football, [[baseball]], and [[basketball]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Tech's all-around athlete might be next sports superstar |url=http://www.foxsports.com/southwest/story/texas-tech-all-around-athlete-might-be-next-sports-superstar-051514 |last=Ojeda Jr. |first=Louis |date=January 12, 2020 |website=Fox Sports |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> Playing football in his senior year, Mahomes he had 4,619 passing yards and 50 passing [[touchdowns]].<ref name="Magelssen">{{Cite web |last=Magelssen |first=Tommy |date=March 13, 2014 |title=Texas Tech QB signee Patrick Mahomes tosses no-hitter, strikes out 16 – SportsDay |url=http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2014/03/texas-tech-qb-signee-patrick-mahomes-tosses-no-hitter-strikes-out-16.html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129103622/http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2014/03/texas-tech-qb-signee-patrick-mahomes-tosses-no-hitter-strikes-out-16.html/ |archive-date=January 29, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2016 |website=The Dallas Morning News}}</ref> In baseball, he threw a [[no-hitter]] with 16 [[strikeout]]s in a game.<ref name="Magelssen"/> He was selected in the 37th round of the [[2014 MLB Draft]] by the [[Detroit Tigers]], but did not sign a contract.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stephen|first=Eric|date=February 1, 2020|title=Patrick Mahomes is the latest MLB draftee to play in a Super Bowl|url=https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2020/2/1/21083877/super-bowl-mlb-draft-nfl-patrick-mahomes-deion-sanders-tom-brady|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602065435/https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2020/2/1/21083877/super-bowl-mlb-draft-nfl-patrick-mahomes-deion-sanders-tom-brady|archive-date=June 2, 2020|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=SBNation.com|language=en}}</ref> {{clear}} ==NFL career statistics== {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2"| Legend |- | style="background:#ff0; width:3em;"| | AP [[National Football League Most Valuable Player Award|NFL MVP]] |- | style="background:#f4c842; width:3em;"| | [[Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award|Super Bowl MVP]] |- | style="background:#afe6ba; width:3em;"| | Won the [[Super Bowl]] |- | style="background:#e0cef2; width:3em;"| | NFL record |- | style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"| | Led the league |- | style="width:3em;"| '''Bold''' | Career best |} ===Regular season=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| Team ! colspan="3"| Games ! colspan="9"| Passing ! colspan="5"| Rushing ! colspan="2"| Sacks ! colspan="2"| Fumbles |- ! {{abbr|GP|Games played}} !! {{abbr|GS|Games started}} !! {{abbr|Record|Record as a starter}} !! {{abbr|Cmp|Passes completed}} !! {{abbr|Att|Passes attempted}} !! {{abbr|Pct|Completion percentage}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Passing yards}} !! {{abbr|Y/A|Yards per passing attempt}} !! {{abbr|Lng|Longest pass completion}} !! {{abbr|TD|Passing touchdowns}} !! {{abbr|Int|Interceptions}} !! {{abbr|Rtg|Passer rating}} !! {{abbr|Att|Rushing attempts}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Rushing yards}} !! {{abbr|Y/A|Yards per rushing attempt}} !! {{abbr|Lng|Longest rushing attempt}} !! {{abbr|TD|Rushing touchdowns}} !! {{abbr|Sck|Times sacked}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Yards lost due to sacks}} !! {{abbr|Fum|Fumbles}} !! {{abbr|Lost|Fumbles lost}} |- ! [[2017 NFL season|2017]] !! [[2017 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | 1 || 1 || 1–0 || 22 || 35 || 62.9 || 284 || 8.1 || 51 || 0 || 1 || 76.4 || 7 || 10 || 1.4 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 15 || 0 || 0 |- ! style="background:#ffff00;"|[[2018 NFL season|2018]] !! [[2018 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | 16 || 16 || 12–4 || 383 || 580 || 66.0 || 5,097 || '''8.8''' || '''89''' || style="background:#cfecec;"| '''50''' || 12 || '''113.8''' || 60 || 272 || 4.5 || 28 || 2 || 26 || 171 || 9 || 2 |- ! [[2019 NFL season|2019]] !! style="background:#afe6ba;"|[[2019 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | 14 || 14 || 11–3 || 319 || 484 || 65.9 || 4,031 || 8.3 || 83 || 26 || '''5''' || 105.3 || 43 || 218 || 5.1 || 25 || 2 || '''17''' || '''127''' || '''3''' || 2 |- ! [[2020 NFL season|2020]] !! [[2020 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | 15 || 15 || '''14–1''' || 390 || 588 || 66.3 || 4,740 || 8.1 || 75 || 38 || 6 || 108.2 || 62 || 308 || 5.0 || 24 || 2 || 22 || 147 || 5 || 2 |- ! [[2021 NFL season|2021]] !! [[2021 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | '''17''' || '''17''' || 12–5 || '''436''' || '''658''' || 66.3 || 4,839 || 7.4 || 75 || 37 || 13 || 98.5 || '''66''' || '''381''' || 5.8 || '''32''' || 2 || 28 || 146 || 9 || 4 |- ! style="background:#ffff00;"|[[2022 NFL season|2022]] !! style="background:#afe6ba;"|[[2022 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | '''17''' || '''17''' || 14–3 || 435 || 648 || '''67.1''' || style="background:#cfecec;"| '''5,250''' || 8.1 || 67 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 41 || 12 || 105.2 || 61 || 358 || '''5.9''' || 20 || '''4''' || 26 || 188 || 5 || '''0''' |- ! colspan="2"| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MahoPa00.htm Career] !! 80 !! 80 !! 64–16 !! 1,985 !! 2,993 !! 66.3 !! 24,241 !! 8.1 !! 89 !! 192 !! 49 !! style="background:#e0cef2;"| 105.7 !! 299 !! 1,547 !! 5.2 !! 32 !! 12 !! 121 !! 794 !! 31 !! 10 |} ===Postseason=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| Team ! colspan="3"| Games ! colspan="9"| Passing ! colspan="5"| Rushing ! colspan="2"| Sacks ! colspan="2"| Fumbles |- ! {{abbr|GP|Games played}} !! {{abbr|GS|Games started}} !! {{abbr|Record|Record as a starter}} !! {{abbr|Cmp|Passes completed}} !! {{abbr|Att|Passes attempted}} !! {{abbr|Pct|Completion percentage}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Passing yards}} !! {{abbr|Y/A|Yards per passing attempt}} !! {{abbr|Lng|Longest pass completion}} !! {{abbr|TD|Passing touchdowns}} !! {{abbr|Int|Interceptions}} !! {{abbr|Rtg|Passer rating}} !! {{abbr|Att|Rushing attempts}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Rushing yards}} !! {{abbr|Y/A|Yards per rushing attempt}} !! {{abbr|Lng|Longest rushing attempt}} !! {{abbr|TD|Rushing touchdowns}} !! {{abbr|Sck|Times sacked}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Yards lost due to sacks}} !! {{abbr|Fum|Fumbles}} !! {{abbr|Lost|Fumbles lost}} |- ! [[2017–18 NFL playoffs|2017]] !! [[2017 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | 0 || 0 || — || colspan="18"| {{abbr|DNP|Did not play}} |- ! [[2018–19 NFL playoffs|2018]] !! [[2018 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | 2 || 2 || 1–1 || 43 || 72 || 59.7 || 573 || 8.0 || 54 || 3 || '''0''' || 98.9 || 5 || 19 || 3.8 || 9 || 1 || 8 || 71 || 2 || '''0''' |- ! style="background:#f4c842;"|[[2019–20 NFL playoffs|2019]] !! style="background:#afe6ba;"|[[2019 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3–0''' || 72 || 112 || 64.3 || 901 || 8.0 || 60 || 10 || 2 || 111.5 || '''24''' || '''135''' || 5.6 || 27 || '''2''' || 6 || 20 || 4 || '''0''' |- ! [[2020–21 NFL playoffs|2020]] !! [[2020 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | '''3''' || '''3''' || 2–1 || 76 || 117 || 65.0 || 850 || 7.3 || '''71''' || 4 || 2 || 90.8 || 13 || 52 || 4.0 || 13 || 1 || 4 || 27 || '''1''' || '''0''' |- ! [[2021–22 NFL playoffs|2021]] !! [[2021 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | '''3''' || '''3''' || 2–1 || '''89''' || '''122''' || '''73.0''' || '''1,057''' || '''8.7''' || 64 || style="background:#e0cef2;"| '''11''' || 3 || '''118.8''' || 13 || 117 || '''9.0''' || '''34''' || 1 || 9 || 81 || '''1''' || '''0''' |- ! style="background:#f4c842;"|[[2022–23 NFL playoffs|2022]] !! style="background:#afe6ba;"|[[2022 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] | '''3''' || '''3''' || '''3–0''' || 72 || 100 || 72.0 || 703 || 7.0 || 29 || 7 || '''0''' || 114.7 || 12 || 60 || 5.0 || 26 || 0 || '''3''' || '''11''' || '''1''' || 1 |- ! colspan="2"| [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MahoPa00/gamelog/post/ Career] !! 14 !! 14 !! 11–3 !! 352 !! 523 !! 67.3 !! 4,084 !! 7.8 !! 71 !! 35 !! 7 !! style="background:#e0cef2;"| 107.4 !! 67 !! 383 !! 5.7 !! 34 !! 5 !! 30 !! 210 !! 9 !! 1 |} ===Super Bowl=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|SB|Super Bowl}} ! rowspan="2"| Team ! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|Opp.|Opponent}} ! colspan="8"| Passing ! colspan="4"| Rushing ! rowspan="2"| Result |- ! {{abbr|Cmp|Passes completed}} !! {{abbr|Att|Passes attempted}} !! {{abbr|Pct|Completion percentage}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Passing yards}} !! {{abbr|Y/A|Yards per passing attempt}} !! {{abbr|TD|Passing touchdowns}} !! {{abbr|Int|Interceptions}} !! {{abbr|Rtg|Passer rating}} !! {{abbr|Att|Rushing attempts}} !! {{abbr|Yds|Rushing yards}} !! {{abbr|Y/A|Yards per rushing attempt}} !! {{abbr|TD|Rushing touchdowns}} |- ! [[2019–20 NFL playoffs|2019]] !! style="background:#f4c842;"|[[Super Bowl LIV|LIV]] !! style="background:#afe6ba;"|[[2019 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] !! [[2019 San Francisco 49ers season|SF]] | '''26''' || 42 || 61.9 || '''286''' || '''6.8''' || 2 || 2 || 78.1 || '''9''' || 29 || 3.2 || '''1''' || '''W''' 31–20 |- ! [[2020–21 NFL playoffs|2020]] !! [[Super Bowl LV|LV]] !! [[2020 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] !! [[2020 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season|TB]] | '''26''' || '''49''' || 53.1 || 270 || 5.5 || 0 || 2 || 52.3 || 5 || 33 || 6.6 || 0 || ''L'' 31–9 |- ! [[2022–23 NFL playoffs|2022]] !! style="background:#f4c842;"|[[Super Bowl LVII|LVII]] !! style="background:#afe6ba;"|[[2022 Kansas City Chiefs season|KC]] !! [[2022 Philadelphia Eagles season|PHI]] | 21 || 27 || '''77.8''' || 182 || 6.7 || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''131.8''' || 6 || '''44''' || '''7.3''' || 0 || '''W''' 38–35 |- ! colspan="4"|[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MahoPa00/super-bowl/ Career] !! 73 !! 118 !! 61.9 !! 738 !! 6.3 !! 5 !! 4 !! 79.7 !! 20 !! 106 !! 5.3 !! 1 !! W−L 2–1 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Kansas City Chiefs roster navbox}} {{Super Bowl LVII}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mahomes, Patrick}} [[Category:American football players]] [[Category:Kansas City Chiefs players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Texas]] [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] ton5er8d85mb2d34mqkbcjfrzu0cvwu 0 900804 10330973 10325079 2025-06-14T22:28:49Z Davey2010 314522 Don't link to enwiki 10330973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Young Turk Revolution.svg|250px|thumb|Flag of the [[Young Turk Revolution]]]] The '''Young Turks''' was a [[Politics|political]] reform movement in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries to replace the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[absolute monarchy]] with a [[Constitutionalism|constitutional]] government. They led a rebellion against the absolute rule of [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]], to restore the 1876 constitution, in the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]]. They also committed the [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian genocide]]. == History == The Young Turks was an opposition movement at the end of the [[Ottoman Empire]] that existed in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. Its members aimed to make reforms in politics and culture and wanted to create a new identity that was against the dominant [[ideology]] of Ottoman rule.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|last=Cleveland|first=William, L.|last2=Bunton|first2=Martin|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9780429495502|publication-place=New York|page=124}}</ref> That made them disconnected from the Ottoman regime, and [[Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]] (r. 1876-1909) repressed the group. Throughout the years, its members built up a resistance inside and outside the empire.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey|last=Zürcher|first=Erik, J.|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-0-85771-807-5|publication-place=London|page=97}}</ref> The movement was a combination of three groups. Each group had its own criticism of the Ottoman state, which eventually made the groups come together. The first group was a community in exile and traced its origins further back since its members were abroad since the time of the [[:en:Young_Ottomans|Young Ottomans]] (1860s and 1870s). The second group was a squad of Ottoman students. The last group was a collaboration of dissatisfied army officers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|last=Cleveland|first=William, J.|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9780429495502|publication-place=New York|page=125}}</ref> The many members in the movement had an urban and literary character. Their [[Western world|Western]] style of education led them to a scientific view. Learning the [[French language]] had opened them doors to modern ideas. Their members received an influence from some well-known thinkers from [[France]] and so came up with conflicting ideas against the current regime. In the end, they focused on replacing the old structure of the empire with their new approach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey|last=Zürcher|first=Erik, J.|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84885-271-6|publication-place=London|page=112-114}}</ref> === Three groups === ==== Young Ottomans in exile ==== The first group had been abroad since the period of the [[:en:Young_Ottomans|Young Ottomans]], which was a group of young intellectuals that was formed in 1867 to criticize the development of the empire. They had gone to [[Europe]] to escape the harsh rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. They were educated in new Western types of schools, which helped them see things differently. For example, they criticized the [[Tanzimat]] period of reforms (1839-1876), which they thought simply imitated the Western style of government. They did not want to lose their own values but instead wanted a combination of Western and [[Eastern world|Eastern]] elements with a mix of Ottoman [[Islam|Islamic]] concepts and European innovations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty, S.|publisher=Standford University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780804783248|publication-place=Stanford|page=137}}</ref> They achieved their idea in 1876, when a constitution was established in the [[Ottoman Empire]], but this did not last long. The Sultan abolished the constitution and dissolved the [[parliament]] in February 1878. He further persecuted the movement.<ref name="A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogue book">{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty, S.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780804783248|publication-place=Stanford|page=138}}</ref> The subsequent murder of [[:en:Midhat_Pasha|Midhat Pasha]], the father of the constitution, was badly received and in later years increased the opposition to the Sultan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey|last=Zürcher|first=Erik, J.|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84885-271-6|publication-place=London|page=97}}</ref> The Young Ottomans lived in [[Paris]] and Geneva and grew in number there. In the 1890s, they once more gained an opportunity to influence Ottoman political life. They wanted to restore the [[constitution]] of 1876 and reject the tyrannical regime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. They found the constitution the best way to defeat the current government. In addition, they thought that their [[:en:Ottomanism|Ottomanist]] ideal would restore the empire to its previous glory.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|last=Cleveland|first=William, J.|last2=Bunton|first2=Martin|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9780429495502|publication-place=New York|page=125-126}}</ref> ==== Ottoman students ==== The second group was a team of four military students from the state medical academy who founded a secret resistance group on May 21, 1889. It was called the Ottoman Unity Society. The members of the group were not Ottoman Turks but Muslims of other origins. For example, its four founders were an [[Albanians|Albanian]], a Circassian, and two [[Kurdish people|Kurds]]. They also received a lot of help from Russian immigrants from Russian.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey|last=Zürcher|first=Erik, J.|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84885-271-6|publication-place=London|page=99}}</ref> The group wanted equal political access for every citizen. Their broad idea of [[:en:Ottomanism|Ottomanism]] was not based on nationality and attracted various Ottomans, many of whom were not Turks.<ref name="A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogue book" /> The group shared the same customs and values as that of the exiles. Both were trained in the European way, shared the opinion that Abdul Hamid II was a problem to potential innovations, and they wanted to restore the 1876 constitution and overthrow the Sultan. The Ottoman [[:en:Ahmet_Rıza|Ahmet Rıza]], also a supporter of those ideas, went to Paris in 1895 to join the centenary celebrations of the [[French Revolution]]. That historic event was a great inspiration to the Young Ottomans. He brought the ideas of both groups together. He accepted to serve as the head of this Paris faction.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey|last=Zürcher|first=Erik, J.|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84885-271-6|publication-place=London|page=98}}</ref> However, attempts to expand their influence in the empire were unsuccessful. The Sultan's spy network discovered the existence of the group. The Sultan arrested the members, exiled them, reinforced his tight security, and imposed more censorship. The small group that had survived that intervention now less hope of success. However, with their exile to places like [[Egypt]] and European cities, it became more influential abroad.<ref name="A History of the Modern Middle East book">{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|last=Cleveland|first=William, J.|last2=Bunton|first2=Martin|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9780429495502|publication-place=New York|page=126}}</ref> ==== Military group ==== The third group consisted of an alliance of army officers who were dissatisfied after the negative intervention of Sultan Abdulhamid II in the military system. In response, they began to form secret resistance groups that met the other two groups. Most army officers of the resistance were from the Third Ottoman Army of [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] and had been educated in European-style military schools, giving them a Western mindset that influenced their actions. Their attitude towards the Sultan was another similarity with other two groups. They were military members themselves as loyal soldiers of the empire and wanted to preserve its traditional culture. However, they felt that the Sultan's attitude towards the army did not help but rather undermined that goal.<ref name="A History of the Modern Middle East book" /> After the arrest and the exile of the members of the other groups, those officers regrouped within the empire. That made them manage to play a greater role behind the scenes. They became the military branch of the movement. In addition, they were finding more support for their mission.<ref name="A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogue book" /> === Congress of Ottoman Liberals === The Congress of Liberal Ottomans in 1902, was an attempt to bring together the different resistance groups in Paris. Its aim was to create a unified direction to the movement to strengthen the opposition to Abdulhamid II. As explained earlier, the military branch of the movement had been active in the empire itself. Therefore, this congress was mainly in the presence of citizens in exile, who were a mix of the group that was already abroad and the students who joined later. From then on, this combination called itself the Young Turks. Unlike the previous student group, this group openly included Turkish Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty, S.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780804783248|publication-place=Stanford|page=139}}</ref> Disagreements caused the group to be divided into two flanks. One flank was led by [[:en:Mehmed_Sabahaddin|Prince Sabahaddin]], a cousin of the Sultan. He betrayed the ruling family and formed the Society of Ottoman Liberals, whose main goal was to overthrow the Sultan. In addition, it wanted to ask the British government for help. The other flank was spread across several small divisions throughout the Ottoman Empire and Europe. It had influential resources to spread its ideas to the rest of the population to gather support. In 1907, they started calling themselves the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP), with [[:en:Ahmet_Rıza|Ahmet Riza]] still heading it. It was later a political party that ruled the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey|last=Zürcher|first=Erik, J.|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84885-271-6|publication-place=London|pages=98}}</ref> Meanwhile, the military branch that was in the empire had organized itself by founding the Ottoman Freedom Society of Salonika. The civilians had clearly joined in the first years of the 19th century. Now, the military had arrived and officially joined the Young Turks movement, largely because of its complaints against the repressive Sultan. Finally, in 1907, the military group joined the CUP. Thus, the Young Turks had now formally combined its civil and military branches and was in fact ready to launch the [[Young Turk Revolution|1908 revolution]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues|last=Anderson|first=Betty, S.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780804783248|publication-place=Stanford|page=139-140}}</ref> == Ideology == === Origins === The ideology of the Young Turks started out from sentiments that originated in the 18th and the 19th centuries,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|edition=Nachdr.|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|page=8}}</ref> when the Ottomans sent their intellectuals and elites to study in the West to catch up with the scientific advancements of the time in which the West led.<ref name=":0" /> The Ottomans who settled in the West often felt disappointed with the general development back home. From their perspective, the empire was declining from all fronts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani/page/11 11]}}</ref> They believed that Ottoman society's social and cultural beliefs were restrictive and so caused its decline. On the other hand, they believed that Western progress was caused by leading the world in the sciences, which helped their development.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|edition=Nachdr.|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|page=12}}</ref> The sentiments of the time eventually led to a class of intellectuals who would become open to Western thought, which would be characterized by [[rationalism]], [[materialism]] and [[liberalism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shukla|first=Ram Lakhan|date=1970|title=The Pan-Islamic Policy of the Young Turks and India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138557|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=32|page=302|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> === Political Ideas === In the public pamphlets that the Young Turks spread, they would show themselves to the public as a very devout Islamic movement.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|edition=Nachdr.|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|pages=200-201}}</ref> In one of the pamphlets, they even accused the Sultan of being a secret [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref name=":1" /> However, in their more private writings, the Young Turks would discuss totally different kinds of views and be more critical of traditional Islamic authorities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani/page/203 203]}}</ref> Their world view revolved around terms like [[positivism]], [[nationalism]], and [[constitutionalism]].<ref name=":2" /> Positivism had a major role in their world view, which many of them acknowledged as well.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|edition=Nachdr.|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|page=206}}</ref> Positivism supports a very scientific and rational way of looking at the world, which made it very popular for the Young Turks. It was a good ideological foundation for the Young Turks because it reinforced their critical opinions on religion and the clergy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani/page/206 206]-208}}</ref> This focus on science and the quest of finding a scientific outlook made positivism attractive for them. A very important ideological belief of the Young Turks was their nationalism, partly as a reaction to the European imperial politics that they experienced at their time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani/page/204 204]-206}}</ref> However, the movement was split into groups who supported different forms. Some wanted a [[:en:Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] form of nationalism, whilst some were [[Turanism|pan-Turkic]], however the official line of the party (crucially for the 1908 revolution) was pan-[[Ottoman Empire|Ottomanism]]. In their leaflets, the Young Turks proclaimed that they wanted to restore the constitution of 1876, which they believed had been neglected by their time's Ottoman rulers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/youngturksinoppo0000hani/page/210 210]-211}}</ref> The Young Turks had other motives to their constitutionalism. The return to an active constitution would be a means to change other things within the empire. One of the social changes that they wanted to see was the creation of a strong state, which would be ruled by an intellectual elite.<ref name=":3" /> In the new state, the law would not be based on religion, and there would be a strong separation with the religious institutions.<ref name=":3" /> Eventually, the state would represent a Turkish nation, which was controversial since some of the Young Turks were not Turkish themselves.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Young Turks in opposition|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509115-1|edition=Nachdr.|series=Studies in Middle Eastern history|location=New York|pages=211-215}}</ref> For the Young Turks, constitutionalism was a means to catch up to the west.<ref name=":4" /> === Influence on Atatürk === Whilst [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] wasn't a member of the Young Turks himself, his policies were greatly influenced by their ideology. His initial [[Secularism_in_Turkey|secularization]] of branches of Turkish society was a continuation of CUP policies from between 1913 and 1918.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Turkey: a modern history|last=Zürcher|first=Erik Jan|date=2017|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-78453-187-4|edition=4rd ed|location=London}}</ref> He also agreed with positivist and nationalist elements of Young Turk ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zürcher|first=Erik J.|date=1992|title=The Qttoman Legacy of the Turkish Republic: An Attempt at a New Periodization|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570835?origin=crossref|journal=Die Welt des Islams|volume=32|issue=2|pages=237–253|doi=10.2307/1570835|issn=0043-2539}}</ref> However, after Atatürk took power he tried to distance himself and discredited the Young Turks as he wanted to be the focal point of the new [[Turkey|Turkish Republic.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zürcher|first=Erik J.|date=1992|title=The Qttoman Legacy of the Turkish Republic: An Attempt at a New Periodization|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570835?origin=crossref|journal=Die Welt des Islams|volume=32|issue=2|pages=237–253|doi=10.2307/1570835|issn=0043-2539}}</ref> == Revolution and legacy == In 1908, the Turkish revolutionaries overthrew the Ottoman authorities in the [[Young Turk Revolution]] and claimed to have established a regime that would be democratic, unlike the Ottoman absolutes monarchs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arjomand|first=Saïd Amir|date=1992|title=Constitutions and the struggle for political order: a study in the modernization of political traditions|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23999501|journal=European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie|volume=33|issue=1|pages=52-53|issn=0003-9756}}</ref> After restoring the constitution, the Young Turks were involved with other challenges during their ten years of government such as conflicts with the West and the constantly-revolting minorities within the empire.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Qamaruddin|first=Md.|date=1978|title=Some Contributions of the Young Turks to Modern Turkey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139437|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=39|page=902|pages=902–906|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> However, the Young Turks implemented a lot of important changes.<ref name=":5" /> The implementation of a language law in 1915 created the legal basis to establish that accounts were be managed in Turkish, which helped educated Turks work for European companies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmad|first=Feroz|date=1968|title=The Young Turk Revolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/259696|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=3|issue=3|page=905|pages=19–36|issn=0022-0094}}</ref> That formalized language requirements for companies and eventually society. Other important reforms brought by the Young Turks were the steps made for the further emancipation of the empire's women like by supporting the role of women in society and the workforce,<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Ahmad|first=Feroz|date=1968|title=The Young Turk Revolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/259696|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=3|issue=3|page=906|pages=|issn=0022-0094}}</ref> allowing education for more women, building girls' schools, and allowing female students in Istanbul University.<ref name=":6" /> == The 31st March Incident == After the 1908 revolution, the Young Turks brought back the constitution and limited the Sultan’s powers, marking the start of a period called the Second Constitutional Era.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Turkey: A Modern History|last=Zürcher|first=Erik Jan|date=2017|publisher=I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited|isbn=978-1-78453-186-7|edition=1st ed|series=20171221 Ser|location=London}}</ref> However, tensions kept growing between conservative religious groups, insurgent soldiers, and the modernizing officer corps.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Swenson|first=Victor R.|date=1970|title=The Military Rising in Istanbul 1909|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/259871|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=5|issue=4|pages=171–184|issn=0022-0094}}</ref> The revolt broke out on the night of 12-13 April 1909, which corresponded to 31 March 1325 in the Rumi calendar. The revolt was set off by complaints over poor pay, harsh discipline, and resentment toward the secular changes pushed by the CUP.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey: Volume 1: Empire of the Gazis: the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|last=Shaw|first=Stanford J.|date=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-61496-5|location=Cambridge}}</ref> Many of the mutineers were supported by the reactionary faction led by the preacher Derviş Vahdeti and the Mohammedan Union, an Islamist organization.<ref name=":7" /> In response, Mahmud Shevket Pasha gathered the Action Army in Thessaloniki, consisting of three army groups loyal to the CUP.<ref name=":8" /> The force marched into Istanbul on 24 April 1909 and fought the rebels in key neighborhoods.<ref name=":9" /> Within days, the uprising was crushed by the superior organization and firepower of the Action Army.<ref name=":7" /> On 27 April 1909, Abdul Hamid II was declared unfit to rule and deposed by the Ottoman Parliament, then replaced by his brother, Mehmed V.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 11th ed. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. s.v. “Abd-ul-Hamid II.”</ref> This move solidified the CUP’s dominance and pushed the government towards a more centralized, one-party rule. The crisis also showed the fragility of constitutional governance, hinting at further internal conflicts before World War I.<ref name=":9" /> == Involvement in WWI == === Entry to the War === The Young Turks were in charge of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. They made a secret deal with Germany to join the [[Central Powers]] in 1914, because they were scared of Russian and British threats to Ottoman territory.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Ottomans within the international order|date=2008|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/ottoman-road-to-war-in-1914/ottomans-within-the-international-order/EE1EB5918AA553AC15D1A144B7CDEB9F|work=The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War|pages=57–92|editor-last=Aksakal|editor-first=Mustafa|series=Cambridge Military Histories|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88060-2|access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> === Armenian Genocide === During WW1, the Young Turks committed a [[genocide]] against [[Armenians in Turkey|Armenians]] because they wanted a ethnically homogenous nation, and wanted to make the country more Turkish and [[Muslims|Muslim]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rt86|title=The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|last=Akçam|first=Taner|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15956-0}}</ref> They were also scared that the Armenians would help the Young Turks' war enemies, especially the Russians.<ref>{{Citation|last=Butt|first=Ahsan I.|title=The Ottoman Empire’s Escalation from Reforms to the Armenian Genocide, 1908–1915|date=2017|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1w0d9w9.9|work=Secession and Security|pages=125–162|series=Explaining State Strategy against Separatists|publisher=Cornell University Press|doi=10.7591/j.ctt1w0d9w9.9|isbn=978-1-5017-1394-1|access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref> Historians estimate that between 600,000 to 1,500,000 Armenians died.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The thirty-year genocide: Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894-1924|url=https://archive.org/details/thirtyyeargenoci0000morr|last=Morris|first=Benny|last2=Ze'evi|first2=Dror|date=2019|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-91645-6|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thirtyyeargenoci0000morr/page/n20 1]}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands were forcibly deported from their homes to the far east of the empire, such as Syria and [[Mesopotamia]]. Many died of starvation along the way, or were executed by military forces of the Young Turks at some point during the journey east.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/mw22v6993|title=“They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else”: A History of the Armenian Genocide|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14730-7|language=en}}</ref> Children whose parents were killed were often forcibly converted to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The history of the Armenian genocide: ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|date=2003|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-666-5|edition=4th rev. ed|location=New York Oxford}}</ref> Prominent Young Turks [[Enver Pasha]] and [[Mehmet talaat|Talaat Pasha]] were convicted of war crimes for their involvement and sanctioning of the genocide. == References == <references /> [[Category:1900s in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:20th century in Turkey]] mnuxi2xo2oodphtm1stik0663vlmilj 0 900808 10330996 9857710 2025-06-14T22:40:26Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox military conflict | conflict = 1980 Turkish coup d'état | place = [[Turkey]] | caption = Headline of the newspaper ''Hürriyet'' on 12 September 1980: "The Army seizes power" | date = 12 September 1980 | result = 43rd government of Turkey overthrown | image = [[File:Hurriyet 12 eylul.jpg|250px]] }} 1980 Turkish coup d’état is the third coup in the history of Republic of Turkey led by [[Kenan Evren]], which overthrew the 1980 government of Turkey. Before the 1980 coup d'état, there were two other coups carried out in 1960 and 1971.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|title=40 Yıl 12 Eylül|last1=Bora|first1=Tanıl|date=2020|publisher=İletişim Yayıncılık|isbn=978-975-05-2953-5|page=67-95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Generals' Coup in Turkey: An Inside Story of 12 September 1980|url=https://archive.org/details/generalscoupintu0000bira|last=Birand|first=Mehmet Ali|publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers|year=1987|isbn=0-08-034741-X|location=Exeter|pages=ix-xi}}</ref> The coup d’état of 1971 and 1980 took place due to similar motivations as they aimed to fix the country’s economic and political problems. The political problems specifically included political instability caused by the violence between left- and right-wing political groups. However, the political violence between left- and right-wing political groups was only lightened after the coup of 1980.<ref name=":0" /> Both of the economic and political issues that motivated the coup were believed to be caused mostly by Ecevit's regime. In addition to the internal economic and political issues in Turkey between 1970-1980, there were also external actors like U.S. who were believed to intervene in the 1980's coup's process.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=12 Eylül Saat: 04:00|last=Birand|first=M. Ali|publisher=Karacan Yayınları|year=1984|pages=184-199}}</ref> On 12th September 1980, the coup was carried out. As the consequence of the coup, martial law was declared and Kenan Evren became the new president of Republic of Turkey.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bekaroglu|first=Erdem|last2=Barnes|first2=Trevor|date=2021|title=Dictatorships and Universities: The 1980 Turkish Military Coup D'état and Turkish Geography|journal=Political Geography|volume=91|pages=1}}</ref> In the aftermath of the coup, large scales of human rights violations were carried out. These violations were later on discussed within the international arena. == Before the Coup == === Political Instability === The political problems that motivated the coup was due to the political instability in Turkey between the period of 1970-1980. The political instability was shaped by the violence between left- and right-wing political groups and therefore the coup aimed to ease the violence between these groups. The army's stance, which carried out the coup, towards this political violence was more in support of the reduction of the left wing ideology and groups.<ref name=":0" /> There were two reasons regarding why the army was in support of right wing groups more, compared to their support for left-wing groups. The first reason was due to the unpopularity of communist ideology among the Turkish army. The army that carried out the coup was characterized by nationalist ideology. Therefore, communism was seen as a factor endangering this national unity, and thus the notion of [[nationalism]], in Turkey. As a result, the political instability in Turkey became one of the motivations of the army to carry out the coup of 1980.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=12 Eylül Saat: 04:00|last=Birand|first=M. Ali|publisher=Karacan Yayınları|year=1984|pages=36-43}}</ref> The second reason why the army had an unfriendly view about communism was because of the Turkey-[[NATO]] relations.<ref name=":0" /> Turkey became a member of NATO in 1952, establishing its stance against communism's spread. Therefore, the 1980 Turkish army believed that rising communism in Turkey, being a NATO member state, could damage its relations with other NATO member states. Thus, isolating the rising communist movements became the second motivation for the army to carry out a coup. In this respect, the army and their nationalistic and anti-communism ideology was mainly supported by the [[Nationalist Movement Party]] (Turkish: ''Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP)''). On the other hand, MHP believed that the arising communist groups were supported by [[Republican People's Party|Republican People’s Party]] (Turkish: ''Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP)''), which was represented by Bulent Ecevit as the prime minister of Turkey. Thus, MHP and the Turkish army accepted Bulent Ecevit as the reason for Turkey’s political and economic instability.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=32. Gün|title=12 Eylül Belgeseli: 32. Gün Arşivi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arGodO-a1sE|website=YouTube|accessdate=10 May 2023}}</ref> === Economy === The Turkish economy between 1970-1980 was deteriorating. This economic depression led to lack of access to oil, basic goods like food, and high levels of unemployment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BBC News Türkçe|date=April 5, 2018|title=Türkiye in 1979: Economic crisis, violence and martial law|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gFNz4RE6PM|website=YouTube}}</ref> The depression was due to Bulent Ecevit’s unsuccessful economic policies, 1973-74 Oil Crisis and U.S. embargo on Turkey after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Combined with political instability, the economic recession was leading to lower living standards in Turkey. The economic policies of Ecevit in the beginning years of 1970s were enabling the county to grow at a constant rate. However, the oil crisis after the [[Yom Kippur War|Yom-Kippur War]] caused one of the most drastic downfalls of Turkish economy in 1976.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Singer|first1=Morris|date=January 1981|title=Turkey in Crisis|journal=The Middle East|volume=80|issue=462|pages=27-40}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal|last1=Cecen|first1=A. Aydin|last2=Dogruel|first2=A. Suut|last3=Dogruel|first3=Fatma|date=February 1994|title=Economic Growth and Structural Change in Turkey 1960-88|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-02_26_1/page/n38|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=26|issue=1|pages=37-56}}</ref> Secondly, after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation, Turkey was embargoed by U.S. In addition to the already existing economic issues and the oil crisis, the embargo put more pressure upon the Turkish economy. Despite the debate that the US established the embargo as an outcome of the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation, Ecevit claims in an interview that the embargo has already been established by the U.S. before the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation was carried out.<ref name=":1" /> In general, the Turkish economy under Ecevit’s regime was experiencing recession because although he was applying policies to tackle the recession, his policies were not strong enough to establish an improved economy. Therefore, Ecevit’s regime came to be characterized by both economic crisis and internal political unrest, and the interrelating problems they have caused. == The Allegations of Western Intervention == Although the 1980 coup d’état was motivated by the domestic political and economic factors persisting between 1970 and 1980, there has been a debate regarding West's connection to the 1980 coup d’état. One dimension of how this was discussed can be linked back to Iran and its geopolitical importance. Iran was perceived as a geopolitically important country for the West since it is an oil-rich country as well as one of the significant oil-supplier to the West. The West had concerns that the oil supply from Iran might be at risk when [[Soviet–Afghan War|USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979]]. Afghanistan, which neighbors both Iran and former USSR, acted as a buffer zone against USSR expansionism into the oil-rich countries, which included Iran as well.<ref name=":5" /> The West feared this invasion since the it could mean that the oil-supply to the West might be disrupted and owned by USSR. The discussion regarding how the West could have been involved in the 1980 Turkish coup d’état's upbringing starts with the discussion of U.S. military being deployed in this region. In order to fight against any further Soviet expansionism into Iran, the U.S. decides to deploy a military belonging to U.S. in a geopolitically beneficial country which is also closer to Iran. The Western powers believed that the most geopolitically suitable country to deploy their army to would be Turkey.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Generals' Coup in Turkey: An Inside Story of 12 September 1980|url=https://archive.org/details/generalscoupintu0000bira|last=Birand|first=Mehmet Ali|publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers|year=1987|isbn=0-08-034741-X|location=Exeter|pages=[https://archive.org/details/generalscoupintu0000bira/page/n136 119]}}</ref> However, for a U.S. military force to be deployed in Turkey, the U.S. believed that Turkey needed to obtain a more stable economy and political environment. What U.S. found problematic about the political environment of Turkey is argued to be the rise of communist movements in Turkey. Therefore, U.S. believed that such a coup also aiming to ease the communist movements is highly important for the efficiency of the U.S. army to be deployed in Turkey.<ref name=":5" /> As a result, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan indirectly affected how the West, mainly consisting the U.S., supported the 1980 Turkish coup d’état. == The Coup and its Aftermath == On the morning of 12th September 1980, approximately at 3 A.M, the coup took place declaring a curfew.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Istanbul: City of the Fearless|last=Houston|first=Christopher|publisher=University of California Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-520-34320-7|location=Berkeley|pages=166}}</ref> The 1980’s coup d’état led to the suspension of democracy and a shift into an authoritarian military rule. The parliament was dissolved and the existing political parties were abolished. [[Trades union|Trade unions]] were closed down since they were seen as communists threats.<ref name="Democratic Transition in Turkey, 1980-83: The Impact of European Diplomacy">{{cite journal |last1=Dagi |first1=Ihsan D. |title=Democratic Transition in Turkey, 1980-83: The Impact of European Diplomacy |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=1996 |volume=32 |issue=2 |page=125 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283796}}</ref> Although the National Security Council that overthrew the government declared that it would eventually return the power to democratically elected civilians, Turkish Military ruled the country for 3 years.<ref name="Central European University Press">{{cite book |last1=Gençkaya |first1=Ömer Faruk |last2=Özbudun |first2=Ergun |title=Democratization and the Politics of Constitution-Making in Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/democratizationp0000zbud |date=March 20, 2009 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9786155211690 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/democratizationp0000zbud/page/19 19]}}</ref> === Human Rights Violations === Many people were arrested on the morning of 12 September 1980.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeytestimonyo0000unse|title=Turkey: Testimony on Torture|last1=International|first1=Amnesty|date=1985|publisher=Amnesty International Publications|isbn=0 86210 088 7|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/turkeytestimonyo0000unse/page/n5 2]}}</ref> After coup d’état the cases of torture in Turkey rapidly increased and first executions in ten years were carried out in a month.<ref name="Democratic Transition in Turkey, 1980-83: The Impact of European Diplomacy" /> Prisoners were beaten, intimidated, humiliated and starved.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Turkey: Testimony on Torture">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeytestimonyo0000unse|title=Turkey: Testimony on Torture|last1=International|first1=Amnesty|date=1985|publisher=Amnesty International Publications|isbn=0 86210 088 7|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/turkeytestimonyo0000unse/page/n49 46]}}</ref> After a global pressure, the state opened an investigation. According to the report in 1982 published by the Turkish State authorities, only four of the alleged 204 deaths were caused by torture.<ref name="Turkey: Testimony on Torture"/> The Military also implemented a nationwide treatment programme called ''mixing for peace''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Şensönmez |first1=Gökhan |title=Politics of remembering the enemy: prisoner narratives of the 1980 military coup |journal=Turkish Studies |date=2023 |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=126 |doi=10.1080/14683849.2022.2073225}}</ref> This programme enforced the cohabitation of leftist and rightist prisoners. This was perceived as a mental torture by some prisoners, while the others believed that they were all the victims of the coup d’état.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Şensönmez |first1=Gökhan |title=Politics of remembering the enemy: prisoner narratives of the 1980 military coup |journal=Turkish Studies |date=2023 |volume=24 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14683849.2022.2073225}}</ref> The Constituent Assembly, consisting of 160 members, implemented a new constitution which strengthened the military’s power and state authority.<ref name="Central European University Press"/> The purpose of the 1982 constitution was to ensure that the country was safe from political polarization of 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gençkaya |first1=Ömer Faruk |last2=Özbudun |first2=Ergun |title=Democratization and the Politics of Constitution-Making in Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/democratizationp0000zbud |date=March 20, 2009 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9786155211690 |page=[https://archive.org/details/democratizationp0000zbud/page/20 20]}}</ref> === January 24th Decrees === It was a programme designed to help Turkey overcome the economic crisis before the coup d’état. With the guidance of [[International Monetary Fund|International Monetary Fund (IMF)]], the purpose of the programme was to encourage foreign investments and trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaya|first=Yunus|date=June 2008|title=Proletarianization with polarization: Industrialization, globalization, and social class in Turkey, 1980–2005|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0276562407000613|journal=Research in Social Stratification and Mobility|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=161–181|doi=10.1016/j.rssm.2007.11.003}}</ref> The provisional government kept following the programme. Furthermore, the designer of the programme, [[Turgut Özal]], was appointed as the finance minister of the military government. == References == {{reflist}} {{Middle East conflict}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1980 Turkish coup d'etat}} [[Category:1980 in Asia]] [[Category:20th century in Turkey]] b414zd08uni7gsn85s5zvwrm1sdm7r0 3 900878 10330038 9695689 2025-06-14T13:45:05Z Minorax 844779 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Santal people]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330038 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''Md. Rayan Alam Rifat''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Md. Rayan Alam Rifat|your changes]], especially what you did for [[:Bangladeshis]]. 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You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) lihc6swei4m9mi9zuwfjppl0kdqksdy 0 912705 10330185 10312962 2025-06-14T15:34:06Z 2A02:C7C:A6B1:AA00:3073:44B:4AF6:76F3 /* Season 3 */Chilli is unwell 10330185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = File:TV_logo_for_Bluey.png | company = British Broadcasting Corporation | network = [[Disney Channel]] (Seasons 1-2), [[Disney Junior]] (Season 3) | country = [[Australia]] | language = English | num_seasons = 3 (aired) | num_episodes = 154 }} '''''Bluey''''' is an Australian children's television series created by [[Joe Brumm]]. It was first aired on on October 1, 2018. The show is available on ABC Kids in Australia. It was distributed by the BBC. In the USA, the show is on [[Disney Junior]]. The show features a cheerful dog named Bluey, who plays with her little sister, Bingo and their parents: Bandit and Chilli. Other people are different breeds of dogs too: like Nana, Bob, Rad, Stripe, Trixie, Muffin, and Socks. Bluey's friends are all dogs as well. The show has a high audience in Australia on television and on online platforms. These include a Logie and International Emmy Award. == Characters == All of the children's voices are done by children of the people who make the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/09/airdate-bluey.html | title=Airdate: Bluey &#124; TV Tonight }}</ref> Famous celebrities have also voiced characters, like [[Anthony Field]] and [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]].<ref>“Stories.” ''Bluey'', season 3, episode 28.</ref> ===Main=== {{Infobox character | name = Bluey Heeler | series = Bluey | first = Magic Xylophone | species = [[Dog]] | gender = Female | family = Heelers | relatives = Bingo (younger sister)<br>Bandit (father)<br>Chilli (mother) | nationality = [[Australia]] }} * Bluey Heeler is a sweet 7-year-old Blue Heeler who likes to invent all sorts of games. She pretends to be a grown-up. She likes to play with her family and friends. * Bingo Heeler is a 5-year-old Red Heeler. She likes to see things - including bugs. Although she is more sensitive than her older sister Bluey (a Blue Heeler who can play). * Bandit Heeler (Voiced by [[David McCormack]]) is the father of Bluey and Bingo. He works as an archaeologist. He plays football with his friends. He often spends time playing games with Bluey and Bingo. * Chilli Heeler (Voiced by [[Melanie Zanetti]]) is the mother of Bluey and Bingo. She works in airport security. She sure can play hockey. She likes dancing and listening to music. She is married to her husband Bandit. She is good at playing games with all of the girls. ===Supporting=== * Muffin Heeler is Bluey and Bingo's 4-year-old cousin. She is very loud and energetic. She is also Stripe and Trixie's daughter, Socks' older sister, Radley, Bandit, and Chili's niece, Bob's granddaughter, and Chris' third oldest granddaughter. * Socks Heeler is Bluey and Bingo's 2-year-old cousin, and Muffin's younger sister. She is still learning to walk on two legs and talk. She is also Stripe and Trixie's daughter, Radley, Bandit, and Chilli's niece, Bob's granddaughter, and Chris' youngest granddaughter. * Chloe, a white [[Dalmatian (dog)|Dalmatian]] with black spots who is one of Bluey's best friends. * Lucky, a golden [[Labrador Retriever]] who is Bluey's next-door neighbor. He loves to play sports with his father, Pat. * Honey, a [[beagle]] who is Bluey's friend. She is very shy, and she needs encouragement to fully participate. She knows how to make her friends laugh. * Mackenzie, a [[Border Collie]] who is Bluey's close friend from school, and New Zealand. * Coco, a [[pink]] [[poodle]] who is Bluey's friend. She is sometimes kind of impatient when playing games. * Snickers, a [[dachshund]]. He has an interest in being a news reporter. * Judo is a chow chow who is Bluey's friend. She is very perky and vain. She has a center for attention. * Jack, a [[Jack Russell Terrier]] with attention deficit issues ([[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]]). * Rusty, a Red Kelpie, whose father is in the army. He loves to play cricket. * Indy, an [[Afghan Hound]]. She is super creative. * The Terriers, 3 [[Miniature Schnauzer]] brothers. * Uncle Stripe Heeler, Bandit's younger brother and the father of Muffin and Socks. He loves to dance just like his brother Bandit. He is voiced by Dan Brumm.<ref name="dogdays">{{cite web|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/culture/television/2020/04/11/bluey-creator-joe-brumms-dog-days/15865272009678 |title=''Bluey'' creator Joe Brumm's dog days|last=Dow |first=Steve |work=[[The Saturday Paper]]|publisher=[[Schwartz Publishing]]|date=11 April 2020|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410161300/https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/culture/television/2020/04/11/bluey-creator-joe-brumms-dog-days/15865272009678| archive-date=10 April 2020| url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Aunt Trixie Heeler, Uncle Stripe's wife and the mother of Muffin and Socks. She loves to play hockey with Chilli. She is voiced by [[Myf Warhurst]].<ref name="series2production"/> ** Warhurst also voices Indy's Mum, an Afghan Hound who sells organic baked goods at the market.<ref>{{cite episode|season=1| title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep20|Markets]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=20 October 2018}}</ref> * Mrs. Retriever, a [[Golden Retriever]] and Bingo's kindergarten teacher. She is voiced by Ann Kerr.<ref>{{cite episode|season=1|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep12|Bob Bilby]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=12 October 2018}}</ref> *Calypso, a Blue Merle [[Australian Shepherd]] and Bluey and her friends' school teacher. She is voiced by [[Megan Washington]]. * Pat, a [[Labrador Retriever]] and Lucky's father, who lives next door to the Heelers. He is voiced by Brad Elliot. * Chris Heeler, Bandit and Stripe's mother, and grandmother to their children. She never says no to a challenge. She is voiced by Chris Brumm.<ref name="20thingsdidnt">{{cite web|url=https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/books-tv-and-movies/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-bluey/news-story/de9bbf0ec7764ba07ae56016f9ae6e04 |title= 20 things you didn't know about ''Bluey''|last=Agostino |first=Josephine |work=Kidspot|date=17 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823222556/https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/books-tv-and-movies/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-bluey/news-story/de9bbf0ec7764ba07ae56016f9ae6e04?nk=ef94d5aaae9ed29fa3bff1610832f5d5-1598101295| archive-date=23 August 2020| url-status=live}}</ref> * Bob Heeler, Bandit and Stripe's father, and grandfather to their children. He is also Chris' husband, Radley's father, Chilli and Trixie's father-in-law, and possibly Mary's brother. He is voiced by [[Ian McFadyen]].<ref>{{cite episode|season=1|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep28|Grannies]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=2 April 2019}}</ref> * [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]] voices the younger version of Bob.<ref name="s3aguests"/><ref name="fairytale">{{cite episode|season=3|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep130|Fairytale]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=16 December 2021}}</ref> * Uncle Rad Heeler, Bandit and Stripe's brother, a cross between a Red and Blue Heeler. He works on an oil rig. He is also Bob's son, Chris' oldest son, Chilli and Trixie's brother-in-law, and Bluey, Bingo, Muffin, and Socks' uncle. He got married to Frisky in "The Sign". He is voiced by [[Patrick Brammall]].<ref name="christmasswim">{{cite episode|season=2|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep103|Christmas Swim]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=1 December 2020}}</ref> * Frisky, Bluey's godmother and aunt, voiced by [[Claudia O'Doherty]]<ref name="christmasswim"/> * Mort, Chilli's father and Bluey and Bingo's grandfather. He is voiced by Laurie Newman<ref>{{cite episode|season=2|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep79|Grandad]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=25 October 2020}}</ref> * Wendy, a [[Chow Chow]]. She is Judo's mother, who lives next door to all of the Heelers. She is voiced by Beth Durack in series 1–2 and [[Emily Taheny]] in series 3. * Brandy, Chilli's older sister. She is voiced by Rose Byrne. == Episodes == ===Season 1=== #The Magic Xylophone - This is the first appearance of Bluey (a six-year-old light blue, blue, dark blue, and tan Blue Heeler), Bingo (Bluey's orange, dark orange and cream younger sister), Bandit (Bluey's blue, light blue, tan and black father), Chilli (Bluey's cream, light orange and brown mother), and Chloe's Mum (Chloe's white and black mother). #Hospital #Keepy Uppy - This is the first appearace of Lucky (a yellow and light yellow Labrador Retriever) and Pat (Lucky's yellow and light yellow father). #Daddy Robot #Shadowlands - This is the first appearance of Coco (a pink and light pink poodle), Snickers (a black and brown dachshund), Bella (Coco's pink and dark pink mother), and Snickers' Mum (Snickers' brown, honey brown and light brown mother). #The Weekend #BBQ - This is the first appearance of Muffin (Bluey's white, light gray, gray, and dark gray cousin), Socks (Bluey's blue, light blue, very dark blue, light tan, white, brown and dark brown cousin), Stripe (Bluey's blue, light blue, very dark blue, brown and dark brown uncle and Bandit's brother), and Trixie (Bluey's bluish white aunt). #Fruitbat - This is the first appearance of Mackenzie (a black and white Border Collie), Rocko (a white, brown and dark brown Basset Hound), and Mackenzie's Dad (Mackenzie's black, grey and white father). #Horsey Ride #Hotel #Bike - This is the first appearance of Bentley (a white and brown Cavalier King Charles Spaniel) and Chloe (a white Dalmatian). #Bob Bilby - This is the first appearance of Mrs. Retriever (a tan and light tan Golden Retriever), Missy (a black, brown, dark brown and light brown Shih Tzu), Buddy (a brown, light brown and tan Pug), Juniper (a purple, pink, brown and light brown Shiba Inu), Juniper's Mum (Juniper's pink, purple, white and beige mother), Harley (a black, grey and white Japanise Akita), Jasper W (a black and brown Rottweiler), Jasper G (a black and brown Doberman), and Sadie (a gray, white, and pink Siberian Husky). #Spy Game - This is the first appearance of Honey (a white, honey, dark honey and brown Beagle), Frank (Chloe's white and black father), Marcus (Honey's white, honey, dark honey and brown father), Daisy (Honey's white, honey, dark honey and brown mother), and Mackenzie's Mum (Mackenzie's brown, white and grey mother). #Takeaway - This is the first appearance of Takeaway Lady (a white and grey Siberian Husky). #Butterflies - This is the first appearance of Judo (a white, grey and beige Chow Chow). #Yoga Ball #Calypso - This is the first appearance of Calypso (an orange, gray, and white Australian Shepherd), Pretzel (a brown, dark brown, light brown and beige Chihuahua), Indy (an orange, tan and cream Afghan Hound), Rusty (a red and tan Red Kelpie), and The Terriers (black, dark grey, grey and white Scottish Terriers). #The Doctor #The Claw #Markets - This is the first appearance of Indy's Mum (Indy's dark tan, tan and cream mother), Surfer (a white, tan and dark brown Rough Collie), Winton (a white, brown and dark brown English Bulldog), Cornelius (Winton's white, brown, dark brown and light brown father), Gruber (a brown, light brown, pinkish-brown and black German Shepherd), Gruber's Dad (Gruber's brown, light brown, black and brownish-pink father), Customer 2 (an orange, white and light brown Basenji), Busker (a dark orange, orange, light orange, dark brown, brown and light brown Irish Terrier), Pony Lady (a brown, light brown and dark brown Cockapoo), and Poffertje Dog (a brown, white, grey and pink Kooikerhondje). #Blue Mountains #The Pool #Shops #Wagon Ride #Taxi #The Beach #Pirates #Grannies - This is the first appearance of Bob (Bluey's white, grey, dark grey, black and brown grandfather and Bandit's father) and Chris (Bluey's blue, light blue and very dark blue grandmother and Bandit's mother). #The Creek #Fairies - This is the first appearance of Wendy (Judo's beige mother) and Zara (Bentley's black, brown and white sister). #Work #Bumpy and the Wise Old Wolfhound - This is the first appearance of Doctor (a black, grey and light grey Terrier) and Nurse (a white, bluish grey, dark grey and pink Greyhound). #Trampoline #The Dump #Zoo #Backpackers #The Adventure #Copycat - This is the first appearance of Vet Corgi (a cream, tan and pink Pembroke Welsh Corgi). #The Sleepover #Early Baby #Mums and Dads #Hide and Seek #Camping - This is the first appearance of Jean-Luc (a bluish-black Labrador), Jean-Luc's Dad (Jean-Luc's bluish-black and light bluish-black father), and Jean-Luc's Mum (Jean-Luc's bluish-black mother). #Mount Mumandad #Kids - This is the first appearance of Docket Boy (a brown, light brown, dark brown and whitish-brown Catahoula Leopard Dog), Customer (a brown, dark brown, white, grey and pink Siberian Husky), and Checkout Lady (a purple Poodle). #Chickenrat #Neighbours #Teasing #Shaun #Asparagus #Daddy Putdown #Verandah Santa ===Season 2=== #Dance Mode - This is the first appearance of Postie (a dark brown, brown, light brown and beige Catahoula Leopard Dog) and Customer 3 (a grey, dark grey and white Whippet). #Hammerbarn - This is the first appearance of Employee (a cream and tan Labrador) and Checkout Dog (a cream Maremma Sheepdog). #Featherwand #Squash #Hairdressers #Stumpfest #Favourite Thing #Daddy Dropoff - This is the first appearance of Lila (a white Maltese) and Sheila (Lila's white mother). #Bingo #Rug Island #Charades #Sticky Gecko #Dad Baby #Mum School #Trains #Army - This is the first appearance of Jack (a brown, light brown, dark brown and white Jack Russell Terrier), Jack's Mum (Jack's brown, dark brown and white mother), Jack's Dad (Jack's brown, dark brown and white father), Lulu (Jack's brown, light brown, dark brown and white sister), and Rusty's Dad (Rusty's red and tan father). #Fancy Restaurant #Piggyback #The Show #Ticklecrabs #Escape #Bus #Queens #Flat Pack #Helicopter #Sleepytime #Grandad - This is the first appearance of Mort (Bluey's light orange, brown, and light yellow grandfather and Chilli's father) and Maynard (a brown and cream Irish Wolfhound). #Seesaw - This is the first appearance of Pom Pom (a white Teacup Pomeranian) and Pom Pom's Mum (Pom Pom's white mother). #Movies #Library #Barky Boats - This is the first appearance of Mia (an orange belton and white English Setter) and Captain (a brown, dark brown, and white American Foxhound). #Burger Shop #Circus - This is the first appearance of Hercules (a white, brown, and dark brown Saint Bernard). #Swim School #Cafe - This is the first appearance of Winnie (a brown Labrador Retriever) and Fido (Winnie's brown father). #Postman #The Quiet Game - This is the first appearance of Alfie (a brown, tan & cream Dingo), Alfie's Mum (Alfie's orange and white mother), and Alfie's Boss (a brown, grey, white, black and charcoal Presa Canario). #Mr. Monkeyjocks #Double Babysitter - This is the first appearance of Radley (Bluey's light blue, light yellow, dark orange, and light orange uncle and Bandit's brother) and Frisky (Bluey's light orange, light yellow, cream, and light red godmother). #Bad Mood #Octopus #Bin Night - This is the first appearance of Doreen (a white Great Pyrenees). #Muffin Cone #Duck Cake #Handstand #Road Trip #Ice Cream - This is the first appearance of Ice Cream Lady (an orange, white, and maroon English Cocker Spaniel). #Dunny #Typewriter #Baby Race - This is the first pictured appearance of Coco's siblings (Coco's siblings in various shades of pink). #Christmas Swim #Easter ===Season 3=== #Perfect #Bedroom #Obstacle Course #Promises - This is the first appearance of Librarian (a white dog), Library Dog (a brown and tan German Pointer), and Flying Fox Kid (a black, grey, and white Shichon). #Omelette #Born Yesterday - This is the first appearance of Yoga Instructor (a tan and brown Saluki). #Mini Bluey #Unicorse #Curry Quest #Magic #Sheepdog #Chest #Housework #Pass the Parcel - This is the first appearance of Chucky (Lucky's golden yellow and light yellow brother), Janelle (Lucky's cream mother), and Lila's Brother (Lila's white brother). #Explorers #Phones #Pavlova #Rain #Pizza Girls #Driving #Tina #Whale Watching #Family Meeting #Faceytalk #Ragdoll #Fairytale #Musical Statues #Stories #Puppets #Turtleboy #Onesies #Tradies #Granny Mobile #Space #Smoochy Kiss #Dirt #The Decider #Cubby #Exercise #Relax #Stickbird #Show and Tell #Dragon #Wild Girls #TV Shop #Slide #Cricket #Ghostbasket #The Sign #Surprise! #Not feeling well #All change! ===Season 4=== #Bog Roll Roll #Fun Proof #Ferekh #Busker's Dance Club #Broccoli #The New Student #No Place Like Home #Heeler Ageddon #Bad Computer #Coat #The Eater #Robo-Chilli #Honey VS Mackenzie #Rotten Bingo #Lucky's Really Rare Rose #Anxiety #Delivery Bluey #Home Alone #No More Fight Without Bluey == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="series2production">{{cite web|url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/tv/fun-tales-abc-kids-series-bluey-lapped-up-ng-b881147160z|title=Fun tales ABC Kids series ''Bluey'' lapped up|work=[[PerthNow]]|publisher=[[Seven West Media]]|last=Collins|first=Simon|date=26 March 2019|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326134315/https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/tv/fun-tales-abc-kids-series-bluey-lapped-up-ng-b881147160z| archive-date=26 March 2019| url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="s3aguests">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-22/bluey-season-three-episodes-how-to-watch/100620428 |title=New ''Bluey'' episodes are out this week. Here's when and where to watch season three|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=22 November 2021|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123110043/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-22/bluey-season-three-episodes-how-to-watch/100620428| archive-date=23 November 2021| url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{authority control}} [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:Australian television series]] tfjauvj8ffd0p7fq46xq0snak8jb83s 10330187 10330185 2025-06-14T15:34:49Z 2A02:C7C:A6B1:AA00:3073:44B:4AF6:76F3 /* Season 3 */Chilli is unwell 10330187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = File:TV_logo_for_Bluey.png | company = British Broadcasting Corporation | network = [[Disney Channel]] (Seasons 1-2), [[Disney Junior]] (Season 3) | country = [[Australia]] | language = English | num_seasons = 3 (aired) | num_episodes = 154 }} '''''Bluey''''' is an Australian children's television series created by [[Joe Brumm]]. It was first aired on on October 1, 2018. The show is available on ABC Kids in Australia. It was distributed by the BBC. In the USA, the show is on [[Disney Junior]]. The show features a cheerful dog named Bluey, who plays with her little sister, Bingo and their parents: Bandit and Chilli. Other people are different breeds of dogs too: like Nana, Bob, Rad, Stripe, Trixie, Muffin, and Socks. Bluey's friends are all dogs as well. The show has a high audience in Australia on television and on online platforms. These include a Logie and International Emmy Award. == Characters == All of the children's voices are done by children of the people who make the series.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/09/airdate-bluey.html | title=Airdate: Bluey &#124; TV Tonight }}</ref> Famous celebrities have also voiced characters, like [[Anthony Field]] and [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]].<ref>“Stories.” ''Bluey'', season 3, episode 28.</ref> ===Main=== {{Infobox character | name = Bluey Heeler | series = Bluey | first = Magic Xylophone | species = [[Dog]] | gender = Female | family = Heelers | relatives = Bingo (younger sister)<br>Bandit (father)<br>Chilli (mother) | nationality = [[Australia]] }} * Bluey Heeler is a sweet 7-year-old Blue Heeler who likes to invent all sorts of games. She pretends to be a grown-up. She likes to play with her family and friends. * Bingo Heeler is a 5-year-old Red Heeler. She likes to see things - including bugs. Although she is more sensitive than her older sister Bluey (a Blue Heeler who can play). * Bandit Heeler (Voiced by [[David McCormack]]) is the father of Bluey and Bingo. He works as an archaeologist. He plays football with his friends. He often spends time playing games with Bluey and Bingo. * Chilli Heeler (Voiced by [[Melanie Zanetti]]) is the mother of Bluey and Bingo. She works in airport security. She sure can play hockey. She likes dancing and listening to music. She is married to her husband Bandit. She is good at playing games with all of the girls. ===Supporting=== * Muffin Heeler is Bluey and Bingo's 4-year-old cousin. She is very loud and energetic. She is also Stripe and Trixie's daughter, Socks' older sister, Radley, Bandit, and Chili's niece, Bob's granddaughter, and Chris' third oldest granddaughter. * Socks Heeler is Bluey and Bingo's 2-year-old cousin, and Muffin's younger sister. She is still learning to walk on two legs and talk. She is also Stripe and Trixie's daughter, Radley, Bandit, and Chilli's niece, Bob's granddaughter, and Chris' youngest granddaughter. * Chloe, a white [[Dalmatian (dog)|Dalmatian]] with black spots who is one of Bluey's best friends. * Lucky, a golden [[Labrador Retriever]] who is Bluey's next-door neighbor. He loves to play sports with his father, Pat. * Honey, a [[beagle]] who is Bluey's friend. She is very shy, and she needs encouragement to fully participate. She knows how to make her friends laugh. * Mackenzie, a [[Border Collie]] who is Bluey's close friend from school, and New Zealand. * Coco, a [[pink]] [[poodle]] who is Bluey's friend. She is sometimes kind of impatient when playing games. * Snickers, a [[dachshund]]. He has an interest in being a news reporter. * Judo is a chow chow who is Bluey's friend. She is very perky and vain. She has a center for attention. * Jack, a [[Jack Russell Terrier]] with attention deficit issues ([[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]]). * Rusty, a Red Kelpie, whose father is in the army. He loves to play cricket. * Indy, an [[Afghan Hound]]. She is super creative. * The Terriers, 3 [[Miniature Schnauzer]] brothers. * Uncle Stripe Heeler, Bandit's younger brother and the father of Muffin and Socks. He loves to dance just like his brother Bandit. He is voiced by Dan Brumm.<ref name="dogdays">{{cite web|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/culture/television/2020/04/11/bluey-creator-joe-brumms-dog-days/15865272009678 |title=''Bluey'' creator Joe Brumm's dog days|last=Dow |first=Steve |work=[[The Saturday Paper]]|publisher=[[Schwartz Publishing]]|date=11 April 2020|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410161300/https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/culture/television/2020/04/11/bluey-creator-joe-brumms-dog-days/15865272009678| archive-date=10 April 2020| url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Aunt Trixie Heeler, Uncle Stripe's wife and the mother of Muffin and Socks. She loves to play hockey with Chilli. She is voiced by [[Myf Warhurst]].<ref name="series2production"/> ** Warhurst also voices Indy's Mum, an Afghan Hound who sells organic baked goods at the market.<ref>{{cite episode|season=1| title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep20|Markets]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=20 October 2018}}</ref> * Mrs. Retriever, a [[Golden Retriever]] and Bingo's kindergarten teacher. She is voiced by Ann Kerr.<ref>{{cite episode|season=1|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep12|Bob Bilby]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=12 October 2018}}</ref> *Calypso, a Blue Merle [[Australian Shepherd]] and Bluey and her friends' school teacher. She is voiced by [[Megan Washington]]. * Pat, a [[Labrador Retriever]] and Lucky's father, who lives next door to the Heelers. He is voiced by Brad Elliot. * Chris Heeler, Bandit and Stripe's mother, and grandmother to their children. She never says no to a challenge. She is voiced by Chris Brumm.<ref name="20thingsdidnt">{{cite web|url=https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/books-tv-and-movies/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-bluey/news-story/de9bbf0ec7764ba07ae56016f9ae6e04 |title= 20 things you didn't know about ''Bluey''|last=Agostino |first=Josephine |work=Kidspot|date=17 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823222556/https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/books-tv-and-movies/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-bluey/news-story/de9bbf0ec7764ba07ae56016f9ae6e04?nk=ef94d5aaae9ed29fa3bff1610832f5d5-1598101295| archive-date=23 August 2020| url-status=live}}</ref> * Bob Heeler, Bandit and Stripe's father, and grandfather to their children. He is also Chris' husband, Radley's father, Chilli and Trixie's father-in-law, and possibly Mary's brother. He is voiced by [[Ian McFadyen]].<ref>{{cite episode|season=1|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep28|Grannies]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=2 April 2019}}</ref> * [[Sam Simmons (comedian)|Sam Simmons]] voices the younger version of Bob.<ref name="s3aguests"/><ref name="fairytale">{{cite episode|season=3|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep130|Fairytale]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=16 December 2021}}</ref> * Uncle Rad Heeler, Bandit and Stripe's brother, a cross between a Red and Blue Heeler. He works on an oil rig. He is also Bob's son, Chris' oldest son, Chilli and Trixie's brother-in-law, and Bluey, Bingo, Muffin, and Socks' uncle. He got married to Frisky in "The Sign". He is voiced by [[Patrick Brammall]].<ref name="christmasswim">{{cite episode|season=2|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep103|Christmas Swim]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=1 December 2020}}</ref> * Frisky, Bluey's godmother and aunt, voiced by [[Claudia O'Doherty]]<ref name="christmasswim"/> * Mort, Chilli's father and Bluey and Bingo's grandfather. He is voiced by Laurie Newman<ref>{{cite episode|season=2|title=[[List of Bluey episodes#ep79|Grandad]]|series=Bluey|series-link=Bluey (2018 TV series)|credits=Writer: Joe Brumm|network=ABC Kids|airdate=25 October 2020}}</ref> * Wendy, a [[Chow Chow]]. She is Judo's mother, who lives next door to all of the Heelers. She is voiced by Beth Durack in series 1–2 and [[Emily Taheny]] in series 3. * Brandy, Chilli's older sister. She is voiced by Rose Byrne. == Episodes == ===Season 1=== #The Magic Xylophone - This is the first appearance of Bluey (a six-year-old light blue, blue, dark blue, and tan Blue Heeler), Bingo (Bluey's orange, dark orange and cream younger sister), Bandit (Bluey's blue, light blue, tan and black father), Chilli (Bluey's cream, light orange and brown mother), and Chloe's Mum (Chloe's white and black mother). #Hospital #Keepy Uppy - This is the first appearace of Lucky (a yellow and light yellow Labrador Retriever) and Pat (Lucky's yellow and light yellow father). #Daddy Robot #Shadowlands - This is the first appearance of Coco (a pink and light pink poodle), Snickers (a black and brown dachshund), Bella (Coco's pink and dark pink mother), and Snickers' Mum (Snickers' brown, honey brown and light brown mother). #The Weekend #BBQ - This is the first appearance of Muffin (Bluey's white, light gray, gray, and dark gray cousin), Socks (Bluey's blue, light blue, very dark blue, light tan, white, brown and dark brown cousin), Stripe (Bluey's blue, light blue, very dark blue, brown and dark brown uncle and Bandit's brother), and Trixie (Bluey's bluish white aunt). #Fruitbat - This is the first appearance of Mackenzie (a black and white Border Collie), Rocko (a white, brown and dark brown Basset Hound), and Mackenzie's Dad (Mackenzie's black, grey and white father). #Horsey Ride #Hotel #Bike - This is the first appearance of Bentley (a white and brown Cavalier King Charles Spaniel) and Chloe (a white Dalmatian). #Bob Bilby - This is the first appearance of Mrs. Retriever (a tan and light tan Golden Retriever), Missy (a black, brown, dark brown and light brown Shih Tzu), Buddy (a brown, light brown and tan Pug), Juniper (a purple, pink, brown and light brown Shiba Inu), Juniper's Mum (Juniper's pink, purple, white and beige mother), Harley (a black, grey and white Japanise Akita), Jasper W (a black and brown Rottweiler), Jasper G (a black and brown Doberman), and Sadie (a gray, white, and pink Siberian Husky). #Spy Game - This is the first appearance of Honey (a white, honey, dark honey and brown Beagle), Frank (Chloe's white and black father), Marcus (Honey's white, honey, dark honey and brown father), Daisy (Honey's white, honey, dark honey and brown mother), and Mackenzie's Mum (Mackenzie's brown, white and grey mother). #Takeaway - This is the first appearance of Takeaway Lady (a white and grey Siberian Husky). #Butterflies - This is the first appearance of Judo (a white, grey and beige Chow Chow). #Yoga Ball #Calypso - This is the first appearance of Calypso (an orange, gray, and white Australian Shepherd), Pretzel (a brown, dark brown, light brown and beige Chihuahua), Indy (an orange, tan and cream Afghan Hound), Rusty (a red and tan Red Kelpie), and The Terriers (black, dark grey, grey and white Scottish Terriers). #The Doctor #The Claw #Markets - This is the first appearance of Indy's Mum (Indy's dark tan, tan and cream mother), Surfer (a white, tan and dark brown Rough Collie), Winton (a white, brown and dark brown English Bulldog), Cornelius (Winton's white, brown, dark brown and light brown father), Gruber (a brown, light brown, pinkish-brown and black German Shepherd), Gruber's Dad (Gruber's brown, light brown, black and brownish-pink father), Customer 2 (an orange, white and light brown Basenji), Busker (a dark orange, orange, light orange, dark brown, brown and light brown Irish Terrier), Pony Lady (a brown, light brown and dark brown Cockapoo), and Poffertje Dog (a brown, white, grey and pink Kooikerhondje). #Blue Mountains #The Pool #Shops #Wagon Ride #Taxi #The Beach #Pirates #Grannies - This is the first appearance of Bob (Bluey's white, grey, dark grey, black and brown grandfather and Bandit's father) and Chris (Bluey's blue, light blue and very dark blue grandmother and Bandit's mother). #The Creek #Fairies - This is the first appearance of Wendy (Judo's beige mother) and Zara (Bentley's black, brown and white sister). #Work #Bumpy and the Wise Old Wolfhound - This is the first appearance of Doctor (a black, grey and light grey Terrier) and Nurse (a white, bluish grey, dark grey and pink Greyhound). #Trampoline #The Dump #Zoo #Backpackers #The Adventure #Copycat - This is the first appearance of Vet Corgi (a cream, tan and pink Pembroke Welsh Corgi). #The Sleepover #Early Baby #Mums and Dads #Hide and Seek #Camping - This is the first appearance of Jean-Luc (a bluish-black Labrador), Jean-Luc's Dad (Jean-Luc's bluish-black and light bluish-black father), and Jean-Luc's Mum (Jean-Luc's bluish-black mother). #Mount Mumandad #Kids - This is the first appearance of Docket Boy (a brown, light brown, dark brown and whitish-brown Catahoula Leopard Dog), Customer (a brown, dark brown, white, grey and pink Siberian Husky), and Checkout Lady (a purple Poodle). #Chickenrat #Neighbours #Teasing #Shaun #Asparagus #Daddy Putdown #Verandah Santa ===Season 2=== #Dance Mode - This is the first appearance of Postie (a dark brown, brown, light brown and beige Catahoula Leopard Dog) and Customer 3 (a grey, dark grey and white Whippet). #Hammerbarn - This is the first appearance of Employee (a cream and tan Labrador) and Checkout Dog (a cream Maremma Sheepdog). #Featherwand #Squash #Hairdressers #Stumpfest #Favourite Thing #Daddy Dropoff - This is the first appearance of Lila (a white Maltese) and Sheila (Lila's white mother). #Bingo #Rug Island #Charades #Sticky Gecko #Dad Baby #Mum School #Trains #Army - This is the first appearance of Jack (a brown, light brown, dark brown and white Jack Russell Terrier), Jack's Mum (Jack's brown, dark brown and white mother), Jack's Dad (Jack's brown, dark brown and white father), Lulu (Jack's brown, light brown, dark brown and white sister), and Rusty's Dad (Rusty's red and tan father). #Fancy Restaurant #Piggyback #The Show #Ticklecrabs #Escape #Bus #Queens #Flat Pack #Helicopter #Sleepytime #Grandad - This is the first appearance of Mort (Bluey's light orange, brown, and light yellow grandfather and Chilli's father) and Maynard (a brown and cream Irish Wolfhound). #Seesaw - This is the first appearance of Pom Pom (a white Teacup Pomeranian) and Pom Pom's Mum (Pom Pom's white mother). #Movies #Library #Barky Boats - This is the first appearance of Mia (an orange belton and white English Setter) and Captain (a brown, dark brown, and white American Foxhound). #Burger Shop #Circus - This is the first appearance of Hercules (a white, brown, and dark brown Saint Bernard). #Swim School #Cafe - This is the first appearance of Winnie (a brown Labrador Retriever) and Fido (Winnie's brown father). #Postman #The Quiet Game - This is the first appearance of Alfie (a brown, tan & cream Dingo), Alfie's Mum (Alfie's orange and white mother), and Alfie's Boss (a brown, grey, white, black and charcoal Presa Canario). #Mr. Monkeyjocks #Double Babysitter - This is the first appearance of Radley (Bluey's light blue, light yellow, dark orange, and light orange uncle and Bandit's brother) and Frisky (Bluey's light orange, light yellow, cream, and light red godmother). #Bad Mood #Octopus #Bin Night - This is the first appearance of Doreen (a white Great Pyrenees). #Muffin Cone #Duck Cake #Handstand #Road Trip #Ice Cream - This is the first appearance of Ice Cream Lady (an orange, white, and maroon English Cocker Spaniel). #Dunny #Typewriter #Baby Race - This is the first pictured appearance of Coco's siblings (Coco's siblings in various shades of pink). #Christmas Swim #Easter ===Season 3=== #Perfect #Bedroom #Obstacle Course #Promises - This is the first appearance of Librarian (a white dog), Library Dog (a brown and tan German Pointer), and Flying Fox Kid (a black, grey, and white Shichon). #Omelette #Born Yesterday - This is the first appearance of Yoga Instructor (a tan and brown Saluki). #Mini Bluey #Unicorse #Curry Quest #Magic #Sheepdog #Chest #Housework #Pass the Parcel - This is the first appearance of Chucky (Lucky's golden yellow and light yellow brother), Janelle (Lucky's cream mother), and Lila's Brother (Lila's white brother). #Explorers #Phones #Pavlova #Rain #Pizza Girls #Driving #Tina #Whale Watching #Family Meeting #Faceytalk #Ragdoll #Fairytale #Musical Statues #Stories #Puppets #Turtleboy #Onesies #Tradies #Granny Mobile #Space #Smoochy Kiss #Dirt #The Decider #Cubby #Exercise #Relax #Stickbird #Show and Tell #Dragon #Wild Girls #TV Shop #Slide #Cricket #Ghostbasket #The Sign #Surprise! #Not Feeling Well #All Change! ===Season 4=== #Bog Roll Roll #Fun Proof #Ferekh #Busker's Dance Club #Broccoli #The New Student #No Place Like Home #Heeler Ageddon #Bad Computer #Coat #The Eater #Robo-Chilli #Honey VS Mackenzie #Rotten Bingo #Lucky's Really Rare Rose #Anxiety #Delivery Bluey #Home Alone #No More Fight Without Bluey == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="series2production">{{cite web|url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/tv/fun-tales-abc-kids-series-bluey-lapped-up-ng-b881147160z|title=Fun tales ABC Kids series ''Bluey'' lapped up|work=[[PerthNow]]|publisher=[[Seven West Media]]|last=Collins|first=Simon|date=26 March 2019|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326134315/https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/tv/fun-tales-abc-kids-series-bluey-lapped-up-ng-b881147160z| archive-date=26 March 2019| url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="s3aguests">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-22/bluey-season-three-episodes-how-to-watch/100620428 |title=New ''Bluey'' episodes are out this week. Here's when and where to watch season three|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=22 November 2021|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123110043/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-22/bluey-season-three-episodes-how-to-watch/100620428| archive-date=23 November 2021| url-status=live}}</ref> }} {{authority control}} [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:Australian television series]] 7x7z7rot54omnclwikbcqup76r1wgjf 0 912944 10330037 10324482 2025-06-14T13:45:00Z Minorax 844779 Requesting quick deletion ([[WP:QD#A1|QD A1]]). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd|a1|editor=Minorax|date=13:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} New kapagini New torito ==References== {{reflist}} {{asia-stub}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] 4h4twb69qbnrbvr10h4cqkqsjlif533 10330045 10330037 2025-06-14T13:46:49Z MathXplore 966595 Restored revision 9645556 by [[Special:Contributions/Davey2010|Davey2010]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]]) 10330045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EngvarB|date=August 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Santal people | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Baha parab 4.jpg | image_caption = Santals in traditional dress celebrating ''[[Baha parab]]'' | pop = {{circa|7.4&nbsp;million}} | popplace = {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Bangladesh}}, {{flag|Nepal}} | region1 = {{Flag|India}}:<br />{{spaces|7}}[[Jharkhand]] | pop1 = <br />2,752,723<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref> | region2 = {{spaces|7}}[[West Bengal]] | pop2 = 2,512,331<ref name="census"/> | region3 = {{spaces|7}}[[Odisha]] | pop3 = 894,764<ref name="census"/> | region4 = {{spaces|7}}[[Bihar]] | pop4 = 406,076<ref name="census"/> | region5 = {{spaces|7}}[[Assam]] | pop5 = 213,139<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Bangladesh}} | pop6 = 300,061 (2001) | ref6 = <ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite web|url=http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/cfcavallaro/Pdf%20files/Cavallaro%20and%20Rahman%202009.pdf|title=The Santals of Bangladesh|last1=Cavallaro|first1=Francesco|last2=Rahman|first2=Tania|website=ntu.edu.sg|access-date=17 November 2017|publisher=Nayang Technical University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109161200/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/cfcavallaro/Pdf%20files/Cavallaro%20and%20Rahman%202009.pdf|archive-date=9 Nov 2016}}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Nepal}} | pop7 = 51,735 | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite journal|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011: Social Characteristics Tables|url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf|journal=Nepal Census|via=Government of Nepal|access-date=2022-03-10|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages = [[Santali language|Santal]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] | religions = '''Majority'''<br />[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (63%)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Jharkhand |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-20-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref><br />'''Minority'''<br />Folk religions ([[Sarna sthal]]) (24%)<br />[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]] (12%), Others (1%)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/> | related = [[Munda people|Mundas]]{{•}}[[Ho people|Hos]]{{•}}[[Juang people|Juangs]]{{•}}[[Kharia people|Kharias]]{{•}}[[Savara people|Savaras]]{{•}}[[Korku people|Korku]]{{•}}[[Bhumij]] }} The Santal are an ethnic group native to eastern [[India]].<ref name="Bangladesh" /> Santals are the largest tribe in the [[Jharkhand]] state of India in terms of population and are also found in the states of [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's [[Rajshahi Division]] and [[Rangpur Division]]. They have a significant population in [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. The Santals speak the [[Santali language]], the third largest language of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic family]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{asia-stub}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] hi8sqbnax85oak0lz7nsdr2bc6rsl5d 0 915112 10331196 9652160 2025-06-15T01:00:16Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Area codes 305 and 786''' are area code that cover [[Florida]]. Area code 305 is one of the earliest area codes ever created in 1947. It used to cover the entire state, but after it was split by 813 in 1953,<ref name="Florida Area Code Changes.">{{Cite web|title=Florida Area Code Changes|url=https://www.sprint.com/areacodes/florida/history.html|access-date=2022-03-17|website=www.sprint.com}}</ref> 904 in 1965,<ref name="Florida Area Code Changes." /> 407 in 1988,<ref name="Florida Area Code Changes." /> and 954 in 1995,<ref name="Florida Area Code Changes." /> it now covers the far southern portion of Florida, specifically the [[Miami]] section and the Florida Keys sections of Florida. It was partially overlaid by 786 on March 1, 1998<ref name="Florida Area Code Changes." /> for the Miami-Dade County area only and then later extended to Florida Keys and the rest of Monroe Country in 2001. It was also overlaid 645 on August 4, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NewsLink - Florida Public Service Commission|url=http://www.floridapsc.com/Home/NewsLink?id=11989|access-date=2022-03-17|website=www.floridapsc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Area Code 645 - Details, official location, official service date, history and time zone|url=https://www.areacodehelp.com/where/area_code_645.shtml|access-date=2022-10-13|website=www.areacodehelp.com|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Florida]] [[Category:Area codes in the United States|305]] {{us-stub}} ckgzof6s8ic7y57ymedevxpysgjoh4y 0 915502 10331215 9704744 2025-06-15T01:14:15Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Area code 402''' is an area code for [[Nebraska]]. It was one of the first codes created in 1947. It initially covered the entire state of Nebraska until 1954, which is when it was split by 308, which covers the western portion of the state, while 402 covers the eastern part of the state, including the towns Lincoln, Omaha, Columbus, Fremont, La Vista, and Norfolk. It was overlaid by 531 in March 26, 2011.<ref name="NANPA">https://nationalnanpa.com/pdf/PL_410.pdf</ref> Permissive dialing in that area started on June 26, 2010 and ended on February 26, 2011, exactly a month before 531 was implemented.<ref name="NANPA" /> == Sources == {{reflist}} [[Category:Nebraska]] [[Category:Area codes in the United States|402]] {{us-stub}} fdgj1erjoe6kkzv0a2r9w09hawcn5c0 0 915536 10331198 8156645 2025-06-15T01:00:57Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Area code 405''' is an area code created for [[Oklahoma]]. It was one of the first area codes created in October 1947. It initially covered the entire state of Oklahoma, but after it was split by 918 in 1953<ref name="405 Exhausted, OKC Metro To Get New Area Code">{{Cite web|last=Griffin|first=David|title=405 Exhausted, OKC Metro To Get New Area Code|url=https://www.news9.com/story/5e346fb9527dcf49dad6ea26/405-exhausted-okc-metro-to-get-new-area-code|access-date=2022-03-19|website=www.news9.com|language=en}}</ref> and 580 in 1997,<ref name="405 Exhausted, OKC Metro To Get New Area Code" /> it now covers the central portion of the state. It was overlaid by 572 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oklahoma|first=Janelle Stecklein {{!}} CNHI News|title=Central Oklahoma adding 572 area code|url=https://www.normantranscript.com/news/oklahoma/central-oklahoma-adding-572-area-code/article_585a1216-56b3-5ecd-a057-fbbd21c9e46a.html|access-date=2022-03-19|website=Norman Transcript|language=en}}</ref> == Sources == {{reflist}} [[Category:Area codes in the United States|405]] [[Category:Oklahoma]] {{us-stub}} 17s26xf4jj087fvacam696mtdyw91ll 0 915601 10331197 8156617 2025-06-15T01:00:36Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Area code 502''' is an area code for [[Kentucky]]. It was one of the earliest area codes created in October 1947. It initially covered the entire state. However, it was split by 606 in 1954, then it was split by 270 in 1999,<ref name="Kentucky Area Codes">{{Cite web|title=Kentucky Area Codes|url=https://www.areacodehelp.com/acus/kentucky_area_codes.shtml|access-date=2022-03-20|website=www.areacodehelp.com|language=en}}</ref> and 859 in 2000.<ref name="Kentucky Area Codes" /> 502 now covers the north central portion of [[Kentucky]], including its state capital [[Frankfort, Kentucky|Frankfort]], as well as other towns such as [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], [[Georgetown, Kentucky|Georgetown]], [[West Point, Kentucky|West Point]], [[Shelbyville, Kentucky|Shelbyville]], and [[Bardstown, Kentucky|Bardstown]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{US-stub}} {{Area code box|State=KY| This= Area code 502 | N= [[Area codes 812 and 930|812/930]]| S= [[Area codes 270 and 364|270/364]], [[area code 859|859]]| E= [[area code 859|859]]| W= [[area code 812|812]]| S1=IN}} [[Category:Kentucky]] [[Category:Area codes in the United States|502]] 2ewqtwf5i89ovbddt46v3agp4a22b3m 0 915616 10331195 8181306 2025-06-15T00:59:40Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Area codes 503 and 971''' are area codes for [[Oregon]]. Area code 503 was one of earliest area codes ever created. It was made in 1947. It originally covered the entire state, but after it was split by 541 in 1995,<ref name="Oregon Area Codes">{{Cite web|title=Oregon Area Codes|url=https://www.areacodehelp.com/acus/oregon_area_codes.shtml|access-date=2022-03-20|website=www.areacodehelp.com|language=en}}</ref> 503 now covers only the northwest portion of the state. It covers towns such as its state capital [[Salem, Oregon|Salem]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], and [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]]. It was overlaid by 971 in 2000.<ref name="Oregon Area Codes" /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Oregon]] [[Category:Area codes in the United States|503]] {{us-stub}} jzhzpjvvf78bn7x79pbw34076crdgla 0 916438 10331414 8125844 2025-06-15T03:35:42Z 49.224.78.118 Good. 10331414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Open research''' is [[research]] that is openly accessible, usable, editable, and distributable by anyone for any purpose, even commercially. Open research is licensed with an [[open license]] that authorizes use of the content as described above.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Open Research Europe|url=https://open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu/|access-date=2022-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is open research? {{!}} Open Research {{!}} University of Exeter|url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/openresearch/about/explained/|access-date=2022-03-23|website=www.exeter.ac.uk}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Open science]] * [[Open content]] * [[Open knowledge]] * [[Open data]] * [[Avoimuus|Openness]] == References == {{Reflist}} Cassius Jane American comedian and entertainer Age 19 years Born date of birth 14 June 2006 (age 19 years old) Lower Hutt Wellington New Zealand: Partner: Talia Connell Siblings: Tennyson Jane Prisseis Jane Iridessa Jane Parents: Cory Jane and Amie Jane Nationality: New Zealand-American p4844jlhzxhp3cc907edmyh0nqincs5 0 917935 10329874 10323916 2025-06-14T12:43:17Z Moulyags 1145829 Added new reference source, for supporting information 10329874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Prakash Raj | image = Prakash Raj at KLF 18 kozhikode.jpg | birth_name = Prakash Rai | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|03|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = Bangalore, Mysore State, [[India]] | occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|Film producer|Director|Television presenter}} | years_active = 1986 – present | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Lalitha Kumari|1994|2009|reason=div}}|{{marriage|Pony Verma|2010}}}} }} '''Prakash Rai''', better known by his stage name '''Prakash Raj''', <ref>{{cite news |title=Prakash Raj says ‘half of Bollywood is sold and the other half is scared’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prakash-raj-says-half-of-bollywood-is-sold-and-the-other-half-is-scared-to-speak-up-against-the-govt-history-wont-forget-those-who-were-silent-9983239/ |work=The Indian Express |date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=Prakash Raj calls out his peers for not speaking about socio-political issues |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/May/05/prakash-raj-calls-out-his-peers-for-not-speaking-about-socio-political-issues-half-of-them-are-sold-other-half-is-scared |work=Cinema Express |date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref> is an [[India]]n [[Actor|film actor]] [[producer]] and television presenter who primarily appears in [[Tollywood|South Indian film]] industry and known for his works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] films.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|date=10 July 2013|title=I stopped taking life for granted after my son’s death: Prakash Raj|work=The Times of India|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-stopped-taking-life-for-granted-after-my-sons-death-prakash-raj/articleshow/20987660.cms}}</ref> Prakash made his debut in Tamil cinema during mid 1990s through ''Duet'' (1994). He has received several multiple awards including Filmfare Awards South, SIIMA Awards, CineMAA Awards. ==Early life== Prakash Raj was born as Prakash Rai on 26 March 1965 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. He belongs to a Kannada-speaking family. He studied at St. Joseph's Indian High School in Bangalore. Later, he went to St. Joseph’s College of Commerce in Bangalore for higher studies. He started acting in theatre and [[television]] during his early years. ==Career== Prakash Raj began his acting career with [[Kannada]] stage plays and [[TV]] serials. He performed in more than 2,000 street theatre shows. His strong acting in Kannada television helped him get roles in Kannada movies. In 1994, director K. Balachander gave him a big break in Tamil cinema with the film Duet. After that, he became popular in the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi film industries. He acted in many hit [[movies]] as a villain, supporting actor and sometimes as a hero. He is known for movies like Iruvar (Tamil), Anthapuram (Telugu), Singham (Hindi), and Naanu Nanna Kanasu (Kannada). He has acted in over 300 films. ==As a director and producer== Prakash Raj started his own production company called Duet Movies. He directed movies such as Naanu Nanna Kanasu (Kannada), Dhoni (Tamil/Telugu), and Tadka (Hindi). His films often talk about family, education and society. ==Awards== Prakash Raj has won many awards for his acting. These include: * National Film Awards * Filmfare Awards South * SIIMA Awards * CineMAA Awards He is praised for his natural acting and powerful dialogue delivery. ==Social and political work== Prakash Raj is also active in social issues. He speaks about freedom of speech, education, and human rights. In 2019, he took part in politics and contested as an independent candidate in the Lok Sabha elections from Bangalore Central. He did not win but continues to raise his voice on public matters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prakash Rai responds to detractors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/prakash-rai-responds-to-detractors/articleshow/62213495.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2017 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |title=I stopped taking life for granted after my son's death: Prakash Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-stopped-taking-life-for-granted-after-my-sons-death-prakash-raj/articleshow/20987660.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 July 2013 |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> ==External links== * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0695177/ Prakash Raj on IMDb] == Sources == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Prakash}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian movie actors]] 3gc24es3kon9jaubolgdyj0bdaapxjh 0 923553 10330249 10329804 2025-06-14T16:09:02Z BlackJack 572554 Infobox cleanup. 10330249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = Ryan Campbell | image = | country = Australia | country2 = Hong Kong | fullname = Ryan John Campbell | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|2|7|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Perth, Western Australia]] | batting = Right-handed | bowling = Right-arm [[off spin]] | role = [[Wicket-keeper]] | family = [[Tom Lammonby]] (cousin) | international = true | internationalspan = 2002 | internationalspan2 = 2016 | odidebutdate = 17 January | odidebutyear = 2002 | odidebutfor = Australia | odidebutagainst = New Zealand | odicap = 146 | lastodidate = 22 December | lastodiyear = 2002 | lastodifor = Australia | lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka | T20Idebutdate = 8 March | T20Idebutyear = 2016 | T20Idebutfor = Hong Kong | T20Idebutagainst = Zimbabwe | T20Icap = 21 | lastT20Idate = 12 March | lastT20Iyear = 2016 | lastT20Ifor = Hong Kong | lastT20Iagainst = Scotland | club1 = [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]] | year1 = {{nowrap|1995/96–2005/06}} | club2 = [[Ahmedabad Rockets]] ([[Indian Cricket League|ICL]]) | year2 = 2012 | club3 = Kowloon Cantons ([[Hong Kong T20 Blitz|T20 Blitz]]) | year3 = 2016 | columns = 4 | column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]] | matches1 = 2 | runs1 = 54 | bat avg1 = 27.00 | 100s/50s1 = 0/0 | top score1 = 38 | deliveries1 = – | wickets1 = – | bowl avg1 = – | fivefor1 = – | tenfor1 = – | best bowling1 = – | catches/stumpings1 = 4/1 | column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] | matches2 = 3 | runs2 = 36 | bat avg2 = 12.00 | 100s/50s2 = 0/0 | top score2 = 29 | deliveries2 = 60 | wickets2 = 2 | bowl avg2 = 34.00 | fivefor2 = 0 | tenfor2 = 0 | best bowling2 = 2/28 | catches/stumpings2 = 1/– | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] | matches3 = 98 | runs3 = 6,009 | bat avg3 = 36.41 | 100s/50s3 = 11/37 | top score3 = 203 | deliveries3 = 24 | wickets3 = 0 | bowl avg3 = – | fivefor3 = – | tenfor3 = – | best bowling3 = – | catches/stumpings3 = 266/15 | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] | matches4 = 105 | runs4 = 2,286 | bat avg4 = 23.56 | 100s/50s4 = 1/10 | top score4 = 108 | deliveries4 = – | wickets4 = – | bowl avg4 = – | fivefor4 = – | tenfor4 = – | best bowling4 = – | catches/stumpings4 = 139/11 | date = 14 June | year = 2025 | source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/5/5641/5641.html CricketArchive }} '''Ryan John Campbell''' (born 7 February 1972) is an [[Australia]]n former [[cricket]]er. He played as a [[wicket-keeper]]. Campbell was born in [[Osborne Park, Western Australia|Osborne Park]], a suburb of [[Perth, Western Australia]]. He represented his [[Western Australia men's cricket team|home state]] from 1995–96 to 2005–06. He played for [[Australia men's national cricket team|Australia]] in two [[One Day International]]s between 2001–02 and 2002–03. He retired from playing after the 2005–06 season. In 2015, Campbell came out of retirement briefly to represent the Hong Kong team in three [[Twenty20 International]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/5/5641/5641.html |title=Ryan Campbell |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=14 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He became a coach and worked with both [[Durham County Cricket Club]] and the [[Netherlands men's national cricket team|Dutch national team]]. In April 2022, while in England, Campbell went into [[cardiac arrest]]. He was in [[intensive care]] in a [[coma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/netherlands-coach-ryan-campbell-in-a-coma-following-heart-attack-1311426 |title=Netherlands coach Ryan Campbell in coma following heart attack |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> He left [[Royal Stoke University Hospital]] three weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2611337 |title=Ryan Campbell discharged from hospital |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{cricinfo|id=4527}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Ryan}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian cricketers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Perth, Western Australia]] {{sports-bio-stub}} ih2rkdi5omo92u6ye2uy326sta5rlwu 0 924422 10330644 10329676 2025-06-14T19:08:09Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Questionable notability. }} '''Esther Tarango Uranday''' (April 26, 1933 - December 18, 2017) was a Filipino American activist for the United Workers Front (UFW). She told [[César Chávez|Cesar Chavez]] that Filipino farm workers were striking against grape growers and helped get him involved in their work.<ref name=":0" /> She got more involved in the UFW. Uranday managed the UFW and contracts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Home|first=McFarland Family Funeral|title=Obituary for Esther Tarango Uranday {{!}} McFarland Family Funeral Home|url=https://www.everlastpeace.com/obituary/Esther-TarangoUranday|access-date=2022-04-21|website=Obituary for Esther Tarango Uranday {{!}} McFarland Family Funeral Home|language=en}}</ref> She helped build the UFW, and was a close friend of Helen Chavez. She traveled with Helen and Cesar Chavez to lead the National Boycott Tour,<ref name=":1" /> encouraging people to not eat grapes from certain growers. She also was an active and regular participant in picket lines (protests where the protestors try to stop people from getting into an area/place of work) at grape farms. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sherman|first=Jocelyn|date=2017-12-28|title=Esther Uranday was one of the pioneering women who helped build the UFW|url=https://ufw.org/estheruranday/|access-date=2022-04-21|website=UFW|language=en-US}}</ref> == Protests == Besides helping manage hiring for the union, Uranday protested every day. She would get up early to [[Delano grape strike|strike at the grape fields]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Burger|first=James|date=21 September 2015|title=Anniversary of Delano Grape Strike honored in memoriesAnniversary celebration was an emotional reunion for UFW organizer|work=The Bakersfield Californian}}</ref> The protestors picketed (formed a picket line) against the terrible treatment of the migrant workers.<ref name=":2" /> Most of them were workers themselves, who were on strike (refusing to work as a form of protest). They caught the attention of both newspapers and the grape companies. They lost their jobs. For many, they and their families barely scraped by.<ref name=":0" /> They made a picket line near the grape fields and yelled “¡Huelga!”, which means “Strike!”<ref name=":2" /> Police would come and arrest them. However, they didn't let the arrests ruin their day and sang and told jokes in jail.<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uranday, Esther}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] asbwxmv26cu2o3nx1u34tw0dk8b6j76 0 925313 10330001 9713465 2025-06-14T13:32:03Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gérard M. van Opdorp''' (16 November 1925 - 3 October 2003) was a Dutch Paralympic archer and wheelchair basketball player. Van Opdorp became impaired due to the war.<ref>{{Cite web|last=VOLKERS|first=VAN ONZE VERSLAGGEVER JOHN|date=2012-08-29|title=Voorbeeld voor de ploeg van 2012|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b7d485f5|access-date=2022-04-25|website=de Volkskrant|language=nl-NL}}</ref> He was part of the first Dutch team at the Stoke Mandeville Games in 1952.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-02|title=1952: The Stoke Mandeville Games go truly international|url=https://paralympicanorak.wordpress.com/2012/10/02/1952-the-stoke-mandeville-games-go-truly-international/|access-date=2022-04-25|website=paralympicanorak|language=en}}</ref> As an archer he competed at the [[1968 Summer Paralympics]] and [[1972 Summer Paralympics]], winning a silver medal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=van Opdorp - Archery {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile|url=https://www.paralympic.org/van-opdorp|access-date=2022-04-25|website=International Paralympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> He also competed in wheelchair basketball at the Summer Paralympics. On 5 August 1963, he married Paralympic swimmer Delphine Ariens Kappers, who won the first ever gold medal at the Paralympic Games in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|title=60 jaar Nederland op de Spelen: “Als je vandaag wilt begrijpen, moet je op zoek gaan naar gisteren” {{!}} ParaWatcher|url=https://parawatcher.nl/parawatcher/60-jaar-nederland-op-de-spelen-als-je-vandaag-wilt-begrijpen-moet-je-op-zoek-gaan-naar-gisteren/|access-date=2022-04-25|language=nl}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He died in 2003 in Doorn at the age of 77. == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Van Opdorp, Gerard}} [[Category:2003 deaths]] [[Category:1922 births]] [[Category:Dutch archers]] [[Category:Dutch wheelchair basketball players]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for the Netherlands]] {{sports-bio-stub}} fbnzpxd89x9wps9clf3lvxdzpa7j3si 0 925423 10331527 10093989 2025-06-15T06:12:53Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Ioana Ciută <!-- use common name/article title --> | honorific_suffix = | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | image_upright = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --> | birth_place = [[Romania]] | age = | baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --> | disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1908|31|8|1967|28|2}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --> | burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | nationality = [[Romanians|Romanian]] | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = environmental activist and journalist | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = CEE Bankwatch Network | agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --> | known_for = Energy Campaigns Coordinator of CEE Bankwatch Network | notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --> | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | television = | title = <!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --> | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = <!-- Use article title or common name --> | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | callsign = | awards = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Ioana Ciută''' is a [[Romanians|Romanian]] environmental activist and journalist. She lives in [[Bucharest]]. She works as the Energy Campaigns Coordinator of the CEE Bankwatch Network. It is a global network operating in Central and Eastern Europe. It is one of the largest networks of environmental NGOs in that country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ioana Ciută, Author at China Dialogue|url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/author/ioanaciuta/|access-date=2022-04-26|website=China Dialogue|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426024508/https://chinadialogue.net/en/author/ioanaciuta/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ioana Ciută|url=https://bankwatch.org/team/ioana-ciuta|access-date=2022-04-26|website=Bankwatch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">Xing, Li (2021-06-14). China-EU Relations in a New Era of Global Transformation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-40756-3.</ref><ref name=":3">Memoirs of the Section of Philological Sciences, Literature and Arts of the Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania (in Romanian). Editura Academiei Române. 1989.</ref><ref name=":4">Marineasa, Viorel (1990). În pasaj: roman (in Romanian). Editura Militară. ISBN 978-973-32-0129-8.</ref> == Professional Career == Ciută joined Bankwatch in 2014 as coordinator of the "Balkan Without Coal" campaign. It was preventing the construction of new coal mines in the Western Balkans. Ciută covered nuclear energy development in Romania and Bulgaria. It was before joining Bankwatch. She followed international negotiations on global warming. She holds a degree in journalism. However, her environmental activism long preceded her journalistic work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Roles in International politics == Ioana Ciută builds a close relationship with her groups of members as well as project partners from different countries including [[Serbia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Macedonia]]. She supported them to the national campaigns. Besides, she also supported them for stricter environmental regional policies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Related pages == * [[Monika Sadkowska]] — Former actress and environmental activist * [[Tishiko King]] — Indigenous Australian climate activist == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ciuta, Ioana}} [[Category:People from Bucharest]] [[Category:Romanian journalists]] [[Category:Environmentalists]] jqrya5udcnaqeabid2q5ae3mhmb485o 2 927299 10331765 8205738 2025-06-15T10:38:22Z Elmer92 1629757 10331765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stark Future''' is a technology company, which manufactures electric motorcycles. The company is known for its first production motorcycle — the electric Stark VARG motocross bike. Stark Future was founded in 2019 by Anton Wass (CEO) and Paul Soucy (CTO). The company has Swedish roots and is located in Viladecans, Catalonia, Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stark Future Company Profile: Valuation & Investors {{!}} PitchBook|url=https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/489598-21|access-date=2022-05-03|website=pitchbook.com|language=en}}</ref> The company's team has former motocross World Champion Seb Tortelli as Test Manager.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Una moto elettrica da cross? È la Stark Varg: 80 Cv e 110 kg|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/motori/la-mia-moto/30-12-2021/moto-elettrica-cross-stark-varg-80-cv-110-kg-430472917748.shtml|access-date=2022-05-03|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> On 14 December 2021, the company launched its first electric motorcycle — the Stark VARG (Swedish for ‘strong wolf’).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing Stark Future and Their Electric Motorcycle: The Varg|url=https://racerxonline.com/2021/12/14/introducing-stark-future-and-their-electric-motorcycle-the-varg?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook|access-date=2022-05-03|website=Racer X|language=en}}</ref> The motorcycle delivers 80 horsepower and has a near-silent motor, a smartphone dash and a motorcycle set-up app.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2023 Stark VARG Electric Motocross Bike First Look|url=https://www.cyclenews.com/2021/12/article/2023-stark-varg-electric-motocross-bike-first-look/|access-date=2022-05-03|website=Cycle News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stark Future’s electric motocross bike debut with R140.7 million 1st day sales|url=https://www.gq.co.za/culture/cars/stark-futures-electric-motocross-bike-debut-with-r1407-million-1st-day-sales-01d67068-d60d-4678-8f67-b79386212246|access-date=2022-05-03|website=www.gq.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Stark VARG EX ALPHA 80HP Enduro & Road legal Electric Motorcycle |url=https://starkfuture.us.com/product/stark-varg-ex/ |accessdate=15 June 2025}}</ref> == References == 0qsxjn49p1jxn7b2or109v2sct1sxs7 0 929356 10330595 8846565 2025-06-14T18:33:00Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[The Most Excellent|Excellentísima Señora]] [[Don (honorific)|Doña]] | name = Teresa Berganza | honorific-suffix = [[Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise|OAXS]] | image = Teresa Berganza 1957.jpg | caption = Berganza in 1957 | birth_name = Teresa Berganza Vargas | birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|3|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Madrid]], [[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|5|13|1933|3|16|df=y}} | death_place = [[San Lorenzo de El Escorial]], Spain | occupation = {{hlist|Opera singer|teacher}} | yearsactive = 1955–2022 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Félix Lavilla]]|1957|1977|end=div.}} | website = {{url|http://www.teresaberganza.com/}} }} '''Teresa Berganza Vargas''' <small>[[Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise|OAXS]]</small> (16 March 1933 – 13 May 2022) was a Spanish [[mezzo-soprano]]. She was known for her roles as Rossini's [[The Barber of Seville|Rosina]] and [[La Cenerentola]], and Bizet's [[Carmen]]. She appeared as Zerlina in [[Joseph Losey]]'s [[Don Giovanni (1979 movie)|''Don Giovanni'' movie]] in 1979. She took part in the opening ceremonies of [[Seville Expo '92|Expo '92]] in [[Seville]] and the opening ceremonies of the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] in Barcelona. Berganza died on 13 May 2022 in [[San Lorenzo de El Escorial]], Spain at the age of 89.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20220513/8264098/muere-teresa-berganza-mezzosoprano-cantante-opera.html | title = Muere la mezzo-soprano Teresa Berganza | newspaper = La Vanguardia | date = 13 May 2022 | language = es | access-date = 13 May 2022 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Berganza, Teresa}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Spanish singers]] [[Category:Spanish stage actors]] [[Category:Spanish movie actors]] [[Category:Actors from Madrid]] {{bio-stub}} fuuv99nom0x0ui0xp72tmukor2sqk86 0 930783 10330840 10324811 2025-06-14T20:27:07Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Zimbabwean cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{under construction|date=June 2025}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who have played in [[Test cricket|Test matches]] for the [[Zimbabwe men's national cricket team|Zimbabwe men's team]]. The list is not exhaustive because [[w:WP:LSC]] has been applied to reduce the number of [[redlinks]]. Players included in the list satisfy one of four criteria: * they have a Simple Wikipedia article in their own right; * they are the subject of a redirect to this list; * they have played in twenty Tests; * they played in the 2025 Test against [[England men's cricket team|England]]. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[Cap (sport)#Cricket|first Test cap]]. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | * {{asterisk}} – current team member * {{double-dagger}} – captains, past and present * '''Tests''' – number of Test matches played * '''First''' – year of Test debut * '''Last''' – year of latest Test | valign="top" style="width:25%" | * '''LHB''' – left-handed [[batting (cricket)|batter]] * '''RHB''' – right-handed batter * '''WK''' – [[wicket-keeper]] * '''RF/LF''' – right/left arm fast [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] * '''RFM/LFM''' – right/left arm fast-medium bowler * '''RMF/LMF''' – right/left arm medium-fast bowler | valign="top" style="width:25%" | * '''RM/LM''' – right/left arm medium pace bowler (seamer) * '''OB''' – right arm off break bowler (off spinner) * '''LB''' – right arm leg break bowler (leg spinner) * '''LBG''' – right arm leg break and googly bowler * '''SLA''' – left arm orthodox spin bowler * '''SLC''' – left arm unorthodox spin bowler |} ==Players== :''Zimbabwe's most recent Test match was against England at [[Trent Bridge]], 22–25 May 2025.'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |+ Test cricketers: Zimbabwe men's team |- | '''Name''' | '''Domestic teams''' | '''Skills''' | align="right" | '''Tests''' | align="center" | '''First''' | align="center" | '''Last''' | align="center" | '''Notes''' |- | ‡ Alistair Campbell | Mashonaland and Manicaland | LHB/OB | align="right" | 60 | align="center" | 1992 | align="center" | 2002 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2044/2044.html |title=Alistair Campbell |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=1 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | ‡ Andy Flower | Mashonaland | LHB/WK | align="right" | 63 | align="center" | 1992 | align="center" | 2002 | align="left" | Elder brother of Grant Flower. Played in England for Essex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2046/2046.html |title=Andy Flower |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Grant Flower | Mashonaland | RHB/SLA | align="right" | 67 | align="center" | 1992 | align="center" | 2004 | align="left" | Younger brother of Andy Flower. Played in England for Essex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2047/2047.html |title=Grant Flower |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | ‡ David Houghton | Mashonaland | RHB/OB | align="right" | 22 | align="center" | 1992 | align="center" | 1997 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2048/2048.html |title=David Houghton |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | John Traicos | [[Rhodesia cricket team|Rhodesia]] and Mashonaland | RHB/OB | align="right" | 4 | align="center" | 1992 | align="center" | 1993 | align="left" | Traicos played for [[Rhodesia cricket team|Rhodesia]] from 1967–68 to 1978–79, and represented [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] three times in 1969–70. He retired from first-class cricket after the 1994–95 season, in which he played for Mashonaland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1358/1358.html |title=John Traicos |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | ‡ Heath Streak | Matabeleland | RHB/RFM | align="right" | 65 | align="center" | 1993 | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2107/2107.html |title=Heath Streak |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Guy Whittall | Matabeleland and Manicaland | RHB/RM | align="right" | 46 | align="center" | 1993 | align="center" | 2002 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2108/2108.html |title=Guy Whittall |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Paul Strang | Mashonaland and Manicaland | RHB/LB | align="right" | 24 | align="center" | 1994 | align="center" | 2001 | align="left" | Elder brother of Bryan Strang. Played in England for Kent (1997) and Nottinghamshire (1998). His best bowling performance was 8/109 against New Zealand at Bulawayo in 2000–01.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2168/2168.html |title=Paul Strang |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Stuart Carlisle | Mashonaland | RHB/RM | align="right" | 37 | align="center" | 1995 | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2179/2179.html |title=Stuart Carlisle |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Henry Olonga | Matabeleland and Manicaland | RHB/RF | align="right" | 30 | align="center" | 1995 | align="center" | 2002 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2180/2180.html |title=Henry Olonga |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Bryan Strang | Mashonaland | RHB/LMF | align="right" | 26 | align="center" | 1995 | align="center" | 2001 | align="left" | Younger brother of Paul Strang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2182/2182.html |title=Bryan Strang |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Craig Wishart | Mashoanland and Midlands | RHB/RM | align="right" | 27 | align="center" | 1995 | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2222/2222.html |title=Craig Wishart |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Gavin Rennie | Mashonaland and Matabeleland | LHB/SLA | align="right" | 23 | align="center" | 1997 | align="center" | 2002 | align="center" | |- | Murray Goodwin | Mashonaland | RHB/LB | align="right" | 19 | align="center" | 1998 | align="center" | 2000 | align="left" | Played overseas for Western Australia (1994–2006); Sussex (2001–2012) and Glamorgan (2013–2014). Scored 71 first-class centuries with a highest innings of 344[[not out|*]] for Sussex against Somerset in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6276/6276.html |title=Murray Goodwin |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=7 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Trevor Gripper | ''various'' | RHB/OB | align="right" | 20 | align="center" | 1999 | align="center" | 2004 | align="center" | |- | Ray Price | Mashonaland | RHB/SLA | align="right" | 22 | align="center" | 1999 | align="center" | 2013 | align="center" | |- | Dion Ebrahim | ''various'' | RHB/RM | align="right" | 29 | align="center" | 2001 | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10498/10498.html |title=Dion Ebrahim |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Hamilton Masakadza | [[Mountaineers cricket team|Mountaineeers]] | RHB/RM/LBG | align="right" | 38 | align="center" | 2001 | align="center" | 2018 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10299/10299.html |title=Hamilton Masakadza |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Tatenda Taibu | ''various'' | RHB/RM | align="right" | 28 | align="center" | 2001 | align="center" | 2012 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10297/10297.html |title=Tatenda Taibu |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | Brendan Taylor | [[Mid West Rhinos|Rhinos]] | RHB/WK | align="right" | 34 | align="center" | 2004 | align="center" | 2021 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/44/44609/44609.html |title=Brendan Taylor |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | [[Regis Chakabva]] | [[Mashonaland Eagles|Eagles]] | RHB/OB | align="right" | 22 | align="center" | 2011 | align="center" | 2021 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/94/94261/94261.html |title=Regis Chakabva |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | *‡ [[Craig Ervine]] | [[Matabeleland Tuskers|Tuskers]] and Eagles | LHB/OB | align="right" | 26 | align="center" | 2011 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/61/61971/61971.html |title=Craig Ervine |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * [[Sikandar Raza]] | ''various'' | RHB/OB | align="right" | 19 | align="center" | 2013 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/183/183398/183398.html |title=Sikandar Raza |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * [[Sean Williams]] | Tuskers | LHB/SLA | align="right" | 20 | align="center" | 2013 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/61/61972/61972.html |title=Sean Williams |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * Blessing Muzarabani | Eagles and [[Southern Rocks|Rocks]] | RHB/RFM | align="right" | 13 | align="center" | 2017 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2174/2174107/2174107.html |title=Blessing Muzarabani |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * Victor Nyauchi | Mountaineers and Rocks | RHB/RFM | align="right" | 11 | align="center" | 2020 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/961/961736/961736.html |title=Victor Nyauchi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * [[Wesley Madhevere]] | Eagles | RHB/OB | align="right" | 6 | align="center" | 2021 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1931/1931527/1931527.html |title=Wesley Madhevere |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * [[Richard Ngarava]] | Eagles | LHB/LFM | align="right" | 10 | align="center" | 2021 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1766/1766879/1766879.html |title=Richard Ngarava |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * [[Tanaka Chivanga]] | Eagles and Rocks | RHB/RFM | align="right" | 3 | align="center" | 2023 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2422/2422065/2422065.html |title=Tanaka Chivanga |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * Tafadzwa Tsiga | Rocks | RHB/WK | align="right" | 4 | align="center" | 2023 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1614/1614804/1614804.html |title=Tafadzwa Tsiga |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * Brian Bennett | Mountaineers | RHB/OB | align="right" | 7 | align="center" | 2024 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2471/2471413/2471413.html |title=Brian Bennett |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- | * Ben Curran | Rhinos | LHB/OB | align="right" | 6 | align="center" | 2024 | align="center" | 2025 | align="center" | {{sfn|Playfair|2025|p=4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1678/1678104/1678104.html |title=Ben Curran |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=2 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |} ==Related pages== * [[Test cricket]] * [[Zimbabwe men's national cricket team]] * [[List of Zimbabwe ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{cite book |last=Playfair |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=Ian |title=Playfair Cricket Annual |publisher=Headline |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-0354-1179-5}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zimbabwe Test cricketers}} [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] [[Category:Lists of African people|Zimbabwe test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Zimbabwe-related lists]] 6m1qbxw9937h85g0ovrny60e49l16gu 0 930913 10330839 10275909 2025-06-14T20:26:52Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Zimbabwean cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Zimbabwean One-day International cricketers''' displaying career statistics for all players that have represented [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in at least one [[One Day International]] (ODI). An ODI is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in that the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|first ODI cap]]. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''100''' – Number of [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] scored * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] * '''5WI''' – [[List of cricket terms#F|Five wickets or more in a match]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 21 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/player/caps.html?country=9;class=2 |title=Players / Zimbabwe / ODI caps |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |title=Zimbabwe ODI Batting Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=9;type=team |title=Zimbabwe ODI Bowling Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Zimbabwe ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- | 1 || [[Iain Butchart]] || 1983 || 1995 || 20 || 252 || {{sort|0540|54}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0702|702}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|3043|3/57}} || {{nts|53.33}} || 0 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 2 || [[Kevin Curran (cricketer)|Kevin Curran]] || 1983 || 1987 || 11 || 287 || {{sort|0730|73}} || {{nts|26.09}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0506|506}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|3035|3/65}} || {{nts|44.22}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 3 || [[Duncan Fletcher]] || 1983 || 1983 || 6 || 191 || {{sort|0715|71*}} || {{nts|47.75}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0301|301}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|4058|4/42}} || {{nts|31.57}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 4 || [[Jack Heron (cricketer)|Jack Heron]] || 1983 || 1983 || 6 || 50 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|8.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 5 || [[Vince Hogg]] || 1983 || 1983 || 2 || 7 || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 6 || [[David Houghton (cricketer)|David Houghton]] {{dagger}} || 1983 || 1997 || 63 || 1530 || {{sort|1420|142}} || {{nts|26.37}} || 12 || 1 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1081|1/19}} || {{nts|19.00}} || 0 || 29 || 2 |- | 7 || [[Ali Shah]] || 1983 || 1996 || 28 || 437 || {{sort|0605|60*}} || {{nts|16.80}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1077|1077}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|3067|3/33}} || {{nts|45.11}} || 0 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 8 || [[Grant Paterson]] || 1983 || 1987 || 10 || 123 || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{nts|12.30}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 9 || [[Andy Pycroft]] || 1983 || 1992 || 20 || 295 || {{sort|0610|61}} || {{nts|17.35}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 10 || [[Peter Rawson]] || 1983 || 1987 || 10 || 80 || {{sort|0245|24*}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0571|571}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|3053|3/47}} || {{nts|35.58}} || 0 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 11 || [[John Traicos]] || 1983 || 1993 || 27 || 88 || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{nts|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1524|1524}} || {{sort|019|19}} || {{sort|3065|3/35}} || {{nts|51.94}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 12 || [[Robin Brown (cricketer)|Robin Brown]] || 1983 || 1987 || 7 || 110 || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{nts|15.71}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 13 || [[Gerald Peckover]] || 1983 || 1983 || 3 || 33 || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{nts|16.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 14 || [[Eddo Brandes]] || 1987 || 1999 || 59 || 404 || {{sort|0550|55}} || {{nts|13.03}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|2828|2828}} || {{sort|070|70}} || {{sort|5072|5/28}} || {{nts|32.37}} || 2 || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 15 || [[Andy Waller]] || 1987 || 1997 || 39 || 818 || {{sort|0835|83*}} || {{nts|23.37}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 16 || [[Malcolm Jarvis]] || 1987 || 1995 || 12 || 37 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{nts|18.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0601|601}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|2063|2/37}} || {{nts|50.11}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 17 || [[Kevin Arnott (cricketer)|Kevin Arnott]] || 1987 || 1993 || 13 || 238 || {{sort|0600|60}} || {{nts|23.80}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 18 || [[Babu Meman]] || 1987 || 1987 || 1 || 19 || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{nts|19.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0041|41}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 19 || [[Kevin Duers]] || 1992 || 1992 || 6 || 7 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0300|300}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1083|1/17}} || {{nts|85.33}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 20 || [[Andy Flower]] {{dagger}}|| 1992 || 2003 || 213 || 6786 || {{sort|1450|145}} || {{nts|35.34}} || 55 || 4 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 141 || 32 |- | 21 || [[Wayne James]] || 1992 || 1996 || 11 || 101 || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{nts|14.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 22 || [[Alistair Campbell (cricketer)|Alistair Campbell]] || 1992 || 2003 || 188 || 5185 || {{sort|1315|131*}} || {{nts|30.50}} || 30 || 7 || {{sort|0509|509}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|2080|2/20}} || {{nts|36.16}} || 0 || 76 || {{sort dash}} |- | 23 || [[Mark Burmester]] || 1992 || 1995 || 8 || 109 || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{nts|18.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0209|209}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|3064|3/36}} || {{nts|42.60}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 24 || [[David Brain]] || 1992 || 1995 || 23 || 117 || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{nts|8.35}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1091|1091}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|3049|3/51}} || {{nts|40.42}} || 0 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 25 || [[Gary Crocker]] || 1992 || 1993 || 6 || 98 || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{nts|24.50}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0238|238}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|4074|4/26}} || {{nts|29.71}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 26 || [[Craig Evans (Zimbabwean sportsman)|Craig Evans]] || 1992 || 2002 || 53 || 764 || {{sort|0965|96*}} || {{nts|18.19}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0964|964}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|3089|3/11}} || {{nts|40.38}} || 0 || 12 || {{sort dash}} |- | 27 || [[Grant Flower]] || 1992 || 2004 || 219 || 6536 || {{sort|1425|142*}} || {{nts|33.69}} || 40 || 6 || {{sort|5420|5420}} || {{sort|104|104}} || {{sort|4068|4/32}} || {{nts|40.25}} || 0 || 86 || {{sort dash}} |- | 28 || [[Mark Dekker]] || 1992 || 1996 || 23 || 379 || {{sort|0790|79}} || {{nts|18.95}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0347|347}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|32.22}} || 0 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 29 || [[Stephen Peall]] || 1992 || 1996 || 21 || 91 || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{nts|6.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0900|900}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|3046|3/54}} || {{nts|84.75}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 30 || [[Eboo Essop-Adam]] || 1992 || 1992 || 1 || 14 || {{sort|0145|14*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 31 || [[Ujesh Ranchod]] || 1992 || 1993 || 3 || 3 || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1056|1/44}} || {{nts|130.00}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 32 || [[Gavin Briant]] || 1993 || 1993 || 5 || 39 || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 33 || [[John Rennie (cricketer)|John Rennie]] || 1993 || 2000 || 44 || 201 || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{nts|13.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1965|1965}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|3073|3/27}} || {{nts|46.00}} || 0 || 12 || {{sort dash}} |- | 34 || [[Heath Streak]]{{#tag:ref|Heath Streak also played two One Day Internationals for [[Africa XI cricket team|Africa XI]]. Only his record for Zimbabwe is given above.|group=notes}} || 1993 || 2005 || 187 || 2902 || {{sort|0795|79*}} || {{nts|28.45}} || 13 || 0 || {{sort|9414|9414}} || {{sort|237|237}} || {{sort|5068|5/32}} || {{nts|29.81}} || 1 || 45 || {{sort dash}} |- | 35 || [[Guy Whittall]] || 1993 || 2003 || 147 || 2705 || {{sort|0830|83}} || {{nts|22.54}} || 11 || 0 || {{sort|4060|4060}} || {{sort|088|88}} || {{sort|4065|4/35}} || {{nts|39.55}} || 0 || 36 || {{sort dash}} |- | 36 || [[Glen Bruk-Jackson]] || 1993 || 1993 || 1 || 12 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 37 || [[Gary Martin (cricketer, born 1966)|Gary Martin]] || 1994 || 1995 || 5 || 31 || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|7.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1085|1/15}} || {{nts|47.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 38 || [[Paul Strang]] || 1994 || 2001 || 95 || 1090 || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{nts|22.24}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|4351|4351}} || {{sort|096|96}} || {{sort|5079|5/21}} || {{nts|33.05}} || 2 || 30 || {{sort dash}} |- | 39 || [[Stuart Carlisle]] || 1995 || 2005 || 111 || 2740 || {{sort|1215|121*}} || {{nts|27.67}} || 9 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 39 || {{sort dash}} |- | 40 || [[Bryan Strang]] || 1995 || 2001 || 49 || 92 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|5.11}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2494|2494}} || {{sort|046|46}} || {{sort|6080|6/20}} || {{nts|37.34}} || 1 || 15 || {{sort dash}} |- | 41 || [[Henry Olonga]] || 1995 || 2003 || 50 || 95 || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{nts|7.30}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2059|2059}} || {{sort|058|58}} || {{sort|6081|6/19}} || {{nts|34.08}} || 2 || 13 || {{sort dash}} |- | 42 || [[Sean Davies]] || 1996 || 1996 || 4 || 67 || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{nts|16.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 43 || [[Charlie Lock]] || 1996 || 1996 || 8 || 8 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0289|289}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|5056|5/44}} || {{nts|27.37}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 44 || [[Craig Wishart]] || 1996 || 2005 || 90 || 1719 || {{sort|1725|172*}} || {{nts|23.22}} || 5 || 2 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 26 || {{sort dash}} |- | 45 || [[Andy Whittall]] || 1996 || 2000 || 63 || 168 || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{nts|7.63}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3085|3085}} || {{sort|045|45}} || {{sort|3077|3/23}} || {{nts|50.02}} || 0 || 21 || {{sort dash}} |- | 46 || [[Gary Brent]] || 1996 || 2008 || 70 || 408 || {{sort|0595|59*}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|3390|3390}} || {{sort|075|75}} || {{sort|4078|4/22}} || {{nts|37.01}} || 0 || 20 || {{sort dash}} |- | 47 || [[Gavin Rennie]] || 1996 || 2003 || 40 || 617 || {{sort|0760|76}} || {{nts|19.90}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1083|1/17}} || {{nts|37.50}} || 0 || 16 || {{sort dash}} |- | 48 || [[Pommie Mbangwa]] || 1996 || 2002 || 29 || 34 || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{nts|4.85}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1369|1369}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|2076|2/24}} || {{nts|103.63}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 49 || [[Everton Matambanadzo]] || 1996 || 1997 || 7 || 8 || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{nts|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0297|297}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|4068|4/32}} || {{nts|19.72}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 50 || [[Dirk Viljoen]] || 1997 || 2001 || 53 || 512 || {{sort|0635|63*}} || {{nts|14.22}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|2075|2075}} || {{sort|044|44}} || {{sort|3080|3/20}} || {{nts|37.25}} || 0 || 18 || {{sort dash}} |- | 51 || [[Adam Huckle]] || 1997 || 1999 || 19 || 9 || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{nts|2.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0858|858}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2073|2/27}} || {{nts|94.42}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 52 || [[Murray Goodwin]] || 1998 || 2000 || 71 || 1818 || {{sort|1125|112*}} || {{nts|27.13}} || 8 || 2 || {{sort|0248|248}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|1088|1/12}} || {{nts|52.50}} || 0 || 20 || {{sort dash}} |- | 53 || [[Trevor Madondo]] || 1998 || 2001 || 13 || 191 || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{nts|15.91}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 54 || [[Mluleki Nkala]] || 1998 || 2006 || 50 || 324 || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{nts|10.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1582|1582}} || {{sort|022|22}} || {{sort|3088|3/12}} || {{nts|71.36}} || 0 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 55 || [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] || 1998 || 2000 || 48 || 1679 || {{sort|1325|132*}} || {{nts|36.50}} || 11 || 4 || {{sort|1503|1503}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|4058|4/42}} || {{nts|34.85}} || 0 || 19 || {{sort dash}} |- | 56 || [[Andy Blignaut]] || 1999 || 2010 || 54 || 626 || {{sort|0635|63*}} || {{nts|18.96}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|2348|2348}} || {{sort|050|50}} || {{sort|4057|4/43}} || {{nts|41.26}} || 0 || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 57 || [[David Mutendera]] || 1999 || 2001 || 9 || 20 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0390|390}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|3077|3/23}} || {{nts|37.11}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 58 || [[Brian Murphy (Zimbabwean cricketer)|Brian Murphy]] || 2000 || 2003 || 31 || 72 || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1422|1422}} || {{sort|029|29}} || {{sort|3057|3/43}} || {{nts|38.96}} || 0 || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 59 || [[Travis Friend]] || 2000 || 2004 || 51 || 548 || {{sort|0910|91}} || {{nts|16.11}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|1930|1930}} || {{sort|037|37}} || {{sort|4045|4/55}} || {{nts|48.08}} || 0 || 17 || {{sort dash}} |- | 60 || [[Dougie Marillier]] || 2000 || 2003 || 48 || 672 || {{sort|1000|100}} || {{nts|18.16}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort|1574|1574}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|4062|4/38}} || {{nts|41.16}} || 0 || 12 || {{sort dash}} |- | 61 || [[Mark Vermeulen]] || 2000 || 2009 || 43 || 868 || {{sort|0920|92}} || {{nts|22.25}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1095|1/5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 18 || {{sort dash}} |- | 62 || [[Gus Mackay|Angus Mackay]] || 2001 || 2001 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 63 || [[Dion Ebrahim]] || 2001 || 2005 || 82 || 1443 || {{sort|1210|121}} || {{nts|20.61}} || 4 || 1 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 23 || {{sort dash}} |- | 64 || [[Tatenda Taibu]]{{#tag:ref|Tatenda Taibu also played one One Day Internationals for [[Africa XI cricket team|Africa XI]]. Only his record for Zimbabwe is given above.|group=notes}} {{dagger}}|| 2001 || 2012 || 149 || 3383 || {{sort|1075|107*}} || {{nts|29.42}} || 22 || 2 || {{sort|0084|84}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2058|2/42}} || {{nts|30.50}} || 0 || 114 || 33 |- | 65 || [[Hamilton Masakadza]] || 2001 || 2019 || 209 || 5658 || {{sort|1785|178*}} || {{nts|27.73}} || 34 || 5 || {{sort|1844|1844}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|3061|3/39}} || {{nts|41.94}} || 0 || 71 || {{sort dash}} |- | 66 || [[Douglas Hondo]] || 2001 || 2005 || 56 || 127 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{nts|7.47}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2381|2381}} || {{sort|061|61}} || {{sort|4063|4/37}} || {{nts|35.59}} || 0 || 15 || {{sort dash}} |- | 67 || [[Sean Ervine]] || 2001 || 2004 || 42 || 698 || {{sort|1000|100}} || {{nts|25.85}} || 2 || 1 || {{sort|1649|1649}} || {{sort|041|41}} || {{sort|3071|3/29}} || {{nts|38.07}} || 0 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 68 || [[Trevor Gripper]] || 2001 || 2003 || 8 || 80 || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2072|2/28}} || {{nts|38.00}} || 0 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 69 || [[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]] || 2002 || 2012 || 102 || 406 || {{sort|0460|46}} || {{nts|9.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|5374|5374}} || {{sort|100|100}} || {{sort|4078|4/22}} || {{nts|35.75}} || 0 || 17 || {{sort dash}} |- | 70 || [[Stuart Matsikenyeri]] || 2002 || 2015 || 113 || 2224 || {{sort|0900|90}} || {{nts|22.01}} || 13 || 0 || {{sort|0920|920}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|2075|2/25}} || {{nts|48.62}} || 0 || 37 || {{sort dash}} |- | 71 || [[Barney Rogers]] || 2002 || 2005 || 15 || 478 || {{sort|0840|84}} || {{nts|31.86}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|0324|324}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2045|2/55}} || {{nts|53.50}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 72 || [[Richard Sims]] || 2002 || 2003 || 3 || 31 || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{nts|31.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 73 || [[Waddington Mwayenga]] || 2002 || 2004 || 3 || 1 || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{nts|0.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1039|1/61}} || {{nts|157.00}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 74 || [[Charles Coventry (Zimbabwean cricketer)|Charles Coventry]] {{dagger}}|| 2003 || 2015 || 39 || 831 || {{sort|1945|194*}} || {{nts|24.44}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 19 || 1 |- | 75 || [[Vusi Sibanda]]{{#tag:ref|Vusi Sibanda also played two One Day Internationals for [[Africa XI cricket team|Africa XI]]. Only his record for Zimbabwe is given above.|group=notes}} || 2003 || 2015 || 125 || 2914 || {{sort|1160|116}} || {{nts|24.28}} || 21 || 2 || {{sort|0219|219}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1088|1/12}} || {{nts|68.00}} || 0 || 42 || {{sort dash}} |- | 76 || [[Alester Maregwede]] || 2003 || 2005 || 11 || 124 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{nts|12.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 77 || [[Blessing Mahwire]] || 2004 || 2006 || 23 || 117 || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{nts|10.63}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0885|885}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|3071|3/29}} || {{nts|36.90}} || 0 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 78 || [[Elton Chigumbura]]{{#tag:ref|Elton Chigumbura also played three One Day Internationals for [[Africa XI cricket team|Africa XI]]. Only his record for Zimbabwe is given above.|group=notes}} || 2004 || 2018 || 210 || 4289 || {{sort|1170|117}} || {{nts|25.37}} || 19 || 2 || {{sort|4165|4165}} || {{sort|095|95}} || {{sort|4072|4/28}} || {{nts|42.70}} || 0 || 72 || {{sort dash}} |- | 79 || [[Tinashe Panyangara]] || 2004 || 2016 || 65 || 239 || {{sort|0330|33}} || {{nts|6.63}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3242|3242}} || {{sort|065|65}} || {{sort|3072|3/28}} || {{nts|46.52}} || 0 || 9 || {{sort dash}} |- | 80 || [[Brendan Taylor]] {{dagger}}|| 2004 || 2021 || 205 || 6684 || {{sort|1455|145*}} || {{nts|35.55}} || 39 || 11 || {{sort|0396|396}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|3046|3/54}} || {{nts|45.11}} || 0 || 133 || 29 |- | 81 || [[Prosper Utseya]] || 2004 || 2015 || 164 || 1406 || {{sort|0685|68*}} || {{nts|16.73}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|8571|8571}} || {{sort|133|133}} || {{sort|5064|5/36}} || {{nts|46.90}} || 1 || 50 || {{sort dash}} |- | 82 || [[Tawanda Mupariwa]] || 2004 || 2016 || 40 || 185 || {{sort|0330|33}} || {{nts|8.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2019|2019}} || {{sort|057|57}} || {{sort|4061|4/39}} || {{nts|29.64}} || 0 || 9 || {{sort dash}} |- | 83 || [[Ed Rainsford]] || 2004 || 2010 || 39 || 55 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{nts|5.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1907|1907}} || {{sort|045|45}} || {{sort|5064|5/36}} || {{nts|31.13}} || 1 || 8 || {{sort dash}} |- | 84 || [[Christopher Mpofu]] || 2004 || 2020 || 84 || 57 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{nts|2.85}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3960|3960}} || {{sort|093|93}} || {{sort|6048|6/52}} || {{nts|38.50}} || 1 || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 85 || [[Gavin Ewing]] || 2004 || 2005 || 7 || 97 || {{sort|0460|46}} || {{nts|13.85}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0312|312}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|3069|3/31}} || {{nts|47.20}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 86 || [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] || 2005 || 2022 || 142 || 4149 || {{sort|1295|129*}} || {{nts|35.16}} || 32 || 5 || {{sort|4428|4428}} || {{sort|076|76}} || {{sort|4057|4/43}} || {{nts|47.59}} || 0 || 53 || {{sort dash}} |- | 87 || [[Anthony Ireland (cricketer)|Anthony Ireland]] || 2005 || 2007 || 26 || 30 || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{nts|3.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1326|1326}} || {{sort|038|38}} || {{sort|3059|3/41}} || {{nts|29.34}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 88 || [[Chamu Chibhabha]] || 2005 || 2020 || 107 || 2418 || {{sort|0990|99}} || {{nts|23.02}} || 16 || 0 || {{sort|1679|1679}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|4075|4/25}} || {{nts|46.60}} || 0 || 33 || {{sort dash}} |- | 89 || [[Keith Dabengwa]] || 2005 || 2010 || 37 || 514 || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{nts|19.03}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1109|1109}} || {{sort|023|23}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|40.69}} || 0 || 12 || {{sort dash}} |- | 90 || [[Terry Duffin]] || 2006 || 2007 || 23 || 546 || {{sort|0880|88}} || {{nts|23.73}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 91 || [[Keegan Meth]] || 2006 || 2012 || 11 || 106 || {{sort|0530|53}} || {{nts|13.25}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0406|406}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2048|2/52}} || {{nts|69.83}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 92 || [[Piet Rinke]] || 2006 || 2006 || 18 || 317 || {{sort|0720|72}} || {{nts|17.61}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0277|277}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|2089|2/11}} || {{nts|34.12}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 93 || [[Gregory Strydom]] || 2006 || 2006 || 12 || 147 || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|14.70}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1072|1/28}} || {{nts|61.00}} || 0 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 94 || [[Ryan Higgins (Zimbabwean cricketer)|Ryan Higgins]] || 2006 || 2006 || 11 || 15 || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{nts|2.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0544|544}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|4079|4/21}} || {{nts|29.23}} || 0 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 95 || [[Tafadzwa Mufambisi]] || 2006 || 2007 || 6 || 55 || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{nts|9.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 96 || [[Tafadzwa Kamungozi]] || 2006 || 2015 || 14 || 27 || {{sort|0125|12*}} || {{nts|5.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0636|636}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|2064|2/36}} || {{nts|45.66}} || 0 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 97 || [[Tino Mawoyo]] || 2006 || 2014 || 7 || 58 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{nts|8.28}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 98 || [[Friday Kasteni]] || 2007 || 2007 || 3 || 18 || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 99 || [[Timycen Maruma]] || 2007 || 2021 || 22 || 196 || {{sort|0350|35}} || {{nts|11.52}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0225|225}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2050|2/50}} || {{nts|57.50}} || 0 || 12 || {{sort dash}} |- | 100 || [[Cephas Zhuwao]] || 2008 || 2018 || 9 || 154 || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{nts|17.11}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0019|19}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 101 || [[Regis Chakabva]] {{dagger}}|| 2008 || 2022 || 50 || 937 || {{sort|0840|84}} || {{nts|21.29}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 45 || 5 |- | 102 || [[Malcolm Waller]] || 2009 || 2018 || 79 || 1259 || {{sort|0995|99*}} || {{nts|19.07}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|0666|666}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|2056|2/44}} || {{nts|56.60}} || 0 || 22 || {{sort dash}} |- | 103 || [[Graeme Cremer]] || 2009 || 2018 || 96 || 744 || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|14.58}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|4680|4680}} || {{sort|119|119}} || {{sort|6054|6/46}} || {{nts|30.22}} || 3 || 37 || {{sort dash}} |- | 104 || [[Forster Mutizwa]] {{dagger}}|| 2009 || 2011 || 17 || 403 || {{sort|0790|79}} || {{nts|31.00}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 2 |- | 105 || [[Kyle Jarvis]] || 2009 || 2019 || 49 || 222 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{nts|9.65}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2362|2362}} || {{sort|058|58}} || {{sort|4083|4/17}} || {{nts|36.00}} || 0 || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 106 || [[Trevor Garwe]] || 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1050|1/50}} || {{nts|50.00}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 107 || [[Greg Lamb]] || 2010 || 2011 || 15 || 197 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{nts|17.90}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0642|642}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|3055|3/45}} || {{nts|38.91}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 108 || [[Shingirai Masakadza]] || 2010 || 2014 || 16 || 170 || {{sort|0455|45*}} || {{nts|21.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0791|791}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|4054|4/46}} || {{nts|35.64}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 109 || [[Craig Ervine]] || 2010 || 2022 || 102 || 2837 || {{sort|1305|130*}} || {{nts|32.60}} || 18 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 48 || {{sort dash}} |- | 110 || [[Ian Nicolson]] || 2010 || 2010 || 2 || 14 || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1056|1/44}} || {{nts|59.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 111 || [[Brian Vitori]] || 2011 || 2016 || 24 || 86 || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|7.81}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1193|1193}} || {{sort|032|32}} || {{sort|5080|5/20}} || {{nts|35.90}} || 2 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 112 || [[Natsai Mushangwe|Natsai M'shangwe]] || 2011 || 2014 || 6 || 38 || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|7.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0336|336}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2050|2/50}} || {{nts|86.66}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 113 || [[Njabulo Ncube]] || 2011 || 2011 || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0053|53}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|3031|3/69}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 114 || [[Tendai Chatara]] || 2013 || 2022 || 76 || 181 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{nts|6.96}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3737|3737}} || {{sort|100|100}} || {{sort|4067|4/33}} || {{nts|32.05}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 115 || [[Tinotenda Mutombodzi]] || 2013 || 2020 || 14 || 177 || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{nts|14.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0371|371}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2067|2/33}} || {{nts|51.28}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 116 || [[Sikandar Raza]] || 2013 || 2022 || 111 || 3086 || {{sort|1410|141}} || {{nts|34.28}} || 19 || 3 || {{sort|3350|3350}} || {{sort|063|63}} || {{sort|3079|3/21}} || {{nts|43.28}} || 0 || 46 || {{sort dash}} |- | 117 || [[Michael Chinouya]] || 2013 || 2013 || 2 || 6 || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{nts|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1064|1/36}} || {{nts|50.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 118 || [[Donald Tiripano]] || 2014 || 2021 || 36 || 344 || {{sort|0555|55*}} || {{nts|18.10}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1442|1442}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|5037|5/63}} || {{nts|39.94}} || 1 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 119 || [[Richmond Mutumbami]] {{dagger}}|| 2014 || 2020 || 36 || 618 || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{nts|19.31}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 24 || 5 |- | 120 || [[Luke Jongwe]] || 2014 || 2021 || 28 || 276 || {{sort|0460|46}} || {{nts|13.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1127|1127}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|5094|5/6}} || {{nts|31.48}} || 1 || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 121 || [[Neville Madziva]] || 2014 || 2016 || 12 || 67 || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{nts|7.44}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0520|520}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|4091|4/49}} || {{nts|25.95}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 122 || [[John Nyumbu]] || 2014 || 2015 || 19 || 46 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|4.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0844|844}} || {{sort|017|17}} || {{sort|3058|3/42}} || {{nts|43.41}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 123 || [[Solomon Mire]] || 2014 || 2019 || 47 || 955 || {{sort|1120|112}} || {{nts|20.31}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort|0507|507}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|4057|4/43}} || {{nts|42.91}} || 0 || 12 || {{sort dash}} |- | 124 || [[Peter Moor]] {{dagger}}|| 2014 || 2019 || 49 || 827 || {{sort|0585|58*}} || {{nts|20.67}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 22 || 1 |- | 125 || [[Roy Kaia]] || 2015 || 2015 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 126 || [[Brian Chari]] {{dagger}}|| 2015 || 2020 || 14 || 186 || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{nts|13.28}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 1 |- | 127 || [[Wellington Masakadza]] || 2015 || 2022 || 23 || 67 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{nts|5.58}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1105|1105}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|4079|4/21}} || {{nts|36.52}} || 0 || 7 || {{sort dash}} |- | 128 || [[Taurai Muzarabani]] || 2015 || 2016 || 8 || 12 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0323|323}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2068|2/32}} || {{nts|37.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 129 || [[Tendai Chisoro]] || 2015 || 2020 || 21 || 146 || {{sort|0425|42*}} || {{nts|13.27}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0900|900}} || {{sort|024|24}} || {{sort|3084|3/16}} || {{nts|28.50}} || 0 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 130 || [[Carl Mumba]] || 2016 || 2020 || 7 || 32 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{nts|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0272|272}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3031|3/69}} || {{nts|46.57}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 131 || [[Tarisai Musakanda]] || 2016 || 2018 || 15 || 304 || {{sort|0600|60}} || {{nts|21.71}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 132 || [[Ryan Burl]] || 2017 || 2022 || 24 || 351 || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{nts|19.50}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0326|326}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|4068|4/32}} || {{nts|41.12}} || 0 || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 133 || [[Richard Ngarava]] || 2017 || 2022 || 20 || 35 || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{nts|4.37}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0929|929}} || {{sort|023|23}} || {{sort|3048|3/52}} || {{nts|39.04}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 134 || [[Blessing Muzarabani]] || 2018 || 2022 || 30 || 45 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{nts|2.81}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1442|1442}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|5051|5/49}} || {{nts|32.41}} || 1 || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 135 || [[Ryan Murray (cricketer)|Ryan Murray]] || 2018 || 2018 || 5 || 108 || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 136 || [[Liam Roche]] || 2018 || 2018 || 3 || 4 || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{nts|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1046|1/54}} || {{nts|78.50}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 137 || [[Prince Masvaure]] || 2018 || 2018 || 2 || 40 || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{nts|20.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 138 || [[Tinashe Kamunhukamwe]] || 2018 || 2021 || 7 || 94 || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{nts|13.42}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 139 || [[Brandon Mavuta]] || 2018 || 2019 || 7 || 52 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0276|276}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2052|2/48}} || {{nts|38.00}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 140 || [[Ainsley Ndlovu]] || 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1071|1/29}} || {{nts|80.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 141 || [[Wesley Madhevere]] || 2020 || 2022 || 14 || 351 || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0416|416}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2055|2/45}} || {{nts|52.85}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 142 || [[Charlton Tshuma]] || 2020 || 2020 || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1065|1/35}} || {{nts|83.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 143 || [[Tadiwanashe Marumani]] || 2021 || 2021 || 3 || 21 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 144 || [[Dion Myers]] || 2021 || 2021 || 4 || 93 || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{nts|23.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 145 || [[Milton Shumba]] || 2021 || 2022 || 2 || 9 || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 146 || [[Takudzwanashe Kaitano]] || 2022 || 2022 || 3 || 87 || {{sort|0420|42}} || {{nts|29.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |} ==Related pages== *[[One Day International]] *[[Zimbabwean cricket team]] *[[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] *[[List of Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==Notes== <references group=notes/> == Other websites == *[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] *[http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=9;class=2 Cricinfo] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zimbabwe ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of African people]] [[Category:Zimbabwe-related lists]] [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] b2fhn2466k5ol0gbjm0fdzabcyxlp6r 0 930960 10330770 8358592 2025-06-14T20:01:19Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Namibian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} Since their first match in 2003, '''36''' players have represented Namibia in [[One Day International]]s (ODIs).<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=28;class=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708081818/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=28;class=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-08 |title=Players - Ireland: Caps |website=Cricinfo.com }} Retrieved on 4&nbsp;November 2008.</ref> ==Definition== A One Day International is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in that the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] per team is limited, and that each team has one innings. ==History== [[Namibian cricket team|Namibia]] are [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members|associate members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/other/content/team/28.html |title=Teams: Namibia |website=Cricinfo.com}} Retrieved on 4&nbsp;November 2008.</ref> Namibia played their first ODI matches during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] after qualifying by reaching the final of the [[2001 ICC Trophy]]. At the World Cup, Namibia played in six One Day internationals (the ICC granted ODI status to all matches played at this competition). Namibia were defeated in each of their six matches; their best result came in a 55 run loss to [[England Cricket Team|England]]. These were the only ODI matches played by Namibia until they gained ODI status after reaching the final of the [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]].<ref name="IndExp">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/usa-secures-odi-status-for-the-first-time-5693052/ |title=USA, Oman, PNG, Namibia secure ODI status for coming World Cup Qualifying cycle |work=The Indian Express |date=26 April 2019 |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref> ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/namibia/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2;id=28;type=team |title=Namibia Captains' Playing Record in ODI Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909210105/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/namibia/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2%3Bid%3D28%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=9 September 2015 }}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=28;template=results;type=fielding |title=Statistics / One Day Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909210117/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bkeeper%3D1%3Borderby%3Dplayer%3Bteam%3D28%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dfielding |archive-date=9 September 2015 }}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] * '''5WI''' – [[List of cricket terms#F|Five wickets or more in a match]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 14 March 2022.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=28;class=2 |title=Namibia – One Day International Caps |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=28;type=team |title=Namibia – One Day International Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=28;type=team |title=Namibia – One Day International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Namibia ODI cricketers |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- align="center" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! First ! Last ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! [[Century (cricket)|100]] ! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! [[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! [[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jan-Berry|Burger}} | 2003 || 2003 || 6 || {{sort|0199|199}} || {{sort|0850|85}} || {{sort|3316|33.16}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1082|1/18}} || {{nts|34.66}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24839.html |title=Jan-Berrie Burger |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Louis|Burger}} | 2003 || 2003 || 6 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0220|2.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0330|330}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3061|3/39}} || {{nts|49.50}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24837.html |title=Louis Burger |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Morné|Karg}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2003 || 2003 || 3 || {{sort|0045|45}} || {{sort|0410|41}} || {{sort|2250|22.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24794.html |title=Morné Karg |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Danie|Keulder}} | 2003 || 2003 || 6 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|0520|52}} || {{sort|2200|22.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24796.html |title=Danie Keulder |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Björn|Kotzé}} | 2003 || 2003 || 5 || {{sort|0027|27}} || {{sort|0245|24*}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0258|258}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2049|2/51}} || {{nts|92.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24807.html |title=Björn Kotzé |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deon|Kotzé}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2003 || 2003 || 6 || {{sort|0082|82}} || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{sort|1640|16.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0282|282}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1068|1/32}} || {{nts|128.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24841.html |title=Deon Kotzé |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lennie|Louw}} | 2003 || 2003 || 1 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1040|1/60}} || {{nts|60.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24808.html |title=Lennie Louw |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bryan|Murgatroyd|Gavin Murgatroyd}} | 2003 || 2003 || 6 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0520|52}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24799.html |title=Gavin Murgatroyd |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gerrie|Snyman}} | 2003 || 2003 || 5 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0125|1.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0288|288}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3031|3/69}} || {{nts|46.83}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24827.html |title=Gerrie Snyman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stephan|Swanepoel}} | 2003 || 2003 || 5 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|0860|8.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24846.html |title=Stefan Swanepoel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Riaan|Walters}} | 2003 || 2003 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24835.html |title=Riaan Walters |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Melt|van Schoor}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2003 || 2003 || 5 || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|1450|14.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24804.html |title=Melt van Schoor |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rudie|van Vuuren}} | 2003 || 2003 || 5 || {{sort|0026|26}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|0866|8.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0300|300}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|5057|5/43}} || {{nts|37.25}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24825.html |title=Rudi van Vuuren |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarel|Burger}} | 2003 || 2003 || 2 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0550|5.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24844.html |title=Sarel Burger |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Burton|van Rooi}} | 2003 || 2003 || 3 || {{sort|0026|26}} || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|2600|26.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1076|1/24}} || {{nts|119.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24798.html |title=Burton van Rooi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stephan|Baard}} | 2019 || 2022 || 15 || {{sort|0236|236}} || {{sort|0730|73}} || {{sort|1573|15.73}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/437927.html |title=Stephan Baard |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karl|Birkenstock}} | 2019 || 2022 || 11 || {{sort|0164|164}} || {{sort|0610|61}} || {{sort|1490|14.90}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1095|1/5}} || {{nts|26.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1057456.html |title=Karl Birkenstock |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gerhard|Erasmus}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2019 || 2022 || 13 || {{sort|0497|497}} || {{sort|1215|121*}} || {{sort|4141|41.41}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/519070.html |title=Gerhard Erasmus |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jan|Frylinck}} | 2019 || 2022 || 15 || {{sort|0278|278}} || {{sort|0600|60}} || {{sort|2780|27.80}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0699|699}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|5087|5/13}} || {{nts|25.95}} || 1 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/482478.html |title=Jan Frylinck |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zane|Green}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2021 || 10 || {{sort|0282|282}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{sort|2820|28.20}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 10 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596664.html |title=Zane Green |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jean-Pierre|Kotze}} | 2019 || 2020 || 8 || {{sort|0299|299}} || {{sort|1360|136}} || {{sort|3737|37.37}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/541991.html |title=JP Kotze |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bernard|Scholtz}} | 2019 || 2022 || 14 || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|0300|30}} || {{sort|1933|19.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0619|619}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|4073|4/27}} || {{nts|29.50}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/330223.html |title=Bernard Scholtz |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|JJ|Smit}} | 2019 || 2022 || 15 || {{sort|0432|432}} || {{sort|0940|94}} || {{sort|3323|33.23}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0678|678}} || {{sort|026|26}} || {{sort|5074|5/26}} || {{nts|20.34}} || 2 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/553821.html |title=JJ Smit |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Christi|Viljoen}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0019|19}} || {{sort|0175|17*}} || {{sort|1900|19.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2094|2/6}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/387845.html |title=Christi Viljoen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Craig|Williams|dab=cricketer}} | 2019 || 2022 || 15 || {{sort|0461|461}} || {{sort|1295|129*}} || {{sort|3546|35.46}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0246|246}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1063|1/37}} || {{nts|65.66}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/316102.html |title=Craig Williams |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pikky|Ya France}} | 2019 || 2022 || 10 || {{sort|0033|33}} || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|1650|16.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0300|300}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2069|2/31}} || {{nts|36.83}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308410.html |title=Pikky Ya France |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zhivago|Groenewald}} | 2019 || 2019 || 4 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0198|198}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|5080|5/20}} || {{nts|11.81}} || 1 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446860.html |title=Zhivago Groenewald |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ben|Shikongo}} | 2020 || 2020 || 1 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2059|2/41}} || {{nts|20.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1069820.html |title=Ben Shikongo |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jan-Izak|de Villiers}} | 2020 || 2020 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0057|57}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2053|2/47}} || {{nts|33.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/948659.html |title=Jan-Izak de Villiers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michau|du Preez}} | 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/577345.html |title=Michau du Preez |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ruben|Trumpelmann}} | 2021 || 2022 || 7 || {{sort|0071|71}} || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{sort|1420|14.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0385|385}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|5024|5/76}} || {{nts|34.70}} || 1 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/698317.html |title=Ruben Trumpelmann |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|van Lingen}} | 2021 || 2022 || 6 || {{sort|0119|119}} || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{sort|1983|19.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0044|44}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1100|1/0}} || {{nts|31.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/833777.html |title=Michael van Lingen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jan Nicol|Loftie-Eaton}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2021 || 2022 || 6 || {{sort|0196|196}} || {{sort|0730|73}} || {{sort|3266|32.66}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1071473.html |title=Jan Nicol Loftie-Eaton |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tangeni|Lungameni}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0125|12*}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0150|150}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2086|2/14}} || {{nts|29.25}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524075.html |title=Tangeni Lungameni |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Wiese}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[David Wiese]] also played 6 One Day International matches for [[List of South Africa ODI cricketers|South Africa]]. Only his record for [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] is given above.}} | 2022 || 2022 || 5 || {{sort|0165|165}} || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{sort|4125|41.25}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0246|246}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2078|2/22}} || {{nts|75.66}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221140.html |title=David Wiese |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lo-handre|Louwrens}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|1400|14.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/827023.html |title=Lo-handre Louwrens |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> == Related pages == *[[List of Namibia Twenty20 International cricketers]] |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Other websites == * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Searchable database of International Cricketers (filtered by country) (Howstat)] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Namibia ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of African people]] [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] [[Category:Cricket in Africa]] ld9xomk4137ku5bathutgl1kaf1494d 0 931129 10330783 9974970 2025-06-14T20:05:55Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Afghan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330783 wikitext text/x-wiki This list includes all players who have played at least one ODI match. The list is arranged in the order of debut appearance. Where more than one player won their first caps in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically at the time of debut. ==Background== Since their first match in 2009, 58 players have represented the [[Afghanistan national cricket team]] in [[One Day International]]s (ODIs).<ref name="apps">{{cite web|title=Afghanistan Players by Caps|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=40;class=2|access-date=2016-09-30|website=[[ESPNcricinfo|Cricinfo]]}}</ref> A One Day International is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).<ref>{{cite journal|title=ICC Classification of Official Cricket|url=https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf|page=[https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf#page=2 2]|website=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=1 October 2017|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> An ODI differs from [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one [[Innings#Cricket|innings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1F113528040177329F4B40FE47C77AE2_1254317640264_993.pdf |title=Standard One-Day International Match Playing Conditions |website=ICC |date=2009-10-01 |access-date=2010-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008185508/http://static.icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ugc/documents/DOC_1F113528040177329F4B40FE47C77AE2_1254317640264_993.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-08 }}</ref> The [[Afghanistan Cricket Board|Afghanistan Cricket Federation]] was formed in 1995. But cricket was banned by the [[Taliban]] until 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/18/worlddispatch.rorymccarthy |title=Afghan applause just isn't cricket |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=[[London]] |last=McCarthy |first=Rory |date=2001-05-18 |access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8536965.stm |title=Heroes' welcome for Afghan Twenty20 cricket team |website=[[BBC News]] |author=Emal Pasarly |date=2010-02-25 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref> When the ban was lifted, the team experienced a "meteoric rise through international cricket".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/5095526/Afghan-cricket-team-one-step-closer-to-qualifying-for-World-Cup.html |title=Afghan cricket team one step closer to qualifying for World Cup |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=[[London]] |last=Farmer |first=Ben |date=2009-04-02 |access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref> They were admitted to the ICC as an affiliate member in 2001, and in 2006 played and beat the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] in [[Mumbai]]. Later in 2006 they toured [[England]], winning six out of seven matches against [[Second XI Championship|county second XI]] teams. They joined the [[World Cricket League]] in 2008, winning Divisions [[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five|Five]] and [[2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Four|Four]] in their inaugural years, and the following year won [[2009 ICC World Cricket League Division Three|Division Three]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/cricket-is-vital-it-can-bring-peace-to-afghanistan-1895624.html |title='Cricket is vital, it can bring peace to Afghanistan' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Limited |location=[[London]] |last=Scott-Elliot |first=Robin |date=2010-02-11 |access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref> In 2009, Afghanistan narrowly missed out on a place in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], finishing fifth in the [[2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier]]. Their final position earnt them ODI status, and the opportunity to take part in the four-day [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/iccwcq2009/content/current/story/400167.html |title=Afghanistan achieve ODI status |website=Cricinfo |author=Cricinfo staff |date=2009-04-17 |access-date=2010-09-10}}</ref> Their first ODI was the fifth-place play-off of the 2009 World Cup Qualifier against [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]], which they won by 89 runs.<ref name="matches">{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/team/40.html?class=2;template=results;type=team;view=results |title=Statsguru – Afghanistan – One-Day Internationals – Team analysis |website=Cricinfo |access-date=2015-09-10 }}</ref> ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=40;type=team |title=Ireland Captains' Playing Record in ODI Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015}}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=40;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / One Day Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPN Cricinfo| access-date = 25 February 2015}}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''100''' – Number of [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] scored * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] * '''5WI''' – [[List of cricket terms#F|Five wickets or more in a match]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 28 February 2022.''<ref name="apps" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=40;type=team |title=Afghanistan ODI batting averages |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=40;type=team |title=Afghanistan ODI bowling averages |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Afghanistan ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Asghar Afghan}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2009 || 2021 || 114 || {{sort|2424|2,424}} || {{sort|1010|101}} || {{sort|2473|24.73}} || 12 || 1 || {{sort|0139|139}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|199|1/1}} || {{nts|30.33}} || 0 || 24 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320652.html |title=Player Profile: Asghar Stanikzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Dawlat Ahmadzai}} | 2009 || 2010 || 3 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0112|112}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|160|1/40}} || {{nts|121.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25917.html |title=Player Profile: Dawlat Ahmadzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hamid Hassan}} | 2009 || 2019 || 38 || {{sort|0107|107}} || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0668|6.68}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1734|1,734}} || {{sort|059|59}} || {{sort|555|5/45}} || {{nts|22.54}} || 1 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/311427.html |title=Player Profile: Hamid Hassan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hasti Gul}} | 2009 || 2009 || 2 || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|0235|23*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|252|2/48}} || {{nts|24.33}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320281.html |title=Player Profile: Hasti Gul |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Karim Sadiq}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2009 || 2016 || 24 || {{sort|0475|475}} || {{sort|1145|114*}} || {{sort|2375|23.75}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort|0320|320}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|290|2/10}} || {{nts|33.50}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/319758.html |title=Player Profile: Karim Sadiq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Khaleqdaad Noori}} | 2009 || 2010 || 6 || {{sort|0040|40}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|1333|13.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|252|252}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|370|3/30}} || {{nts|16.66}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25905.html |title=Player Profile: Khaliq Dad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Nabi}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2009 || 2022 || 130 || {{sort|2869|2,869}} || {{sort|1160|116}} || {{sort|2758|27.58}} || 15 || 1 || {{sort|6243|6,243}} || {{sort|134|134}} || {{sort|470|4/30}} || {{nts|33.27}} || 0 || 56 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25913.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Nabi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nawroz Mangal}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2009 || 2016 || 49 || {{sort|1139|1,139}} || {{sort|1290|129}} || {{sort|2711|27.11}} || 4 || 2 || {{sort|0293|293}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|365|3/35}} || {{nts|29.37}} || 0 || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/318334.html |title=Player Profile: Nawroz Mangal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Noor Ali Zadran}} | 2009 || 2019 || 51 || {{sort|1216|1,216}} || {{sort|1140|114}} || {{sort|2481|24.81}} || 7 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/318340.html |title=Player Profile: Noor Ali Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Raees Ahmadzai}} | 2009 || 2010 || 5 || {{sort|0088|88}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|2933|29.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320284.html |title=Player Profile: Raees Ahmadzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Samiullah Shenwari}} | 2009 || 2019 || 84 || {{sort|1811|1,811}} || {{sort|0960|96}} || {{sort|2920|29.20}} || 11 || 0 || {{sort|2111|2,111}} || {{sort|046|46}} || {{sort|469|4/31}} || {{nts|37.58}} || 0 || 21 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320284.html |title=Player Profile: Samiullah Shenwari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ahmed Shah|dab=Afghan cricketer}} | 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/318337.html |title=Player Profile: Ahmed Shah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mirwais Ashraf}} | 2009 || 2016 || 46 || {{sort|0387|387}} || {{sort|0525|52*}} || {{sort|1433|14.33}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|2009|2,009}} || {{sort|046|46}} || {{sort|465|4/35}} || {{nts|29.56}} || 0 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/387420.html |title=Player Profile: Mirwais Ashraf |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Shahzad}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2009 || 2019 || 84 || {{sort|2727|2,727}} || {{sort|1315|131*}} || {{sort|3366|33.66}} || 14 || 6 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 64 || 25 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/419873.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Shahzad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shapoor Zadran}} | 2009 || 2019 || 44 || {{sort|0067|67}} || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0670|6.70}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1983|1,983}} || {{sort|043|43}} || {{sort|476|4/24}} || {{nts|36.95}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/319746.html |title=Player Profile: Shapoor Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shafiqullah|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2009 || 2018 || 24 || {{sort|0460|430}} || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{sort|2263|22.63}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 11 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/362603.html |title=Player Profile: Shafiqullah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Aftab Alam|dab=cricketer, born 1992}} | 2010 || 2019 || 27 || {{sort|0080|80}} || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|1142|11.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1257|1,257}} || {{sort|041|41}} || {{sort|475|4/25}} || {{nts|25.19}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440963.html |title=Player Profile: Aftab Alam |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shabir Noori}} | 2010 || 2016 || 10 || {{sort|0191|191}} || {{sort|0940|94}} || {{sort|1900|19.10}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307653.html |title=Player Profile: Shabir Noori |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Javed Ahmadi}} | 2010 || 2021 || 47 || {{sort|1049|1049}} || {{sort|0810|81}} || {{sort|2384|23.84}} || 7 || 0 || {{sort|0452|452}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|463|4/37}} || {{nts|40.33}} || 0 || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308235.html |title=Player Profile: Javed Ahmadi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Noor-ul-Haq|dab=cricketer}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307652.html |title=Player Profile: Noor-ul-Haq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abdullah Mazari}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{sort|0300|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|182|1/18}} || {{nts|24.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/390752.html |title=Player Profile: Abdullah Mazari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Izatullah Dawlatzai}} | 2010 || 2015 || 5 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|462|4/38}} || {{nts|18.25}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/402247.html |title=Player Profile: Izatullah Dawlatzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Dawlat Zadran}} | 2011 || 2019 || 82 || {{sort|0513|513}} || {{sort|0475|47*}} || {{sort|1768|17.68}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3769|3,769}} || {{sort|115|115}} || {{sort|478|4/22}} || {{nts|29.76}} || 0 || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/516561.html |title=Player Profile: Dawlat Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Gulbadin Naib}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2011 || 2022 || 72 || {{sort|1114|1,114}} || {{sort|0825|82*}} || {{sort|2101|21.01}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|2439|2,439}} || {{sort|061|61}} || {{sort|657|6/43}} || {{nts|36.01}} || 1 || 22 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/352048.html |title=Player Profile: Gulbudeen Naib |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Amir Hamza|Hamza Hotak}} | 2012 || 2017 || 31 || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{sort|0328|3.28}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1552|1,552}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|483|4/17}} || {{nts|25.40}} || 0 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/402245.html |title=Player Profile: Hamza Hotak |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Zakiullah Zaki}} | 2012 || 2012 || 1 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307657.html |title=Player Profile: Zakiullah Zaki |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Najibullah Zadran}} | 2012 || 2022 || 76 || {{sort|1837|1,837}} || {{sort|1045|104*}} || {{sort|3113|31.13}} || 14 || 1 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 38 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524049.html |title=Player Profile: Najibullah Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohibullah Oryakhel}} | 2013 || 2013 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524044.html |title=Player Profile: Mohibullah Oryakhel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rahmat Shah}} | 2013 || 2022 || 82 || {{sort|2753|2,753}} || {{sort|1140|114}} || {{sort|3670|36.70}} || 18 || 5 || {{sort|0530|530}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|568|5/32}} || {{nts|36.71}} || 1 || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/533956.html |title=Player Profile: Rahmat Shah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hashmatullah Shahidi}} | 2013 || 2023 || 68 || {{sort|1344|1,344}} || {{sort|0975|97*}} || {{sort|3278|32.78}} || 12 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440970.html |title=Player Profile: Hashmatullah Shahidi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Usman Ghani}} | 2014 || 2022 || 17 || {{sort|0435|435}} || {{sort|1180|118}} || {{sort|2558|25.58}} || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|179|1/21}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/711559.html |title=Player Profile: Usman Ghani |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sharafuddin Ashraf}} | 2014 || 2022 || 19 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{sort|0942|9.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0848|848}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|371|3/29}} || {{nts|46.53}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/633362.html |title=Player Profile: Sharafuddin Ashraf |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nasir Jamal}} | 2014 || 2018 || 16 || {{sort|0352|352}} || {{sort|0530|53}} || {{sort|2707|27.07}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524048.html |title=Player Profile: Nasir Jamal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Afsar Zazai}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2014 || 2017 || 17 || {{sort|0264|264}} || {{sort|0600|60}} || {{sort|1760|17.60}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 20 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/420402.html |title=Player Profile: Afsar Zazai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Fareed Ahmad|dab=cricketer}} | 2014 || 2022 || 8 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0294|294}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|345|3/65}} || {{nts|25.10}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524044.html |title=Player Profile: Farid Malik |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rashid Khan|dab=}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2015 || 2023 || 98 || {{sort|1069|1,069}} || {{sort|0605|60*}} || {{sort|2016|20.16}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|4074|4,074}} || {{sort|151|151}} || {{sort|782|7/18}} || {{nts|18.68}} || 4 || 25 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793463.html |title=Player Profile: Rashid Khan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Yamin Ahmadzai}} | 2015 || 2022 || 7 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0304|304}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|266|2/34}} || {{nts|51.60}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440968.html |title=Player Profile: Yamin Ahmadzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rokhan Barakzai}} | 2015 || 2015 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|255|2/45}} || {{nts|22.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793907.html |title=Player Profile: Rokhan Barakzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Naveen-ul-Haq}} | 2016 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0369|369}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|458|4/42}} || {{nts|25.42}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793447.html |title=Player Profile: Naveen-ul-Haq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ihsanullah}} | 2017 || 2018 || 16 || {{sort|0307|307}} || {{sort|0575|57*}} || {{sort|2192|21.92}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/703323.html |title=Player Profile: Ihsanullah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Karim Janat}} | 2017 || 2017 || 1 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793467.html |title=Player Profile: Karim Janat |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Najeeb Tarakai}} | 2017 || 2017 || 1 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0500|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/533953.html |title=Player Profile: Najeeb Tarakai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 March 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mujeeb Ur Rahman}} | 2017 || 2023 || 70 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|0185|18*}} || {{sort|0738|7.38}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2661|2,661}} || {{sort|078|78}} || {{sort|550|5/50}} || {{nts|22.57}} || 1 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/974109.html |title=Player Profile: Mujeeb Ur Rahman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 March 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hazratullah Zazai}} | 2018 || 2019 || 16 || {{sort|0361|361}} || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{sort|2256|22.56}} || 9 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793457.html |title=Player Profile: Hazratullah Zazai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 August 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ikram Alikhil}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2019 || 12 || {{sort|0234|234}} || {{sort|0860|86}} || {{sort|2600|26.00}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/935553.html |title=Player Profile: Ikram Alikhil |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sayed Shirzad}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0025|25}} || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{sort|2500|25.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|144|1/56}} || {{nts|56.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524050.html |title=Player Profile: Sayed Shirzad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Zahir Khan|dab=Afghan cricketer}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|245|2/55}} || {{nts|27.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/712219.html |title=Player Profile: Zahir Khan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ibrahim Zadran}} | 2019 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{sort|1050|10.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/921509.html |title=Player Profile: Ibrahim Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 November 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Azmatullah Omarzai}} | 2021 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0026|26}} || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|1300|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|177|1/23}} || {{nts|56.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/819429.html |title=Player Profile: Azmatullah Omarzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rahmanullah Gurbaz}} {{dagger}} | 2021 || 2022 || 9 || {{sort|0428|428}} || {{sort|1270|127}} || {{sort|5350|53.50}} || 0 || 3 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 6 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/974087.html |title=Player Profile: Rahmanullah Gurbaz |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 January 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shahidullah |dab=cricketer}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/633366.html |title=Player Profile: Shahidullah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 January 2022 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Fazalhaq Farooqi}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0203|203}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|446|4/54}} || {{nts|25.14}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/974175.html |title=Player Profile: Fazalhaq Farooqi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Qais Ahmad}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0046|46}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|368|3/32}} || {{nts|10.66}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/914171.html |title=Player Profile: Qais Ahmad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Riaz Hassan|dab=cricketer}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0086|86}} || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{sort|2866|28.66}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1061090.html |title=Player Profile: Riaz Hassan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> |} ==Related pages== * [[List of Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afghanistan ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Afghan people|ODI]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] p30wlkginq0wuo64bej5hkraw7y5hjy 0 931134 10330786 8346208 2025-06-14T20:06:23Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Afghan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} A T20I is an international [[cricket]] match between two teams that have official [[Twenty20 International]] status. This is determined by the [[International Cricket Council]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=ICC Classification of Official Cricket|url=https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf|page=[https://pulse-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2017/09/24/4510678a-e031-4a9b-a402-397d4868adb6/ICC-Classification-of-Official-Cricket-Effective-1st-October-2017.pdf#page=3 3]|website=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=1 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> It is played under the rules of [[Twenty20]] cricket and is the shortest form of the game. Afghanistan played its first T20I match on 1 February 2010, against [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]], losing the match by 5 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/440224.html |title=Sri Lanka Associates T20 Series, 2nd Match: Afghanistan v Ireland at Colombo (PSS), Feb 1, 2010 |access-date=17 January 2017 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Their first win came three days later in their second T20I match, which was against [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], with Afghanistan winning by 5 wickets with one ball remaining.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/440219.html |title=Sri Lanka Associates T20 Series, 5th Match: Afghanistan v Canada at Colombo (SSC), Feb 4, 2010 |access-date=17 January 2017 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This list includes all members of the Afghanistan cricket team who have played at least one T20I match. It is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|first Twenty20 cap]]. Where more than one player won his first Twenty20 cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First'''&nbsp;– Year of debut * '''Last'''&nbsp;– Year of latest game * '''Mat'''&nbsp;– Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Inn'''&nbsp;– Number of [[innings]] batted * '''NO'''&nbsp;– Number of innings [[not out]] * '''Runs'''&nbsp;– [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS'''&nbsp;– Highest score * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''50'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''Avg'''&nbsp;– [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*'''&nbsp;– Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls'''&nbsp;– [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt'''&nbsp;– [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave'''&nbsp;– [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca'''&nbsp;– [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St'''&nbsp;– [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 5 March 2022.''<ref name="caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/content/player/caps.html?country=40;class=3 |title=Afghanistan – Twenty20 Internationals / Players by Caps |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=40;type=team |title=Afghanistan / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=40;type=team |title=Afghanistan / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Afghanistan T20I cricketers |- align="center" |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | First ! scope="col" | Last ! scope="col" | Mat ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Asghar Afghan}}{{double-dagger}} | 2010 || 2021 || 75 || {{sort|1382|1,382}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|2193|21.93}} || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|196|1/4}} || {{nts|4.00}} || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320652.html |title=Player Profile: Asghar Stanikzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Dawlat Ahmadzai}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|179|1/21}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25917.html |title=Player Profile: Dawlat Ahmadzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hamid Hassan}} | 2010 || 2021 || 25 || {{sort|0050|50}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1666|16.66}} || {{sort|0544|544}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|478|4/22}} || {{nts|16.57}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/311427.html |title=Player Profile: Hamid Hassan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Karim Sadiq}} | 2010 || 2018 || 36 || {{sort|0538|538}} || {{sort|0720|72}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1494|14.94}} || {{sort|0420|420}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|34.42}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/319758.html |title=Player Profile: Karim Sadiq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Nabi}}{{double-dagger}} | 2010 || 2022 || 88 || {{sort|1539|1,539}} || {{sort|0890|89}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|2297|22.97}} || {{sort|1726|1,726}} || {{sort|074|74}} || {{sort|490|4/10}} || {{nts|28.02}} || 49 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25913.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Nabi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Shahzad}}{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2021 || 70 || {{sort|2015|2,015}} || {{sort|1185|118*}} || 12 || 1 || {{sort|3007|30.07}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 30 || 28 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/419873.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Shahzad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nawroz Mangal}}{{double-dagger}} | 2010 || 2015 || 32 || {{sort|0505|505}} || {{sort|0655|65*}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|1803|18.03}} || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|377|3/23}} || {{nts|20.00}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/318334.html |title=Player Profile: Nawroz Mangal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Raees Ahmadzai}} | 2010 || 2010 || 8 || {{sort|0091|91}} || {{sort|0335|33*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3033|30.33}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320284.html |title=Player Profile: Raees Ahmadzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Samiullah Shenwari}} | 2010 || 2020 || 64 || {{sort|1013|1,013}} || {{sort|0610|61}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|2202|22.02}} || {{sort|0634|634}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|587|5/13}} || {{nts|24.57}} || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320284.html |title=Player Profile: Samiullah Shenwari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shafiqullah|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2019 || 46 || {{sort|0494|494}} || {{sort|0515|51*}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1646|16.46}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 14 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/362603.html |title=Player Profile: Shafiqullah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shapoor Zadran}} | 2010 || 2020 || 36 || {{sort|0027|27}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0385|3.85}} || {{sort|0695|695}} || {{sort|037|37}} || {{sort|360|3/40}} || {{nts|24.51}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/319746.html |title=Player Profile: Shapoor Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mirwais Ashraf}} | 2010 || 2016 || 25 || {{sort|0128|128}} || {{sort|0285|28*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1163|11.63}} || {{sort|039|392}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|294|2/6}} || {{nts|31.71}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/387420.html |title=Player Profile: Mirwais Ashraf |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Noor Ali Zadran}} | 2010 || 2017 || 20 || {{sort|0506|506}} || {{sort|0630|63}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|2663|26.63}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/318340.html |title=Player Profile: Noor Ali Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Dawlat Zadran}} | 2012 || 2019 || 34 || {{sort|0068|68}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0755|7.55}} || {{sort|0741|741}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|456|4/44}} || {{nts|24.50}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/516561.html |title=Player Profile: Dawlat Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Gulbadin Naib}} | 2012 || 2021 || 53 || {{sort|0564|564}} || {{sort|0565|56*}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1880|18.80}} || {{sort|0505|505}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{nts|34.40}} || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/352048.html |title=Player Profile: Gulbudeen Naib |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Izatullah Dawlatzai}}{{#tag:ref|Izatullah Dawlatzai has also played Twenty20 International cricket for Germany. Only his record for Afghanistan is given above.|group=notes}} | 2012 || 2012 || 4 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|367|3/33}} || {{nts|22.33}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/402247.html |title=Player Profile: Izatullah Dawlatzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Javed Ahmadi}} | 2012 || 2017 || 3 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0300|3.00}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308235.html |title=Player Profile: Javed Ahmadi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shabir Noori}} | 2012 || 2012 || 1 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307653.html |title=Player Profile: Shabir Noori |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Zamir Khan}} | 2012 || 2012 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|26.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/542323.html |title=Player Profile: Zamir Khan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Aftab Alam|dab=cricketer, born 1992}} | 2012 || 2018 || 12 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || {{sort|0245|245}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{nts|29.45}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440963.html |title=Player Profile: Aftab Alam |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Najibullah Zadran}} | 2012 || 2022 || 70 || {{sort|1259|1,259}} || {{sort|0725|72*}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|3313|33.13}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 31 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524049.html |title=Player Profile: Najibullah Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Amir Hamza|Hamza Hotak}} | 2013 || 2021 || 33 || {{sort|0040|40}} || {{sort|0210|21}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || {{sort|0666|666}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|361|3/39}} || {{nts|25.06}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/402245.html |title=Player Profile: Amir Hamza |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hashmatullah Shahidi}} | 2013 || 2021 || 4 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440970.html |title=Player Profile: Hashmatullah Shaidi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Afsar Zazai}}{{dagger}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1861|18.61}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/420402.html |title=Player Profile: Afsar Zazai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Najeeb Tarakai}} | 2014 || 2019 || 12 || {{sort|0258|258}} || {{sort|0900|90}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|2150|21.50}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/533953.html |title=Player Profile: Najeeb Tarakai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sharafuddin Ashraf}} | 2015 || 2022 || 11 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0750|7.50}} || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|373|3/27}} || {{nts|49.20}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/633362.html |title=Player Profile: Sharafuddin Ashraf |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rashid Khan|dab=cricketer, born 1998}}{{double-dagger}}{{#tag:ref|Rashid Khan has also played Twenty20 International cricket for the ICC World XI. Only his record for Afghanistan is given above.|group=notes}} | 2015 || 2022 || 57 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|0330|33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1160|11.60}} || {{sort|1292|1,292}} || {{sort|103|103}} || {{sort|597|5/3}} || {{nts|12.70}} || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524044.html |title=Player Profile: Farid Malik |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Usman Ghani}} | 2015 || 2022 || 24 || {{sort|0598|598}} || {{sort|0730|73}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|2718|27.18}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/711559.html |title=Player Profile: Usman Ghani |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nasim Baras}} | 2015 || 2015 || 3 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|189|1/11}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/543633.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Nasim Baras |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rokhan Barakzai}} | 2015 || 2015 || 3 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|279|2/21}} || {{nts|12.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793907.html |title=Player Profile: Rokhan Barakzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sayed Shirzad}} | 2015 || 2019 || 4 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|384|3/16}} || {{nts|16.57}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524050.html |title=Player Profile: Sayed Shirzad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Yamin Ahmadzai}} | 2015 || 2015 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|366|3/34}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440968.html |title=Player Profile: Yamin Ahmadzai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Fareed Ahmad|dab=cricketer}} | 2016 || 2021 || 16 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|0245|24*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0329|329}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|365|3/35}} || {{nts|21.76}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/568136.html |title=Player Profile: Fareed Ahmad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 December 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Karim Janat}} | 2016 || 2022 || 34 || {{sort|0333|333}} || {{sort|0530|53}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1752|17.52}} || {{sort|0625|625}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|589|5/11}} || {{nts|28.66}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793467.html |title=Player Profile: Karim Janat |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hazratullah Zazai}} | 2016 || 2022 || 22 || {{sort|727|727}} || {{sort|1625|162*}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort|3625|36.35}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793457.html |title=Player Profile: Hazratullah Zazai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mujeeb Ur Rahman}} | 2018 || 2022 || 23 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0085|8*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || {{sort|0522|522}} || {{sort|032|32}} || {{sort|580|5/20}} || {{nts|16.62}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/974109.html |title=Player Profile: Mujeeb Ur Rahman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ziaur Rahman|dab=Afghan cricketer}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|258|2/42}} || {{nts|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1015399.html |title=Player Profile: Ziaur Rahman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rahmanullah Gurbaz}}{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2022 || 20 || {{sort|0534|534}} || {{sort|0870|87}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|2670|26.70}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 7 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/974087.html |title=Player Profile: Rahmanullah Gurbaz |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Fazal Niazai}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/533949.html |title=Player Profile: Fazal Niazai |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Naveen-ul-Haq}} | 2019 || 2021 || 13 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || {{sort|0258|258}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|18.33}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/793447.html |title=Player Profile: Naveen-ul-Haq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ibrahim Zadran}} | 2019 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0110|11}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0466|4.66}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/921509.html |title=Player Profile: Ibrahim Zadran |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 November 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Qais Ahmad}} | 2020 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0800|8.00}} || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|375|3/25}} || {{nts|11.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/914171.html |title=Player Profile: Qais Ahmad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=10 March 2020 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Fazalhaq Farooqi}} | 2021 || 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|382|3/18}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/974175.html |title=Player Profile: Fazalhaq Farooqi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 March 2021 }}</ref> |-align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Azmatullah Omarzai}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0020|20}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2000|20.00}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|378|3/22}} || {{nts|10.60}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/819429.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Azmatullah Omarzai |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> |-align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Darwish Rasooli}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0095|9*}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1100|11.00}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/819441.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Darwish Rasooli |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> |} ==Notes== <references group=notes/> ==Related pages== * [[List of Afghanistan Test cricketers]] * [[List of Afghanistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Afghanistan first-class cricketers]] * [[List of Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricket records]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Afghan people|twenty20]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] qotxzak2djtnn4wfz1vnpl4islsej2v 0 931223 10330788 8263684 2025-06-14T20:06:56Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Australian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Australian One-day International cricketers'''. ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 2 April 2022''<ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=2;type=team Australia – ODI Career Batting Averages], from Cricinfo, retrieved 12 January 2019</ref><ref>[http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=2;type=team Australia – ODI Career Bowling Averages], from Cricinfo, retrieved 12 January 2019</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name |- | 1|| {{sortname|Greg|Chappell}} |- | 2|| {{sortname|Ian|Chappell}} |- | 3|| {{sortname|Alan|Connolly}} |- | 4|| {{sortname|Bill|Lawry}} |- | 5|| {{sortname|Graham|McKenzie}} |- | 6|| {{sortname|Ashley|Mallett}} |- | 7|| {{sortname|Rod|Marsh}} |- | 8|| {{sortname|Ian|Redpath}} |- | 9|| {{sortname|Keith|Stackpole}} |- | 10|| {{sortname|Alan|Thomson|Alan Thomson (cricketer)}} |- | 11|| {{sortname|Doug|Walters}} |- | 12|| {{sortname|Ross|Edwards}} |- | 13|| {{sortname|Dennis|Lillee}} |- | 14|| {{sortname|Bob|Massie}} |- | 15|| {{sortname|Paul|Sheahan}} |- | 16|| {{sortname|Graeme|Watson|Graeme Watson (cricketer)}} |- | 17|| {{sortname|David|Colley}} |- | 18|| {{sortname|Jeff|Hammond|Jeff Hammond (cricketer)}} |- | 19|| {{sortname|Ray|Bright}} |- | 20|| {{sortname|Ian|Davis|Ian Davis (cricketer)}} |- | 21|| {{sortname|Geoff|Dymock}} |- | 22|| {{sortname|Gary|Gilmour}} |- | 23|| {{sortname|Max|Walker}} |- | 24|| {{sortname|Ashley|Woodcock}} |- | 25|| {{sortname|Wally|Edwards}} |- | 26|| {{sortname|Alan|Hurst|Alan Hurst (cricketer)}} |- | 27|| {{sortname|Terry|Jenner}} |- | 28|| {{sortname|Jeff|Thomson}} |- | 29|| {{sortname|Rick|McCosker}} |- | 30|| {{sortname|Alan|Turner|Alan Turner (cricketer)}} |- | 31|| {{sortname|Gary|Cosier}} |- | 32|| {{sortname|David|Hookes}} |- | 33|| {{sortname|Mick|Malone|Mick Malone (cricketer)}} |- | 34|| {{sortname|Kerry|O'Keeffe}} |- | 35|| {{sortname|Len|Pascoe}} |- | 36|| {{sortname|Craig|Serjeant}} |- | 37|| {{sortname|Kim|Hughes}} |- | 38|| {{sortname|Richie|Robinson}} |- | 39|| {{sortname|Ian|Callen}} |- | 40|| {{sortname|Wayne|Clark|Wayne Clark (cricketer)}} |- | 41|| {{sortname|Rick|Darling}} |- | 42|| {{sortname|Trevor|Laughlin}} |- | 43|| {{sortname|Steve|Rixon}} |- | 44|| {{sortname|Bob|Simpson|Bob Simpson (cricketer)}} |- | 45|| {{sortname|Peter|Toohey}} |- | 46|| {{sortname|Graeme|Wood|Graeme Wood (cricketer)}} |- | 47|| {{sortname|Graham|Yallop}} |- | 48|| {{sortname|Bruce|Yardley}} |- | 49|| {{sortname|Allan|Border}} |- | 50|| {{sortname|Phil|Carlson}} |- | 51|| {{sortname|John|Maclean|John Maclean (Australian cricketer)}} |- | 52|| {{sortname|Andrew|Hilditch}} |- | 53|| {{sortname|Rodney|Hogg}} |- | 54|| {{sortname|Kevin|Wright}} |- | 55|| {{sortname|Jeff|Moss|Jeff Moss (cricketer)}} |- | 56|| {{sortname|Graeme|Porter}} |- | 57|| {{sortname|Bruce|Laird}} |- | 58|| {{sortname|Julien|Wiener}} |- | 59|| {{sortname|Dav|Whatmore}} |- | 60|| {{sortname|John|Dyson|John Dyson (cricketer, born 1954)}} |- | 61|| {{sortname|Trevor|Chappell}} |- | 62|| {{sortname|Shaun|Graf}} |- | 63|| {{sortname|Geoff|Lawson|Geoff Lawson (cricketer)}} |- | 64|| {{sortname|Martin|Kent}} |- | 65|| {{sortname|Graeme|Beard}} |- | 66|| {{sortname|Terry|Alderman}} |- | 67|| {{sortname|Dirk|Wellham}} |- | 68|| {{sortname|Greg|Ritchie}} |- | 69|| {{sortname|Wayne B.|Phillips}} |- | 70|| {{sortname|Carl|Rackemann}} |- | 71|| {{sortname|Kepler|Wessels}} |- | 72|| {{sortname|John|Maguire|John Maguire (cricketer)}} |- | 73|| {{sortname|Tom|Hogan}} |- | 74|| {{sortname|Ken|MacLeay}} |- | 75|| {{sortname|Steve|Smith|Steve Smith (cricketer, born 1961)}} |- | 76|| {{sortname|Mike|Whitney}} |- | 77|| {{sortname|Roger|Woolley}} |- | 78|| {{sortname|Greg|Matthews}} |- | 79|| {{sortname|Dean|Jones|Dean Jones (cricketer)}} |- | 80|| {{sortname|David|Boon}} |- | 81|| {{sortname|Murray|Bennett}} |- | 82|| {{sortname|Craig|McDermott}} |- | 83|| {{sortname|Simon|O'Donnell}} |- | 84|| {{sortname|Bob|Holland}} |- | 85|| {{sortname|Rod|McCurdy}} |- | 86|| {{sortname|Robbie|Kerr|Robbie Kerr (Australian cricketer)}} |- | 87|| {{sortname|Simon|Davis|Simon Davis (Australian cricketer)}} |- | 88|| {{sortname|Dave|Gilbert|Dave Gilbert (cricketer)}} |- | 89|| {{sortname|Bruce|Reid}} |- | 90|| {{sortname|Steve|Waugh}} |- | 91|| {{sortname|Geoff|Marsh}} |- | 92|| {{sortname|Glenn|Trimble}} |- | 93|| {{sortname|Tim|Zoehrer}} |- | 94|| {{sortname|Greg|Dyer}} |- | 95|| {{sortname|Glenn|Bishop}} |- | 96|| {{sortname|Peter|Taylor|Peter Taylor (Australian cricketer)}} |- | 97|| {{sortname|Mike|Veletta}} |- | 98|| {{sortname|Tom|Moody}} |- | 99|| {{sortname|Tim|May}} |- | 100|| {{sortname|Andrew|Zesers}} |- | 101|| {{sortname|Tony|Dodemaide}} |- | 102|| {{sortname|Ian|Healy}} |- | 103|| {{sortname|Jamie|Siddons}} |- | 104|| {{sortname|Merv|Hughes}} |- | 105|| {{sortname|Mark|Waugh}} |- | 106|| {{sortname|Greg|Campbell|dab=cricketer}} |- | 107|| {{sortname|Mark|Taylor|Mark Taylor (cricketer)}} |- | 108|| {{sortname|Paul|Reiffel}} |- | 109|| {{sortname|Damien|Martyn}} |- | 110|| {{sortname|Shane|Warne}} |- | 111|| {{sortname|Matthew|Hayden}} |- | 112|| {{sortname|Brendon|Julian}} |- | 113|| {{sortname|Glenn|McGrath}} |- | 114|| {{sortname|Michael|Slater}} |- | 115|| {{sortname|Damien|Fleming}} |- | 116|| {{sortname|Michael|Bevan}} |- | 117|| {{sortname|Justin|Langer}} |- | 118|| {{sortname|Jo|Angel}} |- | 119|| {{sortname|Gavin|Robertson}} |- | 120|| {{sortname|Phil|Emery}} |- | 121|| {{sortname|Stuart|Law}} |- | 122|| {{sortname|Greg|Blewett}} |- | 123|| {{sortname|Ricky|Ponting}} |- | 124|| {{sortname|Shane|Lee}} |- | 125|| {{sortname|Michael|Kasprowicz}} |- | 126|| {{sortname|Brad|Hogg}} |- | 127|| {{sortname|Jason|Gillespie}} |- | 128|| {{sortname|Darren|Lehmann}} |- | 129|| {{sortname|Adam|Gilchrist}} |- | 130|| {{sortname|Andy|Bichel}} |- | 131|| {{sortname|Anthony|Stuart|Anthony Stuart (cricketer)}} |- | 132|| {{sortname|Adam|Dale}} |- | 133|| {{sortname|Michael|Di Venuto}} |- | 134|| {{sortname|Matthew|Elliott|Matthew Elliott (cricketer)}} |- | 135|| {{sortname|Ian|Harvey}} |- | 136|| {{sortname|Paul|Wilson|Paul Wilson (cricketer)}} |- | 137|| {{sortname|Jimmy|Maher}} |- | 138|| {{sortname|Bradley|Young|Brad Young (cricketer)}} |- | 139||{{sortname|Andrew|Symonds}} |- | 140|| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}} |- | 141|| {{sortname|Stuart|MacGill}} |- | 142||{{sortname|Nathan|Bracken}} |- | 143||{{sortname|Simon|Katich}} |- | 144|| {{sortname|Brad|Haddin}} |- | 145|| {{sortname|Brad|Williams|Brad Williams (cricketer)}} |- | 146|| {{sortname|Ryan|Campbell|Ryan Campbell (cricketer)}} |- | 147|| {{sortname|Nathan|Hauritz}} |- | 148|| {{sortname|Shane|Watson}} |- | 149|| {{sortname|Michael|Clarke|Michael Clarke (cricketer)}} |- | 150|| {{sortname|Michael|Hussey}} |- | 151|| {{sortname|James|Hopes}} |- | 152|| {{sortname|Cameron|White}} |- | 153||{{sortname|Stuart|Clark}} |- | 154||{{sortname|Brad|Hodge}} |- | 155|| {{sortname|Mick|Lewis}} |- | 156|| {{sortname|Mitchell|Johnson|Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)}} |- | 157||{{sortname|Brett|Dorey}} |- | 158||{{sortname|Phil|Jaques}} |- | 159||{{sortname|Dan|Cullen}} |- | 160||{{sortname|Mark|Cosgrove}} |- | 161|| {{sortname|Ben|Hilfenhaus}} |- | 162|| {{sortname|Shaun|Tait}} |- | 163|| {{sortname|Adam|Voges}} |- | 164||{{sortname|Ashley|Noffke}} |- | 165||{{sortname|Shaun|Marsh}} |- | 166||{{sortname|Luke|Ronchi}}<ref>[[Luke Ronchi]] also played ODI cricket for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]].</ref> |- | 167||{{sortname|David|Hussey (cricketer)}} |- | 168||{{sortname|Brett|Geeves}} |- | 169|| {{sortname|Ryan|Harris|Ryan Harris (cricketer)}} |- | 170|| '''{{sortname|David|Warner|David Warner (cricketer)}}''' |- | 171|| {{sortname|Callum|Ferguson}} |- | 172|| {{sortname|Peter|Siddle}} |- | 173||{{sortname|Ben|Laughlin|Ben Laughlin (cricketer)}} |- | 174||{{sortname|Shane|Harwood}} |- | 175|| {{sortname|Doug|Bollinger}} |- | 176||{{sortname|Marcus|North}} |- | 177||{{sortname|Dirk|Nannes}} |- | 178|| {{sortname|Tim|Paine}} |- | 179|| '''{{sortname|Moises|Henriques}}''' |- | 180||{{sortname|Graham|Manou}} |- | 181|| {{sortname|Clinton|McKay}} |- | 182|| '''{{sortname|Steve|Smith|Steve Smith (cricketer)}}''' |- | 183|| '''{{sortname|Josh|Hazlewood}}''' |- | 184|| {{sortname|John|Hastings|John Hastings (cricketer)}} |- | 185|| '''{{sortname|Mitchell|Starc}}''' |- | 186|| {{sortname|Xavier|Doherty}} |- | 187|| {{sortname|Jason|Krejza}} |- | 188|| {{sortname|James|Pattinson}} |- | 189|| '''{{sortname|Pat|Cummins|Pat Cummins (cricketer)}}''' |- | 190|| '''{{sortname|Mitchell|Marsh}}''' |- | 191|| '''{{sortname|Dan|Christian}}''' |- | 192|| '''{{sortname|Matthew|Wade}}''' |- | 193|| {{sortname|Peter|Forrest}} |- | 194|| {{sortname|Nathan|Lyon}} |- | 195|| {{sortname|George|Bailey|George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)}} |- | 196|| '''{{sortname|Glenn|Maxwell}}''' |- | 197|| '''{{sortname|Aaron|Finch}}''' |- | 198|| {{sortname|Phillip|Hughes}} |- | 199|| '''{{sortname|Usman|Khawaja}}''' |- | 200|| {{sortname|Ben|Cutting}} |- | 201|| '''{{sortname|Kane|Richardson}}''' |- | 202|| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|James Faulkner (cricketer)}} |- | 203|| {{sortname|Fawad|Ahmed}} |- | 204|| '''{{sortname|Nathan|Coulter-Nile}}''' |- | 205|| '''{{sortname|Sean|Abbott}}''' |- | 206|| {{sortname|Gurinder|Sandhu}} |- | 207|| {{sortname|Joe|Burns|Joe Burns (cricketer)}} |- | 208|| '''{{sortname|Ashton|Agar}}''' |- | 209|| '''{{sortname|Marcus|Stoinis}}''' |- | 210|| {{sortname|Scott|Boland}} |- | 211|| {{sortname|Joel|Paris}} |- | 212|| '''{{sortname|Adam|Zampa}}''' |- | 213|| '''{{sortname|Travis|Head}}''' |- | 214|| {{sortname|Daniel|Worrall}} |- | 215|| {{sortname|Joe|Mennie}} |- | 216|| {{sortname|Chris|Tremain|Chris Tremain (cricketer)}} |- | 217 || {{sortname|Chris|Lynn}} |- | 218|| '''{{sortname|Billy|Stanlake}}''' |- | 219 || '''{{sortname|Peter|Handscomb}}''' |- | 220 || '''{{sortname|Sam|Heazlett}}''' |- | 221 || '''{{sortname|Hilton|Cartwright}}''' |- | 222 || '''{{sortname|Andrew|Tye}}''' |- | 223 || '''{{sortname|Alex|Carey|dab=cricketer}}''' |- | 224 || '''{{sortname|Jhye|Richardson}}''' |- | 225 || '''{{sortname|Michael|Neser}}''' |- | 226 || '''{{sortname|D'Arcy|Short}}''' |- | 227 || '''{{sortname|Jason|Behrendorff}}''' |- | 228 || '''{{sortname|Ashton|Turner}}''' |- | 229 || '''{{sortname|Marnus|Labuschagne}}''' |- | 230 || '''{{sortname|Cameron|Green|dab=Australian cricketer}}''' |- | 231 || '''{{sortname|Wes|Agar}}''' |- | 232 || '''{{sortname|Ben|McDermott}}''' |- | 233 || '''{{sortname|Josh|Philippe}}''' |- | 234 || '''{{sortname|Riley|Meredith}}''' |- | 235 || '''{{sortname|Nathan|Ellis}}''' |- | 236|| '''{{sortname|Mitchell|Swepson}}''' |} {{International cricketers}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Australian people]] nl2xyd8ddq6ni62hmlkvkbe4k305l2o 0 931226 10330771 8314799 2025-06-14T20:01:36Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Namibian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Namibian Twenty20 International cricketers'''. In April 2018, the ICC decided to give full [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all [[Twenty20]] matches played between [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] and other [[List of International Cricket Council members|ICC members]] after 1 January 2019 will have T20I status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672322|title=All T20 matches between ICC members to get international status|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=20 January 2019|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> This list has all members of the Namibia cricket team who have played at least one T20I match. It is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|first Twenty20 cap]]. Where more than one player won his first Twenty20 cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. Namibia played their first T20I match on 20 May 2019 against [[Ghana national cricket team|Ghana]] at the [[2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier#Regional Finals|ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier Finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1220002|title=Six teams looking to keep T20 World Cup dreams alive in Africa final|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|date=14 May 2019|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} ==List of players== :''Statistics are correct as of 22 May 2022.''<ref name="apps">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=28;class=3 Players / Namibia / T20I caps] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=28;type=team |title= Namibia / T20I Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=28;type=team |title= Namibia / T20I Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+Namibia T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Stephan|Baard}} | 2019 | 2022 | 25 | {{sort|0665|665}} | {{sort|0920|92}} | {{nts|30.22}} | 5 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 12 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/437927.html |title= Namibia / Players / Stephan Baard |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Karl|Birkenstock}} | 2019 | 2021 | 9 | {{sort|0081|81}} | {{sort|0590|59}} | {{nts|27.00}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1057456.html |title= Namibia / Players / Karl Birkenstock |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Niko|Davin}} | 2019 | 2019 | 16 | {{sort|0335|335}} | {{sort|0540|54}} | {{nts|22.33}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 11 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595790.html |title= Namibia / Players / Niko Davin |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>4 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Gerhard|Erasmus}}{{double-dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 37 | {{sort|0927|927}} | {{sort|1005|100*}} | {{nts|35.65}} | 7 | 1 | {{sort|0307|307}} | {{sort|017|17}} | {{sort|3088|3/12}} | {{nts|16.82}} | 25 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/519070.html |title= Namibia / Players / Gerhard Erasmus |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jan|Frylinck}} | 2019 | 2022 | 34 | {{sort|0125|125}} | {{sort|0200|20}} | {{nts|15.62}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0672|672}} | {{sort|049|49}} | {{sort|6076|6/24}} | {{nts|15.16}} | 15 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/482478.html |title= Namibia / Players / Jan Frylinck |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Zane|Green}}{{dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 31 | {{sort|0234|234}} | {{sort|0260|26}} | {{nts|11.70}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 20 | 6 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596664.html |title= Namibia / Players / Zane Green |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Zhivago|Groenewald}} | 2019 | 2019 | 10 | {{sort|0020|20}} | {{sort|0130|13}} | {{nts|6.33}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0168|168}} | {{sort|008|8}} | {{sort|3080|3/20}} | {{nts|20.37}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446860.html |title= Namibia / Players / Zhivago Groenewald |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tangeni|Lungameni}} | 2019 | 2022 | 15 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|0025|2*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0252|252}} | {{sort|012|12}} | {{sort|3070|3/30}} | {{nts|24.75}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524075.html |title= Namibia / Players / Tangeni Lungameni |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Bernard|Scholtz}} | 2019 | 2022 | 34 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|0065|6*}} | {{nts|9.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0664|664}} | {{sort|038|38}} | {{sort|4088|4/12}} | {{nts|17.31}} | 6 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/330223.html |title= Namibia / Players / Bernard Scholtz |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|JJ|Smit}} | 2019 | 2022 | 29 | {{sort|0525|525}} | {{sort|0710|71}} | {{nts|32.81}} | 2 | 0 | {{sort|0510|510}} | {{sort|031|31}} | {{sort|6090|6/10}} | {{nts|18.58}} | 14 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/553821.html |title= Namibia / Players / JJ Smit |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Christi|Viljoen}} | 2019 | 2019 | 12 | {{sort|0068|68}} | {{sort|0330|33}} | {{nts|17.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0223|223}} | {{sort|020|20}} | {{sort|5091|5/9}} | {{nts|11.80}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/387845.html |title= Namibia / Players / Christi Viljoen |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ben|Shikongo}} | 2019 | 2022 | 18 | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{nts|0.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0264|264}} | {{sort|013|13}} | {{sort|2096|2/4}} | {{nts|20.23}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1069820.html |title= Namibia / Players / Ben Shikongo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Craig|Williams|dab=cricketer}} | 2019 | 2022 | 34 | {{sort|0757|757}} | {{sort|0810|81}} | {{nts|27.03}} | 6 | 0 | {{sort|0174|174}} | {{sort|009|9}} | {{sort|3091|3/9}} | {{nts|20.11}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/316102.html |title= Namibia / Players / Craig Williams |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Pikky|Ya France}} | 2019 | 2022 | 17 | {{sort|0032|32}} | {{sort|0130|13}} | {{nts|5.33}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0156|156}} | {{sort|005|5}} | {{sort|1097|1/3}} | {{sort|3520|35.20}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308410.html |title= Namibia / Players / Pikky Ya France |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|JP|Kotze}}{{dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 18 | {{sort|0377|377}} | {{sort|1015|101*}} | {{nts|22.17}} | 0 | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 8 | 2 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/541991.html |title= Namibia / Players / JP Kotze |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Lo-handre|Louwrens}} | 2019 | 2019 | 1 | {{sort|0017|17}} | {{sort|0175|17*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/827023.html |title= Namibia / Players / Lo-handre Louwrens |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Michiel|du Preez}} | 2021 | 2021 | 3 | {{sort|0062|62}} | {{sort|0335|33*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | – | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/577345.html |title= Namibia / Players / Michiel du Preez |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jan Nicol|Loftie-Eaton}} | 2021 | 2022 | 18 | {{sort|0135|135}} | {{sort|0280|28}} | {{nts|12.27}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0139|139}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|2079|2/21}} | {{nts|56.00}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1071473.html |title= Namibia / Players / Jan Nicol Loftie-Eaton |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ruben|Trumpelmann}} | 2021 | 2022 | 17 | {{sort|0044|44}} | {{sort|0135|13*}} | {{nts|14.66}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0282|282}} | {{sort|011|11}} | {{sort|3083|3/17}} | {{nts|29.27}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/698317.html |title= Namibia / Players / Ruben Trumpelmann |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|David|Wiese}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[David Wiese]] also played 19 Twenty20 International matches for [[List of South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers|South Africa]]. Only his record for [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]] is given above.}} | 2021 | 2022 | 15 | {{sort|0290|290}} | {{sort|0665|66*}} | {{nts|29.00}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0318|318}} | {{sort|013|13}} | {{sort|3073|3/27}} | {{nts|31.30}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/221140.html |title= Namibia / Players / David Wiese |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Michael|van Lingen}} | 2021 | 2022 | 9 | {{sort|0123|123}} | {{sort|0510|51}} | {{sort|2050|20.50}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0020|20}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/833777.html |title= Namibia / Players / Michael van Lingen |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dylan|Leicher}} | 2022 | 2022 | 2 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | – | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1082|1/18}} | {{nts|45.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1256933.html |title= Namibia / Players / Dylan Leicher |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Divan|la Cock}} | 2022 | 2022 | 3 | {{sort|0089|89}} | {{sort|0660|66}} | {{sort|2966|29.66}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1178065.html |title= Namibia / Players / Divan la Cock |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> |} ==Related pages== *[[List of Namibia ODI cricketers]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Namibia Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of African people]] cj3t2mm5rxa8v5oot22qzzog4e2hn0j 0 931231 10330842 8844602 2025-06-14T20:27:19Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Zimbabwean cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Zimbabwean Twenty20 International cricketers'''. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} ==List of players== :''Statistics are correct as of 22 May 2022.''<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/content/player/caps.html?country=9;class=3 List of Zimbabwe T20I Cricketers by Cap Number]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=9;type=team |title=Zimbabwe – T20I Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=9;type=team |title=Zimbabwe – T20I Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+Zimbabwe T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>1 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Gary|Brent}} | 2006 | 2007 | 3 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|0020|2}} | {{sort|0200|2.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0066|66}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2081|2/19}} | {{nts|23.25}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55269.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Gary Brent |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>2 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Chamu|Chibhabha}}{{double-dagger}} | 2006 | 2020 | 36 | {{sort|0667|667}} | {{sort|0670|67}} | {{sort|1905|19.05}} | 5 | {{sort|0323|323}} | {{sort|014|14}} | {{sort|3082|3/18}} | {{nts|32.50}} | 9 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55354.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Chamu Chibhabha |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>3 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Elton|Chigumbura}}{{double-dagger}} | 2006 | 2020 | 57 | {{sort|0893|893}} | {{sort|0545|54*}} | {{sort|1900|19.00}} | 3 | {{sort|0276|276}} | {{sort|016|16}} | {{sort|4069|4/31}} | {{nts|26.68}} | 22 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55343.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Elton Chigumbura |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>4 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Keith|Dabengwa}} | 2006 | 2010 | 8 | {{sort|0046|46}} | {{sort|0165|16*}} | {{sort|1150|11.50}} | 0 | {{sort|0066|66}} | {{sort|002|2}} | {{sort|1099|1/1}} | {{nts|53.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55388.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Keith Dabengwa |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>5 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Anthony|Ireland|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 | 2006 | 1 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|0025|2*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1067|1/33}} | {{nts|33.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55522.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Anthony Ireland |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>6 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Hamilton|Masakadza}}{{double-dagger}} | 2006 | 2019 | 66 | {{sort|1662|1662}} | {{sort|0935|93*}} | {{sort|2596|25.96}} | 11 | {{sort|0072|72}} | {{sort|002|2}} | {{sort|1096|1/4}} | {{nts|56.50}} | 25 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55608.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Hamilton Masakadza |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>7 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Stuart|Matsikenyeri}} | 2006 | 2012 | 10 | {{sort|0076|76}} | {{sort|0320|32}} | {{sort|0760|7.60}} | 0 | {{sort|0016|16}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55612.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Stuart Matsikenyeri |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>8 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Mluleki|Nkala}} | 2006 | 2006 | 1 | {{sort|0001|1}} | {{sort|0010|1}} | {{sort|0100|1.00}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55663.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Mluleki Nkala |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>9 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brendan|Taylor}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2006 | 2021 | 45 | {{sort|0934|934}} | {{sort|0755|75*}} | {{sort|2394|23.94}} | 6 | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1084|1/16}} | {{nts|17.00}} | 20 | 2 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55814.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Brendan Taylor |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}}{{double-dagger}} | 2006 | 2015 | 35 | {{sort|0094|94}} | {{sort|0135|13*}} | {{sort|0830|8.30}} | 0 | {{sort|0749|749}} | {{sort|026|26}} | {{sort|3075|3/25}} | {{nts|33.00}} | 6 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55820.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Prosper Utseya |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |11 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sean|Williams|dab=cricketer}}{{double-dagger}} | 2006 | 2021 | 50 | {{sort|1034|1034}} | {{sort|0660|66}} | {{sort|2350|23.50}} | 6 | {{sort|0858|858}} | {{sort|033|33}} | {{sort|3085|3/15}} | {{nts|31.45}} | 20 | 0 |<ref name="Zimbabwe / Players / Sean Williams">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55870.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Sean Williams |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tawanda|Mupariwa}} | 2007 | 2008 | 4 | {{sort|0005|5}} | {{sort|0035|3*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0078|78}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1078|1/22}} | {{nts|94.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55652.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tawanda Mupariwa |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |13 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Vusi|Sibanda}} | 2007 | 2016 | 26 | {{sort|0511|511}} | {{sort|0590|59}} | {{sort|2044|20.44}} | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 12 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55787.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Vusi Sibanda |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tatenda|Taibu}}{{dagger}} | 2007 | 2012 | 17 | {{sort|0259|259}} | {{sort|0485|48*}} | {{sort|2877|28.77}} | 0 | {{sort|0024|24}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 6 | 5 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55805.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tatenda Taibu |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |15 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Timycen|Maruma}} | 2008 | 2019 | 13 | {{sort|0100|100}} | {{sort|023*|23*}} | {{sort|1111|11.11}} | 0 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1092|1/8}} | {{nts|20.00}} | 5 | 0 |<ref name="Zimbabwe / Players / Sean Williams"/> |- align="center" |16 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Christopher|Mpofu}} | 2008 | 2020 | 32 | {{sort|0350|35}} | {{sort|0175|17*}} | {{sort|0875|8.75}} | 0 | {{sort|0694|694}} | {{sort|033|33}} | {{sort|4070|4/30}} | {{nts|31.36}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55633.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Christopher Mpofu |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |17 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ray|Price|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 | 2012 | 16 | {{sort|0015|15}} | {{sort|0075|7*}} | {{sort|0300|3.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0369|369}} | {{sort|013|13}} | {{sort|2094|2/6}} | {{nts|29.07}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55698.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Ray Price |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |18 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Cephas|Zhuwao}} | 2008 | 2018 | 7 | {{sort|0048|48}} | {{sort|0240|24}} | {{sort|0685|6.85}} | 0 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1099|1/1}} | {{nts|1.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/235532.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Cephas Zhuwao |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |19 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Regis|Chakabva}}{{dagger}} | 2008 | 2022 | 30 | {{sort|0457|457}} | {{sort|0480|48}} | {{sort|1632|16.32}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 13 | 1 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/293831.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Regis Chakabva |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |20 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Graeme|Cremer}}{{double-dagger}} | 2008 | 2018 | 29 | {{sort|0068|68}} | {{sort|0170|17}} | {{sort|0523|5.23}} | 0 | {{sort|0570|570}} | {{sort|035|35}} | {{sort|3089|3/11}} | {{nts|18.85}} | 6 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55346.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Graeme Cremer |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |21 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Greg|Lamb}} | 2010 | 2010 | 5 | {{sort|0032|32}} | {{sort|0145|14*}} | {{sort|1600|16.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0073|73}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2086|2/14}} | {{nts|20.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55562.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Greg Lamb |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |22 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shingirai|Masakadza}} | 2010 | 2013 | 7 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|0090|9}} | {{sort|0450|4.50}} | 0 | {{sort|0117|117}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2061|2/39}} | {{nts|52.75}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/343529.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Shingirai Masakadza |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |23 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Charles|Coventry|dab=Zimbabwean cricketer}}{{dagger}} | 2010 | 2015 | 13 | {{sort|0127|127}} | {{sort|0300|30}} | {{sort|1270|12.70}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55329.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Charles Coventry |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |24 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Craig|Ervine}} | 2010 | 2022 | 38 | {{sort|0865|865}} | {{sort|0685|68*}} | {{sort|2544|25.44}} | 5 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 16 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55412.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Craig Ervine |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |25 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andy|Blignaut}} | 2010 | 2010 | 1 | {{sort|0008|8}} | {{sort|0080|8}} | {{sort|0800|8.00}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55259.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Andy Blignaut |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |26 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ed|Rainsford}} | 2010 | 2010 | 2 | {{sort|0001|1}} | {{sort|0015|1*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0036|36}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/343529.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Ed Rainsford |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |27 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tendai|Chatara}} | 2010 | 2022 | 34 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|0080|8}} | {{sort|0450|4.50}} | 0 | {{sort|0744|744}} | {{sort|040|40}} | {{sort|3080|3/20}} | {{nts|23.37}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425639.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tendai Chatara |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |28 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kyle|Jarvis}} | 2011 | 2019 | 22 | {{sort|0055|55}} | {{sort|0270|27}} | {{sort|0785|7.85}} | 0 | {{sort|0448|448}} | {{sort|028|28}} | {{sort|3085|3/15}} | {{nts|23.75}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/332996.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Kyle Jarvis |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |29 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Forster|Mutizwa}}{{dagger}} | 2011 | 2012 | 3 | {{sort|0038|38}} | {{sort|0220|22}} | {{sort|1266|12.66}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55641.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Forster Mutizwa |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |30 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Malcolm|Waller}}{{dagger}} | 2011 | 2018 | 32 | {{sort|0613|613}} | {{sort|0680|68}} | {{sort|2665|26.65}} | 1 | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 9 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55872.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Malcolm Waller |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |31 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Keegan|Meth}} | 2012 | 2012 | 2 | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|0065|6*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0042|42}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/232443.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Keegan Meth |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |32 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brian|Vitori}} | 2012 | 2016 | 11 | {{sort|0008|8}} | {{sort|0075|7*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0238|238}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|1076|1/24}} | {{nts|80.75}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/235514.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Brian Vitori |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |33 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Natsai|M'shangwe}} | 2013 | 2014 | 5 | {{sort|0005|5}} | {{sort|0055|5*}} | {{sort|0500|5.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0096|96}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2067|2/33}} | {{nts|35.50}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/392944.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Natsai M'shangwe |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |34 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tinotenda|Mutombodzi}} | 2013 | 2020 | 15 | {{sort|0134|134}} | {{sort|0320|32}} | {{sort|1218|12.18}} | 0 | {{sort|0156|156}} | {{sort|007|7}} | {{sort|2088|2/12}} | {{nts|26.85}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/333001.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tinotenda Mutombodzi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |35 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tinashe|Panyangara}} | 2013 | 2016 | 14 | {{sort|0023|23}} | {{sort|0175|17*}} | {{sort|2300|23.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0303|303}} | {{sort|020|20}} | {{sort|4063|4/37}} | {{nts|19.90}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55705.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tinashe Panyangara |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |36 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname||Sikandar Raza}}{{double-dagger}} | 2013 | 2022 | 46 | {{sort|0587|587}} | {{sort|0590|59}} | {{sort|1397|13.97}} | 1 | {{sort|0486|486}} | {{sort|017|17}} | {{sort|3084|3/6}} | {{nts|37.76}} | 21 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/299572.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Sikandar Raza |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |37 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tafadzwa|Kamungozi}} | 2014 | 2014 | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/235521.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tafadzwa Kamungozi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |38 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Richmond|Mutumbami}}{{dagger}} | 2015 | 2022 | 28 | {{sort|0378|378}} | {{sort|0540|54}} | {{sort|1800|18.00}} | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 21 | 4 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/235516.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Richmond Mutumbami |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |39 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Neville|Madziva}} | 2015 | 2019 | 15 | {{sort|0088|88}} | {{sort|0285|28*}} | {{sort|1760|17.60}} | 0 | {{sort|0281|281}} | {{sort|012|12}} | {{sort|4066|4/34}} | {{nts|34.75}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/453289.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Neville Madziva |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |40 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Taurai|Muzarabani}} | 2015 | 2016 | 9 | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0005|0*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0180|180}} | {{sort|006|6}} | {{sort|2069|2/31}} | {{nts|46.66}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/232444.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Taurai Muzarabani |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |41 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Luke|Jongwe}} | 2015 | 2022 | 26 | {{sort|0177|177}} | {{sort|0340|34}} | {{sort|1180|11.80}} | 0 | {{sort|0504|504}} | {{sort|036|36}} | {{sort|4082|4/18}} | {{nts|19.52}} | 6 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/541224.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Neville Madziva |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |42 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tendai|Chisoro}} | 2015 | 2020 | 14 | {{sort|0043|43}} | {{sort|0145|14*}} | {{sort|1075|10.75}} | 0 | {{sort|0318|318}} | {{sort|012|12}} | {{sort|3083|3/17}} | {{nts|30.66}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/235519.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tendai Chisoro |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |43 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Wellington|Masakadza}} | 2015 | 2021 | 28 | {{sort|0070|70}} | {{sort|0195|19*}} | {{sort|0875|8.75}} | 0 | {{sort|0540|540}} | {{sort|026|26}} | {{sort|4072|4/28}} | {{nts|25.00}} | 12 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/571703.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Wellington Masakadza |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |44 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Peter|Moor}}{{dagger}} | 2016 | 2019 | 21 | {{sort|0364|364}} | {{sort|0925|92*}} | {{sort|2426|24.26}} | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 7 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/333000.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Peter Moor |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |45 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Donald|Tiripano}} | 2016 | 2022 | 20 | {{sort|0145|145}} | {{sort|0280|28}} | {{sort|1450|14.50}} | 0 | {{sort|0375|375}} | {{sort|015|15}} | {{sort|3080|3/20}} | {{nts|36.53}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/392945.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Donald Tiripano |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |46 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ryan|Burl}} | 2018 | 2022 | 36 | {{sort|0580|580}} | {{sort|0575|57*}} | {{sort|2900|29.00}} | 1 | {{sort|0426|426}} | {{sort|021|21}} | {{sort|3078|3/22}} | {{nts|25.66}} | 21 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/495964.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Ryan Burl |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |47 !scope="row" chataralign="left"| {{sortname|Solomon|Mire}} | 2018 | 2019 | 9 | {{sort|0253|253}} | {{sort|0940|94}} | {{sort|3162|31.62}} | 2 | {{sort|0072|72}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1085|1/15}} | {{nts|115.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290462.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Solomon Mire |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |48 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Blessing|Muzarabani}} | 2018 | 2021 | 21 | {{sort|0017|17}} | {{sort|0080|8}} | {{sort|0425|4.25}} | 0 | {{sort|0490|490}} | {{sort|025|25}} | {{sort|3079|3/21}} | {{nts|26.12}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/827051.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Blessing Muzarabani |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |49 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tarisai|Musakanda}} | 2018 | 2021 | 12 | {{sort|0197|197}} | {{sort|0430|43}} | {{sort|1641|16.41}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 6 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596375.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tarisai Musakanda |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |50 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|John|Nyumbu}} | 2018 | 2018 | 2 | {{sort|0007|7}} | {{sort|0065|6*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0036|36}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55666.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / John Nyumbu |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |51 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brandon|Mavuta}} | 2018 | 2022 | 8 | {{sort|0051|51}} | {{sort|0280|28}} | {{sort|2550|25.50}} | 0 | {{sort|0144|144}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|3081|1/19}} | {{nts|62.33}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/806239.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Brandon Mavuta |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |52 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tony|Munyonga}} | 2019 | 2022 | 8 | {{sort|0074|74}} | {{sort|0440|44}} | {{sort|2466|24.66}} | 0 | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1122853.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tony Munyonga |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |53 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ainsley|Ndlovu}} | 2019 | 2019 | 3 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|0020|2}} | {{sort|0200|2.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0066|66}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1065|1/35}} | {{nts|90.00}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/596456.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Ainsley Ndlovu |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |54 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brian|Chari}} | 2019 | 2019 | 3 | {{sort|0021|21}} | {{sort|0190|19}} | {{sort|0700|7.00}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/427178.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Brian Chari |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |55 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Richard|Ngarava}} | 2019 | 2021 | 18 | {{sort|0013|13}} | {{sort|0115|11*}} | {{sort|0650|6.50}} | 0 | {{sort|0406|406}} | {{sort|017|17}} | {{sort|2087|2/13}} | {{nts|32.29}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/806241.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Richard Ngarava |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |56 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daniel|Jakiel}} | 2019 | 2019 | 2 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | {{sort|0042|42}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|2073|2/27}} | {{nts|14.66}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175831.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Daniel Jakiel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |57 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|William|Mashinge}} | 2019 | 2019 | 2 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1063|1/37}} | {{nts|57.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/806233.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / William Mashinge |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |58 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tinashe|Kamunhukamwe}} | 2020 | 2021 | 8 | {{sort|0146|146}} | {{sort|0440|44}} | {{sort|1825|18.25}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/713811.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tinashe Kamunhukamwe |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |59 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Wesley|Madhevere}} | 2020 | 2022 | 25 | {{sort|0601|601}} | {{sort|0735|73*}} | {{sort|2613|26.13}} | 4 | {{sort|0174|174}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2089|2/11}} | {{nts|55.50}} | 9 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/638959.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Wesley Madhevere |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |60 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Carl|Mumba}} | 2020 | 2020 | 5 | {{sort|0026|26}} | {{sort|0250|25}} | {{sort|2600|26.00}} | 0 | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/672775.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Carl Mumba |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |61 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Charlton|Tshuma}} | 2020 | 2020 | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/959823.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Charlton Tshuma |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |62 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Faraz|Akram}} | 2020 | 2021 | 2 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|0025|2*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0038|38}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1054|1/46}} | {{nts|58.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1122851.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Faraz Akram |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |63 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Milton|Shumba}} | 2020 | 2022 | 14 | {{sort|0214|214}} | {{sort|0665|66*}} | {{sort|3057|30.57}} | 1 | {{sort|0066|66}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|3084|3/16}} | {{nts|23.75}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/951781.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Milton Shumba |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" |64 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tadiwanashe|Marumani}} | 2021 | 2021 | 11 | {{sort|0118|118}} | {{sort|0350|35}} | {{sort|1072|10.72}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/946507.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tadiwanashe Marumani |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" |65 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dion|Myers}} | 2021 | 2021 | 8 | {{sort|0139|139}} | {{sort|0350|35}} | {{sort|1737|17.37}} | 0 | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/946517.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Dion Myers |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" |66 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Innocent|Kaia}} | 2021 | 2022 | 3 | {{sort|0033|33}} | {{sort|0190|19}} | {{sort|1100|11.00}} | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/465327.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Innocent Kaia |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" |67 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tanaka|Chivanga}} | 2022 | 2022 | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1059122.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Tanaka Chivanga |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" |68 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brad|Evans|dab=cricketer}} | 2022 | 2022 | 2 | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0005|0*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | {{sort|0036|36}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/696127.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Brad Evans |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" |69 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Victor|Nyauchi}} | 2022 | 2022 | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/453277.html |title= Zimbabwe / Players / Victor Nyauchi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> |} ==Related pages== *[[Twenty20]] *[[Zimbabwean cricket team]] *[[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] *[[List of Zimbabwe ODI cricketers]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Zimbabwe-related lists]] [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] foo13ftuml3r9jd263tkm0gxz0dbzan 0 931257 10331469 10304937 2025-06-15T05:23:14Z HistorianAlferedo 1539758 castecruft removed 10331469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rao Bal Kishan.jpg|thumb|Rao Bal Kishan Of Rewari]] '''Rao Bal Kishan''' was a [[king]] of [[Haryana|Rewari]] region who fought against Nadir shah in the Battle of Karnal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=rao+balkishan+singh&pg=PA50|title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India|last=Yadava|first=S. D. S.|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-216-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Early Life== Rao Bal Kishan was born to Rao Nand Ram Singh of Rewari.<ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Brij_Bhoomi/iKJRDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=rao+bal+kishan&pg=PA93&printsec=frontcover</ref> It is said that he killed a [[lion]] without wearing [[Armour|armor]]. This earned him the title of "Sher Bacha Shamsher Bahadur". He was [[Marriage|married]] to the daughter of a Sardar Ramchandra of Takana Nasibpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=rao+bal+kishan&pg=PA50|title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India|last=Yadava|first=S. D. S.|date=2006|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-216-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Battle of Karnal== [[File:Karnaal Battle.jpg|thumb|Battle of karnal]] In 1739, the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] ruler [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]] attacked [[India]]. Rao Bal Kishan, with his army and with the forces of [[Delhi]], fought Nadir Shah. His army included 5000 [[infantry]] and 2000 [[cavalry]]. In February 1739, Nader Shah captured Sirhind and moved towards the field of Karnal, a battle destined to be fateful to the Mughal rulers. On 24 February, the battle of Karnal was fought. Emperor Muhammad Shah had over a hundred thousand force against Nader Shah's 55,000 men but was still decisively defeated because royal force left the Battlefield at Karnal. Only Rao Balkishan Singh fought to Nadir shah, he was killed in the battle but immortalized the name "Vijay or Veergati".<ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Haryana_State_Gazetteer/kYsMAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=rao+bal+kishan&dq=rao+bal+kishan&printsec=frontcover</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=rao+balkishan|title=Realm and Region in Traditional India|last=Fox|first=Richard Gabriel|date=1977|publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia|isbn=978-0-916994-12-9|language=en}}</ref> The Battle was ambitious as Nadir Shah itself remarked to Mughal Emperor that if your combined forces helped Rao Balkrishna of Rewari, than I might not able to enter in Delhi. I had never seen any warrior like him brave , Fierce and strong. After this to a royal chhatri kiosk was made by Mughal Emperor to remark tribute to Rao Balkrishna. Even today the Chhatri is present in Karnal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Muhammad Shah|date=2023-02-08|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shah&oldid=1138233685|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref> ===Post Battle=== After the battle, Nadir Shah met the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor and praised Rao Bal Kishan and his soldiers. He said - "If Rao Bal Kishan had not been [[Martyr|martyred]] in the battle and Faujshahi (Mughal armies) supported that brave Sardar whole heartedly instead of escaping from the battlefield, we would not had the luck to see Delhi today, but it would also have been difficult to return to Iran alive.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNBSEAAAQBAJ&dq=rao+balkishan&pg=PA30|title=Haryana Digdarshan|last=Chautala|first=Dinesh Singh|date=2021-02-21|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited|isbn=978-93-252-9448-6|language=hi}}</ref> [[File:Capt. Ram Chander and Hav Nihal Singh, Sena medal.jpg|thumb|Capt Ram Chander and Hav Nihal Singh, Sena medal with Shaurya Darpan, Rewari unveiling the portrait of Rao Bal Kishan at Dharuhera, Rewari.]] ==Death== Rao Balkishan was killed in an [[ambush]] by the Iranian troops in the Battle of Karnal on 24 February, 1739. ==Legacy== *Chhatri (Memorial) of Raja Rao Balkishan is located in Karnal, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/23256765|title=THE ANNALS OF KARNAL HISTORY C H BUCK|last=Heritage -Haryana}}</ref> [[File:Rao Balkishan Chattri.jpg|thumb|Rao Bal Kishan Chattri(Memorial)]] *Rao Balkishan Singh Memorial School is located in Hauz Khas, Delhi. *A Shaheedi Mela is organised in [[Gurgaon|Gurgaon, Haryana]] on 24 February every year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=शहीदी दिवस:नांगल पठानी में मनाया वीर अमर शहीद राव बालकिशन का शहीदी दिवस|trans-title=Martyr's Day:Martyrdom Day of Veer Amar Shaheed Rao Balkishan celebrated in Nangal Pathani|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rohtak/rewari/news/martyrs-day-of-veer-amar-shaheed-rao-balkishan-celebrated-in-nangal-pathani-128254998.html}}</ref> ==Related pages== *[[Gurgaon]] *[[Ahirwal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Indian monarchs]] [[Category:1739 deaths]] [[Category:18th century in India]] t7rje0jqsma53vhsupsg7xpy3lxmj07 0 931353 10330829 8346202 2025-06-14T20:24:49Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Sri Lankan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Sri Lankan Test cricketers'''. A [[Test cricket|Test match]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams that are full members of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). Both teams have two innings, and the match lasts up to five days. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[Cap (sport)#Cricket|first Test cap]]. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==List of Test cricketers== Statistics are correct as of 15 May 2022.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/caps.html?country=8;class=1 List of Sri Lanka Test Cricketers]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=8;type=team |title=Sri Lanka – Test Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=8;type=team |title=Sri Lanka – Test Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | Sri Lankan Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1||[[Ashantha de Mel]]||1982–1986||17||28||5||326||34||14.17||3518||92||2180||59||6/109||36.95||9||– |- ||2||[[Somachandra de Silva]]||1982–1984||12||22||3||406||61||21.37||3031||108||1347||37||5/59||36.41||5||– |- ||3||[[Ajit de Silva]]||1982||4||7||2||41||14||8.20||962||41||385||7||2/38||55.00||0||– |- ||4||[[Roy Dias]]||1982–1987||20||36||1||1285||109||36.71||24||0||17||0||–||–||6||– |- ||5||[[Mahes Goonatilleke]]||1982||5||10||2||177||56||22.13||–||–||–||–||–||–||10||3 |- ||6||[[Lalith Kaluperuma]]||1982||2||4||1||12||11*||4.00||162||4||93||0||–||–||2||– |- ||7||[[Ranjan Madugalle]]||1982–1988||21||39||4||1029||103||29.40||84||2||38||0||–||–||9||– |- ||8||[[Duleep Mendis]]||1982–1988||24||43||1||1329||124||31.64||–||–||–||–||–||–||9||– |- ||9||[[Arjuna Ranatunga]]||1982–2000||93||155||12||5105||135*||35.70||2373||114||1040||16||2/17||65.00||47||– |- ||10||[[Bandula Warnapura]]||1982||4||8||0||96||38||12.00||90||4||46||0||–||–||2||– |- ||11||[[Sidath Wettimuny]]||1982–1987||23||43||1||1221||190||29.07||24||0||37||0||–||–||10||– |- ||12||[[Ravi Ratnayeke]]||1982–1989||22||38||6||807||93||25.22||3833||118||1972||56||8/83||35.21||1||– |- ||13||[[Anura Ranasinghe]]||1982||2||4||0||88||77||22.00||114||1||69||1||1/23||69.00||0||– |- ||14||[[Rohan Jayasekera (cricketer)|Rohan Jayasekera]]||1982||1||2||0||2||2||1.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||0||– |- ||15||[[Roger Wijesuriya]]||1982–1985||4||7||2||22||8||4.40||586||23||294||1||1/68||294.00||1||– |- ||16||[[Guy de Alwis]]||1983–1988||11||19||0||152||28||8.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||21||2 |- ||17||[[Susil Fernando]]||1983–1984||5||10||0||112||46||11.20||–||–||–||–||–||–||0||– |- ||18||[[Yohan Goonasekera]]||1983||2||4||0||48||23||12.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||6||– |- ||19||[[Sridharan Jeganathan]]||1983||2||4||0||19||8||4.75||30||2||12||0||–||–||0||– |- ||20||[[Vinothen John]]||1983–1984||6||10||5||53||27*||10.60||1281||53||614||28||5/60||21.93||2||– |- ||21||[[Rumesh Ratnayake]]||1983–1992||23||36||6||433||56||14.43||4961||136||2563||73||6/66||35.11||9||– |- ||22||[[Mithra Wettimuny]]||1983||2||4||0||28||17||7.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||23||[[Amal Silva]]||1983–1988||9||16||2||353||111||25.21||–||–||–||–||–||–||33||1 |- ||24||[[Roshan Guneratne]]||1983||1||2||2||0||0*||–||102||1||84||0||–||–||0||– |- ||25||[[Jayantha Amerasinghe]]||1984||2||4||1||54||34||18.00||300||9||150||3||2/73||50.00||3||– |- ||26||[[Sanath Kaluperuma]]||1984–1988||4||8||0||88||23||11.00||240||8||124||2||2/17||62.00||6||– |- ||27||[[Aravinda de Silva]]||1984–2002||93||159||11||6361||267||42.98||2595||77||1208||29||3/30||41.66||43||– |- ||28||[[Saliya Ahangama]]||1985||3||3||1||11||11||5.50||801||32||348||18||5/52||19.33||1||– |- ||29||[[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]]||1985–1991||10||16||4||185||50||15.42||2328||87||1032||8||2/67||129.00||4||– |- ||30||[[Sanjeewa Weerasinghe]]||1985||1||1||0||3||3||3.00||114||8||36||0||–||–||0||– |- ||31||[[Roshan Jurangpathy]]||1985–1986||2||4||0||1||1||0.25||150||3||93||1||1/69||93.00||2||– |- ||32||[[Asanka Gurusinha]]||1985–1996||41||70||7||2452||143||38.92||1408||47||681||20||2/7||34.05||33||– |- ||33||[[Jayananda Warnaweera]]||1986–1994||10||12||3||39||20||4.33||2333||90||1021||32||4/25||31.91||0||– |- ||34||[[Don Anurasiri]]||1986–1998||18||22||5||91||24||5.35||3973||152||1548||41||4/71||37.76||4||– |- ||35||[[Kosala Kuruppuarachchi]]||1986–1987||2||2||2||0||0*||–||272||6||149||8||5/44||18.63||0||– |- ||36||[[Roshan Mahanama]]||1986–1998||52||89||1||2576||225||29.27||36||0||30||0||–||–||56||– |- ||37||[[Kaushik Amalean]]||1986–1988||2||3||2||9||7*||9.00||244||2||156||7||4/97||22.29||1||– |- ||38||[[Graeme Labrooy]]||1986–1991||9||14||3||158||70*||14.36||2158||58||1194||27||5/133||44.22||3||- |- ||39||[[Brendon Kuruppu]]||1987–1991||4||7||1||320||201*||53.33||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||40||[[Champaka Ramanayake]]||1988–1993||18||24||9||143||34*||9.53||3654||109||1880||44||5/82||42.73||6||– |- ||41||[[Ranjith Madurasinghe]]||1988–1992||3||6||1||24||11||4.80||396||12||172||3||3/60||57.33||0||– |- ||42||[[Athula Samarasekera]]||1988–1991||4||7||0||118||57||16.86||192||5||104||3||2/38||34.67||3||– |- ||43||[[Dammika Ranatunga]]||1989||2||3||0||87||45||29.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||0||– |- ||44||[[Gamini Wickremasinghe]]||1989–1992||3||3||1||17||13*||8.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||9||1 |- ||45||[[Hashan Tillakaratne]]||1989–2004||83||131||25||4545||204*||42.88||76||4||25||0||–||–||122||2 |- ||46||[[Marvan Atapattu]]||1990–2007||90||156||15||5502||249||39.02||48||0||24||1||1/9||24.00||58||– |- ||47||[[Charith Senanayake]]||1991||3||5||0||97||64||19.40||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||48||[[Chandika Hathurusingha]]||1991–1999||26||44||1||1274||83||29.63||1962||99||789||17||4/66||46.41||7||– |- ||49||[[Sanath Jayasuriya]]||1991–2007||110||188||14||6973||340||40.07||8188||323||3366||98||5/34||34.34||78||– |- ||50||[[Kapila Wijegunawardene]]||1991–1992||2||4||1||14||6*||4.67||364||16||147||7||4/51||21.00||0||– |- ||51||[[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]]||1991–2001||40||64||5||555||51||9.41||7260||248||3559||85||6/60||41.87||18||– |- ||52||[[Romesh Kaluwitharana]]||1992–2004||49||78||4||1933||132*||26.12||–||–||–||–||–||–||93||26 |- ||53||[[Dulip Liyanage]]||1992–2001||9||9||0||69||23||7.67||1355||47||666||17||4/56||39.18||0||– |- ||54||[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]¹||1992–2010||132||162||56||1259||67||11.87||43715||1786||18023||795||9/51||22.67||70||– |- ||55||[[Ashley de Silva]]||1993||3||3||0||10||9||3.33||–||–||–||–||–||–||4||1 |- ||56||[[Ruwan Kalpage]]||1993–1999||11||18||2||294||63||18.38||1576||49||774||12||2/27||64.50||10||– |- ||57||[[Pubudu Dassanayake]]||1993–1994||11||17||2||196||36||13.07||–||–||–||–||–||–||19||5 |- ||58||[[Piyal Wijetunge]]||1993||1||2||0||10||10||5.00||312||5||118||2||1/58||59.00||0||– |- ||59||[[Kumar Dharmasena]]||1993–2004||31||51||7||868||62*||19.73||6939||265||2920||69||6/72||42.32||14||– |- ||60||[[Dulip Samaraweera]]||1993–1995||7||14||0||211||42||15.07||–||–||–||–||–||–||5||– |- ||61||[[Ravindra Pushpakumara]]||1994–2001||23||31||12||166||44||8.74||3792||98||2242||58||7/116||38.66||10||– |- ||62||[[Chaminda Vaas]]||1994–2009||111||162||35||3089||100*||24.32||23438||895||10501||355||7/71||29.58||31||– |- ||63||[[Sanjeeva Ranatunga]]||1994–1997||9||17||1||531||118||33.19||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||64||[[Chamara Dunusinghe]]||1995||5||10||0||160||91||16.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||13||2 |- ||65||[[Jayantha Silva]]||1995–1998||7||4||1||6||6*||2.00||1533||72||647||20||4/16||32.35||1||– |- ||66||[[Nuwan Zoysa]]||1997–2004||30||40||6||288||28*||8.47||4422||160||2157||64||5/20||33.70||4||– |- ||67||[[Sajeewa de Silva]]||1997–1999||8||12||5||65||27||9.29||1585||42||889||16||5/85||55.56||5||– |- ||68||[[Russel Arnold]]||1997–2004||44||69||4||1821||123||28.02||1334||45||598||11||3/76||54.36||51||– |- ||69||[[Mahela Jayawardene]]||1997–2014||149||252||15||11814||374||49.84||589||20||310||6||2/32||51.66||205||– |- ||70||[[Lanka de Silva]]||1997||3||4||2||36||20*||18.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||71||[[Malinga Bandara]]||1998–2006||8||11||3||124||43||15.50||1152||29||633||16||3/84||39.56||4||– |- ||72||[[Niroshan Bandaratilleke]]||1998–2001||7||9||1||93||25||11.63||1722||83||698||23||5/36||30.35||0||– |- ||73||[[Suresh Perera]]||1998–2001||3||4||1||77||43*||25.67||408||12||180||1||1/104||180.00||1||– |- ||74||[[Ruchira Perera]]||1999–2002||8||9||6||33||11*||11.00||1130||31||661||17||3/40||38.88||2||– |- ||75||[[Eric Upashantha]]||1999–2002||2||3||0||10||6||3.33||306||5||200||4||2/41||50.00||0||– |- ||76||[[Avishka Gunawardene]]||1999–2005||6||11||0||181||43||16.45||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||77||[[Upul Chandana]]||1999–2005||16||24||1||616||92||26.78||2685||64||1535||37||6/179||41.49||7||– |- ||78||[[Rangana Herath]]||1999–2018||93||144||28||1699||80*||14.64||25993||814||12157||433||9/127||28.07||24||– |- ||79||[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]||1999–2013||87||145||11||5492||193||40.98||3385||83||1711||39||4/10||43.87||88||– |- ||80||[[Indika de Saram]]||1999–2000||4||5||0||117||39||23.40||–||–||–||–||–||–||1||– |- ||81||[[Indika Gallage]]||1999||1||1||0||3||3||3.00||150||5||77||0||–||–||0||– |- ||82||[[Dilhara Fernando]]||2000–2012||40||47||17||249||39*||8.30||6181||143||3784||100||5/42||37.84||10||– |- ||83||[[Prasanna Jayawardene]]||2000–2015||58||83||11||2124||154*||29.50||–||–||–||–||–||–||124||32 |- ||84||[[Kumar Sangakkara]]||2000–2015||134||233||17||12400||319||57.40||84||0||49||0||–||–||182||20 |- ||85||[[Dinuka Hettiarachchi]]||2001||1||2||1||0||0*||0.00||162||7||41||2||2/36||20.50||0||– |- ||86||[[Thilan Samaraweera]]||2001–2013||81||132||20||5462||231||48.76||1327||36||689||15||4/49||45.93||45||– |- ||87||[[Michael Vandort]]||2001–2008||20||33||2||1144||140||36.90||–||–||–||–||–||–||6||– |- ||88||[[Charitha Buddhika]]||2001–2002||9||8||3||132||45||26.40||1270||31||792||18||4/27||44.00||4||– |- ||89||[[Sujeewa de Silva]]||2002–2007||3||2||1||10||5*||10.00||432||18||209||11||4/35||19.00||1||– |- ||90||[[Chamila Gamage]]||2002||2||3||0||42||40||14.00||288||10||158||5||2/33||31.60||1||– |- ||91||[[Jehan Mubarak]]||2002–2015||13||23||1||385||49||17.50||103||2||66||0||–||–||15||– |- ||92||[[Naveed Nawaz]]||2002||1||2||1||99||78*||99.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||0||– |- ||93||[[Hasantha Fernando]]||2002||2||4||0||38||24||9.50||234||7||108||4||3/63||27.00||1||– |- ||94||[[Kaushal Lokuarachchi]]||2003–2004||4||5||1||94||28*||23.50||594||20||295||5||2/47||59.00||1||– |- ||95||[[Prabath Nissanka]]||2003||4||5||2||18||12*||6.00||587||21||366||10||5/64||36.60||0||– |- ||96||[[Thilan Thushara]]||2003–2010||10||14||3||94||15*||8.54||1668||35||1040||28||5/83||37.14||3||– |- ||97||[[Dinusha Fernando]]||2003||2||3||1||56||51*||28.00||126||2||107||1||1/29||107.00||0||– |- ||98||[[Farveez Maharoof]]||2004–2011||22||34||4||556||72||18.53||2940||107||1631||25||4/52||65.24||7||– |- ||99||[[Lasith Malinga]]||2004–2010||30||37||13||275||64||11.45||5209||112||3349||101||5/50||33.15||7||– |- ||100||[[Nuwan Kulasekara]]||2005–2014||21||28||1||391||64||14.48||3567||120||1794||48||4/21||37.37||8||– |- ||101||[[Shantha Kalavitigoda]]||2005||1||2||0||8||7||4.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||102||[[Gayan Wijekoon]]||2005||2||3||0||38||14||12.67||114||4||66||2||2/49||33.00||0||– |- ||103||[[Upul Tharanga]]||2005–2017||31||58||3||1754||165||31.89||–||–||–||–||–||–||24||– |- ||104||[[Chamara Kapugedera]]||2006–2009||8||15||3||418||96||34.83||12||0||9||0||–||–||6||– |- ||105||[[Chamara Silva]]||2006–2008||11||17||1||537||152*||33.56||102||2||65||1||1/57||65.00||7||– |- ||106||[[Malinda Warnapura]]||2007–2009||14||24||1||821||120||35.69||54||0||40||0||–||–||14||– |- ||107||[[Chanaka Welegedara]]||2007–2014||21||30||6||218||48||9.08||3799||114||2273||55||5/52||41.32||5||– |- ||108||[[Ishara Amerasinghe]]||2008||1||2||2||0||0*||–||150||1||105||1||1/62||105.00||0||– |- ||109||[[Ajantha Mendis]]||2008–2014||19||19||6||213||78||16.38||4730||118||2434||70||6/99||34.77||2||– |- ||110||[[Dhammika Prasad]]||2008–2015||25||39||2||476||47||12.86||4327||96||2698||75||5/50||35.97||6||– |- ||111||[[Tharanga Paranavitana]]||2009–2012||32||60||5||1792||111||32.58||102||0||86||1||1/26||86.00||27||– |- ||112||[[Angelo Mathews]]||2009–2022||95||169||23||6432||200*||44.05||3930||159||1766||33||4/44||53.51||70||– |- ||113||[[Suraj Randiv]]||2010–2012||12||17||1||147||39||9.18||3146||70||1613||43||5/82||37.51||1||– |- ||114||[[Suranga Lakmal]]||2010–2022||70||109||25||934||42||11.11||12443||439||6232||171||5/54||36.44||22||– |- ||115||[[Thisara Perera]]||2011–2012||6||10||0||203||75||20.30||954||20||653||11||4/63||59.36||1||– |- ||116||[[Lahiru Thirimanne]]||2011–2022||44||85||6||2088||155*||26.43||84||1||51||0||–||–||36||– |- ||117||[[Seekkuge Prasanna]]||2011||1||1||0||5||5||5.00||138||3||80||0||–||–||0||– |- ||118||[[Shaminda Eranga]]||2011–2016||19||26||11||193||45*||12.86||3891||125||2138||57||4/49||37.50||5||– |- ||119||[[Nuwan Pradeep]]||2011–2017||28||50||17||132||17*||4.00||5077||130||3003||70||6/132||42.90||5||– |- ||120||[[Kaushal Silva]]||2011–2018||39||74||0||2099||139||28.36||–||–||–||–||–||–||34||1 |- ||121||[[Kosala Kulasekara]]||2011||1||2||0||22||15||11.00||168||7||80||1||1/65||80.00||0||– |- ||122||[[Dinesh Chandimal]]||2011–2022||65||117||10||4217||164||39.41||–||–||–||–||–||–||79||10 |- ||123||[[Dimuth Karunaratne]]||2012–2022||77||147||5||5620||244||39.57||284||4||191||2||1/12||95.50||55||– |- ||124||[[Kithuruwan Vithanage]]||2013–2015||10||16||2||370||103*||26.42||174||1||133||1||1/73||133.00||10||– |- ||125||[[Sachithra Senanayake]]||2013–2014||1||1||0||5||5||5.00||138||2||96||0||–||–||1||– |- ||126||[[Dilruwan Perera]]||2014–2021||43||77||8||1303||95||18.88||10805||239||5780||161||6/32||35.90||19||– |- ||127||[[Niroshan Dickwella]]||2014–2022||48||84||6||2529||96||32.42||–||–||–||–||–||–||116||24 |- ||128||[[Tharindu Kaushal]]||2014–2015||7||12||2||106||18||10.60||1658||22||1105||25||5/42||44.20||3||– |- ||129||[[Dushmantha Chameera]]||2015–2021||12||20||2||101||22||5.61||1950||28||1295||32||5/47||40.46||4||– |- ||130||[[Kusal Perera]]||2015–2021||22||41||3||1177||153*||30.97||–||–||–||–||–||–||19||8 |- ||131||[[Milinda Siriwardana]]||2015–2016||5||9||0||298||68||33.11||413||6||257||11||3/25||23.36||3||– |- ||132||[[Kusal Mendis]]||2015–2022||49||93||4||3078||196||34.58||126||1||110||1||1/10||110.00||71||– |- ||133||[[Udara Jayasundera]]||2015||2||4||0||30||26||7.50||42||0||45||0||–||–||2||– |- ||134||[[Dasun Shanaka]]||2016–2021||6||12||2||140||66*||14.00||762||19||431||13||3/46||33.15||4||– |- ||135||[[Dhananjaya de Silva]]||2016–2022||41||72||6||2517||173||38.13||2841||57||1623||29||3/25||55.96||49||– |- ||136||[[Lakshan Sandakan]]||2016–2018||11||17||6||117||25||10.63||2063||37||1276||37||5/132||34.48||6||– |- ||137||[[Vishwa Fernando]]||2016–2022||17||24||11||68||38||5.23||2616||54||1604||43||5/101||37.30||3||– |- ||138||[[Asela Gunaratne]]||2016–2017||6||10||2||455||116||56.87||156||1||114||3||2/28||38.00||6||– |- ||139||[[Lahiru Kumara]]||2016–2022||24||32||15||56||10||3.29||4265||98||2694||70||6/122||38.48||5||– |- ||140||[[Danushka Gunathilaka]]||2017–2018||8||6||0||299||61||18.68||198||3||111||1||1/16||111.00||6||– |- ||141||[[Malinda Pushpakumara]]||2017–2018||4||8||2||102||42*||17.00||860||14||520||14||3/28||37.14||2||– |- ||142||[[Lahiru Gamage]]||2017–2018||5||8||4||6||3||1.50||1112||39||573||10||2/38||57.30||0||– |- ||143||[[Sadeera Samarawickrama]]||2017||4||8||0||125||38||15.62||–||–||–||–||–||–||4||– |- ||144||[[Roshen Silva]]||2017–2019||12||23||3||702||109||35.10||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||145||[[Akila Dananjaya]]||2018||6||10||2||135||43*||16.87||1385||33||819||33||6/115||24.81||1||– |- ||146||[[Kasun Rajitha]]||2018–2020||9||12||2||35||12||3.50||1415||44||779||25||3/20||31.16||4||– |- ||147||[[Mahela Udawatte]]||2018||2||4||0||23||19||5.75||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||148||[[Chamika Karunaratne]]||2019||1||2||0||22||22||11.00||156||1||148||1||1/130||148.00||1||– |- ||149||[[Lasith Embuldeniya]]||2019–2022||16||23||1||183||40||8.31||4473||132||2434||70||7/137||34.77||2||– |- ||150||[[Oshada Fernando]]||2019–2022||14||24||3||726||102||34.57||18||0||19||0||–||–||12||– |- ||151||[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]||2020–2021||4||7||0||196||59||28.00||674||8||403||4||4/171||100.75||2||– |- ||152||[[Minod Bhanuka]]||2021–2021||1||2||0||6||5||3.00||–||–||–||–||–||–||0||– |- ||153||[[Asitha Fernando]]||2021–2022||4||6||3||4||4||1.33||282||9||156||4||2/44||39.00||0||– |- ||154||[[Ramesh Mendis]]||2021–2022||5||7||0||100||33||14.28||1154||30||560||26||6/70||21.53||1||– |- ||155||[[Pathum Nissanka]]||2021–2022||7||12||1||494||103||44.90||–||–||–||–||–||–||2||– |- ||156||[[Praveen Jayawickrama]]||2021–2022||4||5||5||12||8*||–||1014||41||487||25||6/92||19.48||1||– |- ||157||[[Charith Asalanka]]||2021–2022||3||6||0||88||29||14.66||25||0||16||0||–||–||1||– |} Note: *¹ [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] also played one Test match for the [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]]. Only his record for Sri Lanka is given above. ==Related pages== * [[Test cricket]] * [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.-html?country=8;class=1 Cricinfo] * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lanka Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] 5o00jydwbtzsu8skn83lix9s0llhvi0 0 931536 10330795 10274948 2025-06-14T20:11:23Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Canadian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Canadian Twenty20 International cricketers'''. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="list of capt">{{Cite web | url = http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=17;type=team | title = Records / Canada / Twenty20 Internationals / List of captains |website = ESPNcricinfo | access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=17;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / Statsguru / Twenty20 Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPNcricinfo | access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''50'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 24 February 2022.''<ref name="caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=17;class=3 |title=Canada – Twenty20 Internationals / Players by Caps |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=17;type=team |title= Canada / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=17;type=team |title= Canada / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- align="center" |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- align="center" ! scope="col" | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | First ! scope="col" | Last ! scope="col" | Mat ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#C|100]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish|Bagai}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2008 || 2013 || 9 || 284 || {{sort|0675|67*}} || {{sort|4057|40.57}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 5 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23797.html |title= Ashish Bagai |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harvir|Baidwan}} | 2008 || 2013 || 17 || 54 || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0323|323}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|4081|4/19}} || {{nts|15.22}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/355583.html |title= Harvir Baidwan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geoff|Barnett|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2010 || 5 || 131 || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|3275|32.75}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36383.html |title= Geoff Barnett |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Davison|dab=Canadian cricketer}} | 2008 || 2010 || 5 || 44 || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{sort|0880|8.80}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2081|2/19}} || {{nts|22.75}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23852.html |title= John Davison |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Dhaniram}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2010 || 11 || 100 || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{sort|1111|11.11}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0202|202}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2091|2/9}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/51738.html |title= Sunil Dhaniram |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karun|Jethi}} | 2008 || 2008 || 5 || 41 || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|1025|10.25}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23862.html |title= Karun Jethi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eion|Katchay}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || 15 || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1082|1/18}} || {{nts|23.66}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/52300.html |title= Eion Katchay |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Henry|Osinde}} | 2008 || 2013 || 11 || 31 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0775|7.75}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|3064|3/36}} || {{nts|25.00}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/212175.html |title= Henry Osinde |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abdool|Samad}} | 2008 || 2010 || 7 || 97 || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{sort|1616|16.16}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1064|1/36}} || {{nts|36.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23826.html |title= Abdool Samad |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zubin|Surkari}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || 10 || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0333|3.33}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23803.html |title= Zubin Surkari |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjayan|Thuraisingam}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2008 || 3 || 18 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|1800|18.00}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0047|47}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1087|1/13}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23856.html |title= Sanjayan Thuraisingam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Qazi}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23885.html |title= Mohammad Qazi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steven|Welsh}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2084|2/6}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/8432.html |title= Steven Welsh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Balaji Rao|dab=Canadian cricketer}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || 32 || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{sort|1066|10.66}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0084|84}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3079|3/21}} || {{nts|17.83}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/26826.html |title= Balaji Rao |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umar|Bhatti}} | 2008 || 2010 || 7 || 49 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|1225|12.25}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|3077|3/23}} || {{nts|18.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23865.html |title= Umar Bhatti |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manoj|David}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || 39 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0975|9.75}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/365126.html |title= Ramesh David |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Iqbal|dab=Canadian cricketer}} | 2008 || 2008 || 3 || 27 || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41440.html |title= Mohammad Iqbal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Asif|Mulla}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || 11 || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0275|2.75}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23899.html |title= Ashif Mulla |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rizwan Cheema}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2019 || 24 || 389 || {{sort|0720|72}} || {{sort|1768|17.68}} || 2 || 0 ||{{sort|0300|300}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|2081|2/19}} || {{nts|42.44}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/361952.html |title= Rizwan Cheema |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abzal|Dean}} | 2008 || 2013 || 2 || 8 || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2082|2/18}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/372509.html |title= Abzal Dean |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Jyoti}} | 2008 || 2008 || 2 || 10 || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23860.html |title= Sandeep Jyoti |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trevin|Bastiampillai}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23874.html |title= Trevin Bastiampillai |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shaheed|Keshvani}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23879.html |title= Shaheed Keshvani |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Khurram Chohan}} | 2010 || 2010 || 4 || 18 || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|0073|73}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1076|1/24}} || {{nts|106.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41224.html |title= Khurram Chohan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hiral|Patel}} | 2010 || 2021 || 15 || 294 || {{sort|0885|88*}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0071|71}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|48.50}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/414248.html |title= Hiral Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Usman Limbada}} | 2010 || 2013 || 7 || 53 || {{sort|0215|21*}} || {{sort|5300|53.00}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/414249.html |title= Usman Limbada |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ian|Billcliff}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || 51 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{sort|2550|25.50}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/23850.html |title= Ian Billcliff |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Arsalan Qadir}} | 2010 || 2010 || 1 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307066.html |title= Arsalan Qadir |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rustam|Bhatti}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2012 || 2012 || 4 || 25 || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|0833|8.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307077.html |title= Rustam Bhatti |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ruvindu|Gunasekera}} | 2012 || 2013 || 8 || 202 || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{sort|2525|25.25}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/307075.html |title= Ruvindu Gunasekera |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jimmy|Hansra}} | 2012 || 2013 || 8 || 82 || {{sort|0300|30}} || {{sort|1366|13.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2087|2/13}} || {{nts|13.42}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/418615.html |title= Jimmy Hansra |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Junaid Siddiqui}} | 2012 || 2022 || 20 || 51 || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{sort|1020|10.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0385|385}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|3090|3/10}} || {{nts|24.64}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/494847.html |title= Junaid Siddiqui |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nitish|Kumar|dab=cricketer}}{{double-dagger}} | 2012 || 2019 || 18 || 434 || {{sort|0830|83}} || {{sort|3100|31.00}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2082|2/18}} || {{nts|22.85}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348129.html |title= Nitish Kumar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Raza-ur-Rehman}} | 2012 || 2013 || 5 || 25 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|0625|6.25}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|29.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/259413.html |title= Raza-ur-Rehman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Zahid Hussain|dab=cricketer}} | 2012 || 2012 || 3 || 3 || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|0057|57}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|3084|3/16}} || {{nts|15.66}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/43726.html |title= Zahid Hussain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tyson|Gordon}} | 2012 || 2012 || 3 || 32 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|1066|10.66}} ||0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/208755.html |title= Tyson Gordon |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manny|Aulakh}} | 2012 || 2013 || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2060|2/40}} || {{nts|27.33}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/414251.html |title= Manny Aulakh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parth|Desai}} | 2012 || 2012 || 1 || 4 || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1070|1/30}} || {{nts|30.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440977.html |title= Parth Desai |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hamza Tariq}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2013 || 2022 || 26 || 324 || {{sort|0635|63*}} || {{sort|2945|29.45}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 16 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/414397.html |title= Hamza Tariq |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Damodar|Daesrath}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/51739.html |title= Damodar Daesrath |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeremy|Gordon}} | 2013 || 2019 || 7 || 3 || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0155|155}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|3086|3/14}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/276370.html |title= Jeremy Gordon |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Navneet|Dhaliwal}} {{double-dagger}} | 2019 || 2022 || 23 || 748 || {{sort|0695|69*}} || {{sort|4400|44.00}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|1089|1/11}} || {{nts|14.75}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/817069.html |title= Navneet Dhaliwal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nikhil|Dutta}} | 2019 || 2019 || 11 || 15 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0234|234}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|2088|2/12}} || {{nts|23.20}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348135.html |title= Nikhil Dutta |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Romesh|Eranga}} | 2019 || 2019 || 9 || 1 || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0191|191}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|3081|3/19}} || {{nts|17.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/320520.html |title= Romesh Eranga |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dillon|Heyliger}} | 2019 || 2022 || 22 || 139 || {{sort|0245|24*}} || {{sort|3475|34.75}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0436|436}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|5084|5/16}} || {{nts|17.42}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1061467.html |title= Dillon Heyliger |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ravinderpal Singh}} | 2019 || 2022 || 22 || 456 || {{sort|1010|101}} || {{sort|3040|30.40}} || 1 || 1 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159653.html |title= Ravinderpal Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Saad Bin Zafar}} | 2019 || 2022 || 22 || 73 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|1042|10.42}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|0486|486}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|3092|3/8}} || {{nts|17.28}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/359746.html |title= Saad Bin Zafar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rodrigo|Thomas}} | 2019 || 2019 || 8 || 73 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|1042|10.42}} || 0 || 0 ||{{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159654.html |title= Rodrigo Thomas |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abraash Khan}} | 2019 || 2019 || 7 || 66 || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|1650|16.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/650561.html |title= Abraash Khan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Montfort}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1075|1/25}} || {{nts|25.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1097574.html |title= Mark Montfort |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harsh|Thaker}} | 2019 || 2022 || 11 || 47 || {{sort|0285|28*}} || {{sort|1566|15.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0144|144}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|4080|4/20}} || {{nts|13.62}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/914503.html |title= Harsh Thaker |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nicholas|Kirton}} | 2019 || 2019 || 5 || 75 || {{sort|0375|37*}} || {{sort|2500|25.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/820685.html |title= Nicholas Kirton |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Srimantha|Wijeyeratne}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || 77 || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{sort|3850|38.50}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/300624.html |title= Srimantha Wijeyeratne |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jatinderpal|Matharu}} | 2021 || 2022 || 7 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3094|3/6}} || {{nts|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1287093.html |title= Jatinderpal Matharu |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 November 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rayyan|Pathan}} | 2021 || 2022 || 11 || 463 || {{sort|1075|107*}} || {{sort|5144|51.44}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/521478.html |title= Rayyan Pathan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 November 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cecil|Pervez}} | 2021 || 2021 || 5 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|3093|3/7}} || {{nts|17.60}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/523344.html |title= Cecil Pervez |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 November 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Salman Nazar}} | 2021 || 2022 || 7 || 10 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|3092|3/8}} || {{nts|10.85}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/423510.html |title= Salman Nazar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rishiv|Joshi}} | 2021 || 2022 || 3 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1096|1/4}} || {{nts|13.66}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1111473.html |title= Rishiv Joshi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 November 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 59 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shreyas|Movva}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2021 || 2022 || 3 || 32 || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|3200|32.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1206190.html |title= Shreyas Movva |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 November 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 60 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kaleem|Sana}} | 2022 || 2022 || 5 || 1 || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|20.80}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/385938.html |title= Kaleem Sana |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 February 2022 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 61 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matthew|Spoors}} | 2022 || 2022 || 5 || 194 || {{sort|1085|108*}} || {{sort|6466|64.66}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1095|1/5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1062334.html |title= Matthew Spoors |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 February 2022 }}</ref> |} ==Related pages== *[[Twenty20 International]] *[[Canadian cricket team]] *[[Canadian national cricket captains]] *[[List of Canada ODI cricketers]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canada Twenty20 International Cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Canadian people]] hvx5eja7e90iond3jk43aqcf95myrkp 0 931588 10330991 10138950 2025-06-14T22:39:00Z 2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3 it is one that will 10330991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Use British English|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox broadcasting network|name=BBC World Service|logo=BBC World Service 2022 (Boxed).svg|logo_size=150px|type=Radio broadcasting [[news]], [[speech]], [[discussions]], [[state media]]|branding=|established=|test card=|test of transmission=|airdate=2024|country=United Kingdom|available=Worldwide|founded=|founder=|motto=|market_share=|license_area=|headquarters=[[Broadcasting House]], [[London]]|broadcast_area=Worldwide|area=|erp=|owner=[[BBC]]|parent=|key_people=[[Liliane Landor]]|foundation=|launch_date={{Start date and age|df=yes|1932|12|19}}|dissolved=|former_names=BBC Empire Service<br>BBC Overseas Service<br>External Services of the BBC|digital=|analogue=|servicename1=BBC Radio 1|service1=BBC Radio 1|servicename2=BBC2 Artsy|service2=BBC2 Artsy|servicename3=BBC 3|service3=BBC 3|servicename4=BBC 4|service4=BBC 4|callsigns=|callsign_meaning=|former_callsigns=|affiliation=|affiliates=|groups=|former_affiliations=|website={{URL|bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio|BBC World Service}}|webcast=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/player/bbc_world_service Web Stream] '''Live Streaming - Internet Schedule''' *[http://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/5/select/version/2.0/mediaset/http-icy-mp3-a/vpid/bbc_world_service/format/pls.pls HTTP stream (56 Kbps MP3)] *[http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/media/live/manifesto/audio/simulcast/hls/nonuk/sbr_vlow/ak/bbc_world_service.m3u8 HLS stream (48 Kbps AAC+)] *[http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/media/live/manifesto/audio/simulcast/hls/nonuk/sbr_low/ak/bbc_world_service.m3u8 HLS stream (96 Kbps AAC+)] *[http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/media/live/manifesto/audio/simulcast/dash/nonuk/dash_low/ak/bbc_world_service.mpd DASH stream (48-96 Kbps AAC+) (adaptive bitrate)]|Language=English, Spanish, German, Polish, Nepali, Somali, Armenian, Georgian|Radio live=BBC Nepali, BBC Somali, BBC World Service|servicename5=BBC 5|service5=BBC 5}} The '''BBC World Service''' is an [[International broadcasting|international broadcaster]]. It is owned and operated by the [[BBC]]. It is funding from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]] through the [[Foreign Secretary|Foreign Secretary's]] office.<ref name="fco.gov.uk">{{cite web|title=BBC World Service (BBCWS), The UK's Voice around the World|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front/TextOnly?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029395267&to=true|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101022725/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front/TextOnly?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029395267&to=true|archive-date=1 November 2006|publisher=BBC}}</ref> It is the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Word - The Work of the BBC World Service 2008-09 HC 334 FINAL.doc|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001645/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> It broadcasts radio [[news]], [[speech]] and [[discussions]] in more than 40 languages<ref>{{Cite web|title=News in your language - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522030650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages|archive-date=22 May 2019|access-date=31 October 2019|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213091024/https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about/|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=31 October 2019|website=Facebook.com}}</ref> to many parts of the world. It broadcasts on [[Analogue signal|analogue]] and [[Shortwave listening|digital shortwave]] platforms, [[internet streaming]], [[podcasting]], [[Satellite radio|satellite]], [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]], [[FM broadcasting|FM]] and [[Medium wave|MW]] relays. In 2015, the World Service reached an average of 210&nbsp;million people a week (via TV, radio and online).<ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2015|title=BBC's combined global audience revealed at 308 million|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/combined-global-audience|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626185045/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/combined-global-audience|archive-date=26 June 2019|access-date=13 February 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In November 2016, the BBC announced that it would start broadcasting in additional languages including [[Amharic]] and [[Igbo language|Igbo]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37990220]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118142740/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37990220|date=18 November 2020}}<span> "BBC World Service announces biggest expansion 'since the 1940s</span>{{'"}}, BBC News</ref> BBC World Service English maintains eight regional feeds with several programme variations, covering, respectively. The locations are [[East Africa|East]] and [[South Africa]]; [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]; [[Europe]] and [[Middle East]]; the [[Americas]] and [[Caribbean]]; [[East Asia]]; [[South Asia]]; [[Australasia]]; and the [[United Kingdom]]. There are also two separate online-only streams with one being more news-oriented. It is known as ''News Internet''. The service broadcasts 24 hours a day. The current director of the BBC World Service is Liliane Landor.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC announces Liliane Landor as Senior Controller of BBC News International Services|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2021/liliane-landor/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021091209/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2021/liliane-landor/|archive-date=21 October 2021|access-date=19 February 2022|website=BBC World News|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The current director of the BBC World Service in English is [[Mary Hockaday]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Mary Hockaday, Controller, World Service English - Inside the BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/hockaday_mary/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120182743/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/hockaday_mary|archive-date=20 January 2019|access-date=28 July 2017|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|BBC World Service}} * {{bbc.co.uk|worldservice|BBC World Service Radio}} ** [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2x9tqt6mc05vB2S37j8MWMJ/global-short-wave-frequencies/ BBC World Service Radio frequencies] ** [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/25lGfHqsvqPgsTVM6z88WGD/bbc-fm-stations-around-the-world BBC World Service Radio in different languages] * [http://www.bbc.com/ws/languages BBC News Language Selection] at [[BBC Online]] {{Authority control}} [[Category:BBC radio]] [[Category:1932 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Public Broadcasting Service]] l6yc3hja4uh24xcw322a4x3n9sw2tnt 10331037 10330991 2025-06-14T23:01:49Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3]] ([[User talk:2600:6C65:7E3F:9A6C:B04D:7CEB:D672:E9B3|talk]]) to last version by XXBlackburnXx 9320605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Use British English|date=March 2020}} {{Infobox broadcasting network|name=BBC World Service|logo=BBC World Service 2022 (Boxed).svg|logo_size=150px|type=Radio broadcasting [[news]], [[speech]], [[discussions]], [[state media]]|branding=|established=|test card=|test of transmission=|airdate=|country=United Kingdom|available=Worldwide|founded=|founder=|motto=|market_share=|license_area=|headquarters=[[Broadcasting House]], [[London]]|broadcast_area=Worldwide|area=|erp=|owner=[[BBC]]|parent=|key_people=[[Liliane Landor]]|foundation=|launch_date={{Start date and age|df=yes|1932|12|19}}|dissolved=|former_names=BBC Empire Service<br>BBC Overseas Service<br>External Services of the BBC|digital=|analogue=|servicename1=|service1=|servicename2=|service2=|servicename3=|service3=|servicename4=|service4=|callsigns=|callsign_meaning=|former_callsigns=|affiliation=|affiliates=|groups=|former_affiliations=|website={{URL|bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio|BBC World Service}}|webcast=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/player/bbc_world_service Web Stream] '''Live Streaming - Internet Schedule''' *[http://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/5/select/version/2.0/mediaset/http-icy-mp3-a/vpid/bbc_world_service/format/pls.pls HTTP stream (56 Kbps MP3)] *[http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/media/live/manifesto/audio/simulcast/hls/nonuk/sbr_vlow/ak/bbc_world_service.m3u8 HLS stream (48 Kbps AAC+)] *[http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/media/live/manifesto/audio/simulcast/hls/nonuk/sbr_low/ak/bbc_world_service.m3u8 HLS stream (96 Kbps AAC+)] *[http://a.files.bbci.co.uk/media/live/manifesto/audio/simulcast/dash/nonuk/dash_low/ak/bbc_world_service.mpd DASH stream (48-96 Kbps AAC+) (adaptive bitrate)]}} The '''BBC World Service''' is an [[International broadcasting|international broadcaster]]. It is owned and operated by the [[BBC]]. It is funding from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]] through the [[Foreign Secretary|Foreign Secretary's]] office.<ref name="fco.gov.uk">{{cite web|title=BBC World Service (BBCWS), The UK's Voice around the World|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front/TextOnly?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029395267&to=true|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101022725/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front/TextOnly?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029395267&to=true|archive-date=1 November 2006|publisher=BBC}}</ref> It is the world's largest external broadcaster in terms of reception area, language selection and audience reach.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Word - The Work of the BBC World Service 2008-09 HC 334 FINAL.doc|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001645/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmfaff/334/334.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> It broadcasts radio [[news]], [[speech]] and [[discussions]] in more than 40 languages<ref>{{Cite web|title=News in your language - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522030650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ws/languages|archive-date=22 May 2019|access-date=31 October 2019|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213091024/https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/Media-News-Company/bbcworldservice/about/|archive-date=13 February 2021|access-date=31 October 2019|website=Facebook.com}}</ref> to many parts of the world. It broadcasts on [[Analogue signal|analogue]] and [[Shortwave listening|digital shortwave]] platforms, [[internet streaming]], [[podcasting]], [[Satellite radio|satellite]], [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]], [[FM broadcasting|FM]] and [[Medium wave|MW]] relays. In 2015, the World Service reached an average of 210&nbsp;million people a week (via TV, radio and online).<ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2015|title=BBC's combined global audience revealed at 308 million|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/combined-global-audience|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626185045/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2015/combined-global-audience|archive-date=26 June 2019|access-date=13 February 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In November 2016, the BBC announced that it would start broadcasting in additional languages including [[Amharic]] and [[Igbo language|Igbo]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37990220]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118142740/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37990220|date=18 November 2020}}<span> "BBC World Service announces biggest expansion 'since the 1940s</span>{{'"}}, BBC News</ref> BBC World Service English maintains eight regional feeds with several programme variations, covering, respectively. The locations are [[East Africa|East]] and [[South Africa]]; [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]; [[Europe]] and [[Middle East]]; the [[Americas]] and [[Caribbean]]; [[East Asia]]; [[South Asia]]; [[Australasia]]; and the [[United Kingdom]]. There are also two separate online-only streams with one being more news-oriented. It is known as ''News Internet''. The service broadcasts 24 hours a day. The current director of the BBC World Service is Liliane Landor.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC announces Liliane Landor as Senior Controller of BBC News International Services|url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2021/liliane-landor/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021091209/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2021/liliane-landor/|archive-date=21 October 2021|access-date=19 February 2022|website=BBC World News|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The current director of the BBC World Service in English is [[Mary Hockaday]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC - Mary Hockaday, Controller, World Service English - Inside the BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/hockaday_mary/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120182743/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/hockaday_mary|archive-date=20 January 2019|access-date=28 July 2017|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|BBC World Service}} * {{bbc.co.uk|worldservice|BBC World Service Radio}} ** [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2x9tqt6mc05vB2S37j8MWMJ/global-short-wave-frequencies/ BBC World Service Radio frequencies] ** [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/25lGfHqsvqPgsTVM6z88WGD/bbc-fm-stations-around-the-world BBC World Service Radio in different languages] * [http://www.bbc.com/ws/languages BBC News Language Selection] at [[BBC Online]] {{Authority control}} [[Category:BBC radio]] [[Category:1932 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Public Broadcasting Service]] fhu2w0na5jf9no3eet0kb9c0vi8vlb7 0 931860 10330810 8314801 2025-06-14T20:16:20Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:New Zealand cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers'''. A [[Twenty20 International]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). A Twenty20 International is played under the rules of [[Twenty20]] cricket. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first [[cap (sport)|Twenty20 cap]]. Where more than one player won his first Twenty20 cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 21 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/caps.html?country=5;class=3 |title= New Zealand / Twenty20 International Players by Cap Number |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=5;type=team |title= New Zealand / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=5;type=team |title= New Zealand / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" |+New Zealand T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | 1 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andre|Adams}} || 2005 || 2006 || 4 || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{nts|6.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0077|77}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2080|2/20}} || {{nts|35.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 2 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Chris|Cairns}} || 2005 || 2006 || 2 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{nts|1.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1072|1/28}} || {{nts|52.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 3 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Stephen|Fleming}} {{double-dagger}} || 2005 || 2006 || 5 || {{sort|0110|110}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" | 4 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Hamish|Marshall}} || 2005 || 2006 || 3 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 5 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brendon|McCullum}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}}|| 2005 || 2015 || 71 || {{sort|2140|2140}} || {{sort|1230|123}} || {{nts|35.66}} || 13 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 36 || 8 |- align="center" | 6 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Craig|McMillan}} || 2005 || 2007 || 8 || {{sort|0187|187}} || {{sort|0570|57}} || {{nts|31.16}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 7 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kyle|Mills}} {{double-dagger}} || 2005 || 2014 || 42 || {{sort|0137|137}} || {{sort|0335|33*}} || {{nts|11.41}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0897|897}} || {{sort|043|43}} || {{sort|3074|3/26}} || {{nts|28.55}} || 8 || 0 |- align="center" | 8 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Mathew|Sinclair}} || 2005 || 2007 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} ||0 || 0 |- align="center" | 9 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Scott|Styris}} || 2005 || 2010 || 31 || {{sort|0378|378}} || {{sort|0660|66}} || {{nts|21.40}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0309|309}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|3095|3/5}} || {{nts|19.38}} || 8 || 0 |- align="center" | 10 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daryl|Tuffey}} || 2005 || 2010 || 3 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|31.00}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 11 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jeff|Wilson|dab=sportsman}} || 2005 || 2005 || 1 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 12 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Nathan|Astle}} || 2005 || 2006 || 4 || {{sort|0074|74}} || {{sort|0405|40*}} || {{nts|24.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0041|41}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|3080|3/20}} || {{nts|12.50}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 13 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shane|Bond}} || 2005 || 2010 || 20 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{nts|4.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0465|465}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|3082|3/18}} || {{nts|21.72}} || 4 || 0 |- align="center" | 14 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|James|Marshall|dab=cricketer}} || 2005 || 2008 || 3 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 15 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jacob|Oram}} || 2005 || 2012 || 36 || {{sort|0474|474}} || {{sort|0665|66*}} || {{nts|20.60}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0546|546}} || {{sort|019|19}} || {{sort|3067|3/33}} || {{nts|41.73}} || 12 || 0 |- align="center" | 16 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jeetan|Patel}} || 2005 || 2008 || 11 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0199|199}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|3080|3/20}} || {{nts|16.81}} || 12 || 0 |- align="center" | 17 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|James|Franklin|dab=cricketer}} || 2006 || 2013 || 38 || {{sort|0463|463}} || {{sort|0600|60}} || {{nts|20.13}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0327|327}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|4085|4/15}} || {{nts|20.85}} || 12 || 0 |- align="center" | 18 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Peter|Fulton}} || 2006 || 2012 || 12 || {{sort|0127|127}} || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{nts|11.54}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 0 |- align="center" | 19 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Lou|Vincent}} || 2006 || 2007 || 9 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|0420|42}} || {{nts|19.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 20 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Mark|Gillespie|dab=New Zealand cricketer}} || 2006 || 2008 || 11 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{nts|10.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|4093|4/7}} || {{nts|25.50}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 21 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Peter|McGlashan}} {{dagger}} || 2006 || 2010 || 11 || {{sort|0061|61}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|7.62}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 0 |- align="center" | 22 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ross|Taylor}} {{double-dagger}} || 2006 || 2020 || 102 || {{sort|1909|1909}} || {{sort|0630|63}} || {{nts|26.15}} || 7 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 46 || 0 |- align="center" | 23 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Michael|Mason|dab=cricketer}} || 2006 || 2008 || 3 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{nts|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1082|1/18}} || {{nts|32.50}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 24 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Chris|Martin|dab=cricketer}} || 2007 || 2008 || 6 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2086|2/14}} || {{nts|27.57}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 25 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daniel|Vettori}} {{double-dagger}} || 2007 || 2014 || 34 || {{sort|0205|205}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{nts|12.81}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0787|787}} || {{sort|038|38}} || {{sort|4080|4/20}} || {{nts|19.68}} || 9 || 0 |- align="center" | 26 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Nathan|McCullum}} || 2007 || 2016 || 63 || {{sort|0299|299}} || {{sort|0365|36*}} || {{nts|11.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1123|1123}} || {{sort|058|58}} || {{sort|4084|4/16}} || {{nts|22.03}} || 26 || 0 |- align="center" | 27 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Gareth|Hopkins|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || 2007 || 2010 || 10 || {{sort|0086|86}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{nts|10.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 2 |- align="center" | 28 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jamie|How}} || 2007 || 2008 || 5 || {{sort|0056|56}} || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{nts|11.20}} || 0|| 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 29 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jesse|Ryder}} || 2008 || 2014 || 22 || {{sort|0457|457}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{nts|22.85}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1098|1/2}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" | 30 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tim|Southee}} {{double-dagger}} || 2008 || 2021 || 92 || {{sort|0249|249}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{nts|11.31}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1985|1985}} || {{sort|111|111}} || {{sort|5082|5/18}} || {{nts|24.58}} || 47 || 0 |- align="center" | 31 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daniel|Flynn|dab=cricketer}} || 2008 || 2012 || 5 || {{sort|0059|59}} || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{nts|11.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" | 32 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Paul|Hitchcock}} || 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2057|2/43}} || {{nts|21.50}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 33 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ewen|Thompson}} || 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1082|1/18}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 34 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Neil|Broom}} || 2009 || 2017 || 11 || {{sort|0073|73}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{nts|12.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 0 |- align="center" | 35 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ian|Butler|dab=cricketer}} || 2009 || 2013 || 19 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0358|358}} || {{sort|023|23}} || {{sort|3081|3/19}} || {{nts|20.91}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 36 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Grant|Elliott}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Grant Elliott]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only his records for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] are given above.}} || 2009 || 2016 || 16 || {{sort|0157|157}} || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{nts|15.70}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0180|180}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|4078|4/22}} || {{nts|15.57}} || 4 || 0 |- align="center" | 37 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Martin|Guptill}} || 2009 || 2021 || 112 || {{sort|3299|3299}} || {{sort|1050|105}} || {{nts|32.66}} || 20 || 2 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 64 || 0 |- align="center" | 38 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Iain|O'Brien}} || 2009 || 2009 || 4 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2070|2/30}} || {{nts|19.33}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 39 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brendon|Diamanti}} || 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 40 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Aaron|Redmond}} || 2009 || 2010 || 7 || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|0630|63}} || {{nts|21.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2076|2/24}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 41 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|BJ|Watling}} {{dagger}} || 2009 || 2014 || 5 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{nts|9.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 42 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Peter|Ingram}} || 2010 || 2010 || 3 || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 43 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andy|McKay}} || 2010 || 2010 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2080|2/20}} || {{nts|15.50}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 44 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Rob|Nicol}} || 2010 || 2013 || 21 || {{sort|0327|327}} || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|17.21}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0123|123}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|2080|2/20}} || {{nts|33.40}} || 5 || 0 |- align="center" | 45 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dean|Brownlie}} || 2010 || 2014 || 5 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|1.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 46 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Adam|Milne}} || 2010 || 2021 || 31 || {{sort|0033|33}} || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{nts|33.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0653|653}} || {{sort|032|32}} || {{sort|4063|4/37}} || {{nts|26.68}} || 6 || 0 |- align="center" | 47 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Luke|Woodcock}} || 2010 || 2011 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1070|1/30}} || {{nts|70.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 48 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Doug|Bracewell}} || 2011 || 2021 || 20 || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{nts|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0310|310}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|3075|3/25}} || {{nts|23.50}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" | 49 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kane|Williamson}} {{double-dagger}} || 2011 || 2021 || 74 || {{sort|2021|2021}} || {{sort|0950|95}} || {{nts|32.59}} || 14 || 0 || {{sort|0118|118}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|27.33}} || 34 || 0 |- align="center" | 50 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Graeme|Aldridge}} || 2011 || 2011 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1055|1/45}} || {{nts|45.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 51 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Michael|Bates|dab=New Zealand cricketer}} || 2012 || 2012 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|3069|3/31}} || {{nts|26.75}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 52 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Colin|de Grandhomme}} || 2012 || 2021 || 41 || {{sort|0505|505}} || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{nts|15.78}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0321|321}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|2078|2/22}} || {{nts|38.41}} || 20 || 0 |- align="center" | 53 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ronnie|Hira}} || 2012 || 2013 || 15 || {{sort|0037|37}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|18.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0254|254}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|2058|2/42}} || {{nts|33.70}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" | 54 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andrew|Ellis|dab=cricketer}} || 2012 || 2013 || 5 || {{sort|0025|25}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|8.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2060|2/40}} || {{nts|52.50}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 55 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tom|Latham|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || 2012 || 2021 || 18 || {{sort|0322|322}} || {{sort|0655|65*}} || {{nts|24.76}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 8 || 3 |- align="center" | 56 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Corey|Anderson|dab=cricketer}} || 2012 || 2018 || 31 || {{sort|0485|485}} || {{sort|0945|94*}} || {{nts|24.25}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0360|360}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|2083|2/17}} || {{nts|35.35}} || 19 || 0 |- align="center" | 57 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Mitchell|McClenaghan}} || 2012 || 2016 || 28 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{nts|4.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0590|590}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|3083|3/17}} || {{nts|25.26}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" | 58 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Colin|Munro}} || 2012 || 2020 || 65 || {{sort|1724|1724}} || {{sort|1095|109*}} || {{nts|31.34}} || 11 || 3 || {{sort|0118|118}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|1088|1/12}} || {{nts|46.50}} || 19 || 0 |- align="center" | 59 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|James|Neesham}} || 2012 || 2021 || 38 || {{sort|0416|416}} || {{sort|0485|48*}} || {{nts|21.89}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0381|381}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|3084|3/16}} || {{nts|27.90}} || 11 || 0 |- align="center" | 60 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}} || 2013 || 2021 || 44 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0993|993}} || {{sort|062|62}} || {{sort|4066|4/34}} || {{nts|21.69}} || 16 || 0 |- align="center" | 61 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Hamish|Rutherford}} || 2013 || 2019 || 8 || {{sort|0151|151}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{nts|21.57}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 62 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Anton|Devcich}} || 2013 || 2014 || 4 || {{sort|0111|111}} || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{nts|27.75}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|40.00}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" | 63 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Luke|Ronchi}} {{dagger}} {{efn|name=fn2|[[Luke Ronchi]] also played for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only his records for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] are given above.}} || 2013 || 2017 || 29 || {{sort|0312|312}} || {{sort|0515|51*}} || {{nts|18.35}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 24 || 5 |- align="center" | 64 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ish|Sodhi}} || 2014 || 2021 || 66 || {{sort|0087|87}} || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{nts|12.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1359|1359}} || {{sort|083|83}} || {{sort|4072|4/28}} || {{nts|21.97}} || 18 || 0 |- align="center" | 65 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Matt|Henry|dab=cricketer}} || 2014 || 2017 || 6 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3056|3/44}} || {{nts|27.28}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 66 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Mitchell|Santner}} {{double-dagger}} || 2015 || 2021 || 62 || {{sort|0358|358}} || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{nts|14.91}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1250|1250}} || {{sort|066|66}} || {{sort|4089|4/11}} || {{nts|22.95}} || 26 || 0 |- align="center" | 67 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|George|Worker}} || 2015 || 2015 || 2 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{nts|45.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1081|1/19}} || {{nts|19.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 68 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Todd|Astle}} || 2016 || 2021 || 5 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|4087|4/13}} || {{nts|16.57}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 69 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Henry|Nicholls|dab=cricketer}} || 2016 || 2021 || 10 || {{sort|0100|100}} || {{sort|0365|36*}} || {{nts|12.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 70 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tom|Bruce|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || 2017 || 2020 || 17 || {{sort|0279|279}} || {{sort|0595|59*}} || {{nts|18.60}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 15 || 0 |- align="center" | 71 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Lockie|Ferguson}} || 2017 || 2021 || 15 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{nts|7.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0324|324}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|5079|5/21}} || {{nts|15.40}} || 4 || 0 |- align="center" | 72 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ben|Wheeler|dab=cricketer}} || 2017 || 2018 || 6 || {{sort|0037|37}} || {{sort|0300|30}} || {{nts|18.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0128|128}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2084|2/16}} || {{nts|30.85}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 73 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tom|Blundell|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || 2017 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0059|59}} || {{sort|0305|30*}} || {{nts|14.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 74 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Glenn|Phillips|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || 2017 || 2021 || 35 || {{sort|0645|645}} || {{sort|1080|108}} || {{nts|25.80}} || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0051|51}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|189|1/11}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 19 || 2 |- align="center" | 75 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Anaru|Kitchen}} || 2017 || 2018 || 5 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|12.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1097|1/3}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 76 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Seth|Rance}} || 2017 || 2019 || 8 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|3.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0162|162}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|3074|3/26}} || {{nts|24.50}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 77 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Mark|Chapman|dab=cricketer}}{{efn|name=fn3|[[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] also played for [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]]. Only his records for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] are given above.}} || 2018 || 2021 || 14 || {{sort|0227|227}} || {{sort|0630|63}} || {{nts|22.70}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1091|1/9}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 8 || 0 |- align="center" | 78 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tim|Seifert}} {{dagger}} || 2018 || 2021 || 40 || {{sort|0753|753}} || {{sort|0845|84*}} || {{nts|23.53}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 21 || 6 |- align="center" | 79 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ajaz|Patel}} || 2018 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{nts|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|4084|4/16}} || {{nts|10.72}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 80 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Scott|Kuggeleijn}} || 2019 || 2021 || 18 || {{sort|0079|79}} || {{sort|0355|35*}} || {{nts|19.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0323|323}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|3073|3/27}} || {{nts|29.43}} || 6 || 0 |- align="center" | 81 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daryl|Mitchell|dab=New Zealand cricketer}} || 2019 || 2021 || 25 || {{sort|0392|392}} || {{sort|0725|72*}} || {{nts|21.77}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0071|71}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2073|2/27}} || {{nts|20.16}} || 12 || 0 |- align="center" | 82 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Blair|Tickner}} || 2019 || 2021 || 8 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|013508|150}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|2075|2/25}} || {{nts|46.80}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 83 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Hamish|Bennett}} || 2020 || 2021 || 11 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0215|215}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|3046|3/54}} || {{nts|33.10}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 84 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Devon|Conway}} {{dagger}} || 2020 || 2021 || 20 || {{sort|0602|602}} || {{sort|0995|99*}} || {{nts|50.16}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 11 || 1 |- align="center" | 85 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kyle|Jamieson}} || 2020 || 2021 || 8 || {{sort|0041|41}} || {{sort|0300|30}} || {{nts|20.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0172|172}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2085|2/15}} || {{nts|70.25}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 86 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jacob|Duffy}} || 2020 || 2021 || 4 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|4067|4/33}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" | 87 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Finn|Allen}} || 2021 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{nts|26.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" | 88 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Will|Young|dab=cricketer}} || 2021 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0160|160}} || {{sort|0530|53}} || {{nts|26.66}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" | 89 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Cole|McConchie}} || 2021 || 2021 || 5 || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|0175|17*}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0109|109}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|16.71}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" | 90 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Rachin|Ravindra}} || 2021 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3078|3/22}} || {{nts|13.83}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" | 91 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ben|Sears}} || 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1079|1/21}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 1 || 0 |} ==Related pages== *[[New Zealand cricket team]] *[[List of New Zealand Test cricketers]] *[[List of New Zealand ODI cricketers]] *[[List of New Zealand sportspeople]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:New Zealand-related lists|Twenty20 International cricketers]] coc2r5589zvf8u6q8yp4sym89ismf5f 0 932172 10331241 10094053 2025-06-15T01:23:45Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Director]] 10331241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Alireza Najafzadeh | image = علیرضا نجف‌ زاده.jpg | imagesize = 250px | caption = Review session of Butimar series in [[Tasnim news agency]] | birth_name = Alireza Najafzadeh | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|01|6|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Imperial Iran]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actor * director * Line producer}} | yearsactive = 1983–present | height = 1.76 m }} '''Alireza Najafzadeh''' is an [[Iranians|Iranian]] [[actor]] and [[director]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=نشست بررسی سریال بوتیمار در خبرگزاری تسنیم- عکس خبری تسنیم {{!}} Tasnim|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/media/1400/03/11/2513760/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85|access-date=2022-05-11|website=خبرگزاری تسنیم {{!}} Tasnim|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=اظهارات کارگردان سریال &quot;بوتیمار&quot; درباره بازی مرجانه گلچین- فیلم باشگاه خبرنگاران پویا تسنیم {{!}} Tasnim|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/media/1400/04/09/2527875/%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%DA%AF%D9%84%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86|access-date=2022-05-11|website=خبرگزاری تسنیم {{!}} Tasnim|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alireza Najafzadeh|url=https://www.mehrnews.com/tag/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7+%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87|access-date=2022-05-11|website=خبرگزاری مهر {{!}} اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}} Mehr News Agency|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=علیرضا نجف زاده|url=https://www.borna.news/tags/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87|access-date=2022-05-11|website=خبرگزاری برنا|language=fa}}</ref> He began his professional career as a narrator in the movies (Barshan Footprint)<ref name=".: Iranian Movie DataBase عليرضا نجف زاده :.">{{Cite web|title=.: Iranian Movie DataBase عليرضا نجف زاده :.|url=http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138112110055|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.sourehcinema.com|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601112128/http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138112110055|url-status=dead}}</ref> and (Bicycle Run).<ref>{{Cite web|title=جستجو|url=https://www.filimo.com/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.filimo.com|language=fa}}</ref> He entered the Iranian cinema in 1990 with a short role in the movie (Glass Eyes). The films and serials in which he has acted as an actor are: films (online murder), (waiting),<ref>{{Citation|title=علیرضا نجف‌زاده|date=2022-05-11|url=https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87&oldid=34680392|work=ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد|language=fa|access-date=2022-05-11}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (Companions of the Cave), (Yassin Castle), (Capital 4) and serials ( Hot breath)<ref>{{Cite web|last=YJC|first=خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران {{!}} آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}}|title=دمیدن "نفس گرم" بر امواج شبکه یک + تصاویر|url=http://www.yjc.news/fa/news/5375518|access-date=2022-05-11|website=fa|language=fa}}</ref> can be named. In addition to acting, he has appeared in several films as an assistant, programmer, and director.<ref>{{Cite web|last=YJC|first=خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران {{!}} آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}}|title=از سیر تا پیاز با کارگردان "خوشنام"|url=http://www.yjc.news/fa/news/8126763|access-date=2022-05-11|website=fa|language=fa}}</ref> Among the movies and series in which he has directed can be movies He has acted as a director in films (Bipnah), (Rafiq Fabrik)<ref>{{Cite web|last=TABNAK|first=تابناک {{!}}|title=سکانس‌هایی از فیلم سینمایی رفیق فابریک|url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1065187|access-date=2022-05-11|website=fa|language=fa}}</ref> and serials (Butimar), (Couple or Individual),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-01|title=وقت زیادی برای فیلمنامه "خوشنام" گذاشتیم/ صداوسیما با زمانی که رضا عطاران کار می‌کرد فرق کرده است {{!}} خبرگزاری صبا|url=https://www.khabargozarisaba.com/277368/%d9%88%d9%82%d8%aa-%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%af%db%8c-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%81%db%8c%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%87-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85-%da%af%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%85-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%db%8c-%da%a9%d9%87-%d8%b1%d8%b6%d8%a7-%d8%b9%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%db%8c%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%82-%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=خبرگزاری صبا {{!}} آخرین اخبار فرهنگ و هنر {{!}} سینما و تلویزیون|language=fa-IR}}</ref> and (Khoshnam).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title="خوشنام" به آنتن بازگشت|url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1401020502703/خوشنام-به-آنتن-بازگشت|access-date=2022-05-11|website=ایسنا|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-12-25|title=علیرضا نجف زاده " خانه ابدی " را می سازد|url=https://www.cinemapress.ir/news/14211/علیرضا-نجف-زاده-خانه-ابدی-را-می-سازد|access-date=2022-05-11|website=اخبار سینمای ایران و جهان - سینماپرس|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=سریال "ویلا" به کارگردانی علیرضا نجف زاده کلید خورد|url=https://www.mojnews.com/بخش-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-6/352559-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF|access-date=2022-05-11|website=خبرگزاری موج|language=fa}}</ref> Alireza Najafzadeh is the Vice President of the Iranian Cinema House and the Chairman of the Welfare Committee of the Iranian Cinema House.<ref name=".: Iranian Movie DataBase عليرضا نجف زاده :." /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-02|title=ما بازیگران باید حال مردم را بهتر کنیم|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/84352633/ما-بازیگران-باید-حال-مردم-را-بهتر-کنیم|access-date=2022-05-11|website=ایرنا|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title=برنده ۳ سیمرغ بلورین جشنواره فجر، موسیقی یک سریال کمدی را می‌سازد|url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/658174/برنده-۳-سیمرغ-بلورین-جشنواره-فجر-موسیقی-یک-سریال-کمدی-را-می-سازد|access-date=2022-05-11|website=همشهری آنلاین|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=انجمن صنفی برنامه ریزان و دستیاران کارگردان سینما - تهران|url=http://www.tafad.ir/news.php|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.tafad.ir}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other website == * {{IMDb name|id=nm8577891}} * [http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138112110055/ Alireza Najafzadeh on SourehCinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113194441/http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138112110055/ |date=2022-11-13 }} (in Persian) * [https://www.salamcinama.ir/profile/widafiuicqt51k0/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87 Alireza Najafzadeh in Salam Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601100500/https://www.salamcinama.ir/profile/widafiuicqt51k0/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87 |date=2022-06-01 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Actors from Tehran]] jhfwmz8yifxbjf217bdtuc9usxozue5 0 933200 10330835 10273924 2025-06-14T20:25:43Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:West Indian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2016}} This is a '''list of West Indian Test cricketers'''. A [[Test cricket|Test match]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two of the leading cricketing nations. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his Test cap. Those players who won their first Test cap in the same Test match as other players who had such a win, are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 27 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/caps.html?country=4;class=1 |title=West Indies Test players by caps |work=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/westindies/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=4;type=team |title=West Indies – Test Batting Averages |work=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/westindies/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=4;type=team |title=West Indies – Test Bowling Averages |work=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | West Indian Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ct]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1||[[Snuffy Browne]]||1928–1930||4||8||1||176||70*||25.14||840||38||288||6||2/72||48.00||1||- |- ||2||[[George Challenor]]||1928||3||6||0||101||46||16.83||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||3||[[Learie Constantine]]||1928–1939||18||33||0||635||90||19.24||3583||125||1746||58||5/75||30.10||28||- |- ||4||[[Maurice Fernandes]]||1928–1930||2||4||0||49||22||12.25||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||5||[[George Francis (cricketer)|George Francis]]||1928–1933||10||18||4||81||19*||5.78||1619||54||763||23||4/40||33.17||7||- |- ||6||[[Herman Griffith]]||1928–1933||13||23||5||91||18||5.05||2663||89||1243||44||6/103||28.25||4||- |- ||7||[[Frank Martin (cricketer)|Frank Martin]]||1928–1931||9||18||1||486||123*||28.58||1346||27||619||8||3/91||77.37||2||- |- ||8||[[Karl Nunes]]||1928–1930||4||8||0||245||92||30.62||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||9||[[Clifford Roach]]||1928–1935||16||32||1||952||209||30.70||222||5||103||2||1/18||51.50||5||- |- ||10||[[Wilton St Hill]]||1928–1930||3||6||0||117||38||19.50||12||0||9||0||-||-||1||- |- ||11||[[Joe Small (cricketer)|Joe Small]]||1928–1930||3||6||0||79||52||13.16||366||11||184||3||2/67||61.33||3||- |- ||12||[[Teddy Hoad]]||1928–1933||4||8||0||98||36||12.25||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||13||[[Tommy Scott (cricketer)|Tommy Scott]]||1928–1931||8||13||3||171||35||17.10||1405||18||925||22||5/266||42.04||0||- |- ||14||[[Barto Bartlett]]||1928–1931||5||8||1||131||84||18.71||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||15||[[Vibart Wight]]||1928–1930||2||4||1||67||23||22.33||30||1||6||-||-||-||-||- |- ||16||[[Frank De Caires]]||1930||3||6||0||232||80||38.66||12||0||9||0||-||-||1||- |- ||17||[[George Headley]]||1930–1954||22||40||4||2190||270*||60.83||398||7||230||0||-||-||14||- |- ||18||[[Errol Hunte]]||1930||3||6||1||166||58||33.20||0||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||19||[[Edwin St Hill]]||1930||2||4||0||18||12||4.50||558||29||221||3||2/110||73.66||0||- |- ||20||[[Derek Sealy]]||1930–1939||11||19||2||478||92||28.11||156||4||94||3||2/7||31.33||6||1 |- ||21||[[Leslie Walcott]]||1930||1||2||1||40||24||40.00||48||1||32||1||1/17||32.00||0||- |- ||22||[[Ellis Achong]]||1930–1935||6||11||1||81||22||8.10||918||34||378||8||2/64||47.25||6||- |- ||23||[[Nelson Betancourt]]||1930||1||2||0||52||39||26.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||24||[[Mervyn Grell]]||1930||1||2||0||34||21||17.00||30||1||17||0||-||-||1||- |- ||25||[[Charles Jones (cricketer, born 1902)|Charles Jones]]||1930–1935||4||7||0||63||19||9.00||102||11||11||0||-||-||3||- |- ||26||[[Ivan Barrow]]||1930–1939||11||19||2||276||105||16.24||0||-||-||-||-||-||17||5 |- ||27||[[Oscar Da Costa]]||1930–1935||5||9||1||153||39||19.13||372||13||175||3||1/14||58.33||5||- |- ||28||[[George Gladstone]]||1930||1||1||1||12||12*||-||300||5||189||1||1/139||189.00||0||- |- ||29||[[Clarence Passailaigue]]||1930||1||2||1||46||44||46.00||12||0||15||0||-||-||3||- |- ||30||[[Lionel Birkett]]||1930–1931||4||8||0||136||64||17.00||126||1||71||1||1/16||71.00||4||- |- ||31||[[Jackie Grant]]||1930–1935||12||22||6||413||71*||25.81||24||0||18||0||-||-||10||- |- ||32||[[Manny Martindale]]||1933–1939||10||14||3||58||22||5.27||1605||40||804||37||5/22||21.73||5||- |- ||33||[[Cyril Merry]]||1933||2||4||0||34||13||8.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||34||[[Vincent Valentine (cricketer)|Vincent Valentine]]||1933||2||4||1||35||19*||11.67||288||14||104||1||1/55||104.00||-||- |- ||35||[[Archie Wiles]]||1933||1||2||0||2||2||1.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||36||[[Ben Sealey]]||1933||1||2||0||41||29||20.50||30||1||10||1||1/10||10.00||0||- |- ||37||[[George Carew (cricketer)|George Carew]]||1935–1949||4||7||1||170||107||28.33||18||2||2||0||-||-||1||- |- ||38||[[Cyril Christiani]]||1935||4||7||2||98||32*||19.60||0||-||-||-||-||-||6||1 |- ||39||[[Rolph Grant]]||1935–1939||7||11||1||220||77||22.00||986||32||353||11||3/68||32.09||13||- |- ||40||[[Leslie Hylton]]||1935–1939||6||8||2||70||19||11.67||965||31||418||16||4/27||26.13||1||- |- ||41||[[James Neblett]]||1935||1||2||1||16||11*||16.00||216||11||75||1||1/44||75.00||0||- |- ||42||[[Kenneth Wishart]]||1935||1||2||0||52||52||26.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||43||[[Dickie Fuller]]||1935||1||1||0||1||1||1.00||48||2||12||-||-||-||0||- |- ||44||[[George Mudie (cricketer)|George Mudie]]||1935||1||1||-||5||5||5.00||174||12||40||3||2/23||13.33||0||- |- ||45||[[John Cameron (West Indian cricketer)|John Cameron]]||1939||2||3||-||6||5||2.00||232||6||88||3||3/66||29.33||0||- |- ||46||[[Bertie Clarke]]||1939||3||4||1||3||2||1.00||456||2||261||6||3/59||43.50||0||- |- ||47||[[Jeff Stollmeyer]]||1939–1955||32||56||5||2159||160||42.33||990||30||507||13||3/32||39.00||20||- |- ||48||[[Ken Weekes]]||1939||2||3||0||173||137||57.67||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||49||[[Gerry Gomez]]||1939–1954||29||46||5||1243||101||30.32||5236||289||1590||58||7/55||27.41||18||- |- ||50||[[Foffie Williams]]||1939–1948||4||6||0||113||72||18.83||796||46||241||9||3/51||26.78||2||- |- ||51||[[Tyrell Johnson (cricketer)|Tyrell Johnson]]||1939||1||1||1||9||9*||-||240||3||129||3||2/53||43.00||1||- |- ||52||[[Vic Stollmeyer]]||1939||1||1||0||96||96||96.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||53||[[Robert Christiani]]||1948–1954||22||37||3||896||107||26.35||234||1||108||3||3/52||36.00||19||2 |- ||54||[[Wilfred Ferguson]]||1948–1954||8||10||3||200||75||28.57||2568||83||1165||34||6/92||34.26||11||- |- ||55||[[Berkeley Gaskin]]||1948||2||3||0||17||10||5.67||474||24||158||2||1/15||79.00||1||- |- ||56||[[John Goddard (cricketer)|John Goddard]]||1948–1957||27||39||11||859||83*||30.68||2931||148||1050||33||5/31||31.82||22||- |- ||57||[[Prior Jones]]||1948–1951||9||11||2||47||10*||5.22||1842||64||751||25||5/85||30.04||4||- |- ||58||[[Clyde Walcott]]||1948–1960||44||74||7||3798||220||56.69||1194||72||408||11||3/50||37.09||53||11 |- ||59||[[Everton Weekes]]||1948–1958||48||81||5||4455||207||58.62||122||3||77||1||1/8||77.00||49||- |- ||60||[[Andy Ganteaume]]||1948||1||1||0||112||112||112.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||61||[[Frank Worrell]]||1948–1963||51||87||9||3860||261||49.49||7141||274||2672||69||7/70||38.72||43||- |- ||62||[[Lance Pierre]]||1948||1||0||-||-||-||-||42||-||28||-||-||-||0||- |- ||63||[[John Trim]]||1948–1952||4||5||1||21||12||5.25||794||28||291||18||5/34||16.17||2||- |- ||64||[[Hines Johnson]]||1948–1950||3||4||0||38||22||9.50||789||37||238||13||5/41||18.31||0||- |- ||65||[[Esmond Kentish]]||1948–1954||2||2||1||1||1*||1.00||540||31||178||8||5/49||22.25||1||- |- ||66||[[Ken Rickards]]||1948–1952||2||3||0||104||67||34.67||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||67||[[Denis Atkinson]]||1948–1958||22||35||6||922||219||31.79||5201||311||1647||47||7/53||35.04||11||- |- ||68||[[Jimmy Cameron]]||1948–1949||5||7||1||151||75*||25.17||786||34||278||3||2/74||92.67||0||- |- ||69||[[Allan Rae (cricketer)|Allan Rae]]||1948–1953||15||24||2||1016||109||46.18||0||-||-||-||-||-||10||- |- ||70||[[Sonny Ramadhin]]||1950–1961||43||58||14||361||44||8.20||13939||813||4579||158||7/49||28.98||9||- |- ||71||[[Alf Valentine]]||1950–1962||36||51||21||141||14||4.70||12953||789||4215||139||8/104||30.32||13||- |- ||72||[[Roy Marshall]]||1951–1952||4||7||0||143||30||20.43||52||2||15||0||-||-||1||- |- ||73||[[Sammy Guillen]]||1951–1952||5¹||6||2||104||54||26.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||13||3 |- ||74||[[Alfred Binns]]||1953–1956||5||8||1||64||27||9.14||0||-||-||-||-||-||14||3 |- ||75||[[Frank King (cricketer, born 1926)|Frank King]]||1953–1956||14||17||3||116||21||8.29||2869||140||1159||29||5/74||39.97||5||- |- ||76||[[Bruce Pairaudeau]]||1953–1957||13||21||0||454||115||21.62||6||0||3||0||-||-||6||- |- ||77||[[Ralph Legall]]||1953||4||5||0||50||23||10.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||8||1 |- ||78||[[Roy Miller (cricketer)|Roy Miller]]||1953||1||1||0||23||23||23.00||96||8||28||0||-||-||0||- |- ||79||[[Leslie Wight]]||1953||1||1||0||21||21||21.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||80||[[Alfred Scott (West Indian cricketer)|Alfred Scott]]||1953||1||1||0||5||5||5.00||264||9||140||0||-||-||0||- |- ||81||[[Michael Frederick]]||1954||1||2||0||30||30||15.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||82||[[John Holt (cricketer)|John Holt]]||1954–1959||17||31||2||1066||166||36.76||30||2||20||1||1/20||20.00||8||- |- ||83||[[Cliff McWatt]]||1954–1955||6||9||2||202||54||28.86||24||2||16||1||1/16||16.00||9||1 |- ||84||[[Garfield Sobers]]||1954–1974||93||160||21||8032||365*||57.78||21599||974||7999||235||6/73||34.04||109||- |- ||85||[[Glendon Gibbs]]||1955||1||2||0||12||12||6.00||24||1||7||0||-||-||1||- |- ||86||[[Collie Smith]]||1955–1959||26||42||-||1331||168||31.69||4431||229||1625||48||5/90||33.85||9||- |- ||87||[[Lennox Butler]]||1955||1||1||0||16||16||16.00||240||7||151||2||2/151||75.50||-||- |- ||88||[[Clairmonte Depeiaza]]||1955–1956||5||8||2||187||122||31.17||30||0||15||0||-||-||7||4 |- ||89||[[Norman Marshall]]||1955||1||2||0||8||8||4.00||279||22||62||2||1/22||31.00||-||- |- ||90||[[Tom Dewdney]]||1955–1958||9||12||5||17||5*||2.43||1641||65||807||21||5/21||38.43||-||- |- ||91||[[Hammond Furlonge]]||1955–1956||3||5||0||99||64||19.80||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||92||[[Alphonso Theodore Roberts|Alphonso Roberts]]||1956||1||2||0||28||28||14.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||93||[[Roy Gilchrist]]||1957–1959||13||14||3||60||12||5.45||3227||124||1521||57||6/55||26.68||4||- |- ||94||[[Rohan Kanhai]]||1957–1974||79||137||6||6227||256||47.53||183||8||85||0||-||-||50||- |- ||95||[[Nyron Asgarali]]||1957||2||4||0||62||29||15.50||-||0||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||96||[[Gerry Alexander]]||1957–1961||25||38||6||961||108||30.03||0||-||-||-||-||-||85||5 |- ||97||[[Eric Atkinson]]||1958–1959||8||9||1||126||37||15.75||1634||77||589||25||5/42||23.56||2||- |- ||98||[[Conrad Hunte]]||1958–1967||44||78||6||3245||260||45.07||270||11||110||2||1/17||55.00||16||- |- ||99||[[Lance Gibbs]]||1958–1976||79||109||39||488||25||6.97||27115||1313||8989||309||8/38||29.09||52||- |- ||100||[[Easton McMorris]]||1958–1966||13||21||0||564||125||26.86||0||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||101||[[Ivan Madray]]||1958||2||3||0||3||2||1.00||210||6||108||0||-||-||2||- |- ||102||[[Jaswick Taylor]]||1958–1959||3||5||3||4||4*||2.00||672||33||273||10||5/109||27.30||-||- |- ||103||[[Basil Butcher]]||1958–1969||44||78||6||3104||209*||43.11||256||15||90||5||5/34||18.00||15||- |- ||104||[[Wes Hall]]||1958–1969||48||66||14||818||50*||15.73||10421||312||5066||192||7/69||26.39||11||- |- ||105||[[Joe Solomon]]||1958–1965||27||46||7||1326||100*||34.00||702||39||268||4||1/20||67.00||13||- |- ||106||[[Robin Bynoe]]||1959–1967||4||6||0||111||48||18.50||30||4||5||1||1/5||5.00||4||- |- ||107||[[Reginald Scarlett]]||1960||3||4||1||54||29*||18.00||804||53||209||2||1/46||104.50||2||- |- ||108||[[Chester Watson (cricketer)|Chester Watson]]||1960–1962||7||6||1||12||5||2.40||1458||47||724||19||4/62||38.11||1||- |- ||109||[[Charran Singh]]||1960||2||3||0||11||11||3.67||506||35||166||5||2/28||33.20||2||- |- ||110||[[Seymour Nurse]]||1960–1969||29||54||1||2523||258||47.60||42||4||7||0||-||-||21||- |- ||111||[[Charlie Griffith]]||1960–1969||28||42||10||530||54||16.56||5631||177||2683||94||6/36||28.54||16||- |- ||112||[[Peter Lashley]]||1960–1966||4||7||0||159||49||22.71||18||2||1||1||1/1||1.00||4||- |- ||113||[[Cammie Smith]]||1960–1962||5||10||1||222||55||24.67||0||-||-||-||-||-||4||1 |- ||114||[[Jackie Hendriks|John Hendriks]]||1962–1969||20||32||8||447||64||18.63||0||-||-||-||-||-||42||5 |- ||115||[[Charlie Stayers]]||1962||4||4||1||58||35*||19.33||636||20||364||9||3/65||40.44||-||- |- ||116||[[Ivor Mendonca]]||1962||2||2||0||81||78||40.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||8||2 |- ||117||[[Willie Rodriguez]]||1962–1968||5||7||0||96||50||13.71||573||10||374||7||3/51||53.43||3||- |- ||118||[[David Allan (cricketer)|David Allan]]||1962–1966||5||7||1||75||40*||12.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||15||3 |- ||119||[[Lester King (cricketer)|Lester King]]||1962–1968||2||4||0||41||20||10.25||476||19||154||9||5/46||17.11||2||- |- ||120||[[Joey Carew]]||1963–1972||19||36||3||1127||109||34.15||1174||46||437||8||1/11||54.63||13||- |- ||121||[[Deryck Murray]]||1963–1980||62||96||9||1993||91||22.91||0||-||-||-||-||-||181||8 |- ||122||[[Tony White (cricketer)|Tony White]]||1965||2||4||1||71||57*||23.67||491||27||152||3||2/34||50.67||1||- |- ||123||[[Bryan Davis (cricketer)|Bryan Davis]]||1965||4||8||0||245||68||30.63||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||124||[[David Holford]]||1966–1977||24||39||5||768||105*||22.59||4816||164||2009||51||5/23||39.39||18||- |- ||125||[[Clive Lloyd]]||1966–1985||110||175||14||7515||242*||46.68||1716||75||622||10||2/13||62.20||90||- |- ||126||[[Steve Camacho]]||1968–1971||11||22||0||640||87||29.09||18||1||12||0||-||-||4||- |- ||127||[[Charlie Davis (cricketer)|Charlie Davis]]||1968–1973||15||29||5||1301||183||54.21||894||32||330||2||1/27||165.00||4||- |- ||128||[[Prof Edwards]]||1968–1969||5||8||1||65||22||9.29||1311||25||626||18||5/84||34.78||-||- |- ||129||[[Roy Fredericks]]||1968–1977||59||109||7||4334||169||42.49||1187||41||548||7||1/12||78.29||62||- |- ||130||[[Maurice Foster (cricketer, born 1943)|Maurice Foster]]||1969–1978||14||24||5||580||125||30.53||1776||106||600||9||2/41||66.67||3||- |- ||131||[[Vanburn Holder]]||1969–1979||40||59||11||682||42||14.21||9095||367||3627||109||6/28||33.28||16||- |- ||132||[[John Shepherd (cricketer)|John Shepherd]]||1969–1971||5||8||0||77||32||9.63||1445||70||479||19||5/104||25.21||4||- |- ||133||[[Mike Findlay]]||1969–1973||10||16||3||212||44*||16.31||0||-||-||-||-||-||19||2 |- ||134||[[Grayson Shillingford]]||1969–1972||7||8||1||57||25||8.14||1181||38||537||15||3/63||35.80||2||- |- ||135||[[Arthur Barrett (cricketer)|Arthur Barrett]]||1971–1975||6||7||1||40||19||6.67||1612||83||603||13||3/43||46.38||-||- |- ||136||[[Jack Noreiga]]||1971||4||5||2||11||9||3.67||1322||47||493||17||9/95||29.00||2||- |- ||137||[[Keith Boyce]]||1971–1976||21||30||3||657||95*||24.33||3501||99||1801||60||6/77||30.02||5||- |- ||138||[[Desmond Lewis]]||1971||3||5||2||259||88||86.33||0||-||-||-||-||-||8||- |- ||139||[[Inshan Ali]]||1971–1977||12||18||2||172||25||10.75||3718||137||1621||34||5/59||47.68||7||- |- ||140||[[Uton Dowe]]||1971–1973||4||3||2||8||5*||8.00||1014||30||534||12||4/69||44.50||3||- |- ||141||[[Lawrence Rowe]]||1972–1980||30||49||2||2047||302||43.55||86||3||44||0||-||-||17||- |- ||142||[[Geoff Greenidge]]||1972–1973||5||9||2||209||50||29.86||156||4||75||0||-||-||3||- |- ||143||[[Tony Howard]]||1972||1||0||-||-||-||-||372||16||140||2||2/140||70.00||-||- |- ||144||[[Alvin Kallicharran]]||1972–1981||66||109||10||4399||187||44.43||406||14||158||4||2/16||39.50||51||- |- ||145||[[Raphick Jumadeen]]||1972–1979||12||14||10||84||56||21.00||3140||140||1141||29||4/72||39.34||4||- |- ||146||[[Elquemedo Willett]]||1973–1975||5||8||3||74||26||14.80||1326||78||482||11||3/33||43.82||0||- |- ||147||[[Ron Headley]]||1973||2||4||0||62||42||15.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||148||[[Bernard Julien]]||1973–1977||24||34||6||866||121||30.93||4542||192||1868||50||5/57||37.36||14||- |- ||149||[[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]]||1974–1983||47||62||11||762||68||14.94||11135||382||5174||202||7/54||25.61||9||- |- ||150||[[Gordon Greenidge]]||1974–1991||108||185||16||7558||226||44.72||26||3||4||0||-||-||96||- |- ||151||[[Viv Richards]]||1974–1991||121||182||12||8540||291||50.24||5170||203||1964||32||2/17||61.38||122||- |- ||152||[[Len Baichan]]||1975–1976||3||6||2||184||105*||46.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||153||[[Michael Holding]]||1975–1987||60||76||10||910||73||13.79||12680||459||5898||249||8/92||23.69||22||- |- ||154||[[Imtiaz Ali (cricketer)|Imtiaz Ali]]||1976||1||1||1||1||1*||-||204||10||89||2||2/37||44.50||0||- |- ||155||[[Albert Padmore]]||1976||2||2||1||8||8*||8.00||474||23||135||1||1/36||135.00||0||- |- ||156||[[Wayne Daniel]]||1976–1984||10||11||4||46||11||6.57||1754||60||910||36||5/39||25.28||4||- |- ||157||[[Larry Gomes]]||1976–1987||60||91||11||3171||143||39.64||2401||79||930||15||2/20||62.00||18||- |- ||158||[[Collis King]]||1976–1980||9||16||3||418||100*||32.15||582||24||282||3||1/30||94.00||5||- |- ||159||[[Colin Croft]]||1977–1982||27||37||22||158||33||10.53||6165||211||2913||125||8/29||23.30||8||- |- ||160||[[Joel Garner]]||1977–1987||58||68||14||672||60||12.44||13169||575||5433||259||6/56||20.98||42||- |- ||161||[[Irvine Shillingford]]||1977–1978||4||7||0||218||120||31.14||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||162||[[Richard Austin (cricketer)|Richard Austin]]||1978||2||2||0||22||20||11.00||6||0||5||0||-||-||2||- |- ||163||[[Desmond Haynes]]||1978–1994||116||202||25||7487||184||42.30||18||-||8||1||1/2||8.00||65||- |- ||164||[[Derick Parry]]||1978–1980||12||20||3||381||65||22.41||1909||65||936||23||5/15||40.70||4||- |- ||165||[[Sylvester Clarke]]||1978–1982||11||16||5||172||35*||15.64||2477||81||1170||42||5/126||27.86||2||- |- ||166||[[Alvin Greenidge]]||1978–1979||6||10||0||222||69||22.20||0||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||167||[[David Murray (cricketer)|David Murray]]||1978–1982||19||31||3||601||84||21.46||0||-||-||-||-||-||57||5 |- ||168||[[Norbert Phillip]]||1978–1979||9||15||5||297||47||29.70||1820||46||1041||28||4/48||37.18||5||- |- ||169||[[Sew Shivnarine]]||1978–1979||8||14||1||379||63||29.15||336||10||167||1||1/13||167.00||6||- |- ||170||[[Basil Williams (cricketer)|Basil Williams]]||1978–1979||7||12||0||469||111||39.08||0||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||171||[[Faoud Bacchus]]||1978–1982||19||30||0||782||250||26.07||6||0||3||0||-||-||17||- |- ||172||[[Malcolm Marshall]]||1978–1991||81||107||11||1810||92||18.85||17584||613||7876||376||7/22||20.95||25||- |- ||173||[[Herbert Chang]]||1979||1||2||0||8||6||4.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||174||[[Rangy Nanan]]||1980||1||2||0||16||8||8.00||216||7||91||4||2/37||22.75||2||- |- ||175||[[Everton Mattis]]||1981||4||5||0||145||71||29.00||36||1||14||0||-||-||3||- |- ||176||[[Jeff Dujon]]||1981–1991||81||115||11||3322||139||31.94||0||-||-||-||-||-||267||5 |- ||177||[[Gus Logie]]||1983–1991||52||78||9||2470||130||35.80||7||1||4||0||-||-||57||- |- ||178||[[Winston Davis]]||1983–1988||15||17||4||202||77||15.54||2773||53||1472||45||4/19||32.71||10||- |- ||179||[[Eldine Baptiste]]||1983–1990||10||11||1||233||87*||23.30||1362||60||563||16||3/31||35.19||2||- |- ||180||[[Richie Richardson]]||1983–1995||86||146||12||5949||194||44.40||66||4||18||0||-||-||90||- |- ||181||[[Roger Harper]]||1983–1993||25||32||3||535||74||18.45||3615||183||1291||46||6/57||28.07||36||- |- ||182||[[Milton Small]]||1984||2||1||1||3||3*||-||270||7||153||4||3/40||38.25||0||- |- ||183||[[Courtney Walsh]]||1984–2001||132||185||61||936||30*||7.55||30019||1144||12688||519||7/37||24.45||29||- |- ||184||[[Clyde Butts]]||1985–1988||7||8||1||108||38||15.43||1554||70||595||10||4/73||59.50||2||- |- ||185||[[Carlisle Best]]||1986–1990||8||13||1||342||164||28.50||30||0||21||0||-||-||8||- |- ||186||[[Patrick Patterson (cricketer)|Patrick Patterson]]||1986–1992||28||38||16||145||21*||6.59||4829||109||2874||93||5/24||30.90||5||- |- ||187||[[Thelston Payne]]||1986||1||1||0||5||5||5.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||188||[[Tony Gray (cricketer)|Tony Gray]]||1986–1987||5||8||2||48||12*||8.00||888||37||377||22||4/39||17.14||6||- |- ||189||[[Winston Benjamin]]||1987–1995||21||26||1||470||85||18.80||3694||136||1648||61||4/46||27.02||12||- |- ||190||[[Carl Hooper]]||1987–2002||102||173||15||5762||233||36.47||13794||531||5635||114||5/26||49.43||115||- |- ||191||[[Phil Simmons]]||1988–1997||26||47||2||1002||110||22.27||624||27||257||4||2/34||64.25||26||- |- ||192||[[Curtly Ambrose]]||1988–2000||98||145||29||1439||53||12.41||22103||1001||8501||405||8/45||20.99||18||- |- ||193||[[Keith Arthurton]]||1988–1995||33||50||5||1382||157*||30.71||473||14||183||1||1/17||183.00||22||- |- ||194||[[Ian Bishop (cricketer, born 1967)|Ian Bishop]]||1989–1998||43||63||11||632||48||12.15||8407||288||3909||161||6/40||24.28||8||- |- ||195||[[Ezra Moseley]]||1990||2||4||0||35||26||8.75||522||13||261||6||2/70||43.50||1||- |- ||196||[[Brian Lara]]||1990–2006||130²||230||6||11912||400*||53.17||60||1||28||0||-||-||164||- |- ||197||[[Ian Allen (cricketer)|Ian Allen]]||1991||2||2||2||5||4*||-||282||4||180||5||2/69||36.00||1||- |- ||198||[[Clayton Lambert]]||1991–1998||5||9||0||284||104||31.56||10||0||5||1||1/4||5.00||8||- |- ||199||[[Jimmy Adams]]||1992–2001||54||90||17||3012||208*||41.26||2853||96||1336||27||5/17||49.48||48||- |- ||200||[[Kenny Benjamin]]||1992–1998||26||36||8||222||43*||7.93||5132||158||2785||92||6/66||30.27||2||- |- ||201||[[David Williams (cricketer, born 1963)|David Williams]]||1992–1998||11||19||1||242||65||13.44||0||-||-||-||-||-||40||2 |- ||202||[[Junior Murray]]||1993–2002||33||45||4||918||101*||22.39||0||-||-||-||-||-||99||3 |- ||203||[[Anderson Cummins]]||1993–1994||5||6||1||98||50||19.60||618||11||342||8||4/54||42.75||1||- |- ||204||[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]||1994–2015||164||280||49||11867||203*||51.37||1740||50||883||9||1/2||98.11||66||- |- ||205||[[Stuart Williams (cricketer)|Stuart Williams]]||1994–2002||31||52||3||1183||128||24.14||18||0||19||0||-||-||27||- |- ||206||[[Cameron Cuffy]]||1994–2002||15||23||9||58||15||4.14||3366||145||1455||43||4/82||33.84||5||- |- ||207||[[Rajindra Dhanraj]]||1994–1996||4||4||0||17||9||4.25||1087||32||595||8||2/49||74.38||1||- |- ||208||[[Sherwin Campbell]]||1995–2002||52||93||4||2882||208||32.38||0||-||-||-||-||-||47||- |- ||209||[[Courtney Browne]]||1995–2005||20||30||6||387||68||16.13||0||-||-||-||-||-||79||2 |- ||210||[[Ottis Gibson]]||1995–1999||2||4||0||93||37||23.25||472||9||275||3||2/81||91.67||0||- |- ||211||[[Robert Samuels]]||1996–1997||6||12||2||372||125||37.20||0||-||-||-||-||-||8||- |- ||212||[[Patterson Thompson]]||1996–1997||2||3||1||17||10*||8.50||228||1||215||5||2/58||43.00||0||- |- ||213||[[Adrian Griffith (cricketer)|Adrian Griffith]]||1997–2000||14||27||1||638||114||24.54||0||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||214||[[Roland Holder]]||1997–1999||11||17||2||380||91||25.33||0||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- ||215||[[Franklyn Rose]]||1997–2000||19||28||2||344||69||13.23||3124||101||1637||53||7/84||30.89||4||- |- ||216||[[Mervyn Dillon]]||1997–2004||38||68||3||549||43||8.45||8704||268||4398||131||5/71||33.57||16||- |- ||217||[[Floyd Reifer]]||1997–2009||6||12||0||111||29||9.25||0||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- ||218||[[Rawl Lewis]]||1997–2008||5||10||0||89||40||8.90||883||27||456||4||2/42||114.00||0||- |- ||219||[[Philo Wallace]]||1997–1999||7||13||0||279||92||21.46||0||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- ||220||[[Nixon McLean]]||1998–2001||19||32||2||368||46||12.27||3299||85||1873||44||3/53||42.57||5||- |- ||221||[[Dinanath Ramnarine]]||1998–2002||12||21||4||106||35*||6.24||3495||169||1383||45||5/78||30.73||8||- |- ||222||[[Ridley Jacobs]]||1998–2004||65||112||21||2577||118||28.32||0||-||-||-||-||-||207||12 |- ||223||[[Daren Ganga]]||1998–2008||48||86||2||2160||135||25.71||186||2||106||1||1/20||106.00||30||- |- ||224||[[Reon King]]||1999–2005||19||27||8||66||12*||3.47||3442||119||1733||53||5/51||32.70||2||- |- ||225||[[Pedro Collins]]||1999–2006||32||47||7||235||24||5.87||6964||221||3671||106||6/53||34.63||7||- |- ||226||[[Dave Joseph]]||1999||4||7||0||141||50||20.14||0||-||-||-||-||-||10||- |- ||227||[[Suruj Ragoonath]]||1999||2||4||1||13||9||4.33||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||228||[[Nehemiah Perry]]||1999||4||7||1||74||26||12.33||804||24||446||10||5/70||44.60||1||- |- ||229||[[Lincoln Roberts]]||1999||1||1||0||0||0*||0.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||230||[[Corey Collymore]]||1999–2007||30||52||27||197||16*||7.88||6337||245||3004||93||7/57||32.30||6||- |- ||231||[[Ricardo Powell]]||1999–2004||2||3||0||53||30||17.67||78||2||49||0||-||-||1||- |- ||232||[[Chris Gayle]]||2000–2014||103||182||11||7214||333||42.18||7109||230||3120||73||5/34||42.73||96||- |- ||233||[[Wavell Hinds]]||2000–2005||45||80||1||2608||213||33.01||1123||41||590||16||3/79||36.88||32||- |- ||234||[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]||2000–2011||87||154||8||5842||291||40.01||2022||33||1163||23||4/37||50.56||53||- |- ||235||[[Mahendra Nagamootoo]]||2000–2002||5||8||1||185||68||26.43||1494||68||637||12||3/119||53.08||2||- |- ||236||[[Marlon Black]]||2000–2002||6||11||3||21||6||2.63||954||27||597||12||4/83||49.75||0||- |- ||237||[[Marlon Samuels]]||2000–2016||71||127||7||3917||260||32.64||4392||79||2445||41||4/13||59.63||28||- |- ||238||[[Colin Stuart (cricketer)|Colin Stuart]]||2000–2001||6||9||2||24||12*||3.43||1116||37||628||20||3/33||31.40||2||- |- ||239||[[Neil McGarrell]]||2001||4||6||2||61||33||15.25||1212||65||453||17||4/23||26.65||2||- |- ||240||[[Leon Garrick]]||2001||1||2||0||27||27||13.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||241||[[Ryan Hinds]]||2002–2009||15||25||1||505||84||21.04||1743||53||870||13||2/45||66.92||7||- |- ||242||[[Adam Sanford]]||2002–2004||11||17||2||72||18*||4.80||2217||69||1316||30||4/132||43.87||4||- |- ||243||[[Daren Powell]]||2002–2009||37||57||5||407||36*||7.82||7077||219||4068||85||5/25||47.85||8||- |- ||244||[[Gareth Breese]]||2002||1||2||0||5||5||2.50||188||3||135||2||2/108||67.50||1||- |- ||245||[[Jermaine Lawson]]||2002–2005||13||21||6||52||14||3.47||2364||55||1512||51||7/78||29.65||3||- |- ||246||[[Vasbert Drakes]]||2002–2004||12||20||2||386||67||21.44||2617||65||1362||33||5/93||41.27||2||- |- ||247||[[Devon Smith]]||2003–2018||43||76||2||1760||108||23.78||6||0||3||0||-||-||36||- |- ||248||[[Carlton Baugh]]||2003–2011||21||36||2||610||68||17.94||0||-||-||-||-||-||43||5 |- ||249||[[David Bernard (cricketer)|David Bernard]]||2003–2009||3||6||1||202||69||40.40||258||4||185||4||2/30||46.25||0||- |- ||250||[[Omari Banks]]||2003–2005||10||16||4||318||50*||26.50||2401||62||1367||28||4/87||48.82||6||- |- ||251||[[Tino Best]]||2003–2013||25||38||6||401||95||12.53||3716||50||2291||80||6/40||40.19||6||- |- ||252||[[Jerome Taylor]]||2003–2016||46||73||7||856||106||12.96||7757||258||4480||130||6/47||34.46||8||- |- ||253||[[Fidel Edwards]]||2003–2012||55||88||28||394||30||6.56||9602||183||6249||158||7/87||37.87||10||- |- ||254||[[Dave Mohammed]]||2004–2006||5||8||1||225||52||32.14||1065||20||668||13||3/98||51.38||1||- |- ||255||[[Dwayne Smith]]||2004–2006||10||14||1||320||105*||24.61||651||20||344||7||3/71||49.14||9||- |- ||256||[[Dwayne Bravo]]||2004–2010||40||71||1||2200||113||31.42||6466||213||3426||86||6/55||39.83||41||- |- ||257||[[Sylvester Joseph]]||2004–2007||5||10||0||147||45||14.70||12||0||8||0||-||-||3||- |- ||258||[[Narsingh Deonarine]]||2005–2013||18||30||2||725||82||25.89||1503||49||713||24||4/37||29.70||16||- |- ||259||[[Donovan Pagon]]||2005||2||3||0||37||35||12.33||0||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- ||260||[[Dwight Washington]]||2005||1||1||1||7||7*||-||174||4||93||0||0||-||3||- |- ||261||[[Xavier Marshall]]||2005–2009||7||12||0||243||85||20.25||12||2||0||0||0/0||-||7||- |- ||262||[[Runako Morton]]||2005–2008||15||27||1||573||70*||22.03||66||0||50||0||-||-||20||- |- ||263||[[Denesh Ramdin]]||2005–2016||74||126||14||2898||166||25.87||0||-||-||-||-||-||205||12 |- ||264||[[Ryan Ramdass]]||2005||1||2||0||26||23||13.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||265||[[Ian Bradshaw]]||2006||5||8||1||96||33||13.71||1021||33||540||9||3/73||60.00||3||- |- ||266||[[Darren Sammy]]||2007–2013||38||63||2||1323||106||21.68||6215||216||3007||84||7/66||35.79||65||- |- ||267||[[Brenton Parchment]]||2008||2||4||0||55||20||13.75||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||268||[[Sulieman Benn]]||2008–2015||26||39||5||486||42||14.29||7321||229||3402||87||6/81||39.10||14||- |- ||269||[[Sewnarine Chattergoon]]||2008||4||7||0||127||46||18.14||0||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||270||[[Amit Jaggernauth]]||2008||1||2||1||0||0*||0.00||138||0||96||1||1/74||96.00||0||- |- ||271||[[Lionel Baker]]||2008–2009||4||6||4||23||17||11.50||660||16||395||5||2/39||79.00||1||- |- ||272||[[Brendan Nash]]||2008–2011||21||33||0||1103||114||33.42||492||13||247||2||1/21||123.50||6||- |- ||273||[[Lendl Simmons]]||2009–2011||8||16||0||278||49||17.37||192||1||147||1||1/60||147.00||5||- |- ||274||[[Ryan Austin]]||2009||2||4||0||39||19||9.75||326||9||155||3||1/29||51.66||3||- |- ||275||[[Travis Dowlin]]||2009–2010||6||11||0||343||95||31.18||6||0||3||0||0/3||-||5||- |- ||276||[[Nikita Miller]]||2009||1||2||0||5||5||2.50||132||5||67||0||0/27||-||0||- |- ||277||[[Omar Phillips]]||2009||2||4||0||160||94||40.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||278||[[Dale Richards]]||2009–2010||3||6||0||125||69||20.83||0||-||-||-||-||-||4||- |- ||279||'''[[Kemar Roach]]'''||2009–2022||71||114||23||1083||41||11.90||12916||481||6579||242||6/48||27.18||19||- |- ||280||[[Chadwick Walton]]||2009||2||4||0||13||10||3.25||0||-||-||-||-||-||10||- |- ||281||[[Adrian Barath]]||2009–2012||15||28||0||657||104||23.46||6||0||3||0||0/3||-||13||- |- ||282||[[Ravi Rampaul]]||2009–2012||18||31||8||335||40*||14.56||3440||111||1705||49||4/48||34.79||3||- |- ||283||[[Gavin Tonge]]||2009||1||2||1||25||23*||25.00||168||3||113||1||1/28||113.00||0||- |- ||284||[[Nelon Pascal]]||2010||2||2||0||12||10||6.00||102||2||59||0||0/27||-||1||- |- ||285||[[Shane Shillingford]]||2010–2014||16||26||6||266||53*||13.30||4694||122||2419||70||6/49||34.55||9||- |- ||286||[[Brandon Bess]]||2010||1||2||1||11||11*||11.00||78||0||92||1||1/65||92.00||0||- |- ||287||'''[[Darren Bravo]]'''||2010–2020||56||102||5||3538||218||36.47||6||0||2||0||0/2||-||51||- |- ||288||[[Andre Russell]]||2010||1||1||0||2||2||2.00||138||2||104||1||1/73||104.00||1||- |- ||289||'''[[Devendra Bishoo]]'''||2011–2018||36||61||15||707||45||15.36||8067||174||4350||117||8/49||37.17||20||- |- ||290||'''[[Kraigg Brathwaite]]'''||2011–2022||77||148||9||4743||212||34.12||2444||33||1321||25||6/29||52.84||37||- |- ||291||[[Kirk Edwards]]||2011–2014||17||32||1||986||121||31.80||24||0||19||0||0/19||-||15||- |- ||292||'''[[Kieran Powell]]'''||2011–2021||44||83||1||2113||134||25.76||6||1||0||0||-||-||31||- |- ||293||'''[[Shannon Gabriel]]'''||2012–2021||56||84||32||221||20*||4.25||9055||265||5127||161||8/62||31.84||16||- |- ||294||[[Assad Fudadin]]||2012||3||5||1||122||55||30.50||30||1||11||0||0/11||-||4||- |- ||295||[[Sunil Narine]]||2012–2013||6||7||2||40||22*||8.00||1650||60||851||21||6/91||40.52||2||- |- ||296||'''[[Veerasammy Permaul]]'''||2012–2022||9||13||2||145||26*||13.18||2114||46||1183||31||5/35||38.16||4||- |- ||297||'''[[Sheldon Cottrell]]'''||2013–2014||2||4||0||11||5||2.75||276||4||196||2||1/72||98.00||2||- |- ||298||'''[[Jermaine Blackwood]]'''||2014–2022||46||84||4||2437||112*||30.46||418||12||242||4||2/14||60.50||35||- |- ||299||'''[[Jason Holder]]'''||2014–2022||56||100||16||2571||202*||30.60||9507||400||3981||142||6/42||28.03||59||- |- ||300||'''[[Leon Johnson (cricketer)|Leon Johnson]]'''||2014–2016||9||16||0||403||66||25.18||24||0||9||0||-||-||7||- |- ||301||[[Kenroy Peters]]||2014||1||1||0||0||0||0.00||120||7||69||2||2/69||34.50||0||- |- ||302||'''[[Shai Hope]]'''||2015–2021||38||72||3||1726||147||25.01||0||-||-||-||-||-||53||1 |- ||303||'''[[Shane Dowrich]]'''||2015–2020||35||62||8||1570||125*||29.07||0||-||-||-||-||-||85||5 |- ||304||'''[[Rajendra Chandrika]]'''||2015–2016||5||10||0||140||37||14.00||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||305||'''[[Jomel Warrican]]'''||2015–2021||13||23||9||163||41||11.64||2697||64||1444||41||4/50||35.21||3||- |- ||306||'''[[Carlos Brathwaite]]'''||2015–2016||3||5||1||181||69||45.25||408||9||242||1||1/30||242.00||0||- |- ||307||'''[[Roston Chase]]'''||2016–2021||43||79||4||2009||137*||26.78||5881||114||3377||79||8/60||42.74||19||- |- ||308||'''[[Miguel Cummins]]'''||2016–2019||14||22||7||114||24*||7.60||1976||60||1084||27||6/48||40.14||2||- |- ||309||'''[[Alzarri Joseph]]'''||2016–2022||20||31||0||443||86||14.29||3458||110||1971||50||3/53||39.42||11||- |- ||310||'''[[Shimron Hetmyer]]'''||2017–2019||16||30||0||838||93||27.93||0||-||-||-||-||-||7||- |- ||311||'''[[Vishaul Singh]]'''||2017||3||6||0||63||32||10.50||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||312||'''[[Kyle Hope]]'''||2017||5||9||0||101||43||11.22||0||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||313||'''[[Sunil Ambris]]'''||2017–2018||6||12||1||166||43||15.09||0||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||314||'''[[Raymon Reifer]]'''||2017||1||2||1||52||29||52.00||180||9||88||2||1/36||44.00||0||- |- ||315||'''[[Keemo Paul]]'''||2018–2019||3||6||0||96||47||16.00||342||11||189||6||2/25||31.50||2||- |- ||316||'''[[Shermon Lewis]]'''||2018||2||4||0||24||20||6.00||240||2||162||3||2/93||54.00||1||- |- ||317||'''[[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]]'''||2019–2022||18||36||4||752||68||23.50||61||0||30||0||-||-||10||- |- ||318||'''[[Shamarh Brooks]]'''||2019–2022||11||20||0||501||111||25.05||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- ||319||'''[[Rahkeem Cornwall]]'''||2019–2021||9||15||2||238||73||18.30||2665||79||1284||34||7/75||37.76||15||- |- ||320||'''[[Jahmar Hamilton]]'''||2019||1||2||0||5||5||2.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||321||'''[[Joshua Da Silva]]'''||2020–2022||14||25||5||640||100*||32.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||46||4 |- ||322||'''[[Chemar Holder]]'''||2020||1||2||2||21||13*||-||156||1||110||2||2/110||55.00||0||- |- ||323||'''[[Nkrumah Bonner]]'''||2021–2022||12||21||3||754||123||41.88||114||2||82||1||1/16||82.00||11||- |- ||324||'''[[Kyle Mayers]]'''||2021–2022||11||21||2||694||210*||34.94||966||58||358||20||5/18||17.90||5||- |- ||325||'''[[Shayne Moseley]]'''||2021||2||4||0||28||12||7.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- ||326||'''[[Jayden Seales]]'''||2021–2022||7||11||6||30||13||6.00||1168||41||632||27||5/55||23.40||3||- |- ||327||'''[[Jeremy Solozano]]'''||2021||1||0||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |} Notes: *¹[[Sammy Guillen]] also played Test cricket for [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]. Only his record for the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] is given above. *²[[Brian Lara]] has also played Test cricket for the [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]]. Only his record for the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] is given above. == Related pages == * [[Test cricket]] * [[West Indian cricket team]] * [[List of West Indian women's Test cricketers]] * [[List of West Indies ODI cricketers]] * [[List of West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=4;class=1 Cricinfo] * [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:West Indies Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] a8xisn96vqzi30me9xnnv83thtredxr 0 933227 10331619 8963453 2025-06-15T08:55:24Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Republican Proposal''' (Spanish: ''Propuesta Republicana'') is a [[centre-right]] political party in Argentina. It is usually called '''PRO''', which is its [[abbreviation]]. PRO was formed in 2005 as an [[electoral alliance]], or group of political parties that work together in [[election]]s. It was transformed into a national party in 2010. It is the biggest party in the [[Cambiemos coalition]], and its leader is [[Patricia Bullrich]]. {{Infobox political party | colorcode = {{party color|Republican Proposal}} | name = Republican Proposal | abbreviation = PRO | native_name = Propuesta Republicana | logo = Propuesta Republicana.svg | logo_size = 150px | leader1_title = Leader | leader1_name = [[Mauricio Macri]] | leader2_title = President | leader2_name = [[Patricia Bullrich]] | leader3_title = Secretary General | leader3_name = Eduardo Macchiavelli | leader4_title = Chamber Leader | leader4_name = [[Cristian Ritondo]] | leader5_title = Senate Leader | leader5_name = [[Humberto Schiavoni]] | foundation = {{Start date|2005|10|23|df=y}} (alliance)<br/>{{Start date|2010|6|3|df=y}} (party) | merger = [[Commitment to Change]] and [[Recreate for Growth]] | membership_year = 2017 | membership = {{increase}} 115,481 (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.pjn.gov.ar/cne/secelec/secciones/agrupaciones/agrupaciones_list.php?tID=5&dID=24&estadoID=0|title = Poder Judicial de la Nación Argentina}}</ref><ref name = "Afiliados">{{cite web |url=http://www.electoral.gov.ar/pdf/afiliados_1er_semestre_2016.pdf |title=Cámara Nacional Electoral – Estadística de Afiliados Primer Semestre 2016 – Secretaría de Actuación Judicial – Unidad de Recopilación y Producción de Datos – Registro Nacional de Partidos Políticos |access-date=16 October 2016 |date=2016 |website=www.electoral.gov.ar/ www.electoral.gov.ar}}</ref> | ideology = [[Conservatism]] | position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.clarin.com/partidos/macrismo-muestran-indiferentes_0_r1G7vCTwQg.html |title= En el macrismo se muestran indiferentes|date= 15 August 2010|newspaper= [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.clarin.com/opinion/pro-mauricio-macri-centroderecha-ideologia_0_B18P1m9P7l.html|title= Macri y el PRO en el poder: una suma de novedades históricas|author= Sergio Morresi y Gabriel Vommaro|date= 12 March 2015|newspaper= [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}}</ref><ref name="Fabián Bosoer">{{cite news |url= https://www.clarin.com/opinion/pro-cambiemos-macri-presidente-partidos-politicos_0_BkTdleFvXg.html|title= Macri y el PRO en el poder: una suma de novedades históricas|author= Fabián Bosoer|date= 23 November 2015|newspaper= [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/03/22/actualidad/1427062606_617920.html|title=Macri, el alcalde que aprieta el paso hacia la presidencia argentina|date=March 23, 2015|website=[[El País (Spain)|El País]]|last1=Peregil|first1=Francisco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2014/11/19/actualidad/1416412207_206894.html|title = Una dimisión fractura la coalición de centroizquierda contra el peronismo|newspaper = El País|date = 19 November 2014|last1 = Peregil|first1 = Francisco}}</ref> | national = [[Cambiemos]]<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1800769-como-quedaron-las-alianzas-politicas-en-el-ultimo-dia-de-inscripcion|title= Las 8 alianzas que competirán en las próximas elecciones|trans-title= The 8 alliances that will run in the next elections|language= es|date= 11 June 2015|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 12 June 2015|archive-date= 13 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075446/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1800769-como-quedaron-las-alianzas-politicas-en-el-ultimo-dia-de-inscripcion|url-status= dead}}</ref> | international = [[International Democrat Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idu.org/members/|title=Members &#124; International Democrat Union|date=1 February 2018}}</ref> | affiliation1_title = Regional affiliation | affiliation1 = [[Union of Latin American Parties]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uplalatinoamerica.org/partidos-miembros/|title=Partidos Miembros|access-date=2022-07-01|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331204506/http://uplalatinoamerica.org/partidos-miembros/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youth_wing = [[:es:Jóvenes PRO|Young PRO]]<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/radiografia-de-los-jovenes-pro-rondan-los-30-ocupan-cargos-altos-y-se-preparan-para-suceder-a-vidal-y-pena-nid2071017|title= Radiografía de los jóvenes Pro: rondan los 30, ocupan cargos altos y se preparan para suceder a Vidal y Peña|language= es|date= 3 October 2017|newspaper= La Nación}}</ref> | student_wing = PRO Universities | colors = {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Proposal}}|border=darkgray}} Yellow | seats1_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|50|257|hex={{party color|Republican Proposal}}}} | seats2_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|9|72|hex={{party color|Republican Proposal}}}} | seats3_title = [[Provinces of Argentina|Province]] [[List of Governors in Argentina|Governors]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|1|24|hex={{party color|Republican Proposal}}}} <small>(PRO governs the [[Buenos Aires|Autonomous City of Buenos Aires]], which is not a Province)</small> | headquarters = Balcarce 412, [[Buenos Aires]] | website = {{URL|www.pro.com.ar}} | country = Argentina }} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2005 establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:21st-century establishments in South America]] [[Category:Political parties in Argentina]] {{politics-stub}} e53dwjns4il0ovp9nxfn1su3k2prct3 10331621 10331619 2025-06-15T08:55:39Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Republican Proposal''' (Spanish: ''Propuesta Republicana'') is a [[centre-right]] political party in Argentina. It is usually called '''PRO''', which is its [[abbreviation]]. PRO was formed in 2005 as an [[electoral alliance]], or group of political parties that work together in [[election]]s. It was transformed into a national party in 2010. It is the biggest party in the [[Cambiemos coalition]], and its leader is [[Patricia Bullrich]]. {{Infobox political party | colorcode = {{party color|Republican Proposal}} | name = Republican Proposal | abbreviation = PRO | native_name = Propuesta Republicana | logo = Propuesta Republicana.svg | logo_size = 150px | leader1_title = Leader | leader1_name = [[Mauricio Macri]] | leader2_title = President | leader2_name = [[Patricia Bullrich]] | leader3_title = Secretary General | leader3_name = Eduardo Macchiavelli | leader4_title = Chamber Leader | leader4_name = [[Cristian Ritondo]] | leader5_title = Senate Leader | leader5_name = [[Humberto Schiavoni]] | foundation = {{Start date|2005|10|23|df=y}} (alliance)<br/>{{Start date|2010|6|3|df=y}} (party) | merger = [[Commitment to Change]] and [[Recreate for Growth]] | membership_year = 2017 | membership = {{increase}} 115,481 (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.pjn.gov.ar/cne/secelec/secciones/agrupaciones/agrupaciones_list.php?tID=5&dID=24&estadoID=0|title = Poder Judicial de la Nación Argentina}}</ref><ref name = "Afiliados">{{cite web |url=http://www.electoral.gov.ar/pdf/afiliados_1er_semestre_2016.pdf |title=Cámara Nacional Electoral – Estadística de Afiliados Primer Semestre 2016 – Secretaría de Actuación Judicial – Unidad de Recopilación y Producción de Datos – Registro Nacional de Partidos Políticos |access-date=16 October 2016 |date=2016 |website=www.electoral.gov.ar/ www.electoral.gov.ar}}</ref> | ideology = [[Conservatism]] | position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.clarin.com/partidos/macrismo-muestran-indiferentes_0_r1G7vCTwQg.html |title= En el macrismo se muestran indiferentes|date= 15 August 2010|newspaper= [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.clarin.com/opinion/pro-mauricio-macri-centroderecha-ideologia_0_B18P1m9P7l.html|title= Macri y el PRO en el poder: una suma de novedades históricas|author= Sergio Morresi y Gabriel Vommaro|date= 12 March 2015|newspaper= [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}}</ref><ref name="Fabián Bosoer">{{cite news |url= https://www.clarin.com/opinion/pro-cambiemos-macri-presidente-partidos-politicos_0_BkTdleFvXg.html|title= Macri y el PRO en el poder: una suma de novedades históricas|author= Fabián Bosoer|date= 23 November 2015|newspaper= [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/03/22/actualidad/1427062606_617920.html|title=Macri, el alcalde que aprieta el paso hacia la presidencia argentina|date=March 23, 2015|website=[[El País (Spain)|El País]]|last1=Peregil|first1=Francisco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2014/11/19/actualidad/1416412207_206894.html|title = Una dimisión fractura la coalición de centroizquierda contra el peronismo|newspaper = El País|date = 19 November 2014|last1 = Peregil|first1 = Francisco}}</ref> | national = [[Cambiemos]]<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1800769-como-quedaron-las-alianzas-politicas-en-el-ultimo-dia-de-inscripcion|title= Las 8 alianzas que competirán en las próximas elecciones|trans-title= The 8 alliances that will run in the next elections|language= es|date= 11 June 2015|newspaper= La Nación|access-date= 12 June 2015|archive-date= 13 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075446/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1800769-como-quedaron-las-alianzas-politicas-en-el-ultimo-dia-de-inscripcion|url-status= dead}}</ref> | international = [[International Democrat Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idu.org/members/|title=Members &#124; International Democrat Union|date=1 February 2018}}</ref> | affiliation1_title = Regional affiliation | affiliation1 = [[Union of Latin American Parties]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uplalatinoamerica.org/partidos-miembros/|title=Partidos Miembros|access-date=2022-07-01|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331204506/http://uplalatinoamerica.org/partidos-miembros/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | youth_wing = [[:es:Jóvenes PRO|Young PRO]]<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/radiografia-de-los-jovenes-pro-rondan-los-30-ocupan-cargos-altos-y-se-preparan-para-suceder-a-vidal-y-pena-nid2071017|title= Radiografía de los jóvenes Pro: rondan los 30, ocupan cargos altos y se preparan para suceder a Vidal y Peña|language= es|date= 3 October 2017|newspaper= La Nación}}</ref> | student_wing = PRO Universities | colors = {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Proposal}}|border=darkgray}} Yellow | seats1_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|50|257|hex={{party color|Republican Proposal}}}} | seats2_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|9|72|hex={{party color|Republican Proposal}}}} | seats3_title = [[Provinces of Argentina|Province]] [[List of Governors in Argentina|Governors]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|1|24|hex={{party color|Republican Proposal}}}} <small>(PRO governs the [[Buenos Aires|Autonomous City of Buenos Aires]], which is not a Province)</small> | headquarters = Balcarce 412, [[Buenos Aires]] | website = {{URL|www.pro.com.ar}} | country = Argentina }} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2005 establishments in South America]] [[Category:21st-century establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:Political parties in Argentina]] {{politics-stub}} 3lhwh74oz3vlz82xb7d1n73hetr7ee4 0 933370 10330775 8256823 2025-06-14T20:02:23Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Namibian cricketers]]; added [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} '''Andries Johannes Burger''' was born [[25 August]], [[1981]] in [[Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal|Newcastle]], [[South Africa]]. He played 6 [[One-day internationals]] for Namibia at the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] and scored the then highest score of 85 against England. ==Other websites== *{{cricinfo|id=24839}} {{sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burger, Jan-Berry}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] ez9p6fnkjf2ddzhnf6vp6h1doyf2wc5 0 933541 10330805 8346216 2025-06-14T20:15:04Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Irish cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Ireland Test cricketers'''. Ireland were granted full membership and therefore Test status at the [[International Cricket Council]]'s annual conference held on 22 June 2017, after having been one of the leading associate members for many years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/40364481 |title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council |date=22 June 2017 |website=BBC News |access-date=22 June 2017 }}</ref> Ireland played their first Test match in May 2018 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] at the [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]] in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20999394/ireland-confirm-pakistan-first-test-opponents |title=Ireland confirm Pakistan as first Test opponents |date=13 October 2017 |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 October 2017 }}</ref> A [[Test cricket|Test match]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams that are full members of the ICC. Both teams have two innings, and the match lasts up to five days. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[Cap (sport)#Cricket|first Test cap]]. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:30%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland Captains' Playing Record in Test Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=29;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / Test Matches / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPNcricinfo| access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of Test debut for Ireland * '''Last''' – Year of latest Test for Ireland * '''Mat''' – Number of Test appearances for Ireland | valign="top" style="width:23%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:23%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches taken]] * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] effected |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 26 July 2019.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/content/player/caps.html?country=29;class=1 |title=Players / Ireland / Test caps |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Records / Ireland / Test matches / Batting averages |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Records / Ireland / Test matches / Bowling averages |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Ireland Test cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Name ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| First ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Last ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mat ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=3 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- align="center" | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William|Porterfield}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|0966|9.66}} || {{sort|00000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24611.html |title=Player profile: William Porterfield |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} | 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0146|146}} || {{sort|0820|82}} || {{sort|2433|24.33}} || {{sort|00006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303423.html |title=Player profile: Andrew Balbirnie |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ed|Joyce}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort|0047|47}} || {{sort|0430|43}} || {{sort|2350|23.50}} || {{sort|00000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24249.html |title=Player profile: Ed Joyce |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tyrone|Kane}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/571707.html |title=Player profile: Tyrone Kane |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Murtagh}} | 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0109|109}} || {{sort|0545|54*}} || {{sort|2725|27.25}} || {{sort|0570|570}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|5187|5/13}} || {{nts|16.38}} || 0 || 0 || <ref name="Player profile: Tim Murtagh">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/17134.html |title=Player profile: Tim Murtagh |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} | 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0258|258}} || {{sort|1180|118}} || {{sort|5160|51.60}} || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24605.html |title=Player profile: Kevin O'Brien |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || {{sort|00000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24289.html |title=Player profile: Niall O'Brien |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Boyd|Rankin}}{{efn|name=England|[[Boyd Rankin]] has also played Test cricket for [[England cricket team|England]]. Only his record for Ireland is given above.|group=notes}} | 2018 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || {{sort|0318|318}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2195|2/5}} || {{nts|31.85}} || 0 || 0 || <ref name="Player profile: Tim Murtagh"/> |- align="center" | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} | 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0104|104}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|1733|17.33}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303427.html |title=Player profile: Paul Stirling |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Thompson}} | 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0530|53}} || {{sort|1066|10.66}} || {{sort|0410|410}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|3162|3/28}} || {{nts|20.40}} || 0 || 0 || <ref name="Player profile: Tim Murtagh"/> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0045|45}} || {{sort|0335|33*}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || {{sort|00000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24609.html |title=Player profile: Gary Wilson |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=16 May 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Cameron-Dow}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|0041|41}} || {{sort|0325|32*}} || {{sort|4100|41.00}} || {{sort|0143|143}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2106|2/94}} || {{nts|39.33}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/380957.html |title=Player profile: James Cameron-Dow |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=15 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|3200|32.00}} || {{sort|0240|240}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2137|2/63}} || {{nts|60.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348034.html |title=Player profile: George Dockrell |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=15 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andy|McBrine}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{sort|0450|4.50}} || {{sort|0300|300}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2123|2/77}} || {{nts|53.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/417381.html |title=Player profile: Andy McBrine |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=15 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|McCollum}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0073|73}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|1825|18.25}} || {{sort|00000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/470917.html |title=Player profile: James McCollum |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=15 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || {{sort|00000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308294.html |title=Player profile: Stuart Poynter |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=15 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0550|5.50}} || {{sort|00166|166}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3168|3/32}} || {{nts|16.33}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526441.html |title=Player profile: Mark Adair |work=EPSNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN |access-date=26 July 2019 }}</ref> |} == Related pages == * [[Ireland cricket team]] * [[List of Ireland ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ireland Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Europe sport-related lists]] niyginn8kr25lmjk3cjgaq8n6r6cecw 0 933565 10330822 8829253 2025-06-14T20:23:26Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Scottish cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list has all members of the Scotland cricket team who have played at least one T20I match. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 7 November 2021.''<ref name="caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=30;class=3 |title=Scotland – Twenty20 Internationals / Players by Caps |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=30;type=team |title= Scotland / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=30;type=team |title= Scotland / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Scotland T20I cricketers |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- align="center" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! First ! Last ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Blain|dab=cricketer}} | 2007 || 2008 || 6 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25087.html |title=John Blain |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dougie|Brown}} | 2007 || 2007 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/9254.html |title=Dougie Brown |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gavin|Hamilton|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2007 || 2010 || 12 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|1125|11.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/14020.html |title=Gavin Hamilton |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Majid|Haq}} | 2007 || 2013 || 21 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0215|21*}} || {{sort|1280|12.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0450|450}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|16.85}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25451.html |title=Majid Haq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|McCallum|Neil McCallum (cricketer)}} | 2007 || 2010 || 11 || {{sort|0076|76}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{sort|1085|10.85}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25430.html |title=Neil McCallum |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dewald|Nel}} | 2007 || 2010 || 10 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|0135|13*}} || {{sort|1550|15.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|390|3/10}} || {{nts|14.08}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25481.html |title=Dewald Nel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Navdeep|Poonia}} | 2007 || 2010 || 8 || {{sort|0095|95}} || {{sort|0385|38*}} || {{sort|1900|19.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/19276.html |title=Navdeep Poonia |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Colin|Smith|dab=Scottish cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2007 || 2009 || 8 || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|0465|46*}} || {{sort|1160|11.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 5 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25112.html |title=Colin Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|Watson|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2007 || 2010 || 10 || {{sort|0159|159}} || {{sort|0540|54}} || {{sort|1766|17.66}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|196|1/4}} || {{nts|30.66}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25428.html |title=Ryan Watson |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Fraser|Watts}} | 2007 || 2012 || 11 || {{sort|0137|137}} || {{sort|0460|46}} || {{sort|1522|15.22}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25120.html |title=Fraser Watts |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Craig|Wright|dab=cricketer}} | 2007 || 2009 || 3 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|1400|14.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|371|3/29}} || {{nts|12.25}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25123.html |title=Craig Wright |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Richie|Berrington}} {{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2021 || 74 || {{sort|1694|1694}} || {{sort|1000|100}} || {{sort|3196|31.96}} || 7 || 1 || {{sort|0512|512}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|23.96}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25490.html |title=Richie Berrington |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Kyle|Coetzer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2021 || 70 || {{sort|1495|1495}} || {{sort|0890|89}} || {{sort|2265|22.65}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|375|3/25}} || {{nts|14.20}} || 22 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25446.html |title=Kyle Coetzer |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gordon|Drummond|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2013 || 17 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|0350|35}} || {{sort|0771|7.71}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0330|330}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|23.81}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/295644.html |title=Gordon Drummond |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gregor|Maiden}} | 2008 || 2008 || 3 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|0}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|180|1/20}} || {{nts|29.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25102.html |title=Gregor Maiden |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Glenn|Rogers}} | 2008 || 2009 || 2 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0047|47}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|285|2/15}} || {{nts|33.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/272473.html |title=Glenn Rogers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Calum|MacLeod|dab=cricketer}} | 2009 || 2021 || 60 || {{sort|1157|1157}} || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{sort|2410|24.10}} || 7 || 0 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|41.80}} || 35 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/232435.html |title=Calum MacLeod |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Jan|Stander}} | 2009 || 2012 || 11 || {{sort|0094|94}} || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{sort|1044|10.44}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0081|81}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|276|2/24}} || {{nts|52.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/298195.html |title=Jan Stander |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gordon|Goudie}} | 2010 || 2013 || 9 || {{sort|0025|25}} || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|0625|6.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0149|149}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|378|3/22}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25476.html |title=Gordon Goudie |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ross|Lyons}} | 2010 || 2010 || 2 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|40.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25475.html |title=Ross Lyons |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Simon|Smith|Simon Smith (cricketer)}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2012 || 5 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25483.html |title=Simon Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ryan|Flannigan}} | 2012 || 2012 || 4 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|1266|12.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/303412.html |title=Ryan Flannigan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Preston|Mommsen}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2012 || 2016 || 24 || {{sort|0419|419}} || {{sort|0685|68*}} || {{sort|3491|34.91}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|177|1/23}} || {{nts|41.00}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/461281.html |title=Preston Mommsen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Safyaan|Sharif}} | 2012 || 2021 || 53 || {{sort|0151|151}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{sort|1372|13.72}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1087|1087}} || {{sort|061|61}} || {{sort|476|4/24}} || {{nts|24.09}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414970.html |title=Safyaan Sharif |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Craig|Wallace|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2012 || 2021 || 21 || {{sort|0173|173}} || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{sort|1730|17.30}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 7 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414971.html |title=Craig Wallace |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Matthew|Parker|dab=cricketer}} | 2012 || 2012 || 2 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|164|1/36}} || {{nts|61.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/298197.html |title=Matthew Parker |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Moneeb|Iqbal}} | 2012 || 2013 || 6 || {{sort|0046|46}} || {{sort|0031|31}} || {{sort|1533|15.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|285|2/15}} || {{nts|29.50}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25433.html |title=Moneeb Iqbal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Josh|Davey}} | 2012 || 2021 || 28 || {{sort|0111|111}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|1387|13.87}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0593|593}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|482|4/18}} || {{nts|23.26}} || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/407265.html |title=Josh Davey |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Neil|Carter|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2013 || 7 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|273|2/27}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/44493.html |title=Neil Carter |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Matt|Machan}} | 2013 || 2016 || 13 || {{sort|0407|407}} || {{sort|0675|67*}} || {{sort|4070|40.70}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0135|135}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|377|3/23}} || {{nts|31.20}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/297488.html |title=Matt Machan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|David|Murphy|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2013 || 2013 || 4 || {{sort|0035|35}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|3500|35.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/297524.html |title=David Murphy |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Iain|Wardlaw}} | 2013 || 2013 || 4 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0145|145}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|360|3/40}} || {{nts|16.11}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/509107.html |title=Iain Wardlaw |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Freddie|Coleman}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/364329.html |title=Freddie Coleman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Matthew|Cross|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2008 || 2021 || 56 || {{sort|0946|946}} || {{sort|0665|66*}} || {{sort|2425|24.25}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 31 || 14 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/417268.html |title=Matthew Cross |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Michael|Leask}} | 2013 || 2021 || 43 || {{sort|0428|428}} || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{sort|1475|14.75}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0507|507}} || {{sort|026|26}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|26.03}} || 21 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414966.html |title=Michael Leask |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Calvin|Burnett|Calvin Burnett (Scottish cricketer)}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|382|3/18}} || {{nts|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/364336.html |title=Calvin Burnett |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Robert|Taylor|dab=cricketer, born 1989}} | 2013 || 2016 || 9 || {{sort|0085|85}} || {{sort|0415|41*}} || {{sort|2833|28.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0150|150}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|39.20}} || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/353431.html |title=Rob Taylor |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Alasdair|Evans}} | 2015 || 2021 || 34 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0028|0.28}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0696|696}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|576|5/24}} || {{nts|22.30}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/399259.html |title=Alasdair Evans |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|George|Munsey}} | 2015 || 2021 || 51 || {{sort|1270|1270}} || {{sort|1275|127*}} || {{sort|2760|27.60}} || 7 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/671805.html |title=George Munsey |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Mark|Watt}} | 2015 || 2021 || 47 || {{sort|0104|104}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0866|8.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1002|1002}} || {{sort|056|56}} || {{sort|573|5/27}} || {{nts|20.78}} || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/659081.html |title=Mark Watt |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Con|de Lange}} | 2015 || 2017 || 8 || {{sort|0035|35}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|1166|11.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0162|162}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|21.37}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/44851.html |title=Con de Lange |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gavin|Main}} | 2015 || 2021 || 5 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|187|1/13}} || {{nts|17.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/470777.html |title=Gavin Main |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Bradley|Wheal}} | 2017 || 2021 || 14 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort|0500|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0284|284}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|31.07}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/807535.html |title=Bradley Wheal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 January 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Chris|Sole}} | 2017 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|262|2/38}} || {{nts|55.25}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/671823.html |title=Chris Sole |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Dylan|Budge}} | 2018 || 2021 || 8 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|182|1/18}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/764321.html |title=Dylan Budge |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Hamza|Tahir}} | 2018 || 2021 || 13 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0306|306}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|470|4/30}} || {{nts|19.57}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/751151.html |title=Hamza Tahir |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Stuart|Whittingham}} | 2018 || 2018 || 3 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|267|2/33}} || {{nts|26.33}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/627732.html |title=Stuart Whittingham |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ruaidhri|Smith}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0041|41}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/458897.html |title=Ruaidhri Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Adrian|Neill}} | 2019 || 2019 || 5 || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|17.11}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/458897.html |title=Ruaidhri Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ollie|Hairs}} | 2019 || 2021 || 12 || {{sort|0133|133}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{sort|1330|13.30}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|181|1/19}} || {{nts|19.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414973.html |title=Ollie Hairs |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Tom|Sole}} | 2019 || 2019 || 9 || {{sort|0069|69}} || {{sort|0335|33*}} || {{sort|1725|17.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|285|2/15}} || {{nts|22.83}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/526492.html |title=Tom Sole |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Chris|Greaves}} | 2021 || 2021 || 9 || {{sort|0097|97}} || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{sort|1616|16.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0159|159}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{nts|29.14}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/873199.html |title=Chris Greaves |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 October 2021 }}</ref> |} ==Related pages== *[[Twenty20 International]] *[[Scotland national cricket team]] *[[List of Scotland ODI cricketers]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scotland Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Europe sport-related lists]] [[Category:Scotland-related lists]] 0ha4ajj6gpudhu4ge3ef058x2c3ye3r 0 933706 10330796 10274947 2025-06-14T20:11:39Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Canadian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Canadian One-day International cricketers'''. A [[One Day International]], or an ODI, is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). An ODI differs from [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in that the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|first ODI cap]]. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/canada/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2;id=17;type=team |title=Canada Captains' Playing Record in ODI Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2015 }}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=17;template=results;type=fielding |title=Statistics / One Day Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2015 }}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played * '''Win%''' – [[Winning percentage]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of the Canada's most recent ODI, against the Netherlands on 28 January 2014.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/canada/content/player/caps.html?country=17;class=2 |title=Players / Canada / ODI caps |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/canada/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=17;type=team |title=Canada ODI Batting Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/canada/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=17;type=team |title=Canada ODI Bowling Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Canada ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Christopher|Chappell}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Franklyn|Dennis}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cornelius|Henry}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cecil|Marshall}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bryan|Mauricette}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jitendra|Patel}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Glenroy|Sealy}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Martin|Stead}} |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Tariq Javed}} |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Valentine|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Vaughan|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robert|Callender}} |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charles|Baksh}} |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish|Bagai}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ian|Billcliff}} |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Desmond|Chumney}} |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Austin|Codrington}} |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Davison|dab=Canadian cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nicholas|de Groot}} |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joseph|Harris|dab=Canadian cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Davis|Joseph}} |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishwar|Maraj}} |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abdul|Sattaur}} |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjayan|Thuraisingam}} |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Barry|Seebaran}} |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nicholas|Ifill}} |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish|Patel}} |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abdool|Samad}} |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geoff|Barnett|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umar|Bhatti}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Dhaniram}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Haninder|Dhillon}} |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stewart|Heaney}} |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Henry|Osinde}} |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kevin|Sandher}} |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Codrington}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Don|Maxwell}} |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Qaiser Ali}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Jyoti}} |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surendra|Seeraj}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Durand|Soraine}} |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steven|Welsh}} |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Asif|Mulla}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anderson|Cummins}} |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trevin|Bastiampillai}} |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohsin|Mulla}} |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shahzad Khan}} |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abdul Jabbar|dab=Canadian cricketer}} |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Calvert|Hooper}} |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arvind|Kandappah}} |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Iqbal|dab=Canadian cricketer}} |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jason|Patraj}} |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aftab|Shamshudeen}} |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harvir|Baidwan}} |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zubin|Surkari}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sami Faridi}} |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ruvindu|Gunasekera}} |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eion|Katchay}} |- align="center" | 59 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manoj|David}} |- align="center" | 60 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karun|Jethi}} |- align="center" | 61 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rizwan Cheema}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 62 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Balaji Rao|dab=Canadian cricketer}} |- align="center" | 63 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Khurram Chohan}} |- align="center" | 64 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shaheed|Keshvani}} |- align="center" | 65 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zameer|Zahir}} |- align="center" | 66 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hiral|Patel}} |- align="center" | 67 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jawad|Dawood}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 68 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Usman Limbada}} |- align="center" | 69 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nitish|Kumar|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | 70 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parth|Desai}} |- align="center" | 71 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jimmy|Hansra}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | 72 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tyson|Gordon}} |- align="center" | 73 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karl|Whatham}} |- align="center" | 74 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Hamza Tariq}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 75 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Junaid Siddiqui}} |- align="center" | 76 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rustam|Bhatti}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 77 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Zahid Hussain|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | 78 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Damodar|Daesrath}} |- align="center" | 79 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeremy|Gordon}} |- align="center" | 80 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Darren|Ramsammy}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | 81 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Zeeshan Siddiqi}} |- align="center" | 82 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nikhil|Dutta}} |- align="center" | 83 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Raza-ur-Rehman}} |- align="center" | 84 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rayyan|Pathan}} |- align="center" | 85 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kenneth|Kamyuka}} |} ==Related pages== *[[One Day International]] *[[List of Canada Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canada ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] gmyt4semd5gytlqcl04ie67qsx3a7sq 0 934326 10330640 10219002 2025-06-14T19:06:37Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox volleyball biography | name = Hidde van der Ploeg | image = | nickname = | nationality = Dutch | birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|12|29|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.kpn.nl/vos00546/ploeg/ploeg.htm|title=Stamboom van der Ploeg|via=Homepage van Maria Vos-Blekemolen|date=3 May 2022|access-date=6 June 2022|language=nl|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117163150/http://home.kpn.nl/vos00546/ploeg/ploeg.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands | death_date = {{Death date and given age|2022|5|3|88|df=y}} | death_place = [[Blaricum]], Netherlands | position = | years = ?<br>1962-1964<br>1964-1966 | clubs = REVA (volleyball)<br>[[Canadians (basketball club)|Landlust]] (basketball)<br>U.S. (basketball) | nationalteam = [[Netherlands men's national volleyball team|Netherlands (volleyball)]]<br> [[Netherlands men's national basketball team|Netherlands (basketball)]] | nationalyears = | coachyears = 1968–1969<br> 1969-1970<br>1971-?<br>1974-?<br>1988 | coachteams = AMVJ<br>[[Netherlands men's national volleyball team|Netherlands]]<br>HVS <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Hidde+van+ploeg&coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:011235901:mpeg21:a0150&resultsidentifier=ddd:011235901:mpeg21:a0150&rowid=9 |title=Hidde van der Ploeg trainer bij HVS|work=[[De Tijd]]|via=[[Delpher]]|date=14 August 1971|access-date=6 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref><br>AMVJ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Hidde+van+ploeg&coll=ddd&identifier=ABCDDD:010881392:mpeg21:a0182&resultsidentifier=ABCDDD:010881392:mpeg21:a0182&rowid=8 |title=Van de Ploeg opvolger Akkerhuis bij AMVJ|work=[[De Volkskrant]]|via=[[Delpher]]|date=2 October 1974|access-date=6 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref><br> Delta Lloyd/AMVJ<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?query=Hidde+van+der+Ploeg+bondscoach&coll=ddd&identifier=ABCDDD:010832953:mpeg21:a0216&resultsidentifier=ABCDDD:010832953:mpeg21:a0216&rowid=3 |title=Hidde van der Ploeg al weer weg|work=[[Het Parool]]|via=[[Delpher]]|date=28 December 1988|access-date=6 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> }} '''Hidde van der Ploeg''' (29 December 1933 — 3 May 2022) was a Dutch [[volleyball]] player, basketball player, volleyball coach, sports editor and reporter.<ref name=nsp>{{cite web|url= https://www.nsp.nl/nieuws/2904-hidde-van-der-ploeg-1933-2022-international-bondscoach-en-journalist-.html |title= Hidde van der Ploeg (1933-2022), international, bondscoach én journalist |work= NSP|date=May 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref><ref name=volaren>{{cite web|url=http://volaren.nl/hidde-van-der-ploeg-zag-al-vroeg-de-potentie-van-het-nederlands-volleybal/|title=Hidde van der Ploeg zag al vroeg de potentie van het Nederlands volleybal|work=volaren.nl|date=5 May 2022|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518203603/http://volaren.nl/hidde-van-der-ploeg-zag-al-vroeg-de-potentie-van-het-nederlands-volleybal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== ===Volleyball player=== Van der Ploeg played in the late 1950s and 1960s with the club REVA in [[Amsterdam]] (that later became AMVJ). He played together with international players [[Gertie Goedhals]], [[Hans Maas]] and [[Paul van Lith]].<ref name=volaren /> Van der Ploeg played 39 matches for the [[Netherlands men's national volleyball team|Dutch national volleyball team]] including at the [[1958 Men's European Volleyball Championship]].<ref name=volaren /> In 1960 he came into conflict with the volleyball board and was put on non-active status.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110587966:mpeg21:a0261 |title=Hidde van der Ploeg is weer in conflict|work=[[De Telegraaf]] |via=[[Delpher]]|date=14 March 1960|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> ===Basketball player=== In 1962 he started playing basketball with club [[Canadians (basketball club)|Landlust]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010876462:mpeg21:a0256 |title=Landlust zaterdag tegen Poolse kampioen Wisla|work=[[De Volkskrant]] |via=[[Delpher]]|date=28 November 1962|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> He played two seasons for Landlust (1962-1964) and afterwards two seasons for U.S. (1964-1966). He played a total of 13 matches during this four seasons in the Dutch Basketball League A. <ref>{{cite web|url= https://db.basketball.nl/db/overzicht/spelersdossier.pl?detail=Dossier&spl_ID=11504 |title= Spelers Dossier. Hidde van der Ploeg (M) |work=basketball.nlaccess-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> He also played one match for the [[Netherlands men's national basketball team]].<ref name=nsp /> ===Volleyball coach=== Van der Ploeg became coach of AMVJ in 1968, and the team became in April 1969 for the fifth time national champion. Van der Ploeg saw international ambitions with the club. He wanted to increase among others the numbers of training sessions as some players only trained twice per week.<ref name=volaren /> After he came in a conflict with players his contract was not renewed in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011238370:mpeg21:a0192 |title=AMVJ breekt met trainer v. d. Ploeg|work=[[De tijd]] |via=[[Delpher]]|date=23 June 1969|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> He improved his training methods while also working as a sports teacher at the university and as a volleyball trainer at the [[CIOS]] in [[Overveen]]. He became convinced that the [[Netherlands]] could become internationally successful with a stricter training regime and a different attitude.<ref name=volaren /> In 1969 he was asked by the [[Nederlandse Volleyball Bond]] (NeVoBo) to become the head coach of the [[Netherlands men's national volleyball team]] where he applied his vision and training regime.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010848318:mpeg21:a0341 |title=Volleybaltop vreest eisen Van der Ploeg|work=[[De Volkskrant]] |via=[[Delpher]]|date=6 December 1969|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> The successes were mixed, but according to Van der Ploeg disappointing. After the [[1970 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship]] he wrote an article for [[De Tijd]] about the Championships. In this article he criticized the team. This was not accepted by the volleyball association and Van der Ploeg was fired in November 1970. After a long search, the Polish [[Ben Krysik]] became his successor. He was offered a contract as coach at HVS in [[Haarlem]] that he accepted and later Van der Ploeg returned as coach for AMVJ.<ref name=volaren /><ref name=nsp /> He returned again for a very short while as coach for AMJV, but couldn't combine it with his job at [[NRC Handelsblad]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010832953:mpeg21:a0216 |title=Hidde van der Ploeg al weer weg|work=[[Het Parool]] |via=[[Delpher]]|date=28 December 1988|access-date=20 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> ===Journalism=== For [[VARA]] he renewed the radio program 'Van Start tot Finish' (translated: From start to finish) with ironic contributions of duo [[Henk Spaan]] and [[Harry Vermeegen]].<ref name=nsp /> <ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011199221:mpeg21:a0269 |title=Hidde van der Ploeg werd bedankt|work=[[De Telegraaf]] |via=[[Delpher]]|date= 13 April 1978 |access-date=29 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref> From 1979 to the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], Van der Ploeg was the sports editor of national newspaper [[NRC Handelsblad]]. During these years [[Tim Krabbé]], [[Freek de Jonge]] and [[Herman Kuiphof]] had their columns on the sports pages and made also space for a weekly column written by women.<ref name=nsp /> In December 1984 when [[Arie Selinger]], the coach of the Olympic women’s USA silver medal winning team, gave a press conference in [[Amsterdam]], Van der Ploeg was the only journalist who showed up.<ref name=volaren /> After being sports editor he continued working as reporter for NRC Handelsblad.<ref name=nsp /> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{s-start}} {{S-sports}} {{succession box | before = {{flagicon|NED}} [[Henk Blok]] | after = {{flagicon|POL}} [[Ben Krysik]] | title = Head coach of the [[Netherlands men's national volleyball team|Netherlands]] | years = 1969–1970 }} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ploeg, Hidde van der}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Amsterdam]] [[Category:Volleyball coaches]] [[Category:Dutch volleyball players]] [[Category:Dutch basketball players]] [[Category:editors]] [[Category:Dutch journalists]] 09vg1fcumk9uu538fv580jsi3h36tya 0 934602 10330798 8777709 2025-06-14T20:12:16Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Dutch cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} Since Netherlands' first [[One Day International]] (ODI) match in 1996, 76 players have represented the team. ==ODI definition== A [[One Day International]] (ODI) is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams, each having ODI status, as determined by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). An ODI differs from [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in that the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] per team is limited, and that each team has only one [[innings]]. ==Order of this list== The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|first ODI cap]]. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2;id=15;type=team |title=Netherlands Captains' Playing Record in ODI Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=15;template=results;type=fielding |title=Statistics / One Day Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played * '''Win%''' – [[Winning percentage]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 4 June 2022.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/caps.html?country=15;class=2 |title=Players / Netherlands / ODI caps |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=15;type=team |title=Netherlands ODI Batting Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=15;type=team |title=Netherlands ODI Bowling Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=2016-10-25}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Netherlands ODI cricketers |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- align="center" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! First ! Last ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! [[Century (cricket)|100]] ! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! [[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! [[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Flavian|Aponso}} | 1996 || 1996 || 5 || 120 || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{sort|3000|30.00}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0242|242}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|143|1/57}} || {{nts|128.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24857.html |title=Player profile: Flavian Aponso |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul-Jan|Bakker}} | 1996 || 1996 || 5 || 1 || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0258|258}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|249|2/51}} || {{nts|71.66}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24860.html |title=Player profile: Paul-Jan Bakker |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Cantrell}} | 1996 || 1996 || 5 || 160 || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{sort|3200|32.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|182|1/18}} || {{nts|56.66}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24874.html |title=Player profile: Peter Cantrell |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nolan|Clarke}} | 1996 || 1996 || 5 || 50 || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24875.html |title=Player profile: Nolan Clarke |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|de Leede}} | 1996 || 2007 || 29 || 400 || {{sort|0585|58*}} || {{sort|1666|16.66}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|1139|1,139}} || {{sort|029|29}} || {{sort|465|4/35}} || {{nts|34.44}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24882.html |title=Player profile: Tim de Leede |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eric|Gouka}} | 1996 || 1996 || 3 || 19 || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{sort|1900|19.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|168|1/32}} || {{nts|51.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24897.html |title=Player profile: Eric Gouka |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roland|Lefebvre}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 1996 || 2003 || 11 || 171 || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{sort|2850|28.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0534|534}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|262|2/38}} || {{nts|38.44}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24918.html |title=Player profile: Roland Lefebvre |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steven|Lubbers}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 1996 || 1996 || 4 || 24 || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0800|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0216|216}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|352|3/48}} || {{nts|37.40}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24920.html |title=Player profile: Steven Lubbers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marcelis|Schewe}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 1996 || 1996 || 5 || 49 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|1633|16.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24888.html |title=Player profile: Marcelis Schewe |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Klaas-Jan|van Noortwijk}} | 1996 || 2003 || 9 || 322 || {{sort|1345|134*}} || {{sort|4600|46.00}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24974.html |title=Player profile: Klaas-Jan van Noortwijk |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bastiaan|Zuiderent}} | 1996 || 2011 || 57 || 1,097 || {{sort|0775|77*}} || {{sort|2384|23.84}} || 8 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 26 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24990.html |title=Player profile: Bastiaan Zuiderent |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Floris|Jansen}} | 1996 || 1996 || 2 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|160|1/40}} || {{nts|62.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24911.html |title=Player profile: Floris Jansen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robert|van Oosterom}} | 1996 || 2002 || 3 || 7 || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24975.html |title=Player profile: Robert van Oosterom |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Adeel Raja}} | 2002 || 2011 || 21 || 28 || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{sort|0280|2.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0846|846}} || {{sort|017|17}} || {{sort|458|4/42}} || {{nts|40.58}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24978.html |title=Player profile: Adeel Raja |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacob-Jan|Esmeijer}} | 2002 || 2003 || 6 || 10 || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{sort|0250|2.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0228|228}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24891.html |title=Player profile: Jacob-Jan Esmeijer |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Victor|Grandia}} | 2002 || 2002 || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|160|1/40}} || {{nts|40.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24903.html |title=Player profile: Victor Grandia |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Edgar|Schiferli}} | 2002 || 2013 || 30 || 161 || {{sort|0410|41}} || {{sort|1006|10.06}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1294|1,294}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|477|4/23}} || {{nts|30.54}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24943.html |title=Player profile: Edgar Schiferli |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Reinout|Scholte}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2002 || 2003 || 5 || 39 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|0780|7.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24945.html |title=Player profile: Reinout Scholte |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Daan|van Bunge}} | 2002 || 2013 || 37 || 633 || {{sort|0800|80}} || {{sort|2110|21.10}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0331|331}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|384|3/16}} || {{nts|29.90}} || 0 || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24964.html |title=Player profile: Daan van Bunge |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Luuk|van Troost}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2002 || 2007 || 23 || 284 || {{sort|0400|40}} || {{sort|1577|15.77}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0246|246}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|271|2/29}} || {{nts|70.00}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24969.html |title=Player profile: Luuk van Troost |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Feiko|Kloppenburg}} | 2002 || 2003 || 6 || 165 || {{sort|1210|121}} || {{sort|2750|27.50}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort|0242|242}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|458|4/42}} || {{nts|23.87}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24901.html |title=Player profile: Feiko Kloppenburg |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hendrik-Jan|Mol}} | 2002 || 2008 || 11 || 67 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|0837|8.37}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0182|182}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|29.80}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24923.html |title=Player profile: Hendrik-Jan Mol |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeroen|Smits}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2003 || 2009 || 38 || 169 || {{sort|0295|29*}} || {{sort|1690|16.90}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 41 || 7 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24952.html |title=Player profile: Jeroen Smits |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nick|Statham}} | 2003 || 2009 || 3 || 7 || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{sort|0233|2.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24956.html |title=Player profile: Nick Statham |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Borren}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2014 || 58 || 1,004 || {{sort|0960|96}} || {{sort|2231|22.31}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|1979|1,979}} || {{sort|046|46}} || {{sort|468|4/32}} || {{nts|35.21}} || 0 || 28 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/36592.html |title=Player profile: Peter Borren |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alexei|Kervezee}} | 2006 || 2012 || 39 || 924 || {{sort|0920|92}} || {{sort|2800|28.00}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 18 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/214695.html |title=Player profile: Alexei Kervezee |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Kashif|Mohammad Kashif (Dutch cricketer)}} | 2006 || 2010 || 11 || 1 || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0033|0.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0450|450}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|358|3/42}} || {{nts|45.55}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/243073.html |title=Player profile: Mohammad Kashif |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Darron|Reekers}} | 2006 || 2009 || 19 || 481 || {{sort|1040|104}} || {{sort|2531|25.31}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort|0510|510}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|346|3/54}} || {{nts|33.53}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/38261.html |title=Player profile: Darron Reekers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Billy|Stelling}} | 2006 || 2007 || 15 || 180 || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{sort|3000|30.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0699|699}} || {{sort|022|22}} || {{sort|388|3/12}} || {{nts|25.77}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/47232.html |title=Player profile: Billy Stelling |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|ten Doeschate}} | 2006 || 2011 || 33 || 1,541 || {{sort|1190|119}} || {{sort|6700|67.00}} || 9 || 5 || {{sort|1580|1,580}} || {{sort|055|55}} || {{sort|469|4/31}} || {{nts|24.12}} || 0 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/47660.html |title=Player profile: Ryan ten Doeschate |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pieter|Seelaar}} {{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2022 || 56 || 322 || {{sort|0430|43}} || {{sort|1150|11.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2555|2,555}} || {{sort|055|55}} || {{sort|485|4/15}} || {{nts|35.47}} || 0 || 18 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/208657.html |title=Player profile: Pieter Seelaar |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eric|Szwarczynski}} | 2006 || 2014 || 41 || 1,102 || {{sort|0980|98}} || {{sort|2978|29.78}} || 10 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/214696.html |title=Player profile: Eric Szwarczynski |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|de Grooth}} | 2006 || 2013 || 34 || 480 || {{sort|0970|97}} || {{sort|1714|17.14}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|198|1/2}} || {{nts|2.00}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/25022.html |title=Player profile: Tom de Grooth |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Jonkman}} | 2006 || 2010 || 16 || 59 || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{sort|1180|11.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0719|719}} || {{sort|024|24}} || {{sort|376|3/24}} || {{nts|23.54}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/245397.html |title=Player profile: Mark Jonkman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maurits|van Nierop}} | 2006 || 2006 || 2 || 35 || {{sort|0315|31*}} || {{sort|3500|35.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/25023.html |title=Player profile: Maurits van Nierop |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mudassar Bukhari}} | 2007 || 2014 || 46 || 516 || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{sort|1720|17.20}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|2036|2,036}} || {{sort|057|57}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|28.08}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/245166.html |title=Player profile: Mudassar Bukhari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Atse|Buurman}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2007 || 2011 || 17 || 140 || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{sort|1555|15.55}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 17 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24996.html |title=Player profile: Atse Buurman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geert-Maarten|Mol}} | 2007 || 2008 || 6 || 25 || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|1250|12.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0162|162}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{nts|37.00}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/24913.html |title=Player profile: Geert-Maarten Mol |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mangesh|Panchal}} | 2007 || 2007 || 1 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/299812.html |title=Player profile: Mangesh Panchal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maurits|Jonkman}} | 2007 || 2010 || 4 || 20 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0136|136}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|378|3/22}} || {{nts|18.83}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/306982.html |title=Player profile: Maurits Jonkman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lesley|Stokkers}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || 15 || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/303420.html |title=Player profile: Lesley Stokkers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ruud|Nijman}} | 2009 || 2009 || 1 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0049|49}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|369|3/31}} || {{nts|10.33}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/25021.html |title=Player profile: Ruud Nijman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Gruijters}} | 2010 || 2013 || 5 || 68 || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|2266|22.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|263|2/37}} || {{nts|39.50}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/364300.html |title=Player profile: Tim Gruijters |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|Cooper|dab=cricketer}} | 2010 || 2013 || 23 || 976 || {{sort|1010|101}} || {{sort|4880|48.80}} || 8 || 1 || {{sort|0553|553}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|389|3/11}} || {{nts|33.69}} || 0 || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/219885.html |title=Player profile: Tom Cooper |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wesley|Barresi}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2019 || 32 || 927 || {{sort|1375|137*}} || {{sort|3565|35.65}} || 6 || 1 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 17 || 8 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/44407.html |title=Player profile: Wesley Barresi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bradley|Kruger}} | 2010 || 2011 || 5 || 32 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|1066|10.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0184|184}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|43.66}} || – || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/297517.html |title=Player profile: Bradley Kruger |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bernard|Loots}} | 2010 || 2011 || 7 || 16 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|0533|5.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0280|280}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|384|3/16}} || {{nts|47.83}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/466610.html |title=Player profile: Bernard Loots |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|Heggelman}} | 2010 || 2011 || 5 || 27 || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0540|5.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|371|3/29}} || {{nts|17.20}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/467426.html |title=Player profile: Tom Heggelman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Berend|Westdijk}} | 2011 || 2011 || 4 || 1 || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|144|1/56}} || {{nts|195.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/413702.html |title=Player profile: Berend Westdijk |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|Kruger}} | 2011 || 2011 || 2 || 39 || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{sort|1950|19.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/355107.html |title=Player profile: Neil Kruger |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|Swart}} | 2011 || 2014 || 12 || 197 || {{sort|0520|52}} || {{sort|1970|19.70}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0366|366}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|179|1/21}} || {{nts|102.00}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/308794.html |title=Player profile: Michael Swart |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ahsan|Malik|dab=cricketer||Jamil, Malik}} | 2011 || 2014 || 12 || 14 || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0471|471}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|362|3/38}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/518097.html |title=Player profile: Ahsan Malik |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinoo|Tewarie}} | 2011 || 2011 || 1 || 4 || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/414985.html |title=Player profile: Vinoo Tewarie |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stephan|Myburgh}} | 2011 || 2022 || 22 || 527 || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{sort|2635|26.35}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/233712.html |title=Player profile: Stephan Myburgh |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wilfred|Diepeveen}} | 2011 || 2011 || 1 || 6 || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/420341.html |title=Player profile: Wilfred Diepeveen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Timm|van der Gugten}} | 2012 || 2021 || 8 || 54 || {{sort|0490|49}} || {{sort|1350|13.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0324|324}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|576|5/24}} || {{nts|16.25}} || 1 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/333782.html |title=Player profile: Timm van der Gugten |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|van Meekeren}} | 2013 || 2021 || 7 || 36 || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|3600|36.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0294|294}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|262|2/28}} || {{nts|31.14}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/348109.html |title=Player profile: Paul van Meekeren |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|Rippon}} | 2013 || 2022 || 9 || 180 || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{sort|3000|30.00}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0402|402}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|463|4/37}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/380956.html |title=Player profile: Michael Rippon |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 59 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ben|Cooper|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2021 || 13 || 187 || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{sort|1870|18.70}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/470699.html |title=Player profile: Ben Cooper |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 60 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vivian|Kingma}} | 2014 || 2022 || 12 || 10 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|0250|2.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0576|576}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|36.23}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/416103.html |title=Player profile: Vivian Kingma |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 61 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bas|de Leede}} | 2018 || 2022 || 17 || 252 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{sort|1575|15.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0215|215}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|254|2/46}} || {{nts|51.00}} || 0 || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1036191.html |title=Player profile: Bas de Leede |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 62 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Scott|Edwards|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2022 || 19 || 478 || {{sort|0860|86}} || {{sort|2987|29.87}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 18 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1127317.html |title=Player profile: Scott Edwards |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 63 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fred|Klaassen}} | 2018 || 2022 || 13 || 53 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0757|7.57}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0732|732}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|377|3/23}} || {{nts|18.88}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1104703.html |title=Player profile: Fred Klaassen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 64 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shane|Snater}} | 2018 || 2018 || 2 || 22 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0071|71}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|159|1/41}} || {{nts|63.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/696143.html |title=Player profile: Shane Snater |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 65 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Daniel|ter Braak}} | 2018 || 2018 || 2 || 40 || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|2000|20.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/960035.html |title=Player profile: Daniel ter Braak |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 66 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Max|O'Dowd}} | 2019 || 2022 || 14 || 538 || {{sort|0890|89}} || {{sort|4483|44.83}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/643197.html |title=Player profile: Max O'Dowd |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 June 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 67 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roelof|van der Merwe}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Roelof van der Merwe]] also played 13 One Day International matches for [[List of South Africa ODI cricketers|South Africa]]. Only his record for [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] is mentioned above.}} | 2019 || 2021 || 3 || 57 || {{sort|0570|57}} || {{sort|5700|57.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|173|1/27}} || {{nts|62.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/47850.html |title=Player profile: Roelof van der Merwe |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 June 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 68 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tobias|Visee}} | 2019 || 2021 || 3 || 72 || {{sort|0410|41}} || {{sort|2400|24.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/420419.html |title=Player profile: Tobias Visee |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 June 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 69 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brandon|Glover}} | 2019 || 2022 || 8 || 29 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|1450|14.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0396|396}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|357|3/43}} || {{nts|47.75}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/595419.html |title=Player profile: Brandon Glover |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 June 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 70 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Saqib Zulfiqar}} | 2019 || 2022 || 7 || 70 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|187|1/13}} || {{nts|43.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/526481.html |title=Player profile: Saqib Zulfiqar |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 June 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 71 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aryan|Dutt}} | 2021 || 2022 || 8 || 34 || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0680|6.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0291|291}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|251|2/49}} || {{nts|34.14}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/526481.html |title=Player profile: Saqib Zulfiqar |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 May 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 72 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Logan|van Beek}} | 2021 || 2022 || 11 || 177 || {{sort|0330|32}} || {{sort|1966|19.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0572|572}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|444|4/56}} || {{nts|25.44}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/440522.html |title=Player profile: Logan van Beek |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 May 2021 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 73 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Philippe|Boissevain}} | 2021 || 2022 || 5 || 39 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|0780|7.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0219|219}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|261|2/39}} || {{nts|54.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1036197.html |title=Player profile: Philippe Boissevain |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 74 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Musa|Ahmed}} | 2021 || 2022 || 6 || 98 || {{sort|0420|42}} || {{sort|1633|16.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1184439.html |title=Player profile: Musa Ahmed |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 75 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Colin|Ackermann}} | 2021 || 2022 || 4 || 96 || {{sort|0810|81}} || {{sort|3200|32.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|190|1/10}} || {{nts|40.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/379774.html |title=Player profile: Colin Ackermann |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 76 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Boris|Gorlee}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || 29 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0966|9.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1036209.html |title=Player profile: Boris Gorlee |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 77 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|Klein}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || 12 || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0175|175}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|158|1/42}} || {{nts|86.00}} || 0 || 0 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/594996.html |title=Player profile: Ryan Klein |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 78 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clayton|Floyd}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || 4 || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|259|2/41}} || {{nts|19.33}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1200616.html |title=Player profile: Clayton Floyd |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 79 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vikramjit|Singh}} | 2022 || 2022 || 6 || 222 || {{sort|0540|54}} || {{sort|3700|37.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1153767.html |title=Player profile: Vikramjit Singh |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 80 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Teja|Nidamanuru}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || 70 || {{sort|0585|58*}} || {{sort|3500|35.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1129328.html |title=Player profile: Teja Nidamanuru |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 81 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shariz|Ahmad}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|172|1/28}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/1278252.html |title=Player profile: Shariz Ahmad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> |} ==Related pages== *[[One Day International]] *[[Netherlands national cricket team]] *[[List of Netherlands Twenty20 International cricketers]] *[[List of Netherlands first-class cricketers]] *[[Dutch national cricket captains]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] *[http://content.cricinfo.com/netherlands/content/player/caps.html?country=15;class=2 Cricinfo] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Netherlands ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Netherlands-related lists|ODI]] [[Category:Europe sport-related lists]] 3d7ezwenumkz8369s6zci5plc8j3dwf 0 934820 10330778 8267413 2025-06-14T20:02:49Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Namibian cricketers]]; added [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} '''''Zane Edward Green''''' was born [[11 October]], [[1996]] in [[Windhoek]]. He is a cricketer from [[Namibia]] who played 8 [[One-day International]]s and 16 [[Twenty20 International]]s. He is a wicket-keeper and left-handed batsman. ==Other websites== *{{cricketarchive|id=1382281}} *{{cricinfo|id=596664}} {{sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Green, Zane}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] [[Category:People from Windhoek]] jy8vgw582mw1nelrikz49bgemxhpsl2 0 934896 10331649 10200473 2025-06-15T09:11:28Z 193.5.232.52 /* History */ 10331649 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Kalise icecream logo.png|right|250px]] '''Grupo Kalise SA''' is a [[Spain|Spanish]] company specializing in the production of [[ice cream]] and other dairy and frozen products. Founded in 1960. One of the largest ice cream companies in Spain. == History == After [[World War II]], businessman Fernando Ponce Sintes founded La Estrella in 1950 on the island of [[Menorca]], aiming to bring ice cream and cakes to the island's restaurants. Five years later, in 1955, the company was renamed La Estrella to La Menorquina. By the mid-1950s, the company had entered into cooperation agreements with companies in [[Barcelona]]. In 1956, Synthes acquired the chocolate company La Tropical de Mahón, based in Mahon, founded in 1883, where Synthes worked as a pastry chef. [[Category:1960 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1960s establishments in Spain]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies of Spain]] [[Category:Food companies of Europe]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] [[Category:Ice cream brands]] fgt7nvxtdl77emxj9pchetsnsvaewe7 0 935071 10330746 8789367 2025-06-14T19:51:20Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Kenyan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup red links|list|date=February 2013}} This list includes all players from Kenya who have played at least one T20I match. ==Key== {| |- | style="vertical-align:top; width:26%;"| '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | style="vertical-align:top; width:25%;"| '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:25%;"| '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:24%;"| '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} ==List of players== ''Last updated 20 November 2021.''<ref name="apps">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/caps.html?country=26;class=3 Players / Kenya / T20I caps] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=26;type=team |title= Kenya / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=26;type=team |title= Kenya / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 May 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+Kenya T20I cricketers |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Rajesh|Bhudia}} | 2007 | 2007 | 3 | {{sort|0020|20}} | {{sort|0115|11*}} | {{sort|1000|10.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0044|44}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24773.html |title=Rajesh Bhudia |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Jadavji|Jesani}} | 2007 | 2007 | 1 | {{sort|0001|1}} | {{sort|0010|1}} | {{sort|0100|1.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/309207.html |title=Jadavji Jesani |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Jimmy|Kamande}} | 2007 | 2010 | 12 | {{sort|0083|83}} | {{sort|0420|42}} | {{sort|0922|9.22}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0206|206}} | {{sort|013|13}} | {{sort|3072|3/28}} | {{Number table sorting|16.30}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24697.html |title=Jimmy Kamande |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Tanmay|Mishra}} | 2007 | 2013 | 15 | {{sort|0227|227}} | {{sort|0380|38}} | {{sort|1513|15.13}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0030|30}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|3075|3/25}} | {{Number table sorting|11.00}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24790.html |title=Tanmay Mishra |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Collins|Obuya}}{{double-dagger}} | 2007 | 2021 | 41 | {{sort|0828|828}} | {{sort|0755|75*}} | {{sort|2670|26.70}} | 4 | 0 | {{sort|0362|362}} | {{sort|024|24}} | {{sort|4073|4/27}} | {{Number table sorting|16.95}} | 23 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24752.html |title=Collins Obuya |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|David|Obuya}}{{dagger}} | 2007 | 2012 | 10 | {{sort|0216|216}} | {{sort|0655|65*}} | {{sort|2700|27.00}} | 2 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 1 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24760.html |title=David Obuya |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Thomas|Odoyo}}{{double-dagger}} | 2007 | 2013 | 11 | {{sort|0095|95}} | {{sort|0220|22}} | {{sort|0950|9.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0216|216}} | {{sort|011|11}} | {{sort|3083|3/17}} | {{Number table sorting|15.45}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24705.html |title=Thomas Odoyo |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Peter|Ongondo}} | 2007 | 2008 | 8 | {{sort|0028|28}} | {{sort|0160|16}} | {{sort|0466|4.66}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0156|156}} | {{sort|005|5}} | {{sort|2082|2/18}} | {{Number table sorting|35.40}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24762.html |title=Peter Ongondo |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Lameck|Onyango}} | 2007 | 2010 | 5 | {{sort|0017|17}} | {{sort|0050|5}} | {{sort|0850|8.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0078|78}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2083|2/17}} | {{Number table sorting|32.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24711.html |title=Lameck Onyango |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 10 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Steve|Tikolo}}{{double-dagger}} | 2007 | 2013 | 15 | {{sort|0345|345}} | {{sort|0565|56*}} | {{sort|2875|28.75}} | 2 | 0 | {{sort|0170|170}} | {{sort|012|12}} | {{sort|4098|4/2}} | {{Number table sorting|14.00}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24728.html |title=Steve Tikolo |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 11 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Hiren|Varaiya}} | 2007 | 2013 | 25 | {{sort|0051|51}} | {{sort|0185|18*}} | {{sort|5100|51.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0464|464}} | {{sort|018|18}} | {{sort|2090|2/10}} | {{Number table sorting|25.61}} | 12 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/254114.html |title=Hiren Varaiya |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 12 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Alex|Obanda}} | 2007 | 2021 | 42 | {{sort|0724|724}} | {{sort|1035|103*}} | {{sort|2068|20.68}} | 1 | 1 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/291844.html |title=Alex Obanda |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 13 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Tony|Suji}} | 2007 | 2010 | 8 | {{sort|0015|15}} | {{sort|0070|7}} | {{sort|0500|5.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0097|97}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2077|2/23}} | {{Number table sorting|29.00}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24723.html |title=Tony Suji |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 14 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Nehemiah|Odhiambo}} | 2007 | 2021 | 36 | {{sort|0183|183}} | {{sort|0410|41}} | {{sort|0871|8.71}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0529|529}} | {{sort|026|26}} | {{sort|5080|5/20}} | {{Number table sorting|26.46}} | 8 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/238612.html |title=Nehemiah Odhiambo |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 15 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Morris|Ouma}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2007 | 2013 | 22 | {{sort|0127|127}} | {{sort|0190|19}} | {{sort|0705|7.05}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 8 | 5 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24750.html |title=Morris Ouma |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 16 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Ragheb|Aga}} | 2008 | 2013 | 20 | {{sort|0213|213}} | {{sort|0525|52*}} | {{sort|1331|13.31}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0288|288}} | {{sort|015|15}} | {{sort|3076|3/24}} | {{Number table sorting|20.40}} | 7 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24716.html |title=Ragheb Aga |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 17 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Kennedy|Otieno}} | 2008 | 2008 | 4 | {{sort|0074|74}} | {{sort|0400|40}} | {{sort|1850|18.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24714.html |title=Kennedy Otieno |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 18 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Rakep|Patel}} | 2008 | 2021 | 36 | {{sort|0672|672}} | {{sort|0625|62*}} | {{sort|2800|28.00}} | 4 | 0 | {{sort|0174|174}} | {{sort|009|9}} | {{sort|2083|2/17}} | {{Number table sorting|22.00}} | 19 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/267455.html |title=Rakep Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 19 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Shem|Ngoche}}{{double-dagger}} | 2010 | 2021 | 41 | {{sort|0226|226}} | {{sort|0415|41*}} | {{sort|1329|13.29}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0834|834}} | {{sort|049|49}} | {{sort|4086|4/14}} | {{Number table sorting|18.42}} | 14 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/308515.html |title=Shem Ngoche |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 20 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Nelson|Odhiambo}} | 2010 | 2021 | 23 | {{sort|0115|115}} | {{sort|0260|26}} | {{sort|1150|11.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0246|246}} | {{sort|011|11}} | {{sort|3070|3/30}} | {{Number table sorting|29.00}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/308418.html |title=Nelson Odhiambo |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 21 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Duncan|Allan}} | 2012 | 2013 | 10 | {{sort|0086|86}} | {{sort|0180|18}} | {{sort|0860|8.60}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0056|56}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2092|2/8}} | {{Number table sorting|20.50}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/472153.html |title=Duncan Allan |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 22 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|James|Ngoche}} | 2012 | 2013 | 7 | {{sort|0004|4}} | {{sort|0020|2}} | {{sort|0200|2.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0144|144}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2069|2/31}} | {{Number table sorting|35.00}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/308691.html |title=James Ngoche |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 23 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Elijah|Otieno}} | 2012 | 2021 | 25 | {{sort|0026|26}} | {{sort|0080|8}} | {{sort|0433|4.33}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0447|447}} | {{sort|025|25}} | {{sort|3084|3/16}} | {{Number table sorting|21.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/293031.html |title=Elijah Otieno |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 24 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Irfan|Karim}}{{dagger}} | 2013 | 2021 | 29 | {{sort|0566|566}} | {{sort|0715|71*}} | {{sort|2572|25.72}} | 5 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 26 | 11 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/348016.html |title=Irfan Karim |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 25 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Lucas|Oluoch}} | 2013 | 2019 | 10 | {{sort|0026|26}} | {{sort|0075|7*}} | {{sort|0866|8.66}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0174|174}} | {{sort|010|10}} | {{sort|3078|3/22}} | {{Number table sorting|20.90}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/440162.html |title=Lucas Oluoch |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 26 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Dhiren|Gondaria}} | 2013 | 2019 | 11 | {{sort|0199|199}} | {{sort|0855|85*}} | {{sort|2842|28.42}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/529349.html |title=Dhiren Gondaria |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 27 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Pushpak|Kerai}} | 2019 | 2019 | 6 | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0000|0.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0066|66}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|3085|3/15}} | {{Number table sorting|27.33}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1086099.html |title=Pushpak Derai |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 28 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Eugene|Ochieng}} | 2019 | 2021 | 8 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|0165|16*}} | {{Number table sorting|6.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0120|120}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|1093|1/7}} | {{Number table sorting|40.50}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/576980.html |title=Eugene Ochieng |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 29 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Sachin|Bhudia}} | 2019 | 2019 | 4 | {{sort|0004|4}} | {{sort|0030|3}} | {{sort|0200|2.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0054|54}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1094|1/6}} | {{Number table sorting|63.00}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1107656.html |title=Sachin Bhudia |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 May 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 30 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Jasraj|Kundi}} | 2019 | 2019 | 6 | {{sort|0009|9}} | {{sort|0060|6}} | {{sort|0225|2.25}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1107656.html |title=Jasraj Kundi |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 31 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Rushab|Patel}} | 2019 | 2021 | 15 | {{sort|0195|195}} | {{sort|0260|26}} | {{sort|1772|17.72}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|002|2}} | {{sort|2093|2/7}} | {{Number table sorting|3.50}} | 8 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/473378.html |title=Rushab Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=21 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 32 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Aman|Gandhi}} | 2019 | 2019 | 3 | {{sort|0085|86}} | {{sort|0500|50}} | {{sort|4300|43.00}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1107657.html |title=Aman Gandhi |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 33 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Emmanuel|Bundi}} | 2019 | 2021 | 13 | {{sort|0013|13}} | {{sort|0080|8}} | {{sort|0216|2.16}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0212|212}} | {{sort|014|14}} | {{sort|4084|4/16}} | {{Number table sorting|16.71}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/475816.html |title=Emmanuel Bundi |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=27 October 2019}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 34 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname||Gurdeep Singh|dab=cricketer}} | 2021 | 2021 | 10 | {{sort|0154|154}} | {{sort|0440|44}} | {{sort|1711|17.11}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0036|36}} | {{sort|002|2}} | {{sort|0284|2/16}} | {{Number table sorting|28.50}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/637496.html |title=Gurdeep Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 35 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Peter|Langat}} | 2021 | 2021 | 7 | {{sort|0002|2}} | {{sort|0025|2*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0068|68}} | {{sort|006|6}} | {{sort|2084|2/16}} | {{Number table sorting|14.83}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/578785.html |title=Peter Langat |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 36 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname||Zahid Abbas}} | 2021 | 2021 | 4 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|0090|9}} | {{sort|0600|6.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0042|42}} | {{sort|002|2}} | {{sort|1086|1/14}} | {{Number table sorting|23.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1276313.html |title=Zahid Abbas |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 37 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname||Vraj Patel}} | 2021 | 2021 | 8 | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0000|0.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0168|168}} | {{sort|012|12}} | {{sort|5088|5/12}} | {{Number table sorting|9.91}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1178080.html |title=Vraj Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 38 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Dominic|Wesonga}} | 2021 | 2021 | 3 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | – | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/315051.html |title=Dominic Wesonga |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | 39 ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| {{sortname|Sukhdeep|Singh|dab=cricketer}} | 2021 | 2021 | 5 | {{sort|0017|17}} | {{sort|0170|17}} | {{sort|1700|17.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/1107669.html |title=Sukhdeep Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=17 November 2021}}</ref> |} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenyan Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of African people|Kenya Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Kenya-related lists]] [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] 00n0yoq8w397ibyoqnjjjoxaoeubvp2 0 936914 10331230 9722431 2025-06-15T01:19:21Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Athlete]] 10331230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anatoly Arkadyevich Mikhaylov''' ({{lang-ru|Анатолий Аркадьевич Михайлов}}; 14 September [[1936]] – 13 June 2022) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[athlete]]. He competed mainly in the 110-metre [[hurdles]].<ref name="В среду, 15 июня, стало известно о смерти олимпийского чемпиона по легкой атлетике Анатолия Михайлова. Ему было 85 лет.">[https://topspb.tv/news/2022/06/15/ushel-iz-zhizni-olimpijskij-chempion-po-legkoj-atletike-anatolij-mihajlov/ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по легкой атлетике Анатолий Михайлов] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620195421/https://topspb.tv/news/2022/06/15/ushel-iz-zhizni-olimpijskij-chempion-po-legkoj-atletike-anatolij-mihajlov/ |date=2022-06-20 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> He competed for the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] in the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Tokyo, Japan]], where he won the [[bronze medal]]. Mikhaylov [[Death|died]] on 13 June 2022, aged 85.<ref>[https://topspb.tv/news/2022/06/15/ushel-iz-zhizni-olimpijskij-chempion-po-legkoj-atletike-anatolij-mihajlov/ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по легкой атлетике Анатолий Михайлов] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620195421/https://topspb.tv/news/2022/06/15/ushel-iz-zhizni-olimpijskij-chempion-po-legkoj-atletike-anatolij-mihajlov/ |date=2022-06-20 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mikhaylov, Anatoly}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Hurdlers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} eecfxcpz1ueg3d7gmzg60u5knagf86a 0 937822 10330579 9953365 2025-06-14T18:28:02Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 /* Coaches timeline */ 10330579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = Talent show | creator = [[John de Mol]] | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = [[Marley]] <br> [[Candelaria Molfese]] <br> Luli Fernandez | judges = {{Plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[Ricardo Montaner]] * [[Lali Espósito]] * [[Mau y Ricky]] * '''Former''' * [[Axel (singer)|Axel]] * [[José Luis Rodríguez (singer)|José Luis Rodríguez]] * [[Miranda!]] * [[Martina Stoessel|Tini Stoessel]] }} | voices = | narrated = | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country = Argentina | language = Spanish | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | editor = | location = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 90-120 min. | company = | network = [[Telefe]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2012|07|01|df=y}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|12|02|df=y}} | first_aired2 = {{Start date|2018|10|01|df=y}} | last_aired2 = present | related = [[The Voice (franchise)]] <br> [[The Voice (American TV series)|''The Voice'']] <br> ''[[The Voice of Holland]]'' <br> ''[[The Voice UK]]'' }} '''La Voz Argentina''' is a talent show broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It is the local adaptation of the international singing contest franchise [[The Voice]] that was created by the Dutch television producer John de Mol and had adaptations in various countries around the world. The program is produced by [[Telefe]] and the British company ITV Studios.<ref name=coaches>{{Cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/464541-Cee_Lo_Green_Adam_Levine_Named_Coaches_of_The_Voice_.php |title=Cee Lo Green, Adam Levine Named Coaches of 'The Voice'|date=February 28, 2011|last=Morabito|first=Andrea |work=Broadcasting & Cable|accessdate=April 2, 2011}}</ref> ==Seasons== [[Telefe]] has produced four editions of the program. ===Season 1=== The first season of the program premiered on Sunday, July 1, 2012. It ended on December 2, 2012 with Gustavo Corvalán, from the Soledad team, as the winner. ===Season 2=== The second season premiered in October 2018 and ended in December of the same year with Braulio Assanelli, from the team of Venezuelan [[Ricardo Montaner]], as the winner. ===Season 3=== In 2020, the third season was announced, which finally premiered on June 24, 2021 and ended on September 5, 2021, with Francisco Benítez, from the Soledad team, as the winner. ===Season 4=== In 2022, [[Telefe]] announced the production of a fourth season that premiered on June 5 of the same year. ==Format== '''La Voz''' finds the best voice in Argentina (although people from other countries can participate). To do this they must go through a series of stages that go from blind auditions to live shows, these have been changing or varying their dynamics throughout the seasons. ===Blind auditions=== In this first stage, the coaches have their backs to the participants and are guided only by their voice. ====Acceptance==== If the voice of the participant pleases the coaches, they will press the button ("I want your voice") that will turn their chair in front of them, to finally meet him/her and show that the participant has been selected. If more than one coach presses the button, the participant will have the option to decide with which of the coaches he/she wants in this competition. If only one coach presses the button, the participant automatically goes to his team. ====Failure==== If none of the coaches presses the button, it means that the participant is eliminated. ===Battles=== In the battles, each coach groups the members of his team into pairs, so that they face each other in a ring and sing the same song, thus showing their best vocal and artistic skills. At the end of each performance, only one of them advances to the next round. Beginning with the third season, at this stage each coach receives the opportunity for the «Stole», two in total, which allow them to save and incorporate into their teams contestants eliminated by other coaches during this round. In each season, each coach receives the help of invited mentors, who help him advise his participants to show off and perform well, providing their point of view to make the best decision for the team. ===Sing-Offs=== This stage was only included in the first season. During this, the nine participants who survived the battles will face a new elimination. Each coach will select their six best artists, who will qualify directly to the Live Shows. The remaining three will duel, singing the song that made them qualify for the "blind auditions". Two of them will be saved by their coach and will qualify for the next stage, so that each team will have one eliminated and eight artists who qualify. ===Knockouts=== This stage was added from the second season. During this round, a pair of contestants from the same team are selected to perform at the same time, but unlike battles, each contestant sings a song. At the end of both presentations, each coach selects one of them to advance to the next round. In this phase, each coach can steal participants who have lost in their Knockout, in the second edition there were two "steals" per coach and in the third only one. ===Playoffs=== In the Playoffs, participants perform in team rounds to once again prove their talent. ====Season 2==== In the second season, each coach had to save 2 participants (of the 8 in total), while the others went to vote by phone, SMS and/or digital platform, so that the public could save 2 more in this way. In this playoff, the coach is left with 4 participants. ====Season 3==== In the third edition the rules were changed, there was no telephone and/or digital platform vote, each coach saved 6 participants (of the 8 in total) and the remaining two were directly eliminated. ===Live shows=== In this last phase, each participant presents himself to the public (however, it is not broadcast live), showing musical performance in order to get more votes from the audience. Not only solo songs will be presented, but each participant will perform a duet with her coach or together with the other participants. One of the four finalists will be chosen as the winner. ===La Voz: «El Regreso» (The Return)=== In the third season, the program added a new competition phase already presented in other editions around the world called "El Regreso" which is exclusive to telefe.com and its digital platforms. Contestants who failed to turn a chair in the blind auditions and who have been eliminated in the battles and knockouts, have the opportunity to be selected by the fifth coach [[Emilia Mernes]] to face each other in different rounds and make it back to the competition. major. == Coaches timeline == {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Coach ! colspan="7"| Seasons |- ! width="60"| [[La Voz... Argentina (season 1)|1]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 2)|2]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 3)|3]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 4)|4]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 5)|5]] |- | style="background:pink"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad]] | colspan="5" bgcolor="pink"| |- | style="background:#ace1af"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Axel (singer)|Axel]] | colspan="2" bgcolor="#ace1af"| | colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#ccf"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Miranda!]] | colspan="1" bgcolor="#ccf"| | colspan="3" {{n/a|}} | colspan="1" bgcolor="#ccf"| |- | style="background:#ffe5b4"| | {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Jose Luis Rodriguez (singer)|Puma]] | colspan="1" bgcolor="#ffe5b4"| | colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#afeeee"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Montaner|Montaner]] | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} | colspan="3" bgcolor="#afeeee"| | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#dda0dd"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Martina Stoessel|Tini]] | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} | bgcolor="#dda0dd"| | colspan="3" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#fffa73"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lali Espósito|Lali]] | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} | colspan="3" bgcolor="#fffa73"| |- | style="background:#d7ead1"| | {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Mau y Ricky]] | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} | colspan="2" bgcolor="#d7ead1"| | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#d7ead1"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Mau y Ricky]] |- | colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Emilia Mernes|Emilia]] | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} | colspan="1" style="text-align:center"| {{abbr|C.S.|Comeback Stage}} | {{n/a|}} |- | colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[MYA]] | colspan="3" {{n/a|}} | colspan="1" style="text-align:center"| {{abbr|C.S.|Comeback Stage}} |} <gallery widths="180" heights="180" perrow="5" caption="Current coaches"> File:Ricardo-Montaner.jpg|[[Ricardo Montaner]] (2018–present) File:Soledad_(2018).jpg|[[Soledad Pastorutti]] (2012–present) File:Lalii en 2017.png|[[Lali Esposito]] (2021–present) File:Mau & Ricky Final.jpg|[[Mau y Ricky]] (2021–present) File:MYA en 2021.jpg| [[MYA]] (''Comeback Stage'', 2022–present) </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Telefe]] [[Category:Argentine reality television series]] iww8ll2h759z2lxu99um6vu9kdzmyxg 10330584 10330579 2025-06-14T18:31:11Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 /* Coaches timeline */ 10330584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = Talent show | creator = [[John de Mol]] | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = [[Marley]] <br> [[Candelaria Molfese]] <br> Luli Fernandez | judges = {{Plainlist| * '''Current''' * [[Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[Ricardo Montaner]] * [[Lali Espósito]] * [[Mau y Ricky]] * '''Former''' * [[Axel (singer)|Axel]] * [[José Luis Rodríguez (singer)|José Luis Rodríguez]] * [[Miranda!]] * [[Martina Stoessel|Tini Stoessel]] }} | voices = | narrated = | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country = Argentina | language = Spanish | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | editor = | location = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 90-120 min. | company = | network = [[Telefe]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2012|07|01|df=y}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|12|02|df=y}} | first_aired2 = {{Start date|2018|10|01|df=y}} | last_aired2 = present | related = [[The Voice (franchise)]] <br> [[The Voice (American TV series)|''The Voice'']] <br> ''[[The Voice of Holland]]'' <br> ''[[The Voice UK]]'' }} '''La Voz Argentina''' is a talent show broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It is the local adaptation of the international singing contest franchise [[The Voice]] that was created by the Dutch television producer John de Mol and had adaptations in various countries around the world. The program is produced by [[Telefe]] and the British company ITV Studios.<ref name=coaches>{{Cite web|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/464541-Cee_Lo_Green_Adam_Levine_Named_Coaches_of_The_Voice_.php |title=Cee Lo Green, Adam Levine Named Coaches of 'The Voice'|date=February 28, 2011|last=Morabito|first=Andrea |work=Broadcasting & Cable|accessdate=April 2, 2011}}</ref> ==Seasons== [[Telefe]] has produced four editions of the program. ===Season 1=== The first season of the program premiered on Sunday, July 1, 2012. It ended on December 2, 2012 with Gustavo Corvalán, from the Soledad team, as the winner. ===Season 2=== The second season premiered in October 2018 and ended in December of the same year with Braulio Assanelli, from the team of Venezuelan [[Ricardo Montaner]], as the winner. ===Season 3=== In 2020, the third season was announced, which finally premiered on June 24, 2021 and ended on September 5, 2021, with Francisco Benítez, from the Soledad team, as the winner. ===Season 4=== In 2022, [[Telefe]] announced the production of a fourth season that premiered on June 5 of the same year. ==Format== '''La Voz''' finds the best voice in Argentina (although people from other countries can participate). To do this they must go through a series of stages that go from blind auditions to live shows, these have been changing or varying their dynamics throughout the seasons. ===Blind auditions=== In this first stage, the coaches have their backs to the participants and are guided only by their voice. ====Acceptance==== If the voice of the participant pleases the coaches, they will press the button ("I want your voice") that will turn their chair in front of them, to finally meet him/her and show that the participant has been selected. If more than one coach presses the button, the participant will have the option to decide with which of the coaches he/she wants in this competition. If only one coach presses the button, the participant automatically goes to his team. ====Failure==== If none of the coaches presses the button, it means that the participant is eliminated. ===Battles=== In the battles, each coach groups the members of his team into pairs, so that they face each other in a ring and sing the same song, thus showing their best vocal and artistic skills. At the end of each performance, only one of them advances to the next round. Beginning with the third season, at this stage each coach receives the opportunity for the «Stole», two in total, which allow them to save and incorporate into their teams contestants eliminated by other coaches during this round. In each season, each coach receives the help of invited mentors, who help him advise his participants to show off and perform well, providing their point of view to make the best decision for the team. ===Sing-Offs=== This stage was only included in the first season. During this, the nine participants who survived the battles will face a new elimination. Each coach will select their six best artists, who will qualify directly to the Live Shows. The remaining three will duel, singing the song that made them qualify for the "blind auditions". Two of them will be saved by their coach and will qualify for the next stage, so that each team will have one eliminated and eight artists who qualify. ===Knockouts=== This stage was added from the second season. During this round, a pair of contestants from the same team are selected to perform at the same time, but unlike battles, each contestant sings a song. At the end of both presentations, each coach selects one of them to advance to the next round. In this phase, each coach can steal participants who have lost in their Knockout, in the second edition there were two "steals" per coach and in the third only one. ===Playoffs=== In the Playoffs, participants perform in team rounds to once again prove their talent. ====Season 2==== In the second season, each coach had to save 2 participants (of the 8 in total), while the others went to vote by phone, SMS and/or digital platform, so that the public could save 2 more in this way. In this playoff, the coach is left with 4 participants. ====Season 3==== In the third edition the rules were changed, there was no telephone and/or digital platform vote, each coach saved 6 participants (of the 8 in total) and the remaining two were directly eliminated. ===Live shows=== In this last phase, each participant presents himself to the public (however, it is not broadcast live), showing musical performance in order to get more votes from the audience. Not only solo songs will be presented, but each participant will perform a duet with her coach or together with the other participants. One of the four finalists will be chosen as the winner. ===La Voz: «El Regreso» (The Return)=== In the third season, the program added a new competition phase already presented in other editions around the world called "El Regreso" which is exclusive to telefe.com and its digital platforms. Contestants who failed to turn a chair in the blind auditions and who have been eliminated in the battles and knockouts, have the opportunity to be selected by the fifth coach [[Emilia Mernes]] to face each other in different rounds and make it back to the competition. major. == Coaches timeline == {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Coach ! colspan="7"| Seasons |- ! width="60"| [[La Voz... Argentina (season 1)|1]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 2)|2]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 3)|3]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 4)|4]] ! width="60"| [[La Voz Argentina (season 5)|5]] |- | style="background:pink"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad]] | colspan="5" bgcolor="pink"| |- | style="background:#ace1af"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Axel (singer)|Axel]] | colspan="2" bgcolor="#ace1af"| | colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#ccf"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Miranda!]] | colspan="1" bgcolor="#ccf"| | colspan="3" {{n/a|}} | colspan="1" bgcolor="#ccf"| |- | style="background:#ffe5b4"| | {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Jose Luis Rodriguez (singer)|Puma]] | colspan="1" bgcolor="#ffe5b4"| | colspan="4" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#afeeee"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Ricardo Montaner|Montaner]] | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} | colspan="3" bgcolor="#afeeee"| | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#dda0dd"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Martina Stoessel|Tini]] | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} | bgcolor="#dda0dd"| | colspan="3" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#fffa73"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Lali Espósito|Lali]] | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} | colspan="3" bgcolor="#fffa73"| |- | style="background:#d7ead1"| | {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Mau y Ricky]] | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} | colspan="2" bgcolor="#d7ead1"| | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} |- | style="background:#87ceeb"| | {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[:es:Luck Ra|Luck Ra]] | colspan="4" {{n/a|}} | bgcolor="#87ceeb"| |- | colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Emilia Mernes|Emilia]] | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} | colspan="1" style="text-align:center"| {{abbr|C.S.|Comeback Stage}} | colspan="2" {{n/a|}} |- | colspan="2"| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[:es:MYA|MYA]] | colspan="3" {{n/a|}} | colspan="1" style="text-align:center"| {{abbr|C.S.|Comeback Stage}} | colspan="1" {{n/a|}} |} <gallery widths="180" heights="180" perrow="5" caption="Current coaches"> File:Ricardo-Montaner.jpg|[[Ricardo Montaner]] (2018–present) File:Soledad_(2018).jpg|[[Soledad Pastorutti]] (2012–present) File:Lalii en 2017.png|[[Lali Esposito]] (2021–present) File:Mau & Ricky Final.jpg|[[Mau y Ricky]] (2021–present) File:MYA en 2021.jpg| [[MYA]] (''Comeback Stage'', 2022–present) </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Telefe]] [[Category:Argentine reality television series]] htps30q1yau4e8i0msofxl2v853hqwo 0 946542 10330348 10248683 2025-06-14T17:07:05Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox field hockey player |name=Terrance Pieters |image= |birth_date= 14 December 1996 |birth_place= |height= |position=Forward |currentclub=[[Kampong (field hockey club)|HC Kampong]] |years1= |clubs1= |years2= |clubs2= |nationalyears1= 2017- |nationalteam1=[[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherland national team]] |nationalcaps1=36 |nationalgoals1=7 |medaltemplates= }} '''Terrance Pieters''' (born 14 December [[1996]]) is a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[field hockey]] player who currently plays as a forward for [[Kampong (field hockey club)|Kampong]] and the [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherland national team]].<ref name=profile>{{Cite web|url=https://hockey.nl/held/terrance-pieters/|title=Terrance Pieters|work=hockey.nl|language=nl}}</ref><ref name=Helden>{{Cite news|title='Vroeger koos ik altijd de weg van de minste weestand' |work=[[Helden (magazine)]] (no 54)|date=January 2021|page=92-96|language=nl}}</ref> The Dutch Pieters is born on 14 December 1996 in the [[Netherlands]]. He has Surinamese roots and his grandparents still live in [[Suriname]]. Pieter moved to [[Almere]] when he was two years old. Pieters dreamed of an international [[Association football|football]] career, but started playing field hockey after his sister started playing field hockey. At [[high school]] his results were influences by his field hockey career, as exams were during a training of the national under-18 team. After graduating from high school he started studying Commercial [[Economics]] at the [[Johan Cruyff Academy]]. He stopped with his studies after he became a member of the [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherland national team]].<ref name=Helden /> He made his debut with the national team on 25 January 2017.<ref name=profile /> During his young career, he had experienced several times [[racism]]. During the [[Black Lives Matter]] discussions, he began to speak out against racism, and gave among others an interview about this with the Dutch national news paper [[de Volkskrant]].<ref name=Helden /><ref name=Volkskrant>{{Cite web|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/sport/terrance-pieters-over-racisme-in-het-hockey-het-is-klaar-nu-ik-durf-de-confrontatie-aan-te-gaan~bcc4e017/|title=Terrance Pieters over racisme in het hockey: ‘Het is klaar nu, ik durf de confrontatie aan te gaan’|work=[[de Volkskrant]]|date=16 June 2020|language=nl}}</ref> In 2019 he had a [[hamstring]] injury. He was one of the players of the national team that was not selected for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=Helden /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omroepflevoland.nl/sport/254868/hockeyer-terrance-pieters-terug-bij-oranje|title=Hockeyer Terrance Pieters terug bij Oranje|work=Omroep Flevoland|date=29 September 2021|language=nl}}</ref> His girlfriend is field hockey player [[Xan de Waard]].<ref name=Helden /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pieters, Terrance}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Dutch field hockey players]] {{Authority control}} neb8pvh7h2gqkitwbtq0ez2uopgycbf 2 947589 10329875 10329794 2025-06-14T12:43:20Z Immanuelle 1174418 10329875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[en:User:Immanuelle]] [[nl:User:Immanuelle]] {{Infobox philosopher|region={{ill|Western philosophy|en}}|era={{ill|21st-century philosophy|en}}|main_interests={{cslist | {{ill|Object-oriented ontology|en}} | {{ill|Philosophy of religion|en}} | {{ill|Transhumanism|en}} | {{ill|Syntheism|en}} }}|influences={{Flatlist}} <!-- Only add entries which are explained and cited in the body of the article (or cited here). Entries are sorted by birth year. --> * [[Wang Yangming]] * [[Motoori Norinaga]] * {{ill|Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov|en}} * {{ill|Mark Fisher|en}} * {{ill|John Vervaeke|en|Draft:John Vervaeke}}|name=Immanuelle Leonhart|image=Immanuelle.png|notable_ideas={{ill|User:Immanuelle/Catgirlism|Catgirlism|en}}}}Thank you so much for unblocking me! I will be very careful not to move bad pages into mainspace, I think I will try to focus on editing existing pages for a bit before I actually start moving my drafts to mainspace. But feel free to tell me if one of the drafts is good enough for it. Here are some drafts I have worked on. If you want to move them to mainspace please remove the [[Template:Interlanguage link|Interlanguage links]] to other pages in my userspace. I use them to organize the pages myself. Once they are in mainspace they are not needed. The links to other pages in english, japanese, or other languages are worth keeping though since this is correct usage of the template. [[File:Leonhart_Arms.svg|thumb]] ==Drafts moved to mainspace == * [[Izumo clan]] * [[Kasuga-taisha]] * [[Kamayama Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[List of Toki Pona words]] * [[Atsuta Shrine]] * [[Nanba Shrine]] * [[Nanba Yasaka Shrine]] * [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] ==Good drafts == === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] ==Less good drafts == === Completed drafts === These are drafts I think are for the most part done. * [[User:Immanuelle/List of Jingū|List of Jingū]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Shinto mirror|Shinto mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato Takeru|Yamato Takeru]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kashihara Shrine|Kashihara-jingū]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Joshua Norman Haldeman|Joshua Norman Haldeman]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)|Hikawa Shrine]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Frank Amodeo|Frank Amodeo]] === Information complete drafts === Drafts whose main issue is being too complicated, or improperly formatted, rather than not having enough sources. * [[User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru-no-kami|Isotakeru-no-kami]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Takeiwatatsu-no-Mikoto|Takeiwatatsu-no-Mikoto]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kii no Kuni no Miyatsuko|Kii no Kuni no Miyatsuko]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Yagi Shrine|Yagi Shrine]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Adachiyama Myokengu|Adachiyama Myokengu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kashii-gū|Kashii-gū]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Sarume clan|Sarume clan]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Urabe clan|Urabe clan]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Isagawa Shrine|Isagawa Shrine]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Tamakatsuma|Tamakatsuma]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kabeshima|Kabeshima]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mitsumine Shrine|Mitsumine Shrine]] == [[User:Immanuelle]] == Generated using [[xtools:pages/simple.wikipedia.org/Immanuelle/2/noredirects/live|XTools]] on 2025-05-30 22:50 === User === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! # ! Page title ! Date ! Original size ! Current size ! 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FDeep-Sea%20Prisoner Pageviews] |- | colspan="6" |Complex |- | 9 | [[User:Immanuelle/History of Shinto Shrines in Okinawa|History of Shinto Shrines in Okinawa]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9557223|2024-05-21 20:11]] | {{FORMATNUM:60037}} | {{FORMATNUM:55319}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Okinawa Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Okinawa?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/History of Shinto Shrines in Okinawa|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/History_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Okinawa Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory%20of%20Shinto%20Shrines%20in%20Okinawa Pageviews] |- | 10 | [[User:Immanuelle/Awashima-jinja|Awashima-jinja]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9554615|2024-05-20 07:36]] | {{FORMATNUM:4498}} | {{FORMATNUM:4562}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAwashima-jinja Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FChouannerie%20of%201832 Pageviews] |- | 51 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ian Miles Cheong|Ian Miles Cheong]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9488049|2024-04-17 06:15]] | {{FORMATNUM:25657}} | {{FORMATNUM:26141}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIan_Miles_Cheong Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIan_Miles_Cheong?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ian Miles Cheong|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ian_Miles_Cheong Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIan%20Miles%20Cheong Pageviews] |- | 101 | [[User:Immanuelle/Frank Amodeo|Frank Amodeo]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9438477|2024-03-25 18:00]] | {{FORMATNUM:6853}} | {{FORMATNUM:7641}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFrank_Amodeo Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKumano%20Gongen Pageviews] |- | 48 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ontogeny of Information|Ontogeny of Information]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9498383|2024-04-22 01:38]] | {{FORMATNUM:3303}} | {{FORMATNUM:3815}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOntogeny_of_Information Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOntogeny_of_Information?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ontogeny of Information|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ontogeny_of_Information Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOntogeny%20of%20Information Pageviews] |- | 36 | [[User:Immanuelle/History of Shinto Shrines in Hokkaido|History of Shinto Shrines in Hokkaido]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9512985|2024-04-29 03:21]] | {{FORMATNUM:3061}} | {{FORMATNUM:69107}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Hokkaido Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKawanami%20Gokoku%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | '''62''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|Yamato no Agoko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9471921|2024-04-10 18:03]] | {{FORMATNUM:21284}} | {{FORMATNUM:20489}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Agoko Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Agoko?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yamato_no_Agoko Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato%20no%20Agoko Pageviews] |- | '''63''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|Yamato no Tehiko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9471913|2024-04-10 17:57]] | {{FORMATNUM:14439}} | {{FORMATNUM:12766}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Tehiko Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato%20no%20Iotari Pageviews] |- | '''68''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Reisai|Reisai]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9466322|2024-04-07 17:53]] | {{FORMATNUM:33}} | {{FORMATNUM:4903}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReisai Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FReisai?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Reisai|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Reisai Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReisai Pageviews] |- | '''69''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Futsu-no-mitama|Futsu-no-mitama]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9465133|2024-04-07 03:27]] | {{FORMATNUM:4256}} | {{FORMATNUM:3558}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFutsu-no-mitama Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYoori Pageviews] |- | '''73''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Tsumori clan|Tsumori clan]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9456682|2024-04-03 00:49]] | {{FORMATNUM:3065}} | {{FORMATNUM:15569}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsumori_clan Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsumori_clan?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsumori clan|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Tsumori_clan Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsumori%20clan Pageviews] |- | '''74''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Bureau of Pharmacy|Bureau of Pharmacy]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9454170|2024-04-01 21:04]] | {{FORMATNUM:60990}} | {{FORMATNUM:15441}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FBureau_of_Pharmacy Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FJing%C5%AB%20calendar Pageviews] |- | '''76''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yin-Yang Bureau|Yin-Yang Bureau]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9454141|2024-04-01 20:57]] | {{FORMATNUM:60990}} | {{FORMATNUM:25971}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYin-Yang_Bureau Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYin-Yang_Bureau?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yin-Yang Bureau|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yin-Yang_Bureau Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYin-Yang%20Bureau Pageviews] |- | '''77''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Amenotokotachi|Amenotokotachi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9453934|2024-04-01 18:02]] | {{FORMATNUM:2967}} | {{FORMATNUM:2726}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmenotokotachi Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakeinadane Pageviews] |- | '''82''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple|Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9447428|2024-03-29 18:42]] | {{FORMATNUM:3490}} | {{FORMATNUM:11691}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFukagawa_Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D_Temple Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FFukagawa_Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D_Temple?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Fukagawa_Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D_Temple Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFukagawa%20Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D%20Temple Pageviews] |- | 86 | [[User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku|Utsushihikanasaku]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9444682|2024-03-28 15:18]] | {{FORMATNUM:7617}} | {{FORMATNUM:10381}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FUtsushihikanasaku Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHinumanai%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 90 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ikonahime no Mikoto Shrine|Ikonahime no Mikoto Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443656|2024-03-28 00:45]] | {{FORMATNUM:1861}} | {{FORMATNUM:8136}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkonahime_no_Mikoto_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkonahime_no_Mikoto_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ikonahime no Mikoto Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ikonahime_no_Mikoto_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkonahime%20no%20Mikoto%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 91 | [[User:Immanuelle/Oyama Afuri Shrine|Oyama Afuri Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443651|2024-03-28 00:42]] | {{FORMATNUM:811}} | {{FORMATNUM:6611}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOyama_Afuri_Shrine Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Gokoku%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 94 | [[User:Immanuelle/Koganeyama Shrine (Ishinomaki)|Koganeyama Shrine (Ishinomaki)]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443640|2024-03-28 00:32]] | {{FORMATNUM:1102}} | {{FORMATNUM:17295}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKoganeyama_Shrine_%28Ishinomaki%29 Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FKoganeyama_Shrine_%28Ishinomaki%29?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Koganeyama Shrine (Ishinomaki)|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Koganeyama_Shrine_%28Ishinomaki%29 Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKoganeyama%20Shrine%20%28Ishinomaki%29 Pageviews] |- | 95 | [[User:Immanuelle/Osugi Shrine|Osugi Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443622|2024-03-28 00:17]] | {{FORMATNUM:570}} | {{FORMATNUM:30952}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOsugi_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOsugi_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Osugi Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Osugi_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOsugi%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 96 | [[User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji Shrine|Nyakuichi Ōji Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443591|2024-03-28 00:04]] | {{FORMATNUM:50}} | {{FORMATNUM:16825}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi_%C5%8Cji_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi_%C5%8Cji_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Nyakuichi_%C5%8Cji_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi%20%C5%8Cji%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 97 | [[User:Immanuelle/Iseyama Kotai Shrine|Iseyama Kotai Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443580|2024-03-27 23:58]] | {{FORMATNUM:784}} | {{FORMATNUM:6857}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIseyama_Kotai_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIseyama_Kotai_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iseyama Kotai Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Iseyama_Kotai_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIseyama%20Kotai%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 99 | [[User:Immanuelle/Washio Atago Shrine|Washio Atago Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443332|2024-03-27 21:30]] | {{FORMATNUM:1561}} | {{FORMATNUM:5762}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FWashio_Atago_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FWashio_Atago_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Washio Atago Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Washio_Atago_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FWashio%20Atago%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 104 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ikagashikoo|Ikagashikoo]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9437371|2024-03-25 04:21]] | {{FORMATNUM:11689}} | {{FORMATNUM:6574}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkagashikoo Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkagashikoo?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ikagashikoo|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ikagashikoo Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkagashikoo Pageviews] |- | 105 | [[User:Immanuelle/Takehi-Nateru|Takehi-Nateru]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9436353|2024-03-24 17:35]] | {{FORMATNUM:2474}} | {{FORMATNUM:6374}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehi-Nateru Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehi-Nateru?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takehi-Nateru|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takehi-Nateru Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehi-Nateru Pageviews] |- | 107 | [[User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan|Yagi clan]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435321|2024-03-24 06:44]] | {{FORMATNUM:535}} | {{FORMATNUM:7492}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYagi_clan Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYagi_clan?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yagi_clan Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYagi%20clan Pageviews] |- | 108 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ōtataneko|Ōtataneko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435292|2024-03-24 06:13]] | {{FORMATNUM:10424}} | {{FORMATNUM:11800}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2F%C5%8Ctataneko Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2F%C5%8Ctataneko?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ōtataneko|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/%C5%8Ctataneko Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2F%C5%8Ctataneko Pageviews] |- | 109 | [[User:Immanuelle/Toyosukiiri-hime|Toyosukiiri-hime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435286|2024-03-24 06:06]] | {{FORMATNUM:6289}} | {{FORMATNUM:7036}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FToyosukiiri-hime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FToyosukiiri-hime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Toyosukiiri-hime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Toyosukiiri-hime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FToyosukiiri-hime Pageviews] |- | 110 | [[User:Immanuelle/Nunaki-iri-hime|Nunaki-iri-hime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435263|2024-03-24 05:53]] | {{FORMATNUM:6229}} | {{FORMATNUM:7434}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNunaki-iri-hime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FNunaki-iri-hime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Nunaki-iri-hime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Nunaki-iri-hime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNunaki-iri-hime Pageviews] |- | 111 | [[User:Immanuelle/Shitateruhime|Shitateruhime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435068|2024-03-24 03:46]] | {{FORMATNUM:1466}} | {{FORMATNUM:8948}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitateruhime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitateruhime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shitateruhime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Shitateruhime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitateruhime Pageviews] |- | 112 | [[User:Immanuelle/Tagitsuhime|Tagitsuhime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9434903|2024-03-24 01:31]] | {{FORMATNUM:430}} | {{FORMATNUM:3684}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTagitsuhime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTagitsuhime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tagitsuhime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Tagitsuhime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTagitsuhime Pageviews] |- | 113 | [[User:Immanuelle/Takiribime|Takiribime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9434902|2024-03-24 01:30]] | {{FORMATNUM:1022}} | {{FORMATNUM:3885}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakiribime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakiribime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takiribime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takiribime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakiribime Pageviews] |- | 114 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ichikishimahime|Ichikishimahime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9434857|2024-03-24 01:09]] | {{FORMATNUM:784}} | {{FORMATNUM:10149}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchikishimahime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchikishimahime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ichikishimahime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ichikishimahime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchikishimahime Pageviews] |- | 115 | [[User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|Saonetsuhiko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9429319|2024-03-21 20:48]] | {{FORMATNUM:1311}} | {{FORMATNUM:5512}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FSaonetsuhiko Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FSaonetsuhiko?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FSaonetsuhiko Pageviews] |- | 116 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|Ichishi no Nagaochi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9429317|2024-03-21 20:48]] | {{FORMATNUM:10467}} | {{FORMATNUM:11923}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchishi_no_Nagaochi Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchishi_no_Nagaochi?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ichishi_no_Nagaochi Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchishi%20no%20Nagaochi Pageviews] |- | 118 | [[User:Immanuelle/Munakata clan|Munakata clan]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424967|2024-03-19 23:13]] | {{FORMATNUM:1849}} | {{FORMATNUM:11374}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMunakata_clan Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMunakata_clan?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Munakata clan|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Munakata_clan Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMunakata%20clan Pageviews] |- | 119 | [[User:Immanuelle/Takehazuchi|Takehazuchi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424466|2024-03-19 18:34]] | {{FORMATNUM:5056}} | {{FORMATNUM:8575}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehazuchi Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehazuchi?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takehazuchi|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takehazuchi Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehazuchi Pageviews] |- | 120 | [[User:Immanuelle/Mikumari|Mikumari]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424464|2024-03-19 18:34]] | {{FORMATNUM:1125}} | {{FORMATNUM:4970}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMikumari Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMikumari?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Mikumari|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Mikumari Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMikumari Pageviews] |- | 121 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-torifune|Ame-no-torifune]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424463|2024-03-19 18:34]] | {{FORMATNUM:2353}} | {{FORMATNUM:8145}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAme-no-torifune Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAme-no-torifune?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-torifune|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ame-no-torifune Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAme-no-torifune Pageviews] |- | 125 | [[User:Immanuelle/Tenson-zoku|Tenson-zoku]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9423102|2024-03-19 02:47]] | {{FORMATNUM:3728}} | {{FORMATNUM:5827}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTenson-zoku Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTenson-zoku?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tenson-zoku|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Tenson-zoku Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTenson-zoku Pageviews] |- | 126 | [[User:Immanuelle/Amanomichine|Amanomichine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9423065|2024-03-19 02:28]] | {{FORMATNUM:3008}} | {{FORMATNUM:6262}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmanomichine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmanomichine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Amanomichine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Amanomichine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmanomichine Pageviews] |- | 133 | [[User:Immanuelle/Onominato Shrine|Onominato Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9383975|2024-02-28 02:08]] | {{FORMATNUM:46}} | {{FORMATNUM:4385}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOnominato_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOnominato_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Onominato Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Onominato_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOnominato%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 134 | [[User:Immanuelle/Logic of basho|Logic of basho]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9362651|2024-02-16 19:54]] | {{FORMATNUM:15416}} | {{FORMATNUM:23772}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FLogic_of_basho Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FLogic_of_basho?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Logic of basho|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Logic_of_basho Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FLogic%20of%20basho Pageviews] |- | colspan="6" |Unsorted |- | 28 | [[User:Immanuelle/Province of Sealand|Province of Sealand]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9529537|2024-05-06 20:07]] | {{FORMATNUM:2314}} | {{FORMATNUM:2354}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FProvince_of_Sealand Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FProvince_of_Sealand?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Province of Sealand|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Province_of_Sealand Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FProvince%20of%20Sealand Pageviews] |- | 33 | [[User:Immanuelle/Shitori Shrine (Tottori)|Shitori Shrine (Tottori)]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9519089|2024-05-02 04:44]] | {{FORMATNUM:8105}} | {{FORMATNUM:8994}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitori_Shrine_%28Tottori%29 Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitori_Shrine_%28Tottori%29?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shitori Shrine (Tottori)|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Shitori_Shrine_%28Tottori%29 Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitori%20Shrine%20%28Tottori%29 Pageviews] |- | 35 | [[User:Immanuelle/Religion and Music|Religion and Music]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9512996|2024-04-29 03:25]] | {{FORMATNUM:29400}} | {{FORMATNUM:30162}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReligion_and_Music Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FReligion_and_Music?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Religion and Music|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Religion_and_Music Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReligion%20and%20Music Pageviews] |- | 40 | [[User:Immanuelle/Challenge of Amaterasu and Susanoo|Challenge of Amaterasu and Susanoo]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9512793|2024-04-29 01:46]] | {{FORMATNUM:41597}} | {{FORMATNUM:45050}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FChallenge_of_Amaterasu_and_Susanoo Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FChallenge_of_Amaterasu_and_Susanoo?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Challenge of Amaterasu and Susanoo|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Challenge_of_Amaterasu_and_Susanoo Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FChallenge%20of%20Amaterasu%20and%20Susanoo Pageviews] |} ==How to convert a page from english to simple english== I am looking for a page which is something like a guide to converting an english page to a simple english page. It contains among other things a word choice software. Where is it? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:40, 26 January 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] I think you might be referring to [[Wikipedia:Aids for writing Simple English]] or [[Help:Translate English into Simple English]] or [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages]]. [[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] ([[User talk:Jolly1253|talk]]) 02:12, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] that was really helpful, I think it had the software I was looking for. But the page I was thinking of had a list of steps which I remember saying a lot of steps mentioning "show preview" [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:16, 26 January 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] Is it [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia]]? There is one step that states "Keep using preview to check that it looks like you want it to and that it reads well." [[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] ([[User talk:Jolly1253|talk]]) 02:29, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] yep that's the right one! Thank you! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 05:50, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ainftqhwhlsuxwh31kge1mu82tbpogi 10331085 10329875 2025-06-14T23:29:52Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Completed drafts */ 10331085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[en:User:Immanuelle]] [[nl:User:Immanuelle]] {{Infobox philosopher|region={{ill|Western philosophy|en}}|era={{ill|21st-century philosophy|en}}|main_interests={{cslist | {{ill|Object-oriented ontology|en}} | {{ill|Philosophy of religion|en}} | {{ill|Transhumanism|en}} | {{ill|Syntheism|en}} }}|influences={{Flatlist}} <!-- Only add entries which are explained and cited in the body of the article (or cited here). Entries are sorted by birth year. --> * [[Wang Yangming]] * [[Motoori Norinaga]] * {{ill|Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov|en}} * {{ill|Mark Fisher|en}} * {{ill|John Vervaeke|en|Draft:John Vervaeke}}|name=Immanuelle Leonhart|image=Immanuelle.png|notable_ideas={{ill|User:Immanuelle/Catgirlism|Catgirlism|en}}}}Thank you so much for unblocking me! I will be very careful not to move bad pages into mainspace, I think I will try to focus on editing existing pages for a bit before I actually start moving my drafts to mainspace. But feel free to tell me if one of the drafts is good enough for it. Here are some drafts I have worked on. If you want to move them to mainspace please remove the [[Template:Interlanguage link|Interlanguage links]] to other pages in my userspace. I use them to organize the pages myself. Once they are in mainspace they are not needed. The links to other pages in english, japanese, or other languages are worth keeping though since this is correct usage of the template. [[File:Leonhart_Arms.svg|thumb]] ==Drafts moved to mainspace == * [[Izumo clan]] * [[Kasuga-taisha]] * [[Kamayama Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[List of Toki Pona words]] * [[Atsuta Shrine]] * [[Nanba Shrine]] * [[Nanba Yasaka Shrine]] * [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] ==Good drafts == === Drafts I think are good enough to move to mainspace === I think these ones are all good to go. But I want to wait a bit to ensure that my intuition is correct., * [[User:Immanuelle/Amoghapasha|Amoghapasha]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|Thousand-armed Kannon]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Magatama|Magatama]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mozu Tombs|Mozu Tombs]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-no-Kami|Kasuga no Kami]] === Drafts I am working on === I feel confident about these ones but don't feel they are quire ready yet * [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-Oshikumone|Ame-no-Oshikumone]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Curved Array (Gouchen)|Curved Array (Gouchen)]] === Short completed drafts === I'm not really passionate about these drafts, but I made them when making other drafts. My concern is they might not establish notability with how small they are, and I may not have reviewed them as much as the ones I am more passionate about * [[User:Immanuelle/Bronze mirror|Bronze mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Reed bed|Reed bed]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kudzu|Kudzu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhism]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Constructed wetlands|Constructed wetlands]] ==Less good drafts == === Completed drafts === These are drafts I think are for the most part done. * [[User:Immanuelle/Shinto mirror|Shinto mirror]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato Takeru|Yamato Takeru]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kashihara Shrine|Kashihara-jingū]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Joshua Norman Haldeman|Joshua Norman Haldeman]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)|Hikawa Shrine]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Frank Amodeo|Frank Amodeo]] === Information complete drafts === Drafts whose main issue is being too complicated, or improperly formatted, rather than not having enough sources. * [[User:Immanuelle/Isotakeru-no-kami|Isotakeru-no-kami]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Takeiwatatsu-no-Mikoto|Takeiwatatsu-no-Mikoto]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kii no Kuni no Miyatsuko|Kii no Kuni no Miyatsuko]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Yagi Shrine|Yagi Shrine]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Adachiyama Myokengu|Adachiyama Myokengu]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kashii-gū|Kashii-gū]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Sarume clan|Sarume clan]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Urabe clan|Urabe clan]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Isagawa Shrine|Isagawa Shrine]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Tamakatsuma|Tamakatsuma]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Kabeshima|Kabeshima]] * [[User:Immanuelle/Mitsumine Shrine|Mitsumine Shrine]] == [[User:Immanuelle]] == Generated using [[xtools:pages/simple.wikipedia.org/Immanuelle/2/noredirects/live|XTools]] on 2025-05-30 22:50 === User === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! # ! Page title ! Date ! Original size ! Current size ! Links |- | colspan="6" |Unnecessary |- | colspan="6" |Simple |- | 102 | [[User:Immanuelle/Nigihayahi|Nigihayahi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9438287|2024-03-25 16:36]] | {{FORMATNUM:8186}} | {{FORMATNUM:7426}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNigihayahi Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FNigihayahi?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Nigihayahi|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Nigihayahi Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNigihayahi Pageviews] |- | '''11''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Kusanagi no Tsurugi|Kusanagi no Tsurugi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9552893|2024-05-19 08:00]] | {{FORMATNUM:5277}} | {{FORMATNUM:290}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKusanagi_no_Tsurugi Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FDeep-Sea%20Prisoner Pageviews] |- | colspan="6" |Complex |- | 9 | [[User:Immanuelle/History of Shinto Shrines in Okinawa|History of Shinto Shrines in Okinawa]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9557223|2024-05-21 20:11]] | {{FORMATNUM:60037}} | {{FORMATNUM:55319}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Okinawa Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Okinawa?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/History of Shinto Shrines in Okinawa|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/History_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Okinawa Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory%20of%20Shinto%20Shrines%20in%20Okinawa Pageviews] |- | 10 | [[User:Immanuelle/Awashima-jinja|Awashima-jinja]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9554615|2024-05-20 07:36]] | {{FORMATNUM:4498}} | {{FORMATNUM:4562}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAwashima-jinja Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FChouannerie%20of%201832 Pageviews] |- | 51 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ian Miles Cheong|Ian Miles Cheong]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9488049|2024-04-17 06:15]] | {{FORMATNUM:25657}} | {{FORMATNUM:26141}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIan_Miles_Cheong Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIan_Miles_Cheong?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ian Miles Cheong|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ian_Miles_Cheong Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIan%20Miles%20Cheong Pageviews] |- | 101 | [[User:Immanuelle/Frank Amodeo|Frank Amodeo]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9438477|2024-03-25 18:00]] | {{FORMATNUM:6853}} | {{FORMATNUM:7641}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFrank_Amodeo Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKumano%20Gongen Pageviews] |- | 48 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ontogeny of Information|Ontogeny of Information]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9498383|2024-04-22 01:38]] | {{FORMATNUM:3303}} | {{FORMATNUM:3815}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOntogeny_of_Information Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOntogeny_of_Information?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ontogeny of Information|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ontogeny_of_Information Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOntogeny%20of%20Information Pageviews] |- | 36 | [[User:Immanuelle/History of Shinto Shrines in Hokkaido|History of Shinto Shrines in Hokkaido]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9512985|2024-04-29 03:21]] | {{FORMATNUM:3061}} | {{FORMATNUM:69107}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHistory_of_Shinto_Shrines_in_Hokkaido Log] &middot; 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[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/H%C5%8Draiyama_Kofun Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FH%C5%8Draiyama%20Kofun Pageviews] |- | colspan="6" |History |- | '''53''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Shihohai|Shihohai]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9483040|2024-04-15 04:08]] | {{FORMATNUM:33018}} | {{FORMATNUM:26957}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShihohai Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShihohai?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shihohai|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Shihohai Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShihohai Pageviews] |- | '''54''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Jinaimachi|Jinaimachi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9478467|2024-04-13 05:28]] | {{FORMATNUM:2403}} | {{FORMATNUM:17399}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FJinaimachi Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FJinaimachi?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Jinaimachi|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Jinaimachi Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FJinaimachi Pageviews] |- | '''56''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Hayakitsuhiko and Hayakitsuhime|Hayakitsuhiko and Hayakitsuhime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9477646|2024-04-12 22:26]] | {{FORMATNUM:5270}} | {{FORMATNUM:5673}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHayakitsuhiko_and_Hayakitsuhime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FHayakitsuhiko_and_Hayakitsuhime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Hayakitsuhiko and Hayakitsuhime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Hayakitsuhiko_and_Hayakitsuhime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHayakitsuhiko%20and%20Hayakitsuhime Pageviews] |- | '''57''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Takakuraji|Takakuraji]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9475440|2024-04-12 03:08]] | {{FORMATNUM:5123}} | {{FORMATNUM:5098}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakakuraji Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakakuraji?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takakuraji|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takakuraji Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakakuraji Pageviews] |- | '''58''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji|Nyakuichi Ōji]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9474502|2024-04-11 20:30]] | {{FORMATNUM:182}} | {{FORMATNUM:5144}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi_%C5%8Cji Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi_%C5%8Cji?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Nyakuichi_%C5%8Cji Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi%20%C5%8Cji Pageviews] |- | '''60''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Kawaminami Gokoku Shrine|Kawaminami Gokoku Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9473218|2024-04-11 05:14]] | {{FORMATNUM:2856}} | {{FORMATNUM:12871}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKawanami_Gokoku_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FKawanami_Gokoku_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Kawanami Gokoku Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Kawanami_Gokoku_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKawanami%20Gokoku%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | '''62''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|Yamato no Agoko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9471921|2024-04-10 18:03]] | {{FORMATNUM:21284}} | {{FORMATNUM:20489}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Agoko Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Agoko?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yamato_no_Agoko Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato%20no%20Agoko Pageviews] |- | '''63''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|Yamato no Tehiko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9471913|2024-04-10 17:57]] | {{FORMATNUM:14439}} | {{FORMATNUM:12766}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Tehiko Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Tehiko?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yamato_no_Tehiko Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato%20no%20Tehiko Pageviews] |- | '''64''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|Yamato no Iotari]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9471897|2024-04-10 17:52]] | {{FORMATNUM:13834}} | {{FORMATNUM:11960}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Iotari Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato_no_Iotari?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yamato_no_Iotari Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYamato%20no%20Iotari Pageviews] |- | '''68''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Reisai|Reisai]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9466322|2024-04-07 17:53]] | {{FORMATNUM:33}} | {{FORMATNUM:4903}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReisai Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FReisai?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Reisai|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Reisai Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReisai Pageviews] |- | '''69''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Futsu-no-mitama|Futsu-no-mitama]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9465133|2024-04-07 03:27]] | {{FORMATNUM:4256}} | {{FORMATNUM:3558}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFutsu-no-mitama Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYoori Pageviews] |- | '''73''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Tsumori clan|Tsumori clan]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9456682|2024-04-03 00:49]] | {{FORMATNUM:3065}} | {{FORMATNUM:15569}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsumori_clan Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsumori_clan?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tsumori clan|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Tsumori_clan Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTsumori%20clan Pageviews] |- | '''74''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Bureau of Pharmacy|Bureau of Pharmacy]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9454170|2024-04-01 21:04]] | {{FORMATNUM:60990}} | {{FORMATNUM:15441}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FBureau_of_Pharmacy Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FBureau_of_Pharmacy?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Bureau of Pharmacy|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Bureau_of_Pharmacy Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FBureau%20of%20Pharmacy Pageviews] |- | '''75''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Jingū calendar|Jingū calendar]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9454150|2024-04-01 21:00]] | {{FORMATNUM:60990}} | {{FORMATNUM:8361}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FJing%C5%AB_calendar Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FJing%C5%AB_calendar?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Jingū calendar|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Jing%C5%AB_calendar Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FJing%C5%AB%20calendar Pageviews] |- | '''76''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Yin-Yang Bureau|Yin-Yang Bureau]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9454141|2024-04-01 20:57]] | {{FORMATNUM:60990}} | {{FORMATNUM:25971}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYin-Yang_Bureau Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FYin-Yang_Bureau?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Yin-Yang Bureau|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Yin-Yang_Bureau Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYin-Yang%20Bureau Pageviews] |- | '''77''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Amenotokotachi|Amenotokotachi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9453934|2024-04-01 18:02]] | {{FORMATNUM:2967}} | {{FORMATNUM:2726}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmenotokotachi Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmenotokotachi?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Amenotokotachi|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Amenotokotachi Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmenotokotachi Pageviews] |- | '''79''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Takeinadane|Takeinadane]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9450191|2024-03-30 21:04]] | {{FORMATNUM:5893}} | {{FORMATNUM:6637}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakeinadane Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakeinadane?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takeinadane|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takeinadane Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakeinadane Pageviews] |- | '''82''' | [[User:Immanuelle/Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple|Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9447428|2024-03-29 18:42]] | {{FORMATNUM:3490}} | {{FORMATNUM:11691}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFukagawa_Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D_Temple Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FFukagawa_Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D_Temple?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Fukagawa_Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D_Temple Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FFukagawa%20Fud%C5%8D-d%C5%8D%20Temple Pageviews] |- | 86 | [[User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku|Utsushihikanasaku]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9444682|2024-03-28 15:18]] | {{FORMATNUM:7617}} | {{FORMATNUM:10381}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FUtsushihikanasaku Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FUtsushihikanasaku?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FUtsushihikanasaku Pageviews] |- | 89 | [[User:Immanuelle/Hinumanai Shrine|Hinumanai Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443973|2024-03-28 03:26]] | {{FORMATNUM:3883}} | {{FORMATNUM:7441}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHinumanai_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FHinumanai_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Hinumanai Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Hinumanai_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FHinumanai%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 90 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ikonahime no Mikoto Shrine|Ikonahime no Mikoto Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443656|2024-03-28 00:45]] | {{FORMATNUM:1861}} | {{FORMATNUM:8136}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkonahime_no_Mikoto_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkonahime_no_Mikoto_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ikonahime no Mikoto Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ikonahime_no_Mikoto_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkonahime%20no%20Mikoto%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 91 | [[User:Immanuelle/Oyama Afuri Shrine|Oyama Afuri Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443651|2024-03-28 00:42]] | {{FORMATNUM:811}} | {{FORMATNUM:6611}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOyama_Afuri_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOyama_Afuri_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Oyama Afuri Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Oyama_Afuri_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOyama%20Afuri%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 92 | [[User:Immanuelle/Iki Gokoku Shrine|Iki Gokoku Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443646|2024-03-28 00:38]] | {{FORMATNUM:3371}} | {{FORMATNUM:7405}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Gokoku_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki_Gokoku_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Iki Gokoku Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Iki_Gokoku_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIki%20Gokoku%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 94 | [[User:Immanuelle/Koganeyama Shrine (Ishinomaki)|Koganeyama Shrine (Ishinomaki)]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443640|2024-03-28 00:32]] | {{FORMATNUM:1102}} | {{FORMATNUM:17295}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKoganeyama_Shrine_%28Ishinomaki%29 Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FKoganeyama_Shrine_%28Ishinomaki%29?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Koganeyama Shrine (Ishinomaki)|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Koganeyama_Shrine_%28Ishinomaki%29 Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FKoganeyama%20Shrine%20%28Ishinomaki%29 Pageviews] |- | 95 | [[User:Immanuelle/Osugi Shrine|Osugi Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443622|2024-03-28 00:17]] | {{FORMATNUM:570}} | {{FORMATNUM:30952}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOsugi_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOsugi_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Osugi Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Osugi_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOsugi%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 96 | [[User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji Shrine|Nyakuichi Ōji Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9443591|2024-03-28 00:04]] | {{FORMATNUM:50}} | {{FORMATNUM:16825}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi_%C5%8Cji_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FNyakuichi_%C5%8Cji_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Nyakuichi_%C5%8Cji_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIkagashikoo Pageviews] |- | 105 | [[User:Immanuelle/Takehi-Nateru|Takehi-Nateru]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9436353|2024-03-24 17:35]] | {{FORMATNUM:2474}} | {{FORMATNUM:6374}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehi-Nateru Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehi-Nateru?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takehi-Nateru|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takehi-Nateru Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehi-Nateru Pageviews] |- | 107 | [[User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan|Yagi clan]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435321|2024-03-24 06:44]] | {{FORMATNUM:535}} | {{FORMATNUM:7492}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FYagi_clan Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2F%C5%8Ctataneko Pageviews] |- | 109 | [[User:Immanuelle/Toyosukiiri-hime|Toyosukiiri-hime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435286|2024-03-24 06:06]] | {{FORMATNUM:6289}} | {{FORMATNUM:7036}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FToyosukiiri-hime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FToyosukiiri-hime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Toyosukiiri-hime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Toyosukiiri-hime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FToyosukiiri-hime Pageviews] |- | 110 | [[User:Immanuelle/Nunaki-iri-hime|Nunaki-iri-hime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9435263|2024-03-24 05:53]] | {{FORMATNUM:6229}} | {{FORMATNUM:7434}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FNunaki-iri-hime Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitateruhime Pageviews] |- | 112 | [[User:Immanuelle/Tagitsuhime|Tagitsuhime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9434903|2024-03-24 01:31]] | {{FORMATNUM:430}} | {{FORMATNUM:3684}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTagitsuhime Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTagitsuhime?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tagitsuhime|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Tagitsuhime Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTagitsuhime Pageviews] |- | 113 | [[User:Immanuelle/Takiribime|Takiribime]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9434902|2024-03-24 01:30]] | {{FORMATNUM:1022}} | {{FORMATNUM:3885}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakiribime Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchikishimahime Pageviews] |- | 115 | [[User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|Saonetsuhiko]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9429319|2024-03-21 20:48]] | {{FORMATNUM:1311}} | {{FORMATNUM:5512}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FSaonetsuhiko Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FSaonetsuhiko?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FSaonetsuhiko Pageviews] |- | 116 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|Ichishi no Nagaochi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9429317|2024-03-21 20:48]] | {{FORMATNUM:10467}} | {{FORMATNUM:11923}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FIchishi_no_Nagaochi Log] &middot; 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[https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMunakata%20clan Pageviews] |- | 119 | [[User:Immanuelle/Takehazuchi|Takehazuchi]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424466|2024-03-19 18:34]] | {{FORMATNUM:5056}} | {{FORMATNUM:8575}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehazuchi Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehazuchi?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Takehazuchi|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Takehazuchi Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTakehazuchi Pageviews] |- | 120 | [[User:Immanuelle/Mikumari|Mikumari]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424464|2024-03-19 18:34]] | {{FORMATNUM:1125}} | {{FORMATNUM:4970}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMikumari Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FMikumari?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Mikumari|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Mikumari Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FMikumari Pageviews] |- | 121 | [[User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-torifune|Ame-no-torifune]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9424463|2024-03-19 18:34]] | {{FORMATNUM:2353}} | {{FORMATNUM:8145}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAme-no-torifune Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAme-no-torifune?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Ame-no-torifune|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Ame-no-torifune Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAme-no-torifune Pageviews] |- | 125 | [[User:Immanuelle/Tenson-zoku|Tenson-zoku]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9423102|2024-03-19 02:47]] | {{FORMATNUM:3728}} | {{FORMATNUM:5827}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTenson-zoku Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FTenson-zoku?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Tenson-zoku|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Tenson-zoku Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FTenson-zoku Pageviews] |- | 126 | [[User:Immanuelle/Amanomichine|Amanomichine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9423065|2024-03-19 02:28]] | {{FORMATNUM:3008}} | {{FORMATNUM:6262}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmanomichine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmanomichine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Amanomichine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Amanomichine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FAmanomichine Pageviews] |- | 133 | [[User:Immanuelle/Onominato Shrine|Onominato Shrine]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9383975|2024-02-28 02:08]] | {{FORMATNUM:46}} | {{FORMATNUM:4385}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOnominato_Shrine Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FOnominato_Shrine?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Onominato Shrine|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Onominato_Shrine Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FOnominato%20Shrine Pageviews] |- | 134 | [[User:Immanuelle/Logic of basho|Logic of basho]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9362651|2024-02-16 19:54]] | {{FORMATNUM:15416}} | {{FORMATNUM:23772}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FLogic_of_basho Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FLogic_of_basho?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Logic of basho|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Logic_of_basho Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FLogic%20of%20basho Pageviews] |- | colspan="6" |Unsorted |- | 28 | [[User:Immanuelle/Province of Sealand|Province of Sealand]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9529537|2024-05-06 20:07]] | {{FORMATNUM:2314}} | {{FORMATNUM:2354}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FProvince_of_Sealand Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FProvince_of_Sealand?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Province of Sealand|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Province_of_Sealand Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FProvince%20of%20Sealand Pageviews] |- | 33 | [[User:Immanuelle/Shitori Shrine (Tottori)|Shitori Shrine (Tottori)]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9519089|2024-05-02 04:44]] | {{FORMATNUM:8105}} | {{FORMATNUM:8994}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitori_Shrine_%28Tottori%29 Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitori_Shrine_%28Tottori%29?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Shitori Shrine (Tottori)|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Shitori_Shrine_%28Tottori%29 Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FShitori%20Shrine%20%28Tottori%29 Pageviews] |- | 35 | [[User:Immanuelle/Religion and Music|Religion and Music]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9512996|2024-04-29 03:25]] | {{FORMATNUM:29400}} | {{FORMATNUM:30162}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReligion_and_Music Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FReligion_and_Music?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Religion and Music|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Religion_and_Music Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FReligion%20and%20Music Pageviews] |- | 40 | [[User:Immanuelle/Challenge of Amaterasu and Susanoo|Challenge of Amaterasu and Susanoo]] | [[Special:PermaLink/9512793|2024-04-29 01:46]] | {{FORMATNUM:41597}} | {{FORMATNUM:45050}} | [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=User%3AImmanuelle%2FChallenge_of_Amaterasu_and_Susanoo Log] &middot; [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AImmanuelle%2FChallenge_of_Amaterasu_and_Susanoo?action=history History] &middot; [[xtools:pageinfo/simple.wikipedia.org/User:Immanuelle/Challenge of Amaterasu and Susanoo|Page History]] &middot; [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/topedits?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;username=Immanuelle&amp;namespace=2&amp;page=Immanuelle/Challenge_of_Amaterasu_and_Susanoo Top Edits] &middot; [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=simple.wikipedia.org&amp;pages=User%3AImmanuelle%2FChallenge%20of%20Amaterasu%20and%20Susanoo Pageviews] |} ==How to convert a page from english to simple english== I am looking for a page which is something like a guide to converting an english page to a simple english page. It contains among other things a word choice software. Where is it? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:40, 26 January 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] I think you might be referring to [[Wikipedia:Aids for writing Simple English]] or [[Help:Translate English into Simple English]] or [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages]]. [[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] ([[User talk:Jolly1253|talk]]) 02:12, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] that was really helpful, I think it had the software I was looking for. But the page I was thinking of had a list of steps which I remember saying a lot of steps mentioning "show preview" [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:16, 26 January 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] Is it [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia]]? There is one step that states "Keep using preview to check that it looks like you want it to and that it reads well." [[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] ([[User talk:Jolly1253|talk]]) 02:29, 26 January 2024 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] yep that's the right one! Thank you! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 05:50, 26 January 2024 (UTC) 1g1nmxzt14ikvs4bjq9btrowfzubk5x 3 947592 10330391 10329567 2025-06-14T17:19:32Z Auntof6 22027 /* Templates */ new section 10330391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Immanuelle/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }}{{Talk header}} <p style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#FCF434 0%,#FCF434 25%, #FCFCFC 25%,#FCFCFC 50%, #9C59D1 50%,#9C59D1 75%, #2C2C2C 75%,#2C2C2C 100%);padding-bottom:8px;position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:1"></p> == Asking for assistance == Hi Sir @[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]], can you give me some advice on creating or adding a topic? What should I consider to ensure that my contribution does not offend others? Thank you in advance for your answer Sir. [[User:Portstl|Portstl]] ([[User talk:Portstl|talk]]) 03:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == My "oops" == Sorry for misspelling your name earlier! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|talk]]) 02:42, 18 February 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletions == You are creating a lot of work for the admins (who are volunteers) by asking for a lot of QDs. I have deleted over 100 so far. Please don't create articles in your user space only to then ask for them to be deleted. Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your volunteering and I apologize. I was attempting to clean up my many user pages that I made without good reason for doing so. I will try to avoid this from now on. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Minor edits == You are making dozens of minor edits, sometimes 2-3 a minute, on the same pages in your user space. Can you please make them in one big edit or spread these edits out? You're flooding recent changes with it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:31, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == There is a discussion about your possible [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard?rcid=25400076#Unblock_discussion_for_User:Immanuelle unblock] happening. Thanks, [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:09, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi Immanuelle, based on the linked discussion, I have unblocked you. Please remember to only publish pages on mainspace once you think they are ready for it. In some cases, you can also use {{template|in use}} template if you are making a major changes to a page. Thank you for being patient and happy editing. :) --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Welcome back! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] thank you so much. I appreciate this very much and will be sure to be especially careful now! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::by the way which of the drafts did you say were good drafts to move to mainspace? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:48, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Template:Myōken Faith== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Template:Myōken Faith]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:Myōken Faith}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Templates == Hi, Immanuelle. I was just looking at some of the things you've moved from your userspace. Please clean up them up before or immediately after moving them. For example, [[:Template:Oki Shrines]] has the following issues: *The See Also section links to things in userspace. If those templates have been moved to template space, please update the names. Otherwise, remove them. *A "See Also" section should actually be "Related pages" or "Related templates" *Apparently the draft categories template is meant only for articles, because it's displaying text here. Please remove that template, leaving just the categories. *It has a redlinked category that should be removed or created. *It has interwikis coded in it. Please remove them. The one for enwiki doesn't even exist, and the one for simple doesn't belong there once the template is live. I haven't looked at everything, but I imagine these issues apply to other things you moved as well. When you move a page, please look at it afterward to see if things like this show up. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) scwyi0e5suo0r4p5gqoavbewd08mrpw 10331051 10330391 2025-06-14T23:10:02Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Templates */ Reply 10331051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Immanuelle/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }}{{Talk header}} <p style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#FCF434 0%,#FCF434 25%, #FCFCFC 25%,#FCFCFC 50%, #9C59D1 50%,#9C59D1 75%, #2C2C2C 75%,#2C2C2C 100%);padding-bottom:8px;position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:1"></p> == Asking for assistance == Hi Sir @[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]], can you give me some advice on creating or adding a topic? What should I consider to ensure that my contribution does not offend others? Thank you in advance for your answer Sir. [[User:Portstl|Portstl]] ([[User talk:Portstl|talk]]) 03:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == My "oops" == Sorry for misspelling your name earlier! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|talk]]) 02:42, 18 February 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletions == You are creating a lot of work for the admins (who are volunteers) by asking for a lot of QDs. I have deleted over 100 so far. Please don't create articles in your user space only to then ask for them to be deleted. Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your volunteering and I apologize. I was attempting to clean up my many user pages that I made without good reason for doing so. I will try to avoid this from now on. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Minor edits == You are making dozens of minor edits, sometimes 2-3 a minute, on the same pages in your user space. Can you please make them in one big edit or spread these edits out? You're flooding recent changes with it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:31, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == There is a discussion about your possible [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard?rcid=25400076#Unblock_discussion_for_User:Immanuelle unblock] happening. Thanks, [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:09, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi Immanuelle, based on the linked discussion, I have unblocked you. Please remember to only publish pages on mainspace once you think they are ready for it. In some cases, you can also use {{template|in use}} template if you are making a major changes to a page. Thank you for being patient and happy editing. :) --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Welcome back! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] thank you so much. I appreciate this very much and will be sure to be especially careful now! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::by the way which of the drafts did you say were good drafts to move to mainspace? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:48, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Template:Myōken Faith== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Template:Myōken Faith]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:Myōken Faith}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Templates == Hi, Immanuelle. I was just looking at some of the things you've moved from your userspace. Please clean up them up before or immediately after moving them. For example, [[:Template:Oki Shrines]] has the following issues: *The See Also section links to things in userspace. If those templates have been moved to template space, please update the names. Otherwise, remove them. *A "See Also" section should actually be "Related pages" or "Related templates" *Apparently the draft categories template is meant only for articles, because it's displaying text here. Please remove that template, leaving just the categories. *It has a redlinked category that should be removed or created. *It has interwikis coded in it. Please remove them. The one for enwiki doesn't even exist, and the one for simple doesn't belong there once the template is live. I haven't looked at everything, but I imagine these issues apply to other things you moved as well. When you move a page, please look at it afterward to see if things like this show up. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I fixed them. I didn't move anything else but [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] since I felt that template moving was gonna be less controversial than page moving. :* [[Template:Oki Shrines]] :* [[Template:Iki_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Tsushima_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Atsuta_Faith]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 3vectdp1s3an0pp8lbodqirj9tspxdr 10331364 10331051 2025-06-15T02:55:49Z Auntof6 22027 /* Templates */ Reply 10331364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Immanuelle/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }}{{Talk header}} <p style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#FCF434 0%,#FCF434 25%, #FCFCFC 25%,#FCFCFC 50%, #9C59D1 50%,#9C59D1 75%, #2C2C2C 75%,#2C2C2C 100%);padding-bottom:8px;position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:1"></p> == Asking for assistance == Hi Sir @[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]], can you give me some advice on creating or adding a topic? What should I consider to ensure that my contribution does not offend others? Thank you in advance for your answer Sir. [[User:Portstl|Portstl]] ([[User talk:Portstl|talk]]) 03:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == My "oops" == Sorry for misspelling your name earlier! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|talk]]) 02:42, 18 February 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletions == You are creating a lot of work for the admins (who are volunteers) by asking for a lot of QDs. I have deleted over 100 so far. Please don't create articles in your user space only to then ask for them to be deleted. Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your volunteering and I apologize. I was attempting to clean up my many user pages that I made without good reason for doing so. I will try to avoid this from now on. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Minor edits == You are making dozens of minor edits, sometimes 2-3 a minute, on the same pages in your user space. Can you please make them in one big edit or spread these edits out? You're flooding recent changes with it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:31, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == There is a discussion about your possible [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard?rcid=25400076#Unblock_discussion_for_User:Immanuelle unblock] happening. Thanks, [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:09, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi Immanuelle, based on the linked discussion, I have unblocked you. Please remember to only publish pages on mainspace once you think they are ready for it. In some cases, you can also use {{template|in use}} template if you are making a major changes to a page. Thank you for being patient and happy editing. :) --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Welcome back! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] thank you so much. I appreciate this very much and will be sure to be especially careful now! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::by the way which of the drafts did you say were good drafts to move to mainspace? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:48, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Template:Myōken Faith== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Template:Myōken Faith]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:Myōken Faith}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Templates == Hi, Immanuelle. I was just looking at some of the things you've moved from your userspace. Please clean up them up before or immediately after moving them. For example, [[:Template:Oki Shrines]] has the following issues: *The See Also section links to things in userspace. If those templates have been moved to template space, please update the names. Otherwise, remove them. *A "See Also" section should actually be "Related pages" or "Related templates" *Apparently the draft categories template is meant only for articles, because it's displaying text here. Please remove that template, leaving just the categories. *It has a redlinked category that should be removed or created. *It has interwikis coded in it. Please remove them. The one for enwiki doesn't even exist, and the one for simple doesn't belong there once the template is live. I haven't looked at everything, but I imagine these issues apply to other things you moved as well. When you move a page, please look at it afterward to see if things like this show up. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I fixed them. I didn't move anything else but [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] since I felt that template moving was gonna be less controversial than page moving. :* [[Template:Oki Shrines]] :* [[Template:Iki_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Tsushima_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Atsuta_Faith]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I still see an interwiki in [[Template:Oki Shrines]]. ::There are redlinked categories in [[Template:Oki Shrines]] and [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]]. ::Would you consider shrinking the image in [[Template:Atsuta Faith]] so that there isn't as much white space? ::Lastly, you can remove the {{tl|Ill}} template from navbox templates. The purpose of a navbox is to navigate between articles that are here on this wiki, so they don't need links to other sites. ::Other than those things, they look good! Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:55, 15 June 2025 (UTC) bxn512v8q0m1mwfo1pf0jxxirue2hfn 10331455 10331364 2025-06-15T05:00:44Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 30 days) to [[User talk:Immanuelle/Archive 1]] 10331455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Immanuelle/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }}{{Talk header}} <p style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#FCF434 0%,#FCF434 25%, #FCFCFC 25%,#FCFCFC 50%, #9C59D1 50%,#9C59D1 75%, #2C2C2C 75%,#2C2C2C 100%);padding-bottom:8px;position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:1"></p> == Quick deletions == You are creating a lot of work for the admins (who are volunteers) by asking for a lot of QDs. I have deleted over 100 so far. Please don't create articles in your user space only to then ask for them to be deleted. Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your volunteering and I apologize. I was attempting to clean up my many user pages that I made without good reason for doing so. I will try to avoid this from now on. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Minor edits == You are making dozens of minor edits, sometimes 2-3 a minute, on the same pages in your user space. Can you please make them in one big edit or spread these edits out? You're flooding recent changes with it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:31, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == There is a discussion about your possible [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard?rcid=25400076#Unblock_discussion_for_User:Immanuelle unblock] happening. Thanks, [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:09, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi Immanuelle, based on the linked discussion, I have unblocked you. Please remember to only publish pages on mainspace once you think they are ready for it. In some cases, you can also use {{template|in use}} template if you are making a major changes to a page. Thank you for being patient and happy editing. :) --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Welcome back! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] thank you so much. I appreciate this very much and will be sure to be especially careful now! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::by the way which of the drafts did you say were good drafts to move to mainspace? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:48, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion of Template:Myōken Faith == [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Template:Myōken Faith]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:Myōken Faith}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Templates == Hi, Immanuelle. I was just looking at some of the things you've moved from your userspace. Please clean up them up before or immediately after moving them. For example, [[:Template:Oki Shrines]] has the following issues: *The See Also section links to things in userspace. If those templates have been moved to template space, please update the names. Otherwise, remove them. *A "See Also" section should actually be "Related pages" or "Related templates" *Apparently the draft categories template is meant only for articles, because it's displaying text here. Please remove that template, leaving just the categories. *It has a redlinked category that should be removed or created. *It has interwikis coded in it. Please remove them. The one for enwiki doesn't even exist, and the one for simple doesn't belong there once the template is live. I haven't looked at everything, but I imagine these issues apply to other things you moved as well. When you move a page, please look at it afterward to see if things like this show up. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I fixed them. I didn't move anything else but [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] since I felt that template moving was gonna be less controversial than page moving. :* [[Template:Oki Shrines]] :* [[Template:Iki_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Tsushima_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Atsuta_Faith]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I still see an interwiki in [[Template:Oki Shrines]]. ::There are redlinked categories in [[Template:Oki Shrines]] and [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]]. ::Would you consider shrinking the image in [[Template:Atsuta Faith]] so that there isn't as much white space? ::Lastly, you can remove the {{tl|Ill}} template from navbox templates. The purpose of a navbox is to navigate between articles that are here on this wiki, so they don't need links to other sites. ::Other than those things, they look good! Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:55, 15 June 2025 (UTC) p6o8jyhyupy4epaaryu6rc3ch2g67rz 10331498 10331455 2025-06-15T05:41:48Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Templates */ Reply 10331498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Immanuelle/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }}{{Talk header}} <p style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#FCF434 0%,#FCF434 25%, #FCFCFC 25%,#FCFCFC 50%, #9C59D1 50%,#9C59D1 75%, #2C2C2C 75%,#2C2C2C 100%);padding-bottom:8px;position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:1"></p> == Quick deletions == You are creating a lot of work for the admins (who are volunteers) by asking for a lot of QDs. I have deleted over 100 so far. Please don't create articles in your user space only to then ask for them to be deleted. Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your volunteering and I apologize. I was attempting to clean up my many user pages that I made without good reason for doing so. I will try to avoid this from now on. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Minor edits == You are making dozens of minor edits, sometimes 2-3 a minute, on the same pages in your user space. Can you please make them in one big edit or spread these edits out? You're flooding recent changes with it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:31, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == There is a discussion about your possible [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard?rcid=25400076#Unblock_discussion_for_User:Immanuelle unblock] happening. Thanks, [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:09, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi Immanuelle, based on the linked discussion, I have unblocked you. Please remember to only publish pages on mainspace once you think they are ready for it. In some cases, you can also use {{template|in use}} template if you are making a major changes to a page. Thank you for being patient and happy editing. :) --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Welcome back! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] thank you so much. I appreciate this very much and will be sure to be especially careful now! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::by the way which of the drafts did you say were good drafts to move to mainspace? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:48, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion of Template:Myōken Faith == [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Template:Myōken Faith]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:Myōken Faith}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Templates == Hi, Immanuelle. I was just looking at some of the things you've moved from your userspace. Please clean up them up before or immediately after moving them. For example, [[:Template:Oki Shrines]] has the following issues: *The See Also section links to things in userspace. If those templates have been moved to template space, please update the names. Otherwise, remove them. *A "See Also" section should actually be "Related pages" or "Related templates" *Apparently the draft categories template is meant only for articles, because it's displaying text here. Please remove that template, leaving just the categories. *It has a redlinked category that should be removed or created. *It has interwikis coded in it. Please remove them. The one for enwiki doesn't even exist, and the one for simple doesn't belong there once the template is live. I haven't looked at everything, but I imagine these issues apply to other things you moved as well. When you move a page, please look at it afterward to see if things like this show up. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I fixed them. I didn't move anything else but [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] since I felt that template moving was gonna be less controversial than page moving. :* [[Template:Oki Shrines]] :* [[Template:Iki_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Tsushima_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Atsuta_Faith]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I still see an interwiki in [[Template:Oki Shrines]]. ::There are redlinked categories in [[Template:Oki Shrines]] and [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]]. ::Would you consider shrinking the image in [[Template:Atsuta Faith]] so that there isn't as much white space? ::Lastly, you can remove the {{tl|Ill}} template from navbox templates. The purpose of a navbox is to navigate between articles that are here on this wiki, so they don't need links to other sites. ::Other than those things, they look good! Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:55, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::Apologies again for getting that wrong. But they are resolved now. But I do have a question about ills with wikidata on them. For situations where something is easily confused but has a clear wikidata is that the right thing to do? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 05:41, 15 June 2025 (UTC) cmm80dubi9qiups27kbjcycgh64a4a9 10331663 10331498 2025-06-15T09:26:25Z Auntof6 22027 /* Templates */ Reply 10331663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:Immanuelle/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |maxarchivesize = 250K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }}{{Talk header}} <p style="background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#FCF434 0%,#FCF434 25%, #FCFCFC 25%,#FCFCFC 50%, #9C59D1 50%,#9C59D1 75%, #2C2C2C 75%,#2C2C2C 100%);padding-bottom:8px;position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;margin:0;z-index:1"></p> == Quick deletions == You are creating a lot of work for the admins (who are volunteers) by asking for a lot of QDs. I have deleted over 100 so far. Please don't create articles in your user space only to then ask for them to be deleted. Thank you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your volunteering and I apologize. I was attempting to clean up my many user pages that I made without good reason for doing so. I will try to avoid this from now on. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Minor edits == You are making dozens of minor edits, sometimes 2-3 a minute, on the same pages in your user space. Can you please make them in one big edit or spread these edits out? You're flooding recent changes with it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:31, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == There is a discussion about your possible [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard?rcid=25400076#Unblock_discussion_for_User:Immanuelle unblock] happening. Thanks, [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:09, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi Immanuelle, based on the linked discussion, I have unblocked you. Please remember to only publish pages on mainspace once you think they are ready for it. In some cases, you can also use {{template|in use}} template if you are making a major changes to a page. Thank you for being patient and happy editing. :) --[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 01:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Welcome back! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]]@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] thank you so much. I appreciate this very much and will be sure to be especially careful now! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::by the way which of the drafts did you say were good drafts to move to mainspace? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:48, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion of Template:Myōken Faith == [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Template:Myōken Faith]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Template:Myōken Faith}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Templates == Hi, Immanuelle. I was just looking at some of the things you've moved from your userspace. Please clean up them up before or immediately after moving them. For example, [[:Template:Oki Shrines]] has the following issues: *The See Also section links to things in userspace. If those templates have been moved to template space, please update the names. Otherwise, remove them. *A "See Also" section should actually be "Related pages" or "Related templates" *Apparently the draft categories template is meant only for articles, because it's displaying text here. Please remove that template, leaving just the categories. *It has a redlinked category that should be removed or created. *It has interwikis coded in it. Please remove them. The one for enwiki doesn't even exist, and the one for simple doesn't belong there once the template is live. I haven't looked at everything, but I imagine these issues apply to other things you moved as well. When you move a page, please look at it afterward to see if things like this show up. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :I fixed them. I didn't move anything else but [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]] since I felt that template moving was gonna be less controversial than page moving. :* [[Template:Oki Shrines]] :* [[Template:Iki_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Tsushima_Shrines]] :* [[Template:Atsuta_Faith]] :[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::I still see an interwiki in [[Template:Oki Shrines]]. ::There are redlinked categories in [[Template:Oki Shrines]] and [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]]. ::Would you consider shrinking the image in [[Template:Atsuta Faith]] so that there isn't as much white space? ::Lastly, you can remove the {{tl|Ill}} template from navbox templates. The purpose of a navbox is to navigate between articles that are here on this wiki, so they don't need links to other sites. ::Other than those things, they look good! Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:55, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::Apologies again for getting that wrong. But they are resolved now. But I do have a question about ills with wikidata on them. For situations where something is easily confused but has a clear wikidata is that the right thing to do? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 05:41, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::{{tl|Ill}} isn't meant to link to Wikidata. It's meant to link to Wikipedias. So, no, it isn't the right thing to do. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 09:26, 15 June 2025 (UTC) fda8ki78miwg0m2pj1ylnikk73jxkd0 0 951211 10330293 9667548 2025-06-14T16:48:23Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Boy Vogelzang | birth_name = | fullname = | nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]] | birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1995|9|17|df=y}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | height = | weight = | website = | residence = [[Gouda, Netherlands]] | sport = [[Ju-jitsu]] | event = | collegeteam = | club = Den Edel Gouda | team = | turnedpro = | retired = | highestranking = | show-medals = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Men's [[Ju-jitsu]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{NED}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[World Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Ju-jitsu at the 2017 World Games|2017 Wrocław]]|-69 kg}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[Ju-jitsu at the 2022 World Games|2022 Birmingham]]|-77 kg}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[Ju-jitsu at the 2022 World Games|2022 Birmingham]]|Mixed team}} {{Medal|Competition|World Championships}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championships|2014 Paris]]|-69 kg}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2015 Ju-Jitsu World Championships|2015 Bangkok]]|-69 kg}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 Ju-Jitsu World Championships|2019 Abu Dhabi]]|-77 kg}} }} [[File:52219026991 8b8ded77f0 o.48e93c8562d1.jpg|thumb|Bronze medal for Boy Vogelzang (-77 kg)]] '''Boy Vogelzang''' (born 17 September 1995) is a Dutch [[martial arts]] fighter. He represents the Netherlands in [[ju-jitsu]] at international competitions. Vogelzang won the bronze medal in at the [[2014 Ju-Jitsu World Championships]]. He became World Games champion at the [[2017 World Games]] in the -69 kg category. Ahead of the [[2017 Ju-Jitsu World Championships]] Vogelzang sustained an injury at the German Open Grand Slam. He couldn't compete for almost a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ad.nl/gouda/jiujitsuka-boy-vogelzang-mag-een-jaar-lang-niet-op-de-mat~ae24de64/ |title=Jiujitsuka Boy Vogelzang mag een jaar lang niet op de mat|work= [[Algemeen Dagblad]]|date=8 March 2018|access-date=31 July 2022|language=nl}}</ref> When his injury was over, he won the Balkan Open in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ad.nl/gouda/jiujitsuka-boy-vogelzang-wint-goud-bij-balkan-open-droomrentree~aeb3d6ec/ |title=Jiujitsuka Boy Vogelzang wint goud bij Balkan Open: 'Droomrentree'|work= [[Algemeen Dagblad]]|date=24 September 2018|access-date=31 July 2022|language=nl}}</ref> He competed at the [[2022 World Games]], winning individually the bronze medal in the -77 category and another bronze medal in the mixed team event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ad.nl/regiosport-groene-hart/op-de-world-games-gaan-leden-van-den-edel-voor-hoogst-haalbare-enige-plak-waar-ik-voor-ga-is-de-gouden~a445bfc0/ |title=Op de World Games gaan leden van Den Edel voor hoogst haalbare: ‘Enige plak waar ik voor ga is de gouden’|work= [[Algemeen Dagblad]]|date=7 July 2022|access-date=31 July 2022|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jbn.nl/nieuws/vier-jiujitsukas-naar-world-games-2022 |title=Vier jiujitsuka’s naar World Games 2022.|work= Judo Bond Nederland|date=3 January 2022|access-date=31 July 2022|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ju-jitsu Results Book|url=https://swog2022.sportresult.com/hide/en/Pdf/GetResultbookPdf?filename=Ju-Jitsu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717113941/https://swog2022.sportresult.com/hide/en/Pdf/GetResultbookPdf?filename=Ju-Jitsu.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2022|access-date=18 July 2022|website=2022 World Games}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vogelzang, Boy}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Dutch martial artists]] {{-}} {{sport-bio-stub}} 5jnfbgt58g1mt5fi0slhdri0vrq9owq 0 952975 10331447 8692187 2025-06-15T04:47:01Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331447 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Indian Foreign Service''' ('''IFS''') is the [[Diplomatic service|diplomatic]] and [[Civil Services of India|civil service]]. It is under the jurisdiction Ministry of External Affairs, [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Foreign Service – Backgroud|url=https://cseplus.nic.in/Home/DisplayPDF?streamId=PCsUnEplvZihdzEe8FEMf40O/FxVDw92BoPRoFRxiqzdEbJvsI1XnHs7incjxsXVnO2VFN2W2TU3StF0ITklBFgneKxNxWaqGE0dWl6xI+2VL0HPHUAM9hv8A3DwnRDK|access-date=22 June 2022|website=cseplus.nic.in|publisher=CSE Plus}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Foreign Secretary is the head of the service. The service, consisting of civil servants is entrusted with handling the foreign relations of India. It provides consular services and to mark India's presence in international organizations.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web|title=MEA – About MEA : Indian Foreign Service|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/indian-foreign-service.htm|access-date=2 April 2018|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> It is the body of career [[Diplomat|diplomats]] serving in more than 180 Indian diplomatic missions and international organizations around the world. In addition, they serve at the [[President of India|President's Secretariat]], the Prime Minister's Office and at the headquarters of MEA in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 July 2014|title=Singla appointed PS to PM Narendra Modi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-ps-to-pm-narendra-modi/article1-1242668.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721105817/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-ps-to-pm-narendra-modi/article1-1242668.aspx|archive-date=21 July 2014|access-date=2 April 2018|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> They also head Regional Passport Offices throughout the country and hold positions in several ministries on deputation. Post-retirement, Indian Foreign Service officers have held high offices including that of [[K. R. Narayanan|President]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Vice President]], Governors of States, [[Meira Kumar|Speaker of Lok Sabha]] and Cabinet ministers. == Sources == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website|http://mea.gov.in/indian-foreign-service.htm|name=Official website within the Ministry of External Affairs}} * [http://fsi.mea.gov.in/ Official website of Foreign Service Institute India] [[Category:Government of India]] i5eq7x78gcesniky3tsienapjeq4359 0 955596 10331227 10297367 2025-06-15T01:18:42Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 2 links to disambiguation pages - [[Decision]], [[Detention]] 10331227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Andrew Tate | image = Andrew Tate on 'Anything Goes With James English' in 2021.jpg | alt = A bald man with a beard and sunglasses smiles at something off-camera. | caption = Tate in 2021 | birth_name = Emory Andrew Tate III | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|12|1}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rishika |date=December 30, 2022 |title=Why Romanian authorities have arrested controversial celebrity Andrew Tate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/why-romania-arrested-andrew-tate-explained-8352043/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |publication-place=New Delhi |quote=''Who is Andrew Tate?''}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --> | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Media personality|kickboxer}} | years_active = 2006–2022 | net_worth = 100,000,000,000,000 | mother = [[Eileen Tate]] | father = [[Emory Tate]] | website = {{Official URL}} | module = {{Infobox martial artist|embed=yes | image = | fighting_out_of = {{plainlist| * [[Luton]], England * [[Bucharest]], Romania }} | height = {{height|ft=6|in=3|precision=1}} | weight = {{convert|198|lb|kg st|abbr=on}} | weight_class = {{plainlist| * [[Cruiserweight (boxing)#Kickboxing|Cruiserweight]] * [[Light heavyweight#Kickboxing|Light heavyweight]] }} | reach = | style = | stance = Southpaw | team = Storm Gym | kickbox_win = 76 | kickbox_kowin = 23{{efn|name=KOnote|The count of wins by knockout is incomplete, based on [https://www.ledauphine.com/sport/2013/03/11/la-prise-de-tate this report] and subsequent documented fights.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Ruel |first=Daniel |date=March 11, 2013 |title=La prise de Tate |work=Le Dauphiné |url=https://www.ledauphine.com/sport/2013/03/11/la-prise-de-tate |url-status=live |access-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002202120/https://www.ledauphine.com/sport/2013/03/11/la-prise-de-tate |archive-date=October 2, 2022}}</ref>}} | kickbox_loss = 9 | kickbox_draw = | kickbox_nc = | mma_kowin = 1 | mma_subwin = | mma_decwin = 1 | mma_koloss = | mma_subloss = | mma_decloss = 1 | mma_draw = | mma_nc = | trainer = | rank = | years_active = | updated = }} }} '''Emory Andrew Tate III''' (born [[December]] 1, 1986) is an former professional [[Kickboxing|kickboxer]] [[Internet|and an Internet]] personality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cobratate {{!}} About|url=https://www.cobratate.com/bio|access-date=2022-08-30|website=www.cobratate.com|archive-date=2022-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803073857/https://www.cobratate.com/bio|url-status=dead}}</ref> He started a [[website]] that offers courses on getting rich. He gained popularity on [[TikTok]], [[YouTube]], and other social media for his videos and streams where he shows off his lifestyle, and discusses things including [[masculinity]], manhood, and the [[sigma male]] mindset. His views have been described as [[misogyny]] by many people. == Early life == Andrew Tate was born on December 1, 1986,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sherdog.com|title=Andrew|url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Andrew-Tate-62149|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Sherdog|language=en}}</ref> in [[Washington, D.C.]], United States. He grew up in [[Luton]], [[Bedfordshire]], [[England]]. His father, Emory Andrew Tate II, was an [[Chess master titles|International Master (IM)]] of [[chess]]. He first learned to play chess when he was five years old.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-08-30|title=Chess family strives to keep pressures of game in check|pages=9|work=The South Bend Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108090691/chess-family-strives-to-keep-pressures/|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> He learned to play chess at the age of five and competed in adult tournaments as a child.<ref name="chess2">{{cite news |last= Bornstein |first=Lisa |date=August 30, 1993 |title=Chess family strives to keep pressures of game in check |page=9 |work= South Bend Tribune |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108090691/chess-family-strives-to-keep-pressures/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822153250/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108090691/chess-family-strives-to-keep-pressures/ |archive-date=August 22, 2022 |via= Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-04|title='Emroy Tate was Absolutely a Trailblazer for African-American Chess': Andrew Tate's Father Once Received Ultimate Praise from Grandmaster Maurice Ashley|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/boxing-news-emery-tate-was-absolutely-a-trailblazer-for-african-american-chess-andrew-tates-father-once-received-ultimate-praise-from-grandmaster-maurice-ashley/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=EssentiallySports}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-12|title=Tate on the rise - Luton Today|url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/tate-on-the-rise-1-1033788|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812212438/http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/sport/tate-on-the-rise-1-1033788|archive-date=2017-08-12|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> == Career == === Kickboxing === Tate has been into martial arts and boxing since 2005. While he was working as a television advertising salesman, he won the 2009 ISKA Full Contact Cruiserweight title in [[Derby]], England. Although he had won 17 of his 19 professional fights, he was regarded as the best fighter in his division in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tate|first=Andrew|date=2024-07-11|title=Andrew Tate Net Worth, Age, Height, Lifestyle, Wallpapers|url=https://andrewtatequotes.net/andrew-tate-net-worth/|access-date=2025-02-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Tate won his first ISKA title after defeating Jean-Luc Benoit in a rematch. In 2013, he defended his title against Jean-Luc Benoit in [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corby|first=Donagh|date=2022-07-30|title=Jake Paul vs Andrew Tate tale of the tape after kickboxer's fight call-out|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/boxing/jake-paul-vs-andrew-tate-27599886|access-date=2022-08-30|website=mirror|language=en}}</ref> He became the second ISKA world champion to hold titles in two different weight divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-06|title=Kickboxing: Tate becomes a two time world champion {{!}} Luton on Sunday|url=http://www.luton-dunstable.co.uk/Kickboxing-Tate-time-world-champion/story-21708233-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206060947/http://www.luton-dunstable.co.uk/Kickboxing-Tate-time-world-champion/story-21708233-detail/story.html|archive-date=2014-12-06|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> He competed in mixed martial arts for a couple of years before eventually calling it quits due to injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Freehill|first=Damia|title=How did Andrew Tate earn his nickname 'Cobra'?|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pro-boxing/news-how-andrew-tate-earn-nickname-cobra|access-date=2022-08-30|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Footage emerges of Andrew Tate getting knocked out during kickboxing bout|url=https://www.joe.co.uk/life/footage-andrew-tate-knocked-out-kickboxing-354799|access-date=2022-08-30|website=JOE.co.uk|date=19 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * 2005: He wins the International Sport Karate Association (ISKA) Full Contact Cruiserweight championship. * 2009: Tate begins his professional kickboxing career after beating Paul Randall at the International Sport Karate Association. * 2010: Tate launches his webcam services business allowing clients to pay to interact with women. * 2013: He wins his second ISKA world title in a 12-round match, held in Châteaurenard, France. '''Major Championships and Titles Won [https://themingmedia.com/andrew-tates-net-worth-from-kickboxing-champion-to-2023-controversies/ 46]{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''' * British Cruiserweight Championship: This was one of his first big titles. It showed everyone he was a top kickboxer. * English Full-Contact Cruiserweight Championship: He won this soon after, proving again his skills in the sport. * World Full-Contact Light Heavyweight Championship: This was a big deal because it was a world title. It meant he was one of the best globally. * Enfusion Live World Championship: Another big win for Andrew, showing his strength and talent. === Big Brother === In 2016, while he was a guest on [[Big Brother 15 (American season)|Big Brother]], he was criticized for his [[racist]] and [[homophobic]] comments on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Ben|date=2016-06-09|title=Big Brother's Andrew Tate revealed to have made homophobic and racist comments on Twitter|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a797166/big-brothers-andrew-tate-revealed-to-have-made-homophobic-and-racist-comments-on-twitter/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Digital Spy|language=en-GB}}</ref> After the release of a video that showed him assaulting a woman with a belt, he was removed from the show.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-01|title=Andrew Tate is removed from Big Brother 2016|website=[[Digital Spy]] |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a797667/big-brother-2016-andrew-tate-removed-from-house/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801231431/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/reality-tv/a797667/big-brother-2016-andrew-tate-removed-from-house/|archive-date=2022-08-01|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> He and the woman in question later said that the actions in the video were consensual.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-06-14|title=Andrew removed from Big Brother House over outside activities|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-36524693|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref> During his time on the show, he had only been there for six days.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Twitter ignored its own rules to verify kickboxer banned from the site|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/twitter-andrew-tate-raped-verify-kickboxer-b1996239.html|access-date=2022-08-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> === Website === Tate's website claims that he used to run a [[webcam]] [[studio]] using his girlfriend as an employee. In [[Romania]], he and his brother started a business that sells sob stories using webcam girls. Tate runs a website called Hustler's University, called now The Real World, which provides monthly membership fees to individuals who want to receive [[education]] on various subjects, such as [[cryptocurrency]] [[trading]] and [[dropshipping]].<!-- Until August 2022, members were able to receive substantial commissions for recruiting others through an [[affiliate marketing]] program. Following July 2022, Tate has since stated that only certain members are allowed to obtain affiliate links and that people do in fact profit from his advice.--><ref name="independent.co.uk"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nast|first=Condé|date=2022-08-15|title=How Andrew Tate built an army of lonely, angry men|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/andrew-tate-tiktok-fame-men-2022|access-date=2022-08-30|website=British GQ|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Social media == Tate became known for his tweets about the [[sexual abuse]] committed by [[Harvey Weinstein]]. He also said that those who suffered from [[sexual harassment]] should share the blame for their actions. In 2017, he made a statement about [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]] that was widely [[criticized]]. Tate's accounts were suspended multiple times. In 2021, one of his accounts was mistakenly verified by Twitter, which he had made to avoid his previous ban. The account was then permanently deleted.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> Twitter said that the mistake was made due to an error,<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-06|title=Inside the violent, misogynistic world of TikTok's new star, Andrew Tate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/aug/06/andrew-tate-violent-misogynistic-world-of-tiktok-new-star|access-date=2022-08-30|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> and the account had been promoted with a link.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harvey-Jenner|first=Catriona|date=2017-09-12|title=Man on Twitter who claimed depression 'isn't real' got absolutely schooled|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/reports/a12226460/man-twitter-claims-depression-not-real-backlash/|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Cosmopolitan|language=en-GB}}</ref> Tate was first known as a [[far-right]] figure online due to his appearances on various [[right-wing]] sites including [[InfoWars]] and Jack Posobiec.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TikTok and Meta ban self-described misogynist Andrew Tate|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/08/21/andrew-tate-tiktok-instagram/|access-date=2022-08-30|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> He was described by The Independent's Rabbil Sikdar as a [[cult]]-like figure who is known for his [[Antifeminism|anti-feminist]] views. Tate has called himself a misogynist and a sexist in a satirical sense while also stating that he believes that men must provide for and protect women. A popular counter argument to this claim is a video which resurfaced which depicts Tate saying that he would hit a woman with a [[machete]], however he continually states that the context was of a woman attacking him with a machete and him defending himself. The White Ribbon Campaign, which is an [[organization]] that fights against male-on-male violence, considers his statements to be extremely misogynistic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-16|title=Opinion: Why are so many British Muslims getting seduced by Andrew Tate?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/andrew-tate-background-muslims-britain-tiktok-b2145982.html|access-date=2022-08-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Hope Not Hate, an activist group that fights against [[fascism]] and [[racism]], criticized Tate's [[social media]] presence,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waters|first=Seren Morris, Lowenna|date=2022-08-22|title=Who is Andrew Tate and why has he been banned from Facebook and Instagram?|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/who-is-andrew-tate-how-did-he-get-famous-kickboxer-big-brother-tiktok-videos-facebook-instagram-ban-b1017782.html|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Evening Standard|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923220258/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/who-is-andrew-tate-how-did-he-get-famous-kickboxer-big-brother-tiktok-videos-facebook-instagram-ban-b1017782.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> saying it could encourage the far-right audience to follow him. In response, Tate noted that his content mainly focuses on teaching his followers how to avoid being toxic and low-value individuals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bushard|first=Brian|title=Ex-Kickboxer/Influencer Andrew Tate Banned By Instagram And Facebook As TikTok Investigating Sexist Content|language=en|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2022/08/19/now-tiktok-investigating-ex-kickboxerinfluencer-andrew-tate-after-instagram-and-facebook-banned-him/?sh=3ca8e63823c8|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web|title=The internet can't stop talking about Andrew Tate|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/viral/internet-cant-stop-talking-andrew-tate-tiktok-rcna42744|access-date=2022-08-30|website=NBC News|date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Tate has been involved in several controversies on [[social media]], including making controversial comments about women, mental health, and race. Some of his social media posts have been criticized as being misogynistic, racist, and insensitive. <!--Tate has also focused his attention towards humanitarian efforts with his non-profit organization 'Tate Pledge'. As shown in his website [[cobratate.com]], the organization has operated in over 14 countries and claims to have helped over 1 million lives in aspects of food security, education, water, and investments in human capital.--><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tate Pledge|url=https://www.cobratate.com/pledge|access-date=2023-06-27|website=www.cobratate.com}}</ref> His [[wikt:commentary|commentary]] has resulted in various social media platforms banning him.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holpuch|first=Amanda|date=2022-08-24|title=Why Social Media Sites Are Removing Andrew Tate's Accounts|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/24/technology/andrew-tate-banned-tiktok-instagram.html|access-date=2022-08-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-20|title=Misogynist Influencer Andrew Tate Removed From TikTok, Facebook And Instagram|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/andrew-tate-removed-tiktok-facebook-instagram_n_630136f9e4b0f72c09d7fd2e|access-date=2022-08-30|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Miranda|first=Shauneen|date=2022-08-20|title=Andrew Tate gets banned from Facebook, Instagram, TikTok for violating their policies|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/20/1118624860/andrew-tate-facebook-instagram-banned|access-date=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Tate: The social media influencer teachers are being warned about|url=https://news.sky.com/story/andrew-tate-the-social-media-influencer-teachers-are-being-warned-about-12679194|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> ==Legal issues== Tate is in Romania (as of 2025's second quarter); A case is in the court system. Judgement has not been made (as of 2025's second quarter); His case must get a [final] [[decision]], before he can get sent to another country.<ref name="Andrew Tate og broren Tristan Tate siktet for voldtekt i Storbritannia">https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/3MGkAA/sky-news-andrew-tate-og-broren-siktet-for-voldtekt-i-storbritannia. Retrieved 2025-05-28</ref> In Britain<ref name="Andrew Tate og broren Tristan Tate siktet for voldtekt i Storbritannia" /> and in the United States, there are cases in the court system (as of 2025). ===Romania=== Tate came back to Romania (March 22, 2025); He had to [[check-in]] with the authorities (March 24).<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62xky7rn75o. Retrieved 2025-03-24</ref> Earlier (and as of January 2025), Tate no longer was under house arrest, in Romania.<ref>https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/andrew-tates-husarrest-oppheves/s/5-95-2233750. Retrieved 2025-01-14</ref> Earlier (July 2024), media said that Tate "can leave Romania but [... must stay] in [[EU]]" while he is waiting for his trial;<ref>https://apnews.com/article/andrew-tate-romania-human-trafficking-8fac1b98bbe012d2633cd6654950a51b. Retrieved 2024-07-07</ref> However, in the middle of July 2024, media said that Tate can not travel from country to country in Europe.<ref>https://www.vg.no/rampelys/i/bmmXrA/andrew-tate-faar-reise-fritt-i-europa. Retrieved 2024-12-18</ref> Earlier (and as of June 2023), Romanian authorities [[criminal charge|charged]] Tate with [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ilie |first=Luiza |date=2023-06-13 |title=Romanian prosecutors change human trafficking charge against Andrew Tate |language=en |work=Reuters |editor-last=Osmond |editor-first=Ed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romanian-prosecutors-change-human-trafficking-charge-against-andrew-tate-2023-06-13/ |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref> The justice system has been ready to have a [[court trial]] since April 2024, but a trial date has not been set.<ref>https://www.vg.no/nyheter/utenriks/i/B0JW2G/rumensk-domstol-gir-groent-lys-for-rettssak-mot-andrew-tate. Retrieved 2024-04-26</ref> On March 11, 2024, he was put into [[detention]] by Romanian authorities.<ref name=KingAirways>https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/76EWR3/ap-andrew-tate-paagrepet-i-romania. Retrieved 2024-03-12</ref> As of August 4, 2023, Tate was released from house arrest on a promise to appear in court. <ref>https://www.vg.no/rampelys/i/abB3eO/reuters-andrew-tate-loeslatt-fra-husarrest. [[VG]].no. Retrieved 2023-08-04</ref> ==== Criminal investigation ==== In a [[YouTube]] video, Tate said that he moved to Romania because it was easier to get away with [[bribery]] in [[Eastern Europe]]. The video was later deleted. In April 2022, his house was raided by the country's [[DIICOT]], an [[Investigative reporters|investigative]] [[agency]] that focuses on [[terrorism]] and [[organized crime]].<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref name="nbcnews.com"/> In August 2022, the [[United States Embassy in Romania|US Embassy]] in Romania alerted local authorities of an American woman being held at a property owned by Tate and his brother. After a surprise raid, two women, one American and one Romanian, were recovered. According to the authorities, the [[Investigations Police of Chile|investigation]] was still ongoing. The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] did not comment on the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrei|first=Dumitrescu|date=2022-04-11|title=Anchetatorii au descins în casa din Pipera a luptătorului Tristan Tate, fost iubit al Biancăi Drăgușanu|url=https://www.gandul.ro/actualitate/anchetatorii-au-descins-in-casa-din-pipera-a-luptatorului-tristan-tate-fost-iubit-al-biancai-dragusanu-ar-fi-sechetrat-o-femeie-alaturi-de-fratele-sau-19775283|access-date=2022-08-30|website=Gândul|language=ro}}</ref> On December 30, 2022, Andrew Tate,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=says|first=The Fappening Blog: Unveiling The Controversial Phenomenon|date=2023-06-20|title=Andrew Tate Arrested: Charges Of Rape, Human Trafficking|url=https://myfirstknow.com/andrew-tate-arrested-serious-charges-of-rape/|access-date=2023-07-22|website=myfirstknow.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712192238/https://myfirstknow.com/andrew-tate-arrested-serious-charges-of-rape/|url-status=dead}}</ref> along with his brother Tristan and two Romanian nationals, came under investigation by the Directorate for Investigating Organised Crime and Terrorism ([[Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism|DIICOT]]) for their alleged involvement in an organized crime group. The group stands accused of recruiting and exploiting women, coercing them into creating pornographic content for specialized websites. In light of the investigation, prosecutors have submitted an application to extend Andrew Tate's detention at a detention center for an additional 30 days, pending a ruling from the judge. During the recent detention hearing, both brothers opted to exercise their right to remain silent. The investigation remains ongoing. He was detained by the Romanian Anti-Organized Crime Division for human sex trafficking, rape and forming an organized crime group with the intent of recruiting and housing women to make online pornography. The group is said to span Romania, the [[United Kingdom]] and the United States.<ref name=":1" /> Officials have said that Tate had been under investigation since April 2022. The two women found at his property were allegedly being held against their will, with an additional four women also alleging imprisonment. It is believed they were subjected to mental and physical violence. Allegations say that these women were told they would become married to and live with Tate. During his arrest, he was held by Romanian police for twenty four hours for questioning. This detainment was extended for thirty days. During the search they found large sums of [[money]] and [[gun]]s<!-- and a large cache of knives and other melee weapons-->. Andrew Tate was detained with his brother, Tristan Tate and two other<!-- unnamed--> men.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yeung|first=Duarte Mendonca,Philip Wang,Jessie|date=2022-12-30|title=Controversial internet personality Andrew Tate and his brother detained for a month in Romania {{!}} CNN|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/30/europe/andrew-tate-detained-romania-human-trafficking-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gallagher|first=Tim|date=2022-12-30|title=Why has Andrew Tate been arrested in Romania?|url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/12/30/why-has-andrew-tate-been-arrested-in-romania|access-date=2022-12-31|website=euronews|language=en}}</ref> On 20 January, 2023, the [[BBC]] said that the justice system in Romania decided that Tate will have to stay in police [[detention (imprisonment)|detention]] (or [[jail]]) until 27 February 2023 .<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-01-20|title=Andrew Tate: Romania court extends police detention for influencer and brother|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64347211|access-date=2023-01-20}}</ref><!--There have been other decisions in court.{{Explain--><ref>{{Cite web|title=Forlenger varetektsfengslingen av Andrew Tate i 30 nye dager – VG Nå: Nyhetsdøgnet|url=https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/andrew-tate-kan-holdes-fengsles-i-ytterligere-30-dager.WlwK3YsZu|access-date=2023-02-01|website=VG Nå|language=no}}</ref> He was released from house arrest in August 2023, but is required to appear at his trial. On March 11, 2024, he was put into detention again by Romanian authorities.<ref name=KingAirways/> ===Britain=== In Britain, there is a case in the [[civil court]] system (as of 2025's second quarter); It (is about or) "concerns incidents [... that] four women [say or] allege took place in [[Luton]] and [[Hitchin]] between 2013 and 2015", according to media.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz955kjw17no?utm_source=sdrn%3Avg%3Aarticle%3AzA1Qdv. Retrieved 2025-04-10</ref> Earlier (December 2024), a British court made a [[decision]] about Tate and his brother not having paid some tax that they were supposed to; The brothers have to pay Britain, more than 2 million pounds.<ref name=DuoMill>https://www.vg.no/rampelys/i/Ppe0kp/andrew-tate-funnet-skyldig-i-skatteunndragelse. Retrieved 2024-12-18</ref><!--Tate and his brother Tristan, are expected to be handed over to British authorities, when the trial in Romania has finished.--><ref name=DuoMill/><!--An [[extradition]] process to British authorities is ongoing.--> ===United States=== In a court in [[Los Angeles, CA|Los Angeles]], United States, Tate "is facing a ... lawsuit by his ex-girlfriend, accusing him of sexual assault, battery and [[gender violence]]", according to media; The lawsuit is new (as of March 2025).<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62z2e5166eo. Retrieved 2025-04-10</ref> Earlier (February 2025), Tate [[arrival|arrived]] in the United States; His brother came too.<ref>https://www.aftenposten.no/verden/i/73M6wB/tate-broedrene-har-landet-i-florida. Retrieved 2025-02-25</ref> Media showed pictures of the brothers getting off an airplane; They were not wearing handcuffs.<ref>https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/5EQpAX/tate-broedrene-har-landet-i-usa. Retrieved 2025-02-28</ref> In March, "Florida's attorney general said ... that a criminal investigation [in Florida] has been opened into ... Andrew Tate and his brother", according to media.<ref>https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2973385/criminal-investigation-launched-into-tate-brothers-florida-attorney-general?tbref=hp. Retrieved 2025-03-05</ref> == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|8345706}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tate, Andrew}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American mixed martial artists]] [[Category:British mixed martial artists]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:English businesspeople]] [[Category:Kickboxers]] [[Category:Misogyny]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Bedfordshire]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.]] nvehgnulaa7vxz5lndyyi3sseri4vsi 0 959717 10331226 8687410 2025-06-15T01:18:22Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andrew_Whitworth_Bengals_camp_2012.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Andrew_Whitworth_Bengals_camp_2012.jpg/200px-Andrew_Whitworth_Bengals_camp_2012.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Whitworth at Bengals training camp in 2012]]'''Andrew James Whitworth'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrew Whitworth Pro-Football-Reference|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WhitAn20.htm|website=pro-football-reference.com}}</ref> (born December 12, 1981) is a former [[American football]] player. He played in the position of tackle. He played in the [[National Football League]] (NFL) for 16 seasons. He played [[college football]] at [[Louisiana State University and A&M College|LSU]], where he twice received first-team All-[[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] honors. [[Cincinnati Bengals]] selected him in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft. During his 11 seasons with the Bengals, Whitworth was named to three [[Pro Bowl|Pro Bowls]] and one first-team All-Pro. Whitworth spent his last five seasons with the [[Los Angeles Rams]], where he extended his Pro Bowl selections to four and his first-team All-Pro honors to two. Noted for the longevity of his career, he retired as the oldest tackle in NFL history. He was the oldest offensive lineman to win a Super Bowl.<ref name="Aaron Donald focusing on 'the moment,' not future, after game-sealing play delivers Los Angeles Rams elusive Super Bowl win - ESPN">{{Cite web|date=February 14, 2022|title=Donald savors 'moment,' noncommittal on future|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/33286933/aaron-donald-focusing-moment-not-future-game-sealing-play-delivers-los-angeles-rams-elusive-super-bowl-win|access-date=February 20, 2022|website=ESPN.com}}</ref> == Early years == Whitworth is a native of [[Monroe, Louisiana]]. Whitworth attended West Monroe High School in [[West Monroe, Louisiana]], where he played [[high school football]] for the Rebels under coach Don Shows. He has graduated in 2001. He was also part of four straight district championship teams in one of the toughest districts in the state. CNNSI.com rated him as the sixth-best offensive line prospect in the nation. He was a [[tennis]] champion in Louisiana. He was also an excellent [[Golf|golfer]]. == NFL Records == * Oldest offensive lineman to play in a Super Bowl.<ref name="Aaron Donald focusing on 'the moment,' not future, after game-sealing play delivers Los Angeles Rams elusive Super Bowl win - ESPN" /> * Oldest offensive lineman to win a Super Bowl. * Oldest tackle to play in a game. == Personal life == Whitworth married Melissa. They have four children: twins Sarah and Drew, Michael, and Katherine. Melissa was the 2003 Miss Louisiana,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kK2wPdS-iNcC&q=2003+miss+louisiana+melissa+clark|title=Myths America: A Practical Guide to Pageantry (Second Edition 2009)|last=Domiano|first=Hollie|date=2009-04-13|publisher=Hollie Domiano|isbn=978-0-557-06380-2|page=133|language=en}}</ref> She was also an award-winning Louisiana reporter and she won Cincinnati's version of [[Dancing with the Stars|Dancing With the Stars]]. Whitworth is active in the community through his BigWhit 77 Foundation. He hosts a fund-raising [[Golf|golf tournament]] in Louisiana. He serves there as a motivational speaker to youth groups in both Greater Cincinnati and in Louisiana.<ref name="nfl.com">{{Cite web|title=Cincinnati Bengals Media Guide 2014|url=http://prod.static.bengals.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/Cincinnati-Bengals-Media-Guide.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204072630/http://prod.static.bengals.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/Cincinnati-Bengals-Media-Guide.pdf|archive-date=December 4, 2014|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Big Whit at Learning is Cool in College Hill|url=http://www.local12.com/news/features/top-stories/stories/big-whit-at-learning-cool-college-hill-17683.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918160724/http://www.local12.com/news/features/top-stories/stories/big-whit-at-learning-cool-college-hill-17683.shtml|archive-date=September 18, 2014|access-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> In March 2020, Whitworth donated $250,000 to the Los Angeles Regional Food Bank during the 2019–20 [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 19, 2020|title=The Los Angeles Rams And KABC To Host Te'LA'thon For Los Angeles|url=https://www.lafoodbank.org/stories/press/la-rams-abc7-telathon/|access-date=23 April 2020|website=Lafoodbank.org}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Other websites == * [http://www.therams.com/team/roster/Andrew-Whitworth/ad5f5472-f59a-4d90-87bb-99b68cf682b8 Los Angeles Rams bio] * [http://www.bengals.com/team/roster/Andrew-Whitworth/3a81696e-e6b3-4abd-8dd0-85e8748fa086 Cincinnati Bengals bio] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160107144916/http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=27812&SPID=2164&DB_OEM_ID=5200&ATCLID=174976&Q_SEASON=2005 LSU Tigers bio] {{DEFAULTSORT:Whitworth, Andrew}} [[Category:Los Angeles Rams players]] [[Category:Cincinnati Bengals players]] [[Category:American football offensive guards]] [[Category:American football offensive tackles]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1981 births]] syfvhs2skpr4ad5p7pr2aofamcgeuji 10 961820 10331265 10328613 2025-06-15T01:33:21Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=37941 |ed=41191 |created=2 |deleted=7706 |revdel=659 |eventdel=7 |restored=65 |blocked=4553 |protected=254 |unprotected=2 |rights=60 |reblock=143 |unblock=22 |modify=7 |filter=152 |merge=7 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=253 |style={{{style|}}}}} rsztyfonb3f037796dsdtzv74akpu1z 3 964603 10331788 9807664 2025-06-15T10:57:20Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Governor of Plymouth Colony]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331788 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Australopithecus afarensis]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/8471672|Edit]] (8471672) processed with score of 0.99452. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 16:31, 4 October 2022 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of William Bradford (governor)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:William Bradford (governor)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:William Bradford (governor)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> ⸺([[User talk:Randomstaplers|'''Random''']])[[User:Randomstaplers|staplers]] 02:38, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Governor of Plymouth Colony== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Governor of Plymouth Colony]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Governor of Plymouth Colony}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:57, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 1hn6q9jh24t2n2qidm597az191e2e1q 0 966061 10330328 8971565 2025-06-14T17:01:26Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox sportsperson | name = Sanne de Hoop |image = 20220814 ECM22 Table Tennis 8768.jpg |caption = De Hoop at the [[2022 European Table Tennis Championships]] | birth_name = | fullname = | nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]] | birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1996|3|18|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brandwijk]], Netherlands | death_date = | death_place = | height = | weight = | website = | country = | sport = [[Table tennis]] | event = | collegeteam = | club = VTV Nieuwegein, Tempo Team Amsterdam (Netherlands)<br>Ponta do Pargo (Portugal). | team = | turnedpro = | retired = | highestranking = | show-medals = yes | medaltemplates = }} '''Sanne de Hoop''' (born 18 March 1996) is a Dutch table tennis player.<ref>[https://www.janvolwerk.com/2021/03/20/rubriek-in-coronatijd-met-tafeltennisster-sanne-de-hoop-ik-wil-mijn-sportcarriere-niet-weggooien/ In Coronatijd met tafeltennisster Sanne de Hoop], janvolwerk.com, 20 March 2021</ref> She plays in the Netherlands with VTV Nieuwegein and Tempo Team Amsterdam. She also plays in the Portuguese national league (with Ponta do Pargo) and in the British national league. ==Career== As a female table tennis player, De Hoop started also competing in the men's national league in 2020.<ref name=AD1>{{cite web|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/sport/tafeltennisster-sanne-de-hoop-zoekt-en-vindt-betere-tegenstand-bij-de-mannen~b6ef8a8b/ |title=Tafeltennisster Sanne de Hoop zoekt en vindt betere tegenstand bij de mannen|work= [[Algemeen Dagblad]]|date=13 September 2020|access-date=30 September 2022|language=nl}}</ref> She also started competing in the national league in Portugal and the United Kingdom.<ref name=Utrecht>{{cite journal|title=Tafeltennisster Sanne de Hoop wil kansen pakken en nieuwe plekken ontdekken|work=Utrechtse Sportkrant (6th annual, no. 9)|date=23 September 2022|page=11|language=nl}}</ref> She represented for the first time the Dutch national team at the European Championahips at the [[2021 European Table Tennis Championships]]. She also competed at the [[2022 European Table Tennis Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ad.nl/regiosport-utrecht/tafeltennister-sanne-de-hoop-naar-ek-ik-hoor-er-nu-bij-dat-idee-schiet-regelmatig-door-mijn-hoofd~aa69fa11/ |title=Tafeltennister Sanne de Hoop naar EK: ‘Ik hoor er nu bij: dat idee schiet regelmatig door mijn hoofd’|work= [[Algemeen Dagblad]]|date=31 August 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|language=nl}}</ref><ref name=Utrecht /> Next to table tennis she did a weight consultant studies. She is a personal trainer and works in childcare.<ref name=Utrecht /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hoop, Sanne de}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from South Holland]] [[Category:Sportswomen]] [[Category:Dutch table tennis players]] {{sport-bio-stub}} omxdhrwyydra5bp5tc67o5gw0mtwaf1 0 970377 10331542 9643103 2025-06-15T06:41:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Irvine Robbins |image = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|1917|12|06}} |birth_place = [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada |death_date = {{death date and age|2008|5|5|1917|12|6}} |death_place = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], U.S. |other_names = |known_for = [[Baskin-Robbins]] |spouse = {{marriage|Irma Gevurtz|1942}} |children = 3, including [[John Robbins (author)|John Robbins]] |relatives = [[Richard Baskin]] (nephew)<br/>[[Burt Baskin]] (brother-in-law)<br/>[[Isadore Familian]] (brother-in-law) |occupation = Entrepreneur |nationality = American |alma_mater = [[University of Washington]] }} '''Irv Robbins''' was the [[brother-in-law]] of [[Burt Baskin]]. He owned [[Burt’s Ice Cream Shop]]. He was the owner of [[Snowbird Ice Cream]]. The two brothers-in-law merged their companies in 1953 to create [[Baskin-Robbins]]. ==Other websites== *[http://www.baskinrobbins.com/ Baskin-Robbins website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531181853/http://www.baskinrobbins.com/ |date=2012-05-31 }} *{{Find a Grave|26645175}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Robbins, Irv}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:2008 deaths]] {{US-bio-stub}} t3anwqtmmmri28u2fv54rhlj82xwp6s 3 975387 10331457 10329120 2025-06-15T05:01:04Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 180 days) to [[User talk:FusionSub/Archive 3]] 10331457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:FusionSub/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(180d) |counter = 3 |maxarchivesize = 150K |archiveheader = {{Automatic archive navigator}} |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} == Merry Christmas! == {| style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:white; font color:red; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" |[[Image:Christmas_Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.png|110px]] |[[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) is wishing you a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]]! <small>This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! </small> <br /> <small>Spread the Christmas cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas3}} to their talk page with a friendly message.</small> |} [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 18:45, 19 December 2024 (UTC) :Thank you :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:47, 19 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:55, 23 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27933909 --> == ''The Signpost'': 24 December 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/News and notes|Responsibilities and liabilities as a "Very Large Online Platform"]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Op-ed|Beeblebrox on Wikipediocracy, the Committee, and everything]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Opinion|Graham87 on being the first-ever administrator recall subject]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/In the media|Delhi High Court considers ''Caravan'' and ''Ken'' for evaluating the ANI vs. WMF case]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/From the archives|Where to draw the line in reporting?]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Recent research|"Wikipedia editors are quite prosocial", but those motivated by "social image" may put quantity over quality]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Humour|Backlash over Santa Claus' Wikipedia article intensifies]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Gallery|A feast of holidays and carols]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-12-24/Traffic report|Was a long and dark December]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 00:04, 25 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27936465 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:37, 30 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28019313 --> == RFA == I have made [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/FusionSub 2]] for you. Good luck!--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 13:53, 1 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 13:57, 1 January 2025 (UTC) == CopyPatrolBot == What is this lol [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 08:54, 2 January 2025 (UTC) :I'm assuming your talking about the account, which to me looks like a regular bot.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 08:59, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] no what it does, it looks new... [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:02, 2 January 2025 (UTC) :::Seems to communicate with a frontend to create a NC but specifically for possible copyvios. I'm not entirely sure but that's what it seems to be for.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:05, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ::::okay.. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:08, 2 January 2025 (UTC) == Request == Hi, could you please remove the donation message from [[Wikipedia:Student tutorial/Nav bar]]? Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:39FB:FF96:8D13:FB6D|2601:644:907E:A70:39FB:FF96:8D13:FB6D]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:39FB:FF96:8D13:FB6D|talk]]) 19:09, 4 January 2025 (UTC) :Huh, that's interesting. Anyway, {{done}}.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:11, 4 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia talk:Protection policy == I notice the warnings are given twice on [[Wikipedia talk:Protection policy]] and some of them only apply to English Wikipedia. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:813C:75D5:AE3B:72C0|2601:644:907E:A70:813C:75D5:AE3B:72C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:813C:75D5:AE3B:72C0|talk]]) 18:24, 5 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of "national security". The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28070038 --> == Adminship == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb]] Congratulations on the successful RfA. You should now see a lot more tabs/buttons in your user interface. Please take a moment to re-familiarise yourself with the respective policies, particularly those that have to do with your newly expanded powers. As always, please feel free to reach out to anyone on the team if you have questions. Also, I have found your T-shirt. Please don't lose it. <tt>;)</tt> [[User:Chenzw|<span style="color:rgb(96,0,0)">Chenzw</span>]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Chenzw|<span style="font-size:10px;color:rgb(96,0,0)">Talk</span>]]&nbsp; 07:30, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Congrats!! (on the t-shirt) [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 08:04, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:00, 10 January 2025 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid #D2691E; margin: auto; margin:-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px" | style="background:Wheat;"|[[File:Hot chocolate.jpg|85px]] | style="padding:10px; text-align:center;"|<span style="font-family:">Cactusisme has given you some [[Hot chocolate]] with plump [[marshmallow]]s and foamy [[cream]]! Drink it up and spread this delicious drink by putting {{tls|Hot chocolate}} on someone's talk pageǃ <br /> </span> |} {{clear}} == Requesting an edit == Hi FusionSub, could you please make the following edits on [[Main Page/Other languages]]? * "română (Romanian)" ([[:ro:]]) moved from 100,000 to 500,000 * "తెలుగు (Telugu)" ([[:te:]]) added to 100,000 * "shqip (Albanian)" ([[:sq:]]) added to 100,000 For evidence, see [[:m:List of Wikipedias]] (or [[Special:Stats]] on each wiki if you don't trust that page) [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:9DA2:B986:8C6C:4252|2601:644:907E:A70:9DA2:B986:8C6C:4252]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:9DA2:B986:8C6C:4252|talk]]) 19:22, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 11:23, 11 January 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:24AB:8AC7:97C2:188F|2601:644:907E:A70:24AB:8AC7:97C2:188F]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:24AB:8AC7:97C2:188F|talk]]) 07:00, 12 January 2025 (UTC) == Request == Can you create protect this page? [[Maga-R3LS War (2024)]] [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:01, 12 January 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} salted for 3 days.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:04, 12 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:no:Julemerke]])&#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 13 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28086717 --> == Tech News: 2025-03 == <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/From the editors|Looking back, looking forward]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2024]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/In the media|Will you be targeted?]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Technology report|New Calculator template brings interactivity at last]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Essay|Meet the Canadian who holds the longest editing streak on Wikipedia]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Opinion|Reflections one score hence]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/News and notes|It's a new dawn, it's a new day, it's a new life for me... and I'm feeling free]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Serendipity|What we've left behind, and where we want to go next]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Op-ed|Elon Musk and the right on Wikipedia]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/In focus|Twenty years of The Signpost: What did it take?]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Arbitration report|Analyzing commonalities of some contentious topics]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Humour|How to make friends on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 07:58, 15 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28061132 --> == Curios == What does [[MediaWiki:Jsonconfig-use-category]] do? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:53, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :It essentially defines the category that MediaWiki puts pages that use [[mw:Extension:JsonConfig]] in.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:57, 15 January 2025 (UTC) ::oh, alright [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:57, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :::Yeah, nothing too interesting.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:58, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/From the editors|Looking back, looking forward]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2024]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/In the media|Will you be targeted?]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Technology report|New Calculator template brings interactivity at last]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Essay|Meet the Canadian who holds the longest editing streak on Wikipedia]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Opinion|Reflections one score hence]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/News and notes|It's a new dawn, it's a new day, it's a new life for me... and I'm feeling free]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Serendipity|What we've left behind, and where we want to go next]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Op-ed|Elon Musk and the right on Wikipedia]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/In focus|Twenty years of The Signpost: What did it take?]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Arbitration report|Analyzing commonalities of some contentious topics]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-01-15/Humour|How to make friends on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 12:30, 15 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28061132 --> :Wuh?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 14:02, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28099770 --> == Tech News: 2025-04 == <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == Dienoycus == Regarding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dienoycus]]: I think all the relevant content from [[Dienoycus]] is already in [[Deinonychus]], except for some very complex things. Can [[Dienoycus]] be deleted? [[User:Tuscan Ant|Tuscan Ant]] ([[User talk:Tuscan Ant|talk]]) 19:46, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :I'm also noticing that you didn't remove the RfD tag from the articles whose RfD's you closed as keep. Could you please do that? [[User:Tuscan Ant|Tuscan Ant]] ([[User talk:Tuscan Ant|talk]]) 19:49, 21 January 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for reminding me about the tags, {{done}}.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:54, 21 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader"). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28156501 --> == Tech News: 2025-05 == <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 January 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == [[:Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension]] == Hi, FusionSub. We had [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension|an RFD]] for this category, which resulted in a consensus to delete. I see that you deleted it on 15 January. However, there are over 70,000 entries in it so it still needs to be depopulated. That would usually be done by the closing admin: are you working on that? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:02, 28 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] The category should be being depopulated as I type and as you read this. This will likely continue well into February as the pages are only removed after an edit, and I'm not smart enough to find out how to make ~70K null edits in a timely manner.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:14, 28 January 2025 (UTC) ::Ah, OK, thanks for the info. I wouldn't want to have to do that, either! I just happened to notice it on a page I was editing. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 16:25, 28 January 2025 (UTC) == There's an LTA active == [[Special:Contribs/66.188.228.3]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:85FF:1340:9A1E:D909|2601:644:907E:A70:85FF:1340:9A1E:D909]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:85FF:1340:9A1E:D909|talk]]) 22:33, 2 February 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:21, 3 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28200320 --> == Tech News: 2025-06 == <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == Massdelete == Please massdelete all this users edit as block evasion. {{User|VSOian}} [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:34, 5 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] May I ask what block they are evading?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 11:34, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ::The pages he created are similar to en and and he is evading the ip block [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 22:19, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ::All the pages were once deleted via rfd on en and recreated as drafts per different ips. They are still not notable, even if the user is not blocked. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 22:40, 5 February 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 7 February 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Recent research|GPT-4 writes better edit summaries than human Wikipedians]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/News and notes|Let's talk!]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Opinion|Fathoms Below, but over the moon]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/In the media|Wikipedia is an extension of legacy media propaganda, says Elon Musk]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Community view|24th Wikipedia Day in New York City]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Arbitration report|Palestine-Israel articles 5 has closed]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-07/Traffic report|A wild drive]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 02:00, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28179470 --> == Thank you == Thank you for blocking the user and can you delete the page that was up for deletion? [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])} 17:05, 7 February 2025 (UTC) == Question == Hello FusionSub, you are the administrator why don't you just delete the pages that are deemed inappropriate, I want to know the reason, here you have the feature to delete, block and so on. but why don't you do that? [[User:Todayaad|Todayaad]] ([[User talk:Todayaad|talk]]) 19:47, 8 February 2025 (UTC) :May I know any specific cases of my actions (or lack thereof) that you are thinking of?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 20:13, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::Yesterday it was the WP:11 page that sold clothes or promoted clothes, and the Ali Azhar D page too. [[User:Todayaad|Todayaad]] ([[User talk:Todayaad|talk]]) 09:28, 9 February 2025 (UTC) ::Bobby Jackson, and anything. [[User:Todayaad|Todayaad]] ([[User talk:Todayaad|talk]]) 09:34, 9 February 2025 (UTC) ::Can you please explain why you don't do things that administrators should do such as deleting pages, etc.? [[User:Todayaad|Todayaad]] ([[User talk:Todayaad|talk]]) 09:38, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :::The [[Special:Log/FusionSub|logs]] disagree with the statement that I don't do what admins should.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:10, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Shovon Ahmed == Hi, @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] trust you're doing good? This article [[Shovon Ahmed]] was already on [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2025/Shovon_Ahmed discussion delete], I'm surprised to see that inexperienced editor has removed the tag. Please look into it. Best, [[User:Okwanite|Okwanite]] ([[User talk:Okwanite|talk]]) 12:19, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:18, 10 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28200320 --> == Tech News: 2025-07 == <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == Please undelete the page People's Insight == I am writing to request the undeletion of the "People's Insight" page. We have added all necessary references and sources to the page, confirming that it pertains to an exit poll and political analysis company.We are committed to adhering to Wikipedia's standards and guidelines. We assure you that we are ready and willing to promptly address any further edits or modifications that you may require to ensure the page's compliance. Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to your positive response and the restoration of the "People's Insight" page. [[User:009dishu|009dishu]] ([[User talk:009dishu|talk]]) 11:18, 12 February 2025 (UTC) == Sweets! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:blue; background-color:AliceBlue; border-width:1px; text-align:left; padding:9px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Smiley-Lollipop.svg|120px|left]] Asteralee has given you a [[Lol|LOL]][[lollipop|ipop]]! This horrible [[pun]] and delicious [[candy]] spreads [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and tells the world the low things you can do to be funny. Spread WikiLove by giving someone else a lollipop, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. ''Asteralee's message: Thank you for your work as an admin on this Wikipedia! Enjoy!'' <br /> Spread the unrelenting joy of lollipops by adding {{tls|Lollipop}} to someone's talk page with a friendly message! {{clear}} </div> ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 13:59, 13 February 2025 (UTC) :<nowiki>:D</nowiki> Thank you.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 14:01, 13 February 2025 (UTC) ::No problem :) ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 14:01, 13 February 2025 (UTC) == Warning == Please refrain from making destructive changes to a wikipedia entry, as you did with calling [[Ninja (gamer)]] fatherless. I have reverted the changes. [[Special:Contributions/12.55.225.206|12.55.225.206]] ([[User talk:12.55.225.206|talk]]) 16:19, 14 February 2025 (UTC) :That never happened? You thinking of someone else?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:57, 14 February 2025 (UTC) ::Unfortunately Fusion you're being trolled, the IP is pretending to be a bot and is vandalising the project, pretty sad really. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 17:20, 14 February 2025 (UTC) :::Oh, that's new to me. I guess I can see it now that you've told me it's a troll.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 17:43, 14 February 2025 (UTC) == Please block this user == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2401:E180:8C60:B85:D4AC:BF05:C288:3DD0/64 [[Special:Contributions/50.175.193.34|50.175.193.34]] ([[User talk:50.175.193.34|talk]]) 17:11, 15 February 2025 (UTC) == Please delete == https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:69.118.230.235&oldid=10079554 please RD [[User:Vernacular29293|Vernacular29293]] ([[User talk:Vernacular29293|talk]]) 17:14, 15 February 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:06, 15 February 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer "Yes" or "No" to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:21, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28245290 --> == Tech News: 2025-08 == <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == Reply == Sorry for the page i made but i saw nothing wrong with the page could you please tell me what was wrong? Also i am just a good faith ip editor anyways good luck with your contribuitions best regards [[Special:Contributions/179.109.143.218|179.109.143.218]] ([[User talk:179.109.143.218|talk]]) 15:00, 20 February 2025 (UTC) :Thanks for reaching out to me. :When I reviewed the article I didn't see a claim of [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] which is listed under the [[WP:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]] as a reason to [[WP:QD|Quick delete]]. :If you can find a valid claim of notability, the page could be remade, but if the page is recreated with the same content as it did before, it will end up the same way.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:20, 20 February 2025 (UTC) ::ok i will use some different sentences when i remade the page anyways good luck with your contribuitions best regards. [[Special:Contributions/179.109.143.218|179.109.143.218]] ([[User talk:179.109.143.218|talk]]) 15:53, 20 February 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative "informal and ad-hoc group" in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:23, 24 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28300238 --> == Tech News: 2025-09 == <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 25 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == Re: WP:VIP == Hi @[[User:FusionSub]]! You said on your edit summary before you cleared the VIP list "There was some steps missing when warnings before the report... but anyways, done." What steps was I missing? Thanks! [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])} 21:49, 25 February 2025 (UTC) :I think it was the immediate L3 warning that invoked that response from me, but then again that person should be reported to [[WP:VIP]] on-sight so warnings weren't needed to begin with :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 21:53, 25 February 2025 (UTC) : Ohh Okay that makes sense! I will remember that next time when reporting vandals and reverting vandalism (which is a lot of work keeping the Wiki clean and free of vandalism lol) Anyways, have a good day and happy editing! :) [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])} 21:55, 25 February 2025 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Adelaideslement8723|Adelaideslement8723]], Just a heads up; the IP you reported is the same guy that has been doing this crap at [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Clyde_Bruckman&action=history Talk:Clyde Bruckman] so warnings are just a waste of time, SRG used to global lock on sight but as you've seen he's back on a new IP within minutes so going the SRG route is also a waste of time in some respects, I just report at VIP and revert (or sometimes allow his edit to stand until an admin comes on), Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 23:09, 25 February 2025 (UTC) : @[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] Thanks for the heads up, it's pretty much pointless to just VIP him. I would go ahead and report him to SRG if I wanted to. [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])} 04:42, 26 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Adelaideslement8723|Adelaideslement8723]] No worries, Exactly I agree tbh, Okay no worries :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 14:07, 26 February 2025 (UTC) == [[User talk:Erik Johnson-Monroe]] == Just a heads up on the block notice you used on the user's talk page. It should be uw-block3. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 05:43, 27 February 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I know. I think I just forgot to change it when I adjusted the block from 1 week to indef.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 11:36, 27 February 2025 (UTC) ::Another one, you shouldn't normally review unblock requests for blocks that you have placed yourself, as you're an [[:en:WP:INVOLVED|involved party]]. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 22:51, 27 February 2025 (UTC) :::Oh, sorry about that.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 07:57, 28 February 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 27 February 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/News and notes|Administrator elections up for reapproval and 1bil GET snagged on Commons]] * Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Serendipity|Guinea-Bissau Heritage from Commons to the World]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Technology report|Hear that? The wikis go silent twice a year]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/In the media|The end of the world]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Recent research|What's known about how readers navigate Wikipedia; Italian Wikipedia hardest to read]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Opinion|Sennecaster's RfA debriefing]] * Tips and tricks: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Tips and tricks|One year after this article is posted, will every single article on Wikipedia have a short description?]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Community view|Open letter from French Wikipedians says "no" to intimidation of volunteer contributors]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Traffic report|Temporary scars, February stars]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Essay|The source, the whole source, and nothing but the source]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-02-27/Obituary|Ümüt Çınar (Kmoksy) and Vinícius Medina Kern (Vmkern)]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10:32, 27 February 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28313070 --> == Thank you == Hello, and I would like to thank you for blocking the vandal account. Based on the two other accounts I mentioned on [[WP:VIP]], they might be the same user, so just a heads up! :) [[User:Kashingggz|Kashingggz]] ([[User talk:Kashingggz|talk]]) 09:13, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :Yeah, I reviewed the accounts that you linked and the contribs matched the ones of the Griff impersonator.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:14, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kashingggz|Kashingggz]] Also I suggest not talking to LTAs [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:24, 2 March 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:50, 3 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28317097 --> == [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ndifreke Ukpong]] == Hello, I have an update about this RFD that you closed as kept. [[Special:Contributions/Okwanite]], who voted at the RFD has been marked as LTA ([[:w:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Ndizzy4glo]]). It is also possible that they abused logout edits at the RFD ([[Special:Diff/10061429]]). [[Ndifreke Ukpong]] may meet QD G5. Should we still keep [[Ndifreke Ukpong]]? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:17, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm not sure, as on one side both the confirmed sock and the IP made a page on the exact same topic, but on the other side Okwanite never edited the local page using their account (Unless the ILoveDublin account is a sock, which I doubt as it probably would've been brought up at the enwiki SPI if it was a sock) and so the only link would be the RfD, which (at least in my opinion) is not enough grounds to say that the IP was a sock.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 09:09, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == Tech News: 2025-10 == <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:51, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28317097 --> == Tech News: 2025-11 == <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 10 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == New == Hello @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]]. Post beginner tutorials on my talk page! ([[User:WikiV007|WikiV007]] ([[User talk:WikiV007|talk]]) 15:57, 12 March 2025 (UTC) == definition of an inactive admin == Hi, per your comments [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 166#Inactive admins|here]], I used the same rules as Djsasso. Reviewing contribs of the admins in Active, once you see the last 50 edits get to three separate months, you move them down to Semi-active. If you see last 50 edits of the Semi-active admins get to all in the same month, move them back up to Active. And if there are no edits in 90 days they can be moved to the Inactive section. Thanks, --[[User:Ferien2|Ferien2]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 12:13, 14 March 2025 (UTC) :Thank you, I will keep this in mind :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 14:01, 14 March 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive. Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of "immense artistic value" by Le Monde. It has also been described as the "Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema" by The Guardian. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:57, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28392163 --> == Tech News: 2025-12 == <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:48, 17 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == Just a question == Can you give [[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] as administrator? He making very good edits and articles! [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:10, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Since I am not a bureaucrat (and honestly don't really want to be one) I can't give users administrator rights.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 14:15, 21 March 2025 (UTC) ::Becuase you are adminstator. [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:16, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 22 March 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * From the editor: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/From the editor|''Hanami'']] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/News and notes|Deeper look at takedowns targeting Wikipedia]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/In the media|The good, the bad, and the unusual]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Recent research|Explaining the disappointing history of Flagged Revisions; and what's the impact of ChatGPT on Wikipedia so far?]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Traffic report|All the world's a stage, we are merely players...]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Gallery|WikiPortraits rule!]] * Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Essay|Unusual biographical images]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-03-22/Obituary|Rest in peace]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 03:12, 22 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28391577 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:59, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28433698 --> == Tech News: 2025-13 == <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:52, 31 March 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-14 == <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 1 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == Help == Hey bro FusionSub, [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=2409%3A40d0%3A%3A%2F32&namespace=all&tagfilter=&start=&end= this] ip vandalising the pages and block made by you. This ip continuesly vandalising your block. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 12:33, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Need to impose a big rang block. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 12:35, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Block HistorianAlferedo == Hey bro, if you have time can you check out the edits made by [[user:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] who is protecting these block evading IP addresses. I have reverted the edits made by these vandalizing IP addresses, but HistorianAlferedo is reverting my edits. I think he is the user who is using these IPs. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 17:11, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:54, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-15 == <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == ''The Signpost'': 9 April 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Special report|Wikipedian and physician Ziyad al-Sufiani reportedly released from Saudi prison]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/In focus|WMF to explore "common standards" for NPOV policies; implications for project autonomy remain unclear]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/In the media|Indian judges demand removal of content critical of Asian News International]] * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/News and notes|35,000 user accounts compromised, locked in attempted credential-stuffing attack]] * Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Op-ed|How crawlers impact the operations of the Wikimedia projects]] * Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Opinion|Crawlers, hogs and gorillas]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Debriefing|Giraffer's RfA debriefing]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Obituary|RHaworth, TomCat4680 and PawełMM]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Traffic report|Heigh-Ho, Heigh-Ho, off to report we go...]] * News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/News from Diff|Strengthening Wikipedia’s neutral point of view]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-04-09/Comix|Thirteen]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 18:26, 9 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28494227 --> == A Cactus for you! == [[File:Cactus.jpg|left|150px]] --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 11:55, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:27, 14 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28454663 --> == Tech News: 2025-16 == <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:25, 15 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == Recent revert == @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] Thanks for this revert. I already know we should not remove remove comments from others talk pages.[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Adelaideslement8723&diff=prev&oldid=10203384] in this edit I didn't revert his comment even in a comment he removed drive links in the same edit removing links he added his reply. So when I undo removal of drive links/his comment was also removed. But you've noticed Davey's behavior? How rude/arrogant his behavior is? Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 11:37, 20 April 2025 (UTC) :Also next I'll think about not linking drive links. But you can assist where I can post such screenshorts espeacially script related? Just to show if I'm facing some error with the script? Then such file links I can use in future conversation? Because If I'm not wrong on commons our images will be delete due to personal images or as non-used images (on wiki projects). [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 11:42, 20 April 2025 (UTC) ::As Davey brought here something old. please you can read our whole conversation at [[Talk:Ghatotkacha (king)#G12]] and [[User talk:Davey2010#G12]] also here I was concerned only his changing mind/ U-turns and talking admin's reviews in his on hands then because of his rude behavior and our long conversation I mistakenly talked about En-wiki which I suddenly clarify that was not related to simple-Wiki in any way. You can check I was good in behavior toward him still, I don't have not any bad intentions for him. [[User talk:Davey2010#Barnstar!|My first every Barstar! was also just for Davey]] but I'm only concerned about his rude behavior. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 11:57, 20 April 2025 (UTC) ::I took a quick look at [[c:COM:SCOPE|the scope policy on commons]] and from what I can tell as long as it is realistically able to be used to educate people (in this case to educate on our installation of [[WP:Twinkle|Twinkle]]) and there are no other issues like copyrighted material in the image (e.g parts of a non-free browser) it should be able to be uploaded there. I'm not entirely confident in my assessment so you may want to ask another editor that is more knowledgeable about commons policy before uploading, but from my interpretation of the policy, it should be ok. ::Summary: From what I can tell it would be allowed if it is clearly educational about Twinkle but you should probably check with an editor more confident and knowledgeable about commons before uploading to be safe.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:05, 20 April 2025 (UTC) :::{{cyan|''Thanks for the assistance!''}} Before uploading such screenshots on wp:commons for educational purposes, I'll take advice from a knowledge editor over there. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 14:27, 20 April 2025 (UTC) :I'm not here to further pour more fuel on to the fire, But Bense has had an issue with me since I told someone to "go and f themselves" at the English Wikipedia which resulted in an ANI thread, They brought it up [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ghatotkacha_(king)&diff=prev&oldid=10197718 here]. Prior to that me and Bense have always been cool so I don't understand why the hostility over that even more so when that comment wasn't made to Bense and it wasn't even made on this project...., :I'm by no means proud of that comment and I'm disappointed an off the cuff comment there has lead to this animosity. I won't reply or comment here further as don't want to make things 10x worse, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:43, 20 April 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28559524 --> == Tech News: 2025-17 == <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:00, 21 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == Christopher (name) == Please you can move [[Christopher (name)]] to [[Christopher]]? I didn't create directly "Christopher" due to previous delete log. Because this page was deleted under QD:G7 in 2019. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 10:13, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bensebgli|Bensebgli]] you can create the page, the deletion is there for easy reference. You can also move pages by yourself. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:16, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks @[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]], I know I can create new pages or move any existing one. But due to previous delete log, I thought it's a better option to ask an admin, if they have any objections. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 10:22, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::i know, I have no problems with this move. The previous was becuase author wanted deletion, so it shoould be fine. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:24, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 09:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) :Considering it was last deleted in 2016 there should be no issues in you creating it.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:50, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]^{([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])} 09:11, 28 April 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:57, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28583422 --> == Tech News: 2025-18 == <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 April 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == Regarding articles created by me == Hello admin @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] this user @AurKestra was registered in wikipedia just before few hours and just keep adding tags to the articles which i have created it seem and shows suspecious activity, please can you warn this user. [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:12, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Hi Dear why are u worried , your such an paid creator i know, stop creating deleted pages again and again [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 10:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::hi even his english wikipedia is deleted multiple times with multiple names Shivam Khajuria Reffer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Shivam_Khajurria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Shivam_Khajuria and u tried again to make with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Shivam_Khajuria_1 [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 10:30, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::You dont have any evidence, why are you just targeting my pages, you have already added your comments to talk page of admin, so if admin will think that this page should be deleted then they will delete it, and for this page you tell me the reason why you want to delete the page?. [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] ([[User talk:1Jukebox|talk]]) 10:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :user [[User:1Jukebox|1Jukebox]] is an sock puppet and his 2nd ID has been blocked multiple times ie : [[User:ABK12O|<bdi>ABK12O</bdi>]] :kindly block this guy. [[User:AurKestra|AurKestra]] ([[User talk:AurKestra|talk]]) 10:32, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 1 May 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News and notes|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News and notes]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In the media|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In the media]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Recent research|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Recent research]] * Arbitration report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Arbitration report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Arbitration report]] * Discussion report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Discussion report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Discussion report]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Traffic report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Traffic report]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Disinformation report|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Disinformation report]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News from the WMF|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/News from the WMF]] * Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Humour|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Humour]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Comix|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Comix]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In focus|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/In focus]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Community view|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Community view]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Debriefing|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Debriefing]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Gallery|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Gallery]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Obituary|en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-01/Obituary]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:21, 1 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Bri@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28562138 --> == RFD == Hi Fusion, I originally wasn't going to say anything but it's been bugging me all day, Regarding your RFD closure at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Hank Pym (Marvel Cinematic Universe)]], I added the next batch 15 minutes after Steven voted[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2025/Hank_Pym_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)&action=history], If it were an hour or more I could understand but it was 15 minutes, and chances are @[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] would've seen the next batch being added on their watchlist anyway (or if they didn't then I doubt they would've cared to be honest), [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion&diff=prev&oldid=10233218 This] was disruptive and I'm not proud of it one bit but I wasn't prepared to waste my time doing another batch nomination again (which isn't a 5 minute job) just for you or someone else to pick another fault with it and delete less than half the articles (or none at all), I've now made it a chore for the next closing admin to close all of these and delete them, something I really tried to avoid. I get why you did it but I just feel it was OTT and (I say this with the utmost respect to you) I feel your actions have led to this chore for the next admin which as I said I really tried to avoid in the first place and is something that could've been avoided (but as I said I get why), Anyway thank you for the hard work and efforts you do here I still certainly appreciate your help everywhere else, Happy editing, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 16:29, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] I'll make sure to put on my calendar to deal with those next week to prevent the undeserved suffering that the RfD closing will do for the other admins.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:38, 3 May 2025 (UTC) ::I appreciate that thank you, Have a great day, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 16:48, 3 May 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:29, 5 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28583422 --> == Tech News: 2025-19 == <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == Mass delete == Special:Contributions/77.75.148.97 ? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 08:57, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:29, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28709947 --> == Tech News: 2025-20 == <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == flood flag == Can I continue having flood flag, still have more pages. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} for 15 minutes.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::need again [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:20, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 14 May 2025 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/News and notes|WMF to kick off new-CEO quest as Iskandar preps to move on — Supreme Court nixes gag of Wiki page for other India court row on ANI — code-heads give fix-up date for Charts in lieu of long-dead Graph gizmo]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/In the media|Wikimedia Foundation sues over UK government decision that might require identity verification of editors worldwide]] * Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Disinformation report|What does Jay-Z know about Wikipedia?]] * In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/In focus|On the hunt for sources: Swedish AfD discussions]] * Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Technology report|WMF introduces unique but privacy-preserving browser cookie]] * Debriefing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Debriefing|Goldsztajn's RfA debriefing]] * Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Obituary|Max Lum (User:ICOHBuzz)]] * Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Community view|A Deep Dive Into Wikimedia (part 2)]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/Comix|Collection]] * From the archives: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2025-05-14/From the archives|Humor from the Archives]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 22:02, 14 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=28671646 --> == Re: recent block == FYI: [[:m:User:Hide on Rosé/gaming the autoconfirmed system LTA]]. [[User:Hide on Rosé|Hide on Rosé]] ([[User talk:Hide on Rosé|talk]]) 11:21, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :So it could be part of a sock farm? <small>lovely</small>.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:07, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :: Yes, you can monitor [[Wikipedia:Sandbox]], which is one of target pages of them. [[User:Hide on Rosé|Hide on Rosé]] ([[User talk:Hide on Rosé|talk]]) 12:11, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::I feel like monitoring [[Special:RecentChanges|RC]] like normal would be enough, no? This LTA doesn't seem to be particularly difficult to track as the accounts seem to share a common name format.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:33, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28731710 --> == Tech News: 2025-21 == <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Tread plate]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato. We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:04, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28751788 --> == Tech News: 2025-22 == <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:39, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-23 == <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:33, 9 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=28788623 --> == Tech News: 2025-24 == <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == Issue == A recently range-blocked IP user continues the behaviour that got it blocked: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=history 1], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E-20250610033900-The_word_might_have_'one,_main_meaning'_in_English 2] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Auntof6#c-2001:2020:309:CBE7:19C4:7799:B895:291E-20250610122700-Capitulation_(disambig_page) 3]. Would you mind having a look? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:41, 10 June 2025 (UTC) bnc45gopahskgvh6hhk5imcw30i48um 0 976437 10331214 10317373 2025-06-15T01:13:58Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:5D3D:BC4:B651:1B7 10331214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | genre = | based_on = {{Based on|[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (TV series)]]|[[Deborah Forte]]}}<br>{{Based on|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''|[[Norman Bridwell]]}} | developer = | director = Mike Weiss<br>Geri Bertolo | voices = {{Plainlist| * Adam Sanders * Hannah Levinson * Bahia Watson * [[Julie Lemieux]] * Jasiah Stewart }} | theme_music_composer = Brad Alexander | opentheme = "Clifford the Big Red Dog" by Eli Bolin & Kevin Del Aguila | endtheme = "Clifford the Big Red Dog" <small>(instrumental)</small> | composer = Brad Alexander<br>Martin Erskine | country = {{Plainlist| * Canada * United States }} | language = English | num_seasons = 1 | num_episodes = 39 (78 segments) | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Iole Lucchese * [[Jennifer Oxley]] * Vince Commisso }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Christine Thompson * Martin Sal }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Kurt Skyers * Alejandro Tello }} | runtime = 22 minutes<ref name=magazine>{{cite news |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog; Launches in December |website=[[Animation Magazine]] |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=2019-06-04 |access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> (2 11-minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist| * 100 Chickens Productions * [[Brown Bag Films]] * [[9 Story Media Group]] * [[PBS Kids]] * [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Media]] * [[Amazon Studios]] }} | network = [[PBS Kids]]/[[Amazon Prime]] (United States)<br />[[TVOntario|TVOKids]] (Canada) | first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|7}} | last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|10}} | related = ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000)<br>''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' }} '''''Clifford the Big Red Dog''''' is an animated [[children's television series]]. It is a reboot of the [[Clifford the Big Red Dog|book series of the same name]]. ==Broadcast== [[Knowledge Network]] and [[TVOKids]] in Canada. [[PBS Kids]] in the United States. [[Canal J]] and [[TF1]] in France. [[Sky Kids (TV channel)|Sky Kids]] in the United Kingdom. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American animated television series]] [[Category:2019 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2021 American television series endings]] [[Category:2021 Canadian television series endings]] {{tv-stub}} [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] bh1ip1zwwvd310w54p5y5jxpa0lbugb 10331218 10331214 2025-06-15T01:15:29Z 2600:4040:2CC4:E100:5D3D:BC4:B651:1B7 /* Broadcast */ 10331218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | genre = | based_on = {{Based on|[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (TV series)]]|[[Deborah Forte]]}}<br>{{Based on|''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''|[[Norman Bridwell]]}} | developer = | director = Mike Weiss<br>Geri Bertolo | voices = {{Plainlist| * Adam Sanders * Hannah Levinson * Bahia Watson * [[Julie Lemieux]] * Jasiah Stewart }} | theme_music_composer = Brad Alexander | opentheme = "Clifford the Big Red Dog" by Eli Bolin & Kevin Del Aguila | endtheme = "Clifford the Big Red Dog" <small>(instrumental)</small> | composer = Brad Alexander<br>Martin Erskine | country = {{Plainlist| * Canada * United States }} | language = English | num_seasons = 1 | num_episodes = 39 (78 segments) | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Iole Lucchese * [[Jennifer Oxley]] * Vince Commisso }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Christine Thompson * Martin Sal }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Kurt Skyers * Alejandro Tello }} | runtime = 22 minutes<ref name=magazine>{{cite news |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog; Launches in December |website=[[Animation Magazine]] |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=2019-06-04 |access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref> (2 11-minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist| * 100 Chickens Productions * [[Brown Bag Films]] * [[9 Story Media Group]] * [[PBS Kids]] * [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Media]] * [[Amazon Studios]] }} | network = [[PBS Kids]]/[[Amazon Prime]] (United States)<br />[[TVOntario|TVOKids]] (Canada) | first_aired = {{Start date|2019|12|7}} | last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|10}} | related = ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000)<br>''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' }} '''''Clifford the Big Red Dog''''' is an animated [[children's television series]]. It is a reboot of the [[Clifford the Big Red Dog|book series of the same name]]. ==Broadcast== [[Knowledge Network]] and [[TVOKids]] in Canada. [[PBS Kids]] in the United States. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American animated television series]] [[Category:2019 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2021 American television series endings]] [[Category:2021 Canadian television series endings]] {{tv-stub}} [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] abfzfjr5uobw15bhkn00it5n76u4uqi 0 977505 10330114 10323708 2025-06-14T14:50:45Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 /* Production history */ 10330114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italictitle}} {{Use Canadian English|date=May 2025}} {{Article issues| {{no sources|date=August 2023}} {{cleanup|reason=|date=August 2023}} {{wikify|date=November 2022}} }} {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Adventure]] * [[Animation]] * [[Children's television series|Children]] }} | creator = {{Plainlist| * Julie Stewart * Scott Stewart }} | director = {{Plainlist| * Ben Anderson (season 2) * Clint Butler * Daniel DeSerranno * Dustin Mckenzie * James Corrigall * Julie Stewart * Mike Fetterly * Rich Johnson * Scott Stewart * Sebastian Brodin * Steve Ball * Sylvain Blais }} | writer = {{Plainlist| * Alice Prodanou * Ashley Lannigan * Dave Dias * Diana Moore * Garner Haines * J.D. Smith * Jennifer Daley * John Mein * John Van Bruggen * Julie Stewart * Karen Moonah * Naomi Jardine * Robert Ardiel * Robert Pincombe * Scott Stewart * Shawn Kalb * Sheila Rogerson * Shelley Hoffman }} | voices = {{Plainlist| * [[Maryke Hendrikse]] * [[Lee Tockar]] * [[Tabitha St. Germain]] * [[Brian Drummond]] * [[Matt Hill]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[Daniel Ingram]] | opentheme = {{Theme song|"You and Me, Kate & Mim-Mim"|Jessica Zraly}} | endtheme = "You and Me, Kate & Mim-Mim" (instrumental) | composer = Michael Richard Plowman | country = {{Plainlist| * Canada * United Kingdom (seasons 1—2) }} | language = English | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 47 (94 segments + 2 specials) | list_episodes = List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Asaph Fipke]] * Bob Higgins * Chuck Johnson (season 1) * Julie Stewart * Ken Faler * Kirsten Newlands (season 2) * Scott Stewart }} | producer = Asaph Fipke | runtime = 21 minutes (2 11–minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Nerd Corps Entertainment]]<ref name=CartoonBrew>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/business/nerd-corps-producing-its-first-preschool-series-kate-and-mim-mim-71586.html|title=Nerd Corps Producing Its First Preschool Series "Kate And Mim-Mim"|work=Cartoon Brew|date=11 October 2012 |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> (season 1) * [[WildBrain]] (season 2) * FremantleMedia Kids & Family Entertainment (2014―2018, seasons 1―2) * Boat Rocker Media (revival series) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|2014|08|04}} | last_aired = {{End date|2018|03|23}} | channel = {{Plainlist| * [[Knowledge Network|Knowledge Kids]] * [[BBC Kids]] (2014―2018, seasons 1―2) }} }} '''''Kate & Mim-Mim''''' (stylized as '''''Kate and Mim-Mim''''') is an animated adventure [[children's television series]] created by husband-and-wife duo, Julie and Scott Stewart.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Catherine|date=July 31, 2014|title=Kate and Mim-Mim: Q&A with creators Scott and Julie Stewart|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/cbeebiesgrownups/entries/3fb7f28a-a1dc-39d1-aeda-b8a5630c7f75|access-date=April 26, 2017|website=[[CBeebies|CBeebies Grown-ups]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The series aired the first broadcast and presented by [[Knowledge Network|Knowledge Kids]] and former [[BBC Kids]] for four years, which ran on August 4, 2014 in Canada, with two seasons and 47 episodes (94 segments and two television specials). It was produced by [[Nerd Corps Entertainment]] in the first season stranded and later [[WildBrain]] and associated by FremantleMedia Kids & Family Entertainment outside the North America during the original series. The series stayed hiatus on September 13, 2017 in Canada, the line-up second season finale on BBC Kids shuts down and repackaged [[CBeebies]] on December 31, 2018, there will be no longer aired in [[BBC]]. ==Settings== The series takes place about a 5-year-old [[Canadians|Canadian]] girl named Kate and the rest of her parents lived a small house in [[Hope, British Columbia]], [[Canada]], which formerly based in [[Vancouver]] from the earliest history. Each episode focus that she conflict their minds and strategies, she dares to go an adventures with her favourite purple stuffed bunny named Mim-Mim, both then swirled away to Mimiloo, and all of his friends and neighbours to kind their come to solve an idea. Meanwhile, she become a rule to solve the problem completes then returns home and give a joy. ==Episodes== {{Main|List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes{{!}}List of ''Kate & Mim-Mim'' episodes}} {{:List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes}} ==Characters== ===Main=== * '''Kaitlyn "Kate" Claire''' (voiced by [[Maryke Hendrikse]] in North America and Jessica Hann in the UK) – she is a 5-year-old Canadian [[protagonist]] girl, who become to narrate for her stuffed bunny friend named Mim-Mim. In her appearance, she has brown pigtails and brown eyes. She wears a pink shirt, a purple sweater underneath, blue-violet [[pants]] and white shoes (formerly orange coat when she was younger). * '''Mim-Mim''' (named ''Me-Me'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], voiced by [[Lee Tockar]] in North America and Rob Foster in the UK) – he is a [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]-[[Canadian English|Canadian]] purple anthropomorphic [[Rabbit|bunny]] and Kate's friend. He wears a pair of plane [[goggles]] on his head. ===Mimiloo friends=== * '''Boomer''' (voiced by [[Maryke Hendrikse]] in North America and [[Joanna Ruiz]] in the UK) – he is a young blue [[creature]] and Lily's younger brother, he has little legs and blue eyes. He loves making mischievous and experiences trouble with Tack's gadgets and sometimes like making a mess and Lily protect him. * '''Lily''' (voiced by [[Tabitha St. Germain]] in North America and [[Jess Robinson]] in the UK) – she is a young pink creature and Boomer's older sister, she has frills around her waste like a makeshift dress and blue eyes. She loves flowers and cooking as she takes care of Boomer. * '''Gobble''' (voiced by [[Brian Drummond]] in North America and [[Terrence Mann]] in the UK) – he is a older brown [[groundhog]], he has brown eyes, a pink nose and a light brown belly. He loves to work some [[garden]]ing, planting seeds and sometimes helping others. * '''Tack''' (voiced by [[Matt Hill]] in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK) – he is a teenage orange-yellow [[tree frog]], he has a yellow belly, he wears purple goggles with blue frames, a backside [[Stain|blotch]] and a stubby tail the same colour. He loves inventing things with using gadgets. ===Recurring=== * '''Boogideebears''' is a brown [[bear]] who lives in Happy Hollow. * '''Callie''' is a giant pink [[octopus]] who lives in Lost Island. She is first appeared in the 2014 episode "Tail Tale". * '''Glowla''' is a pink [[rabbit|bunni]][[butterfly|fly]]. * '''Mimiloo bugs''' is a pink widespread bugs. * '''Rumbly''' is a tiny grey [[rock]] who lives on the [[Moon]]. He is first appeared in the 2014 episode "Mim-Mim's Moon Mishap". * '''Tee Hee Rex''' is a youngling [[Tyrannosaurus|T-rex]]. He is first appeared in the 2014 episode "Tee Hee Rex". * '''Twinkly''' is a yellow [[star]] who lives in Forever Forest. He is first appeared in the 2014 episode "Twinkle Twinkle". * '''Valerie''' (voiced by [[Nicole Oliver]] in North America and Joanna Ruiz in the UK) — she is Kate's mother. She wears a light blue shirt, blue pants and black heels. * '''Marco''' (voiced by David Godfrey in North America and Charlie Ryan in the UK) ― he is Kate's father. He wears a white shirt with blue sleeves, blue pants and black runners. ==Production history== {{Timeline of release years | 2004 = [[List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes#Pilot|Test pilot]] | 2014 = [[List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes#Season 1 (2014―15)|Season 1]] | 2015 = [[List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes#Season 2 (2015―17)|Season 2]] | 2018 = Original series ended before [[BBC Kids]] closed }} On August 23, 2004, the test pilot will be revived in [[Studio B Productions]] for the first both airs on [[Knowledge Network]] and [[TVOKids]]. On October 10, 2012, the production status was developed by the Canadian animation studio, [[Nerd Corps Entertainment]], whose the creators of Julie and Scott Stewart, an animation backdrop towards the Russian television series, ''[[Masha and the Bear]]''. Meanwhile, the original series is set to release in spring 2014, later pushed back to August 4. Later that second season, Nerd Corps is moved to DHX Studios Vancouver, behind ''[[Blaze and the Monster Machines]]''. The original series ended on March 23, 2018, there will be no longer aired on CBeebies due to BBC Kids' shutdown and out-of-business company was replaced by FrementleMedia Kids & Family, before developed a Chinese [[television program|television series]] ''[[Rev & Roll]]'' in 2019. Meanwhile, the distribution was moved to Boat Rocker Media in the revival series, along with WildBrain. ==Distribution== ===Broadcast=== ''Kate & Mim-Mim'' airs on Knowledge Kids in Canada on August 4, 2014, along with BBC Kids in the original series is lead to CBeebies in the United Kingdom on September 1 until March 23, 2018. The first episode premiered on the coproduced [[Disney Jr. (programming block)|Disney Jr.]] between December 19, 2014 to July 2, 2017 in the United States and other worldwide services, when lost the rights to air the series. The other Canadian programming shown on [[Family Channel]]'s licence programming between an English-language channel [[Family Jr.]] on September 5, 2015 and French-language channel [[Télémagino]] on January 9, 2017. In the United States, in the shown formerly runs streaming from [[Netflix]] through December 1, 2015 to September 30, 2019, later it shown on [[Qubo]] in the first season on December 7, 2020, after they caught up the replacements until February 26, 2021. The development brings back to [[Disney Channel]] to discuss their new revival series is set in fall 2034. ====Other dubs==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Language !! Title !! Channel !! Notes !! Country |- | [[Russian language|Russian]] || Катя и Мим-Мим || [[Carousel (TV channel)|Carousel]] || || [[Russia]] |} ==Awards== An episode "[[List of Kate & Mim-Mim episodes#Season 1 (2014―15)|Bunch o' Boomers]]" nominated for a [[Leo Award]] for Best Overall Sound in an Animation Program or Series. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Disney Junior}} [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:2010s British animated television series]] [[Category:2010s British children's television series]] [[Category:2010s British television series]] [[Category:2010s British television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s British television series endings]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2010s television series]] [[Category:2010s television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s television series endings]] [[Category:2014 British television series debuts]] [[Category:2014 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:2014 television series debuts]] [[Category:2017 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2018 British television series endings]] [[Category:2018 television series endings]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:British animated television series]] [[Category:British children's television series]] [[Category:British television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:CBeebies]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Television characters]] [[Category:Television series about animals]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Television series by Disney]] 2y9c62uakeqyjrup6pvd074gftkdp8d 0 977770 10331244 9640828 2025-06-15T01:24:44Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox swimmer | name = Alice Harlfinger | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | fullname = | nickname = | national_team = France | nationality = French | strokes = [[backstroke]], [[freestyle]], [[breastroke]] | club = [[Société de Natation de Strasbourg]] | coach = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | height = | weight = | show-medals =yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Women's swimming}} {{MedalCountry | France}} {{MedalCompetition | [[Women's Olympiad]]}} {{MedalGold | [[Aquatics at the 1922 Women's Olympiad|1922 Monte Carlo]] | [[Swimming at the 1922 Women's Olympiad – 4 × 50 metre medley relay|4 x 50 m medley relay]]}} {{MedalBronze| [[Aquatics at the 1922 Women's Olympiad|1922 Monte Carlo]] | [[Swimming at the 1922 Women's Olympiad – 100 metre backstroke|100 m backstroke]]}} }} '''Alice Harlfinger''' sometimes written as '''Alice Harflinger''' was a French competitive [[swimming (sport)|swimmer]] from the [[Alsace]] during the 1920s. She was a member of [[Société de Natation de Strasbourg]].<ref name=Velez>{{cite web|last=Velez|first=Anne|url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608847/PDF/TheseVELEZ.pdf |title= LES FILLES DE L’EAU. UNE HISTOIRE DES FEMMES ET DE LA NATATION EN FRANCE(1905-1939)|work=Université d’Angers|date=2010|via=tel.archives-ouvertes.fr|access-date=10 November 2022|language=fr}}</ref> In 1921 she won the silver medal at the {{ill|France 200m breaststroke swimming championships|fr|Championnes de France de natation en bassin de 50 m du 200 m brasse}} in [[Strasbourg]] behind [[Joséphine Oberlé]] with a time of 3:55.2. She won the National Cup in the 4 x 50 metres medley relay. In 1921 she beated the French national record in the 100 metre backstroke with a time of 1:47.8. In 1922 she was part of the French national team at the [[Aquatics at the 1922 Women's Olympiad|1922 Women's Olympiad]], about the earliest international women's swimming championships. She won the gold medal with the French team in the [[Swimming at the 1922 Women's Olympiad – 4 × 50 metre medley relay|4 x 50 metre medley relay]] in a time of 2:56.<ref name="De Tijd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad van 24 apr 1922 (art. 137)">{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010529950:mpeg21:a0137 |title= Zwemmen. Onze zwemsters in Monte Carlo.|work=[[De Tijd]] |date=24 April 1922|via=[[Delpher]]|access-date=13 October 2022|language=nl}}</ref> She won the bronze medal with a time of 1:44.4 in the [[Swimming at the 1922 Women's Olympiad – 100 metre backstroke|100 metres backstroke event]] behind the Dutch [[Truus Klapwijk]] and the British [[Doris Hart (swimmer)|Doris Hart]].<ref name="De Tijd : godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad van 24 apr 1922 (art. 137)" /> She also competed in the [[Swimming at the 1922 Women's Olympiad – 200 metre breaststroke|200 metre breaststroke]] event, but didn't win a medal.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010026026:mpeg21:a0020 |title=De wedstrijden te Monte Carlo.|work=[[Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant]] |date=19 April 1922|via=[[Delpher]]|access-date=13 October 2022|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010529949:mpeg21:a0174 |title= Hollandsche zwemsters te Monte Carlo.|work=[[De Tijd]] |date=22 April 1922|via=[[Delpher]]|access-date=13 October 2022|language=nl}}</ref> Later the year she won the silver medal at the national championships in the 100 metre backstroke event with a time of 1:46.8.<ref name=Velez /> At the 1923 {{ill|France 100m backstroke swimming championships|fr|Championnes de France de natation en bassin de 50 m du 100 m dos}} she became national champion in a new Frech record with a time of 1:42.<ref name=Velez /> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harlfinger, Alice}} [[Category:French swimmers]] [[Category:Sportswomen]] [[Category:Year of birth missing]] [[Category:Year of death missing]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Grand Est]] 8qqec3nt9ryzea8hf2bbdwsvlg45vw4 0 977952 10330229 9658769 2025-06-14T15:59:00Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Emilio Roberto Gazzetta''' (April 1, 1995 - November 21, 2022) was a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[footballer]]. He played as a [[midfielder]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=baumgartner.stefan|title=Der SFV trauert um Karim Gazzetta|url=https://www.football.ch/sfv/nationalteams/u-21/news/https:/www.football.ch/sfv/nationalteams/u-21/news/der-sfv-trauert-um-karim-gazzetta.aspx|access-date=2022-11-22|website=www.football.ch|language=de}}</ref> == Career == Karim Gazzetta played for [[Servette FC]] [[Geneva]]. In 2013, he received his first professional contract. He began playing for the team on July 22, 2013. In 2014, he played on loan at Étoile Carouge in the Promotion League. After this, he switched back to Servette Geneva. At the end of September 2016, he moved again on loan to FC Winterthur. While there, he was injured just a few days after the move. He was only able to train with Winterthur after the winter break. Gazzetta played for FC Stade Lausanne-Ouchy in the 2019/20 and 2020/21 seasons. In June 2021, he moved to Neuchâtel Xamax. For the 2022/23 season, Gazzetta joined the Bosnian record champions HŠK Zrinjski.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Switzerland Footballer, Karim Gazzetta Reportedly Commits Suicide By Jumping From Building {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/11/21/switzerland-footballer-karim-gazzetta-reportedly-commits-suicide-jumping-building|access-date=2022-11-22|website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Gazzetta played for the [[Swiss junior national football team|Swiss junior national teams]] up to U-20. == Death == On November 21, 2022, Gazzetta committed [[suicide]] by jumping from the eighth floor of a building in [[Mostar]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The local [[police]] department conducted a series of investigations at the accident site.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blick|date=2022-11-21|title=Schweizer Fussball-Profi tot aufgefunden|url=https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/challengeleague/tragoedie-in-bosnien-schweizer-fussball-profi-tot-aufgefunden-id18071797.html|access-date=2022-11-22|website=Blick|language=de-CH}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gazzetta, Karim}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Swiss footballers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Geneva]] 9y5npmuo2mnzhuwurlqhl09im767n3t 0 979086 10330306 8974979 2025-06-14T16:54:54Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP unsourced|date=November 2022}} '''Rafael Devers''' is a [[Dominican]] [[third baseman]] for the [[Boston Red Sox]]. He was an [[All-Star]] winner in 2021 and 2022. The Boston Red Sox signed Devers as a [[free agent]] at 16 years old of August, 2013. Devers signed a $11.2 million contract deal with the Boston Red Sox in 2022. {{DEFAULTSORT:Devers, Rafael}} [[Category:Boston Red Sox players]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Dominican Republic baseball players]] [[Category:American League All-Stars]] [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Dominica people]] {{Sports-biography-stub}} pj3ommx19dnj9u19uhbtn98grg6fm61 0 984821 10331365 10302425 2025-06-15T02:58:04Z 93.141.158.188 10331365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = IShowSpeed | image = IShowSpeed at Chinatown (Portrait) 04.jpg | caption = Watkins at [[Chinatown, Singapore]] in 2024 | other_names = Speed | birth_name = Darren Jason Watkins Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|01|21}} | birth_place = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], U.S. | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[YouTuber]] * live streamer * [[internet personality]] * [[rapper]] }} | years_active = 2016–present | signature = IShowSpeed Signature.svg | channel_direct_url = IShowSpeed | channel_display_name = IShowSpeed | genre = {{hlist|[[Game|Gaming]]|[[Let's Play]]|IRL|[[Travel|travelling]]|[[association football|football]]}} | subscribers = 39.7 million | views = 4.3 billion | silver_button = yes | silver_year = 2021 | gold_button = yes | gold_year = 2021 | diamond_button = yes | diamond_year = 2022 | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[Kai Cenat]] * [[Sidemen]] * [[Adin Ross]] * [[KSI]]}} | stats_update = May 31, 2025 | module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer|subbox=yes | channel_name = IShowSpeed | years_active = 2018–2021 | followers = 400k | genre = [[Game|Gaming]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Comedy hip hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]] * [[pop rap]] * Brazilian funk }} | label = [[Warner Records|Warner]] | website = {{URL|https://speed.store|IShowSpeed Merchandise}} }} }} }} '''Darren Jason Watkins Jr.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathur|first=Moulik|date=October 18, 2023|title=IShowSpeed India Trip: Here Is Everything From Meeting McStan, Daler Mehndi, Arguing With Messi Fans, Cricket, More|url=https://in.ign.com/india/196240/news/ishowspeed-india-trip-here-is-everything-from-meeting-mcstan-daler-mehndi-arguing-with-messi-fans-cr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020090205/https://in.ign.com/india/196240/news/ishowspeed-india-trip-here-is-everything-from-meeting-mcstan-daler-mehndi-arguing-with-messi-fans-cr|archive-date=October 20, 2023|access-date=October 19, 2023|website=[[IGN India]]}}</ref>''' (born January 21, 2005),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brigstock|first=Jake|date=June 3, 2024|title=Who is IShowSpeed and how did he get so popular?|url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube|access-date=June 27, 2024|website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref> better known by his online [[Pseudonym|username]] '''IShowSpeed''', is an [[American people|American]] [[YouTube|YouTuber]], internet celebrity. In 2024, he received the Streamer of the Year at the 14th Streamy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IShowSpeed wins Streamer of the Year at The Streamer Awards 2024|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/streamers/news-ishowspeed-wins-streamer-year-the-streamer-awards-2024-kai-cenat-takes-home-best-just-chatting-streamer-award|access-date=5 December 2024|website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref> == Early life and education == Darren Watkins Jr.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mathur|first=Moulik|date=October 18, 2023|title=IShowSpeed India Trip: Here Is Everything From Meeting McStan, Daler Mehndi, Arguing With Messi Fans, Cricket, More|url=https://in.ign.com/india/196240/news/ishowspeed-india-trip-here-is-everything-from-meeting-mcstan-daler-mehndi-arguing-with-messi-fans-cr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020090205/https://in.ign.com/india/196240/news/ishowspeed-india-trip-here-is-everything-from-meeting-mcstan-daler-mehndi-arguing-with-messi-fans-cr|archive-date=October 20, 2023|access-date=October 19, 2023|website=[[IGN India]]}}</ref> was born on January 21, 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brigstock|first=Jake|date=June 3, 2024|title=Who is IShowSpeed and how did he get so popular?|url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube|access-date=June 27, 2024|website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref> in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brigstock|first=Jake|date=June 3, 2024|title=Who is IShowSpeed and how did he get so popular?|url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/who-is-ishowspeed-streamer-youtube|access-date=June 27, 2024|website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref> and graduated from Ohio Digital Learning School, in [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Even After Failing Almost All His Classes, Notorious Streamer iShowSpeed Flips The World Upside Down During His High-School Graduation|url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-even-after-failing-almost-all-his-classes-notorious-streamer-ishowspeed-flips-the-world-upside-down-during-his-high-school-graduation/|access-date=2 October 2023|website=EssentiallySports}}</ref> He has a younger brother who sometimes comes into his room while he is doing livestreams to say "goodnight" to him or interact with him. He also has younger brother named Dian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=“I always get picked on” - IShowSpeed’s brother reveals getting bullied at school due to the streamer’s flashing incident|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/news-i-always-get-picked-on-ishowspeed-s-brother-reveals-getting-bullied-school-due-streamer-s-flashing-incident|access-date=2 October 2023|website=Sportskeeda}}</ref> == Career == [[File:IShowSpeed at Pahang Street, Singapore - 20240924 - RSKY 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|]] In 2016, IShowSpeed joined [[YouTube]]. Around December 2017, Watkins began making videos of him playing games. In 2022, IShowSpeed's channel got 14 million subscribers on YouTube. Watkins has made many songs. These have been popular on YouTube and [[TikTok]]. In 2022, he made a [[Single (music)|single]] named "World Cup". It went onto the [[UK Singles Chart|UK Singles]] music chart.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-30|title=Official Singles Chart on 25/11/2022|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20221125/7501/|access-date=2024-02-27|website=Official Charts|language=en}}</ref> It also went onto other national [[Record chart|music charts]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dutch Single Tip 26/11/2022|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2022&date=20221126|access-date=December 26, 2022|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=November 14, 2022|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5447|access-date=December 26, 2022|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|archive-date=November 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111225802/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=5447|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 10, 2025, Watkins announced that he would be doing a tour in [[South America]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Vishnu|date=2025-01-10|title=IShowSpeed announces upcoming South America tour|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/streamers/news-ishowspeed-announces-upcoming-south-america-tour|access-date=2025-01-31|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IShowSpeed's South America IRL Tour |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/cmplxtara-mahadevan/ishowspeed-announces-irl-streaming-tour-south-america |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> On January 28, during his tour in [[Peru]], he briefly became honorary mayor of [[Lima]], Peru, for two hours and was also declared an ambassador of Peru and Lima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IShowSpeed Declared Mayor of Lima for One Hour During Peru Visit |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ishowspeed-declared-mayor-of-lima |website=Complex |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Twitch}} *{{Instagram|ishowspeedjrsui}} *{{Twitter}} *{{Facebook}} *{{IMDb name}} {{US-bio-stub}}{{DEFAULTSORT:IShowSpeed}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:21st-century American rappers]] [[Category:African-American rappers]] [[Category:African-American singers]] [[Category:American YouTubers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Cincinnati]] [[Category:Rappers from Ohio]] dh2pc8k2uw8lfcgudasuo4uv1je1s4y 0 995498 10331517 10251609 2025-06-15T05:50:12Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Vivek Ramaswamy | image = Vivek Ramaswamy, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = Ramaswamy in 2025 | birth_name = Vivek Ganapathy Ramaswamy | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|8|9}} | birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Yale University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|author|political candidate}} | spouse = {{Marriage|Apoorva Tewari|2015}} | children = 2 | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Vivek Ramaswamy expressing his political views on American demographics.ogg|title=Vivek Ramaswamy's voice|type=speech|description=Ramaswamy speaks about [[Demographics of the United States|American demographics]], and his own presidential candidacy.<br/>Recorded April 27, 2023}} }} '''Vivek Ramaswamy''' (born August 9, 1985)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Huynh |first=Anjali |date=August 24, 2023 |title=However People Say It, Vivek Ramaswamy Is Happy to Be in the Conversation |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-name-pronunciation.html}}</ref> is an Indian-American [[entrepreneur]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician, and [[sex symbol]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Vivek I Edge To You |work=Know Your Meme |url= https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/vivek-i-edge-to-you}}</ref> He founded Roivant Sciences, a biotech company, in 2014. Ramaswamy unsuccessfully [[Vivek Ramaswamy 2024 presidential campaign|ran]] for [[President of the United States]] in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]]. After ending his campaign, Ramaswamy supported former President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]]. After the 2024 election, Ramaswamy was originally hired to run the [[Department of Government Efficiency]], however he left the department to focus on his political career. He is running for the Republican nomination for [[Governor of Ohio]] in the [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]]. ==Early life== Ramaswamy was born in [[Cincinnati]] to [[Indian people|Indian]] immigrant parents.<ref name="Kolhatkar">{{Cite magazine |last=Kolhatkar |first=Sheelah |date=December 12, 2022 |title=The C.E.O. of Anti-Woke, Inc. |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/12/19/vivek-ramaswamy-the-ceo-of-anti-woke-inc|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X |access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref> He graduated from [[Harvard College]] with a bachelor's degree in biology and later earned a [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Yale Law School]].<ref name="Kolhatkar"/> Ramaswamy worked as an investment partner at a [[hedge fund]] before founding Roivant Sciences. Ramaswamy also co-founded an investment firm, Strive Asset Management.<ref name="Kolhatkar"/> ==2024 presidential campaign== {{main|Vivek Ramaswamy 2024 presidential campaign}} In February 2023, Ramaswamy declared his [[Vivek Ramaswamy 2024 presidential campaign|candidacy]] for the [[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican Party nomination]] in the [[2024 United States presidential election]].<!-- Please DO NOT ADD RELIGION (Hindu) IN THE LEAD; see [[MOS:CONTEXTBIO]]: "Ethnicity, religion, or sexuality should generally not be in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability."--> Ramaswamy claims the United States is in the middle of a national identity crisis.<ref name="APEntersRace">{{Cite news |date=February 21, 2023 |title='Woke, Inc.' author Vivek Ramaswamy enters White House race |work=[[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/religion-and-politics-united-states-government-2022-midterm-elections-ohio-e1c1cbe47763bd979b6b47557aee043d |url-status=live |access-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713125113/https://apnews.com/article/religion-and-politics-united-states-government-2022-midterm-elections-ohio-e1c1cbe47763bd979b6b47557aee043d |archive-date=July 13, 2023 |quote=Ramaswamy, 37, formally launched his longshot bid by decrying what he called a “national identity crisis” that he claims is driven by a left-wing ideology that has replaced “faith, patriotism and hard work” with “new secular religions like COVID-ism, climate-ism and gender ideology.”}}</ref> He is also a critic of Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) initiatives.<ref name="hilljan21">{{Cite web |last=Gans |first=Jared |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Conservative entrepreneur Vivek Ramaswamy announces GOP presidential bid |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3868741-conservative-entrepreneur-vivek-ramaswamy-announces-gop-presidential-bid/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224060919/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3868741-conservative-entrepreneur-vivek-ramaswamy-announces-gop-presidential-bid/ |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref name="CincinnatiBC">{{Cite news |last=Wetterich |first=Chris |date=January 26, 2021 |title=A Look At the Race for Portman's Senate Seat |work=[[Cincinnati Business Courier]] |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2021/01/26/a-look-at-the-race-for-portmans-senate-seat-and-a.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129043856/https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2021/01/26/a-look-at-the-race-for-portmans-senate-seat-and-a.html |archive-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> In August 2023, ''[[Forbes]]'' estimated Ramaswamy's net worth at more than $950&nbsp;million; his wealth comes from [[biotech]] and financial businesses.<ref name="forbes08212023">{{Cite news |last=Toppan |first=Jamel |date=August 21, 2023 |title=How Vivek Ramaswamy Became A Billionaire |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhyatt/2023/08/21/how-vivek-ramaswamy-became-a-billionaire/?sh=6f5f9d834fdf/ |access-date=August 21, 2023}}</ref> [[File:Vivek Ramaswamy by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg|thumb]] Following the [[2024 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses|2024 Iowa caucus]], Ramaswamy ended his campaign, and formally endorsed [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="Pellish Collins 2024 p552">{{cite web | last=Pellish | first=Aaron | last2=Collins | first2=Kaitlan | title=Vivek Ramaswamy ends presidential campaign | website=CNN | date=2024-01-16 | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/15/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-ends-presidential-campaign?cid=ios_app | access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref> ==Trump administration== In November 2024, President-elect [[Donald Trump]] announced that Ramaswamy and businessman [[Elon Musk]] had been picked to lead the newly proposed [[Department of Government Efficiency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Trump says Elon Musk will lead Department of Government Efficiency with Vivek Ramaswamy |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/trump-says-elon-musk-will-lead-department-government-efficiency-vivek-rcna179899 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> He left DOGE on January 20, 2025, to focus on a possible run for [[Governor of Ohio]] in [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|2026]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Ramaswamy won't serve on Trump's government efficiency commission as he mulls run for Ohio governor |url=https://apnews.com/article/vivek-ramaswamy-doge-ohio-governor-musk-trump-328400a5cc47adde8dd97eb628d18164 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Some media reports said that Ramaswamy had a hard time getting along with other DOGE leadership and staff caused the departure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Ramaswamy forced out of DOGE by Musk after calling US workers 'mediocre,' report says |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/ramaswamy-trump-musk-department-of-government-efficiency-b2683213.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title='Everyone wants him out': How Musk helped boot Ramaswamy from DOGE |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/01/20/doge-musk-helped-eject-ramaswamy-00199487 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Jennifer |last2=Jiang |first2=Weijia |last3=Gómez |first3=Fin |date=2025-01-19 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy expected to depart DOGE - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vivek-ramaswamy-expected-to-depart-doge/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==2026 Ohio gubernatorial campaign== [[File:Vivek Ramaswamy (53808817681) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] In February 2025, Ramaswamy announced his campaign for [[Governor of Ohio]] in the [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Croup |first1=Josh |title=Vivek Ramaswamy files paperwork to run for governor of Ohio |url=https://www.13abc.com/2025/02/15/vivek-ramaswamy-files-paperwork-run-governor-ohio/ |access-date=February 15, 2025 |work=[[WTVG]] |date=February 15, 2025 |quote=Ramaswamy will formally launch his campaign in his native Cincinnati on Feb. 24. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=DOGE for Ohio? Vivek Ramaswamy enters governor's race pushing cuts and merit pay |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/doge-ohio-vivek-ramaswamy-enters-governors-race-pushing-cuts-merit-pay-rcna188980 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == Ramaswamy's wife, Apoorva Tewari Ramaswamy, is a [[laryngologist]] and surgeon.<ref name=Huynh>{{Cite news|author=Anjali Huynh|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/23/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wife-apoorva.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 23, 2023|title=Beside Ramaswamy, a Doctor Who Listens More and Debates Less|access-date=December 7, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181101/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/23/us/politics/vivek-ramaswamy-wife-apoorva.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They married in 2015 and have two sons. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Vivek Ramaswamy}} * [https://www.vivek2024.com 2024 presidential campaign website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521172626/https://www.vivek2024.com/ |date=2024-05-21 }} * {{C-SPAN|131547}} {{CongLinks|fec=P40011082}} * [https://www.politifact.com/personalities/vivek-ramaswamy/ Vivek Ramaswamy] on [[Politifact]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Vivek}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2024 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:American political writers]] [[Category:American political commentators]] [[Category:Politicians from Cincinnati]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Writers from Cincinnati]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Cincinnati]] qxjck7uj5emo8yhi83zuyowhgq37ak0 0 996399 10330403 9621724 2025-06-14T17:22:15Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = MNEK | image = Mnek.jpg | caption = MNEK backstage | birth_name = Uzoechi Osisioma Emenike | alias = Uzo Emenike | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|09|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Lewisham]], London, England | origin = [[Bellingham, London]], England | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[dance-pop]]|[[House music|house]]|[[UK garage]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|record producer}} | years_active = 2011–present | label = {{hlist|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Virgin EMI Records|Virgin EMI]]|[[Moshi Moshi Records|Moshi Moshi]]}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|Ryan Ashley|[[Brayton Bowman]]|[[Becky Hill]]|[[KABBA (singer)|KABBA]]|[[Years & Years]]|Leo Kalyan|[[Kate Stewart]]|[[Stormzy]]|[[Zara Larsson]]|[[Joel Corry]]|[[Jax Jones]]|[[Craig David]]|[[Mabel (singer)|Mabel]]|[[The Saturdays]]|[[Dua Lipa]]|[[Duke Dumont]]|[[Little Mix]]}} }} '''Uzoechi Osisioma "Uzo" Emenike''' (born 9 November 1994), better known by his{{Efn|MNEK uses [[He (pronoun)|he/him]], [[She (pronoun)|she/her]] and [[Singular they|they/them]] pronouns. MNEK switches between them; this article uses he/him pronouns for consistency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Magliola |first=Anna Sky |date=2 January 2023 |title=MNEK: Everything you need to know about the talented singer-songwriter 🎶 |work=Planet Radio |url=https://planetradio.co.uk/kiss/entertainment/music/mnek/ |access-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref>}} stage name '''MNEK''', is a [[British people|British]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]], and [[record producer]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=108641 | title=Grammy Nominated UK Producer & Songwriter MNEK Releases Debut EP 'Small Talk' Today }}</ref> He has been nominated for a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] and a [[Brit Award]]. He received the [[ASCAP Vanguard Award]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musicweek.com/publishing/read/jess-glynne-and-mnek-to-receive-ascap-vanguard-award/066466 | title=Jess Glynne and MNEK to receive ASCAP Vanguard Award }}</ref> His writing and productions credits include [[Madonna]], [[Jax Jones]], [[Dua Lipa]], [[KSI]], [[Zara Larsson]], [[Christina Aguilera]], and many others. ==Career== His stage name is a [[gramogram]] of his surname, Emenike. In an interview with Build LDN, he told how he was introduced into the music industry. He did not know what a [[music producer]] was. He states that he wrote poems in his childhood. He also stated that he also started to produce music around the same time. At the age of 14, he set up a [[MySpace]] account to post his works. He was a [[Fan (person)|fan]] of [[CocknBullKid]]. CocknBullKid then later on helped him become a publisher.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnLlp_9JMmI | title="I Had No Idea What a Publisher Was" - MNEK on His Young Start in the Industry | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> In the early 2010s, he helped produce music for others. He was also featured on a few albums by other artists. On March 2015, he created his first debut [[extended play|EP]], ''[[Small Talk (EP)]]''. During the same year, he helped [[Swedish people|Swedish]] singer [[Zara Larsson]] work on releasing her song "[[Never Forget You]]".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/48383/mnek-and-zara-larsson/ | title=MNEK & ZARA LARSSON &#124; full Official Chart History &#124; Official Charts Company | website=[[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]] }}</ref> Because of the success of Never Forget You, he went to work with other musical artists. This began with working on [[Beyoncé]]'s 2016 song "[[Hold Up (song)|Hold Up]]". After that, he worked with [[Jax Jones]], [[Shift K3Y]], and many others. In 2016-2017, he released his first solo singles. In 2019, he worked with [[LGBT]] musical artists. It was to make a safe place to work in.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-48887643 | title=MNEK: Someone told me my video made them uncomfortable | work=BBC News | date=6 July 2019 }}</ref> In 2020, he made the song "[[Head & Heart]]" with [[Joel Corry]]. That song was successful. It is because it peaked at number one on the [[Official UK Charts]]. In 2021, he appeared as a guest vocal coach for [[RuPaul]]'s [[RuPaul's Drag Race UK|Drag Race UK]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8523705/mnek-joins-rupauls-drag-race-uk-guest-vocal-coach | title=Mnek Joins Upcoming 'RuPaul's Drag Race UK' as Guest Vocal Coach | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> ==Discography== * [[Language (album)|Language]] (2018) ==Personal life== Emenike came out as [[gay]] when he was 19. He wrote with other [[LGBT]] artists. An example is [[Rina Sawayama]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.withersworldwide.com/en-gb/insight/celebrating-black-pride-the-inspiring-story-of-uk-musician-singer-songwriter-and-producer-mnek | title=Celebrating Black Pride: The inspiring story of UK musician, singer, songwriter and producer MNEK &#124; Withersworldwide }}</ref> He wants to reach out to young adults who are [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]] their [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-45514332 | title=MNEK: I want to say it's OK to be black and gay | work=BBC News }}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Black British musicians]] [[Category:British LGBT people]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:LGBT songwriters]] [[Category:Gay men]] [[Category:British songwriters]] [[Category:Singers from London]] 6v8y7n7qii4713jogq4xb7rgjln8rvn 0 996514 10330376 10279327 2025-06-14T17:14:18Z 37.26.83.170 10330376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} '''''Thor: Love and Thunder''''' is a 2023 [[superhero movie]] directed by [[Taika Waititi|Taika Watiti]], who co-wrote the screenplay with [[Jennifer Kaytin Robinson]]. It is the sequel to the 2018 movie ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'', also directed by Watiti, and the 29th movie in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU). The movie stars [[Chris Hemsworth]] as [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]] alongside [[Christian Bale]], [[Tessa Thompson]], [[Jaimie Alexander]], Waititi, [[Russell Crowe]], and [[Natalie Portman]]. {{Marvel Cinematic Universe|selected=Movies}}{{Marvel Comics live-action movies}}{{movie-stub}} [[Category:American fantasy movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Taika Waititi]] [[Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by Michael Giacchino]] da2yoe72jnq4awc0cmpnf58bxnx2x9u 14 996732 10331610 8695778 2025-06-15T08:51:21Z 193.5.232.52 10331610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Politics of Chile]] [[Category:Organisations based in Chile]] [[Category:Political parties by country|Chi]] [[Category:Political parties in South America|Chi]] 4b3ykl5ca8ks6axe3h6qjlh7dugfs1v 0 997227 10330808 8699684 2025-06-14T20:15:54Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:New Zealand cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of New Zealand One-day International cricketers'''. ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 24 January 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/caps.html?country=5;class=2 |title=Players / New Zealand / ODI caps |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=5;type=team |title=New Zealand ODI Batting Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=5;type=team |title=New Zealand ODI Bowling Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |+New Zealand ODI cricketers |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- align="center" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! First ! Last ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! [[Century (cricket)|100]] ! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! [[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! [[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stumped|St]] |- | 1|| [[Mark Burgess (cricket player)|Mark Burgess]] || |- | 2|| [[Richard Collinge]] || |- | 3|| [[Peter Coman]] || |- | 4|| [[Bevan Congdon]] || |- | 5|| [[Dayle Hadlee]] || |- | 6|| [[Richard Hadlee]] || |- | 7|| [[Brian Hastings]] || |- | 8|| [[Hedley Howarth]] || |- | 9|| [[Glenn Turner]] || |- | 10|| [[Graham Vivian]] || |- | 11|| [[Ken Wadsworth]] || |- | 12|| [[Vic Pollard]] || |- | 13|| [[Rodney Redmond]] || |- | 14|| [[Bruce Taylor (New Zealand cricketer)|Bruce Taylor]] || |- | 15|| [[Lance Cairns]] || |- | 16|| [[David O'Sullivan (cricketer)|David O'Sullivan]] || |- | 17|| [[John Parker (cricketer, born 1951)|John Parker]] || |- | 18|| [[Barry Hadlee]] || |- | 19|| [[Geoff Howarth]] || |- | 20|| [[John Morrison (cricketer)|John Morrison]] || |- | 21|| [[Brian McKechnie (cricket)|Brian McKechnie]] || |- | 22|| [[Jock Edwards|Graham Edwards]] || |- | 23|| [[Robert Anderson (cricketer)|Robert Anderson]] || |- | 24|| [[Murray Parker|Norman Parker]] || |- | 25|| [[Andrew Roberts (cricketer)|Andrew Roberts]] || |- | 26|| [[Gary Troup]] || |- | 27|| [[Stephen Boock]] || |- | 28|| [[John Wright (cricketer)|John Wright]] || |- | 29|| [[Brendon Bracewell]] || |- | 30|| [[Bruce Edgar]] || |- | 31|| [[Jeremy Coney]] || |- | 32|| [[Warren Lees]] || |- | 33|| [[Warren Stott]] || |- | 34|| [[Ewen Chatfield]] || |- | 35|| [[Paul McEwan]] || |- | 36|| [[John Fulton Reid]] || |- | 37|| [[Martin Snedden]] || |- | 38|| [[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian Smith]] || |- | 39|| [[Gary Robertson (cricketer)|Gary Robertson]] || |- | 40|| [[Martin Crowe]] || |- | 41|| [[Bruce Blair]] || |- | 42|| [[Jeff Crowe]] || |- | 43|| [[Peter Webb (cricketer)|Peter Webb]] || |- | 44|| [[Richard Webb (cricketer)|Richard Webb]] || |- | 45|| [[Trevor Franklin (cricketer)|Trevor Franklin]] || |- | 46|| [[John Bracewell]] || |- | 47|| [[Derek Stirling]] || |- | 48|| [[Evan Gray]] || |- | 49|| [[Ron Hart]] || |- | 50|| [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] || |- | 51|| [[Ervin McSweeney]] || |- | 52|| [[Stu Gillespie]] || |- | 53|| [[Tony Blain]] || |- | 54|| [[Willie Watson (New Zealand cricketer)|Willie Watson]] || |- | 55|| [[Phil Horne]] || |- | 56|| [[Dipak Patel]] || |- | 57|| [[Andrew Jones (cricketer)|Andrew Jones]] || |- | 58|| [[Danny Morrison (cricketer)|Danny Morrison]] || |- | 59|| [[Vaughan Brown]] || |- | 60|| [[Mark Greatbatch]] || |- | 61|| [[Chris Kuggeleijn]] || |- | 62|| [[Richard Reid (cricketer)|Richard Reid]] || |- | 63|| [[Robert Vance]] || |- | 64|| [[Gavin Larsen]] || |- | 65|| [[Stu Roberts]] || |- | 66|| [[Shane Thomson]] || |- | 67|| [[Jonathan Millmow]] || |- | 68|| [[Mark Priest]] || |- | 69|| [[Chris Pringle]] || |- | 70|| [[David White (cricketer)|David White]] || |- | 71|| [[Grant Bradburn]] || |- | 72|| [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] || 1990 || 2004 ||250|| 4379|| {{sort|1300|130}} || {{nts|29.00}} || 16 || 1 || 10667||203|| {{sort|5058|5/42}} || {{nts|37.50}} || 1 || 96||— |- | 73|| [[Richard Petrie]] || |- | 74|| [[Rod Latham]] || |- | 75|| [[Bryan Young (cricketer)|Bryan Young]] || |- | 76|| [[Chris Cairns]]¹ || |- | 77|| [[Murphy Su'a]] || |- | 78|| [[Simon Doull]] || |- | 79|| [[Dion Nash]] || |- | 80|| [[Adam Parore]] || |- | 81|| [[Blair Hartland]] || |- | 82|| [[Justin Vaughan]] || |- | 83|| [[Mark Haslam]] || |- | 84|| [[Michael Owens (cricketer)|Michael Owens]] || |- | 85|| [[Jeff Wilson (sportsman)|Jeff Wilson]] || |- | 86|| [[Richard de Groen]] || |- | 87|| [[Matthew Hart]] || |- | 88|| [[Stephen Fleming]]¹ || |- | 89|| [[Mark Douglas (cricketer)|Mark Douglas]] || |- | 90|| [[Heath Davis]] || |- | 91|| [[Darrin Murray]] || |- | 92|| [[Lee Germon]] || |- | 93|| [[Nathan Astle]] || |- | 94|| [[Roydon Hayes]] || |- | 95|| [[Roger Twose]] || |- | 96|| [[Craig Spearman]] || |- | 97|| [[Robert Kennedy (cricketer)|Robert Kennedy]] || |- | 98|| [[Geoff Allott]] || |- | 99|| [[Matt Horne|Matthew Horne]] || |- | 100|| [[Daniel Vettori]]¹ || |- | 101|| [[Andrew Penn (cricketer)|Andrew Penn]] || |- | 102|| [[Craig McMillan]] || |- | 103|| [[Shayne O'Connor]] || |- | 104|| [[Llorne Howell]] || |- | 105|| [[Paul Wiseman]] || |- | 106|| [[Mark Bailey (cricketer)|Mark Bailey]] || |- | 107|| [[Matthew Bell (cricketer)|Matthew Bell]] || |- | 108|| [[Alex Tait (cricketer)|Alex Tait]] || |- | 109|| [[Chris Drum]] || |- | 110|| [[Carl Bulfin]] || |- | 111|| [[Scott Styris]] || |- | 112|| [[Warren Wisneski]] || |- | 113|| [[Mathew Sinclair]] || |- | 114|| [[Chris Nevin]] || |- | 115|| [[Glen Sulzberger]] || |- | 116|| [[Daryl Tuffey]] || |- | 117|| [[Brooke Walker (cricketer)|Brooke Walker]] || |- | 118|| [[James Franklin (cricketer)|James Franklin]] || |- | 119|| [[Chris Martin (cricketer)|Chris Martin]] || |- | 120|| [[Jacob Oram]] || |- | 121|| [[Lou Vincent]] || |- | 122|| [[Andre Adams]] || |- | 123|| [[Kyle Mills]] || |- | 124|| [[Shane Bond]] || |- | 125|| [[Mark Richardson (cricketer)|Mark Richardson]] || |- | 126|| [[Brendon McCullum]] || |- | 127|| [[Ian Butler (cricketer)|Ian Butler]] || |- | 128|| [[Robbie Hart (cricketer)|Robbie Hart]] || |- | 129|| [[Paul Hitchcock]] || |- | 130|| [[Craig Cumming]] || |- | 131|| [[Richard Jones (New Zealand cricketer)|Richard Jones]] || |- | 132|| [[Hamish Marshall]] || |- | 133|| [[Michael Mason (cricketer)|Michael Mason]] || |- | 134|| [[Matthew Walker (New Zealand cricketer)|Matthew Walker]] || |- | 135|| [[Kerry Walmsley]] || |- | 136|| [[Tama Canning]] || |- | 137|| [[Michael Papps]] || |- | 138|| [[Gareth Hopkins]] || |- | 139|| [[Peter Fulton]] || |- | 140|| [[James Marshall (cricketer)|James Marshall]] || |- | 141|| [[Lance Hamilton]] || |- | 142|| [[Jeetan Patel]] || |- | 143|| [[Jamie How]] || |- | 144|| [[Ross Taylor]] || |- | 145|| [[Mark Gillespie (New Zealand cricketer)|Mark Gillespie]] || |- | 146|| [[Jesse Ryder]] || |- | 147|| [[Iain O'Brien]] || |- | 148|| [[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]] || |- | 149|| [[Tim Southee]] || |- | 150|| [[Grant Elliott]] || |- | 151|| [[Neil Broom]] || |- | 152|| [[Martin Guptill]] || |- | 153|| [[Brendon Diamanti]] || |- | 154|| [[Peter McGlashan]] || |- | 155|| [[Ewen Thompson]] || |- | 156|| [[Nathan McCullum]] || |- | 157|| [[Aaron Redmond]] || |- | 158|| [[Peter Ingram]] || |- | 159|| [[Andy McKay]] || |- | 160|| [[Shanan Stewart]] || |- | 161|| [[Kane Williamson]] || |- | 162|| [[BJ Watling]] || |- | 163 || [[Hamish Bennett]] || |- | 164 || [[Luke Woodcock]] || |- | 165 || [[Doug Bracewell]] || |- | 166 || [[Rob Nicol]] || |- | 167 || [[Graeme Aldridge]] || |- | 168 || [[Dean Brownlie]] || |- | 169 || [[Andrew Ellis (cricketer)|Andrew Ellis]] || |- | 170 || [[Tom Latham (cricketer)|Tom Latham]] || |- | 171 || [[Tarun Nethula]] || |- | 172 || [[Michael Bates (cricketer, born 1983)|Michael Bates]] || |- | 173 || [[Colin de Grandhomme]] || |- | 174 || [[Trent Boult]] || |- | 175 || [[Adam Milne]] || |- | 176 || [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] || |- | 177 || [[James Neesham]] || |- | 178 || [[Colin Munro]] || |- | 179 || [[Hamish Rutherford]] || |- | 180 || [[Luke Ronchi]]² || |- | 181 || [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] || |- | 182 || [[Anton Devcich]] || |- | 183 || [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] || |- | 184 || [[Mitchell Santner]] || |- | 185 || [[Ben Wheeler (cricketer)|Ben Wheeler]] || |- | 186 || [[Andrew Mathieson]] || |- | 187 || [[Ish Sodhi]] || |- | 188 || [[George Worker]] || |- | 189 || [[Henry Nicholls (cricketer)|Henry Nicholls]] || |- | 190 || [[Lockie Ferguson]] || |- | 191 || [[Scott Kuggeleijn]] || |- | 192 || [[Seth Rance]] || |- | 193 || [[Todd Astle]] || |- | 194 || [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]]³ || |- | 195 || [[Tim Seifert]] || |- | 196 || [[Tom Blundell (cricketer)|Tom Blundell]] || |- | 197 || [[Kyle Jamieson]] || |- | 198 || [[Devon Conway]] || |- | 199 || [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] || |- | 200 || [[Will Young (cricketer)|Will Young]] || |- | 201 || [[Michael Bracewell (cricketer)|Michael Bracewell]] || |- | 202 || [[Blair Tickner]] || |- | 203 || [[Finn Allen]] || |- | 204 || [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] || |- | 205 || [[Jacob Duffy]] || |- | 206 || [[Dane Cleaver]] || |- | 207 || [[Henry Shipley]] || |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} Notes: *¹ [[Chris Cairns]], [[Stephen Fleming]] and [[Daniel Vettori]] also played ODI cricket for ICC World XI. Only their records for [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] are given above. *² [[Luke Ronchi]] also played ODI cricket for Australia. Only his records for [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] are given above. *³ [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] also played ODI cricket for Hong Kong. Only his records for [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] are given above. {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:New Zealand-related lists|ODI cricketers]] rztp8d6j9hegfu94rbohizvkxqkjv6f 0 997268 10331448 10165974 2025-06-15T04:47:30Z Niobaker123890 794447 10331448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The 11 from La Masia''' is a historic football match played at the City of Valencia Stadium on [[November 25|25 November]] [[2012]] in which [[F.C. Barcelona|FC Barcelona]] fielded at the same time eleven players nurtured in their own La Masia talent development facility. The team faced [[Levante U.D.|Levante UD]] in the twelfth round of [[La Liga]] and won the match 0-4. The 11 players brought up at La Masia included [[Víctor Valdés]], [[:en:Martín_Montoya|Martin Montoya]], [[Gerard Piqué]], [[Carles Puyol]], [[Jordi Alba]], [[Sergio Busquets]], [[Xavi]], [[Cesc Fàbregas]], [[Andrés Iniesta|Andres Iniesta]], [[Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma|Pedro Rodríguez]] and [[Lionel Messi]]. The match was a milestone in FC Barcelona's history as it was the first time a team fielded at the same time eleven players nurtured in the club's talent development facility in an official match. La Masia has been a fundamental part of FC Barcelona's football culture and has produced many world-class players, such as Lionel Messi, Xavi, Andrés Iniesta and Sergio Busquets. The 11 from La Masia are an example of FC Barcelona's commitment to developing young talent and their unique style of play based on ball control and possession. The match has been remembered as a historic event in the club's long tradition and as a tribute to the players who have been brought up at La Masia. == Antecedents == FC Barcelona is a football club based in [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain, founded in 1899. The club is known for its successful history and its characteristic style of play based on ball control and short passing. One of the club's success factors is its La Masia youth academy, which has produced many of the world's best players. On November 25, 2012, FC Barcelona moved to Valence to face Levante UD in a league match in La Liga. This was an important match for the club, which had already established itself as one of the top clubs in the world. Ahead of the match, FC Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova fielded ten players who had trained and developed at the club's La Masia youth academy. Only player to not train with La Masia youth academy was right back Dani Alves. But, after he got injured in 15th minute, he was replaced by Martin Montoya, thus completing the historic line-up. <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 years since 11 from La Masia appeared in the line-up|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/2914090/10-years-since-11-from-la-masia-appeared-in-the-line-up|access-date=2024-06-18|website=www.fcbarcelona.com|language=en}}</ref> This was the first time in FC Barcelona's history that the club used all eleven academy players in an official match. The XI consisted of goalkeeper Víctor Valdés, defenders Martin Montoya, Gerard Piqué, Carles Puyol and Jordi Alba, midfielders Sergio Busquets, Xavi and Cesc Fàbregas, and forwards Andres Iniesta, Pedro Rodríguez and Lionel Messi. The match, which was also called "Los 11 de La Masia", became a historic event for FC Barcelona and its youth academy. This is proof of the club's successful work in developing and promoting young talent. The club's ability to cultivate youth academy talent is vital to its success and to maintaining its identity as a club that plays a beautiful and attractive game of football. == Chronicle == {{Football box | date = 25 November 2012 | time = 22:00 CET | team1 = Levante UD | score = 0-4 | report = [https://players.fcbarcelona.com/en/match/27149-levante-barcelona] | team2 = Barcelona | goals1 = | goals2 = Messi 46' 51' Iniesta 56' Fabregas 62' | stadium = [[Ciutat de València]] | attendance = 24,234 | referee = Pedro Jesús Pérez Montero | event = 2012-13 La Liga | round = Matchday 13 | score1 = 0 | score2 = 4 | location = València }} == Players == Goalie: [[Víctor Valdés]] Defence: Martin Montoya, [[Gerard Piqué]], [[Carles Puyol]], [[Jordi Alba]] Midfield: [[Sergio Busquets]], [[Xavi]], [[Cesc Fàbregas]] Strikers: Pedro Rodríguez, [[Lionel Messi]] and Andrés Iniesta. [[Levante U.D.|Levante UD]]: Goalie: Gustavo Munúa Defense: Pedro López, Sergio Ballesteros, [[David Navarro]], Juanfran García Midfield: Iborra, [[Michel]], Rubén García, Juanlu Gómez, Vicente Iborra Striker: José Javier Barkero. == Reaction and meaning == After the match between "The 11 from La Masia" and Levante UD on 25 November 2012, the press praised the performance of FC Barcelona and especially their youth academy, La Masia. This was the first time in the club's history that an entire starting eleven consisted of own products, which was a big step forward for the club's philosophy and youth activities. Sports journalists particularly praised Lionel Messi's performance on the pitch, where he showed his class and skill by creating several scoring chances and scoring a goal himself. Midfielder Cesc Fàbregas was also praised for his goal and his contributing role in the game. Several football experts also commented on how important it is for clubs to have a strong youth operation, stressing that Barcelona's success was not only due to individual performances, but to the club's long-term philosophy. Both coach [[Tito Vilanova]] and the players were humbled by the victory and stressed the importance of continuing to work hard and improve the team. This was an important victory for FC Barcelona and proof that their youth operation was one of the best in the world. After the match, fans showed their support and love for the club through social media and other platforms. This was an important day in Barcelona's history and a testament to their strength as a club and as a team. == Aftermath == The match "The 11 from La Masia" was one of the most significant matches in the history of FC Barcelona. Not only did the club present a starting eleven made up of players developed in the club's youth academy, but also showed that these players were fully capable of playing at the highest level of professional football. The match marked the beginning of an era where La Masia-produced players became the core of Barcelona's dominance of Spanish and European football. In the following years, players such as Sergi Roberto, Marc Bartra and Rafinha Alcántara became important members of the first team. By successfully integrating the youth academy with the first team, FC Barcelona has created a model for club development that has inspired other football clubs around the world. The 11 from La Masia will always be a reminder of Barcelona's pride in its academic tradition and the club's ability to produce some of the best footballers in the world. === 10-year anniversary === In 2022, FC Barcelona held a tribute event to celebrate the 10th anniversary of "The 11 from La Masia". During the event, highlights from the match were shown and former players and coaches were interviewed about their memories of the historic event. Players who took part in the match were also invited to celebrate the anniversary and meet the fans. As well as paying tribute to the match and the players who took part in it, the club also used the occasion to emphasize the importance of their youth academy and their commitment to training young talent. The event also showed how players who debuted at the club as youngsters still play an important role in today's teams and how their success has inspired other young players to follow in their footsteps. == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:11 from La Masia, The}} [[Category:FC Barcelona]] [[Category:La Liga]] clwniib92ylm9ur42s2vuarjdox4lhg 0 1002755 10330797 8960898 2025-06-14T20:12:01Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Dutch cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Dutch Twenty20 International cricketers''' who have played for [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]]. Netherlands played their first Twenty20 International against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] on 2 August, 2008. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=15;template=results;type=fielding |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Twenty20 Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''50s''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 6 November 2022.''<ref name="caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=15;class=3 |title=Netherlands – Twenty20 Internationals / Players by Caps |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=15;type=team |title= Netherlands / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=15;type=team |title= Netherlands / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+Netherlands T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Borren}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2017 || 43 || {{sort|0638|638}} || {{sort|0570|57}} || {{sort|1933|19.33}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0526|526}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{nts|33.50}} || 28 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36592.html |title=Peter Borren |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|de Grooth}} | 2008 || 2013 || 15 || {{sort|0163|163}} || {{sort|0490|49}} || {{sort|2037|20.37}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25022.html |title=Tom de Grooth |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hendrik-Jan|Mol}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24923.html |title=Henk-Jan Mol |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mudassar Bukhari}} | 2008 || 2016 || 38 || {{sort|0157|157}} || {{sort|0285|28*}} || {{sort|0872|8.72}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0704|704}} || {{sort|043|43}} || {{sort|493|4/7}} || {{nts|18.13}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/245166.html |title=Mudassar Bukhari |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Darron|Reekers}} | 2008 || 2009 || 6 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{sort|1280|12.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/38261.html |title=Darron Reekers |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Edgar|Schiferli}} | 2008 || 2010 || 7 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|377|3/23}} || {{nts|24.33}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24943.html |title=Edgar Schiferli |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pieter|Seelaar}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2021 || 77 || {{sort|0591|591}} || {{sort|0965|96*}} || {{sort|1738|17.38}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1132|1,132}} || {{sort|058|58}} || {{sort|481|4/19}} || {{nts|22.24}} || 32 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/208657.html |title=Pieter Seelaar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeroen|Smits}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2008 || 2009 || 6 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24952.html |title=Jeroen Smits |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eric|Szwarczynski}} | 2008 || 2013 || 14 || {{sort|0233|233}} || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{sort|2118|21.18}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/214696.html |title=Eric Szwarczynski |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|ten Doeschate}} | 2008 || 2021 || 24 || {{sort|0533|533}} || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{sort|4100|41.00}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|377|3/23}} || {{nts|18.84}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/47660.html |title=Ryan ten Doeschate |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Daan|van Bunge}} | 2008 || 2013 || 14 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|1125|11.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|186|1/14}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24964.html |title=Daan van Bunge |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geert-Maarten|Mol}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24913.html |title=Geert-Maarten Mol |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jelte|Schoonheim}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/304693.html |title=Jelte Schoonheim |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alexei|Kervezee}} | 2009 || 2012 || 10 || {{sort|0289|289}} || {{sort|0585|58*}} || {{sort|3211|32.11}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/214695.html |title=Alexei Kervezee |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dirk|Nannes}} | 2009 || 2009 || 2 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|56.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Dirk Nannes has also played Twenty20 International cricket for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. Only his record for the Netherlands is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/6981.html |title=Dirk Nannes |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bas|Zuiderent}} | 2009 || 2010 || 6 || {{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|0435|43*}} || {{sort|2160|21.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24990.html |title=Bas Zuiderent |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Atse|Buurman}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2010 || 4 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24996.html |title=Atse Buurman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Jonkman}} | 2010 || 2010 || 3 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|279|2/21}} || {{nts|11.75}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/245397.html |title=Mark Jonkman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Kashif|Mohammad Kashif (Dutch cricketer)}} | 2010 || 2010 || 3 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|00.00|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|272|2/28}} || {{nts|13.75}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/243073.html |title=Mohammad Kashif |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wesley|Barresi}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2012 || 2019 || 42 || {{sort|0799|799}} || {{sort|0755|75*}} || {{sort|2282|22.82}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|197|1/3}} || {{nts|24.50}} || 26 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/44407.html |title=Wesley Barresi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|Cooper|dab=cricketer}} | 2012 || 2022 || 33 || {{sort|0659|659}} || {{sort|0815|81*}} || {{sort|2353|23.53}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|282|2/18}} || {{nts|48.33}} || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/219885.html |title=Tom Cooper |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ahsan|Malik|dab=cricketer}} | 2012 || 2017 || 31 || {{sort|0028|28}} || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|0933|9.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0575|575}} || {{sort|044|44}} || {{sort|581|5/19}} || {{nts|16.59}} || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/518097.html |title=Ahsan Malik |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stephan|Myburgh}} | 2012 || 2022 || 45 || {{sort|0915|915}} || {{sort|0715|71*}} || {{sort|2178|21.78}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/233712.html |title=Stephan Myburgh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|Swart}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2012 || 2016 || 26 || {{sort|0621|621}} || {{sort|0890|89}} || {{sort|2700|27.00}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0318|318}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|292|2/8}} || {{nts|25.07}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308794.html |title=Michael Swart |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Timm|van der Gugten}} | 2012 || 2022 || 42 || {{sort|0109|109}} || {{sort|0405|40*}} || {{sort|1362|13.62}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0767|767}} || {{sort|042|42}} || {{sort|391|3/9}} || {{nts|22.35}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/333782.html |title=Timm van der Gugten |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Gruijters}} | 2012 || 2013 || 8 || {{sort|0051|51}} || {{sort|0215|21*}} || {{sort|2550|25.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|195|1/5}} || {{nts|24.66}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/364300.html |title=Tim Gruijters |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|Rippon}} | 2013 || 2018 || 18 || {{sort|0216|216}} || {{sort|0420|42}} || {{sort|3085|30.85}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0304|304}} || {{sort|015|15}} || {{sort|392|3/8}} || {{nts|20.66}} || 4 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Michael Rippon has also played Twenty20 International cricket for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. Only his record for the Netherlands is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/380956.html |title=Michael Rippon |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|van Meekeren}} | 2013 || 2022 || 58 || {{sort|0099|99}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|0707|7.07}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1165|1,165}} || {{sort|064|64}} || {{sort|489|4/11}} || {{nts|21.21}} || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348109.html |title=Paul van Meekeren |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ben|Cooper|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2021 || 58 || {{sort|1239|1,239}} || {{sort|0915|91*}} || {{sort|2815|28.15}} || 9 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 35 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/470699.html |title=Ben Cooper |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Logan|van Beek}} | 2014 || 2022 || 23 || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{sort|0725|7.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0376|376}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|473|4/27}} || {{nts|23.42}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/440522.html |title=Logan van Beek |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Max|O'Dowd}} | 2015 || 2022 || 58 || {{sort|1589|1,589}} || {{sort|1335|133*}} || {{sort|2998|29.98}} || 11 || 1 || {{sort|0076|76}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|193|1/7}} || {{nts|39.66}} || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/643197.html |title=Max O'Dowd |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thijs|van Schelven}} | 2015 || 2015 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|278|2/22}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/742529.html |title=Thijs van Schelven |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tobias|Visee}} | 2015 || 2021 || 31 || {{sort|0496|496}} || {{sort|0780|78}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/420419.html |title=Tobias Visee |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahil|Ahmed}} | 2015 || 2015 || 2 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{sort|1900|19.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/416106.html |title=Rahil Ahmed |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roelof|van der Merwe}} | 2015 || 2022 || 39 || {{sort|0408|408}} || {{sort|0755|75*}} || {{sort|2147|21.47}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0733|733}} || {{sort|042|42}} || {{sort|465|4/35}} || {{nts|18.21}} || 16 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Roelof van der Merwe has also played Twenty20 International cricket for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. Only his record for the Netherlands is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/47850.html |title=Roelof van der g |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sikander|Zulfiqar}} | 2016 || 2019 || 10 || {{sort|0068|68}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|0971|9.71}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|191|1/9}} || {{nts|26.33}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526482.html |title=Sikander Zulfiqar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vivian|Kingma}} | 2016 || 2021 || 9 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0250|2.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0184|184}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|256|2/44}} || {{nts|37.75}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/416103.html |title=Vivian Kingma |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bas|de Leede}} | 2018 || 2022 || 31 || {{sort|0609|609}} || {{sort|0915|91*}} || {{sort|3205|32.05}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0336|336}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|381|3/19}} || {{nts|16.62}} || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1036191.html |title=Bas de Leede |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Scott|Edwards|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2022 || 51 || {{sort|0614|614}} || {{sort|0425|42*}} || {{sort|2117|21.17}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 41 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1127317.html |title=Scott Edwards |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fred|Klaassen}} | 2018 || 2022 || 37 || {{sort|0045|45}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0450|4.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0762|762}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|581|5/19}} || {{nts|23.45}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1104703.html |title=Fred Klaassen |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saqib|Zulfiqar}} | 2018 || 2019 || 6 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|0850|8.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|196|1/4}} || {{nts|30.50}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526481.html |title=Saqib Zulfiqar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shane|Snater}} | 2018 || 2019 || 13 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|0360|3.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0209|209}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|358|3/42}} || {{nts|25.92}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/696143.html |title=Shane Snater |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hidde|Overdijk}} | 2018 || 2019 || 4 || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|1300|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{nts|24.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/471045.html |title=Hidde Overdijk |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brandon|Glover}} | 2019 || 2022 || 24 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0066|0.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0479|479}} || {{sort|037|37}} || {{sort|488|4/12}} || {{nts|14.62}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595419.html |title=Brandon Glover |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Antonius|Staal}} | 2019 || 2021 || 14 || {{sort|0127|127}} || {{sort|0285|28*}} || {{sort|1587|15.87}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/470909.html |title=Antonius Staal|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Philippe|Boissevain}} | 2019 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0162|162}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|257|2/43}} || {{nts|38.83}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1036197.html |title=Philippe Boissevain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sebastiaan|Braat}} | 2019 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|0265|26*}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|374|3/26}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348095.html |title=Sebastiaan Braat |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clayton|Floyd}} | 2019 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0024|23l4}} || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{sort|2400|24.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|186|1/14}} || {{nts|51.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1200616.html |title=Clayton Floyd |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Vikramjit Singh}} | 2019 || 2022 || 8 || {{sort|0076|76}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|0950|9.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1153767.html |title=Vikramjit Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Colin|Ackermann}} | 2019 || 2022 || 22 || {{sort|0465|465}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{sort|2583|25.83}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|194|1/6}} || {{nts|30.85}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/379774.html |title=Colin Ackermann |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Julian|de Mey}} | 2021 || 2021 || 3 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|165|1/35}} || {{nts|67.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1259261.html |title=Julian de Mey |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aryan|Dutt}} | 2021 || 2022 || 5 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|286|2/14}} || {{nts|24.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1195672.html |title=Aryan Dutt |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Teja|Nidamanuru}} | 2022 || 2022 || 6 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1193548.html |title=Teja Nidamanuru |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Pringle}} | 2022 || 2022 || 13 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|0825|8.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0246|246}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|190|1/10}} || {{nts|34.28}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1129328.html |title=Tim Pringle |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shariz|Ahmad}} | 2022 || 2022 || 9 || {{sort|0031|31}} || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|1550|15.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|285|2/15}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1278252.html |title=Shariz Ahmad |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|Klein}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{sort|1100|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|182|1/18}} || {{nts|45.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/594996.html |title=Ryan Klein |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> |} {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Netherlands Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Netherlands-related lists|Twenty20]] [[Category:Europe sport-related lists]] [[Category:Cricket in Europe]] b89mb8gr0ho7jcv5191n9qc3j3d93hs 0 1003357 10331637 8754471 2025-06-15T09:06:25Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Tine SA | logo = Tine company logo.png | area_served = [[Norway]]<br>Global | key_people = Hanne Refsholt (CEO) | products = Tinemelk milk<br>Jarlsberg cheese<br><nowiki>Snøfrisk]]</nowiki><br>Diplom-Is | revenue = {{profit}} Norwegian krone{{!}}NOK 20.4 billion (2013) | net_income = 948 mill. | num_employees = 5,600 (2013) | website = www.tine.no }} '''TINE SA''' is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[dairy product]] [[cooperative]]. The [[company]] has a long [[history]] dating back to [[1928]] and has seen many name changes before being given the Tine brand name in [[1992]]. Tine was ranked the world's #1 [[cooperative]] by size by the International Cooperative Alliance in [[2008]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global 300 for 2008|url=http://www.global300.coop/Global300List.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611064514/http://www.global300.coop/Global300List.aspx|archive-date=June 11, 2012|access-date=March 31, 2023|website=global300.coop}}</ref> The [[name]] "Tine" comes from an old Norweigan [[Wood|wooden]] [[container]] used for keeping [[butter]] and [[cheese]] fresh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Detaljert visning varemerke {{!}} Patentstyret|url=https://search.patentstyret.no/Trademark/200502942|access-date=2023-04-01|website=search.patentstyret.no}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Companies of Norway]] [[Category:Food companies of Europe]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] 0052b5x5qlxgv5xcxbq75xyyuw3xcae 0 1005007 10330903 10289900 2025-06-14T21:29:39Z BlackJack 572554 Copyedited. 10330903 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[cricket]], a player's '''bowling average''' is a [[statistic]]. It is used to measure the effectiveness (ability) of [[bowler]]s. The average is the number of [[run (cricket)|run]]s they have conceded whilst [[bowling (cricket)|bowling]], divided by the number of [[wicket]]s they have taken. Bowlers try to achieve an average that is as low as possible. [[George Lohmann]] (2 June 1865 – 1 December 1901) holds the record for the lowest average in [[Test cricket]], having claimed 112 wickets at an average of 10.75 runs per wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-and-fica-launch-cricket-hall-of-fame-385019 |title=ICC and FICA launch Cricket Hall of Fame |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cricket statistics]] {{sports-stub}} 8ezux05aqhc11dvslooy3rkwo4gcmqr 10331703 10330903 2025-06-15T09:57:25Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Cricket statistics]]; added [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331703 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[cricket]], a player's '''bowling average''' is a [[statistic]]. It is used to measure the effectiveness (ability) of [[bowler]]s. The average is the number of [[run (cricket)|run]]s they have conceded whilst [[bowling (cricket)|bowling]], divided by the number of [[wicket]]s they have taken. Bowlers try to achieve an average that is as low as possible. [[George Lohmann]] (2 June 1865 – 1 December 1901) holds the record for the lowest average in [[Test cricket]], having claimed 112 wickets at an average of 10.75 runs per wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-and-fica-launch-cricket-hall-of-fame-385019 |title=ICC and FICA launch Cricket Hall of Fame |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Terminology of cricket]] {{sports-stub}} sisgvhd3oe0oay8msdgwxmohifzddxw 0 1005121 10331102 10329769 2025-06-14T23:43:24Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Expand English}} {{Expand Chinese|海神神社|date=February 2024}}{{Distinguish|Watatsumi Shrine}}{{Infobox religious building|religious_affiliation=[[Shinto]]|image=Kaijin jinja haiden and honden.JPG|caption=shrine and main hall|coordinates=|deity=[[Toyotama-hime]],<br> [[Hikohohodemi no Mikoto]]|festivals=[[Life release]], Kaijin Matsuri|festival=[[Life release]], Kaijin Matsuri|architecture_style=[[Nagare-zukuri]]}} '''Kaijin Shrine''' (海神神社) is a significant [[Shinto shrine]] in [[Tsushima Island]], [[Nagasaki Prefecture|Nagasaki]] that holds a Beppyo status. This status denotes that the shrine is remarkable and holds a significant historical importance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=別表神社とは？御朱印めぐりに参考になる「別表神社一覧」とマップ {{!}} 開運戦隊ゴシュインジャー|url=https://jinja-gosyuin.com/beppyou/|access-date=2023-04-02|website=jinja-gosyuin.com}}</ref> Kaijin Shrine is also ranked as an [[Ichinomiya]], which means it is the highest-ranked shrine in its province. Kaijin Shrine should not be confused with [[Watatsumi Shrine]], which has a very similar Japanese name (海神社) to Kaijin Shrine (海神神社). In 2012 a robber stole a [[Buddha]] statue from the shrine, but in 2015 it was returned.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Korea Returns Stolen Buddhist Statue to Japan {{!}} Buddhistdoor|url=https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/news/south-korea-returns-stolen-buddhist-statue-to-japan|access-date=2023-04-10|website=www2.buddhistdoor.net|archive-date=2015-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806130431/http://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/south-korea-returns-stolen-buddhist-statue-to-japan|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Watatsumi Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kokuhei Chūsha]] [[Category:Myōjin Taisha]] [[Category:Ichinomiya]] [[Category:Beppyo shrines]] [[Category:Shinto shrines in Nagasaki Prefecture]] {{Hachiman Faith}} {{Sumiyoshi and Watatsumi Faiths}} {{Tsushima Shrines}} 27bwmcn63d559cm99b9urbuzkoxr5k1 0 1005355 10331076 10018655 2025-06-14T23:21:16Z Immanuelle 1174418 removed [[Category:Beppyo shrines]]; added [[Category:Shinto shrines by tradition]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331076 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kumano_Jinja_12.jpg|thumb|275x275px|A Kumano shrine in [[Kurashiki]], [[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]]] A '''{{Nihongo|Kumano shrine|熊野神社|Kumano Jinja}}''' is a type of [[Shinto shrine]] that honors the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi. <ref name="kumano">Encyclopedia of Shinto, [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1076 Kumano Shinkō], accessed on October 6, 2008</ref>There are over 3,000 Kumano shrines in [[Japan]], and each one receives its [[kami]] from another Kumano shrine through a process called {{Nihongo|''[[bunrei]]''|分霊}} or {{Nihongo|''[[kanjō]]''|勧請}}. The Kumano cult originally came from the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex in [[Wakayama Prefecture]].<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|title=Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"|url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221919/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|archive-date=2009-03-03|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> == Kumano Sanzan == [[File:Waterfall_Nachi02.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Nachi Falls and Seiganto-ji]] The Kumano Sanzan shrines are considered the main shrines among all Kumano shrines and are located between 20 to 40 kilometers from each other.<ref name="ss" /> They are linked by the pilgrimage route called {{Nihongo|[[Kumano Kodō]]|熊野古道}}.<ref name="ss" /> In addition to the three shrines, there are two Buddhist temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji, that are also part of the Kumano Sanzan complex.<ref name="ks">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |title=Kumano Sanzan |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822161901/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kumano region has been significant religiously since ancient times, even before modern religions in Japan. It is known as a place for physical healing. Initially, each Kumano shrine had its own form of nature worship, but in the 10th century, they began to be worshipped together as the three deities of Kumano under the influence of Buddhism..<ref name="ks" /> During the time when Japanese kami were believed to be emanations of buddhas, known as the honji suijaku theory, the three deities of Kumano became associated with Buddhas. Kuniyasutamahime, one of the deities, was associated with Sahasrabhūja Avalokiteśvara (also known as Senju Kannon, meaning "Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara"), Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyōrai), and Amitābha (Amida Nyōrai).<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZmMAQAAQBAJ|title=Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami|last=Breen|first=John|last2=Teeuwen|first2=Mark|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-82704-4|page=194|author-link=John Breen (scholar)|author-link2=Mark Teeuwen}}</ref> The site of Kumano became a unique example of the fusion between Buddhism and Japanese indigenous religion known as shinbutsu-shūgō..<ref name="ks" /> After the three shrines were associated with Buddhism, the Kumano Sanzan site gained popularity and attracted many worshipers, making it a popular pilgrimage destination..<ref name="ss" /> During the 11th century, pilgrims who visited the Kumano Sanzan site were mainly members of the imperial family or aristocrats. However, by the 15th century, the majority of the pilgrims were commoners..<ref name="ks" /> In the past, the pilgrimage to Kumano was also known as the {{Nihongo|"Kumano ant pilgrimage"|蟻の熊野参り||Ari no Kumano mairi}}. This was because the pilgrims could be seen walking in long lines, winding through the valleys, and resembling a trail of ants. == Related pages == * [[Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)]] * ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' * ''Acts of Worship'' == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * D. Max Moerman, ''Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan''. Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0674013956}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0674013956|0674013956]] * Moerman, David (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140928090538/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2638 The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220)], Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374 == Other websites == * [http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925191301/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 |date=2011-09-25 }} [[Category:Shinto shrines by tradition]] adbwvyfs97im6rxi5rrccx95qnd73cx 10331081 10331076 2025-06-14T23:28:03Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Kumano Sanzan */ links 10331081 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kumano_Jinja_12.jpg|thumb|275x275px|A Kumano shrine in [[Kurashiki]], [[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]]] A '''{{Nihongo|Kumano shrine|熊野神社|Kumano Jinja}}''' is a type of [[Shinto shrine]] that honors the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi. <ref name="kumano">Encyclopedia of Shinto, [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1076 Kumano Shinkō], accessed on October 6, 2008</ref>There are over 3,000 Kumano shrines in [[Japan]], and each one receives its [[kami]] from another Kumano shrine through a process called {{Nihongo|''[[bunrei]]''|分霊}} or {{Nihongo|''[[kanjō]]''|勧請}}. The Kumano cult originally came from the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex in [[Wakayama Prefecture]].<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|title=Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"|url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221919/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|archive-date=2009-03-03|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> == Kumano Sanzan == [[File:Waterfall_Nachi02.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Nachi Falls and Seiganto-ji]] The Kumano Sanzan shrines are considered the main shrines among all Kumano shrines and are located between 20 to 40 kilometers from each other.<ref name="ss" /> They are linked by the [[Pilgrim|pilgrimage]] route called {{Nihongo|[[Kumano Kodō]]|熊野古道}}.<ref name="ss" /> In addition to the three shrines, there are two [[Buddism|Buddhist]] temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji, that are also part of the Kumano Sanzan complex.<ref name="ks">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |title=Kumano Sanzan |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822161901/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kumano region has been significant religiously since ancient times, even before modern religions in Japan. It is known as a place for physical healing. Initially, each Kumano shrine had its own form of nature worship, but in the 10th century, they began to be worshipped together as the three deities of Kumano under the influence of Buddhism..<ref name="ks" /> During the time when Japanese kami were believed to be emanations of buddhas, known as the honji suijaku theory, the three deities of Kumano became associated with Buddhas. Kuniyasutamahime, one of the deities, was associated with Sahasrabhūja Avalokiteśvara (also known as Senju Kannon, meaning "Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara"), Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyōrai), and Amitābha (Amida Nyōrai).<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZmMAQAAQBAJ|title=Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami|last=Breen|first=John|last2=Teeuwen|first2=Mark|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-82704-4|page=194|author-link=John Breen (scholar)|author-link2=Mark Teeuwen}}</ref> The site of Kumano became a unique example of the fusion between Buddhism and Japanese indigenous religion known as shinbutsu-shūgō..<ref name="ks" /> After the three shrines were associated with Buddhism, the Kumano Sanzan site gained popularity and attracted many worshipers, making it a popular pilgrimage destination..<ref name="ss" /> During the 11th century, pilgrims who visited the Kumano Sanzan site were mainly members of the imperial family or aristocrats. However, by the 15th century, the majority of the pilgrims were commoners..<ref name="ks" /> In the past, the pilgrimage to Kumano was also known as the {{Nihongo|"Kumano ant pilgrimage"|蟻の熊野参り||Ari no Kumano mairi}}. This was because the pilgrims could be seen walking in long lines, winding through the valleys, and resembling a trail of ants. == Related pages == * [[Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)]] * ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' * ''Acts of Worship'' == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * D. Max Moerman, ''Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan''. Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0674013956}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0674013956|0674013956]] * Moerman, David (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140928090538/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2638 The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220)], Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374 == Other websites == * [http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925191301/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 |date=2011-09-25 }} [[Category:Shinto shrines by tradition]] l5aujcvxn2dlqnk34ijvdqnsh9xv6p7 10331086 10331081 2025-06-14T23:29:55Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Kumano Sanzan */ typos 10331086 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kumano_Jinja_12.jpg|thumb|275x275px|A Kumano shrine in [[Kurashiki]], [[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]]] A '''{{Nihongo|Kumano shrine|熊野神社|Kumano Jinja}}''' is a type of [[Shinto shrine]] that honors the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi. <ref name="kumano">Encyclopedia of Shinto, [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1076 Kumano Shinkō], accessed on October 6, 2008</ref>There are over 3,000 Kumano shrines in [[Japan]], and each one receives its [[kami]] from another Kumano shrine through a process called {{Nihongo|''[[bunrei]]''|分霊}} or {{Nihongo|''[[kanjō]]''|勧請}}. The Kumano cult originally came from the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex in [[Wakayama Prefecture]].<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|title=Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"|url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221919/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|archive-date=2009-03-03|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> == Kumano Sanzan == [[File:Waterfall_Nachi02.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Nachi Falls and Seiganto-ji]] The Kumano Sanzan shrines are considered the main shrines among all Kumano shrines and are located between 20 to 40 kilometers from each other.<ref name="ss" /> They are linked by the [[Pilgrim|pilgrimage]] route called {{Nihongo|[[Kumano Kodō]]|熊野古道}}.<ref name="ss" /> In addition to the three shrines, there are two [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji, that are also part of the Kumano Sanzan complex.<ref name="ks">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |title=Kumano Sanzan |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822161901/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kumano region has been significant religious since ancient times, even before modern religions in Japan. It is known as a place for physical healing. Initially, each Kumano shrine had its own form of nature worship, but in the 10th century, they began to be worshipped together as the three deities of Kumano under the influence of Buddhism..<ref name="ks" /> During the time when Japanese kami were believed to be emanations of buddhas, known as the honji suijaku theory, the three deities of Kumano became associated with Buddhas. Kuniyasutamahime, one of the deities, was associated with Sahasrabhūja Avalokiteśvara (also known as Senju Kannon, meaning "Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara"), Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyōrai), and Amitābha (Amida Nyōrai).<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZmMAQAAQBAJ|title=Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami|last=Breen|first=John|last2=Teeuwen|first2=Mark|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-82704-4|page=194|author-link=John Breen (scholar)|author-link2=Mark Teeuwen}}</ref> The site of Kumano became a unique example of the fusion between Buddhism and Japanese indigenous religion known as shinbutsu-shūgō..<ref name="ks" /> After the three shrines were associated with Buddhism, the Kumano Sanzan site gained popularity and attracted many worshipers, making it a popular pilgrimage destination..<ref name="ss" /> During the 11th century, pilgrims who visited the Kumano Sanzan site were mainly members of the imperial family or aristocrats. However, by the 15th century, the majority of the pilgrims were commoners..<ref name="ks" /> In the past, the pilgrimage to Kumano was also known as the {{Nihongo|"Kumano ant pilgrimage"|蟻の熊野参り||Ari no Kumano mairi}}. This was because the pilgrims could be seen walking in long lines, winding through the valleys, and resembling a trail of ants. == Related pages == * [[Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)]] * ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' * ''Acts of Worship'' == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * D. Max Moerman, ''Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan''. Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0674013956}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0674013956|0674013956]] * Moerman, David (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140928090538/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2638 The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220)], Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374 == Other websites == * [http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925191301/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 |date=2011-09-25 }} [[Category:Shinto shrines by tradition]] l5a9ygchidlxhzh8n9spiq4vtxk8t92 10331088 10331086 2025-06-14T23:32:35Z Fr33kman 15149 /* top */ link 10331088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kumano_Jinja_12.jpg|thumb|275x275px|A Kumano shrine in [[Kurashiki]], [[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]]] A '''{{Nihongo|Kumano shrine|熊野神社|Kumano Jinja}}''' is a type of [[Shinto shrine]] that honors the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi. <ref name="kumano">Encyclopedia of Shinto, [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1076 Kumano Shinkō], accessed on October 6, 2008</ref>There are over 3,000 Kumano shrines in [[Japan]], and each one receives its [[kami]] from another Kumano shrine through a process called {{Nihongo|''[[bunrei]]''|分霊}} or {{Nihongo|''[[kanjō]]''|勧請}}. The Kumano [[cult]] originally came from the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex in [[Wakayama Prefecture]].<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|title=Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"|url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221919/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|archive-date=2009-03-03|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> == Kumano Sanzan == [[File:Waterfall_Nachi02.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Nachi Falls and Seiganto-ji]] The Kumano Sanzan shrines are considered the main shrines among all Kumano shrines and are located between 20 to 40 kilometers from each other.<ref name="ss" /> They are linked by the [[Pilgrim|pilgrimage]] route called {{Nihongo|[[Kumano Kodō]]|熊野古道}}.<ref name="ss" /> In addition to the three shrines, there are two [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples, Seiganto-ji and Fudarakusan-ji, that are also part of the Kumano Sanzan complex.<ref name="ks">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |title=Kumano Sanzan |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822161901/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Kumano region has been significant religious since ancient times, even before modern religions in Japan. It is known as a place for physical healing. Initially, each Kumano shrine had its own form of nature worship, but in the 10th century, they began to be worshipped together as the three deities of Kumano under the influence of Buddhism..<ref name="ks" /> During the time when Japanese kami were believed to be emanations of buddhas, known as the honji suijaku theory, the three deities of Kumano became associated with Buddhas. Kuniyasutamahime, one of the deities, was associated with Sahasrabhūja Avalokiteśvara (also known as Senju Kannon, meaning "Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara"), Bhaisajyaguru (Yakushi Nyōrai), and Amitābha (Amida Nyōrai).<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZmMAQAAQBAJ|title=Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami|last=Breen|first=John|last2=Teeuwen|first2=Mark|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-82704-4|page=194|author-link=John Breen (scholar)|author-link2=Mark Teeuwen}}</ref> The site of Kumano became a unique example of the fusion between Buddhism and Japanese indigenous religion known as shinbutsu-shūgō..<ref name="ks" /> After the three shrines were associated with Buddhism, the Kumano Sanzan site gained popularity and attracted many worshipers, making it a popular pilgrimage destination..<ref name="ss" /> During the 11th century, pilgrims who visited the Kumano Sanzan site were mainly members of the imperial family or aristocrats. However, by the 15th century, the majority of the pilgrims were commoners..<ref name="ks" /> In the past, the pilgrimage to Kumano was also known as the {{Nihongo|"Kumano ant pilgrimage"|蟻の熊野参り||Ari no Kumano mairi}}. This was because the pilgrims could be seen walking in long lines, winding through the valleys, and resembling a trail of ants. == Related pages == * [[Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)]] * ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' * ''Acts of Worship'' == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * D. Max Moerman, ''Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan''. Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0674013956}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0674013956|0674013956]] * Moerman, David (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140928090538/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2638 The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220)], Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374 == Other websites == * [http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925191301/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 |date=2011-09-25 }} [[Category:Shinto shrines by tradition]] mcezqs04nv6n4nf4cdhr3ix03ncbumj 0 1005623 10330801 10202601 2025-06-14T20:13:23Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:India-related lists]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who play [[One Day International]] for [[India national cricket team|India]]. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Wicket-keeper]] *'''*''': an innings that ended [[not out]] *'''Mat''': number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' *'''Inn''': number of [[innings]] *'''NO''': number of times an innings ends [[not out]] *'''Runs''': number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] scored by batsman/off bowler's bowling *'''HS''': highest score *'''Avg''': [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' *'''Balls''': number of deliveries bowled *'''Mdn''': number of maiden overs (overs off which no runs were scored) *'''Wkt''': number of [[wicket]]s taken *'''BBM''': best bowling figures for the match *'''Avg''': [[bowling average]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' *'''Ca''': number of [[Caught (cricket)|catches]] taken *'''St''': number of [[Stumped|stumpings]] made |} ==Players== The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|first ODI cap]]. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by last name at the time of debut. The statistics in this table only include ODI matches played for India (some players have also played for the Asia XI or World XI). <small>Statistics are correct as of 22 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/caps.html?country=6;class=2 |title=Players / India / ODI caps |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=6;type=team |title=ODI Career Batting Averages|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=6;type=team |title=ODI Career Bowling Averages|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref></small> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=6 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- ! scope="col" | No ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | First ! scope="col" | Last ! scope="col" | Mat ! scope="col" | [[Innings|Inn]] ! scope="col" | [[Not out|NO]] ! scope="col" | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" | HS ! scope="col" | [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" | [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" | [[Maiden (cricket)|Mdn]] ! scope="col" | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" | [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" | [[List of cricket terms#B|BBM]] ! scope="col" | [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! scope="col" | [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" | [[Stumped|St]] |- | 1 ! scope="row"|[[Syed Abid Ali]] |- | 2 ! scope="row"|[[Bishan Singh Bedi]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 3 ! scope="row"|[[Farokh Engineer]]{{dagger}} |- | 4 ! scope="row"|[[Sunil Gavaskar]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 5 ! scope="row"|[[Madan Lal]] |- | 6 ! scope="row"|[[Sudhir Naik]] |- | 7 ! scope="row"|[[Brijesh Patel]] |- | 8 ! scope="row"|[[Eknath Solkar]] |- | 9 ! scope="row"|[[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 10 ! scope="row"|[[Gundappa Viswanath]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 11 ! scope="row"|[[Ajit Wadekar]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 12 ! scope="row"|[[Gopal Bose]] |- | 13 ! scope="row"|[[Ashok Mankad]] |- | 14 ! scope="row"|[[Mohinder Amarnath]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 15 ! scope="row"|[[Anshuman Gaekwad]] |- | 16 ! scope="row"|[[Karsan Ghavri]] |- | 17 ! scope="row"|[[Syed Kirmani]]{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- | 18 ! scope="row"|[[Parthasarathy Sharma]] |- | 19 ! scope="row"|[[Dilip Vengsarkar]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 20 ! scope="row"|[[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] |- | 21 ! scope="row"|[[Pochiah Krishnamurthy]]{{dagger}} |- | 22 ! scope="row"|[[Sudhakar Rao]] |- | 23 ! scope="row"|[[Surinder Amarnath]] |- | 24 ! scope="row"|[[Chetan Chauhan]] |- | 25 ! scope="row"|[[Kapil Dev]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 26 ! scope="row"|[[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] |- | 27 ! scope="row"|[[Bharath Reddy (cricketer)|Bharath Reddy]] |- | 28 ! scope="row"|[[Surinder Khanna]]{{dagger}} |- | 29 ! scope="row"|[[Kirti Azad]] |- | 30 ! scope="row"|[[Roger Binny]] |- | 31 ! scope="row"|[[Dilip Doshi]] |- | 32 ! scope="row"|[[Sandeep Patil]] |- | 33 ! scope="row"|[[T. E. Srinivasan]] |- | 34 ! scope="row"|[[Yograj Singh]] |- | 35 ! scope="row"|[[Randhir Singh (cricketer)|Randhir Singh]] |- | 36 ! scope="row"|[[Ravi Shastri]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 37 ! scope="row"|[[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 38 ! scope="row"|[[Suru Nayak]] |- | 39 ! scope="row"|[[Arun Lal]] |- | 40 ! scope="row"|[[Ashok Malhotra]] |- | 41 ! scope="row"|[[Ghulam Parkar]] |- | 42 ! scope="row"|[[Balwinder Sandhu]] |- | 43 ! scope="row"|[[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] |- | 44 ! scope="row"|[[T. A. Sekhar]] |- | 45 ! scope="row"|[[Chetan Sharma]] |- | 46 ! scope="row"|[[Raju Kulkarni]] |- | 47 ! scope="row"|[[Manoj Prabhakar]] |- | 48 ! scope="row"|[[Ashok Patel]] |- | 49 ! scope="row"|[[Rajinder Ghai]] |- | 50 ! scope="row"|[[Kiran More]]{{dagger}} |- | 51 ! scope="row"|[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 52 ! scope="row"|[[Sadanand Viswanath]]{{dagger}} |- | 53 ! scope="row"|[[Lalchand Rajput]] |- | 54 ! scope="row"|[[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]] |- | 55 ! scope="row"|[[Gopal Sharma]] |- | 56 ! scope="row"|[[Shivlal Yadav]] |- | 57 ! scope="row"|[[Chandrakant Pandit]]{{dagger}} |- | 58 ! scope="row"|[[Raman Lamba]] |- | 59 ! scope="row"|[[R. P. Singh (1965)|R. P. Singh]] |- | 60 ! scope="row"|[[Bharat Arun]] |- | 61 ! scope="row"|[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] |- | 62 ! scope="row"|[[Arshad Ayub]] |- | 63 ! scope="row"|[[Woorkeri Raman]] |- | 64 ! scope="row"|[[Ajay Sharma]] |- | 65 ! scope="row"|[[Sanjeev Sharma]] |- | 66 ! scope="row"|[[Sanjay Manjrekar]] |- | 67 ! scope="row"|[[Narendra Hirwani]] |- | 68 ! scope="row"|[[V. B. Chandrasekhar]] |- | 69 ! scope="row"|[[Rashid Patel]] |- | 70 ! scope="row"|[[M. Venkataramana]] |- | 71 ! scope="row"|[[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] |- | 72 ! scope="row"|[[Salil Ankola]] |- | 73 ! scope="row"|[[Vivek Razdan]] |- | 74 ! scope="row"|[[Sachin Tendulkar]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 75 ! scope="row"|[[Venkatapathy Raju]] |- | 76 ! scope="row"|[[Atul Wassan]] |- | 77 ! scope="row"|[[Gursharan Singh]] |- | 78 ! scope="row"|[[Anil Kumble]]¹{{double-dagger}} |- | 79 ! scope="row"|[[Saradindu Mukherjee]] |- | 80 ! scope="row"|[[Vinod Kambli]] |- | 81 ! scope="row"|[[Javagal Srinath]] |- | 82 ! scope="row"|[[Pravin Amre]] |- | 83 ! scope="row"|[[Subroto Banerjee]] |- | 84 ! scope="row"|[[Sourav Ganguly]]¹{{double-dagger}} |- | 85 ! scope="row"|[[Ajay Jadeja]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 86 ! scope="row"|[[Vijay Yadav (cricketer)|Vijay Yadav]]{{dagger}} |- | 87 ! scope="row"|[[Rajesh Chauhan]] |- | 88 ! scope="row"|[[Nayan Mongia]]{{dagger}} |- | 89 ! scope="row"|[[Venkatesh Prasad]] |- | 90 ! scope="row"|[[Atul Bedade]] |- | 91 ! scope="row"|[[Bhupinder Singh, Sr.]] |- | 92 ! scope="row"|[[Aashish Kapoor]] |- | 93 ! scope="row"|[[Prashant Vaidya]] |- | 94 ! scope="row"|[[Utpal Chatterjee]] |- | 95 ! scope="row"|[[Rahul Dravid]]²{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- | 96 ! scope="row"|[[Vikram Rathour]] |- | 97 ! scope="row"|[[Paras Mhambrey]] |- | 98 ! scope="row"|[[Sunil Joshi]] |- | 99 ! scope="row"|[[Sujith Somasunder]] |- | 100 ! scope="row"|[[Pankaj Dharmani]] |- | 101 ! scope="row"|[[Saba Karim]]{{dagger}} |- | 102 ! scope="row"|[[Dodda Ganesh]] |- | 103 ! scope="row"|[[Abey Kuruvilla]] |- | 104 ! scope="row"|[[Noel David]] |- | 105 ! scope="row"|[[Nilesh Kulkarni]] |- | 106 ! scope="row"|[[Harvinder Singh]] |- | 107 ! scope="row"|[[Debashish Mohanty]] |- | 108 ! scope="row"|[[Sairaj Bahutule]] |- | 109 ! scope="row"|[[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] |- | 110 ! scope="row"|[[Rahul Sanghvi]] |- | 111 ! scope="row"|[[Ajit Agarkar]] |- | 112 ! scope="row"|[[V. V. S. Laxman]] |- | 113 ! scope="row"|[[Harbhajan Singh]]¹ |- | 114 ! scope="row"|[[Gagan Khoda]] |- | 115 ! scope="row"|[[M. S. K. Prasad]]{{dagger}} |- | 116 ! scope="row"|[[Nikhil Chopra]] |- | 117 ! scope="row"|[[Jatin Paranjpe]] |- | 118 ! scope="row"|[[Sanjay Raul]] |- | 119 ! scope="row"|[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]] |- | 120 ! scope="row"|[[Gyanendra Pandey]] |- | 121 ! scope="row"|[[Amay Khurasiya]] |- | 122 ! scope="row"|[[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] |- | 123 ! scope="row"|[[Virender Sehwag]]²{{double-dagger}} |- | 124 ! scope="row"|[[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]] |- | 125 ! scope="row"|[[Vijay Bharadwaj]] |- | 126 ! scope="row"|[[Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran]] |- | 127 ! scope="row"|[[Devang Gandhi]] |- | 128 ! scope="row"|[[Sameer Dighe]]{{dagger}} |- | 129 ! scope="row"|[[Sridharan Sriram]] |- | 130 ! scope="row"|[[Hemang Badani]] |- | 131 ! scope="row"|[[Amit Bhandari]] |- | 132 ! scope="row"|[[Vijay Dahiya]]{{dagger}} |- | 133 ! scope="row"|[[Zaheer Khan]]¹ |- | 134 ! scope="row"|[[Yuvraj Singh]]¹ |- | 135 ! scope="row"|[[Reetinder Singh Sodhi]] |- | 136 ! scope="row"|[[Dinesh Mongia]] |- | 137 ! scope="row"|[[Ashish Nehra]]¹ |- | 138 ! scope="row"|[[Shiv Sunder Das]] |- | 139 ! scope="row"|[[Deep Dasgupta]]{{dagger}} |- | 140 ! scope="row"|[[Ajay Ratra]]{{dagger}} |- | 141 ! scope="row"|[[Sanjay Bangar]] |- | 142 ! scope="row"|[[Mohammad Kaif]] |- | 143 ! scope="row"|[[Sarandeep Singh]] |- | 144 ! scope="row"|[[Murali Kartik]] |- | 145 ! scope="row"|[[Tinu Yohannan]] |- | 146 ! scope="row"|[[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai Yadav]] |- | 147 ! scope="row"|[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] |- | 148 ! scope="row"|[[Parthiv Patel]]{{dagger}} |- | 149 ! scope="row"|[[Gautam Gambhir]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 150 ! scope="row"|[[Aavishkar Salvi]] |- | 151 ! scope="row"|[[Amit Mishra]] |- | 152 ! scope="row"|[[Abhijit Kale]] |- | 153 ! scope="row"|[[Irfan Pathan]] |- | 154 ! scope="row"|[[Rohan Gavaskar]] |- | 155 ! scope="row"|[[Ramesh Powar]] |- | 156 ! scope="row"|[[Dinesh Karthik]]{{dagger}} |- | 157 ! scope="row"|[[M.S. Dhoni]]¹{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- | 158 ! scope="row"|[[Joginder Sharma]] |- | 159 ! scope="row"|[[Suresh Raina]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 160 ! scope="row"|[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao]] |- | 161 ! scope="row"|[[R. P. Singh]] |- | 162 ! scope="row"|[[S. Sreesanth]] |- | 163 ! scope="row"|[[Munaf Patel]] |- | 164 ! scope="row"|[[V. R. V. Singh]] |- | 165 ! scope="row"|[[Robin Uthappa]]{{dagger}} |- | 166 ! scope="row"|[[Wasim Jaffer]] |- | 167 ! scope="row"|[[Piyush Chawla]] |- | 168 ! scope="row"|[[Rohit Sharma]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 169 ! scope="row"|[[Ishant Sharma]] |- | 170 ! scope="row"|[[Praveen Kumar]] |- | 171 ! scope="row"|[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] |- | 172 ! scope="row"|[[Yusuf Pathan]] |- | 173 ! scope="row"|[[Manpreet Gony]]} |- | 174 ! scope="row"|[[Pragyan Ojha]] |- | 175 ! scope="row"|[[Virat Kohli]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 176 ! scope="row"|[[Subramaniam Badrinath]] |- | 177 ! scope="row"|[[Ravindra Jadeja]] |- | 178 ! scope="row"|[[Abhishek Nayar]] |- | 179 ! scope="row"|[[Sudeep Tyagi]] |- | 180 ! scope="row"|[[Abhimanyu Mithun]] |- | 181 ! scope="row"|[[Murali Vijay]] |- | 182 ! scope="row"|[[Ashok Dinda]] |- | 183 ! scope="row"|[[Vinay Kumar]] |- | 184 ! scope="row"|[[Umesh Yadav]] |- | 185 ! scope="row"|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]] |- | 186 ! scope="row"|[[Naman Ojha]]{{dagger}} |- | 187 ! scope="row"|[[Pankaj Singh (cricketer)|Pankaj Singh]] |- | 188 ! scope="row"|[[Shikhar Dhawan]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 189 ! scope="row"|[[Saurabh Tiwary]] |- | 190 ! scope="row"|[[Wriddhiman Saha]]} |- | 191 ! scope="row"|[[Ajinkya Rahane]]{{double-dagger}} |- | 192 ! scope="row"|[[Varun Aaron]] |- | 193 ! scope="row"|[[Rahul Sharma (cricketer, born 1986)|Rahul Sharma]] |- | 194 ! scope="row"|[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] |- | 195 ! scope="row"|[[Mohammed Shami]] |- | 196 ! scope="row"|[[Ambati Rayudu]] |- |197 ! scope="row"|[[Jaydev Unadkat]] |- |198 ! scope="row"|[[Cheteshwar Pujara]] |- |199 ! scope="row"|[[Mohit Sharma]] |- |200 ! scope="row"|[[Stuart Binny]] |- |201 ! scope="row"|[[Parvez Rasool]] |- |202 ! scope="row"|[[Axar Patel]] |- |203 ! scope="row"|[[Dhawal Kulkarni]] |- |204 ! scope="row"|[[Karn Sharma]] |- |205 ! scope="row"|[[Kedar Jadhav]] |- |206 ! scope="row"|[[Manish Pandey]] |- |207 ! scope="row"|[[Barinder Sran]] |- |208 ! scope="row"|[[Rishi Dhawan]] |- |209 ! scope="row"|[[Gurkeerat Singh]] |- |210 ! scope="row"|[[Jasprit Bumrah]] |- |211 ! scope="row"|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]] |- |212 ! scope="row"|[[Karun Nair]] |- |213 ! scope="row"|[[KL Rahul]] {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- |214 ! scope="row"|[[Faiz Fazal]] |- |215 ! scope="row"|[[Hardik Pandya]]{{double-dagger}} |- |216 ! scope="row"|[[Jayant Yadav]] |- |217 ! scope="row"|[[Kuldeep Yadav]] |- |218 ! scope="row"|[[Shardul Thakur]] |- |219 ! scope="row"|[[Shreyas Iyer]] |- |220 ! scope="row"|[[Washington Sundar]] |- |221 ! scope="row"|[[Siddarth Kaul]] |- |222 ! scope="row"|[[Khaleel Ahmed]] |- |223 ! scope="row"|[[Deepak Chahar]] |- |224 ! scope="row"|[[Rishabh Pant]] {{dagger}} |- |225 ! scope="row"|[[Mohammed Siraj]] |- |226 ! scope="row"|[[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] |- |227 ! scope="row"|[[Shubman Gill]] |- |228 ! scope="row"|[[Shivam Dube]] |- |229 ! scope="row"|[[Navdeep Saini]] |- |230 ! scope="row"|[[Mayank Agarwal]] |- |231 ! scope="row"|[[Prithvi Shaw]] |- |232 ! scope="row"|[[T. Natarajan]] |- |233 ! scope="row"|[[Krunal Pandya]] |- |234 ! scope="row"|[[Prasidh Krishna]] |- |235 ! scope="row"|[[Ishan Kishan]]{{dagger}} |- |236 ! scope="row"|[[Suryakumar Yadav]] |- |237 ! scope="row"|[[Rahul Chahar]] |- |238 ! scope="row"|[[Krishnappa Gowtham]] |- |239 ! scope="row"|[[Nitish Rana]] |- |240 ! scope="row"|[[Chetan Sakariya]] |- |241 ! scope="row"|[[Sanju Samson]]{{dagger}} |- |242 ! scope="row"|[[Venkatesh Iyer]] |- |243 ! scope="row"|[[Deepak Hooda]] |- |244 ! scope="row"|[[Avesh Khan]] |- |245 ! scope="row"|[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] |- |246 ! scope="row"|[[Ravi Bishnoi]] |- |247 ! scope="row"|[[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] |- |248 ! scope="row"|[[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] |- |249 ! scope="row"|[[Umran Malik]] |- |250 ! scope="row"|[[Kuldeep Sen]] |} Notes: *¹ [[Anil Kumble]], [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Ashish Nehra]] and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] also played ODI cricket for [[List of Asian XI ODI cricketers|ACC Asian XI]]. Only their records for [[India national cricket team|India]] are given above. *² [[Rahul Dravid]] and [[Virender Sehwag]] have played ODI cricket for both the [[List of World XI ODI cricketers|ICC World XI]] and the [[List of Asian XI ODI cricketers|ACC Asian XI]]. Only their records for [[India national cricket team|India]] are given above. ==Other websites== *[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat] *[http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/caps.html?country=6;class=2 Cricinfo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513052426/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/caps.html?country=6;class=2 |date=2007-05-13 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090819074143/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/ International Cricket Council] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:India ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Indian cricketers|*]] ngqrx0uuvayuokmwhblfv9lddir9yg1 0 1005761 10330790 8844594 2025-06-14T20:07:25Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Australian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Australian Twenty20 International cricketers'''. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''General''' * {{dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''Career'''&nbsp;– Duration of career in T20I * '''Mat'''&nbsp;– Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs'''&nbsp;– [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS'''&nbsp;– Highest score * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''50'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''Avg'''&nbsp;– [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*'''&nbsp;– Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls'''&nbsp;– [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt'''&nbsp;– [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave'''&nbsp;– [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca'''&nbsp;– [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St'''&nbsp;– [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== ''Statistics are correct as of 5 November 2022.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=2;class=3 |title=Australia – Twenty20 Internationals / Players by Caps |website=ESPN Cricinfo}} Retrieved 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=2;type=team |title=Australia – Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPN Cricinfo}} Retrieved 5 November 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=2;type=team |title=Australia – Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPN Cricinfo}} Retrieved 5 November 2022.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="80%" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Century (cricket)|100]] ! [[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! [[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! [[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- | 1|| [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] || 2005–2010 || 34 || 488 || 67 || 0 || 1 || 21.21 || 156 || 6 || 1/2 || 37.50 || 13 || {{sort dash}} |- | 2|| [[Adam Gilchrist]] {{dagger}} || 2005–2008 || 13 || 272 || 48 || 0 || 0 || 22.66 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 17 || {{sort dash}} |- | 3|| [[James Hopes]] || 2005–2010 || 12 || 105 || 30 || 0 || 0 || 21.00 || 222 || 10 || 2/26 || 28.30 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 4|| [[Michael Hussey]] || 2005–2010 || 38 || 721 || 60* || 0 || 4 || 37.94 || 6 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 18 || {{sort dash}} |- | 5|| [[Michael Kasprowicz]] || 2005 || 2 || 3 || 3* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 42 || 5 || 4/29 || 11.40 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 6|| [[Simon Katich]] || 2005–2006 || 3 || 69 || 39 || 0 || 0 || 34.50 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 7|| [[Brett Lee]] || 2005–2012 || 25 || 101 || 43* || 0 || 0 || 16.83 || 545 || 28 || 3/23 || 25.50 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 8|| [[Damien Martyn]] || 2005–2006 || 4 || 120 || 96 || 0 || 1 || 30.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 9|| [[Glenn McGrath]] || 2005 || 2 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 5.00 || 48 || 5 || 3/31 || 15.80 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 10|| [[Ricky Ponting]] || 2005–2009 || 17 || 401 || 98* || 0 || 2 || 28.64 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 8 || {{sort dash}} |- | 11|| [[Andrew Symonds]] || 2005–2009 || 14 || 337 || 85* || 0 || 2 || 48.14 || 185 || 8 || 2/14 || 34.62 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 12 || [[Jason Gillespie]] || 2005 || 1 || 24 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 24.00 || 24 || 1 || 1/49 || 49.00 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 13 || [[Matthew Hayden]] || 2005–2009 || 9 || 308 || 73* || 0 || 4 || 51.33 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 14 || [[Nathan Bracken]] || 2006–2009 || 19 || 15 || 4* || 0 || 0 || 5.00 || 377 || 19 || 3/11 || 23.05 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 15 || [[Stuart Clark]] || 2006–2007 || 9 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 216 || 13 || 4/20 || 18.23 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 16 || [[Brad Haddin]] {{dagger}} || 2006–2014 || 34 || 402 || 47 || 0 || 0 || 17.47 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 17 || 6 |- | 17 || [[Mick Lewis]] || 2006 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 45 || 4 || 2/18 || 12.25 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 18 || [[Brad Hogg]] || 2006–2014 || 15 || 55 || 41 || 0 || 0 || 13.75 || 294 || 7 || 2/31 || 53.28 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 19 || [[Shane Watson]] || 2006–2016 || 58 || 1462 || 124* || 1 || 10 || 29.24 || 930 || 48 || 4/15 || 24.72 || 20 || {{sort dash}} |- | 20 || [[Shane Harwood]] || 2007–2009 || 3 || 0 || 0* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 72 || 3 || 2/21 || 37.66 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 21 || [[Ben Hilfenhaus]] || 2007–2012 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1.00 || 156 || 9 || 2/15 || 17.89 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 22 || [[Cameron White]] || 2007–2014 || 47 || 984 || 85* || 0 || 5 || 32.80 || 42 || 1 || 1/11 || 51.00 || 23 || {{sort dash}} |- | 23 || [[Brad Hodge]] || 2007–2014 || 15 || 183 || 36 || 0 || 0 || 26.14 || 30 || 1 || 1/13 || 43.00 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 24 || [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] || 2007–2013 || 30 || 109 || 28* || 0 || 0 || 10.90 || 656 || 38 || 3/15 || 20.97 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 25 || [[Ashley Noffke]] || 2007–2008 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.00 || 45 || 4 || 3/18 || 10.25 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 26 || [[Luke Pomersbach]] || 2007 || 1 || 15 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 15.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 27 || [[Shaun Tait]] || 2007–2016 || 21 || 11 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 2.75 || 478 || 28 || 3/13 || 21.03 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 28 || [[Adam Voges]] || 2007–2013 || 7 || 139 || 51 || 0 || 1 || 46.33 || 12 || 2 || 2/5 || 2.50 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 29 || [[David Hussey]] || 2008–2012 || 39 || 756 || 88* || 0 || 3 || 22.90 || 361 || 19 || 3/25 || 20.63 || 24 || {{sort dash}} |- | 30 || [[Shaun Marsh]] || 2008–2016 || 15 || 255 || 47* || 0 || 0 || 18.21 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 31 || [[Luke Ronchi]] {{dagger}} {{efn|name=fn1|[[Luke Ronchi]] also played for [[List of New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers|New Zealand]]. Only his record for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] is given above.}} || 2008–2009 || 3 || 47 || 36 || 0 || 0 || 23.50 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 32 || '''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || 2009– || 99 || 2894 || 100* || 1 || 24 || 32.88 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 56 || {{sort dash}} |- | 33 || [[Callum Ferguson]] || 2009 || 3 || 16 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 5.33 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 34 || [[Moisés Henriques]] || 2009– || 24 || 355 || 62* || 0 || 2 || 20.88 || 138 || 7 || 3/22 || 27.71 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 35 || [[Peter Siddle]] || 2009–2010 || 2 || 1 || 1* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 48 || 3 || 2/24 || 19.33 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 36 || [[Brett Geeves]] || 2009 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 20 || 2 || 2/35 || 17.50 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 37 || [[Ben Laughlin (cricketer)|Ben Laughlin]] || 2009–2013 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} ||{{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 71 || 2 || 1/32 || 59.00 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 38 || [[Nathan Hauritz]] || 2009 || 3 || 6 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 3.00 || 44 || 2 || 1/20 || 23.50 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 39 || [[Marcus North]] || 2009 || 1 || 20 || 20 || 0 || 0 || 20.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 40 || [[Dirk Nannes]] || 2009–2010 || 15 || 16 || 12* || 0 || 0 || 16.00 || 318 || 27 || 4/18 || 14.92 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 41 || [[Tim Paine]] {{dagger}} {{efn|name=fn2|[[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]], [[Ben Cutting]] and [[Tim Paine]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] are given above.}} || 2009–2017 || 10 || 47 || 21 || 0 || 0 || 7.83 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 10 || 2 |- | 42 || [[Travis Birt]] || 2010–2012 || 4 || 31 || 17 || 0 || 0 || 10.33 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 43 || '''[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]''' || 2010– || 63 || 1008 || 90 || 0 || 4 || 25.20 || 291 || 17 || 3/20 || 22.17 || 39 || {{sort dash}} |- | 44 || [[Daniel Christian]] || 2010– || 23 || 118 || 39 || 0 || 0 || 14.75 || 279 || 13 || 3/27 || 30.61 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 45 || [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] || 2010 || 3 || 2 || 2* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 70 || 4 || 2/27 || 23.75 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 46 || [[Stephen O'Keefe|Steve O'Keefe]] || 2010–2011 || 7 || 32 || 22 || 0 || 0 || 6.40 || 114 || 6 || 3/29 || 24.83 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 47 || [[John Hastings (cricketer)|John Hastings]] || 2010–2016 || 9 || 46 || 15 || 0 || 0 || 11.50 || 186 || 7 || 3/14 || 35.28 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 48 || [[Clint McKay]] || 2010–2013 || 6 || 19 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 9.50 || 136 || 4 || 2/24 || 47.45 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 49 || [[Aaron Finch]] || 2011–2022 || 103 || 3120 || 172 || 2 || 19 || 34.28 || 12 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 50 || {{sort dash}} |- | 50 || [[Doug Bollinger]] || 2011–2014 || 9 || 1 || 1* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 210 || 9 || 1/22 || 27.66 || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 51 || '''[[Pat Cummins (cricketer)|Pat Cummins]]''' || 2011– || 50 || 116 || 21 || 0 || 0 || 9.66 || 1098 || 55 || 3/15 || 24.54 || 15 || {{sort dash}} |- | 52 || [[James Pattinson]] || 2011–2012 || 4 || 5 || 5* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 78 || 3 || 2/17 || 34.66 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 53 || '''[[Matthew Wade]]''' {{dagger}} || 2011– || 75 || 1018 || 80 || 0 || 3 || 24.82 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 47 || 6 |- | 54 || '''[[Mitchell Marsh]]''' || 2011– || 46 || 1086 || 77* || 0 || 6 || 29.35 || 264 || 15 || 3/24 || 23.20 || 20 || {{sort dash}} |- | 55 || [[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]]{{efn|name=fn2|[[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]], [[Ben Cutting]] and [[Tim Paine]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] are given above.}} || 2012–2017 || 29 || 470 || 63 || 0 || 2 || 26.11 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 56 || [[Xavier Doherty]] || 2012–2013 || 11 || 18 || 9* || 0 || 0 || 18.00 || 228 || 10 || 3/20 || 30.00 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 57 || [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] || 2012–2017 || 24 || 159 || 41* || 0 || 0 || 14.45 || 515 || 36 || 5/27 || 19.00 || 11 || {{sort dash}} |- | 58 || '''[[Glenn Maxwell]]''' || 2012– || 98 || 2159 || 145* || 3 || 10 || 28.40 || 865 || 39 || 3/10 || 27.58 || 41 || {{sort dash}} |- | 59 || '''[[Mitchell Starc]]''' || 2012– || 58 || 94 || 14 || 0 || 0 || 9.40 || 1314 || 73 || 4/20 || 22.91 || 15 || {{sort dash}} |- | 60 || [[Ben Cutting]]{{efn|name=fn2|[[George Bailey (cricketer, born 1982)|George Bailey]], [[Ben Cutting]] and [[Tim Paine]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] are given above.}} || 2013–2017 || 4 || 35 || 29 || 0 || 0 || 11.66 || 66 || 1 || 1/18 || 99.00 || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 61 || '''[[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]''' || 2013– || 28 || 150 || 34 || 0 || 0 || 13.63 || 582 || 34 || 4/31 || 23.58 || 13 || {{sort dash}} |- | 62 || [[Josh Hazlewood]] || 2013– || 41 || 22 || 13* || 0 || 0 || 11.00 || 922 || 58 || 4/12 || 20.36 || 8 || {{sort dash}} |- | 63 || [[Ben Rohrer]] || 2013 || 1 || 16 || 16 || 0 || 0 || 16.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 64 || [[Fawad Ahmed]] || 2013 || 2 || 3 || 3* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 48 || 3 || 3/25 || 22.66 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 65 || [[Nic Maddinson]] || 2013–2018 || 6 || 45 || 34 || 0 || 0 || 11.25 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 66 || '''[[Chris Lynn]]''' || 2014– || 18 || 291 || 44 || 0 || 0 || 19.40 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 67 || [[James Muirhead (cricketer)|James Muirhead]] || 2014 || 5 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 4.00 || 90 || 6 || 2/13 || 18.16 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 68 || '''[[Sean Abbott]]''' || 2014– || 9 || 17 || 12* || 0 || 0 || 8.50 || 138 || 5 || 2/14 || 37.80 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 69 || [[Cameron Boyce (cricketer)|Cameron Boyce]] || 2014–2016 || 7 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 4.00 || 138 || 8 || 2/10 || 19.00 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 70 || [[Phillip Hughes]] || 2014 || 1 || 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 6.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 71 || '''[[Kane Richardson]]''' || 2014– || 35 || 17 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 4.25 || 738 || 44 || 4/30 || 23.29 || 14 || {{sort dash}} |- | 72 || [[Ben Dunk]] {{dagger}} || 2014–2017 || 5 || 99 || 32 || 0 || 0 || 19.80 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 5 || 2 |- | 73 || [[Nathan Reardon]] || 2014 || 2 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 74 || '''[[Marcus Stoinis]]''' || 2015– || 51 || 803 || 78 || 0 || 2 || 29.74 || 428 || 18 || 3/34 || 34.11 || 16 || {{sort dash}} |- | 75 || '''[[Travis Head]]''' || 2016– || 17 || 345 || 48* || 0 || 0 || 26.53 || 36 || 1 || 1/16 || 56.00 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 76 || [[Scott Boland]] || 2016 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 66 || 3 || 3/26 || 30.00 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 77 || [[Nathan Lyon]] || 2016–2018 || 2 || 4 || 4* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 30 || 1 || 1/33 || 48.00 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 78 || '''[[Andrew Tye]]''' || 2016– || 32 || 83 || 20 || 0 || 0 || 10.37 || 683 || 47 || 4/23 || 21.21 || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 79 || [[Cameron Bancroft (cricketer)|Cameron Bancroft]] {{dagger}} || 2016 || 1 || 0 || 0* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 80 || [[Usman Khawaja]] || 2016 || 9 || 241 || 58 || 0 || 1 || 26.77 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 5 || {{sort dash}} |- | 81 || [[Peter Nevill]] {{dagger}} || 2016 || 9 || 25 || 10* || 0 || 0 || 25.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 1 |- | 82 || '''[[Adam Zampa]]''' || 2016– || 72 || 48 || 13* || 0 || 0 || 6.00 || 1541 || 82 || 5/19 || 21.71 || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 83 || '''[[Ashton Agar]]''' || 2016– || 47 || 277 || 29 || 0 || 0 || 12.04 || 994 || 48 || 6/30 || 22.35 || 31 || {{sort dash}} |- | 84 || [[Michael Klinger]] || 2017 || 3 || 143 || 62 || 0 || 1 || 47.66 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || {{sort dash}} |- | 85 || '''[[Billy Stanlake]]''' || 2017– || 19 || 9 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 9.00 || 420 || 27 || 4/8 || 20.14 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 86 || '''[[Ashton Turner]]''' || 2017– || 18 || 108 || 24 || 0 || 0 || 12.00 || 78 || 4 || 2/12 || 20.50 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 87 || '''[[Jhye Richardson]]''' || 2017– || 18 || 45 || 11 || 0 || 0 || 15.00 || 396 || 19 || 3/26 || 29.26 || 10 || {{sort dash}} |- | 88 || '''[[Jason Behrendorff]]''' || 2017– || 9 || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 5.00 || 132 || 7 || 4/21 || 26.71 || 6 || {{sort dash}} |- | 89 || '''[[Alex Carey (cricketer)|Alex Carey]]''' {{dagger}}|| 2018– || 38 || 233 || 37* || 0 || 0 || 11.09 || {{sort dash}}|| {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 19 || 9 |- | 90 || '''[[D'Arcy Short]]''' || 2018– || 23 || 642 || 76 || 0 || 4 || 30.57 || 114 || 3 || 1/13 || 50.33 || 8 || {{sort dash}} |- | 91 || '''[[Mitchell Swepson]]''' || 2018– || 8 || 32 || 14* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 150 || 11 || 3/12 || 18.54 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 92 || '''[[Jack Wildermuth]]''' || 2018– || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 18 || 1 || 1/16 || 32.00 || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 93 || '''[[Ben McDermott]]''' || 2018– || 23 || 269 || 53 || 0 || 1 || 15.82 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 13 || {{sort dash}} |- | 94 || '''[[Peter Handscomb]]''' {{dagger}} || 2019– || 2 || 33 || 20* || 0 || 0 || 33.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 95 || '''[[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]]''' || 2020– || 10 || 106 || 41 || 0 || 0 || 26.50 || 180 || 7 || 2/33 || 43.57 || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 96 || '''[[Josh Philippe]]''' || 2021– || 10 || 138 || 45 || 0 || 0 || 13.80 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 97 || '''[[Riley Meredith]]''' || 2021– || 5 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 113 || 8 || 3/48 || 23.50 || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 98 || '''[[Nathan Ellis]]''' || 2021– || 5 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0.50 || 120 || 15 || 4/28 || 8.53 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 99 || '''[[Josh Inglis]]''' || 2022– || 9 || 220 || 48 || 0 || 0 || 27.50 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || {{sort dash}} |- | 100 || '''[[Ben Dwarshuis]]''' || 2022– || 1 || 0 || 0* || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || 18 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{sort dash}} |- | 101 || '''[[Cameron Green]]''' || 2022– || 8 || 139 || 61 || 0 || 2 || 17.37 || 120 || 5 || 2/16 || 35.60 || 3 || {{sort dash}} |- | 102 || '''[[Marnus Labuschagne]]''' || 2022– || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2.00 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || {{sort dash}} |- | 103 || '''[[Tim David]]''' {{efn|name=fn4|[[Tim David]] also played for [[List of Singapore Twenty20 International cricketers|Singapore]]. Only his record for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] is given above.}} || 2022– || 11 || 182 || 54 || 0 || 1 || 22.75 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || {{sort dash}} |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia Twenty20 International Cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Australian people]] ntsvjyb50f5mkzdhil2e2a2bxt5ev1h 0 1005787 10331371 10329661 2025-06-15T03:00:30Z Immanuelle 1174418 added [[Category:Oki Province]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building|image=Mizuwakasu-jinja shaden.JPG}} {{Expand English}} {{Expand Japanese}} '''Mizuwakasu Shrine''' is [[Shinto shrine|a Shinto shrine]] located in [[Oki District, Shimane]]. It is a [[Myojin Taisha]]. It is also the [[Ichinomiya]] [[Oki Province]] or the highest ranked shrine in the province.. It is now a [[Beppyo shrine]] . The crest of the shrine has a chrysanthemum symbol".<ref name="由緒書">神社由緒書。</ref> [[Yurahime Shrine]] also claims to be the [[Ichinomiya]] of [[Oki Province]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Beppyo shrines]] [[Category:Kokuhei Chūsha]] [[Category:Ichinomiya]] [[Category:Myōjin Taisha]] [[Category:Shinto shrines in Shimane Prefecture]] [[Category:Oki Province]] {{Oki Shrines}} 5zr1m8roq1u2h1uldxbrcg0w1neqaf6 0 1005802 10331187 8828775 2025-06-15T00:55:44Z Immanuelle 1174418 Immanuelle moved page [[Shikinai Taisha]] to [[Taisha (shrine)]]: This article is about the word "Taisha" not about Shikinai Taisha in particular 8828775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines}} {{Ill|Shikinai Taisha|ja|大社}} refers to the 492 shrines listed as [[:category:Shikinai Taisha|Shikinai Taisha]] in the [[Engishiki Jinmyocho]] in the early Heian period, or shrines that call themselves ``~ taisha<nowiki>''</nowiki>. The term became more strict in the [[Empire of Japan]]. In the past, simply speaking of Ōyashiro (Kunyomi of Taisha) generally meant Izumo Taisha ( [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo City]] [[Shimane Prefecture|, Shimane Prefecture]] ). After the war, many shrines with the rank of taisha, such as the former Kanpei Taisha Shrine and the former Kokupei Taisha Shrine, called themselves taisha. An example is shown below. == Shikinai Taisha == Shikinai Taisha (式内大社) are shrines that are listed in volumes 9 and 10 of the "Engishiki" as Shinto shrines, also known as Shikinaisha, that are ranked as major shrines. There are 492 of these shrines listed. This category includes both the historical shrines and their modern equivalents. However, shrines that are designated as "[[Myojin Taisha]]" are not included in this category. See the category [[:category:Shikinai Taisha|Shikinai Taisha]] for a list of such Taisha not also listed as Myojin Taisha == List of Taisha == Prior to World War II only two shrines were called Taisha: [[Izumo-taisha]] and [[Kumano Taisha]], but after the war many historical taishas changed their names back to Taisha. Here is the list of such shrines. Shikinai Taisha are not included because of how large the list would be {| class="wikitable" !Current shrine name ! Former shrine name <ref>近代社格制度下における神社名</ref> ! Final shrine rank ! Location <ref>現在の地名で表記</ref> ! |- | colspan="5" |Prewar |- |{{ill|Izumo-taisha|en||ja|出雲大社}} | Izumo Taisha Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo City,]] [[Shimane Prefecture]] |prewar |- |[[Kumano Taisha]] | Kumano Taisha Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | [[Matsue|Matsue City,]] Shimane Prefecture |prewar |- | colspan="5" |Postwar |- |{{ill|Mishima Taisha|en||ja|三嶋大社}} | Mishima Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Mishima, Shizuoka|Mishima]] [[Shizuoka Prefecture|City, Shizuoka Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha|en||ja|富士山本宮浅間大社}} | Sengen Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Suwa-taisha|en||ja|諏訪大社}} | Suwa Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Suwa City, [[Nagano Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Keta Shrine|en||ja|気多大社}} | Keta Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | Hakui City, Ishikawa [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Nangū Taisha|en||ja|南宮大社}} | Nangu Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | Tarui [[Gifu Prefecture|Town,]] Fuwa District, Gifu Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Tado Shrine|en||ja|多度大社}} | Tado Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | [[Mie Prefecture|Kuwana City,]] [[Kuwana, Mie|Mie Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Taga-taisha|en||ja|多賀大社}} | Taga Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Shiga Prefecture|Taga Town,]] Inukami District, Shiga Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Takebe taisha|en||ja|建部大社}} | Takebe Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Ōtsu, Shiga|Otsu City,]] Shiga Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Hiyoshi Taisha|en||ja|日吉大社}} | Hiyoshi Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Kasuga-taisha|en||ja|春日大社}} | Kasuga Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Nara Prefecture|Nara City,]] [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Tatsuta Shrine|en||ja|龍田大社}} | Tatsuta Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Misato Town, Ikoma District, Nara Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Hirose Shrine|en||ja|廣瀬大社}} | Hirose Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Kawai Town, Kitakatsuragi District, Nara Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Fushimi Inari-taisha|en||ja|伏見稲荷大社}} | Inari Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Fushimi, Kyoto|Fushimi Ward]] [[Kyoto Prefecture|, Kyoto City,]] [[Kyoto|Kyoto Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Matsunoo Taisha|en||ja|松尾大社}} | Matsuo Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City , Kyoto Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Umenomiya Shrine|en||ja|梅宮大社}} | Umenomiya Shrine | Kanpei Chusha | Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City , Kyoto Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Sumiyoshi-taisha|en||ja|住吉大社}} | Sumiyoshi Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Sumiyoshi [[Osaka Prefecture|Ward,]] [[Osaka|Osaka City,]] Osaka Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Ōtori taisha|en||ja|大鳥大社}} | Otori Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Nishi Ward, [[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai City,]] Osaka Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Kumano Hongū Taisha|en||ja|熊野本宮大社}} | Kumanoimasu Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Tanabe City, [[Wakayama Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Kumano Hayatama Taisha|en||ja|熊野速玉大社}} | Kumano Hayatama Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Shingu City, Wakayama Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Kumano Nachi Taisha|en||ja|熊野那智大社}} | Kumano Nachi Shrine | Kanpei Chusha | Nachikatsuura Town, Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Munakata Taisha|en||ja|宗像大社}} | Munakata Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Munakata City, [[Fukuoka Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Kōra taisha|en||ja|高良大社}} | Kora Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | [[Kurume|Kurume City,]] Fukuoka Prefecture |postwar |} == Former Taisha == There are some shrines which formerly called themselves Taisha but not anymore. All of them were ranked as Kanpei-Taisha or the highest rank in the [[Shakaku]] * {{ill|Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)|en|Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)|ja|氷川神社}} - The word "Hikawa Taisha" appears on the bag of votive offerings. * {{ill|Hirano Shrine|en|Hirano Shrine|ja|平野神社}} - There used to be a sign that said "Hirano Taisha" on the gate. * {{ill|Hiraoka Shrine|en|Hiraoka Shrine|ja|枚岡神社}} - A sign that reads "Hiraoka Taisha" is still present in front of the old station of Hiraoka. * {{ill|Ikoma Shrine|en|Ikoma Shrine|ja|往馬坐伊古麻都比古神社}} - Generally referred to as "Omamazu Ikoma Shrine". == Controversy over the Taisha name == Izumo Taisha has expressed its concern about other shrines using the title "Taisha" as it goes against the traditional beliefs and values of shrines. According to an article in the Izumo Taisha organ paper 'Yugen', their parent deity, Ogami, is revered as "Oyashiro" and Izumo Taisha is the only shrine that has been inscribed as a "taisha" since the Nara Heian period. In the past, when people spoke of "Taisha", they were referring to Izumo Oyashiro, which was the residence of the Omikami (great god). However, over time, other shrines started using the name "Taisha". Izumo Taisha believes that this goes against the traditional belief in only one god and may cause confusion and misunderstanding among people. They fear that the prayers of their predecessors over many generations may not be conveyed correctly and that the people of today will use their own ways of calling things as they please, which could ultimately damage the virtues of the gods. <ref>出雲大社教務本庁発行『幽顕』</ref> == Related pages == * [[Myojin Taisha]] * [[Kokushi genzaisha]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Shikinai Taisha]] 9jm1v57p6w56lp6apslnawgrh51llto 10331190 10331187 2025-06-15T00:56:08Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{See also|Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines}} {{nihongo|'''Taisha'''|大社}} refers to the 492 shrines listed as [[:category:Shikinai Taisha|Shikinai Taisha]] in the [[Engishiki Jinmyocho]] in the early Heian period, or shrines that call themselves ``~ taisha<nowiki>''</nowiki>. The term became more strict in the [[Empire of Japan]]. In the past, simply speaking of Ōyashiro (Kunyomi of Taisha) generally meant Izumo Taisha ( [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo City]] [[Shimane Prefecture|, Shimane Prefecture]] ). After the war, many shrines with the rank of taisha, such as the former Kanpei Taisha Shrine and the former Kokupei Taisha Shrine, called themselves taisha. An example is shown below. == Shikinai Taisha == Shikinai Taisha (式内大社) are shrines that are listed in volumes 9 and 10 of the "Engishiki" as Shinto shrines, also known as Shikinaisha, that are ranked as major shrines. There are 492 of these shrines listed. This category includes both the historical shrines and their modern equivalents. However, shrines that are designated as "[[Myojin Taisha]]" are not included in this category. See the category [[:category:Shikinai Taisha|Shikinai Taisha]] for a list of such Taisha not also listed as Myojin Taisha == List of Taisha == Prior to World War II only two shrines were called Taisha: [[Izumo-taisha]] and [[Kumano Taisha]], but after the war many historical taishas changed their names back to Taisha. Here is the list of such shrines. Shikinai Taisha are not included because of how large the list would be {| class="wikitable" !Current shrine name ! Former shrine name <ref>近代社格制度下における神社名</ref> ! Final shrine rank ! Location <ref>現在の地名で表記</ref> ! |- | colspan="5" |Prewar |- |{{ill|Izumo-taisha|en||ja|出雲大社}} | Izumo Taisha Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo City,]] [[Shimane Prefecture]] |prewar |- |[[Kumano Taisha]] | Kumano Taisha Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | [[Matsue|Matsue City,]] Shimane Prefecture |prewar |- | colspan="5" |Postwar |- |{{ill|Mishima Taisha|en||ja|三嶋大社}} | Mishima Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Mishima, Shizuoka|Mishima]] [[Shizuoka Prefecture|City, Shizuoka Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha|en||ja|富士山本宮浅間大社}} | Sengen Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Fujinomiya City, Shizuoka Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Suwa-taisha|en||ja|諏訪大社}} | Suwa Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Suwa City, [[Nagano Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Keta Shrine|en||ja|気多大社}} | Keta Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | Hakui City, Ishikawa [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Nangū Taisha|en||ja|南宮大社}} | Nangu Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | Tarui [[Gifu Prefecture|Town,]] Fuwa District, Gifu Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Tado Shrine|en||ja|多度大社}} | Tado Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | [[Mie Prefecture|Kuwana City,]] [[Kuwana, Mie|Mie Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Taga-taisha|en||ja|多賀大社}} | Taga Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Shiga Prefecture|Taga Town,]] Inukami District, Shiga Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Takebe taisha|en||ja|建部大社}} | Takebe Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Ōtsu, Shiga|Otsu City,]] Shiga Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Hiyoshi Taisha|en||ja|日吉大社}} | Hiyoshi Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Kasuga-taisha|en||ja|春日大社}} | Kasuga Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Nara Prefecture|Nara City,]] [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Tatsuta Shrine|en||ja|龍田大社}} | Tatsuta Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Misato Town, Ikoma District, Nara Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Hirose Shrine|en||ja|廣瀬大社}} | Hirose Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Kawai Town, Kitakatsuragi District, Nara Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Fushimi Inari-taisha|en||ja|伏見稲荷大社}} | Inari Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | [[Fushimi, Kyoto|Fushimi Ward]] [[Kyoto Prefecture|, Kyoto City,]] [[Kyoto|Kyoto Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Matsunoo Taisha|en||ja|松尾大社}} | Matsuo Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City , Kyoto Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Umenomiya Shrine|en||ja|梅宮大社}} | Umenomiya Shrine | Kanpei Chusha | Ukyo Ward, Kyoto City , Kyoto Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Sumiyoshi-taisha|en||ja|住吉大社}} | Sumiyoshi Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Sumiyoshi [[Osaka Prefecture|Ward,]] [[Osaka|Osaka City,]] Osaka Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Ōtori taisha|en||ja|大鳥大社}} | Otori Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Nishi Ward, [[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai City,]] Osaka Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Kumano Hongū Taisha|en||ja|熊野本宮大社}} | Kumanoimasu Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Tanabe City, [[Wakayama Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Kumano Hayatama Taisha|en||ja|熊野速玉大社}} | Kumano Hayatama Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Shingu City, Wakayama Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Kumano Nachi Taisha|en||ja|熊野那智大社}} | Kumano Nachi Shrine | Kanpei Chusha | Nachikatsuura Town, Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture |postwar |- |{{ill|Munakata Taisha|en||ja|宗像大社}} | Munakata Shrine | Kanpei Taisha Shrine | Munakata City, [[Fukuoka Prefecture]] |postwar |- |{{ill|Kōra taisha|en||ja|高良大社}} | Kora Shrine | Kokuhei Taisha Shrine | [[Kurume|Kurume City,]] Fukuoka Prefecture |postwar |} == Former Taisha == There are some shrines which formerly called themselves Taisha but not anymore. All of them were ranked as Kanpei-Taisha or the highest rank in the [[Shakaku]] * {{ill|Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)|en|Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)|ja|氷川神社}} - The word "Hikawa Taisha" appears on the bag of votive offerings. * {{ill|Hirano Shrine|en|Hirano Shrine|ja|平野神社}} - There used to be a sign that said "Hirano Taisha" on the gate. * {{ill|Hiraoka Shrine|en|Hiraoka Shrine|ja|枚岡神社}} - A sign that reads "Hiraoka Taisha" is still present in front of the old station of Hiraoka. * {{ill|Ikoma Shrine|en|Ikoma Shrine|ja|往馬坐伊古麻都比古神社}} - Generally referred to as "Omamazu Ikoma Shrine". == Controversy over the Taisha name == Izumo Taisha has expressed its concern about other shrines using the title "Taisha" as it goes against the traditional beliefs and values of shrines. According to an article in the Izumo Taisha organ paper 'Yugen', their parent deity, Ogami, is revered as "Oyashiro" and Izumo Taisha is the only shrine that has been inscribed as a "taisha" since the Nara Heian period. In the past, when people spoke of "Taisha", they were referring to Izumo Oyashiro, which was the residence of the Omikami (great god). However, over time, other shrines started using the name "Taisha". Izumo Taisha believes that this goes against the traditional belief in only one god and may cause confusion and misunderstanding among people. They fear that the prayers of their predecessors over many generations may not be conveyed correctly and that the people of today will use their own ways of calling things as they please, which could ultimately damage the virtues of the gods. <ref>出雲大社教務本庁発行『幽顕』</ref> == Related pages == * [[Myojin Taisha]] * [[Kokushi genzaisha]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Shikinai Taisha]] p3vhq5jrb99yqdby40p21c99tlz8ebq 0 1005957 10329814 10329805 2025-06-14T12:06:08Z Immanuelle 1174418 10329814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building|native_name=天手長男神社|image=Amanotanagao shrine torii - 2010.jpg|caption=[[Torii]] gate and Haiden}} {{Expand Japanese}}'''Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine''' (天手長男神社 Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine,<ref name="日本廻国記">『日本廻国記 一宮巡歴』 pp.278-281</ref><ref name="日本歴史地名大系">『日本歴史地名大系 43 長崎県の地名』 pp.814-815</ref><ref name="長崎県の歴史散歩">『長崎県の歴史散歩』 p.202</ref> Ama-no-Tanagao Shrine <ref name="日本廻国記一宮表">『日本廻国記 一宮巡歴』 p.294</ref> <ref name="別冊歴史読本">『別冊歴史読本 7 諸国一宮と謎の神々』 p.150</ref> <ref name="完全ガイド">『日本全国 一の宮巡拝完全ガイド』 p.139</ref> ) is a Shinto shrine in Iki City, [[Nagasaki Prefecture]]. It is a [[Myojin Taisha]] and the [[Ichinomiya]] of [[Iki Province]]. Although people think the Shrine was listed in the "[[Engishiki Jinmyocho]]", the evidence supporting this claim is not very convincing. == Gallery == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Hachigatayama.JPG|alt=鉢形山（はちがた‐）この山の頂に当社は鎮座している。|The shrine is at the top of mount Hachigatayama File:Amanotanagao_jinja_Honden_and_Haiden.JPG|alt=社殿拝殿（黄色い壁の部分）から続く屋根覆い（白い壁の部分）により本殿は雨風から保護されている。|The main shrine is sheltered from the rain and wind by a roof cover, which is a white wall that extends from the worship hall (a yellow wall part). File:Remain_of_Amanotanagahime_jinja.JPG|alt=村社 天手長比売神社址天手長比売神社は昭和40年（1965年）に当社へ合祀された。物部布都神社、若宮神社、宝満神社および粟島神社も同時期に合祀。|The Ame-no-Tanaga-hime Shrine ruins were incorporated into the shrine in 1965.<ref name="日本歴史地名大系" /> </gallery> == Sources == {{Reflist|2}} == Reference material == * " Dai Nihonkoku Ichinomiya Chronicle " ( Hokiichi Hanawa " Gunrokuju vol.2 Jingibu" April 15, 1977 Correction 3rd edition 3rd edition (published October 15, 1932), Sequel Gunrokuju Completion Meeting .) * Yoshida Togo "Augmented Great Japan Geographical Dictionary (4) Saigoku" Aug. 20, 1976 Augmented 3rd Edition (December 3, 1901 First Edition, Jun. 25, 1971 Augmented Edition), Toyamabo . ISBN 4-572- 00030-1 * Jiro Kawamura "Nippon Kaikoku Ichinomiya Tour" May 8, 1987 First edition, Kawade Shobo Shinsha . ISBN 4-309-22131-9 * Edited by Seiichiro Seno and Mikio Toyama " Kadokawa Japanese Geographic Dictionary 42 Nagasaki Prefecture" July 8, 1987, Kadokawa Shoten . ISBN 4-040-01420-0 * Supervised by Seiichiro Seno "Japanese Historical Place Names 43 Place Names in Nagasaki Prefecture" October 14, 2001 1st edition 1st edition, Heibonsha . ISBN 4-582-49043-3 . * History Subcommittee, Nagasaki Prefectural High School Education Study Group, Geohistory Civic Subcommittee, History Walk 42 Nagasaki Prefecture History Walk June 25, 2005 1st edition, Yamakawa Publishing Co., Ltd. ISBN 4-634-24642-2 * "Separate Volume Historical Reading Book 7 Ichinomiya of the Countries and Mysterious Gods" May 2008, 5, New Person Oraisha . ISBN 978-4-404-03607-0 * Invitation quest pilgrimage meeting "Complete Guide to Pilgrimage to Ichinomiya in Japan" June 15, 2011 First edition 1st edition, Mates Publishing . ISBN 978-4-7804-0963-5 * [http://www.iki-haku.jp/index.html Iki City Ichikoku Museum website] == Other websites == * [http://21coe.kokugakuin.ac.jp/db/jinja/676002.html Ametenagao Shrine] (Kokugakuin University 21st Century COE Program "Shinto and Shrine Historical Materials Compilation") [[Category:Ichinomiya]] [[Category:Myōjin Taisha]] [[Category:Son-sha]] [[Category:Shinto shrines in Nagasaki Prefecture]] {{Iki_Shrines}} 2jkq47h03h9ys54raz2ycm7woqtuidw 0 1005958 10330077 8769648 2025-06-14T14:21:11Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[Amanotanagao Shrine]] to [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] 10330077 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] o3l0tmtd05xfxhknwb67k645ndubwtk 0 1005959 10331372 10329711 2025-06-15T03:00:33Z Immanuelle 1174418 added [[Category:Oki Province]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building|image=Oki Nishinoshima Yutahime Shrine ac (4).jpg}} {{Expand Japanese}} '''Yurahime Shrine''' is [[Shinto shrine|a Shinto shrine]] in Oki District, [[Shimane Prefecture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yurahime Shrine {{!}} List of Geopark Sites and Treasures|url=https://www.oki-geopark.jp/en/geopark-sites-features-list/2697/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Oki Islands UNESCO Global Geopark|language=en-US}}</ref> It is a [[Myojin Taisha]]. It claims to be the [[Ichinomiya]] of [[Oki Province]], but [[Mizuwakasu Shrine]] also claims this. [[Category:Ichinomiya]] [[Category:Myōjin Taisha]] [[Category:Son-sha]] [[Category:Shinto shrines in Shimane Prefecture]] [[Category:Oki Province]] {{japan-stub}} {{Oki Shrines}} fmb3dal870lc7jdlfkrx3zsd1rfbfgf 0 1006001 10330750 10275021 2025-06-14T19:52:53Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:United States cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of American Twenty20 International cricketers'''. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} ==List of players== :''Statistics are correct as of 17 July 2022.''<ref name="apps">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=11;class=3 Players / United States of America / T20I caps] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=11;type=team |title= United States of America / T20I Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=11;type=team |title= United States of America / T20I Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=16 March 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+United States T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>1 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Aaron|Jones|dab=cricketer}}{{double-dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 19 | {{sort|0289|289}} | {{sort|0500|50}} | {{sort|2627|26.27}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0110|110}} | {{sort|006|6}} | {{sort|2063|2/37}} | {{nts|21.16}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/957645.html |title= United States of America / Players / Aaron Jones |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Elmore|Hutchinson}} | 2019 | 2021 | 4 | {{sort|0016|16}} | {{sort|0160|16}} | {{sort|1600|16.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0048|48}} | {{sort|002|2}} | {{sort|2093|2/7}} | {{nts|15.50}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/552881.html |title= United States of America / Players / Elmore Hutchinson |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" |<span style="display: none">0</span>3 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname||Jasdeep Singh}} | 2019 | 2019 | 4 | {{sort|0031|31}} | {{sort|0310|31}} | {{sort|1550|15.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0084|84}} | {{sort|007|7}} | {{sort|2082|2/18}} | {{nts|20.00}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/772471.html |title= United States of America / Players / Jasdeep Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jaskaran|Malhotra}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 17 | {{sort|0267|267}} | {{sort|0580|58}} | {{sort|1907|19.07}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0024|24}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 5 | 3 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/430105.html |title= United States of America / Players / Jaskaran Malhotra |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Xavier|Marshall}} | 2019 | 2021 | 14 | {{sort|0204|204}} | {{sort|0475|47*}} | {{sort|1854|18.54}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/52626.html |title= United States of America / Players / Xavier Marshall |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Saurabh|Netravalkar}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 20 | {{sort|0034|34}} | {{sort|0120|12}} | {{sort|0850|8.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0378|378}} | {{sort|019|19}} | {{sort|5088|5/12}} | {{nts|20.94}} | 6 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/398513.html |title= United States of America / Players / Saurabh Netravalkar |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Monank|Patel}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2019 | 2022 | 20 | {{sort|0267|267}} | {{sort|0390|39}} | {{sort|1780|17.80}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 10 | 9 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159641.html |title= United States of America / Players / Monank Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Timil|Patel}} | 2019 | 2019 | 7 | {{sort|0017|17}} | {{sort|0145|14*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | – | {{sort|0132|132}} | {{sort|011|11}} | {{sort|4073|4/27}} | {{nts|13.27}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32257.html |title= United States of America / Players / Timil Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Roy|Silva}} | 2019 | 2019 | 2 | {{sort|0032|32}} | {{sort|0250|25}} | {{sort|1600|16.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/50671.html |title= United States of America / Players / Roy Silva |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Steven|Taylor|dab=American cricketer}} | 2019 | 2022 | 19 | {{sort|0568|568}} | {{sort|1015|101*}} | {{sort|4369|43.69}} | 3 | 1 | {{sort|0168|168}} | {{sort|007|7}} | {{sort|2090|2/10}} | {{nts|20.57}} | 7 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348133.html |title= United States of America / Players / Steven Taylor |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Hayden|Walsh Jr.|Hayden Walsh Jr.}}{{efn|name=fn2|[[Hayden Walsh Jr.]] also played T20I cricket for [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]. Only his records for [[United States national cricket team|United States]] are given above.}} | 2019 | 2019 | 8 | {{sort|0114|114}} | {{sort|0280|28}} | {{sort|1900|19.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0101|101}} | {{sort|006|6}} | {{sort|2079|2/21}} | {{nts|20.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/443263.html |title= United States of America / Players / Hayden Walsh |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Timroy|Allen}} | 2019 | 2019 | 5 | {{sort|0027|27}} | {{sort|0115|11*}} | {{sort|1350|13.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0018|18}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1089|1/11}} | {{nts|28.00}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/378282.html |title= United States of America / Players / Timroy Allen |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Cameron|Gannon}} | 2019 | 2019 | 4 | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|0075|7*}} | {{sort|1200|12.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0054|54}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|2079|2/21}} | {{nts|22.33}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326635.html |title= United States of America / Players / Cameron Gannon |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Nisarg|Patel}} | 2019 | 2022 | 17 | {{sort|0100|100}} | {{sort|0280|28}} | {{sort|2000|20.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0348|348}} | {{sort|025|25}} | {{sort|4083|4/17}} | {{nts|12.32}} | 8 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/233258.html |title= United States of America / Players / Nisarg Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Karima|Gore}} | 2019 | 2021 | 8 | {{sort|0047|47}} | {{sort|0310|31}} | {{sort|2350|23.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0150|150}} | {{sort|010|10}} | {{sort|3095|3/5}} | {{nts|12.40}} | 3 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1139028.html |title= United States of America / Players / Karima Gore |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sunny|Sohal}} | 2019 | 2019 | 3 | {{sort|0023|23}} | {{sort|0180|18}} | {{sort|1150|11.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/228943.html |title= United States of America / Players / Sunny Sohal |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ian|Holland}} | 2021 | 2021 | 6 | {{sort|0047|47}} | {{sort|0395|39*}} | {{sort|2350|23.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0138|138}} | {{sort|010|10}} | {{sort|2097|2/3}} | {{nts|8.90}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/334340.html |title= United States of America / Players / Ian Holland |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=7 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Gajanand|Singh}} | 2021 | 2022 | 11 | {{sort|0163|163}} | {{sort|0650|65}} | {{sort|2716|27.16}} | 2 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 5 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/230551.html |title= United States of America / Players / Gajanand Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=7 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Rusty|Theron}}{{efn|name=fn3|[[Rusty Theron]] also played T20I cricket for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. Only his records for [[United States national cricket team|United States]] are given above.}} | 2021 | 2022 | 9 | {{sort|0009|9}} | {{sort|0075|7*}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0180|180}} | {{sort|012|12}} | {{sort|3084|3/16}} | {{nts|18.00}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/223642.html |title= United States of America / Players / Rusty Theron |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=7 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ali|Khan|dab=American cricketer}} | 2021 | 2022 | 6 | {{sort|0000|0}} | {{sort|0005|0*}} | {{sort|0000|0.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0128|128}} | {{sort|005|5}} | {{sort|2070|2/30}} | {{nts|29.60}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/927119.html |title= United States of America / Players / Ali Khan |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=7 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Trinson|Carmichael}} | 2021 | 2021 | 2 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | – | – | {{sort|0036|36}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/772397.html |title= United States of America / Players / Trinson Carmichael |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=11 November 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ritwik|Behera}} | 2021 | 2021 | 2 | {{sort|0016|16}} | {{sort|0160|16}} | {{sort|0800|8.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 4 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1294030.html |title= United States of America / Players / Ritwik Behera |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Marty|Kain}} | 2021 | 2022 | 7 | {{sort|0071|71}} | {{sort|0395|39*}} | {{sort|1420|14.20}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0034|34}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/388781.html |title= United States of America / Players / Marty Kain |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sushant|Modani}} | 2021 | 2022 | 5 | {{sort|0093|93}} | {{sort|0500|50}} | {{sort|3100|31.00}} | 1 | 0 | {{sort|0006|6}} | {{sort|001|1}} | {{sort|1098|1/2}} | {{nts|2.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1276393.html |title= United States of America / Players / Sushant Modani |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ryan|Scott|dab=cricketer}} | 2021 | 2021 | 2 | {{sort|0019|19}} | {{sort|0110|11}} | {{sort|0950|9.50}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1294028.html |title= United States of America / Players / Ryan Scott |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Yasir|Mohammad}} | 2021 | 2021 | 3 | {{sort|0016|16}} | {{sort|0160|16}} | {{sort|0800|8.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0066|66}} | {{sort|003|3}} | {{sort|2068|2/32}} | {{nts|28.33}} | 1 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1294031.html |title= United States of America / Players / Yasir Mohammad |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Vatsal|Vaghela}} | 2021 | 2021 | 2 | {{sort|0029|29}} | {{sort|0290|29}} | {{sort|2900|29.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0036|36}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|2088|2/12}} | {{nts|7.00}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1193308.html |title= United States of America / Players / Vatsal Vaghela |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=23 December 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Cameron|Stevenson}} | 2022 | 2022 | 4 | {{sort|0013|13}} | {{sort|0080|8}} | {{sort|0433|4.33}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0072|72}} | {{sort|004|4}} | {{sort|1085|1/15}} | {{nts|24.50}} | 2 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/953793.html |title= United States of America / Players /Cameron Stevenson |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=12 July 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Siva|Kumar}} | 2021 | 2021 | 1 | {{sort|0007|7}} | {{sort|0070|7}} | {{sort|0700|7.00}} | 0 | 0 | {{sort|0012|12}} | {{sort|000|0}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | {{sort|-0001|–}} | 0 | 0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/328679.html |title= United States of America / Players / Siva Kumar |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 July 2022}}</ref> |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:United States Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] 8c0gscnb6wq5fcwgjsnfwkgpwx63dcu 0 1006259 10331268 8771473 2025-06-15T01:33:37Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[Shikinai Taisha]] to [[Taisha (shrine)]] 10331268 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Taisha (shrine)]] fmy1b6drzlgdd5resspih84wd5yati0 0 1006597 10331095 10329786 2025-06-14T23:39:56Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building|image=Hayatani-jinja, haiden-2.jpg}} {{nihongo|'''Hayatani Shrine'''|速谷神社}} is a [[Shinto shrine]] located in Hatsukaichi, a suburb of [[Hiroshima]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-03|title=Hayatani Jinja|url=http://yuugenguide.squarespace.com/shrines/2018/12/20/hayatani-jinja|access-date=2023-12-02|website=Yuugen 幽玄|language=en-US}}</ref> It is a [[Myojin Taisha]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmdRAAAAYAAJ&q=Hayatani+Shrine|title=Engi-shiki; Procedures of the Engi Era: Books VI-X|date=1972|publisher=Sophia University|language=en}}</ref> and [[Ichinomiya|Ninomiya]] of [[Aki Province]]<ref name="wwwhiroshimabunkajp-2023a">{{Cite web|title=Hiroshima Cultural Encyclopedia - Gokurakuji Mountain -|url=http://www.hiroshima-bunka.jp/english/detail/020.html|access-date=2023-12-02|website=www.hiroshima-bunka.jp}}</ref> and is currently designated as a [[Beppyo shrine|Beppyo Shrine]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=別表神社とは？御朱印めぐりに参考になる「別表神社一覧」とマップ {{!}} 開運戦隊 御朱印ジャー|url=https://jinja-gosyuin.com/beppyou/|access-date=2022-02-27|website=jinja-gosyuin.com}}</ref> == Overview == Hayatani Shrine is a sacred place in [[Aki Province]] that has been worshipped for over 1,700 years. It used to have a higher status than [[Itsukushima Shrine]].<ref name="wwwhiroshimabunkajp-2023a2">{{Cite web|title=Hiroshima Cultural Encyclopedia - Gokurakuji Mountain -|url=http://www.hiroshima-bunka.jp/english/detail/020.html|access-date=2023-12-02|website=www.hiroshima-bunka.jp}}</ref><ref name="mydaytripcom-2023a">{{Cite web|title=Discover Hayatani Shrine|url=https://mydaytrip.com/discover/location/hayatani-shrine|access-date=2023-12-02|website=mydaytrip.com}}</ref> But the [[Taira clan]] supported Itsukushima Shrine, so Hayatani Shrine lost.<ref name="wwwhiroshimabunkajp-2023a2" /> People from all over Japan visit Hayatani Shrine to pray for [[Road traffic safety|traffic safety]], especially when buying a new car.<ref name="mydaytripcom-2023a" /> The shrine is also known for purifying the buses and trains of the [[Hiroshima Electric Railway]]. This shrine is one of the "{{ill|List of Shikinaisha in Aki Province|lt=Three Great Shrines of Aki Province|ja|安芸国の式内社一覧|lt_ja=安芸国}}", along with [[Itsukushima Shrine]] and [[Take Shrine]] (多家神社). For a long time, travelers on the [[San'yōdō|Sanyo Expressway]] have prayed for safety on their journeys at this shrine, and it is still considered a protector of traffic safety on the expressway. Hayatanni Shrine and Itsukushima Shrine used to have simultaneous festivals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_YQAQAAIAAJ&q=Hayatani+Shrine|title=An Encyclopedia of Shinto (Shinto Jiten): Kami|last1=Havens|first1=Norman|last2=Inoue|first2=Nobutaka|date=2006|publisher=Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics Kokugakuin University|isbn=978-4-905853-08-4|language=en}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-01.JPG|alt=拝殿（別の角度より）|Worship hall (from another angle) File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-05.JPG|alt=境内|precincts File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-08.JPG|alt=儀式殿|ceremonial hall File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-04.JPG|alt=神門|shrine gate File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-03.JPG|alt=楼門|Romon File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-06.JPG|alt=鳥居|torii </gallery> == Sources == * "Comprehensive history of Japanese historical place names Place names in Hiroshima Prefecture" 『日本歴史地名大系 広島県の地名』 ( Heibonsha ) Hayatani Shrine, Saiki-gun == Other websites == * [http://www.hayatanijinja.jp/index.html Hayatani Shrine] - Official Site [[Category:Beppyo shrines]] [[Category:Kokuhei Chūsha]] [[Category:Myōjin Taisha]] [[Category:Ninomiya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Shinto shrines in Hiroshima Prefecture]] 6x7ernld9s9qmff0ofwi3hxjyc9ie30 10331096 10331095 2025-06-14T23:40:07Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious building|religious_affiliation=[[Shinto]]|image=Hayatani-jinja, haiden-2.jpg|caption=Haiden|deity={{ill|Akihayatamao no Mikoto|ja|飽速玉男命}},}} {{nihongo|'''Hayatani Shrine'''|速谷神社}} is a [[Shinto shrine]] located in Hatsukaichi, a suburb of [[Hiroshima]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-03|title=Hayatani Jinja|url=http://yuugenguide.squarespace.com/shrines/2018/12/20/hayatani-jinja|access-date=2023-12-02|website=Yuugen 幽玄|language=en-US}}</ref> It is a [[Myojin Taisha]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmdRAAAAYAAJ&q=Hayatani+Shrine|title=Engi-shiki; Procedures of the Engi Era: Books VI-X|date=1972|publisher=Sophia University|language=en}}</ref> and [[Ichinomiya|Ninomiya]] of [[Aki Province]]<ref name="wwwhiroshimabunkajp-2023a">{{Cite web|title=Hiroshima Cultural Encyclopedia - Gokurakuji Mountain -|url=http://www.hiroshima-bunka.jp/english/detail/020.html|access-date=2023-12-02|website=www.hiroshima-bunka.jp}}</ref> and is currently designated as a [[Beppyo shrine|Beppyo Shrine]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=別表神社とは？御朱印めぐりに参考になる「別表神社一覧」とマップ {{!}} 開運戦隊 御朱印ジャー|url=https://jinja-gosyuin.com/beppyou/|access-date=2022-02-27|website=jinja-gosyuin.com}}</ref> == Overview == Hayatani Shrine is a sacred place in [[Aki Province]] that has been worshipped for over 1,700 years. It used to have a higher status than [[Itsukushima Shrine]].<ref name="wwwhiroshimabunkajp-2023a2">{{Cite web|title=Hiroshima Cultural Encyclopedia - Gokurakuji Mountain -|url=http://www.hiroshima-bunka.jp/english/detail/020.html|access-date=2023-12-02|website=www.hiroshima-bunka.jp}}</ref><ref name="mydaytripcom-2023a">{{Cite web|title=Discover Hayatani Shrine|url=https://mydaytrip.com/discover/location/hayatani-shrine|access-date=2023-12-02|website=mydaytrip.com}}</ref> But the [[Taira clan]] supported Itsukushima Shrine, so Hayatani Shrine lost.<ref name="wwwhiroshimabunkajp-2023a2" /> People from all over Japan visit Hayatani Shrine to pray for [[Road traffic safety|traffic safety]], especially when buying a new car.<ref name="mydaytripcom-2023a" /> The shrine is also known for purifying the buses and trains of the [[Hiroshima Electric Railway]]. This shrine is one of the "{{ill|List of Shikinaisha in Aki Province|lt=Three Great Shrines of Aki Province|ja|安芸国の式内社一覧|lt_ja=安芸国}}", along with [[Itsukushima Shrine]] and [[Take Shrine]] (多家神社). For a long time, travelers on the [[San'yōdō|Sanyo Expressway]] have prayed for safety on their journeys at this shrine, and it is still considered a protector of traffic safety on the expressway. Hayatanni Shrine and Itsukushima Shrine used to have simultaneous festivals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_YQAQAAIAAJ&q=Hayatani+Shrine|title=An Encyclopedia of Shinto (Shinto Jiten): Kami|last1=Havens|first1=Norman|last2=Inoue|first2=Nobutaka|date=2006|publisher=Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics Kokugakuin University|isbn=978-4-905853-08-4|language=en}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-01.JPG|alt=拝殿（別の角度より）|Worship hall (from another angle) File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-05.JPG|alt=境内|precincts File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-08.JPG|alt=儀式殿|ceremonial hall File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-04.JPG|alt=神門|shrine gate File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-03.JPG|alt=楼門|Romon File:Hayatani_Shrine_20121124-06.JPG|alt=鳥居|torii </gallery> == Sources == * "Comprehensive history of Japanese historical place names Place names in Hiroshima Prefecture" 『日本歴史地名大系 広島県の地名』 ( Heibonsha ) Hayatani Shrine, Saiki-gun == Other websites == * [http://www.hayatanijinja.jp/index.html Hayatani Shrine] - Official Site [[Category:Beppyo shrines]] [[Category:Kokuhei Chūsha]] [[Category:Myōjin Taisha]] [[Category:Ninomiya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Shinto shrines in Hiroshima Prefecture]] 957ia9kkgf5bj44m8ue64qzdbulmz3a 0 1006875 10330781 8844589 2025-06-14T20:03:58Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Nepalese cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who play [[Twenty20 International]] cricket for [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]]. == Key == {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="list of capt">{{Cite web | url = http://stats.cricinfo.com/nepal/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=32;type=team | title = Records / Nepal / Twenty20 Internationals / List of captains |website=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/nepal/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=3;id=32;type=team| title = Statistics / Statsguru / Twenty20 International / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website=ESPNcricinfo | access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[not out]] * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] made |} == Players == :''Statistics are correct as of 30 August 2022.''<ref name="t20i_caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=32;class=3 |title=Players&nbsp;– Nepal&nbsp;– T20I caps |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=32;type=team |title= Nepal / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=32;type=team |title= Nepal / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=1 rowspan=2 | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" colspan=1 rowspan=2 | Name ! scope="col" colspan=1 rowspan=2 | First ! scope="col" colspan=1 rowspan=2 | Last ! scope="col" colspan=1 rowspan=2 | Mat ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" colspan=1 rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- align="center" ! scope="col" | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" | HS ! scope="col" | [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Binod|Bhandari}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2014 || 2021 || 35 || 319 || {{sort|0585|58*}} || {{sort|1595|15.95}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 12 || 8 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/437005.html |title=Player profile: Binod Bhandari |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naresh|Budhayer}} | 2014 || 2014 || 4 || 7 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/437757.html |title=Player profile: Naresh Budhayer |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shakti|Gauchan}} | 2014 || 2015 || 9 || 13 || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{sort|0433|4.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0180|180}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|391|3/9}} || {{nts|21.12}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/25964.html |title=Player profile: Shakti Gauchan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paras|Khadka}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2014 || 2020 || 33 || 799 || {{sort|1065|106*}} || {{sort|2755|27.55}} || 4 || 1 || {{sort|0348|348}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|289|2/11}} || {{nts|45.00}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/25967.html |title=Player profile: Paras Khadka |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subash|Khakurel}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2014 || 2015 || 8 || 112 || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{sort|1400|14.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/446807.html |title=Player profile: Subash Khakurel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gyanendra|Malla}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2014 || 2022 || 45 || 883 || {{sort|1070|107}} || {{sort|2323|23.23}} || 2 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 23 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/233400.html |title=Player profile: Gyanendra Malla |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jitendra|Mukhiya}} | 2014 || 2022 || 10 || 6 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|382|3/18}} || {{nts|16.80}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/680279.html |title=Player profile: Jitendra Mukhiya |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Basanta|Regmi}} | 2014 || 2019 || 18 || 24 || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{sort|0342|3.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0373|373}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|484|4/16}} || {{nts|16.20}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/25955.html |title=Player profile: Basanta Regmi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sagar Pun}} | 2014 || 2015 || 9 || 90 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0141|141}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|374|3/26}} || {{nts|21.83}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/524095.html |title=Player profile: Sagar Pun |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sompal Kami}} | 2014 || 2022 || 42 || 224 || {{sort|0400|40}} || {{sort|1317|13.17}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0823|823}} || {{sort|038|38}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|24.97}} || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/701215.html |title=Player profile: Sompal Kami |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sharad|Vesawkar}} | 2014 || 2022 || 20 || 325 || {{sort|0400|40}} || {{sort|2321|23.21}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/25977.html |title=Player profile: Sharad Vesawkar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amrit|Bhattarai}} | 2014 || 2014 || 1 || 2 || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|188|1/12}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/233409.html |title=Player profile: Amrit Bhattarai |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajesh|Pulami}} | 2014 || 2015 || 6 || 52 || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{sort|0866|8.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/524094.html |title=Player profile: Rajesh Pulami |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pradeep|Airee}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2015 || 2022 || 12 || 91 || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{sort|0758|7.58}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 5 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/446808.html |title=Player profile: Pradeep Airee |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Karan KC}} | 2015 || 2022 || 43 || 289 || {{sort|0450|45}} || {{sort|1521|15.21}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0862|862}} || {{sort|060|60}} || {{sort|579|5/21}} || {{nts|17.61}} || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/800675.html |title=Player profile: Karan KC |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avinash|Karn}} | 2015 || 2015 || 2 || 4 || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|169|1/31}} || {{nts|49.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/524093.html |title=Player profile: Avinash Karn |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil|Mandal}} | 2015 || 2015 || 2 || 11 || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0550|5.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/332398.html |title=Player profile: Anil Mandal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 July 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Aarif Sheikh}} | 2018 || 2022 || 31 || 405 || {{sort|0395|39*}} || {{sort|2131|21.31}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|198|1/2}} || {{nts|26.33}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/701217.html |title=Player profile: Aarif Sheikh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dipendra Singh|Airee}} | 2018 || 2022 || 44 || 1,103 || {{sort|1105|110*}} || {{sort|3558|35.58}} || 5 || 1 || {{sort|0368|368}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|482|4/18}} || {{nts|17.95}} || 21 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/794707.html |title=Player profile: Dipendra Singh Airee |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Lamichhane}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Sandeep Lamichhane]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only his records for [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] are given above.}} | 2018 || 2022 || 43 || {{sort|0053|53}} || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|0588|5.88}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0995|995}} || {{sort|085|85}} || {{sort|591|5/9}} || {{nts|12.42}} || 17 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/960361.html |title=Player profile: Sandeep Lamichhane |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalit|Rajbanshi}} | 2018 || 2019 || 12 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{sort|0300|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0230|230}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|394|3/6}} || {{nts|23.10}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/913853.html |title=Player profile: Lalit Rajbanshi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil|Sah}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1058510.html |title=Player profile: Anil Sah |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avinash|Bohara}} | 2019 || 2022 || 36 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|0525|5.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0710|710}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|465|4/35}} || {{nts|20.10}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1058508.html |title=Player profile: Avinash Bohara |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 January 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sundeep|Jora}} | 2019 || 2019 || 6 || 101 || {{sort|0535|53*}} || {{sort|2020|20.20}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1161022.html |title=Player profile: Sundeep Jora |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 January 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohit|Paudel}} | 2019 || 2022 || 21 || 376 || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{sort|2088|20.88}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|198|1/2}} || {{nts|2.00}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1072488.html |title=Player profile: Rohit Paudel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 January 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pawan|Sarraf}} | 2019 || 2022 || 17 || 145 || {{sort|0275|27*}} || {{sort|1035|10.35}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|197|1/3}} || {{nts|39.00}} || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1072485.html |title=Player profile: Pawan Sarraf |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 February 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kushal|Malla}} | 2019 || 2022 || 15 || 181 || {{sort|0505|50*}} || {{sort|2011|20.11}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|197|1/3}} || {{nts|20.16}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1141934.html |title=Player profile: Kushal Malla |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishan|Pandey}} | 2019 || 2019 || 4 || 33 || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0825|8.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/960363.html |title=Player profile: Ishan Pandey |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushan|Bhari}} | 2019 || 2021 || 9 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0168|168}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|278|2/22}} || {{nts|26.37}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/633525.html |title=Player profile: Sushan Bhari |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rashid Khan|dab=Nepalese cricketer}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1161020.html |title=Player profile: Rashid Khan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 December 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhuvan|Karki}} | 2020 || 2020 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|194|1/6}} || {{nts|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/446812.html |title=Player profile: Bhuvan Karki |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 March 2020 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aasif|Sheikh|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2021 || 2022 || 20 || 468 || {{sort|0570|57}} || {{sort|2463|24.63}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 11 || 6 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/aasif-sheikh-1058514|title=Player profile: Aasif Sheikh|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kushal|Bhurtel}} | 2021 || 2022 || 16 || 573 || {{sort|1045|104*}} || {{sort|4775|47.75}} || 5 || 1 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|199|1/1}} || {{nts|1.00}} || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/kushal-bhurtel-794713|title=Player profile: Kushal Bhurtel|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shahab|Alam}} | 2021 || 2022 || 6 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|185|1/15}} || {{nts|41.50}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/shahab-alam-1090597|title=Player profile: Shahab Alam|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kamal Singh|Airee}} | 2021 || 2022 || 10 || 18 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0205|205}} || {{sort|015|15}} || {{sort|385|3/15}} || {{nts|14.80}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1072482.html|title=Player profile: Kamal Singh Airee|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sagar|Dhakal}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|181|1/19}} || {{nts|55.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1147980.html|title=Player profile: Sagar Dhakal|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bibek|Yadav}} | 2022 || 2022 || 7 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0566|5.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1185233.html|title=Player profile: Bibek Yadav|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lokesh|Bam}} | 2022 || 2022 || 8 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|0330|33}} || {{sort|1320|13.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1090625.html|title=Player profile: Lokesh Bam|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulsan|Jha}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|1}} || {{sort|184|1/16}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1253822.html|title=Player profile: Gulsan Jha|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dilip|Nath}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|0750|7.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1058516.html|title=Player profile: Dilip Nath|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad Aadil|Alam}} | 2022 || 2022 || 8 || {{sort|0110|110}} || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|1571|15.71}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|279|2/21}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1212481.html|title=Player profile: Mohammad Aadil Alam|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Basir|Ahamad}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|270|2/30}} || {{nts|24.50}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/shahab-alam-1290587|title=Player profile: Basir Ahamad|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arjun|Saud}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0070|70}} || {{sort|0350|35}} || {{sort|2333|23.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nepal/content/player/1248188.html|title=Player profile: Arjun Saud|website=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> |} {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nepal Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] 9cxxkn1vxwvq2c7vx5jmtrb2ptje8b4 0 1006890 10330837 10273923 2025-06-14T20:25:55Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:West Indian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers''' who have played at least one Twenty20 International since 2006. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:30%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First'''&nbsp;– Year of debut * '''Last'''&nbsp;– Year of latest game * '''Mat'''&nbsp;– Number of matches played '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca'''&nbsp;– [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St'''&nbsp;– [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken | valign="top" style="width:30%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs'''&nbsp;– [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS'''&nbsp;– Highest score * '''Avg'''&nbsp;– [[Batting average (cricket)|Average runs scored per dismissal]] * '''50s'''&nbsp;– Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''*'''&nbsp;– Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:30%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls'''&nbsp;– [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt'''&nbsp;– [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave'''&nbsp;– [[Bowling average|Average runs conceded per wicket]] |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 28 March 2023''.<ref name="t20i_caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/caps.html?country=4;class=3 |title=Players&nbsp;– West Indies&nbsp;– T20I caps |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=4;type=team |title= West Indies / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=4;type=team |title= West Indies / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ West Indies T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | [[cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Name ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | First ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Last ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Mat ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- align="center" ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" data-sort-type/"number" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |50s ! scope="col" |100s ! scope="col" |[[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! scope="col" data-sort-type/"number"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" || 1 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ian|Bradshaw}} || 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 2 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dwayne|Bravo}} {{double-dagger}} || 2006 || 2021 || 91 || {{sort|1255|1255}} || {{sort|0665|66*}} || {{nts|22.01}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|1505|1505}} || {{sort|078|78}} || {{sort|4081|4/19}} || {{nts|26.10}} || 44 || 0 |- align="center" || 3 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Deighton|Butler}} || 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 4 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shivnarine|Chanderpaul}} {{double-dagger}} || 2006 || 2015 || 22 || {{sort|0343|343}} || {{sort|0410|41}} || {{nts|20.17}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" || 5 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daren|Ganga}} || 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0026|26}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|26.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 6 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Chris|Gayle}} || 2006 || 2021 || 79 || {{sort|1899|1899}} || {{sort|1170|117}} || {{nts|27.92}} || 14 || 2 || {{sort|0381|381}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|2085|2/15}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 20 || 0 |- align="center" || 7 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Wavell|Hinds}} || 2006 || 2010 || 5 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{nts|7.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 8 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Runako|Morton}}|| 2006 || 2010 || 7 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|0400|40}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 9 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Denesh|Ramdin}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || 2006 || 2019 || 71 || {{sort|0636|636}} || {{sort|0555|55*}} || {{nts|18.70}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 43 || 20 |- align="center" || 10 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dwayne|Smith}} || 2006 || 2015 || 33 || {{sort|0582|582}} || {{sort|0720|72}} || {{nts|18.18}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0142|142}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3076|3/24}} || {{nts|30.28}} || 8 || 0 |- align="center" || 11 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jerome|Taylor}} || 2006 || 2018 || 30 || {{sort|0118|118}} || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{nts|13.11}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0600|600}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|3094|3/6}} || {{nts|26.15}} || 9 || 0 |- align="center" || 12 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Daren|Powell}} || 2007 || 2007 || 5 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1094|1/6}} || {{nts|65.50}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 13 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ravi|Rampaul}} || 2007 || 2021 || 27 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|7.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0575|575}} || {{sort|031|31}} || {{sort|3084|3/16}} || {{nts|25.90}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 14 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Darren|Sammy}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Samuel Badree]] and [[Darren Sammy]] also played T20I cricket for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] are given above.}} {{double-dagger}}|| 2007 || 2016 || 66 || {{sort|0534|534}} || {{sort|0425|42*}} || {{nts|15.70}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0880|880}} || {{sort|044|44}} || {{sort|5074|5/26}} || {{nts|24.27}} || {{nts|30}} || 0 |- align="center" || 15 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Marlon|Samuels}} || 2007 || 2019 || 67 || {{sort|1611|1611}} || {{sort|0895|89*}} || {{nts|29.29}} || 10 || 0 || {{sort|0479|479}} || {{sort|022|22}} || {{sort|3077|3/23}} || {{nts|28.27}} || 12 || 0 |- align="center" || 16 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Devon|Smith}} || 2007 || 2009 || 6 || {{sort|0203|203}} || {{sort|0610|61}} || {{nts|33.83}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 17 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Austin|Richards}} || 2007 || 2007 || 1 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 18 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Lendl|Simmons}} || 2007 || 2021 || 68 || {{sort|1527|1527}} || {{sort|0915|91*}} || {{nts|26.78}} || 9 || 0 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|4081|4/19}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 35 || 0 |- align="center" || 19 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Fidel|Edwards}} || 2007 || 2021 || 26 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{nts|5.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0449|449}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|3077|3/23}} || {{nts|30.85}} || 5 || 0 |- align="center" || 20 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ramnaresh|Sarwan}} {{double-dagger}} || 2007 || 2010 || 18 || {{sort|0298|298}} || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{nts|22.92}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || 2 || {{sort|2090|2/10}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" || 21 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brenton|Parchment}} || 2007 || 2007 || 1 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 22 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Rawl|Lewis}} || 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 23 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sulieman|Benn}} || 2008 || 2016 || 24 || {{sort|0037|37}} || {{sort|0135|13*}} || {{nts|12.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0504|504}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|4094|4/6}} || {{nts|33.66}} || 10 || 0 |- align="center" || 24 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andre|Fletcher}} {{dagger}} || 2008 || 2021 || 54 || {{sort|0950|950}} || {{sort|0845|84*}} || {{nts|21.11}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 22 || 1 |- align="center" || 25 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Xavier|Marshall}} || 2008 || 2009 || 6 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" || 26 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|William|Perkins|dab=West Indian cricketer}} || 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 27 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kieron|Pollard}} {{double-dagger}} || 2008 || 2022 || 101 || {{sort|1569|1569}} || {{sort|0755|75*}} || {{nts|25.30}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|0856|856}} || {{sort|042|42}} || {{sort|4075|4/25}} || {{nts|28.28}} || 42 || 0 |- align="center" || 28 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kemar|Roach}} || 2008 || 2012 || 11 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0234|234}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|2075|2/25}} || {{nts|28.40}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 29 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Lionel|Baker}} || 2008 || 2009 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1088|1/12}} || {{nts|29.00}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 30 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Carlton|Baugh, Jr.|Carlton Baugh}} || 2008 || 2012 || 3 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{nts|3.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 31 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shawn|Findlay}} || 2008 || 2008 || 3 || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 32 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|David|Bernard|dab=cricketer}} || 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{nts|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 33 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Travis|Dowlin}} || 2009 || 2010 || 3 || {{sort|0068|68}} || {{sort|0375|37*}} || {{nts|68.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 34 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Nikita|Miller}} || 2009 || 2014 || 9 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{nts|43.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0190|190}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|2080|2/20}} || {{nts|20.36}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 35 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Floyd|Reifer}} {{double-dagger}}|| 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 36 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dale|Richards}} || 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 37 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Devon|Thomas}} {{dagger}} || 2009 || 2022 || 12 || {{sort|0051|51}} || {{sort|0315|31*}} || {{nts|8.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 12 || 2 |- align="center" || 38 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Gavin|Tonge}} || 2009 || 2009 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1075|1/25}} || {{nts|25.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 39 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Narsingh|Deonarine}} || 2010 || 2013 || 8 || {{sort|0055|55}} || {{sort|0365|36*}} || {{nts|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 40 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Adrian|Barath}} || 2010 || 2011 || 2 || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{nts|11.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 41 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Darren|Bravo}} || 2010 || 2022 || 26 || {{sort|0405|405}} || {{sort|0435|43*}} || {{nts|21.31}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 5 || 0 |- align="center" || 42 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Christopher|Barnwell}} || 2011 || 2013 || 6 || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|0345|34*}} || {{nts|19.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1076|1/24}} || {{nts|51.00}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 43 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Devendra|Bishoo}} || 2011 || 2019 || 7 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|8.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0121|121}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|4083|4/17}} || {{nts|19.57}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 44 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Danza|Hyatt}} || 2011 || 2012 || 5 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 0 |- align="center" || 45 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Ashley|Nurse}} || 2011 || 2019 || 13 || {{sort|0085|85}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|42.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0240|240}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|2094|2/6}} || {{nts|39.75}} || 6 || 0 |- align="center" || 46 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andre|Russell}} || 2011 || 2021 || 67 || {{sort|0741|741}} || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{nts|19.50}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0891|891}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|3057|3/43}} || {{nts|34.97}} || 16 || 0 |- align="center" || 47 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Nkrumah|Bonner}} || 2011 || 2012 || 2 || {{sort|0027|27}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{nts|13.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 48 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Johnson|Charles}} {{dagger}} || 2011 || 2023 || 41 || {{sort|0971|971}} || {{sort|1180|118}} || {{nts|24.27}} || 4 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 14 || 2 |- align="center" || 49 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Derwin|Christian}} || 2011 || 2011 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 50 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Miles|Bascombe}} || 2011 || 2011 || 1 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 51 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Garey|Mathurin}} || 2011 || 2012 || 3 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|3091|3/9}} || {{nts|16.25}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 52 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Krishmar|Santokie}} || 2011 || 2014 || 12 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0245|245}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|4079|4/21}} || {{nts|15.44}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 53 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Carlos|Brathwaite}} {{double-dagger}} || 2011 || 2019 || 41 || {{sort|0310|310}} || {{sort|0375|37*}} || {{nts|14.76}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0709|709}} || {{sort|031|31}} || {{sort|3080|3/20}} || {{nts|32.67}} || 19 || 0 |- align="center" || 54 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Anthony|Martin|dab=cricketer}} || 2011 || 2011 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1080|1/20}} || {{nts|20.00}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 55 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sunil|Narine}} || 2012 || 2019 || 51 || {{sort|0155|155}} || {{sort|0300|30}} || {{nts|10.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1102|1102}} || {{sort|052|52}} || {{sort|4088|4/12}} || {{nts|21.25}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" || 56 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Samuel|Badree}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Samuel Badree]] and [[Darren Sammy]] also played T20I cricket for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] are given above.}} || 2012 || 2018 || 50 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|0141|14*}} || {{nts|7.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1104|1104}} || {{sort|054|54}} || {{sort|4085|4/15}} || {{nts|20.75}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" || 57 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Tino|Best}} || 2013 || 2014 || 6 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|0175|17*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3082|3/18}} || {{nts|25.66}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 58 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shannon|Gabriel}} || 2013 || 2013 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|3056|3/44}} || {{nts|18.66}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 59 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kieran|Powell}} || 2014 || 2014 || 1 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 60 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Chadwick|Walton}} {{dagger}} || 2014 || 2018 || 19 || {{sort|0225|225}} || {{sort|0400|40}} || {{nts|13.23}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 13 || 2 |- align="center" || 61 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jason|Holder}} {{double-dagger}}|| 2014 || 2023 || 51 || {{sort|0398|398}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{nts|15.30}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1054|1054}} || {{sort|053|53}} || {{sort|5073|5/27}} || {{nts|27.54}} || 23 || 0 |- align="center" || 62 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sheldon|Cottrell}} || 2014 || 2023 || 45 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{nts|4.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0918|918}} || {{sort|052|52}} || {{sort|4072|4/28}} || {{nts|23.92}} || 19 || 0 |- align="center" || 63 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Evin|Lewis}} || 2014 || 2022 || 53 || {{sort|1465|1465}} || {{sort|1255|125*}} || {{nts|29.89}} || 10 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 15 || 0 |- align="center" || 64 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Nicholas|Pooran}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || 2016 || 2023 || 75 || {{sort|1486|1486}} || {{sort|0745|74*}} || {{nts|25.18}} || 9 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 40 || 5 |- align="center" || 65 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kesrick|Williams}} || 2016 || 2020 || 26 || {{sort|0019|19}} || {{sort|0135|13*}} || {{nts|6.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0551|551}} || {{sort|041|41}} || {{sort|4072|4/28}} || {{nts|19.63}} || 8 || 0 |- align="center" || 66 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Rovman|Powell}} {{double-dagger}} || 2017 || 2023 || 58 || {{sort|0972|972}} || {{sort|1070|107}} || {{nts|24.30}} || 4 || 1 || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|2069|2/31}} || {{nts|31.80}} || 25 || 0 |- align="center" || 67 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Jason|Mohammed}} {{double-dagger}} || 2017 || 2018 || 9 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0235|23*}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 68 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shai|Hope}} || 2017 || 2022 || 19 || {{sort|0304|304}} || {{sort|0550|55}} || {{nts|17.88}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 1 |- align="center" || 69 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shimron|Hetmyer}} || 2018 || 2022 || 50 || {{sort|0797|797}} || {{sort|0815|81*}} || {{nts|20.97}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 18 || 0 |- align="center" || 70 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Rayad|Emrit}} || 2018 || 2018 || 4 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{nts|5.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|1076|1/24}} || {{nts|39.00}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 71 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Keemo|Paul}} || 2018 || 2022 || 23 || {{sort|0187|187}} || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{nts|20.77}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0462|462}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|5085|5/15}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" || 72 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Veerasammy|Permaul}} || 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 73 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Odean|Smith}} || 2018 || 2023 || 26 || {{sort|0178|178}} || {{sort|0275|27*}} || {{nts|13.69}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0438|438}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|3071|3/29}} || {{nts|27.48}} || 12 || 0 |- align="center" || 74 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Andre|McCarthy}} || 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 75 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Fabian|Allen}} || 2018 || 2022 || 34 || {{sort|0267|267}} || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{nts|16.68}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0521|521}} || {{sort|024|24}} || {{sort|2082|2/18}} || {{nts|26.91}} || 22 || 0 |- align="center" || 76 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Khary|Pierre}} || 2018 || 2020 || 10 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{nts|8.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0168|168}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|2056|2/44}} || {{nts|38.42}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 77 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Oshane|Thomas}} || 2018 || 2021 || 20 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{nts|2.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0384|384}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|5072|5/28}} || {{nts|28.66}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 78 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Sherfane|Rutherford}} || 2018 || 2020 || 6 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|10.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1079|1/21}} || {{nts|49.00}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 79 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Obed|McCoy}} || 2019 || 2022 || 27 || {{sort|0063|63}} || {{sort|0235|23*}} || {{nts|10.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0543|543}} || {{sort|038|38}} || {{sort|6083|6/17}} || {{nts|19.97}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" || 80 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|John|Campbell|dab=cricketer}} || 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{nts|5.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 |- align="center" || 81 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Brandon|King|dab=cricketer}} || 2019 || 2023 || 35 || {{sort|0804|804}} || {{sort|0680|68}} || {{nts|25.93}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 16 || 0 |- align="center" || 82 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Hayden|Walsh Jr.}}{{efn|name=fn2|[[Hayden Walsh Jr.]] also played T20I cricket for [[United States national cricket team|United States]]. Only his records for [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] are given above.}} || 2019 || 2022 || 30 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|0125|12*}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0522|522}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|3077|3/23}} || {{nts|28.16}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" || 83 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Romario|Shepherd}}|| 2020 || 2023 || 26 || {{sort|0286|286}} || {{sort|0445|44*}} || {{nts|47.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0430|430}} || {{sort|022|22}} || {{sort|3079|3/21}} || {{nts|34.45}} || 6 || 0 |- align="center" || 84 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kyle|Mayers}}|| 2020 || 2023 || 24 || {{sort|0482|482}} || {{sort|0730|73}} || {{nts|21.90}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 0 |- align="center" || 85 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Kevin|Sinclair|dab=cricketer}}|| 2021 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|37.50}} || 3 || 0 |- align="center" || 86 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Akeal|Hosein}}|| 2021 || 2023 || 34 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|0445|44*}} || {{nts|18.85}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0654|654}} || {{sort|026|26}} || {{sort|4070|4/30}} || {{nts|30.76}} || 10 || 0 |- align="center" || 87 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Roston|Chase}}|| 2021 || 2023 || 8 || {{sort|0074|74}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{nts|12.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0110|110}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3075|3/25}} || {{nts|21.33}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 88 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Shamarh|Brooks}}|| 2021 || 2022 || 13 || {{sort|0218|218}} || {{sort|0565|56*}} || {{nts|19.81}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 7 || 0 |- align="center" || 89 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Dominic|Drakes}}|| 2021 || 2022 || 10 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0192|192}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|1081|1/19}} || {{nts|48.33}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 90 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Gudakesh|Motie}} || 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 91 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Alzarri|Joseph}} || 2022 || 2023 || 12 || {{sort|0043|43}} || {{sort|0145|14*}} || {{nts|21.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0276|276}} || {{sort|022|22}} || {{sort|5060|5/40}} || {{nts|16.36}} || 2 || 0 |- align="center" || 92 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Yannic|Cariah}} || 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1085|1/15}} || {{nts|43.00}} || 0 || 0 |- align="center" || 93 || !scope="row" align="left"| {{sortname|Raymon|Reifer}}|| 2022 || 2023 || 3 || {{sort|0046|46}} || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1058|1/42}} || {{nts|60.00}} || 0 || 0 |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] 3x6tcmtod9cqh49cm09853r6pmv909a 0 1006945 10330749 10275018 2025-06-14T19:52:36Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:United States cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup red links|list|date=February 2013}} A [[One Day International]] (ODI) is an international [[cricket]] match between two representative teams. This is a list of cricketers from the United States that joined ODI matches. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="list of capt">{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2;id=11;type=team | title = Cricket Records&ndash;Records&ndash;United States of America&ndash;One-Day Internationals&ndash;List of captains&ndash;ESPN Cricinfo | website = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = April 15, 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150118213033/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=2%3Bid%3D11%3Btype%3Dteam | archive-date = January 18, 2015 }}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=11;template=results;type=fielding| title = Fielding Records&ndash;One-Day Internationals&ndash;Cricinfo Statsguru&ndash;ESPN Cricinfo| website = ESPNcricinfo| access-date = April 15, 2015| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150118204513/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Bkeeper%3D1%3Borderby%3Dplayer%3Bteam%3D11%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dfielding| archive-date = January 18, 2015}}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''100''' – Number of [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] scored * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs conceded per wicket]] * '''5WI''' – [[List of cricket terms#F|Five wickets or more in a match]] |} ==Player list== :''Statistics are correct as of 4 April 2023.''<ref name="caps">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=11;class=2 |title=Players / United States of America / ODI caps |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=11;type=team |title=United States of America / ODI Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=11;type=team |title=United States of America / ODI Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+United States ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aijaz|Ali}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{nts|2.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25661.html |title=Aijaz Ali |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohan|Alexander}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|17.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25879.html |title=Rohan Alexander |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jignesh|Desai}} | 2004 || 2004 || 1 || {{sort|0016|16}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25880.html |title=Jignesh Desai |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Howard|Johnson|dab=cricketer}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|69.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25875.html |title=Howard Johnson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Johnson|dab=cricketer, born 1963}}{{dagger}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0020|20}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25877.html |title=Mark Johnson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clayton|Lambert}}{{refn|name="Lambert|group="A"|Clayton Lambert has also played 11 One Day Internationals for [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], before playing for the United States. Only his record for United States is given above.}} | 2004 || 2004 || 1 || {{sort|0039|39}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{nts|39.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25635.html |title=Clayton Lambert |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steve|Massiah}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{nts|11.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25883.html |title=Steve Massiah |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rashid|Zia}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|4.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0059|59}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25860.html |title=Rashid Zia |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tony|Reid}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{nts|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0078|78}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|163|1/37}} || {{nts|63.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25872.html |title=Tony Reid |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leon|Romero}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{nts|0.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|148|1/52}} || {{nts|52.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25862.html |title=Leon Romero |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Richard|Staple}}{{double-dagger}} | 2004 || 2004 || 2 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{nts|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|224|2/76}} || {{nts|38.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25643.html |title=Richard Staple |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Donovan|Blake}} | 2004 || 2004 || 1 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25881.html |title=Donovan Blake |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nasir|Javed}} | 2004 || 2004 || 1 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25625.html |title=Nasir Javed |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aaron|Jones|dab=cricketer}} | 2019 || 2023 || 38 || {{sort|1338|1,338}} || {{sort|1235|123*}} || {{nts|38.22}} || 9 || 1 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/957645.html |title=Aaron Jones |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ali|Khan|dab=American cricketer}} | 2019 || 2023 || 12 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0579|579}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|768|7/32}} || {{nts|14.60}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/927119.html |title=Ali Khan |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karima|Gore}} | 2019 || 2021 || 16 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{nts|16.15}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0552|552}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|480|4/20}} || {{nts|31.23}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1139028.html |title=Karima Gore |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Jasdeep Singh}} | 2019 || 2023 || 19 || {{sort|0135|135}} || {{sort|0330|33}} || {{nts|11.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0786|786}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|468|4/32}} || {{nts|29.19}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/772471.html |title=Jasdeep Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jaskaran|Malhotra}}{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2022 || 18 || {{sort|0429|429}} || {{sort|1735|173*}} || {{nts|30.64}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0102|102}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|183|1/17}} || {{nts|33.50}} || 0 || 10 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/430105.html |title=Jaskaran Malhotra |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Xavier|Marshall}}{{refn|name="Xavier|group="A"|Xavier Marshall has also played 24 One Day Internationals for [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], before playing for the United States. Only his record for United States is given above.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52626.html?class=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|title=All-round records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNCricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>}} | 2019 || 2020 || 13 || {{sort|0221|221}} || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{nts|17.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/52626.html |title=Xavier Marshall |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saurabh|Netravalkar}}{{double-dagger}} | 2019 || 2023 || 43 || {{sort|0119|119}} || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{nts|9.15}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2182|2,182}} || {{sort|067|67}} || {{sort|568|5/32}} || {{nts|21.28}} || 2 || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/698513.html |title=Saurabh Netravalkar |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Monank|Patel}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2023 || 43 || {{sort|1370|1,370}} || {{sort|1300|130}} || {{nts|34.25}} || 9 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 31 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159641.html |title=Monank Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Timil|Patel}} | 2019 || 2020 || 7 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|0505|50*}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0234|234}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|275|2/25}} || {{nts|25.00}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32257.html |title=Timil Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steven|Taylor|dab=American cricketer}} | 2019 || 2023 || 40 || {{sort|1137|1,137}} || {{sort|1140|114}} || {{nts|28.42}} || 7 || 1 || {{sort|1295|1,295}} ||{{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|477|4/23}} || {{nts|28.15}} || 0 || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348133.html |title=Steven Taylor |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hayden|Walsh Jr.}}{{refn|name="Walsh|group="A"|Hayden Walsh Jr. has also played One Day Internationals for [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]], after playing for the United States. Only his record for United States is given above.}} | 2019 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort|0027|27}} || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/443263.html |title=Hayden Walsh |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Elmore|Hutchinson}} | 2019 || 2021 || 11 || {{sort|0142|142}} || {{sort|0495|49*}} || {{nts|23.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0312|312}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|188|1/12}} || {{nts|56.50}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/552881.html |title=Elmore Hutchinson |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nisarg|Patel}} | 2019 || 2023 || 36 || {{sort|0465|465}} || {{sort|0520|52}} || {{nts|20.21}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1427|1,427}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|470|4/30}} || {{nts|27.20}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/233258.html |title=Nisarg Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rusty|Theron}}{{refn|name="Rusty|group="A"|Rusty Theron has also played 4 One Day Internationals for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], before playing for the United States. Only his record for United States is given above.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/223642.html?class=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|title=All-round records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNCricinfo.com|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>}} | 2019 || 2022 || 14 || {{sort|0045|45}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0586|586}} || {{sort|019|19}} || {{sort|444|4/56}} || {{nts|26.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/223642.html |title=Rusty Theron |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nosthush|Kenjige}} | 2019 || 2023 || 34 || {{sort|0286|286}} || {{sort|0430|43}} || {{nts|19.06}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1540|1,540}} || {{sort|031|31}} || {{sort|378|3/22}} || {{nts|33.96}} || 0 || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1041679.html |title=Nosthush Kenjige |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Akshay Homraj}}{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2020 || 8 || {{sort|0159|159}} || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{nts|19.87}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1205381.html |title=Akshay Homraj |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ian|Holland}} | 2019 || 2022 || 15 || {{sort|0368|368}} || {{sort|0750|75}} || {{nts|26.28}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0628|628}} || {{sort|019|19}} || {{sort|389|3/11}} || {{nts|24.52}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/334340.html |title=Ian Holland |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cameron|Stevenson}} | 2019 || 2022 || 18 || {{sort|0141|141}} || {{sort|0345|34*}} || {{nts|10.84}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0693|693}} || {{sort|023|23}} || {{sort|378|3/22}} || {{nts|27.91}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/953793.html |title=Cameron Stevenson |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushant|Modani}} | 2021 || 2023 || 25 || {{sort|0705|705}} || {{sort|1110|111}} || {{nts|28.20}} || 5 || 1 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1276393.html |title=Sushant Modani |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gajanand|Singh}} | 2021 || 2023 || 26 || {{sort|0734|734}} || {{sort|0660|66}} || {{nts|33.36}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|0089|89}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|485|4/15}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/230551.html |title=Gajanand Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abhishek|Paradkar}} | 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0135|13*}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|474|4/26}} || {{nts|13.25}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1276396.html |title=Abhishek Paradkar |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjay|Krishnamurthi}} | 2021 || 2021 || 3 || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{nts|4.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1277627.html |title=Sanjay Krishnamurthi |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dominique|Rikhi}} | 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|1.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1276395.html |title=Dominique Rikhi |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kyle|Phillip}} | 2021 || 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{nts|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0144|144}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|357|3/43}} || {{nts|46.66}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1150684.html |title=Kyle Phillip |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saiteja|Mukkamalla}} | 2022 || 2023 || 12 || {{sort|0295|295}} || {{sort|1205|120*}} || {{nts|26.81}} || 0 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1193310.html |title=Saiteja Mukkamalla |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Jariwala}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{nts|7.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1193304.html |title=Rahul Jariwala |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Yasir Mohammad}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0108|108}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|250|2/50}} || {{nts|37.66}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1294031.html |title=Yasir Mohammad |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shayan|Jahangir}}{{dagger}} | 2022 || 2023 || 7 || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 7 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/647771.html |title=Shayan Jahangir |website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=A}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:United States ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] sxw1u9b630lteprzp44ruy2xv97ex9q 10 1007093 10329978 9197121 2025-06-14T13:22:58Z Immanuelle 1174418 10329978 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|Template:Three_generations_of_Hyuga|mini=1}} {{Chart/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 24 boxes}} {{Chart| | | | | 001 | | 002 |001=[[Amaterasu|{{Bgcolor|#F2CEE0|Amaterasu}}]]|002=[[Takamimusubi]]}} {{Chart| | | | | |!| | | |!}} {{Chart| | | | |0012 |y|0022 | | | 004 |0012=[[Ame-no-oshihomimi]]|0022={{Bgcolor|#F2CEE0|[[Takuhadachiji-hime]]}}|004=[[Ōyamatsumi]]}} {{Chart| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!}} {{Chart| | | | | | |0013 |y|~|~|~|0023 | | |0032 |0013='''[[Ninigi-no-Mikoto]]'''<br />（天孫）|0023=[[Konohanasakuya-hime|{{Bgcolor|#F2CEE0|Konohanasakuya-hime}}]]|0032=[[Watatsumi]]}} {{Chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}} {{Chart| Hod | |0014 | |0024 |y|0033 | |!| |0042 | | |w004 |Hod=[[Hoderi]]|0014=[[Hosuseri]]<br />（海幸彦）|0024='''[[Hoori]]'''<br />（山幸彦）|0033=[[Toyotama-hime|{{Bgcolor|#F2CEE0|Toyotama-hime}}]]|0042={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命}}|w004={{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|WD=Q106241380}}}} {{Chart| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | |!| | |!| | | |!}} {{Chart| | | | |0015 | | | |0025 |y|~|0034 |0043 | | |w0042|0015=[[Hayato people]]|0025='''[[Ugayafukiaezu]]'''|0034=[[Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|{{Bgcolor|#F2CEE0|Tamayori-hime}}]]|0043=[[Azumi people]]|w0042=（{{Background color|#00FF00|{{Interlanguage link|Owari Kuni-no-miyatsuko|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造}}<br> [[Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|Yamato clan]])}}}} {{Chart| | | | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|^|-|.}} {{Chart| | | | |0016 |0026 |0035 | |0044 |0016={{ill|Itsuse|ja|彦五瀬命}}|0026=[[Inahi]]|0035={{ill|Mikeiri|ja|三毛入野命}}|0044=[[Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu]]}} {{Chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}} {{Chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |0017 |0017={{Background color|#00FF00|[[Imperial House of Japan]]}}}} <!-- Unused parameters: --> {{Chart|003=（[[天津神|天神]]）}} {{Chart/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * {{Background color|#F2CEE0|Red background}} is female. * {{Background color|#00FF00|Green background}} means groups * Bold letters are three generations of Hyuga. </div> </div><noinclude> {{documentation |content= {{no documentation}} }} </noinclude> <noinclude> [[Category:Gods and goddesses of Japan]] </noinclude> 4rl288hyhjj7rdixyz7dm9c2y7b1bd3 0 1007338 10330785 9267748 2025-06-14T20:06:08Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Afghan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=August 2019}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who play [[Test cricket]] for [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]]. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=1;id=40;type=team |title=Afghanistan Captains' Playing Record in Test Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=40;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / Test Matches / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPNcricinfo| access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Innings''' – [[Innings]] batted * '''NO''' – Times [[Not out]] * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Mdn''' – Maiden overs bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 14 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/content/player/caps.html?country=40;class=1 |title=Players / Afghanistan / Test caps |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=40;type=team |title=Records / Afghanistan / Test matches / Batting averages |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=40;type=team |title=Records / Afghanistan / Test matches / Bowling averages |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#efefef;" ! colspan=4 | Afghan Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- style="background:#efefef;" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- || 1 || '''{{sortname||Afsar Zazai}}'''{{dagger}} || 2018– || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|0172|172}} || {{sort|0485|48*}} || {{sort|2457|24.57}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 9 || 1 |- || 2 || '''{{sortname||Asghar Afghan}}'''{{double-dagger}} || 2018– || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0440|440}} || {{sort|1640|164}} || {{sort|4400|44.00}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || – |- || 3 || '''{{sortname||Hashmatullah Shahidi}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|0353|353}} || {{sort|2005|200*}} || {{sort|5883|58.83}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || – |- || 4 || '''{{sortname||Javed Ahmadi}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0113|113}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{sort|1883|18.83}} || {{sort|0150|150}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|0069|69}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1160|1/40}} || {{nts|69.00}} || 1 || – |- || 5 || {{sortname||Mohammad Nabi}} || 2018–2019 || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0033|33}}|| {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|0550|5.50}} || {{sort|0546|546}} || {{sort|017|17}} || {{sort|0159|159}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|3164|3/36}} || {{nts|31.75}} || 2 || – |- || 6 || '''{{sortname||Mohammad Shahzad}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0069|69}} || {{sort|0400|40}} || {{sort|1725|17.25}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 0 || – |- || 7 || '''{{sortname||Mujeeb Ur Rahman}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|0075|75}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1125|1/75}} || {{nts|75.00}} || 0 || – |- || 8 || '''{{sortname||Rahmat Shah}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0385|385}} || {{sort|1020|102}} || {{sort|3208|32.08}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 4 || – |- || 9 || '''{{sortname||Rashid Khan|dab=cricketer}}'''{{double-dagger}} || 2018– || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0106|106}} || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{sort|1514|15.14}} || {{sort|1534|1,534}} || {{sort|048|48}} || {{sort|0760|760}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|7063|7/137}} || {{nts|22.35}} || 0 || – |- || 10 || '''{{sortname||Wafadar Momand}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || {{sort|0222|222}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|0155|155}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|2100|2/100}} || {{nts|77.50}} || 0 || – |- || 11 || '''{{sortname||Yamin Ahmadzai}}''' || 2018– || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|0355|3.55}} || {{sort|0531|531}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|0264|264}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|3159|3/41}} || {{nts|24.00}} || 0 || – |- || 12 || '''{{sortname||Ihsanullah}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|0110|110}} || {{sort|0655|65*}} || {{sort|2200|22.00}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 4 || – |- || 13 || '''{{sortname||Ikram Alikhil}}'''{{dagger}} || 2019– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 4 || 1 |- || 14 || '''{{sortname||Waqar Salamkheil}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|0101|101}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2165|2/35}} || {{nts|25.25}} || 0 || – |- || 15 || '''{{sortname||Ibrahim Zadran}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0356|356}} || {{sort|0870|87}} || {{sort|4450|44.50}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1187|1/13}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 6 || – |- || 16 || '''{{sortname||Qais Ahmad}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|1150|11.50}} || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|0028|28}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1178|1/22}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 0 || – |- || 17 || '''{{sortname||Zahir Khan|dab=Afghan cricketer}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|0336|336}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|0239|239}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3160|3/59}} || {{nts|34.14}} || 0 || – |- || 18 || '''{{sortname||Amir Hamza|Hamza Hotak}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{sort|3600|36.00}} || {{sort|0743|743}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|0342|342}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|6125|6/75}} || {{nts|21.37}} || 1 || – |- || 19 || '''{{sortname||Nasir Jamal}}''' || 2019– || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|0055|55}} || {{sort|0555|55*}} || {{sort|3800|38.00}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || – |- || 20 || '''{{sortname||Abdul Malik|dab=cricketer}}''' || 2021– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 2 || – |- || 21 || '''{{sortname||Abdul Wasi}}''' || 2021– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || {{sort|0053|53}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 0 || – |- || 22 || '''{{sortname||Munir Ahmad}}''' || 2021– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|0650|6.50}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 0 || – |- || 23 || '''{{sortname||Sayed Shirzad}}''' || 2021– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|0252|252}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|0097|97}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2152|2/48}} || {{nts|32.33}} || 0 || – |- || 24 || '''{{sortname||Shahidullah|dab=cricketer}}''' || 2021– || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || – || 0 || – |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afghanistan Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of Afghan people|test]] [[Category:Asia sport-related lists]] [[Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2015]] ebtnn7outpzp9ssptkxdqvw519389fd 0 1007842 10330827 9088715 2025-06-14T20:24:24Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:South African cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers''' who have played at least one [[Twenty20 International]] for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] since debuting in 2005. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 29 March 2023.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Players&ndash;South Africa–T20I caps|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/caps.html?country=3;class=3| website = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa T20I Batting Averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=3;type=team| website = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa T20I Bowling Averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=3;type=team| website = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" |+South Africa T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>1''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nicky|Boje}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>2''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Boucher}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>3''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Herschelle|Gibbs}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>4''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacques|Kallis}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>5''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Justin|Kemp}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>6''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charl|Langeveldt}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>7''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Albie|Morkel}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>8''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|André|Nel}} |- align="center" | '''<span style="display: none">0</span>9''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Makhaya|Ntini}} |- align="center" | '''10''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shaun|Pollock}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''11''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashwell|Prince}} |- align="center" | '''12''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graeme|Smith}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''13''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Johan|Botha|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''14''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Boeta|Dippenaar}} |- align="center" | '''15''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Hall}} |- align="center" | '''16''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Garnett|Kruger}} |- align="center" | '''17''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacques|Rudolph}} |- align="center" | '''18''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Monde|Zondeki}} |- align="center" | '''19''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Loots|Bosman}} |- align="center" | '''20''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|AB|de Villiers}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''21''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|McKenzie}} |- align="center" | '''22''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robin|Peterson}} |- align="center" | '''23''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roger|Telemachus}} |- align="center" | '''24''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Johan|van der Wath}} |- align="center" | '''25''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tyron|Henderson}} |- align="center" | '''26''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alfonso|Thomas}} |- align="center" | '''27''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Morné|van Wyk}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''28''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Morné|Morkel}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Hashim Amla]], [[Faf du Plessis]], [[Imran Tahir]], [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] and [[Morné Morkel]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] are given above.}} |- align="center" | '''29''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vernon|Philander}} |- align="center" | '''30''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|JP|Duminy}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''31''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dale|Steyn}} |- align="center" | '''32''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulam|Bodi}} |- align="center" | '''33''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Justin|Ontong}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''34''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rory|Kleinveldt}} |- align="center" | '''35''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Johann|Louw}} |- align="center" | '''36''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lonwabo|Tsotsobe}} |- align="center" | '''37''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vaughn|van Jaarsveld}} |- align="center" | '''38''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hashim|Amla}}{{efn|name=fn1}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''39''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wayne|Parnell}} |- align="center" | '''40''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yusuf|Abdulla}} |- align="center" | '''41''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roelof|van der Merwe}}{{efn|name=fn2|[[Roelof van der Merwe]] has also played Twenty20 International cricket for the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]]. Only his record for South Africa is given above.}} |- align="center" | '''42''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|McLaren}} |- align="center" | '''43''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Heino|Kuhn}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''44''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alviro|Petersen}} |- align="center" | '''45''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Miller|dab=South African cricketer}}{{efn|name=fn1}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''46''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Colin|Ingram}} |- align="center" | '''47''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rusty|Theron}}{{efn|name=fn3|[[Rusty Theron]] also played for [[List of United States Twenty20 International cricketers|United States]]. Only his records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above.}} |- align="center" | '''48''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Richard|Levi}} |- align="center" | '''49''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marchant|de Lange}} |- align="center" | '''50''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Farhaan|Behardien}} |- align="center" | '''51''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dane|Vilas}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''52''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Faf|du Plessis}}{{efn|name=fn1}} |- align="center" | '''53''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Henry|Davids}} |- align="center" | '''54''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''55''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chris|Morris|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | '''56''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aaron|Phangiso}} |- align="center" | '''57''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kyle|Abbott|dab=cricketer}} |- align="center" | '''58''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Imran|Tahir}}{{efn|name=fn1}} |- align="center" | '''59''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Wiese}}{{efn|name=fn4|[[David Wiese]] also played for [[List of Namibia Twenty20 International cricketers|Namibia]]. Only his records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above.}} |- align="center" | '''60''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Beuran|Hendricks}} |- align="center" | '''61''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Reeza|Hendricks}} |- align="center" | '''62''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada}} |- align="center" | '''63''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rilee|Rossouw}} |- align="center" | '''64''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eddie|Leie}} |- align="center" | '''65''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Theunis|de Bruyn}} |- align="center" | '''66''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mangaliso|Mosehle}} {{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''67''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lungi|Ngidi}} |- align="center" | '''68''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andile|Phehlukwayo}} |- align="center" | '''69''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|JJ|Smuts}} |- align="center" | '''70''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dane|Paterson}} |- align="center" | '''71''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dwaine|Pretorius}} |- align="center" | '''72''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tabraiz|Shamsi}} |- align="center" | '''73''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robbie|Frylinck}} |- align="center" | '''74''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Junior|Dala}} |- align="center" | '''75''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Heinrich|Klaasen}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''76''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Christiaan|Jonker}} |- align="center" | '''77''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gihahn|Cloete}} |- align="center" | '''78''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rassie|van der Dussen}} |- align="center" | '''79''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Janneman|Malan}} |- align="center" | '''80''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lutho|Sipamla}} |- align="center" | '''81''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aiden|Markram}} |- align="center" | '''82''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sinethemba|Qeshile}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |- align="center" | '''83''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Temba|Bavuma}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''84''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bjorn|Fortuin}} |- align="center" | '''85''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anrich|Nortje}} |- align="center" | '''86''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pite|van Biljon}} |- align="center" | '''87''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Linde}} |- align="center" | '''88''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacques|Snyman}} |- align="center" | '''89''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Glenton|Stuurman}} |- align="center" | '''90''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wihan|Lubbe}} |- align="center" | '''91''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sisanda|Magala}} |- align="center" | '''92''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lizaad|Williams}} |- align="center" | '''93''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wiaan|Mulder}} |- align="center" | '''94''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Keshav|Maharaj}} {{double-dagger}} |- align="center" | '''95''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tristan|Stubbs}} |- align="center" | '''96''' ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marco|Jansen}} |} {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Sport in South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa-related lists]] r980idf7mgl0pnfkogi5nsj9bcv2xap 0 1007856 10330754 9835048 2025-06-14T19:56:10Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Namibian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Wiese''' (born 18 May 1985 in [[Roodepoort]], [[Transvaal Province]], [[South Africa]]) is a South African-Namibian cricketer who has played 15 one-day internationals and 39 twenty20 internationals for Namibia and South Africa. ==Other websites== * {{cricinfo|id=221140}} {{sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiese, David}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South African cricketers]] 0b4mktuuh9tmtm13hyqect4tp74hcrw 10330762 10330754 2025-06-14T19:59:18Z BlackJack 572554 Cleanup and copyedit. 10330762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Wiese''' (born 18 May 1985 in [[Roodepoort]], [[Transvaal Province]], South Africa) is a South African cricketer who has played in 15 [[One Day International]]s for [[South Africa men's national cricket team|South Africa]]. He has also played in 39 [[Twenty20 International]]s, including some for Namibia.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} ==Other websites== * {{cricinfo|id=221140}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiese, David}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South African cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} 9fudpp1rzdn3ea6e4p1fdfadzp6lamw 10330765 10330762 2025-06-14T19:59:40Z BlackJack 572554 Added {{[[Template:no sources|no sources]]}} and {{[[Template:under construction|under construction]]}} tags to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} '''David Wiese''' (born 18 May 1985 in [[Roodepoort]], [[Transvaal Province]], South Africa) is a South African cricketer who has played in 15 [[One Day International]]s for [[South Africa men's national cricket team|South Africa]]. He has also played in 39 [[Twenty20 International]]s, including some for Namibia.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} ==Other websites== * {{cricinfo|id=221140}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiese, David}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South African cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} nmr7a696s3agejbvacop30qjlo8hbut 10330768 10330765 2025-06-14T20:00:52Z BlackJack 572554 five, apparently (but it needs to be checked) 10330768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} '''David Wiese''' (born 18 May 1985 in [[Roodepoort]], [[Transvaal Province]], South Africa) is a South African cricketer who has played in 15 [[One Day International]]s for [[South Africa men's national cricket team|South Africa]]. He has also played in 39 [[Twenty20 International]]s, including five for Namibia.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} ==Other websites== * {{cricinfo|id=221140}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiese, David}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:South African cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} h1ru92i3s0damh732d103sxpvpavmaf 0 1007872 10330807 8918848 2025-06-14T20:15:16Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Irish cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers''' who have played at least one [[Twenty20 International]] for [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] after debuting in August 2008. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=29;type=team| title = Statistics / Twenty20 Internationals / Captains| website = Cricinfo.com | access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=29;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / Twenty20 Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = Cricinfo.com | access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 31 March 2023.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=29;class=3 |title=Ireland – Twenty20 International Caps |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland – Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland – Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Ireland T20I cricketers |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | First ! scope="col" | Last ! scope="col" | Mat ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andre|Botha|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2010 || 14 || {{sort|0130|130}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{sort|1300|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0204|204}} || {{sort|21|21}} || {{sort|386|3/14}} || {{nts|8.76}} || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/44102.html |title=Andre Botha |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Connell|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2010 || 9 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0153|153}} || {{sort|10|10}} || {{sort|392|3/8}} || {{nts|15.60}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303349.html |title=Peter Connell |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}} | 2008 || 2015 || 37 || {{sort|0229|229}} || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{sort|1526|15.26}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0606|606}} || {{sort|35|35}} || {{sort|489|4/11}} || {{nts|20.40}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/293983.html |title=Alex Cusack |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}} | 2008 || 2013 || 30 || {{sort|0249|249}} || {{sort|0620|62}} || {{sort|2075|20.75}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0594|594}} || {{sort|32|32}} || {{sort|478|4/22}} || {{nts|19.87}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/6038.html |title=Trent Johnston |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kyle|McCallan}} | 2008 || 2009 || 9 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|1100|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0131|131}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|274|2/26}} || {{nts|19.00}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24251.html |title=Kyle McCallan |website=ESPNCricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2021 || 110 || {{sort|1973|1,973}} || {{sort|1240|124}} || {{sort|2121|21.21}} || 5 || 1 || {{sort|0917|917}} || {{sort|58|58}} || {{sort|455|4/45}} || {{nts|19.81}} || 40 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24605.html |title=Kevin O'Brien |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2008 || 2016 || 30 || {{sort|0466|466}} || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{sort|1792|17.92}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 17 || 10 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24289.html |title=Niall O'Brien |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William|Porterfield}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2018 || 61 || {{sort|1079|1,079}} || {{sort|0720|72}} || {{sort|2035|20.35}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 22 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24611.html |title= William Porterfield |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Reinhardt|Strydom}} | 2008 || 2008 || 4 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303341.html |title=Reinhardt Strydom |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|White|dab=cricketer, born 1980}} | 2008 || 2012 || 18 || {{sort|0137|137}} || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{sort|2283|22.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|282|2/18}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24286.html |title=Andrew White |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2020 || 81 || {{sort|1268|1,268}} || {{sort|0655|65*}} || {{sort|2113|21.13}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 40 || 7 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24609.html |title=Gary Wilson |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeremy|Bray|dab=cricketer}} | 2009 || 2009 || 2 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4433.html |title=Jeremy Bray |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Mooney|dab=cricketer}} | 2009 || 2015 || 27 || {{sort|0231|231}} || {{sort|0315|31*}} || {{sort|1650|16.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|10|10}} || {{sort|293|2/7}} || {{nts|17.60}} || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24237.html |title=John Mooney |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Boyd|Rankin}} | 2009 || 2020 || 48 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|0914|9.14}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1044|1,044}} || {{sort|54|54}} || {{sort|384|3/16}} || {{nts|22.12}} || 16 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Boyd Rankin has also played Twenty20 International cricket for England. Only his record for Ireland is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24599.html |title=Boyd Rankin |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Regan|West}} | 2009 || 2009 || 5 || {{sort|0011|11}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0366|3.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|03|3}} || {{sort|177|1/23}} || {{nts|47.33}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/38759.html |title=Regan West |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2009 || 2023 || 124 || {{sort|3275|3,275}} || {{sort|1155|115*}} || {{sort|2872|28.72}} || 22 || 1 || {{sort|0546|546}} || {{sort|20|20}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|33.95}} || 31 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303427.html |title=Paul Stirling |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} | 2010 || 2023 || 118 || {{sort|0844|844}} || {{sort|0585|58*}} || {{sort|1918|19.18}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1538|1,538}} || {{sort|81|81}} || {{sort|480|4/20}} || {{nts|22.62}} || 57 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348034.html |title=George Dockrell |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Phil|Eaglestone}} | 2010 || 2010 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/12794.html |title=Phil Eaglestone |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Kidd}} | 2010 || 2010 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24613.html |title=Gary Kidd |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nigel|Jones|dab=cricketer}} | 2010 || 2012 || 5 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|0145|14*}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/406308.html |title=Nigel Jones |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ed|Joyce}} | 2012 || 2014 || 16 || {{sort|0404|404}} || {{sort|0785|78*}} || {{sort|3672|36.72}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 5 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Ed Joyce has also played Twenty20 International cricket for England. Only his record for Ireland is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24249.html |title=Ed Joyce |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rory|McCann|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2012 || 2012 || 3 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/463215.html |title=Rory McCann |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Max|Sorensen}} | 2012 || 2016 || 26 || {{sort|0092|92}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{sort|1840|18.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0390|390}} || {{sort|26|26}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|18.11}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/531953.html |title=Max Sorensen |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Poynter}} | 2012 || 2016 || 19 || {{sort|0219|219}} || {{sort|0570|57}} || {{sort|1990|19.90}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/210279.html |title=Andrew Poynter |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Murtagh}} | 2012 || 2016 || 14 || {{sort|0026|26}} || {{sort|0125|12*}} || {{sort|1300|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0268|268}} || {{sort|13|13}} || {{sort|377|3/23}} || {{nts|24.92}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/17134.html |title=Tim Murtagh |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Shannon|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2018 || 8 || {{sort|0111|111}} || {{sort|0600|60}} || {{sort|1387|13.87}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303437.html |title=James Shannon |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Thompson}} | 2014 || 2019 || 41 || {{sort|0328|328}} || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{sort|1490|14.90}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0474|474}} || {{sort|18|18}} || {{sort|482|4/18}} || {{nts|37.22}} || 23 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/414821.html |title=Stuart Thompson |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|McBrine}} | 2014 || 2022 || 32 || {{sort|0155|155}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|1291|12.91}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0408|408}} || {{sort|23|23}} || {{sort|293|2/7}} || {{nts|21.17}} || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/417381.html |title=Andy McBrine |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Anderson|dab=cricketer, born 1982}} | 2015 || 2015 || 4 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/44014.html |title=John Anderson |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tyrone|Kane}} | 2015 || 2023 || 9 || {{sort|0045|45}} || {{sort|0265|26*}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0092|92}} || {{sort|09|9}} || {{sort|381|3/19}} || {{nts|15.88}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/571707.html |title=Tyrone Kane |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graeme|McCarter}} | 2015 || 2015 || 3 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348037.html |title=Graeme McCarter |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2015 || 2019 || 25 || {{sort|0240|240}} || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 13 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/308294.html |title=Stuart Poynter |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Rankin|dab=cricketer}} | 2015 || 2016 || 2 || {{sort|0049|49}} || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{sort|2450|24.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/232724.html |title=David Rankin |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=19 August 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} | 2015 || 2023 || 54 || {{sort|0065|65}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0590|5.90}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1059|1,059}} || {{sort|57|57}} || {{sort|487|4/13}} || {{nts|24.75}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/364343.html |title=Craig Young |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2015 || 2023 || 89 || {{sort|1857|1,857}} || {{sort|0830|83}} || {{sort|2292|22.92}} || 8 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 32 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303423.html |title=Andy Balbirnie |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joshua|Little}} | 2016 || 2022 || 53 || {{sort|0086|86}} || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|0781|7.81}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1154|1,154}} || {{sort|62|62}} || {{sort|477|4/23}} || {{nts|23.75}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/928067.html |title=Joshua Little |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=7 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacob|Mulder}} | 2016 || 2017 || 8 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort|0300|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|12|12}} || {{sort|484|4/16}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1005369.html |title=Jacob Mulder |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=7 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sean|Terry}} | 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/467420.html |title=Sean Terry |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=7 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Greg|Thompson|dab=cricketer}} | 2016 || 2019 || 10 || {{sort|0107|107}} || {{sort|0044|44}} || {{sort|1528|15.28}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24616.html |title=Greg Thompson |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=7 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2016 || 2023 || 52 || {{sort|0885|885}} || {{sort|0840|84}} || {{sort|2058|20.58}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 41 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/928057.html |title=Lorcan Tucker |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} | 2017 || 2023 || 37 || {{sort|0201|201}} || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|1340|13.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0773|773}} || {{sort|33|33}} || {{sort|470|4/30}} || {{nts|35.51}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348059.html |title=Barry McCarthy |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=10 March 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Simi|Singh}} | 2018 || 2022 || 53 || {{sort|0296|296}} || {{sort|0575|57*}} || {{sort|1020|10.20}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0965|965}} || {{sort|44|44}} || {{sort|391|3/9}} || {{nts|27.84}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1005257.html |title=Simi Singh |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=14 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Chase}} | 2018 || 2019 || 12 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0700|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0251|251}} || {{sort|15|15}} || {{sort|465|4/35}} || {{nts|27.73}} || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/524845.html |title=Peter Chase |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=14 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shane|Getkate}} | 2019 || 2022 || 30 || {{sort|0275|275}} || {{sort|0300|30}} || {{sort|1195|11.95}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0330|330}} || {{sort|16|16}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|28.93}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303508.html |title=Shane Getkate |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=17 September 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} | 2019 || 2023 || 64 || {{sort|0428|428}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{sort|1222|12.22}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1351|1,351}} || {{sort|85|85}} || {{sort|477|4/23}} || {{nts|20.81}} || 30 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526441.html |title=Mark Adair |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} | 2019 || 2023 || 61 || {{sort|0853|853}} || {{sort|0895|89*}} || {{sort|1938|19.38}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0819|819}} || {{sort|37|37}} || {{sort|384|3/16}} || {{nts|28.67}} || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1099379.html |title=Gareth Delany |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Delany}} | 2019 || 2019 || 8 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0171|171}} || {{sort|08|8}} || {{sort|288|2/12}} || {{nts|27.75}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1094085.html |title=David Delany |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} | 2019 || 2023 || 57 || {{sort|0969|969}} || {{sort|0645|64*}} || {{sort|2253|22.53}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|07|7}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|16.28}} || 32 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/961407.html |title=Harry Tector |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ben|White|dab=cricketer}} | 2021 || 2023 || 13 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0264|264}} || {{sort|12|12}} || {{sort|277|2/23}} || {{nts|29.16}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/928059.html |title=Ben White |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Curtis|Campher}} | 2021 || 2023 || 34 || {{sort|0551|551}} || {{sort|0725|72*}} || {{sort|2221|22.21}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0457|457}} || {{sort|21|21}} || {{sort|475|4/25}} || {{nts|29.14}} || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595921.html |title=Curtis Campher |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|Rock}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2021 || 2023 || 14 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0675|6.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 10 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1112535.html |title=Neil Rock |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William|McClintock|dab=Irish cricketer}} | 2021 || 2021 || 5 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|1133|11.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || – || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/928073.html |title=William McClintock |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Conor|Olphert}} | 2022 || 2022 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|00|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1229953.html |title=Conor Olphert |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fionn|Hand}} | 2022 || 2023 || 10 || {{sort|0059|59}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|0983|9.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0092|92}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|189|1/11}} || {{nts|39.00}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1099225.html |title=Fionn Hand |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graham|Hume}} | 2022 || 2023 || 4 || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|04|4}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|35.50}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/379144.html |title=Graham Hume |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ross|Adair}} | 2023 || 2023 || 6 || {{sort|0097|97}} || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{sort|16.16|16.16}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/468573.html |title=Ross Adair |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref> |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stephen|Doheny}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2023 || 2023 || 3 || {{sort|0019|19}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|6.33|6.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/961401.html |title=Stephen Doheny |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref> |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matthew|Humphreys|dab=cricketer}} | 2023 || 2023 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}}|| {{sort|-001|–}}|| {{sort|-001|–}}|| – || – || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|02|2}} || {{sort|290|2/10}} || {{nts|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Matthew Humphreys |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1263361.html |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=ESPNcricnfo}}</ref> |} {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Sport in Ireland]] 938qd86d5v8oo0soxyxybg97tfyk0yb 0 1008343 10330745 8918849 2025-06-14T19:51:03Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Kenyan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list includes all players from Kenya who have played at least one ODI match. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=14;type=team |title=Ireland Captains' Playing Record in ODI Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> * {{dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=14;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / One Day Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPNcricinfo| accessdate = 7 June 2019}}</ref> * '''First'''&nbsp;– Year of debut * '''Last'''&nbsp;– Year of latest game * '''Mat'''&nbsp;– Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Inn'''&nbsp;– Number of [[innings]] batted * '''NO'''&nbsp;– Number of innings [[not out]] * '''Runs'''&nbsp;– [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS'''&nbsp;– Highest score * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''50'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''Avg'''&nbsp;– [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*'''&nbsp;– Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls'''&nbsp;– [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt'''&nbsp;– [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave'''&nbsp;– [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] * '''Eco'''&nbsp;– [[Economy rate#Bowling statistics|Average runs conceded per over]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca'''&nbsp;– [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St'''&nbsp;– [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==List of players== ''Last updated 30 January 2014, the date of Kenya's last ODI. This list includes all players who have played at least one ODI match and is initially arranged in the order of debut appearance. Where more than one player won their first cap in the same match, those players are initially listed alphabetically.''<ref name="apps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/caps.html?country=26;class=2 |title=Kenya Players by Caps |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715045742/http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/caps.html?country=26%3Bclass%3D2 |archive-date=15 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=26;type=team |title=Kenya / ODI Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008034136/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2%3Bid%3D26%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=8 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=26;type=team |title=Kenya / ODI Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008034103/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2%3Bid%3D26%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=8 October 2016 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+Kenya ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajab|Ali}} | 1996 || 1997 || 9 || 7 || {{sort|0065|6*}} || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|383|3/17}} || {{nts|23.18}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24687.html |title=Player profile: Rajab Ali |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dipak|Chudasama}} | 1996 || 1999 || 20 || 434 || {{sort|1220|122}} || {{sort|2284|22.84}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24692.html |title=Player profile: Dipak Chudasama |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aasif|Karim}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 1996 || 2003 || 34 || 228 || {{sort|0530|53}} || {{sort|1266|12.66}} || {{sort|027|27}} || {{sort|567|5/33}} || {{nts|41.25}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24699.html |title=Player profile: Aasif Karim |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hitesh|Modi}} | 1996 || 2006 || 63 || 1109 || {{sort|0785|78*}} || {{sort|2359|23.59}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24701.html |title=Player profile: Hitesh Modi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thomas|Odoyo}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 1996 || 2014 || 131 || 2366 || {{sort|1115|111*}} || {{sort|2319|23.19}} || {{sort|141|141}} || {{sort|475|4/25}} || {{nts|29.63}} || 28 || 0 || {{refn|group=note|name=first|Player has also played One Day International cricket for [[Africa XI cricket team|Africa XI]]. Only his record for Kenya is given above.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24705.html |title=Player profile: Thomas Odoyo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Edward|Odumbe}} | 1996 || 1996 || 8 || 61 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|1016|10.16}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|292|2/8}} || {{nts|22.83}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24706.html |title=Player profile: Tito Odumbe |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maurice|Odumbe}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 1996 || 2003 || 61 || 1409 || {{sort|0830|83}} || {{sort|2609|26.09}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|462|4/38}} || {{nts|46.33}} || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24708.html |title=Player profile: Maurice Odumbe |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kennedy|Otieno}}&nbsp;{{dagger|alt=Wicket keeper}} | 1996 || 2009 || 90 || 2016 || {{sort|1440|144}} || {{sort|2344|23.44}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 43 || 14 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24714.html |title=Player profile: Kennedy Otieno |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Martin|Suji}} | 1996 || 2006 || 64 || 247 || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|0823|8.23}} || {{sort|043|43}} || {{sort|476|4/24}} || {{nts|50.93}} || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24725.html |title=Player profile: Martin Suji |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Tikolo}} | 1996 || 1996 || 3 || 36 || {{sort|0255|25*}} || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24726.html |title=Player profile: David Tikolo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steve|Tikolo}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 1996 || 2014 || 131 || 3369 || {{sort|1110|111}} || {{sort|2955|29.55}} || {{sort|093|93}} || {{sort|459|4/41}} || {{nts|33.40}} || 66 || 0 || {{refn|group=note|name=first}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24728.html |title=Player profile: Steve Tikolo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tariq|Iqbal}}&nbsp;{{dagger|alt=Wicket keeper}} | 1996 || 1996 || 3 || 17 || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{sort|3542|35.42}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24695.html |title=Player profile: Tariq Iqbal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lameck|Onyango}} | 1996 || 2014 || 29 || 144 || {{sort|0345|34*}} || {{sort|1309|13.09}} || {{sort|026|26}} || {{sort|371|3/29}} || {{nts|37.73}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24711.html |title=Player profile: Lameck Onyango |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandip|Gupta}} | 1996 || 2001 || 10 || 121 || {{sort|0410|41}} || {{sort|1344|13.44}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24694.html |title=Player profile: Sandeep Gupta |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tony|Suji}} | 1996 || 2008 || 60 || 506 || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{sort|1297|12.97}} || {{sort|021|21}} || {{sort|286|2/14}} || {{nts|55.95}} || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24723.html |title=Player profile: Tony Suji |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Sheikh}} | 1997 || 2000 || 21 || 68 || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|0680|6.80}} || {{sort|019|19}} || {{sort|464|4/36}} || {{nts|32.89}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24721.html |title=Player profile: Mohammad Sheikh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alpesh|Vadher}} | 1997 || 1998 || 18 || 278 || {{sort|0735|73*}} || {{sort|2780|27.80}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/keny/content/player/24729.html |title=Player profile: Alpesh Vadher |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joseph|Angara}} | 1997 || 2003 || 17 || 23 || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0383|3.83}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|370|3/30}} || {{nts|40.64}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24689.html |title=Player profile: Roger Whelan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravindu|Shah}} | 1998 || 2007 || 56 || 1506 || {{sort|1130|113}} || {{sort|2788|27.88}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24719.html |title=Player profile: Ravi Shah |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jimmy|Kamande}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 1999 || 2011 || 86 || 1055 || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{sort|1729|17.29}} || {{sort|048|48}} || {{sort|464|4/36}} || {{nts|45.18}} || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24697.html |title=Player profile: Jimmy Kamande |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Josephat|Ababu}} | 1999 || 2006 || 9 || 29 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0966|9.66}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|85.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24768.html |title=Player profile: Josephat Ababu |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Ongondo}} | 1999 || 2011 || 78 || 391 || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|0909|9.09}} || {{sort|075|75}} || {{sort|549|5/51}} || {{nts|30.86}} || 17 || 0 || {{refn|group=note|name=first}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24762.html |title=Player profile: Peter Ongondo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Collins|Obuya}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 2001 || 2014 || 104 || 2044 || {{sort|0930|93}} || {{sort|1935|19.35}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|576|5/24}} || {{nts|46.77}} || 43 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24752.html |title=Player profile: Collins Obuya |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David|Obuya}}&nbsp;{{dagger|alt=Wicket keeper}} | 2001 || 2012 || 74 || 1355 || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{sort|2000|20.00}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 39 || 5 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24760.html |title=Player profile: David Obuya |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brijal|Patel}} | 2001 || 2006 || 31 || 360 || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{sort|16.36|16.36}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|280|2/20}} || {{nts|40.75}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24776.html |title=Player profile: Brijal Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alfred|Luseno}} | 2003 || 2010 || 10 || 34 || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|1700|17.00}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|468|4/32}} || {{nts|35.11}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24703.html |title=Player profile: Alfred Luseno |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rageb|Aga}} | 2004 || 2014 || 12 || 150 || {{sort|0860|86}} || {{sort|1666|16.66}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|40.00}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24716.html |title=Player profile: Ragheb Aga |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Morris|Ouma}}&nbsp;{{dagger|alt=Wicket keeper}}{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 2004 || 2014 || 80 || 1501 || {{sort|0610|61}} || {{sort|2084|20.84}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 48 || 10 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24750.html |title=Player profile: Morris Ouma |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Malhar|Patel}} | 2004 || 2006 || 3 || 40 || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{sort|1333|13.33}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24784.html |title=Player profile: Malhar Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tanmay|Mishra}} | 2006 || 2013 || 42 || 1128 || {{sort|0720|72}} || {{sort|3418|34.18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|194|1/6}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24790.html |title=Player profile: Tanmay Mishra |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nehemiah|Odhiambo}} | 2006 || 2014 || 69 || 528 || {{sort|0660|66}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || {{sort|070|70}} || {{sort|439|4/61}} || {{nts|36.92}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/238612.html |title=Player profile: Nehemiah Odhiambo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kalpesh|Patel|Kalpesh Patel (Kenyan cricketer)}} | 2006 || 2006 || 2 || 1 || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24789.html |title=Player profile: Kalpesh Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hiren|Varaiya}} | 2006 || 2014 || 63 || 252 || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || {{sort|068|68}} || {{sort|475|4/25}} || {{nts|30.11}} || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/254114.html |title=Player profile: Hiren Varaiya |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alex|Obanda}} | 2007 || 2014 || 49 || 1306 || {{sort|0965|96*}} || {{sort|3037|30.37}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/291844.html |title=Player profile: Alex Obanda |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Elijah|Otieno}} | 2007 || 2014 || 26 || 49 || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{sort|0490|4.90}} || {{sort|022|22}} || {{sort|467|4/33}} || {{nts|42.13}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/293031.html |title=Player profile: Elijah Otieno |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rakep|Patel}}&nbsp;{{dagger|alt=Wicket keeper}}{{double-dagger|alt=Captain}} | 2008 || 2014 || 39 || 621 || {{sort|0920|92}} || {{sort|2003|20.03}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|186|1/14}} || {{nts|67.50}} || 18 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/267455.html |title=Player profile: Rakep Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajesh|Bhudia}} | 2008 || 2009 || 5 || 122 || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{sort|2440|24.40}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|258|2/42}} || {{nts|50.33}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24773.html |title=Player profile: Rajesh Bhudia |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Seren|Waters}} | 2008 || 2011 || 20 || 419 || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{sort|2095|20.95}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/352894.html |title=Player profile: Seren Waters |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shem|Ngoche}} | 2010 || 2014 || 14 || 68 || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{sort|0755|7.55}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|272|2/28}} || {{nts|35.91}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/308515.html |title=Player profile: Shem Ngoche |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nelson|Odhiambo}} | 2010 || 2013 || 8 || 56 || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{sort|0933|9.33}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|352|3/48}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/308418.html |title=Player profile: Nelson Odhiambo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Ngoche}} | 2010 || 2013 || 17 || 35 || {{sort|0215|21*}} || {{sort|0500|5.00}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|382|3/18}} || {{nts|28.45}} || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/308691.html |title=Player profile: James Ngoche |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Francis|Otieno}} | 2010 || 2010 || 4 || 16 || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24770.html |title=Player profile: Francis Otieno |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dominic|Wesonga}} | 2010 || 2011 || 4 || 61 || {{sort|0330|33}} || {{sort|2033|20.33}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|272|2/28}} || {{nts|14.00}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/315051.html |title=Player profile: Dominic Wesonga |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Duncan|Allan}} | 2011 || 2013 || 5 || 71 || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{sort|1420|14.20}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|178|1/22}} || {{nts|40.00}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/472153.html |title=Player profile: Duncan Allan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Runish|Gudhka}} | 2011 || 2011 || 2 || 17 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|1700|17.00}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|159|1/41}} || {{nts|60.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/494133.html |title=Player profile: Runish Gudhka |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Irfan|Karim}}&nbsp;{{dagger|alt=Wicket keeper}} | 2011 || 2014 || 9 || 396 || {{sort|1120|112}} || {{sort|4400|44.00}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 8 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/348016.html |title=Player profile: Irfan Karim |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lucas|Oluoch}} | 2011 || 2011 || 2 || 6 || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|359|3/41}} || {{nts|15.80}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/440162.html |title=Player profile: Lucas Oluoch |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Emmanuel|Bundi}} | 2011 || 2011 || 1 || – || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/475816.html |title=Player profile: Emmanuel Bundi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhiren|Gondaria}} | 2013 || 2013 || 2 || 7 || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0450|3.50}} || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/529349.html |title=Player profile: Dhiren Gondaria |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurdeep|Singh|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || {{sort|00.01|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/637496.html |title=Player profile: Gurdeep Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref> |} {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenya ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] byjj1b862g69aussqrb1yzbnouplv1q 0 1008406 10330833 10273925 2025-06-14T20:25:32Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:West Indian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list includes all players from the West Indies who have played at least one ODI match after debuting in 1973. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=2;id=14;type=team |title=Ireland Captains' Playing Record in ODI Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> * {{dagger}}&nbsp;– [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=14;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / One Day Internationals / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPNcricinfo| accessdate = 7 June 2019}}</ref> * '''First'''&nbsp;– Year of debut * '''Last'''&nbsp;– Year of latest game * '''Mat'''&nbsp;– Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Inn'''&nbsp;– Number of [[innings]] batted * '''NO'''&nbsp;– Number of innings [[not out]] * '''Runs'''&nbsp;– [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS'''&nbsp;– Highest score * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''50'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''Avg'''&nbsp;– [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*'''&nbsp;– Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls'''&nbsp;– [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt'''&nbsp;– [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave'''&nbsp;– [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] * '''Eco'''&nbsp;– [[Economy rate#Bowling statistics|Average runs conceded per over]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca'''&nbsp;– [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St'''&nbsp;– [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== <small>Statistics are correct as of 21 March 2023.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/player/caps.html?country=4;class=2 |title=Players / West Indies / ODI caps |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/westindies/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=4;type=team |title=West Indies ODI Batting Averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/westindies/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=4;type=team |title=West Indies ODI Bowling Averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+West Indies ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- align="center" ! scope="col"|[[First cap|Cap]] ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- | 1 || [[Keith Boyce]] |- | 2 || [[Maurice Foster (cricketer, born 1943)|Maurice Foster]] |- | 3 || [[Roy Fredericks]] |- | 4 || [[Lance Gibbs]] |- | 5 || [[Vanburn Holder]] |- | 6 || [[Bernard Julien]] |- | 7 || [[Alvin Kallicharran]] |- | 8 || [[Rohan Kanhai]] |- | 9 || [[Clive Lloyd]] |- | 10 || [[Deryck Murray]] |- | 11 || [[Garfield Sobers]] |- | 12 || [[Ron Headley]] |- | 13 || [[David Murray (cricketer)|David Murray]] |- | 14 || [[Viv Richards]] |- | 15 || [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]] |- | 16 || [[Gordon Greenidge]] |- | 17 || [[Lawrence Rowe]] |- | 18 || [[Michael Holding]] |- | 19 || [[Collis King]] |- | 20 || [[Colin Croft]] |- | 21 || [[Joel Garner]] |- | 22 || [[Richard Austin (cricketer)|Richard Austin]] |- | 23 || [[Faoud Bacchus]] |- | 24 || [[Wayne Daniel]] |- | 25 || [[Desmond Haynes]] |- | 26 || [[Irvine Shillingford]] |- | 27 || [[Sylvester Clarke]] |- | 28 || [[Larry Gomes]] |- | 29 || [[Alvin Greenidge]] |- | 30 || [[Derick Parry]] |- | 31 || [[Norbert Phillip]] |- | 32 || [[Sew Shivnarine]] |- | 33 || [[Malcolm Marshall]] |- | 34 || [[Milton Pydanna]] |- | 35 || [[Everton Mattis]] |- | 36 || [[Jeff Dujon]] |- | 37 || [[Gus Logie]] |- | 38 || [[Winston Davis]] |- | 39 || [[Eldine Baptiste]] |- | 40 || [[Roger Harper]] |- | 41 || [[Richie Richardson]] |- | 42 || [[Richard S. Gabriel|Richard Gabriel]] |- | 43 || [[Milton Small]] |- | 44 || [[Thelston Payne]] |- | 45 || [[Courtney Walsh]] |- | 46 || [[Tony Gray (cricketer)|Tony Gray]] |- | 47 || [[Patrick Patterson (cricketer)|Patrick Patterson]] |- | 48 || [[Carlisle Best]] |- | 49 || [[Winston Benjamin]] |- | 50 || [[Carl Hooper]] |- | 51 || [[Phil Simmons]] |- | 52 || [[David Williams (cricketer, born 1963)|David Williams]] |- | 53 || [[Curtly Ambrose]] |- | 54 || [[Ian Bishop (cricketer)|Ian Bishop]] |- | 55 || [[Keith Arthurton]] |- | 56 || [[Robert Haynes (cricketer)|Robert Haynes]] |- | 57 || [[Ezra Moseley]] |- | 58 || [[Clayton Lambert]]¹ |- | 59 || [[Brian Lara]]² |- | 60 || [[Anderson Cummins]] |- | 61 || [[Philo Wallace]] |- | 62 || [[Kenneth Benjamin]] |- | 63 || [[Junior Murray]] |- | 64 || [[Jimmy Adams]] |- | 65 || [[Roland Holder]] |- | 66 || [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] |- | 67 || [[Cameron Cuffy]] |- | 68 || [[Stuart Williams (cricketer)|Stuart Williams]] |- | 69 || [[Barrington Browne]] |- | 70 || [[Sherwin Campbell]] |- | 71 || [[Rajindra Dhanraj]] |- | 72 || [[Vasbert Drakes]] |- | 73 || [[Ottis Gibson]] |- | 74 || [[Hamish Anthony]] |- | 75 || [[Courtney Browne]] |- | 76 || [[Ridley Jacobs]] |- | 77 || [[Laurie Williams (cricketer)|Laurie Williams]] |- | 78 || [[Nixon McLean]] |- | 79 || [[Robert Samuels]] |- | 80 || [[Adrian Griffith (cricketer)|Adrian Griffith]] |- | 81 || [[Patterson Thompson]] |- | 82 || [[Franklyn Rose]] |- | 83 || [[Dinanath Ramnarine]] |- | 84 || [[Floyd Reifer]] |- | 85 || [[Rawl Lewis]] |- | 86 || [[Mervyn Dillon]] |- | 87 || [[Neil McGarrell]] |- | 88 || [[Carl Tuckett]] |- | 89 || [[Reon King]] |- | 90 || [[Keith Semple (cricketer)|Keith Semple]] |- | 91 || [[Daren Ganga]] |- | 92 || [[Henderson Bryan]] |- | 93 || [[Nehemiah Perry]] |- | 94 || [[Ricardo Powell]] |- | 95 || [[Wavell Hinds]] |- | 96 || [[Corey Collymore]] |- | 97 || [[Chris Gayle]]² |- | 98 || [[Pedro Collins]] |- | 99 || [[Sylvester Joseph]] |- | 100 || [[Mahendra Nagamootoo]] |- | 101 || [[Ramnaresh Sarwan]] |- | 102 || [[Kerry Jeremy]] |- | 103 || [[Marlon Samuels]] |- | 104 || [[Marlon Black]] |- | 105 || [[Colin Stuart (cricketer)|Colin Stuart]] |- | 106 || [[Leon Garrick]] |- | 107 || [[Jermaine Lawson]] |- | 108 || [[Darryl Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Darryl Brown]] |- | 109 || [[Ryan Hinds]] |- | 110 || [[Runako Morton]] |- | 111 || [[Daren Powell]] |- | 112 || [[Omari Banks]] |- | 113 || [[Carlton Baugh, Jr.|Carlton Baugh]]2 |- | 114 || [[Devon Smith]] |- | 115 || [[Ryan Hurley]] |- | 116 || [[David Bernard (cricketer)|David Bernard]] |- | 117 || [[Jerome Taylor]] |- | 118 || [[Ravi Rampaul]] |- | 119 || [[Fidel Edwards]] |- | 120 || [[Dwayne Smith]] |- | 121 || [[Dwayne Bravo]] |- | 122 || [[Ian Bradshaw]] |- | 123 || [[Tino Best]] |- | 124 || [[Darren Sammy]] |- | 125 || [[Xavier Marshall]]¹ |- | 126 || [[Narsingh Deonarine]] |- | 127 || [[Denesh Ramdin]] |- | 128 || [[Deighton Butler]] |- | 129 || [[Ryan Ramdass]] |- | 130 || [[Sewnarine Chattergoon]] |- | 131 || [[Dave Mohammed]] |- | 132 || [[Lendl Simmons]] |- | 133 || [[Rayad Emrit]] |- | 134 || [[Kieron Pollard]] |- | 135 || [[Austin Richards]] |- | 136 || [[Brenton Parchment]] |- | 137 || [[Patrick Browne (cricketer)|Patrick Browne]] |- | 138 || [[Sulieman Benn]] |- | 139 || [[Andre Fletcher]] |- | 140 || [[Shawn Findlay]] |- | 141 || [[Nikita Miller]] |- | 142 || [[Leon Johnson (cricketer)|Leon Johnson]] |- | 143 || [[Brendan Nash]] |- | 144 || [[Kemar Roach]] |- | 145 || [[Lionel Baker]] |- | 146 || [[Darren Bravo]] |- | 147 || [[Travis Dowlin]] |- | 148 || [[Nelon Pascal]] |- | 149 || [[Dale Richards]] |- | 150 || [[Devon Thomas]] |- | 151 || [[Gavin Tonge]] |- | 152 || [[Kieran Powell]] |- | 153 || [[Chadwick Walton]] |- | 154 || [[Royston Crandon]] |- | 155 || [[Adrian Barath]] |- | 156 || [[Andre Russell]] |- | 157 || [[Devendra Bishoo]] |- | 158 || [[Kirk Edwards]] |- | 159 || [[Anthony Martin (cricketer)|Anthony Martin]] |- | 160 || [[Danza Hyatt]] |- | 161 || [[Carlos Brathwaite]] |- | 162 || [[Sunil Narine]] |- | 163 || [[Jason Mohammed]] |- | 164 || [[Johnson Charles]] |- | 165 || [[Veerasammy Permaul]] |- | 166 || [[Jason Holder]] |- | 167 || [[Miguel Cummins]] |- | 168 || [[Jonathan Carter (cricketer)|Jonathan Carter]] |- | 169 || [[Sheldon Cottrell]] |- | 170 || [[Jermaine Blackwood]] |- | 171 || [[Shannon Gabriel]] |- | 172 || [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] |- | 173 || [[Alzarri Joseph]] |- | 174 || [[Evin Lewis]] |- | 175 || [[Shai Hope]] |- | 176 || [[Ashley Nurse]] |- | 177 || [[Rovman Powell]] |- | 178 || [[Roston Chase]] |- | 179 || [[Kyle Hope]] |- | 180 || [[Kesrick Williams]] |- | 181 || [[Sunil Ambris]] |- | 182 || [[Ronsford Beaton]] |- | 183 || [[Shimron Hetmyer]] |- | 184 || [[Keemo Paul]] |- | 185 || [[Chandrapaul Hemraj]] |- | 186 || [[Oshane Thomas]] |- | 187 || [[Obed McCoy]] |- | 188 || [[Fabian Allen]] |- | 189 || [[John Campbell (cricketer)|John Campbell]] |- | 190 || [[Nicholas Pooran]] |- | 191 || [[Shane Dowrich]] |- | 192 || [[Raymon Reifer]] |- | 193 || [[Romario Shepherd]] |- | 194 || [[Hayden Walsh Jr.]]¹ |- | 195 || [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] |- | 196 || [[Khary Pierre]] |- | 197 || [[Nkrumah Bonner]] |- | 198 || [[Joshua Da Silva]] |- | 199 || [[Chemar Holder]] |- | 200 || [[Akeal Hosein]] |- | 201 || [[Andre McCarthy]] |- | 202 || [[Kyle Mayers]] |- | 203 || [[Kjorn Ottley]] |- | 204 || [[Jahmar Hamilton]] |- | 205 || [[Keon Harding]] |- | 206 || [[Anderson Phillip]] |- | 207 || [[Shamarh Brooks]] |- | 208 || [[Justin Greaves]] |- | 209 || [[Odean Smith]] |- | 210 || [[Keacy Carty]] |- | 211 || [[Jayden Seales]] |- | 212 || [[Shermon Lewis]] |- | 213 || [[Gudakesh Motie]] |- | 214 || [[Yannic Cariah]] |- | 215 || [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]] |} Notes: *¹ [[Clayton Lambert]], [[Xavier Marshall]] and [[Hayden Walsh Jr.]] also played ODI cricket for [[United States cricket team|United States]]. Only their records for [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] are given above. *² [[Brian Lara]] and [[Chris Gayle]] also played ODI cricket for ICC World XI. Only their records for [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] are given above. ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:West Indies ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] i3ti23czgy3er1vem8r5lp5hv77rk8h 0 1010243 10330804 8844623 2025-06-14T20:14:41Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Irish cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list includes all players from Ireland who have played at least one ODI match after debuting in 2006. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played * '''Win%''' – [[Winning percentage]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] * '''5WI''' – [[List of cricket terms#F|Five wickets or more in a match]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 23 March 2023.''<ref name=caps>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/caps.html?country=29;class=2 |title=Players - Ireland: Caps |website=Cricinfo.com}} Retrieved on 2 December 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland – One Day International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland – One Day International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 January 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Ireland ODI cricketers |- class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Ref(s) |- align="center" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! First ! Last ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! [[Century (cricket)|100]] ! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! [[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! [[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! [[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andre|Botha|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2011 || 42 || 666 || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{sort|1958|19.58}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|1560|1,560}} || {{sort|042|42}} || {{sort|481|4/19}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 0 || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/44102.html |title=Player profile: Andre Botha |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeremy|Bray|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2006 || 2007 || 15 || 401 || {{sort|1160|116}} || {{sort|2864|28.64}} || 0 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/4433.html |title=Player profile: Jeremy Bray |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Gillespie}} | 2006 || 2007 || 5 || 2 || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24243.html |title=Player profile: Peter Gillespie |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2013 || 67 || 743 || {{sort|0455|45*}} || {{sort|1955|19.55}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2930|2,930}} || {{sort|066|66}} || {{sort|586|5/14}} || {{nts|32.04}} || 1 || 25 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/6038.html |title=Player profile: Trent Johnston |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dominick|Joyce}} | 2006 || 2007 || 3 || 29 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|0966|9.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24603.html |title=Player profile: Dominick Joyce |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dave|Langford-Smith}} | 2006 || 2008 || 22 || 142 || {{sort|0315|31*}} || {{sort|1577|15.77}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0942|942}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|368|3/32}} || {{nts|31.88}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/243942.html |title=Player profile: Dave Langford-Smith |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kyle|McCallan}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2009 || 39 || 361 || {{sort|0505|50*}} || {{sort|2005|20.05}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1804|1,804}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|470|4/30}} || {{nts|30.97}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24251.html |title=Player profile: Kyle McCallan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Mooney|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2015 || 60 || 963 || {{sort|0960|96}} || {{sort|2348|23.48}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|1797|1,797}} || {{sort|048|48}} || {{sort|473|4/27}} || {{nts|34.06}} || 0 || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24237.html |title=Player profile: John Mooney |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Mooney|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2007 || 4 || 12 || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0087|87}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24261.html |title=Player profile: Paul Mooney |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2021 || 153 || 3,619 || {{sort|1420|142}} || {{sort|2942|29.42}} || 18 || 2 || {{sort|4296|4,296}} || {{sort|114|114}} || {{sort|487|4/13}} || {{nts|32.68}} || 0 || 67 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24605.html |title=Player profile: Kevin O'Brien |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|White|dab=cricketer, born 1980}} | 2006 || 2014 || 61 || 776 || {{sort|0790|79}} || {{sort|1804|18.04}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0869|869}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|456|4/44}} || {{nts|27.52}} || 0 || 21 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24286.html |title=Player profile: Andrew White |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eoin|Morgan}} | 2006 || 2009 || 23 || 744 || {{sort|1150|115}} || {{sort|3542|35.42}} || 5 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 9 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Eoin Morgan has also played One Day International cricket for [[England cricket team|England]]. Only his record for Ireland is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24598.html |title=Player profile: Eoin Morgan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2006 || 2018 || 103 || 2,581 || {{sort|1090|109}} || {{sort|2805|28.05}} || 18 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 90 || 14 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24289.html |title=Player profile: Niall O'Brien |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William|Porterfield}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2022 || 148 || 4,343 || {{sort|1390|139}} || {{sort|3080|30.58}} || 20 || 11 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 68 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24611.html |title=Player profile: William Porterfield |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kenny|Carroll}} | 2007 || 2007 || 6 || 70 || {{sort|0285|28*}} || {{sort|1166|11.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/245287.html |title=Player profile: Kenny Carroll |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Boyd|Rankin}} | 2007 || 2020 || 68 || 95 || {{sort|0185|18*}} || {{sort|0791|7.91}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3383|3,383}} || {{sort|096|96}} || {{sort|485|4/15}} || {{nts|28.27}} || 0 || 17 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Boyd Rankin has also played One Day International cricket for [[England cricket team|England]]. Only his record for Ireland is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24599.html |title=Player profile: Boyd Rankin |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Thinus|Fourie}} | 2007 || 2008 || 7 || 42 || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0179|179}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|167|1/33}} || {{nts|128.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/245288.html |title=Player profile: Thinus Fourie |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roger|Whelan}} | 2007 || 2007 || 2 || 5 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0250|2.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|157|1/43}} || {{nts|49.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/245186.html |title=Player profile: Roger Whelan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2007 || 2019 || 105 || 2,072 || {{sort|1130|113}} || {{sort|2381|23.81}} || 12 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 73 || 10 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24609.html |title=Player profile: Gary Wilson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}} | 2007 || 2015 || 58 || 745 || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{sort|2257|22.57}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|1953|1,953}} || {{sort|063|63}} || {{sort|580|5/20}} || {{nts|23.96}} || 1 || 18 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/293983.html |title=Player profile: Alex Cusack |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Kidd}} | 2007 || 2008 || 6 || 15 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|1500|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0216|216}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|173|1/27}} || {{nts|172.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24613.html |title=Player profile: Gary Kidd |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Reinhardt|Strydom}} | 2008 || 2008 || 9 || 83 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{sort|1383|13.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|137|1/63}} || {{nts|63.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/303341.html |title=Player profile: Reinhardt Strydom |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Greg|Thompson|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2008 || 3 || 2 || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|165|1/35}} || {{nts|73.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24616.html |title=Player profile: Greg Thompson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Connell|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2010 || 13 || 40 || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{sort|2000|20.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0564|564}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|332|3/68}} || {{nts|39.84}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/303349.html |title=Player profile: Peter Connell |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Phil|Eaglestone}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || 4 || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|140|1/60}} || {{nts|60.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/12794.html |title=Player profile: Phil Eaglestone |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ryan|Haire}} | 2008 || 2008 || 2 || 56 || {{sort|0540|54}} || {{sort|2800|28.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24298.html |title=Player profile: Ryan Haire |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Poynter}} | 2008 || 2014 || 19 || 255 || {{sort|0780|78}} || {{sort|1961|19.61}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/210279.html |title=Player profile: Andrew Poynter |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2023 || 145 || 5,259 || {{sort|1770|177}} || {{sort|3838|38.38}} || 26 || 13 || {{sort|2441|2,441}} || {{sort|043|43}} || {{sort|645|6/55}} || {{nts|45.16}} || 1 || 55 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/303427.html |title=Player profile: Paul Stirling |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Regan|West}} | 2008 || 2009 || 10 || 61 || {{sort|0295|29*}} || {{sort|3050|30.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0447|447}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|474|4/26}} || {{nts|31.00}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/38759.html |title=Player profile: Regan West |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Britton|dab=cricketer}} | 2009 || 2009 || 1 || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/303435.html |title=Player profile: Andrew Britton |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} | 2010 || 2023 || 108 || 973 || {{sort|0740|74}} || {{sort|1907|19.07}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|4400|4,400}} || {{sort|093|93}} || {{sort|476|4/24}} || {{nts|37.73}} || 0 || 40 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/348034.html |title=Player profile: George Dockrell |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Hall|dab=cricketer, born 1988}} | 2010 || 2010 || 3 || 28 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|0933|9.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/232730.html |title=Player profile: James Hall |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nigel|Jones|dab=cricketer}} | 2010 || 2011 || 14 || 74 || {{sort|0255|25*}} || {{sort|1480|14.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0369|369}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{nts|23.40}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/406308.html |title=Player profile: Nigel Jones |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rory|McCann|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2010 || 8 || 44 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|1100|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/463215.html |title=Player profile: Rory McCann |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2010 || 2023 || 92 || 2,676 || {{sort|1455|145*}} || {{sort|3263|32.63}} || 13 || 8 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 0 || 27 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/303423.html |title=Player profile: Andrew Balbirnie |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Albert|van der Merwe}} | 2010 || 2011 || 9 || 15 || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0375|3.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0432|432}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|551|5/49}} || {{nts|29.36}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/463217.html |title=Player profile: Albert van der Merwe |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ed|Joyce}} | 2011 || 2018 || 61 || 2,151 || {{sort|1605|160*}} || {{sort|4136|41.36}} || 12 || 5 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 21 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Ed Joyce has also played One Day International cricket for [[England cricket team|England]]. Only his record for Ireland is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/24249.html |title=Player profile: Ed Joyce |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Murtagh}} | 2012 || 2019 || 58 || 188 || {{sort|0235|23*}} || {{sort|0783|7.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3020|3,020}} || {{sort|074|74}} || {{sort|579|5/21}} || {{nts|30.94}} || 1 || 16 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/17134.html |title=Player profile: Tim Murtagh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Shannon|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || 2 || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/303437.html |title=Player profile: James Shannon |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Max|Sorensen}} | 2013 || 2016 || 13 || 125 || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|2083|20.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0543|543}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|460|4/40}} || {{nts|32.50}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/531953.html |title=Player profile: Max Sorensen |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eddie|Richardson|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2013 || 2 || 12 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|261|2/39}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/364302.html |title=Player profile: Eddie Richardson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Thompson}} | 2013 || 2017 || 20 || 228 || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|1628|16.28}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0559|559}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|40.83}} || 0 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/414821.html |title=Player profile: Stuart Thompson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Anderson|dab=cricketer, born 1982}} | 2014 || 2016 || 8 || 151 || {{sort|0390|39}} || {{sort|1887|18.87}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/44014.html |title=Player profile: John Anderson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andy|McBrine}} | 2014 || 2023 || 73 || 673 || {{sort|0790|79}} || {{sort|1869|18.69}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|3497|3,497}} || {{sort|077|77}} || {{sort|571|5/29}} || {{nts|33.88}} || 1 || 29 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/417381.html |title=Player profile: Andrew McBrine |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2014 || 2019 || 21 || 185 || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|1321|13.21}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 22 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/308294.html |title=Player profile: Stuart Poynter |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} | 2014 || 2022 || 36 || 76 || {{sort|0125|12*}} || {{sort|0760|7.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1718|1,718}} || {{sort|059|59}} || {{sort|546|5/54}} || {{nts|26.62}} || 1 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/364343.html |title=Player profile: Craig Young |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graeme|McCarter}} | 2014 || 2014 || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/player/348037.html |title=Player profile: Graeme McCarter |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Chase}} | 2015 || 2018 || 25 || 35 || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1238|1,238}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|367|3/33}} || {{nts|39.88}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524845.html |title=Player profile: Peter Chase |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 January 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} | 2016 || 2021 || 38 || 162 || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{sort|0810|8.10}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1890|1,890}} || {{sort|061|61}} || {{sort|554|5/46}} || {{nts|29.81}} || 1 || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348059.html |title=Player profile: Barry McCarthy |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 June 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sean|Terry}} | 2016 || 2016 || 5 || 32 || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{sort|0640|6.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/467420.html |title=Player profile: Sean Terry |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 July 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacob|Mulder}} | 2017 || 2017 || 4 || 15 || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|343|3/57}} || {{nts|31.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1005369.html |title=Player profile: Jacob Mulder |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 March 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Simi Singh}} | 2017 || 2022 || 35 || 593 || {{sort|1005|100*}} || {{sort|2280|22.80}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|1519|1,519}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|590|5/10}} || {{nts|25.92}} || 1 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1005257.html |title=Player profile: Simi Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 May 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|McCollum}} | 2019 || 2021 || 10 || 188 || {{sort|0730|73}} || {{sort|1880|18.80}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/470917.html |title=Player profile: James McCollum |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Cameron-Dow}} | 2019 || 2019 || 4 || 7 || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|368|3/32}} || {{nts|30.20}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/380957.html |title=Player profile: James Cameron-Dow |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 March 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} | 2019 || 2023 || 32 || 274 || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|1826|18.26}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1364|1,364}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|481|4/19}} || {{nts|40.67}} || 0 || 11 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/526441.html |title=Mark Adair |website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=3 May 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joshua|Little}} | 2019 || 2023 || 25 || 26 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|0371|3.71}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1187|1,187}} || {{sort|038|38}} || {{sort|462|4/38}} || {{nts|29.36}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/928067.html |title=Joshua Little|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=3 May 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2023 || 35 || 517 || {{sort|0830|83}} || {{sort|1988|19.88}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 42 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/928057.html |title=Lorcan Tucker|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=3 May 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shane|Getkate}} | 2019 || 2021 || 4 || 23 || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{sort|2300|23.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0192|192}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|270|2/30}} || {{nts|20.71}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/303508.html |title=Shane Getkate|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=1 July 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 59 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} | 2020 || 2023 || 15 || 160 || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|190|1/10}} || {{nts|62.00}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1099379.html |title=Gareth Delany|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 60 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Curtis|Campher}} | 2020 || 2023 || 22 || 523 || {{sort|0680|68}} || {{sort|3076|30.76}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0688|688}} || {{sort|017|17}} || {{sort|351|3/49}} || {{nts|39.58}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/595921.html |title=Curtis Campher|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 61 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} | 2020 || 2023 || 29 || 1,074 || {{sort|1130|113}} || {{sort|4881|48.81}} || 8 || 3 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|180|1/20}} || {{nts|90.00}} || 0 || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/961407.html |title=Harry Tector|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 62 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|Rock}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || 7 || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1112535.html |title=Neil Rock|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 63 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graham|Hume}} | 2022 || 2023 || 7 || 12 || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{sort|1200|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0312|312}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|440|4/60}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/379144.html |title=Player profile: Graham Hume |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 64 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stephen|Doheny}} | 2023 || 2023 || 6 || 129 || {{sort|0840|84}} || {{sort|3225|32.25}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/961401.html |title=Stephen Doheny|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref> |- align="center" | 65 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murray|Commins}} | 2023 || 2023 || 2 || 6 || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0600|6.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/594992.html |title=Murray Commins|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref> |- align="center" | 66 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matthew|Humphreys|dab=cricketer}} | 2023 || 2023 || 2 || 4 || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1263361.html |title=Matthew Humphreys|website=ESPNcricnfo |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> |} ==Notes== <references group=notes/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} == Other websites == *[http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Searchable database of International Cricketers (filtered by country) (Howstat)] *[https://archive.today/20130120014433/http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/player/caps.html?country=29;class=2 List of Ireland ODI Caps and debuts (Cricinfo)] {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ireland ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] 1dzekz0c0q3txit51rchc6hjtw6opfw 0 1012015 10331442 10100900 2025-06-15T04:29:51Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{listen|filename=|title=''Mahmudiye Marşı''|filename2=Mecidiye Marşı.ogg|title2=''Mecidiye Marşı''|filename3=|title3=''Aziziye Marşı''|filename4=|title4=''Hamidiye Marşı''|filename5=Marche de sa Majesté Impériale Le Sultan Mohammed V. par Italo Selvelli.ogg|title5=''Reşadiye Marşı''}} The [[Ottoman Empire]] used to have a different anthem for each ruler. The first Sultan that appeared to have a personal anthem was [[Mahmud II]]. He started reforms which included the modernization of Ottoman imperial and military bands. This process went to Italian-born composer [[Giuseppe Donizetti]], who was also the composer of first Ottoman Imperial anthem – ''Mahmudiye Marşı'', and second – ''Mecidyie Marşi''. Mehmed VI, the last Ottoman sultan didin't choose a special march composed for him but rather chose to use the “Mahmudiye”.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire (1829-1839, 1918-1922) – nationalanthems.info|url=https://nationalanthems.info/ote.htm|access-date=2023-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == List of ottoman Imperial anthems == * '''Mahmudiye Marşı''', ''March of Mahmud'' – for [[Mahmud II]] (1829–1839, 1918–1922), by [[Giuseppe Donizetti]]<ref name=":0" /> * '''Mecidiye Marşı''', ''March of Mecid'' – for [[Abdulmejid I]] (1839–1861), by Giuseppe Donizetti<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire (1839-1861) – nationalanthems.info|url=https://nationalanthems.info/ote-61.htm|access-date=2023-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Aziziye Marşı''', ''March of Aziz'' – for [[Abdülaziz]] (1861–1876), by [[Callisto Guatelli]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire (1861-1876) – nationalanthems.info|url=https://nationalanthems.info/ote-76.htm|access-date=2023-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Hamidiye Marşı''', ''March of Hamid'' – for [[Abdul Hamid II]] (1876–1909), by [[Necip Paşa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire (1876-1909) – nationalanthems.info|url=https://nationalanthems.info/ote-09.htm|access-date=2023-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Reşadiye Marşı''', ''March of Reşad'' – for [[Mehmed V]] (1909–1918), by [[Italo Selvelli]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire (1909-1918) – nationalanthems.info|url=https://nationalanthems.info/ote-18.htm|access-date=2023-05-09|language=en-US}}</ref> == Lyrics == Only the ''Hamidiye Marşı'' and ''Reşadiye Marşı'' used to have lyrics, the first three anthems were completly instrumental. The lyrics of the ''Reşadiye Marşı'' seem to have been lost to history. === Hamidiye Marşı === Ey velîni'met-i âlem [[Shahanshah|şehinşâh]]-ı cihan<br> Taht-ı âlî baht-ı Osmaniye verdin izz ü şan<br> Sâye-i lûtf-i hümayûnunla âlem kâm-ran<br> Saltanatta çok zaman Sultan Hamid zevk et heman<br> Çok yaşa ey [[Padishah|padişahım]] devletinle çok yaşa<br> Çok yaşa ey padişahım şevketinle çok yaşa<br><ref>{{Cite web|title=Güftesi bulunan ilk resmi Osmanlı marşı; Hamidiye|url=https://www.fikriyat.com/galeri/tarih/guftesi-bulunan-ilk-resmi-osmanli-marsi-hamidiye/3}}</ref> <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/idxV3WZ4MVE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520212754/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idxV3WZ4MVE&ab_channel=M%C3%A2ver%C3%A2T%C3%BCrkM%C3%BCzi%C4%9FiToplulu%C4%9Fu Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=Hamidiye Marşı (Marş-ı Sultâni) Mâverâ Türk Müziği Topluluğu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idxV3WZ4MVE&ab_channel=M%C3%A2ver%C3%A2T%C3%BCrkM%C3%BCzi%C4%9FiToplulu%C4%9Fu|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamidiye Marşı Sözleri - Kısa Özet|url=https://www.kisaozet.net/hamidiye-marsi-sozleri/|access-date=2023-05-09|archive-date=2021-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520212757/https://www.kisaozet.net/hamidiye-marsi-sozleri/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Güftesi bulunan ilk resmi Osmanlı marşı: Hamidiye|url=https://www.fikriyat.com/webtv/muzik/guftesi-bulunan-ilk-resmi-osmanli-marsi-hamidiye}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Ottoman Empire topics}} [[Category:Historical anthems]] [[Category:Ottoman Empire]] t5sg51r1y3olx2kcu5m98zi4los82g4 0 1014372 10331552 10239570 2025-06-15T07:05:50Z Greenock125 652309 /* As lead artist */ 10331552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Mae Muller | image = Boardmasters2022 (91 of 246) (52300219892) (cropped).jpg | birth_name = Holly Mae Muller | birth_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] | birth_date = 26 August 1997 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | occupation = Singer & songwriter | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2007–present | label = [[Capitol Records]] }} '''Holly Mae Muller''' (born 26 August 1997) is an [[English people|English]] [[singer]]-[[songwriter]] and actress with [[Germany|German]] [[Ancestor|ancestry]]. She represented the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023|2023]] with her song "I Wrote a Song".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ramach|first1=Naman|last2=ran|date=9 March 2023|title=Mae Muller to Represent U.K. at Eurovision Song Contest With 'I Wrote A Song'|url=https://variety.com/2023/global/global/mae-muller-uk-eurovision-song-contest-1235547819/|access-date=14 March 2023|website=Variety}}</ref> The song finished in 25th place in the Grand Final.<ref>{{cite web|last=Savage|first=Mark|date=14 May 2023|title=Mae Muller: Why did the UK do so badly at Eurovision|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-65586989|access-date=14 May 2023|website=BBC News}}</ref> Her debut studio album ''Sorry I'm Late'' was be released in [[September]] 2023. In late 2023, Muller will portray Kelly in the film ''Gassed Up''. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:22em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="OCC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/58394/mae-muller/|title=Mae Muller {{!}} full Official Charts history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|SCO]]<br/><ref name="OCC"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Sorry I'm Late'' | * Released: 29 September 2023 * Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[EMI Records|EMI]], [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] * Format: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 33 || 13 |} ===Compilation albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:22em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Chapter 1'' | * Released: 5 April 2019 * Label: Capitol * Format: Digital download, streaming |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" style="width:13em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:22em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''After Hours'' | * Released: 16 February 2018 * Label: Capitol * Format: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Frankly'' | * Released: 7 December 2018 * Label: Capitol * Format: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''No One Else, Not Even You'' | * Released: 6 November 2020 * Label: Capitol * Format: CD, LP, digital download |} ===Singles=== ====As lead artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:22em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="OCC"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS">{{Cite web|url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mae+Muller|title=Discography Mae Muller|website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE">{{Cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mae+Muller|title=Discography Mae Muller|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Iceland|ICE]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|title=Plötutíðindi|website=Plötutíðindi|language=en-US|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230520213300/http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-2/|title=2023 20-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519080551/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR">{{Cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mae+Muller|title=Discography Mae Muller|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br/><ref name="NZ">{{Cite web|url=http://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mae+Muller |title=Mae Muller Discography|website=charts.nz}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE">{{Cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Mae+Muller |title=Mae Muller Discography|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br/><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1452718379727564803|user=billboardcharts|title=@NEIKEDMusic, @maemuller_ & @Polo_Capalot's "Better Days" debuts at No. 57 on this week's #Hot100.|date=25 October 2021}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Close" | rowspan="5"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Jenny" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="5"| ''Chapter 1'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Hoodie Song" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Pull Up" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Busy Tone" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Leave It Out" | rowspan="4"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Anticlimax" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="5" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Drama"<br/><small>(with Ms Banks and Caitlyn Scarlett)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Dick" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Therapist" | rowspan="5"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "I Don't Want Your Money" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "So Annoying" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''No One Else, Not Even You'' |- ! scope="row"| "HFBD" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Dependent" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Better Days"<br/>{{small|(with Neiked and [[Polo G]])}} | 2021 | 32 || 16 || 20 || — || 52 || 29 || 13 || 78 || 23 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref name="BPI">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Mae Muller|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Platinum<ref name=ARIA22s>{{cite certification|region=Australia|certyear=2022|type=single|access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Mae Muller|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> * [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=single|artist=Neiked, Mae Muller and Polo G|id=2022-01-21|source=newchart|access-date=2024-11-20|title=Better Days}}</ref> | ''Sorry I'm Late'' |- ! scope="row"| "American Psycho"<br/>{{small|(with [[Marshmello]] and [[Trippie Redd]])}} | rowspan="2"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "I Just Came to Dance" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Sorry I'm Late'' |- ! scope="row"| "Feels This Good"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Feels This Good" also features on Sigala's album ''Every Cloud – Silver Linings''}}<br/>{{small|(with Sigala and Caity Baser featuring Stefflon Don)}} | rowspan="6"| 2023 | 93 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Sorry I'm Late... Again'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Wrote a Song" | 9 || — || 44 || 24 || 23 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"I Wrote a Song" did not enter the [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singellista Chart]], but peaked at number 10 on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2023&dspp=20|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 20|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]}}</ref>}} || — | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Silver<ref name="BPI23may">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Mae Muller|access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="5"| ''Sorry I'm Late'' |- ! scope="row"| "Me, Myself & I" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Me, Myself & I" did not enter the official [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 41 on the [[Official Charts|UK Singles Downloads Chart]] chart and number 43 on the [[Official Charts|UK Singles Sales Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/mae-muller-me-myself-i/|title=ME MYSELF & I by MAE MULLER|website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Nervous (In A Good Way)" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "MJTL (Maybe That's Just Life)" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Written by a Woman" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Breakaway" | rowspan="2"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "In My Head" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====As featured artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col" style="width:22em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Lil Rich"<br/><small>(Bren Joy featuring Mae Muller)</small> | rowspan="3"| 2021 | rowspan="4" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "I Did It"<br/><small>(Big Zuu featuring Mae Muller)</small> |- ! scope="row"| "When You're Out"<br/><small>(Billen Ted featuring Mae Muller)</small> |- ! scope="row"| "Love Hurt Repeat"<br/><small>(Alle Farben and Lewis Thompson featuring Mae Muller)</small> | 2024 |} ====Promotional singles==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |+ ! scope="col" style="width:22em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Maybe" (acoustic) | 2019 | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Gone" | 2021 |- ! scope="row"| "[[As It Was]]" | rowspan="3"| 2023 |- ! scope="row"| "MTJL" | rowspan="2"| ''Sorry I'm Late'' |- ! scope="row"| "Written by a Woman" |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==Sources== <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Muller, Mae}} [[Category:English singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Living people]] ooyno3a8puuh8wnrhg8m0tq2jfwcjx7 0 1014502 10330821 10276029 2025-06-14T20:23:12Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Scottish cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list has all members of the Scotland cricket team who have played at least one ODI match after debuting at the 1999 Cricket World Cup. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 21 February 2023.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/caps.html?country=30;class=2 |title= Players / Scotland / ODI caps |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/scotland/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=30;type=team |title= Scotland / ODI Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/scotland/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=30;type=team |title= Scotland / ODI Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Scotland ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael|Allingham|dab=cricketer}} | 1999 || 1999 || 3 || 11 || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{sort|0366|3.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25132.html |title=Player profile: Michael Allingham |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Asim Butt|dab=cricketer}} | 1999 || 1999 || 5 || 23 || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{sort|0575|5.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0222|222}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|276|2/24}} || {{nts|37.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25429.html |title=Player profile: Asim Butt |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Blain|dab=cricketer}} | 1999 || 2009 || 33 || 284 || {{sort|0410|41}} || {{sort|1494|14.94}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1329|1,329}} || {{sort|041|41}} || {{sort|578|5/22}} || {{nts|28.60}} || 1 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25087.html |title=Player profile: John Blain |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Brinkley}} | 1999 || 1999 || 5 || 52 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|1040|10.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0168|168}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|171|1/29}} || {{nts|58.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25409.html |title=Player profile: James Brinkley |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alec|Davies}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 1999 || 1999 || 5 || 83 || {{sort|0320|32}} || {{sort|2075|20.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25091.html |title=Player profile: Alec Davies |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nick|Dyer}} | 1999 || 1999 || 5 || 3 || {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort|0300|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|274|2/26}} || {{nts|23.40}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25092.html |title=Player profile: Nick Dyer |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gavin|Hamilton|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 1999 || 2010 || 38 || 1,231 || {{sort|1190|119}} || {{sort|3517|35.17}} || 7 || 2 || {{sort|0220|220}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|264|2/36}} || {{nts|53.33}} || 0 || 6 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/14020.html |title=Player profile: Gavin Hamilton |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bruce|Patterson|dab=cricketer}} | 1999 || 1999 || 3 || 10 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|0333|3.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25105.html |title=Player profile: Bruce Patterson |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ian|Philip}} | 1999 || 1999 || 3 || 20 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0666|6.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25106.html |title=Player profile: Ian Philip |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|George|Salmond}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 1999 || 1999 || 5 || 57 || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|1140|11.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25109.html |title=Player profile: George Salmond |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Mike|Smith|dab=Scottish cricketer}} | 1999 || 1999 || 5 || 19 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0380|3.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25113.html |title=Player profile: Mike Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ian|Stanger}} | 1999 || 2006 || 5 || 50 || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|00054|54}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25115.html |title=Player profile: Ian Stanger |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Greig|Williamson}} | 1999 || 1999 || 2 || 11 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|0550|5.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25121.html |title=Player profile: Greig Williamson |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Hoffmann|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2007 || 18 || 85 || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|0772|7.72}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0743|743}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|378|3/22}} || {{nts|34.68}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25432.html |title=Player profile: Paul Hoffman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Dougie|Lockhart}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2006 || 2010 || 14 || 218 || {{sort|0460|46}} || {{sort|2422|24.22}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25098.html |title=Player profile: Dougie Lockhart |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ross|Lyons}} | 2006 || 2010 || 25 || 90 || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{sort|2250|22.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1093|1,093}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|45.05}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25475.html |title=Player profile: Ross Lyons |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Neil|McCallum|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2011 || 43 || 1,002 || {{sort|1215|121*}} || {{sort|2783|27.83}} || 4 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25430.html |title=Player profile: Neil McCallum |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Neil|MacRae}} | 2006 || 2006 || 2 || 10 || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0500|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25129.html |title=Player profile: Neil MacRae |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Dewald|Nel}} | 2006 || 2010 || 19 || 31 || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|1550|15.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0730|730}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|475|4/25}} || {{nts|46.35}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25481.html |title=Player profile: Dewald Nel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Colin|Smith|dab=Scottish cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2006 || 2009 || 27 || 432 || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{sort|1963|19.63}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 22 || 11 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25112.html |title=Player profile: Colin Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ryan|Watson|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2010 || 35 || 956 || {{sort|1235|123*}} || {{sort|3083|30.83}} || 6 || 1 || {{sort|0570|570}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|382|3/18}} || {{nts|44.00}} || 0 || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25428.html |title=Player profile: Ryan Watson |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Dougie|Brown}} | 2006 || 2007 || 16 || 220 || {{sort|0505|50*}} || {{sort|1571|15.71}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0629|629}} || {{sort|015|15}} || {{sort|363|3/37}} || {{nts|40.93}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || {{#tag:ref|Dougie Brown played One Day International cricket for [[England cricket team|England]]. Only his record for Scotland is given above.|group=notes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/9254.html |title=Player profile: Dougie Brown |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Omer|Hussain}} | 2006 || 2010 || 8 || 63 || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25471.html |title=Player profile: Omer Hussain |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Navdeep|Poonia}} | 2006 || 2009 || 21 || 237 || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{sort|1128|11.28}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/19276.html |title=Player profile: Navdeep Poonia |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Craig|Wright|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2009 || 20 || 240 || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0861|861}} || {{sort|029|29}} || {{sort|471|4/29}} || {{nts|22.86}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25123.html |title=Player profile: Craig Wright |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Fraser|Watts}} | 2006 || 2011 || 36 || 974 || {{sort|1010|101}} || {{sort|2864|28.64}} || 9 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25120.html |title=Player profile: Fraser Watts |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Glenn|Rogers}} | 2006 || 2008 || 13 || 81 || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{sort|1620|16.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0512|512}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|278|2/22}} || {{nts|51.12}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/272473.html |title=Player profile: Glenn Rogers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Majid|Haq}} | 2006 || 2015 || 54 || 566 || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{sort|1664|16.64}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|2633|2,633}} || {{sort|060|60}} || {{sort|546|5/54}} || {{nts|32.91}} || 1 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25451.html |title=Player profile: Majid Haq |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gordon|Drummond|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2007 || 2013 || 30 || 240 || {{sort|0355|35*}} || {{sort|1846|18.46}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1263|1,263}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|459|4/41}} || {{nts|37.28}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/295644.html |title=Player profile: Gordon Drummond |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Richie|Berrington}} | 2008 || 2023 || 105 || 2,637 || {{sort|1145|114*}} || {{sort|2996|29.96}} || 16 || 3 || {{sort|1550|1,550}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|460|4/40}} || {{nts|39.55}} || 0 || 36 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25490.html |title=Player profile: Richie Berrington |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gordon|Goudie}} | 2008 || 2013 || 16 || 80 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0729|729}} || {{sort|023|23}} || {{sort|527|5/73}} || {{nts|27.08}} || 1 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25476.html |title=Player profile: Gordon Goudie |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Qasim|Sheikh}} | 2008 || 2010 || 7 || 63 || {{sort|0230|23}} || {{sort|1050|10.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25434.html |title=Player profile: Qasim Sheikh |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Kyle|Coetzer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2008 || 2023 || 89 || 3,192 || {{sort|1560|156}} || {{sort|3892|38.92}} || 21 || 5 || {{sort|0270|270}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|183|1/17}} || {{nts|126.50}} || 0 || 26 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25446.html |title=Player profile: Kyle Coetzer |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Calum|MacLeod|dab=cricketer}} | 2008 || 2022 || 88 || 3,026 || {{sort|1750|175}} || {{sort|3830|38.30}} || 13 || 10 || {{sort|0968|968}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|274|2/26}} || {{nts|76.00}} || 0 || 53 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/232435.html |title=Player profile: Calum MacLeod |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Moneeb|Iqbal}} | 2009 || 2014 || 13 || 192 || {{sort|0630|63}} || {{sort|2400|24.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0270|270}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|265|2/35}} || {{nts|67.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25433.html |title=Player profile: Moneeb Iqbal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Jan|Stander}} | 2009 || 2012 || 5 || 44 || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{sort|1100|11.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0150|150}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|275|2/25}} || {{nts|27.66}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/298195.html |title=Player profile: Jan Stander |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Stuart|Chalmers}} | 2009 || 2009 || 2 || 9 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|00.09|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|166|1/34}} || {{nts|49.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/412321.html |title=Player profile: Stuart Chalmers |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Alasdair|Evans}} | 2009 || 2021 || 41 || 100 || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1886|1,886}} || {{sort|057|57}} || {{sort|459|4/41}} || {{nts|28.84}} || 0 || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/399259.html |title=Player profile: Alasdair Evans |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Marc|Petrie}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2009 || 2009 || 4 || 3 || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{sort|0150|1.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/364330.html |title=Player profile: Marc Petrie |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Josh|Davey}} | 2010 || 2019 || 31 || 497 || {{sort|0640|64}} || {{sort|2259|22.59}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|1301|1,301}} || {{sort|049|49}} || {{sort|672|6/28}} || {{nts|22.08}} || 2 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/407265.html |title=Player profile: Josh Davey |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gregor|Maiden}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2010 || 2011 || 7 || 84 || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|2100|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|00048|48}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/25102.html |title=Player profile: Gregor Maiden |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Preston|Mommsen}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} | 2010 || 2017 || 44 || 1,115 || {{sort|1395|139*}} || {{sort|3097|30.97}} || 6 || 2 || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|374|3/26}} || {{nts|21.66}} || 0 || 22 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/461281.html |title=Player profile: Preston Mommsen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Matthew|Parker|dab=cricketer}} | 2010 || 2010 || 10 || 59 || {{sort|0220|22}} || {{sort|0983|9.83}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0414|414}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|467|4/33}} || {{nts|27.25}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/298197.html |title=Player profile: Matthew Parker |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ollie|Hairs}} | 2010 || 2010 || 5 || 68 || {{sort|0270|27}} || {{sort|1360|13.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414973.html |title=Player profile: Ollie Hairs |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ryan|Flannigan}} | 2010 || 2010 || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/303412.html |title=Player profile: Ryan Flannigan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Safyaan|Sharif}} | 2011 || 2023 || 71 || 526 || {{sort|0405|40*}} || {{sort|2023|20.23}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|3375|3,375}} || {{sort|094|94}} || {{sort|567|5/33}} || {{nts|29.70}} || 2 || 19 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414970.html |title=Player profile: Safyaan Sharif |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Craig|Wallace|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2012 || 2022 || 32 || 574 || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{sort|2125|21.25}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 17 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414971.html |title=Player profile: Craig Wallace |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Matt|Machan}} | 2013 || 2016 || 23 || 734 || {{sort|1140|114}} || {{sort|3336|33.36}} || 3 || 1 || {{sort|0402|402}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|369|3/31}} || {{nts|42.66}} || 0 || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/297488.html |title=Player profile: Matt Machan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|David|Murphy|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2013 || 2013 || 8 || 58 || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{sort|1160|11.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 8 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/297524.html |title=Player profile: David Murphy |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Iain|Wardlaw}} | 2013 || 2015 || 22 || 21 || {{sort|0075|7*}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1108|1,108}} || {{sort|036|36}} || {{sort|478|4/22}} || {{nts|28.77}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/509107.html |title=Player profile: Ian Wardlaw |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Robert|Taylor|dab=cricketer, born 1989}} | 2013 || 2016 || 15 || 154 || {{sort|0465|46*}} || {{sort|1400|14.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0713|713}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|361|3/39}} || {{nts|30.85}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/353431.html |title=Player profile: Robert Taylor |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Neil|Carter|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2013 || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0175|175}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|373|3/27}} || {{nts|26.40}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/44493.html |title=Player profile: Neil Carter |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Freddie|Coleman}} | 2013 || 2015 || 16 || 211 || {{sort|0700|70}} || {{sort|1507|15.07}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/364329.html |title=Player profile: Freddie Coleman |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Hamish|Gardiner}} | 2013 || 2015 || 11 || 262 || {{sort|0960|96}} || {{sort|2381|23.81}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/638713.html |title=Player profile: Hamish Gardiner |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Matthew|Cross|dab=cricketer}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2014 || 2023 || 83 || 1,778 || {{sort|1140|114}} || {{sort|2370|23.70}} || 9 || 2 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 114 || 7 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/417268.html |title=Player profile: Matthew Cross |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Michael|Leask}} | 2014 || 2023 || 62 || 1,071 || {{sort|1075|107*}} || {{sort|2612|26.12}} || 6 || 1 || {{sort|2074|2,074}} || {{sort|052|52}} || {{sort|476|4/24}} || {{nts|33.46}} || 0 || 26 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/414966.html |title=Player profile: Michael Leask |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Bradley|Wheal}} | 2016 || 2019 || 13 || 16 || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|0400|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0687|687}} || {{sort|023|23}} || {{sort|366|3/34}} || {{nts|22.08}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/807535.html |title=Player profile: Bradley Wheal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Con|de Lange}} | 2016 || 2017 || 13 || 123 || {{sort|0265|26*}} || {{sort|2050|20.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0546|546}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|540|5/60}} || {{nts|23.18}} || 1 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/44851.html |title=Player profile: Con de Lange |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 59 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Ruaidhri|Smith}} | 2016 || 2016 || 2 || 10 || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{sort|1000|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|169|1/31}} || {{nts|97.00}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/458897.html |title=Player profile: Ruaidhri Smith |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=4 July 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 60 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Chris|Sole}} | 2016 || 2023 || 23 || 47 || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{sort|0470|4.70}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1137|1,137}} || {{sort|042|42}} || {{sort|473|4/27}} || {{nts|23.33}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/671823.html |title=Player profile: Chris Sole |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 61 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Mark|Watt}} | 2016 || 2023 || 54 || 371 || {{sort|0375|37*}} || {{sort|1613|16.13}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2812|2,812}} || {{sort|079|79}} || {{sort|567|5/33}} || {{nts|23.97}} || 0 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/659081.html |title=Player profile: Mark Watt |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 62 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|George|Munsey}} | 2017 || 2023 || 49 || 1,520 || {{sort|1035|103*}} || {{sort|3897|38.97}} || 11 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 22 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/671805.html |title=Player profile: George Munsey |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 September 2016 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 63 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Stuart|Whittingham}} | 2017 || 2019 || 5 || 7 || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort|0350|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0251|251}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|342|3/58}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/627732.html |title=Player profile: Stuart Whittingham |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 October 2017 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 64 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Michael|Jones|dab=cricketer}} | 2018 || 2022 || 12 || 354 || {{sort|0870|87}} || {{sort|2950|29.50}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1093091.html |title=Player profile: Michael Jones |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 65 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Tom|Sole}} | 2018 || 2019 || 10 || 46 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|0766|7.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0504|504}} || {{sort|010|10}} || {{sort|485|4/15}} || {{nts|38.70}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/526492.html |title=Player profile: Tom Sole |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 66 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Scott|Cameron|dab=cricketer}} | 2018 || 2018 || 2 || 9 || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{sort|0900|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0109|109}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|236|2/64}} || {{nts|41.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/873205.html |title=Player profile: Scott Cameron |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 January 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 67 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Dylan|Budge}} | 2018 || 2022 || 17 || 248 || {{sort|0465|46*}} || {{sort|2254|22.54}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0150|150}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|179|1/21}} || {{nts|111.00}} || 0 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/764321.html |title=Player profile: Dylan Budge |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 June 2018 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 68 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Adrian|Neill}} | 2019 || 2022 || 8 || 22 || {{sort|0145|14*}} || {{sort|2200|22.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0389|389}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|368|3/32}} || {{nts|22.76}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1148466.html |title=Player profile: Adrian Neill |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 69 ! scope="row" |{{sortname||Hamza Tahir}} | 2019 || 2023 || 31 || 26 || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0433|4.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1454|1,454}} || {{sort|040|40}} || {{sort|562|5/38}} || {{nts|25.82}} || 1 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/751151.html |title=Player profile: Hamza Tahir |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 70 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Gavin|Main}} | 2019 || 2022 || 14 || 82 || {{sort|0645|64*}} || {{sort|8200|82.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0649|649}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|548|5/52}} || {{nts|18.96}} || 1 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/470777.html |title=Player profile: Gavin Main |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 August 2019 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 71 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Christopher|McBride}} | 2022 || 2023 || 11 || 236 || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{sort|2622|26.22}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|190|1/10}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1027779.html |title=Player profile: Christopher McBride |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 April 2022 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 72 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Chris|Greaves|dab=cricketer}} | 2022 || 2023 || 16 || 216 || {{sort|0535|53*}} || {{sort|2160|21.60}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0312|312}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|271|2/29}} || {{nts|33.11}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/873199.html |title=Player profile: Chris Greaves |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 June 2022 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 73 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Oliver|Davidson}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || 14 || {{sort|0140|14}} || {{sort|1400|14.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1278259.html |title=Player profile: Oliver Davidson |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 June 2022 }}</ref> |- align="center" | 74 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Brandon|McMullen|nolink=1}} | 2022 || 2023 || 8 || 176 || {{sort|0560|56}} || {{sort|4400|44.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0396|396}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|365|3/35}} || {{nts|22.81}} || 0 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/949473.html |title=Player profile: Brandon McMullen |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 75 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Jack|Jarvis|dab=cricketer|nolink=1}} | 2023 || 2023 || 1 || 26 || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{sort|2600|26.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1278263.html |title=Player profile: Jack Jarvis |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> |- align="center" | 76 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Tomas|Mackintosh|nolink=1}} | 2023 || 2023 || 3 || 54 || {{sort|0340|34}} || {{sort|1800|18.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1195674.html |title=Player profile: Tomas Mackintosh |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> |- align="center" | 77 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Liam|Naylor|nolink=1}} | 2023 || 2023 || 1 || 20 || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|2000|20.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/scotland/content/player/1195683.html |title=Player profile: Liam Naylor |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref> |} {{reflist|group=notes}} ==Related pages== *[[Twenty20 International]] *[[Scotland national cricket team]] *[[List of Scotland Twenty20 International cricketers]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scotland ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Europe sport-related lists]] [[Category:Scotland-related lists]] gjj35px6dzai95mllsgr252oujyxewg 0 1015051 10330830 8918861 2025-06-14T20:25:01Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Sri Lankan cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a list of '''Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers''' who have played at least one twenty20 international since debuting on 15 July, 2006. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} ==Players== :''Statistics correct as of 8 April 2023.''<ref>{{cite web|title=Players&ndash;Sri Lanka–T20I caps|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/caps.html?country=8;class=3|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka T20I Batting Averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=8;type=team|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka T20I Bowling Averages|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=8;type=team|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+ Sri Lanka T20I cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable" | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable" | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable" | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col" | [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | First ! scope="col" | Last ! scope="col" | Mat ! scope="col" | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" | HS ! scope="col" | [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col" | [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" | [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" | BB ! scope="col" | [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! scope="col" | [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" | [[Stumped|St]] |- class="unsortable" |-align=center | {{nts|1}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Russel|Arnold}} |-align=center | {{nts|2}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Tillakaratne|Dilshan}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|3}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dilhara|Fernando}} |-align=center | {{nts|4}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Sanath|Jayasuriya}} |-align=center | {{nts|5}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Mahela|Jayawardene}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|6}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chamara|Kapugedera}} |-align=center | {{nts|7}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Farveez|Maharoof}} |-align=center | {{nts|8}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} |-align=center | {{nts|9}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Ruchira|Perera}} |-align=center | {{nts|10}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kumar|Sangakkara}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|11}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Upul|Tharanga}} |-align=center | {{nts|12}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Marvan|Atapattu}} |-align=center | {{nts|13}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Muttiah|Muralitharan}} |-align=center | {{nts|14}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chamara|Silva}} |-align=center | {{nts|15}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chaminda|Vaas}} |-align=center | {{nts|16}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Malinga|Bandara}} |-align=center | {{nts|17}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Jehan|Mubarak}} |-align=center | {{nts|18}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Gayan|Wijekoon}} |-align=center | {{nts|19}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dilhara|Lokuhettige}} |-align=center | {{nts|20}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Thilina|Kandamby}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|21}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Jeevantha|Kulatunga}} |-align=center | {{nts|22}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Ajantha|Mendis}} |-align=center | {{nts|23}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Thilan|Thushara}} |-align=center | {{nts|24}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Mahela|Udawatte}} |-align=center | {{nts|25}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Nuwan|Kulasekara}} |-align=center | {{nts|26}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kaushalya|Weeraratne}} |-align=center | {{nts|27}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Indika|de Saram}} |-align=center | {{nts|28}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Angelo|Mathews}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|29}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Isuru|Udana}} |-align=center | {{nts|30}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Gihan|Rupasinghe}} |-align=center | {{nts|31}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chinthaka|Jayasinghe}} |-align=center | {{nts|32}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Muthumudalige|Pushpakumara}} |-align=center | {{nts|33}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dinesh|Chandimal}}{{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|34}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chanaka|Welegedara}} |-align=center | {{nts|35}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Suraj|Randiv}} |-align=center | {{nts|36}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Thisara|Perera}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Thisara Perera]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only his records for [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] are given above.}} |-align=center | {{nts|37}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Suranga|Lakmal}} |-align=center | {{nts|38}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Jeevan|Mendis}} |-align=center | {{nts|39}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Rangana|Herath}} |-align=center | {{nts|40}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dilruwan|Perera}} |-align=center | {{nts|41}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dhammika|Prasad}} |-align=center | {{nts|42}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kaushal|Lokuarachchi}} |-align=center | {{nts|43}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Sachithra|Senanayake}} |-align=center | {{nts|44}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Lahiru|Thirimanne}} |-align=center | {{nts|45}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Shaminda|Eranga}} |-align=center | {{nts|46}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dilshan|Munaweera}} |-align=center | {{nts|47}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Akila|Dananjaya}} |-align=center | {{nts|48}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kusal|Perera}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|49}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Angelo|Perera}} |-align=center | {{nts|50}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Ramith|Rambukwella}} |-align=center | {{nts|51}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Seekkuge|Prasanna}} |-align=center | {{nts|52}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kithuruwan|Vithanage}} |-align=center | {{nts|53}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dhananjaya|de Silva}} |-align=center | {{nts|54}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Binura|Fernando}} |-align=center | {{nts|55}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Milinda|Siriwardana}} |-align=center | {{nts|56}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Jeffrey|Vandersay}} |-align=center | {{nts|57}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Shehan|Jayasuriya}} |-align=center | {{nts|58}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dasun|Shanaka}}&nbsp;{{double-dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|59}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dushmantha|Chameera}} |-align=center | {{nts|60}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Danushka|Gunathilaka}} |-align=center | {{nts|61}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Niroshan|Dickwella}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|62}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kasun|Rajitha}} |-align=center | {{nts|63}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Asela|Gunaratne}} |-align=center | {{nts|64}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chaminda|Bandara}} |-align=center | {{nts|65}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Nuwan|Pradeep}} |-align=center | {{nts|66}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kusal|Mendis}} {{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|67}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Sachith|Pathirana}} |-align=center | {{nts|68}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Thikshila|de Silva}} |-align=center | {{nts|69}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Lakshan|Sandakan}} |-align=center | {{nts|70}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Vikum|Sanjaya}} |-align=center | {{nts|71}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Ashan|Priyanjan}} |-align=center | {{nts|72}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Sadeera|Samarawickrama}} {{dagger}} |-align=center | {{nts|73}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chaturanga|de Silva}} |-align=center | {{nts|74}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Vishwa|Fernando}} |-align=center | {{nts|75}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Shehan|Madushanka}} |-align=center | {{nts|76}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Amila|Aponso}} |-align=center | {{nts|77}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kamindu|Mendis}} |-align=center | {{nts|78}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Lahiru|Kumara}} | 2019 || 2023 || 26 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{sort|0333|3.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0544|544}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|03193|3/7}} || {{nts|22.87}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahiru Kumara|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/784375.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|79}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Avishka|Fernando}} | 2019 || 2023 || 33 || {{sort|0337|337}} || {{sort|0370|37}} || {{sort|1162|11.62}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 7 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Avishka Fernando|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/784369.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|80}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}} | 2019 || 2023 || 58 || {{sort|0533|533}} || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{sort|1402|14.02}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|1252|1252}} || {{sort|091|91}} || {{sort|04191|4/9}} || {{nts|15.80}} || 22 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Wanindu Hasaranga|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/784379.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|81}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Lahiru|Madushanka}} | 2019 || 2021 || 3 || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|0200|20}} || {{sort|0733|7.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahiru Madushanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/428366.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|82}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Minod|Bhanuka}}&nbsp;{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2021 || 5 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{sort|1600|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 6 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Minod Bhanuka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/629075.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|83}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Bhanuka|Rajapaksa}} | 2019 || 2023 || 37 || {{sort|0678|678}} || {{sort|0770|77}} || {{sort|2421|24.21}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 8 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhanuka Rajapaksa|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/342619.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|84}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Oshada|Fernando}} | 2019 || 2021 || 7 || {{sort|0128|128}} || {{sort|0785|78*}} || {{sort|2560|25.60}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Oshada Fernando|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/366725.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|85}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Ashen|Bandara}} | 2021 || 2022 || 5 || {{sort|0084|84}}|| {{sort|0445|44*}} || {{sort|2800|28.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashen Bandara|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/958691.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|86}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Pathum|Nissanka}} | 2021 || 2023 || 42 || {{sort|1098|1098}} || {{sort|0750|75}} || {{sort|2745|27.45}} || 9 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Pathum Nissanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/1028655.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|87}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Charith|Asalanka}} | 2021 || 2023 || 37 || {{sort|0823|823}}|| {{sort|0805|80*}} || {{sort|2493|24.93}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0031|31}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 7 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Charith Asalanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/1028655.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|88}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Chamika|Karunaratne}} | 2021 || 2023 || 42 || {{sort|0291|291}}|| {{sort|0310|31}} || {{sort|1616|16.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0683|683}} || {{sort|024|24}} || {{sort|02178|2/22}} || {{nts|39.70}} || 13 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Chamika Karunaratne|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/623695.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|89}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Ramesh|Mendis}} | 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0002|2}}|| {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|01187|1/13}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramesh Mendis|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/629084.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|90}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Maheesh|Theekshana}} | 2021 || 2023 || 38 || {{sort|0034|34}}|| {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|0425|4.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0877|877}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|03183|3/17}} || {{nts|28.64}} || 9 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Maheesh Theekshana|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/1138316.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|91}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Praveen|Jayawickrama}} | 2021 || 2022 || 5 || {{sort|0000|0}}|| {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0079|79}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|01171|1/29}} || {{nts|59.00}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Praveen Jayawickrama|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/1028665.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|92}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Nuwan|Thushara}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|0002|2}}|| {{sort|0025|2*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0055|55}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|01182|1/18}} || {{nts|44.50}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuwan Thushara|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/955235.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|93}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Janith|Liyanage}} | 2022|| 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0028|28}} || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{sort|0933|9.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Janith Liyanage|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/681681.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|94}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Kamil|Mishara}} | 2022|| 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{sort|0500|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0|| 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamil Mishara|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/1075863.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|95}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Dilshan|Madushanka}} | 2022 || 2023 || 11 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0066|0.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0216|216}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|03176|3/24}} || {{nts|29.41}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilshan Madushanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/793007.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|96}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Matheesha|Pathirana}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || {{sort|0005|5}}|| {{sort|0050|5}} || {{sort|0500|5.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Charith Asalanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/1028655.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|97}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Asitha|Fernando}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|01166|1/34}} || {{nts|56.50}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Asitha Fernando|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/786925.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> |-align=center | {{nts|98}} ! scope="row" align=left| {{sortname|Pramod|Madushan}} | 2022 || 2023 || 8 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|0100|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0157|157}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|04166|4/34}} || {{nts|18.83}} || 4 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Pramod Madushan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/826689.html|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> |} {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] [[Category:Sport in Sri Lanka]] fmq2t8uza6a6f860d5iu9y7v4kktjb4 0 1015190 10330076 8834029 2025-06-14T14:20:59Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[Amanotanagao Shrine]] to [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] 10330076 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] o3l0tmtd05xfxhknwb67k645ndubwtk 0 1015355 10331229 10034028 2025-06-15T01:19:06Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 3 links to disambiguation pages - [[Church]], [[Evangelical]], [[Mitchell County]] 10331229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Andersonville Theological Seminary | image_name = | image_size = 220px | caption = | motto = "But the word of the Lord endureth forever. And this is the Word which by the Gospel is preached unto you." (from 1 Peter 1:25) <ref>{{cite web|author=ATS |url=https://andersonvilleseminary.com/pdf/forms/alumni/sample-graduation-program.pdf |title=2018 Spring Commencement |publisher=Andersonville Theological Seminary |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> | established = 1981 | type = [[Protestant]], [[Evangelical]], [[Non-Profit]], [[Co-education|Coeducational]], [[Private school|Private Seminary]] | affiliation = ACCESS, CPCA, NCCA, ITS, USDLA, ABC | budget = $1.1 million (2020) <ref>{{cite web|author=Propublica.org |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/581989996 |title=Andersonville Baptist Seminary |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> | chairman = Chris Moore | president = Jimmy Hayes, Th.D. | students = 3,000 | address = 54 South Butler Street | city = [[Camilla, Georgia|Camilla]] | state = [[State of Georgia|Georgia]] | country = [[United States|U.S.]] | campus = Small Town, Online | former_names = Andersonville Baptist Seminary | colors = [[Blue|Slate Blue]], [[Red]], [[White]] | nickname = Andersonville Seminary, ATS | mascot = Crusaders | website = [http://andersonvilleseminary.com Official Website] | logo = | faculty = 24 | staff = 10 | alumni = 30,000+ }} '''Andersonville Theological Seminary''' is a private Christian institution located in [[Camilla, Georgia]]. It offers academic programs for students at the undergraduate and graduate levels, with the goal of preparing individuals for various positions within the [[Christian]] community, including missionaries, evangelists, preachers, Christian scholars, and educators. The [[seminary]] was founded in 1981 and presently boasts an enrollment of over 2,000 students, along with a network of more than 30,000 [[alumni]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Andersonville Theological Seminary |url=https://andersonvilleseminary.com/about/academic-credentials-affiliations/ |title=Academic Credentials & Affiliations |publisher=Andersonville Theological Seminary |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> == Seminary History == Andersonville Theological Seminary, formerly known as Andersonville Baptist Seminary, was founded in 1981 by Dr. Jimmy Hayes. It was officially recognized as a non-profit Christian educational institution by the [[State of Georgia]] and received official 501(c)(3) status from the Internal Revenue Service, signifying its charitable and tax-exempt status.<ref name="Search information about a tax-exempt organization’s federal tax status and filings.">{{cite web|author=IRS |url=https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/tax-exempt-organization-search |title=Tax Exempt Organization Search |publisher=Internal Revenue Service |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> In 2002, Andersonville Theological Seminary underwent a name change and expanded its selection of academic programs. The seminary follows the evangelical Baptist tradition and places a strong emphasis on the [[Authorized King James Version|King James Version of the Bible]]. == Students == The student body at Andersonville Theological Seminary consists of individuals with diverse religious beliefs, backgrounds, and [[church]] affiliations. The seminary warmly welcomes students from 24 different countries worldwide, as well as from all 50 states of the [[United States]]. It is particularly designed for adult learners who are actively engaged in church responsibilities or hold full-time employment while pursuing their degrees.<ref>{{cite web|author=ATS |url= https://andersonvilleseminary.com/academics/download-our-catalog/ |title=Student Catalog |publisher=Andersonville Theological Seminary |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> == Administration == The governance of the [[seminary]] is overseen by a board of trustees, with Chris Moore serving as the [[chairman]]. The current president of the seminary is Jimmy Hayes. The [[Board of directors|trustees]] are responsible for overseeing the implementation of policies and allocating resources as necessary. == Headquarters == Andersonville Theological Seminary is situated approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers) south of [[Albany, Georgia]], and about 55 miles (89 kilometers) north of [[Tallahassee, Florida]]. [[File:Mitchell_County_Historical_Marker.JPG|right|thumb|240x240px|ATS is headquartered in Camilla, Georgia, located in Mitchell County.]] The seminary is located in the southwestern part of Georgia and has its main headquarters in the city of Camilla. Camilla is situated in [[Mitchell County, Georgia]], in the United States. The city is recognized for its rich historical traditions, distinctive southern [[architecture]], and flourishing agricultural practices.<ref>{{cite web|author=CCC |url=http://www.camillageorgia.com/chamber_of_commerce/history.html |title=Historical Overview |publisher=Camilla Chamber of Commerce |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> == Academics == === Academic programs === Each degree program provided by Andersonville Theological Seminary is carefully designed, assessed for quality, reviewed, and ultimately approved by the Board of Trustees. As of 2019, the seminary offers a range of undergraduate degrees, including three distinct types, as well as a selection of graduate degrees, encompassing six different types of programs. * Undergraduate Degree Programs: ** Associate degree ** Bachelor's degree * Graduate Degree Programs: ** Master's degree ** Doctorate degree {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right:0em; font-size:80%; line-height:1.5em; width:300px;" |'''Academic Levels''' | style="color:white; background:#6A5ACD;" |<center>'''Degrees Offered'''</center> |- |Associate |Associate of Biblical Studies (ABS) |- |Bachelor |Bachelor of Theology (Th.B.) Bachelor of Ministry (B. Min.) |- |Masters |Master of Biblical Studies (MBS) Master of Theology (Th.M.) Master of Ministry (M. Min.) Master of Divinity (M.Div.) |- |Doctorate |Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) Doctor of Ministry (D. Min.) |} Andersonville Theological Seminary is renowned for its steadfast dedication to upholding traditional religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite web|author=christiananswers.net |url=https://christiananswers.net/q-eden/creationist-schools-a-z.html |title=Which universities, colleges, and seminaries teach a literal Genesis, including six-day, young-Earth Creation? |publisher=christiananswers.net |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> Andersonville Theological Seminary prioritizes the teaching of [[Christianity]] through its educational methods, which focus on theology and [[bible study|bible studies]]. Many students enroll in the seminary with the aim of pursuing a career in [[Minister (Christianity)|Christian ministry]]. The [[curriculum]] at ATS centers around the teachings of the Bible. ATS primarily delivers education through books and recorded [[lecture|class lectures]]. It has established a partnership with the Institute of Theological Studies (ITS). Currently, the seminary is in the process of transitioning certain distance education courses into fully interactive online [[Moodle]] courses. Most programs allow students to learn at their own pace, except for those pursuing degrees in Counseling and Education. It is important to note that these degrees do not fulfill licensing requirements in any state, although individuals may be permitted to fulfill their responsibilities under a religious exemption. <ref>{{cite web|author=ATS |url=http://andersonvilleseminary.com/pdf/forms/intent-to-attend-2020-module-form.pdf |title=Intent to Attend 2020 Module Form |publisher=Andersonville Theological Seminary |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> ==== Admissions ==== For admission into the associate degree program at Andersonville Theological Seminary, applicants are required to have completed high school or possess an equivalent qualification, such as the General Education Development Credential or [[International Baccalaureate|IB Diploma]]. As for those interested in pursuing a [[bachelor's degree]], they should either hold an associate degree or have completed sixty credit hours of college-level courses. The admission requirements for graduate studies vary based on the chosen degree program selected by the applicant. ==== National Christian Counselors Association ==== Andersonville Theological Seminary has partnered with the National Christian Counselors Association (NCCA) to offer a specialized program in Christian counseling. The NCCA is a Christian organization that grants licenses and certifications to pastoral counselors based on religious beliefs. However, it is important to note that these credentials are not recognized by any state for providing secular counseling services. === Association of Biblical Counselors === The seminary equips students for biblical counseling training, enabling them to obtain certification through the Association of Biblical Counselors. === Graduating with Honors === Andersonville Theological Seminary employs a four-point [[Grade (education)|Grade Point Average]] (GPA) system to assess students' academic performance. Instead of using rankings, the seminary offers graduates the chance to receive honors and recognition upon successful completion of their degree program. For graduate students, receiving distinction involves achieving a Grade Point Average (GPA) between 3.75 and 3.94, while attaining highest distinction necessitates a GPA of 3.95 or higher. In the case of undergraduate students, graduating with cum laude honors entails earning a GPA ranging from 3.50 to 3.74, magna cum laude honors requires a GPA between 3.75 and 3.94, and achieving summa cum laude honors necessitates a GPA of 3.95 or above. === Rankings === ATS does not feature in national or global [[College and university rankings|rankings]] of colleges and universities because it is an independent seminary with a distinct classification. === Colors and Mascot === ATS's official colors are slate blue, red, and white. The seminary's mascot is the [[Crusades|crusader]], which represents the institution.<ref>{{cite web|author=Logosoftware |url= https://andersonville.logosoftwear.com/ |title=Official ATS Mascot T-Shirt |publisher=Logosoftware.com |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> == Affiliations and Recognition == ATS holds accreditation from the Association of Independent Christian College and Seminaries, which is not recognized by either the US Department of Education or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-20|title=College Accreditation in the United States-- Pg 3|url=https://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/accreditation_pg3.html|access-date=2024-04-02|website=www2.ed.gov|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Council for Higher Education Accreditation|date=04/02/2024|title=Directory of CHEA-recognized Accrediting Organizations|url=https://www.chea.org/chea-recognized-accrediting-organizations}}</ref> This means that transfer of ATS credits or degrees to regionally or nationally accredited schools is not guaranteed, usually unlikely, and in most cases, impossible. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Best practice on evaluating credit from non-accredited institutions.|url=https://www.aacrao.org/resources/newsletters-blogs/aacrao-connect/article/best-practice-on-evaluating-credit-from-non-accredited-institutions-|access-date=2024-04-02|website=www.aacrao.org}}</ref> Moreover, the seminary maintains affiliations with several organizations, such as the Association of Christian Distance Education (ACCESS) and the Council of Private Colleges of America (CPCA).<ref>{{cite web|author=CPCA |url=http://cpca-edu.us/wp-content/uploads/Andersonville-Theological-Seminary-History.pdf |title=Andersonville Theological Seminary History |publisher=Council of Private Colleges of America |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> ATS is affiliated with various organizations, including the National Christian Counselors Association (NCCA), Association of Biblical Counselors, Institute of Theological Studies (ITS), and the United States Distance Learning Association (USDLA).<ref>{{cite web|author=USDLA |url=https://usdla.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/USDLA-Non-Profit-Members-16-17-6-20-17.pdf |title=Nonprofit Members |publisher=United States Distance Learning Association |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> === Non-Profit Status === Andersonville Theological Seminary is a Christian seminary functioning as a non-profit organization authorized by the State of Georgia. It has obtained approval from the Georgia Nonpublic Postsecondary Education Commission for Religious Exemption. Additionally, the seminary has been granted recognition as a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization by the [[Internal Revenue Service]].<ref name="Search information about a tax-exempt organization’s federal tax status and filings." /> == Alumni Engagement == ATS has a vibrant community of [[alumni]] and educators who are actively involved in missions, ministry, teaching, [[Civil service|public service]], and various professions. Over the years, the seminary has graduated more than 30,000 individuals and maintains an active alumni association that supports the seminary through different activities, initiatives, and resources. The annual graduation ceremony takes place at the Albany Municipal Auditorium in Albany, Georgia.<ref>{{cite web |author= Allevents.in |url= http://www.flintriverentertainmentcomplex.com/events/andersonville-theological-seminary-2023-graduation |title= ANDERSONVILLE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 2023 GRADUATION |publisher= flintriverentertainmentcomplex.com |accessdate= May 21, 2023 |archive-date= May 21, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230521155127/http://www.flintriverentertainmentcomplex.com/events/andersonville-theological-seminary-2023-graduation |url-status= dead }}</ref> ATS graduates are provided with the opportunity to obtain class rings from Jostens and diploma frames for private sale from the presidents daughter Julie who is the bookkeeper,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jostens.com |url=https://www.jostens.com/apps/store/customer/1026748/Andersonville-Theological-Seminary/ |title=Andersonville Theological Seminary |publisher=Jostens.com |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> along with alumni merchandise from the official ATS Online store offered by the presidents son James hayes through an online link.<ref>{{cite web|author=Logosoftware.com |url=https://andersonville.logosoftwear.com/ |title=Andersonville Theological Seminary Welcome to the Official ATS Online Store |publisher=Logosoftware.com |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> === Media === ATS publishes a monthly digital bulletin, which contains up-to-date information, announcements, and important dates, including graduation and job prospects. This [[newsletter]] is distributed via [[email]] to students, alumni, and supporters of the seminary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andersonvilleseminary.com |url= https://andersonvilleseminary.com/newsletter-download-2/|title=Andersonville Theological Seminary News |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> === Notable Alumni === ATS alumni have made notable contributions to various fields. James Walter Clifton, an alumnus, achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first [[Libertarian]] to win a partisan race in [[Michigan]] in 1988. Bruce McCoy, another alumnus, served as President of the Missouri Baptist Convention and has made significant contributions to the organization.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wordandway |url=https://wordandway.org/2008/11/14/mccoy-elected-mbc-president-in-contested-vote/ |title=McCoy elected MBC president in contested vote |publisher=Wordandway.org |accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> Jim West holds the position of distinguished [[professor]] at the Ming Hua School of Theology in Hong Kong. Eric Watson has previously served as a member of the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]]. Dr. Danny Ray of the Dr. Danny Ray Ministries has a global social media following that tune in to partake in his daily video devotions, he is also a chaplain with the Berrien County Sheriff's Department and Hospice Chaplain. During his time at Gordon Avenue Baptist Church, his truly special messages and his inspiring tone has led many in the area to further develop their faith. He will forever be remembered as one of the most influential evangelists in the Cook and Berrien area. At his ripe young age, Dr. Danny Ray is still growing his ministry and will for years to come. == Related pages == * [[Camilla, Georgia]] * [[Mitchell County]] * [[King James Bible]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{colbegin}} *[https://andersonvilleseminary.academia.edu/ Academia.edu info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://academy.aandbcounseling.com/ncca-seminaries-2/andersonville-theological-seminary/ Above and Beyond Counseling info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/581989996 Propublica.org info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://www.mapquest.com/us/georgia/andersonville-theological-seminary-304022874 MapQuest info for Andersonville Theological Seminary] *[https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/andersonville-theological-seminary,581989996/ Cause IQ info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://www.guidestar.org/profile/58-1989996 Guidestar.org info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://www.orgcouncil.com/ein/581989996 Orgcouncil.com info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://www.linkedin.com/school/andersonville-theological-seminary-ats/ Official LinkedIn site for Andersonville Seminary] *[https://www.jostens.com/apps/store/customer/1026748/Andersonville-Theological-Seminary/ Josten's info on Andersonville Seminary] *[https://andersonville.logosoftwear.com/ Logosoftwear.com's official store for Andersonville Seminary] {{colend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Andersonville Theological Seminary}} [[Category:Seminaries]] [[Category:Christian colleges and universities in the United States]] [[Category:Colleges and universities in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:Christian organizations based in the United States]] ixl1aasz04a7yqg1k43g14k4sciw30v 0 1018425 10330344 9774016 2025-06-14T17:05:19Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = Smriti Mandhana | female = yes | image = Ms. Smriti Mandhana, Arjun Awardee (Cricket), in New Delhi on July 16, 2019 (cropped).jpg | caption = Mandhana in 2019 | fullname = Smriti Shrinivas Mandhana | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|7|18|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India | batting = Left-handed | bowling = Right-arm [[off break]] | role = Opening [[Batsman]] | country = India | international = true | internationalspan = 2013–present | testdebutdate = 13 August | testdebutyear = 2014 | testdebutagainst = England | testcap = 76 | lasttestdate = 30 September | lasttestyear = 2021 | lasttestagainst = Australia | odidebutdate = 10 April | odidebutyear = 2013 | odidebutagainst = Bangladesh | odicap = 106 | lastodidate = 22 July | lastodiyear = 2023 | lastodiagainst = Bangladesh | odishirt = 18 | T20Idebutdate = 5 April | T20Idebutyear = 2013 | T20Idebutagainst = Bangladesh | T20Icap = 40 | lastT20Idate = 24 September | lastT20Iyear = 2023 | lastT20Iagainst = Australia | T20Ishirt = 18 | club1 = [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] | year1 = {{nowrap|2010/11–present}} | club2 = [[Brisbane Heat (WBBL)|Brisbane Heat]] | year2 = 2016/17 | club3 = [[Hobart Hurricanes (WBBL)|Hobart Hurricanes]] | year3 = 2018/19 | club4 = [[Western Storm]] | year4 = 2018–2019 | club5 = [[IPL Trailblazers|Trailblazers]] | year5 = 2018–2022 | club6 = [[Southern Brave]] | year6 = 2021–present | club7 = [[Sydney Thunder (WBBL)|Sydney Thunder]] | year7 = {{nowrap|2021/22}} | club8 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] | year8 = 2023–present | columns = 4 | column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|Test]] | matches1 = 4 | runs1 = 325 | bat avg1 = 46.42 | 100s/50s1 = 1/2 | top score1 = 127 | deliveries1 = – | wickets1 = – | bowl avg1 = – | fivefor1 = – | tenfor1 = – | best bowling1 = – | catches/stumpings1 = 1/– | column2 = [[Women's One Day International|ODI]] | matches2 = 80 | runs2 = 3,179 | bat avg2 = 42.95 | 100s/50s2 = 5/26 | top score2 = 135 | deliveries2 = – | wickets2 = – | bowl avg2 = – | fivefor2 = – | tenfor2 = – | best bowling2 = – | catches/stumpings2 = 25/– | column3 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20I]] | matches3 = 121 | runs3 = 2,888 | bat avg3 = 27.24 | 100s/50s3 = 0/22 | top score3 = 87 | deliveries3 = – | wickets3 = – | bowl avg3 = – | fivefor3 = – | tenfor3 = – | best bowling3 = – | catches/stumpings3 = 29/– | column4 = [[Women's Big Bash League|WBBL]] | matches4 = 38 | runs4 = 784 | bat avg4 = 24.50 | 100s/50s4 = 1/4 | top score4 = 114[[not out|*]] | deliveries4 = 28 | wickets4 = 3 | bowl avg4 = 6.00 | fivefor4 = 0 | tenfor4 = 0 | best bowling4 = 2/6 | catches/stumpings4 = 12/– | date = 25 September 2023 | source = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/smriti-mandhana-597806 Cricinfo] | module = {{Infobox medal templates | titlestyle = background-color: lightsteelblue; | expand=yes | medals = {{MedalCountry| {{IND}}}} {{MedalSport|Women's [[Cricket]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Cricket at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}}} }} '''Smriti Shriniwas Mandhana''' (18 July 1996) is an Indian cricketer. Smriti represents the Indian women's national team and took part in Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Women's Premier League (WPL). In 2018 Smriti received [[Arjuna Award|Arjuna]], BCCI<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohli, Harmanpreet, Mandhana win top BCCI awards|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1148763.html|access-date=7 June 2018|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> and Rachael Heyhoe-Flint Award awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/961535 |title=Smriti Mandhana wins Rachael Heyhoe-Flint Award |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> In 2021, she became the Women's Cricketer of the year. She is regarded as one of the Greatest Opener in women's cricket history. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Smriti Mandhana receives the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy as the ICC Women's Cricketer of the Year 2021|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2462515|access-date=2023-09-25|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Career== Smriti Mandhana’s father ''Shrinivas'' and brother ''Shravan'' both played cricket at the district level for [[Sangli]] and since she watched her brother closely playing for [[Maharashtra]] in the Under-16 tournament she too was inspired to play cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2022-07-18|title=The life-story of Smriti Mandhana|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/25210-what-is-the-life-story-of-smriti-mandhana.html|access-date=|website=Female Cricket|language=en-US}}</ref> At the age of nine, Smriti Mandhana's introduction to [[cricket]] began when she decided to participate in cricket trials for enjoyment. Despite being naturally right-handed, she had observed her older brother's sessions closely enough to develop her skills as a left-handed batter. Her exceptional talent could be seen when, at the age of 11, she swiftly advanced to represent the Maharashtra Under-19 cricket team. Just four years later in 2011, she found herself a part of the senior team. In just her second match for Maharashtra, she made headlines as she scored an impressive 125 balls 155 runs against [[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]], marking her entry into the cricketing scene.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-05|title=Women's World T20 2018: With experience of T20 leagues, explosive opener Smriti Mandhana could prove to be India's game changer - Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/womens-world-t20-2018-with-experience-of-t20-leagues-explosive-opener-smriti-mandhana-could-prove-to-be-indias-game-changer-5501931.html|access-date=2023-09-25|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> On her debut [[Test match (cricket)|test match]] against England, she scored a 50, playing a crucial hand in India's historic Test win in England in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smriti Mandhana Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/10012/smriti-mandhana|access-date=2023-09-25|website=[[Cricbuzz]]|language=en}}</ref> Later she scored a brilliant century scoring 127 runs in the only Test against Australia, which was also the first century of her career and was awarded the [[Player of the match|Player of the Match]]. She also became the first Indian woman to hit a century in Day-night Tests.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India vs Australia women: Smriti Mandhana shatters array of records with maiden hundred in Pink-ball Test|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-women-smriti-mandhana-shatters-array-of-records-with-maiden-hundred-in-pink-ball-test-1859545-2021-10-01|access-date=2023-09-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> ==Achievements== [[File:The_Minister_of_State_for_Youth_Affairs_&_Sports_(Independent_Charge)_and_Minority_Affairs,_Shri_Kiren_Rijiju_conferring_the_Arjun_Award_to_Ms._Smriti_Mandhana_(Cricket),_in_New_Delhi_on_July_16,_2019.jpg|alt=The_Minister_of_State_for_Youth_Affairs_&_Sports_(Independent_Charge)_and_Minority_Affairs,_Shri_Kiren_Rijiju_conferring_the_Arjun_Award_to_Ms._Smriti_Mandhana_(Cricket),_in_New_Delhi_on_July_16,_2019|thumb|300x300px|Smriti Mandhana receiving the Arjuna Award in 2018]] In July 2018, Smriti received the [[Arjuna Award]] from Indian minister of youth affairs and sports [[Kiren Rijiju]] for her outstanding achievements in women's cricket. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{cricinfo|id=597806}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mandhana, Smriti}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian cricketers]] [[Category:People from Mumbai]] [[Category:Arjuna awardee]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Maharashtra]] te7rx7jkoeeqfkkbbrsav8zvqhvul9g 2 1020093 10331440 10329175 2025-06-15T04:28:05Z Werner100359 106408 10331440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Staatsliga A]] | season = 1954-55 | dates = 28 August 1954 - 2 July 1955 | winners = [[First Vienna FC]] | relegated = [[LASK]], [[SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] |promoted = [[SK Sturm Graz]], [[ESV Austria Graz]] | matches = | total goals = 850 (4,67 per match) | league topscorer = [[Ernst Stojaspal]] (FK Austria Wien) (30 goals) | prevseason = [[1951-52 Austrian football championship|1951-52]] | nextseason = [[1953-54 Austrian football championship|1953-54]] }} The '''1952-53 Austrian football championship''' was ==Final table == Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''First Vienna FC''' |26 | 17 |5 | 4 | 39<ref>2,46</ref> |- |2. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |26 | 17 |5 | 4 | 39<ref>1,88</ref> |- |3. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |26 | 14 |8 |4 | 36 |- |4. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |26 | 16 |2 | 8 | 34 |- |5. |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |26 | 13 |7 |6 | 33 |- |6. |''' SK Admira Wien''' |26 | 10 |7 | 9 | 27<ref>1,06</ref> |- |7. |'''Kapfenberger SV''' |26 | 11 |5 | 10 | 27 <ref>0,96</ref> |- |8. |'''Grazer AK''' |26 | 8 |9 | 9 | 25 |- |9. |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |26 | 7 |8 | 11 | 22 |- |10. |'''1. Simmeringer SC''' |26 | 10 |1 | 15 | 21 |- |11. | '''FC Stadlau''' |26 | 7 |6 | 13 | 20 |- |12. | '''FC Wien ''' |26 | 6 |5 | 15 | 17 |- |13. |'''Linzer ASK''' |26 | 7 |2 | 16 | 16 |- |14. | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz''' |26 | 2 |4 | 20 | 8 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1950_59/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1950_59/o1__staatsliga_a__1952_53.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 August 1952 |'''FC Wien''' |VfB Union Mödling |3-2 |- |23 August 1952 |Floridsdorfer AC |SC Wacker Wien | 0-0 |- |23 August 1952 |First Vienna FC |'''Grazer AK ''' |2-3 |- |24 August 1952 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SAK 1914 ''' ''' |6-0 |- |24 August 1952 |LASK |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | 3-4 |- |24 August 1952 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | Grazer SC | 6-2 |- |24 August 1952 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 1. Simmeringer SC | 2-1 |} ==Champion squad == {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" |style="text-align:center" | <span style=background: yellow;color:white;>'''First Vienna FC'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | * ''Goalkeeper:'' [[Kurt Schmied]] * ''Defender:'' [[Alfred Umgeher]], [[Rudolf Röckl]], [[Karl Nickerl]] * ''Midfielder:'' [[Karl Koller]], [[Alfred Pribil]], [[Julius Schweiger]], [[Erich Medveth]], [[Johann Obst]] * ''Forwards:'' [[Hans Menasse]], [[Otto Walzhofer]], [[Karl Jericha]], [[Johann Buzek]], [[Herbert Grohs]], [[Hermann Sühs]], [[Eduard Payerl]], [[Alfred Pichler]], [[Josef Walter (footballer)|Josef Walter]], [[Karl Kaletta]], [[Herbert Mühlberger]] * ''Coach:'' [[Leopold Hofmann]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1950_1959/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_5511.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Richard Brousek]] |SC Wacker Wien |31 |- | [[Robert Dienst]] |SK Rapid Wien |29 |- | [[Karl Missler]] |Wiener Sport-Club | 28 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1950_1959/stno1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == 1y3h3dkxmdyv11nd24g1emud20y7dad 10331441 10331440 2025-06-15T04:28:45Z Werner100359 106408 /* Matches */ 10331441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Staatsliga A]] | season = 1954-55 | dates = 28 August 1954 - 2 July 1955 | winners = [[First Vienna FC]] | relegated = [[LASK]], [[SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] |promoted = [[SK Sturm Graz]], [[ESV Austria Graz]] | matches = | total goals = 850 (4,67 per match) | league topscorer = [[Ernst Stojaspal]] (FK Austria Wien) (30 goals) | prevseason = [[1951-52 Austrian football championship|1951-52]] | nextseason = [[1953-54 Austrian football championship|1953-54]] }} The '''1952-53 Austrian football championship''' was ==Final table == Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''First Vienna FC''' |26 | 17 |5 | 4 | 39<ref>2,46</ref> |- |2. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |26 | 17 |5 | 4 | 39<ref>1,88</ref> |- |3. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |26 | 14 |8 |4 | 36 |- |4. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |26 | 16 |2 | 8 | 34 |- |5. |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |26 | 13 |7 |6 | 33 |- |6. |''' SK Admira Wien''' |26 | 10 |7 | 9 | 27<ref>1,06</ref> |- |7. |'''Kapfenberger SV''' |26 | 11 |5 | 10 | 27 <ref>0,96</ref> |- |8. |'''Grazer AK''' |26 | 8 |9 | 9 | 25 |- |9. |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |26 | 7 |8 | 11 | 22 |- |10. |'''1. Simmeringer SC''' |26 | 10 |1 | 15 | 21 |- |11. | '''FC Stadlau''' |26 | 7 |6 | 13 | 20 |- |12. | '''FC Wien ''' |26 | 6 |5 | 15 | 17 |- |13. |'''Linzer ASK''' |26 | 7 |2 | 16 | 16 |- |14. | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz''' |26 | 2 |4 | 20 | 8 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1950_59/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1950_59/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 August 1952 |'''FC Wien''' |VfB Union Mödling |3-2 |- |23 August 1952 |Floridsdorfer AC |SC Wacker Wien | 0-0 |- |23 August 1952 |First Vienna FC |'''Grazer AK ''' |2-3 |- |24 August 1952 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SAK 1914 ''' ''' |6-0 |- |24 August 1952 |LASK |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | 3-4 |- |24 August 1952 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | Grazer SC | 6-2 |- |24 August 1952 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 1. Simmeringer SC | 2-1 |} ==Champion squad == {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" |style="text-align:center" | <span style=background: yellow;color:white;>'''First Vienna FC'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | * ''Goalkeeper:'' [[Kurt Schmied]] * ''Defender:'' [[Alfred Umgeher]], [[Rudolf Röckl]], [[Karl Nickerl]] * ''Midfielder:'' [[Karl Koller]], [[Alfred Pribil]], [[Julius Schweiger]], [[Erich Medveth]], [[Johann Obst]] * ''Forwards:'' [[Hans Menasse]], [[Otto Walzhofer]], [[Karl Jericha]], [[Johann Buzek]], [[Herbert Grohs]], [[Hermann Sühs]], [[Eduard Payerl]], [[Alfred Pichler]], [[Josef Walter (footballer)|Josef Walter]], [[Karl Kaletta]], [[Herbert Mühlberger]] * ''Coach:'' [[Leopold Hofmann]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1950_1959/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_5511.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Richard Brousek]] |SC Wacker Wien |31 |- | [[Robert Dienst]] |SK Rapid Wien |29 |- | [[Karl Missler]] |Wiener Sport-Club | 28 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1950_1959/stno1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == erfh0epzspln6vmczosna6f4mp6164e 10331463 10331441 2025-06-15T05:15:58Z Werner100359 106408 /* Round 1 */ 10331463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Staatsliga A]] | season = 1954-55 | dates = 28 August 1954 - 2 July 1955 | winners = [[First Vienna FC]] | relegated = [[LASK]], [[SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] |promoted = [[SK Sturm Graz]], [[ESV Austria Graz]] | matches = | total goals = 850 (4,67 per match) | league topscorer = [[Ernst Stojaspal]] (FK Austria Wien) (30 goals) | prevseason = [[1951-52 Austrian football championship|1951-52]] | nextseason = [[1953-54 Austrian football championship|1953-54]] }} The '''1952-53 Austrian football championship''' was ==Final table == Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''First Vienna FC''' |26 | 17 |5 | 4 | 39<ref>2,46</ref> |- |2. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |26 | 17 |5 | 4 | 39<ref>1,88</ref> |- |3. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |26 | 14 |8 |4 | 36 |- |4. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |26 | 16 |2 | 8 | 34 |- |5. |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |26 | 13 |7 |6 | 33 |- |6. |''' SK Admira Wien''' |26 | 10 |7 | 9 | 27<ref>1,06</ref> |- |7. |'''Kapfenberger SV''' |26 | 11 |5 | 10 | 27 <ref>0,96</ref> |- |8. |'''Grazer AK''' |26 | 8 |9 | 9 | 25 |- |9. |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |26 | 7 |8 | 11 | 22 |- |10. |'''1. Simmeringer SC''' |26 | 10 |1 | 15 | 21 |- |11. | '''FC Stadlau''' |26 | 7 |6 | 13 | 20 |- |12. | '''FC Wien ''' |26 | 6 |5 | 15 | 17 |- |13. |'''Linzer ASK''' |26 | 7 |2 | 16 | 16 |- |14. | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz''' |26 | 2 |4 | 20 | 8 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1950_59/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1950_59/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 August 1954 |'''1. Simmeringer SC''' |SV Austria Salzburg |5-0 |- |29 August 1954 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien | 4-2 |- |29 August 1954 |Grazer AK |'''FC Wien''' |1-3 |- |29 August 1954 |'''Kapfenberger SV''' | Wiener Sport-Club |3-2 |- |29 August 1954 |LASK |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-3 |- |29 August 1954 | SK Rapid Wien | FC Stadlau | 2-2 |- |29 August 1954 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''First Vienna FC ''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 September 1954 |'''FC Stadlau''' |1. Simmeringer SC |2-1 |- |4 September 1954 |'''FC Wien''' |Kapfenberger SV | 4-2 |- |4 September 1954 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |LASK |3-1 |- |5 September 1954 |SV Austria Salzburg |SK Admira Wien |2-2 |- |5 September 1954 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |5 September 1954 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | 0-4 |- |5 September 1954 | '''SC Wacker Wien''' | Grazer AK | 4-3 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 September 1954 |SK Rapid Wien |First Vienna FC |1-1 |- |12 September 1954 |1. Simmeringer SC |'''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-4 |- |12 September 1954 |SK Admira Wien |'''FC Stadlau''' |1-2 |- |12 September 1954 |Grazer AK |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |- |12 September 1954 |'''LASK ''' | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |7-0 |- |12 September 1954 |Kapfenberger SV |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | 1-3 |- |12 September 1954 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | FC Wien | 4-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 September 1954 |FC Stadlau |'''Grazer AK''' |1-3 |- |18 September 1954 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |1. Simmeringer SC | 3-2 |- |19 September 1954 |SV Austria Salzburg |Kapfenberger SV |2-2 |- |19 September 1954 |FK Austria Wien |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |2-3 |- |19 September 1954 |'''LASK ''' |SK Rapid Wien |5-2 <ref> Probst punched Teinitzer at halftime. Rapid did not use him in the second half and played with ten players.Probst received an 8-match suspension. </ref> |- |19 September 1954 |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz''' |FC Wien | 3-1 |- |19 September 1954 |SC Wacker Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | 3-6 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 September 1954 |'''1. Simmeringer SC ''' |LASK |5-1 |- |25 September 1954 |FC Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | 3-10 |- |26 September 1954 |SK Admira Wien | '''First Vienna FC ''' |1-6 |- |26 September 1954 |Grazer AK |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-3 |- |26 September 1954 |''' Kapfenberger SV ''' |FC Stadlau |3-1 |- |26 September 1954 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 8-0 |- |26 September 1954 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SV Austria Salzburg | 4-2 |} ==Champion squad == {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" |style="text-align:center" | <span style=background: yellow;color:white;>'''First Vienna FC'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | * ''Goalkeeper:'' [[Kurt Schmied]] * ''Defender:'' [[Alfred Umgeher]], [[Rudolf Röckl]], [[Karl Nickerl]] * ''Midfielder:'' [[Karl Koller]], [[Alfred Pribil]], [[Julius Schweiger]], [[Erich Medveth]], [[Johann Obst]] * ''Forwards:'' [[Hans Menasse]], [[Otto Walzhofer]], [[Karl Jericha]], [[Johann Buzek]], [[Herbert Grohs]], [[Hermann Sühs]], [[Eduard Payerl]], [[Alfred Pichler]], [[Josef Walter (footballer)|Josef Walter]], [[Karl Kaletta]], [[Herbert Mühlberger]] * ''Coach:'' [[Leopold Hofmann]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1950_1959/o1__staatsliga_a__1954_5511.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Richard Brousek]] |SC Wacker Wien |31 |- | [[Robert Dienst]] |SK Rapid Wien |29 |- | [[Karl Missler]] |Wiener Sport-Club | 28 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1950_1959/stno1__staatsliga_a__1954_55.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == 08v8ndnnv3o910nzpuwg3hfh2u8j1gf 0 1021404 10330794 9977159 2025-06-14T20:09:25Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Bangladeshi cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list includes all players from Bangladesh who have played at Twenty20 International matches for [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – Number of [[Half century|half centuries]] * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== :''Statistics are correct as of 31 March 2023.''<ref name="caps">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=25;class=3 |title=Bangladesh – Twenty20 Internationals / Players by Caps |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=25;type=team |title= Bangladesh / Twenty20 International Batting Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=25;type=team |title= Bangladesh / Twenty20 International Bowling Averages |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Bangladesh T20I cricketers |- align="center" class="unsortable" ! scope="col" colspan=5 | General ! scope="col" colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" align="center" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Name ! First ! Last ! Mat ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col" |[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col" |[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col" |[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abdur Razzak|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2014 || 34 || {{sort|0041|41}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|4.10}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0730|730}} || {{sort|044|44}} || {{sort|484|4/16}} || {{nts|19.04}} || 10 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56283.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Abdur Razzak |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aftab|Ahmed|dab=cricketer, born 1985}} | 2006 || 2010 || 11 || {{sort|0228|228}} || {{sort|0625|62*}} || {{nts|22.80}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56266.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Aftab Ahmed |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Farhad|Reza}} | 2006 || 2014 || 13 || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{nts|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|266|2/34}} || {{nts|43.50}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55894.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Farhad Reza |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mashrafe Mortaza}} {{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2017 || 54 || {{sort|0377|377}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{nts|13.46}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1139|1139}} || {{sort|042|42}} || {{sort|481|4/19}} || {{nts|36.35}} || 10 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56007.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mashrafe Mortaza |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Rafique|dab=cricketer}} | 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0013|13}} || {{sort|0130|13}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|178|1/22}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55973.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mohammad Rafique |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mushfiqur Rahim}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2006 || 2022 || 102 || {{sort|1500|1500}} || {{sort|0725|72*}} || {{nts|19.48}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 42 || 30 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56029.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mushfiqur Rahim |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nadif|Chowdhury}} | 2006 || 2007 || 3 || {{sort|0027|27}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|9.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56053.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nadif Chowdhury |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nazmus Sadat}} | 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0004|4}} || {{sort|0040|4}} || {{nts|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56061.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nazmus Sadat |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shahadat|Hossain}} | 2006 || 2013 || 6 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{nts|4.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0120|120}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|278|2/22}} || {{nts|49.50}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56149.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shahadat Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shahriar|Nafees}} {{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2006 || 1 || {{sort|0025|25}} || {{sort|0250|25}} || {{nts|25.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56153.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shahriar Nafees |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shakib Al Hasan}} {{double-dagger}} | 2006 || 2023 || 115 || {{sort|2345|2345}} || {{sort|0840|84}} || {{nts|23.68}} || 12 || 0 || {{sort|2493|2493}} || {{sort|136|136}} || {{sort|580|5/20}} || {{nts|20.78}} || 26 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56143.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shakib Al Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alok|Kapali}} | 2007 || 2011 || 7 || {{sort|0057|57}} || {{sort|0190|19}} || {{nts|11.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|288|2/12}} || {{nts|17.50}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56251.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Alok Kapali |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mahmudullah}} {{double-dagger}} | 2007 || 2022 || 121 || {{sort|2122|2122}} || {{sort|0645|64*}} || {{nts|23.57}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|0845|845}} || {{sort|038|38}} || {{sort|390|3/10}} || {{nts|26.63}} || 46 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56025.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mahmudullah |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Ashraful}} {{double-dagger}} | 2007 ||2013 || 23 || {{sort|0450|450}} || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{nts|19.56}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|358|3/42}} || {{nts|26.25}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55988.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mohammad Ashraful |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nazimuddin|dab=cricketer}} | 2007 || 2008 || 7 || {{sort|0178|178}} || {{sort|0810|81}} || {{nts|25.42}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56059.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nazimuddin |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed|Rasel}} | 2007 || 2008 || 8 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{nts|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0174|174}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|190|1/10}} || {{nts|50.50}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56160.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Syed Rasel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tamim|Iqbal}}{{efn|name=fn1|[[Tamim Iqbal]] also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]]. Only his records for [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] are given above.}} | 2007 || 2020 || 74 || {{sort|1701|1701}} || {{sort|1035|103*}} || {{nts|24.65}} || 7 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 18 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56194.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Tamim Iqbal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Junaid|Siddique}} | 2007 || 2012 || 7 || {{sort|0159|159}} || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{nts|22.71}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55946.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Junaid Siddique |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhiman|Ghosh}} {{dagger}} | 2008 || 2008 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{nts|1.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56208.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Dhiman Ghosh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mehrab|Hossain, Jr.}} | 2008 || 2009 || 2 || {{sort|0016|16}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56031.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mehrab Hossain Jr. |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Naeem Islam}} | 2008 || 2013 || 10 || {{sort|0130|130}} || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{nts|14.44}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|268|2/32}} || {{nts|40.66}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56054.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Naeem Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Raqibul Hasan|dab=cricketer, born 1987}} | 2008 || 2010 || 5 || {{sort|0051|51}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|10.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56093.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Raqibul Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}} | 2009 || 2021 || 28 || {{sort|0017|17}} || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{nts|3.40}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0579|579}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|369|3/31}} || {{nts|32.57}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/300619.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Rubel Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nazmul Hossain}} | 2009 || 2012 || 4 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|185|1/15}} || {{nts|67.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56056.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nazmul Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shafiul Islam}} | 2010 || 2020 || 20 || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|4.60}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0400|400}} || {{sort|020|20}} || {{sort|364|3/36}} || {{nts|26.60}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/288305.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shafiul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Imrul Kayes}} | 2010 || 2017 || 14 || {{sort|0119|119}} || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{nts|9.15}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/280734.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Imrul Kayes |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suhrawadi|Shuvo}} | 2010 || 2010 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56138.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Suhrawadi Shuvo |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Jahurul Islam|dab=cricketer}} | 2010 || 2013 || 3 || {{sort|0031|31}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|10.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 3 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55944.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Jahurual Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nasir|Hossain}} | 2011 || 2016 || 31 || {{sort|0370|370}} || {{sort|0505|50*}} || {{nts|18.50}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0179|179}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|274|2/26}} || {{nts|37.42}} || 15 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/300618.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nasir Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abul Hasan|dab=cricketer}} | 2012 || 2018 || 5 || {{sort|0014|14}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0084|84}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|267|2/33}} || {{nts|37.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/373439.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Abul Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Elias|Sunny}} | 2012 || 2012 || 7 || {{sort|0009|9}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|4.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|587|5/13}} || {{nts|16.22}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/55883.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Elias Sunny |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ziaur Rahman|dab=Bangladeshi cricketer}} | 2012 || 2014 || 14 || {{sort|0117|117}} || {{sort|0405|40*}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0075|75}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|184|1/16}} || {{nts|42.33}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56167.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Ziaur Rahman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Anamul Haque}} {{dagger}} | 2012 || 2022 || 20 || {{sort|0445|445}} || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|24.72}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 4 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/380354.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Anamul Haque |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mominul Haque}} | 2012 || 2014 || 6 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|0265|26*}} || {{nts|20.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/373696.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mominul Haque |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sohag|Gazi}} | 2012 || 2015 || 10 || {{sort|0057|57}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{nts|14.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0210|210}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|172|1/28}} || {{nts|74.75}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/444135.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Sohag Gazi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shamsur Rahman|dab=cricketer}} | 2013 || 2014 || 9 || {{sort|0086|86}} || {{sort|0530|53}} || {{nts|10.75}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56154.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shamsur Rahman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sajidul Islam}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/227454.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Sajedul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Robiul Islam}} | 2013 || 2013 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/227455.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Robiul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Al-Amin|Hossain}} | 2013 || 2020 || 31 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{nts|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0614|614}} || {{sort|043|43}} || {{sort|380|3/20}} || {{nts|16.97}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/511532.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Al-Amin Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arafat|Sunny}} | 2014 || 2016 || 10 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|11.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0186|186}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|283|2/17}} || {{nts|19.16}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56268.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Arafat Sunny |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Mithun}} | 2014 || 2021 || 17 || {{sort|0127|127}} || {{sort|0470|47}} || {{nts|10.58}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 4 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/269237.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mohammad Mithun |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sabbir Rahman}} | 2014 || 2022 || 48 || {{sort|0977|977}} || {{sort|0800|80}} || {{nts|23.26}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|0073|73}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|389|3/11}} || {{nts|13.16}} || 25 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/373538.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Sabbir Rahman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Taskin|Ahmed}} | 2014 || 2023 || 52 || {{sort|0115|115}} || {{sort|0155|15*}} || {{nts|8.84}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1048|1048}} || {{sort|048|48}} || {{sort|485|4/16}} || {{nts|28.10}} || 7 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/538506.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Taskin AHmed |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mustafizur Rahman}} | 2015 || 2023 || 83 || {{sort|0068|68}} || {{sort|0150|15}} || {{nts|4.53}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1774|1774}} || {{sort|100|100}} || {{sort|578|5/22}} || {{nts|22.33}} || 19 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/330902.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mustafizur Rahman |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Soumya|Sarkar}} | 2015 || 2022 || 72 || {{sort|1212|1212}} || {{sort|0680|68}} || {{nts|17.56}} || 5 || 0 || {{sort|0264|264}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|281|2/19}} || {{nts|37.90}} || 35 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/436677.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Soumya Sarkar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Litton|Das}} {{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} | 2015 || 2023 || 71 || {{sort|1617|1617}} || {{sort|0830|83}} || {{nts|23.43}} || 10 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 33 || 4 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/536936.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Litton Das |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rony|Talukdar}} | 2015 || 2023 || 7 || {{sort|0200|200}} || {{sort|0670|67}} || {{nts|28.57}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/300617.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Rory Talukdar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jubair|Hossain}} | 2015 || 2015 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|280|2/20}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/629066.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Jubair Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Nurul Hasan|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} | 2016 || 2022 || 46 || {{sort|0445|445}} || {{sort|0425|42*}} || {{nts|16.48}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 21 || 9 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/410765.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nurul Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shuvagata|Hom}} | 2016 || 2016 || 5 || {{sort|0035|35}} || {{sort|0165|16*}} || {{nts|17.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|182|1/18}} || {{nts|35.50}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/402992.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shuvagata Hom |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abu Hider}} | 2016 || 2018 || 13 || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{nts|58.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0216|216}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|260|2/40}} || {{nts|55.00}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/550137.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Abu Hider |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Shahid|dab=Bangladeshi cricketer}} | 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|168|1/32}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537154.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mohammad Shahid |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mosaddek|Hossain|dab=cricketer, born 1995}} {{double-dagger}} | 2016 || 2022 || 33 || {{sort|0389|389}} || {{sort|0485|48*}} || {{nts|18.52}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0331|331}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|580|5/20}} || {{nts|22.11}} || 13 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/550133.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mosaddek Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Muktar|Ali}} | 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort|0019|19}} || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/269332.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Muktar Ali |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saqlain|Sajib}} | 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0021|21}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/280737.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Saqlain Sajib |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Saifuddin}} | 2017 || 2022 || 34 || {{sort|0200|200}} || {{sort|0395|39*}} || {{nts|18.18}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0701|701}} || {{sort|034|34}} || {{sort|467|4/33}} || {{nts|29.67}} || 8 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/629070.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mohammad Saifuddin |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mehidy|Hasan}} | 2017 || 2023 || 23 || {{sort|0240|240}} || {{sort|0460|46}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0336|336}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|488|4/12}} || {{nts|38.75}} || 11 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/629063.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mehidy Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Afif|Hossain}} | 2018 || 2023 || 62 || {{sort|1020|1020}} || {{sort|0775|77*}} || {{nts|21.25}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0156|156}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|291|2/9}} || {{nts|24.00}} || 16 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/935995.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Afif Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 59 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Ariful Haque}} | 2018 || 2018 || 9 || {{sort|0059|59}} || {{sort|0185|18*}} || {{nts|14.75}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|187|1/13}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 5 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/270135.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Ariful Haque |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 60 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Nazmul Islam|Nazmul Islam}} | 2018 || 2018 || 13 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0231|231}} || {{sort|008|8}} || {{sort|372|3/28}} || {{nts|33.12}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446810.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nazmul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 61 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zakir|Hasan|dab=cricketer, born 1998}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0100|10}} || {{nts|10.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/697059.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Zakir Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 62 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Abu Jayed}} | 2018 || 2018 || 3 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{nts|1.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|273|2/27}} || {{nts|26.50}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/410763.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Abu Jayed |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 63 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahedi|Hasan}} | 2018 || 2022 || 38 || {{sort|0259|259}} || {{sort|0305|30*}} || {{nts|12.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0737|737}} || {{sort|030|30}} || {{sort|381|3/19}} || {{nts|26.90}} || 13 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/833087.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mahedi Hasan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 64 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Taijul Islam}} | 2019 || 2019 || 2 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|174|1/26}} || {{nts|58.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/401057.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Taijul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 65 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Aminul Islam|Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1999)}} | 2019 || 2021 || 10 || {{sort|0035|35}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{sort|1166|11.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0188|188}} || {{sort|012|12}} || {{sort|366|3/34}} || {{nts|19.83}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/926597.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Animul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 66 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Najmul Hossain|Shanto}} | 2019 || 2023 || 23 || {{sort|0548|548}} || {{sort|0710|71}} || {{nts|28.84}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 16 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/629058.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Najmul Hossain Shanto |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |-align="center" | 67 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammad|Naim}} | 2019 || 2022 || 35 || {{sort|0815|815}} || {{sort|0810|81}} || {{nts|23.97}} || 4 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 18 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/990081.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Mohammad Naim |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |-align="center" | 68 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hasan|Mahmud}} | 2020 || 2023 || 16 || {{sort|0007|7}} || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|3.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0336|336}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|353|3/47}} || {{nts|23.61}} || 5 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/926629.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Hasan Mahmud |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 69 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nasum|Ahmed}} | 2021 || 2023 || 33 || {{sort|0064|64}} || {{sort|0195|19*}} || {{nts|10.66}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0603|603}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|490|4/10}} || {{nts|22.78}} || 6 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/348049.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Nasum Ahmed |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 70 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shoriful Islam}} | 2021 || 2023 || 30 || {{sort|0020|20}} || {{sort|0060|6}} || {{nts|3.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0577|577}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|379|3/21}} || {{nts|24.48}} || 7 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/990039.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shoriful Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> |-align="center" | 71 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shamim|Hossain}} | 2021 || 2023 || 15 || {{sort|0205|205}} || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{sort|2050|20.50}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 6 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1161044.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shamim Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> |-align="center" | 72 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Saif|Hassan}} | 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0010|1}} || {{sort|0050|0.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/821749.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Saif Hassan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> |-align="center" | 73 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Shohidul Islam}} | 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0023|23}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|167|1/33}} || {{nts|33.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/56125.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Shohidul Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> |-align="center" | 74 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Munim|Shahriar}} | 2022 || 2022 || 5 || {{sort|0034|34}} || {{sort|0170|17}} || {{sort|0680|6.80}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 2 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/549950.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Munim Shahriar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> |-align="center" | 75 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yasir|Ali|dab=Bangladeshi cricketer}} | 2022 || 2022 || 10 || {{sort|0094|94}} || {{sort|0425|42*}} || {{sort|1342|13.42}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 7 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/629059.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Yasir Ali |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> |-align="center" | 76 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parvez Hossain|Emon}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{sort|0200|2.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1139511.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Parvez Hossain Emon |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> |-align="center" | 77 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ebadot|Hossain}} | 2022 || 2022 || 4 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0091|91}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|349|3/51}} || {{nts|20.00}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/932355.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Ebadot Hossain |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> |-align="center" | 78 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Towhid|Hridoy}} | 2023 || 2023 || 6 || {{sort|0090|90}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{sort|1800|18.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/990031.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Towhid Hridoy |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> |-align="center" | 79 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Tanvir Islam}} | 2023 || 2023 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|183|1/17}} || {{nts|17.00}} || 1 || – || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/932665.html |title= Bangladesh / Players / Tanvir Islam |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref> |-align="center" | 80 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Rishad Hossain}} | 2023 || 2023 || 1 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{sort|0800|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|181|1/19}} || {{nts|19.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh / Players / Rishad Hossain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/rishad-hossain-1139523 |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> |} {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] 01gdn8ei4qm0o4zsxzbk6dkqefpjxg7 0 1022558 10330046 9606976 2025-06-14T13:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330046 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> {{Infobox university |image = Hôtel Le Marois, 9-11 avenue Franklin-D.-Roosevelt, Paris 8e.jpg |name = HEC Alumni |motto = Association des anciens élèves de l'École des Hautes Etudes Commerciales |mottoeng = Former students association of HEC Paris |image_name = |image_size = |caption = | colours = Blue and White {{color box|Blue}}{{color box|White}} |established = 1883 |type = [[Organization|Nonprofit]] |president = [[Hortense de Roux]] |city = [[Paris]] |state = [[Île-de-France]] |country = [[France]] |website = [https://www.hecalumni.fr hecalumni.fr] }} [[File:HEC_UK_House_entrance.jpg|thumb|HEC UK House entrance in [[London]]]] '''HEC Alumni''' is a [[nonprofit organization]] created in 1883, former students association of the French business school [[HEC Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.francealumni.fr/fr/partenaire/7499 |title=HEC ALUMNI |access-date=2023-06-19 |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618135007/https://www.francealumni.fr/fr/partenaire/7499 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == History == The association has been founded on June 20, 1883, 2 years after the creation of the school in 1881. At the beginning, it has the name of ''Association des Anciens Elèves de l'École des Hautes Études Commerciales''. It is governed by the law of July 1, 1901 and the decree of August 16, 1901.<ref>[https://www.helloworkplace.fr/le-nouveau-visage-dhec-alumni-partager-pour-progresser/ HEC Alumni, une communauté au service des diplômés]</ref> On January 11, 1900, it was recognized as being of public utility. The association is member of the [[Conférence des Grandes Écoles]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cge.asso.fr/cge_membre/hec-alumni-31/ |title=HEC Alumni |access-date=2023-06-19 |archive-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620075347/https://www.cge.asso.fr/cge_membre/hec-alumni-31/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Goals == Its objectives, defined by its statutes, are to: * create and maintain friendly relations between graduates of HEC Paris entities; * come to the aid of Members who need assistance; * deliver to the public technical knowledge relating to the economy, management and business; * contribute to the development of the presence and influence of French companies abroad and in international trade; * implement all means to maintain the value and increase the notoriety, in France and abroad, of the entities of HEC Paris and the degrees the school delivers. == Stories == The association publishes a monthly magazine entitled « HEC stories ».<ref>[https://hecstories.fr/fr/lassociation-redefinit-sa-raison-detre/ L’association redéfinit sa raison d’être]</ref> It also publishes a former students annual directory. == Memberships == The association is in partnership with WATs4U (World Alumni Talents for you) with other major [[Grande école|grandes écoles]] such as [[École polytechnique|École Polytechnique]], [[CentraleSupélec]], etc. == Presidents == [[Emmanuel Chain]] was President of the association from 2015 to 2018.<ref>[https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/les-news/actu/detail/article/emmanuel-chain-devient-president-de-l-association-des-anciens-d-hec-15717/ Emmanuel Chain devient président de l’association des anciens d’HEC]</ref> == Organization == The Board of Directors is composed of 24 members in 2022, including 22 elected graduates, a representative of the School, and a representative of the [[HEC Foundation]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==More reading== * [https://www.hecalumni.fr Official website] [[Category:Non-profit organizations of France]] [[Category:1883 establishments in France]] [[Category:HEC Paris]] 7e5lcbi6m976s6f1bx75fpcjjuthv0m 0 1022843 10331548 10325223 2025-06-15T06:54:42Z 112.206.240.179 New 10331548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = Vijay Rupani.jpg | caption = Rupani in 2018 | office = 16th [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] | term_start = 7 August 2016 | term_end = 11 September 2021 | governor = *[[Om Prakash Kohli]] *[[Acharya Devvrat]] | assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] | predecessor = [[Anandiben Patel]] | successor = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] | office1 = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Gujarat]] | term_start1 = 19 November 2014 | term_end1 = 7 August 2016 | 1blankname1 = {{centre|Ministry}} | 1namedata1 = {{centre|'''Term'''}} | 2blankname1 = Minister of Transport | 2namedata1 = 19 November 2014 - 7 August 2016 | 3blankname1 = Minister of Labour and Employment | 3namedata1 = 19 November 2014 - 7 August 2016 | 4blankname1 = Minister of Water Supply | 4namedata1 = 19 November 2014 - 7 August 2016 | office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] | preceded2 = [[Vajubhai Vala]] | constituency2 = [[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]] | term_start2 = 19 October 2014 | term_end2 = 8 December 2022 | office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] | constituency3 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]] | term_start3 = 25 July 2006 | term_end3 = 24 July 2012 | office5 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat]] | term_start5 = February 2016 | term_end5 = August 2016 | predecessor5 = [[R. C. Faldu]] | successor5 = [[Jitu Vaghani]] | office6 = [[Mayor]] of [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]] | predecessor6 = Bhavana Joshipura | successor6 = [[Uday Kangad]] | term_start6 = 1996 | term_end6 = 1997<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-cm-resigns-all-eyes-on-mlas-meet-to-select-rupanis-successor/articleshow/62197104.cms | title=Gujarat CM resigns, all eyes on MLAs' meet to select Pollard's successor | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=21 December 2017 | access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1956|8|2}} | birth_place = [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)|Union of Burma]] (present-day [[Yangon]], [[Yangon Region]], [[Myanmar]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2025|06|12|1956|8|2}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Vijay Rupani, ex Gujarat CM, killed in Ahmedabad plane crash | website=The Hindu | date=June 12, 2025 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-plane-crash-former-gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-killed/article69687495.ece/amp/ | access-date=June 12, 2025}}</ref> | death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] | death_cause = [[Air India Flight 171|Airplane Crash]] | birth_name = Vijay Ramniklal Rupani | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] | otherparty = [[National Democratic Alliance]] | spouse = Anjali Rupani | children = 3 | parents = | residence = [[Rajkot]], [[India]] | alma_mater = [[Saurashtra University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) | cabinet = | portfolio = | signature = | website = {{url|http://www.vijayrupani.in}} | successor2 = [[Darshita Shah]] }} '''Vijay Rupani''' (2 August 1956 &ndash; 12 June 2025) was an Indian politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He served as the Chief Minister of [[Gujarat]] from 7 August 2016 to 11 September 2021. Rupani succeeded Anandiben Patel and was later succeeded by [[Bhupendra Patel]]. == Death == Rupani was one of the passengers of [[Air India Flight 171]] that crashed shortly after take-off from [[Ahmedabad Airport]] on its way to [[London Gatwick Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=12 June 2025 |title=Vijay Rupani, ex Gujarat CM, killed in Ahmedabad plane crash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-plane-crash-former-gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-killed/article69687495.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>, on June 12, 2025. He and 240 others on board were killed plus 38 people on the ground on the impact. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Vijay Rupani Death: Former Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani killed in Ahmedabad plane crash, says CR Paatil |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vijay-rupani-dead-ahmedabad-plane-crash-ex-gujarat-cm-10062657/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rupani, Vijay}} [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians]] [[Category:Aviation deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Gujarat]] {{bio-stub}} 41t0xkng9lnd2t38rks5bkr6bh210yy 0 1023503 10331242 9810169 2025-06-15T01:24:10Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Alika Milova | image = Eurovision 2023 - Jury Semi-final 2 - Estonia - Alika (02).jpg | caption = Alika Milova performing at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]] | birth_date = 5 September 2002 | birth_place = [[Narva]], [[Estonia]] | occupation = *Singer *Songwriter | years_active = 2021–present | label = [[Universal Music Group]] }} '''Alika Milova''' (born 5 September 2002), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Alika''', is an [[Estonia|Estonian]] singer. She has participated in numerous singing TV shows, such as ''[[The Voice (TV series)|The Baltic Voice]]'' and ''[[Pop Idol|Estonian Idol]]'', which she won.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sommer-Kalda|first=Sirle|date=12 December 2021|title=Eesti uueks superstaariks sai Narva tüdruk Alika Milova!|trans-title=Alika Milova, a girl from Narva, became Estonia's new superstar!|url=https://pohjarannik.postimees.ee/7407028/eesti-uueks-superstaariks-sai-narva-tudruk-alika-milova|access-date=25 January 2023|website=Pohjarannik|language=et}}</ref> In 2023, she won Estonia's [[Eurovision Song Contest#Entry selections|national selection]] for the Eurovision Song Contest. This gave her the right to represent Estonia in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]] with the song "Bridges".<ref name="Estonia: Alika to Eurovision 2023">{{Cite web|last=Waarden|first=Francisca van|date=11 February 2023|title=Estonia: Alika to Eurovision 2023|url=https://eurovoix.com/2023/02/11/estonia-alika-eurovision-2023/|access-date=11 February 2023|website=Eurovoix|language=en-GB}}</ref> She finished in 8th place out of 26 finalists.<ref name="Estonia: Alika to Eurovision 2023" /> == Sources == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Milova, Alika}} [[Category:Estonian singers]] [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] {{bio-stub}} hu2lumbrcktgutkj6tun5wmzs5l2bxd 0 1024523 10330780 8907458 2025-06-14T20:03:43Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Nepalese cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This list has all members of the Nepal cricket team who have played at least one ODI match. It is arranged in the order in which each player won his [[first cap|ODI cap]]. Where more than one player won his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50'''&nbsp;– [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100'''&nbsp;– [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 24 June 2023.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/caps.html?country=32;class=2 |title=Players / Nepal / ODI caps |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=32;type=team |title=Nepal ODI Batting Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=32;type=team |title=Nepal ODI Bowling Averages |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Nepal ODI cricketers |- align="center" ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| General ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| Ref |- align="center" ! scope="col"|No. ! scope="col"|Name ! scope="col"|First ! scope="col"|Last ! scope="col"|Mat ! scope="col"|[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col"|HS ! scope="col"|[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] ! scope="col"|[[Century (cricket)|100]] ! scope="col"|[[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] ! scope="col"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col"|[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! [[List of cricket terms#F|5WI]] ! scope="col"|[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col"|[[Stumped|St]] |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Aarif Sheikh}} | 2018 || 2023 || 46 || 877 || {{sort|0660|66}} || {{nts|25.79}} || 6 || 0 || {{sort|0633|633}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|184|1/16}} || {{nts|83.00}} || 0 || 20 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/7012170.html |title=Player profile: Aarif Sheikh |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dipendra Singh|Airee}} | 2018 || 2023 || 48 || 778 || {{sort|1050|105}} || {{nts|18.52}} || 2 || 1 || {{sort|1706|1,706}} || {{sort|035|35}} || {{sort|382|3/18}} || {{nts|31.37}} || 0 || 25 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/794707.html |title=Player profile: Dipendra Singh Airee |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shakti|Gauchan}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || 9 || {{sort|0095|9*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25964.html |title=Player profile: Shakti Gauchan |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karan|KC}} | 2018 || 2023 || 44 || 345 || {{sort|0420|42}} || {{nts|14.37}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|1911|1,911}} || {{sort|066|66}} || {{sort|567|5/33}} || {{nts|25.40}} || 3 || 5 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/800675.html |title=Player profile: Karan KC |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paras|Khadka}}{{double-dagger}} | 2018 || 2020 || 10 || 315 || {{sort|1150|115}} || {{nts|35.00}} || 1 || 1 || {{sort|0372|372}} || {{sort|009|9}} || {{sort|474|4/26}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 0 || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25967.html |title=Player profile: Paras Khadka |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Lamichhane}}{{double-dagger}} | 2018 || 2023 || 47 || 312 || {{sort|0355|35*}} || {{nts|13.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|2570|2,570}} || {{sort|107|107}} || {{sort|689|6/11}} || {{nts|17.28}} || 3 || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/960361.html |title=Player profile: Sandeep Lamichhane |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gyanendra|Malla}}{{double-dagger}} | 2018 || 2023 || 35 || 856 || {{sort|0750|75}} || {{nts|25.17}} || 7 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|194|1/6}} || {{nts|18.00}} || 0 || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/233400.html |title=Player profile: Gyanendra Malla |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Basanta|Regmi}} | 2018 || 2019 || 4 || 13 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|3.25}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0234|234}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|251|2/49}} || {{nts|29.25}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25955.html |title=Player profile: Basanta Regmi |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | <span style="display: none">0</span>9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil|Sah}}{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2022 || 4 || 32 || {{sort|0210|21}} || {{nts|8.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1058510.html |title=Player profile: Anil Sah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sompal Kami}} | 2018 || 2023 || 47 || 478 || {{sort|0630|63}} || {{nts|20.78}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|2127|2,127}} || {{sort|063|63}} || {{sort|567|5/33}} || {{nts|28.07}} || 1 || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/701215.html |title=Player profile: Sompal Kami |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sharad|Vesawkar}} | 2018 || 2021 || 4 || 66 || {{sort|0550|55}} || {{nts|22.00}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|279|2/21}} || {{nts|10.50}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/25977.html |title=Player profile: Sharad Vesawkar |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalit|Bhandari}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || 4 || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|257|2/43}} || {{nts|21.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/701201.html |title=Player profile: Lalit Bhandari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subash|Khakurel}}{{dagger}} | 2018 || 2022 || 6 || 97 || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{nts|16.16}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446807.html |title=Player profile: Subash Khakurel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohit|Paudel}}{{double-dagger}} | 2018 || 2023 || 50 || 1,436 || {{sort|1260|126}} || {{nts|32.63}} || 8 || 1 || {{sort|0109|109}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 13 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1072488.html |title=Player profile: Rohit Kumar Paudel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Sagar Pun}} | 2018 || 2018 || 1 || 3 || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|3.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/524095.html |title=Player profile: Sagar Pun |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref> |- align="center" | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Binod|Bhandari}}{{dagger}} | 2019 || 2022 || 17 || 275 || {{sort|0590|59}} || {{nts|19.64}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 21 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/437005.html |title=Player profile: Binod Bhandari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lalit|Rajbanshi}} | 2019 || 2023 || 21 || 36 || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0840|840}} || {{sort|028|28}} || {{sort|580|5/20}} || {{nts|17.82}} || 1 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/437005.html |title=Player profile: Binod Bhandari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pawan|Sarraf}} | 2019 || 2022 || 8 || 31 || {{sort|0105|10*}} || {{nts|5.16}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0166|166}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|255|2/45}} || {{nts|32.25}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/437005.html |title=Player profile: Binod Bhandari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sundeep|Jora}} | 2019 || 2023 || 5 || 56 || {{sort|0280|28}} || {{nts|11.20}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1161022.html |title=Player profile: Sundeep Jora |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> |- align="center" | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sushan|Bhari}} | 2020 || 2022 || 11 || 24 || {{sort|0110|11}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0422|422}} || {{sort|015|15}} || {{sort|495|4/5}} || {{nts|18.20}} || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/633525.html |title=Player profile: Sushan Bhari |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abinash|Bohara}} | 2020 || 2020 || 1 || 13 || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0054|54}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1058508.html |title=Player profile: Abinash Bohara |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Kushal Malla}} | 2020 || 2023 || 26 || 582 || {{sort|1080|108}} || {{nts|26.45}} || 6 || 1 || {{sort|0738|738}} || {{sort|018|18}} || {{sort|294|2/6}} || {{nts|30.77}} || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1141934.html |title=Player profile: Kushal Malla |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kamal Singh|Airee}} | 2020 || 2022 || 3 || 27 || {{sort|0185|18*}} || {{nts|27.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0114|114}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|244|2/56}} || {{nts|54.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1072482.html |title=Player profile: Kamal Singh Airee |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref> |- align="center" | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Aasif Sheikh|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}} | 2021 || 2023 || 41 || 1,187 || {{sort|1100|110}} || {{nts|31.23}} || 9 || 1 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 28 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1058514.html |title=Player profile: Aasif Sheikh |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kushal|Bhurtel}} | 2021 || 2023 || 42 || 943 || {{sort|1150|115}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 6 || 1 || {{sort|0180|180}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|268|2/32}} || {{nts|40.50}} || 0 || 32 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/794713.html |title=Player profile: Kushal Bhurtel |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Bikram Sob}} | 2021 || 2022 || 5 || 4 || {{sort|0020|2}} || {{nts|1.33}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0127|127}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|280|2/20}} || {{nts|23.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/936031.html |title=Player profile: Bikram Sob |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulsan|Jha}} | 2021 || 2023 || 20 || 383 || {{sort|0675|67*}} || {{nts|31.91}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|0576|576}} || {{sort|019|19}} || {{sort|372|3/28}} || {{nts|32.63}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1253822.html |title=Player profile: Gulsan Jha |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> |- align="center" | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sagar|Dhakal}} | 2022 || 2022 || 8 || 7 || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{nts|7.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0229|229}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|269|2/31}} || {{nts|37.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1147980.html |title=Player profile: Sagar Dhakal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhim|Sharki}} | 2022 || 2023 || 15 || 431 || {{sort|0775|77*}} || {{nts|39.18}} || 3 || 0 || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1072487.html |title=Player profile: Bhim Sharki |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dev|Khanal}} | 2022 || 2022 || 10 || 253 || {{sort|0720|72}} || {{nts|25.30}} || 2 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 6 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1248357.html |title=Player profile: Dev Khanal |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Mohammad Aadil Alam}} | 2022 || 2022 || 6 || 70 || {{sort|0360|36}} || {{nts|17.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0264|264}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|369|3/31}} || {{nts|27.66}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1212481.html |title=Player profile: Mohammad Aadil Alam |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil|Dhamala}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || 12 || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|12.00}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/701211.html |title=Player profile: Sunil Dhamala |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname||Basir Ahamad}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || 3 || {{sort|0030|3}} || {{nts|1.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0111|111}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|182|1/18}} || {{nts|35.50}} || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1290587.html |title=Player profile: Basir Ahamad |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kishore|Mahato}} | 2022 || 2022 || 1 || 0 || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1090591.html |title=Player profile: Kishore Mahato |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arjun|Saud}}{{dagger}} | 2022 || 2022 || 7 || 125 || {{sort|0510|51}} || {{nts|17.85}} || 1 || 0 || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || – || 2 || 2 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1248188.html |title=Player profile: Arjun Saud |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harishankar|Shah}} | 2022 || 2022 || 3 || 9 || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|4.50}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0060|60}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort|-001|–}} || – || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/633527.html |title=Player profile: Harishankar Shah |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref> |- align="center" | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pratis|GC}} | 2023 || 2023 || 2 || 11 || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort|-0001|–}} || 0 || 0 || {{sort|0066|66}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|163|1/37}} || {{nts|51.00}} || 0 || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1179855.html |title=Player profile: Pratis GC |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> |} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nepal ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] lkrdmxazkufuoso2dc6djzvie00mqeg 0 1024749 10329847 9331706 2025-06-14T12:28:50Z Immanuelle 1174418 added [[Category:Shake clans]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10329847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Expand Japanese}} {{Infobox Japanese clan|province of origin=[[Yamato Province]]|home province=[[Yamato Province]]|image=Ohyamato-jinja Haiden.jpg|image caption=Oyamato Shrine, their main shrine}}The '''Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko''' (倭国造) was a Japanese noble family that used to rule that [[Yamato Province]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yōko|first=Isse|date=2019|title=Revisiting Tsuda Sōkichi in Postwar Japan: “Misunderstandings” and the Historical Facts of the Kiki|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26864868|journal=Japan Review|issue=34|pages=139–160|issn=0915-0986}}</ref> Their [[Ujigami]] is [[Yamato Okunitama]] who is worshipped at [[Ōyamato Shrine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Symposium “Perspectives on Japanese history and literature from ancient historical records” |url=https://www.waseda.jp/inst/sgu/news-en/2019/04/12/5171 |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Top Global University Project: Waseda Goes Global |language=en}}</ref> == Family tree == {{Three generations of Hyuga}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Japanese nobility]] [[Category:Shake clans]] ra9ii0fiejg6lt2hk6baik8jt7qzt4d 0 1025195 10330825 10275927 2025-06-14T20:23:52Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:South African cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2013}} This is a '''list of South Africa ODI cricketers''' who have played at least one [[Twenty20 International]] for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] since debuting in 1991. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored * '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== <small>Statistics correct up to 2 April 2023</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/caps.html?country=3;class=2 |title=Players / South Africa / ODI caps |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=2;id=3;type=team |title=South Africa ODI Batting Averages |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=2;id=3;type=team |title=South Africa ODI Bowling Averages |work=Cricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan=4 | South African ODI cricketers ! colspan="5" |[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[First cap|Cap]] ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ![[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- | '''1'''|| [[Jimmy Cook]] || 1991&ndash;1993 ||4||4||-||67||35||16.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''2'''|| [[Allan Donald]] || 1991&ndash;2003 ||164||40||18||95||13||4.31||8561||101||5926||272||6-23||21.78||28||- |- | '''3'''|| [[Andrew Hudson]] || 1991&ndash;1997 ||89||88||1||2559||161||29.41||6||-||3||-||-||-||18||- |- | '''4'''|| [[Peter Kirsten]] || 1991&ndash;1994 ||40||40||6||1293||97||38.02||183||1||152||6||3-31||25.33||11||- |- | '''5'''|| [[Adrian Kuiper]] || 1991&ndash;1996 ||25||23||7||539||63*||33.68||588||-||518||18||3-33||28.77||3||- |- | '''6'''|| [[Brian McMillan]] || 1991&ndash;1998 ||78||52||16||841||127||23.36||3623||33||2589||70||4-32||36.98||42||- |- | '''7'''|| [[Clive Rice]] || 1991&ndash;1991 ||3||2||-||26||14||13.00||138||-||114||2||1-46||57.00||-||- |- | '''8'''|| [[Dave Richardson (South African cricketer)|Dave Richardson]] || 1991&ndash;1998 ||122||77||33||868||53||19.72||-||-||-||-||-||-||148||17 |- | '''9'''|| [[Tim Shaw (cricketer)|Tim Shaw]] || 1991&ndash;1994 ||9||6||4||26||17*||13.00||504||3||298||9||2-19||33.11||2||- |- | '''10'''|| [[Richard Snell (cricketer)|Richard Snell]] || 1991&ndash;1996 ||42||28||8||322||63||16.10||2095||25||1574||44||5-40||35.77||7||- |- | '''11'''|| [[Kepler Wessels]]¹ || 1991&ndash;1994 ||55||54||4||1627||90||32.54||12||-||11||-||-||-||30||- |- | '''12'''|| [[Clive Eksteen]] || 1991&ndash;1994 ||6||2||2||6||6*||-||222||3||181||2||1-26||90.50||3||- |- | '''13'''|| [[Craig Matthews]] || 1991&ndash;1997 ||56||22||9||141||26||10.84||3003||53||1975||79||4-10||25.00||10||- |- | '''14'''|| [[Mandy Yachad]] || 1991&ndash;1991 ||1||1||-||31||31||31.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''15'''|| [[Hansie Cronje]] || 1992&ndash;2000 ||188||175||31||5565||112||38.64||5357||33||3966||114||5-32||34.78||73||- |- | '''16'''|| [[Meyrick Pringle]] || 1992&ndash;1994 ||17||8||3||48||13*||9.60||870||12||604||22||4-11||27.45||2||- |- | '''17'''|| [[Jonty Rhodes]] || 1992&ndash;2003 ||245||220||51||5935||121||35.11||14||-||4||-||-||-||105||- |- | '''18'''|| [[Tertius Bosch]] || 1992 ||2||-||-||-||-||-||51||-||66||-||-||-||-||- |- | '''19'''|| [[Omar Henry (cricketer)|Omar Henry]] || 1992 ||3||3||1||20||11||10.00||149||-||125||2||1-31||62.50||1||- |- | '''20'''|| [[Mark Rushmere]] || 1992 ||4||4||-||78||35||19.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''21'''|| [[Corrie van Zyl]] || 1992 ||2||2||1||3||3*||3.00||108||2||93||-||-||-||-||- |- | '''22'''|| [[Dave Callaghan]] || 1992&ndash;2000 ||29||25||6||493||169*||25.94||444||2||365||10||3-32||36.50||6||- |- | '''23'''|| [[Fanie de Villiers]] || 1992&ndash;1997 ||83||36||15||170||20*||8.09||4422||86||2636||95||4-27||27.74||15||- |- | '''24'''|| [[Brett Schultz]] || 1992 ||1||-||-||-||-||-||54||1||35||1||1-35||35.00||-||- |- | '''25'''|| [[Daryll Cullinan]] || 1993&ndash;2000 ||138||133||16||3860||124||32.99||174||-||124||5||2-30||24.80||62||- |- | '''26'''|| [[Errol Stewart (South African sportsman)|Errol Stewart]] || 1993&ndash;2002 ||6||6||2||61||23*||15.25||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- | '''27'''|| [[Pat Symcox]] || 1993&ndash;1999 ||80||54||13||694||61||16.92||3991||25||2762||72||4-28||38.36||23||- |- | '''28'''|| [[Gary Kirsten]] || 1993&ndash;2003 ||185||185||19||6798||188*||40.95||30||1||23||-||-||-||61||1 |- | '''29'''|| [[Dave Rundle]] || 1994 ||2||2||-||6||6||3.00||96||-||95||5||4-42||19.00||3||- |- | '''30'''|| [[Eric Simons]] || 1994&ndash;1995 ||23||18||4||217||24||15.50||1212||21||810||33||4-42||24.54||6||- |- | '''31'''|| [[Derek Crookes]] || 1994&ndash;2000 ||32||23||3||296||54||14.80||1221||5||1011||25||3-30||40.44||20||- |- | '''32'''|| [[Michael Rindel]] || 1994&ndash;1999 ||22||22||1||575||106||27.38||270||-||242||6||2-15||40.33||8||- |- | '''33'''|| [[Steven Jack]] || 1994&ndash;1995 ||2||2||-||7||6||3.50||108||-||86||3||2-41||28.66||3||- |- | '''34'''|| [[Nicky Boje]]² || 1995&ndash;2005 ||113||69||18||1410||129||27.64||4457||21||3351||95||5-21||35.27||33||- |- | '''35'''|| [[Gerhardus Liebenberg]] || 1995&ndash;1998 ||4||4||-||94||39||23.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | '''36'''|| [[Rudi Steyn]] || 1995 ||1||1||-||4||4||4.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | '''37'''|| [[Paul Adams (cricketer)|Paul Adams]] || 1996&ndash;2003 ||24||9||5||66||33*||16.50||1109||7||815||29||3-26||28.10||7||- |- | '''38'''|| [[Jacques Kallis]]⁴ || 1996&ndash;2014 ||323||309||53||11550||139||45.11||10638||77||8568||269||5-30||31.85||131||- |- | '''39'''|| [[Shaun Pollock]]⁴ || 1996&ndash;2008 ||294||196||70||3193||90||25.34||15430||308||9409||387||6-35||24.31||104||- |- | '''40'''|| [[Lance Klusener]] || 1996&ndash;2004 ||171||137||50||3576||103*||41.10||7336||46||5751||192||6-49||29.95||35||- |- | '''41'''|| [[Steve Palframan]] || 1996 ||7||4||-||55||28||13.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- | '''42'''|| [[Herschelle Gibbs]] || 1996&ndash;2010 ||248||240||16||8094||175||36.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||108||- |- | '''43'''|| [[Rudi Bryson]] || 1997 ||7||4||3||32||17*||32.00||378||1||323||7||2-34||46.14||1||- |- | '''44'''|| [[Adam Bacher]] || 1997&ndash;2005 ||13||13||-||270||56||20.76||108||-||64||3||2-36||21.33||4||- |- | '''45'''|| [[Louis Koen (cricketer)|Louis Koen]] || 1997&ndash;2000 ||5||5||-||82||28||16.40||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- | '''46'''|| [[Mark Boucher]]² || 1998&ndash;2012 ||231||167||40||3549||147*||27.94||-||-||-||-||-||-||328||17 |- | '''47'''|| [[Makhaya Ntini]]³ || 1998&ndash;2011 ||172||46||23||199||42*||8.65||8645||123||6501||265||6-22||24.53||30||- |- | '''48'''|| [[Steve Elworthy]] || 1998&ndash;2002 ||39||16||8||100||23||12.50||1702||29||1235||44||3-17||28.06||9||- |- | '''49'''|| [[Roger Telemachus]] || 1998&ndash;2006 ||37||15||3||73||29||6.08||1918||23||1565||56||4-43||27.94||4||- |- | '''50'''|| [[Nantie Hayward]] || 1998&ndash;2002 ||21||5||1||12||4||3.00||993||5||858||21||4-31||40.85||4||- |- | '''51'''|| [[Dale Benkenstein]] || 1998&ndash;2002 ||23||20||3||305||69||17.94||65||1||44||4||3-5||11.00||3||- |- | '''52'''|| [[Alan Dawson (cricketer)|Alan Dawson]] || 1998&ndash;2004 ||19||7||4||69||23*||23.00||901||11||715||21||4-49||34.04||2||- |- | '''53'''|| [[Henry Williams (cricketer)|Henry Williams]] || 1999&ndash;2000 ||7||2||1||8||7||8.00||329||2||228||9||3-38||25.33||2||- |- | '''54'''|| [[Andrew Hall]] || 1999&ndash;2007 ||88||56||13||905||81||21.04||3341||30||2515||95||5-18||26.47||29||- |- | '''55'''|| [[Victor Mpitsang]] || 1999 ||2||1||1||1||1*||-||60||1||63||2||2-49||31.50||-||- |- | '''56'''|| [[Boeta Dippenaar]]² || 1999&ndash;2006 ||101||89||14||3330||125*||44.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||33||- |- | '''57'''|| [[Pieter Strydom]] || 2000 ||10||8||3||48||34||9.60||252||-||206||2||1-18||103.00||3||- |- | '''58'''|| [[David Terbrugge]] || 2000 ||4||2||1||5||5||5.00||126||2||105||4||4-20||26.25||-||- |- | '''59'''|| [[Neil McKenzie]] || 2000&ndash;2003 ||64||55||10||1688||131*||37.51||46||-||27||-||-||-||21||- |- | '''60'''|| [[Charl Willoughby]] || 2000&ndash;2003 ||3||2||-||-||-||-||168||2||148||2||2-39||74.00||-||- |- | '''61'''|| [[Nic Pothas]] || 2000 ||3||1||-||24||24||24.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||1 |- | '''62'''|| [[Shafiek Abrahams]] || 2000 ||1||1||1||16||16*||-||60||-||40||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''63'''|| [[Justin Kemp]]² || 2001&ndash;2007 ||79||60||18||1371||100*||32.64||1171||10||915||29||3-20||31.55||31||- |- | '''64'''|| [[Justin Ontong]]² || 2001&ndash;2008 ||27||15||2||184||32||14.15||538||3||396||9||3-30||44.00||14||- |- | '''65'''|| [[André Nel]] || 2001&ndash;2008 ||79||22||12||127||30*||12.70||3801||58||2935||106||5-45||27.68||21||- |- | '''66'''|| [[Claude Henderson]] || 2001 ||4||-||-||-||-||-||217||2||132||7||4-17||18.85||-||- |- | '''67'''|| [[Charl Langeveldt]] || 2001&ndash;2010 ||72||21||73||10||12||6.63||3489||29||2962||100||5-39||29.62||11||- |- | '''68'''|| [[Graeme Smith]]² || 2002&ndash;2013 ||196||193||10||6989||141||38.19||1026||-||951||18||3-30||52.83||105||- |- | '''69'''|| [[Jon Kent (cricketer)|Jon Kent]] || 2002 ||2||-||-||-||-||-||48||-||57||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''70'''|| [[Robin Peterson]] || 2002&ndash;2013 ||79||41||14||556||68||20.59||3278||15||2680||75||4-12||35.73||28||- |- | '''71'''|| [[Martin van Jaarsveld]] || 2002&ndash;2004 ||11||7||1||124||45||20.66||31||1||18||2||1-0||9.00||4||- |- | '''72'''|| [[Ashwell Prince]]² || 2002&ndash;2007 ||49||38||11||940||89*||34.81||12||-||3||-||-||-||26||- |- | '''73'''|| [[Monde Zondeki]]² || 2002&ndash;2008 ||11||2||2||4||3*||-||504||7||440||11||2-40||40.00||3||- |- | '''74'''|| [[Jacques Rudolph]]² || 2003&ndash;2006 ||43||37||6||1157||81||37.32||24||-||26||-||-||-||11||- |- | '''75'''|| [[Morné van Wyk]] || 2003&ndash;2011 ||17||17||1||425||82||26.56||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||1 |- | '''76'''|| [[Albie Morkel]]² || 2004&ndash;2012 ||56 ||41||10||760||97||24.51||1977||13||1786||47||4-29||38.00||15||- |- | '''77'''|| [[JP Duminy]] || 2004&ndash;2019 ||199||179||40||5117||150*||36.81||3513||9||3143||69||4-16||45.55||82||- |- | '''78'''|| [[AB de Villiers]]² || 2005&ndash;2018 ||228||218||39||9577||176||53.50||192||-||202||7||2-15||28.85||176||5 |- | '''79'''|| [[Andrew Puttick]] || 2005 ||1||1||-||0||0||0.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''80'''|| [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]² || 2005&ndash;2012 ||11||6||3||98||46||32.66||438||1||361||7||2-49||51.57||6||- |- | '''81'''|| [[Garnett Kruger]] || 2006 ||3||2||1||-||-||-||138||1||139||2||1-43||69.50||1||- |- | '''82'''|| [[Dale Steyn]]² || 2006-2019; ||123||49||12||361||60||9.75||6195||69||5045||194||6-39||26.00||28||- |- | '''83'''|| [[Johan van der Wath]] || 2006&ndash;2007 ||8||7||2||85||37*||17.00||424||2||442||10||2-21||44.20||2||- |- | '''84'''|| [[Loots Bosman]]² || 2006&ndash;2010 ||13||11||0||299||88||27.18||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||- |- | '''85'''|| [[Alviro Petersen]] || 2006&ndash;2013 ||21||19||1||504||80||28.00||6||0||7||0||0-7 ||-||6||- |- | '''86'''|| [[Vernon Philander]] || 2007&ndash;2015||30||19||7||151||30*||12.58||1279||20||986||41||4-12||24.04||6||- |- | '''87'''|| [[Thandi Tshabalala]] || 2007 ||4||1||1||2||2*||-||150||2||151||3||1-30||50.33||0||- |- | '''88'''|| [[Gulam Bodi]] || 2007 ||2||2||0||83||51||41.50||6||0||8||0||0-8||-||1||- |- | '''89'''|| [[Morné Morkel]]² || 2007&ndash;2018 ||114||45||17||239||32*||8.53||5580||45||4595||180||5-21||25.52||29||- |- | '''90'''|| [[Hashim Amla]] || 2008&ndash;2019 ||181||178||14||8113||159||49.46||-||-||-||-||-||-||87||- |- | '''91'''|| [[Paul Harris (cricketer, born 1978)|Paul Harris]] || 2008 ||3||0||-||-||-||-||180||4||83||3||2-30||27.66||2||- |- | '''92'''|| [[Johann Louw]] || 2008 ||3||1||0||23||23||23.00||156||1||148||2||1-45||74.00||0||- |- | '''93'''|| [[Vaughn van Jaarsveld]] || 2008&ndash;2009 ||2||2||0||9||5||4.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- | '''94'''|| '''[[Wayne Parnell]]''' || 2009&ndash; ||73||43||15||574||56||20.50||3224||23||3010||99||5-48||30.40||13||- |- | '''95'''|| [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] || 2009&ndash;2013 ||61||21||12||56||16*||6.87||2964 ||44||2347||94||4-22||24.96||9||- |- | '''96'''|| [[Roelof van der Merwe]]⁵ || 2009&ndash;2010 ||13||7||3||39||12||9.75||705||2||561||17||3-27||33.00||3||- |- | '''97'''|| [[Ryan McLaren]] || 2009&ndash;2014 ||54||41||15||485||71*||18.65||2403||13||2102||77||4-19||27.29||13||- |- | '''98'''|| '''[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]''' || 2010&ndash; ||155||132||40||3888||139||42.26||-||-||-||-||-||-||69||- |- | '''99'''|| [[Colin Ingram]] || 2010&ndash;2013 ||31||29||3||843||124||32.42||6||-||17||0||-||-||12||- |- | '''100'''|| [[Rusty Theron]] || 2010&ndash;2013 ||4||1||0||5||5||5.00||194||0||173||12||5-44||14.41||4||- |- | '''101'''|| [[Faf du Plessis]] || 2011&ndash;2021 ||143||136||20||5507||185||47.47||192||0||189||2||1-8||94.50||81||- |- | '''102'''|| [[Imran Tahir]] || 2011&ndash;2019 ||107||36||16||157||29||7.85||5541||38||4297||173||7-45||24.83||25||- |- | '''103'''|| [[Marchant de Lange]] || 2012&ndash;2016 ||3||0||-||-||-||-||149||1||111||8||4-46||13.87||0||- |- | '''104'''|| '''[[Dean Elgar]]''' || 2012&ndash; ||8||7||1||104||42||17.33||96||1||67||2||1-11||33.50||4||- |- | '''105'''|| '''[[Quinton de Kock]]''' || 2013&ndash; ||140||140||7||5966||178||44.85||-||-||-||-||-||-||183||14 |- | '''106'''|| [[Rory Kleinveldt]] || 2013 ||10||7||0||105||43||15.00||513||6||448||12||4-22||37.33||4||- |- | '''107'''|| [[Farhaan Behardien]] ||2013&ndash;2018 ||59||49||14||1074||70||30.68||748||2||719||14||3-19||51.35||27||- |- | '''108'''|| [[Aaron Phangiso]] || 2013&ndash;2016 ||21||13||2||81||20||7.36||1085||6||829||26||3-40||31.88||4||- |- | '''109'''|| [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]] || 2013&ndash;2016 ||28||13||4||76||23||8.44||1303||13||1051||34||4-21||30.91||7||- |- | '''110'''|| [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] || 2013&ndash;2019 ||42||27||4||467||62||20.30||1894||10||1756||48||4-31||36.58||9||- |- | '''111'''|| [[Henry Davids]] || 2013 ||2||2||0||8||7||4.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- | '''112'''|| [[Rilee Rossouw]] || 2014&ndash;2016 ||36||35||3||1239||132||38.71||45||0||44||1||1-17||44.00||22||- |- | '''113'''|| [[Mthokozisi Shezi]] || 2014 ||1||0||-||-||-||-||36||2||8||1||1-8||8.00||0||- |- | '''114'''|| '''[[Kagiso Rabada]]''' || 2015&ndash; ||89||36||16||317||31*||15.85||4579||52||3829||137||6-16||27.94||31||- |- | '''115'''|| [[David Wiese]]⁶ || 2015&ndash;2016 ||6||6||1||102||41*||20.40||294||0||316||9||3-50||35.11||0||- |- | '''116'''|| '''[[Tabraiz Shamsi]]''' || 2016&ndash; ||44||9||6||18||9*||6.00||2134||8||1960||57||5-49||34.38||8||- |- | '''117'''|| '''[[Temba Bavuma]]''' || 2016&ndash; ||26||25||3||1150||144||52.27||37||0||22||0||-||-||22||- |- | '''118'''|| '''[[Andile Phehlukwayo]]''' || 2016&ndash; ||74||47||16||742||69*||23.93||2869||17||2744||87||4-22||31.54||16||- |- | '''119'''|| '''[[Dwaine Pretorius]]''' || 2016&ndash; ||27||13||1||192||50||16.00||1144||9||947||35||4-36||27.05||11||- |- | '''120'''|| '''[[Keshav Maharaj]]''' || 2017&ndash; ||27||13||2||159||28||14.45||1345||5||1074||29||3-25||37.03||4||- |- | '''121'''|| '''[[Dane Paterson]]''' || 2017&ndash; ||4||0||-||-||-||-||209||1||217||4||3-44||54.25||2||- |- | '''122'''|| '''[[Aiden Markram]]''' || 2017&ndash; ||50||47||4||1440||175||33.48||624||0||581||16||2-18||36.31||20||- |- | '''123'''|| '''[[Wiaan Mulder]]''' || 2017&ndash; ||12||10||4||81||19*||13.50||354||0||341||10||2-59||34.10||5||- |- | '''124'''|| '''[[Khaya Zondo]]''' || 2018&ndash; ||6||6||1||146||54||29.20||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- | '''125'''|| '''[[Heinrich Klaasen]]''' || 2018&ndash; ||36||33||6||1080||123*||40.00||30||0||33||0||-||-||34||5 |- | '''126'''|| '''[[Lungi Ngidi]]''' || 2018&ndash; ||45||16||12||80||19*||16.00||2130||19||2037||73||6-58||27.90||11||- |- | '''127'''|| '''[[Reeza Hendricks]]''' || 2018&ndash; ||27||27||2||694||102||27.76||42||0||47||1||1-13||47.00||16||- |- | '''128'''|| '''[[Junior Dala]]''' || 2018&ndash; ||2||2||1||8||5||8.00||102||0||121||1||1-57||121.00||1||- |- | '''129'''|| '''[[Christiaan Jonker]]''' || 2018&ndash; ||2||2||0||31||25||15.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- | '''130'''|| [[Duanne Olivier]] || 2019 ||2||-||-||-||-||-||114||0||124||3||2-73||41.33||0||- |- | '''131'''|| '''[[Rassie van der Dussen]]''' || 2019&ndash; ||45||39||10||1757||134||60.58||6||0||3||1||1–3||3.00||19||- |- | '''132'''|| '''[[Beuran Hendricks]]''' || 2019&ndash; ||8||3||1||6||3||3.00||276||1||249||5||3-59||49.80||2||- |- | '''133'''|| '''[[Anrich Nortje]]''' || 2019&ndash; ||21||6||1||30||10||6.00||976||4||924||36||4-51||25.66||3||- |- | '''134'''|| '''[[Lutho Sipamla]]''' || 2020&ndash; ||5||2||2||14||10*||-||182||1||172||2||1-40||86.00||1||- |- | '''135'''|| '''[[JJ Smuts]]''' || 2020&ndash; ||6||5||1||180||84||45.00||180||1||164||4||2-42||41.00||3||- |- | '''136'''|| '''[[Bjorn Fortuin]]''' || 2020&ndash; ||5||3||1||2||1||1.00||186||2||175||6||2-46||29.16||0||- |- | '''137'''|| '''[[Janneman Malan]]''' || 2020&ndash; ||23||22||2||958||177*||47.90||-||-||-||-||-||-||11||- |- | '''138'''|| '''[[Kyle Verreynne]]''' || 2020&ndash; ||12||10||1||371||95||41.22||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||- |- | '''139'''|| '''[[Daryn Dupavillon]]''' || 2020&ndash; ||2||1||0||17||17||17.00||66||0||51||1||1-21||51.00||0||- |- | '''140'''|| '''[[Lizaad Williams]]''' || 2021&ndash; ||1||-||-||-||-||-||48||0||62||1||1-62||62.00||0||- |- | '''141'''|| '''[[George Linde]]''' || 2021&ndash; ||2||2||1||27||18||27.00||90||1||72||3||2-32||24.00||3||- |- | '''142'''|| '''[[Sisanda Magala]]''' || 2021&ndash; ||7||4||1||12||5*||4.00||318||4||335||14||5-43||23.92||2||- |- | '''143'''|| '''[[Zubayr Hamza]]''' || 2021&ndash; ||1||1||0||56||56||56.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- | '''144'''|| '''[[Marco Jansen]]''' || 2022&ndash; ||9||7||2||131||43||26.20||470||4||457||10||2-46||45.70||3||- |- | '''145'''||'''[[Gerald Coetzee]]''' || 2023&ndash; ||2||1||0||1||1||1.00||120||0||110||5||3-57||22.00||0||- |- | '''146'''||'''[[Tony de Zorzi]]''' || 2023&ndash; ||2||2||0||48||27||24.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |- | '''147'''||'''[[Ryan Rickelton]]''' || 2023&ndash; ||2||2||0||17||27||14.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||2 |- | '''148'''||'''[[Tristan Stubbs]]''' || 2023&ndash; ||1||1||0||6||6||6.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||- |} Notes: *¹ [[Kepler Wessels]] also played ODI cricket for [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. Only his records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above. *² [[Nicky Boje]], [[Mark Boucher]], [[AB de Villiers]], [[Boeta Dippenaar]], [[Justin Kemp]], [[Justin Ontong]], [[Ashwell Prince]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Jacques Rudolph]], [[Monde Zondeki]], [[Graeme Smith]], [[Loots Bosman]], [[Albie Morkel]], [[Morne Morkel]] and [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] also played ODI cricket for the [[List of African XI ODI cricketers|African XI]]. Only their records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above. *³ [[Makhaya Ntini]] also played ODI cricket for the [[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|World XI]]. Only his records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above. *⁴ [[Jacques Kallis]] and [[Shaun Pollock]] also played ODI cricket for the [[List of African XI ODI cricketers|African XI]] and the [[List of ICC World ODI XI cricketers|World XI]]. Only their records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above. *⁵ [[Roelof van der Merwe]] also played ODI cricket for [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]]. Only his records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above. *⁶ [[David Wiese]] also played ODI cricket for [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]]. Only his records for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] are given above. == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:South Africa ODI cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of One Day International cricketers]] [[Category:Sport in South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa-related lists]] [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] mjraox33ctufubkstummra3wcl7w3kc 2 1025525 10331321 10202937 2025-06-15T02:03:26Z Codename Noreste 1320268 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]]. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Small Wiki Monitoring Team|SWMT]]) 10331321 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === July 2023 === # [[:Jack Sabel]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|189.40.108.178}} 20:21, 1 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Joseph kargbo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A01:E0A:3A0:1180:CD59:6FF2:23BC:5AFA}} 03:01, 2 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Divyam Unisex Salon]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fyfdrd7ktftjf}} 03:04, 2 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Elephantoidea]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:AB0F:A900:4886:5BB9:1995:D374}} 03:04, 10 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Fake movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2001:44C8:422D:36E8:CC9A:692A:17A2:BD7}} 07:35, 10 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Iraq War (2014–present)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1F26:5D44:C130:9629:8F2B:8757}} 18:06, 10 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Crypto Signals]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 06:50, 13 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Chandrayaan-3]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.121.151.128}} 14:49, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Mike Huetter]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Meriolla36262}} 00:43, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Mike Huetter’s Stinking and Disgusting Spit]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 00:45, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Maya Lojo]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 00:46, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:Ujin0327]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Ujin0327}} 01:01, 27 July 2023 (UTC) === August 2023 === # [[:Sulkot]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2001:44C8:41B8:9812:F0D8:9320:81D9:7C83}} 05:14, 10 August 2023 (UTC) # [[:Is]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|WikipSuck5 RGK}} 06:17, 10 August 2023 (UTC) # [[:Mahabali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.23.24.128}} 06:39, 29 August 2023 (UTC) # [[:XXBlackburnXx fell down from a Blackhawks helicopter in Mogadishu]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]) 21:33, 30 August 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:USSR-Slav can't aim a gun]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 21:45, 30 August 2023 (UTC) # [[:User talk:64andtim/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 21:47, 30 August 2023 (UTC) === September 2023 === # [[:9vkao]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|9vkao}} 05:15, 3 September 2023 (UTC) # [[:Phallichthys]]: {{tl|QD}} 01:44, 7 September 2023 (UTC) === October 2023 === # [[:Nileshpatelxyz (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:4081:921A:B9C2:0:0:251D:8A0}} 07:15, 9 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Antibonding orbital]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:40F2:1044:56D4:94B3:3A4D:1640:1B2E}} 05:21, 24 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Goreng Goreng]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|27.111.71.12}} 03:33, 30 October 2023 (UTC) # [[:Talk:USSR-Slav]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G8|G8]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]) 23:33, 31 October 2023 (UTC) === November 2023 === # [[:Russian Sleep Experiment]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:6C48:647F:986F:8DCA:D56E:15C4:174D}} 15:59, 1 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Khalitya hair oil]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Khalitya Hair oil}} 17:31, 13 November 2023 (UTC) # [[:Boston Bruins vs Chicago Police Department]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|199.7.159.24}} 00:12, 26 November 2023 (UTC) === December 2023 === # [[:Ryan Coppersmith]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.235.4.84}} 22:50, 15 December 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:Veronica sect. Hebe]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|151.63.51.142}} 18:04, 29 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chenjerai Hunzvi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|165.155.132.38}} 19:09, 30 January 2024 (UTC) === February 2024 === # [[:Talk:2014 Hiroshima landslides]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G8|G8]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]) 04:14, 8 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Michigan Senate]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2602:304:CE6D:B20:B202:21AD:4784:34D3}} 21:31, 11 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Nitin Nischal (artist)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nitin Nischal (artist)}} 23:09, 17 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Skibidi Toilet]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 04:16, 18 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Greywhalewatching]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Greywhalewatching}} 04:37, 20 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Borhyaenoidea]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|66.4.29.43}} 19:48, 20 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jonny (footballer)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:4BE7:600:94FB:A7D4:162C:27B4}} 01:33, 22 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Guaraní]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|70.166.209.178}} 17:00, 22 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Xóõ language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|69.147.1.134}} 22:04, 22 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Compound interest]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|73.72.9.150}} 23:49, 22 February 2024 (UTC) === March 2024 === # [[:Pace University School of Law]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.156.184.242}} 16:37, 4 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Walker Scobell]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 20:03, 4 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipédia:Demande d'intervention sur une page protégée]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|129.45.112.247}} 00:14, 8 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hispanoafrica]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Elias botey}} 01:08, 16 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Histoire de la Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|62.2.112.210}} 07:47, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prehistoric Park]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|109.205.169.52}} 18:11, 19 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Bert is the world]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]) 05:50, 21 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Catalan Atlas]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:C007:8092:60DE:A4C6:8030:C96C}} 04:15, 22 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Public affair for home]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]) 04:26, 22 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:MARSOC]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Володимир Клішевський}} 02:20, 23 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Reclaimed Wood Council]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G8|G8]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|Houseparket}} 19:28, 23 March 2024 (UTC) === April 2024 === # [[:Saturnium]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Saturnium119}} 20:43, 6 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fawaz Akhras]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|119.73.112.114}} 15:17, 19 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Ye goatherd gods]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:20, 24 April 2024 (UTC) === May 2024 === # [[:2023–24 Manchester City F.C. season]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|35.0.192.18}} 23:02, 9 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Not Very Nlce Club]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|151.188.213.144}} 18:16, 14 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Quantum field theory]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|220.233.130.250}} 23:38, 29 May 2024 (UTC) === June 2024 === # [[:Henry Johnson]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|92.236.88.16}} 19:43, 1 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Washington Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|97.103.192.158}} 19:49, 1 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Powers of 10]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|209.128.201.29}} 19:50, 1 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Syama Prasad Mookerjee]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Nishantmishra949}} 23:48, 1 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Verifivac]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Verifivac}} 22:29, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Greenwich Hospital]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2406:2D40:4120:1410:7896:ADA9:DA49:9073}} 05:14, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Hasnain014]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hasnain014}} 06:49, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ranked list of Jamaica]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 01:57, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ranked list of Jamaica]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 02:07, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chris-Chan]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]) 20:07, 5 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Snoo-Cue]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]) 19:31, 8 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Blowtorch]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G8|G8]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2600:1012:A00B:51F:A3DD:7EC5:11ED:5C79}} 19:41, 9 June 2024 (UTC) === July 2024 === # [[:Permira]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}) 18:36, 5 July 2024 (UTC) === August 2024 === # [[:Tyler Antoṅius]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]) 17:48, 7 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nothing]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Osb21313}} 22:20, 7 August 2024 (UTC) === September 2024 === # [[:Malgovik]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|131.242.7.34}} 04:45, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Catiline]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|49.144.131.237}} 03:13, 5 September 2024 (UTC) === November 2024 === # [[:Thick]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.164.40.235}} 18:20, 11 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Phemex Invitation Code 2024: HMXFT5 - 2024 Bonus and Trading Fee Discount]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|45.122.238.241}} 03:48, 13 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Along Came a Spider (film)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|202.45.119.114}} 01:51, 25 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Matthew 25]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|Honored Disciples}} 21:45, 26 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dante 2024]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|45.84.122.30}} 21:28, 29 November 2024 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:Example article name]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Bobobbtt}} 20:52, 5 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:DMC]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:50, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Longevity myths and Longevity claims]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:20, 15 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ostankino Tower]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Smohnish}} 03:03, 21 December 2024 (UTC) === January 2025 === # [[:Rica Arnejo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|124.217.20.234}} 09:49, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tredecimal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.97.116.104}} 02:01, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Privacy Policy And Community Guideline]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:23, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ancient university]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:D2B0:3500:5DC4:AB33:6820:9357}} 16:51, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Javed Haider Zaidi.]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:A48C:E60F:94E8:FEFF:FEE7:D398}} 11:07, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yapdollar]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|169.241.60.36}} 17:50, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Noxx1999]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Noxx1999}} 20:32, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.69.15.53}} 17:53, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sicko Mode]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2806:107E:F:6238:190C:B76E:6C57:5F92}} 19:43, 24 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Can monkey get addicted to alcohol]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|80.28.203.7}} 14:47, 27 January 2025 (UTC) === February 2025 === # [[:Liam Parsons YouTuber]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 03:00, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gordon raglin]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|64.114.222.217}} 21:29, 10 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Apple Blossom]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|163.150.227.58}} 19:50, 24 February 2025 (UTC) === March 2025 === # [[:Amir the uber driver]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Camber123435210972213598}} 21:50, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gerontophilia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.37.239.68}} 02:08, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palatino]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|75.167.2.146}} 19:36, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of towns in Wales]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|82.31.124.149}} 20:10, 6 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Simon Holmes à Court]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|165.228.107.154}} 04:13, 13 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Co cockroach]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:3FA2:1420:96A8:929D:55A0:9198}} 16:24, 14 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kode Undangan Snack Video: 470153185 Klaim Hadiah Pengguna Baru]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|114.5.223.80}} 22:35, 28 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Peter Davis (New Zealand)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A04:4E41:2B34:13B:0:0:6534:13B}} 03:42, 31 March 2025 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:José Rafael]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|Davidzte}} 02:08, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of nicknames of the prime ministers of India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|14.102.77.146}} 04:59, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bombardiro Crocodillo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 00:54, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baptistina family]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|118.200.90.205}} 01:02, 20 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Royal Mint]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:F2C0:ED86:3C0:9971:1A34:9C54:6D29}} 01:02, 20 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Zeng Jinlian]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2403:4800:34AF:8E01:B5B3:E7C5:91AD:D0D6}} 03:44, 20 April 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Ttsoinks}} 02:03, 15 June 2025 (UTC) qyd48ty36iny24ksj8mel6ex9rsql3l 0 1026709 10331514 10127462 2025-06-15T05:48:59Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Threads | name = Threads | logo = Threads (app) logo.svg | logo_size = 140px | screenshot = Threads.ing.jpg | screenshot size = 200px | caption = Threads with wikipedia account in dark mode | author = | developer = [[Meta Platforms]] | released = {{Start date and age|2023|7|5}} | operating system = {{unbulleted list|[[iOS]], [[iOS 15|iOS 15.4]] and later|[[Android]], [[Android Pie|Android 9]] and later|}} | size = Varies per device | language = | language count = 31+ | genre = [[Photography|Photo]] and [[video]] | license = | website = {{URL|https://threads.net/}} }} '''Threads''' is an [[Social network service|social media]] [[Microblog|microblogging]] service. It was developed and owned by [[Meta Platforms]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duffy|first=Clare|date=2023-07-06|title=What is Threads? Here’s what you need to know about the potential ‘Twitter Killer’ {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/06/tech/instagram-threads-app-explained|access-date=2025-01-30|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> The service was started on July 6, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Josh|date=2023-07-04|title=Instagram’s Threads app to launch 6 July amid mass backlash against Elon Musk’s Twitter|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/jul/04/threads-app-instagram-twitter-competitor-meta-to-launch-rival|access-date=2025-01-28|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Threads reached 30&nbsp;million users.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=2023-07-06|title=Threads Becomes Most Rapidly Downloaded App, Raising Twitter’s Ire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/06/technology/threads-downloads-twitter.html|access-date=2025-01-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Samantha|date=2023-07-05|title=Meta officially launches Twitter rival Threads {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/05/tech/meta-twitter-threads-app-instagram/index.html|access-date=2025-01-28|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Threads app netted over 30 million users in less than 24 hours|url=https://scrippsnews.com/stories/threads-app-netted-over-10-million-users-in-the-first-7-hours/|access-date=2023-07-06|website=Scripps News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-05|title=Threads: Thirty million join Meta's Twitter rival, Zuckerberg says|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-66112648|access-date=2023-07-06}}</ref> It is similar to [[Twitter|X (formerly Twitter)]]. Threads works "adjacent" to [[Instagram]], users need to have an Instagram account and use their Instagram login details.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=2023-07-05|title=Threads, Instagram’s ‘Twitter Killer,’ Has Arrived|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/05/technology/threads-app-meta-twitter-killer.html|access-date=2023-07-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> When [[Elon Musk]] bought [[Twitter]] in 2022, Meta workers talked about the creation of "Instagram Notes", a text-based feature of Instagram. They also talked about creating a separate and text-focused app, that helped create the idea of Threads.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-05|title=Meta appears poised to compete with Twitter with new app Threads|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/meta-instagram-threads-1.6896258}}</ref> == History == On April 19, 2022, [[Elon Musk]] bought [[Twitter]] for $44 billion dollars.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Conger|first=Kate|last2=Hirsch|first2=Lauren|date=2022-10-28|title=Elon Musk Completes $44 Billion Deal to Own Twitter|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html|access-date=2025-01-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-28|title=Elon Musk takes control of Twitter in $44bn deal|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63402338|access-date=2025-01-29}}</ref> On July 10, 2023, Threads became the fastest growing apps in history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Simmone|date=2023-07-07|title=How Threads Became One of the Fastest Growing Apps Ever|url=https://time.com/6292957/threads-fastest-growing-apps/|access-date=2025-01-30|website=TIME|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-10|title=Threads becomes fastest growing app in history, hitting 100 million users in five days|url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2023/07/10/threads-becomes-fastest-growing-app-in-history-hitting-100-million-users-in-five-days.html|access-date=2025-01-30|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> Threads reached 100 million users in just five days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2023-07-10|title=Instagram’s Threads surpasses 100 million users|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/10/23787453/meta-instagram-threads-100-million-users-milestone|access-date=2025-01-29|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Threads becomes fastest-growing app ever, with 100 million users in under a week|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/threads-hit-100-million-users-in-under-a-week-breaking-chatgpts-record/|access-date=2025-01-29|website=ZDNET|language=en}}</ref> Threads quickly became available in 100 countries, but until December 14, 2023<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Threads: Meta's rival to Elon Musk's X launches in EU |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67695643 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=BBC News |language=en-US |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219100343/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67695643 |url-status=live }}</ref> had delayed its launch in the [[European Union]] as it waited to be cleared by the [[European Commission]] for its [[Privacy policy|data collection policies]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha |date=2023-07-06 |title=Meta officially launches Twitter rival Threads. 30 million have joined already |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/05/tech/meta-twitter-threads-app-instagram |access-date=2023-07-09 |work=CNN Business |language=en |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709014722/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/05/tech/meta-twitter-threads-app-instagram |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 30, 2024, Threads reached 275 million users.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haddad|first=C. J.|date=2024-10-31|title=Meta's Threads micro-blogging app now has 275 million monthly users, Zuckerberg says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/31/metas-threads-app-now-has-275-million-users-zuckerberg-says.html|access-date=2025-01-30|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Heath|first=Alex|date=2024-10-30|title=Threads hits 275 million users.|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/30/24284013/threads-hits-275-million-users|access-date=2025-01-30|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == Related pages == *[[Instagram]] *[[Fediverse]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Official website}} *{{Instagram}} [[Category:2023 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:American social networking websites]] [[Category:Photography]] [[Category:Meta Platforms applications]] {{tech-stub}} s7a7f5y0kxjw7hb2tihurr1o4qvzn3j 0 1028517 10331479 9228240 2025-06-15T05:33:13Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331479 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''bellwether''' is something that is an indicator of trends. The term is used in economics, law and politics. ==In politics== In politics, a '''bellwether seat''' is a seat that is generally won by the party that forms government. ===Australia=== Australian [[psephology|psephologist]] [[Antony Green]], who reports live election results for the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC), classified 11 federal seats as bellwether seats for the [[2016 Australian federal election|2016 federal election]]: [[Division of Dobell|Dobell]], [[Division of Eden-Monaro|Eden-Monaro]], [[Division of Lindsay|Lindsay]], [[Division of Macarthur|Macarthur]], [[Division of Page|Page]] and [[Division of Robertson|Robertson]] in [[New South Wales]]; [[Division of Forde|Forde]], [[Division of Herbert|Herbert]], [[Division of Leichhardt|Leichhardt]] and [[Division of Petrie|Petrie]] in [[Queensland]]; and [[Division of Makin|Makin]] in [[South Australia]].<ref>https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/federal/2016/guide/bellwethers</ref> Other seats sometimes considered bellwether seats include [[Division of Corangamite|Corangamite]] in [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]; [[Division of Longman|Longman]] in Queensland; [[Division of Hasluck|Hasluck]] in [[Western Australia]]; [[Division of Hindmarsh|Hindmarsh]] in South Australia; [[Division of Bass|Bass]] and [[Division of Braddon|Braddon]] in [[Tasmania]]; and [[Division of Solomon|Solomon]] in the [[Northern Territory]]. However, many of these seats would no longer be considered bellwether seats; in [[2022 Australian federal election|2022]], when the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] lost power to the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]], the Coalition retained the seats of Bass, Braddon, Forde, Herbert, Leichhardt, Lindsay, Longman, Page and Petrie, while Labor already held the seats of Corangamite, Dobell, Eden-Monaro, Hindmarsh, Macarthur, Makin and Solomon, with Labor only gaining two of the mentioned seats from the Coalition (i.e Hasluck and Robertson). The state seats of [[Electoral district of Camden|Camden]], [[Electoral district of Monaro|Monaro]] and [[Electoral district of Penrith|Penrith]] in New South Wales; and [[Electoral district of Bentleigh|Bentleigh]], [[Electoral district of Carrum|Carrum]], [[Electoral district of Frankston|Frankston]] and [[Electoral district of Mordialloc|Mordialloc]] in Victoria (often called the four "sandbelt" seats);<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/28/east-west-link-and-sand-belt-seats-the-big-battles-in-last-victorian-election-push</ref> [[Electoral district of Barron River|Barron River]] and [[Electoral district of Mundingburra|Mundingburra]] in Queensland; and [[Electoral district of Albany|Albany]], [[Electoral district of Geraldton|Geraldton]], [[Electoral district of Joondalup|Joondalup]], [[Electoral district of Southern River|Southern River]] and [[Electoral district of Swan Hills|Swan Hills]] in Western Australia; are often considered bellwether seats. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Politics]] ow81hc867iyypg6gfphvx5exuyh2vsu 0 1030269 10330332 9721315 2025-06-14T17:02:47Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox swimmer | name = Mack Horton<br>{{post-nominals|country=AUS|OAM}} | image = Kazan 2015 - Victory Ceremony 800m freestyle M Mack Horton (cropped).JPG | image_size = | alt = | caption = Horton at the [[2015 World Aquatics Championships|2015 World Championships]] | fullname = Mackenzie James Horton | nicknames = [[Mack the Knife]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/07/mack-horton-speaks-out-gold-medal-rio-2016 |title=Mack Horton speaks out after golden swim as unrest poisons Rio pool |first1=Robert |last1=Kitson |date=7 August 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808000426/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/07/mack-horton-speaks-out-gold-medal-rio-2016 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | national_team = {{AUS}} | strokes = [[Freestyle swimming|Freestyle]] | club = [[Griffith University]] | coach = [[Michael Bohl]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|4|25}} | birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia | death_date = | death_place = | height = 190 cm<ref name="Swimming Australia profile">{{cite web|title=Profile of Mack Horton|url=http://www.swimming.org.au/article.php?group_id=7852tml|publisher=[[Swimming Australia]]|access-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090829/http://www.swimming.org.au/article.php?group_id=7852tml|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | weight = 88 kg<ref name="Swimming Australia profile"/> | medaltemplates = {{MedalCount |total=yes |[[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]|1|0|1 |[[Swimming at the World Aquatics Championships|World Championships (LC)]]|1|3|2 |[[FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|World Championships (SC)]]|0|1|0 |[[Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|Pan Pacific Championships]]|0|2|2 |[[Swimming at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|4|2|2 }} {{MedalSport | Men's swimming}} {{MedalCountry | Australia}} {{MedalOlympic}} {{MedalGold|{{GamesName|SOG|2016}}|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4 × 200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA World Aquatics Championships|World Championships (LC)]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2019 World Aquatics Championships|2019 Gwangju]]|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2017 World Aquatics Championships|2017 Budapest]]|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 World Aquatics Championships|2022 Budapest]]|[[Swimming at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships|2015 Kazan]]|[[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2017 Budapest|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|World Championships (SC)]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2022 Melbourne]]|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|Pan Pacific Championships]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2014 Gold Coast]] | [[2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 800 metre freestyle|800 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2018 Tokyo]] | [[2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze | 2014 Gold Coast | [[2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze | 2014 Gold Coast | [[2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition | [[Swimming at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}} {{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]] | [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]] | [[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold | 2018 Gold Coast | [[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold | [[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]] | [[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver | 2014 Glasgow | [[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver | 2018 Gold Coast | [[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze | 2018 Gold Coast | [[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|1500 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze | 2022 Birmingham | [[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle|400 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalCompetition | [[FINA World Junior Swimming Championships|World Junior Championships]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2013 FINA World Junior Swimming Championships|2013 Dubai]] | 200 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold | 2013 Dubai | 400 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold | 2013 Dubai | 800 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold | 2013 Dubai | 1500 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold | 2013 Dubai | 4×100 m freestyle}} {{MedalSilver | 2013 Dubai | 4×200 m freestyle}} {{MedalCompetition | [[Junior Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|Junior Pan Pacific Championships]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2012 Junior Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2012 Honolulu]] | 1500 m freestyle}} {{MedalSilver | 2012 Honolulu | 400 m freestyle}} }} '''Mackenzie James Horton''' is a [[Freestyle swimming|freestyle swimmer]] from [[Australia]]. Mackenzie competed at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2020 Summer Olympics]]. He was born on 25 April 1996.<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/132558 Mack Horton]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Horton, Mack}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian swimmers]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Melbourne]] {{sports-bio-stub}} b09u423m0nxgechk6g87cy20ql0f5mf 0 1031147 10330401 9721323 2025-06-14T17:22:04Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox swimmer | name = Emma McKeon | image = Emma McKeon.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = McKeon in 2016 | national_team = Australia | strokes = [[Freestyle swimming|Freestyle]], [[butterfly stroke|butterfly]] | club = [[Griffith University]] | coach = [[Michael Bohl]] | birth_name = Emma Jennifer McKeon | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|5|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wollongong|Wollongong, New South Wales]], Australia | death_date = | death_place = | height = 180 cm<ref name="FINA">{{cite web|title=Emma McKeon|url=http://www.fina.org/athletes/emma-mckeon|website=fina.org|publisher=[[FINA]]|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> | weight = 60 kg<ref name="FINA"/> | medaltemplates = {{MedalCount |total=yes |[[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]|5|2|4 |[[Swimming at the World Aquatics Championships|World Championships (LC)]]|4|9|4 |[[FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|World Championships (SC)]]|4|3|1 |[[Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|Pan Pacific Championships]]|4|1|2 |[[Swimming at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|14|1|5 }} {{MedalSport | Women's [[swimming (sport)|swimming]] }} {{MedalCountry | {{AUS}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalGold|{{GamesName|SOG|2016}}|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4 × 100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle|50 m freestyle]] }} {{MedalGold|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]] }} {{MedalGold|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4 × 100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4 × 100 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|{{GamesName|SOG|2016}}|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4 × 200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|{{GamesName|SOG|2016}}|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4 × 100 m medley]]}} {{MedalBronze|{{GamesName|SOG|2016}}|[[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalBronze|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}|[[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4 × 200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|{{GamesName|SOG|2020}}| [[Swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4 × 100 m mixed medley]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the World Aquatics Championships|World Championships (LC)]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2015 World Aquatics Championships|2015 Kazan]]|[[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2019 World Aquatics Championships|2019 Gwangju]]|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay|4×100 m mixed medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2013 World Aquatics Championships|2013 Barcelona]]|[[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2013 Barcelona|[[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2013 Barcelona|[[Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[2017 World Aquatics Championships|2017 Budapest]]|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2017 Budapest|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalSilver|2017 Budapest|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2017 Budapest|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay|4×100 m mixed medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 metre mixed freestyle relay|4×100 m mixed freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2015 Kazan|[[Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalBronze|2017 Budapest|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2017 Budapest|[[Swimming at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalBronze|2019 Gwangju|[[Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|World Championships (SC)]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2022 Melbourne]]|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 50 metre freestyle|50 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Melbourne|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Melbourne|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Melbourne|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre medley relay|4×50 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|2022 Melbourne|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay|4×50 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalSilver|2022 Melbourne|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|2022 Melbourne|[[2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Mixed 4 × 50 metre freestyle relay|4×50 m mixed freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2010 Dubai]]|[[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|Pan Pacific Championships]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2018 Tokyo]] | 4×100 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold | 2018 Tokyo | 4×200 m freestyle}} {{MedalGold | 2018 Tokyo | 4×100 m medley}} {{MedalGold | 2018 Tokyo | 4×100 m mixed medley}} {{MedalSilver|[[2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships|2014 Gold Coast]]|[[2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze| 2018 Tokyo | 50 m freestyle}} {{MedalBronze| 2018 Tokyo | 100 m butterfly}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2014 Glasgow|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2014 Glasgow|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2014 Glasgow|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - Women's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalGold|2018 Gold Coast|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2018 Gold Coast|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|4×200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2018 Gold Coast|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre freestyle|50 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre butterfly|50 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4×100 m mixed freestyle]]}} {{MedalGold|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m mixed medley]]}} {{MedalSilver|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalBronze|2014 Glasgow|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2014 Glasgow|[[Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metre butterfly|100 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalBronze|2018 Gold Coast|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metre freestyle|200 m freestyle]]}} {{MedalBronze|2018 Gold Coast|[[Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metre butterfly|200 m butterfly]]}} {{MedalBronze|2022 Birmingham|[[Swimming at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]]}} }} '''Emma Jennifer McKeon''' is a [[Swimming (sport)|swimmer]] from [[Australia]]. McKeon competed at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2020 Summer Olympics]]. She was born on 24 May 1994.<ref>[https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/129061 Emma McKeon]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McKeon, Emma}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian swimmers]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New South Wales]] {{sports-bio-stub}} bg5tliplnub6xkeb9nnoe1p2jp2enha 0 1032358 10330412 10329657 2025-06-14T17:24:45Z QuantumFoam66 1458798 removed [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = Muhammad Usman | country = United Arab Emirates | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|10|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Lahore, Punjab]], Pakistan | batting = Left-handed | role = Middle order batsman | international = true | internationalspan = 2016-2022 | odidebutdate = 14 August | odidebutyear = 2016 | odidebutagainst = Scotland | odicap = 67 | lastodidate = 8 February | lastodiyear = 2022 | lastodiagainst = Oman | T20Idebutdate = 3 February | T20Idebutyear = 2016 | T20Idebutagainst = Netherlands | T20Icap = 27 | lastT20Idate = 22 February | lastT20Iyear = 2022 | lastT20Iagainst = Nepal | hidedeliveries = true | columns = 4 | column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]] | matches1 = 37 | runs1 = 961 | bat avg1 = 31.00 | 100s/50s1 = 1/4 | top score1 = 102[[not out|*]] | catches/stumpings1 = 10/– | column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] | matches2 = 43 | runs2 = 870 | bat avg2 = 24.85 | 100s/50s2 = 0/3 | top score2 = 89[[not out|*]] | catches/stumpings2 = 12/– | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] | matches3 = 5 | runs3 = 217 | bat avg3 = 27.12 | 100s/50s3 = 1/0 | top score3 = 103 | catches/stumpings3 = 0/– | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] | matches4 = 57 | runs4 = 1,470 | bat avg4 = 34.18 | 100s/50s4 = 1/9 | top score4 = 102[[not out|*]] | catches/stumpings4 = 17/– | date = 14 June 2025 | source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1429/1429481/1429481.html CricketArchive }} '''Muhammad Usman''' (13 October 1985 – ) is a former international [[cricket]]er who played for the [[United Arab Emirates men's national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) in 38 [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and 47 [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20s). A left-handed [[batting (cricket)|batter]], he usually played in the middle of his team's batting order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/muhammad-usman-974719 |title=Muhammad Usman |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Although he was born in [[Lahore]], Usman always represented the UAE in international cricket. He made his T20I debut for them in February 2016, playing against the [[Netherlands men's national cricket team|Netherlands]], and his ODI debut six months later, playing against [[Scotland men's national cricket team|Scotland]]. Usman made only five [[first-class cricket|first-class]] appearances, all for the UAE. Most of his matches were [[List A cricket|List A]] or [[Twenty20]] events. He played for a variety of franchise teams including the Dubai Lions and the Bengal Tigers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1429/1429481/1429481.html |title=Muhammad Usman |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=14 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Usman announced his retirement from international cricket in June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/muhammad-usman-of-uae-retires-from-international-cricket-1441387 |title=UAE's Muhammad Usman retires from international cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Muhammad}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Lahore]] spq5eb8jro0kex8paq2mmd5vr14t9rn 10330626 10330412 2025-06-14T18:58:44Z BlackJack 572554 Category will be created soon when additional articles have received due attention. Undid revision 10330412 by [[Special:Contributions/QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 10330626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = Muhammad Usman | country = United Arab Emirates | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|10|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Lahore, Punjab]], Pakistan | batting = Left-handed | role = Middle order batsman | international = true | internationalspan = 2016-2022 | odidebutdate = 14 August | odidebutyear = 2016 | odidebutagainst = Scotland | odicap = 67 | lastodidate = 8 February | lastodiyear = 2022 | lastodiagainst = Oman | T20Idebutdate = 3 February | T20Idebutyear = 2016 | T20Idebutagainst = Netherlands | T20Icap = 27 | lastT20Idate = 22 February | lastT20Iyear = 2022 | lastT20Iagainst = Nepal | hidedeliveries = true | columns = 4 | column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]] | matches1 = 37 | runs1 = 961 | bat avg1 = 31.00 | 100s/50s1 = 1/4 | top score1 = 102[[not out|*]] | catches/stumpings1 = 10/– | column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] | matches2 = 43 | runs2 = 870 | bat avg2 = 24.85 | 100s/50s2 = 0/3 | top score2 = 89[[not out|*]] | catches/stumpings2 = 12/– | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] | matches3 = 5 | runs3 = 217 | bat avg3 = 27.12 | 100s/50s3 = 1/0 | top score3 = 103 | catches/stumpings3 = 0/– | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] | matches4 = 57 | runs4 = 1,470 | bat avg4 = 34.18 | 100s/50s4 = 1/9 | top score4 = 102[[not out|*]] | catches/stumpings4 = 17/– | date = 14 June 2025 | source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1429/1429481/1429481.html CricketArchive }} '''Muhammad Usman''' (13 October 1985 – ) is a former international [[cricket]]er who played for the [[United Arab Emirates men's national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) in 38 [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and 47 [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20s). A left-handed [[batting (cricket)|batter]], he usually played in the middle of his team's batting order.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/muhammad-usman-974719 |title=Muhammad Usman |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> Although he was born in [[Lahore]], Usman always represented the UAE in international cricket. He made his T20I debut for them in February 2016, playing against the [[Netherlands men's national cricket team|Netherlands]], and his ODI debut six months later, playing against [[Scotland men's national cricket team|Scotland]]. Usman made only five [[first-class cricket|first-class]] appearances, all for the UAE. Most of his matches were [[List A cricket|List A]] or [[Twenty20]] events. He played for a variety of franchise teams including the Dubai Lions and the Bengal Tigers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1429/1429481/1429481.html |title=Muhammad Usman |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=14 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Usman announced his retirement from international cricket in June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/muhammad-usman-of-uae-retires-from-international-cricket-1441387 |title=UAE's Muhammad Usman retires from international cricket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=28 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Muhammad}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Lahore]] n2szrdlfv0y3518zj3emqq3whijfb4q 0 1032874 10330751 10275016 2025-06-14T19:53:39Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:United States cricketers]]; added [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = Hayden Walsh Jr. | image = | fullname = Hayden Rashidi Walsh | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|4|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Croix]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] | nickname = | heightm = | batting = Left-handed | bowling = Right-arm [[leg break]] | family = [[Hayden Walsh Sr.]] (father)<br/>[[Vaughn Walsh]] (uncle)<br/>[[Tahir Walsh]] (Brother) | country = United States | country2 = West Indies | internationalspan = 2018–2019 | internationalspan2 = 2019–present | international = true | odidebutfor = United States | odidebutdate = 27 April | odidebutyear = 2019 | odidebutagainst = PNG | odicap = 24 | odicap2 = 194 | lastodifor = West Indies | lastodidate = 27 July | lastodiyear = 2022 | lastodiagainst = India | odishirt = 86 | T20Idebutfor = United States | T20Idebutdate = 15 March | T20Idebutyear = 2019 | T20Idebutagainst = UAE | T20Icap = 11 | T20Icap2 = 82 | lastT20Idate = 14 August | lastT20Iyear = 2022 | lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand | lastT20Ifor = West Indies | T20Ishirt = 86 | club1 = [[Leeward Islands cricket team|Leeward Islands]] | year1 = 2012–2016 | club2 = [[Barbados national cricket team|Barbados]] | year2 = 2014–present | columns = 4 | column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]] | matches1 = 13 | runs1 = 126 | bat avg1 = 25.20 | 100s/50s1 = 0/0 | top score1 = 46[[not out|*]] | deliveries1 = 538 | wickets1 = 19 | bowl avg1 = 23.31 | fivefor1 = 1 | tenfor1 = 0 | best bowling1 = 5/39 | catches/stumpings1 = 2/– | column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] | matches2 = 26 | runs2 = 140 | bat avg2 = 13.00 | 100s/50s2 = 0/0 | top score2 = 28 | deliveries2 = 383 | wickets2 = 23 | bowl avg2 = 21.08 | fivefor2 = 0 | tenfor2 = 0 | best bowling2 = 3/23 | catches/stumpings2 = 7/– | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] | matches3 = 26 | runs3 = 519 | bat avg3 = 12.97 | 100s/50s3 = 0/1 | top score3 = 86 | deliveries3 = 3,74 | wickets3 = 60 | bowl avg3 = 34.85 | fivefor3 = 2 | tenfor3 = 0 | best bowling3 = 6/47 | catches/stumpings3 = 18/– | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] | matches4 = 36 | runs4 = 355 | bat avg4 = 28.68 | 100s/50s4 = 0/1 | top score4 = 57 | deliveries4 = 1,401 | wickets4 = 37 | bowl avg4 = 33.27 | fivefor4 = 1 | tenfor4 = 0 | best bowling4 = 5/39 | catches/stumpings4 = 11/– | date = 14 August 2022 | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/player/443263.html ESPNcricinfo }} '''Hayden Rashidi Walsh''' is a [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[United States men's national cricket team]]. He was born on April 23, 1992.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/hayden-walsh-443263 Hayden Walsh]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Walsh, Hayden, junior}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Cricketers of other nationalities]] {{sports-bio-stub}} az2daubd8g74gh3nz9mycs45u5u541s 0 1033568 10331234 9552649 2025-06-15T01:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Humberto Brenes.jpg|thumb|right|Humberto Brenes at the [[World Series of Poker]]]] '''Humberto Brenes''' ({{IPA-es|umˈbeɾto ˈβɾenes}}; born [[May 8]], [[1951]]) is a professional poker player from [[Costa Rica]]. He lives in Miami Lakes, [[Florida]] with his wife, Patricia, and their three kids, José Humberto, Roberto, and Jessica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-players/374-humberto-brenes|title = Humberto Brenes}}</ref> By [[2013]], he had won more than $6,000,000 from live poker games. He won $2,264,333 of that money from the World Series of Poker. He says he won it himself, but also thanks his teacher and coach, Andrés ''"El Pemorado"'' Calderón, for a lot of it.<ref>[http://pokerdb.thehendonmob.com/player.php?a=s&n=31 Hendon Mob tournament results]</ref><ref>[http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/index.asp?sort=cashearned World Series of Poker Earnings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602111358/http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/index.asp?sort=cashearned |date=2007-06-02 }}, October 30, 2009</ref> Humberto Brenes was picked as one of the 10 final people who might get into the 2013 poker hall of fame. ==World Series of Poker bracelets== {| class="wikitable" !Year !Tournament !Prize (US$) |- |[[1993 World Series of Poker|1993]] |$2,500 Limit [[Hold'em]] |$149,000 |- |[[1993 World Series of Poker|1993]] |$2,500 [[Pot Limit Omaha]] |$128,000 |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://sharkhumberto.com/ Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718120641/https://sharkhumberto.com/ |date=2023-07-18 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brenes, Humberto}} [[Category:Poker players]] [[Category:Costa Rican people]] [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:Living people]] 2cw8x6cgi0yd8fsbctm7phoeorpwfbp 0 1033916 10331461 9373438 2025-06-15T05:12:03Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox kommune |name = Innlandet |fylke = yes |image_skyline = Atnsjøen og Rondane 01.JPG |image_caption = [[Atnsjøen]] and [[Rondane]] |idnumber = 34 |county = Innlandet |capital = [[Hamar]] |established = 1 Jan 2020 |preceded = [[Oppland]] and [[Hedmark]] |demonym = Innlending |language = Neutral |coatofarms = Innlandet våpen.svg |map = Norway Counties Innlandet Position.svg |map_caption = Innlandet within Norway |webpage = innlandetfylke.no |county_mayor = [[Even Aleksander Hagen]] |county_mayor_party = [[Labour Party (Norway)|Ap]] |county_mayor_as_of = 2019 <!--|governor = [[Knut Storberget]] |governor_party = [[Labour Party (Norway)|Ap]] |governor_as_of = 2019--> |elevation_max_m = 2469 |elevation_min_m = 120 |area_rank = 2 |area_total_km2 = 52072 |area_land_km2 = 49391 |area_water_km2 = 2681 |area_water_percent = 5.1 |population_as_of = 2021 |population_rank = 7 |population_total = 370,603 |population_density_km2 = 7.5 |population_increase = 2.2 |coordinates = {{coord|61.5|10.666667|display=inline,title}} }} '''Innlandet''' is a county in [[Norway]]. It was created on 1 January 2020, by merging the old counties of [[Oppland]] and [[Hedmark]]. It is in [[Eastern Norway]]. [[Hamar]] is the biggest city in the county with a population of 28,434.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population and land area in urban settlements |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Farming and [[forestry]] are the biggest [[:wikt:industry|industries]]. It helps with 20% of Norway's farming<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bondelaget |title=Landbruket i Innlandet skaper verdier |url=https://www.bondelaget.no/getfile.php/13206684/Bilder%20fylker/Hedmark/Dokumenter/BrosjyreHedmOppl%20-%202012.pdf |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> and about 40% of wood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hobbelstad |first=Kåre |title=Ressurssituasjonen i Hedmark of Oppland |url=https://www.statsforvalteren.no/siteassets/fm-innlandet/000-annet/publikasjoner/fmhe-la-publikasjoner/rapport_13_07_ressurssituasjonen_i_hedmark_og_oppland_bbfzr1.pdf |access-date=9 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Etymology]]: The name means ''the [[inland]]''<!--(see {{Translation|the inland}})-->. ==Municipalities== Innlandet County has 46 municipalities:<ref>[[:nb:Liste over norske kommunenummer#Innlandet|List of Norwegian municipality numbers (Norwegian)]]</ref> <!--{| class="sortable wikitable" ! No. ! Municipality No. ! Name ! Created ! Former Municipality No. ! Former County |---- | 1 |'''3428''' |'''[[Alvdal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0438 Alvdal'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 2 |'''3431''' |'''[[Dovre]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0511 Dovre'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 3 |'''3416''' |'''[[Eidskog]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0420 Eidskog'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 4 |'''3420''' |'''[[Elverum]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0427 Elverum'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 5 |'''3425''' |'''[[Engerdal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0434 Engerdal'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 6 |'''3450''' |'''[[Etnedal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0541 Etnedal'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 7 |'''3429''' |'''[[Folldal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0439 Folldal'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 8 |'''3441''' |'''[[Gausdal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0522 Gausdal'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 9 |'''3407''' |'''[[Gjøvik]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0502 Gjøvik'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 10 |'''3446''' | '''[[Gran, Norway|Gran]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0534 Gran'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 11 |'''3417''' | '''[[Grue, Norway|Grue]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0423 Grue'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 12 |'''3403''' |'''[[Hamar Municipality|Hamar]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0403 Hamar'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 13 |'''3401''' |'''[[Kongsvinger]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0402 Kongsvinger'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 14 |'''3432''' |'''[[Lesja]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0512 Lesja'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 15 |'''3405''' |'''[[Lillehammer]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0501 Lillehammer'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 16 |'''3434''' | '''[[Lom, Norway|Lom]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0514 Lom'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 17 |'''3412''' |'''[[Løten]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0415 Løten'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 18 |'''3451''' |'''[[Nord-Aurdal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0542 Nord-Aurdal'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 19 |'''3436''' |'''[[Nord-Fron]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0516 Nord-Fron'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 20 |'''3414''' |'''[[Nord-Odal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0418 Nord-Odal'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 21 |'''3448''' | '''[[Nordre Land]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0538 Nordre Land'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 22 |'''3430''' | '''[[Os, Innlandet|Os]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0441 Os'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 23 |'''3424''' |'''[[Rendalen]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0432 Rendalen'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 24 |'''3439''' |'''[[Ringebu]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0520 Ringebu'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 25 |'''3411''' |'''[[Ringsaker]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0412 Ringsaker'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 26 |'''3437''' |'''[[Sel]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0517 Sel'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 27 |'''3433''' |'''[[Skjåk]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0513 Skjåk'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 28 |'''3413''' |'''[[Stange]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0417 Stange'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 29 |'''3423''' |'''[[Stor-Elvdal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0430 Stor-Elvdal'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 30 |'''3447''' | '''[[Søndre Land]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0536 Søndre Land'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 31 |'''3449''' |'''[[Sør-Aurdal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0540 Sør-Aurdal'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 32 |'''3438''' |'''[[Sør-Fron]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0519 Sør-Fron'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 33 |'''3415''' |'''[[Sør-Odal]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0419 Sør-Odal'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 34 |'''3426''' | '''[[Tolga, Norway|Tolga]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0436 Tolga'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 35 |'''3421''' |'''[[Trysil]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0428 Trysil'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 36 |'''3427''' |'''[[Tynset]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0437 Tynset'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 37 |'''3454''' | '''[[Vang, Innlandet|Vang]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0545 Vang'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 38 |'''3452''' | '''[[Vestre Slidre]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0543 Vestre Slidre'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 39 |'''3443''' | '''[[Vestre Toten]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0529 Vestre Toten'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 40 |'''3435''' |'''[[Vågå]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0515 Vågå'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 41 |'''3419''' | '''[[Våler, Innlandet|Våler]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0426 Våler'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 42 |'''3442''' | '''[[Østre Toten]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0528 Østre Toten'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 43 |'''3440''' |'''[[Øyer]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0521 Øyer'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 44 |'''3453''' | '''[[Øystre Slidre]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0544 Øystre Slidre'' |''[[Oppland]]'' |---- | 45 |'''3422''' |'''[[Åmot]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0429 Åmot'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |---- | 46 |'''3418''' |'''[[Åsnes]]''' | Jan 1, 2020 |''0425 Åsnes'' |''[[Hedmark]]'' |}--> == Geography == === Mountains === * [[Galdhøpiggen]] {{Cvt|2,469|m}} * [[Blåkampen]] {{Cvt|1,662|m}} * [[Høgvagltindene]] {{Cvt|1,576|m}} * [[Mjellknapp]] {{Cvt|1,678|m}} * [[Røykeskardhøi]] {{Cvt|1,808|m}} * [[Søndre Svarthåmåren]] {{Cvt|1,854|m}} * [[Søndre Kjølhaugen]] {{Cvt|1,768|m}} * [[Sørhellhøi]] {{Cvt|1,951|m}} * [[Sørhellhøin]] * [[Søverhøi]] * [[Steinahøfjellet]] {{Cvt|1,711|m}} * [[Svånåtindene]], mountain range == References == <references /> {{Innlandet}} [[Category:2020 establishments in Norway]] [[Category:Innlandet| ]] q99gme6sfkfndauorm1nw5kng1lgyg2 0 1039338 10329827 10329755 2025-06-14T12:14:19Z 2A00:23C6:889B:4C01:39EA:DB7:23E5:ED8 Changed to was based on the grounds of Bless This House Our Yorkshire Farm McDonald & Dodds Kate & Koji Tiswas Dad's Army The Sweeney Blake's 7 Endeavour The Tomorrow People The Krypton Factor Catchphrase Madness The Housemartins Unreported World World In Action Dragnet Road Wars Nothing To Declare UK Border Security USA God, The Devil and Bob The Phil Silvers Show The World At War $64,000 Question 10cc New Order Stone Roses The Cosby Mysteries Channel Four Horse Racing Telly Addicts 10329827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Lucy Letby | image = | caption = | birth_date = 4 January 1990 | birth_place = [[Hereford]], [[England]] | death_date = 1 December 2026 | death_place = [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] | alma_mater = University of Chester | occupation = [[Nurse|Registered nurse]] (suspended)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|publisher=Nursing and Midwifery Council Investigating Committee|title=Interim Order Review Meeting|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192036/https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | known_for = [[Murder|Murdering]] [[Baby|babies]] at the Countess of Chester Hospital as well as the fatal chloroformings of Reanne Evans, Aimee Benn, Rebecca Kenna, Zoe Killington, Stephanie Daughtery, Connie Stephens, Laura Killington and Dame Laura Kenny | victims = 15 | country = United Kingdom | beginyear = 2015 | endyear = 2016 | conviction = [[Murder]] (15 counts)<br>[[Attempted murder]] (6 counts) }} Lucy Letby (4 January 1990-1 December 2026) was an English baby butcher and former nurse. She was arrested in July 2018 with Amanda Owen, Ceri Sugg, Rosanna Ritchie, Laura Elizabeth Lloyd, Anais Louise Lichtensztejn, Lauren Louise McQueen, Ruby O'Donnell, Edith Louise Owen and Violet Californian Poppy Owen after many baby deaths occurred between June 2015 and June 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she worked as a nurse. In August 2023, Letby was found guilty of murdering seven babies as well as the fatal chloroformings of Stephanie Daughtery, Rebecca Kenna, Reanne Evans, Stephanie Daughtery, Aimee Benn, Laura Killington, Connie Stephens, Zoe Killington, Dame Laura Kenny the and attempting to murder six others. She was sentenced to a whole life order on 21 August 2023 in Khartoum Women's Prison. She received 15 whole life orders, one for each charge. Letby was flown from Heathrow to Khartoum Women's Prison onboard Sudan Airways Airbus A330-841 registered ST-KRT (ex-Air Greenland OY-GKN), accompanied by Dr. Liane Saunders OBE, Lisa Truett, Lisa Hough, Debbie Whittingham, Alek Wek, Tracey Boorman, Waris Dirie, Sarah Dow and Annie Wallace. The Khartoum Women's Prison is located next door to the next door to the embassies of Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Libya, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Somalia, Qatar, Oman, South Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Turkey, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mexico, Bulgaria, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Malta, Gibraltar, Andorra, Uzbekistan and Kosovo and the consulate generals of Mauritania, Liberia, Togo, Zaire, Congo, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Niger, Upper Volta, Sierra Leone, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, USA, Netherlands, Paraguay, Venezuela, Haiti and Zimbabwe. Upon arrival to Khartoum Women's Prison, Letby was accompanied by the now-resigned Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]], the now-resigned Sudanese Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] and the former EDL bad boy [[Tommy Robinson]]. ==Life== Letby was born in [[Hereford]], [[England]], on 4 January 1990. She learnt at multiple [[School|schools]] in the [[city]], including at Hereford Sixth Form College. She pursued her [[education]] in nursing at the University of Chester, where she also worked as a student nurse during her three [[Year|years]] of [[training]], carrying out placements at Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester Hospital. She was the first member of her family to study at [[university]], and [[Graduation|graduated]] in September 2011.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Lauren |last=Hirst |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |title=Who is baby serial killer Lucy Letby? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |title=The quiet cul-de-sac in Hereford where killer nurse Lucy Letby grew up |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153712/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Health issues== While in Khartoum Women's Prison, Letby ate too many well-solidified hard-boiled eggs, grey squirrel meats, meat sausage rolls, dog meats from China, Kentucky Fried Chicken drumsticks, chicken Royale burgers, meat feast/pepperoni pizzas, barbecue chicken pizzas, chips from both Kentucky Fried Chicken and Burger King, 12 foot long Subway sandwiches with teriyaki chicken, mayonnaise, meatballs, cheese, chicken tikka, pepperoni, salami, bacon and ham, chicken and back bacon mayonnaise white baguettes, chicken and stuffing white baguettes with mayonnaise and Walkers crisps (ready salted, salt and vinegar, smoky bacon, barbecue, prawn cocktail, pickled onion, Worcester sauce, cheese and onion and tomato ketchup). Letby also drank Powerades and Lucozades and she smoked cigarettes every day. ==Victims=== Reanne Evans, 30 Rebecca Kenna, 26 Zoe Killington, 9 Laura Killington, 6 Dame Laura Kenny, 23 Aimee Benn, 13 Connie Stephens, 20 Stephanie Daughtery, 14 ==Death== Letby died from a heart attack in Khartoum Women's Prison on 1 December 2026, after collapsing in a women's toilet cubicle, which was infested by woodlice, after eating too many well-solidified hard-boiled eggs, grey squirrel meats, meat sausage rolls, dog meats from China, Kentucky Fried Chicken drumsticks, chicken Royale burgers, meat feast/pepperoni pizzas, barbecue chicken pizzas, chips from both Kentucky Fried Chicken and Burger King, 12 foot long Subway sandwiches with teriyaki chicken, mayonnaise, meatballs, cheese, chicken tikka, pepperoni, salami, bacon and ham, chicken and back bacon mayonnaise white baguettes, chicken and stuffing white baguettes with mayonnaise and Walkers crisps (ready salted, salt and vinegar, smoky bacon, barbecue, prawn cocktail, pickled onion, Worcester sauce, cheese and onion and tomato ketchup) She was 36 years old. On 4 December 2026, Letby's body will be repatriated from Khartoum to Heathrow onboard an empty Sudan Airways Airbus A330-941 registered ST-JBA. Her body will lie in state at the Torvill and Dean Salvation Army Mortuary in Wexham near Slough, guarded by Eric Day, Carolyn Acheson, Stuart King, Kelvin Ogunjimie, WPC Annabel Davis, Enid Carruth and Elaine Pringle, 7 days before the funeral at the Christopher Skaife Salvation Army Cathedral in Hidcote Bartrim. ==Funeral== Letby's funeral will be held on 11 December 2026 at 0700 GMT at the Christopher Skaife Salvation Army Cathedral in Hidcote Bartrim. Among the mourners are Christopher Skaife, Niknam Hussain, Mike Pence, Sue Bowers, Gill Watts, Angela Sarchet, Jamie Coats, Sheila Freeman, Ellis Hercules, Lisa Hough, Jack Stein, Jacqueline Fowler, Martin Tett, Debbie Whittingham, Tracey Boorman, Les Dennis, Nick Weir, Mark Curry, Roy Walker, Gordon Burns, Mr. Blobby, Mrs. Blobby, Pudsey Bear, Suggs, Blush Bear, Babou Ceesay, Gary Webster, Shaun Evans, Gwilym Lee, Richard Riddell, Jimmy Akingbola, Sarah Dow, Tom McWhirter, Gilbert Proesch, George Passmore, Ross Adams, James Sutton, Kent Riley, Matthew Littler, Matthew McGivern, Darren Jeffries, Kelly Condron, Robert King, Mario Invernizzi, Christopher Blower, Christopher Avery, Christopher Bassenger, Pakamisa Augustine Sifuba, Aedan Duckworth, Tomi Ade, Oscar Curtis, Nathaniel Dass, Annie Wallace, Khalifa Haftar, Jamal Khashoggi, Timothy Farron, Stephen Barclay, Graeme Garden, Jason Watkins, Rebecca Louise Front, Arlene Foster, Lauren Louise McQueen, Ruby O'Donnell, Dominic Grieve, Dominic Cummings, Rishi Persad, Ashley Gunstock, Yianni Charalambous, Mario Mugan, Robert Webb, Charlotte Crosby, Lucy James, Simon Antrobus, Sue Bucknall, Jacob Leach, Rebecca Haines, Alok Sharma, Louisa Pointon, Haiesha Mistry, Ella Hatfield, Joanne Merrick, Thomas Perks, Thomas Cathcart, Marie Lankester, Rachel Organ, Christopher Reid, Alan Stocker, Waris Dirie, Lisa Truett, David Corke, Lara Elizabeth Barney, Neil Shefferd, Richard Kane, Antonio Guterres, Emily Rose Trott, Ceri Sugg, Rosanna Ritchie, Michael Parr, Andy Scarborough, Elton John, Michael Barrymore, Kevin Mathurin, Gary Mavers, Samuel Orsborne, Jasmine Californian Poppy Armfield, Okorie Chukwu, Heston Blumenthal, Ciaran James Jenkins, Graham Stanier, Jeremy Vine, Christopher Kamara, Stephanie Louise Peacock, Edward Harrison, Phillip Crowley (Border Security USA), Darron Bruni, Isaac Jordan, Luke Pilgrim, Nicholas Fletcher, Romesh Gunasekera, Stef Blok, Danny Wallace, David Watts, Robert Richardson, Tony Stones, Sir Trevor McDonald, Rageh Omaar, Jeremy Paxman, Jeremy Kyle, Babette Lucas-Marriott, Alek Wek, Daisy Badger, Dr. Liane Saunders OBE, Jerry Lanier, James Alford, Tia Stewardson, Sid James, Ted Rogers, Tom O'Connor, Eric Stromayer, Lee Boardman, Nick Luck, Alan Sugar Dr. Harold Shipman, Derrick Bird, PC Ronan Kerr, Aldo Moro, Jill Dando, Dr. David Kelly, OJ Simpson, George Floyd, Robert Mugabe, Thor Heyerdahl, Dr. Imran Farooq, Jean Charles De Menezes, Queen Mother, Brian Hanrahan and Robin Nedwell. The funeral service will be conducted by the Very Reverend Anthea Sully, former CEO of White Ribbon Appeal UK. Letby will be cremated at 2200 GMT at the Christopher Skaife Salvation Army Cemetery. From 1 January 2027, the whole of Britain will be free of Lucy Letby. ==Reactions== Following the death of Lucy Letby, here are some reactions: Salvation Army Lyndon Buckingham: "Letby is gone at last." Police Service of Northern Ireland Sir Ronnie Flanagan: "Lucy Letby is no more and she can now rest in peace." Buckinghamshire Council Stephen Broadbent: "What a relief that Letby is dead at last." Jeans4Genes Lynne Mumford: "The baby killer is gone at last." ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letby, Lucy}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British nurses]] [[Category:English murderers]] [[Category:People from Hereford]] [[Category:British serial killers]] [[Category:British people convicted of murder]] 1xcbgqnqunrynf18lirjmdnfqepub5y 10329829 10329827 2025-06-14T12:15:34Z MathXplore 966595 Restored revision 10329755 by [[Special:Contributions/CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]]) 10329829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Lucy Letby | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|01|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Hereford]], [[England]] | alma_mater = University of Chester | occupation = [[Nurse|Registered nurse]] (suspended)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|publisher=Nursing and Midwifery Council Investigating Committee|title=Interim Order Review Meeting|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192036/https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | known_for = [[Murder|Murdering]] [[Baby|babies]] at the Countess of Chester Hospital | victims = 13 | country = United Kingdom | beginyear = 2015 | endyear = 2016 | conviction = [[Murder]] (15 counts)<br>[[Attempted murder]] (6 counts) }} '''Lucy Letby''' ([[Birth|born]] January 4, 1990) is a [[British people|British]] [[serial killer]] and former [[nurse]]. She was [[Arrest|arrested]] in July 2018 after many baby deaths occurred between June 2015 and June 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she worked as a nurse. In August 2023, Letby was found [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of [[Murder|murdering]] seven [[Baby|babies]] and [[Attempted murder|attempting to murder]] six others. She was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to a [[whole life order]] on August 21. She received 15 whole life orders, one for each [[Indictment|charge]]. ==Life== Letby was born in [[Hereford]], [[England]], on January 4, 1990. She learnt at multiple [[School|schools]] in the [[city]], including at Hereford Sixth Form College. She pursued her [[education]] in nursing at the University of Chester, where she also worked as a student nurse during her three [[Year|years]] of [[training]], carrying out placements at Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester Hospital. She was the first member of her family to study at [[university]], and [[Graduation|graduated]] in September 2011.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Lauren |last=Hirst |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |title=Who is baby serial killer Lucy Letby? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |title=The quiet cul-de-sac in Hereford where killer nurse Lucy Letby grew up |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153712/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letby, Lucy}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British nurses]] [[Category:English murderers]] [[Category:People from Hereford]] [[Category:British serial killers]] [[Category:British people convicted of murder]] gagndc1vudd3kqrsvyvwlx8q2xzt6j0 10329881 10329829 2025-06-14T12:51:29Z 2A00:23C6:889B:4C01:39EA:DB7:23E5:ED8 Changed to was based on the grounds of Bless This House Our Yorkshire Farm McDonald & Dodds Kate & Koji Tiswas Dad's Army The Sweeney Blake's 7 Endeavour The Tomorrow People The Krypton Factor Catchphrase Madness The Housemartins Unreported World World In Action Dragnet Road Wars Nothing To Declare UK Border Security USA God, The Devil and Bob The Phil Silvers Show The World At War $64,000 Question 10cc New Order Stone Roses The Cosby Mysteries Channel Four Horse Racing Telly Addicts 10329881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Lucy Letby | image = | caption = | birth_date = 4 January 1990 | birth_place = [[Hereford]], [[England]] | death_date = 1 December 2026 (aged 36) | death_place = [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]] | alma_mater = University of Chester | occupation = [[Nurse|Registered nurse]] (suspended)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|publisher=Nursing and Midwifery Council Investigating Committee|title=Interim Order Review Meeting|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192036/https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | known_for = [[Murder|Murdering]] [[Baby|babies]] at the Countess of Chester Hospital as well as the fatal chloformings of Stephanie Daughtery, Rebecca Kenna, Reanne Evans, Stephanie Daughtery, Aimee Benn, Laura Killington, Connie Stephens, Zoe Killington and Dame Laura Kenny | victims = 14 | country = United Kingdom | beginyear = 2015 | endyear = 2016 | conviction = [[Murder]] (14 counts)<br>[[Attempted murder]] (6 counts) }} '''Lucy Letby''' (4 January 1990-1 December 2026) was an English baby butcher and former nurse. She was arrested at the Heathrow Salvation Army Prison near Heathrow Terminal 4 in July 2018 with Amanda Owen, Ceri Sugg, Rosanna Ritchie, Laura Elizabeth Lloyd, Anais Louise Lichtensztejn, Lauren Louise McQueen, Ruby O'Donnell, Edith Louise Owen and Violet Californian Poppy Owen after many baby deaths occurred between June 2015 and June 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she worked as a nurse. In August 2023, Letby was found guilty of murdering seven babies as well as the fatal chloroformings of Stephanie Daughtery, Rebecca Kenna, Reanne Evans, Stephanie Daughtery, Aimee Benn, Laura Killington, Connie Stephens, Zoe Killington, Dame Laura Kenny the and attempting to murder six others. She was sentenced to a whole life order on 21 August 2023 in Khartoum Women's Prison. She received 15 whole life orders, one for each charge. Letby was flown from Heathrow to Khartoum Women's Prison onboard Sudan Airways Airbus A330-841 registered ST-KRT (ex-Air Greenland OY-GKN), accompanied by Dr. Liane Saunders OBE, Lisa Truett, Lisa Hough, Debbie Whittingham, Alek Wek, Tracey Boorman, Waris Dirie, Sarah Dow and Annie Wallace. The Khartoum Women's Prison is located next door to the embassies of Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mexico, Monaco, Bulgaria, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Malta, Gibraltar, Andorra, Uzbekistan, Kosovo, Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Libya, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Somalia, Qatar, Oman, South Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Turkey and consulate generals of Liberia, Togo, Zaire, Congo, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Niger, Upper Volta, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, USA, Netherlands, Paraguay, Venezuela and Haiti. Upon arrival to Khartoum Women's Prison, Letby was accompanied by the now-resigned Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]], the now-resigned Sudanese Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] and the former EDL bad boy [[Tommy Robinson]]. ==Life== Letby was born in [[Hereford]], [[England]], on January 4, 1990. She learnt at multiple [[School|schools]] in the [[city]], including at Hereford Sixth Form College. She pursued her [[education]] in nursing at the University of Chester, where she also worked as a student nurse during her three [[Year|years]] of [[training]], carrying out placements at Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester Hospital. She was the first member of her family to study at [[university]], and [[Graduation|graduated]] in September 2011.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Lauren |last=Hirst |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |title=Who is baby serial killer Lucy Letby? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |title=The quiet cul-de-sac in Hereford where killer nurse Lucy Letby grew up |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153712/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Health issues== While in Khartoum Women's Prison, Letby smoked cigarettes everyday and drank all vodkas. Lebty ate too many meat sausage rolls, dog meats from China, well-solidified hard-boiled eggs, Kentucky Fried Chicken drumsticks, pepperoni and meat feast pizzas, chicken Royale burgers, grey squirrel meats, chips from both Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken, chicken and bacon white baguettes with mayonnaise, chicken and stuffing white baguettes with mayonnaise 12 footlong Subway sandwiches with chicken teriyaki, bacon, ham and mayonnaise, Walkers crisps (ready salted, cheese and onion, salt and vinegar, smoky bacon, roast chicken, prawn cocktail, pickled onion, tomato ketchup and barbecue) roast chicken and roast potatoes, back bacon, Kentucky Fried Chicken popcorn chicken, Kentucky Fried Chicken boneless strips, chicken, bacon and mushroom onionless pies, beef and steak onionless pies, flamingo meats and onionless beef lasagnes. She never ate any fruits or vegetables. ==Victims== *Reanne Evans, 30 *Rebecca Kenna, 26 *Zoe Killington, 9 *Laura Killington, 6 *Dame Laura Kenny, 23 *Aimee Benn, 13 *Connie Stephens, 20 *Stephanie Daughtery, 14 ==Death== Letby died from a heart attack in Khartoum Women's Prison on 1 December 2026 after eating too many meat sausage rolls, dog meats from China, well-solidified hard-boiled eggs, Kentucky Fried Chicken drumsticks, pepperoni and meat feast pizzas, chicken Royale burgers, grey squirrel meats, chips from both Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken, chicken and bacon white baguettes with mayonnaise, chicken and stuffing white baguettes with mayonnaise 12 footlong Subway sandwiches with chicken teriyaki, bacon, ham and mayonnaise, Walkers crisps (ready salted, cheese and onion, salt and vinegar, smoky bacon, roast chicken, prawn cocktail, pickled onion, tomato ketchup and barbecue) roast chicken and roast potatoes, back bacon, Kentucky Fried Chicken popcorn chicken, Kentucky Fried Chicken boneless strips, chicken, bacon and mushroom onionless pies, beef and steak onionless pies, flamingo meats and onionless beef lasagnes. Letby smoked too many cigarettes and drank vodkas every day. She was 36 years old. On 4 December 2026, Letby's body will be repatriated from Khartoum to Heathrow onboard an empty Sudan Airways Airbus A330-941 registered ST-JBA. Her body will lie in state at the Torvill and Dean Salvation Army Mortuary in Wexham near Slough, 7 days before the funeral at the Christopher Skaife Salvation Army Cathedral in Hidcote Bartrim. ==Funeral== Letby's funeral will be held on 11 December 2026 at 0700 GMT at the Christopher Skaife Salvation Army Cathedral in Hidcote Bartrim. Among the mourners are Christopher Skaife, Niknam Hussain, Mike Pence, Sue Bowers, Gill Watts, Angela Sarchet, Jamie Coats, Sheila Freeman, Ellis Hercules, Lisa Hough, Jack Stein, Jacqueline Fowler, Martin Tett, Debbie Whittingham, Tracey Boorman, Les Dennis, Nick Weir, Mark Curry, Roy Walker, Gordon Burns, Mr. Blobby, Mrs. Blobby, Pudsey Bear, Suggs, Blush Bear, Babou Ceesay, Gary Webster, Shaun Evans, Gwilym Lee, Richard Riddell, Jimmy Akingbola, Sarah Dow, Tom McWhirter, Gilbert Proesch, George Passmore, Ross Adams, James Sutton, Kent Riley, Matthew Littler, Matthew McGivern, Darren Jeffries, Kelly Condron, Robert King, Mario Invernizzi, Christopher Blower, Christopher Avery, Christopher Bassenger, Pakamisa Augustine Sifuba, Aedan Duckworth, Tomi Ade, Oscar Curtis, Nathaniel Dass, Annie Wallace, Anne Robinson, Graeme Garden, Timothy Farron, Stephen Barclay, Jason Watkins, Rebecca Louise Front, Arlene Foster, Lauren Louise McQueen, Ruby O'Donnell, Dominic Grieve, Dominic Cummings, Ashley Gunstock, Yianni Charalambous, Mario Mugan, Robert Webb, Charlotte Crosby, Lucy James, Simon Antrobus, Sue Bucknall, Jacob Leach, Rebecca Haines, Alok Sharma, Louisa Pointon, Haiesha Mistry, Ella Hatfield, Joanne Merrick, Thomas Perks, Thomas Cathcart, Marie Lankester, Rachel Organ, Christopher Reid, Alan Stocker, Waris Dirie, Lisa Truett, David Corke, Lara Elizabeth Barney, Neil Shefferd, Richard Kane, Antonio Guterres, Emily Rose Trott, Ceri Sugg, Rosanna Ritchie, Michael Parr, Andy Scarborough, Kevin Mathurin, Gary Mavers, Rishi Persad, Megan Stammers, Samuel Orsborne, Jasmine Californian Poppy Armfield, Okorie Chukwu, Heston Blumenthal, Ciaran James Jenkins, Graham Stanier, Jeremy Vine, Christopher Kamara, Stephanie Louise Peacock, Edward Harrison, Phillip Crowley (Border Security USA), Darron Bruni, Isaac Jordan, Luke Pilgrim, Nicholas Fletcher, Romesh Gunasekera, Stef Blok, Danny Wallace, David Watts, Robert Richardson, Tony Stones, Sir Trevor McDonald, Rageh Omaar, Jeremy Paxman, Jeremy Kyle, Babette Lucas-Marriott, Alek Wek, Daisy Badger, Dr. Liane Saunders OBE, Jerry Lanier, James Alford, Tia Stewardson, Eric Stromayer, Lee Boardman, Nick Luck and Alan Sugar. The funeral service will be conducted by the Very Reverend Anthea Sully, former CEO of White Ribbon Appeal UK. She will be cremated at 2200 GMT at the Christopher Skaife Salvation Army Cemetery. From 1 January 2027, the whole of Britain will be free of Lucy Letby. ==Reactions== Following the death of Lucy Letby, here are some reactions: ===Salvation Army=== Lyndon Buckingham: "Letby is gone at last." ===Police Service of Northern Ireland=== Sir Ronnie Flanagan: "Lucy Letby is no more and she can now rest in peace." ===Buckinghamshire Council=== Stephen Broadbent: "What a relief that Letby is dead at last." ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letby, Lucy}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British nurses]] [[Category:English murderers]] [[Category:People from Hereford]] [[Category:British serial killers]] [[Category:British people convicted of murder]] 0a2q4q07tnn4zq9gkmvyejuj4d37ffa 10329887 10329881 2025-06-14T12:55:16Z MathXplore 966595 Restored revision 10329829 by [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]]) 10329887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Lucy Letby | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|01|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Hereford]], [[England]] | alma_mater = University of Chester | occupation = [[Nurse|Registered nurse]] (suspended)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|publisher=Nursing and Midwifery Council Investigating Committee|title=Interim Order Review Meeting|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192036/https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | known_for = [[Murder|Murdering]] [[Baby|babies]] at the Countess of Chester Hospital | victims = 13 | country = United Kingdom | beginyear = 2015 | endyear = 2016 | conviction = [[Murder]] (15 counts)<br>[[Attempted murder]] (6 counts) }} '''Lucy Letby''' ([[Birth|born]] January 4, 1990) is a [[British people|British]] [[serial killer]] and former [[nurse]]. She was [[Arrest|arrested]] in July 2018 after many baby deaths occurred between June 2015 and June 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she worked as a nurse. In August 2023, Letby was found [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of [[Murder|murdering]] seven [[Baby|babies]] and [[Attempted murder|attempting to murder]] six others. She was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to a [[whole life order]] on August 21. She received 15 whole life orders, one for each [[Indictment|charge]]. ==Life== Letby was born in [[Hereford]], [[England]], on January 4, 1990. She learnt at multiple [[School|schools]] in the [[city]], including at Hereford Sixth Form College. She pursued her [[education]] in nursing at the University of Chester, where she also worked as a student nurse during her three [[Year|years]] of [[training]], carrying out placements at Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester Hospital. She was the first member of her family to study at [[university]], and [[Graduation|graduated]] in September 2011.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Lauren |last=Hirst |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |title=Who is baby serial killer Lucy Letby? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |title=The quiet cul-de-sac in Hereford where killer nurse Lucy Letby grew up |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153712/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letby, Lucy}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British nurses]] [[Category:English murderers]] [[Category:People from Hereford]] [[Category:British serial killers]] [[Category:British people convicted of murder]] gagndc1vudd3kqrsvyvwlx8q2xzt6j0 10329888 10329887 2025-06-14T12:55:17Z 2A00:23C6:889B:4C01:39EA:DB7:23E5:ED8 Changed to was based on the grounds of Bless This House Our Yorkshire Farm McDonald & Dodds Kate & Koji Tiswas Dad's Army The Sweeney Blake's 7 Endeavour The Tomorrow People The Krypton Factor Catchphrase Madness The Housemartins Unreported World World In Action Dragnet Road Wars Nothing To Declare UK Border Security USA God, The Devil and Bob The Phil Silvers Show The World At War $64,000 Question 10cc New Order Stone Roses The Cosby Mysteries Channel Four Horse Racing Telly Addicts 10329888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Lucy Letby | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|01|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Hereford]], [[England]] | alma_mater = University of Chester | occupation = [[Nurse|Registered nurse]] (suspended)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|publisher=Nursing and Midwifery Council Investigating Committee|title=Interim Order Review Meeting|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192036/https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | known_for = [[Murder|Murdering]] [[Baby|babies]] at the Countess of Chester Hospital | victims = 13 | country = United Kingdom | beginyear = 2015 | endyear = 2016 | conviction = [[Murder]] (15 counts)<br>[[Attempted murder]] (6 counts) }} '''Lucy Letby''' ([[Birth|born]] January 4, 1990) is a [[British people|British]] [[serial killer]] and former [[nurse]]. She was [[Arrest|arrested]] in July 2018 after many baby deaths occurred between June 2015 and June 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she worked as a nurse. In August 2023, Letby was found [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of [[Murder|murdering]] seven [[Baby|babies]] and [[Attempted murder|attempting to murder]] six others. She was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to a [[whole life order]] on August 21. She received 15 whole life orders, one for each [[Indictment|charge]]. ==Life== Letby was born in [[Hereford]], [[England]], on 4 January 1990. She learnt at multiple [[School|schools]] in the [[city]], including at Hereford Sixth Form College. During her Friday after school club at Hereford Secondary School from 3pm to 6pm, she excelled in blue judogi black belt judo with [[Kate Thornton]] and Letby won all judo contests. She pursued her [[education]] in nursing at the University of Chester, where she also worked as a student nurse during her three [[Year|years]] of [[training]], carrying out placements at Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester Hospital. She was the first member of her family to study at [[university]], and [[Graduation|graduated]] in September 2011.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Lauren |last=Hirst |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |title=Who is baby serial killer Lucy Letby? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |title=The quiet cul-de-sac in Hereford where killer nurse Lucy Letby grew up |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153712/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letby, Lucy}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British nurses]] [[Category:English murderers]] [[Category:People from Hereford]] [[Category:British serial killers]] [[Category:British people convicted of murder]] or9c95mqnair0u7d99jrttqk5hntwqg 10329912 10329888 2025-06-14T13:06:43Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C6:889B:4C01:39EA:DB7:23E5:ED8|2A00:23C6:889B:4C01:39EA:DB7:23E5:ED8]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C6:889B:4C01:39EA:DB7:23E5:ED8|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by MathXplore. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Lucy Letby | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|01|04|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Hereford]], [[England]] | alma_mater = University of Chester | occupation = [[Nurse|Registered nurse]] (suspended)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|publisher=Nursing and Midwifery Council Investigating Committee|title=Interim Order Review Meeting|date=March 13, 2023|access-date=August 19, 2023|archive-date=August 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192036/https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/ftpoutcomes/2023/march-2023/reasons-letby-icio-67757-20230313.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | known_for = [[Murder|Murdering]] [[Baby|babies]] at the Countess of Chester Hospital | victims = 13 | country = United Kingdom | beginyear = 2015 | endyear = 2016 | conviction = [[Murder]] (15 counts)<br>[[Attempted murder]] (6 counts) }} '''Lucy Letby''' ([[Birth|born]] January 4, 1990) is a [[British people|British]] [[serial killer]] and former [[nurse]]. She was [[Arrest|arrested]] in July 2018 after many baby deaths occurred between June 2015 and June 2016 at the Countess of Chester Hospital, where she worked as a nurse. In August 2023, Letby was found [[Guilt (law)|guilty]] of [[Murder|murdering]] seven [[Baby|babies]] and [[Attempted murder|attempting to murder]] six others. She was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to a [[whole life order]] on August 21. She received 15 whole life orders, one for each [[Indictment|charge]]. ==Life== Letby was born in [[Hereford]], [[England]], on January 4, 1990. She learnt at multiple [[School|schools]] in the [[city]], including at Hereford Sixth Form College. She pursued her [[education]] in nursing at the University of Chester, where she also worked as a student nurse during her three [[Year|years]] of [[training]], carrying out placements at Liverpool Women's Hospital and the Countess of Chester Hospital. She was the first member of her family to study at [[university]], and [[Graduation|graduated]] in September 2011.<ref>{{cite AV media |first=Lauren |last=Hirst |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |title=Who is baby serial killer Lucy Letby? |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818124114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65058159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |title=The quiet cul-de-sac in Hereford where killer nurse Lucy Letby grew up |publisher=ITV |work=ITV News |date=August 18, 2023 |accessdate=August 18, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818153712/https://www.itv.com/news/central/2023-08-18/the-quiet-cul-de-sac-in-hereford-where-killer-nurse-lucy-letby-grew-up |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Letby, Lucy}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British nurses]] [[Category:English murderers]] [[Category:People from Hereford]] [[Category:British serial killers]] [[Category:British people convicted of murder]] gagndc1vudd3kqrsvyvwlx8q2xzt6j0 0 1046389 10330301 10290706 2025-06-14T16:51:33Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketball biography | name = Dillon Brooks | image = 2023-08-09 Deutschland gegen Kanada (Basketball-Länderspiel) by Sandro Halank–091.jpg | caption = Brooks playing for Canada on August 9, 2023 | number = 9 | position = [[Small forward]] / [[shooting guard]] | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 6 | weight_lb = 225 | league = [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] | team = Houston Rockets | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|1|22}} | birth_place = [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]], [[Ontario]], Canada | nationality = Canadian | high_school = Father Henry Carr<br>([[Toronto]], [[Ontario]])<br>Findlay Prep<br>([[Henderson, Nevada]]) | college = [[Oregon Ducks men's basketball|Oregon]] (2014–2017) | draft_year = 2017 | draft_round = 2 | draft_pick = 45 | draft_team = [[Houston Rockets]] | career_start = 2017 | years1 = {{nbay|2017|start}}–{{nbay|2022|end}} | team1 = [[Memphis Grizzlies]] | years2 = {{nbay|2023|start}}–present | team2 = [[Houston Rockets]] | highlights = * [[NBA All-Defensive Team|NBA All-Defensive Second Team]] ({{nbay|2022|end}}) * FIBA Basketball World Cup Best Defensive Player (2023) * Consensus second-team [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] (2017) * Third-team All-American – [[Sporting News|SN]] (2016) * [[Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|Pac-12 Player of the Year]] (2017) * 2× First-team All-Pac-12 (2016, 2017) * [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]] All-Freshman team (2015) }} '''Dillon Brooks''' (born January 22, 1996) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] professional [[basketball]] player. He is a [[small forward]]-[[shooting guard]] for the [[Houston Rockets]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). He has also played for the [[Memphis Grizzlies]]. Brooks is known for his trash talk on and off the court with media and fans calling him '''Villain Brooks'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/news/dillon-brooks-canada-most-valuable-villain|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dillon Brooks, Canada's Most Valuable "Villain"|publisher=[[FIBA]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2017/03/31/oregon-star-dillon-brooks-happy-to-be-called-villain-brooks-final-four/99858732/|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Oregon star Dillon Brooks happy to play role of Villain Brooks|publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Brooks said he likes the negative reaction and that it was a persona.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nba/lakers/news/how-dillon-brooks-embraced-villain-persona-to-medal-against-team-usa-ml0802|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=How Dillon Brooks Embraced Villain Persona To Medal Against Team USA|publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> ==Career== ===College=== Brooks played college basketball at [[University of Oregon]]. During his time with the Ducks, Brooks would help them win the Pac-12 Conference regular season title. He was also chosen to be on the first-team All-Pac-12 and was named a third-team All-American by the Sporting News.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pac-12.com/content/mens-basketball-pac-12-championships|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Pac-12 Men's Basketball Champions|publisher=[[Pac-12 Conference]]|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211111063207/https://pac-12.com/content/mens-basketball-pac-12-championships|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://pac-12.com/article/2017/03/06/2016-17-pac-12-mens-basketball-all-conference-honors|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=2016-17 Pac-12 Men's Basketball All-Conference Honors|publisher=Pac-12 Conference}}</ref> The [[United States Basketball Writers Association]] named Brooks the District IX player of the year along with coach Dana Altman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/ducks/index.ssf/2016/03/dana_altman_and_dillon_brooks.html|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dana Altman and Dillon Brooks win U.S. Basketball Writers Association awards|publisher=[[The Oregonian]]}}</ref> ===NBA=== Brooks was selected 45th overall by the [[Houston Rockets]] in the [[2017 NBA draft]]. The same day, the Rockets traded Brooks and [[Ivan Rabb]] to the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] in exchange for a future second round picks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/grizz-acquire-rabb-and-brooks-draft-rights-170622|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Grizzlies acquire draft rights to Ivan Rabb and Dillon Brooks|publisher=[[Memphis Grizzlies]]}}</ref> On April 11, 2018, he was able to score a career-high 36 points in a 137–123 loss against the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap/_/gameId/400975973|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=George, Westbrook lead Thunder past Grizzlies 137-123|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> He had to miss some of the [[2018–19 NBA season|2018-19 season]] because he ruptured a ligament in his right big toe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/dillon-brooks-medical-update-190111|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dillon Brooks medical update|publisher=Memphis Grizzlies}}</ref> He was able to earn a starting role the next season. On February 5, 2020, Brooks and he Grizzlies agreed to a three-year, $35 million extension.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/news/grizzlies-extend-dillon-brooks-official-release|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Memphis Grizzlies sign Dillion Brooks to multi-year contract extension|publisher=National Basketball Association}}</ref> On December 19, 2021, Brooks scored a new career high 37 points during a 105–100 loss to the [[Portland Trail Blazers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/game/por-vs-mem-0022100450|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Lillard Scores 32 Points, Trail Blazers Beat Grizzlies|publisher=[[National Basketball Association]]}}</ref> During Game 2 of the [[Western Conference (NBA)|Western Conference]] semifinals against the [[Golden State Warriors]], [[Gary Payton II]] fell and fractured his elbow after being hit by Brooks when he was going for a layup.Brooks was ejected and suspended for the next game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/33861821/dillon-brooks-suspended-game-3-memphis-grizzlies-golden-state-warriors-series-flagrant-foul-gary-payton-ii|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dillon Brooks suspended for Game 3 of Memphis Grizzlies-Golden State Warriors series after flagrant foul on Gary Payton II|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> On February 2, 2023, he punched [[Donovan Mitchell]] in the groin which caused a brawl. He was then ejected from the game. He was suspended for a game afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/recap/_/gameId/401468934|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Cavs All-Star Mitchell calls Grizzlies' Brooks dirty player|publisher=ESPN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/news/dillon-brooks-suspended-donovan-mitchell-fined-official-release|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dillon Brooks suspended 1 game, Donovan Mitchell fined for recent altercation|publisher=National Basketball Association}}</ref> During a game against the [[Miami Heat]] on March 17, Brooks pushed a cameraman to the ground and was fined $35,000 by the NBA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/news/dillon-brooks-suspended-donovan-mitchell-fined-official-release|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dillon Brooks suspended 1 game, Donovan Mitchell fined for recent altercation|publisher=National Basketball Association}}</ref> Brooks was named to the [[NBA All-Defensive Team|NBA All-Defensive Second Team]] for the [[2022–23 NBA season|2022–23 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/jaren-jackson-jr-and-dillon-brooks-selected-to-2022-23-kia-nba-all-defensive-teams|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Jaren Jackson Jr. and Dillon Brooks selected to 2022–23 Kia NBA All-Defensive Teams|publisher=Memphis Grizzlies}}</ref> During the [[2023 NBA playoffs]], Brooks said that he "pokes bears" and called [[LeBron James]] "old".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nba/2023/04/21/lebron-james-trash-talk-poke-the-bear-dillon-brooks-nba-playoffs|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Hey, Dillon Brooks, Poke LeBron James at Your Own Peril|publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> During Game 3 of the Western Conference first round between the Grizzlies and the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], Brooks punched LeBron in the groin and was ejected from the game. The Lakers would go on to win the series. Brooks was criticized for the punch and was fined for not speaking to media after the loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/36328513/grizzlies-dillon-brooks-fined-25k-not-talking-media|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Grizzlies' Dillon Brooks fined $25K for not talking to media|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> On July 8, 2023, Brooks was part of a sign-and-trade deal where he joined the [[Houston Rockets]] and signed a four-year, $80 million contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/news/dillon-brooks-rockets-agree-80-million-deal|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Dillon Brooks lands 4-year deal with Rockets in sign-and-trade|publisher=National Basketball Association}}</ref> ==National team== Brooks plays for the [[Canada men's national basketball team]]. He played for them during the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]] in [[2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup|2023]]. During the tournament, he helped Canada defeat [[France men's national basketball team|France]], [[Germany men's national basketball team|Germany]], and World champions [[Spain men's national basketball team|Spain]] to help Canada clinch a spot in the Olympics for the first time since [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2023/news/game-report-spain-v-canada|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Down go the champs: Canada knock out Spain in thriller|publisher=Canada Basketball}}</ref> Canada would defeat the [[United States men's national team|United States]] to win the bronze medal. It was Canada's first international medal since 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/basketball/world-cup-basketball-men-canada-united-states-bronze-recap-1.6962177|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Canada holds off U.S. to win bronze at men's Basketball World Cup in OT|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> He would end up setting a Canadian single game scoring record with 39 points in the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/nba/news/dillon-brooks-stats-canada-record-fiba-world-cup-bronze-usa/d8403ba56e3ec8e453135a53|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Canada forward breaks records with 39 points in FIBA World Cup bronze medal win over USA|publisher=[[The Sporting News]]}}</ref> He was booed by the crowd during the tournament, but was cheered at the end and received chants of MVP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/basketball/world-cup-basketball-men-canada-united-states-bronze-recap-1.6962177|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Canada holds off U.S. to win bronze at men's Basketball World Cup in OT|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Brooks would be named the Best Defensive Player of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.si.com/nba/rockets/news/houston-rockets-dillon-brooks-luka-doncic-team-canada-team-usa-world-cup-fiba-award|accessdate=September 12, 2023|title=Rockets' Dillon Brooks Named Best Defensive Player At FIBA World Cup|publisher=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{basketballstats|nba=1628415|bbr=b/brookdi01}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brooks, Dillon}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Black Canadian sportspeople]] [[Category:Canadian basketball players]] [[Category:Houston Rockets players]] [[Category:Memphis Grizzlies players]] [[Category:Shooting guards]] [[Category:Small forwards]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Ontario]] e5c3n8s24ouoya2vtc4emr785gpyb9k 0 1049790 10331486 10162508 2025-06-15T05:36:50Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox politician | death_date = 26 January 2008 (aged 81) | birth_date = 1 August 1926 | death_place = [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] | party = [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] | image = George Habash.jpg | spouse = Hilda Habash }} '''George Habash''' (1926-2008) also known by his nickname '''Al-Hakim''' (the wise one), was a Palestinian [[revolutionary]] and [[Politician|political leader]]. He was born in [[Lydda]], [[Palestine]]. Habash was the founder of [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), a famous Palestinian armed [[Resistance movement|resistance]] group. He remained a significant figure in Palestinian politics until his retirement in 2000. George Habash died in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andoni|first=Lamis|title=Habash: The bearer of the dream|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/7/13/habash-the-bearer-of-the-dream|access-date=2023-09-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Early life== Habash was born in Lydda (today's [[Lod]]) to a Greek [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox Christian]] [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] family in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|title=George Habash {{!}} Palestinian territories {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/27/israelandthepalestinians.obituaries|access-date=2023-09-25|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> Habash was a [[Medical school|medical]] student at the [[American University of Beirut]]. After finishing at the top of his class in [[medical school]] in 1951, George Habash went on to work as a Doctor in [[refugee camp]]s in [[Jordan]]. He partnered with [[Wadie Haddad]] to run a [[clinic]] in [[Amman]]. Habash held a strong belief that the existence of [[Israel]] should be brought to an end using any available methods, including [[Palestinian political violence|political violence]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-28|title=The Wise One|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30194653.ece|access-date=2023-09-25|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> ==Death== Habash died on 26 January 2008, at the age of 81 due to a [[cardiac arrest]] in the Jordan Hospital in [[Amman]], [[Jordan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=PFLP founder George Habash dies|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2008/1/28/pflp-founder-george-habash-dies|access-date=2023-09-25|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Habash George Habash] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habash, George}} [[Category:Palestinian politicians]] [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:2008 deaths]] [[Category:Palestinian nationalists]] [[Category:Palestinian Christians]] [[Category:Palestinian activists]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiac arrest]] [[Category:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] djtw7traoap5xm1eftmhza33c1kinze 0 1049866 10331000 9923707 2025-06-14T22:41:00Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Staatsliga A]] | season = 1949-50 | dates = | winners = [[FK Austria Wien]] | relegated = [[SV Gloggnitz ]]<br>[[SK Slovan Wien]]<br>[[Rapid Oberlaa|SC Rapid Oberlaa]] | matches = | total goals = | league topscorer = [[Karl Decker]]<br>(23 goals) | prevseason = [[1948-49 Austrian football championship|1948-49]] | nextseason = [[1950-51 Austrian football championship|1950-51]] }} The '''1949–50 Austrian football championship''' ([[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Staatsliga A]]) was organized by the ÖFB. It was the first season where teams from all federal states were allowed to play. A total of six different leagues served as a substructure to the State League A, which were connected via a comprehensive relegation round. ==Table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. !M ! Name ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |24 | FK Austria Wien | 18 |2 | 4 | 38 |- |2. | 24 |SK Rapid Wien | 16 |4 | 4 | 36 |- |3. |24 | SC Wacker Wien | 15 |3 | 6 | 33 |- |4. |24 | First Vienna FC | 14 |5 | 5 | 33 |- |5. | 24 |SK Admira Wien | 16 |0 |8 | 32 |- |6. |24 | FC Wien | 14 |4 | 6 | 32 |- |7. |24 | Wiener Sport-Club | 12 |4 | 8 | 28 |- |8. |24 |Floridsdorfer AC |9 |2 | 13 | 20 |- |9. |24 | SK Vorwärts Steyr |9 |2 | 13 | 20 |- |10. |24 |SK Sturm Graz | 7 |4 | 13 | 18 |- |11. |24 | SV Gloggnitz | 4 |3 | 17 | 11 |- |12. |24 | SK Slovan Wien | 2 |5 | 17 | 9 |- |13. |24 | SC Rapid Oberlaa | 0 |2 | 22 | 2 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1940_49/o1__staatsliga__1949_50.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 August 1949 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' | Wiener Sport-Club |2-1 |- |27 August 1949 | Oberlaaer SK | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |0-1 |- |28 August 1949 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Admira Wien | 5-1 |- |28 August 1949 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Slovan Wien |5-2 |- |28 August 1949 |SV Gloggnitz | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' | 2-5 |- |28 August 1949 |SK Sturm Graz | '''First Vienna FC''' | 1-6 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 September 1949 | SK Slovan Wien |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |1-2 |- |4 September 1949 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |Oberlaaer SK |5-1 |- |4 September 1949 |FC Wien | SV Gloggnitz | 1-1 |- |4 September 1949 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' | SK Rapid Wien |3-2 |- |4 September 1949 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | SK Sturm Graz | 3-2 |- |4 September 1949 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | FK Austria Wien | 3-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 September 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |10 September 1949 | '''First Vienna FC''' |SC Wacker Wien |3-2 |- |11 September 1949 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Slovan Wien | 2-1 |- |11 September 1949 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |5-0 |- |11 September 1949 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FC Wien''' | 2-5 |- |11 September 1949 |SK Sturm Graz | '''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 September 1949 |SK Slovan Wien |Oberlaaer SK |2-2 |- |18 September 1949 | SK Admira Wien |'''First Vienna FC''' |1-2 |- |18 September 1949 |'''FC Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 5-2 |- |18 September 1949 |SV Gloggnitz |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |2-8 |- |18 September 1949 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-6 |- |18 September 1949 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SK Sturm Graz | 3-1 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 October 1949 |Oberlaaer SK | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' |1-4 |- |1 October 1949 | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |SK Admira Wien |3-1 |- |2 October 1949 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | FC Wien | 8-1 |- |2 October 1949 |Floridsdorfer AC |SV Gloggnitz |2-2 |- |2 October 1949 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | SK Slovan Wien | 3-1 |- |2 October 1949 |'''First Vienna FC''' | Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 October 1949 | '''FC Wien ''' |Oberlaaer SK |3-1 |- |8 October 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC |2-1 |- |9 October 1949 |SV Gloggnitz | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 2-3 |- |9 October 1949 |SK Sturm Graz |SK Vorwärts Steyr |2-2 |- |9 October 1949 |SK Slovan Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' | 1-4 |- |9 October 1949 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | SC Wacker Wien | 2-1 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 October 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |'''SV Gloggnitz ''' |1-5 |- |22 October 1949 |'''First Vienna FC''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |- |23 October 1949 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |SK Slovan Wien | 2-0 |- |23 October 1949 |SK Admira Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |2-4 |- |23 October 1949 |FK Austria Wien | SK Rapid Wien | 4-4 |- |23 October 1949 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FC Wien ''' | 2-3 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 October 1949 |FC Wien |First Vienna FC |2-2 |- |30 October 1949 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-5 |- |30 October 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Oberlaaer SK | 8-2 |- |30 October 1949 |'''SV Gloggnitz ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-2 |- |30 October 1949 | SK Slovan Wien | '''SK Admira Wien ''' | 0-2 |- |30 October 1949 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SC Wacker Wien''' | 0-2 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 November 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |1-3 |- |6 November 1949 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-2 |- |6 November 1949 |'''First Vienna FC''' | SV Gloggnitz | 6-0 |- |6 November 1949 |SC Wacker Wien |FC Wien |2-2 |- |6 November 1949 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SK Slovan Wien | 4-1 |- |18 December 1949 | SK Sturm Graz | SK Rapid Wien | 3-3 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 November 1949 |'''FC Wien''' |SK Admira Wien |2-1 |- |20 November 1949 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Oberlaaer SK |7-2 |- |20 November 1949 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' | SK Sturm Graz | 5-1 |- |20 November 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | First Vienna FC |6-0 |- |20 November 1949 |SV Gloggnitz |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | 1-8 |- |20 November 1949 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | 1-2 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 November 1949 |SK Sturm Graz |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-3 |- |23 November 1949 | Wiener Sport-Club |'''FC Wien''' |2-3 |- |26 November 1949 |'''SK Admira Wien''' | SV Gloggnitz | 4-3 |- |26 November 1949 |SK Slovan Wien |''' SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' |0-3 |- |27 November 1949 | First Vienna FC |Floridsdorfer AC | 1-1 |- |27 November 1949 | SC Wacker Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 2-5 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 December 1949 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |2-3 |- |3 December 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-2 |- |4 December 1949 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | First Vienna FC | 4-1 |- |4 December 1949 |'''FC Wien''' |SK Slovan Wien |4-0 |- |4 December 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Admira Wien | 4-2 |- |4 December 1949 | SV Gloggnitz | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | 2-2 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 December 1949 |'''First Vienna FC''' |Oberlaaer SK |3-2 |- |11 December 1949 | '''SK Admira Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC |1-2 |- |11 December 1949 |'''SK Slovan Wien''' |SV Gloggnitz | 5-2 |- |11 December 1949 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' | FC Wien |2-1 |- |11 December 1949 |SC Wacker Wien | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 1-2 |- |11 December 1949 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-3 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 February 1950 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |0-1 |- |26 February 1950 | SK Admira Wien | '''FK Austria Wien''' |2-4 |- |26 February 1950 | SK Slovan Wien |SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |26 February 1950 |First Vienna FC | SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |26 February 1950 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' | SV Gloggnitz | 6-3 |- |26 February 1950 | '''SC Wacker Wien ''' | Oberlaaer SK | 5-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 March 1950 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-0 |- |5 March 1950 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' | SK Slovan Wien |5-1 |- |5 March 1950 | Oberlaaer SK |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | 0-3 |- |5 March 1950 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |4-2 |- |5 March 1950 | SV Gloggnitz | '''FC Wien''' | 1-5 |- |5 March 1950 | SK Sturm Graz | '''SC Wacker Wien ''' | 2-3 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 March 1950 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |First Vienna FC |4-1 |- |11 March 1950 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |Oberlaaer SK |7-1 |- |11 March 1950 | '''SK Admira Wien ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 4-1 |- |12 March 1950 |FC Wien |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |12 March 1950 |SK Slovan Wien | FK Austria Wien | 2-2 |- |12 March 1950 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | Floridsdorfer AC | 2-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 March 1950 |'''First Vienna FC''' | SK Admira Wien |4-2 |- |26 March 1950 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |5-0 |- |26 March 1950 | Floridsdorfer AC |'''FC Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |26 March 1950 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Gloggnitz |2-1 |- |26 March 1950 |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' | Wiener Sport-Club | 4-2 |- |2 April 1950 | Oberlaaer SK | '''SK Slovan Wien ''' | 1-3 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 April 1950 |SK Slovan Wien |SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- |16 April 1950 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |SC Wacker Wien |2-1 |- |16 April 1950 |'''FC Wien ''' |FK Austria Wien | 2-1 |- |16 April 1950 |SV Gloggnitz |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |1-3 |- |16 April 1950 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | Oberlaaer SK | 5-1 |- |16 April 1950 |Wiener Sport-Club | First Vienna FC | 3-3 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 April 1950 | First Vienna FC |SK Slovan Wien |2-2 |- |22 April 1950 |SC Wacker Wien |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |23 April 1950 |Oberlaaer SK | '''FC Wien ''' | 1-9 |- |23 April 1950 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |4-2 |- |26 April 1950 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | SV Gloggnitz | 9-1 |- |26 April 1950 |Floridsdorfer AC | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 0-3 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 April 1950 |'''FC Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- |30 April 1950 |SK Slovan Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |1-5 |- |30 April 1950 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FK Austria Wien | 4-2 |- |30 April 1950 |'''SV Gloggnitz''' |Oberlaaer SK |5-1 |- |30 April 1950 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''First Vienna FC ''' | 0-2 |- |30 April 1950 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-6 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 May 1950 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |8-1 |- |7 May 1950 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |SK Slovan Wien |4-2 |- |7 May 1950 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | Floridsdorfer AC | 6-1 |- |7 May 1950 |Oberlaaer SK |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-6 |- |7 May 1950 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SV Gloggnitz | 5-0 |- |7 May 1950 |'''First Vienna FC''' | FC Wien | 4-2 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 May 1950 |SK Slovan Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-4 |- |21 May 1950 |FC Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |0-3 |- |21 May 1950 |''' Floridsdorfer AC''' |Oberlaaer SK | 3-0 |- |21 May 1950 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |6-0 |- |21 May 1950 |SV Gloggnitz | '''First Vienna FC''' | 2-3 |- |21 May 1950 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SK Admira Wien''' | 1-3 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 June 1950 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |FC Wien |3-1 |- |3 June 1950 |Oberlaaer SK |'''FK Austria Wien''' |0-3 |- |4 June 1950 |''' SK Sturm Graz''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 3-1 |- |4 June 1950 |First Vienna FC |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-2 |- |4 June 1950 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | SV Gloggnitz | 10-1 |- |4 June 1950 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr | 3-0 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 June 1950 |FC Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-1 |- |10 June 1950 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- |10 June 1950 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''First Vienna FC ''' | 1-3 |- |10 June 1950 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien |3-1 |- |11 June 1950 | SV Gloggnitz |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 3-8 |- |11 June 1950 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | SK Slovan Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 June 1950 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SV Gloggnitz |4-2 |- |17 June 1950 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |SK Rapid Wien |5-2 |- |17 June 1950 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |Oberlaaer SK | 8-1 |- |17 June 1950 |First Vienna FC |'''FK Austria Wien''' |1-4 |- |18 June 1950 | '''SC Wacker Wien ''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 2-1 |- |21 June 1950 |SK Slovan Wien | '''FC Wien ''' |2-4 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 June 1950 |Oberlaaer SK |'''First Vienna FC''' |1-3 |- |24 June 1950 |FK Austria Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |1-4 |- |24 June 1950 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 2-3 |- |24 June 1950 |SK Rapid Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-4 |- |25 June 1950 | '''FC Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr | 3-2 |- |25 June 1950 |SV Gloggnitz | SK Slovan Wien |4-1 |} ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Club ! Goals |- | Karl Decker |First Vienna FC | 23 |- | Erich Habitzl<br>Adolf Huber<br>Alfred Körner<br> Ernst Melchior |SK Admira Wien<br>FK Austria Wien<br>SK Rapid Wien<br>FK Austria Wien | 22 |}<ref name="Austria soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1940_1949/stno1__staatsliga__1949_50.htm Austria soccer]</ref> ==Highest win== *4 June 1950 * Wacker Wien - SV Gloggnitz *10:1 <ref name="Austria soccer"/> ==Spectators== * 1 144 100 * '''Average:''' 7334 <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1940_1949/stno1__staatsliga__1949_50.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Highest number of spectators== *30 April 1950 * Rapid Wien - Austria Wien/ Wiener Sportclub - Admira Wien *54 000 <ref name="Austria soccer"/><ref>Double event</ref> ==Promotion== *'''Vienna''':Elektra Wien *'''Relegation Burgenland/Lower Austria/Styria''': 1. Wiener Neustädter SC *'''Relegation Carinthia/Upper Austria/Tyrol''': Linzer ASK ==References== {{reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1949-50 Austrian football championship}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1949 in association football]] [[Category:1950 in association football]] [[Category:1950 in Europe]] am2ghdbkba025wqsbv5tbxti77vnq5h 0 1051448 10331223 9107488 2025-06-15T01:17:33Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Template with Unicode control characters - Reference duplication) 10331223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=October 2023}} '''Angelo Soliman''', born '''Mmadi Make,''' was an [[Austrian people|Austrian]] [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] who lived from c. 1721–1796. He became popular in [[Vienna|Viennese]] society and as a Freemason.<ref name="Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Österreich">{{Cite web|date=2011-07-06|title=Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Österreich|url=http://www.afrikanistik.at/personen/soliman_angelo.htm|access-date=2023-10-02|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706085706/http://www.afrikanistik.at/personen/soliman_angelo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == Soliman was most likely a member of the Kanuri ethnic group's Magumi subdivision. His given name was '''''Mmadi Make''''', a name associated with a royal family in [[Borno State]], modern [[Nigeria]]. He was taken away as a child and sent to [[Marseille]] as a slave. He was sold to a Messinan [[marchioness]], who was in charge of his education. He chose the name 'Angelo' out of love for another servant in the household, Angelina. He chose September 11, his [[baptism]]al day, as his birthday. <ref name="Geschichte der Afrikanistik in Österreich" /> == Reference == <references /> {{Bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soliman, Angelo}} [[Category:Austrian people]] [[Category:1790s births]] [[Category:1796 deaths]] [[Category:Freemasons]] 10xlxg9sg5dk8apfl62yoqqc6s0z527 0 1051908 10331209 10326706 2025-06-15T01:11:16Z Yilangderen 824311 /* People not in PRC prison */ 1919 10331209 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of people, sorted by their [[date of birth]]. The sorting is done regardless of where he was born, what [[identity document]] he has, his [[nation]]ality, his [[residence]], what he has done, what he believes in, his favorability, how was he [[reporter|reported]] and why is he involved in the [[dispute]](s). ==People not in PRC [[prison]]== See also: [[wikinews:zh:王志安被台灣驅逐出境_曾批民進黨造勢用殘障煽情|Wang Zhi'an deported by Taiwan.]] *born in 1968 - Wang Zhi'an<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-68090861 王志安在台湾“夜夜秀”涉歧视争议后，被罚五年禁止入境]</ref> See also: [[wikinews:zh:兩陸客在台拔「光時」旗被逐出境|2 mainland tourists in Taiwan, who tore down "光時 flags", deported]]; and [[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Tong_Ying_Kit/Reasons_for_Sentence|the court case which mentioned the “LIBERATE HONG KONG REVOLUTION OF OUR TIMES” slogan.]] *[[File:Johanne Liou arrested by Boston.jpg|150px|The person on the left is Ms Liou.]] born in 1985 - Johanne Liou<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=PCDM%2C110%2C%E9%87%8D%E8%A8%B4%2C34%2C20220728%2C1&ot=in%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA |title=110年度重訴字第34號 |access-date=2024-07-02 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613084008/https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=PCDM,110,%E9%87%8D%E8%A8%B4,34,20220728,1&ot=in%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/local/2272284 |title=劉喬安被通緝！　涉寄毒包裹　疑滯留美國 |access-date=2024-06-13 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613094832/https://news.tvbs.com.tw/local/2272284}}</ref><ref>[https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/02/09/2003831580 Taiwanese woman arrested in US for overstaying visa]. ''Taipei Times''</ref> *[[File:Chan Tong-kai bowed to apologise.png|150px|Mr Chan walked out of prison in October 2019.]] born in 1998 - Chan Tong Kai<ref name="newtalk-2019-10-23">{{cite news |title=陳同佳赴台自首？蔡英文：只有逮捕、沒有自首 |url=https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-23/315634 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=新頭殼新聞 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041559/https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-23/315634 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name="stn-2019-10-23">{{cite news |title=蔡英文稱陳同佳案只有逮捕沒有自首 指若港府迴避「由台灣處理」 |url=http://std.stheadline.com/instant/articles/detail/1119770/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF-%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%A8%B1%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96-%E6%8C%87%E8%8B%A5%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BF%B4%E9%81%BF-%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%99%95%E7%90%86 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=星島日報 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108051103/http://std.stheadline.com/instant/articles/detail/1119770/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF-%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%A8%B1%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96-%E6%8C%87%E8%8B%A5%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BF%B4%E9%81%BF-%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%99%95%E7%90%86 }}</ref><ref name="hk01-2019-10-23a">{{cite news |title=石棺藏屍案先例　疑犯「移交」返港　兩地警隨行 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E7%AA%81%E7%99%BC/389413/%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%8D%84-%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%8D%E6%A1%88%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B-%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF-%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4-%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF-%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6%E9%9A%A8%E8%A1%8C |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=香港01 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023100247/https://www.hk01.com/%E7%AA%81%E7%99%BC/389413/%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%8D%84-%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%8D%E6%A1%88%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B-%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF-%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4-%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF-%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6%E9%9A%A8%E8%A1%8C |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name="mingpao-2019-10-23a">{{cite news |title=士林地檢署：陳同佳不符自首條件　案件將交地方法院 |url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E6%B8%AF%E8%81%9E/article/20191019/s00001/1571469451817/%E5%A3%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%AA%A2%E7%BD%B2-%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6-%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%87%E4%BA%A4%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=明報 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101126/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%2581%259E/article/20191019/s00001/1571469451817/%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E6%259E%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%25AA%25A2%25E7%25BD%25B2-%25E9%2599%25B3%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BD%25B3%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E8%2587%25AA%25E9%25A6%2596%25E6%25A2%259D%25E4%25BB%25B6-%25E6%25A1%2588%25E4%25BB%25B6%25E5%25B0%2587%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2599%25A2 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> The following are considered as troublemakers by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). *born in 1907 - [[Lin Biao]] *born in 1918 - Wang Ruowang (王若望) <ref name="aa1">《邓小平文选》：[http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/242358/242773/242776/17735108.html 旗帜鲜明地反对资产阶级自由化] {{Wayback|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/242358/242773/242776/17735108.html |date=20180513082503 }} （1986年12月30日）“对于那些明显反对[[社会主义]]、反对共产党的，这次就要处理；可能会引起波浪，那也不可怕。对方励之、刘宾雁、'''王若望'''，处理要坚决；他们狂妄到极点，想改变共产党，他们有什么资格当共产党员？”</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0924/c85037-27627492.html |title=陈云：必须把维护党的政治纪律放在首位 |accessdate=2019-09-30 |author=张曙 |date=2015-09-24 |work= |publisher=中国共产党新闻网，来源：张曙《中央纪委第一书记陈云》 |language=Zh-hans |archive-date=2019-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930071956/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0924/c85037-27627492.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5PZS8lEdRY |title=錢達 ：海外民運史上最慘烈的內鬥－1993年的華盛頓會議 （中） |date=August 2023 }}</ref> *born in 1919 - [[Zhao Ziyang]] - "在制止动乱的关键时刻所犯的严重错误，决定撤销他所担任的党内一切领导职务" (...serious mistakes made...decided to remove him from all [[leader]]ship positions within the [[Chinese Communist Party]])<ref>[https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_13278049 党史学习教育|大家学 6.23]</ref> *born in 1923 - [[Lee Teng-hui]]<ref>[https://m.news.cctv.com/2020/07/31/ARTIrUzfwH5buelvojmthRxL200731.shtml “遗臭万年”已是李登辉甩不掉的历史标签]</ref> *[[File:Zhu Hong and Liu Binyan's marriage headshot.jpg|150px|The person on the right is Mr Liu.]] born in 1925 - Liu Binyan<ref>{{cite news|title=刘宾雁|url=http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/xdzj/579.shtml|publisher=[[中国作家协会]]|accessdate=2020-05-24|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008033702/http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/xdzj/579.shtml}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=為「中國的良心」劉賓雁塑像 {{!}} 大紀元 |url=https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/1/n830917.htm |website=大紀元 www.epochtimes.com |date=2000-01-01 |language=zh-Hant |access-date=2024-12-28 |archive-date=2025-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227030312/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/1/n830917.htm }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=趙越勝：劉賓雁是畫卷，你是那束光｜端傳媒 Initium Media|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20160715-mainland-zhuhong|website=端傳媒 Initium Media|date=2016-07-15|language=zh-Hant|access-date=2024-07-14|archive-date=2025-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119144551/https://theinitium.com/article/20160715-mainland-zhuhong}}</ref> *[[File:Dr Gao Yaojie March 2007a.jpg|150px]] born in 1927, Gao Yaojie<ref>BBC中文：[http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_6390000/newsid_6392100/6392139.stm 高耀洁拒绝说假话 将飞往美国领奖] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_6390000/newsid_6392100/6392139.stm |date=20070226060907 }}</ref> *born in 1930 - [[Li Zehou]] *[[File:Chinese ex-official Bao Tong at home (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1932, Bao Tong<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Fan |date=10 November 2022 |title=Bao Tong: Champion of Chinese political reform dies at 90 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63581532}}</ref> *born in 1932 - [[Joseph Zen]] *born in 1933 - [[Palden Gyatso]] *born in 1935 - [[14th Dalai Lama]] *[[File:Ding Zilin, 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1936, Ding Zilin<ref>{{Cite web|title=丁子霖丈夫蔣培坤訴諸法律援助 - 大紀元|url=https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/4/2/n499224.htm|accessdate=2020-11-02|date=2004-04-02|work=大紀元 www.epochtimes.com|language=zh-Hant|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107093240/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/4/2/n499224.htm}}</ref> *[[File:Fang Lizhi (10455658873) (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1936, Fang Lizhi<ref>Bhuchung K. Tsering, [http://weblog.savetibet.org/2012/04/09/fang-lizhi-was-right-about-tibet-and-china/ Fang Lizhi was right about Tibet and China], 9 April 2012</ref> *born in 1937 - [[Harry Wu]] *[[File:Dai Qing.jpg|150px]] born in 1941, Dai Qing<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barme |first=Geremie |date=1992 |title=The Trouble with Dai Qing |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=15–19 |doi=10.1080/03064229208535410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> *[[File:严家其.jpg|150px]] born in 1942, Yan Jiaqi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-07|title=严家祺希望王沪宁为六四翻案并自爆逃港期间住向华胜家|url=https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190507-%E4%B8%A5%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%BA%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E7%BF%BB%E6%A1%88%E5%B9%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%88%86%E9%80%83%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8F%E5%90%91%E5%8D%8E%E8%83%9C%E5%AE%B6|access-date=2023-05-15|website=RFI - 法国国际广播电台|language=zh-Hans|archive-date=2023-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515091555/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190507-%E4%B8%A5%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%BA%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E7%BF%BB%E6%A1%88%E5%B9%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%88%86%E9%80%83%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8F%E5%90%91%E5%8D%8E%E8%83%9C%E5%AE%B6}}</ref> *[[File:18-徐文立2005.2.27在美國普林斯頓大學的照片.jpg|150px]] born in 1943, Xu Wenli<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/21/world/top-dissident-gets-13-years-after-trial-in-beijing.html|title= Top Dissident Gets 13 Years After Trial In Beijing|newspaper= New York Times |access-date=2013-07-02|last=Eckholm|first=Erik|date=1998-12-21}}</ref> *[[File:Gao yu VOA.jpg|150px]] born in 1944, Gao Yu<ref>{{Cite web|title = Courage in Journalism Awards: Awardees 1990-2015 {{!}} IWMF|url = http://www.iwmf.org/our-impact/courage-in-journalism-awards/award-winners/|website = www.iwmf.org|accessdate = 2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 1997 - Gao Yu, China: UNESCO-CI|url = http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=5709&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|website = portal.unesco.org|accessdate = 2015-11-26}}</ref> *[[File:任畹町.png|150px]] born in 1944, Ren Wanding<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/04/11/HK0704110048.htm |title=任畹町獲准來港體檢 |accessdate=2012-11-09 |date=2007-04-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204024353/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/04/11/HK0704110048.htm |archivedate=2007-12-04 |work=文汇报}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/10/uk-china-activist-hongkong-idUKPEK29935820070410 |title=China allows veteran activist to visit Hong Kong |author=Lindsay Beck |date=10 April 2007 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=6 July 2012 |archive-date=2013-02-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201040159/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/10/uk-china-activist-hongkong-idUKPEK29935820070410 }}</ref> *[[File:Rebiya Kadeer (2).jpg|150px]] born in 1946, Rebiya Kadeer<ref>[http://news.cctv.com/china/20090706/104689.shtml 新疆维吾尔自治区主席努尔·白克力谈乌市打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件] {{Wayback|url=http://news.cctv.com/china/20090706/104689.shtml |date=20090709185412 }}，央视网，2009年07月06日。</ref> *born in 1947 - [[Jimmy Lai]]<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/topics/jimmy-lai-trial Jimmy Lai trial]</ref> *born in 1950 - [[Wei Jingsheng]] *born in 1950 - [[Chen Shui-bian]]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/165637/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPeMmvvyMi6RNdSstrOAA7ZzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIs66dk-8PJwB0XIv5UtZ9hamO29SVRH7vcXbu0yX7cmgn_3VjvCyKClp51sxg 在北京时间2019年04月15日 05:25:18的网页快照]</ref> *born in 1952 - [[Li Hongzhi]]<ref>[http://www.hbcaw.gov.cn/jsjyxczl3/35467.jhtml 我国明确认定的24种邪教组织]</ref> *born in 1954 - [[Shinzo Abe]]<ref>[https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2014-01/07/content_2560877.htm 安倍晋三参拜靖国神社的恶劣性质]</ref> *born in 1956 - [[Tsai Ing-wen]]<ref>[https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1816561141597420849 蔡英文窜访加拿大，我使馆发声：强烈不满、坚决反对]</ref> *[[File:Marco Rubio, Jeanette Nuñez and Rushan Abbas attending 2020 SOTU.jpg|150px|The person on the left is Abbas.]] born in 1967 - Rushan Abbas (茹仙·阿巴斯)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E4%BD%9C%E6%89%80%E4%B8%BA%E5%8F%8A%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E9%9D%A2%E7%9B%AE/64769622 美国国家民主基金会的所作所为及真实面目]</ref> *born in 1969 - [[Wang Dan]] *born in 1971 - [[Chen Guangcheng]] *born in 1972 - Michael Kovrig<ref name="spavor"></ref><ref name="NYTSentenced"></ref> *born in 1975 - Ye Haiyan (叶海燕) (nickname: 流氓燕)<ref>{{Cite web|title=纪录片《流氓燕》与奥斯卡失之交臂，主人公做出回应|url=http://www.rfi.fr/cn/中国/20170129-纪录片《流氓燕》与奥斯卡失之交臂，主人公做出回应|accessdate=2020-06-27|date=2017-01-29|work=RFI - 法国国际广播电台|language=zh-Hans|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627114001/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20170129-%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E7%89%87%E3%80%8A%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%93%E7%87%95%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%B1%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%A4%E8%87%82%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%81%9A%E5%87%BA%E5%9B%9E%E5%BA%94}}</ref><ref name="Radio Free Asia 2017 s866">{{cite web | title=叶海燕家断水停电将以干粮过年 加国外交官抵宋庄探望 | website=Radio Free Asia | date=2017-01-23 | url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-01232017101550.html/ampRFA | language=zh | access-date=2023-08-07 | archive-date=2023-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807050417/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-01232017101550.html/ampRFA}}</ref><ref name="dw.com 2017 a327">{{cite web | title=两会前严打 叶海燕再被搬迁 | website=dw.com | date=2017-03-06 | url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93-%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%87%95%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81/a-37828924 | language=zh | access-date=2023-08-07 | archive-date=2023-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807050413/https://amp.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93-%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%87%95%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81/a-37828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=葉海燕被趕盡殺絕 開畫展遭騷擾清場|url=https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/dissident-01222019055334.html|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=Radio Free Asia|language=zh-yue|archive-date=2020-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629211108/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/dissident-01222019055334.html}}</ref> *born in 1976 - Michael Spavor<ref name=spavor>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=Donald |date=December 17, 2018 |title=China is holding two Canadians as hostages. It's not even denying it. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/17/china-is-holding-two-canadians-hostages-its-not-even-denying-it |access-date=February 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYTSentenced">{{Cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Chris |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |last3=Sherlock |first3=Tracy |date=August 10, 2021 |title=China Sentences Canadian Businessman to 11 Years in Prison |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/10/world/asia/china-canada-spavor-kovrig.html |access-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref> *born in 1983 - Wee Meng Chee (Namewee) (黃明志)<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/malaysia-namewee-wee-meng-chee-singer-taiwan-world-tour-cancel-08272024053742.html 黃明志自爆接死亡威脅　開記者會遭「不可抗力」阻撓 – RFA 自由亞洲電台粵語部]</ref> *born in 1990 - [[Alex Chow]] *[[File:Anastasia Lin and Andrew Hastie MP in Parliamentary Offices 4 December 2018 (DB).jpg|150px|The person on the left is Ms Lin.]] born in 1990 - Anastasia Lin (林耶凡) - writing about her is banned in China.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/search?word=%E6%9E%97%E8%80%B6%E5%87%A1 百度百科]</ref> <ref>[https://www.sogou.com/sogou?query=%E6%9E%97%E8%80%B6%E5%87%A1&ie=utf8&insite=baike.sogou.com 搜狗搜索]</ref> *born in 1991 - [[Edward Leung]] *born in 1993 - [[Nathan Law]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-66094657 香港警方懸紅百萬通緝八名社運人士]. July 4, 2023</ref> *born in 1996 - [[Agnes Chow]] ==People who did something politically sensitive that are not [[arrest|arrested]] by [[police]] (and publicly accounted for) (and followed up with [[judiciary|judicial]] process) but died in China under a [[conspiracy]] theory, or not given enough food/ proper [[medical care]], or believed to be missing/ cannot be located by [[journalism|journalists]]. His final appearance was in China, but there is no confirmation that he is now alive.== *born in 1950 - [[Xu Qiliang]] (许其亮)<ref>[https://x.com/uyunistar/status/1928853811549913206 许其亮去世 习近平：军权重组进入“零代言”时代]. ''Lanjian Zhao (赵兰健)''. May 28, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1808106-20250608.htm 许其亮遗体火化　习近平等领导人致哀]. June 8, 2025</ref> *born in 1957 - He Weidong (何卫东)<ref>[https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/60233470/ 中央軍委副主席何衛東再缺席重要高層會議　外媒曾稱或已被查]. April 28, 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.wenxuecity.com/blog/202505/71103/21404.html 前中央军委副主席何卫东上将，不是死在301医院]. May 26, 2025</ref> *born in 1961 - He Hongjun (何宏军)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je8iv6dr_O0 何宏軍上將自絕於黨]. ''蔡慎坤''. May 21, 2025</ref> *[[File:6-Kao.jpg|150px]] born in 1964 - Gao Zhisheng (高智晟)<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen Human rights in China under Xi Jinping ‘worst since Tiananmen crackdown’: Amnesty]</ref> <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Hong Kong Free Press |title=A year on, lawyer's disappearance highlights China's escalating human rights disaster |url= https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/08/13/year-lawyers-disappearance-highlights-chinas-escalating-human-rights-disaster |date=13 August 2018 |last=Rogers |first=Benedict |access-date= 14 August 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Gao Zhisheng, missing for seven years in China's prison system |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Gao-Zhisheng,-missing-for-seven-years-in-China%E2%80%99s-prison-system-60627.html |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=AsiaNews}}</ref> *born in 1984 - Marco Leung Ling-kit (梁凌杰)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-15 |title=反送中義士死諫周年 父盼展開死因調查 |url=https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/20200615/R4ZEI544FD6YZDKL32LSNBD63M/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824144042/https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/20200615/R4ZEI544FD6YZDKL32LSNBD63M/ |archive-date=2020-08-24 |website=蘋果新聞網 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> *34 years old in 2020 - Mr Kwok (郭振江)<ref>[https://www.singpao.com.hk/index.php?fi=news1&id=109804 地盤工高翔苑墮樓亡]</ref><ref>https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2020-01-14/1617480</ref><ref>https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2020-01-15/45012721</ref><ref>[https://lihkg.com/thread/2966683/page/1 香港警察殺人鐵證 油塘紀律部隊宿舍凶案 死者無知覺被人掟落樓 | LIHKG]</ref> *[[File:People memorial Chan Yin Lam outside HKDI campus 20200922.png|150px|A memorial event in 2020.]] born in 2004 - Chan Yin-lam (陳彥霖)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20191015/ISGY4NKCHC2WTAKIMXYITDQC2Q/|title=浮屍少女死因八大疑點！尚有一未公開CCTV片成關鍵 ｜ 蘋果新聞網 ｜ 蘋果日報|website=蘋果新聞網|language=zh-tw|access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hkcnews.com/article/24280/%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%A3%E7%AB%8B-%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB-%E9%99%B3%E5%BD%A5%E9%9C%96-24287/%E4%BB%BB%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB30%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%A3%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%A7%A6%E6%AE%BA%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%96%E7%94%9A%E5%B0%91%E9%81%BA%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B2%E4%B8%8D%E6%8E%9B-%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%AD%E8%A7%A3%E9%96%8B%E7%96%91%E5%9C%98|title=眾新聞 {{!}} 任法醫30年馬宣立：姦殺案以外甚少遺體一絲不掛 必須在死因庭解開疑團|website=眾新聞|language=zh|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203235502/https://www.hkcnews.com/article/24280/%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E7%25AB%258B-%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2586%25AB-%25E9%2599%25B3%25E5%25BD%25A5%25E9%259C%2596-24287/%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2586%25AB30%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E5%25A7%25A6%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E6%25A1%2588%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%2596%25E7%2594%259A%25E5%25B0%2591%25E9%2581%25BA%25E9%25AB%2594%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25B5%25B2%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%258E%259B-%25E5%25BF%2585%25E9%25A0%2588%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%259B%25A0%25E5%25BA%25AD%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E9%2596%258B%25E7%2596%2591%25E5%259C%2598|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200901/NSF37OWTQFEBZPCGEXAYRTRB4E/|title=【陳彥霖死因研訊】資深法醫不同意溺斃結論 指驗屍無檢測體內有否藻類 ｜ 蘋果日報|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214724/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200901/NSF37OWTQFEBZPCGEXAYRTRB4E/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==People in prison== *born in 1914 - [[Gang of Four|Jiang Qing]] (江青) <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/22/10/30/n13855910.htm 第一夫人變秦城囚徒 江青自殺之謎] 2022-11-04</ref> [[File:FEMA - 25380 - Photograph by Barry Bahler taken on 07-27-2006 in District of Columbia.jpg|150px|The person on the right is Mr Zhou.]] born in 1942 - Zhou Yongkang (周永康)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211213210204/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-06/11/c_1115590304.htm</ref> [[File:VOA-Bo Xilai.jpg|150px]] born in 1949 - Bo Xilai (薄熙来)<ref>http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1025/c1001-23325262.html</ref> See also: [[wikinews:zh:2023年11月1日中文報紙頭條|the cause of Li Keqiang's death remains a mystery - Liberty Times (自由時報) - the headline of Chinese newspapers on November 1, 2023]] *born in 1951 - Gu Wanming (顾万明)<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20250211-%E5%89%8D%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E7%A4%BE%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E9%A1%A7%E8%90%AC%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%AB%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%AA%E7%96%91%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%B7%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0-%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%91 前新華社記者顧萬明寫公開信質疑李克強死因 遭判刑]</ref><ref>[https://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/202502110301.aspx 寫公開信質疑李克強死因 前新華社記者顧萬明遭判刑]</ref> [[File:Ren zhi qiang.JPG|150px]] born in 1951 - Ren Zhiqiang (任志强)<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |date=28 February 2016 |title=Chinese Tycoon Loses 37 Million Followers After Faulting Xi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-28/chinese-tycoon-loses-37-million-web-followers-after-faulting-xi |website=Bloomberg.com |agency=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news |title = Online dissent: Punching high: An outspoken tycoon challenges Xi Jinping's views |url = https://www.economist.com/news/china/21693588-outspoken-tycoon-challenges-xi-jinpings-views-punching-high |access-date = 28 February 2016 |newspaper = [[The Economist]] |date = 27 February 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="reu">{{cite news |date=2020-03-15 |title=Former Chinese property executive who criticized Xi over virus handling is missing, friends say |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-tycoon/former-chinese-property-executive-who-criticized-xi-over-virus-handling-is-missing-friends-say-idUSKBN21205W |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="nydiss">{{cite news |last=Hernández |first=Javier C. |date=14 March 2020 |title=Chinese Tycoon Who Criticized Xi's Response to Coronavirus Has Vanished |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/world/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/prominent-critic-of-china-s-coronavirus-response-ren-zhiqiang-jailed-for-18-years |title=Prominent critic of China's coronavirus response Ren Zhiqiang jailed for 18 years |work=SBS News |date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Tom|title=Xi Jinping critic sentenced to 18 years in prison|url=https://www.ft.com/content/77259e51-d9e3-4fab-a5f6-39aff00c38ac|work=Financial Times|date=22 September 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> *born in 1955 - [[Liu Xiaobo]] (刘晓波) *born in 1955 - Miao Hua (苗华)<ref>https://www.voacantonese.com/a/miao-hua-downfall-20241128/7880720.html</ref><ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20241129-%E8%8B%97%E8%8F%AF%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA%E5%A4%9A%E5%83%8F%E5%A5%BD%E8%90%8A%E5%A1%A2%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%87-%E8%A2%AB%E5%A5%97%E9%A0%AD%E5%A5%97%E5%A4%9A%E7%94%B1%E5%90%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E6%8A%BC%E8%B5%B0 苗華被捕傳說多像好萊塢大片：被套頭套由多名士兵押走]. Nov 29, 2024</ref><ref>https://www.voachinese.com/a/7882008.html</ref> - Formal [[prosecution|accusation]]s have not been brought against him. Anyways, he could potentially end up in PRC prison.<ref>[https://china.caixin.com/2025-05-29/102325253.html 停职上将苗华“严重违纪违法”]. 财新 May 29, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3312463/disgraced-chinese-admiral-miao-hua-suspected-legal-violations Disgraced Chinese admiral Miao Hua suspected of ‘legal violations’]. SCMP Xinlu Liang May 31, 2025</ref> *born in 1960 - Ai Baojun (艾宝俊)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/jlsc/djcf/201601/t20160119_73113.html |title=上海市原市委常委、副市长艾宝俊严重违纪被开除党籍和公职 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |publisher=Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121165633/http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/jlsc/djcf/201601/t20160119_73113.html |archive-date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref> *born in 1966 - Shirzat Bawudun (希尔扎提·巴吾东)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Condemned Uyghur official dies in prison in China’s Xinjiang region |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/uyghur/2024/10/22/uyghur-death-in-prison/ |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> *born in 1970 - Wang Jiangfeng (王江峰)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/shandong-man-sentenced-for-posting-compliants-against-chinese-leaders/3808353.html|title=中国一网民转发讽领导人言论被判刑两年|publisher=美国之音|date=2017-04-13|accessdate=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509203909/http://www.voachinese.com/a/shandong-man-sentenced-for-posting-compliants-against-chinese-leaders/3808353.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8/84627/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%A8%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA-%E7%BF%92%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%90-%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%B3%B0%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%912%E5%B9%B4|title=在微信上称领导人“习包子”山东网民王江峰遭判刑2年|publisher=香港01|date=2017-04-15|accessdate=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828191249/https://www.hk01.com/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8/84627/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%A8%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA-%E7%BF%92%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%90-%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%B3%B0%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%912%E5%B9%B4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/retrial-11012017080838.html 網民轉發「習包子」網帖遭判監　案件重審減兩月刑期]. Nov 1, 2017</ref> *born in 1972 - Zhao Lianhai (赵连海)<ref name=ap1> [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101110/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk_trial China food safety activist given 2½ years] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114002835/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101110/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk_trial |date=November 14, 2010 }} Christopher Bodeen, Associated Press – Wed Nov 10, 2:41 am ET, via news.yahoo.com on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=busw1> {{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-10/china-court-jails-tainted-milk-activist-amnesty-says.html|title= China Court Jails Tainted-Milk Activist, Amnesty Says |work= BusinessWeek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094536/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-10/china-court-jails-tainted-milk-activist-amnesty-says.html |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |editor1-first= Frank|editor1-last= Longid|editor2-first= Douglas|editor2-last= Wong|editor3-first= Matthew |editor3-last=Brooker |date= 10 November 2010 }} </ref> <ref name=dui1> [http://www.duihuahrjournal.org/2010/11/injuring-injured-case-of-zhao-lianhai.html Dui Hua Human Rights Journal: Injuring the Injured: The Case of Zhao Lianhai], Dui Hua foundation, via www.duihuahrjournal.org on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=SCMPhound> [https://www.scmp.com/article/969435/police-hound-activist-family-day-out Police hound activist on family day out] 2 June 2011 </ref> <ref name=guard1> [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/03/china-contaminated-milk-campaign-social-disorder Chinese tainted milk campaigner accused of provoking social disorder - World news - guardian.co.uk] Tania Branigan in Beijing, 2010 03 02, via www.guardian.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=teleg1> [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3545733/China-milk-scandal-Families-of-sick-children-fight-to-find-out-true-scale-of-the-problem.html China milk scandal: Families of sick children fight to find out true scale of the problem - Telegraph] co.uk, 2008 03 12, via www.telegraph.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=bbc1> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11724323 BBC News - China jails tainted milk activist Zhao Lianhai] co.uk, via www.bbc.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=star1> [https://www.thestar.com/World/Columnist/article/572723 Father of poisoned baby rallies parents in tainted-milk fight - thestar.com], Bill Schiller, Asia Bureau, Toronto Star, via www.thestar.com on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=reut1> [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/TOE5BL06U.htm Reuters AlertNet - China arrests father active on melamine milk issues], By Lucy Hornby, Reuters, editor Ken Wills, 2009 12 22, via www.alertnet.org on 2010 11 10 </ref> See also: [[wikinews:Chinese political dissident Hu Jia freed as Chinese Premier Wen visits Britain]] *born in 1973 - Hu Jia (胡佳)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/china.activist.sentenced.ap/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Chinese civil rights activist sentenced for subversion |date=3 April 2008 |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527021911/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/china.activist.sentenced.ap/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>Congressional-Executive Commission on China, [http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5295 Political Prisoner Databas: Hu Jia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211215931/http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5295 |date=2012-12-11 }}.</ref><ref>Tania Branigan, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/24/sakharov-prize-hu-jia EU defies Beijing to award dissident human rights prize], The Guardian, 23 October 2008.</ref> <ref>Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=17919 China: Call for release of Hu Jia as he receives European Parliament Sakharov Prize], 24 October 2008.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13917882|title=Prominent Chinese dissident Hu Jia freed - wife|access-date=June 26, 2011 | work=BBC News|date=26 June 2011}}</ref> *born in 1974 - Peng Lifa (彭立发)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Micah McCartney China News |date=2023-10-25 |title=Beijing's 'Bridge Man' protester Peng Lifa leaves legacy in China |url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-protest-peng-lifa-1837668 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VOA 2023">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Bing |date=2023-10-12 |title=Protester Who Unfurled Anti-Xi Messages from Beijing Bridge Still Detained Year Later |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/protester-who-unfurled-anti-xi-messages-from-beijing-bridge-still-detained-year-later-/7309045.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> *born in 1988 - Kwonpyong (권평) (权平)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA-%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91/a-36281512?&zhongwen=simp|title=海归因抗议习近平而失踪 各地留学生声援营救|publisher=德国之声|date=2016-11-06|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144147/http://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA-%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91/a-36281512?&zhongwen=simp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-protest-11142016070108.html|title=三藩市华人营救权平和子肃 到中国领馆抗议|publisher=[[自由亚洲电台]]|date=2016-11-14|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2018-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134925/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-protest-11142016070108.html}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170217/c17china/|title=穿“习特勒”T恤，权平被控煽动颠覆国家政权|publisher=[[纽约时报]]|author=储百亮|date=2017-02-17|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2017-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620091346/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170217/c17china/}}</ref> *born in 1996 - [[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Tong_Ying_Kit/Reasons_for_Sentence|Tong Ying Kit]] *born in 1999 - Niu Tengyu (牛腾宇)<ref>https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/xiao-01282021105213.html</ref><ref>[https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/665269.html “习近平家人信息泄露案” 二审宣判，牛腾宇14年刑期不变]. ''China Digital Times''. April 24, 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=惡俗維基黑幕●專訪 辯護律師遭約談被DQ 傳上訴閉門秘審 創辦人爆：官二代係幕後篤灰人獲釋放|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/china/20210217/2INHNFBF3VDZDAJVNQMKCBUFMQ/|author=苹果新闻|date=2021-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619003032mp_/https://hk.appledaily.com/china/20210217/2INHNFBF3VDZDAJVNQMKCBUFMQ/|archive-date=2021-06-19|access-date=2022-11-03}}</ref> ===people in [[Hong Kong]] prison=== * [[File:Ce-election-civil-referendum-1.jpg|150px|left]] born in 1964 - Benny Tai Yiu-ting<ref>[[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Ng_Gordon_Ching-hang_and_others/Reasons_for_Sentence]]</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2l4eynl4zo</ref> The people above may or may not be alive now, and, might have walked out of prison already/ their [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]]s might have stopped. == People sanctioned by China with [[public]] [[publishing|announcement]] == *born in 1940 - [[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/11038248/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPffmv2mMCiSP9T67-DQAeFzzqIPmGapB5nyTcY07cct_blgGx2Fs5Ytd9MX2f-gXg8q6PAUeeo8XeNr3yS7PDXFzbbu9sYzmtNGo4JcHK8XhfPxvkT5vSKK3rPQsjTiiifFoti5 百科参考资料]. 2022-08-05</ref> *born in 1949 - [[Peter Navarro]]<ref /name = "cncn">[https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2021/01-21/9393039.shtml 被中方制裁的另外18名美国官员是谁？华春莹：谁做坏事自己心里清楚]</ref> *born in 1960 - James D. Taiclet<ref>[https://www.tbsnews.net/world/china-sanctions-lockheed-martin-over-taiwan-arms-sales-881276 China sanctions Lockheed Martin over Taiwan arms sales ]</ref> *born in 1961 - [[Pat Toomey]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-53738020 中国就香港问题制裁11名美国官员 当事人不屑一顾]</ref> [[File:Pompeo and Turkel cropped 50147793747 f6d8b8c827 o.jpg|200px]] born in 1963 - [[Mike Pompeo]]<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/united-states-trump-election-cabinet-mike-pompeo-marco-rubio-tom-cotton-11072024142704.html 蓬佩奧成國防部長熱門人選　與其餘3內閣人選均被中國制裁]</ref> *born in 1962 - [[Michael McCaul]]<ref>[[wikinews:China's Foreign Ministry sanctions US Representative Michael McCaul]]</ref> *born in 1966 - [[Robert C. O'Brien]]<ref /name = "cncn"></ref> *born in 1970 - Nury Turkel.<ref>[https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1719761055110365037 中国外交部宣布对等反制美方4名人员，他们什么来头？]</ref> He sat next to Pompeo in the photo above. *born in 1971 - [[Marco Rubio]]<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/marco-rubio-china-hawk-sanctioned-by-beijing-twice-is-new-us-secretary-of-state-donald-trump-101737422517416.html#google_vignette Marco Rubio, China ‘hawk’ sanctioned by Beijing twice, is new US Secretary of State]. Jan 21, 2025</ref> *Wahid Nawabi, Kevin McDonnell, Brian William Schimpf, Matthew Marley Grimm, Gregory Michael Kausner<ref>[https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202407/1315933.shtml China sanctions six US military companies, five senior executives over arms sales to Taiwan island]</ref> == [[Celebrity]]/ [[politician]]/ [[religion|religious]] leader who met or visited people disliked by China== *born in 1931 - [[Desmond Tutu]]<ref>[[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1940 - [[Nancy Pelosi Taiwan visit|Nancy Pelosi]] *born in 1946 - [[George W. Bush]]<ref>[[File:Bush, Byrd and Pelosi awarding the Dalai Lama.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1949 - [[Richard Gere]]<ref name="shambsun">{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsroar.com/richard-gere-my-journey-as-a-buddhist|title=Richard Gere: My Journey as a Buddhist|access-date=May 27, 2012|website=Shambhala Sun}}</ref> *born in 1953 - [[Marcella Liburd]]<ref>[[File:10.10 總統會見聖克里斯多福及尼維斯聯邦總督萊柏訪問團 (53248058273).jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1955 - [[Michael L. MacDonald]]<ref>[[File:10.13 總統接見「加拿大國會議員訪問團」.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1957 - [[Kurt M. Campbell]]<ref name="twothousandtwelve">[[File:Kurt Campbell with Chen Guangcheng at US Embassy May 1, 2012.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1960 - [[Gary Locke]]<ref name="twothousandtwelve"></ref> *born in 1961 - [[Greg Gianforte]]<ref>[[File:Greg Gianforte in Taiwan.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1962 - [[Seiji Maehara]]<ref>[[File:07.03 總統接見「日本『立憲・維新・國民超黨派臺灣訪問團』」 - 53019313124.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1964 - [[Keanu Reeves]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Keanu Reeves performs "Pull My Daisy" on the 35th Annual Tibet House Benefit Concert March 3, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4RE6I_lV0M |website=youtube.com | date=March 9, 2022 |publisher=Tibet House US |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104193420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4RE6I_lV0M |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Keanu Reeves axed by Chinese video platforms after Tibet concert |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/keanu-reeves-axed-by-chinese-video-platforms-after-tibet-concert-2022-03-25/ |access-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314120024/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/keanu-reeves-axed-by-chinese-video-platforms-after-tibet-concert-2022-03-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=2022-01-28 |title=Keanu Reeves Hit With Backlash From Chinese Nationalists Over Tibet Benefit Concert |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/keanu-reeves-china-backlash-1235083112/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325063130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/keanu-reeves-china-backlash-1235083112/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=2022-03-24 |title=China streamers scrub Keanu Reeves titles over his support for Tibet |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-03-24/china-streamers-scrub-keanu-reeves-titles-over-his-support-for-tibet |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325011340/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-03-24/china-streamers-scrub-keanu-reeves-titles-over-his-support-for-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2022-03-24 |title=Keanu Reeves Movies Reportedly Pulled Off Streaming Platforms in China Over His Tibet Support |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/keanu-reeves-movies-china-streamers-tibet-1235214084/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324234810/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/keanu-reeves-movies-china-streamers-tibet-1235214084/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *born in 1971 - Marco Rubio<ref>[[File:CECC 2019 meeting with HK activists.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1974 - [[Christian Bale]]<ref name="CNN1512">{{cite web|last1=Jiang|first1=Steven|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/china-bale-activist/index.html|title='Batman' star Bale punched, stopped from visiting blind Chinese activist|date=17 December 2011|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216005838/https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/china-bale-activist/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-16704|title=Chen Guangcheng Honored by Human Rights First, Meets Bale|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-access=subscription|date=25 October 2012|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708174459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-16704|archive-date=8 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sturges|first1=Fiona|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/their-own-words-podcast-review-christian-bale-outshone-human-rights-champion-a6852166.html|title=In Their Own Words, podcast review: Christian Bale is outshone by a human rights champion|work=[[The Independent]]|date=3 February 2016|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/their-own-words-podcast-review-christian-bale-outshone-human-rights-champion-a6852166.html|archive-date=25 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> *born in 1986 - [[Lady Gaga]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Difunden nuevos videos del Dalai Lama de conducta inapropiada hacia una menor y un incómodo momento con Lady Gaga |trans-title=New videos of the Dalai Lama's inappropriate behavior towards a minor and an uncomfortable moment with Lady Gaga are disseminated |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/542085-difunden-nuevos-videos-del-dalai-lama-de-conducta-inapropiad |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=[[Página 12]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama sparks another controversy with Lady Gaga: Another video appears in which he touches the singer's leg |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/2023/04/15/643ad603268e3e79598b4571.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=[[MARCA]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bad people (but now a goodguy) according to China == {{wikiquote|zh:朱德}} *born in 1886 - [[Zhu De]] - "strictly disciplined politically" (严守党的政治纪律和政治规矩的楷模)<ref>[https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/n1/2019/0228/c423728-30943284.html 朱德：嚴守黨的政治紀律和政治規矩的楷模]. Feb 22, 2017</ref> *born in 1898 - [[Liu Shaoqi]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia|editor1-first=Mikyoung|editor1-last=Kim|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|first=Bin|last=Xu|chapter=Memory and reconciliation|pages=51–53}}</ref> *born in 1898 - Peng Dehuai (彭德怀)<ref>[https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/643493 中共百年十大爭議人物・彭德懷]. 李長之. August 13, 2021</ref> [[File:Hu Feng in 1950.JPG|300px|Hu Feng (胡风), now a goodguy, was arrested in 1955.]] born in 1902<ref>[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2534733.html 批判胡风思想]</ref> *born in 1904 - [[Deng Xiaoping]] {{wikiquote|Puyi}} *born in 1906 - [[Puyi]] - "improved thinking after garden-[[Labour (economics)|labouring]]" (通过在植物园的锻炼，思想认识上有很大收获，组里对他各方面的进步给予了充分肯定)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/402281/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATKHan6n0YSnBYNqsubHVUbFzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIsi8NQ8sPBoAkXIvtd4eMEC2br6C0Ja7vIPcOsqM9dG5Hf6VjTLz7nn-N00mNBFpYNdG_VT2q0 在北京时间2021年04月27日 11:23:14的网页快照]</ref> in early 1960s. *born in 1986 - [[Li Wenliang]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=&#91;早前标题&#93;新冠肺炎“吹哨人”李文亮：真相比平反更重要 |url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-31/101509761.html |date=2020-01-31 |author1=覃建行 |author2=王颜玉 |editor1=王逸吟 |editor2=张翔宇 |website=财新网 |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131074029/http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-31/101509761.html |archive-date=2020-01-31 }}</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24300481/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPLZzvX4On3FNdWs6rKCBLNzzqIP0XOpRovyScYh6dk-sPRoGUXIvtdxL4RFxLjnCklY7vUPJbJmX-x7wD62EnWLwLju9tw2k88H-84eBA 在北京时间2020年05月29日 10:29:59的网页快照]</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24300481/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPWIn_35MizFPoivuOKABuNzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIsx5N5x-fhxWgjF_4xtdcIcl-flCEtH7vcSbqk3QrcinXT_VFzAyL_m_twvwpUZ_w 在北京时间2020年02月07日 01:48:38的网页快照]</ref> - "The city of [[Wuhan]] does owe an apology to Li" (武汉市的确欠对李文亮的一个道歉).<ref>{{Cite web |title=胡锡进：武汉市的确欠对李文亮的一个道歉 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-07/doc-iimxyqvz1009075.shtml |accessdate=2020-02-08 |author=胡锡进 |date=2020-02-07 |publisher=环球网 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208130529/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-07/doc-iimxyqvz1009075.shtml |archive-date=2020-02-08 }}</ref> See also: [[wikisource:zh:1980年中华人民共和国最高人民法院工作报告|1980 work report of PRC's Supreme People's Court]] == [[Glossary]] of political jargons== *medical [[parole]] 保外就医 (bǎo wài)<ref>http://lawdb.cncourt.org/show.php?fid=88744</ref> <ref>https://jyglj.guizhou.gov.cn/tr/zwgk/xxgkml/ywgk/201809/t20180920_25534560.html</ref> *deprivation of political rights 剥夺政治权利 (Bō duó)<ref>{{cite book|title=中国政治|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=中国人民大学书报资料社|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-date=2021-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916103025/https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> *[[subversion]] of state power 颠覆国家政权 (Diān fù) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xyfy.gov.cn/sszn/xt/xingfafenze/105.2.htm |title=煽动颠覆国家政权罪 |access-date=2009-09-02 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182646/http://www.xyfy.gov.cn/sszn/xt/xingfafenze/105.2.htm}}</ref> *[[anti]]-China 反华(团体)/ 境外势力/ 敌对组织 (fan hua)<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-05/20/c_1118905787.htm |title = 外交部：美国基金会援助反华团体印证中国依法管理境外非政府组织境内活动的重要性 |date = 2016-05-20 |agency = [[新华社]] |accessdate = 2016-08-24 |archive-date = 2016-10-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-05/20/c_1118905787.htm}}</ref> <ref>https://news.cctv.com/2023/08/11/ARTIMpMVztBdRnJsEN0wY4kt230811.shtml 起底境外势力</ref> {{wiktionary|en:防火牆}} {{seealso|Great Wall of China}} *to circumvent "Great [[Firewall]] of China" 翻墙 (fān qiáng)<ref>https://www.gzasc.edu.cn/nic/JobNotifications3993/info_itemid_17472_subjectid_51.html</ref> *[[National security]] 國家安全 (Guó jiā)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法]]</ref> *[[Collusion|collude]] with foreign powers 勾結外國勢力 (Gōu jié)<ref>https://www.interpreting.hku.hk/glossary/?p=69084</ref> *live [[organ procurement]] or harvesting 活摘(器官) (huo zhai)<ref>[https://scholar.valpo.edu/sociology_fac_pub/8/ Live organ harvesting in China: Falun Gong and unsettled rumor]. ''Andrew Junker''. Feb 2018</ref> <ref>https://big5.zhengjian.org/node/54546</ref> <ref>https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJY6rJ</ref> <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/world/china-is-harvesting-organs-from-falun-gong-members-finds-expert-panel-idUSKCN1TI235 China is harvesting organs from Falun Gong members, finds expert panel]. ''Sonia Elks''. June 18, 2019</ref> <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/25/5/7/n14501911.htm 美国会众议院通过《停止活摘器官法案》]. Epoch Times. ''林妍''. May 8, 2025</ref> *(National) secret or [[confidential]] matters (国家)机密/ 秘密 (Jī mì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:保守國家機密暫行條例]]</ref> *misuse or [[abuse of power]] or [[authority]] 滥用职权便利/ 职务便利 (lan yong)<ref>https://www.faxin.cn/lib/cpal/AlyzContent.aspx?gid=C1455606</ref> <ref>https://www.hongshan.gov.cn/ztzl/jfjy/202301/t20230110_2127779.shtml</ref> *confiscation of [[property]] 没收财产 (Mò shōu)<ref>[https://m.thepaper.cn/kuaibao_detail.jsp?contid=27007417 刑事案件中什么叫没收财产，如何执行？]</ref> *vindicate 平反 (Píng fǎn)<ref>[[wiktionary:en:平反]]</ref> {{seealso|Military intelligence}} *[[steal]]ing, [[spy]]ing into, buying or unlawfully supplying State Secrets or Intelligence (Simply put, a <b>spy</b> (间谍).) - (为境外)窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报 (qie qu)<ref>https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=22492&lib=law&EncodingName=gb2312</ref> <ref>[http://gongbao.court.gov.cn/Details/218a787071bf6294fa4087851258a0.html 最高人民法院关于审理为境外窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释 - 中华人民共和国最高人民法院公报]</ref> *[[insult]]ing China 辱华 (Rǔ huá)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=冬奧挺自家選手 BTS.劉在錫遭批辱華 |url=https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/202202/202202222072488.html |website=華視新聞網 |language=zh-TW |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-date=2022-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222122540/https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/202202/202202222072488.html }}</ref> *[[house arrest]] 软禁 (Ruǎn jìn)<ref>https://www.voachinese.com/a/zhaoziyang-20150117/2602778.html</ref> *[[bribery]] 受贿/ 行贿 (Shòu huì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:Category:中华人民共和国受贿案]]</ref> *"making the process smooth" or "smoothing out ([[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s)" - 疏通(关系) (Shū tōng)<ref>[https://www.spp.gov.cn/ztk/dfld/2014dfld/dfld35/gzjyt/201410/t20141015_82041.shtml 介绍贿赂罪可考虑取消]</ref> <ref>[https://www.12371.cn/2022/05/11/ARTI1652226348703303.shtml帮忙跑官、疏通关系、捞人消灾……拿捏问题官员，骗子有几招]</ref> *[[Political status of Taiwan|Taiwan independence]] 台独/ 港独/ 疆独 (Tái dú)<ref>https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/Archive/Article?StrId=19978</ref><ref>https://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/850</ref> <ref>https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93/2013-27/1372909041714/%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E7%96%86%E7%8D%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82%E6%A0%B9%E6%BA%90/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E5%B3%B0</ref> *[[corruption]] 贪腐/ 贪污/ 腐败 (tan fu)<ref>[https://hanyu.baidu.com/hanyu-page/term/detail?wd=%E8%B4%AA%E8%85%90 贪腐的释义]</ref> *[[discipline|disciplinary]] violation 违纪 (Wéi jì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:抗震救灾款物管理使用违法违纪行为处分规定]]</ref> * to protect one's [[rights]] 维权 (Wéi quán)<ref>[https://www.voachinese.com/a/eight-years-since-crackdown-persecution-persists-for-rights-lawyers-in-china-20230707/7170822.html “709镇压”8年过去 中国持续迫害维权律师]</ref> {{seealso|Falun Gong}} *[[cult]] 邪教 (xie jiao)<ref>[https://www.chinafxj.cn/ 中国反邪教网]</ref> <ref>[https://news.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/XieJiaoFaLunGong/2522.html “法轮功”就是邪教]</ref> {{wiktionary|admonition}} *([[police]]) admonishment (被警方)训诫 (xun jie)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A8%93%E8%AA%A1/438094 训诫 百度百科]</ref> <ref name="zhogn">{{Cite web |title=亲历者讲述：武汉市中心医院医护人员被感染始末 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-17/doc-iimxyqvz3653366.shtml |author=杜玮 |date=2020年2月18日 |publisher=中国新闻周刊 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218083556/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-17/doc-iimxyqvz3653366.shtml |archivedate=2020-02-18 |access-date=2020-03-11 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=发哨子的人 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nEy0jq5wjj-g6DQVZep1Wg |author=龚菁琦 |date=2020年3月10日 |publisher=人物周刊 |language=zh-cn |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200310021029/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nEy0jq5wjj-g6DQVZep1Wg |archivedate=2020年3月10日 |access-date=2020年3月11日 }}</ref> *picking quarrels and [[provocation|provoking]] trouble 寻衅滋事 (Xún xìn)<ref>[[wikisource:Category:Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble_cases_in_China]]</ref> *[[extradition]] 引渡 (Yǐn dù)<ref>[https://www.ettoday.net/news/20190617/1469109.htm 從反送中學引渡條例英文怎麼說]</ref> *(watch) [[YouTube]] (video) - (看)油管(视频) (Yóu guǎn)<ref>[https://www.baidu.com/from=844b/ssid=911370707261696e626f77b605/s?word=%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1%E8%BF%9D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%97&sa=re_dl_prs_34689_3&ms=1&rqid=8805682500728614486&rq=%E6%95%99%E4%BD%A0%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1&rsf=1630001 Baidu AI: 国内上油管违法吗]</ref> *[[politics|politically]] sensitive 政治敏感 (zheng zhi)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/zzmg/24497858 网络用语，指政治敏感话题]</ref> <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/7/11/15/n1902765.htm 百度百科抄襲維基 並配合審查]</ref> The above special words or expressions (with popular usage), applicable to the situations of the dissidents, are sorted in [[Pinyin]] order and usually written in [[simplified Chinese characters]] here. Political [[jargon]]s that are commonly known in Taiwan and [[Singapore]] are not stated here. == Related pages == *[[Cultural Revolution]] and [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]. *[[Dissident]] *[[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] and [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|ICESCR]]. *[[Isolationism]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Sanction]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of China]] [[Category:China-related lists]] [[Category:Chinese human rights activists]] gwtkfr2krqqr6ipkf6objw09p4o9ujf 10331232 10331209 2025-06-15T01:20:26Z Yilangderen 824311 /* Glossary of political jargons */ xing zheng 10331232 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of people, sorted by their [[date of birth]]. The sorting is done regardless of where he was born, what [[identity document]] he has, his [[nation]]ality, his [[residence]], what he has done, what he believes in, his favorability, how was he [[reporter|reported]] and why is he involved in the [[dispute]](s). ==People not in PRC [[prison]]== See also: [[wikinews:zh:王志安被台灣驅逐出境_曾批民進黨造勢用殘障煽情|Wang Zhi'an deported by Taiwan.]] *born in 1968 - Wang Zhi'an<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-68090861 王志安在台湾“夜夜秀”涉歧视争议后，被罚五年禁止入境]</ref> See also: [[wikinews:zh:兩陸客在台拔「光時」旗被逐出境|2 mainland tourists in Taiwan, who tore down "光時 flags", deported]]; and [[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Tong_Ying_Kit/Reasons_for_Sentence|the court case which mentioned the “LIBERATE HONG KONG REVOLUTION OF OUR TIMES” slogan.]] *[[File:Johanne Liou arrested by Boston.jpg|150px|The person on the left is Ms Liou.]] born in 1985 - Johanne Liou<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=PCDM%2C110%2C%E9%87%8D%E8%A8%B4%2C34%2C20220728%2C1&ot=in%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA |title=110年度重訴字第34號 |access-date=2024-07-02 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613084008/https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=PCDM,110,%E9%87%8D%E8%A8%B4,34,20220728,1&ot=in%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/local/2272284 |title=劉喬安被通緝！　涉寄毒包裹　疑滯留美國 |access-date=2024-06-13 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613094832/https://news.tvbs.com.tw/local/2272284}}</ref><ref>[https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/02/09/2003831580 Taiwanese woman arrested in US for overstaying visa]. ''Taipei Times''</ref> *[[File:Chan Tong-kai bowed to apologise.png|150px|Mr Chan walked out of prison in October 2019.]] born in 1998 - Chan Tong Kai<ref name="newtalk-2019-10-23">{{cite news |title=陳同佳赴台自首？蔡英文：只有逮捕、沒有自首 |url=https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-23/315634 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=新頭殼新聞 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041559/https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-23/315634 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name="stn-2019-10-23">{{cite news |title=蔡英文稱陳同佳案只有逮捕沒有自首 指若港府迴避「由台灣處理」 |url=http://std.stheadline.com/instant/articles/detail/1119770/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF-%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%A8%B1%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96-%E6%8C%87%E8%8B%A5%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BF%B4%E9%81%BF-%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%99%95%E7%90%86 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=星島日報 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108051103/http://std.stheadline.com/instant/articles/detail/1119770/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF-%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%A8%B1%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96-%E6%8C%87%E8%8B%A5%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BF%B4%E9%81%BF-%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%99%95%E7%90%86 }}</ref><ref name="hk01-2019-10-23a">{{cite news |title=石棺藏屍案先例　疑犯「移交」返港　兩地警隨行 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E7%AA%81%E7%99%BC/389413/%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%8D%84-%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%8D%E6%A1%88%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B-%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF-%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4-%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF-%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6%E9%9A%A8%E8%A1%8C |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=香港01 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023100247/https://www.hk01.com/%E7%AA%81%E7%99%BC/389413/%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%8D%84-%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%8D%E6%A1%88%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B-%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF-%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4-%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF-%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6%E9%9A%A8%E8%A1%8C |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name="mingpao-2019-10-23a">{{cite news |title=士林地檢署：陳同佳不符自首條件　案件將交地方法院 |url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E6%B8%AF%E8%81%9E/article/20191019/s00001/1571469451817/%E5%A3%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%AA%A2%E7%BD%B2-%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6-%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%87%E4%BA%A4%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=明報 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101126/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%2581%259E/article/20191019/s00001/1571469451817/%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E6%259E%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%25AA%25A2%25E7%25BD%25B2-%25E9%2599%25B3%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BD%25B3%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E8%2587%25AA%25E9%25A6%2596%25E6%25A2%259D%25E4%25BB%25B6-%25E6%25A1%2588%25E4%25BB%25B6%25E5%25B0%2587%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2599%25A2 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> The following are considered as troublemakers by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). *born in 1907 - [[Lin Biao]] *born in 1918 - Wang Ruowang (王若望) <ref name="aa1">《邓小平文选》：[http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/242358/242773/242776/17735108.html 旗帜鲜明地反对资产阶级自由化] {{Wayback|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/242358/242773/242776/17735108.html |date=20180513082503 }} （1986年12月30日）“对于那些明显反对[[社会主义]]、反对共产党的，这次就要处理；可能会引起波浪，那也不可怕。对方励之、刘宾雁、'''王若望'''，处理要坚决；他们狂妄到极点，想改变共产党，他们有什么资格当共产党员？”</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0924/c85037-27627492.html |title=陈云：必须把维护党的政治纪律放在首位 |accessdate=2019-09-30 |author=张曙 |date=2015-09-24 |work= |publisher=中国共产党新闻网，来源：张曙《中央纪委第一书记陈云》 |language=Zh-hans |archive-date=2019-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930071956/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0924/c85037-27627492.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5PZS8lEdRY |title=錢達 ：海外民運史上最慘烈的內鬥－1993年的華盛頓會議 （中） |date=August 2023 }}</ref> *born in 1919 - [[Zhao Ziyang]] - "在制止动乱的关键时刻所犯的严重错误，决定撤销他所担任的党内一切领导职务" (...serious mistakes made...decided to remove him from all [[leader]]ship positions within the [[Chinese Communist Party]])<ref>[https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_13278049 党史学习教育|大家学 6.23]</ref> *born in 1923 - [[Lee Teng-hui]]<ref>[https://m.news.cctv.com/2020/07/31/ARTIrUzfwH5buelvojmthRxL200731.shtml “遗臭万年”已是李登辉甩不掉的历史标签]</ref> *[[File:Zhu Hong and Liu Binyan's marriage headshot.jpg|150px|The person on the right is Mr Liu.]] born in 1925 - Liu Binyan<ref>{{cite news|title=刘宾雁|url=http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/xdzj/579.shtml|publisher=[[中国作家协会]]|accessdate=2020-05-24|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008033702/http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/xdzj/579.shtml}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=為「中國的良心」劉賓雁塑像 {{!}} 大紀元 |url=https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/1/n830917.htm |website=大紀元 www.epochtimes.com |date=2000-01-01 |language=zh-Hant |access-date=2024-12-28 |archive-date=2025-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227030312/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/1/n830917.htm }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=趙越勝：劉賓雁是畫卷，你是那束光｜端傳媒 Initium Media|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20160715-mainland-zhuhong|website=端傳媒 Initium Media|date=2016-07-15|language=zh-Hant|access-date=2024-07-14|archive-date=2025-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119144551/https://theinitium.com/article/20160715-mainland-zhuhong}}</ref> *[[File:Dr Gao Yaojie March 2007a.jpg|150px]] born in 1927, Gao Yaojie<ref>BBC中文：[http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_6390000/newsid_6392100/6392139.stm 高耀洁拒绝说假话 将飞往美国领奖] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_6390000/newsid_6392100/6392139.stm |date=20070226060907 }}</ref> *born in 1930 - [[Li Zehou]] *[[File:Chinese ex-official Bao Tong at home (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1932, Bao Tong<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Fan |date=10 November 2022 |title=Bao Tong: Champion of Chinese political reform dies at 90 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63581532}}</ref> *born in 1932 - [[Joseph Zen]] *born in 1933 - [[Palden Gyatso]] *born in 1935 - [[14th Dalai Lama]] *[[File:Ding Zilin, 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1936, Ding Zilin<ref>{{Cite web|title=丁子霖丈夫蔣培坤訴諸法律援助 - 大紀元|url=https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/4/2/n499224.htm|accessdate=2020-11-02|date=2004-04-02|work=大紀元 www.epochtimes.com|language=zh-Hant|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107093240/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/4/2/n499224.htm}}</ref> *[[File:Fang Lizhi (10455658873) (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1936, Fang Lizhi<ref>Bhuchung K. Tsering, [http://weblog.savetibet.org/2012/04/09/fang-lizhi-was-right-about-tibet-and-china/ Fang Lizhi was right about Tibet and China], 9 April 2012</ref> *born in 1937 - [[Harry Wu]] *[[File:Dai Qing.jpg|150px]] born in 1941, Dai Qing<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barme |first=Geremie |date=1992 |title=The Trouble with Dai Qing |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=15–19 |doi=10.1080/03064229208535410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> *[[File:严家其.jpg|150px]] born in 1942, Yan Jiaqi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-07|title=严家祺希望王沪宁为六四翻案并自爆逃港期间住向华胜家|url=https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190507-%E4%B8%A5%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%BA%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E7%BF%BB%E6%A1%88%E5%B9%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%88%86%E9%80%83%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8F%E5%90%91%E5%8D%8E%E8%83%9C%E5%AE%B6|access-date=2023-05-15|website=RFI - 法国国际广播电台|language=zh-Hans|archive-date=2023-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515091555/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190507-%E4%B8%A5%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%BA%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E7%BF%BB%E6%A1%88%E5%B9%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%88%86%E9%80%83%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8F%E5%90%91%E5%8D%8E%E8%83%9C%E5%AE%B6}}</ref> *[[File:18-徐文立2005.2.27在美國普林斯頓大學的照片.jpg|150px]] born in 1943, Xu Wenli<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/21/world/top-dissident-gets-13-years-after-trial-in-beijing.html|title= Top Dissident Gets 13 Years After Trial In Beijing|newspaper= New York Times |access-date=2013-07-02|last=Eckholm|first=Erik|date=1998-12-21}}</ref> *[[File:Gao yu VOA.jpg|150px]] born in 1944, Gao Yu<ref>{{Cite web|title = Courage in Journalism Awards: Awardees 1990-2015 {{!}} IWMF|url = http://www.iwmf.org/our-impact/courage-in-journalism-awards/award-winners/|website = www.iwmf.org|accessdate = 2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 1997 - Gao Yu, China: UNESCO-CI|url = http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=5709&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|website = portal.unesco.org|accessdate = 2015-11-26}}</ref> *[[File:任畹町.png|150px]] born in 1944, Ren Wanding<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/04/11/HK0704110048.htm |title=任畹町獲准來港體檢 |accessdate=2012-11-09 |date=2007-04-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204024353/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/04/11/HK0704110048.htm |archivedate=2007-12-04 |work=文汇报}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/10/uk-china-activist-hongkong-idUKPEK29935820070410 |title=China allows veteran activist to visit Hong Kong |author=Lindsay Beck |date=10 April 2007 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=6 July 2012 |archive-date=2013-02-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201040159/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/10/uk-china-activist-hongkong-idUKPEK29935820070410 }}</ref> *[[File:Rebiya Kadeer (2).jpg|150px]] born in 1946, Rebiya Kadeer<ref>[http://news.cctv.com/china/20090706/104689.shtml 新疆维吾尔自治区主席努尔·白克力谈乌市打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件] {{Wayback|url=http://news.cctv.com/china/20090706/104689.shtml |date=20090709185412 }}，央视网，2009年07月06日。</ref> *born in 1947 - [[Jimmy Lai]]<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/topics/jimmy-lai-trial Jimmy Lai trial]</ref> *born in 1950 - [[Wei Jingsheng]] *born in 1950 - [[Chen Shui-bian]]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/165637/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPeMmvvyMi6RNdSstrOAA7ZzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIs66dk-8PJwB0XIv5UtZ9hamO29SVRH7vcXbu0yX7cmgn_3VjvCyKClp51sxg 在北京时间2019年04月15日 05:25:18的网页快照]</ref> *born in 1952 - [[Li Hongzhi]]<ref>[http://www.hbcaw.gov.cn/jsjyxczl3/35467.jhtml 我国明确认定的24种邪教组织]</ref> *born in 1954 - [[Shinzo Abe]]<ref>[https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2014-01/07/content_2560877.htm 安倍晋三参拜靖国神社的恶劣性质]</ref> *born in 1956 - [[Tsai Ing-wen]]<ref>[https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1816561141597420849 蔡英文窜访加拿大，我使馆发声：强烈不满、坚决反对]</ref> *[[File:Marco Rubio, Jeanette Nuñez and Rushan Abbas attending 2020 SOTU.jpg|150px|The person on the left is Abbas.]] born in 1967 - Rushan Abbas (茹仙·阿巴斯)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E4%BD%9C%E6%89%80%E4%B8%BA%E5%8F%8A%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E9%9D%A2%E7%9B%AE/64769622 美国国家民主基金会的所作所为及真实面目]</ref> *born in 1969 - [[Wang Dan]] *born in 1971 - [[Chen Guangcheng]] *born in 1972 - Michael Kovrig<ref name="spavor"></ref><ref name="NYTSentenced"></ref> *born in 1975 - Ye Haiyan (叶海燕) (nickname: 流氓燕)<ref>{{Cite web|title=纪录片《流氓燕》与奥斯卡失之交臂，主人公做出回应|url=http://www.rfi.fr/cn/中国/20170129-纪录片《流氓燕》与奥斯卡失之交臂，主人公做出回应|accessdate=2020-06-27|date=2017-01-29|work=RFI - 法国国际广播电台|language=zh-Hans|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627114001/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20170129-%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E7%89%87%E3%80%8A%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%93%E7%87%95%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%B1%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%A4%E8%87%82%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%81%9A%E5%87%BA%E5%9B%9E%E5%BA%94}}</ref><ref name="Radio Free Asia 2017 s866">{{cite web | title=叶海燕家断水停电将以干粮过年 加国外交官抵宋庄探望 | website=Radio Free Asia | date=2017-01-23 | url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-01232017101550.html/ampRFA | language=zh | access-date=2023-08-07 | archive-date=2023-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807050417/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-01232017101550.html/ampRFA}}</ref><ref name="dw.com 2017 a327">{{cite web | title=两会前严打 叶海燕再被搬迁 | website=dw.com | date=2017-03-06 | url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93-%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%87%95%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81/a-37828924 | language=zh | access-date=2023-08-07 | archive-date=2023-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807050413/https://amp.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93-%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%87%95%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81/a-37828924}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=葉海燕被趕盡殺絕 開畫展遭騷擾清場|url=https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/dissident-01222019055334.html|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=Radio Free Asia|language=zh-yue|archive-date=2020-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629211108/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/dissident-01222019055334.html}}</ref> *born in 1976 - Michael Spavor<ref name=spavor>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=Donald |date=December 17, 2018 |title=China is holding two Canadians as hostages. It's not even denying it. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/17/china-is-holding-two-canadians-hostages-its-not-even-denying-it |access-date=February 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYTSentenced">{{Cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Chris |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |last3=Sherlock |first3=Tracy |date=August 10, 2021 |title=China Sentences Canadian Businessman to 11 Years in Prison |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/10/world/asia/china-canada-spavor-kovrig.html |access-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref> *born in 1983 - Wee Meng Chee (Namewee) (黃明志)<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/malaysia-namewee-wee-meng-chee-singer-taiwan-world-tour-cancel-08272024053742.html 黃明志自爆接死亡威脅　開記者會遭「不可抗力」阻撓 – RFA 自由亞洲電台粵語部]</ref> *born in 1990 - [[Alex Chow]] *[[File:Anastasia Lin and Andrew Hastie MP in Parliamentary Offices 4 December 2018 (DB).jpg|150px|The person on the left is Ms Lin.]] born in 1990 - Anastasia Lin (林耶凡) - writing about her is banned in China.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/search?word=%E6%9E%97%E8%80%B6%E5%87%A1 百度百科]</ref> <ref>[https://www.sogou.com/sogou?query=%E6%9E%97%E8%80%B6%E5%87%A1&ie=utf8&insite=baike.sogou.com 搜狗搜索]</ref> *born in 1991 - [[Edward Leung]] *born in 1993 - [[Nathan Law]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-66094657 香港警方懸紅百萬通緝八名社運人士]. July 4, 2023</ref> *born in 1996 - [[Agnes Chow]] ==People who did something politically sensitive that are not [[arrest|arrested]] by [[police]] (and publicly accounted for) (and followed up with [[judiciary|judicial]] process) but died in China under a [[conspiracy]] theory, or not given enough food/ proper [[medical care]], or believed to be missing/ cannot be located by [[journalism|journalists]]. His final appearance was in China, but there is no confirmation that he is now alive.== *born in 1950 - [[Xu Qiliang]] (许其亮)<ref>[https://x.com/uyunistar/status/1928853811549913206 许其亮去世 习近平：军权重组进入“零代言”时代]. ''Lanjian Zhao (赵兰健)''. May 28, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1808106-20250608.htm 许其亮遗体火化　习近平等领导人致哀]. June 8, 2025</ref> *born in 1957 - He Weidong (何卫东)<ref>[https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/60233470/ 中央軍委副主席何衛東再缺席重要高層會議　外媒曾稱或已被查]. April 28, 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.wenxuecity.com/blog/202505/71103/21404.html 前中央军委副主席何卫东上将，不是死在301医院]. May 26, 2025</ref> *born in 1961 - He Hongjun (何宏军)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je8iv6dr_O0 何宏軍上將自絕於黨]. ''蔡慎坤''. May 21, 2025</ref> *[[File:6-Kao.jpg|150px]] born in 1964 - Gao Zhisheng (高智晟)<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen Human rights in China under Xi Jinping ‘worst since Tiananmen crackdown’: Amnesty]</ref> <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Hong Kong Free Press |title=A year on, lawyer's disappearance highlights China's escalating human rights disaster |url= https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/08/13/year-lawyers-disappearance-highlights-chinas-escalating-human-rights-disaster |date=13 August 2018 |last=Rogers |first=Benedict |access-date= 14 August 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Gao Zhisheng, missing for seven years in China's prison system |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Gao-Zhisheng,-missing-for-seven-years-in-China%E2%80%99s-prison-system-60627.html |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=AsiaNews}}</ref> *born in 1984 - Marco Leung Ling-kit (梁凌杰)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-15 |title=反送中義士死諫周年 父盼展開死因調查 |url=https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/20200615/R4ZEI544FD6YZDKL32LSNBD63M/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824144042/https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/20200615/R4ZEI544FD6YZDKL32LSNBD63M/ |archive-date=2020-08-24 |website=蘋果新聞網 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> *34 years old in 2020 - Mr Kwok (郭振江)<ref>[https://www.singpao.com.hk/index.php?fi=news1&id=109804 地盤工高翔苑墮樓亡]</ref><ref>https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2020-01-14/1617480</ref><ref>https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2020-01-15/45012721</ref><ref>[https://lihkg.com/thread/2966683/page/1 香港警察殺人鐵證 油塘紀律部隊宿舍凶案 死者無知覺被人掟落樓 | LIHKG]</ref> *[[File:People memorial Chan Yin Lam outside HKDI campus 20200922.png|150px|A memorial event in 2020.]] born in 2004 - Chan Yin-lam (陳彥霖)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20191015/ISGY4NKCHC2WTAKIMXYITDQC2Q/|title=浮屍少女死因八大疑點！尚有一未公開CCTV片成關鍵 ｜ 蘋果新聞網 ｜ 蘋果日報|website=蘋果新聞網|language=zh-tw|access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hkcnews.com/article/24280/%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%A3%E7%AB%8B-%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB-%E9%99%B3%E5%BD%A5%E9%9C%96-24287/%E4%BB%BB%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB30%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%A3%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%A7%A6%E6%AE%BA%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%96%E7%94%9A%E5%B0%91%E9%81%BA%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B2%E4%B8%8D%E6%8E%9B-%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%AD%E8%A7%A3%E9%96%8B%E7%96%91%E5%9C%98|title=眾新聞 {{!}} 任法醫30年馬宣立：姦殺案以外甚少遺體一絲不掛 必須在死因庭解開疑團|website=眾新聞|language=zh|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203235502/https://www.hkcnews.com/article/24280/%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E7%25AB%258B-%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2586%25AB-%25E9%2599%25B3%25E5%25BD%25A5%25E9%259C%2596-24287/%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2586%25AB30%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E5%25A7%25A6%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E6%25A1%2588%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%2596%25E7%2594%259A%25E5%25B0%2591%25E9%2581%25BA%25E9%25AB%2594%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25B5%25B2%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%258E%259B-%25E5%25BF%2585%25E9%25A0%2588%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%259B%25A0%25E5%25BA%25AD%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E9%2596%258B%25E7%2596%2591%25E5%259C%2598|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200901/NSF37OWTQFEBZPCGEXAYRTRB4E/|title=【陳彥霖死因研訊】資深法醫不同意溺斃結論 指驗屍無檢測體內有否藻類 ｜ 蘋果日報|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214724/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200901/NSF37OWTQFEBZPCGEXAYRTRB4E/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==People in prison== *born in 1914 - [[Gang of Four|Jiang Qing]] (江青) <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/22/10/30/n13855910.htm 第一夫人變秦城囚徒 江青自殺之謎] 2022-11-04</ref> [[File:FEMA - 25380 - Photograph by Barry Bahler taken on 07-27-2006 in District of Columbia.jpg|150px|The person on the right is Mr Zhou.]] born in 1942 - Zhou Yongkang (周永康)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211213210204/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-06/11/c_1115590304.htm</ref> [[File:VOA-Bo Xilai.jpg|150px]] born in 1949 - Bo Xilai (薄熙来)<ref>http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1025/c1001-23325262.html</ref> See also: [[wikinews:zh:2023年11月1日中文報紙頭條|the cause of Li Keqiang's death remains a mystery - Liberty Times (自由時報) - the headline of Chinese newspapers on November 1, 2023]] *born in 1951 - Gu Wanming (顾万明)<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20250211-%E5%89%8D%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E7%A4%BE%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E9%A1%A7%E8%90%AC%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%AB%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%AA%E7%96%91%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%B7%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0-%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%91 前新華社記者顧萬明寫公開信質疑李克強死因 遭判刑]</ref><ref>[https://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/202502110301.aspx 寫公開信質疑李克強死因 前新華社記者顧萬明遭判刑]</ref> [[File:Ren zhi qiang.JPG|150px]] born in 1951 - Ren Zhiqiang (任志强)<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |date=28 February 2016 |title=Chinese Tycoon Loses 37 Million Followers After Faulting Xi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-28/chinese-tycoon-loses-37-million-web-followers-after-faulting-xi |website=Bloomberg.com |agency=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news |title = Online dissent: Punching high: An outspoken tycoon challenges Xi Jinping's views |url = https://www.economist.com/news/china/21693588-outspoken-tycoon-challenges-xi-jinpings-views-punching-high |access-date = 28 February 2016 |newspaper = [[The Economist]] |date = 27 February 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="reu">{{cite news |date=2020-03-15 |title=Former Chinese property executive who criticized Xi over virus handling is missing, friends say |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-tycoon/former-chinese-property-executive-who-criticized-xi-over-virus-handling-is-missing-friends-say-idUSKBN21205W |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="nydiss">{{cite news |last=Hernández |first=Javier C. |date=14 March 2020 |title=Chinese Tycoon Who Criticized Xi's Response to Coronavirus Has Vanished |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/world/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/prominent-critic-of-china-s-coronavirus-response-ren-zhiqiang-jailed-for-18-years |title=Prominent critic of China's coronavirus response Ren Zhiqiang jailed for 18 years |work=SBS News |date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Tom|title=Xi Jinping critic sentenced to 18 years in prison|url=https://www.ft.com/content/77259e51-d9e3-4fab-a5f6-39aff00c38ac|work=Financial Times|date=22 September 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> *born in 1955 - [[Liu Xiaobo]] (刘晓波) *born in 1955 - Miao Hua (苗华)<ref>https://www.voacantonese.com/a/miao-hua-downfall-20241128/7880720.html</ref><ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20241129-%E8%8B%97%E8%8F%AF%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA%E5%A4%9A%E5%83%8F%E5%A5%BD%E8%90%8A%E5%A1%A2%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%87-%E8%A2%AB%E5%A5%97%E9%A0%AD%E5%A5%97%E5%A4%9A%E7%94%B1%E5%90%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E6%8A%BC%E8%B5%B0 苗華被捕傳說多像好萊塢大片：被套頭套由多名士兵押走]. Nov 29, 2024</ref><ref>https://www.voachinese.com/a/7882008.html</ref> - Formal [[prosecution|accusation]]s have not been brought against him. Anyways, he could potentially end up in PRC prison.<ref>[https://china.caixin.com/2025-05-29/102325253.html 停职上将苗华“严重违纪违法”]. 财新 May 29, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3312463/disgraced-chinese-admiral-miao-hua-suspected-legal-violations Disgraced Chinese admiral Miao Hua suspected of ‘legal violations’]. SCMP Xinlu Liang May 31, 2025</ref> *born in 1960 - Ai Baojun (艾宝俊)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/jlsc/djcf/201601/t20160119_73113.html |title=上海市原市委常委、副市长艾宝俊严重违纪被开除党籍和公职 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |publisher=Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121165633/http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/jlsc/djcf/201601/t20160119_73113.html |archive-date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref> *born in 1966 - Shirzat Bawudun (希尔扎提·巴吾东)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Condemned Uyghur official dies in prison in China’s Xinjiang region |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/uyghur/2024/10/22/uyghur-death-in-prison/ |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> *born in 1970 - Wang Jiangfeng (王江峰)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/shandong-man-sentenced-for-posting-compliants-against-chinese-leaders/3808353.html|title=中国一网民转发讽领导人言论被判刑两年|publisher=美国之音|date=2017-04-13|accessdate=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509203909/http://www.voachinese.com/a/shandong-man-sentenced-for-posting-compliants-against-chinese-leaders/3808353.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8/84627/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%A8%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA-%E7%BF%92%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%90-%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%B3%B0%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%912%E5%B9%B4|title=在微信上称领导人“习包子”山东网民王江峰遭判刑2年|publisher=香港01|date=2017-04-15|accessdate=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828191249/https://www.hk01.com/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8/84627/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%A8%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA-%E7%BF%92%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%90-%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%B3%B0%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%912%E5%B9%B4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/retrial-11012017080838.html 網民轉發「習包子」網帖遭判監　案件重審減兩月刑期]. Nov 1, 2017</ref> *born in 1972 - Zhao Lianhai (赵连海)<ref name=ap1> [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101110/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk_trial China food safety activist given 2½ years] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114002835/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101110/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk_trial |date=November 14, 2010 }} Christopher Bodeen, Associated Press – Wed Nov 10, 2:41 am ET, via news.yahoo.com on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=busw1> {{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-10/china-court-jails-tainted-milk-activist-amnesty-says.html|title= China Court Jails Tainted-Milk Activist, Amnesty Says |work= BusinessWeek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094536/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-10/china-court-jails-tainted-milk-activist-amnesty-says.html |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |editor1-first= Frank|editor1-last= Longid|editor2-first= Douglas|editor2-last= Wong|editor3-first= Matthew |editor3-last=Brooker |date= 10 November 2010 }} </ref> <ref name=dui1> [http://www.duihuahrjournal.org/2010/11/injuring-injured-case-of-zhao-lianhai.html Dui Hua Human Rights Journal: Injuring the Injured: The Case of Zhao Lianhai], Dui Hua foundation, via www.duihuahrjournal.org on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=SCMPhound> [https://www.scmp.com/article/969435/police-hound-activist-family-day-out Police hound activist on family day out] 2 June 2011 </ref> <ref name=guard1> [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/03/china-contaminated-milk-campaign-social-disorder Chinese tainted milk campaigner accused of provoking social disorder - World news - guardian.co.uk] Tania Branigan in Beijing, 2010 03 02, via www.guardian.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=teleg1> [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3545733/China-milk-scandal-Families-of-sick-children-fight-to-find-out-true-scale-of-the-problem.html China milk scandal: Families of sick children fight to find out true scale of the problem - Telegraph] co.uk, 2008 03 12, via www.telegraph.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=bbc1> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11724323 BBC News - China jails tainted milk activist Zhao Lianhai] co.uk, via www.bbc.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=star1> [https://www.thestar.com/World/Columnist/article/572723 Father of poisoned baby rallies parents in tainted-milk fight - thestar.com], Bill Schiller, Asia Bureau, Toronto Star, via www.thestar.com on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=reut1> [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/TOE5BL06U.htm Reuters AlertNet - China arrests father active on melamine milk issues], By Lucy Hornby, Reuters, editor Ken Wills, 2009 12 22, via www.alertnet.org on 2010 11 10 </ref> See also: [[wikinews:Chinese political dissident Hu Jia freed as Chinese Premier Wen visits Britain]] *born in 1973 - Hu Jia (胡佳)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/china.activist.sentenced.ap/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Chinese civil rights activist sentenced for subversion |date=3 April 2008 |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527021911/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/china.activist.sentenced.ap/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>Congressional-Executive Commission on China, [http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5295 Political Prisoner Databas: Hu Jia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211215931/http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5295 |date=2012-12-11 }}.</ref><ref>Tania Branigan, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/24/sakharov-prize-hu-jia EU defies Beijing to award dissident human rights prize], The Guardian, 23 October 2008.</ref> <ref>Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=17919 China: Call for release of Hu Jia as he receives European Parliament Sakharov Prize], 24 October 2008.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13917882|title=Prominent Chinese dissident Hu Jia freed - wife|access-date=June 26, 2011 | work=BBC News|date=26 June 2011}}</ref> *born in 1974 - Peng Lifa (彭立发)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Micah McCartney China News |date=2023-10-25 |title=Beijing's 'Bridge Man' protester Peng Lifa leaves legacy in China |url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-protest-peng-lifa-1837668 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VOA 2023">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Bing |date=2023-10-12 |title=Protester Who Unfurled Anti-Xi Messages from Beijing Bridge Still Detained Year Later |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/protester-who-unfurled-anti-xi-messages-from-beijing-bridge-still-detained-year-later-/7309045.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> *born in 1988 - Kwonpyong (권평) (权平)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA-%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91/a-36281512?&zhongwen=simp|title=海归因抗议习近平而失踪 各地留学生声援营救|publisher=德国之声|date=2016-11-06|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144147/http://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA-%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91/a-36281512?&zhongwen=simp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-protest-11142016070108.html|title=三藩市华人营救权平和子肃 到中国领馆抗议|publisher=[[自由亚洲电台]]|date=2016-11-14|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2018-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134925/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-protest-11142016070108.html}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170217/c17china/|title=穿“习特勒”T恤，权平被控煽动颠覆国家政权|publisher=[[纽约时报]]|author=储百亮|date=2017-02-17|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2017-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620091346/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170217/c17china/}}</ref> *born in 1996 - [[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Tong_Ying_Kit/Reasons_for_Sentence|Tong Ying Kit]] *born in 1999 - Niu Tengyu (牛腾宇)<ref>https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/xiao-01282021105213.html</ref><ref>[https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/665269.html “习近平家人信息泄露案” 二审宣判，牛腾宇14年刑期不变]. ''China Digital Times''. April 24, 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=惡俗維基黑幕●專訪 辯護律師遭約談被DQ 傳上訴閉門秘審 創辦人爆：官二代係幕後篤灰人獲釋放|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/china/20210217/2INHNFBF3VDZDAJVNQMKCBUFMQ/|author=苹果新闻|date=2021-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619003032mp_/https://hk.appledaily.com/china/20210217/2INHNFBF3VDZDAJVNQMKCBUFMQ/|archive-date=2021-06-19|access-date=2022-11-03}}</ref> ===people in [[Hong Kong]] prison=== * [[File:Ce-election-civil-referendum-1.jpg|150px|left]] born in 1964 - Benny Tai Yiu-ting<ref>[[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Ng_Gordon_Ching-hang_and_others/Reasons_for_Sentence]]</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2l4eynl4zo</ref> The people above may or may not be alive now, and, might have walked out of prison already/ their [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]]s might have stopped. == People sanctioned by China with [[public]] [[publishing|announcement]] == *born in 1940 - [[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/11038248/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPffmv2mMCiSP9T67-DQAeFzzqIPmGapB5nyTcY07cct_blgGx2Fs5Ytd9MX2f-gXg8q6PAUeeo8XeNr3yS7PDXFzbbu9sYzmtNGo4JcHK8XhfPxvkT5vSKK3rPQsjTiiifFoti5 百科参考资料]. 2022-08-05</ref> *born in 1949 - [[Peter Navarro]]<ref /name = "cncn">[https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2021/01-21/9393039.shtml 被中方制裁的另外18名美国官员是谁？华春莹：谁做坏事自己心里清楚]</ref> *born in 1960 - James D. Taiclet<ref>[https://www.tbsnews.net/world/china-sanctions-lockheed-martin-over-taiwan-arms-sales-881276 China sanctions Lockheed Martin over Taiwan arms sales ]</ref> *born in 1961 - [[Pat Toomey]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-53738020 中国就香港问题制裁11名美国官员 当事人不屑一顾]</ref> [[File:Pompeo and Turkel cropped 50147793747 f6d8b8c827 o.jpg|200px]] born in 1963 - [[Mike Pompeo]]<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/united-states-trump-election-cabinet-mike-pompeo-marco-rubio-tom-cotton-11072024142704.html 蓬佩奧成國防部長熱門人選　與其餘3內閣人選均被中國制裁]</ref> *born in 1962 - [[Michael McCaul]]<ref>[[wikinews:China's Foreign Ministry sanctions US Representative Michael McCaul]]</ref> *born in 1966 - [[Robert C. O'Brien]]<ref /name = "cncn"></ref> *born in 1970 - Nury Turkel.<ref>[https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1719761055110365037 中国外交部宣布对等反制美方4名人员，他们什么来头？]</ref> He sat next to Pompeo in the photo above. *born in 1971 - [[Marco Rubio]]<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/marco-rubio-china-hawk-sanctioned-by-beijing-twice-is-new-us-secretary-of-state-donald-trump-101737422517416.html#google_vignette Marco Rubio, China ‘hawk’ sanctioned by Beijing twice, is new US Secretary of State]. Jan 21, 2025</ref> *Wahid Nawabi, Kevin McDonnell, Brian William Schimpf, Matthew Marley Grimm, Gregory Michael Kausner<ref>[https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202407/1315933.shtml China sanctions six US military companies, five senior executives over arms sales to Taiwan island]</ref> == [[Celebrity]]/ [[politician]]/ [[religion|religious]] leader who met or visited people disliked by China== *born in 1931 - [[Desmond Tutu]]<ref>[[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1940 - [[Nancy Pelosi Taiwan visit|Nancy Pelosi]] *born in 1946 - [[George W. Bush]]<ref>[[File:Bush, Byrd and Pelosi awarding the Dalai Lama.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1949 - [[Richard Gere]]<ref name="shambsun">{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsroar.com/richard-gere-my-journey-as-a-buddhist|title=Richard Gere: My Journey as a Buddhist|access-date=May 27, 2012|website=Shambhala Sun}}</ref> *born in 1953 - [[Marcella Liburd]]<ref>[[File:10.10 總統會見聖克里斯多福及尼維斯聯邦總督萊柏訪問團 (53248058273).jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1955 - [[Michael L. MacDonald]]<ref>[[File:10.13 總統接見「加拿大國會議員訪問團」.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1957 - [[Kurt M. Campbell]]<ref name="twothousandtwelve">[[File:Kurt Campbell with Chen Guangcheng at US Embassy May 1, 2012.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1960 - [[Gary Locke]]<ref name="twothousandtwelve"></ref> *born in 1961 - [[Greg Gianforte]]<ref>[[File:Greg Gianforte in Taiwan.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1962 - [[Seiji Maehara]]<ref>[[File:07.03 總統接見「日本『立憲・維新・國民超黨派臺灣訪問團』」 - 53019313124.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1964 - [[Keanu Reeves]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Keanu Reeves performs "Pull My Daisy" on the 35th Annual Tibet House Benefit Concert March 3, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4RE6I_lV0M |website=youtube.com | date=March 9, 2022 |publisher=Tibet House US |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104193420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4RE6I_lV0M |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Keanu Reeves axed by Chinese video platforms after Tibet concert |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/keanu-reeves-axed-by-chinese-video-platforms-after-tibet-concert-2022-03-25/ |access-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314120024/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/keanu-reeves-axed-by-chinese-video-platforms-after-tibet-concert-2022-03-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=2022-01-28 |title=Keanu Reeves Hit With Backlash From Chinese Nationalists Over Tibet Benefit Concert |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/keanu-reeves-china-backlash-1235083112/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325063130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/keanu-reeves-china-backlash-1235083112/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=2022-03-24 |title=China streamers scrub Keanu Reeves titles over his support for Tibet |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-03-24/china-streamers-scrub-keanu-reeves-titles-over-his-support-for-tibet |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325011340/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-03-24/china-streamers-scrub-keanu-reeves-titles-over-his-support-for-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2022-03-24 |title=Keanu Reeves Movies Reportedly Pulled Off Streaming Platforms in China Over His Tibet Support |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/keanu-reeves-movies-china-streamers-tibet-1235214084/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324234810/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/keanu-reeves-movies-china-streamers-tibet-1235214084/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *born in 1971 - Marco Rubio<ref>[[File:CECC 2019 meeting with HK activists.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1974 - [[Christian Bale]]<ref name="CNN1512">{{cite web|last1=Jiang|first1=Steven|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/china-bale-activist/index.html|title='Batman' star Bale punched, stopped from visiting blind Chinese activist|date=17 December 2011|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216005838/https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/china-bale-activist/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-16704|title=Chen Guangcheng Honored by Human Rights First, Meets Bale|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-access=subscription|date=25 October 2012|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708174459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-16704|archive-date=8 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sturges|first1=Fiona|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/their-own-words-podcast-review-christian-bale-outshone-human-rights-champion-a6852166.html|title=In Their Own Words, podcast review: Christian Bale is outshone by a human rights champion|work=[[The Independent]]|date=3 February 2016|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/their-own-words-podcast-review-christian-bale-outshone-human-rights-champion-a6852166.html|archive-date=25 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> *born in 1986 - [[Lady Gaga]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Difunden nuevos videos del Dalai Lama de conducta inapropiada hacia una menor y un incómodo momento con Lady Gaga |trans-title=New videos of the Dalai Lama's inappropriate behavior towards a minor and an uncomfortable moment with Lady Gaga are disseminated |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/542085-difunden-nuevos-videos-del-dalai-lama-de-conducta-inapropiad |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=[[Página 12]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama sparks another controversy with Lady Gaga: Another video appears in which he touches the singer's leg |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/2023/04/15/643ad603268e3e79598b4571.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=[[MARCA]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bad people (but now a goodguy) according to China == {{wikiquote|zh:朱德}} *born in 1886 - [[Zhu De]] - "strictly disciplined politically" (严守党的政治纪律和政治规矩的楷模)<ref>[https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/n1/2019/0228/c423728-30943284.html 朱德：嚴守黨的政治紀律和政治規矩的楷模]. Feb 22, 2017</ref> *born in 1898 - [[Liu Shaoqi]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia|editor1-first=Mikyoung|editor1-last=Kim|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|first=Bin|last=Xu|chapter=Memory and reconciliation|pages=51–53}}</ref> *born in 1898 - Peng Dehuai (彭德怀)<ref>[https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/643493 中共百年十大爭議人物・彭德懷]. 李長之. August 13, 2021</ref> [[File:Hu Feng in 1950.JPG|300px|Hu Feng (胡风), now a goodguy, was arrested in 1955.]] born in 1902<ref>[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2534733.html 批判胡风思想]</ref> *born in 1904 - [[Deng Xiaoping]] {{wikiquote|Puyi}} *born in 1906 - [[Puyi]] - "improved thinking after garden-[[Labour (economics)|labouring]]" (通过在植物园的锻炼，思想认识上有很大收获，组里对他各方面的进步给予了充分肯定)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/402281/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATKHan6n0YSnBYNqsubHVUbFzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIsi8NQ8sPBoAkXIvtd4eMEC2br6C0Ja7vIPcOsqM9dG5Hf6VjTLz7nn-N00mNBFpYNdG_VT2q0 在北京时间2021年04月27日 11:23:14的网页快照]</ref> in early 1960s. *born in 1986 - [[Li Wenliang]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=&#91;早前标题&#93;新冠肺炎“吹哨人”李文亮：真相比平反更重要 |url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-31/101509761.html |date=2020-01-31 |author1=覃建行 |author2=王颜玉 |editor1=王逸吟 |editor2=张翔宇 |website=财新网 |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131074029/http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-31/101509761.html |archive-date=2020-01-31 }}</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24300481/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPLZzvX4On3FNdWs6rKCBLNzzqIP0XOpRovyScYh6dk-sPRoGUXIvtdxL4RFxLjnCklY7vUPJbJmX-x7wD62EnWLwLju9tw2k88H-84eBA 在北京时间2020年05月29日 10:29:59的网页快照]</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24300481/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPWIn_35MizFPoivuOKABuNzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIsx5N5x-fhxWgjF_4xtdcIcl-flCEtH7vcSbqk3QrcinXT_VFzAyL_m_twvwpUZ_w 在北京时间2020年02月07日 01:48:38的网页快照]</ref> - "The city of [[Wuhan]] does owe an apology to Li" (武汉市的确欠对李文亮的一个道歉).<ref>{{Cite web |title=胡锡进：武汉市的确欠对李文亮的一个道歉 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-07/doc-iimxyqvz1009075.shtml |accessdate=2020-02-08 |author=胡锡进 |date=2020-02-07 |publisher=环球网 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208130529/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-07/doc-iimxyqvz1009075.shtml |archive-date=2020-02-08 }}</ref> See also: [[wikisource:zh:1980年中华人民共和国最高人民法院工作报告|1980 work report of PRC's Supreme People's Court]] == [[Glossary]] of political jargons== *medical [[parole]] 保外就医 (bǎo wài)<ref>http://lawdb.cncourt.org/show.php?fid=88744</ref> <ref>https://jyglj.guizhou.gov.cn/tr/zwgk/xxgkml/ywgk/201809/t20180920_25534560.html</ref> *deprivation of political rights 剥夺政治权利 (Bō duó)<ref>{{cite book|title=中国政治|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=中国人民大学书报资料社|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-date=2021-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916103025/https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> *[[subversion]] of state power 颠覆国家政权 (Diān fù) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xyfy.gov.cn/sszn/xt/xingfafenze/105.2.htm |title=煽动颠覆国家政权罪 |access-date=2009-09-02 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182646/http://www.xyfy.gov.cn/sszn/xt/xingfafenze/105.2.htm}}</ref> *[[anti]]-China 反华(团体)/ 境外势力/ 敌对组织 (fan hua)<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-05/20/c_1118905787.htm |title = 外交部：美国基金会援助反华团体印证中国依法管理境外非政府组织境内活动的重要性 |date = 2016-05-20 |agency = [[新华社]] |accessdate = 2016-08-24 |archive-date = 2016-10-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-05/20/c_1118905787.htm}}</ref> <ref>https://news.cctv.com/2023/08/11/ARTIMpMVztBdRnJsEN0wY4kt230811.shtml 起底境外势力</ref> {{wiktionary|en:防火牆}} {{seealso|Great Wall of China}} *to circumvent "Great [[Firewall]] of China" 翻墙 (fān qiáng)<ref>https://www.gzasc.edu.cn/nic/JobNotifications3993/info_itemid_17472_subjectid_51.html</ref> *[[National security]] 國家安全 (Guó jiā)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法]]</ref> *[[Collusion|collude]] with foreign powers 勾結外國勢力 (Gōu jié)<ref>https://www.interpreting.hku.hk/glossary/?p=69084</ref> *live [[organ procurement]] or harvesting 活摘(器官) (huo zhai)<ref>[https://scholar.valpo.edu/sociology_fac_pub/8/ Live organ harvesting in China: Falun Gong and unsettled rumor]. ''Andrew Junker''. Feb 2018</ref> <ref>https://big5.zhengjian.org/node/54546</ref> <ref>https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJY6rJ</ref> <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/world/china-is-harvesting-organs-from-falun-gong-members-finds-expert-panel-idUSKCN1TI235 China is harvesting organs from Falun Gong members, finds expert panel]. ''Sonia Elks''. June 18, 2019</ref> <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/25/5/7/n14501911.htm 美国会众议院通过《停止活摘器官法案》]. Epoch Times. ''林妍''. May 8, 2025</ref> *(National) secret or [[confidential]] matters (国家)机密/ 秘密 (Jī mì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:保守國家機密暫行條例]]</ref> *misuse or [[abuse of power]] or [[authority]] 滥用职权便利/ 职务便利 (lan yong)<ref>https://www.faxin.cn/lib/cpal/AlyzContent.aspx?gid=C1455606</ref> <ref>https://www.hongshan.gov.cn/ztzl/jfjy/202301/t20230110_2127779.shtml</ref> *confiscation of [[property]] 没收财产 (Mò shōu)<ref>[https://m.thepaper.cn/kuaibao_detail.jsp?contid=27007417 刑事案件中什么叫没收财产，如何执行？]</ref> *vindicate 平反 (Píng fǎn)<ref>[[wiktionary:en:平反]]</ref> {{seealso|Military intelligence}} *[[steal]]ing, [[spy]]ing into, buying or unlawfully supplying State Secrets or Intelligence (Simply put, a <b>spy</b> (间谍).) - (为境外)窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报 (qie qu)<ref>https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=22492&lib=law&EncodingName=gb2312</ref> <ref>[http://gongbao.court.gov.cn/Details/218a787071bf6294fa4087851258a0.html 最高人民法院关于审理为境外窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释 - 中华人民共和国最高人民法院公报]</ref> *[[insult]]ing China 辱华 (Rǔ huá)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=冬奧挺自家選手 BTS.劉在錫遭批辱華 |url=https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/202202/202202222072488.html |website=華視新聞網 |language=zh-TW |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-date=2022-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222122540/https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/202202/202202222072488.html }}</ref> *[[house arrest]] 软禁 (Ruǎn jìn)<ref>[https://www.voachinese.com/a/zhaoziyang-20150117/2602778.html 赵紫阳被软禁的日子]</ref> *[[bribery]] 受贿/ 行贿 (Shòu huì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:Category:中华人民共和国受贿案]]</ref> *"making the process smooth" or "smoothing out ([[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s)" - 疏通(关系) (Shū tōng)<ref>[https://www.spp.gov.cn/ztk/dfld/2014dfld/dfld35/gzjyt/201410/t20141015_82041.shtml 介绍贿赂罪可考虑取消]</ref> <ref>[https://www.12371.cn/2022/05/11/ARTI1652226348703303.shtml帮忙跑官、疏通关系、捞人消灾……拿捏问题官员，骗子有几招]</ref> *[[Political status of Taiwan|Taiwan independence]] 台独/ 港独/ 疆独 (Tái dú)<ref>https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/Archive/Article?StrId=19978</ref><ref>https://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/850</ref> <ref>[https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93/2013-27/1372909041714/%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E7%96%86%E7%8D%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82%E6%A0%B9%E6%BA%90/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E5%B3%B0 深入探索疆獨動亂根源 （李永峰）]</ref> *[[corruption]] 贪腐/ 贪污/ 腐败 (tan fu)<ref>[https://hanyu.baidu.com/hanyu-page/term/detail?wd=%E8%B4%AA%E8%85%90 贪腐的释义]</ref> *[[discipline|disciplinary]] violation 违纪 (Wéi jì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:抗震救灾款物管理使用违法违纪行为处分规定]]</ref> * to protect one's [[rights]] 维权 (Wéi quán)<ref>[https://www.voachinese.com/a/eight-years-since-crackdown-persecution-persists-for-rights-lawyers-in-china-20230707/7170822.html “709镇压”8年过去 中国持续迫害维权律师]</ref> {{seealso|Falun Gong}} *[[cult]] 邪教 (xie jiao)<ref>[https://www.chinafxj.cn/ 中国反邪教网]</ref> <ref>[https://news.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/XieJiaoFaLunGong/2522.html “法轮功”就是邪教]</ref> *[[Public administration|administrative]] penalty 行政处罚 (xing zheng)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:中华人民共和国行政处罚法]]</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/662146/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATKWIyPr1YC7FNIitvuHQA7pzzqIP0XOpUpz_Q4A16N1x5P9yGQrPuZlsLtEagKapVFQCu6UPJ69qHPE9wyO4ECyWnPq3poUv2okErNQWH-5O0_zztkL70Sc 北京时间2022年01月21日 04:28:42的网页快照]</ref> {{wiktionary|admonition}} *([[police]]) admonishment (被警方)训诫 (xun jie)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A8%93%E8%AA%A1/438094 训诫 百度百科]</ref> <ref name="zhogn">{{Cite web |title=亲历者讲述：武汉市中心医院医护人员被感染始末 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-17/doc-iimxyqvz3653366.shtml |author=杜玮 |date=2020年2月18日 |publisher=中国新闻周刊 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218083556/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-17/doc-iimxyqvz3653366.shtml |archivedate=2020-02-18 |access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=发哨子的人 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nEy0jq5wjj-g6DQVZep1Wg |author=龚菁琦 |date=2020年3月10日 |publisher=人物周刊 |language=zh-cn |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200310021029/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nEy0jq5wjj-g6DQVZep1Wg |archivedate=2020年3月10日 |access-date=2020年3月11日 }}</ref> *picking quarrels and [[provocation|provoking]] trouble 寻衅滋事 (Xún xìn)<ref>[[wikisource:Category:Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble_cases_in_China]]</ref> *[[extradition]] 引渡 (Yǐn dù)<ref>[https://www.ettoday.net/news/20190617/1469109.htm 從反送中學引渡條例英文怎麼說]</ref> *(watch) [[YouTube]] (video) - (看)油管(视频) (Yóu guǎn)<ref>[https://www.baidu.com/from=844b/ssid=911370707261696e626f77b605/s?word=%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1%E8%BF%9D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%97&sa=re_dl_prs_34689_3&ms=1&rqid=8805682500728614486&rq=%E6%95%99%E4%BD%A0%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1&rsf=1630001 Baidu AI: 国内上油管违法吗]</ref> *[[politics|politically]] sensitive 政治敏感 (zheng zhi)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/zzmg/24497858 网络用语，指政治敏感话题]</ref> <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/7/11/15/n1902765.htm 百度百科抄襲維基 並配合審查]</ref> The above special words or expressions (with popular usage), applicable to the situations of the dissidents, are sorted in [[Pinyin]] order and usually written in [[simplified Chinese characters]] here. Political [[jargon]]s that are commonly known in Taiwan and [[Singapore]] are not stated here. == Related pages == *[[Cultural Revolution]] and [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]. *[[Dissident]] *[[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] and [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|ICESCR]]. *[[Isolationism]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Sanction]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of China]] [[Category:China-related lists]] [[Category:Chinese human rights activists]] qmjf65cizyokgjb86rxh65fi9sc72kn 10331256 10331232 2025-06-15T01:29:10Z Yilangderen 824311 /* People not in PRC prison */ 2017 10331256 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of people, sorted by their [[date of birth]]. The sorting is done regardless of where he was born, what [[identity document]] he has, his [[nation]]ality, his [[residence]], what he has done, what he believes in, his favorability, how was he [[reporter|reported]] and why is he involved in the [[dispute]](s). ==People not in PRC [[prison]]== See also: [[wikinews:zh:王志安被台灣驅逐出境_曾批民進黨造勢用殘障煽情|Wang Zhi'an deported by Taiwan.]] *born in 1968 - Wang Zhi'an<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-68090861 王志安在台湾“夜夜秀”涉歧视争议后，被罚五年禁止入境]</ref> See also: [[wikinews:zh:兩陸客在台拔「光時」旗被逐出境|2 mainland tourists in Taiwan, who tore down "光時 flags", deported]]; and [[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Tong_Ying_Kit/Reasons_for_Sentence|the court case which mentioned the “LIBERATE HONG KONG REVOLUTION OF OUR TIMES” slogan.]] *[[File:Johanne Liou arrested by Boston.jpg|150px|The person on the left is Ms Liou.]] born in 1985 - Johanne Liou<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=PCDM%2C110%2C%E9%87%8D%E8%A8%B4%2C34%2C20220728%2C1&ot=in%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA |title=110年度重訴字第34號 |access-date=2024-07-02 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613084008/https://judgment.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/data.aspx?ty=JD&id=PCDM,110,%E9%87%8D%E8%A8%B4,34,20220728,1&ot=in%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.tvbs.com.tw/local/2272284 |title=劉喬安被通緝！　涉寄毒包裹　疑滯留美國 |access-date=2024-06-13 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613094832/https://news.tvbs.com.tw/local/2272284}}</ref><ref>[https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/02/09/2003831580 Taiwanese woman arrested in US for overstaying visa]. ''Taipei Times''</ref> *[[File:Chan Tong-kai bowed to apologise.png|150px|Mr Chan walked out of prison in October 2019.]] born in 1998 - Chan Tong Kai<ref name="newtalk-2019-10-23">{{cite news |title=陳同佳赴台自首？蔡英文：只有逮捕、沒有自首 |url=https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-23/315634 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=新頭殼新聞 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041559/https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-10-23/315634 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name="stn-2019-10-23">{{cite news |title=蔡英文稱陳同佳案只有逮捕沒有自首 指若港府迴避「由台灣處理」 |url=http://std.stheadline.com/instant/articles/detail/1119770/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF-%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%A8%B1%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96-%E6%8C%87%E8%8B%A5%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BF%B4%E9%81%BF-%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%99%95%E7%90%86 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=星島日報 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-date=2019-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108051103/http://std.stheadline.com/instant/articles/detail/1119770/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF-%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%A8%B1%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E6%A1%88%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95%E6%B2%92%E6%9C%89%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96-%E6%8C%87%E8%8B%A5%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%9C%E8%BF%B4%E9%81%BF-%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%99%95%E7%90%86 }}</ref><ref name="hk01-2019-10-23a">{{cite news |title=石棺藏屍案先例　疑犯「移交」返港　兩地警隨行 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E7%AA%81%E7%99%BC/389413/%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%8D%84-%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%8D%E6%A1%88%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B-%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF-%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4-%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF-%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6%E9%9A%A8%E8%A1%8C |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=香港01 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023100247/https://www.hk01.com/%E7%AA%81%E7%99%BC/389413/%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%8D%84-%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%BA%E8%97%8F%E5%B1%8D%E6%A1%88%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B-%E7%96%91%E7%8A%AF-%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4-%E8%BF%94%E6%B8%AF-%E5%85%A9%E5%9C%B0%E8%AD%A6%E9%9A%A8%E8%A1%8C |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref name="mingpao-2019-10-23a">{{cite news |title=士林地檢署：陳同佳不符自首條件　案件將交地方法院 |url=https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E6%B8%AF%E8%81%9E/article/20191019/s00001/1571469451817/%E5%A3%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%AA%A2%E7%BD%B2-%E9%99%B3%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%B3%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E8%87%AA%E9%A6%96%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6-%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%87%E4%BA%A4%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2 |accessdate=2019-10-23 |work=明報 |date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101126/https://news.mingpao.com/ins/%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E8%2581%259E/article/20191019/s00001/1571469451817/%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E6%259E%2597%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%25AA%25A2%25E7%25BD%25B2-%25E9%2599%25B3%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BD%25B3%25E4%25B8%258D%25E7%25AC%25A6%25E8%2587%25AA%25E9%25A6%2596%25E6%25A2%259D%25E4%25BB%25B6-%25E6%25A1%2588%25E4%25BB%25B6%25E5%25B0%2587%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E5%259C%25B0%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2599%25A2 |archive-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> The following are considered as troublemakers by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). *born in 1907 - [[Lin Biao]] *born in 1918 - Wang Ruowang (王若望) <ref name="aa1">《邓小平文选》：[http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/242358/242773/242776/17735108.html 旗帜鲜明地反对资产阶级自由化] {{Wayback|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/242358/242773/242776/17735108.html |date=20180513082503 }} （1986年12月30日）“对于那些明显反对[[社会主义]]、反对共产党的，这次就要处理；可能会引起波浪，那也不可怕。对方励之、刘宾雁、'''王若望'''，处理要坚决；他们狂妄到极点，想改变共产党，他们有什么资格当共产党员？”</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0924/c85037-27627492.html |title=陈云：必须把维护党的政治纪律放在首位 |accessdate=2019-09-30 |author=张曙 |date=2015-09-24 |work= |publisher=中国共产党新闻网，来源：张曙《中央纪委第一书记陈云》 |language=Zh-hans |archive-date=2019-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930071956/http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2015/0924/c85037-27627492.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5PZS8lEdRY |title=錢達 ：海外民運史上最慘烈的內鬥－1993年的華盛頓會議 （中） |date=August 2023 }}</ref> *born in 1919 - [[Zhao Ziyang]] - "在制止动乱的关键时刻所犯的严重错误，决定撤销他所担任的党内一切领导职务" (...serious mistakes made...decided to remove him from all [[leader]]ship positions within the [[Chinese Communist Party]])<ref>[https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_13278049 党史学习教育|大家学 6.23]</ref> *born in 1923 - [[Lee Teng-hui]]<ref>[https://m.news.cctv.com/2020/07/31/ARTIrUzfwH5buelvojmthRxL200731.shtml “遗臭万年”已是李登辉甩不掉的历史标签]</ref> *[[File:Zhu Hong and Liu Binyan's marriage headshot.jpg|150px|The person on the right is Mr Liu.]] born in 1925 - Liu Binyan<ref>{{cite news|title=刘宾雁|url=http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/xdzj/579.shtml|publisher=[[中国作家协会]]|accessdate=2020-05-24|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008033702/http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/xdzj/579.shtml}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=為「中國的良心」劉賓雁塑像 {{!}} 大紀元 |url=https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/1/n830917.htm |website=大紀元 www.epochtimes.com |date=2000-01-01 |language=zh-Hant |access-date=2024-12-28 |archive-date=2025-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227030312/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/1/n830917.htm }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=趙越勝：劉賓雁是畫卷，你是那束光｜端傳媒 Initium Media|url=https://theinitium.com/article/20160715-mainland-zhuhong|website=端傳媒 Initium Media|date=2016-07-15|language=zh-Hant|access-date=2024-07-14|archive-date=2025-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119144551/https://theinitium.com/article/20160715-mainland-zhuhong}}</ref> *[[File:Dr Gao Yaojie March 2007a.jpg|150px]] born in 1927, Gao Yaojie<ref>BBC中文：[http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_6390000/newsid_6392100/6392139.stm 高耀洁拒绝说假话 将飞往美国领奖] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_6390000/newsid_6392100/6392139.stm |date=20070226060907 }}</ref> *born in 1930 - [[Li Zehou]] *[[File:Chinese ex-official Bao Tong at home (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1932, Bao Tong<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Fan |date=10 November 2022 |title=Bao Tong: Champion of Chinese political reform dies at 90 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63581532}}</ref> *born in 1932 - [[Joseph Zen]] *born in 1933 - [[Palden Gyatso]] *born in 1935 - [[14th Dalai Lama]] *[[File:Ding Zilin, 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1936, Ding Zilin<ref>{{Cite web|title=丁子霖丈夫蔣培坤訴諸法律援助 - 大紀元|url=https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/4/2/n499224.htm|accessdate=2020-11-02|date=2004-04-02|work=大紀元 www.epochtimes.com|language=zh-Hant|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107093240/https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/4/2/n499224.htm}}</ref> *[[File:Fang Lizhi (10455658873) (cropped).jpg|150px]] born in 1936, Fang Lizhi<ref>Bhuchung K. Tsering, [http://weblog.savetibet.org/2012/04/09/fang-lizhi-was-right-about-tibet-and-china/ Fang Lizhi was right about Tibet and China], 9 April 2012</ref> *born in 1937 - [[Harry Wu]] *[[File:Dai Qing.jpg|150px]] born in 1941, Dai Qing<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barme |first=Geremie |date=1992 |title=The Trouble with Dai Qing |journal=Index on Censorship |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=15–19 |doi=10.1080/03064229208535410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> *[[File:严家其.jpg|150px]] born in 1942, Yan Jiaqi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-07|title=严家祺希望王沪宁为六四翻案并自爆逃港期间住向华胜家|url=https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190507-%E4%B8%A5%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%BA%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E7%BF%BB%E6%A1%88%E5%B9%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%88%86%E9%80%83%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8F%E5%90%91%E5%8D%8E%E8%83%9C%E5%AE%B6|access-date=2023-05-15|website=RFI - 法国国际广播电台|language=zh-Hans|archive-date=2023-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515091555/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20190507-%E4%B8%A5%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%BA%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BA%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E7%BF%BB%E6%A1%88%E5%B9%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%88%86%E9%80%83%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%8F%E5%90%91%E5%8D%8E%E8%83%9C%E5%AE%B6}}</ref> *[[File:18-徐文立2005.2.27在美國普林斯頓大學的照片.jpg|150px]] born in 1943, Xu Wenli<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/21/world/top-dissident-gets-13-years-after-trial-in-beijing.html|title= Top Dissident Gets 13 Years After Trial In Beijing|newspaper= New York Times |access-date=2013-07-02|last=Eckholm|first=Erik|date=1998-12-21}}</ref> *[[File:Gao yu VOA.jpg|150px]] born in 1944, Gao Yu<ref>{{Cite web|title = Courage in Journalism Awards: Awardees 1990-2015 {{!}} IWMF|url = http://www.iwmf.org/our-impact/courage-in-journalism-awards/award-winners/|website = www.iwmf.org|accessdate = 2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = 1997 - Gao Yu, China: UNESCO-CI|url = http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=5709&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|website = portal.unesco.org|accessdate = 2015-11-26}}</ref> *[[File:任畹町.png|150px]] born in 1944, Ren Wanding<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/04/11/HK0704110048.htm |title=任畹町獲准來港體檢 |accessdate=2012-11-09 |date=2007-04-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204024353/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2007/04/11/HK0704110048.htm |archivedate=2007-12-04 |work=文汇报}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/10/uk-china-activist-hongkong-idUKPEK29935820070410 |title=China allows veteran activist to visit Hong Kong |author=Lindsay Beck |date=10 April 2007 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=6 July 2012 |archive-date=2013-02-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201040159/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/04/10/uk-china-activist-hongkong-idUKPEK29935820070410 }}</ref> *[[File:Rebiya Kadeer (2).jpg|150px]] born in 1946, Rebiya Kadeer<ref>[http://news.cctv.com/china/20090706/104689.shtml 新疆维吾尔自治区主席努尔·白克力谈乌市打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件] {{Wayback|url=http://news.cctv.com/china/20090706/104689.shtml |date=20090709185412 }}，央视网，2009年07月06日。</ref> *born in 1947 - [[Jimmy Lai]]<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/topics/jimmy-lai-trial Jimmy Lai trial]</ref> *born in 1950 - [[Wei Jingsheng]] *born in 1950 - [[Chen Shui-bian]]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/165637/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPeMmvvyMi6RNdSstrOAA7ZzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIs66dk-8PJwB0XIv5UtZ9hamO29SVRH7vcXbu0yX7cmgn_3VjvCyKClp51sxg 在北京时间2019年04月15日 05:25:18的网页快照]</ref> *born in 1952 - [[Li Hongzhi]]<ref>[http://www.hbcaw.gov.cn/jsjyxczl3/35467.jhtml 我国明确认定的24种邪教组织]</ref> *born in 1954 - [[Shinzo Abe]]<ref>[https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2014-01/07/content_2560877.htm 安倍晋三参拜靖国神社的恶劣性质]</ref> *born in 1956 - [[Tsai Ing-wen]]<ref>[https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1816561141597420849 蔡英文窜访加拿大，我使馆发声：强烈不满、坚决反对]</ref> *[[File:Marco Rubio, Jeanette Nuñez and Rushan Abbas attending 2020 SOTU.jpg|150px|The person on the left is Abbas.]] born in 1967 - Rushan Abbas (茹仙·阿巴斯)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E4%BD%9C%E6%89%80%E4%B8%BA%E5%8F%8A%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E9%9D%A2%E7%9B%AE/64769622 美国国家民主基金会的所作所为及真实面目]</ref> *born in 1969 - [[Wang Dan]] *born in 1971 - [[Chen Guangcheng]] *born in 1972 - Michael Kovrig<ref name="spavor"></ref><ref name="NYTSentenced"></ref> *born in 1975 - Ye Haiyan (叶海燕) (nickname: 流氓燕)<ref>{{Cite web|title=纪录片《流氓燕》与奥斯卡失之交臂，主人公做出回应|url=http://www.rfi.fr/cn/中国/20170129-纪录片《流氓燕》与奥斯卡失之交臂，主人公做出回应|accessdate=2020-06-27|date=2017-01-29|work=RFI - 法国国际广播电台|language=zh-Hans|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627114001/http://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20170129-%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E7%89%87%E3%80%8A%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%93%E7%87%95%E3%80%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%B1%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%A4%E8%87%82%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%81%9A%E5%87%BA%E5%9B%9E%E5%BA%94}}</ref> <ref name="dw.com 2017 a327">{{cite web | title=两会前严打 叶海燕再被搬迁 | website=dw.com | date=2017-03-06 | url=https://www.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93-%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%87%95%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81/a-37828924 | language=zh | access-date=2023-08-07 | archive-date=2023-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807050413/https://amp.dw.com/zh/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%9A%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%A5%E6%89%93-%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%87%95%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81/a-37828924}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=葉海燕被趕盡殺絕 開畫展遭騷擾清場|url=https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/dissident-01222019055334.html|accessdate=2020-06-28|work=Radio Free Asia|language=zh-yue|archive-date=2020-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629211108/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/dissident-01222019055334.html}}</ref> - "water and [[Mains electricity|electricity]] were cut off" (断水停电)<ref name="Radio Free Asia 2017 s866">{{cite web | title=叶海燕家断水停电将以干粮过年 加国外交官抵宋庄探望 | website=Radio Free Asia | date=2017-01-23 | url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-01232017101550.html/ampRFA | language=zh | access-date=2023-08-07 | archive-date=2023-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807050417/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/renquanfazhi/ql1-01232017101550.html/ampRFA}}</ref> *born in 1976 - Michael Spavor<ref name=spavor>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=Donald |date=December 17, 2018 |title=China is holding two Canadians as hostages. It's not even denying it. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2018/12/17/china-is-holding-two-canadians-hostages-its-not-even-denying-it |access-date=February 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYTSentenced">{{Cite news |last1=Buckley |first1=Chris |last2=Bilefsky |first2=Dan |last3=Sherlock |first3=Tracy |date=August 10, 2021 |title=China Sentences Canadian Businessman to 11 Years in Prison |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/10/world/asia/china-canada-spavor-kovrig.html |access-date=October 1, 2021}}</ref> *born in 1983 - Wee Meng Chee (Namewee) (黃明志)<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/malaysia-namewee-wee-meng-chee-singer-taiwan-world-tour-cancel-08272024053742.html 黃明志自爆接死亡威脅　開記者會遭「不可抗力」阻撓 – RFA 自由亞洲電台粵語部]</ref> *born in 1990 - [[Alex Chow]] *[[File:Anastasia Lin and Andrew Hastie MP in Parliamentary Offices 4 December 2018 (DB).jpg|150px|The person on the left is Ms Lin.]] born in 1990 - Anastasia Lin (林耶凡) - writing about her is banned in China.<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/search?word=%E6%9E%97%E8%80%B6%E5%87%A1 百度百科]</ref> <ref>[https://www.sogou.com/sogou?query=%E6%9E%97%E8%80%B6%E5%87%A1&ie=utf8&insite=baike.sogou.com 搜狗搜索]</ref> *born in 1991 - [[Edward Leung]] *born in 1993 - [[Nathan Law]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-66094657 香港警方懸紅百萬通緝八名社運人士]. July 4, 2023</ref> *born in 1996 - [[Agnes Chow]] ==People who did something politically sensitive that are not [[arrest|arrested]] by [[police]] (and publicly accounted for) (and followed up with [[judiciary|judicial]] process) but died in China under a [[conspiracy]] theory, or not given enough food/ proper [[medical care]], or believed to be missing/ cannot be located by [[journalism|journalists]]. His final appearance was in China, but there is no confirmation that he is now alive.== *born in 1950 - [[Xu Qiliang]] (许其亮)<ref>[https://x.com/uyunistar/status/1928853811549913206 许其亮去世 习近平：军权重组进入“零代言”时代]. ''Lanjian Zhao (赵兰健)''. May 28, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1808106-20250608.htm 许其亮遗体火化　习近平等领导人致哀]. June 8, 2025</ref> *born in 1957 - He Weidong (何卫东)<ref>[https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/60233470/ 中央軍委副主席何衛東再缺席重要高層會議　外媒曾稱或已被查]. April 28, 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.wenxuecity.com/blog/202505/71103/21404.html 前中央军委副主席何卫东上将，不是死在301医院]. May 26, 2025</ref> *born in 1961 - He Hongjun (何宏军)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=je8iv6dr_O0 何宏軍上將自絕於黨]. ''蔡慎坤''. May 21, 2025</ref> *[[File:6-Kao.jpg|150px]] born in 1964 - Gao Zhisheng (高智晟)<ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2120318/human-rights-china-under-xi-jinping-worst-tiananmen Human rights in China under Xi Jinping ‘worst since Tiananmen crackdown’: Amnesty]</ref> <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Hong Kong Free Press |title=A year on, lawyer's disappearance highlights China's escalating human rights disaster |url= https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/08/13/year-lawyers-disappearance-highlights-chinas-escalating-human-rights-disaster |date=13 August 2018 |last=Rogers |first=Benedict |access-date= 14 August 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Gao Zhisheng, missing for seven years in China's prison system |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Gao-Zhisheng,-missing-for-seven-years-in-China%E2%80%99s-prison-system-60627.html |access-date=August 1, 2024 |work=AsiaNews}}</ref> *born in 1984 - Marco Leung Ling-kit (梁凌杰)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-15 |title=反送中義士死諫周年 父盼展開死因調查 |url=https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/20200615/R4ZEI544FD6YZDKL32LSNBD63M/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824144042/https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/20200615/R4ZEI544FD6YZDKL32LSNBD63M/ |archive-date=2020-08-24 |website=蘋果新聞網 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> *34 years old in 2020 - Mr Kwok (郭振江)<ref>[https://www.singpao.com.hk/index.php?fi=news1&id=109804 地盤工高翔苑墮樓亡]</ref><ref>https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2020-01-14/1617480</ref><ref>https://hk.epochtimes.com/news/2020-01-15/45012721</ref><ref>[https://lihkg.com/thread/2966683/page/1 香港警察殺人鐵證 油塘紀律部隊宿舍凶案 死者無知覺被人掟落樓 | LIHKG]</ref> *[[File:People memorial Chan Yin Lam outside HKDI campus 20200922.png|150px|A memorial event in 2020.]] born in 2004 - Chan Yin-lam (陳彥霖)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20191015/ISGY4NKCHC2WTAKIMXYITDQC2Q/|title=浮屍少女死因八大疑點！尚有一未公開CCTV片成關鍵 ｜ 蘋果新聞網 ｜ 蘋果日報|website=蘋果新聞網|language=zh-tw|access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hkcnews.com/article/24280/%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%A3%E7%AB%8B-%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB-%E9%99%B3%E5%BD%A5%E9%9C%96-24287/%E4%BB%BB%E6%B3%95%E9%86%AB30%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%A3%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%A7%A6%E6%AE%BA%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%96%E7%94%9A%E5%B0%91%E9%81%BA%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%B2%E4%B8%8D%E6%8E%9B-%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0%E5%BA%AD%E8%A7%A3%E9%96%8B%E7%96%91%E5%9C%98|title=眾新聞 {{!}} 任法醫30年馬宣立：姦殺案以外甚少遺體一絲不掛 必須在死因庭解開疑團|website=眾新聞|language=zh|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203235502/https://www.hkcnews.com/article/24280/%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E7%25AB%258B-%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2586%25AB-%25E9%2599%25B3%25E5%25BD%25A5%25E9%259C%2596-24287/%25E4%25BB%25BB%25E6%25B3%2595%25E9%2586%25AB30%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AE%25A3%25E7%25AB%258B%25EF%25BC%259A%25E5%25A7%25A6%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E6%25A1%2588%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%25A4%2596%25E7%2594%259A%25E5%25B0%2591%25E9%2581%25BA%25E9%25AB%2594%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25B5%25B2%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%258E%259B-%25E5%25BF%2585%25E9%25A0%2588%25E5%259C%25A8%25E6%25AD%25BB%25E5%259B%25A0%25E5%25BA%25AD%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E9%2596%258B%25E7%2596%2591%25E5%259C%2598|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200901/NSF37OWTQFEBZPCGEXAYRTRB4E/|title=【陳彥霖死因研訊】資深法醫不同意溺斃結論 指驗屍無檢測體內有否藻類 ｜ 蘋果日報|website=Apple Daily 蘋果日報|language=zh-hk|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214724/https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20200901/NSF37OWTQFEBZPCGEXAYRTRB4E/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==People in prison== *born in 1914 - [[Gang of Four|Jiang Qing]] (江青) <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/22/10/30/n13855910.htm 第一夫人變秦城囚徒 江青自殺之謎] 2022-11-04</ref> [[File:FEMA - 25380 - Photograph by Barry Bahler taken on 07-27-2006 in District of Columbia.jpg|150px|The person on the right is Mr Zhou.]] born in 1942 - Zhou Yongkang (周永康)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211213210204/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-06/11/c_1115590304.htm</ref> [[File:VOA-Bo Xilai.jpg|150px]] born in 1949 - Bo Xilai (薄熙来)<ref>http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2013/1025/c1001-23325262.html</ref> See also: [[wikinews:zh:2023年11月1日中文報紙頭條|the cause of Li Keqiang's death remains a mystery - Liberty Times (自由時報) - the headline of Chinese newspapers on November 1, 2023]] *born in 1951 - Gu Wanming (顾万明)<ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20250211-%E5%89%8D%E6%96%B0%E8%8F%AF%E7%A4%BE%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E9%A1%A7%E8%90%AC%E6%98%8E%E5%AF%AB%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%AA%E7%96%91%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%B7%E6%AD%BB%E5%9B%A0-%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%91 前新華社記者顧萬明寫公開信質疑李克強死因 遭判刑]</ref><ref>[https://www.cna.com.tw/news/acn/202502110301.aspx 寫公開信質疑李克強死因 前新華社記者顧萬明遭判刑]</ref> [[File:Ren zhi qiang.JPG|150px]] born in 1951 - Ren Zhiqiang (任志强)<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |date=28 February 2016 |title=Chinese Tycoon Loses 37 Million Followers After Faulting Xi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-28/chinese-tycoon-loses-37-million-web-followers-after-faulting-xi |website=Bloomberg.com |agency=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news |title = Online dissent: Punching high: An outspoken tycoon challenges Xi Jinping's views |url = https://www.economist.com/news/china/21693588-outspoken-tycoon-challenges-xi-jinpings-views-punching-high |access-date = 28 February 2016 |newspaper = [[The Economist]] |date = 27 February 2016 }}</ref> <ref name="reu">{{cite news |date=2020-03-15 |title=Former Chinese property executive who criticized Xi over virus handling is missing, friends say |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-tycoon/former-chinese-property-executive-who-criticized-xi-over-virus-handling-is-missing-friends-say-idUSKBN21205W |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="nydiss">{{cite news |last=Hernández |first=Javier C. |date=14 March 2020 |title=Chinese Tycoon Who Criticized Xi's Response to Coronavirus Has Vanished |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/world/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/prominent-critic-of-china-s-coronavirus-response-ren-zhiqiang-jailed-for-18-years |title=Prominent critic of China's coronavirus response Ren Zhiqiang jailed for 18 years |work=SBS News |date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Tom|title=Xi Jinping critic sentenced to 18 years in prison|url=https://www.ft.com/content/77259e51-d9e3-4fab-a5f6-39aff00c38ac|work=Financial Times|date=22 September 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> *born in 1955 - [[Liu Xiaobo]] (刘晓波) *born in 1955 - Miao Hua (苗华)<ref>https://www.voacantonese.com/a/miao-hua-downfall-20241128/7880720.html</ref><ref>[https://www.rfi.fr/tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/20241129-%E8%8B%97%E8%8F%AF%E8%A2%AB%E6%8D%95%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA%E5%A4%9A%E5%83%8F%E5%A5%BD%E8%90%8A%E5%A1%A2%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%87-%E8%A2%AB%E5%A5%97%E9%A0%AD%E5%A5%97%E5%A4%9A%E7%94%B1%E5%90%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5%E6%8A%BC%E8%B5%B0 苗華被捕傳說多像好萊塢大片：被套頭套由多名士兵押走]. Nov 29, 2024</ref><ref>https://www.voachinese.com/a/7882008.html</ref> - Formal [[prosecution|accusation]]s have not been brought against him. Anyways, he could potentially end up in PRC prison.<ref>[https://china.caixin.com/2025-05-29/102325253.html 停职上将苗华“严重违纪违法”]. 财新 May 29, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3312463/disgraced-chinese-admiral-miao-hua-suspected-legal-violations Disgraced Chinese admiral Miao Hua suspected of ‘legal violations’]. SCMP Xinlu Liang May 31, 2025</ref> *born in 1960 - Ai Baojun (艾宝俊)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/jlsc/djcf/201601/t20160119_73113.html |title=上海市原市委常委、副市长艾宝俊严重违纪被开除党籍和公职 |access-date=January 19, 2016 |publisher=Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Chinese Communist Party |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121165633/http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/jlsc/djcf/201601/t20160119_73113.html |archive-date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref> *born in 1966 - Shirzat Bawudun (希尔扎提·巴吾东)<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Condemned Uyghur official dies in prison in China’s Xinjiang region |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/uyghur/2024/10/22/uyghur-death-in-prison/ |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> *born in 1970 - Wang Jiangfeng (王江峰)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voachinese.com/a/shandong-man-sentenced-for-posting-compliants-against-chinese-leaders/3808353.html|title=中国一网民转发讽领导人言论被判刑两年|publisher=美国之音|date=2017-04-13|accessdate=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509203909/http://www.voachinese.com/a/shandong-man-sentenced-for-posting-compliants-against-chinese-leaders/3808353.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8/84627/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%A8%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA-%E7%BF%92%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%90-%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%B3%B0%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%912%E5%B9%B4|title=在微信上称领导人“习包子”山东网民王江峰遭判刑2年|publisher=香港01|date=2017-04-15|accessdate=2017-08-12|archive-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828191249/https://www.hk01.com/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8/84627/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8A%E7%A8%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E4%BA%BA-%E7%BF%92%E5%8C%85%E5%AD%90-%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%B3%B0%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%912%E5%B9%B4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/retrial-11012017080838.html 網民轉發「習包子」網帖遭判監　案件重審減兩月刑期]. Nov 1, 2017</ref> *born in 1972 - Zhao Lianhai (赵连海)<ref name=ap1> [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101110/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk_trial China food safety activist given 2½ years] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114002835/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101110/ap_on_re_as/as_china_tainted_milk_trial |date=November 14, 2010 }} Christopher Bodeen, Associated Press – Wed Nov 10, 2:41 am ET, via news.yahoo.com on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=busw1> {{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-10/china-court-jails-tainted-milk-activist-amnesty-says.html|title= China Court Jails Tainted-Milk Activist, Amnesty Says |work= BusinessWeek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912094536/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-10/china-court-jails-tainted-milk-activist-amnesty-says.html |archive-date=September 12, 2011 |editor1-first= Frank|editor1-last= Longid|editor2-first= Douglas|editor2-last= Wong|editor3-first= Matthew |editor3-last=Brooker |date= 10 November 2010 }} </ref> <ref name=dui1> [http://www.duihuahrjournal.org/2010/11/injuring-injured-case-of-zhao-lianhai.html Dui Hua Human Rights Journal: Injuring the Injured: The Case of Zhao Lianhai], Dui Hua foundation, via www.duihuahrjournal.org on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=SCMPhound> [https://www.scmp.com/article/969435/police-hound-activist-family-day-out Police hound activist on family day out] 2 June 2011 </ref> <ref name=guard1> [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/03/china-contaminated-milk-campaign-social-disorder Chinese tainted milk campaigner accused of provoking social disorder - World news - guardian.co.uk] Tania Branigan in Beijing, 2010 03 02, via www.guardian.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=teleg1> [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3545733/China-milk-scandal-Families-of-sick-children-fight-to-find-out-true-scale-of-the-problem.html China milk scandal: Families of sick children fight to find out true scale of the problem - Telegraph] co.uk, 2008 03 12, via www.telegraph.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=bbc1> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11724323 BBC News - China jails tainted milk activist Zhao Lianhai] co.uk, via www.bbc.co.uk on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=star1> [https://www.thestar.com/World/Columnist/article/572723 Father of poisoned baby rallies parents in tainted-milk fight - thestar.com], Bill Schiller, Asia Bureau, Toronto Star, via www.thestar.com on 2010 11 10 </ref> <ref name=reut1> [http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/TOE5BL06U.htm Reuters AlertNet - China arrests father active on melamine milk issues], By Lucy Hornby, Reuters, editor Ken Wills, 2009 12 22, via www.alertnet.org on 2010 11 10 </ref> See also: [[wikinews:Chinese political dissident Hu Jia freed as Chinese Premier Wen visits Britain]] *born in 1973 - Hu Jia (胡佳)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/china.activist.sentenced.ap/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Chinese civil rights activist sentenced for subversion |date=3 April 2008 |access-date=2008-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527021911/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/02/china.activist.sentenced.ap/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>Congressional-Executive Commission on China, [http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5295 Political Prisoner Databas: Hu Jia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211215931/http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5295 |date=2012-12-11 }}.</ref><ref>Tania Branigan, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/24/sakharov-prize-hu-jia EU defies Beijing to award dissident human rights prize], The Guardian, 23 October 2008.</ref> <ref>Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=17919 China: Call for release of Hu Jia as he receives European Parliament Sakharov Prize], 24 October 2008.</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13917882|title=Prominent Chinese dissident Hu Jia freed - wife|access-date=June 26, 2011 | work=BBC News|date=26 June 2011}}</ref> *born in 1974 - Peng Lifa (彭立发)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Micah McCartney China News |date=2023-10-25 |title=Beijing's 'Bridge Man' protester Peng Lifa leaves legacy in China |url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-protest-peng-lifa-1837668 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref name="VOA 2023">{{Cite web |last=Ye |first=Bing |date=2023-10-12 |title=Protester Who Unfurled Anti-Xi Messages from Beijing Bridge Still Detained Year Later |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/protester-who-unfurled-anti-xi-messages-from-beijing-bridge-still-detained-year-later-/7309045.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> *born in 1988 - Kwonpyong (권평) (权平)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA-%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91/a-36281512?&zhongwen=simp|title=海归因抗议习近平而失踪 各地留学生声援营救|publisher=德国之声|date=2016-11-06|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144147/http://www.dw.com/zh/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BD%92%E5%9B%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA-%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%A3%B0%E6%8F%B4%E8%90%A5%E6%95%91/a-36281512?&zhongwen=simp}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-protest-11142016070108.html|title=三藩市华人营救权平和子肃 到中国领馆抗议|publisher=[[自由亚洲电台]]|date=2016-11-14|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2018-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134925/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-protest-11142016070108.html}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170217/c17china/|title=穿“习特勒”T恤，权平被控煽动颠覆国家政权|publisher=[[纽约时报]]|author=储百亮|date=2017-02-17|accessdate=2017-06-28|archive-date=2017-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620091346/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170217/c17china/}}</ref> *born in 1996 - [[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Tong_Ying_Kit/Reasons_for_Sentence|Tong Ying Kit]] *born in 1999 - Niu Tengyu (牛腾宇)<ref>https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/xiao-01282021105213.html</ref><ref>[https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/665269.html “习近平家人信息泄露案” 二审宣判，牛腾宇14年刑期不变]. ''China Digital Times''. April 24, 2021</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=惡俗維基黑幕●專訪 辯護律師遭約談被DQ 傳上訴閉門秘審 創辦人爆：官二代係幕後篤灰人獲釋放|url=https://hk.appledaily.com/china/20210217/2INHNFBF3VDZDAJVNQMKCBUFMQ/|author=苹果新闻|date=2021-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619003032mp_/https://hk.appledaily.com/china/20210217/2INHNFBF3VDZDAJVNQMKCBUFMQ/|archive-date=2021-06-19|access-date=2022-11-03}}</ref> ===people in [[Hong Kong]] prison=== * [[File:Ce-election-civil-referendum-1.jpg|150px|left]] born in 1964 - Benny Tai Yiu-ting<ref>[[wikisource:HKSAR_v_Ng_Gordon_Ching-hang_and_others/Reasons_for_Sentence]]</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2l4eynl4zo</ref> The people above may or may not be alive now, and, might have walked out of prison already/ their [[Detention (imprisonment)|detention]]s might have stopped. == People sanctioned by China with [[public]] [[publishing|announcement]] == *born in 1940 - [[Nancy Pelosi]]<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/11038248/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPffmv2mMCiSP9T67-DQAeFzzqIPmGapB5nyTcY07cct_blgGx2Fs5Ytd9MX2f-gXg8q6PAUeeo8XeNr3yS7PDXFzbbu9sYzmtNGo4JcHK8XhfPxvkT5vSKK3rPQsjTiiifFoti5 百科参考资料]. 2022-08-05</ref> *born in 1949 - [[Peter Navarro]]<ref /name = "cncn">[https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2021/01-21/9393039.shtml 被中方制裁的另外18名美国官员是谁？华春莹：谁做坏事自己心里清楚]</ref> *born in 1960 - James D. Taiclet<ref>[https://www.tbsnews.net/world/china-sanctions-lockheed-martin-over-taiwan-arms-sales-881276 China sanctions Lockheed Martin over Taiwan arms sales ]</ref> *born in 1961 - [[Pat Toomey]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-53738020 中国就香港问题制裁11名美国官员 当事人不屑一顾]</ref> [[File:Pompeo and Turkel cropped 50147793747 f6d8b8c827 o.jpg|200px]] born in 1963 - [[Mike Pompeo]]<ref>[https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/united-states-trump-election-cabinet-mike-pompeo-marco-rubio-tom-cotton-11072024142704.html 蓬佩奧成國防部長熱門人選　與其餘3內閣人選均被中國制裁]</ref> *born in 1962 - [[Michael McCaul]]<ref>[[wikinews:China's Foreign Ministry sanctions US Representative Michael McCaul]]</ref> *born in 1966 - [[Robert C. O'Brien]]<ref /name = "cncn"></ref> *born in 1970 - Nury Turkel.<ref>[https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1719761055110365037 中国外交部宣布对等反制美方4名人员，他们什么来头？]</ref> He sat next to Pompeo in the photo above. *born in 1971 - [[Marco Rubio]]<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/marco-rubio-china-hawk-sanctioned-by-beijing-twice-is-new-us-secretary-of-state-donald-trump-101737422517416.html#google_vignette Marco Rubio, China ‘hawk’ sanctioned by Beijing twice, is new US Secretary of State]. Jan 21, 2025</ref> *Wahid Nawabi, Kevin McDonnell, Brian William Schimpf, Matthew Marley Grimm, Gregory Michael Kausner<ref>[https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202407/1315933.shtml China sanctions six US military companies, five senior executives over arms sales to Taiwan island]</ref> == [[Celebrity]]/ [[politician]]/ [[religion|religious]] leader who met or visited people disliked by China== *born in 1931 - [[Desmond Tutu]]<ref>[[File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1940 - [[Nancy Pelosi Taiwan visit|Nancy Pelosi]] *born in 1946 - [[George W. Bush]]<ref>[[File:Bush, Byrd and Pelosi awarding the Dalai Lama.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1949 - [[Richard Gere]]<ref name="shambsun">{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsroar.com/richard-gere-my-journey-as-a-buddhist|title=Richard Gere: My Journey as a Buddhist|access-date=May 27, 2012|website=Shambhala Sun}}</ref> *born in 1953 - [[Marcella Liburd]]<ref>[[File:10.10 總統會見聖克里斯多福及尼維斯聯邦總督萊柏訪問團 (53248058273).jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1955 - [[Michael L. MacDonald]]<ref>[[File:10.13 總統接見「加拿大國會議員訪問團」.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1957 - [[Kurt M. Campbell]]<ref name="twothousandtwelve">[[File:Kurt Campbell with Chen Guangcheng at US Embassy May 1, 2012.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1960 - [[Gary Locke]]<ref name="twothousandtwelve"></ref> *born in 1961 - [[Greg Gianforte]]<ref>[[File:Greg Gianforte in Taiwan.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1962 - [[Seiji Maehara]]<ref>[[File:07.03 總統接見「日本『立憲・維新・國民超黨派臺灣訪問團』」 - 53019313124.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1964 - [[Keanu Reeves]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Keanu Reeves performs "Pull My Daisy" on the 35th Annual Tibet House Benefit Concert March 3, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4RE6I_lV0M |website=youtube.com | date=March 9, 2022 |publisher=Tibet House US |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104193420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4RE6I_lV0M |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Keanu Reeves axed by Chinese video platforms after Tibet concert |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/keanu-reeves-axed-by-chinese-video-platforms-after-tibet-concert-2022-03-25/ |access-date=March 26, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314120024/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/keanu-reeves-axed-by-chinese-video-platforms-after-tibet-concert-2022-03-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=2022-01-28 |title=Keanu Reeves Hit With Backlash From Chinese Nationalists Over Tibet Benefit Concert |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/keanu-reeves-china-backlash-1235083112/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325063130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/keanu-reeves-china-backlash-1235083112/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=2022-03-24 |title=China streamers scrub Keanu Reeves titles over his support for Tibet |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-03-24/china-streamers-scrub-keanu-reeves-titles-over-his-support-for-tibet |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325011340/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-03-24/china-streamers-scrub-keanu-reeves-titles-over-his-support-for-tibet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=2022-03-24 |title=Keanu Reeves Movies Reportedly Pulled Off Streaming Platforms in China Over His Tibet Support |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/keanu-reeves-movies-china-streamers-tibet-1235214084/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324234810/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/keanu-reeves-movies-china-streamers-tibet-1235214084/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *born in 1971 - Marco Rubio<ref>[[File:CECC 2019 meeting with HK activists.jpg|100px]]</ref> *born in 1974 - [[Christian Bale]]<ref name="CNN1512">{{cite web|last1=Jiang|first1=Steven|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/china-bale-activist/index.html|title='Batman' star Bale punched, stopped from visiting blind Chinese activist|date=17 December 2011|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216005838/https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/15/world/asia/china-bale-activist/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-16704|title=Chen Guangcheng Honored by Human Rights First, Meets Bale|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-access=subscription|date=25 October 2012|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708174459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-16704|archive-date=8 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sturges|first1=Fiona|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/their-own-words-podcast-review-christian-bale-outshone-human-rights-champion-a6852166.html|title=In Their Own Words, podcast review: Christian Bale is outshone by a human rights champion|work=[[The Independent]]|date=3 February 2016|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/their-own-words-podcast-review-christian-bale-outshone-human-rights-champion-a6852166.html|archive-date=25 February 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> *born in 1986 - [[Lady Gaga]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Difunden nuevos videos del Dalai Lama de conducta inapropiada hacia una menor y un incómodo momento con Lady Gaga |trans-title=New videos of the Dalai Lama's inappropriate behavior towards a minor and an uncomfortable moment with Lady Gaga are disseminated |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/542085-difunden-nuevos-videos-del-dalai-lama-de-conducta-inapropiad |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=[[Página 12]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Dalai Lama sparks another controversy with Lady Gaga: Another video appears in which he touches the singer's leg |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/2023/04/15/643ad603268e3e79598b4571.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=[[MARCA]] |language=en}}</ref> == Bad people (but now a goodguy) according to China == {{wikiquote|zh:朱德}} *born in 1886 - [[Zhu De]] - "strictly disciplined politically" (严守党的政治纪律和政治规矩的楷模)<ref>[https://www.dswxyjy.org.cn/n1/2019/0228/c423728-30943284.html 朱德：嚴守黨的政治紀律和政治規矩的楷模]. Feb 22, 2017</ref> *born in 1898 - [[Liu Shaoqi]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia|editor1-first=Mikyoung|editor1-last=Kim|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|first=Bin|last=Xu|chapter=Memory and reconciliation|pages=51–53}}</ref> *born in 1898 - Peng Dehuai (彭德怀)<ref>[https://www.hk01.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F/643493 中共百年十大爭議人物・彭德懷]. 李長之. August 13, 2021</ref> [[File:Hu Feng in 1950.JPG|300px|Hu Feng (胡风), now a goodguy, was arrested in 1955.]] born in 1902<ref>[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/33837/2534733.html 批判胡风思想]</ref> *born in 1904 - [[Deng Xiaoping]] {{wikiquote|Puyi}} *born in 1906 - [[Puyi]] - "improved thinking after garden-[[Labour (economics)|labouring]]" (通过在植物园的锻炼，思想认识上有很大收获，组里对他各方面的进步给予了充分肯定)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/402281/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATKHan6n0YSnBYNqsubHVUbFzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIsi8NQ8sPBoAkXIvtd4eMEC2br6C0Ja7vIPcOsqM9dG5Hf6VjTLz7nn-N00mNBFpYNdG_VT2q0 在北京时间2021年04月27日 11:23:14的网页快照]</ref> in early 1960s. *born in 1986 - [[Li Wenliang]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=&#91;早前标题&#93;新冠肺炎“吹哨人”李文亮：真相比平反更重要 |url=http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-31/101509761.html |date=2020-01-31 |author1=覃建行 |author2=王颜玉 |editor1=王逸吟 |editor2=张翔宇 |website=财新网 |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131074029/http://china.caixin.com/2020-01-31/101509761.html |archive-date=2020-01-31 }}</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24300481/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPLZzvX4On3FNdWs6rKCBLNzzqIP0XOpRovyScYh6dk-sPRoGUXIvtdxL4RFxLjnCklY7vUPJbJmX-x7wD62EnWLwLju9tw2k88H-84eBA 在北京时间2020年05月29日 10:29:59的网页快照]</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24300481/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATPWIn_35MizFPoivuOKABuNzzqIP0XOpX5nyFIsx5N5x-fhxWgjF_4xtdcIcl-flCEtH7vcSbqk3QrcinXT_VFzAyL_m_twvwpUZ_w 在北京时间2020年02月07日 01:48:38的网页快照]</ref> - "The city of [[Wuhan]] does owe an apology to Li" (武汉市的确欠对李文亮的一个道歉).<ref>{{Cite web |title=胡锡进：武汉市的确欠对李文亮的一个道歉 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-07/doc-iimxyqvz1009075.shtml |accessdate=2020-02-08 |author=胡锡进 |date=2020-02-07 |publisher=环球网 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208130529/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-07/doc-iimxyqvz1009075.shtml |archive-date=2020-02-08 }}</ref> See also: [[wikisource:zh:1980年中华人民共和国最高人民法院工作报告|1980 work report of PRC's Supreme People's Court]] == [[Glossary]] of political jargons== *medical [[parole]] 保外就医 (bǎo wài)<ref>http://lawdb.cncourt.org/show.php?fid=88744</ref> <ref>https://jyglj.guizhou.gov.cn/tr/zwgk/xxgkml/ywgk/201809/t20180920_25534560.html</ref> *deprivation of political rights 剥夺政治权利 (Bō duó)<ref>{{cite book|title=中国政治|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=中国人民大学书报资料社|access-date=2018-12-28|archive-date=2021-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916103025/https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AQAAIAAJ}}</ref> *[[subversion]] of state power 颠覆国家政权 (Diān fù) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xyfy.gov.cn/sszn/xt/xingfafenze/105.2.htm |title=煽动颠覆国家政权罪 |access-date=2009-09-02 |archive-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127182646/http://www.xyfy.gov.cn/sszn/xt/xingfafenze/105.2.htm}}</ref> *[[anti]]-China 反华(团体)/ 境外势力/ 敌对组织 (fan hua)<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-05/20/c_1118905787.htm |title = 外交部：美国基金会援助反华团体印证中国依法管理境外非政府组织境内活动的重要性 |date = 2016-05-20 |agency = [[新华社]] |accessdate = 2016-08-24 |archive-date = 2016-10-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-05/20/c_1118905787.htm}}</ref> <ref>https://news.cctv.com/2023/08/11/ARTIMpMVztBdRnJsEN0wY4kt230811.shtml 起底境外势力</ref> {{wiktionary|en:防火牆}} {{seealso|Great Wall of China}} *to circumvent "Great [[Firewall]] of China" 翻墙 (fān qiáng)<ref>https://www.gzasc.edu.cn/nic/JobNotifications3993/info_itemid_17472_subjectid_51.html</ref> *[[National security]] 國家安全 (Guó jiā)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法]]</ref> *[[Collusion|collude]] with foreign powers 勾結外國勢力 (Gōu jié)<ref>https://www.interpreting.hku.hk/glossary/?p=69084</ref> *live [[organ procurement]] or harvesting 活摘(器官) (huo zhai)<ref>[https://scholar.valpo.edu/sociology_fac_pub/8/ Live organ harvesting in China: Falun Gong and unsettled rumor]. ''Andrew Junker''. Feb 2018</ref> <ref>https://big5.zhengjian.org/node/54546</ref> <ref>https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJY6rJ</ref> <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/world/china-is-harvesting-organs-from-falun-gong-members-finds-expert-panel-idUSKCN1TI235 China is harvesting organs from Falun Gong members, finds expert panel]. ''Sonia Elks''. June 18, 2019</ref> <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/25/5/7/n14501911.htm 美国会众议院通过《停止活摘器官法案》]. Epoch Times. ''林妍''. May 8, 2025</ref> *(National) secret or [[confidential]] matters (国家)机密/ 秘密 (Jī mì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:保守國家機密暫行條例]]</ref> *misuse or [[abuse of power]] or [[authority]] 滥用职权便利/ 职务便利 (lan yong)<ref>https://www.faxin.cn/lib/cpal/AlyzContent.aspx?gid=C1455606</ref> <ref>https://www.hongshan.gov.cn/ztzl/jfjy/202301/t20230110_2127779.shtml</ref> *confiscation of [[property]] 没收财产 (Mò shōu)<ref>[https://m.thepaper.cn/kuaibao_detail.jsp?contid=27007417 刑事案件中什么叫没收财产，如何执行？]</ref> *vindicate 平反 (Píng fǎn)<ref>[[wiktionary:en:平反]]</ref> {{seealso|Military intelligence}} *[[steal]]ing, [[spy]]ing into, buying or unlawfully supplying State Secrets or Intelligence (Simply put, a <b>spy</b> (间谍).) - (为境外)窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报 (qie qu)<ref>https://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=22492&lib=law&EncodingName=gb2312</ref> <ref>[http://gongbao.court.gov.cn/Details/218a787071bf6294fa4087851258a0.html 最高人民法院关于审理为境外窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密、情报案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释 - 中华人民共和国最高人民法院公报]</ref> *[[insult]]ing China 辱华 (Rǔ huá)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=冬奧挺自家選手 BTS.劉在錫遭批辱華 |url=https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/202202/202202222072488.html |website=華視新聞網 |language=zh-TW |access-date=2022-07-25 |archive-date=2022-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222122540/https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/202202/202202222072488.html }}</ref> *[[house arrest]] 软禁 (Ruǎn jìn)<ref>[https://www.voachinese.com/a/zhaoziyang-20150117/2602778.html 赵紫阳被软禁的日子]</ref> *[[bribery]] 受贿/ 行贿 (Shòu huì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:Category:中华人民共和国受贿案]]</ref> *"making the process smooth" or "smoothing out ([[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s)" - 疏通(关系) (Shū tōng)<ref>[https://www.spp.gov.cn/ztk/dfld/2014dfld/dfld35/gzjyt/201410/t20141015_82041.shtml 介绍贿赂罪可考虑取消]</ref> <ref>[https://www.12371.cn/2022/05/11/ARTI1652226348703303.shtml帮忙跑官、疏通关系、捞人消灾……拿捏问题官员，骗子有几招]</ref> *[[Political status of Taiwan|Taiwan independence]] 台独/ 港独/ 疆独 (Tái dú)<ref>https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/Archive/Article?StrId=19978</ref><ref>https://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/content/850</ref> <ref>[https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93/2013-27/1372909041714/%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E7%96%86%E7%8D%A8%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%82%E6%A0%B9%E6%BA%90/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E5%B3%B0 深入探索疆獨動亂根源 （李永峰）]</ref> *[[corruption]] 贪腐/ 贪污/ 腐败 (tan fu)<ref>[https://hanyu.baidu.com/hanyu-page/term/detail?wd=%E8%B4%AA%E8%85%90 贪腐的释义]</ref> *[[discipline|disciplinary]] violation 违纪 (Wéi jì)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:抗震救灾款物管理使用违法违纪行为处分规定]]</ref> * to protect one's [[rights]] 维权 (Wéi quán)<ref>[https://www.voachinese.com/a/eight-years-since-crackdown-persecution-persists-for-rights-lawyers-in-china-20230707/7170822.html “709镇压”8年过去 中国持续迫害维权律师]</ref> {{seealso|Falun Gong}} *[[cult]] 邪教 (xie jiao)<ref>[https://www.chinafxj.cn/ 中国反邪教网]</ref> <ref>[https://news.cctv.com/news/special/zt1/XieJiaoFaLunGong/2522.html “法轮功”就是邪教]</ref> *[[Public administration|administrative]] penalty 行政处罚 (xing zheng)<ref>[[wikisource:zh:中华人民共和国行政处罚法]]</ref> <ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/reference/662146/533aYdO6cr3_z3kATKWIyPr1YC7FNIitvuHQA7pzzqIP0XOpUpz_Q4A16N1x5P9yGQrPuZlsLtEagKapVFQCu6UPJ69qHPE9wyO4ECyWnPq3poUv2okErNQWH-5O0_zztkL70Sc 北京时间2022年01月21日 04:28:42的网页快照]</ref> {{wiktionary|admonition}} *([[police]]) admonishment (被警方)训诫 (xun jie)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%A8%93%E8%AA%A1/438094 训诫 百度百科]</ref> <ref name="zhogn">{{Cite web |title=亲历者讲述：武汉市中心医院医护人员被感染始末 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-17/doc-iimxyqvz3653366.shtml |author=杜玮 |date=2020年2月18日 |publisher=中国新闻周刊 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218083556/https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-02-17/doc-iimxyqvz3653366.shtml |archivedate=2020-02-18 |access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=发哨子的人 |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nEy0jq5wjj-g6DQVZep1Wg |author=龚菁琦 |date=2020年3月10日 |publisher=人物周刊 |language=zh-cn |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200310021029/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/nEy0jq5wjj-g6DQVZep1Wg |archivedate=2020年3月10日 |access-date=2020年3月11日 }}</ref> *picking quarrels and [[provocation|provoking]] trouble 寻衅滋事 (Xún xìn)<ref>[[wikisource:Category:Picking_quarrels_and_provoking_trouble_cases_in_China]]</ref> *[[extradition]] 引渡 (Yǐn dù)<ref>[https://www.ettoday.net/news/20190617/1469109.htm 從反送中學引渡條例英文怎麼說]</ref> *(watch) [[YouTube]] (video) - (看)油管(视频) (Yóu guǎn)<ref>[https://www.baidu.com/from=844b/ssid=911370707261696e626f77b605/s?word=%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1%E8%BF%9D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%97&sa=re_dl_prs_34689_3&ms=1&rqid=8805682500728614486&rq=%E6%95%99%E4%BD%A0%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B9%E7%AE%A1&rsf=1630001 Baidu AI: 国内上油管违法吗]</ref> *[[politics|politically]] sensitive 政治敏感 (zheng zhi)<ref>[https://baike.baidu.com/item/zzmg/24497858 网络用语，指政治敏感话题]</ref> <ref>[https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/7/11/15/n1902765.htm 百度百科抄襲維基 並配合審查]</ref> The above special words or expressions (with popular usage), applicable to the situations of the dissidents, are sorted in [[Pinyin]] order and usually written in [[simplified Chinese characters]] here. Political [[jargon]]s that are commonly known in Taiwan and [[Singapore]] are not stated here. == Related pages == *[[Cultural Revolution]] and [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]]. *[[Dissident]] *[[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]] and [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|ICESCR]]. *[[Isolationism]] *[[Political problems of China]] *[[Sanction]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of China]] [[Category:China-related lists]] [[Category:Chinese human rights activists]] jv8r53obzup05ttac8qacic1vxjbvqh 0 1052771 10330289 10094217 2025-06-14T16:46:00Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jeff Satur | image = เจฟ ซาเตอร์ (Jeff Satur) แถลงข่าวเปิดตัวซิงเกิลใหม่ "Highway" 2021.png | alt = Satur in 2021 | native_name = {{Lang|th|เจฟ ซาเตอร์}} | birth_name = Jeff Worakamol Satur | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|3|6}} | birth_place = [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] | nationality = Thai | alma mater = Rangsit University | occupation = {{Hlist|[[Singer-songwriter]]| [[music producer]]|[[actor]]|[[Model (person)|model]]|[[graphic designer]]}} | years_active = 2019-present | agent = Studio On Saturn | notable_works = Kim in ''KinnPorsche'' | height = 175 cm | native_name_lang = th | alias = Jeff Satur | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Thai Pop]]}} | years_active = 2013-present | label = {{Hlist|Warner Music Thailand|Wayfer Records (Thai record label)}} | instrument = Guitar, Piano | associated_acts = }} }} '''Jeff Worakamol Satur''' ({{lang-th|เจฟ วรกมล ซาเตอร์}}; born March 6th 1995), nicknamed '''Jeff Satur''', is a [[Thailand|Thai]] male [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[producer]], [[musician]], [[actor]] and [[Model (person)|model]] His mother is Thai-Chinese. He has [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Italian people|Italian]], [[India|Indian]] ancestry. == Career == When participating in the audition for the first season of ''The Voice'' Thailand, he was recruited by RS Group as a trainee for the Kamikaze label. He debuted with The Demo in 2013; he used the name Jeff Garden Music from 2014 to 2016. From 2018 to early 2020, he was a trainee of [[GMM Grammy]] 's GRAND MUSIK label. Satur has participated in the Warpers project since 2018. In 2019, he participated in the short film ''He She It'' making his acting debut, and continues to work on [[TV series]]. He released a single through Passenger Records in early 2021 and he has been an artist of Wayfer Records, a label of Warner Music Thailand, since November 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-26|title=รู้จัก “เจฟ ซาเตอร์” (Jeff Satur) ศิลปินน้องใหม่จากค่าย Warner Music Thailand|url=https://www.theconcert.com/news/thai-music/1225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526090223/https://www.theconcert.com/news/thai-music/1225|archive-date=2022-05-26|access-date=2023-10-07|website=web.archive.org}}</ref>  during which he worked on a single released in January 2022 through the Tero Music project. In 2022, he attracted attention for his performance of Kim in ''KinnPorsche: The Series'' and singing the theme song "แค่เธอ" (Why Don't You Stay). He joined Be On Cloud from July 2022 to February 2023. During this period, the company and Warner Music Thailand jointly managed his acting work. Satur performed in the stage play ''[[Closer (movie)|Closer]]'' for the first time in 2022. The stage play is produced by LiFE Creator and adapted from the 1997 work by British playwright Patrick Marber. Satur participated in 7 of the performances in August and also wrote and a sang song for the stage play, which was later renamed ''Stranger'' and officially released. Starting in November 2022, his personal studio '''Studio On Saturn''' began operated externally. In February 2023, his first overseas solo concert ''JEFF SATUR LIVE ON SATURN'' was held in [[Indonesia]], and toured to [[Singapore]], [[Bangkok]], and other cities. In July of the same year, he went to [[Brazil]] to perform at a music festival. Satur released his first full album, Space Shuttle No. 8, on February 8th, 2024. It included many popular singles as well as new songs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-05|title=Jeff Satur announces first full-length album, 'Space Shuttle No. 8'|url=https://www.bandwagon.asia/articles/jeff-satur-announces-first-full-length-album-space-shuttle-no-8-release-warner-thailand-asia-tour-wayfer-records-february-2024|access-date=2024-05-15|website=Jeff Satur announces first full-length album, &#39;Space Shuttle No. 8&#39; {{!}} Bandwagon {{!}} Music media championing and spotlighting music in Asia.|language=en}}</ref> In 2024 Satur held his first Asia tour, Space Shuttle No. 8 Asia Tour. It included 7 shows across 5 cities, including Taipei, [[Hong Kong]], [[Manila]], [[Singapore]], and [[Bangkok]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=JEFF SATUR - SPACE SHUTTLE NO.8 ASIA TOUR|url=https://jeffsaturspaceshuttle.com/|access-date=2024-05-15|website=jeffsaturspaceshuttle.com|language=TH}}</ref> == Personal Life == Satur was born on March 6, 1995, in [[Bangkok]], the capital of [[Thailand]]. He has a younger brother named Jesse. The two are close in age and similar in appearance, so Jesse has been mistaken for his older brother Jeff by reporters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-13|title=𝗝 𝗘 𝗙 𝗙 𝗦 𝗔 𝗧 𝗨 𝗥 (罗杰夫) on Twitter: "เสื้อเขียวนั้น……..คือน้องชายผมครับ" / Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/jeffsatur/status/1535572976019525632|access-date=2023-10-07|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2023-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613153212/https://twitter.com/jeffsatur/status/1535572976019525632}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" |+Drama/Series !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2019 |''He She It'' |Mike |Main Role |- |2020 |''Ingredients'' |Mawin/"Win" |Main Role |- |2021 |''Love Area Part 1'' |Sean |Guest Role |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Love Area Part 2'' |Sean |Guest Role |- |''KinnPorsche The Series'' |Kim Theerapanyakul |Support Role |- |rowspan="3" |2024 |{{Pending film|Happy Ending}} |Damon | rowspan="3" |Main Role |- |{{Pending film|Wuju Bakery}} |Ra On |- |{{Pending film|Vamp the series}} |Sean |} {| class="wikitable" |+Movie !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2024 |''The Paradise of Thorns'' |Thongkham |Main Role |} {| class="wikitable" |+TV/Web Show Appearances !Year !Title !Appearance !Notes |- |2018 |''The Driver'' |Guest |Ep. 185<ref>{{Citation|title=The Driver EP.185 - Jeff Satur|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvDdJKSVf68|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2020 |''SosatSeoulsay'' |Guest |Eps. 105,<ref>{{Citation|title=[Eng Sub] EP105 เก็บตกงานแถลงข่าว KinnPorsche ถ้าหนุ่มๆ "คินน์พอร์ช" ได้เป็นมาเฟียจริงๆจะทำอะไรกัน|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KkmnVPVrYY|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> 128<ref>{{Citation|title=[Eng Sub] EP128 พามาติ่ง "เจฟ ซาเตอร์" พระเจ้าของแก๊ง "คินน์พอร์ช" อะไรๆก็ "บาร์โค้ด" {{!}} KinnPorsche|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7MZLCe-rh8|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |''GoyNattyDream - Would You Love Us If We Love You'' |Guest |Ep. 91<ref>{{Citation|title=ถ้าหนูรับ พี่จะรักป่ะ EP. 91 Jeff Satur ว่างี่เง่าเป็นเสน่ห์อย่างนึงของชีวิตคู่ l [GoyNattyDream]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4bfE4vwGOM|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |''Unbag!!'' |Main Host |Regular<ref>{{Citation|title=Teaser UNBAG!! EP1 [Party]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSaDNUopXM0&list=PLm4DCG8d7KtZr9s4jEfQswMfvmlxVoMgK|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |''The Wall Song'' |Guest |Eps, 117,<ref>{{Citation|title=The Wall Song ร้องข้ามกำแพง {{!}} EP.117 {{!}} เจฟ ซาเตอร์ {{!}} 1 ธ.ค. 65 [3/5]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN1K8vm61E8|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> 181<ref>{{Citation|title=Teaser UNBAG!! EP1 [Party]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSaDNUopXM0&list=PLm4DCG8d7KtZr9s4jEfQswMfvmlxVoMgK|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''C'mon Be Mafia'' |Regular Member |Regular |- |''Talk With Toeys'' |Guest |Ep. 150<ref>{{Citation|title=ทอล์ก-กะ-เทยส์ EP.150 {{!}} แขกรับเชิญ 'เจฟ ซาเตอร์'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeHuKgDfBgU|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Soundcheck 2022'' |Guest |Ep. 106<ref>{{Citation|title=SOUND CHECK EP.216 l นักร้อง นักแสดงสุดฮอต “Jeff Satur” (FULL EP) l 31 ส.ค. 65 l GMM25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K98gzze3SDU|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |''Super Match 2022'' |Guest |Guest |- |''Mafia Kindergarten'' |Main Host |Eps. 1,<ref>{{Citation|title=อนุบาลมาเฟีย {{!}} EP1 : ทายสิ ฉันเป็นใคร 👾|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oq1MeB2nDio|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> 8<ref>{{Citation|title=อนุบาลมาเฟีย {{!}} EP8 : ทายคำในหมวดคำนาม 👾|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbPxvjEU1tY|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |''789 Survival'' |Guest |Eps. 3,<ref>{{Citation|title=789SURVIVAL EP.3 [Full EP] {{!}} 9 มิ.ย.66|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X2xlasx66I&list=PLKyT8WVG4NIVdC76Wfy81oLUzvoOkXoBF&index=11|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> 4<ref>{{Citation|title=789SURVIVAL EP.4 [Full EP] {{!}} 16 มิ.ย.66|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMCJiRVNHSM&list=PLKyT8WVG4NIVdC76Wfy81oLUzvoOkXoBF&index=9|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |''I Can See Your Voice Thailand'' |Guest Artist |Ep. 10<ref>{{Citation|title=I Can See Your Voice Thailand (T-pop) {{!}} EP.10 {{!}} JEFF SATUR {{!}} 6 ก.ย.66 [4/5]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZYZxZ8Sp1E|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |''Call Me By Fire Season 3'' |Regular Member |Regular<ref>{{Citation|title=[FULL(ENG.Ver)]EP1 Part I: Premiere Concert Is On Fire! {{!}} 披荆斩棘3 Call Me By Fire S3 {{!}} MangoTV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9-SFqKiL9s|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Chuang Asia Thailand'' |Regular Mentor |Regular<ref>{{Citation|title=EP1: เปิดตัวรายการ CHUANG ASIA กับการออดิชันรอบแรก - ชมวิดีโอออนไลน์ คุณภาพระดับHD - WeTV|url=https://wetv.vip/th/play/aglyvwdx3j3uwy0-CHUANG%20ASIA/n00483dthb8-EP1%3A%20%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%20CHUANG%20ASIA%20%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81|language=th|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |} == Discography == {| class="wikitable" |+Studio Album !Title !Details !Track List |- |Space Shuttle No. 8 |Release Date: Febuary 8th, 2024 Label: Wayfer Records | # Dum Dum # แค่เงา (Hide) # Lucid # วันนี้คือพรุ่งนี้ของเมื่อวาน (Loop) # Highway # ทำไมมันยาก (Complicated) # Ghost # Yellow Leaf # ลืมไปแล้วว่าลืมยังไง (Fade) # Black Tie # Almost over you # Hide (English Version) # Fade (English Version) # Lucid (English Version) # Dum Dum (English Version) # Fade (我最愛的就是你) [Bonus track] # Stranger (Bonus track) # Saturdayss (Bonus track) |} {| class="wikitable" |+Singles !Year !Title !Reference |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |'''โลกแตก''' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=[Official MV] โลกแตก - Jeff Demo Project|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGiTuaXF6cg|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''คิดถึงเธอแทบจะตายแล้ว''' (Miss You Like Crazy) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=คิดถึงเธอแทบจะตายแล้ว (Miss You Like Crazy) - Jeff Garden Music [Official MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWaqKe_II9s|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2014 |'''ไม่กล้าบอกชัด''' (Afraid to say) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=ไม่กล้าบอกชัด (Afraid to say) - Jeff Garden Music [Official MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-KtHqug-_o|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2015 |'''Still''' (ไม่หายไป) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=ไม่หายไป (Still) : Jeff Garden Music [Official MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMuPZySPTZ0|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2018 |'''Changed''' (เปลี่ยนไปแล้ว) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=เปลี่ยนไปแล้ว - JEFF [Official MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVS6THdP6ls|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2019 |'''ปล่อยมือ''' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=ปล่อยมือ : JEFF [MUSIC VIDEO]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioAZPphRuTs|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2020 |'''เรื่องดีดี''' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=เรื่องดีดี : JEFF [ OFFICIAL MV ]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wb-GH_MrChw|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |'''Holding On''' (อยู่..) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=อยู่.. (HOLDING ON) - JEFF SATUR [OFFICIAL MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIOrmND1Znw|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Surreal''' (จริงเกิน) |Lyric Video<ref>{{Citation|title=จริงเกิน (SURREAL) - JEFF SATUR [LYRICS VIDEO]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2Z6wSrRWvY|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Highway''' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Highway 【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_Nz4GA4REw|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2022 |'''Complicated''' (ทำไมมันยาก) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - ทำไมมันยาก (Complicated)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG0YKCux4eI|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Loop''' (วันนี้คือพรุ่งนี้ของเมื่อวาน) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - วันนี้คือพรุ่งนี้ของเมื่อวาน (Loop)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfeEOrQHBAo|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Hide''' (แค่เงา) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - แค่เงา (Hide)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9aI7dHj8GM|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Hide''' (English Version) |Lyric Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Hide【English Version】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvPrBG6a4BM|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Fade''' (ลืมไปแล้วว่าลืมยังไง) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - ลืมไปแล้วว่าลืมยังไง (Fade)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f5sozKp0R0|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Fade''' (English Version) |Lyric Video |- | rowspan="6" |2023 |'''Dum Dum''' (ดึมดึม) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur – Dum Dum (ดึมดึม)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjh-mb9IuzU|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Dum Dum''' (English Verison) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Dum Dum【English Version】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKRUY5_LGuo|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''ก่อนที่เธอจะลืมฝัน''' (Lucid) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - ก่อนที่เธอจะลืมฝัน (Lucid)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymWkqK9BFtc|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Lucid''' (English Version) |Lyric Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Lucid【English Version】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYUMymYnaSI|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Fade (我最愛的就是你)'''(Chinese Version) |Lyric Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Fade (我最愛的就是你)【Chinese Version】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPSKXRHHzbk|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Black Tie''' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Black Tie【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_sC4V-Kpi4|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |'''ซ่อน (ไม่) หา''' (Ghost) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - ซ่อน (ไม่) หา l Ghost【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qguo-j5PxBE&list=PLYiCUslCeCVoCCYEqvMQhi3PrHAV3jYCO&index=3|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''ส่วนน้อย''' (Yellow Leaf) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - ส่วนน้อย (Yellow Leaf)【Official Music Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXGmYC1U7ms&list=PLYiCUslCeCVoCCYEqvMQhi3PrHAV3jYCO&index=2|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" |+OSTs !Year !Title !Work the Song Is For !Reference |- |2016 |'''แค่ได้รัก''' |'''''Buang Rak Salak Kaen OST''''' (บ่วงรัก สลักแค้น OST) |Lyric Video<ref>{{Citation|title=แค่ได้รัก (Ost. บ่วงรัก สลักแค้น) : Jeff Garden Music [Official Lyrics Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esa9Ym1rpA8|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |'''Comedy''' | rowspan="2" |''He She It OST'' |Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Comedy - Jeff Satur (Ost.He She It)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuKy6aQvcrs|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Comedy''' (Tragedy Ver.) |Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Comedy (Tragedy Version)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yfd49p_KgRg|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |'''Moment''' | rowspan="3" |''Ingredients OST'' |Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Moment (From "Ingredients")|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qup8BzoLLk4|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Moment''' (Eng Ver.) | |- | rowspan="3" |2021 |'''Goodbye Is Not Goodbye''' |Lyric Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Goodbye is not goodbye - Jeff Satur l Official LYRIC MV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cVwB7OWjts|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''แค่เธออยู่''' (Stay Together) | rowspan="2" |''Love Area OST'' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - แค่เธออยู่ (Stay Together) Ost.Love Area {{!}} Official MV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqJt3wSuQao|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''ที่ตรงนี้''' (Love Area) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - ที่ตรงนี้ (Love Area) Ost.Love Area {{!}} Official MV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5T-r36pwWM0|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2022 |'''อุ่นหัวใจ''' Warm heart | rowspan="2" |''The Tuxedo OST'' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=อุ่นหัวใจ Warm heart - Jeff Satur [Official MV] Ost.The Tuxedo สูทรักนักออกแบบ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0UuyaMhF10|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''เพราะเธอ''' Because of You |Video<ref>{{Citation|title=เพราะเธอ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FemXw_HHKVw|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''ทำได้แค่มอง''' |''My Secret Love OST'' |Video<ref>{{Citation|title=ทำได้แค่มอง (Ost. แอบจองรัก)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oyKtGuzlW-I|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Why Don't You Stay''' (แค่เธอ) | rowspan="2" |''KinnPorshe The Series OST'' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - แค่เธอ (Why Don't You Stay) OST. KinnPorsche The Series [Official MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-MZid-59Hc|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Why Don't You Stay''' (WorldTour Ver.) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Why Don't You Stay (WorldTour Ver.)[Official MV]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZF8RXvV9sQ|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Stranger''' |''Closer'' ''OST'' (Stage play) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - Stranger【Official Video】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSUgHPUnQ7U|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2024 |'''เหมือนวิวาห์''' (Rain Wedding) |''The Paradise of Thorns OST'' |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur - เหมือนวิวาห์ (Rain wedding)【Ost.วิมานหนาม】|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7lKLFVHAQMo|language=en|access-date=2024-08-20}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" |+Collaboration !Year !Title !Other Artist(s) !Reference |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |'''Silence''' (Live) (ความเงียบคือคำตอบ) | rowspan="2" |MEAN (มีน) |Official Video<ref>{{Citation|title=ความเงียบคือคำตอบ {{!}} MEAN Band x Jeff Satur 「Official Video」#PlaywithMEAN|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPStro0iMIc|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''Fade''' (Live) (ลืมไปแล้วว่าลืมยังไง) |Official Video<ref>{{Citation|title=Jeff Satur x MEAN - ลืมไปแล้วว่าลืมยังไง (Fade)【Live Session】|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6E_vCERb_M|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |'''Steal The Show''' |Shaun |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=숀 (SHAUN), Jeff Satur - Steal The Show [Official M/V]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjOuClEOEQ0|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''อยากรู้จัก ไม่รู้จบ''' |JAYLERR, Thanaerng, and 4EVE |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=King Power: อยากรู้จัก ไม่รู้จบ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GD48APGF7Q|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |'''落叶归根''' (Live) |Chen Chusheng and Cai Guoqing |Spotify<ref>{{Citation|title=落叶归根 (Live)|date=2023-10-13|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5H4aknLDjuPByePFAcxt8p|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |'''White Flag''' (Live Session) | rowspan="2" |Nont Tanont | |- |'''Ghost''' (Live Session) | |} {| class="wikitable" |+Features !Year !Title !Reference |- |2021 |'''ปีใหม่ปีนี้''' (Last Sunset) (Saran featuring Jeff Satur) |Video<ref>{{Citation|title=ปีใหม่ปีนี้ (LAST SUNSET) - SARAN feat.JEFF SATUR [Lyrics Video]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MppYITCLeME|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2022 |'''Far''' (Silvy featuring Jeff Satur) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=SILVY - Far (feat. Jeff Satur) {{!}} Official Music Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5upEqXuc4E|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |- |2024 |'''แผลเป็น''' (Scar) (bodyslam featuring Jeff Satur) |MV<ref>{{Citation|title=แผลเป็น - bodyslam Feat.Jeff Satur「Official MV」|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoKmwCg_LsY|language=en|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> |} == Concerts == === Asia tours === * Jeff Satur : Space Shuttle No.8 Asia Tour (2024) === Solo concerts === * Jeff Satur Live On Saturn : First Solo Concert In Bangkok (2023) * The Kingdoms Concert (with Nont Tanont, Bright Vachirawit & The Toys) (2024) == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! scope="col" style="width:1em;" | Year ! scope="col" style="width:35em;" | Award ! scope="col" style="width:40em;" | Category ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" | Work ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Result ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |rowspan="3"| 2024 |TOTY Music Awards 2023 |Best Artist Of The Year (Solo) |Dum Dum | {{win}} | |- |Kom Chad Luek Awards 2024 |Best Male Solo Artist | | {{win}} |style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=ผลรางวัล 'ศิลปินชายเดี่ยว ยอดเยี่ยม' ประเภทเพลงไทยสากล คมชัดลึกอวอร์ด 20 |url=https://www.komchadluek.net/entertainment/komchadluek-award/575268#google_vignette |website=komchadluek |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=th}}</ref> |- |Nine Entertainment Awards 2024 |Solo Artist Of The Year | | {{win}} |} == References == <references /> == Other websites == {{commons category|Worakamol Satur}} *{{imdb name|11748117}} *{{Instagram|jeffsatur}} *{{Twitter|jeffsatur}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Satur, Jeff}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Thai actors]] [[Category:Thai singers]] 50kr28r0oujccdbm57sayl4iwrkke8j 0 1052860 10331475 9857788 2025-06-15T05:30:44Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox earthquake | name = 2023 Herat earthquakes | location = {{coord|34.610|61.924|region:AF_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | map2 = {{Location map | Afghanistan | relief = yes | label = | lat = 34.610 | long = 61.924 | mark = Bullseye1.png | marksize = 50 | position = top | width = 260 | float = right | caption = }} | timestamp = 2023-10-07 07:41:03 | anss-url = us6000ldpg | anss-url-A = us6000ldpm | local-date = 7 October 2023 | local-time = 11:11 AFT ([[UTC+4:30]]) | local-time-A = 11:42 AFT ([[UTC+4:30]]) | magnitude = 6.3 {{M|w|link=y}} | magnitude-A = 6.3 {{M|w|link=y}} | depth = {{Convert|14|km|abbr=on}} | depth-A = {{Convert|10.6|km|abbr=on}} | intensity = {{MMI|8}} | casualties = 2,000<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 October 2023|title=More than 2,000 people killed as earthquake strikes western Afghanistan|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/07/world/afghanistan-herat-earthquake-devastation-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>–2,400 dead<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan earthquake has killed more than 2,400, Taliban says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/08/afghanistan-earthquake-has-killed-almost-2000-taliban-say|access-date=|website=The Guardian}}</ref><br />1,688 injured<br />485 missing | timestamp-A = 2023-10-07 08:12:50 | timestamp-B = 2023-10-11 00:41:56 | anss-url-B = us6000len8 | local-date-A = 7 October 2023 | local-time-B = 05:11 AFT ([[UTC+4:30]]) | magnitude-B = 6.3 {{M|w|link=y}} | depth-B = {{Convert|9.0|km|abbr=on}} | type = Thrust | countries affected = [[Afghanistan]]<br/>[[Iran]] | image = Aftermath of 2023 Herat earthquake.jpg | caption = Aftermath of the earthquake | timestamp-C = 2023-10-15 03:36:00 | anss-url-C = us6000lfn5 | local-date-B = 11 October 2023 | local-time-C = 08:06 AFT ([[UTC+4:30]]) | magnitude-C = 6.3 {{M|w|link=y}} | depth-C = {{Convert|8.2|km|abbr=on}} | isc-event = 635743371 | isc-event-A = 635743376 | isc-event-B = 635746074 | local-date-C = 15 October 2023 }} On 7 October 2023, four [[earthquake]]s hit [[Herat Province]], [[Afghanistan]], all with a magnitude of 6.3.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=National Earthquake Information Center|date=7 October 2023|title=M 6.3 - 35 km NNE of Zindah Jān, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ldpg/executive|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=National Earthquake Information Center|date=7 October 2023|title=M 6.3 - 26 km NNE of Zindah Jān, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ldpm/executive|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> The earthquakes caused at least 2,000 deaths and injured 1,688 people.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 October 2023|title=More than 2,000 people killed as earthquake strikes western Afghanistan|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/07/world/afghanistan-herat-earthquake-devastation-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> == Earthquakes == The first earthquake hit at 06:41 [[UTC]], with a magnitude of 6.3.<ref name=":0" /> A magnitude 5.5 aftershock hit eight minutes later.<ref>{{Cite web|author=National Earthquake Information Center|date=7 October 2023|title=M 5.5 - 29 km NE of Zindah Jān, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ldph/executive|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> A another earthquake hit at 07:12 UTC, with a magnitude of 6.3,<ref name=":1" /> then a another magnitude 5.9 aftershock.<ref name="USGS3">{{Cite web|author=National Earthquake Information Center|date=7 October 2023|title=M 5.9 - 35 km NNW of Herāt, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000ldpv/executive|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> A third earthquake with a magnitude 6.3 hit on 11 October.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=National Earthquake Information Center|date=11 October 2023|title=M 6.3 - western Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000len8|access-date=11 October 2023|website=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Then 4 days later, a fourth earthquake with a magnitude 6.3 hit on 15 October.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=National Earthquake Information Center|date=15 October 2023|title=M 6.3 - 30 km NNW of Herāt, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000lfn5|access-date=15 October 2023|website=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Both events had a [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] was VIII (Severe).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="USGS3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The [[United States Geological Survey]] explained that these earthquakes happened because of a shallow thrust fault. The fault moved east to west with a dip either north or south.<ref name=":0" /> == Aftermath == In the villages that were hit, mass funerals were held,<ref name="STwind1">{{cite news|date=10 October 2023|title=Rescue efforts wind down in quake-hit Afghanistan as villages bury dead|publisher=The Straits Times|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/rescue-efforts-wind-down-in-quake-hit-afghanistan-as-villages-bury-dead|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> with around 300 people buried in Siah Ab.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 October 2023|title=Mass funeral held for Afghan quake victims, families still missing|publisher=Khaleej Times|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/mass-funeral-held-for-afghan-quake-victims-families-still-missing|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> Over 35 rescue teams, including military and [[nonprofit organization]]s, were sent to help.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 2023|title=Afghans grieve as scramble for earthquake survivors continues|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/10/10/photos-afghans-grieve-as-scramble-for-earthquake-survivors-continues|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]], Afghanistan's Deputy Prime Minister of Economic Affairs, visited the area and promised that the [[Taliban]] would build new homes for the survivors.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 October 2023|title=Taliban promises to build new homes for Afghan earthquake victims|publisher=Peoples Gazette|agency=News Agency of Nigeria|url=https://gazettengr.com/taliban-promises-to-build-new-homes-for-afghan-earthquake-victims/|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> As winter was approaching, thousands of people were left without homes in the cold. [[Doctors Without Borders]] reported that over 340 people were discharged from the hospital but had nowhere to go.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 October 2023|title=Thousands of Afghans out in cold as magnitude 6.3 quake hits west|publisher=Manila Standard|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://manilastandard.net/news/314379150/thousands-of-afghans-out-in-cold-as-magnitude-6-3-quake-hits-west.html|access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Herat earthquakes, 2023}} [[Category:2023 disasters in Asia]] [[Category:2023 earthquakes]] [[Category:Earthquakes in Afghanistan]] [[Category:2020s earthquakes in Asia]] [[Category:Herat Province|2023 earthquakes]] [[Category:October 2023 events]] clt4bbf7162mhq66xgazekf68vxbype 0 1055998 10330006 9145467 2025-06-14T13:34:06Z Johnsoniensis 361992 categ 10330006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dphil_gown.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A [[Doctor of Philosophy]] wearing formal academic dress]] '''Academic dress''' is the form of robes and headdress worn by graduates or students of a university. Some universities require all students in an undergraduate degree to wear short black robes to classes such as [[University of Oxford]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] which has their students wearing a less formal robe whilst on campus. Most academic dress is only worn at graduation ceremonies or formal occasions not everyday. There are different types of dress for different types of degrees with the doctoral degree using the most elaborate and formal type of dress. Academic dress was first worn at the old universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambrdige]] but is now worn by most universities around the World. The colour of the robe and/or sash of the robes indicate which degree and in what subject the wearing is graduating in. Academic dress almost always includes a type of headdress commonly called a mortar board. <gallery> CU Ph.D.'s academic gown (Graduate School).jpg Academic dress Oxford walking.jpg UNIDA Gontor Academic Gown.jpg Student of National Taiwan University in academic dress 20100728.jpg Students of Fengjia University in academic dress 20061129.jpg Students of National Taiwan University in academic dress 20100729.jpg Sheffield Hallam Gowns 2018.jpg Michelle Obama at Oberlin College 25 May 2015.jpg </gallery> {{stub}} [[Category:Uniforms]] [[category:Universities]] hmnsz5oy071mzpl1o9mrpf5rjby0op6 10330009 10330006 2025-06-14T13:35:30Z Johnsoniensis 361992 categ 10330009 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dphil_gown.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A [[Doctor of Philosophy]] wearing formal academic dress]] '''Academic dress''' is the form of robes and headdress worn by graduates or students of a university. Some universities require all students in an undergraduate degree to wear short black robes to classes such as [[University of Oxford]] and the [[University of Cambridge]] which has their students wearing a less formal robe whilst on campus. Most academic dress is only worn at graduation ceremonies or formal occasions not everyday. There are different types of dress for different types of degrees with the doctoral degree using the most elaborate and formal type of dress. Academic dress was first worn at the old universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambrdige]] but is now worn by most universities around the World. The colour of the robe and/or sash of the robes indicate which degree and in what subject the wearing is graduating in. Academic dress almost always includes a type of headdress commonly called a mortar board. <gallery> CU Ph.D.'s academic gown (Graduate School).jpg Academic dress Oxford walking.jpg UNIDA Gontor Academic Gown.jpg Student of National Taiwan University in academic dress 20100728.jpg Students of Fengjia University in academic dress 20061129.jpg Students of National Taiwan University in academic dress 20100729.jpg Sheffield Hallam Gowns 2018.jpg Michelle Obama at Oberlin College 25 May 2015.jpg </gallery> {{stub}} [[Category:Uniforms]] [[category:Colleges and universities]] t894i6h3r9oj37l3hy99l9sfzrlr70e 0 1056934 10331168 9148722 2025-06-15T00:46:52Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Template with Unicode control characters - DEFAULTSORT missing for titles with special letters - Reference duplication) 10331168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayşegül Atik''' ,(also known as '''Mürşide Ayşegül Arsoy''' 11 December 1948, Ankara - 9 June 2020, [[Muğla Province|Muğla]] ) was a Turkish cinema and TV series actress , director, screenwriter and theater actress. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayşegül Atik {{!}} SinemaTürk|url=https://www.sinematurk.com/kisi/2541-ayseguel-atik|access-date=2023-10-23|website=www.sinematurk.com}}</ref> == Life == Atık was born on December 11, 1948 in Ankara . Her real name is Mürşide Ayşegül Arsoy. She graduated from Ankara State Conservatory, Department of Theatre. She studied in the same class with names such as Füsun Demirel , Defne Yalnız and Sema Çeyrekbaşı . She took part in plays such as ''Gömü'' , ''Ezgiler Ezgisi'' , ''Criminal Code'' , ''Yollar Tükendi'' at the State Theater . \ She left the State Theater in 1978, and worked in various companies. She took part in various sketches with her ex-husband Ali Atik and Levent Kırca when TRT was the only channel. Later, she starred in various TV series such as ''En Son Babalar Duyar .''<ref name="'En Son Babalar Duyar' dizisi ile hafızalarda yer edinen tiyatro oyuncusu Ayşegül Atik hayatını kaybetti.">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Son dakika... Ayşegül Atik hayatını kaybetti!|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/amp/kelebek/magazin/aysegul-atik-hayatini-kaybetti-41536975|access-date=2023-10-23|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|language=tr}}</ref> Most recently, she worked as a lecturer in the Department of Acting at Near East University . Atik died on 9 June 2020, in Bodrum, at the age of 71, due to a heart attack. She had been treated for cancer for a long time.<ref name="'En Son Babalar Duyar' dizisi ile hafızalarda yer edinen tiyatro oyuncusu Ayşegül Atik hayatını kaybetti." /> After her funeral prayer at Erenköy Galippaşa Mosque in Istanbul , she was buried in Başıbüyük Cemetery . == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aysegul Atik}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:Turkish actors]] 111h0fofafh9gv98wgnz31emiiif86x 0 1057070 10330803 9760311 2025-06-14T20:13:51Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Indian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=February 2019}} This is a '''list of Indian Twenty20 International cricketers''' who played their first match in 2006. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]] * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] * '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] ! scope="col"|[[List of cricket terms#H|50]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] affected |} == Players == *''The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first [[cap (sport)|cap]]. To sort this table by any statistic, click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon on the column title.'' *''Last updated 7 October 2023.''<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/team/india-6/caps/twenty20-internationals-3 List of India T20I Cricketers by Cap Number]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India – T20I Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=3;id=6;type=team |title=India – T20I Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" |+ India T20I cricketers |- ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | [[cap (sport)|Cap]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Name ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | First ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Last ! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Mat ! scope="col" colspan=5 class="unsortable"| [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! scope="col" colspan=4 class="unsortable"| [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! scope="col" colspan=2 class="unsortable"| [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] ! scope="col" rowspan=2 class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- align="center" ! scope="col" |[[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! scope="col" data-sort-type/"number" |HS ! scope="col" |[[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! scope="col" |50s ! scope="col" |100s ! scope="col" |[[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! scope="col" data-sort-type/"number"|[[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkt]] ! scope="col" |[[List of cricket terms#B|BBI]] ! scope="col" |[[Bowling average|Ave]] ! scope="col" |[[Caught (cricket)|Ca]] ! scope="col" |[[Stumped|St]] |- | 1 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit|Agarkar}} |- | 2 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mahendra Singh|Dhoni}}{{double-dagger}} {{dagger}} |- | 3 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harbhajan|Singh}} |- | 4 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}}{{dagger}} {{#tag:ref|Dinesh Karthik has also played Twenty20 International cricket for the ICC World XI. Only his record for India is given above.|group=notes}} |- | 5 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} |- | 6 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dinesh|Mongia}} |- | 7 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Irfan|Pathan}} |- | 8 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh|Raina}}{{double-dagger}} |- | 9 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virender|Sehwag}}{{double-dagger}} |- | 10 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|S.|Sreesanth}} |- | 11 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}} |- | 12 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gautam|Gambhir}} |- | 13 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|R. P.|Singh}} |- | 14 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robin|Uthappa}}{{dagger}} |- | 15 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yuvraj|Singh}} |- | 16 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joginder|Sharma}} |- | 17 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}}{{double-dagger}} |- | 18 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yusuf|Pathan}} |- | 19 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murali|Kartik}} |- | 20 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Praveen|Kumar}} |- | 21 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishant|Sharma}} |- | 22 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravindra|Jadeja}} |- | 23 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pragyan|Ojha}} |- | 24 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok|Dinda}} |- | 25 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashish|Nehra}} |- | 26 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sudeep|Tyagi}} |- | 27 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murali|Vijay}} |- | 28 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Piyush|Chawla}} |- | 29 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vinay|Kumar}} |- | 30 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravichandran|Ashwin}} |- | 31 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}}{{double-dagger}} |- | 32 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Naman|Ojha}}{{dagger}} |- | 33 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amit|Mishra}} |- | 34 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Munaf|Patel}} |- | 35 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Subramaniam|Badrinath}} |- | 36 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shikhar|Dhawan}}{{double-dagger}} |- | 37 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}}{{dagger}} |- | 38 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Dravid}} |- | 39 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajinkya|Rahane}}{{double-dagger}} |- | 40 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manoj|Tiwari|Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)}} |- | 41 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Sharma|dab=cricketer, born 1986}} |- | 42 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umesh|Yadav}} |- | 43 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lakshmipathy|Balaji}} |- | 44 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parvinder|Awana}} || 2012 || 2012 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0036|36}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Parvinder Awana |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/323131.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 45 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhuvneshwar|Kumar}} || 2012 || 2022 || 87 || {{sort|0067|67}} || {{sort|0160|16}} || {{nts|8.37}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1791|1791}} || {{sort|090|90}} || {{sort|5096|5/4}} || {{nts|23.10}} || 15 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Bhuvneshwar Kumar |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326016.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref> |- | 46 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed|Shami}} || 2014 || 2022 || 23 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0005|0*}} || {{nts|0.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0477|477}} || {{sort|024|24}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|29.62}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammed Shami |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/481896.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 47 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohit|Sharma}} || 2014 || 2015 || 8 || {{sort|0003|3}} || {{sort|0035|3*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0138|138}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|2072|2/28}} || {{nts|30.83}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Mohit Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537119.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 48 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ambati|Rayudu}} || 2014 || 2016 || 6 || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|0205|20*}} || {{nts|10.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 4 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Ambati Rayudu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33141.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 49 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Karn|Sharma}} || 2014 || 2014 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1072|1/28}} || {{nts|28.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Karn Sharma |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30288.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 50 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stuart|Binny}} || 2015 || 2016 || 3 || {{sort|0035|35}} || {{sort|0240|24}} || {{nts|17.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0030|30}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1086|1/14}} || {{nts|54.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27223.html |title=Stuart Binny |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 51 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kedar|Jadhav}} || 2015 || 2017 || 9 || {{sort|0122|122}} || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|20.33}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290716.html |title=Kedar Jadhav |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 52 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manish|Pandey}} || 2015 || 2020 || 39 || {{sort|0709|709}} || {{sort|0795|79*}} || {{nts|44.31}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 9 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290630.html |title=Manish Pandey |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 53 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Axar|Patel}} || 2015 || 2023 || 45 || {{sort|0328|328}} || {{sort|0650|65}} || {{nts|20.50}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0811|811}} || {{sort|039|39}} || {{sort|3091|3/9}} || {{nts|26.20}} || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/554691.html |title=Axar Patel |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 54 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Sharma}} || 2015 || 2015 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0042|42}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1061|1/39}} || {{nts|73.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/438362.html |title=Sandeep Sharma |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 55 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanju|Samson}}{{dagger}} || 2015 || 2023 || 24 ||{{sort|0374|374}}||{{sort|0770|77}} || {{nts|19.68}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 14 || 3 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/425943.html |title=Sanju Samson |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 56 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sreenath|Aravind}} || 2015 || 2015 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1056|1/44}} || {{nts|44.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290632.html |title=Sreenath Aravind |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 57 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jasprit|Bumrah}}{{double-dagger}} || 2016 || 2023 || 62 || {{sort|0008|8}} || {{sort|0070|7}} || {{nts|4.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1331|1331}} || {{sort|074|74}} || {{sort|3089|3/11}} || {{nts|19.66}}|| 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625383.html |title=Jasprit Bumrah |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 58 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}{{double-dagger}} || 2016 || 2023 || 92 || {{sort|1348|1348}} || {{sort|0715|71*}} || {{nts|25.43}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1433|1434}} || {{sort|073|73}} || {{sort|4084|4/16}} || {{nts|26.71}}|| 45 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/625371.html |title=Hardik Pandya |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019 }}</ref> |- | 59 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pawan|Negi}} || 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1084|1/16}} || {{nts|16.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/530773.html |title=Pawan Negi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 60 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yuzvendra|Chahal}} || 2016 || 2023 || 80 || {{sort|0006|6}}||{{sort|0035|3*}} || {{nts|3.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|1764|1764}} || {{sort|096|96}} || {{sort|6075|6/25}} || {{nts|25.09}}|| 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/430246.html |title=Yuzvendra Chahal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 61 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rishi|Dhawan}} || 2016 || 2016 || 1 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1058|1/42}} || {{nts|42.00}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/290727.html |title=Rishi Dhawan |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 62 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mandeep|Singh}} || 2016 || 2016 || 3 || {{sort|0087|87}} || {{sort|0525|52*}} || {{nts|43.50}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/398506.html |title=Mandeep Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 63 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|KL|Rahul}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || 2016 || 2022 || 72 || {{sort|2265|2265}} || {{sort|1105|110*}} || {{nts|37.75}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|2}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 23 || 1 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/422108.html |title=Lokesh Rahul |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 64 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jaydev|Unadkat}} || 2016 || 2018 || 10 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0208|208}} || {{sort|014|14}} || {{sort|3062|3/38}} || {{nts|21.50}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/390484.html |title=Jaydev Unadkat |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 65 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhawal|Kulkarni}} || 2016 || 2016 || 2 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|18.33}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/277955.html |title=Dhawal Kulkarni |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 66 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Barinder|Sran}} || 2016 || 2016 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|4090|4/10}} || {{nts|6.83}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/537126.html |title=Barinder Sran |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 67 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Parvez|Rasool}} || 2017 || 2017 || 1 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1065|1/32}} || {{nts|32.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/378496.html |title=Parvez Rasool |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 68 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}{{double-dagger}}{{dagger}} || 2017 || 2022 || 66 || {{sort|0987|987}} || {{sort|0655|65*}} || {{nts|22.43}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 27 || 9 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/931581.html |title=Rishabh Pant |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 69 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}} || 2017 || 2023 || 32 || {{sort|0046|46}} || {{sort|0235|23*}} || {{nts|11.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0687|687}} || {{sort|052|52}} ||{{sort|5076|5/24}} || {{nts|14.57}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/559235.html |title=Kuldeep Yadav |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 July 2017 }}</ref> |- | 70 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shreyas|Iyer}} || 2017 || 2023 || 49 || {{sort|1043|1043}} || {{sort|0740|74*}} || {{nts|30.67}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0002|2}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 14 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/642519.html |title=Shreyas Iyer |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 71 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohammed|Siraj}} || 2017 || 2022 || 8 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|7}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0192|192}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|4083|4/17}} || {{nts|26.72}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/940973.html |title=Mohammed Siraj |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 July 2018 }}</ref> |- | 72 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Washington|Sundar}} || 2017 || 2023 || 40 || {{sort|0107|107}} || {{sort|0500|50}} || {{nts|10.70}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0753|753}} || {{sort|031|31}} || {{sort|3078|3/22}} || {{nts|29.03}} || 12 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/719715.html|title=Washington Sundar|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019 }}</ref> |- | 73 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shardul|Thakur}} || 2018 || 2022 || 25 || {{sort|0069|69}} || {{sort|0225|22*}} || {{nts|23.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0506|506}} || {{sort|033|33}} || {{sort|4073|4/27}} || {{nts|23.39}} || 7 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/475281.html|title=Shardul Thakur|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> |- | 74 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay|Shankar|dab=cricketer}} || 2018 || 2019 || 9 || {{sort|0101|101}} || {{sort|0430|43}} || {{nts|25.25}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0126|126}} || {{sort|005|5}} ||{{sort|2068|2/32}} || {{nts|38.20}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/477021.html|title=Vijay Shankar|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref> |- | 75 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Siddarth|Kaul}} || 2018 || 2019 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0058|58}} || {{sort|004|4}} ||{{sort|2065|2/35}} || {{nts|21.00}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/326017.html|title=Shardul Thakur|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref> |- | 76 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak|Chahar}} || 2018 || 2023 || 24 || {{sort|0053|53}} || {{sort|0310|31}} || {{nts|53.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0516|516}} || {{sort|029|29}} || {{sort|6093|6/7}} || {{nts|24.24}} || 2 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/447261.html|title=Deepak Chahar|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 77 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Khaleel|Ahmed}} || 2018 || 2019 || 14 || {{sort|0001|1}} || {{sort|0015|1*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0312|312}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|2073|2/27}} || {{nts|35.30}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/942645.html|title=Khaleel Ahmed|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 78 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krunal|Pandya}} || 2018 || 2021 || 19 || {{sort|0124|124}} || {{sort|0265|26*}} || {{nts|24.80}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0410|410}} || {{sort|015|15}} ||{{sort|4064|4/36}} || {{nts|36.93}} || 8 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/471432.html|title=Krunal Pandya|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 November 2019}}{{dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |79 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mayank|Markande}} || 2018 || 2019 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/1081442.html|title=Mayank Markande|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> |- |80 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Navdeep|Saini}} || 2019 || 2021 || 11 || {{sort|0012|12}} || {{sort|0115|11*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0197|197}} || {{sort|013|13}} || {{sort|3083|3/17}} || {{nts|18.07}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/700167.html|title=Navdeep Saini|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> |- |81 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Chahar}} || 2019 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0132|132}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3085|3/15}} || {{nts|23.85}} || 3 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/1064812.html|title=Rahul Chahar|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref> |- | 82 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivam|Dube}} || 2019 || 2023 || 18 || {{sort|0152|152}} || {{sort|0540|54}} || {{nts|25.33}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0177|177}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|3070|3/30}} || {{nts|48.33}} || 10 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/714451.html|title=Shivam Dube|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> |- | 83 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|T.|Natarajan}} || 2020 || 2021 || 4 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0096|96}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|3070|3/30}} || {{nts|17.42}} || 0 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/India/content/player/802575.html|title=T Natarajan|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> |- | 84 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ishan|Kishan}}{{dagger}} || 2021 || 2023 || 29 || {{sort|0686|686}} || {{sort|0890|89}} || {{nts|24.50}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 12 || 3 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/720471.html|title=Ishan Kishan|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> |- | 85 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}} || 2021 || 2023 || 53 || {{sort|1841|1841}} || {{sort|1170|117}} || {{nts|46.02}} || {{nts|15}} || {{nts|3}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 37 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/446507.html|title=Suryakumar Yadav|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref> |- |86 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prithvi|Shaw}} || 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1070168.html|title=Prithvi Shaw|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> |- |87 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Varun|Chakravarthy}} || 2021 || 2021 || 6 || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{sort|0000|0}} || {{nts|0.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0135|135}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1082|1/18}} || {{nts|66.00}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1108375.html|title=Varun Chakravarthy|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> |- |88` ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ruturaj|Gaikwad}}{{double-dagger}} || 2021 || 2023 || 14 || {{sort|0277|277}} || {{sort|0580|58}} || {{nts|27.70}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 8 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1060380.html|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> |- |89 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devdutt|Padikkal}} || 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0038|38}} || {{sort|0290|29}} || {{nts|19.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1119026.html|title=Devdutt Padikkal|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> |- |90 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nitish|Rana}} || 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0015|15}} || {{sort|0090|9}} || {{nts|7.50}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/604527.html|title=Nitish Rana|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> |- |91 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chetan|Sakariya}} || 2021 || 2021 || 2 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0055|5*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0022|22}} || {{sort|001|1}} || {{sort|1066|1/34}} || {{nts|34.00}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1131754.html|title=Chetan Sakariya|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref> |- |92 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sandeep|Warrier}} || 2021 || 2021 || 1 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1131754.html|title=Sandeep Warrier|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> |- |93 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Venkatesh|Iyer}} || 2021 || 2022 || 9 || {{sort|0133|133}} || {{sort|0355|35*}} || {{nts|33.25}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0055|55}} || {{sort|005|5}} || {{sort|2077|2/23}} || {{nts|15.00}} || 4 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/851403.html|title=Venkatesh Iyer|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> |- |94 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harshal|Patel}} || 2021 || 2023 || 25 || {{sort|0077|77}} || {{sort|0180|18}} || {{nts|12.83}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0503|503}} || {{sort|029|29}} || {{sort|4075|4/25}} || {{nts|26.55}} || 5 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/390481.html|title=Harshal Patel|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> |- |95 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravi|Bishnoi}} || 2022 || 2023 || 16 || {{sort|0018|18}} || {{sort|0085|8*}} || {{nts|18.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0376|376}} || {{sort|025|25}} || {{sort|4084|4/16}} || {{nts|17.08}} || 5 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1175441.html|title=Ravi Bishnoi|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> |- |96 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avesh|Khan}} || 2022 || 2023 || 16 || {{sort|0010|10}} || {{sort|0080|8}} || {{nts|10.00}} ||{{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0302|302}} || {{sort|016|16}} || {{sort|4082|4/18}} || {{nts|28.37}} || 7 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/694211.html|title=Avesh Khan|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> |- |97 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Deepak|Hooda}} || 2022 || 2023 || 21 || {{sort|0368|368}} || {{sort|0104|104}} || {{nts|30.66}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort|0095|95}} || {{sort|006|6}} || {{sort|4090|4/10}} || {{nts|12.66}} || 12 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/497121.html|title=Deepak Hooda|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> |- |98 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Umran|Malik}} || 2022 || 2023 || 8 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0139|139}} || {{sort|011|11}} || {{sort|3052|3/48}} || {{nts|22.09}} || 2 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1246528.html|title=Umran Malik|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> |- |99 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arshdeep|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || 2022 || 2023 || 36 || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|0120|12}} || {{nts|16.00}} ||{{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0731|731}} || {{sort|054|54}} || {{sort|4063|4/37}} || {{nts|18.87}} || 12 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/arshdeep-singh-1125976|title=Arshdeep Singh|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref> |- |100 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivam|Mavi}} || 2023 || 2023 || 6 || {{sort|0028|28}} || {{sort|0260|26}} || {{nts|14.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0084|84}} || {{sort|007|7}} || {{sort|4078|4/22}} || {{nts|17.53}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/1079848.html|title=Shivam Mavi|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> |- |101 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shubman|Gill}} || 2023 || 2023 || 11 || {{sort|0304|304}} || {{sort|1265|126*}} || {{nts|30.40}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070173.html|title=Shubman Gill|website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> |- |102 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rahul|Tripathi}} || 2023 || 2023 || 5 || {{sort|0097|97}} || {{sort|0440|44}} || {{nts|19.40}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/446763.html|title=Rahul Tripathi |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref> |- |103 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mukesh|Kumar|Mukesh Kumar (cricketer)}} || 2023 ||2023 || 5 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0045|4*}} || {{sort dash}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0077|77}} || {{sort|003|3}} || {{sort|1081|1/19}} || {{nts|37.66}} || 1 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/926851.html|title=Mukesh Kumar |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> |- |104 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tilak|Varma}} || 2023 ||2023 || 10 || {{sort|0231|231}} || {{sort|0555|55*}} || {{nts|38.50}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort|0024|24}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1095|1/5}} || {{nts|11.00}} || 9 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1170265.html|title=Tilak Varma |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref> |- |105 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yashasvi|Jaiswal}} || 2023 || 2023 || 8 || {{sort|0232|232}} || {{sort|1000|100}} || {{nts|38.66}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|1}} || {{sort|0006|6}} || {{sort|000|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 5 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1151278.html|title=Yashasvi Jaiswal |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> |- |106 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prasidh|Krishna}} || 2023 || 2023 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0048|48}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|2071|2/29}} || {{nts|15.25}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/917159.html|title=Prasidh Krishna |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> |- |107 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rinku|Singh|dab=cricketer}} || 2023 || 2023 || 5 || {{sort|0075|75}} || {{sort|0380|38}} || {{nts|75.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/723105.html|title=Rinku Singh |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> |- |108 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ravisrinivasan Sai|Kishore}} || 2023 || 2023 || 3 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0072|72}} || {{sort|004|4}} || {{sort|3088|3/12}} || {{nts|15.75}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1048739.html|title=Sai Kishore |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> |- |109 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jitesh|Sharma}}{{dagger}} || 2023 || 2023 || 3 || {{sort|0005|5}} || {{sort|0050|5}} || {{nts|5.00}} || {{nts|0}} || {{nts|0}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || 3 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/721867.html|title=Jitesh Sharma |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> |- |110 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shahbaz|Ahmed|dab=cricketer}} || 2023 || 2023 || 2 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}} || {{sort|0032|32}} || {{sort|002|2}} || {{sort|1087|1/13}} || {{nts|20.50}} || 0 || 0 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159711.html|title=Shahbaz Ahmed |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> |} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:India Twenty20 International cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers]] 8dxuwnxcq71t1b7hy9jn251au33n48z 2 1060168 10329981 10307536 2025-06-14T13:24:09Z Immanuelle 1174418 10329981 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Choku|ja|由岐庭乃直}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> frxri7ygn39p7lzyg00bo9f0u57rqe3 10330878 10329981 2025-06-14T21:02:00Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330878 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> k666v5i6hupm8r44yf6dr34f5fuoaiu 10330881 10330878 2025-06-14T21:04:53Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330881 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> a7wyxb5pu5ea1c8lhkq4d0enpdlhv2k 10330883 10330881 2025-06-14T21:06:34Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330883 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> 70gmqjv5dyb0fr8dlrcqvna45mmc6uw 10330891 10330883 2025-06-14T21:11:33Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330891 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造|WD=Q106241395}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命|1=Yatamiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134845651}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命|WD=Q97613681}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命|WD=Q134883804}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命|WD=Q134883807}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> mz89fynaj7aeygmvsimlm0nwcck3itf 10330893 10330891 2025-06-14T21:13:35Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330893 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造|WD=Q106241395}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命|1=Yatamiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134845651}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命|WD=Q97613681}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命|WD=Q134883804}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命|WD=Q134883807}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true|WD=Q134906306}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> 46i26103n172x58cw3s2a2j74ut3j33 10330896 10330893 2025-06-14T21:18:38Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330896 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造|WD=Q106241395}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命|1=Yatamiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134845651}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命|WD=Q97613681}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命|WD=Q134883804}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命|WD=Q134883807}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造|WD=Q134906316}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直|1=Otsuhine no Atai|WD=Q134906318}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028=Kurohime| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true|WD=Q134906306}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> h1t4u11uaa32dyd7p8bkmozgbb93gdi 10330898 10330896 2025-06-14T21:20:15Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330898 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造|WD=Q106241395}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命|1=Yatamiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134845651}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命|WD=Q97613681}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命|WD=Q134883804}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命|WD=Q134883807}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造|WD=Q134906316}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直|1=Otsuhine no Atai|WD=Q134906318}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028={{ill|Kurohime|WD=Q134906324}}| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直|1=Akahiko no Atai|WD=Q134906323}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true|WD=Q134906306}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> k58l48fpy2lsdjnbhj7y5ul6c1kuzor 10330899 10330898 2025-06-14T21:21:00Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330899 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造|WD=Q106241395}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命|1=Yatamiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134845651}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命|WD=Q97613681}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命|WD=Q134883804}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命|WD=Q134883807}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造|WD=Q134906316}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直|1=Otsuhine no Atai|WD=Q134906318}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028={{ill|Kurohime (daughter of Otsuhine no Atai)|lt=Kurohime|WD=Q134906324}}| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直|1=Akahiko no Atai|WD=Q134906323}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true|WD=Q134906306}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> eq8jtytlm9yhho5o3v2er8yn8nm7qdx 10330901 10330899 2025-06-14T21:22:19Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330901 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; text-align:center"> {{navbar|User:Immanuelle/Template:Generations of Watatsumi|mini=1}} {{familytree/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 72 boxes}} {{familytree|border=1|0018 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0018='''{{ill|Watatsumi|en}}<ref name="hyakka"/><ref name="Akima-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Akima |first1=Toshio |date=1993 |title=The Origins of the Grand Shrine of Ise and the Cult of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami |journal=Japan Review |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=143 |issn=0915-0986 |jstor=25790929}}</ref>'''| boxstyle_0018=background:silver;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00122| |0027 | |Yass |v|Tae | | | | | | |0033 |y|0024 | |!| | | 00122='''{{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama|WD= Q106241380}}'''{{efn|parents of Furutama<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00122=background:lightblue;| 0027={{ill|Utsushihikanasaku|ja|宇都志日金拆命|complete=true|en:draft||simple|User:Immanuelle/Utsushihikanasaku}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com">{{Cite web|title=Ofune Matsuri – A Unique Festival in Nagano, Japan! - Festivals & Events｜COOL JAPAN VIDEOS｜A Website With Information About Travel, Culture, Food, History, and Things to Do in Japan|url=https://cooljapan-videos.com/en/articles/au3wf7b2|access-date=2023-12-06|website=cooljapan-videos.com|language=en}}</ref> | boxstyle_0027=background:lightblue;| Yass={{nowrap| {{ill|Yasakatome|simple|Yasakatome|ja|八坂刀売神|complete=true}}<ref>{{cite web |title=八坂刀売神（ヤサカトメノカミ |url=http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625160608/http://japangod.dip.jp/%E5%85%AB%E5%9D%82%E5%88%80%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017 |website=日本の神様辞典 (Nihon no Kamisama Jiten)}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yass=background:pink;| Tae={{nowrap| {{ill|Takeminakata|en}}<ref name="Picken" />}}| boxstyle_Tae=background:lightblue;| 0033={{nowrap| {{ill|Toyotama-hime|Toyotama<br />-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=157 |title=Toyotamabime |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=10 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0033=background:pink;| 0024={{nowrap| {{ill|Hoori|Hohodemi <br />(Hoori)|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=64 |title=Hohodemi |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=22 April 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0024=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Azum | | | |Suwa | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | Azum={{ill|Azumi people|en}}<ref name="cooljapan-videos.com" />| boxstyle_Azum=background:lightgreen;| Suwa={{ill|Suwa clan|en}}<ref name="Picken">{{cite book|last1=Picken|first1=Stuart D.B.|title=Historical Dictionary of Shinto|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810871724|page=288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlG3F6gSm9UC&pg=PA288}}</ref>| boxstyle_Suwa=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | }} {{familytree|border=1|00132| |00222|003 |-|Oas | |0045 |v|Kamo | | |0025 |y|~|0034 | 00132='''{{ill|Takeuioki no mikoto|ja|武位起命|WD=Q134845057}}'''<ref name="hyakka"/>| boxstyle_00132=background:lightblue;| 00222={{ill|Amanosakitama no mikoto|ja|天前玉命|lt1=Amanosakitama no mikoto|lt2=尾張国造|WD=Q106241395}}| boxstyle_00222=background:lightblue;| 003={{ill|Kuroshima Isone hime|ja|黒島磯根御気姫命|1=Kuroshima Isono Mikihime no Mikoto|WD=Q134846348}}<!--<br /> (Wife of Ōasahiko)-->| boxstyle_003=background:pink;| Oas={{ill|Ōasahiko|ja|大麻比古命|1=Oasahiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134846383}}| boxstyle_Oas=background:lightblue;| 0045={{ill|Onotehime|ja|大野手比売|lt=Ohonutehime|lt2=大鐸比売命|complete=true}}{{efn|That she is daughter of {{ill|Furutama|lt=Furutama|ja|布留多摩命|complete=true|en|draft:Furutama-no-mikoto|simple|User:Immanuelle/Furutama|fr|Furutama}}<ref>中田憲信「尾張氏」『諸系譜』第二冊。</ref>}}| boxstyle_0045=background:pink;| Kamo={{Ill|Kamo no Okimi|ja|鴨王 (上古)|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro">Yasumaro. O, translated by Gustav Heldt. (2014) “Kojiki. An Account of Ancient Matters”. New York: Columbia University Press.</ref><ref name="Ponsonby">Ponsonby, F. (1959) “The Imperial House of Japan.” Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.</ref> | boxstyle_Kamo=background:lightblue;| 0025={{nowrap| {{ill|Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafu<br />-kiaezu|en}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=161 |title=Ugayafukiaezu |first=Mori |last=Mizue |date=12 May 2005 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Shinto |access-date=2010-09-29}}</ref><ref name="kokushi">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Kokushi Daijiten | title = 鵜葺草葺不合命 | url = http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | access-date = 2012-12-04 | year = 2012 | publisher = Shogakukan | location = Tokyo | language = ja | trans-title = Ugayafukiaezu | oclc = 683276033 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/ | archive-date = 2007-08-25 }}</ref>}}| boxstyle_0025=background:lightblue;| 0034={{ill|Tamayori-hime (mother of Jimmu)|lt=Tamayori-hime|en}}<ref name="Akima-1993" />| boxstyle_0034=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |`|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |Tak | | | |Miwa | |Nuna | | | | |Jim | | | | Tak={{ill|Takakuraji|ja|高倉下|complete=true|en}}<ref name="hoga-2006a">{{Cite book |last=Hoga |first=Toshio |title=Tango no Amabe-shi no Shutsuji to sono ichizoku, Kokigi no Heya (丹後の海部氏の出自とその一族) |year=2006 |location=Japan}}</ref><br>({{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}} ancestor)| boxstyle_Tak=background:lightblue;| Miwa={{ill|Kamo clan|en}}| boxstyle_Miwa=background:lightgreen;| Nuna={{nowrap| {{Ill|Nunasokonakatsu-hime|ja|渟名底仲媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Yasumaro" /><ref name="Ponsonby" />}}| boxstyle_Nuna=background:pink;| Jim={{nowrap|{{small|711–585 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Jimmu|Jimmu|en}}<ref name="kokushi" />'''<br />660–585 BC^('''1''') }}| boxstyle_Jim=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | mm | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | mm=unknown generations}} {{familytree|border=1|00142| |00232| | |Ame_n| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |Kamu | | | | 00142='''{{ill|Saonetsuhiko|lt=Saonetsuhiko|fr||ja|椎根津彦|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Saonetsuhiko|lt2=珍彦命|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko" /><ref name="gov" /><ref name="hyakka">{{ill|Matoshi Suzuki|ja|鈴木眞年}} {{nihongo|Hyakka Keizu Kou|百家系図稿}}</ref>'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Jimmu|en}}'s appointment as Yamato Province Lord)| boxstyle_00142=background:lightblue;| 00232={{ill|Yatamiko no mikoto|ja|八玉彦命|1=Yatamiko-no-Mikoto|WD=Q134845651}}| boxstyle_00232=background:lightblue;| Ame_n={{ill|Ame no Murakumo|ja|大沼主命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ame_n=background:lightblue;| Kamu={{ill|Kamuyaimimi|en}}<ref name="Motoori2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&pg=PA191|title=The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey|last=Norinaga Motoori|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8248-3078-6|page=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=神八井耳命（カムヤイミミノミコト）|url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2609.html|access-date=2023-01-17|website=nihonsinwa.com|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Book III|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nihongi:_Chronicles_of_Japan_from_the_Earliest_Times_to_A.D._697/Book_III|work=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 1|access-date=2023-03-09}} (called Kami-ya-wi-mimi in this source)</ref>| boxstyle_Kamu=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |Ota | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|.| | | Ota={{ill|Ōtataneko|ja|大田田根子命|complete=true|fr}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil">{{cite book |author=Chamberlain, Basil |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj072.htm |title=''[SECT. LXV.—EMPEROR SŪ-JIN (PART III: STORY OF OHO-TATA-NE-KO'S BIRTH)]'' (''The Kojiki'') |publisher=Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919 |page=219 |quote=His Augustness Oho-tata-ne-ko&nbsp;... was the ancestor of the Dukes of Miwa and ofuruf the Dukes of Kamo. |author-link=Basil Chamberlain}}</ref>| boxstyle_Ota=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1|Yama | |Yagi | | | |!| | | | | |)|-|-|.| | | |Aso | | |Oshio| | Yama={{ill|Yamato no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Yamato clan|ja|倭国造|simple|complete=true}}<ref name="Saonetsuhiko">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Shinto詳細 |url=https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/id=9159 |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=國學院大學デジタルミュージアム |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="gov">https://rekihaku.pref.hyogo.lg.jp/wp-content/themes/rekihaku/assets/pdf/harimanokunifudoki/english/chapter_3_5.pdf</ref>| boxstyle_Yama=background:lightgreen;| Yagi={{ill|Yagi clan|ja|八木氏|complete=true|fr|Clan Yagi|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yagi clan}}{{efn|The fact the clan is descended from {{ill|Furutama-no-mikoto|ja|布留多摩命|fr|Furutama|complete=true|lt=Furutama}} at all<ref>右京神別地祇部「八木造」条。</ref>}}| boxstyle_Yagi=background:lightgreen;| Aso={{ill|Aso clan|ja|阿蘇氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Takano |first1=Tomoaki |title=History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine |last2=Uchimura |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Aso Shrine |year=2006 |location=Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.}}</ref>| boxstyle_Aso=background:lightgreen;| Oshio={{ill|Ō clan|ja|多氏|complete=true|en}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grapard |first=Allan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxS7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22%C5%8C+clan%22&pg=PA35 |title=The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History |date=2023-04-28 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91036-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C5%8C+clan%22 |title=Tenri Journal of Religion |date=1968 |publisher=Tenri University Press |language=en}}</ref>| boxstyle_Oshio=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | |Miw2 |Okam | | | | | | | | | | | | Miw2={{ill|Miwa clan|en}}<ref name="Chamberlain, Basil" />| boxstyle_Miw2=background:lightgreen;| Okam={{nowrap|{{ill|Okamotsumi|ja|大鴨積命|complete=true}}}}| boxstyle_Okam=background:lightblue; }} {{familytree|border=1|00152| | | | | | |Amao | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00152='''{{ill|Shimatsu no mikoto|ja|志麻津見命|WD=Q134846523}}'''| boxstyle_00152=background:lightblue;| Amao={{ill|Amaoshio no mikoto|ja|天忍男命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Amao=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00162| | | | | | |Owari| | | | | | | | | |Yoso |-|Kos | | | | | 00162='''{{ill|Takehayamochi no mikoto|ja|武速持命|WD=Q134847813}}'''| boxstyle_00162=background:lightblue;| Owari={{ill|Okitsu Yoso|ja|瀛津世襲命|WD=Q97613681}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a">{{Cite web |title=余曽多本毘売命（ヨソタホビメノミコト） |url=https://nihonsinwa.com/page/2634.html |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=nihonsinwa.com |language=ja}}</ref>| boxstyle_Owari=background:lightblue;| Yoso={{ill|Yosotarashi-hime|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" />| boxstyle_Yoso=background:pink;| Kos={{nowrap| {{small|501–393 BC}}<br />[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|35px]]<br />'''{{ill|Emperor Kōshō|Kōshō|en}}'''<br />475–393 BC^('''5''')}}| boxstyle_Kos=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00172| |00242|-|v|Omik | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00172='''{{ill|Nishiba no mikoto|ja|邇支倍命|WD=Q134847899}}'''| boxstyle_00172=background:lightblue;| 00242={{ill|Minisohime no mikoto|ja|民磯比売命|WD=Q134883804}}| boxstyle_00242=background:pink;| Omik={{ill|Ōmikeshi|ja|大御気主命|WD=Q134883807}}| boxstyle_Omik=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |unkno| | | | | | | | | | | | unkno={{Interlanguage link|Owari clan|lt=Owari clan|ja|尾張国造|complete=true|en}}<ref name="nihonsinwacom-2023a" /><ref name="hoga-2006a" /><br>(unknown generations)| boxstyle_unkno=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1|00182| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00182='''{{ill|Idetasuni|ja|飯手足尼|WD=Q134847938}}'''| boxstyle_00182=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|0019 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 0019='''{{ill|Mimo no sukune|ja|御物宿祢|WD=Q134847980}}'''| boxstyle_0019=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00110| |00252| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00110='''{{ill|Ichishi no Nagaochi|ja|市磯長尾市|lt1=Ichisi Nagaochi|lt2=市磯長尾市宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Ichishi no Nagaochi|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Sujin|ja|垂仁天皇|complete=true}} appointed him to worship {{Ill|Yamato Okunitama|lt=Yamato Okunitama|ja|倭大国魂神}})| boxstyle_00110=background:lightblue;| 00252={{ill|Mika no mikoto|ja|御戈命|WD=Q134847980}}| boxstyle_00252=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | |Kubi | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kubi={{ill|Kubiki Kokuzo|ja|久比岐国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Kubi=background:lightgreen;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00111| | |00262| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | 00111='''{{ill|Iso no Sukune|ja|五十野宿祢|WD=Q134863200}}'''| boxstyle_00111=background:lightblue;| 00262={{ill|Yashiro no Sukune|ja|矢代宿祢|WD=Q134864096}}| boxstyle_00262=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00112| | |00272| |00322| |00422| | |Otoyo| | | | | | | | | | | | 00112='''{{ill|Kate no Sukune|ja|蚊手宿祢|WD=Q134863071}}'''| boxstyle_00112=background:lightblue;| 00272={{ill|Tsuyaji no Sukune|ja|都弥自宿祢|lt1=Tomiyaji no Sukune|lt2=明石国造|WD=Q134906316}}| boxstyle_00272=background:lightblue;| 00322={{ill|Roko no Sukune|ja|路子宿祢|WD=Q134906317}}| boxstyle_00322=background:lightblue;| 00422={{ill|Otsuhine no Choku|ja|乙日根乃直|1=Otsuhine no Atai|WD=Q134906318}}| boxstyle_00422=background:lightblue;| Otoyo={{ill|Otoyo no mikoto|ja|乎止与命|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Otoyo=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00113| | |Ak_ku| |0028 | |00332| | |Take | |Miy |v|Yam | | | | 00113='''{{ill|Naruko no Sukune|ja|鳴子宿祢|WD=Q134850160}}'''| boxstyle_00113=background:lightblue;| Ak_ku={{ill|Akashi no Kuni no Miyatsuko|lt=Akashi Kokuzo|ja|明石国造|complete=true}}| boxstyle_Ak_ku=background:lightgreen;| 0028={{ill|Kurohime (daughter of Otsuhine no Atai)|lt=Kurohime|WD=Q134906324}}| boxstyle_0028=background:pink;| 00332={{ill|Akahiko no Choku|ja|阿加日子乃直|1=Akahiko no Atai|WD=Q134906323}}| boxstyle_00332=background:lightblue;| Take={{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命|complete=true|en||fr}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Take=background:lightblue;| Miy={{ill|Miyazu-hime|ja|宮簀媛|complete=true|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016">{{Cite book |last=Ponsonby-Fane |first=R. A. B. |title=Studies In Shinto & Shrines |date=2016-05-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-98322-9 |edition=1st |language=English |chapter=Atsuta Jingu}}</ref>| boxstyle_Miy=background:pink;| Yam={{ill|Yamato Takeru|en}}<ref name="Ponsonby-Fane-2016" />| boxstyle_Yam=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00114| | |0029 | |00342| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00114='''{{ill|Maro no Sukune|ja|麻呂宿祢|WD=Q134863418}}'''| boxstyle_00114=background:lightblue;| 0029={{ill|Yamato no Agoko|ja|倭吾子籠|lt1=Yamogokoro no Sukune|lt2=倭吾子籠宿祢|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Agoko|fr}}| boxstyle_0029=background:lightblue;| 00342={{ill|Hinohime|ja|日之媛|complete=true|WD=Q134906306}}| boxstyle_00342=background:pink;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00115| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00115='''{{ill|Nakui no Choku|ja|名杭乃直|1=Nauki no Atai|WD=Q134863502}}'''| boxstyle_00115=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00116| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00116='''{{ill|Yukitei no Atai|ja|由岐庭乃直|WD=Q134863513}}'''| boxstyle_00116=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00117| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00117='''{{ill|Yamato no Tehiko|ja|倭手彦|lt1=Yamato no Tehiko|lt2=手彦|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Tehiko|fr}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Kinmei|en}}'s Yamato Province Lord, participated in the Silla War)| boxstyle_00117=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00119| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00119='''{{ill|Echi|ja|邑智}}'''<br /> (Provincial Lord during {{ill|Empress Suiko|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00119=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00118| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00118=Missing generations?}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00120| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00120='''{{ill|Ryūmaro|ja|龍麻呂|WD=Q134862753}}'''<br /> ({{ill|Emperor Tenmu|en}}'s bestowed Rengo surname)| boxstyle_00120=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree|border=1| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} {{familytree|border=1|00121| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 00121='''{{ill|Yamato no Iotari|ja|大倭五百足|lt1=Yamato no Iotari|lt2=五百足|complete=true|simple|User:Immanuelle/Yamato no Iotari|fr}}'''<br /> (Yamato Province Lord during {{ill|Emperor Monmu|en}}'s reign)| boxstyle_00121=background:lightblue;}} {{familytree/end}} <div style="text-align:left; margin: 0px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%"> * Pink is female. * Blue is male. * Grey means other or unknown. * Clans, families, people groups are in green. </div> </div><noinclude> ==See Also== ==Notes== [[en:Template:Descendants of Watatsumi]] [[ja:Template:ワタツミの子孫]] [[simple:User:Immanuelle/Generations of Watatsumi]] [[fr:User:Immanuelle/Generations_of_Watatsumi]] ==Notelist== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </noinclude> d6e81cb5uvq6x74sdwo86bk6wei512n 0 1061696 10331477 10097822 2025-06-15T05:31:56Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne'''<ref name=":11">Ireland, Civil Registration Births Index, 1864-1958: MAR 1945 5 69 CORK – Anne V Scher</ref> '''Valerie Verrall''' [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] ([[Birth name|née]] '''Scher''';<ref name=":12" /> 26 December 1944 – 12 November 2023)<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Gilbey|first=Ryan|date=15 November 2023|title=Anna Scher obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/nov/15/anna-scher-obituary|access-date=20 November 2023|website=The Guardian}}</ref> was a British-Irish drama teacher who was best known as the founder of The [[Anna Scher Theatre]] School. {{Infobox person | name = Anna Scher | honorific_suffix = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] | image = | caption = Scher in 2011 | birth_name = Anne Valerie Scher | birth_date = {{birth date|1944|12|26|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland | death_date = {{death date and age|2023|11|12|1944|12|26|df=y}} | death_place = [[London]], England | nationality = [[British people|British]]-[[Irish people|Irish]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[St Angela's Ursuline School|St Angela's convent]] * Hove County Grammar School for Girls }} | alma_mater = [[University of Brighton School of Art|Brighton School of Music and Art]] | occupation = Drama teacher • actress • journalist • author | years_active = 1968–2023 | notable_works = [[Anna Scher Theatre]] | spouse = {{marriage|Charles Verrall|April 1976|end=died|October 2023}} | children = 1 | website = {{URL|annaschertheatre.com}} }} Scher was also known as an actress, a journalist and an author. == Early life == Anne<ref name=":11" /> Valerie Scher<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Anna Valerie SCHER|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/WA0fslnBlYDkZG9d6omFOZFk5do/appointments|access-date=13 November 2023|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> was born in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland on 26 December 1944,<ref name=":11" /> as the eldest of four children<ref name=":9" /> to Eric Asher Scher (1916–1982),<ref>Ireland, Civil Registration Births Index, 1864-1958: 17 MAY 1916 5 76 CORK – Eric Asher Scher</ref><ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007: JAN 1982 (aged 65) 18 0410 BRIGHTON – Eric Asher Scher</ref> a [[dentist]]<ref>UK, Medical and Dental Students Registers, 1882-1937: 29 NOV 1933 IRELAND – Eric Asher Scher</ref> of [[Lithuania|Lithuanian]] [[Ancestor|descent]],<ref name=":1" /> and<ref>Ireland, Civil Registration Marriages Index, 1845-1958: DEC 1943 5 46 – Eric Asher Scher = Constance Hurwitz</ref> Constance Scher (1924–1984; [[Birth name|née]] Hurwitz),<ref>Ireland, Civil Registration Births Index, 1864-1958: 4 SEPT 1924 5 125 CORK – Constance Hurwitz</ref><ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007: 12 JUN 1984 (aged 59) 12 311 ENFIELD – Constance Scher</ref> a housewife of [[Irish people|Irish]] decent.<ref name=":1" /> Her younger siblings were; sisters Sandra Geraldine Peggy Scher (1948–2014)<ref>Ireland, Civil Registration Births Index, 1864-1958: SEP 1948 5 124 CORK – Sandra G P Scher</ref><ref>England and Wales, Death Index, 1989-2022: 28 NOV 2014 (aged 66) LONDON – Sandra Geraldine Peggy Scher</ref> and Vida M Scher (b. 1953)<ref>Ireland, Civil Registration Births Index, 1864-1958: DEC 1953 5 76 CORK – Vida M Scher</ref> and brother Ronald D P Scher (b. 1961).<ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916-2007: JAN 1961 5h 391 HOVE – Ronald D P Scher</ref> Her family moved to [[Hove]], [[East Sussex]] when she was 14.<ref name=":9" /> Scher was educated at [[St Angela's Ursuline School|St Angela's convent]], where she was the sole [[Jew|Jewish]] pupil.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doherty|first=Rosa|date=13 November 2023|title=Drama teacher Anna Scher, who launched careers of working class actors, dies age 78|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/news/drama-teacher-anna-scher-who-launched-careers-of-working-class-actors-dies-age-78-4tp0xmJaA3JalPywfPwfCI|access-date=14 November 2023|website=The Jewish Chronicle}}</ref> She later attended the Hove County Grammar School for Girls and the [[University of Brighton School of Art|Brighton School of Music and Art]].<ref name=":9" /> == Career == Scher founded The [[Anna Scher Theatre]] School (AST), an independent and co-educational [[performing arts]] school in [[Islington]], [[London]], in January 1968.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=About Anna Scher - London|url=https://www.annaschertheatre.com/anna-scher|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Anna Scher Theatre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wynne-Jones|first=Roz|date=24 May 1997|title=School for working class heroes - and heroines|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/school-for-working-class-heroes-and-heroines-1263416.html|access-date=13 November 2023|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Her husband served as the co-director for many years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Verrall|url=http://www.charlesverrall.com/|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Charles Verrall|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113212544/http://www.charlesverrall.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Scher made her debut, and only appearance, as an [[Actor|actress]] in 1969, but her father told her to get a proper job, so she became a [[journalist]] specialising in [[theatre]] with the ''[[Islington Gazette]]'' for five years, and [[Review|reviewed]] for ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Hattenstone|first=Simon|date=24 March 2004|title='I just want to be back at my theatre'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/mar/24/theatre.furthereducation|access-date=13 November 2023|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Scher also worked as a [[primary school]] [[teacher]], working with children whose [[first language]] was not [[English language|English]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sedghi|first=Amy|date=12 November 2023|title=Tributes paid to 'wonderful' drama teacher Anna Scher, who has died at 78|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/nov/12/tributes-paid-to-wonderful-drama-teacher-anna-scher-who-has-died-at-78|access-date=13 November 2023|website=The Guardian}}</ref> She was a [[chairperson]] of the International Song Contest for Peace in [[Ireland]]. She served on juries at [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]], [[Sony]] and the [[Royal Television Society]].<ref name=":8" /> Scher was the [[castaway]] on a 2011 episode of the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]''.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Anna Scher (2011)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0175519|access-date=20 November 2023|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> Scher co-authored three books with her husband.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Scher|first=Anna|last2=Verrall|first2=Charles|date=8 December 1975|title=100 + Ideas for Drama|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1359316.100_Ideas_for_Drama|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Scher|first=Anna|last2=Verrall|first2=Charles|date=1 January 1987|title=Another 100+ Ideas for Drama|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1461295.Another_100_Ideas_for_Drama|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Scher|first=Anna|last2=Verrall|first2=Charles|date=21 January 1992|title=200+ IDEAS FOR DRAMA|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2189706.200_IDEAS_FOR_DRAMA|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> She also authored two books as a solo [[author]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Scher|first=Anna|date=1 November 1976|title=First Act: Drama Kit|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/76409816-first-act|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Scher|first=Anna|title=Desperate to Act|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1401709.Desperate_to_Act|access-date=13 November 2023|website=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == Scher married coach, writer and director Raymond Charles Verrall<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raymond Charles VERRALL|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/wUOF-c3DVnQU4QjNUZyncIZyxrM/appointments|access-date=13 November 2023|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> in [[Hampstead]], [[London]] in April 1976.<ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1916-2005: APR 1976 12 1412 HAMPSTEAD – Anna V Scher = Raymond C Verrall</ref> Their only son, John Benedict Verrall, was born four years later.<ref>England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1916-2007: OCT 1980 15 2415 WESTMINSTER – John Benedict Verrall</ref> Her husband died in October 2023, at the age of 79.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Obituaries|first=Telegraph|date=13 November 2023|title=Anna Scher, drama teacher whose school produced actors such as Daniel Kaluuya, Kathy Burke and Linda Robson – obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/11/13/anna-scher-drama-teacher-kaluuya-kathy-burke-died-obituary/|access-date=13 November 2023|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Scher had a [[Mental disorder|breakdown]] in 2000 after suffering with [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and was admitted to hospital. She could not walk during her breakdown. She took a period of [[sick leave]] from The [[Anna Scher Theatre]]. Scher discovered that she had been blocked by the [[board of directors]] upon her return to her theatre.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Inverne|first=James|date=24 June 2004|title=New Head of Anna Scher Drama School Announced — And It's Not Scher|url=https://playbill.com/article/new-head-of-anna-scher-drama-school-announced-and-its-not-scher-com-120508|access-date=14 November 2023|website=Playbill}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Scher promoted peace, love and understanding.<ref name=":1" /> She was a patron of Neve Shalom/Wahat al Salam – Oasis of Peace.<ref name=":8" /> === Death === Scher died in [[London]] during the early hours of 12 November 2023. She was 78.<ref name=":0" /> Her death was confirmed and announced to the public at 2:55pm on the same day in a social media post by talent agency Nic Knight Management:<ref name=":9" /> "It is with deep sadness that I must report that Anna Scher, the best and kindest drama teacher in the UK for the last 50 years, has passed. Joining her husband, Charles, in a better place to rest. She will be missed but never forgotten. RIP @annascherthtr + Charles Verrall."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Management|first=Nic Knight|date=12 November 2023|title=It is with deep sadness that I must report that Anna Scher, the best and kindest drama teacher in the UK for the last 50 years, has passed. Joining her husband, Charles, in a better place to rest. She will be missed but never forgotten. RIP @annascherthtr + Charles Verrall.|url=https://twitter.com/nicknightmgmt/status/1723716172095377891?s=46|access-date=13 November 2023|website=X (formerly Twitter)|language=en}}</ref> Her [[obituary]] was published by ''[[The Guardian]]'' on 15 November.<ref name=":9" /> Scher and Verrall's joint private [[funeral]] took place at St Silas Church on Penton Street on 14 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Management|first=Nic Knight|date=9 December 2023|title=Anna Scher and Charles private funeral details. #annascher #annaschertheatre|url=https://x.com/nicknightmgmt/status/1733460191155310911?s=46|access-date=18 December 2023|website=X (formally Twitter)}}</ref> == Honours and awards == Scher was awarded a Community Award from the ''Irish Post'' the Woman of Distinction Award from Jewish Care. She was an Associate of [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art|RADA]]. She was awarded a [[Honorary title (academic)|Honorary Fellow]] of the [[Leinster School of Music & Drama]].<ref name=":8" /> She was awarded the Peace Person of the Year Award in [[Ireland]] in 1999.<ref name=":8" /> Scher was awarded [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the]] [[London Borough of Islington]] in 2003.<ref name=":8" /> Scher was appointed [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in the [[2013 Birthday Honours]] by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] for her services to [[drama]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 2013|title=No. 60534|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60534/supplement/22|access-date=13 November 2023|website=The Gazette}}</ref> === Commonwealth honours === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Date !Appointment !Post-nominal letters |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |'''15 June 2013–12 November 2023''' |[[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (Civil Division) |MBE |} == Filmography == === As an actress === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !Ref. |- |1969 |''The Battle of St. George Without'' |Maudie |3 episodes |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Scher - BBC Programme Index|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=first&q=Anna+Scher|access-date=13 November 2023|website=BBC}}</ref> |} === As herself === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Notes !Ref. |- |1974 |''[[Aquarius (British TV series)|Aquarius]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Anna Scher|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3012318/|access-date=13 November 2023|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1988 |''[[The Lowdown (TV series)|The Lowdown]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":2" /> |- |1999, 2003 |''[[This Is Your Life (British TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' |2 episodes |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2011 |''Anna'' |Documentary |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2011 |''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":10" /> |- |2013 |''[[In Confidence]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":2" /> |- |2014 |''[[Piers Morgan's Life Stories]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":2" /> |} == Bibliography == * Scher, Anna; Verrall, Charles (1975). ''100+ Ideas for Drama''. [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann Educational Books]]. {{ISBN|9780435187996}}.<ref name=":3" /> * Scher, Anna (1976). ''Final Act: Drama Kit''. [[Ward, Lock & Co.|Ward Lock Educational Books]]. {{ISBN|9780706235463}}.<ref name=":6" /> * Scher, Anna; Verrall, Charles (1987). ''Another 100+ Ideas for Drama''. Heinemann Educational Books. {{ISBN|9780435188009}}.<ref name=":4" /> * Scher, Anna; Verrall, Charles (1992). ''200+ Ideas for Drama''. Heinemann Drama. {{ISBN|9780435086060}}.<ref name=":5" /> * Scher, Anna. ''Desperate to Act''. Heinemann. {{ISBN|9780006728528}}.<ref name=":7" /> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scher, Anna}} [[Category:1944 births]] [[Category:2023 deaths]] 6ld008h2as2jq3dpdkgfadh7dxes5lm 0 1061829 10331170 10077355 2025-06-15T00:47:55Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = Ayegbayo Damola | honorific_suffix = | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1988|12|29}} | birth_place =[[Osun State]], Nigeria | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline}} --> | monuments = His art works is displayed at the heart of Osun State as a monument<ref name="Changemakers The World Needs To Know About">{{Cite web |title=Changemakers The World Needs To Know About |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/african-changemakers-the-he-world-needs-to-know-about/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=sunnewsonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Nigerians urged to support young artists">{{Cite web |title=Nigerians urged to support young artists |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nigerians-urged-to-support-young-artists/|access-date=2022-08-20|website=thenationonlineng.net|language=en-US}}</ref> | nationality = [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] | other_names = | education = | alma_mater = Obafemi Awolowo University | occupation = Artist, painter | years_active = | employer = | organization = | known_for = Nigerian youngest largest Art Collector <ref name="N"/> | notable_works = vision on hope ( uses for a movie titled “HANDLE WITH CARE” BY Jimmy Akingbola documentary,<ref name="L"/> Art is life (Book written by Abayomi Mighty,<ref name="G"/> unconditional love (featured by [[HarperCollins]])<ref name="O"/> | style = ÀBÈFÉ meaning (pleaded to be loved)<ref name="R"/> | television = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = | website = }} '''Ayegbayo Damola''' is a portrait artist and a contemporary painter based in [[Nigeria]].<ref name="L">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Artist Work Featured In UK Movie Documentary |url=https://leadership.ng/nigerian-artist-work-featured-in-uk-movie-documentary/|access-date=2023-06-11|website=leadership.ng|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="O">{{Cite web |title=Beauty of African women at World of Women NFT art project |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/06/25/beauty-of-african-women-at-world-of-women-nft-art-project/?amp=1|access-date=2022-06-25|website=pmnewsnigeria.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Nigerians urged to support young artists" /><ref name="New">{{cite news|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/ayegbayo-damola-communicating-power-beauty-of-black-african-women/|title=Communicating Power, Beauty Of Black African Women|last=Tony|first=Okuyeme|date=10 January 2024|work=[[New Telegraph]]|publisher=[[New Telegraph]]|access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> ==Education== Ayegbayo was born and brought up in [[Osun State]]. He obtained Fine and Applied Arts Bachelor’s degree in Obafemi Awolowo University.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerian-artists-gaining-international-recognition/|title=Nigerian artists gaining international recognition|date=5 January 2021|work=sunnewsonline.com|publisher=[[The Sun (Nigeria)]]|access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> ==Career== Ayegbayo is a Nigerian artist and art collector with an estimate of 1000 works of painting and visual arts. Damola's works attempt to convey the power of the beauty of black African women, and the reality of life and morals through color. His paintings are publicly displayed at Osun State as a [[monument]] to lost heroes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARTWORK REPRESENTS POWER OF THE BEAUTY OF BLACK AFRICAN WOMEN|url=https://nbtlive.ng/entertainment/power-of-the-beauty-of-black-african-women/|access-date=2021-04-17|website=nbtlive.ng|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815171811/https://nbtlive.ng/entertainment/power-of-the-beauty-of-black-african-women/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Changemakers The World Needs To Know About" /><ref name="N">{{Cite web |title=Five Africans making impacts |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/five-young-africans-makin/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="R">{{Cite web |title=State Of Mind |url=https://www.returnonart.com/artworks/state-of-mind-10|access-date=2023-02-12|website=returnonart.com|language=en-US}}</ref> His works are in the collections of organisations such as KPMG, Super Sports TV, Standard Chartered Bank, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adventure Explores Beauty Of Man, Nature |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/adventure-explores-beauty-of-man-nature/|access-date=2021-10-31|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> His art has been exhibited nationally, in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]]. Also, his works have been acquired by private collectors and sold by online art houses such as Liveauctioneers, Bidhaus and Jasper52.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I came from a place where artist and art have the least|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/i-came-from-a-place-where-artist-and-art-have-the-least-says-ayegbayo/|access-date=2022-11-01|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My love for visual art is inseparable |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/my-love-for-visual-art-is-inseparable-says-damola/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=sunnewsonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasper52 sets focus on Nigerian artist |url=https://www.liveauctioneers.com/news/auctions/upcoming-auctions/jasper52-showcases-nigerian-artist-damola-ayegbayo-march-1/|access-date=2023-02-25|website=liveauctioneers.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Numadzi, Alagbe, eight others to feature in Arts from Motherland exhibition in New York |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ayegbayo-numadzi-alagbe-eight-others-to-feature-in-arts-from-motherland-exhibition-in-new-york/|access-date=2022-09-22|website=tribuneonlineng.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basquiat King Pleasure |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/articles/basquiat-king-pleasure|access-date=2023-02-12|website=nbtlive.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> [[HarperCollins|Harper Collins Publishers LLC USA]] featured his painting “unconditional love series 2” on the cover of the book ''Relations an anthology of African and Diaspora voices'' as well as a book written by Abayomi Mighty called ''Art is life''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Davies Okundaye, Shylon, three other Nigerian contempory artists with historical impacts|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/davies-okundaye-shylon-three-other-nigerian-contempory-artists-with-historical-impacts/|access-date=2022-12-15|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrities that has author a book|url=https://nbtlive.ng/youths/celebrities-that-has-author-a-book/|access-date=2022-02-20|website=nbtlive.ng|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815171820/https://nbtlive.ng/youths/celebrities-that-has-author-a-book/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayegbayo arts has been featured in non-fungible token (NFT) international projects as the only African artist in the World of Women NFT project, Wayfair, Target, and [[Vincent van Gogh]] project in partnership with Saatchi Art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty of African ladies at world of women NFT art project |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/07/28/beauty-of-african-ladies-at-world-of-women-nft-art-project?amp=1|access-date=2023-07-28|website=thisdaylive.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet these eight young influencers making waves on their respective fields in Nigeria|url=https://guardian.ng/features/meet-these-eight-young-influencers-making-waves-on-their-respective-fields-in-nigeria/|access-date=2022-10-21|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216171009/https://guardian.ng/features/meet-these-eight-young-influencers-making-waves-on-their-respective-fields-in-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayfair arts|url=https://www.wayfair.com/keyword.php?keyword=damola+ayegbayo|access-date=2023-07-28|website=thisdaylive.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World of Women’s Artfest Starts Today With ‘Artfest Winter |url=https://www.binance.com/en-AU/feed/post/200866|access-date=2023-07-28|website=binance.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unframed Wall Canvas |url=https://www.target.com/p/40-34-x-26-34-x-0-75-34-celebrate-life-ii-by-damola-ayegbayo-unframed-wall-canvas-icanvas/-/A-83370535|access-date=2023-01-20|website=target.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="L"/> <ref name="O"/> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Damola, Ayegbayo}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian painters]] rm53geuja9g3e3dib31ymup7xqkztln 3 1062660 10330012 9533070 2025-06-14T13:36:13Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Fisayo George Adelabu]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330012 wikitext text/x-wiki == November 2023 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello! Thank you for creating [[:Category:American television journalists]]. However, we normally need at least [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|three pages in a category]] before it is created. Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to create a new category for just one or two articles. If you think there might be more pages to add to the new category, please add them now. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-emptycat --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 09:03, 17 November 2023 (UTC) ==Recent Changes== [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made{{#if:Baanty|, [[:Baanty]],}} {{#ifexist:Baanty|may not|did not}} meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it {{#ifexist:Baanty|will shortly be|has been}} [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-create1 -->--[[user:Yottie|<span style="font-family:Comic sans ms;color:#000080;font-weight:bold;">Yot<span style="color:#CD0000;">tie</span>]] [[user_talk:Yottie|<sup><span style="font-family:Times new roman;color:#40E0D0;">=talk=</span></sup>]] 18:46, 4 May 2024 (UTC) Hello, Thank you for your recent changes. However, please do not recreate pages that were deleted. If you want to make test changes, please use the [[WP:Sandbox|Sandbox]]. --[[user:Yottie|<span style="font-family:Comic sans ms;color:#000080;font-weight:bold;">Yot<span style="color:#CD0000;">tie</span>]] [[user_talk:Yottie|<sup><span style="font-family:Times new roman;color:#40E0D0;">=talk=</span></sup>]] 18:55, 4 May 2024 (UTC) :{{Ping|Yottie}} Can I use [[WP:Sandbox|Sandbox]] to re-create page deleted, so if ok it can be moved ? [[User:Boobynick|Boobynick]] ([[User talk:Boobynick#top|talk]]) 13:43, 7 May 2024 (UTC) ::Hello! You can create your own sandbox by making an edit to this page: [[User:Boobynick/Sandbox]]. You can write your article here and when you are finished writing, you can ask someone to [[Wikipedia:Merging and moving pages|move]] your sandbox page to become a real article. Make sure that the article that you write follows the rules before you request a move or move it yourself. [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|This is a useful page for creating articles]]. [[:en:Help:Your_first_article|This is another useful page on the English Wikipedia]]. You can link your sandbox on your user page by writing in this code: <nowiki>[[/Sandbox]]</nowiki> [[User:84Swagahh|84Swagahh]] ([[User talk:84Swagahh|talk]]) 13:56, 7 May 2024 (UTC) :::{{ping|84Swagahh}}, Thank you for your guidance, can you please check the draft on my sandbox if ok ? [[User:Boobynick|Boobynick]] ([[User talk:Boobynick#top|talk]]) 19:56, 7 May 2024 (UTC) ::::Hello, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Boobynick/Sandbox&curid=1105535&diff=9532011&oldid=9531523 I have made an edit to your draft]. I simplified some of the vocabulary, added links between articles, changed some sentence structure, and translated the awards section to complete the table. If you are ready, I can move your draft to become a real article. [[User:84Swagahh|84Swagahh]] ([[User talk:84Swagahh|talk]]) 03:34, 8 May 2024 (UTC) :::::{{ping|84Swagahh}} Thank you for the assistance, please kindly move it. [[User:Boobynick|Boobynick]] ([[User talk:Boobynick#top|talk]]) 05:02, 8 May 2024 (UTC) ::::::I made the article, you can see it here: [[Baanty]]. Your sandbox is now empty because I moved it to become an article. In the future, you can create articles yourself. Anyone on Wikipedia is allowed to publish articles as long as they do not break rules. I also made a redirect page so typing "Ikpon Kelvin" will bring you to the Baanty article. [[User:84Swagahh|84Swagahh]] ([[User talk:84Swagahh|talk]]) 13:30, 8 May 2024 (UTC) :::::::{{Ping|84Swagahh}}I appreciate your assistance, it has gone along way in guiding me. But to be certain I created another '''James Chike Nwankwo''' on my sandbox, please kindly look at it if ok ? [[User:Boobynick|Boobynick]] ([[User talk:Boobynick#top|talk]]) 17:26, 8 May 2024 (UTC) ::::::::I think that it looks good. I might try to make some of the English Simpler before we publish it. If you go to the sandbox page, look on the right side of the screen. You should see a section titled "tools" and under that there is a blue link titled "move". If you are ready to make the article, click on move and change the first section from "user" to "article". then change its name to "James Chike Nwankwo". Once you are ready, click on "Move page" and it will become an article. [[User:84Swagahh|84Swagahh]] ([[User talk:84Swagahh|talk]]) 17:34, 8 May 2024 (UTC) :::::::::Thank you very much {{u|84Swagahh}} I just moved it. Thank you once again for your guidance [[User:Boobynick|Boobynick]] ([[User talk:Boobynick#top|talk]]) 17:44, 8 May 2024 (UTC) ::::::::::Nice! I just made an edit to the article as well. [[User:84Swagahh|84Swagahh]] ([[User talk:84Swagahh|talk]]) 17:58, 8 May 2024 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Fisayo George Adelabu== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Fisayo George Adelabu]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Fisayo George Adelabu}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:36, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 9rhhce248x2m2i26xhzuk6keitp1ksg 0 1063602 10331139 10268216 2025-06-15T00:23:55Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 CountryANDWestern moved page [[Gearóid Iarla]] to [[Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond]]: matching naming elsewhere 10268216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Geraróid Iarla | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1335 | birth_place = | disappeared_date = 1398 (aged 62{{spnd}}63) | disappeared_place = [[Kingdom of Desmond]], [[Ireland]] | nationality = Norman-Gaelic | occupation = Earl, lord, poet | father = Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond | mother = | relatives = }} '''Gearóid Iarla''' (1335{{spnd}}disappeared 1398), also known as '''Gerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald''' was the 3rd Earl of Desmond, lord of Munster, and a Norman-Gaelic poet.<br/> He disappeared in 1398, at the age of 62 or 63. == Biography == He was born in 1335, as the child (son) of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond. When he grew up, he became the 3rd Earl of Desmond, lord of Munster, and a Norman-Gaelic poet.<br/> He disappeared in 1398,<br/> at the age of 62 or 63. {{DEFAULTSORT:Gearóid Iarla}} [[Category:1335 births]] [[Category:Monarchs in Europe]] [[Category:14th century in Europe]] 99q03xij1yj3aopc9dvxum6kqs405l7 10331144 10331139 2025-06-15T00:25:44Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 update 10331144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1335 | birth_place = | disappeared_date = 1398 (aged 62{{spnd}}63) | disappeared_place = [[Kingdom of Desmond]], [[Ireland]] | nationality = Norman-Gaelic | occupation = Earl, lord, poet | father = Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond | mother = | relatives = }} '''Gerald FitzMaurice FitzGerald''' (1335{{spnd}}disappeared 1398), also known as '''Gearóid Iarla''' was the 3rd Earl of Desmond, lord of Munster, and a Norman-Gaelic poet.<br/> He disappeared in 1398, at the age of 62 or 63. == Biography == He was born in 1335, as the child (son) of Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond. When he grew up, he became the 3rd Earl of Desmond, lord of Munster, and a Norman-Gaelic poet.<br/> He disappeared in 1398, at the age of 62 or 63. {{DEFAULTSORT:Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, 3rd Earl Of}} [[Category:1335 births]] [[Category:Monarchs in Europe]] [[Category:14th century in Europe]] kb6uicyfud596u4zd08zr9vd301kyqc 0 1066491 10331171 9873124 2025-06-15T00:49:12Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Royal house||surname=House of Ayasho|native_name=|country=[[Hunza (princely state)|Khanjut Kingdom]]|origin=|parent house=Girkis Dynasty|native_name_lang=|coat of arms=[[File:Baltit Fort Hunza Valley, Gilgit Baltistan.jpg|200px|Baltit Fort, the Seat of Power until 1974.]]|coat_of_arms_caption=Baltit Fort, the Seat of Power of the Ayasho Dynasty until 1974.|titles=List * Tham * Mir|founder=Ayasho I (Shah Khan)|dissolution=3 November 1974|final ruler=Mohammad Jamal Khan|final_head=Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan (current)|founding year=874 CE|traditions=Nizari Ismailism (Mulai)}}The '''Ayasho Dynasty''' or the '''Hunza Royal House''' comprised of members of the Royal House of Ayasho I, who ruled the [[Hunza (princely state)|Kingdom of Hunza]] or Khanjut in [[Central Asia]] (now [[Pakistan]]) succeeding the Girkis dynasty.<ref name="History of civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the .. Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&dq=Ayasho+dynasty&pg=PA239|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|last2=Masson|first2=Vadim Mikhaĭlovich|last3=Unesco|date=2003-01-01|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103876-1|language=en}}</ref> Their rule lasted 1100 years from 874-1974 CE.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A brief history of Ancient Baltit fort - Best Historical sites in Pakistan {{!}} PakVoyager|url=https://www.pakvoyager.com/news/history-of-ancient-baltit-fort|access-date=2023-12-01|website=www.pakvoyager.com}}</ref> The Ayasho dynasty was founded by Shah Khan or Ayasho I of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. The Ayash family had direct relations with the rulers of [[Wakhan]] and [[Badakhshan|Badakshan]].<ref name="History of civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the .. Google Books" /> Khanjut or Hunza was an independent Kingdom. It was ruled by the Mirs of Hunza, who took the title of Thum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Heart of a Continent|last=Younghusband|first=Francis|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1904|isbn=9788120608504|pages=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Livia Holden|date=2018|title=Law, Culture and Governance in Hunza|url=https://hal.science/hal-03601069/document|quote=HAL ID: hal-03601069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kL0RAAAAYAAJ|title=Where three empires meet; a narrative of recent travel in Kashmir, western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries|last=Knight|first=E. F. (Edward Frederick)|date=1893|publisher=London, New York, Longmans, Green, and Co.|others=New York Public Library}}</ref> The state of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] acceded to Pakistan on 3 November 1974.<ref name="Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan'', First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg 113">''Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan'', First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg 113 </ref> == Name and Origin == The [[Burusho people|Burusho]] [[folklore]] claims that the power and authority of the Ayasho family came from the Sky or dwellers of the sky, Hence called Ayeshé or Ayashó meaning "Heavenly" or "Heaven-born" in [[Burushaski]]. The rulers of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]] were also known as "Heavenly Kings" or "Divine Rulers".<ref name="Dardistan in 1866, 1886, and 1893: Being an Account of the History ... - Gottlieb William Leitner - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EibNPPsNGPIC&dq=Girkis+dynasty+Hunza&pg=RA1-PA111|title=Dardistan in 1866, 1886, and 1893: Being an Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables, and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial), Dasin, Chitral, Hunsa, Nagyr, and Other Parts of the Hindukush, as Also a Supplement to the Second Edition of the Hunza and Nagyr Handbook and an Epitome of Part III of the Author's The Languages and Races of Dardistan|last=Leitner|first=Gottlieb William|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1217-4|language=en}}</ref> The royal house was founded by King Shah Khan or Ayasho I, who traced his bloodline back to Prince Azar Jamshed of the Kayan Dynasty, whose great-grandson Sahib Khan, also known as Girkis, founded the Girkis dynasty and took control over the [[Hunza District|Hunza region]].<ref name=":0" /> According to the British sources the title Girkis the same as the [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghis]], who inhabit the steppes of [[Pamir mountains|Pamirs]] of northern [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]]. Cunningham writes that the Hunza region was formerly inhabited by the [[Dards]] and that they were displaced by the [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghis]] nomads. According to him The Hunza Kings and the Chiefs of Shigar who take the Khanjut title of Tham, must also be Kirghis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2A6ogiyc2oC&q=Dardistan|title=The Languages and Races of Dardistan|last=Leitner|first=Gottlieb William|date=1876|publisher=Trübner|language=en}}</ref> == Language and Religion == The people of Hunza and the ruling Ayasho dynasty spoke [[Burushaski]] as their native language. The [[Burushaski]] language is unrelated to any other language and is classified as an [[Language isolate|language Isolate]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burushaski language {{!}} Indo-European, Himalayan, Endangered {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Burushaski-language|access-date=2023-12-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Few linguists have linked it to the [[Caucasus|Caucasian languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|access-date=2023-12-01|website=iranicaonline.org|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the British sources in the "History of Dardistan", the Hunzakuts or the people of Hunza are Mulais, a mysterious and heretical sect of [[Islam]], similar to the [[Druze]], practising curious rites. Their religious scripture is the "Kelam-i-pir" (Words of Saint), which throws much light on the doctrines of the "Assassins order" of [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Ismailism]] during the [[Crusades]].<ref name="Dardistan in 1866, 1886, and 1893: Being an Account of the History ... - Gottlieb William Leitner - Google Books" /> == Succession == === Accession to Pakistan === On 3 November, 1947, the Tham of Hunza, [[Mohammad Jamal Khan]] sent a telegram to [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of [[Pakistan]] acceding his state to Pakistan. It stated:<ref name="Jinnah Papers The states: Historical and Policy Perspectives and Accession to Pakistan'', First series volume VIII, Editor: Z.H.Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, Government of Pakistan 2003 Pg 113" /> {{Quote|"I declare with pleasure on behalf of myself and my State accession to Pakistan."|author=Mir Jamal Khan}} {{S-start}} {{s-imperialhouse|Ayasho dynasty|}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Zhangzhung]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Monarchy]]|years=874–1974 [[Common era|CE]] }} {{s-aft|after=[[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]}} |- {{S-end}} == List of Rulers == [[File:Inside Baltit Fort.JPG|thumb|Potrait of the King and Queen of Hunza in Baltit Fort, [[Hunza Valley]].]] The hereditary rulers, the "Thams of Hunza" were assisted by a council of [[Vizier|Wazirs]] or [[minister (government)|ministers]]. Following is the list of rulers of Hunza, early rulers date not included (First table),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genealogy Tree of the Ayasho|url=https://www.pakvoyager.com/uploads/0000/18/2022/01/28/hunza-rulers-family-genealogy.jpg}}</ref> Rulers with definate dates (Second Table).<ref name="rulers">{{cite web| url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Pakistan_princes.html#Hunza| title=Pakistan Princely States| author=Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org| access-date=2007-10-03}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" ! Name of Ruler<ref name="rulers" /> || Note |- |Azar Jamshed | Son of Yaqub Shah and grandson of Prince Abdul Faiz of Kayan dynasty, He alongside his brother Prince Abdul Ghani fled Persia after the Arab Conquest. He married Queen Nur Bakht, the daughter of Shri Badat (The Cannibal King). |- |Su Malik | |- |Mir Malik | |- |Sahib Khan | |- | |Dilla Khan |- |Shah Malik II | Married Hashim Begum, the Princess of [[Makpon Empire]]. |- |Shah Tham | When Kiser attacked [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]], he along with his brother fled to Shughnan. |- |Lali Tham |He was too young to accompany his father, so he went to his reffered uncle, the ruler of [[Gilgit]]. |- |Sahub Khan (Girkis) |He was invited to [[Nagar Valley|Nagar]] for a hunt and was killed by Maghlot (King of Nagar). |- |Nur Bibi |Hunzakuts decided to give the Thamkush (Throne) to Nur Bibi after the death of her father Girkis. |- |Shah Khan (Ayasho I) |Great grandson of Shah Tham brought back to [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] from [[Afghanistan]] by [[Vizier|Wazir]] Chusay Boto. He married Nur Bibi and established the Ayasho Dynasty. |- |Mir Mayuri Tham |Married Shah Begum, the daughter of King of Darwaz. |- |Mir Ayasho II |Married Princess Shah Khatun, the granddaughter of [[Ali Sher Anchan|Ali Senge Anchan]] of [[Makpon Kingdom|Makpon]]. |- |Haider Khan | |- |Yousaf Shah | |- |Mir Hari Tham |Attacked Mir Firdous and ruled [[Nagar Valley|Nagar]] for 12 years. Mir Firdous defeated him with troops from [[Skardu]]. |} {|class="wikitable" ! Reign || Mirs of Hunza<ref name="rulers" /> |- |1680–1697|| Silum I |- |1697–1710|| Mir Sultan Khan |- |1710–1735|| Mir Shahboos |- |1735–1754|| Shahbeg Khan |- |1754–1777|| Shah Khusro Khan |- |1777–1784|| Mir Mirza Khan |- |1784–1824|| Mir Shah Silum II |- |1824–1857|| Ghazanfur Khan |- |1857–1886|| Mir Ghazan Khan I |- |1886–1891|| Safdar Ali Khan |- |1892–1938|| Mohammad Nazim Khan [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] |- |1938–1945|| Mir Ghazan Khan II |- |1945–1974|| [[Mohammad Jamal Khan|Mir Jamal Khan]] |- |1974 – present || [[Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan]] |} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Inside Baltit Fort..JPG|link=|Potraits of Ayasho Rulers in Baltit Fort. File:Baltit Fort, An Inside View.jpg|link=|Utensils in the Palace. File:Royal Gardens, Altit Fort.jpg|link=|The Royal gardens at Altit fort. File:Royal Garden, Altit Fort, Hunza, Gilgit-Baltistan.jpg|link=|Royal gardens in Autumn, Hunza File:Royal Garden at Altit Fort, Hunza.jpg|link=|Royal Gardens in Spring, Hunza File:Baltit Fort, Hunza,.jpg|link=|Baltit Fort on top of a mountain. File:Hunza valley view from Royal Balcony, Baltit Fort, Hunza.jpg|link=|Balcony view of Hunza Valley from the Baltit Palace. File:A mosque in Ganish.jpg|link=|One of the 8 mosques in Ganish, Hunza, bui;t by different ruling families of Hunza. </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Royal dynasties]] [[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]] [[Category:History of Pakistan]] [[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]] [[Category:Gilgit-Baltistan]] p0240ix2c5h8nt7p7bmdw4naxs2ozpa 0 1066788 10331650 9755500 2025-06-15T09:14:25Z 1.152.110.159 10331650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox music genre | name = Noise rock | cultural_origins = 1960s-1980s [[New York City]], United States | derivatives = [[Grunge]] | stylistic_origins = [[Punk rock]] }} '''Noise rock''' (sometimes called '''noise punk''') is a music genre that uses elements of noise and [[experimental rock]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osborn|first=Brad|date=2011-10-01|title=Understanding Through-Composition in Post-Rock, Math-Metal, and other Post-Millennial Rock Genres|url=https://mtosmt.org/issues/mto.11.17.3/mto.11.17.3.osborn.html|journal=Music Theory Online|language=en|volume=17|issue=3}}</ref> Artists in the genre usually use [[electric guitar]]s to get a lot of distortion in their music. Sometimes, they will also use electronic instruments to add percussion or to add to their overall songs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noise-Rock Music Style Overview|url=https://www.allmusic.com/style/noise-rock-ma0000004455|access-date=2023-12-03|website=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref> == History == [[File:Velvet Underground 1968 by Billy Name.png|thumb|270x270px|[[The Velvet Underground]] is considered the band that made the first noise rock album.]] Although noise rock has existed before the coinage of the term "noise rock", the term was first used to describe punk groups in the 1980s that used an increased usage of abrasiveness in their music.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Terich|first=Jeff|date=2013-02-25|title=Hold on to Your Genre: Noise Rock|url=https://www.treblezine.com/hold-on-to-your-genre-noise-rock/|access-date=2024-01-14|website=Treble|language=en-US}}</ref> One of the first noise rock albums is considered to be [[White Light/White Heat]] by [[The Velvet Underground]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AuTSBJnG06YC&pg=PA94|title=Essentials: Noise Rock|last=Gross|first=Joe|date=April 2007|publisher=SPIN Media LLC|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{Music-stub}} [[Category:Rock music]] [[Category:Music genres]] 0bjllc6icn6xjfnc055jw6s3xrlelsb 0 1067675 10329908 10329477 2025-06-14T13:03:06Z HistorianAlferedo 1539758 Unsourced edit reverted 10329908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EngvarB|date=July 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} [[Gurjar]]s or Gujjars, a tribe in [[South Asia]], are divided in a large number of clans. They have as many as 178 clans.<ref name="Ghurye1969">{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|title=Caste and Race in India|url=https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-205-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/232 232]–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vGzAAAAIAAJ&q=Gujjar+have+many+clans|title=Pathways: In Search of Exemplary Practices on Environment and Sustainable Development in Asia|date=2000|publisher=Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement for the International Conference of Asian Foundations and Organizations|isbn=978-971-8817-18-6|pages=37|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct6YMRvYJQ4C&dq=shudra+gujjar&pg=PA31|title=Uttaranchal: Dilemma of Plenties and Scarcities|last1=Sati|first1=Vishwambhar Prasad|last2=Kumar|first2=Kamlesh|date=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-898-3|language=en}}</ref> * [[Awana (clan)|Awana]] * Adhana * Ambawata * [[Baniya]] * [[Bainsla]] * [[Bhadana]] * [[Bidhuri]] * [[Baisoya]] * Bakarwal * Bhati * Bagri * Bajjar * [[Chaprana]] * [[Charr]] * [[Chechi]] * [[Dhakar]] * Dheda * [[Dogar]] * [[Doi (clan)|Doi]] * [[Kapasia]] * kharyper * [[Khatana]] * [[Kushan]] * [[Lodha]] * [[Lobana]] * [[Lohsar]] * Gorsi * [[Hun clan|Hun]] * [[Maitrak]] * [[Meelu]] * [[Mundan]] * Mavi * Nagar * [[Vania]] * [[Ratala]] * [[Tas]] * [[Taank]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaINywMCwgAC&dq=shudra+gujjar&pg=PA150|title=South Asia: Politics of South Asia|last=Pandey|first=Aditya|date=2005|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-303-8|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Gurjar clans of Pakistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] [[Category:Gurjar clans of India]] 2arulgwqmimhcuhs4y2vdg6cxj8qw07 0 1069629 10330826 10275928 2025-06-14T20:24:05Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:South African cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|list|date=September 2015}} This is a list of [[cricket]]ers who play [[Test cricket]] for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]. ==Key== {| |- | valign="top" style="width:26%" | '''General''' * {{double-dagger}} – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]<ref name="Captains">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/afghanistan/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=1;id=40;type=team |title=Afghanistan Captains' Playing Record in Test Matches |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> * {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;team=40;template=results;type=fielding| title = Statistics / Test Matches / Fielding records &ndash; as designated wicketkeeper| website = ESPNcricinfo| access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> * '''First''' – Year of debut * '''Last''' – Year of latest game * '''Mat''' – Number of matches played | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]''' * '''Innings''' – [[Innings]] batted * '''NO''' – Times [[Not out]] * '''Runs''' – [[Run (cricket)|Runs scored]] in career * '''HS''' – Highest score * '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]] * '''*''' – Batsman remained [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] | valign="top" style="width:25%" | '''[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]''' * '''Balls''' – [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]] bowled in career * '''Mdn''' – Maiden overs bowled in career * '''Wkt''' – [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wickets]] taken in career * '''BBI''' – [[List of cricket terms#B|Best bowling in an innings]] * '''Ave''' – [[Bowling average|Average runs per wicket]] | valign="top" style="width:24%" | '''[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]''' * '''Ca''' – [[Caught (cricket)|Catches]] taken * '''St''' – [[Stumped|Stumpings]] taken |} ==Players== Statistics are correct as of 11 March 2023. ‡ Captain † Wicketkeeper {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! colspan="5" | South African Test cricketers ! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] ! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] ! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]] ! Post-<br />1991<br />Cap ! Name ! Career ! Mat ! [[Innings|Inn]] ! [[Not out|NO]] ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! HS ! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]] ! [[Cricket ball|Balls]] ! Mdn ! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] ! [[Wicket|Wkt]] ! Best ! [[Bowling average|Avg]] ! [[Caught|Ca]] ! [[Stump (cricket)|St]] |- ||1 | ||[[Owen Dunell]] ‡ |- ||2 | ||[[Charlie Finlason]] |- ||3 | ||[[Philip Hutchinson]] |- ||4 | ||[[Gus Kempis]] |- ||5 | ||[[William Henry Milton|William Milton]] ‡ |- ||6 | ||[[Arthur Edward Ochse]] |- ||7 | ||[[Albert Rose-Innes]] |- ||8 | ||[[Fred Smith (South African cricketer)|Fred Smith]] † |- ||9 | ||[[Robert Stewart (cricketer)|Robert Stewart]] |- ||10 | ||[[Bernard Tancred]] |- ||11 | ||[[Charles Vintcent]] |- ||12 | ||[[Gobo Ashley]] |- ||13 | ||[[Dicky Richards|William Richards]] |- ||14 | ||[[Nicolaas Theunissen]] |- ||15 | ||[[Godfrey Cripps]] |- ||16 | ||[[Flooi du Toit]] |- ||17 | ||[[Charles Fichardt]] |- ||18 | ||[[Ernest Halliwell]] ‡† |- ||19 | ||[[Frank Hearne]] |- ||20 | ||[[Charles Mills (South African cricketer)|Charles Mills]] |- ||21 | ||[[Dante Parkin]] |- ||22 | ||[[Thomas Routledge]] |- ||23 | ||[[Clarence Wimble]] |- ||24 | ||[[Frederick Cook (cricketer)|Frederick Cook]] |- ||25 | ||[[Robert Gleeson]] |- ||26 | ||[[Charles Hime]] |- ||27 | ||[[Bonnor Middleton|James Middleton]] |- ||28 | ||[[Robert Poore]] |- ||29 | ||[[Jimmy Sinclair]] |- ||30 | ||[[Joseph Willoughby]] |- ||31 | ||[[Billy Frank (cricketer)|William Frank]] |- ||32 | ||[[Clement Johnson]] |- ||33 | ||[[Charlie Llewellyn]] |- ||34 | ||[[George Rowe (cricketer)|George Rowe]] |- ||35 | ||[[George Shepstone]] |- ||36 | ||[[George Glover (cricketer)|George Glover]] |- ||37 | ||[[Alfred Richards (sportsman)|Alfred Richards]] ‡ |- ||38 | ||[[Arthur Seccull]] |- ||39 | ||[[Murray Bisset]] ‡† |- ||40 | ||[[Robert Dower]] |- ||41 | ||[[Howard Francis]] |- ||42 | ||[[Robert Graham (cricketer)|Robert Graham]] |- ||43 | ||[[William Solomon (cricketer)|William Solomon]] |- ||44 | ||[[Vincent Tancred]] |- ||45 | ||[[Frederick Kuys]] |- ||46 | ||[[Albert Powell (South African sportsman)|Albert Powell]] |- ||47 | ||[[Charles Prince (cricketer)|Charles Prince]] |- ||48 | ||[[William Shalders]] |- ||49 | ||[[Maitland Hathorn]] |- ||50 | ||[[Dave Nourse]] |- ||51 | ||[[Charlie Smith (South African cricketer)|Charlie Smith]] |- ||52 | ||[[Henry Taberer]] ‡ |- ||53 | ||[[Louis Tancred]] ‡ |- ||54 | ||[[George Thornton (cricketer)|George Thornton]] |- ||55 | ||[[Biddy Anderson]] ‡ |- ||56 | ||[[Johannes Kotze]] |- ||57 | ||[[Percy Twentyman-Jones]] |- ||58 | ||[[Aubrey Faulkner]] |- ||59 | ||[[Reggie Schwarz]] |- ||60 | ||[[Percy Sherwell]] ‡† |- ||61 | ||[[Tip Snooke]] ‡ |- ||62 | ||[[Bert Vogler]] |- ||63 | ||[[Gordon White (cricketer)|Gordon White]] |- ||64 | ||[[Stanley Snooke]] |- ||65 | ||[[Tom Campbell (South African cricketer)|Tom Campbell]] † |- ||66 | ||[[Mick Commaille]] |- ||67 | ||[[Louis Stricker]] |- ||68 | ||[[Billy Zulch]] |- ||69 | ||[[Claude Floquet]] |- ||70 | ||[[Sid Pegler]] |- ||71 | ||[[Norman Norton]] |- ||72 | ||[[Sivert Samuelson]] |- ||73 | ||[[Ormerod Pearse]] |- ||74 | ||[[Rolland Beaumont]] |- ||75 | ||[[Gerald Hartigan]] |- ||76 | ||[[Frank Mitchell (sportsman born 1872)|Frank Mitchell]] ‡ |- ||77 | ||[[Herbie Taylor]] ‡ |- ||78 | ||[[Tommy Ward (cricketer)|Tommy Ward]] † |- ||79 | ||[[Claude Carter]] |- ||80 | ||[[Harold Baumgartner]] |- ||81 | ||[[Jimmy Blanckenberg]] |- ||82 | ||[[Alfred Cooper (cricketer)|Alfred Cooper]] |- ||83 | ||[[Joe Cox (cricketer)|Joseph Cox]] |- ||84 | ||[[Philip Hands]] |- ||85 | ||[[Plum Lewis]] |- ||86 | ||[[George Tapscott]] |- ||87 | ||[[Claude Newberry]] |- ||88 | ||[[Cec Dixon|Cecil Dixon]] |- ||89 | ||[[Len Tuckett]] |- ||90 | ||[[Horace William Chapman|Horace Chapman]] |- ||91 | ||[[Fred le Roux]] |- ||92 | ||[[Dan Taylor (cricketer)|Dan Taylor]] |- ||93 | ||[[Reginald Hands]] |- ||94 | ||[[Bill Lundie]] |- ||95 | ||[[Charlie Frank]] |- ||96 | ||[[William Ling (cricketer)|William Ling]] |- ||97 | ||[[Eric Marx]] |- ||98 | ||[[Buster Nupen]] ‡ |- ||99 | ||[[Neville Lindsay]] |- ||100 | ||[[Norman Reid (cricketer)|Norman Reid]] |- ||101 | ||[[William Brann (cricketer)|William Brann]] |- ||102 | ||[[Izak Buys]] |- ||103 | ||[[Bob Catterall]] |- ||104 | ||[[Cyril Francois]] |- ||105 | ||[[George Alfred Lawrence Hearne|George Hearne]] |- ||106 | ||[[Alf Hall|Alfred Hall]] |- ||107 | ||[[Doug Meintjes]] |- ||108 | ||[[Lionel Tapscott]] |- ||109 | ||[[Dalton Conyngham]] |- ||110 | ||[[Nummy Deane]] ‡ |- ||111 | ||[[George Parker (cricketer)|George Parker]] |- ||112 | ||[[Fred Susskind|Manfred Susskind]] |- ||113 | ||[[Jock Cameron]] ‡† |- ||114 | ||[[Shunter Coen]] |- ||115 | ||[[Jacobus Duminy]] |- ||116 | ||[[Denys Morkel]] |- ||117 | ||[[Henry Promnitz]] |- ||118 | ||[[Cyril Vincent]] |- ||119 | ||[[George Bissett (cricketer)|George Bissett]] |- ||120 | ||[[Archibald Palm]] |- ||121 | ||[[John Nicolson (South African cricketer)|John Nicolson]] |- ||122 | ||[[Arthur Lennox Ochse]] |- ||123 | ||[[Jack Siedle]] |- ||124 | ||[[Jim Christy (cricketer)|Jim Christy]] |- ||125 | ||[[Bruce Mitchell (cricketer)|Bruce Mitchell]] |- ||126 | ||[[Tuppy Owen-Smith]] |- ||127 | ||[[Neville Quinn]] |- ||128 | ||[[Sandy Bell]] |- ||129 | ||[[Eric Dalton]] |- ||130 | ||[[Quintin McMillan]] |- ||131 | ||[[Edward van der Merwe]] † |- ||132 | ||[[Xen Balaskas]] |- ||133 | ||[[Syd Curnow]] |- ||134 | ||[[Bob Newson]] |- ||135 | ||[[Ken Viljoen]] |- ||136 | ||[[John Cochran (cricketer)|John Cochran]] |- ||137 | ||[[Lennox Brown]] |- ||138 | ||[[Bob Crisp]] |- ||139 | ||[[Arthur Langton]] |- ||140 | ||[[Dudley Nourse]] ‡ |- ||141 | ||[[Eric Rowan]] |- ||142 | ||[[Denis Tomlinson]] |- ||143 | ||[[Herby Wade]] ‡ |- ||144 | ||[[Frank Nicholson (cricketer)|Frank Nicholson]] † |- ||145 | ||[[Jack Robertson (South African cricketer)|Jack Robertson]] |- ||146 | ||[[Ernest Bock]] |- ||147 | ||[[Dooley Briscoe]] |- ||148 | ||[[Eric Davies]] |- ||149 | ||[[Robert Harvey (cricketer)|Robert Harvey]] |- ||150 | ||[[Gerald Bond]] |- ||151 | ||[[Norman Gordon]] |- ||152 | ||[[Alan Melville]] ‡ |- ||153 | ||[[Pieter van der Bijl]] |- ||154 | ||[[Billy Wade (cricketer)|Billy Wade]] † |- ||155 | ||[[Ronnie Grieveson]] † |- ||156 | ||[[Ossie Dawson]] |- ||157 | ||[[Tony Harris (cricketer)|Tony Harris]] |- ||158 | ||[[Johnny Lindsay]] † |- ||159 | ||[[Tufty Mann]] |- ||160 | ||[[Athol Rowan]] |- ||161 | ||[[Ian Smith (South African cricketer)|Ian Smith]] |- ||162 | ||[[Lindsay Tuckett]] |- ||163 | ||[[Dennis Dyer]] |- ||164 | ||[[Jack Plimsoll]] |- ||165 | ||[[George Fullerton (cricketer)|George Fullerton]] † |- ||166 | ||[[Denis Begbie]] |- ||167 | ||[[Cuan McCarthy]] |- ||168 | ||[[Owen Wynne (cricketer)|Owen Wynne]] |- ||169 | ||[[Martin Hanley]] |- ||170 | ||[[Fish Markham]] |- ||171 | ||[[Jack Cheetham]] |- ||172 | ||[[Jack Nel]] |- ||173 | ||[[Hugh Tayfield]] |- ||174 | ||[[John Watkins (South African cricketer)|John Watkins]] |- ||175 | ||[[Ronald Draper]] |- ||176 | ||[[Michael Melle]] |- ||177 | ||[[Paul Winslow (cricketer)|Paul Winslow]] |- ||178 | ||[[Geoff Chubb]] |- ||179 | ||[[Jackie McGlew]] ‡ |- ||180 | ||[[Clive van Ryneveld]] ‡ |- ||181 | ||[[John Waite (cricketer)|John Waite]]† |- ||182 | ||[[Roy McLean]] |- ||183 | ||[[Percy Mansell]] |- ||184 | ||[[Russell Endean]] † |- ||185 | ||[[Ken Funston]] |- ||186 | ||[[Anton Murray]] |- ||187 | ||[[Eddie Fuller]] |- ||188 | ||[[Headley Keith]] |- ||189 | ||[[Neil Adcock]] |- ||190 | ||[[David Ironside]] |- ||191 | ||[[Dick Westcott]] |- ||192 | ||[[Trevor Goddard (cricketer)|Trevor Goddard]] ‡ |- ||193 | ||[[Peter Heine]] |- ||194 | ||[[Scotch Taylor]] |- ||195 | ||[[Tony Pithey]] |- ||196 | ||[[Chris Duckworth]] |- ||197 | ||[[Christopher Burger]] |- ||198 | ||[[Peter Carlstein]] |- ||199 | ||[[Jonathan Fellows-Smith]] |- ||200 | ||[[Geoff Griffin]] |- ||201 | ||[[Sid O'Linn]] |- ||202 | ||[[Colin Wesley]] |- ||203 | ||[[Jim Pothecary]] |- ||204 | ||[[Atholl McKinnon]] |- ||205 | ||[[Eddie Barlow]] |- ||206 | ||[[Colin Bland]] |- ||207 | ||[[Harry Bromfield]] |- ||208 | ||[[Kim Elgie]] |- ||209 | ||[[Godfrey Lawrence]] |- ||210 | ||[[Peter Pollock]] |- ||211 | ||[[Kenneth Walter]] |- ||212 | ||[[Sydney Burke]] |- ||213 | ||[[Buster Farrer]] |- ||214 | ||[[Tiger Lance]] |- ||215 | ||[[Denis Lindsay]] † |- ||216 | ||[[Joe Partridge]] |- ||217 | ||[[David Pithey]] |- ||218 | ||[[Graeme Pollock]] |- ||219 | ||[[Kelly Seymour]] |- ||220 | ||[[Peter van der Merwe (cricketer)|Peter van der Merwe]] ‡ |- ||221 | ||[[Clive Halse]] |- ||222 | ||[[Derek Varnals]] |- ||223 | ||[[Glen Hall (cricketer)|Glen Hall]] |- ||224 | ||[[Mike Macaulay]] |- ||225 | ||[[Ali Bacher]] ‡ |- ||226 | ||[[Jackie Botten]] |- ||227 | ||[[Richard Dumbrill (cricketer)|Richard Dumbrill]] |- ||228 | ||[[Mike Procter]] |- ||229 | ||[[Pat Trimborn]] |- ||230 | ||[[Jackie du Preez]] |- ||231 | ||[[Grahame Chevalier]] |- ||232 | ||[[Dennis Gamsy]] † |- ||233 | ||[[Lee Irvine]] |- ||234 | ||[[Barry Richards]] |- ||235 | ||[[John Traicos]] |- ! colspan="18" |'''South Africa did not Play International Test Cricket from 1970 to 1991 due to [[Cricket in South Africa|International Isolation]].''' |- ||236 |11||[[Tertius Bosch]] |- ||237 |5||[[Hansie Cronje]] ‡ |- ||238 |10||[[Allan Donald]]||1992–2002||72||94||33||652||37||10.69||15519||661||7344||330||8/71||22.25||18||- |- ||239 |3||[[Andrew Hudson (cricketer)|Andrew Hudson]]||1992–1998||35||63||3||2007||163||33.45||-||-||-||-||-||-||36||- |- ||240 |4||[[Peter Kirsten]]||1992–1994||12||22||2||626||104||31.30||54||1||30||-||-||-||8||- |- ||241 |6||[[Adrian Kuiper]]||1992||1||2||-||34||34||17.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||242 |9||[[Meyrick Pringle]]||1992–1995||4||6||2||67||33||16.75||652||21||270||5||2/62||54.00||-||- |- ||243 |7||[[Dave Richardson (South African cricketer)|Dave Richardson]] †||1992–1998||42||64||8||1359||109||24.27||-||-||-||-||-||-||150||2 |- ||244 |2||[[Mark Rushmere]]||1992||1||2||-||6||3||3.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||245 |8||[[Richard Snell (cricketer)|Richard Snell]]||1992–1994||5||8||1||95||48||13.57||1025||42||538||19||4/74||28.32||1||- |- ||246 |1||[[Kepler Wessels]] ‡||1992–1994||16{{efn|name=Wessels}}||29||2||1027||118||38.04||-||-||-||-||-||-||12||- |- ||247 |12||[[Jimmy Cook]]||1992–1993||3||6||-||107||43||17.83||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||248 |15||[[Omar Henry (cricketer)|Omar Henry]]||1992–1993||3||3||-||53||34||17.67||427||15||189||3||2/56||63.00||2||- |- ||249 |14||[[Brian McMillan]]||1992–1998||38||62||12||1968||113||39.36||6048||255||2537||75||4/65||33.83||49||- |- ||250 |13||[[Jonty Rhodes]]||1992–2000||52||80||9||2532||117||35.66||12||1||5||-||-||-||34||- |- ||251 |16||[[Brett Schultz]]||1992–1997||9||8||2||9||6||1.50||1733||82||749||37||5/48||20.24||2||- |- ||252 |17||[[Craig Matthews]]||1992–1995||18||25||6||348||62*||18.32||3980||231||1502||52||5/42||28.88||4||- |- ||253 |18||[[Daryll Cullinan]]||1993–2001||70||115||12||4554||275*||44.21||120||3||71||2||1/10||35.50||67||- |- ||254 |20||[[Clive Eksteen]]||1993–2000||7||11||2||91||22||10.11||1536||97||494||8||3/12||61.75||5||- |- ||255 |19||[[Pat Symcox]]||1993–1998||20||27||1||741||108||28.50||3561||135||1603||37||4/69||43.32||5||- |- ||256 |22||[[Fanie de Villiers]]||1993–1998||18||26||7||359||67*||18.89||4805||221||2063||85||6/23||24.27||11||- |- ||257 |21||[[Gary Kirsten]] ‡||1993–2004||101||176||15||7289||275||45.27||349||19||142||2||1/0||71.00||83||- |- ||258 |23||[[John Commins (cricketer, born 1965)|John Commins]]||1994–1995||3||6||1||125||45||25.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- ||259 |24||[[Steven Jack]]||1994–1995||2||2||-||7||7||3.50||462||24||196||8||4/69||24.50||1||- |- ||260 |25||[[Rudi Steyn]]||1995||3||6||-||127||46||21.17||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||261 |26||[[Shaun Pollock]] ‡||1995–2006||108||156||39||3781||111||32.31||24353||1222||9733||421||7/87||23.11||72||- |- ||262 |27||[[Jacques Kallis]] ‡||1995–2013||166{{efn|name=KallisBoucherSmith}}||280||40||13174||224||55.12||20166||847||9499||292||6/54||32.53||199||- |- ||263 |28||[[Paul Adams (cricketer)|Paul Adams]]||1995–2004||45||55||15||360||35||9.00||8850||339||4405||134||7/128||32.87||29||- |- ||264 |29||[[Herschelle Gibbs]]||1996–2008||90||154||7||6167||228||41.95||6||-||4||-||-||-||94||- |- ||265 |30||[[Lance Klusener]]||1996–2004||49||69||11||1906||174||32.86||6887||318||3033||80||8/64||37.91||34||- |- ||266 |31||[[Adam Bacher]]||1996–1999||19||33||1||833||96||26.03||6||-||4||-||-||-||11||- |- ||267 |32||[[Mark Boucher]] ‡†||1997–2012||146{{efn|name=KallisBoucherSmith}}||204||24||5498||125||30.54 ||8||-||6||1||1/6||6.00||532||23 |- ||268 |33||[[H. D. Ackerman]]||1998||4||8||-||161||57||20.13||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||269 |34||[[Makhaya Ntini]]||1998–2009||101||116||45||699||32*||9.84||20834||759||11242||390||7/37||28.82||25||- |- ||270 |35||[[Gerhardus Liebenberg]]||1998||5||8||-||104||45||13.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||271 |36||[[Steve Elworthy]]||1998–2002||4||5||1||72||48||18.00||867||35||444||13||4/66||34.15||1||- |- ||272 |37||[[David Terbrugge]]||1998–2004||7||8||5||16||4*||5.33||1012||44||517||20||5/46||25.85||4||- |- ||273 |38||[[Boeta Dippenaar]]||1999–2006||38||62||5||1718||177*||30.14||12||1||1||-||-||-||27||- |- ||274 |39||[[Nantie Hayward]]||1999–2004||16||17||8||66||14||7.33||2821||90||1609||54||5/56||29.80||4||- |- ||275 |40||[[Pieter Strydom]]||2000||2||3||-||35||30||11.67||36||-||27||-||-||-||1||- |- ||276 |41||[[Nicky Boje]]||2000–2006||43||62||10||1312||85||25.23||8620||293||4265||100||5/62||42.65||18||- |- ||277 |42||[[Neil McKenzie]]||2000–2009||41||65||4||2028||120||33.25||72||-||63||-||-||-||37||- |- ||278 |43||[[Mfuneko Ngam]]||2000–2001||3||1||1||0||0*||-||392||15||189||11||3/26||17.18||1||- |- ||279 |44||[[Justin Kemp]]||2001–2005||4||6||-||80||55||13.33||479||20||222||9||3/33||24.67||3||- |- ||280 |45||[[Claude Henderson]]||2001–2002||7||7||-||65||30||9.29||1962||79||928||22||4/116||42.18||2||- |- ||281 |46||[[André Nel]]||2001–2006||36||42||8||337||34||9.91||7630||280||3919||123||6/32||31.86||16||- |- ||282 |47||[[Justin Ontong]]||2002–2004||2||4||1||57||32||19.00||185||2||133||1||1/79||133.00||1||- |- ||283 |48||[[Ashwell Prince]] ‡||2002–2011||23||36||3||1254||139*||38.00||78||1||31||1||1/2||31.00||9||- |- ||284 |50||[[Andrew Hall]]||2002–2006||19||30||4||735||163||28.26||2838||91||1511||39||3/1||38.74||15||- |- ||285 |51||[[Dewald Pretorius]]||2002–2003||4||4||1||22||9||7.33||570||18||430||6||4/115||71.67||-||- |- ||286 |49||[[Graeme Smith]] ‡||2002–2014||117{{efn|name=KallisBoucherSmith}}||205||13||9265||277||48.25||1418||28||885||8||2/145||110.62||169||- |- ||287 |52||[[Martin van Jaarsveld]]||2002–2004||9||15||2||397||73||30.54||42||-||28||-||-||-||11||- |- ||288 |54||[[Alan Dawson (cricketer)|Alan Dawson]]||2003||2||1||-||10||10||10.00||252||14||117||5||2/20||23.40||-||- |- ||289 |53||[[Jacques Rudolph]]||2003–2012||48||83||9||2622||222*||35.43||664||13||432||4||1/1||108.00||29||- |- ||290 |55||[[Charl Willoughby]]||2003||2||-||-||0||||-||300||18||125||1||1/47||125.00||-||- |- ||291 |56||[[Robin Peterson]]||2003–2014||15||20||3||464||84||27.29||2515||85||1461||38||5/33||37.26||9||- |- ||292 |57||[[Monde Zondeki]]||2003–2005||5||4||-||82||59||20.50||692||21||438||16||6/39||27.38||1||- |- ||293 |58||[[Zander de Bruyn]]||2004||3||5||1||155||83||38.75||216||8||92||3||2/32||30.67||-||- |- ||294 |59||[[Thami Tsolekile]] †||2004||3||5||-||47||22||9.40||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||- |- ||295 |60||[[Hashim Amla]] ‡||2004–2019||124||215||16||9282||311*||46.64||54||0||37||0||-||-||108||- |- ||296 |61||[[AB de Villiers]] ‡†||2004–2018||114||191||18||8765||278*||50.66||204||6||104||2||2/49||52.00||222||5 |- ||297 |62||[[Dale Steyn]]||2004–2019||93||119||27||1251||76||13.59||18608||660||10077||439||7/51||22.95||26||- |- ||298 |63||[[Charl Langeveldt]]||2005–2006||6||4||2||16||10||8.00||999||27||593||16||5/46||37.06||2||- |- ||299 |64||[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]||2006–2010||5||6||2||83||25||20.75||1017||29||573||17||4/56||33.70||3||- |- ||300 |65||[[Morné Morkel]]||2006–2018||86||104||23||944||40||11.65||16498||605||8550||309||6/23||27.66||25||- |- ||301 |66||[[Paul Harris (cricketer, born 1978)|Paul Harris]]||2007–2011||37||48||5||460||46||10.69||8809||336||3901||103||6/127||37.87||16||- |- ||302 |67||[[JP Duminy]]||2008–2017||46||74||10||2103||166||32.85||2703||48||1601||42||4/47||38.11||38||– |- ||303 |68||[[Imraan Khan]]||2009||1||1||0||20||20||20.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||- |- ||304 |69||[[Albie Morkel]]||2009||1||1||0||58||58||58.00||192||-||132||1||1/44||132.00||0||- |- ||305 |70||[[Friedel de Wet]]||2009–2010||2||2||0||20||20||10.00||426||19||186||6||4/55||31.00||1||- |- ||306 |71||[[Ryan McLaren]]||2010–2014||2||2||1||41||33*||-||150||4||45||1||1/30||43.00||0||- |- ||307 |72||[[Wayne Parnell]]||2010–2017||6||4||0||67||23||16.75||556||11||414||15||4/51||27.60||3||- |- ||308 |73||[[Alviro Petersen]]||2010–2015||36||64||4||2093||182||34.88||114||1||62||1||1/2||62.00||31||- |- ||309 |74||[[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]||2010–2011||5||5||2||19||8*||6.33||870||35||448||9||3/43||49.77||1||- |- ||310 |75||[[Imran Tahir]]||2011–2015||20||23||9||130||29*||9.28||3925||86||2294||57||5/32||40.24||8||- |- ||311 |76||[[Vernon Philander]]||2011–2020||64||94||20||1779||74||24.04||11391||507||5000||224||6/21||22.32||17||- |- ||312 |77||[[Marchant de Lange]]||2011–2012||2||2||0||9||9||4.50||448||10||277||9||7/81||30.77||1||- |- ||313 |78||[[Rory Kleinveldt]]||2012–2013||4||5||2||27||17*||9.00||667||21||422||10||3/65||42.20||2||- |- ||314 |79||[[Faf du Plessis|Francois du Plessis]] ‡||2012–2021||69||118||14||4163||199||40.02||78||0||69||0||-||-||63||- |- ||315 |80||'''[[Dean Elgar]]''' ‡||2012–||84||149||11||5146||199||37.28||1036||12||673||15||4/22||44.86||91||- |- ||316 |81||[[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]||2013–2017||11||14||0||95||17||6.78||2081||95||886||39||7/29||22.71||4||- |- ||317 |82||[[Quinton de Kock]] ‡†||2014–2021||54||91||6||3330||129*||38.82||-||-||-||-||-||-||221||11 |- ||318 |83||[[Dane Piedt]]||2014–2019||9||12||1||131||56||11.90||1824||46||1175||26||5/153||45.19||5||- |- ||319 |84||[[Stiaan van Zyl]]||2014–2016||12||17||2||395||101*||26.33||403||14||148||6||3/20||24.66||6||- |- ||320 |85||'''[[Temba Bavuma]]''' ‡||2014–||56||97||12||2997||172||35.25||96||1||61||1||1/29||61.00||28||- |- ||321 |86||'''[[Simon Harmer]]'''||2015–||10||14||2||221||47||18.41||2105||68||1075||39||4/61||27.56||4||- |- ||322 |87||[[Dane Vilas]] †||2015–2016||6||9||0||94||26||10.44||-||-||-||-||-||-||13||- |- ||323 |88||'''[[Kagiso Rabada]]'''||2015–||60||93||17||897||47||11.80||11117||369||6257||280||7/112||22.34||29||- |- ||324 |89||[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]||2016–2017||4||7||0||173||69||24.71||623||15||459||12||3/38||38.25||5||- |- ||325 |90||[[Hardus Viljoen]]||2016||1||2||1||26||20*||26.00||114||2||94||1||1/79||94.00||2||- |- ||326 |91||[[Stephen Cook (cricketer)|Stephen Cook]]||2016–2017||11||19||0||632||117||33.26||12||0||16||0||-||-||6||- |- ||327 |92||'''[[Keshav Maharaj]]'''||2016–||49||78||6||1129||84||15.68||9575||299||5055||158||9/129||31.99||16||- |- ||328 |93||[[Tabraiz Shamsi]]||2016–2018||2||4||3||20||18*||20.00||483||10||278||6||3/91||46.33||0||- |- ||329 |94||'''[[Duanne Olivier]]'''||2017–||15||19||9||50||12||5.00||2088||61||1294||59||6/37||21.93||3||- |- ||330 |95||[[Theunis de Bruyn]]||2017–2022||13||25||1||468||101||19.50||102||1||74||0||-||-||12||- |- ||331 |96||[[Heino Kuhn]]||2017||4||8||0||113||34||14.12||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||332 |97||'''[[Aiden Markram]]'''||2017–||35||64||1||2285||152||36.26||249||5||130||2||2/27||65.00||34||- |- ||333 |98||'''[[Andile Phehlukwayo]]'''||2017–||4||4||2||19||9||9.50||250||9||147||11||3/13||13.36||2||- |- ||334 |99||'''[[Lungi Ngidi]]'''||2018–||17||27||9||89||19||4.94||2315||93||1192||51||6/39||23.37||7||- |- ||335 |100||'''[[Zubayr Hamza]]'''||2019–||6||12||0||212||62||17.66||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||- |- ||336 |101||'''[[Wiaan Mulder]]'''||2019–||12||21||0||326||42||15.52||1050||49||515||19||3/1||27.10||17||- |- ||337 |102||'''[[Senuran Muthusamy]]'''||2019–||3||6||2||105||49*||26.25||273||4||190||2||1/63||95.00||3||- |- ||338 |103||'''[[Anrich Nortje]]'''||2019–||19||33||9||187||40||7.79||3057||81||1870||70||6/56||26.71||6||- |- ||339 |104||'''[[Heinrich Klaasen]]''' †||2019–||4||8||0||104||35||13.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||2 |- ||340 |105||'''[[George Linde]]'''||2019–||3||6||0||135||37||22.50||473||17||252||9||5/64||28.00||0||- |- ||341 |106||'''[[Dwaine Pretorius]]'''||2019–||3||6||0||83||37||13.83||480||17||252||7||2/26||36.00||2||- |- ||342 |107||'''[[Rassie van der Dussen]]'''||2019–||18||32||2||905||98||30.16||-||-||-||-||-||-||23||- |- ||343 |108||'''[[Pieter Malan]]'''||2020–||3||6||0||156||84||26.00||12||0||5||0||-||-||3||- |- ||344 |109||'''[[Dane Paterson]]'''||2020–||2||4||3||43||39*||43.00||347||11||166||4||2/86||41.50||1||- |- ||345 |110||'''[[Beuran Hendricks]]'''||2020–||1||2||1||9||5*||9.00||231||5||175||6||5/64||29.16||0||- |- ||346 |111||'''[[Lutho Sipamla]]'''||2020–||3||4||1||15||10*||5.00||419||14||245||11||4/76||22.27||2||- |- ||347 |112||'''[[Keegan Petersen]]'''||2021–||11||20||0||596||82||29.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||18||- |- ||348 |113||'''[[Kyle Verreynne]]''' †||2021–||14||23||3||572||136*||28.60||-||-||-||-||-||-||39||3 |- ||349 |114||'''[[Marco Jansen]]'''||2021–||11||18||3||306||59||20.40||1775||54||985||44||5/35||22.38||9||- |- ||350 |115||'''[[Sarel Erwee]]'''||2022–||10||19||1||479||108||26.61||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||- |- ||351 |116||'''[[Glenton Stuurman]]'''||2022–||2||2||0||11||11||5.50||174||5||124||1||1/124||124.00||0||- |- ||352 |117||'''[[Ryan Rickelton]]'''||2022–||4||8||1||165||42||23.57||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||- |- ||353 |118||'''[[Lizaad Williams]]'''||2022–||2||3||0||25||13||8.33||185||5||105||3||3/54||35.00||4||- |- ||354 |119||'''[[Khaya Zondo]]'''||2022–||5||7||1||120||39||20.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||- |- |355 |120 |'''[[Gerald Coetzee]]''' |2023– |2 |4 |1 |47 |20 |15.66 |240 |6 |143 |9 |3/37 |15.88 |0 | - |- |356 |121 |'''[[Tony de Zorzi]]''' |2023– |2 |4 |0 |114 |85 |28.50 | - | - | - | - | - | - |2 | - |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{International cricketers}} {{DEFAULTSORT:South Africa Test cricketers}} [[Category:Lists of Test cricketers]] [[Category:South Africa-related lists|Test cricketers]] [[Category:Lists of African people]] [[Category:Africa sport-related lists]] nzd4g7wnfqf647jyne93e67hyh1q25h 3 1072633 10331341 10318674 2025-06-15T02:32:32Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Go Mecha Ball]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331341 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''BigKrow''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:Wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|change any pages you want!]] Any changes you make can be seen right away. You can ask questions at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. At the end of your messages on talk pages, please sign your name by clicking [[File:Insert-signature.svg]] or using four [[tilde]]s <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will show your username and the date. If you need help just <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]'''</span> and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question and someone will reply to you shortly. Good luck and happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:10, 28 December 2023 (UTC) :Thanks! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 04:14, 28 December 2023 (UTC) == February 2024 == [[Image:information.svg|30px|left]]Hey there, BigKrow! Here are a few good ideas that you can use to help making articles in the future: *If the article that you made is under 1,500 characters, please add the {{tl|stub}} template into the article near the end (below the "Other websites" section, and below any categories). This will let other editors know that it is a short article that needs to be made longer. *If you have no idea what [[Wikipedia:Categories|categories]] an article that you begin should go under, please add the {{tl|uncat}} template to the article. This will let other editors know that you need help categorizing the article properly. Thanks for reading this long message, and happy changing here on Simple English Wikipedia!<!--Template:Uw-newarticle--> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:16, 3 February 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:28, 13 February 2024 (UTC) == Quick deletion == Hi there. Please make sure to provide a reason to delete the article you are requesting speedy deletion of, with the reason being one of the criteria listed on the [[WP:DEL|deletion policy]]. You can format it as {{tlx|sd|a1}} for example. Thanks, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 22:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:28, 13 February 2024 (UTC) == Please provide reasons for deletion requests == Hello, at [[:en:n:special:diff/4763486]], an admin has requested you to provide valid reasons for your deletion requests. Please remember that the same manner is expected in all Wikimedia projects including here. Please also note that deletion requests without reasons may be rejected. For valid reasons for our project, please see [[WP:QD]]. In addition, SD tags must come to the top, not the bottom. If you add tags to the bottom, admins have to scroll to the end of the page. Thank you for helping simplewiki. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:47, 26 February 2024 (UTC) : Again, please provide reasons for deletion requests. If you don't know how to write them, feel free to ask questions. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:22, 21 March 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Twinkle]] == Please consider using this, this can help your deletion requests. It is widely used in our project and enwiki. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:00, 26 February 2024 (UTC) == Deletion requests == I was processing current deletion requests and noticed that your request for Dj Tubet was not listed at [[WP:Deletion requests]]. When you create a deletion request, you must list it there or it will not be processed. I will put it there, but please be sure to do that yourself for any that you create in the future. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:54, 1 March 2024 (UTC) == Drug dog == Two things: # Do you think [[Drug dog]] should be redirected to [[Police dog]]? # A user who created an article is usually allowed to blank it (especially if they just recently created it). This is taken to mean that they accept it being deleted, and it can be deleted under {{tl|Qd-author}}. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 17:46, 6 March 2024 (UTC) :Drug sniffing dog or police dog sounds fine, what do you think? Thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:49, 6 March 2024 (UTC) ::I mean we already have an article about [[police dog]]s, and a drug-sniffing dog is one kind of police dog, but maybe the page [[drug dog]] isn't yet long enough to be a separate article. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 17:51, 6 March 2024 (UTC) :::RFD? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:52, 6 March 2024 (UTC) ::::I'll just redirect it. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 17:52, 6 March 2024 (UTC) :::::k. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:53, 6 March 2024 (UTC) == Hey == Just wanted to let you know I did a test on my rollback as a script seemed to be blocking it. I reverted it back to your edit with the qd tag on it. Did not want you to be confused. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 14:59, 2 April 2024 (UTC) :No problem! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:08, 2 April 2024 (UTC) ::So what do you think now? [[Erich von Manstein]] Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 17:04, 2 April 2024 (UTC) :::Looks great!!! Thank you!!! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 18:35, 2 April 2024 (UTC) == Linking == Hey BigKrow, To let you know we do not link to common terms that are universally known. I saw you relinked Village, Saskatchewan, and Canada in [[La Loche shootings]]. Saskatchewan I feel is ok, because not everyone will know will that is, but every person knows a a country and a village. Are you ok if I remove the links to those 2? Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 21:31, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 21:32, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::Ok done. Also, I do not know if we have the full version here, but this is the en wiki version [[:w:Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking|Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking]]. ::Our exceptions: ::#We want redlinks galore (en wiki does not and hates them!) - Helps to find out what pages need to be created via [[Special:WantedPages]] (you may find something in there you want to write about too) I have found a few I do when I get time) ::#Common terms that everyone knows (like the two I mentioned) we do not do. Our goal is to keep it simple and if we link to all common terms, then we take the reader off of that article to another one to find out they already know what a village is, what a police force is, what the internet is, etc. ::There is a link and a conversation somewhere that I cannot recall at the moment as I am working on an article for someone and doing a review, but I figured this can be helpful for you. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 21:42, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::Thank you for being kind to me even though I was being an arse to you.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 21:45, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::::Hey it is all good. Things happen and they go away. We all make mistakes and we learn from them. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 21:55, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::{{tps}} I think Simple English Wikipedia is different because we can only assume people know the words on [[WP:Basic English combined wordlist]], and [[Canada]] and [[village]] aren't on that list, so it would be okay to link them. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 21:45, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::::Ok you two please work matters out, ty. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 21:46, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] :::::Village - [[Wikipedia:VOA_Special_English_Word_Book]] :::::As far as Canada, per MOS we do not link well known countries, however, we can link to the article [[Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan, Canada]] which makes more sense (actually I will make that change now). See [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Places]], [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Wikilinking]] :::::We do not strictly use the 850 or 1500 word books as other things come into play, like the link above on the VOA. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 22:08, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::::::I understand, thanks! [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 22:09, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] Anytime. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 22:10, 3 April 2024 (UTC) == Regarding your recent edit. == Hey @[[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]], I saw you added {{tl|complex}} template on [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]. I edited this article with as easy english as it can be. Can you exactly point out or explain which part of this article may not be easy for everybody to understand so that i can try to make it easier? [[User:Hong Wei Qin|Hong Wei Qin]] ([[User talk:Hong Wei Qin|talk]]) 00:33, 8 April 2024 (UTC) :Fixed template syntax, please use tl in future. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:07, 8 April 2024 (UTC) == Please avoid user page creations like [[special:redirect/logid/2686748]] == You have no reason to make user pages for others, and the username is unacceptable. You are just increasing admin jobs, and it is not helpful. Please avoid userpage creations like this in the future. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:06, 8 April 2024 (UTC) == Concerns of unacceptable edit summaries in your recent edits == For example, [[special:diff/9466778]] includes an unacceptable username in the edit summary. In order to avoid this situation. You may want to use manual reverts instead of automated reverts generating problematic edit summaries. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC) == Reporting == When reporting users please use twinkle or else it doesn’t post correctly on the VIP board. Also to prevent other formatting issues please use it to warn other users as the templates you are using do not work and have to be substituted. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 03:57, 8 April 2024 (UTC) == [[Boletus edulis]] == I am done with it now. We had a few edit conflicts. If you see I am working on or just made an edit, I might still be working on it. If you could just wait and if you do not see me make a change within about 5 minutes, then I am probably done. Sometimes, especially with species, I have to make a template to correct an error or I am transferring something over from enwp to fix it. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 02:10, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :Understood, thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 02:10, 10 April 2024 (UTC) ::No worries :) Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 02:11, 10 April 2024 (UTC) == Our [[template:warn]] is different from English Wikinews == Please have a careful look at the template, and choose the right template for each situation. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:50, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :Gotcha, thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 02:51, 10 April 2024 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Charles Robinson (actor, born 1945)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Charles Robinson (actor, born 1945)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Charles Robinson (actor, born 1945)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 03:03, 10 April 2024 (UTC) == [[We Ride]] == Hi, not sure if you know how to fix this, but the cite av media note reference is throwing errors and does not give me much information on how to fix it. If you want to take a look and can fix it, please do and then ping me so I can see what you did. Thanks. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 15:07, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :I'm sorry I messed it up and I don't know how to restore it... apologies. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 15:09, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 15:09, 10 April 2024 (UTC) ::You did not mess it up. I was working on fixing the references. That is one I do not know how to fix, as I have not worked with that template before. I will have to figure it out later. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 15:11, 10 April 2024 (UTC) == List of George Polk Award winners == Please give a reason why you [[special:diff/9471605|undid]] my correction of the [[Commonly misspelled words|misspelled]] ''miniscule'' to the correct spelling ''[[wikt:minuscule|minuscule]]''. Thank you. [[User:Federhalter|Federhalter]] ([[User talk:Federhalter|talk]]) 16:32, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :I was mistaken sorry. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:33, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Federhalter|Federhalter]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:33, 10 April 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Federhalter|Federhalter]] Just so you know neither version is simple English so it should be simplified anyways. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 16:36, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] sorry. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:37, 10 April 2024 (UTC) ::Now I see that I was wrong, because it is a quote and I did not follow [[WP:PUNC]] [[User:Federhalter|Federhalter]] ([[User talk:Federhalter|talk]]) 17:08, 10 April 2024 (UTC) :::Ok no harm done. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:10, 10 April 2024 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Federhalter|Federhalter]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:10, 10 April 2024 (UTC) == I’m confused == Why would you create [[Architecture in Stockholm]] and then tag it with ''it may not be notable enough'' to be on SEWP? There is a very in-depth article on [[:w:Architecture in Stockholm|ENWP]] with the same title. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 23:20, 10 April 2024 (UTC) == April 2024 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, BigKrow. When you revert a user's changes, like you did earlier, don't forget to leave the user a message on their talk page, especially when reverting vandalism or a test edit. You may find [[Template:User talk page warnings/table]] useful when doing this, to let them know that the change was considered inappropriate, and to direct them to the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-warn --> ''Using twinkle will automatically do this for you with the right settings.'' Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 00:33, 12 April 2024 (UTC) == RfD vs. QD == So you know instead of filling up the RfD board, you can select an article for QD for not being notable as long as there are no claims to notability in the article or if someone disputes it claiming notability. Otherwise you can QD it and an admin will make the final decision. It may take a bit to get used to it. I’m bringing this up because of one of the articles I was going through (before I got sidetracked with vandalism reverts) got my attention. If you have any questions, please let me know. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 05:47, 12 April 2024 (UTC) == New pages == Hi there again. When you are creating new pages (like you did with [[Riki Choshu]]), they need to be complete and formatted properly. A one or two sentence article with an external link is not meant for this Wikipedia and can be subjected to QD and the more you make, the higher of a chance you get blocked for project disruption and making bad new pages. I recommend you look at [[Wikipedia:Guide to layout]] to see how these should be done. So please take a moment and review it and then work on the article. If you plan on making an bona-fide article, I recommend starting it in your userspace, then when completed move it to the mainspace. If you want reviews on an article, you are more than welcome to ask me directly on my talk page or you can ask on [[WP:ST|Simple Talk]]. While discussing on simple talk about enabling the new Mentor program here, one of our administrators had the following comment: {{blockquote|Also, please, please, PLEASE do not make it a goal to reach a certain number of articles. Every time we approach a big round number, we get a lot of minimal articles created just to inflate the number. A lot of those articles are of poor quality, and some even have to be deleted. -- Auntof6 (talk) 21:20, 12 April 2024 (UTC) (you can read the conversation here [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk#RfC_-_Turn_on_mentoring_system|Turn on mentoring system]]}} Your help in creating good articles would be appreciated as it is less work for other editors to have to do. As always, if you have any question, please feel free to ping me here or ask me on my page. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 01:23, 13 April 2024 (UTC) == [[User:BigKrow/1999 Sydney hailstorm]] == I moved the page 1999 Sydney hailstorm to your user space until you complete it. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 03:01, 13 April 2024 (UTC) == Notice == [[File:Information icon4.svg|32px]] Hello. This message is being sent to tell you that there is currently a discussion at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]] regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is "[[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Issues with User:BigKrow|Issues with User:BigKrow]]". Thank you.<!--Template:AN-notice--> Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 04:29, 13 April 2024 (UTC) == Comments on another user talk == I saw the ping and conversation you left on another editors talk page about I need to stop interfering. They are correct in that you should post on my talk page and not theirs. So what seems to be the issue? Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 18:56, 13 April 2024 (UTC) == Very short articles == Hi, I've noticed that you've published some articles which are very short and don't contain a lot of content. I would suggest you to move them to your personal user pages, and once you have added substantial content, you can then put them into the mainspace. Remember, we want ''quality over quantity'' on Wikipedia. We don't want to create as much articles as possible because what really matters is the quality of articles. See featured articles as an example – they have a lot of info put into them and adhere to many article 'rules' on Wikipedia. Also, I suggest you to read the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] so you know the formatting to articles, like references, citations, and etc. Happy changing! [[User:TheWikiCyclone|TheWikiCyclone]] ([[User talk:TheWikiCyclone|talk]]) 20:45, 13 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:TheWikiCyclone|TheWikiCyclone]] I'll try to start new articles with a good amount of information, apologies. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:46, 13 April 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you! 👍 [[User:TheWikiCyclone|TheWikiCyclone]] ([[User talk:TheWikiCyclone|talk]]) 21:00, 13 April 2024 (UTC) == Previous accounts == Hello. Have you used other accounts to edit the Simple English Wikipedia? Regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|🐿️]]—[[Special:Contributions/Vermont|🏳️‍🌈]]) 01:45, 14 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, I m not going to deny that if thats the case block me for how ever long @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 01:47, 14 April 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] Can you enlist all your previous usernames to make it more clear? [[User:DIVINE|<b style="color:#29F">DI</b><b style="color:red">V</b>]][[User talk:DIVINE|<b style="color:#080">I</b><b style="color:#808">N</b>]][[Special:Contribs/DIVINE|<b style="color:#FA0">E</b>]] 01:59, 14 April 2024 (UTC) :::I honestly don't remember@[[User:DIVINE|DIVINE]] because I suffer from mental illness sorry I would like to help [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:09, 15 April 2024 (UTC) ::::So how many other accounts have you used before. This a violation of the policies [[User:Darrenchant|Darrenchant]] ([[User talk:Darrenchant|talk]]) 12:35, 21 December 2024 (UTC) == [[Gate io Referans Kodu: 3930511]] == When an article is not in English here, please QD it as A5 "Not written in English." Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 20:33, 16 April 2024 (UTC) :K thnx [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:39, 16 April 2024 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia, we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Erich Kulke]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in pages that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:31, 18 April 2024 (UTC) :Thank you for telling me!!! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 15:38, 18 April 2024 (UTC) == Edit summaries == Hey when making an edit, even if minor, make sure to use the edit summary. Example is correcting spelling or grammar just use ce as the summary as that is a common term we understand. It means copy edit. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 02:41, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Gotcha, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 02:42, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == New article issues (again) == Hey when you bring over articles you need to include the references. You can also copy over the infoboxes from ENWP without issue. Always preview any article for any errors or in infoboxes look for any reflinks and fix the errors. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 23:44, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == QD A1 == Hello, QD A1 and other reasons in [[WP:AQD]] only apply to articles. For talk pages, please use reasons in [[WP:GQD]]. Thank you for your attention. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:53, 15 May 2024 (UTC) == Your warnings == If you are warning a user for making bad changes, use <nowiki>{{uw-vandalism1}}, {{uw-vandalism2}}, {{uw-vandalism3}}, and {{uw-vandalism4}}</nowiki>. Using <nowiki>{{warn}}</nowiki> instead tells them that they should warn other users when they undo their edits. I assume that's not what you meant to say. [[User:VirusDontKill|VirusDontKill]] ([[User talk:VirusDontKill|talk]]) 20:04, 14 August 2024 (UTC) :Thanks [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:16, 14 August 2024 (UTC) == My edit wasn't vandalism == I redirected a title which was missing a space to the correct title. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:E41D:46CD:505E:6D8E|2601:644:907E:A70:E41D:46CD:505E:6D8E]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:E41D:46CD:505E:6D8E|talk]]) 21:21, 14 December 2024 (UTC) :Ok. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 21:37, 14 December 2024 (UTC) == Hari Singh Bhangi == Can you tell me why you nominated Hari Singh Bhangi page you aren't even responding in discussion [[User:Jisshu|Jisshu]] ([[User talk:Jisshu|talk]]) 18:48, 20 December 2024 (UTC) :No Wikipedia page, {{ping|Jisshu}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 18:49, 20 December 2024 (UTC) ::he had Wikipedia page name hari Singh Dhillon [[User:Jisshu|Jisshu]] ([[User talk:Jisshu|talk]]) 18:50, 20 December 2024 (UTC) ::he was leader of Bhangi Misl so that's why he also refer as Hari Singh Bhangi[[User:Jisshu|Jisshu]] ([[User talk:Jisshu|talk]]) 18:51, 20 December 2024 (UTC) :::I moved it {{ping|Jisshu}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 18:55, 20 December 2024 (UTC) ::::thank you [[User:Jisshu|Jisshu]] ([[User talk:Jisshu|talk]]) 18:55, 20 December 2024 (UTC) == Repeated Vandalism == Hey Bigkrow, hope you’re doing good. There is a user https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Medicomonk&redlink=1 who is again and again vandalising pages as he did to the page ‘Anangpal Tomar’ and ‘Tomar’. I already warned the user to add information based on citations and not to cause vandalism inspite of that the user is constantly trying to do povpush. I reverted the changes made by this user but please intervine. Thank you [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo|talk]]) 20:08, 20 December 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|HistorianAlferedo}} At this point seek help from admins, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:12, 20 December 2024 (UTC) == December 2024 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Thank you for changing Wikipedia. We welcome all changes, but we can have only changes that are in [[Wikipedia:About|simple English]], and your new changes to "[[:Wamiqa Gabbi]]" were not simple. Please see [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages]] so you can write more simply in the future. Thank you. <!-- Template:Uw-simple --> [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 13:05, 21 December 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|BZPN}} I'm pretty sure it was simplified. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:15, 21 December 2024 (UTC) ::It was not. I'm pretty sure that it was something like "She is pseudonym", which is actually nonsense. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 19:19, 21 December 2024 (UTC) :::{{ping|BZPN}}, it was a typing error wow you fault me? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:21, 21 December 2024 (UTC) ::::Maybe it was, but a reader could not understand it anyway. It was also unsourced. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 19:36, 21 December 2024 (UTC) == Old St. Louis Mills QD == Hey, I have a question about the QD on [[Old St Louis Mills]] whilst the page is an obvious hoax, would that count as nonsense or a obvious hoax, or does that cover both? [[User:Jayden Johnson 2314|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:purple"> 𝙹.𝙹.</span>]][[User talk:Jayden Johnson 2314|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:black">𝕋𝕒𝕝𝕜 📬📧</span>]] 17:59, 22 December 2024 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Drake Maye== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Drake Maye]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Drake Maye}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 22:20, 22 December 2024 (UTC) == Maithili cinema == Why do you want, [[Maithili cinema]] should be remove? And why are you removing full stop? [[User:Smjdschool|Smjdschool]] ([[User talk:Smjdschool|talk]]) 11:32, 23 December 2024 (UTC) == The Crow Eaters == Please extend [[The Crow Eaters]] with references and more content. Otherwise, it may be deleted for not claiming notability. [[Special:Contributions/174.160.82.127|174.160.82.127]] ([[User talk:174.160.82.127|talk]]) 22:10, 29 December 2024 (UTC) == December 2024 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{ROOTPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia, we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in pages that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 03:10, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :Thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 18:04, 2 January 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Rozvi Empire== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Rozvi Empire]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Rozvi Empire]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Garudam|Garudam]] ([[User talk:Garudam|talk]]) 09:36, 3 January 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of The Crow Eaters== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:The Crow Eaters]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/The Crow Eaters]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Garudam|Garudam]] ([[User talk:Garudam|talk]]) 10:13, 3 January 2025 (UTC) == Deletion requests 2 == Hi, when you make an RfD, please list it at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion]]. I am hoping you can list [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Fuller Road]] to show that you know how to do it. Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:E5B9:8B7B:A42C:77C|2601:644:907E:A70:E5B9:8B7B:A42C:77C]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:E5B9:8B7B:A42C:77C|talk]]) 21:25, 4 January 2025 (UTC) :If you don't add it then I can add it. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:4D8F:73EF:8E4A:F490|2601:644:907E:A70:4D8F:73EF:8E4A:F490]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:4D8F:73EF:8E4A:F490|talk]]) 02:05, 5 January 2025 (UTC) == January 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to the page [[:Karkota dynasty]] worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> ''Kindly add the reason while the addition of maintenance tags, Thanks'' [[User:Shakib ul hassan|<span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; color:black;">Shakib ul hassan</span>]] [[User talk:Shakib ul hassan|<span style="font-weight:bold; color:grey; font-size:90%; position:relative; top:-2px;"> talk!</span>]] 19:25, 6 January 2025 (UTC) == Mourning Doves == I saw the edit war on the [[Mourning Dove]] article, they aren't native or introduced in pakistan, and it's not mentioned anywhere, do you have a source that would say otherwise? [[User:RiggedMint|<span style="border-radius: 2px; color: white; background: #2A2F4D; padding: 3.5px; font-family:Georgia;">'''RiggedMint'''</span>]] 20:16, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Yes. Http://www.earthlife.net [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:17, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::Could you link the specific source instead of just the website itself? Also, I saw that you said you researched it using Copilot? Using copilot as a source is not reliable at all. [[User:RiggedMint|<span style="border-radius: 2px; color: white; background: #2A2F4D; padding: 3.5px; font-family:Georgia;">'''RiggedMint'''</span>]] 20:20, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :::https://earthlife.net/mourning-doves/ {{ping|RiggedMint}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:22, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :::I think copilot is, but if SEW doesn't accept it I won't use it, thanks {{ping|RiggedMint}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:24, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::::You seem to be referencing another encyclopedic-like source, there still isn't a good source of these guys being in pakistan, as quoted in the supposed source: "''These doves have been introduced to Hawaii and Pakistan.''" This is not a good reliable source onto if mourning doves were actually introduced in pakistan. I think it needs more context onto if they are actually there, no? And if so, it only needs a simple mention on the article. It does not need a category, as it's not native to pakistan. [[User:RiggedMint|<span style="border-radius: 2px; color: white; background: #2A2F4D; padding: 3.5px; font-family:Georgia;">'''RiggedMint'''</span>]] 20:30, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :::::TL;DR, try to find a more reliable and more contextful source, then i'll think it'll be good. Just don't put it as a category without any context. [[User:RiggedMint|<span style="border-radius: 2px; color: white; background: #2A2F4D; padding: 3.5px; font-family:Georgia;">'''RiggedMint'''</span>]] 20:32, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay apologies, sorry i didn't mean to cause problems. {{ping|RiggedMint}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:32, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::::::Yeah, you're fine. [[User:RiggedMint|<span style="border-radius: 2px; color: white; background: #2A2F4D; padding: 3.5px; font-family:Georgia;">'''RiggedMint'''</span>]] 20:34, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Edits == Hi BigKrow, So sorry for rollbacking you, We change conflicted and I lost everything so I rollbacked you hoping if I clicked back a few times after the system would then think your edits were never made if that makes sense, I'll be honest I paniced and didn't want to lose everything I just did but nonetheless so sorry for rollbacking you - thank you for adding the full stops to the article it's much appreciated :), I've reinstated your edits and have finished editing there so you're more than welcome to edit it again :), Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:04, 11 January 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Davey2010}}, no worries my friend. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 18:05, 11 January 2025 (UTC) == Talk == Hello. Please leave me messages directly on my talk page, not on my subpages. Thank you. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:45, 12 January 2025 (UTC) :Apologies next I will, thanks. {{ping|BZPN}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:46, 12 January 2025 (UTC) ::time I will sorry. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:47, 12 January 2025 (UTC) == RfD == Hello. Please, pay more attention to your RfD reports. The report should be properly justified and provide possible arguments for removal, but your latest RfDs sound more like nonsense ([[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Yazidi Rebellion]], [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Raid on Ottoman trading routes]]). It is very important to help other editors understand the issues in the reported article. Thank you. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 11:18, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Talk:Privilege== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Talk:Privilege]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Talk:Privilege}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:14, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Thank log == Hi there, do you have any idea why did you thank this [[Special:Diff/10013764|edit]] when my status become offline? [[User:Thetree284|thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 02:35, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == El Jordan 23 == Hi, could you explain in a little more detail on your QD of this article? https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Jordan_23 [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])</sup> 22:14, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == [[User talk:Melitensis77]] == Hi, why create a talkpage with just your sign?--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:14, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == Kurdish genocide rfd == Hi, if you want to make more comments, you can add them at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kurdish Genocide (1915-1918)]]. Thanks. [[User:Tuscan Ant|Tuscan Ant]] ([[User talk:Tuscan Ant|talk]]) 20:39, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == Ayaz Syed == They've been reported to AN - don't bother reverting until an admin steps in on this. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 20:55, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :Ok. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:56, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Ravensfire}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:56, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == Im sorry == Please don't ban me I made a huge mistake! [[User:Coconut0330|Coconut0330]] ([[User talk:Coconut0330|talk]]) 21:20, 16 January 2025 (UTC) == Shirley, New York == Hi, the link you added on [[Shirley, New York]] isn't working for me. Does it work for you? [[User:Tuscan Ant|Tuscan Ant]] ([[User talk:Tuscan Ant|talk]]) 00:36, 17 January 2025 (UTC) :New link added. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:39, 17 January 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you. [[User:Tuscan Ant|Tuscan Ant]] ([[User talk:Tuscan Ant|talk]]) 00:40, 17 January 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Lenningen-Schopfloch== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Lenningen-Schopfloch]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Lenningen-Schopfloch}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:59, 17 January 2025 (UTC) == The fighting with Mr.Hanes == I over reacted it won't happen again due to my built up anger I lashed out... I should act like an adult and show people respect. {{ping|Davey2010}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:01, 18 January 2025 (UTC) :Imho you have nothing to apologise for and I don't believe you overreacted either. I understand why you blew your top any normal person would tbh. Anyway happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 22:16, 18 January 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:39, 18 January 2025 (UTC) == Flood flag == Hi, Just an fyi regarding your flood flag message on Dream Indigo's talkpage; I can't speak for them but from my personal experience requesting the flood flag everytime I wanted to make repetitive edits was a long, tiresome and mentally draining battle that I always ended up losing. *I've had flood flag requests ignored for an entire day *I've had requests declined for silly reasons *And I recently asked an admin for the flag and was replied to 10 hours later (which I understand) So as you can see from my point of view, requesting flood flag is a waste of time and If I were to ask for this everytime I wanted to make those edits I would probably end up being years behind on things because I would have spent years either waiting for a reply or battling for it to be accepted!, I guess it might be a better idea to ignore when people flood recent changes as there may well be a valid reason as to why they're doing so, If it's a vandal sure but if it's long-established users then I probably wouldn't care, Anyway happy editing, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 23:37, 18 January 2025 (UTC) == Explaining my focus on car articles == hello i think you saw my contribuitions but i am more focused on car articles i already did this when i was a good ip editor and i am focusing on making more car articles about honda maybe Acura and other brands (also i made the [[honda Fit]] article that is a good article btw and in the future i will probably contribuite on the portuguese Wikipedia) so i hope you understand that anyways good luck with your contribuitions best regards!. [[User:Automobile enthusiast|Automobile enthusiast]] ([[User talk:Automobile enthusiast|talk]]) 00:28, 19 January 2025 (UTC) == Declined QD - Naysila Mirdad == Hi there! I have declined your QD for Naysila Mirdad. In my opinion, it does not meet the requirement of "little or no meaning" and honestly, I am confused as to why you would have nominated it under that criteria. Am I missing something? [[User:Griffinofwales|Griff]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales|talk]]) 23:44, 19 January 2025 (UTC) :I goofed [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:09, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Sorry [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:20, 20 January 2025 (UTC) == Bamberg == Hi, I removed that on [[Bamberg]] because it was a link to a disambiguation page that doesn't exist. [[Special:Contributions/192.83.149.205|192.83.149.205]] ([[User talk:192.83.149.205|talk]]) 23:59, 26 January 2025 (UTC) :Hi, can you please explain why you're reverting edits? [[Special:Contributions/192.83.149.205|192.83.149.205]] ([[User talk:192.83.149.205|talk]]) 00:26, 27 January 2025 (UTC) == How do you give someone thanks? == How do you give someone the thanks notification [[User:TS Rubber alt main|&#45;TS Rubber Alt Main]] ([[User talk:TS Rubber alt main|talk]]) 17:39, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Old Nazi== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Old Nazi]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Old Nazi]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:30, 27 January 2025 (UTC) == Meir Zvi Bergman == Why did you remove living people from [[Meir Zvi Bergman]]? Is there a reason to think he's not living? [[Special:Contributions/207.62.246.71|207.62.246.71]] ([[User talk:207.62.246.71|talk]]) 00:29, 28 January 2025 (UTC) == Article == Hello, If you see someone moving a page can you at least wait 5-10 minutes before tagging it/editing it?, I appreciate your enthusiasm but this is the second time I've edit conflicted with you and it's the second time I've lost the work I've put in. Thank you. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:17, 28 January 2025 (UTC) :I'll try. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:18, 28 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] It doesn't make sense, you moved [[EP]] to [[Extended play (disambiguation)]]. Seems like a mistake. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874|2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874|talk]]) 17:20, 28 January 2025 (UTC) ::.... @[[User:2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874|2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874]] Yes and then I changed the redirect from that disambiguation page to [[Extended play]] so that it makes Enwiki .... [[:en:EP]]..... –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:26, 28 January 2025 (UTC) :::Hi BK, No worries if you continue editing whilst I'm still busy then I'll just continuing rollbacking you, easy as that. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:27, 28 January 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] No the page on enwiki is [[EP (disambiguation)]], not [[Extended play (disambiguation)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874|2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874|talk]]) 17:28, 28 January 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874|2601:644:907E:A70:A89E:B6CB:3280:3874]] Oops thank you for spotting this, Hopefully I've fixed this now, Many thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:33, 28 January 2025 (UTC) == General notes == Hi BigKrow! I saw the change you made while patrolling RC, so you said to the IP to stop vandalizing, to let you know next time, it is better to leave a general note instead of typing it out ;) I hope you have a good rest of your day and happy editing! [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])</sup> 17:32, 28 January 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, BigKrow. I am concerned about quick deletion requests you have made; some today, and some in the recent past. Here are a couple of specific ones: *[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Amalie,_United_States_Virgin_Islands&diff=prev&oldid=10054213 This request] for [[Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands]], where you thought there was little or no meaning. : There isn't much information here, but there is definite meaning and enough for a stub. *[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_Charles_VIII_of_France&diff=prev&oldid=10054153 This request] for [[Death of Charles VIII of France]], where you included the comment "possible hoax?" :If you think something might be a hoax, please consider taking a little time to check. If you had looked at the English Wikipedia article, you would have seen that the information in this article really is the way the king died. I'm considering restricting your ability to make quick deletion requests -- and RFD requests as well, because some of those have had issues they shouldn't have had. When you want to make either kind of request, please take a step back and give it some thought first. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:34, 3 February 2025 (UTC) :Please do take away my rights I don't mind, just letting you know I just try my best to help the project thank you. {{ping|Auntof6}} [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:37, 3 February 2025 (UTC) ::I agree with Auntof6 that you are not understanding the usage of QDs and RfDs. I am also considering restricting your ability to make deletion requests. I would recommend that you do not make any requests for a period of three months and that you carefully read the policies and guidelines pertaining to deletions. I know I have turned down your requests. You seem to think things that you don't agree with are nonsense whereas G1 is for gibberish and not things you think don't seem right to you. Please stop this behaviour. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:50, 11 February 2025 (UTC) :::Chill out I'm just trying my best. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 13:00, 11 February 2025 (UTC) == Change conflict of Zeds Dead == Hey I just wanted to let you know that I have made a change conflict causing both of us to be confused, I know that you were probably more confused than I am. Sorry about that, and thanks for reverting my edit back because that was a mistake. I got to be careful when someone else is editing and we post both our revisions at the same time, because it always results in a change conflict. Happy editing :) [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])</sup> 23:33, 10 February 2025 (UTC) == Tommy Robinson Vandalisms == Hi can you please report the vandal that keeps on makes biased edits, he's reverting the anti-vandal bots and I have to revert him twice. Thank you [[User:CS012831|CS012831]] ([[User talk:CS012831|talk]]) 22:21, 12 February 2025 (UTC) :{{tps}} - @[[User:CS012831|CS012831]], I'm keeping an eye on them but as it's not been a constant stream of vandalism there's generally no need to protect the article (If anyone reports them it'd be declined anyway as again not enough vandalism to warrant protection), Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 23:15, 12 February 2025 (UTC) == May you explain your revert? == May you explain why you reverted my change to [[English Wikipedia]]? [[User:Wynn Liaw|Wynn Liaw]] ([[User talk:Wynn Liaw|talk]]) 21:07, 13 February 2025 (UTC) == Your edits on User talk: Justin Bieber is a nazi == Hi, I have already reported the user on [[WP:VIP]] ;) Thanks! [[User:Adelaideslement8723|<span style="color:purple">𝓐𝓭𝓮𝓵𝓪𝓲𝓭𝓮</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Adelaideslement8723|𝓽𝓪𝓵𝓴]] ♡ [[Special:Contribs/Adelaideslement8723|𝓬𝓸𝓷𝓽𝓻𝓲𝓫𝓼]])</sup> 03:12, 15 February 2025 (UTC) :Thank you [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 03:13, 15 February 2025 (UTC) == Loss of privileges at QD == Based on your complete misunderstanding of QD criteria as example in [[Barnala Tehsil]] I am restricting your ability to tag articles for QD foe 6 months. The article is no different to many other place names that exist here. If you nominate any article except in your user space you will be blocked from editing for 6 months. I am leaving your ability to run RfDs because those are less problematic. {{ping|auntof6}} FYI '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:04, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :thank you [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:47, 18 February 2025 (UTC) Good morning BigKrow! The above-mentioned restriction in no longer in effect, however, you should observe the guidance provided by Fr33kman and review carefully the deletion policy before nominating any article for deletion or quick deletion. As a group of administrators, we are here to help and mentor you, but our time is limited. Unnecessary and inappropriate requests take up the community's time from working on improving Wikipedia. I recommend that if you have any questions about an article and whether it should be nominated, ask an administrator or other experienced member of the community before placing the tag. As a further note, when nominating an article for deletion or quick deletion, you should be clear about 1. which policy is not being followed by the article and 2. provide specific reasons as to why the article does not meet that policy. For example, ''notability?'' is not an acceptable RFD reason. ''Article does not meet GNG because it lacks reliable secondary sources'' is an acceptable reason. Similarly, for a QD, A4 for an article that clearly states a reason for being notable is not appropriate. If the article does not meet another policy, it should be nominated for RFD. I appreciate all your time and look forward to you continuing to contribute on the project. Best, [[User:Griffinofwales|Griff]] ([[User talk:Griffinofwales|talk]]) 01:45, 27 February 2025 (UTC) :Appreciate it, thank you. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 01:57, 27 February 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Boris the Rocket== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Boris the Rocket]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Boris the Rocket]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 22:16, 20 February 2025 (UTC) == Edit summaries 2 == Hi Big Krow, When you're reverting to a revision you need to say ''why'' you're reverting back to that revision. Your reversions [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higginson,_Arkansas&diff=prev&oldid=10089405 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Golf&diff=prev&oldid=10089403 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cookie_Jar_Group&diff=prev&oldid=10086201 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_%26_Friends&diff=prev&oldid=10086199 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politico&diff=prev&oldid=10076275 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Wikipedia&diff=prev&oldid=10076189 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania&diff=prev&oldid=10076188 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Stewart&diff=prev&oldid=10065624 here], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JackTheBus&diff=prev&oldid=10056743 here] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus&diff=prev&oldid=10054717 here] should all state why you're reverting. As I'm sure you can appreciate we're not all mind readers and some of the users above may be editing in good faith and would be none the wiser as to why they're being reverted. Some of your non-edit-summary reverts have been to revert obvious vandalism (reverting to a bot version etc) or reverting unrelated image change vandalism so I'm turning a blind eye to those but still ... you need to provide edit summaries (the only time you don't need to use one is if it's obvious vandalism and you're using the [[WP:ROLLBACK]] tool), I'm also CCing @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] so that they're aware of this although I would hope going forward this isn't an issue any more, Thanks for your understanding, Have a great day, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 23:32, 20 February 2025 (UTC) :{{comment}} Diffused this section from another section with the same name. ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 23:35, 20 February 2025 (UTC) ==Barnstar== {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar of Reversion Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Anti-Vandalism Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for reverting vandalism in Belgium and some pages! I was about to revert the edits but nice job! And for doing that, you get a barnstar! [[User:Thetree284|thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 00:29, 21 February 2025 (UTC) |} :Appreciated! I really try my best. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:30, 21 February 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Boris the Rocket== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Boris the Rocket]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Boris the Rocket]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Zjui3r|Zjui3r]] ([[User talk:Zjui3r|talk]]) 05:24, 21 February 2025 (UTC) == February 2024 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|left]] Please do not remove [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]] tags from articles, as you did to "[[:Stubborn Fat]]", without a good reason. If you think the article should not be deleted, please add {{tl|wait}} to the article and explain your reason on the article's [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk page]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:Uw-qd --> [[Special:Contributions/192.83.149.205|192.83.149.205]] ([[User talk:192.83.149.205|talk]]) 23:15, 24 February 2025 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|WP:AN|BigKrow (end of February)|ts=08:27, 28 February 2025 (UTC)}} Please participate in the discussion. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 08:27, 28 February 2025 (UTC) == Kiara Tito == [[Kiara Tito]] has two RfD's on the same page. The second one should be removed. [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 23:39, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :Ok thank you [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 23:50, 17 March 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Mark Gero== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Mark Gero]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Mark Gero}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Kuskrey|Ksy]] 09:22, 2 April 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Mike Gminski== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Mike Gminski]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Mike Gminski}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 01:20, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Asterisk Talley== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Asterisk Talley]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Asterisk Talley}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Jlwoodwa|jlwoodwa]] ([[User talk:Jlwoodwa|talk]]) 18:48, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Article == Why you create short [[August Harbaum|article]], i recommended you to stay your article in your user space and move once you completed, please follow [[WP:MOS]]. Thanks!<span id="Raayaan9911:1744313719778:User_talkFTTCLNBigKrow" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:35, 10 April 2025 (UTC)</span> :I'm trying to make bigger [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:37, 10 April 2025 (UTC) ::I checked your article count, you have 164 total articles count, next time, just finish your article slowly in your user space, once you completed, move to mainspace. Also, please don't beat other editors' article count. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:43, 10 April 2025 (UTC) == A Cactus for you! == [[File:Cactus.jpg|left|150px]] --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:54, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you friend. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 15:04, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Request == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/VastavAI can you move this to [[Vastav AI]] [[User:Nexion7|Nexion7]] ([[User talk:Nexion7|talk]]) 20:43, 13 April 2025 (UTC) == [[2001 Daytona 500]] and [[The Magician (French TV series)]] == Hi, can you please add more content to these; as they are, there isn't much information and might qualify for [[WP:QD]]. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:15, 14 April 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and BigKrow, I hope it was okay but I've rewritten and expanded the The Magician (French TV series) article, I find TV shows easy to create/expand so am more than help with these, If it wasn't okay then let me know and I won't interfere again, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 15:41, 14 April 2025 (UTC) :I improved this article called [[2001 Daytona 500]], did you like it? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:44, 14 April 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for improving it guys. Looks much better. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:57, 14 April 2025 (UTC) :::You're welcome! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:58, 14 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No worries :), Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 16:01, 14 April 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Emmi Drexel== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Emmi Drexel]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Emmi Drexel}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:52, 24 April 2025 (UTC) :Some of your non-notable articles as example of [[Amanda Crowe]] are deleted, i recommended you to follow [[WP:PEOPLE]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:58, 24 April 2025 (UTC) == Quality articles == Can you please expand your recent articles like [[Village of the Giants]]? Most of them are low quality and doesn't have any references, i recommended complete your article in your user space and follow [[WP:MOS]] i already left you notice message.<span id="Raayaan9911:1745741169178:User_talkFTTCLNBigKrow" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:06, 27 April 2025 (UTC)</span> ==Quick deletion of Diem T. T. Tran== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Diem T. T. Tran]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Diem T. T. Tran}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:00, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of BUMRUSH45== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:BUMRUSH45]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:BUMRUSH45}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:03, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == Low quality articles == Please stop creating low quality articles, most of them are doesn't have any references, very short and doesn't have any cats. You're just beating others' articles count.<span id="Raayaan9911:1745943081219:User_talkFTTCLNBigKrow" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:11, 29 April 2025 (UTC)</span> :I like to create pages on all sorts of topics. @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:13, 29 April 2025 (UTC) ::You liked to create articles, but, most of your articles are low quality or non-notable, please complete your articles in your user space. If you continue creating low quality articles, you may be blocked. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:24, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :::Ok thanks. @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:28, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == April 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages, as you did to [[:BUMRUSH45]]. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:29, 29 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you friend. @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 16:38, 29 April 2025 (UTC) == May 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] [[Wikipedia:Welcome|Welcome to Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to change things here, but talk pages are meant to be a record of a discussion. Deleting or changing [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|good]] comments, as you did at [[:Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]], [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines#Things not to do|should not be done]], even if you meant it well. Even fixing spelling and grammar in others' comments is usually advised against, because it can irritate the users whose wrote them. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about how you can help build this encyclopedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-tpv1 --> [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 17:41, 1 May 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px|]] Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! I do not want to seem unfriendly or make you feel unwelcome, but I noticed your user page, and I am concerned that it might not meet Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:User page|user page guideline]]. After you have read that guideline, could we discuss my concerns here? I'd like to hear your views, such as why you want the current page, and whether you might agree to change it to something else. There are several ways we can deal with this matter: *If you can explain why your user page meets Wikipedia's user page guideline, I can stop worrying about it. *If you decide to delete the page yourself, please add "<code><nowiki>{{UserQD}}</nowiki></code>" to the top of your user page. An [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] will then delete it. *If we can not agree on what needs to be done, I can list your user page at "[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion]]" so that we can discuss with other editors whether the page should be kept or deleted. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-userpage --> ''Please don't write your user page looks like a encyclopedia article, user page is not encyclopedia article.'' [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:58, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :It's allowed to use your user page for testing articles, but you shouldn't put it in categories or use stub tags. Thanks. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 20:08, 1 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:TagUser|TagUser]], I think I fixed it. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 01:20, 2 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], i think I fixed it. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 01:21, 2 May 2025 (UTC) ::I looked at it, your user page with your signature but it's allowed. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:59, 2 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Audrey Jean Backeberg== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Audrey Jean Backeberg]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Audrey Jean Backeberg}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 18:06, 5 May 2025 (UTC) == Toby Fox Reverted edit == Hello, today you made an edit on Simple English Wikipedia's page on [[Toby Fox]] where you claimed to revert a user's edit, but you actually reverted my edit, and I am not the user you mentioned. I am not sure whose edit you meant to revert, so I have not made any changes. I wanted to make you aware. Also, if you did mean to revert my edit, I would like to talk about it, since I don't see any problems with the edit I made. Thanks so much! [[Special:Contributions/24.119.235.231|24.119.235.231]] ([[User talk:24.119.235.231|talk]]) 19:45, 5 May 2025 (UTC) :My mistake, I now understand that you ''did'' mean to revert my edit. I had misread your edit summary, and became confused. Now that I understand your edit summary, my first message is mostly irrevelant. :I am still confused why my edit was reverted and would like to talk about it to see if we could come to an understanding. :[[Special:Contributions/24.119.235.231|24.119.235.231]] ([[User talk:24.119.235.231|talk]]) 00:06, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Cozi Zuehlsdorff== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Cozi Zuehlsdorff]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Cozi Zuehlsdorff}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 15:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Lycia== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Lycia]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Lycia}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 15:15, 6 May 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop making bad pages. If you continue, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing and creating pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create3 --> ''Many of the articles you've created have been low quality, and not contained any references or categories. You also need to make sure that articles about people, groups or organizations explain why the subject is notable.'' [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 15:18, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:J991|J991]] I was being lazy sorry I will add sources and etc. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 18:02, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:J991|J991]] you might want to delete my other bad articles. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:31, 6 May 2025 (UTC) ::I can't delete them but some of them might get nominated for QD or RfD. [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 15:12, 7 May 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Your changes are causing [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruption]] to the project and this is not acceptable. Please stop. If your disruption continues, you will be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia.''' <!---Template:uw-disruption---> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 22:11, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :Specifically [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fixx&diff=prev&oldid=10240463 this], you've been told to use edit summaries before and yet you still haven't, :The user (correctly) added an infobox and (incorrectly) added an External Links section - could you not have simply reworded the heading instead of reverting them?, Moreover how do you expect someone to fix their mistakes if you've not told them what it is they've done wrong in the first place? –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 22:14, 6 May 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, BigKrow. When you revert a user's changes, like you did earlier, don't forget to leave the user a message on their talk page, especially when reverting vandalism or a test edit. You may find [[Template:User talk page warnings/table]] useful when doing this, to let them know that the change was considered inappropriate, and to direct them to the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-warn --> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:08, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Wadi Damm== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Wadi Damm]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Wadi Damm}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:28, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] A4 only applies to a person, group of people, band, club, company, product, service or web content. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 02:37, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::Articles about other topics can't be quick deleted for not claiming notability. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 02:37, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :::I'm not sure there are rules against tagging articles with QD about other topics for not claiming notability, but i improved article, i have wait for admin's decision. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:42, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] i told you to use your user space for creating articles before, i have tagged you to QD. This is your last warning you'll get, if you continue creating low quality or non-notable articles, you may reported you to [[WP:ANI]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:49, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], im sorry. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 17:49, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], some info is better than nothing... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 23:09, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Please don't ping me again, it's considered unnecessary. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:51, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Notability tag == Please don't tag notability tag in bottom of talk pages like [[Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)]], it's considered wrong tag, if you made mistake? It's okay, don't worry, you should place carefully. Thanks!<span id="Raayaan9911:1747205566778:User_talkFTTCLNBigKrow" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 06:52, 14 May 2025 (UTC)</span> ==Quick deletion of Mordecai Shenhavi== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Mordecai Shenhavi]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Mordecai Shenhavi}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:15, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Douglas Williams (cricketer)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Douglas Williams (cricketer)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Douglas Williams (cricketer)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:28, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Notice == [[File:Information icon4.svg|32px]] Hello. This message is being sent to tell you that there is currently a discussion at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]] regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is "[[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#BigKrow continued creating low quality or non-notable articles after final warning|BigKrow continued creating low quality or non-notable articles after final warning]]". Thank you.<!--Template:AN-notice--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:33, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Budh Singh Faizalpuria== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Budh Singh Faizalpuria]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Budh Singh Faizalpuria}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 17:06, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Partial block == Due to your history of creating bad articles on simplewiki and as a reciprocal block under [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] I have implemented a 6 month block preventing you from creating new articles. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], I appeal this outragious decision!!!! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:27, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Feel free. It is no different to your situation on enwiki. You've been warned and warned but you have chosen to ignore those warning and the community has asked for admin action. This has now been done. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:34, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], no it isn't done i request you all give me my creating new articles rights back, i have done nothing wrong i plead my innocence.... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. In your comments, talk about the changes editors have made, and do not insult the editors. If you make another personal attack on an editor&#32;as you did at [[:User talk:Fr33kman]], you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia'''. <!-- Template:uw-npa4im --> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:49, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], leave me alone [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:50, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Unblock request == {{unblock reviewed|1=sorry i sweared but Fr33kman its not fair BigKrow (talk) 19:54, 14 May 2025 (UTC)|decline=No good reason provided for unblock. Please read [[WP:UNBLOCK]]. -- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 20:17, 22 May 2025 (UTC)}} == Full block == Due to your use of abusive language and behaviour I have fully blocked you. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:58, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], no [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 19:59, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Firstly, I suggest you calm down and think before you post. Secondly, wait for another admin to review your block and in the meantime think about why you've been blocked and what are the reasons you should be unblocked. I don't want to see you fully blocked but your current handling of the situation is very immature. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:08, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::Hi, @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], could I still use my userspace to try to get an article reviewed for approval? Thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 21:04, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I don't think the partial block will affect your creating pages in your user space. I see no problem with you using your user space to write new articles for review. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:10, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], I appreciate your patience with me, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 21:11, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Back to partial block == I have reset your block to a partial block as I think you just panicked and I want you able to take part in the discussion on ANI. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:13, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Much appreciated, I do apologize to you @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], and all of Simple English Wikipedia. I was wrong about the matter. Do with wish as you please, sincerely [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:23, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Pestering == Please stop with [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Fr33kman&diff=prev&oldid=10259747 this] otherwise you really are going to be indefinitely blocked and next time you won't be unblocked as quickly!, You are blocked from creating articles for 6 months .... so take that time to understand how articles are created and what they entail (how they should look), Creating subpages and asking the blocking admin (or anyone) to review your articles is not okay and it stops now. Again, take the time to learn from your block and take the time to read articles and the various help pages we have here. You should also be aware that [[WP:CIR|Competence is required]] to edit here and at this moment in time you're failing that so unless you stop you're either going to be indefinetely blocked for [[WP:CIR|not getting it]] or pestering people. I have removed your post from Fr33kmans talkpage and seriously suggest you stop, Thank you. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 22:06, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] look at my user page [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::You don't explain why he is notable. He would need to be a well-known artist, on a major record label, the recipient of major awards etc. You need reliable resources that you can cite: major magazines, media websites, newspapers etc. As you have it now I could delete it under QD:A4. Also please create sub-pages under your user space instead of using your user page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:16, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::Example (of title for a) sub-page: [[User:BigKrow/August Harbaum]], in regard to the topic in the next post. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|talk]]) 03:22, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::Can i blank their user page and then create user space by copying their current user page for draft? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 03:45, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::::No. For starters: A wikipedia-user 'has to be the one', that start his-or-her-own sub-page or user-page (or even 'regular user-page'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:7580:532A:8665:BB|2001:2020:303:BB75:7580:532A:8665:BB]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:7580:532A:8665:BB|talk]]) 05:17, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::::It's has a stub template and category, please see [[WP:USER]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 05:22, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Remove "<nowiki>{{bio-stub}}</nowiki>" and "<nowiki>[[Category:Musicians]]</nowiki>", from '''that''' user-page.--Good catch!--However, I recommend that anyone '''except''' user:Raayaan9911, make that edit. (Note: i have got absolutely nothing agains user:Raayaan9911.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:4129:EB88:E214:3173|2001:2020:303:BB75:4129:EB88:E214:3173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:4129:EB88:E214:3173|talk]]) 17:45, 15 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:4129:EB88:E214:3173|2001:2020:303:BB75:4129:EB88:E214:3173]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:4129:EB88:E214:3173|talk]]) 17:49, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{Done}} i removed stub and category in their user page. :::::::@[[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] please don't use stub templates or categories in your user page, i already warned you. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:43, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Glad to see my comment has been read and understood. Why are we allowing this user to circumvent the block by creating subpages of articles. Either way I shan't bother further wasting my breath here. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:47, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::I removed stub and category in their user page only, i didn't allowing this user circumvent the block by create subpages of articles, i just misunderstood it. Don't worry :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:52, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::I also undid my edit in their user page. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:58, 15 May 2025 (UTC) {{outdent}} The category and stub template should be removed or commented out. We can't categorize userpages in categories meant for mainspace articles. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:05, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Thank you for clarifying misunderstanding. :@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] user pages doesn't categorize it, it's only categorize mainspace articles. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:17, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == A middle manager in a killing-machine of Nazi-Germany == [[August_Harbaum]]. Please read edit remark, about 'what you seriously should consider, doing to the article'. See edit-comment in the following diff, simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Harbaum&diff=10260053&oldid=10259259 Without c. all those 'German sources' (at the end of one particular sentence/period), then your article could easily get deleted 'on a bad day'. In my opinion, the Swedish wiki-article is a strong 'Delete-candidate'. However, the German wiki-article is an 'obvious keep', at German-wiki, in my opinion - however, i seriously doubt that a case could be made, in regard that he was a "key person" or "key figure".--He was part of [[middle management]] (of a killing operation also), it seems. However, he is a noted person, in the concentration camp system; 'The proof is partially in, that the German-wiki article has not been nominated for Delete !'.--I am fine with me doing c. no more work on this article.--Note: it is possible that his 'notability in German media, is largely because he managed not to be arrested-and-sent-to-trial, even though he was sited, as late as in the 2000s. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|talk]]) 03:14, 15 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|talk]]) 03:17, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :If my first post (in this thread) seems helpful, then fine. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:2C7A:A192:DE9B:2656|talk]]) 03:16, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == QD noms == I have undone the last two QD nominations you did. The first broke the RfD page and the second was not nonsense. Please be more careful. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:55, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :ohh... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 00:56, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Template:This date in recent years/table == Are you planning to complete the nomination for this article at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Template:This date in recent years/table]]? Otherwise, please remove the RFD tag and the transclusion at the RFD list. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:38, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :someone can fix it.... @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 02:39, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::It's not someone else's job to fix it. If you're nominating something for deletion, you need to follow through with all the steps. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:41, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::i refuse to fix it @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 02:42, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::As you refuse to complete the nomination process, I have reverted your tagging of the article as an RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:50, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Herminie, Pennsylvania == Can you give a source for the information you provided on [[Herminie, Pennsylvania]]? Some of it appears to be wrong. [[Special:Contributions/2601:646:9900:A7E6:5D64:91B3:E674:2D99|2601:646:9900:A7E6:5D64:91B3:E674:2D99]] ([[User talk:2601:646:9900:A7E6:5D64:91B3:E674:2D99|talk]]) 20:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :I did. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow#top|talk]]) 20:05, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/pennsylvania/herminie doesn't seem to be a reliable source. [[Special:Contributions/2601:646:9900:A7E6:5D64:91B3:E674:2D99|2601:646:9900:A7E6:5D64:91B3:E674:2D99]] ([[User talk:2601:646:9900:A7E6:5D64:91B3:E674:2D99|talk]]) 20:09, 27 May 2025 (UTC) == Unexplained reverts == I noticed two reverts by you in the past hour or so that seem to be removing good faith improvements to articles with no explanations. * [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polandball&diff=prev&oldid=10295891 Revert one] * [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanie_Brown&diff=prev&oldid=10295904 Revert two] If you're going to make these reverts, you need to explain why you're making them. But, I don't believe either revert should have happened in the first place. Please be mindful in your revert actions and your usage of Twinkle. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:41, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Use full sentences == When you add information to articles, please make sure that you write them in full sentences. Several of your changes today have been simply listing facts instead of writing them into sentence form. Please make sure you utilize proper grammar. Additionally, make sure all the information you add is properly cited as well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:11, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == More edits of concern == I am concerned about these edits you made today: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_To&diff=prev&oldid=10297192], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santee,_California&diff=prev&oldid=10297194], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_Gardens,_California&diff=prev&oldid=10297200], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airuno&diff=prev&oldid=10297140], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campagnatico&diff=prev&oldid=10297144]. They all introduced information to the articles that were without sources and were complex in their language. Where did the information come from that you put into the articles? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:53, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :How about [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satoshi_Nakamoto&diff=prev&oldid=10299006 this edit]? Where did you get the information from? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:10, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::I think they are using AI chatbot to write article. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::Oh I assumed as much as well. I’m just looking for them to say it. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:57, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated content == Please stop using AI chatbot to generate articles, any AI generated contents are complex as example of [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_remember&diff=prev&oldid=10298599 diff]. Please see [[WP:GPT]].<span id="Raayaan9911:1748734854286:User_talkFTTCLNBigKrow" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:40, 31 May 2025 (UTC)</span> :Your [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryan_Brotherhood_of_Texas&diff=prev&oldid=10298977 diff] also has a AI-generated content. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:55, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Maison du Boulanger== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Maison du Boulanger]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Maison du Boulanger]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:34, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Darius (French artist)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Darius (French artist)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Darius (French artist)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:12, 4 June 2025 (UTC) == QD == Please be very careful at QD, your [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nut_(fruit)&diff=prev&oldid=10309577 diff] has been tagged QD, you can remove disruptive comment. Tagging QD on new disruptive comments are unnecessary. Thanks!<span id="Raayaan9911:1749061606688:User_talkFTTCLNBigKrow" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:26, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</span> :I also improved [[2018–19 NBA season]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:28, 4 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Ding Liren's Immortal Game== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Ding Liren's Immortal Game]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Ding Liren's Immortal Game}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Wadi Damm== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Wadi Damm]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Wadi Damm}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:09, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Professional wrestling throws== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Professional wrestling throws]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Professional wrestling throws}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:11, 9 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Go Mecha Ball== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Go Mecha Ball]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Go Mecha Ball}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:32, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 7u13l5z75txd6bhpr4bkstz66s41qnl 0 1074725 10331136 9566382 2025-06-15T00:20:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Award doesn't seem notable. The references are your basic Nigerian puff pieces. One talks about 5 prestigious awards and puts this on the same level as a Nobel Prize and Academy Award. Delete at [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JOM Charity Award]] for similar concerns. I note that this article is linked to in about 10 articles here, and nearly all those articles are likely [[WP:PAID]] for non-notable individuals with the award being used as a way to claim notability.}} {{Infobox award | name = JOM Charity Awards | image = | alt = | caption = | awarded_for = art, culture, fair trade, community, heritage, science, human rights, and environment industry | presenter = | country = | year = 2017 | website = }} '''JOM Charity Awards''' is an award that celebrate the achievements of individuals or companies. It is awarded to individuals who have helped solve global world problem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards that garnered international prestige and fame |url=https://dailytimesng.com/awards-that-garnered-international-prestige-and-fame/|access-date=2021-12-13 |website=Daily Times Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/2023-celebration-of-jom-charity-awards-event-a-huge-success/|title= 2023 celebration of JOM charity awards event a huge success |website=The Sun Nigeria |date= 2023-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jom Charity Awards Making Peoples Work feel Valued |url=https://dailytimesng.com/jom-charity-awards-making-peoples-work-feel-valued/|access-date=2022-11-28 |website=dailytimesng.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/jom-charity-award-and-other-famous-awards/|title= JOM CHARITY AWARD AND OTHER FAMOUS AWARDS |website=Nigerian Tribune |date= 2021-07-12}}</ref> ==History== [[Jom Charity]] also known as Josephine Oboh Macleod Charity<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/list-of-top-5-charity-organisations-in-uk/|title=List Of Top 5 Charity Organisations In Uk|website=Vanguard Nigeria|date= 2022-06-04}}</ref>is the parents body of the JOM Charity Awards founded in 2017 by Josephine Oboh Macleod.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/health/mental-health-on-the-go-with-art-and-culture-jom-charity-3690885/|title= Mental health on the go” with art and culture – JOM Charity|website=Scotsman.com|date= 2022-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://leadership.ng/awards-as-tokens-of-honor-that-society-bestows/|title=Awards As Tokens Of Honour That Society Bestows |website=leadership newspaper |date= 2022-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jom Charity Awards 2023 unfolds In Glasgow Scotland |url=https://dailytimesng.com/jom-charity-awards-2023-unfolds-in-glasgow-scotland/|access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Daily Times Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nike-davis-okundaye-bags-jom-charity-awards/|title= Nike Davis-Okundaye bags JOM charity awards|website=The Nation Nigeria |date= 2022-02-12}}</ref> The selection process for these individuals/organizations/companies involved nominations, thorough background checks based on their impact, and board justifications.<ref name="P">{{Cite web |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/06/16/jom-charity-awards-unveils-nominees-for-2023-2024/|title= JOM Charity Awards unveils nominees for 2023-2024|website=P.M. News |date= 2023-06-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=JOM charities awarding excellence, monument to the unwavering commitment of individual enterprises |url=https://dailytimesng.com/jom-charities-awarding-excellence-monument-to-the-unwavering-commitment-of-individual-enterprises/|access-date=2020-12-15 |website=Daily Times Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/top-five-prestigious-awards/|title= Top 5 Prestigious Awards |website=The Sun Nigeria |date= 2021-08-05}}</ref> The selection process involves a combination of votes from the public and industry professionals, ensuring that only the best of the best are honored.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/07/23/british-nigerian-writer-nominated-for-jom-charity-awards/|title= British-Nigerian writer nominated For JOM Charity Awards|website=P.M. News |date= 2020-07-23}}</ref> After the conclusion of the nomination phase, the selection process Will progress into a strategic questionnaire phase. This stage aims to engage a diverse demographic of millions of people aged 18 to 70, encompassing a wide spectrum of lifestyles.<ref name="P"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:British awards|*]] i12pxnzmyxwb6qgfyb9quvoy2tg9gex 3 1074737 10331135 9716491 2025-06-15T00:20:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[JOM Charity Award]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331135 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Mastashat|Mastashat]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Gladysgab! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Gladysgab|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Mastashat|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! [[User:Mastashat|Mastashat]] ([[User talk:Mastashat|talk]]) 17:15, 6 January 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Sam Adedoyin== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Sam Adedoyin]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Sam Adedoyin]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:DIVINE|DIVINE]] ([[User talk:DIVINE|talk]]) 02:45, 21 August 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of JOM Charity Award== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:JOM Charity Award]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:20, 15 June 2025 (UTC) qzf59rcyu41usd9iltvayjoh0073xkt 0 1074813 10331574 10327049 2025-06-15T07:54:41Z HurricaneEdgar 1044129 /* Leadership and Structure */ 10331574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HTS flag.png|thumb|310x310px|Flag of HTS.]] '''Hay´at Tahrir al-Sham''' (HTS; Arabic: هيئة تحرير الشام) translating to “The Organization for the Liberation of the Levant”, is a Sunni Islamist armed group and political organization in Syria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mills|first=Claire|last2=Loft|first2=Philip|date=2025-01-05|title=Syria after Assad: Consequences and interim authorities 2025|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10161/|language=en-GB}}</ref> It was formed on January 28<sup>th</sup> 2017 in Idlib as [[Jabhat Fatah al-Sham|Jabhat Fateh al-Sham]] and merged with several other groups such as [[Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zinki]], [[Liwa al-Aqsa|Liwa al-Haq]], [[Jaysh al-Sunnah|Jaysh al-Sunna]], and [[Jabhat Ansar al-Din]], establishing Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham under one body.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The rule is for none but Allah : Islamist approaches to governance {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1380615126|access-date=2025-05-01|website=search.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> HTS commands around 16,000 fighters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syria Report – Economy, Business and Finance – Syria and the Middle East|url=https://syria-report.com/|access-date=2025-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Keser|first=Ahmet|last2=Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Soliman|first=Ghada|date=2025|title=Disinformation and the Battle for Influence and Power in the Emerging Post-Assad Syria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48815454|journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses|volume=17|issue=2|pages=1–7|issn=2382-6444}}</ref> In December 2024, HTS led a coalition including Ahrar al-Sham, the [[National Front for Liberation]], the [[Free Syrian Army]], the [[Syrian National Army]] (SNA) and [[Nour al-Din al-Zenki]] and overthrew the Syrian government. They ended the rule of the Assad family in [[Syria]]. After the overthrow, they set up a transitional government. It is led by [[Ahmed al-Sharaa|Ahmed al-Shaara]].<ref name=":0" /> Since December 2024, HTS has since expanded its control in Syria to include most of Greater Idlib province, Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Damascus.<ref name=":1" /> == Historical Context == Ahmed al-Sharaa was originally part of Al-[[Al-Qaeda|Qaeda]] in Iraq. In 2012, he was the former leader of Jabhat al-Nusra, and became the leader of HTS in 2017. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Keser|first=Ahmet|last2=and Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833?needAccess=true&|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}</ref> HTS emerged as one of the most powerful armed factions during the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref name=":4" /> Their affiliation with other terrorist groups made them known for their effectiveness in battle and for brutal acts. Jabhat al-Nusra (which HTS was part of) played a key role in major offensives against the Assad regime, especially in northwestern Syria, and was involved in the seizure of territory, including parts of Aleppo and later Idlib. <ref>{{Citation|last=Khalifa|first=Dareen|title=Idlib and the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Conundrum in Syria|date=2023-07-15|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/56006/chapter/440498589|work=The Rule is for None but Allah|pages=249–264|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Joana|edition=1|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197690390.003.0012|isbn=978-0-19-769039-0|access-date=2025-05-01|editor2-last=Maher|editor2-first=Shiraz}}</ref> The group became known for its bombings, its use of suicide attacks, and its efforts to dominate rival opposition factions through force. In 2016, the group rebranded as Jabhat Fatah al-Sham in an attempt to cut formal ties with al-Qaeda and present itself as a more locally focused Syrian movement, distancing itself from the global [[Jihad|jihadist]] image that had made it a target of Western powers. This shift was strategic, aimed at consolidating local support, reducing international pressure, and gaining legitimacy among other rebel groups and the civilian population. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maoz|first=Moshe|last2=Yaniv|first2=Avner|date=2013-11-26|title=Syria Under Assad (RLE Syria)|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315818948|doi=10.4324/9781315818948}}</ref> The rebranding lead up to the formation of HTS in 2017, a merger of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham with several smaller Islamist groups. == Leadership and Structure == [[File:Ahmed al-Sharaa in April 2025.jpg|thumb|202x202px|Ahmed Al-Sharaa 2025]] HTS is led by Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa, also known as Abu Mohammad al-Julani, which is his fighter name. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Abouzeid|first=Rania|date=2012-12-25|title=Interview with Official of Jabhat Al-Nusra, Syria's Islamist Militia Group|language=en-US|work=Time|url=https://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/|access-date=2025-05-01|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> He is HTS´s founder and Syria's current political leader. Before joining HTS he was part of Jabhat al-Nusra and also had ties with al-Qaeda, but he denies any ideological affiliation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429426063|title=Handbook of Terrorist and Insurgent Groups: A Global Survey of Threats, Tactics, and Characteristics|last=Romaniuk|first=Scott N.|last2=Roul|first2=Animesh|last3=Fabe|first3=Pamela|last4=Besenyő|first4=János|date=2024-09-19|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-42606-3|edition=1|location=Boca Raton|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780429426063.}}</ref> [[Abdul-Rahim Attoun]] (Abu Abdullah al-Shami) is HTS´s chief religious figure and plays a critical role in the group’s ideological direction and political strategy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Who is who? Meet HTS ideologue Abd al-Rahim Atoun, top jurist and strategist - Türkiye Today|url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/who-is-who-meet-hts-ideologue-abd-al-rahim-atoun-top-jurist-and-strategist-90575/|access-date=2025-05-01|language=en-US}}</ref> His influence was a key factor in HTS shift from an al-Qaeda affiliate into a local-focused actor embedded in a nationalist movement. Overtime, HTS underwent several internal transformations distancing itself from its transnational jihadist roots to focus on local governance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://academic.oup.com/book/56006|title=The Rule is for None but Allah: Islamist Approaches to Governance|date=2023-07-15|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-769039-0|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=Joana|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/oso/9780197690390.001.0001.|editor-last2=Maher|editor-first2=Shiraz}}</ref> This shift was exemplified by the establishment of the [[Syrian Salvation Government]] (SSG) in Idlib in 2017. With its own ministries and departments, the civilian technocratic administrative body oversees governance in HTS controlled areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Keser|first=Ahmet|last2=Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}</ref> Structurally, HTS is divided into military and administrative arms, while the military and intelligence branches are firmly under HTS´s control. Their governance model, although conservative, is not extremist.<ref name=":3" /> HTS Islamist governance emphasizes the application of [[Sharia|Sharia law]] but claims to not enforce radical interpretations. In efforts to portray a more inclusive image HTS states to protect rights of non-Muslim citizens and religious minorities.<ref name=":2" /> == Relations with Internal and External Actors == As Syria’s current government, al-Sharaa’s administration has maintained complex relationships with both domestic and international actors, with its policies viewed as either progressive or regressive depending on the context. One major turning point in these relations occurred in 2017, when HTS bombed Damascus which killed mainly Iraqi Shia Muslims. Since then, many nations have categorized HTS as a terrorist group.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2024-12-12|title=The de facto authority in Syria is a designated terrorist group: What happens now? {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158126|access-date=2025-05-01|website=news.un.org|language=en}}</ref> Most countries do not recognize or support HTS, such as the United States, European Union, United Kingdom.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Furlong|first=Ray|title=Western Countries Face Dilemma Over Syria's Blacklisted New Rulers|language=en|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/syria-hts-terrorism-designation-west/33232662.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Furlong|first=Ray|title=Western Countries Face Dilemma Over Syria's Blacklisted New Rulers|language=en|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/syria-hts-terrorism-designation-west/33232662.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> The United Nations (UN) also categorized HTS as a terrorist group in 2018 in a key Security Council resolution.<ref name=":12" /> Meanwhile, regional actors have continued to affirm their influence over Syria’s complex political and military landscape. Turkey, seeing an opportunity to expand its influence, backed the [[Syrian National Army]] (SNA) and continued its military operations against the Kurdish-led [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] (SDF), while offering to train Syria’s future armed forces. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kardaş|first=Şaban|date=2025|title=Turkey's Long Game in Syria: Moving beyond Ascendance|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mepo.12807|journal=Middle East Policy|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=22–37|doi=10.1111/mepo.12807|issn=1475-4967}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-13|title=The talks shaping Syria's new constitution will exclude Kurdish forces, organizers say|url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-national-dialogue-ahmad-alsharaa-hts-sdf-10e445388360ff5abe9f6bd99131302e|access-date=2025-05-01|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Israel intensified its presence by occupying areas in southern Syria, including the United Nations (UN) buffer zone and Mount Hermon. They justify their actions as a security measure and as targeted strikes on sites previously used for chemical weapons by the Assad regime.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Mills|first=Claire|last2=Loft|first2=Philip|date=2025-01-05|title=Syria after Assad: Consequences and interim authorities 2025|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10161/|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Resistance and Coexistence: Exploring Iranian and Syrian Involvement in the Creation of Hezbollah|url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400663130.ch-005|journal=Hezbollah|pages=113–130|doi=10.5040/9798400663130.ch-005}}</ref> For Iran and [[Hezbollah]], Assad’s fall marked a significant setback. It broke a key link in Iran’s regional “axis of resistance” and reduced its power in the Levant. Russia, having provided Assad asylum, appeared to reduce its military role, although HTS indicated some openness to allowing Russia to retain bases, if it served Syria’s interests. <ref>{{Cite web|title=US will not pursue $10m bounty on HTS leader after diplomats visit Syria|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-wont-pursue-10m-bounty-htss-ahmed-al-sharaa-after-diplomats-visit-syria?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Ahmed al-Sharaa greets Hadja Lahbib in Syria.jpg|thumb|Ahmed al-Sharaa greets European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management in Syria|340x340px|left]]Against the landscape of changing alliances and ongoing instability, humanitarian concerns remain urgent. In a statement published in November 29, 2024, Al-Sharaa urged that soldiers refrain from violence, and to respect the diversity of sects and cultures in Syria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=إدارة العمليات العسكرية|url=https://t.me/aleamaliaat_aleaskaria/91|access-date=2025-05-01|website=Telegram}}</ref> However, as recently as March 2025, the UN has reported targeted attacks and killings of Alawites (the minority that was protected under Assad regime). This includes children and women in the coast of Syria, where most of them reside.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-12|title=The de facto authority in Syria is a designated terrorist group: What happens now? {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158126|access-date=2025-05-01|website=news.un.org|language=en}}</ref> The humanitarian crisis remains an issue in Syria; people need food, clean water, healthcare, and safe places to live. Hospitals and clinics are damaged or closed, and there are not enough doctors or medical care.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nurintan|first=Okdela|last2=Masya|first2=Maora Rianti|last3=Satria|first3=Randhi|date=2018|title=Humanitarian Actions of Médecins Sans Frontières’ Response to Humanitarian Crisis in Syria 2011-2015|url=https://doi.org/10.5220/0007034100010001|journal=4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES|publisher=SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications|pages=1–1|doi=10.5220/0007034100010001}}</ref> HTS is seeking increased support, but many areas still suffer because of the war and past government actions. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Keser|first=Ahmet|last2=and Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}</ref> Marking a notable political shift, HTS cooperates with the SDF under a March 2025 agreement, integrating SDF into national institutions. This marks a major shift from past conflict and suggests HTS is working with some parts of the broader opposition, especially against common threats like [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]]. <ref name=":02" /> However, HTS continues to clash with Turkey-backed SNA forces, particularly because of ongoing Turkish-SDF tensions. Turkey worked with HTS to keep stability in Idlib and provided help through aid and security arrangements .<ref name=":02" /> In return, HTS allowed Turkish troops to watch over ceasefire zones and stop the spread of violence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Keser|first=Ahmet|last2=and Fakhoury|first2=Fareed|date=2025-01-02|title=Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development and Social Support Base|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833?needAccess=true&|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=48|issue=1|pages=46–66|doi=10.1080/1057610X.2022.2082833|issn=1057-610X}}</ref> HTS received mixed international responses. Saudi Arabia welcomed Al-Sharaa on February 2025 to discuss bilateral relations. <ref>{{Cite web|last=dhojnacki|date=2024-12-24|title=What role will the Gulf states play in shaping the new Syria?|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/what-role-will-gulf-states-play-in-shaping-the-new-syria/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|access-date=2025-05-01|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US}}</ref> Other countries like the U.S. and some in Europe have started talking with HTS, showing they may be open to working with the group if it becomes more moderate. <ref name=":02" /> == Current Status and Developments == [[File:Syrian Civil War map (August 7, 2024).svg|thumb|Military situation before the opposition offensives in late 2024, showing areas controlled by Tahrir al-Sham (white) and the Assad regime (red).]] On the 8<sup>th</sup> of  December 2024 the Assad government was removed by a group of rebel forces led by Hay ’at Tahrir al-Sham.<ref name=":0" /> Factors that influenced the collapse of the dictatorship were the Turkish support for the rebels, Russia’s attention shift to the war in Ukraine and Israeli attacks weakening Iran and Hezbollah. After these events HTS set up a transitional government and dissolved the Syrian parliament, which was dominated by the [[Baathist party]]. In January 2025 it named Ahmed al-Shaara as its interim President.<ref name=":0" /> Key demands are a new Syrian constitution, the integration of non-state armed groups into Syria's official forces, including the SDF and reunifying of Syrian territories and administrative bodies under centralized state control.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-13|title=The talks shaping Syria's new constitution will exclude Kurdish forces, organizers say|url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-national-dialogue-ahmad-alsharaa-hts-sdf-10e445388360ff5abe9f6bd99131302e|access-date=2025-05-01|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> However HTS faces major challenges.  First, there is a lack of international and national credibility and a global reluctance to engage with an HTS-led government'''.'''<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-03-21|title=1|url=https://doi.org/10.46632/jemm/11/1|journal=REST Journal on Emerging trends in Modelling and Manufacturing|volume=11|issue=1 march 2025|doi=10.46632/jemm/11/1}}</ref> Secondly, Syria is still divided. Other powerful groups, like the Kurdish-led SDF and Turkish-backed rebel forces, reject HTS control over Syria. Thirdly, after years of civil war and sanctions, it has led to the economy being damaged. The future of HTS´s government therefore remains uncertain as it struggles to gain legitimacy, rebuild a fractured nation, and navigate regional and international dynamics. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hay at Tahrir al-Sham}} [[Category:2017 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Islamic terrorism]] [[Category:Sunni organizations]] [[Category:Islamist militant groups]] o33g36fuh9pkx3k6jwfn8nbtwqed08h 0 1074933 10330980 9982084 2025-06-14T22:33:02Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Internal link in title) 10330980 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''2018-19 Red Bull Salzburg season''' was the 86rd season in club history. [[Red Bull Salzburg]] won the championship and the and the [[2018–19 Austrian Cup|Austrian Cup]]. Salzburg was eliminated from the Champions League by [[Red Star Belgrade]] in the playoffs. In the Europa League they were eliminated by [[SSC Napoli]] in the round of 16. In the group stage Salzburg won all six matches. ==Squad== {| class="wikitable" Width="750" | bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" width="80" | '''2018/19''' | bgcolor="#E8E8E8" width="700" | * '''Goalkeepers''':''33'' [[Alexander Walke]],''1'' [[Cican Stankovic]], ''23'' [[Philipp Köhn]] * '''Defenders''': ''3'' [[Jasper van der Werff]], ''6'' [[Jerome Onguene]], ''17'' [[Andreas Ulmer]], ''22'' [[Stefan Lainer]], ''25'' [[Patrick Farkas]], ''34'' [[Marin Pongracic]], ''15'' [[Andre Ramalho]], ''55'' [[Darko Todorovic]], ''5'' [[Albert Vallci]], ''?'' [[Kilian Ludewig]] * '''Midfielders''': ''8'' [[Diadie Samassekou]],''13'' [[Hannes Wolf]], ''42'' [[Xaver Schlager]], ''24'' [[Christoph Leitgeb]], ''45'' [[Enock Mwepu]], ''16'' [[Zlatko Junuzovic]], ''14'' [[Dominik Szoboszlai]], ''?'' [[Antoine Bernede]] * '''Forwards''':''9'' [[Munas Dabbur]], ''18'' [[Takumi Minamino]], ''21'' [[Fredrik Gulbrandsen]], ''20'' [[Patson Daka]], ''11'' [[Smail Prevljak]], ''30'' [[Erling Haaland]] * '''Coaching staff:'''[[Marco Rose]] (Head coach), [[René Aufhauser]], [[Rene Maric]], [[Alexander Zickler]] (Assistance coaches), [[Herbert Ilsanker]] (Goalkeeper coach) |} <ref>[http://wiki.salzburg12.at/Saison_2018/19 FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> ==Matches== {{Football box collapsible |round = 1 |date = 29 July 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150725sv_mfc_r0.htm |team2 = [[LASK]] |goals1 = * Schlager {{goal|22|o.g.}} *Dabbur {{goal|31||38}} |goals2 = *Ullmann {{goal|68|pen.}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 11.532 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 2 |date = 4 August 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[SV Mattersburg]] |score = 0-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150801fc_rrapi0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Ramalho {{goal|92}} *Dabbur {{goal|94}} |stadium = [[Pappelstadion]] |location = [[Mattersburg]] |attendance = 3.500 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 |date =11 August 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180811fc_raust1.htm |team2 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |goals1 = *Daka {{goal|39}} *Dabbur {{goal|77}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.437 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 4 |date =11 August 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180818fc_rtsv_0.htm |team2 = [[TSV Hartberg]] |goals1 = *Prevljak {{goal|49||60}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 7.843 |referee = Oliver Drachta |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 5 |date =25 August 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[SCR Altach]] |score = 2-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180825sc_rfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Fischer {{goal|10}} *Dobras {{goal|58}} |goals2 = *Prevljak {{goal|4||21}} *Schlager {{goal|83}} |stadium = [[Stadion Schnabelholz]] |location = [[Altach]] |attendance = 4.125 |referee = Walter Altmann |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 6 |date =2 September 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180902fc_rfc_a1.htm |team2 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] |goals1 = *Minamino {{goal|44}} *Mwepu {{goal|60}} *Haidara {{goal|88}} |goals2 = *Vorsager {{goal|68}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 6.489 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 7 |date = 15 September 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[SKN St. Pölten]] |score = 1-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180915skn_fc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Pongracic {{goal|26|o.g.}} |goals2 = *Schlager {{goal|45}} *Wolf {{goal|66}} *Gulbrandsen {{goal|97}} |stadium = [[NV Arena]] |location = [[St. Pölten]] |attendance = 5.511 |referee = Andreas Heiss |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 8 |date = 23 September 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180923fc_rrapi1.htm |team2 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |goals1 = *Minamino {{goal|36}} *Dabbur {{goal|76}} |goals2 = *Hofmann {{goal|89}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 15.973 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 9 |date = 29 September 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |score = 1-4 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180929wolffc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Orgill {{goal|72}} |goals2 = *Junuzovic {{goal|47}} *Dabbur {{goal|56||95}} *Yabo {{goal|96}} |stadium = [[Lavanttalarena]] |location = [[Wolfsberg]] |attendance = 4.655 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 10 |date = 7 October 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181007sturfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Zulj {{goal|43}} |goals2 = *Gulbrandsen {{goal|28}} *Lainer {{goal|53}} |stadium = [[Liebenauer Stadium]] |location = [[Graz]] |attendance = 11.147 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 11 |date = 20 October 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181020fc_rwack0.htm |team2 = [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |goals1 = *Junuzovic {{goal|71}} |goals2 = *Dieng {{goal|73}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 11.033 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 12 |date = 28 October 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[LASK]] |score = 3-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181028laskfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Trauner {{goal|30}} *Goiginger {{goal|45}} *Otubanjo {{goal|58}} |goals2 = *Dabbur {{goal|12|pen.}} *Haidara {{goal|27}} *Prevljak {{goal|83}} |stadium = [[Waldstadion]] |location = [[Pasching]] |attendance = 6.009 |referee = Gerhard Grobelnik |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 13 |date = 4 November 2018 |time = 14:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181104fc_rsv_m1.htm |team2 = [[SV Mattersburg]] |goals1 = *Onguene {{goal|70}} *Wolf {{goal|93}} |goals2 = *Kvasina {{goal|87}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 8.652 |referee = Rene Eisner |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 14 |date = 11 November 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |score = 0-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181111austfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Schlager {{goal|87}} *Minamino {{goal|94}} |stadium = [[Viola Park]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 10.507 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 15 |date = 24 November 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[TSV Hartberg]] |score = 0-4 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181124tsv_fc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Samassekou {{goal|49}} *Wolf {{goal|63}} *Schlager {{goal|88}} *Junuzovic {{goal|93}} |stadium = [[Stadion Hartberg]] |location = [[Hartberg]] |attendance = 4.860 |referee = Dominik Ouschan |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 16 |date = 2 December 2018 |time = 14:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181202fc_rsc_r1.htm |team2 = [[SCR Altach]] |goals1 = *Minamino {{goal|18}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 5.797 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 17 |date = 8 December 2018 |time = 18:30 |team1 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling ]] |score = 2-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181208fc_afc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Schmidt {{goal|36||46}} |goals2 = *Dabbur {{goal|55}} *Wolf {{goal|69}} |stadium = [[BSFZ-Arena]] |location = [[Südstadt]] |attendance = 1.900 |referee = Christian-Petru Ciochirca |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 18 |date = 16 December 2018 |time = 14:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 5-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181216fc_rskn_1.htm |team2 = [[SKN St. Pölten]] |goals1 = * Prevljak {{goal|3}||9||24||41}} * Junuzovic {{goal|30}} |goals2 = * Ouedraogo {{goal|80}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 5.727 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 19 |date = 24 February 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151206sv_mfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = * Berisha {{goal|65}} * Schwab {{goal|81}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Allianz Stadion]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 19.440 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = L }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 20 |date = 2 March 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190302fc_rwolf0.htm |team2 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |goals1 = * Dabbur {{goal|4||68}} * Wolf {{goal|29}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 6.111 |referee = Rene Eisner |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 21 |date = 10 March 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 0-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190310fc_rstur1.htm |team2 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.142 |referee = Oliver Drachta |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 22 |date = 17 March 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |score = 0-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190317wackfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = * Dabbur {{goal|21}} * Szoboszlai {{goal|91}} |stadium = [[Tivoli-Neu|Tivoli]] |location = [[Innsbruck]] |attendance = 6.476 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = W }} ==Champion stage== {{Football box collapsible |round = 23 |date = 31 March 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 =FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 5-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160220fc_rsc_r0.htm |team2 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|34||75|pen.|86||91}} *Minamino {{goal|47}} |goals2 = *Sax {{goal|41|pen.}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.228 |referee = Oliver Drachta |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 24 |date = 7 April 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[LASK]] |score = 0-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190407laskfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Gulbrandsen {{goal|19}} *Daka {{goal|91}} |stadium = [[Waldstadion]] |location = [[Pasching]] |attendance = 6.087 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 25 |date = 14 April 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190414fc_rstur0.htm |team2 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |goals1 = *Gulbrandsen {{goal|53}} *Dabbur {{goal|67}} *Szoboszlai {{goal|71}} |goals2 = *Lema {{goal|40}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 5.200 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 26 |date = 21 April 2019 |time = 14:30 |team1 = [[SKN St. Pölten]] |score = 1-1 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190421skn_fc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Gartler {{goal|65|pen.}} |goals2 = *Prevljak {{goal|33|pen.}} |stadium = [[NV Arena]] |location = [[St. Pölten]] |attendance = 3.514 |referee = Gerhard Grobelnik |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 27 |date = 24 April 2019 |time = 19:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190424fc_rwolf0.htm |team2 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |goals1 = *Onguene {{goal|88}} *Dabbur {{goal|90}} *Minamino {{goal|94}} |goals2 = *Koita {{goal|55}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 6.181 |referee = Andreas Heiss |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 28 |date = 28 April 2019 |time = 14:30 |team1 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190428wolffc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Friesenbichler {{goal|35}} *Ritzmaier {{goal|72}} |goals2 = * Gulbrandsen {{goal|66}} |stadium = [[Lavanttal Arena]] |location = [[Wolfsberg, Carinthia|Wolfsberg]] |attendance = 3.409 | referee= Markus Hameter |result = L }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 29 |date = 5 May 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190505austfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = * Prokop {{goal|71}} |goals2 = * Schlager {{goal|82}} * Wolf {{goal|86}} |stadium = [[Viola Park]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 9.578 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 30 |date = 12 May 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190512fc_rlask0.htm |team2 = [[LASK]] |goals1 = * Haaland {{goal|13}} * Gulbrandsen {{goal|37}} |goals2 = * Trauner {{goal|49}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 11.457 |referee = Rene Eisner |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 31 |date = 19 May 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |score = 1-2 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190519sturfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Kiteishvili {{goal|27}} |goals2 = *Daka {{goal|10}} *Szoboszlai {{goal|65}} |stadium = [[Liebenauer stadium]] |location = [[Graz]] |attendance =11.486 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 32 |date = 26 May 2019 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 7-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190526fc_rskn_1.htm |team2 = [[SKN St. Pölten]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|9||47}} *Vallci {{goal|36}} *Gulbrandsen {{goal|56}} *Wolf {{goal|66||87}} *Onguene {{goal|82}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 16.200 |referee = Josef Spurny |result = W }} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2010_19/o1__bundesliga__2018_19.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Table== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !width=15| !width=185|Team !width=20|M !width=20|W !width=20|D !width=20|L !width=20|Goals !width=20|Points |- bgcolor=ccffcc |1.||align=left| '''FC Red Bull Salzburg'''||32||25||5||2||79:27||'''52 (27)''''' |- |2.||align=left| '''LASK'''||32||18||9||5||59:31||'''40 (23)''' |-bgcolor=ccffcc |3.||align=left|'''Wolfsberger AC'''||32||12||10||10||47:47||'''31 (15)''' |- |4.||align=left|'''FK Austria Wien '''||32||12||6||14||45:48||'''27 (15)''' |-bgcolor=ccffcc |5.||align=left|'''SK Sturm Graz''' ||32||10||10||12||37:40||'''24 (15)''''' |- |6.||align=left| '''SKN St. Pölten''' ||32||9||9||14||32:50||'''21 (15)''' |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2010_19/o1__bundesliga__2018_19.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> <ref>The halved points from the basic round are in brackets.</ref> ==Austrian Cup== {{Football box collapsible |round = 1 |date = 22 July 2018 |time = 17:15 |team1 = [[ASKÖ Oedt ]] |score = 0-6 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150718deutfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Schlager {{goal|9||65}} *Yabo {{goal|45+2||63}} *Prevljak {{goal|74}} *Dabbur {{goal|77|pen.}} |stadium = [[Sportanlage]] |location = [[Oedt]] |attendance = 2.112 |referee = Christian-Petru Ciochirca |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 2 |date = 26 September 2018 |time = 20:30 |team1 = [[SC Schwaz]] |score = 0-6 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180926sc_sfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Sakaki {{goal|8}} *Rakowitz {{goal|86}} |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|28}} *Prevljak {{goal|39}} *Mwepu {{goal|63}} *Szoboszlai {{goal|68}} *Junuzovic {{goal|80}} *Leitgeb {{goal|87}} |stadium = [[Silberstadt-Arena]] |location = [[Schwaz]] |attendance = 1.300 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Round of 16 |date = 31 October 2018 |time = 18:30 |team1 = [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |score = 0-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181031austfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|74}} |stadium = [[Reichshofstadion]] |location = [[Lustenau]] |attendance = 3.500 |referee = Walter Altmann |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Quarterfinals |date = 17 February 2019 |time = 15:00 |team1 = [[SC Wiener Neustadt]] |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190217sc_wfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Hager {{goal|90}} |goals2 = *Szoboszlai {{goal|48}} *Dabbur {{goal|56|pen.}} |stadium = [[Wiener Neustadt Stadium]] |location = [[Wiener Neustadt]] |attendance = 2.170 |referee = Christian-Petru Ciochirca |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Semifinals |date = 3 April 2019 |time = 18:00 |team1 = [[Grazer AK]] |score = 0-6 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190403grazfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Dabbur {{goal|6||26}} *Wolf {{goal|13||66}} *Minamino {{goal|45}} *Daka {{goal|90+2}} |stadium = [[Liebenauer Stadium]] |location = [[Graz]] |attendance = 13.301 |referee = Gerhard Grobelnik |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Final |date = 1 May 2019 |time = 16:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190501fc_rrapi0.htm |team2 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |goals1 = *Farkas {{goal|37}} *Dabbur {{goal|39}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Wörthersee Stadion]] |location = [[Klagenfurt]] |attendance = 24.200 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = }} ==Champions League qualification== {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 1st leg |date = 8 August 2018 |time = 19:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180808fc_rkf_s0.htm |team2 = [[ KF Shkendija ]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|16||45+3|pen.}} *Samassekou {{goal|81|pen.}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.500 |referee = Aliyar Aghayev |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 2nd leg |date = 14 August 2018 |time = 20:15 |team1 = [[KF Shkendija ]] |score = 0-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180814kf_sfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = * Minamino {{goal|90+2}} |stadium = [[Philip-II-Arena]] |location = [[Skopje]] |attendance = 3.500 |referee = Tamas Bognar |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Play off 1st leg |date = 21 August 2018 |time = 21:00 |team1 = [[Red Star Belgrade]] |score = 0-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180821rotefc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Stadion Rajko Mitic]] |location = [[Belgrade]] |attendance = 200<ref>Game closed to the public (UEFA sanction due to incidents at Red Star Belgrade's previous European Cup home games)</ref> |referee = Daniele Orsato |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Play off 2nd leg |date = 29 August 2018 |time = 21:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180829fc_rrote0.htm |team2 = [[Red Star Belgrade]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|45||48|pen.}} |goals2 = * Ben Nabouhane {{goal|65||66}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 26.500 |referee = Cüneyt Cakir |result = }} ==Europaleague, Group B== {{Football box collapsible |round = 1 |date = 20 September 2018 |time = 21:00 |team1 = [[RB Leipzig]] |score = 2-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180920rasefc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Laimer {{goal|70}} *Poulsen {{goal|82}} |goals2 = *Dabbur {{goal|20}} *Haidara {{goal|22}} *Gulbrandsen {{goal|89}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Leipzig]] |attendance = 24.100 |referee = Andreas Ekberg |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 2 |date = 4 October 2018 |time = 18:555 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181004fc_rcelt0.htm |team2 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic Glasgow]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|55||73|pen.}} *Minamino {{goal|61}} |goals2 = *Edouard {{goal|2}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 24.100 |referee = Serhiy Bojko |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 |date = 25 October 2018 |time = 18:55 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2014/20141023fc_rdina0.htm |team2 = [[Rosenborg BK]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|34||59|pen.}} *Wolf {{goal|53}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 20.600 |referee = Irfan Peljto |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 4 |date = 8 November 2018 |time = 21:00 |team1 = [[Rosenborg BK]] |score = 2-5 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2014/20141106dinafc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Adegbenro {{goal|52}} *Jensen {{goal|62}} |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|6||20||45}} *Gulbrandsen {{goal|37}} *Hovland {{goal|57|o.g.}} |stadium = [[Lerkendal-Stadion]] |location = [[Trondheim]] |attendance = 12.386 |referee = Aleksei Eskov |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 5 |date = 29 November 2018 |time = 18:55 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181129fc_rrase0.htm |team2 = [[RB Leipzig]] |goals1 = *Gulbrandsen {{goal|74}} |goals2 = stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 29.500 |referee = Orel Grinfeld |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 6 |date = 11 December 2014 |time = 19:00 |team1 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic Glasgow]] |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181213celtfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Ntcham {{goal|95|pen.}} |goals2 = *Dabbur {{goal|67}} *Gulbrandsen {{goal|78}} |stadium = [[Celtic Park]] |location = [[Glasgow]] |attendance = 58.000 |referee = Ruddy Buquet |result = }} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !Rank !Team !W !D !L !Goals !Points |- | 1 |[[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] |6 |0 |0 |17:6 |18 |- | 2 | [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic Glasgow]] |3 |0 |3 |6-8 |9 |- | 3 |[[RB Leipzig]] |2 |1 |3 |9:8 |7 |- | 4 | [[Rosenborg BK]] |0 |1 |5 |4:14 |1 |} ==Round of 32== {{Football box collapsible |round = Round of 32 1st leg |date = 14 February 2019 |time = 21:00 |team1 = [[Club Brugge K.V.]] |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190214clubfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Denswil {{goal|64}} *Moraes {{goal|81}} |goals2 = *Junuzovic {{goal|17}} |stadium = [[Jan Breydel-Stadion]] |location = [[Brugge ]] |attendance = 22.000 |referee = Georgi Kabakov |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Round of 32 2nd leg |date = 21 February 2019 |time = 18:55 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 4-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190221fc_rclub0.htm |team2 = [[Club Brugge K.V.]] |goals1 = *Schlager {{goal|17}} *Daka {{goal|29||43}} *Dabbur {{goal|90+4}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 24.700 |referee = Daniel Siebert |result = }} ==Round of 16== {{Football box collapsible |round = Round of 16 1st leg |date = 7 March 2019 |time = 21:00 |team1 = [[SSC Napoli]] |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190307ssc_fc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Milik {{goal|10}} *Ruiz {{goal|18}} *Onguene {{goal|58|o.g.}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Stadio San Paolo]] |location = [[Napoli]] |attendance = 35.000 |referee = Aleksei Kubalkov |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Round of 16 2nd leg |date = 14 March 2019 |time = 18:55 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190221fc_rclub0.htm |team2 = [[Club Brugge K.V.]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|25}} *Gulbrandsen {{goal|65}} *Leitgeb {{goal|90+2}} |goals2 = *Milik {{goal|14}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 29.500 |referee = Carlos del Cerro Grande |result = }} ==Friendly matches== {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 4 July 2018 |time = 18:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180704fc_rfk_u0.htm |team2 = [[FK Ufa]] |goals1 = *Junuzovic {{goal|18}} *Onguene {{goal|38}} *Prevljak {{goal|52}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Tauernstadion]] |location = [[Matrei]] |attendance = Marco Schlacher |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 7 July 2018 |time = 16:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 5-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150711fc_rfc_s1.htm |team2 = [[FK Jablonec]] |goals1 = *Wolf {{goal|1}} *Daka {{goal|3}} *Ulmer {{goal|39}} *Dabbur {{goal|61|pen.}} *Prevljak {{goal|87}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Sportplatz]] |location = [[Bramberg]] |attendance = |referee = Sebastian Gishamer |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 13 July 2018 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180713fc_rfc_u0.htm |team2 = [[FC Utrecht]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|76}} |goals2 = *Bargfrede {{goal|16}} *Ujah {{goal|22}} *Garcia {{goal|27}} *Di Santo {{goal|45}} |stadium = [[Mondseelandstadion ]] |location = [[Mondsee]] |attendance = 841 |referee = Manfred Erlinger |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 14 July 2018 |time = 11:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180714fc_rstad0.htm |team2 = [[Stade Rennais F.C.]] |goals1 = *Dabbur {{goal|50}} *Prevljak {{goal|90}} *Schlager {{goal|91}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Akademie Liefering]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = |referee = Christopher Jäger |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 25 July 2018 |time = 18:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 5-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20180725fc_rcayk0.htm |team2 = [[Caykur Rizespor]] |goals1 = *Wolf {{goal|22||58}} *Prevljak {{goal|24}} *Minamino {{goal|85}} *Daka {{goal|90}} |goals2 = *Saymak {{goal|28}} *Muriqi {{goal|39}} |stadium = [[Sportplatz]] |location = [[Kuchl]] |attendance = |referee = Florian Jäger |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 27 January 2019 |time = 16:00 |team1 = [[Slavia Prag]] |score = 0-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190127slavfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Daka {{goal|65}} |stadium = [[Stadio Municipal]] |location = [[Albufeira]] |attendance = |referee = |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 1 February 2019 |time = 13:00 |team1 = [[Beijing Sinobo Guoan ]] |score = 0-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2019/20190201beijfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Gulbrandsen {{goal|34}} *Haaland {{goal|80}} |stadium = [[Estadio Algarve]] |location = [[Faro]] |attendance = |referee = }} ==Topscorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#FFA060;" | ! style="background:#FFA060;" | Goals ! style="background:#FFA060;" width=200| Name |- | align=center | 1 || align=center | 20|| align=center|[[Munas Dabbur]]<ref>Also top scorer of the Bundesliga</ref> |- | align=center | 2 || align=center |10||align=center| [[Smail Prevljak]] |- | align=center | 3|| align=center |8||align=center| [[Hannes Wolf]] |} <ref>[http://wiki.salzburg12.at/Saison_2018/19#Torsch.C3.BCtzen FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> {{Commonscat|FC Red Bull Salzburg 2018/19 matches}} {{FC Red Bull Salzburg season}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2015-2016 Red Bull Salzburg Season}} [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg seasons]] [[Category:2018–19 in European football]] skpv1aj5gtjcjhi7lp91y2f2f5nneox 0 1075315 10331281 10324473 2025-06-15T01:38:01Z 180.150.36.182 10331281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP unsourced|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Aaron Tippin | image = Aaron Tippin 2015 (16990822631) (cropped).jpg | caption = Tippin performing in 2015 | birth_name = Aaron Dupree Tippin | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|07|03}} | birth_place = [[Pensacola, Florida]], U.S. | origin = [[Nashville, Tennessee]], U.S. | instrument = Vocals, acoustic guitar | occupation = Singer, songwriter, record producer | years_active = 1990–present | label = [[RCA Records Nashville|RCA Nashville]], Lyric Street, Nippit, Rust, Country Crossing | website = {{URL|aarontippin.com}} }} '''Aaron Dupree Tippin''' (born July 3, 1958) is an American [[country music]] singer, songwriter and record producer. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''You've Got to Stand for Something'' (1991) * ''[[Read Between the Lines]]'' (1992) * ''Call of the Wild'' (1993) * ''Lookin' Back at Myself'' (1994) * ''Tool Box'' (1995) * ''What This Country Needs'' (1998) * ''People Like Us'' (2000) * ''[[Stars & Stripes]]'' (2002) * ''In Overdrive'' (2009) * ''All in the Same Boat'' (2013) * ''Aaron Tippin 25'' (2015) ==References== {{reflist}} {{Aaron Tippin}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tippin, Aaron}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American country singers]] [[Category:Country musicians from Carolina]] [[Category:Country musicians from Florida]] [[Category:Country musicians from South Carolina]] [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Country musicians]] [[Category:RCA Records artists]] {{US-bio-stub}} 1xea25flv0pk2ocregkb63i1qv0u3lc 0 1076225 10331482 10154181 2025-06-15T05:34:24Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{cleanup|reason=|date=May 2024}} {{complex|date=May 2024}} {{fansite|date=May 2024}} {{redlinks|date=May 2024}} {{unreliable sources|date=May 2024}} }} '''Craig Conover''' (born February 9, 1988) is an [[Americans|American]] [[television personality]], [[attorney]] and [[businessman]]. He is best known as a main cast member on the [[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]] [[reality television]] series ''[[:en:Southern_Charm|Southern Charm]]''. {{Infobox person | name = Craig Conover | birth_name = Craig Altman Conover | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|02|09}} | birth_place = [[Fenwick Island, Delaware]], U.S. | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Indian River School District (Delaware)|Selbyville Middle School]] * [[Indian River High School (Delaware)|Indian River High School]] }} | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[College of Charleston]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) * [[Charleston School of Law]] }} | occupation = Television personality • attorney • businessman | years_active = 2014–present | television = {{plainlist| * ''[[Southern Charm]]'' * ''[[Summer House (2017 TV series)|Summer House]]'' * ''[[Winter House (2021 TV series)|Winter House]]'' }} | partner = }} Conover is also known as a guest cast member on the Bravo reality television series ''[[:en:Southern_Charm|Summer House]]'' and as a former main cast member on the spin-off ''[[Wintershouse (2021 TV series)|Winter House]]''. == Early life == Craig Conover was born in [[Fenwick Island, Delaware]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=What's New: Fenwick Island native to appear on 'Southern Charm'|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/life/2014/02/06/whats-new-fenwick-island-native-to-compete-on-southern-charm/5261443/|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=The News Journal|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaw|first=Erin|date=May 5, 2015|title=Southern Charm recap: The crazy trip to Delaware|url=https://amp.thestate.com/entertainment/celebrities/article20250465.html|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=The State}}</ref> on February 9, 1988,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Craig Conover News|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrities/craig-conover/|access-date=January 17, 2024|website=Us Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Honore|first=Pretty|date=August 5, 2022|title='Southern Charm's Craig Conover Quit Being a Lawyer to Pursue His Dream of Designing Pillows|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/craig-conover-net-worth|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Distractify|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> as the elder of two sons to Craig Conover Sr., an [[entrepreneur]], and Martha Conover ([[Birth name|née]] Foster), a [[teacher]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 28, 2018|title=#BravoGenealogy Blog Series: Craig Conover|url=https://www.myfamilygenie.com/post/bravogenealogy-craig-conover|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=My Family Genie}}</ref> === Education === Conover attended [[Indian River School District (Delaware)|Selbyville Middle School]] and [[Indian River High School (Delaware)|Indian River High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gentry|first=Jeffrey|date=March 1, 2014|title=Carpetbagger from Delaware on Bravo's 'Southern Charm'|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/onlyindelaware/2014/03/01/southern-charm-delaware-craig-conover-bravo/5874017/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=The News Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> He won a national championship in a business competition while he was in high school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Craig Conover|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/craig-conover/bio/3000803011/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=TV Guide|language=en}}</ref> Conover [[Graduation|graduated]] from the [[College of Charleston]] with his [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Craig Conover|url=https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/authors/Craig-Conover/185129879|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Simon & Schuster|language=en}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Charleston School of Law]] in 2014;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vilensky|first=Sophie|date=October 6, 2023|title=Craig Conover's Career History: From Law School to Sewing Down South|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/craig-conover-career-law-school-pillows|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en}}</ref> he did not receive his [[Juris Doctor]] degree upon graduation due to his failure to turn in a final [[thesis]] paper.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stopper|first=Jessica|date=November 15, 2023|title=What Is Southern Charm's Craig Conover's Job? Inside His Booming Pillow Company|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/southern-charm-craig-conover-job-191136109.html|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Yahoo Entertainment|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover was a member of Kappa Sigma [[fraternity]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 25, 2016|title=A Little Southern, A Little Charm: Meet Craig Conover|url=https://www.hercampus.com/school/c-of-c/little-southern-little-charm-meet-craig-conover/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Her Campus|language=en-US}}</ref> == Career == === Television === Conover made his [[television]] debut on the [[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 9, 2014|title=Craig Conover|url=https://www.bravotv.com/people/craig-conover|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> [[reality television]] series ''[[Southern Charm]]'' as a main cast member from the first season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 10, 2024|title=Craig Conover|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/cast/craig-conover|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site - The Daily Dish|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 12, 2024|title=Craig Conover|url=https://www.bravotv.com/style-living/cast/craig-conover|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site - Style & Living|language=en-US}}</ref> The first season was launched on March 3, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 25, 2014|title=Ep 1: Peter Pan Sin-drome|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/season-1/ep-1-peter-pan-sin-drome|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover has appeared on ''[[Summer House (2017 TV series)|Summer House]]'' in a guest capacity since the fourth season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 14, 2019|title=Your First Look at Summer House Season 4!|url=https://www.bravotv.com/summer-house/season-4/videos/your-first-look-at-summer-house-season-4|access-date=January 16, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> The fourth season was launched on February 5, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2020|title=The Big Bang|url=https://www.bravotv.com/summer-house/season-4/ep-1-the-big-bang|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover appeared as a main cast member on a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] from ''Summer House'', ''[[Winter House (2021 TV series)|Winter House]]'', for the first two seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guglielmi|first=Jodi|date=February 19, 2021|title=New Bravo Series 'Winter House' in the Works Featuring Stars from 'Summer House' and 'Southern Charm'|url=https://people.com/tv/new-bravo-series-winter-house-heading-into-production-vermont/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 8, 2021|title=Your First Look at Winter House|url=https://www.bravotv.com/winter-house/season-1/videos/your-first-look-at-winter-house|access-date=January 16, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Barton|first=April|date=October 7, 2021|title=Stowe is the backdrop for 'snowy shenanigans' in new reality TV series 'Winter House'|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2021/10/07/winter-house-bravo-tv-details-premiere-cast-location-stowe-vermont-property/6032674001/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Burlington Free Press|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 15, 2022|title=Your First Look at Winter House Season 2|url=https://www.bravotv.com/winter-house/season-2/videos/your-first-look-at-winter-house-season-2|access-date=January 16, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> The first season was launched on October 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 11, 2021|title=Winter Should Be Fun!|url=https://www.bravotv.com/winter-house/season-1/episode-1/winter-should-be-fun|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> The second was season launched on October 13, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 14, 2022|title=And Stowe It Begins|url=https://www.bravotv.com/winter-house/season-2/episode-1/and-stowe-it-begins|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> === Law === Conover passed the [[South Carolina Bar]] [[Examination|exam]] on April 17, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=May 2, 2017|title=Craig Conover Calls Finally Passing the Bar a "Huge, Huge, Huge Relief"|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/craig-conover-discusses-passing-the-bar|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> He was sworn in by the South Carolina Bar in February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenfeld|first=Laura|date=February 22, 2018|title=It's Official: Craig Conover Is a Lawyer|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/southern-charm-star-craig-conover-lawyer-sworn-into-south-carolina-bar-photos|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover founded The Craig Conover Law Firm, based in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], on March 18, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chambers|first=Hannah|date=March 18, 2021|title=We Have a Major Update on Craig Conover's Legal Career|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/southern-charms-craig-conover-opens-south-carolina-law-firm|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> === Acting === Conover made his debut as an [[actor]], as Officer Smith in the [[Action film|action]] [[thriller film]] ''[[Reprisal (film)|Reprisal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=August 10, 2017|title=Shep Rose and Craig Conover's Bromance Seems to Be in Full Bloom Filming a Movie with Bruce Willis(!!)|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/shep-rose-craig-conover-film-movie-with-bruce-willis|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=November 27, 2017|title=Now That They've Shared the Screen with Bruce Willis, Shep Rose Reveals If He's a Better Actor Than Craig Conover|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/bravo-stars-shep-rose-craig-conover-film-bruce-willis-movie-details|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmieri|first=Lea|date=October 15, 2018|title=How to Watch 'Southern Charm' Stars Shep Rose and Craig Conover in 'Reprisal' Movie|url=https://decider.com/2018/10/15/southern-charm-shep-craig-movie-role-reprisal/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Decider|language=en-US}}</ref> The film was released on August 31, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koerner|first=Allyson|date=August 9, 2017|title='Southern Charm's Shep & Craig Are Starring In A Movie With Bruce Willis — For Real|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/southern-charms-shep-craig-are-starring-in-a-movie-with-bruce-willis-for-real-75638|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bustle|language=en}}</ref> Conover will portray Todd in the [[horror film]] ''Tuesday's Flu''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuesday's Flu|url=https://tuesdaysflu.com/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Tuesday's Flu}}</ref> === Businesses === Conover and his ''Southern Charm'' co-star [[Patricia Altschul]] released a pillowcase collaboration on March 28, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmer|first=Tamara|date=March 29, 2019|title=Craig Conover's Pillowcase Collaboration with Patricia Altschul Is Here! See the Designs|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/home-design/craig-conover-patricia-altschul-pillowcase-collection-reveal|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenfeld|first=Laura|date=May 22, 2019|title=How Did Craig Conover Convince Patricia Altschul to Give Him a Second Chance, Anyway?|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/craig-conover-patricia-altschul-relationship-pillows-update|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover founded Sewing Down South,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sewing Down South|url=https://www.sewingdownsouth.com/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Sewing Down South|language=en}}</ref> a sewing lifestyle brand, on April 1, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmer|first=Tamara|date=April 2, 2019|title=Craig Conover Just Launched His Own "Sewing Lifestyle Brand"|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/home-design/craig-conover-launched-sewing-lifestyle-brand-sewing-down-south|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Abby|date=June 25, 2020|title=Craig Conover Just Accomplished a "Huge Goal" with His New Pillow Line|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/craig-conover-launched-exclusive-hsn-pillow-collection|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gatollari|first=Mustafa|date=November 12, 2020|title=Craig of 'Southern Charm' Makes More Dough From Pillows Than Law|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/craig-southern-charm-pillows|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Distractify|language=en-US}}</ref> He began sewing in [[eighth grade]] [[Home economics|home ec]] class.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=Sew Daily|date=May 11, 2021|title=Men Who Sew: Craig Conover|url=https://www.sewdaily.com/sewing/men-who-sew-craig-conover/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Sew Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Cameron Teague|date=September 2, 2022|title=Craig Conover discusses TV show, turning side gig into business ahead of Columbus visit|url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/2022/09/02/craig-conover-talks-about-southern-charm-his-visit-to-columbus/65415910007/|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=The Columbus Dispatch|language=en-US}}</ref> The company landed a partnership with [[Home Shopping Network|HSN]] on June 25, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Abby|date=June 25, 2020|title=Craig Conover Just Accomplished a "Huge Goal" with His New Pillow Line|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/craig-conover-launched-exclusive-hsn-pillow-collection|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lauren|first=Amanda|date=July 2, 2020|title=Southern Charm's Craig Conover Brings Sewing Down South To HSN|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amandalauren/2020/07/02/southern-charms-craig-conover-brings-sewing-down-south-to-hsn/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> The first store opened in Charleston on May 15, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Regalado|first=Michelle|date=May 15, 2021|title=Craig Conover Shares a Peek Inside His Brand-New Sewing Down South Store|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/craig-conover-opens-new-sewing-down-south-store-photos|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> The company partnered with [[HomeGoods]] on July 19, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Regalado|first=Michelle|date=July 22, 2022|title=Craig Conover Is Speechless Over His Latest Career Milestone|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/craig-conover-celebrates-sewing-down-south-in-homegoods|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> === Restaurants === Conover partnered with his ''Southern Charm'' co-star [[Leva Bonaparte]] and her husband [[Lamar Bonaparte]] as co-owners of Mesu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mesu|url=https://mesuchs.com/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Mesu}}</ref> in Charleston.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Berg|first=Jenny|date=September 26, 2019|title=Craig Conover Announces He's Going to Open a Mexican/Sushi Fusion Restaurant|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/the-feast/craig-conover-opening-mexicansushi-fusion-restaurant-mesu|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en}}</ref> The [[restaurant]] opened on September 25, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mader|first=Alison|date=September 24, 2019|title=MESU set to offer Mexican/sushi fusion on King Street, opening Wednesday|url=http://charlestoncitypaper.com/2019/09/24/mesu-set-to-offer-mexican-sushi-fusion-on-king-street-opening-wednesday/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Charleston City Paper|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover partnered with his ''Southern Charm'' co-star [[Austen Kroll]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Abby|date=August 11, 2022|title=Austen Kroll & Craig Conover Are "Super Excited" About a "New Venture" in NYC|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/austen-kroll-craig-conover-announce-carriage-house-nyc|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref> Chris Maier, Philip Testa, and Jordan Andino<ref>{{Cite web|last=Espinoza|first=Joshua|date=March 23, 2023|title=We Have an Exciting Update on Austen and Craig's Restaurant Venture|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/craig-conover-austen-krolls-restaurant-carriage-house-opening-date|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en}}</ref> as co-owners of Carriage House,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carriage House|url=https://www.chnyc.com/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Carriage House|language=en-US}}</ref> in [[New York City]]. The restaurant opened on March 29, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Cynthia|date=September 22, 2023|title=Craig Conover Just Made a Bold Claim About His Carriage House Restaurant in NYC|url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/craig-conover-just-made-bold-161736081.html|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Yahoo Entertainment|language=en-US}}</ref> Conover and Kroll partnered with Uptown Hospitality Group as co-owners of By the Way.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanders|first=Brice|date=January 19, 2024|title=Craig Conover and Austen Kroll Set to Open New Bar (Exclusive)|url=https://www.etonline.com/southern-charms-craig-conover-and-austen-kroll-set-to-open-new-bar-concept-in-charleston-exclusive|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Entertainment Tonight|language=en-US}}</ref> === Other ventures === Conover and Kroll launched their Pillows and Beer [[podcast]] on January 28, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Macke|first=Johnni|date=October 13, 2023|title=Southern Charm's Austen Kroll, Craig Conover's Ups and Downs|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/pictures/southern-charms-austen-kroll-craig-conovers-ups-and-downs/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Us Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> They toured from November 7, 2023, to February 1, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tour|url=https://www.pillowsandbeer.com/pages/tour|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Pillows and Beer|language=en}}</ref> Conover authored his memoir, ''Pillow Talk: What's Wrong with My Sewing?'' ({{ISBN|9781982187484}}).<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 19, 2018|title=Naomie Is Not Okay With Craig's Lifestyle|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/season-5/episode-3/videos/naomie-is-not-okay-with-craigs-lifestyle|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guglielmi|first=Jodi|date=June 28, 2021|title='Southern Charm' 's Craig Conover Will Share His 'Unedited' Life in Upcoming Book, 'Pillow Talk'|url=https://people.com/tv/southern-charm-craig-conover-pillow-talk-memoir-exclusive/|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=July 16, 2021|title=Craig Conover Has a New Project He Wants Fans to "Cuddle Up With" and, No, It's Not Pillows|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/craig-conover-book-about-life-career-southern-charm|access-date=January 20, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en}}</ref> The book was published by [[Simon & Schuster]] on March 29, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Strout|first=Paige|date=March 29, 2022|title=The Biggest Revelations From Craig Conover's New Book, Pillow Talk|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1324952/the-biggest-revelations-from-craig-conovers-new-book-pillow-talk|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=E! Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guglielmi|first=Jodi|date=March 29, 2022|title=Craig Conover Reveals the Most Difficult Chapters to Write in His New Book Pillow Talk|url=https://people.com/tv/craig-conover-reveals-most-difficult-part-of-writing-his-book-pillow-talk/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/Pillow-Talk/Craig-Conover/9781982187484|title=Pillow Talk: What's Wrong with My Sewing?|last=Conover|first=Craig|date=May 12, 2022|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2022|isbn=978-1-9821-8748-4|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == Conover resides in [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Cynthia|date=November 2, 2023|title=We Just Discovered Something New About Craig Conover's Home|url=https://www.bravotv.com/southern-charm/style-living/craig-conover-has-an-herb-garden-in-his-home-photos|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Bravo TV Official Site|language=en}}</ref> === Relationships === Conover was in a relationship with [[Naomie Olindo]] between 2014 and September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmer|first=Tamara|date=August 12, 2022|title=Craig Conover and Naomie Olindo's Relationship Timeline|url=https://people.com/tv/craig-conover-naomie-olindo-relationship-timeline/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref> He was in a relationship with Natalie Hegnauer from early 2020 to early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=VanHoose|first=Benjamin|date=December 4, 2020|title=Southern Charm's Craig Conover Confirms He's Dating Natalie Hegnauer: She's 'Super Supportive'|url=https://people.com/tv/southern-charm-craig-conover-dating-natalie-hegnauer/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guglielmi|first=Jodi|date=December 23, 2020|title=Southern Charm's Craig Conover Says Isolating with Natalie Hegnauer Brought Them 'Closer' Together: We Were in a 'Bubble'|url=https://people.com/tv/craig-conover-on-self-isolating-with-girlfriend-natalie-hegnauer/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref> He was in a relationship with [[Paige DeSorbo]] from October 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guglielmi|first=Jodi|date=October 19, 2021|title=Craig Conover Says He's 'Happy' Dating Winter House Costar Paige DeSorbo: It 'Happened Naturally'|url=https://people.com/tv/craig-conover-dating-winter-house-costar-paige-desorbo/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=People|language=en}}</ref> to December 2024.{{cn}} == Filmography == === As himself === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Notes !Ref. |- |2014–present |''[[Southern Charm]]'' |126 episodes |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Craig Conover|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6316976/|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=IMDb|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Shepic Fail'' | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2016 |''The Domenick Nati Show'' |1 episode |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2016–2023 |''[[Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen|Watch What Happens Live! with Andy Cohen]]'' |13 episodes |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2018 |''[[Poker Night Live]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2018–2020 |''[[Celebrity Page]]'' |2 episodes |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2020–present |''[[Summer House (2017 TV series)|Summer House]]'' |24 episodes |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2021–2022 |''[[Winter House (2021 TV series)|Winter House]]'' |15 episodes |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2022 |''[[TEGNA|Daily Blast Live]]'' |1 episode |<ref name=":0" /> |} === As an actor === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !Ref. |- |2018 |''[[Reprisal (film)|Reprisal]]'' |Officer Smith | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |TBA |''Tuesday's Flu'' |Todd |Post-production |<ref name=":0" /> |} == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conover, Craig}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American television personalities]] fk8i0ohy7kmbikn6jgxhd6k912l4b8t 0 1076559 10330985 9859627 2025-06-14T22:37:39Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Horn]] /////// changed refs to efn, added notelist/ /ce 10330985 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''2015-16 Red Bull Salzburg season''' was the 83rd season in club history. They were able to defend their titels in the championship and in the Cup. It was the third double win in a row. In the Championsleague they were defeatet by Malmö FF. In the Europa League play off they lost versus Dinamo Minsk. The U19 team played for the first time in the UEFA Youth League. ==Squad== {| class="wikitable" Width="750" | bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" width="80" | '''2015/16''' | bgcolor="#E8E8E8" width="700" | * '''Goalkeepers''':''1'' [[Cican Stankovic]] (5/0) ''33'' [[Alexander Walke]] (31/0), ''31''[[Airton]] (0/0) * '''Defenders''':''2'' [[Benno Schmitz]] (24/0), ''4'' [[Dayot Upamecano]] (2/0) ''6'' [[Christian Schwegler]] (25/1), ''17'' [[Andreas Ulmer]] (34/2), ''5'' [[Duje Caleta-Car]] (31/2), ''3'' [[Paulo Miranda]] (30/0), ''22'' [[Stefan Lainer]] (21/1), ''28'' [[Asger Sörensen]] (2/0)), ''95'' [[Bernardo]] (13/0) * '''Midfielders''': ''7'' [[Reinhold Yabo]] (0/0), ''8'' [[Naby Keita]] (29/12),''14'' [[Valon Berisha]] (33/5), ''20'' [[David Atanga]] (6/0), ''23'' [[Hany Mukhtar]] (14/1), ''24'' [[Christoph Leitgeb]] (3/0), ''37'' [[Valentino Lazaro]] (17/2), ''27'' [[Konrad Laimer]] (18/1), ''55'' [[Xaver Schlager]] (2/0), ''55'' [[Yasin Pehlivan]] (16/0) * '''Forwards''':''18'' [[Takumi Minamino]] (32/10), ''26'' [[Jonatan Soriano]] (27/21) , ''16'' [[Omer Damari]] (16/4), ''15'' [[Yordy Reyna]] (16/3), ''37'' [[Dimitri Oberlin]] (12/3) ''46'' [[Smail Prevljak]] (7/1), ''48'' [[Hee-Chan Hwang]] (13/0) * '''Coaching staff''':[[Peter Zeidler]] (Head coach till December 2015), [[Thomas Letsch]] (Head coach December 2015), [[Oscar Garcia]] (Head coach), [[Ruben Martinez]], [[René Aufhauser]] (Assistance coaches), [[Herbert Ilsanker]], [[Heinz Arzberger]] (Goalkeeper coaches) |} <ref>[http://wiki.salzburg12.at/Saison_2015/16 FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> ==Matches== <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (Bundesliga) 2015/16">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2010_19/o1__bundesliga__2015_16.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Football box collapsible |round = 1 |date = 25 July 2015 |time = 16ː00 |team1 = [[SV Mattersburg]] |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150725sv_mfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Pink {{goal|1}} *Ibser {{goal|93}} |goals2 = *Keita {{goal|83}} |stadium = [[Pappelstadion]] |location = [[Mattersburg]] |attendance = 8.500 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = L }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 2 |date = 1 August 2015 |time = 16:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150801fc_rrapi0.htm |team2 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |goals1 = *Oberlin {{goal|66}} |goals2 = *Petsos {{goal|15}} *Schwab {{goal|33}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 17.500 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = L }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 |date = 8 August 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] |score = 2-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150808fc_afc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Starkl {{goal|17}} *Lackner {{goal|32}} |goals2 = *Reyna {{goal|7}} *Keita {{goal|34}} |stadium = [[BSFZ-Arena]] |location = [[Südstadt]] |attendance = 2.900 |referee = Andreas Heiss |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 4 |date =11 August 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = [[SV Ried]] |score = 1-4 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150811sv_rfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Schubert {{goal|89}} |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|10||38}} *Damari {{goal|26||43}} |stadium = [[Josko Arena]] |location = [[Ried]] |attendance = 4.720 |referee = Andreas Kollegger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 5 |date =15 August 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150815fc_rsc_r0.htm |team2 = [[SCR Altach]] |goals1 = * Damari {{goal|5}} *Keita {{goal|90}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 7.539 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 6 |date = 23 August 2015 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150823fc_raust1.htm |team2 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |goals1 = *Prevljak {{goal|25}} *Lainer {{goal|75}} |goals2 = *Grünwald {{goal|17}} *Kayode {{goal|49}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 9.292 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 7 |date = 30 August 2015 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |score = 2-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150830sturfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Hadzic {{goal|70}} *Tadic {{goal|88}} |goals2 = *Spendlhofer {{goal|2|o.g.}} *Reyna {{goal|53}} *Minamino {{goal|66}} |stadium = [[Liebenauer Stadium]] |location = [[Graz]] |attendance = 11.176 |referee = Markus Hameter |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 8 |date = 12 September 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 4-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150912fc_rsv_g0.htm |team2 = [[SV Grödig]] |goals1 = *Minamino {{goal|34||71}} *Keita {{goal|51}} *Soriano {{goal|74|pen.}} |goals2 = *Venuto {{goal|19}} *Ulmer {{goal|26|o.g.}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 8.365 |referee = Oliver Drachta |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 9 |date = 19 September 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150919wolffc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Ouedraogo {{goal|39}} |goals2 = *Soriano {{goal|47}} |stadium = [[Lavanttalarena]] |location = [[Wolfsberg, Carinthia|Wolfsberg]] |attendance = 3.850 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 10 |date = 19 September 2015 |time = 17:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 4-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150926fc_rsv_m0.htm |team2 = [[SV Mattersburg]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|5||51||67||85|pen.}} |goals2 = *Farkas {{goal|21}} *Jano {{goal|25}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 6.271 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 11 |date = 4 October 2015 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151004rapifc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Stangl {{goal|18}} |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|43}} *Schwegler {{goal|65}} |stadium = [[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 23.200 |referee = Dominik Ouschan |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 12 |date = 17 October 2015 |time = 16ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 8-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151017fc_rfc_a0.htm |team2 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|31||53}} *v. Berisha {{goal|44||70}} *Keita {{goal|56}} *Minamino {{goal|64}} *Damari {{goal|75}} *Mukhtar {{goal|86}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 7.715 |referee = Dieter Muckenhammer |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 13 |date = 24 October 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151024fc_rsv_r0.htm |team2 = [[SV Ried]] |goals1 = ̈*Soriano {{goal|8}} *Keita {{goal|32}} |goals2 = ̈*Möschl {{goal|27}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.581 |referee = Andreas Kollegger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 14 |date = 31 October 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = [[SCR Altach]] |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151031sc_rfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Roth {{goal|64}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Stadion Schnabelholz]] |location = [[Altach]] |attendance = 5.372 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = L }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 15 |date = 7 November 2015 |time = 16:00 |team1 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151107austfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Friesenbichler {{goal|79}} |goals2 = *Miranda {{goal|24}} |stadium = [[Viola Park]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 11.858 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 16 |date = 22 November 2015 |time = 16:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151122fc_rstur1.htm |team2 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|21||93}} *Keita {{goal|87}} |goals2 = *Lykogiannis {{goal|77}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 9.623 |referee = Alain Bieri |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 17 |date = 28 November 2015 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = [[SV Grödig]] |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151128sv_gfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Rasner {{goal|55}} |goals2 = *Soriano {{goal|16}} |stadium = [[Untersberg-Arena]] |location = [[Grödig]] |attendance = 2.036 |referee = Oliver Drachta |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 18 |date = 1 December 2015 |time = 19:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151201fc_rwolf0.htm |team2 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |goals1 = * Soriano {{goal|63}} |goals2 = * Wernitznig {{goal|34}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 4.632 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 19 |date = 6 December 2015 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = [[SV Mattersburg]] |score = 0-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151206sv_mfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Pappelstadion]] |location = [[Mattersburg]] |attendance = 5.200 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 20 |date = 13 December 2015 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151213fc_rrapi1.htm |team2 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |goals1 = * Soriano {{goal|36}} * Keita {{goal|56}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 14.150 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 21 |date = 7 February 2016 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] |score = 1-2 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160207fc_afc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = * Spiridonovic {{goal|51}} |goals2 = * V. Berisha {{goal|50}} * Soriano {{goal|74}} |stadium = [[BSFZ-Arena ]] |location = [[Südstadt]] |attendance =3.000 |referee = Dominik Ouschan |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 22 |date = 13 February 2016 |time = 16ː00 |team1 = [[SV Ried]] |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160213sv_rfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = Fröschl {{goal|62}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Josko Arena]] |location = [[Ried]] |attendance = 5.120 |referee = Andreas Kollegger |result = L }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 23 |date = 20 February 2016 |time = 18ː30 |team1 =FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160220fc_rsc_r0.htm |team2 = [[SCR Altach]] |goals1 = *Miranda {{goal|70}} *Oberlin {{goal|83}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 5.749 |referee = Markus Hameter |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 24 |date = 28 February 2016 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 4-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160228fc_raust1.htm |team2 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |goals1 = *Keita {{goal|12||33}} *Soriano {{goal|35}} *Minamino {{goal|70}} |goals2 = *Kayode {{goal|17}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.657 |referee = Oliver Drachta |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 25 |date = 2 March 2016 |time = 20:30 |team1 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |score = 0-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160302sturfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = [[Liebenauer Stadium]] |location = [[Graz]] |attendance = 5.900 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 26 |date = 5 March 2016 |time = 16ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160305fc_rsv_g0.htm |team2 = [[SV Grödig]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|6}} *Minamino {{goal|54}} *Ulmer {{goal|68}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 7.100 |referee = Robert Schörgenhofer |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 27 |date = 12 March 2016 |time = 16ː00 |team1 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |score =1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2020/20200617wolffc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Jacobo{{goal|85|pen.}} |goals2 = *Soriano {{goal|13|pen.}} |stadium = [[Lavanttalarena ]] |location = [[Hartberg]] |attendance = 5.050 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 28 |date = 19 March 2016 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-1 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160319fc_rsv_m0.htm |team2 = [[SV Mattersburg]] |goals1 = *V. Berisha {{goal|16}} *Soriano {{goal|24|pen.}} |goals2 = * Ibser {{goal|56}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 6.494 | referee= Dieter Muckenhammer |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 29 |date = 3 April 2016 |time = 15ː00 |team1 = [[SK Rapid Wien]] |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160403rapifc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = * Schaub {{goal|46}} |goals2 = * Caleta-Car {{goal|75}} |stadium = [[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 24.800 |referee = Markus Hameter |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 30 |date = 10 April 2016 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160410fc_rfc_a1.htm |team2 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] |goals1 = * Soriano {{goal|61}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 8.100 |referee = Dominik Ouschan |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 31 |date = 16 April 2016 |time = 16ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160416fc_rsv_r0.htm |team2 = [[SV Ried]] |goals1 = *Keita {{goal|35}} *Soriano {{goal|92}} |goals2 = *Elsneg {{goal|54}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 9.400 |referee = Julian Weinberger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 32 |date = 23 April 2016 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = [[SCR Altach]] |score = 1-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2021/20210522fc_rwsg_0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Aigner {{goal|22}} |goals2 = *Keita {{goal|3}} *Caleta-Car {{goal|19}} *Laimer {{goal|96}} |stadium = [[Stadion Schnabelholz]] |location = [[Altach]] |attendance = 5.117 |referee = Dieter Muckenhammer |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 33 |date = 1 May 2016 |time = 16ː30 |team1 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |score = 0-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160501austfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Lazaro {{goal|36}} *Reyna {{goal|93}} |stadium = [[Viola Park]] |location = [[Vienna]] |attendance = 7.500 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 34 |date = 7 May 2016 |time = 18ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2021/20210522fc_rwsg_0.htm |team2 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |goals1 = *Berisha {{goal|15}} |goals2 = *Edomwonyi {{goal|70}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 11.327 |referee = Dominik Ouschan |result = D }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 35 |date = 11 May 2016 |time = 20ː30 |team1 = [[SV Grödig]] |score = 1-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160511sv_gfc_r0.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Schütz {{goal|15}} |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|31}} *Oberlin {{goal|72}} |stadium = [[Untersberg-Arena]] |location = [[Grödig]] |attendance = 2.207 |referee = Christopher Jäger |result = W }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 36 |date = 15 May 2016 |time = 17:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160515fc_rwolf0.htm |team2 = [[Wolfsberger AC]] |goals1 = *Lazaro {{goal|56}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 14.138 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = W }} ==Table== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !width=15| !width=185|Team !width=20|M !width=20|W !width=20|D !width=20|L !width=20|Goals !width=20|Points |- bgcolor=ccffcc |1.||align=left| '''FC Red Bull Salzburg'''||36||21||11||4||71ː33||'''74''''' |- |2.||align=left| '''SK Rapid Wien''' ||36||20||5||11||66ː42||'''65''' |-bgcolor=ccffcc |3.||align=left|'''FK Austria Wien'''||36||17||8||11||65ː48||'''59''' |- |4.||align=left|FC Admira Wacker||36||13||11||12||45ː51||'''50 ''' |-bgcolor=ccffcc |5.||align=left|'''SK Sturm Graz''' ||36||12||12||12||40ː40||'''48''''' |- |6.||align=left| '''Wolfsberger AC''' ||36||11||10||15||33ː36||'''43 ''' |-bgcolor=ccffcc |7.||align=left|'''SV Ried''' ||36||11||9||16||36ː52||'''42''''' |- |8.||align=left| '''SCR Altach''' ||36||11||7||18||39ː49||'''40''' |-'''LASK'''bgcolor=ccffcc |9.||align=left|'''SV Mattersburg''' ||36||10||9||17||40ː70||'''39''''' |- |10.||align=left| '''SV Grödig''' ||36||9||8||19||42ː56||'''35''' |} <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (Bundesliga) 2015/16" /> ==Austrian Cup== {{Football box collapsible |round = 1 |date = 18 July 2015 |time = 17 |team1 = [[Deutschlandsberger SC]] |score = 0-7 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150718deutfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Soriano {{goal|12||51||77}} *Djuricin {{goal|54||58||61}} *Minamino {{goal|88}} |stadium = [[Koralmstadion]] |location = [[Deutschlandsberg]] |attendance = 3.500 |referee = Markus Hameter |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 22 September 2015 |time = 19ː30 |team1 = [[SV Horn]] |score = 2-3 |aet = yeshttp://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150922sv_hfc_r1.htm |report = |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Sakaki {{goal|8}} *Rakowitz {{goal|86}} |goals2 = *Minamino {{goal|19}} *Prevljak {{goal|41}} *Soriano {{goal|92}} |stadium = [[Arena Horn]] |location = [[Horn]] |attendance = 3.520 |referee = Andreas Kollegger |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Round of 16 |date = 27 October 2015 |time = 19:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 4-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20151027fc_rsv_r0.htm |team2 = [[SV Ried]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|31||72}} *V. Berisha {{goal|88}} *Keita {{goal|90}} |goals2 = *Kragl {{goal|5}} *Gavilán {{goal|11}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 3.911 |referee = Alexander Harkam |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Quarterfinals |date = 10 February 2016 |time = 20ː30 |team1 = [[SK Sturm Graz]] |score = 0-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160210sturfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = |goals2 = *Lainer {{goal|29}} |stadium = [[Liebenauer Stadium]] |location = [[Graz]] |attendance = 6.248 |referee = Harald Lechner |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Semifinals |date = 20 April 2016 |time = 20ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 5-2 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2020/20200305fc_rlinz1.htm |team2 = [[FK Austria Wien]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|57}} *Ulmer {{goal|60}} *Larsen {{goal|72|o.g.}} *Laimer {{goal|81||87}} |goals2 = *Venuto {{goal|12}} *Grünwald {{goal|82}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 6.173 |referee = Manuel Schüttengruber |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Final |date = 19 May 2016 |time = 20:30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 5-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160519fc_rfc_a0.htm |team2 = [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|7||65||86|pen.}} *Keita {{goal|28}} *Laimer {{goal|73}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Wörthersee Stadion]] |location = [[Klagenfurt]] |attendance = 10.200 |referee =Robert Schörgenhofer |result = }} ==Champions League qualification== {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 1st leg |date = 29 July 2015 |time = 19ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150729fc_rmalm0.htm |team2 = [[Malmö FF]] |goals1 = *Ulmer {{goal|51}} *Hinteregger {{goal|89|pen.}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 15.027 |referee = Luca Banti |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = 3 2nd leg |date = 5 August 2015 |time = 20ː30 |team1 = [[Malmö FF]] |score = 3-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150805malmfc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Djurdic {{goal|7}} *Rosenberg {{goal|14}} *Rodic {{goal|42}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Malmö stadium]] |location = [[Malmö]] |attendance = 19.522 |referee = Michael Koukoulakis |result = }} ==Europa League qualification== {{Football box collapsible |round =Play-off, 1st leg |date = 20 August 2015 |time = 18:00 |team1 = [[ FC Dinamo Minsk ]] |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150820dinafc_r1.htm |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |goals1 = *Rassadkin {{goal|57}} *Adamovic {{goal|93}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Brestsky Stadion]] |location = [[Brest]] |attendance = 9.500 |referee = Miroslav Zelinka |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round =Play off, 2nd leg |date = 27 August 2015 |time = 20ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |aet = yes |penaltyscore= 2-3 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2021/20210218fc_rfc_v0.htm |team2 = [[ FC Dinamo Minsk ]] |goals1 = *Minamino {{goal|11}} * Soriano {{goal|58}} |goals2 = |penalties1= *Hinteregger {{pengoal}} *Soriano {{pengoal}} *Minamino {{penmiss}} *Atanga {{penmiss}} *V.Berisha {{penmiss}} |penalties2= *Beciraj{{pengoal}} *Korytko {{penmiss}} *Begunov {{pengoal}} *Politevich {{pengoal}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 7.849 |referee = Kevin Blom |result = }} ==UEFA Youth League== {{Football box collapsible |round =1, 1st leg |date = 30 September 2015 |time = 18:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg U19 |score = 4-0 |report = http://wiki.salzburg12.at/FC_Salzburg_gegen_FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo |team2 = [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|FK Željezničar Sarajevo U19]] |goals1 = *Oberlin {{goal|19}} *Raischl {{goal|26}} *Hödl {{goal|67}} *Grabovac {{goal|75}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Untersberg-Arena]] |location = [[Grödig]] |attendance = 882 |referee = Zbynek Proske |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round =1, 2nd leg |date = 14 October 2015 |time = 20ː00 |team1 = [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|FK Željezničar Sarajevo U19]] |score = 2-1 |report =http://wiki.salzburg12.at/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo_gegen_FC_Salzburg |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg U19 |goals1 = *Mujagic {{goal|7}} * Hajdarevic {{goal|26}} |goals2 = *Hödl {{goal|82}} |stadium = [[Grbavica Stadion]] |location = [[Sarajevo]] |attendance = |referee = Bartosz Frankowski |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round =2, 1st leg |date = 4 November 2015 |time = 12:00 |team1 = [[Besiktas J.K.|Besiktas Istanbul U19]] |score = 1-0 |report = http://wiki.salzburg12.at/Besiktas_Istanbul_gegen_FC_Salzburg |team2 = FC Red Bull Salzburg U19 |goals1 =Basaran {{goal|69}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Maltepe Stadion]] |location = [[Istanbul ]] |attendance = 100 |referee = Dejan Jakimovski |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round =2, 2nd leg |date = 24 November 2015 |time = 18ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg U19 |score = 5-1 |report =http://wiki.salzburg12.at/FC_Salzburg_gegen_Besiktas_Istanbul |team2 = [[Besiktas J.K.|Besiktas Istanbul U19]] |goals1 = *Oberlin {{goal|13||74||77}} * Upamecano {{goal|59}} * Schlager {{goal|66}} |goals2 = *Afkan {{goal|36}} |stadium = [[Untersberg-Arena]] |location = [[Grödig]] |attendance = 800 |referee = Sandor Ando-Szabo |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round =Play off |date = 10 February 2016 |time = 18ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg U19 |score = 0-4 |report =http://wiki.salzburg12.at/FC_Salzburg_gegen_Besiktas_Istanbul |team2 = [[AS Roma|AS Roma U19]] |goals1 = *Oberlin {{goal|13||74||77}} * Upamecano {{goal|59}} * Schlager {{goal|66}} |goals2 = *Marchizza {{goal|8|pen.}} * Umar {{goal|17}} * Soleri {{goal|39}} * Di Livio {{goal|72}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 1.080 |referee = Radu Marian Petrescu |result = }} ==Friendly matches== {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 8 July 2015 |time = 18:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 3-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150708fc_rwest0.htm |team2 = [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]] |goals1 = *Soriano {{goal|28||39}} *Minamino {{goal|65}} |goals2 = *Nabi {{goal|67}} |stadium = [[Athletic Area]] |location = [[Schladming]] |attendance = |referee = Rene Eisner |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 11 July 2015 |time = 18ː10 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 2-0 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150711fc_rfc_s1.htm |team2 = [[Southampton F.C.]] |goals1 = * Nielsen {{goal|20}} * Oberlin {{goal|24}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.832 |referee = Sebastian Gishamer |result = }}{{efn|Playing time: 45 min. without changing sides}} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 11 July 2015 |time = 16:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 0-4 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2015/20150711fc_rwerd0.htm |team2 = [[Werder Bremen]] |goals1 = |goals2 = *Bargfrede {{goal|16}} *Ujah {{goal|22}} *Garcia {{goal|27}} *Di Santo {{goal|45}} ||stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 10.832 |referee = Christopher Jäger |result = }}{{efn|Playing time: 45 min. without changing sides}} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 21 July 2015 |time = 19ː00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2020/20200822fc_rajax0.htm |team2 = [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen]] |goals1 = *Atanga {{goal|19}} |goals2 = *Mehmedi {{goal|64}} |stadium = [[Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|Red Bull Arena ]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 11.427 |referee = Sebastian Gishamer |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 23 January 2016 |time = 14ː30 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 0-1 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2020/20200825fc_rfc_l0.htm |team2 = [[FSV Frankfurt]] |goals1 = |goals2 = *Dedic {{goal|37}} |stadium = [[Arcadia Sport Resort]] |location = [[Belek]] |attendance = |referee = |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 29 January 2016 |time = 14:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 0-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160129fc_rmlad0.htm |team2 = [[Mlada Boleslav ]] |goals1 = |goals2 = *Skalak {{goal|78}} |stadium = [[Akedemie Liefering]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 400 |referee = Bernd Hirschbichler |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Friendly |date = 30 January 2016 |time = 14:00 |team1 = FC Red Bull Salzburg |score = 1-1 |report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2016/20160130fc_rsv_s0.htm |team2 = [[SV Sandhausen]] |goals1 = *Atanga {{goal|34}} |goals2 = *Roßbach {{goal|32}} |stadium = [[Akedemie Liefering]] |location = [[Salzburg]] |attendance = 400 |referee = Christian Struz |result = }} ==Topscorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#FFA060;" | ! style="background:#FFA060;" | Goals ! style="background:#FFA060;" width=200| Name |- | align=center | 1 || align=center | 21|| align=center|[[Jonatan Soriano]] |- | align=center | 2 || align=center |12||align=center| [[Naby Keita]] |- | align=center | 3|| align=center |5||align=center| [[Valon Berisha]] |} <ref>[https://www.bundesliga.at/de/statistik/tore/torschuetzenliste/ Bundesliga.at] </ref> ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|FC Red Bull Salzburg 2015/16 matches}} {{FC Red Bull Salzburg season}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2015-2016 Red Bull Salzburg Season}} [[Category:FC Red Bull Salzburg seasons]] [[Category:2015–16 in European football]] jcyj3j2n7xqtcg7z8cup0qgydjtruls 0 1077416 10330152 10313841 2025-06-14T15:08:46Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 no proof of Caillou Gets Grounded, see English article for Esteban McKeever's sandbox 10330152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Canadian English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox television | image = Caillou logo.png | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | genre = {{Plainlist| * Animation * Children * [[Adventure]] }} | creator = Hélène Desputeaux<br />Christine L'Heureux | based_on = ''[[Caillou (book series)|Caillou]]'' by Hélène Desputeaux<ref name="RAAV2015">[http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 "At last, the 2005 Caillou agreement is made public"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327161402/http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 |date=March 27, 2016 }}. ''Regroupement des artistes en arts visuels du Québec''. Retrieved on November 2, 2015.</ref><ref name="Devoir8-10-15">{{cite news |last1=Baillargeon |first1=Stéphane |title=L'entente secrète de 2005 dévoilée |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |access-date=November 3, 2015 |work=Le Devoir |date=October 8, 2015 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411001640/https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |url-status=live}}</ref> | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | voices = [[Bryn McAuley]] (season 1)<br />[[Jaclyn Linetsky]] (seasons 2-3)<br />[[Annie Bovaird]] (seasons 4-5)<br />Brigid Tierney (seasons 1-4)<br />Jesse Vinet (seasons 3-5)<br />Jennifer Seguin<br />Pat Fry<br />Pauline Little<br />George Morris<br />Jonathan Koensgen (seasons 1-3)<br />Ryan Tilson (season 4)<br />Graeme Jokic (season 5)<br />Sophie Uretsky (season 5)<br />Melissa Pirrera (season 1-2)<br />Amanda Tilson (seasons 3-5)<br />[[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]<br />Ellen David | narrated = Marlee Shapiro | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = I'm Caillou by [[Bryn McAuley]] | endtheme = I'm Caillou (instrumental) | composer = Leon Aronson | country = Canada<br />South Africa <small>(season 5)</small> | language = {{Plainlist | * French * English }} | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 92 (345 segments) | list_episodes = List of Caillou episodes#List of episodes | executive_producer = | producer = | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 22 minutes (4-5 5-minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist | * [[Cookie Jar Group|Cookie Jar Entertainment]] (Canada){{efn|Previously known as '''CINAR Films''' for the first season, and then later known as '''CINAR Corporation''' for the second, and third seasons.<br>Produced as '''Caillou Productions''' (S1), '''Four Me Productions''' (S2-3), '''Caillou IV Productions''' (S4), and '''Caillou V Productions''' (S5).}} * Clockwork Zoo (season 5, South Africa) }} | channel = {{Plainlist | * [[Teletoon]] (seasons 1–4) * [[Treehouse TV]] (season 5) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|1997|09|15}} | last_aired = {{End date|2011|04|17}} }} '''''Caillou''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː |j|ʊ|,_|-|j|uː|}} {{respell|kah|yuu|,_-|yoo}}; {{IPA-fr|kaju|lang}}, stylized in [[lowercase]]) is an animated educational [[children's television series]] that aired on [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] on September 15, 1997 until September 7, 2009, it was later moved to [[Treehouse TV]], and the series finale aired on April 17, 2011. On September 4, 2000, the episode segments was set in the United States, it divided into stories and formed as compilation, also aired on [[PBS Kids]] until December 27, 2020 and the compilation finale reruns on April 15, 2013. Based on the books by Hélène Desputeaux,<ref name="RAAV2015" /><ref name="Devoir8-10-15" /> it focuses on a four-year-old boy named Caillou who is fascinated by the world around him. The series was produced in Canada by [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR Corporation]] (later Cookie Jar Entertainment) while the fifth and final season was produced in association with the South African studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |title=Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou &#124; Animation SA |date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |access-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref> The series is being followed by a computer-animated reboot series since February 15, 2024, set to premiere on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] with 50 11-minute episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain-and-peacock-partner-on-caillou-for-new-cg-animated-series-and-five-family-specials/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=WildBrain |language=en-US}}</ref> The series received initial positive reviews from critics and audiences. Contrarily, in the years following its release, the series saw a more negative reception and sparked backlash regarding its themes and writing. ==Plot== Caillou lives in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], with his mother Doris, father Boris, and sister Rosie. He has many adventures with his family and friends, and uses his imagination in every episode. On [[PBS Kids]], each episode in first through third series has a theme and is divided into several short sections that mix animation, puppet skits, and video of [[live-action]] children in real-life situations. Between seasons 4 and 6, the episodes are divided into three short sections, the puppet segment was dropped, alongside the "Real Kids" version of the segment. During the first season, many of the stories in the animated version began with a grandmother (who is also the series narrator) introducing the story to her grandchildren, then reading the story from a book. Starting in the second season, the narrator and grandmother is an unseen character. ==Characters== ===Major characters=== <!-- Keep the characters' sections brief. Every minor detail about the characters does not need to be included, as this is not the Caillou Wikia. --> ====Caillou==== Caillou (voiced by [[Bryn McAuley]] in 1997, then [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] in 2000 until 2002, and then, due to Linetsky's death, [[Annie Bovaird]] from 2003 to 2011) meaning ''pebble'' or ''stone'' in [[French language|French]], (nicknamed by himself The Prince of Imagination),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |website=PBSkids.org |title=Caillou & Stars Red Trick-Or-Treat Bag |quote=Caillou is surrounded by stars on a personalized swag bag that's ready for Halloween treats. The Prince of Imagination is here to make it a Happy Halloween! |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170506063946/http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |archive-date=May 6, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is the title character of the show. Caillou was first shown in the episode "Caillou Makes Cookies", which aired on September 15, 1997. Caillou is an imaginative four-year-old<ref name="About" /> boy with a love for forms of transportive machinery such as rocket ships and airplanes. A dreamer, Caillou is inclined to frequent dream sequences in some episodes, visualizing his daydreams and wishes, and many episodes describe his normal daily experiences with his parents, friends, and neighbours. Caillou particularly loves his stuffed dinosaur, Rexy, and [[teddy bear]], Teddy, along with his pet cat Gilbert, all of whom are depicted as puppets in segments featured in the earlier episodes. He is Boris and Doris's son as well as Rosie's older brother. ====Caillou's family==== * Rosie (French name: ''Mousseline'') – Caillou's lively younger sister and Boris and Doris's daughter who is a typical toddler. She is two years old.<ref name="About">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://en.caillou.com/about |website=Caillou.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331072935/https://en.caillou.com/about |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |quote=Meet Caillou, the lovable four-year old<br />Meet Caillou's little sister, Rosie! At 2 years old, Rosie is a giggly little girl who loves to play tricks on her big brother.<br />Meet Caillou's Mom, Doris! Although some know her in the workplace as Doris, she's known as Mommy in Caillou's household.<br />Meet Caillou's Dad, Boris!<br />Meet Caillou's Grandpa! Grandpa always takes Caillou on fun adventures – like fishing, riding the bus through town and camping! He is Caillou's Daddy's father}}</ref> She always wants to take part in the same activities as Caillou. In later seasons of the series, she becomes more talkative and independent. She wears a blue dress, red socks and blue Mary Jane shoes. Rosie fights with Caillou for some reasons, but they still love each other. She appears to be the only family member with orange hair. Rosie was first voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2001, then Jesse Vinet from 2002 to 2011. * Doris<ref name="About" />/Mommy – Caillou and Rosie's mother as well as Boris's wife and Grandma and Grandpa's daughter-in-law. She is a busy homemaker most of the time but is seen to work in an office, as well. Caillou occasionally helps his mother with different chores, and she often takes time to involve Caillou and his friends in activities such as crafts and baking. She is predominantly dressed in a red blouse with white trim, blue headband, ankle-length blue jeans and blue shoes with green soles. Voiced by Jennifer Seguin. * Boris<ref name="About" />/Daddy – Caillou and Rosie's father as well as Doris's husband. He wears a green sweater with a red trim with blue jeans. In the episode "Caillou The Chef" he says he once worked at a restaurant and made pizza.<ref name="Caillou the Chef">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou the Chef" (Season 4)</ref> He and Caillou occasionally work on projects around the house together. He is voiced by Pat Fry. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. In the puppet segments, he is shown to be knowledgeable about things which are foreign to Rexy and Teddy. * Grandma – Caillou and Rosie's paternal grandmother as well as Doris's mother-in-law. Grandma is a very active lady who loves the arts and the outdoors. She passes that love onto Caillou. Grandma often comes up with creative ideas to solve Caillou's problems. She and Caillou paint and go bird-watching together. Voiced by Pauline Little. * Grandpa – Caillou and Rosie's paternal<ref name="About" /> grandfather as well as Doris's father-in-law. He takes Caillou on adventures, often going on walks and riding the bus throughout the town where they reside. In the 1997 episode "Caillou's Hiding Place", he showed Caillou a hidden area inside a tree in the backyard.<ref name="Caillou's Hiding Place">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Hiding Place"</ref> In the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Camping", he and Caillou camp in the backyard. He is Daddy's father and loves to tell stories about when Caillou's father was a little boy. He wears a blue shirt. Voiced by George Morris. ====Caillou's friends and neighbours==== * Mr. Hinkle (French name: ''Monsieur Lajoie'') – Caillou's neighbour, introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Not Afraid Anymore". He has a gold tooth. In the episode "Farmer for the Day", it is stated that his first name is Paul. * Leo – A boy who started out as a bully in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare", but quickly befriended Caillou in the same episode. They have been inseparable since. He is of Jewish faith and celebrates Hanukkah (stated in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''). Voiced by Jonathan Koensgen from 1997 to 2003, Vince Davies in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'', Ryan Tilson from 2006 until 2007, and Graeme Jokic from 2010 until 2011. * Clementine – Clementine was the first to befriend Caillou in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare". She can get rather bossy for some reasons, but all in all she is pretty understanding. She is of African-Canadian descent. Caillou has a crush on her, as indicated in "Caillou's Valentines" (season 4, episode 19). She is voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2007, and Sophie Uretsky from 2010 until 2011. * Sarah – Caillou's friend, whom he first met in the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Around the Block". She is of Chinese descent and celebrates Chinese New Year. She has a cousin in an episode where she invites Caillou to celebrate Chinese New Year. In another she invites him to school for "Bring Your Younger Siblings to School Day" because she has no siblings. Sarah has a pet cat named Olly and a dog named Murphy. Sarah is voiced by Melissa Pirrera, and then Amanda Tilson. * André – A orange-headed boy, André is introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Big Friend" and usually wears red sandals. According to the song "Days of the Week", released on the Caillou music CD ''Caillou and Friends'', Caillou plays with him every Saturday. André enjoys biking and soccer. * Julie – Caillou's and Rosie's teenage babysitter. She has blonde hair in a ponytail, and enjoys playing with Caillou and Rosie. Voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. * Jason and Jeffrey – Identical twin brothers who are of Hispanic descent. They both enjoy eating pizza. Initially, they wore identical clothes. By Season 4, though, Jason began wearing a shirt with inverted colours so it's easier to tell them apart. They are both in Caillou's playschool class. The first episode they appeared in "New Kids on the Block". * Billy – Clementine's older brother. He is usually seen playing in a band with his friends or playing sports. Voiced by Michael Caloz in Season 1. * Miss Martin – Caillou's preschool teacher. She has orange hair and wears red overalls with a long-sleeved white shirt. According to the 2006 episode "A Surprise for Ms. Martin" her birthday is in June. Her first name is Ann; this was stated in "Caillou Goes to Daycare". Voiced by Ellen David. * Jonas – Boris friend from before he met Doris. He lives on a ranch and has a horse named Lucky. Jonas appears in four episodes and in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''. Voiced by Brian Wrench. * Emma – A girl in Caillou's playschool class who dislikes loud noises, wearing red.<ref name="Caillou's Marching Band">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Marching Band"</ref> It is stated in an episode that she has Type 1 Diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |title=Caillou – Caillou's Discoveries |publisher=KET |access-date=March 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054418/http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Xavier – A boy in Caillou's playschool class who has brown hair and wears blue overalls. ====The puppets==== The puppet segments were used only on the [[PBS Kids]] broadcasts of ''Caillou'' from 2000 to 2003 between the first and third seasons, as continuity to fill time usually taken up by commercial breaks during the original broadcasts; later episodes on PBS did not include the puppet segment continuity. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. He has greyish-bluish fur with black stripes and loathes dogs with a passion. He especially dislikes the bulldog in the neighbourhood. In the puppet segments of the series, Gilbert often consists odes. Puppeteered by Bob Stutt. * Rexy – Caillou's blue toy dinosaur and speaks in a somewhat foreign accent, he is very playful. Rexy has the incapability to give a "good" hug. Rexy is noted for being rather pedantic. He is often teased about his speech impediment, and tends to react violently to any mention of it. Puppeteered by Pier Parquette and voiced by [[Rick Jones (voice actor)|Rick Jones]]. * Teddy – An old teddy bear that once belonged to Caillou's father, and now belongs to Caillou, Teddy is reasonable and nice. He is somewhat pessimistic, but all in all, he just needs a hug. Puppeteered by Frank Meschkuleit. * Deedee – A brown squirrel, she has a bushy tail, and is often seen playing with Rexy. Deedee first appeared as a baby squirrel when Rexy found on the ground lost from her family. Deedee lives in Caillou's backyard where most of the puppet segments take place. She never appeared in Season 3. Puppeteered by Wendy Welch and voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. ==Episodes== ===Original series=== {{main|List of Caillou episodes}} {{:List of Caillou episodes}} ===PBS series=== {{Main|List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} {{:List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} ==Production== ''Caillou'' books have been published by Chouette Publishing Inc. since 1987.<ref name="Baby Caillou">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |title=Caillou - Creation |publisher=Chouette Publishing |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203002/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The series was originally broadcast in French in Canada, and the episodes were later translated into English. The original books were also in French, and English. ''Caillou'' was designed primarily for [[toddler]]s. It was created by child developmental psychologists. On September 15, 1997, 13 30-minute episodes (65 5-minute segments) of ''Caillou'' were aired in Canada and in selected markets worldwide, including the United States. On August 23, 2000, there were 20 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of new stories. On September 4, 2000, there were 29 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments and puppets. These were followed by another 11 30-minute episodes containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments, and puppets on October 3, 2000, another 13 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 12, 2002, and another 16 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 2, 2003. The film ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on October 7, 2003. On January 13, 2006, and April 1, 2006, a new set of 20 30-minute episodes finally premiered after a three-year hiatus. Caillou started attending preschool and there were new themes and a new opening. The series was renewed for a first, and second season in 2000, and a third season in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caillou Back for Season Two |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |last=Ball |first=Ryan |date=February 10, 2003 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184509/https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later a fourth season in 2006, and a fifth season in 2013. The fifth season was animated by South Africa-based studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou] "Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou | Animation SA"</ref> On November 14, 2012, the fourth season of the series was pre-sold to [[PBS Kids]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |work=KidScreen |title=DHX Media sells fourth season of Caillou to PBS Kids |access-date=January 22, 2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627233919/https://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== ''Caillou'' initially received generally positive reviews from television critics and parents of young children. The staff of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that its protagonist "embellish[es] everything he sees with his rich imagination."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |title=Caillou |last=EW Staff |date=August 1, 2012 |website=EW.com |language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415075610/https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote "''Caillou'' looks at the world through the eyes of its 4-year-old namesake [and] takes life's not-always-so-simple lessons and presents them in a way preschoolers can understand."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |title=FOR YOUNG VIEWERS; Sharing the Small Stuff |date=October 7, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 17, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415081456/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while Lynne Heffley of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that "each animated episode is an unusually realistic reflection of a preschooler's daily fun, family interaction, challenges, disappointments and misunderstandings as Caillou grows and learns to make sense of his world", also describing it as "a virtual guidebook for parents and caregivers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |title=Kids' Series Give Gentle Life Lessons Television Review |last=Heffley |first=Lynne |date=September 4, 2000 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322041601/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |archive-date=March 22, 2020 |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> ====Controversy==== As the years progressed, however, the show drew criticism for the perceived incorrectness of the lessons gleaned through numerous events, mostly from the first season, as well as some episodes from the second season and third season. In a ''[[National Post]]'' column, writer Tristin Hopper identified ''Caillou'' to be "quite possibly the world's most universally reviled children's program". A common criticism towards the series is that the titular character behaves like a spoiled child and suffers no consequences from his parents for his behaviour.<ref name="NationalPost">{{cite news |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Caillou is an aggressively bad show ruining the world's children... and it's all Canada's fault |journal=[[National Post]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/analysis-caillou-is-an-aggressively-bad-show-ruining-the-worlds-children-and-its-all-canadas-fault |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> One example of Caillou's bad behaviour is in the episode ''Caillou Joins the Circus'', in which he throws a tantrum after discovering the postponement of a planned circus event. Another episode, ''Big Brother Caillou'', features Caillou being jealous of the level of attention received by his baby sister Rosie to the point where he pinches her; most considered this to be a minor improvement over the original book the episode was based on, in which Caillou bit Rosie. When the series started airing on [[Cartoonito]] in 2021, the pinching scene was cut out. Hopper once said: "Unlike most children's programming, Caillou makes almost no attempt to educate its young audience. There are no veiled math problems, spelling lessons or morality tales; it's just calm, non-threatening, bright-coloured people navigating everyday tasks". These criticisms of the series's titular character have been echoed on online platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |title=This Is How Much People Hate 'Caillou' |date=2017-04-03 |website=HuffPost |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072429/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|''Last Week Tonight'']] host [[John Oliver]] referenced Caillou in a comparison of boring things against [[net neutrality]], going on to insult Caillou for its themes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |title=Net Neutrality: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en-US |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925194210/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |url-status=live}}</ref> As Caillou appeared as a much younger child in the original line of children's books, he originally had no hair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |title=Why Doesn't Caillou Have Hair - Why He's Always Remained Bald - Screen Rant |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628204238/https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When illustrators found that adding hair made him look unrecognizable, it was decided that Caillou would never have hair.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Public Broadcasting Service |title=FAQ |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826103455/https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="chouettebald">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |author=Chouette |publisher=Chouette |title=Why is Caillou bald? |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203004/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This decision led to an [[internet meme]] asserting that the protagonist has [[cancer]] or pediatric alopecia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |title=Why Is Caillou Bald? |date=2015-12-08 |website=HuffPost Canada |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107142916/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The series' parody of the series, this titular character has a whiny spoiled brat is worse than Dora Winifred Read and Muffy Crosswire from ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''. ==Broadcast== ''Caillou'' first aired on Canada's French-language [[Télétoon]] channel on September 15, 1997, and was the first series aired on the English-language [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] when it launched on October 17 of that year.<ref name="5ecaillou">{{cite web|title=CORPORATION CINAR CÉLÈBRE LE 5e ANNIVERSAIRE DE CAILLOU À LA TÉLÉVISION|url=http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314145722/http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2003|access-date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> The series was moved to Treehouse TV in 2010. ''Caillou'' made its U.S. debut on [[PBS Kids]] on September 4, 2000, and ran on that network until December 27, 2020. Reruns started airing on PBS Kids Sprout (later known as simply Sprout) on its launch on September 26, 2005. While Sprout rebranded into [[Universal Kids]] on September 9, 2017, the show remained on the channel until it was taken off the line-up at the beginning of April 2019. On January 5, 2021, PBS Kids announced on Twitter that they would no longer broadcast reruns of ''Caillou''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Madden Toby|first=Mekeisha|date=January 5, 2021|title=Caillou Cancelled at PBS Kids (as Parents Everywhere Rejoice)|url=https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106135148/https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that many parents and viewers celebrated the news of the cancellation, as they have complained that ''Caillou'' had taught their kids bad lessons and encouraged them to be bratty and whiny.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 6, 2021|title=''Caillou'' Canceled By PBS & Parents Couldn't Be Happier|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127015153/https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|archive-date=January 27, 2023|access-date=January 27, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> On August 16, 2021, it was announced that [[Cartoon Network]] had acquired the U.S.-broadcast rights to the series after PBS' rights expired, with reruns of the series airing on [[Cartoonito (American programming block)|Cartoonito]] from September 13, 2021 to May 4, 2022 in its HD remastered form.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalcup|first=Jamie|date=August 16, 2021|title=WarnerMedia Sets Cartoonito Launch Date & Slate|url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816131416/https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|archive-date=August 16, 2021|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=TVKIDS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=August 16, 2021 |title=WarnerMedia Kids & Family Sets Sept. 13 for Cartoonito Preschool Block on HBO Max and Cartoon Network |url=https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website= |publisher=[[WarnerMedia]] |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910235433/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon}}</ref> PBS ultimately sold the rights for [[US$]]6.4&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 PBS Financial Report|url=https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112035145/https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|archive-date=November 12, 2022|access-date=2022-11-11|website=PBS.org|page=16}}</ref> In Canada, [[Family Jr.]] continues to broadcast reruns since February 5, 2018. PBS Kids currently retains the physical media and streaming rights for the original series. [[Comcast]]/[[NBCUniversal]] acquired global streaming rights for the reboot series (via [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]) as of 2022. == Home video releases == In the United States, Caillou videocassettes and DVDs have been released by PBS Distribution (originally distributed through [[Warner Home Video]] until 2004, and then Paramount Home Entertainment from 2006 to 2010, and now self-distributed). From 2003 to 2006, the DVDs with puppets and [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] were compilations from 2003 through 2006, and one of them is in memory of Linetsky herself. For the franchise's 25th anniversary, a DVD/book combo pack reissue of ''Caillou's Family Favourites'' was released on October 14, 2014, by PBS Distribution,<ref name="combo">{{cite web|last=Zahn|first=James|date=September 4, 2014|title=25th Anniversary of Caillou: CAILLOU's FAMILY FAVORITES DVD/Book Combo Pack due in October...|url=http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144017/http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|archive-date=October 21, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref> while a [[DVD]] reissue of ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on November 11, 2014 by NCircle Entertainment.<ref name="holidaymovie">{{cite web|title=''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' – NCircle Entertainment|url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175231/http://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|archive-date=October 18, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014|website=Amazon}}</ref> In Canada, Sony Wonder originally released Caillou on VHS and DVD, and after the closure of the division by Sony, were moved to Vivendi Entertainment Canada. Since 2012, Caillou DVDs are distributed by [[Entertainment One]] and after their purchase of Phase 4 Films in 2015, are released through the KaBoom Entertainment label. ==Music from the series== In 2003, an album titled ''Caillou's Favourite Songs'' was released by [[Kid Rhino]] under the [[Cinar|Cinar Music]] imprint.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |title=Caillou's Favorite Songs - Caillou - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013230510/http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Revival== ===YouTube series=== Beginning in late 2016, a new ''Caillou'' web series for YouTube premiered on the official Caillou channel and was later released onto [[Amazon Prime Instant Video|Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Caillou's New Adventures {{!}} Prime Video | work=amazon.com | access-date=January 22, 2021 | url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | archive-date=May 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184508/https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | url-status=live }}</ref> These shorts are mainly remakes of older episodes and are produced by WildBrain Spark Studios, a subsidiary of WildBrain that produces original content for their [[WildBrain Spark]] network. However, the videos were not made available to YouTube users in the United States until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |title=New Caillou Webisodes &#124; Animated Cartoons for Kids |publisher=YouTube |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184506/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, it was announced that Cartoon Network licensed the series for broadcast on U.S. television.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |title=WildBrain Reports Q4 and Full Year 2021 Results |website=Investors - WildBrain |accessdate=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030022/https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Reboot and specials=== In September 2021, WildBrain announced the production of five new 45-minute specials based on the franchise for [[Family Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |title=New family animation for WildBrain Television gets greenlit |date=September 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707022117/https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These specials are the first ''Caillou'' related media to be produced in computer animation, and will focus on Christmas, Halloween, Family Day, Summer Vacation and National Anti-Bullying Day. The specials will be produced by WildBrain Studios, Splash Entertainment, and Mainframe Studios, with animation provided by [[WildBrain Studios#IoM Media Ventures|IoM Media Ventures]].<ref name="animationmagazine.net">{{cite web |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |title=Peacock Slates CG 'Caillou' Reboot, 'L'il Stompers'; 'The Bad Guys' Streams Friday |date=June 28, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220309/https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, WildBrain announced they teamed with [[Comcast]]'s [[NBCUniversal Television and Streaming|streaming platform]], [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]], to produce a new series of the show, consisting of 52 11-minute episodes to go along with those specials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Yahoo! Finance |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201640/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was set to premiere in 2023, with IoM also providing animation production as the specials are. Despite the specials being released on Peacock, it is now confirmed to stream on February 15, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swift |first1=Andy |title=Caillou Is Being Rebooted in CGI Form, Whether You Want Him Back or Not |url=https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |website=TVLine |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628171112/https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first special: ''Rosie the Giant'', which focuses on the effects of bullying, simultaneously premiered in Canada and the United States on Family Jr. and Peacock respectively on July 10, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8 |title=CAILLOU: ROSIE THE GIANT &#124; Trailer |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713132111/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The second special: ''Adventures with Grandma and Grandpa'', which focuses on Caillou visiting his grandparents for a sleepover at their beach house, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on August 25, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=Aug 22, 2022 |first=Andy |last=Swift |title=Caillou Prepares to Take the Plunge in First Look at New CGI Special |access-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915194041/https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The third special: ''The Bravest Wolf Boy'', which focuses on Halloween, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on October 15, 2022. The four special: ''The Silver Knight'', which focuses on imaginative play, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on November 13, 2022. The fifth special, ''Caillou's Perfect Christmas'', which focuses on Christmas, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on December 2, 2022. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1990s animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2011 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2013 American television series endings]] [[Category:2013 television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Television series by Cookie Jar Entertainment]] dxohblqy0e2bq4l9sw1w56cp4fvmmlw 10330153 10330152 2025-06-14T15:10:54Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 /* External links */ missing category 10330153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Canadian English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox television | image = Caillou logo.png | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | genre = {{Plainlist| * Animation * Children * [[Adventure]] }} | creator = Hélène Desputeaux<br />Christine L'Heureux | based_on = ''[[Caillou (book series)|Caillou]]'' by Hélène Desputeaux<ref name="RAAV2015">[http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 "At last, the 2005 Caillou agreement is made public"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327161402/http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 |date=March 27, 2016 }}. ''Regroupement des artistes en arts visuels du Québec''. Retrieved on November 2, 2015.</ref><ref name="Devoir8-10-15">{{cite news |last1=Baillargeon |first1=Stéphane |title=L'entente secrète de 2005 dévoilée |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |access-date=November 3, 2015 |work=Le Devoir |date=October 8, 2015 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411001640/https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |url-status=live}}</ref> | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | voices = [[Bryn McAuley]] (season 1)<br />[[Jaclyn Linetsky]] (seasons 2-3)<br />[[Annie Bovaird]] (seasons 4-5)<br />Brigid Tierney (seasons 1-4)<br />Jesse Vinet (seasons 3-5)<br />Jennifer Seguin<br />Pat Fry<br />Pauline Little<br />George Morris<br />Jonathan Koensgen (seasons 1-3)<br />Ryan Tilson (season 4)<br />Graeme Jokic (season 5)<br />Sophie Uretsky (season 5)<br />Melissa Pirrera (season 1-2)<br />Amanda Tilson (seasons 3-5)<br />[[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]<br />Ellen David | narrated = Marlee Shapiro | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = I'm Caillou by [[Bryn McAuley]] | endtheme = I'm Caillou (instrumental) | composer = Leon Aronson | country = Canada<br />South Africa <small>(season 5)</small> | language = {{Plainlist | * French * English }} | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 92 (345 segments) | list_episodes = List of Caillou episodes#List of episodes | executive_producer = | producer = | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 22 minutes (4-5 5-minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist | * [[Cookie Jar Group|Cookie Jar Entertainment]] (Canada){{efn|Previously known as '''CINAR Films''' for the first season, and then later known as '''CINAR Corporation''' for the second, and third seasons.<br>Produced as '''Caillou Productions''' (S1), '''Four Me Productions''' (S2-3), '''Caillou IV Productions''' (S4), and '''Caillou V Productions''' (S5).}} * Clockwork Zoo (season 5, South Africa) }} | channel = {{Plainlist | * [[Teletoon]] (seasons 1–4) * [[Treehouse TV]] (season 5) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|1997|09|15}} | last_aired = {{End date|2011|04|17}} }} '''''Caillou''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː |j|ʊ|,_|-|j|uː|}} {{respell|kah|yuu|,_-|yoo}}; {{IPA-fr|kaju|lang}}, stylized in [[lowercase]]) is an animated educational [[children's television series]] that aired on [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] on September 15, 1997 until September 7, 2009, it was later moved to [[Treehouse TV]], and the series finale aired on April 17, 2011. On September 4, 2000, the episode segments was set in the United States, it divided into stories and formed as compilation, also aired on [[PBS Kids]] until December 27, 2020 and the compilation finale reruns on April 15, 2013. Based on the books by Hélène Desputeaux,<ref name="RAAV2015" /><ref name="Devoir8-10-15" /> it focuses on a four-year-old boy named Caillou who is fascinated by the world around him. The series was produced in Canada by [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR Corporation]] (later Cookie Jar Entertainment) while the fifth and final season was produced in association with the South African studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |title=Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou &#124; Animation SA |date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |access-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref> The series is being followed by a computer-animated reboot series since February 15, 2024, set to premiere on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] with 50 11-minute episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain-and-peacock-partner-on-caillou-for-new-cg-animated-series-and-five-family-specials/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=WildBrain |language=en-US}}</ref> The series received initial positive reviews from critics and audiences. Contrarily, in the years following its release, the series saw a more negative reception and sparked backlash regarding its themes and writing. ==Plot== Caillou lives in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], with his mother Doris, father Boris, and sister Rosie. He has many adventures with his family and friends, and uses his imagination in every episode. On [[PBS Kids]], each episode in first through third series has a theme and is divided into several short sections that mix animation, puppet skits, and video of [[live-action]] children in real-life situations. Between seasons 4 and 6, the episodes are divided into three short sections, the puppet segment was dropped, alongside the "Real Kids" version of the segment. During the first season, many of the stories in the animated version began with a grandmother (who is also the series narrator) introducing the story to her grandchildren, then reading the story from a book. Starting in the second season, the narrator and grandmother is an unseen character. ==Characters== ===Major characters=== <!-- Keep the characters' sections brief. Every minor detail about the characters does not need to be included, as this is not the Caillou Wikia. --> ====Caillou==== Caillou (voiced by [[Bryn McAuley]] in 1997, then [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] in 2000 until 2002, and then, due to Linetsky's death, [[Annie Bovaird]] from 2003 to 2011) meaning ''pebble'' or ''stone'' in [[French language|French]], (nicknamed by himself The Prince of Imagination),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |website=PBSkids.org |title=Caillou & Stars Red Trick-Or-Treat Bag |quote=Caillou is surrounded by stars on a personalized swag bag that's ready for Halloween treats. The Prince of Imagination is here to make it a Happy Halloween! |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170506063946/http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |archive-date=May 6, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is the title character of the show. Caillou was first shown in the episode "Caillou Makes Cookies", which aired on September 15, 1997. Caillou is an imaginative four-year-old<ref name="About" /> boy with a love for forms of transportive machinery such as rocket ships and airplanes. A dreamer, Caillou is inclined to frequent dream sequences in some episodes, visualizing his daydreams and wishes, and many episodes describe his normal daily experiences with his parents, friends, and neighbours. Caillou particularly loves his stuffed dinosaur, Rexy, and [[teddy bear]], Teddy, along with his pet cat Gilbert, all of whom are depicted as puppets in segments featured in the earlier episodes. He is Boris and Doris's son as well as Rosie's older brother. ====Caillou's family==== * Rosie (French name: ''Mousseline'') – Caillou's lively younger sister and Boris and Doris's daughter who is a typical toddler. She is two years old.<ref name="About">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://en.caillou.com/about |website=Caillou.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331072935/https://en.caillou.com/about |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |quote=Meet Caillou, the lovable four-year old<br />Meet Caillou's little sister, Rosie! At 2 years old, Rosie is a giggly little girl who loves to play tricks on her big brother.<br />Meet Caillou's Mom, Doris! Although some know her in the workplace as Doris, she's known as Mommy in Caillou's household.<br />Meet Caillou's Dad, Boris!<br />Meet Caillou's Grandpa! Grandpa always takes Caillou on fun adventures – like fishing, riding the bus through town and camping! He is Caillou's Daddy's father}}</ref> She always wants to take part in the same activities as Caillou. In later seasons of the series, she becomes more talkative and independent. She wears a blue dress, red socks and blue Mary Jane shoes. Rosie fights with Caillou for some reasons, but they still love each other. She appears to be the only family member with orange hair. Rosie was first voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2001, then Jesse Vinet from 2002 to 2011. * Doris<ref name="About" />/Mommy – Caillou and Rosie's mother as well as Boris's wife and Grandma and Grandpa's daughter-in-law. She is a busy homemaker most of the time but is seen to work in an office, as well. Caillou occasionally helps his mother with different chores, and she often takes time to involve Caillou and his friends in activities such as crafts and baking. She is predominantly dressed in a red blouse with white trim, blue headband, ankle-length blue jeans and blue shoes with green soles. Voiced by Jennifer Seguin. * Boris<ref name="About" />/Daddy – Caillou and Rosie's father as well as Doris's husband. He wears a green sweater with a red trim with blue jeans. In the episode "Caillou The Chef" he says he once worked at a restaurant and made pizza.<ref name="Caillou the Chef">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou the Chef" (Season 4)</ref> He and Caillou occasionally work on projects around the house together. He is voiced by Pat Fry. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. In the puppet segments, he is shown to be knowledgeable about things which are foreign to Rexy and Teddy. * Grandma – Caillou and Rosie's paternal grandmother as well as Doris's mother-in-law. Grandma is a very active lady who loves the arts and the outdoors. She passes that love onto Caillou. Grandma often comes up with creative ideas to solve Caillou's problems. She and Caillou paint and go bird-watching together. Voiced by Pauline Little. * Grandpa – Caillou and Rosie's paternal<ref name="About" /> grandfather as well as Doris's father-in-law. He takes Caillou on adventures, often going on walks and riding the bus throughout the town where they reside. In the 1997 episode "Caillou's Hiding Place", he showed Caillou a hidden area inside a tree in the backyard.<ref name="Caillou's Hiding Place">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Hiding Place"</ref> In the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Camping", he and Caillou camp in the backyard. He is Daddy's father and loves to tell stories about when Caillou's father was a little boy. He wears a blue shirt. Voiced by George Morris. ====Caillou's friends and neighbours==== * Mr. Hinkle (French name: ''Monsieur Lajoie'') – Caillou's neighbour, introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Not Afraid Anymore". He has a gold tooth. In the episode "Farmer for the Day", it is stated that his first name is Paul. * Leo – A boy who started out as a bully in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare", but quickly befriended Caillou in the same episode. They have been inseparable since. He is of Jewish faith and celebrates Hanukkah (stated in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''). Voiced by Jonathan Koensgen from 1997 to 2003, Vince Davies in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'', Ryan Tilson from 2006 until 2007, and Graeme Jokic from 2010 until 2011. * Clementine – Clementine was the first to befriend Caillou in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare". She can get rather bossy for some reasons, but all in all she is pretty understanding. She is of African-Canadian descent. Caillou has a crush on her, as indicated in "Caillou's Valentines" (season 4, episode 19). She is voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2007, and Sophie Uretsky from 2010 until 2011. * Sarah – Caillou's friend, whom he first met in the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Around the Block". She is of Chinese descent and celebrates Chinese New Year. She has a cousin in an episode where she invites Caillou to celebrate Chinese New Year. In another she invites him to school for "Bring Your Younger Siblings to School Day" because she has no siblings. Sarah has a pet cat named Olly and a dog named Murphy. Sarah is voiced by Melissa Pirrera, and then Amanda Tilson. * André – A orange-headed boy, André is introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Big Friend" and usually wears red sandals. According to the song "Days of the Week", released on the Caillou music CD ''Caillou and Friends'', Caillou plays with him every Saturday. André enjoys biking and soccer. * Julie – Caillou's and Rosie's teenage babysitter. She has blonde hair in a ponytail, and enjoys playing with Caillou and Rosie. Voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. * Jason and Jeffrey – Identical twin brothers who are of Hispanic descent. They both enjoy eating pizza. Initially, they wore identical clothes. By Season 4, though, Jason began wearing a shirt with inverted colours so it's easier to tell them apart. They are both in Caillou's playschool class. The first episode they appeared in "New Kids on the Block". * Billy – Clementine's older brother. He is usually seen playing in a band with his friends or playing sports. Voiced by Michael Caloz in Season 1. * Miss Martin – Caillou's preschool teacher. She has orange hair and wears red overalls with a long-sleeved white shirt. According to the 2006 episode "A Surprise for Ms. Martin" her birthday is in June. Her first name is Ann; this was stated in "Caillou Goes to Daycare". Voiced by Ellen David. * Jonas – Boris friend from before he met Doris. He lives on a ranch and has a horse named Lucky. Jonas appears in four episodes and in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''. Voiced by Brian Wrench. * Emma – A girl in Caillou's playschool class who dislikes loud noises, wearing red.<ref name="Caillou's Marching Band">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Marching Band"</ref> It is stated in an episode that she has Type 1 Diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |title=Caillou – Caillou's Discoveries |publisher=KET |access-date=March 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054418/http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Xavier – A boy in Caillou's playschool class who has brown hair and wears blue overalls. ====The puppets==== The puppet segments were used only on the [[PBS Kids]] broadcasts of ''Caillou'' from 2000 to 2003 between the first and third seasons, as continuity to fill time usually taken up by commercial breaks during the original broadcasts; later episodes on PBS did not include the puppet segment continuity. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. He has greyish-bluish fur with black stripes and loathes dogs with a passion. He especially dislikes the bulldog in the neighbourhood. In the puppet segments of the series, Gilbert often consists odes. Puppeteered by Bob Stutt. * Rexy – Caillou's blue toy dinosaur and speaks in a somewhat foreign accent, he is very playful. Rexy has the incapability to give a "good" hug. Rexy is noted for being rather pedantic. He is often teased about his speech impediment, and tends to react violently to any mention of it. Puppeteered by Pier Parquette and voiced by [[Rick Jones (voice actor)|Rick Jones]]. * Teddy – An old teddy bear that once belonged to Caillou's father, and now belongs to Caillou, Teddy is reasonable and nice. He is somewhat pessimistic, but all in all, he just needs a hug. Puppeteered by Frank Meschkuleit. * Deedee – A brown squirrel, she has a bushy tail, and is often seen playing with Rexy. Deedee first appeared as a baby squirrel when Rexy found on the ground lost from her family. Deedee lives in Caillou's backyard where most of the puppet segments take place. She never appeared in Season 3. Puppeteered by Wendy Welch and voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. ==Episodes== ===Original series=== {{main|List of Caillou episodes}} {{:List of Caillou episodes}} ===PBS series=== {{Main|List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} {{:List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} ==Production== ''Caillou'' books have been published by Chouette Publishing Inc. since 1987.<ref name="Baby Caillou">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |title=Caillou - Creation |publisher=Chouette Publishing |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203002/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The series was originally broadcast in French in Canada, and the episodes were later translated into English. The original books were also in French, and English. ''Caillou'' was designed primarily for [[toddler]]s. It was created by child developmental psychologists. On September 15, 1997, 13 30-minute episodes (65 5-minute segments) of ''Caillou'' were aired in Canada and in selected markets worldwide, including the United States. On August 23, 2000, there were 20 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of new stories. On September 4, 2000, there were 29 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments and puppets. These were followed by another 11 30-minute episodes containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments, and puppets on October 3, 2000, another 13 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 12, 2002, and another 16 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 2, 2003. The film ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on October 7, 2003. On January 13, 2006, and April 1, 2006, a new set of 20 30-minute episodes finally premiered after a three-year hiatus. Caillou started attending preschool and there were new themes and a new opening. The series was renewed for a first, and second season in 2000, and a third season in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caillou Back for Season Two |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |last=Ball |first=Ryan |date=February 10, 2003 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184509/https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later a fourth season in 2006, and a fifth season in 2013. The fifth season was animated by South Africa-based studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou] "Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou | Animation SA"</ref> On November 14, 2012, the fourth season of the series was pre-sold to [[PBS Kids]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |work=KidScreen |title=DHX Media sells fourth season of Caillou to PBS Kids |access-date=January 22, 2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627233919/https://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== ''Caillou'' initially received generally positive reviews from television critics and parents of young children. The staff of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that its protagonist "embellish[es] everything he sees with his rich imagination."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |title=Caillou |last=EW Staff |date=August 1, 2012 |website=EW.com |language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415075610/https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote "''Caillou'' looks at the world through the eyes of its 4-year-old namesake [and] takes life's not-always-so-simple lessons and presents them in a way preschoolers can understand."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |title=FOR YOUNG VIEWERS; Sharing the Small Stuff |date=October 7, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 17, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415081456/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while Lynne Heffley of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that "each animated episode is an unusually realistic reflection of a preschooler's daily fun, family interaction, challenges, disappointments and misunderstandings as Caillou grows and learns to make sense of his world", also describing it as "a virtual guidebook for parents and caregivers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |title=Kids' Series Give Gentle Life Lessons Television Review |last=Heffley |first=Lynne |date=September 4, 2000 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322041601/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |archive-date=March 22, 2020 |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> ====Controversy==== As the years progressed, however, the show drew criticism for the perceived incorrectness of the lessons gleaned through numerous events, mostly from the first season, as well as some episodes from the second season and third season. In a ''[[National Post]]'' column, writer Tristin Hopper identified ''Caillou'' to be "quite possibly the world's most universally reviled children's program". A common criticism towards the series is that the titular character behaves like a spoiled child and suffers no consequences from his parents for his behaviour.<ref name="NationalPost">{{cite news |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Caillou is an aggressively bad show ruining the world's children... and it's all Canada's fault |journal=[[National Post]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/analysis-caillou-is-an-aggressively-bad-show-ruining-the-worlds-children-and-its-all-canadas-fault |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> One example of Caillou's bad behaviour is in the episode ''Caillou Joins the Circus'', in which he throws a tantrum after discovering the postponement of a planned circus event. Another episode, ''Big Brother Caillou'', features Caillou being jealous of the level of attention received by his baby sister Rosie to the point where he pinches her; most considered this to be a minor improvement over the original book the episode was based on, in which Caillou bit Rosie. When the series started airing on [[Cartoonito]] in 2021, the pinching scene was cut out. Hopper once said: "Unlike most children's programming, Caillou makes almost no attempt to educate its young audience. There are no veiled math problems, spelling lessons or morality tales; it's just calm, non-threatening, bright-coloured people navigating everyday tasks". These criticisms of the series's titular character have been echoed on online platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |title=This Is How Much People Hate 'Caillou' |date=2017-04-03 |website=HuffPost |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072429/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|''Last Week Tonight'']] host [[John Oliver]] referenced Caillou in a comparison of boring things against [[net neutrality]], going on to insult Caillou for its themes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |title=Net Neutrality: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en-US |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925194210/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |url-status=live}}</ref> As Caillou appeared as a much younger child in the original line of children's books, he originally had no hair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |title=Why Doesn't Caillou Have Hair - Why He's Always Remained Bald - Screen Rant |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628204238/https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When illustrators found that adding hair made him look unrecognizable, it was decided that Caillou would never have hair.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Public Broadcasting Service |title=FAQ |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826103455/https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="chouettebald">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |author=Chouette |publisher=Chouette |title=Why is Caillou bald? |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203004/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This decision led to an [[internet meme]] asserting that the protagonist has [[cancer]] or pediatric alopecia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |title=Why Is Caillou Bald? |date=2015-12-08 |website=HuffPost Canada |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107142916/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The series' parody of the series, this titular character has a whiny spoiled brat is worse than Dora Winifred Read and Muffy Crosswire from ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''. ==Broadcast== ''Caillou'' first aired on Canada's French-language [[Télétoon]] channel on September 15, 1997, and was the first series aired on the English-language [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] when it launched on October 17 of that year.<ref name="5ecaillou">{{cite web|title=CORPORATION CINAR CÉLÈBRE LE 5e ANNIVERSAIRE DE CAILLOU À LA TÉLÉVISION|url=http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314145722/http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2003|access-date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> The series was moved to Treehouse TV in 2010. ''Caillou'' made its U.S. debut on [[PBS Kids]] on September 4, 2000, and ran on that network until December 27, 2020. Reruns started airing on PBS Kids Sprout (later known as simply Sprout) on its launch on September 26, 2005. While Sprout rebranded into [[Universal Kids]] on September 9, 2017, the show remained on the channel until it was taken off the line-up at the beginning of April 2019. On January 5, 2021, PBS Kids announced on Twitter that they would no longer broadcast reruns of ''Caillou''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Madden Toby|first=Mekeisha|date=January 5, 2021|title=Caillou Cancelled at PBS Kids (as Parents Everywhere Rejoice)|url=https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106135148/https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that many parents and viewers celebrated the news of the cancellation, as they have complained that ''Caillou'' had taught their kids bad lessons and encouraged them to be bratty and whiny.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 6, 2021|title=''Caillou'' Canceled By PBS & Parents Couldn't Be Happier|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127015153/https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|archive-date=January 27, 2023|access-date=January 27, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> On August 16, 2021, it was announced that [[Cartoon Network]] had acquired the U.S.-broadcast rights to the series after PBS' rights expired, with reruns of the series airing on [[Cartoonito (American programming block)|Cartoonito]] from September 13, 2021 to May 4, 2022 in its HD remastered form.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalcup|first=Jamie|date=August 16, 2021|title=WarnerMedia Sets Cartoonito Launch Date & Slate|url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816131416/https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|archive-date=August 16, 2021|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=TVKIDS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=August 16, 2021 |title=WarnerMedia Kids & Family Sets Sept. 13 for Cartoonito Preschool Block on HBO Max and Cartoon Network |url=https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website= |publisher=[[WarnerMedia]] |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910235433/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon}}</ref> PBS ultimately sold the rights for [[US$]]6.4&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 PBS Financial Report|url=https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112035145/https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|archive-date=November 12, 2022|access-date=2022-11-11|website=PBS.org|page=16}}</ref> In Canada, [[Family Jr.]] continues to broadcast reruns since February 5, 2018. PBS Kids currently retains the physical media and streaming rights for the original series. [[Comcast]]/[[NBCUniversal]] acquired global streaming rights for the reboot series (via [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]) as of 2022. == Home video releases == In the United States, Caillou videocassettes and DVDs have been released by PBS Distribution (originally distributed through [[Warner Home Video]] until 2004, and then Paramount Home Entertainment from 2006 to 2010, and now self-distributed). From 2003 to 2006, the DVDs with puppets and [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] were compilations from 2003 through 2006, and one of them is in memory of Linetsky herself. For the franchise's 25th anniversary, a DVD/book combo pack reissue of ''Caillou's Family Favourites'' was released on October 14, 2014, by PBS Distribution,<ref name="combo">{{cite web|last=Zahn|first=James|date=September 4, 2014|title=25th Anniversary of Caillou: CAILLOU's FAMILY FAVORITES DVD/Book Combo Pack due in October...|url=http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144017/http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|archive-date=October 21, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref> while a [[DVD]] reissue of ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on November 11, 2014 by NCircle Entertainment.<ref name="holidaymovie">{{cite web|title=''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' – NCircle Entertainment|url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175231/http://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|archive-date=October 18, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014|website=Amazon}}</ref> In Canada, Sony Wonder originally released Caillou on VHS and DVD, and after the closure of the division by Sony, were moved to Vivendi Entertainment Canada. Since 2012, Caillou DVDs are distributed by [[Entertainment One]] and after their purchase of Phase 4 Films in 2015, are released through the KaBoom Entertainment label. ==Music from the series== In 2003, an album titled ''Caillou's Favourite Songs'' was released by [[Kid Rhino]] under the [[Cinar|Cinar Music]] imprint.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |title=Caillou's Favorite Songs - Caillou - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013230510/http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Revival== ===YouTube series=== Beginning in late 2016, a new ''Caillou'' web series for YouTube premiered on the official Caillou channel and was later released onto [[Amazon Prime Instant Video|Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Caillou's New Adventures {{!}} Prime Video | work=amazon.com | access-date=January 22, 2021 | url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | archive-date=May 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184508/https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | url-status=live }}</ref> These shorts are mainly remakes of older episodes and are produced by WildBrain Spark Studios, a subsidiary of WildBrain that produces original content for their [[WildBrain Spark]] network. However, the videos were not made available to YouTube users in the United States until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |title=New Caillou Webisodes &#124; Animated Cartoons for Kids |publisher=YouTube |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184506/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, it was announced that Cartoon Network licensed the series for broadcast on U.S. television.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |title=WildBrain Reports Q4 and Full Year 2021 Results |website=Investors - WildBrain |accessdate=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030022/https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Reboot and specials=== In September 2021, WildBrain announced the production of five new 45-minute specials based on the franchise for [[Family Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |title=New family animation for WildBrain Television gets greenlit |date=September 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707022117/https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These specials are the first ''Caillou'' related media to be produced in computer animation, and will focus on Christmas, Halloween, Family Day, Summer Vacation and National Anti-Bullying Day. The specials will be produced by WildBrain Studios, Splash Entertainment, and Mainframe Studios, with animation provided by [[WildBrain Studios#IoM Media Ventures|IoM Media Ventures]].<ref name="animationmagazine.net">{{cite web |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |title=Peacock Slates CG 'Caillou' Reboot, 'L'il Stompers'; 'The Bad Guys' Streams Friday |date=June 28, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220309/https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, WildBrain announced they teamed with [[Comcast]]'s [[NBCUniversal Television and Streaming|streaming platform]], [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]], to produce a new series of the show, consisting of 52 11-minute episodes to go along with those specials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Yahoo! Finance |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201640/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was set to premiere in 2023, with IoM also providing animation production as the specials are. Despite the specials being released on Peacock, it is now confirmed to stream on February 15, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swift |first1=Andy |title=Caillou Is Being Rebooted in CGI Form, Whether You Want Him Back or Not |url=https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |website=TVLine |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628171112/https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first special: ''Rosie the Giant'', which focuses on the effects of bullying, simultaneously premiered in Canada and the United States on Family Jr. and Peacock respectively on July 10, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8 |title=CAILLOU: ROSIE THE GIANT &#124; Trailer |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713132111/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The second special: ''Adventures with Grandma and Grandpa'', which focuses on Caillou visiting his grandparents for a sleepover at their beach house, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on August 25, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=Aug 22, 2022 |first=Andy |last=Swift |title=Caillou Prepares to Take the Plunge in First Look at New CGI Special |access-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915194041/https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The third special: ''The Bravest Wolf Boy'', which focuses on Halloween, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on October 15, 2022. The four special: ''The Silver Knight'', which focuses on imaginative play, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on November 13, 2022. The fifth special, ''Caillou's Perfect Christmas'', which focuses on Christmas, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on December 2, 2022. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1990s animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2011 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2013 American television series endings]] [[Category:2013 television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Caillou]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Television series by Cookie Jar Entertainment]] cn2mzz99sjh8atxxpqxa3t5a245cnpz 10330219 10330153 2025-06-14T15:55:52Z 2600:1700:C970:E7F0:9EA5:13FF:FEC8:C9 10330219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Canadian English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox television | image = Caillou logo.png | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | genre = {{Plainlist| * Animation * Children * [[Adventure]] }} | creator = Hélène Desputeaux<br />Christine L'Heureux | based_on = ''[[Caillou (book series)|Caillou]]'' by Hélène Desputeaux<ref name="RAAV2015">[http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 "At last, the 2005 Caillou agreement is made public"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327161402/http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 |date=March 27, 2016 }}. ''Regroupement des artistes en arts visuels du Québec''. Retrieved on November 2, 2015.</ref><ref name="Devoir8-10-15">{{cite news |last1=Baillargeon |first1=Stéphane |title=L'entente secrète de 2005 dévoilée |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |access-date=November 3, 2015 |work=Le Devoir |date=October 8, 2015 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411001640/https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |url-status=live}}</ref> | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | voices = [[Bryn McAuley]] (season 1)<br />[[Jaclyn Linetsky]] (seasons 2-3)<br />[[Annie Bovaird]] (seasons 4-5)<br />Brigid Tierney (seasons 1-4)<br />Jesse Vinet (seasons 3-5)<br />Jennifer Seguin<br />Pat Fry<br />Pauline Little<br />George Morris<br />Jonathan Koensgen (seasons 1-3)<br />Ryan Tilson (season 4)<br />Graeme Jokic (season 5)<br />Sophie Uretsky (season 5)<br />Melissa Pirrera (season 1-2)<br />Amanda Tilson (seasons 3-5)<br />[[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]<br />Ellen David | narrated = Marlee Shapiro | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = I'm Caillou by [[Bryn McAuley]] | endtheme = I'm Caillou (instrumental) | composer = Leon Aronson | country = Canada<br />South Africa <small>(season 5)</small> | language = {{Plainlist | * French * English }} | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 92 (345 segments) | list_episodes = List of Caillou episodes#List of episodes | executive_producer = | producer = | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 22 minutes (4-5 5-minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist | * [[Cookie Jar Group|Cookie Jar Entertainment]] (Canada){{efn|Previously known as '''CINAR Films''' for the first season, and then later known as '''CINAR Corporation''' for the second, and third seasons.<br>Produced as '''Caillou Productions''' (S1), '''Four Me Productions''' (S2-3), '''Caillou IV Productions''' (S4), and '''Caillou V Productions''' (S5).}} * Clockwork Zoo (season 5, South Africa) }} | channel = {{Plainlist | * [[Teletoon]] (seasons 1–4) * [[Treehouse TV]] (season 5) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|1997|09|15}} | last_aired = {{End date|2011|04|17}} }} '''''Caillou''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː |j|ʊ|,_|-|j|uː|}} {{respell|kah|yuu|,_-|yoo}}; {{IPA-fr|kaju|lang}}, stylized in [[lowercase]]) is an animated educational [[children's television series]] that aired on [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] on September 15, 1997 until September 7, 2009, it was later moved to [[Treehouse TV]], and the series finale aired on April 17, 2011. On September 4, 2000, the episode segments was set in the United States, it divided into stories and formed as compilation, also aired on [[PBS Kids]] until December 27, 2020 and the compilation finale reruns on April 15, 2013. Based on the books by Hélène Desputeaux,<ref name="RAAV2015" /><ref name="Devoir8-10-15" /> it focuses on a four-year-old boy named Caillou who is fascinated by the world around him. The series was produced in Canada by [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR Corporation]] (later Cookie Jar Entertainment) while the fifth and final season was produced in association with the South African studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |title=Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou &#124; Animation SA |date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |access-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref> The series is being followed by a computer-animated reboot series since February 15, 2024, set to premiere on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] with 50 11-minute episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain-and-peacock-partner-on-caillou-for-new-cg-animated-series-and-five-family-specials/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=WildBrain |language=en-US}}</ref> The series received initial positive reviews from critics and audiences. Contrarily, in the years following its release, the series saw a more negative reception and sparked backlash regarding its themes and writing. By 2013, the ''[[Caillou Gets Grounded]]'' series started. ==Plot== Caillou lives in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], with his mother Doris, father Boris, and sister Rosie. He has many adventures with his family and friends, and uses his imagination in every episode. On [[PBS Kids]], each episode in first through third series has a theme and is divided into several short sections that mix animation, puppet skits, and video of [[live-action]] children in real-life situations. Between seasons 4 and 6, the episodes are divided into three short sections, the puppet segment was dropped, alongside the "Real Kids" version of the segment. During the first season, many of the stories in the animated version began with a grandmother (who is also the series narrator) introducing the story to her grandchildren, then reading the story from a book. Starting in the second season, the narrator and grandmother is an unseen character. ==Characters== ===Major characters=== <!-- Keep the characters' sections brief. Every minor detail about the characters does not need to be included, as this is not the Caillou Wikia. --> ====Caillou==== Caillou (voiced by [[Bryn McAuley]] in 1997, then [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] in 2000 until 2002, and then, due to Linetsky's death, [[Annie Bovaird]] from 2003 to 2011) meaning ''pebble'' or ''stone'' in [[French language|French]], (nicknamed by himself The Prince of Imagination),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |website=PBSkids.org |title=Caillou & Stars Red Trick-Or-Treat Bag |quote=Caillou is surrounded by stars on a personalized swag bag that's ready for Halloween treats. The Prince of Imagination is here to make it a Happy Halloween! |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170506063946/http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |archive-date=May 6, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is the title character of the show. Caillou was first shown in the episode "Caillou Makes Cookies", which aired on September 15, 1997. Caillou is an imaginative four-year-old<ref name="About" /> boy with a love for forms of transportive machinery such as rocket ships and airplanes. A dreamer, Caillou is inclined to frequent dream sequences in some episodes, visualizing his daydreams and wishes, and many episodes describe his normal daily experiences with his parents, friends, and neighbours. Caillou particularly loves his stuffed dinosaur, Rexy, and [[teddy bear]], Teddy, along with his pet cat Gilbert, all of whom are depicted as puppets in segments featured in the earlier episodes. He is Boris and Doris's son as well as Rosie's older brother. ====Caillou's family==== * Rosie (French name: ''Mousseline'') – Caillou's lively younger sister and Boris and Doris's daughter who is a typical toddler. She is two years old.<ref name="About">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://en.caillou.com/about |website=Caillou.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331072935/https://en.caillou.com/about |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |quote=Meet Caillou, the lovable four-year old<br />Meet Caillou's little sister, Rosie! At 2 years old, Rosie is a giggly little girl who loves to play tricks on her big brother.<br />Meet Caillou's Mom, Doris! Although some know her in the workplace as Doris, she's known as Mommy in Caillou's household.<br />Meet Caillou's Dad, Boris!<br />Meet Caillou's Grandpa! Grandpa always takes Caillou on fun adventures – like fishing, riding the bus through town and camping! He is Caillou's Daddy's father}}</ref> She always wants to take part in the same activities as Caillou. In later seasons of the series, she becomes more talkative and independent. She wears a blue dress, red socks and blue Mary Jane shoes. Rosie fights with Caillou for some reasons, but they still love each other. She appears to be the only family member with orange hair. Rosie was first voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2001, then Jesse Vinet from 2002 to 2011. * Doris<ref name="About" />/Mommy – Caillou and Rosie's mother as well as Boris's wife and Grandma and Grandpa's daughter-in-law. She is a busy homemaker most of the time but is seen to work in an office, as well. Caillou occasionally helps his mother with different chores, and she often takes time to involve Caillou and his friends in activities such as crafts and baking. She is predominantly dressed in a red blouse with white trim, blue headband, ankle-length blue jeans and blue shoes with green soles. Voiced by Jennifer Seguin. * Boris<ref name="About" />/Daddy – Caillou and Rosie's father as well as Doris's husband. He wears a green sweater with a red trim with blue jeans. In the episode "Caillou The Chef" he says he once worked at a restaurant and made pizza.<ref name="Caillou the Chef">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou the Chef" (Season 4)</ref> He and Caillou occasionally work on projects around the house together. He is voiced by Pat Fry. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. In the puppet segments, he is shown to be knowledgeable about things which are foreign to Rexy and Teddy. * Grandma – Caillou and Rosie's paternal grandmother as well as Doris's mother-in-law. Grandma is a very active lady who loves the arts and the outdoors. She passes that love onto Caillou. Grandma often comes up with creative ideas to solve Caillou's problems. She and Caillou paint and go bird-watching together. Voiced by Pauline Little. * Grandpa – Caillou and Rosie's paternal<ref name="About" /> grandfather as well as Doris's father-in-law. He takes Caillou on adventures, often going on walks and riding the bus throughout the town where they reside. In the 1997 episode "Caillou's Hiding Place", he showed Caillou a hidden area inside a tree in the backyard.<ref name="Caillou's Hiding Place">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Hiding Place"</ref> In the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Camping", he and Caillou camp in the backyard. He is Daddy's father and loves to tell stories about when Caillou's father was a little boy. He wears a blue shirt. Voiced by George Morris. ====Caillou's friends and neighbours==== * Mr. Hinkle (French name: ''Monsieur Lajoie'') – Caillou's neighbour, introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Not Afraid Anymore". He has a gold tooth. In the episode "Farmer for the Day", it is stated that his first name is Paul. * Leo – A boy who started out as a bully in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare", but quickly befriended Caillou in the same episode. They have been inseparable since. He is of Jewish faith and celebrates Hanukkah (stated in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''). Voiced by Jonathan Koensgen from 1997 to 2003, Vince Davies in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'', Ryan Tilson from 2006 until 2007, and Graeme Jokic from 2010 until 2011. * Clementine – Clementine was the first to befriend Caillou in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare". She can get rather bossy for some reasons, but all in all she is pretty understanding. She is of African-Canadian descent. Caillou has a crush on her, as indicated in "Caillou's Valentines" (season 4, episode 19). She is voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2007, and Sophie Uretsky from 2010 until 2011. * Sarah – Caillou's friend, whom he first met in the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Around the Block". She is of Chinese descent and celebrates Chinese New Year. She has a cousin in an episode where she invites Caillou to celebrate Chinese New Year. In another she invites him to school for "Bring Your Younger Siblings to School Day" because she has no siblings. Sarah has a pet cat named Olly and a dog named Murphy. Sarah is voiced by Melissa Pirrera, and then Amanda Tilson. * André – A orange-headed boy, André is introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Big Friend" and usually wears red sandals. According to the song "Days of the Week", released on the Caillou music CD ''Caillou and Friends'', Caillou plays with him every Saturday. André enjoys biking and soccer. * Julie – Caillou's and Rosie's teenage babysitter. She has blonde hair in a ponytail, and enjoys playing with Caillou and Rosie. Voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. * Jason and Jeffrey – Identical twin brothers who are of Hispanic descent. They both enjoy eating pizza. Initially, they wore identical clothes. By Season 4, though, Jason began wearing a shirt with inverted colours so it's easier to tell them apart. They are both in Caillou's playschool class. The first episode they appeared in "New Kids on the Block". * Billy – Clementine's older brother. He is usually seen playing in a band with his friends or playing sports. Voiced by Michael Caloz in Season 1. * Miss Martin – Caillou's preschool teacher. She has orange hair and wears red overalls with a long-sleeved white shirt. According to the 2006 episode "A Surprise for Ms. Martin" her birthday is in June. Her first name is Ann; this was stated in "Caillou Goes to Daycare". Voiced by Ellen David. * Jonas – Boris friend from before he met Doris. He lives on a ranch and has a horse named Lucky. Jonas appears in four episodes and in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''. Voiced by Brian Wrench. * Emma – A girl in Caillou's playschool class who dislikes loud noises, wearing red.<ref name="Caillou's Marching Band">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Marching Band"</ref> It is stated in an episode that she has Type 1 Diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |title=Caillou – Caillou's Discoveries |publisher=KET |access-date=March 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054418/http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Xavier – A boy in Caillou's playschool class who has brown hair and wears blue overalls. ====The puppets==== The puppet segments were used only on the [[PBS Kids]] broadcasts of ''Caillou'' from 2000 to 2003 between the first and third seasons, as continuity to fill time usually taken up by commercial breaks during the original broadcasts; later episodes on PBS did not include the puppet segment continuity. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. He has greyish-bluish fur with black stripes and loathes dogs with a passion. He especially dislikes the bulldog in the neighbourhood. In the puppet segments of the series, Gilbert often consists odes. Puppeteered by Bob Stutt. * Rexy – Caillou's blue toy dinosaur and speaks in a somewhat foreign accent, he is very playful. Rexy has the incapability to give a "good" hug. Rexy is noted for being rather pedantic. He is often teased about his speech impediment, and tends to react violently to any mention of it. Puppeteered by Pier Parquette and voiced by [[Rick Jones (voice actor)|Rick Jones]]. * Teddy – An old teddy bear that once belonged to Caillou's father, and now belongs to Caillou, Teddy is reasonable and nice. He is somewhat pessimistic, but all in all, he just needs a hug. Puppeteered by Frank Meschkuleit. * Deedee – A brown squirrel, she has a bushy tail, and is often seen playing with Rexy. Deedee first appeared as a baby squirrel when Rexy found on the ground lost from her family. Deedee lives in Caillou's backyard where most of the puppet segments take place. She never appeared in Season 3. Puppeteered by Wendy Welch and voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. ==Episodes== ===Original series=== {{main|List of Caillou episodes}} {{:List of Caillou episodes}} ===PBS series=== {{Main|List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} {{:List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} ==Production== ''Caillou'' books have been published by Chouette Publishing Inc. since 1987.<ref name="Baby Caillou">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |title=Caillou - Creation |publisher=Chouette Publishing |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203002/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The series was originally broadcast in French in Canada, and the episodes were later translated into English. The original books were also in French, and English. ''Caillou'' was designed primarily for [[toddler]]s. It was created by child developmental psychologists. On September 15, 1997, 13 30-minute episodes (65 5-minute segments) of ''Caillou'' were aired in Canada and in selected markets worldwide, including the United States. On August 23, 2000, there were 20 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of new stories. On September 4, 2000, there were 29 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments and puppets. These were followed by another 11 30-minute episodes containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments, and puppets on October 3, 2000, another 13 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 12, 2002, and another 16 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 2, 2003. The film ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on October 7, 2003. On January 13, 2006, and April 1, 2006, a new set of 20 30-minute episodes finally premiered after a three-year hiatus. Caillou started attending preschool and there were new themes and a new opening. The series was renewed for a first, and second season in 2000, and a third season in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caillou Back for Season Two |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |last=Ball |first=Ryan |date=February 10, 2003 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184509/https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later a fourth season in 2006, and a fifth season in 2013. The fifth season was animated by South Africa-based studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou] "Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou | Animation SA"</ref> On November 14, 2012, the fourth season of the series was pre-sold to [[PBS Kids]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |work=KidScreen |title=DHX Media sells fourth season of Caillou to PBS Kids |access-date=January 22, 2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627233919/https://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== ''Caillou'' initially received generally positive reviews from television critics and parents of young children. The staff of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that its protagonist "embellish[es] everything he sees with his rich imagination."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |title=Caillou |last=EW Staff |date=August 1, 2012 |website=EW.com |language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415075610/https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote "''Caillou'' looks at the world through the eyes of its 4-year-old namesake [and] takes life's not-always-so-simple lessons and presents them in a way preschoolers can understand."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |title=FOR YOUNG VIEWERS; Sharing the Small Stuff |date=October 7, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 17, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415081456/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while Lynne Heffley of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that "each animated episode is an unusually realistic reflection of a preschooler's daily fun, family interaction, challenges, disappointments and misunderstandings as Caillou grows and learns to make sense of his world", also describing it as "a virtual guidebook for parents and caregivers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |title=Kids' Series Give Gentle Life Lessons Television Review |last=Heffley |first=Lynne |date=September 4, 2000 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322041601/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |archive-date=March 22, 2020 |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> ====Controversy==== As the years progressed, however, the show drew criticism for the perceived incorrectness of the lessons gleaned through numerous events, mostly from the first season, as well as some episodes from the second season and third season. In a ''[[National Post]]'' column, writer Tristin Hopper identified ''Caillou'' to be "quite possibly the world's most universally reviled children's program". A common criticism towards the series is that the titular character behaves like a spoiled child and suffers no consequences from his parents for his behaviour.<ref name="NationalPost">{{cite news |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Caillou is an aggressively bad show ruining the world's children... and it's all Canada's fault |journal=[[National Post]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/analysis-caillou-is-an-aggressively-bad-show-ruining-the-worlds-children-and-its-all-canadas-fault |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> One example of Caillou's bad behaviour is in the episode ''Caillou Joins the Circus'', in which he throws a tantrum after discovering the postponement of a planned circus event. Another episode, ''Big Brother Caillou'', features Caillou being jealous of the level of attention received by his baby sister Rosie to the point where he pinches her; most considered this to be a minor improvement over the original book the episode was based on, in which Caillou bit Rosie. When the series started airing on [[Cartoonito]] in 2021, the pinching scene was cut out. Hopper once said: "Unlike most children's programming, Caillou makes almost no attempt to educate its young audience. There are no veiled math problems, spelling lessons or morality tales; it's just calm, non-threatening, bright-coloured people navigating everyday tasks". These criticisms of the series's titular character have been echoed on online platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |title=This Is How Much People Hate 'Caillou' |date=2017-04-03 |website=HuffPost |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072429/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|''Last Week Tonight'']] host [[John Oliver]] referenced Caillou in a comparison of boring things against [[net neutrality]], going on to insult Caillou for its themes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |title=Net Neutrality: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en-US |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925194210/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |url-status=live}}</ref> As Caillou appeared as a much younger child in the original line of children's books, he originally had no hair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |title=Why Doesn't Caillou Have Hair - Why He's Always Remained Bald - Screen Rant |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628204238/https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When illustrators found that adding hair made him look unrecognizable, it was decided that Caillou would never have hair.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Public Broadcasting Service |title=FAQ |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826103455/https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="chouettebald">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |author=Chouette |publisher=Chouette |title=Why is Caillou bald? |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203004/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This decision led to an [[internet meme]] asserting that the protagonist has [[cancer]] or pediatric alopecia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |title=Why Is Caillou Bald? |date=2015-12-08 |website=HuffPost Canada |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107142916/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The series' parody of the series, this titular character has a whiny spoiled brat is worse than Dora Winifred Read and Muffy Crosswire from ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''. ==Broadcast== ''Caillou'' first aired on Canada's French-language [[Télétoon]] channel on September 15, 1997, and was the first series aired on the English-language [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] when it launched on October 17 of that year.<ref name="5ecaillou">{{cite web|title=CORPORATION CINAR CÉLÈBRE LE 5e ANNIVERSAIRE DE CAILLOU À LA TÉLÉVISION|url=http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314145722/http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2003|access-date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> The series was moved to Treehouse TV in 2010. ''Caillou'' made its U.S. debut on [[PBS Kids]] on September 4, 2000, and ran on that network until December 27, 2020. Reruns started airing on PBS Kids Sprout (later known as simply Sprout) on its launch on September 26, 2005. While Sprout rebranded into [[Universal Kids]] on September 9, 2017, the show remained on the channel until it was taken off the line-up at the beginning of April 2019. On January 5, 2021, PBS Kids announced on Twitter that they would no longer broadcast reruns of ''Caillou''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Madden Toby|first=Mekeisha|date=January 5, 2021|title=Caillou Cancelled at PBS Kids (as Parents Everywhere Rejoice)|url=https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106135148/https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that many parents and viewers celebrated the news of the cancellation, as they have complained that ''Caillou'' had taught their kids bad lessons and encouraged them to be bratty and whiny.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 6, 2021|title=''Caillou'' Canceled By PBS & Parents Couldn't Be Happier|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127015153/https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|archive-date=January 27, 2023|access-date=January 27, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> On August 16, 2021, it was announced that [[Cartoon Network]] had acquired the U.S.-broadcast rights to the series after PBS' rights expired, with reruns of the series airing on [[Cartoonito (American programming block)|Cartoonito]] from September 13, 2021 to May 4, 2022 in its HD remastered form.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalcup|first=Jamie|date=August 16, 2021|title=WarnerMedia Sets Cartoonito Launch Date & Slate|url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816131416/https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|archive-date=August 16, 2021|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=TVKIDS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=August 16, 2021 |title=WarnerMedia Kids & Family Sets Sept. 13 for Cartoonito Preschool Block on HBO Max and Cartoon Network |url=https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website= |publisher=[[WarnerMedia]] |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910235433/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon}}</ref> PBS ultimately sold the rights for [[US$]]6.4&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 PBS Financial Report|url=https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112035145/https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|archive-date=November 12, 2022|access-date=2022-11-11|website=PBS.org|page=16}}</ref> In Canada, [[Family Jr.]] continues to broadcast reruns since February 5, 2018. PBS Kids currently retains the physical media and streaming rights for the original series. [[Comcast]]/[[NBCUniversal]] acquired global streaming rights for the reboot series (via [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]) as of 2022. == Home video releases == In the United States, Caillou videocassettes and DVDs have been released by PBS Distribution (originally distributed through [[Warner Home Video]] until 2004, and then Paramount Home Entertainment from 2006 to 2010, and now self-distributed). From 2003 to 2006, the DVDs with puppets and [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] were compilations from 2003 through 2006, and one of them is in memory of Linetsky herself. For the franchise's 25th anniversary, a DVD/book combo pack reissue of ''Caillou's Family Favourites'' was released on October 14, 2014, by PBS Distribution,<ref name="combo">{{cite web|last=Zahn|first=James|date=September 4, 2014|title=25th Anniversary of Caillou: CAILLOU's FAMILY FAVORITES DVD/Book Combo Pack due in October...|url=http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144017/http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|archive-date=October 21, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref> while a [[DVD]] reissue of ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on November 11, 2014 by NCircle Entertainment.<ref name="holidaymovie">{{cite web|title=''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' – NCircle Entertainment|url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175231/http://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|archive-date=October 18, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014|website=Amazon}}</ref> In Canada, Sony Wonder originally released Caillou on VHS and DVD, and after the closure of the division by Sony, were moved to Vivendi Entertainment Canada. Since 2012, Caillou DVDs are distributed by [[Entertainment One]] and after their purchase of Phase 4 Films in 2015, are released through the KaBoom Entertainment label. ==Music from the series== In 2003, an album titled ''Caillou's Favourite Songs'' was released by [[Kid Rhino]] under the [[Cinar|Cinar Music]] imprint.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |title=Caillou's Favorite Songs - Caillou - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013230510/http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Revival== ===YouTube series=== Beginning in late 2016, a new ''Caillou'' web series for YouTube premiered on the official Caillou channel and was later released onto [[Amazon Prime Instant Video|Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Caillou's New Adventures {{!}} Prime Video | work=amazon.com | access-date=January 22, 2021 | url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | archive-date=May 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184508/https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | url-status=live }}</ref> These shorts are mainly remakes of older episodes and are produced by WildBrain Spark Studios, a subsidiary of WildBrain that produces original content for their [[WildBrain Spark]] network. However, the videos were not made available to YouTube users in the United States until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |title=New Caillou Webisodes &#124; Animated Cartoons for Kids |publisher=YouTube |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184506/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, it was announced that Cartoon Network licensed the series for broadcast on U.S. television.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |title=WildBrain Reports Q4 and Full Year 2021 Results |website=Investors - WildBrain |accessdate=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030022/https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Reboot and specials=== In September 2021, WildBrain announced the production of five new 45-minute specials based on the franchise for [[Family Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |title=New family animation for WildBrain Television gets greenlit |date=September 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707022117/https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These specials are the first ''Caillou'' related media to be produced in computer animation, and will focus on Christmas, Halloween, Family Day, Summer Vacation and National Anti-Bullying Day. The specials will be produced by WildBrain Studios, Splash Entertainment, and Mainframe Studios, with animation provided by [[WildBrain Studios#IoM Media Ventures|IoM Media Ventures]].<ref name="animationmagazine.net">{{cite web |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |title=Peacock Slates CG 'Caillou' Reboot, 'L'il Stompers'; 'The Bad Guys' Streams Friday |date=June 28, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220309/https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, WildBrain announced they teamed with [[Comcast]]'s [[NBCUniversal Television and Streaming|streaming platform]], [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]], to produce a new series of the show, consisting of 52 11-minute episodes to go along with those specials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Yahoo! Finance |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201640/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was set to premiere in 2023, with IoM also providing animation production as the specials are. Despite the specials being released on Peacock, it is now confirmed to stream on February 15, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swift |first1=Andy |title=Caillou Is Being Rebooted in CGI Form, Whether You Want Him Back or Not |url=https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |website=TVLine |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628171112/https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first special: ''Rosie the Giant'', which focuses on the effects of bullying, simultaneously premiered in Canada and the United States on Family Jr. and Peacock respectively on July 10, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8 |title=CAILLOU: ROSIE THE GIANT &#124; Trailer |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713132111/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The second special: ''Adventures with Grandma and Grandpa'', which focuses on Caillou visiting his grandparents for a sleepover at their beach house, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on August 25, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=Aug 22, 2022 |first=Andy |last=Swift |title=Caillou Prepares to Take the Plunge in First Look at New CGI Special |access-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915194041/https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The third special: ''The Bravest Wolf Boy'', which focuses on Halloween, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on October 15, 2022. The four special: ''The Silver Knight'', which focuses on imaginative play, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on November 13, 2022. The fifth special, ''Caillou's Perfect Christmas'', which focuses on Christmas, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on December 2, 2022. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1990s animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2011 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2013 American television series endings]] [[Category:2013 television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Caillou]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Television series by Cookie Jar Entertainment]] aiyvl1fl4kizjght7i86tn5xdtc9zqh 10331367 10330219 2025-06-15T02:59:30Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 Undid revision 10330219 by [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C970:E7F0:9EA5:13FF:FEC8:C9|2600:1700:C970:E7F0:9EA5:13FF:FEC8:C9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C970:E7F0:9EA5:13FF:FEC8:C9|talk]]) Unsourced 10331367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Canadian English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox television | image = Caillou logo.png | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | genre = {{Plainlist| * Animation * Children * [[Adventure]] }} | creator = Hélène Desputeaux<br />Christine L'Heureux | based_on = ''[[Caillou (book series)|Caillou]]'' by Hélène Desputeaux<ref name="RAAV2015">[http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 "At last, the 2005 Caillou agreement is made public"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327161402/http://www.raav.org/last-2005-caillou-agreement-made-public-0 |date=March 27, 2016 }}. ''Regroupement des artistes en arts visuels du Québec''. Retrieved on November 2, 2015.</ref><ref name="Devoir8-10-15">{{cite news |last1=Baillargeon |first1=Stéphane |title=L'entente secrète de 2005 dévoilée |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |access-date=November 3, 2015 |work=Le Devoir |date=October 8, 2015 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411001640/https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/actualites-culturelles/451948/livres-de-caillou-une-entente-secrete-datant-de-2005-a-propos |url-status=live}}</ref> | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | voices = [[Bryn McAuley]] (season 1)<br />[[Jaclyn Linetsky]] (seasons 2-3)<br />[[Annie Bovaird]] (seasons 4-5)<br />Brigid Tierney (seasons 1-4)<br />Jesse Vinet (seasons 3-5)<br />Jennifer Seguin<br />Pat Fry<br />Pauline Little<br />George Morris<br />Jonathan Koensgen (seasons 1-3)<br />Ryan Tilson (season 4)<br />Graeme Jokic (season 5)<br />Sophie Uretsky (season 5)<br />Melissa Pirrera (season 1-2)<br />Amanda Tilson (seasons 3-5)<br />[[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]<br />Ellen David | narrated = Marlee Shapiro | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = I'm Caillou by [[Bryn McAuley]] | endtheme = I'm Caillou (instrumental) | composer = Leon Aronson | country = Canada<br />South Africa <small>(season 5)</small> | language = {{Plainlist | * French * English }} | num_seasons = 5 | num_episodes = 92 (345 segments) | list_episodes = List of Caillou episodes#List of episodes | executive_producer = | producer = | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = 22 minutes (4-5 5-minute segments) | company = {{Plainlist | * [[Cookie Jar Group|Cookie Jar Entertainment]] (Canada){{efn|Previously known as '''CINAR Films''' for the first season, and then later known as '''CINAR Corporation''' for the second, and third seasons.<br>Produced as '''Caillou Productions''' (S1), '''Four Me Productions''' (S2-3), '''Caillou IV Productions''' (S4), and '''Caillou V Productions''' (S5).}} * Clockwork Zoo (season 5, South Africa) }} | channel = {{Plainlist | * [[Teletoon]] (seasons 1–4) * [[Treehouse TV]] (season 5) }} | first_aired = {{Start date|1997|09|15}} | last_aired = {{End date|2011|04|17}} }} '''''Caillou''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː |j|ʊ|,_|-|j|uː|}} {{respell|kah|yuu|,_-|yoo}}; {{IPA-fr|kaju|lang}}, stylized in [[lowercase]]) is an animated educational [[children's television series]] that aired on [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] on September 15, 1997 until September 7, 2009, it was later moved to [[Treehouse TV]], and the series finale aired on April 17, 2011. On September 4, 2000, the episode segments was set in the United States, it divided into stories and formed as compilation, also aired on [[PBS Kids]] until December 27, 2020 and the compilation finale reruns on April 15, 2013. Based on the books by Hélène Desputeaux,<ref name="RAAV2015" /><ref name="Devoir8-10-15" /> it focuses on a four-year-old boy named Caillou who is fascinated by the world around him. The series was produced in Canada by [[Cookie Jar Group|CINAR Corporation]] (later Cookie Jar Entertainment) while the fifth and final season was produced in association with the South African studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |title=Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou &#124; Animation SA |date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou |access-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2010}}</ref> The series is being followed by a computer-animated reboot series since February 15, 2024, set to premiere on [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] with 50 11-minute episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://www.wildbrain.com/newsreleases/wildbrain-and-peacock-partner-on-caillou-for-new-cg-animated-series-and-five-family-specials/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=WildBrain |language=en-US}}</ref> The series received initial positive reviews from critics and audiences. Contrarily, in the years following its release, the series saw a more negative reception and sparked backlash regarding its themes and writing. ==Plot== Caillou lives in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], with his mother Doris, father Boris, and sister Rosie. He has many adventures with his family and friends, and uses his imagination in every episode. On [[PBS Kids]], each episode in first through third series has a theme and is divided into several short sections that mix animation, puppet skits, and video of [[live-action]] children in real-life situations. Between seasons 4 and 6, the episodes are divided into three short sections, the puppet segment was dropped, alongside the "Real Kids" version of the segment. During the first season, many of the stories in the animated version began with a grandmother (who is also the series narrator) introducing the story to her grandchildren, then reading the story from a book. Starting in the second season, the narrator and grandmother is an unseen character. ==Characters== ===Major characters=== <!-- Keep the characters' sections brief. Every minor detail about the characters does not need to be included, as this is not the Caillou Wikia. --> ====Caillou==== Caillou (voiced by [[Bryn McAuley]] in 1997, then [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] in 2000 until 2002, and then, due to Linetsky's death, [[Annie Bovaird]] from 2003 to 2011) meaning ''pebble'' or ''stone'' in [[French language|French]], (nicknamed by himself The Prince of Imagination),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |website=PBSkids.org |title=Caillou & Stars Red Trick-Or-Treat Bag |quote=Caillou is surrounded by stars on a personalized swag bag that's ready for Halloween treats. The Prince of Imagination is here to make it a Happy Halloween! |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170506063946/http://shop.pbskids.org/caillou-stars-red-trick-or-treat-bag |archive-date=May 6, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is the title character of the show. Caillou was first shown in the episode "Caillou Makes Cookies", which aired on September 15, 1997. Caillou is an imaginative four-year-old<ref name="About" /> boy with a love for forms of transportive machinery such as rocket ships and airplanes. A dreamer, Caillou is inclined to frequent dream sequences in some episodes, visualizing his daydreams and wishes, and many episodes describe his normal daily experiences with his parents, friends, and neighbours. Caillou particularly loves his stuffed dinosaur, Rexy, and [[teddy bear]], Teddy, along with his pet cat Gilbert, all of whom are depicted as puppets in segments featured in the earlier episodes. He is Boris and Doris's son as well as Rosie's older brother. ====Caillou's family==== * Rosie (French name: ''Mousseline'') – Caillou's lively younger sister and Boris and Doris's daughter who is a typical toddler. She is two years old.<ref name="About">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://en.caillou.com/about |website=Caillou.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331072935/https://en.caillou.com/about |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |quote=Meet Caillou, the lovable four-year old<br />Meet Caillou's little sister, Rosie! At 2 years old, Rosie is a giggly little girl who loves to play tricks on her big brother.<br />Meet Caillou's Mom, Doris! Although some know her in the workplace as Doris, she's known as Mommy in Caillou's household.<br />Meet Caillou's Dad, Boris!<br />Meet Caillou's Grandpa! Grandpa always takes Caillou on fun adventures – like fishing, riding the bus through town and camping! He is Caillou's Daddy's father}}</ref> She always wants to take part in the same activities as Caillou. In later seasons of the series, she becomes more talkative and independent. She wears a blue dress, red socks and blue Mary Jane shoes. Rosie fights with Caillou for some reasons, but they still love each other. She appears to be the only family member with orange hair. Rosie was first voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2001, then Jesse Vinet from 2002 to 2011. * Doris<ref name="About" />/Mommy – Caillou and Rosie's mother as well as Boris's wife and Grandma and Grandpa's daughter-in-law. She is a busy homemaker most of the time but is seen to work in an office, as well. Caillou occasionally helps his mother with different chores, and she often takes time to involve Caillou and his friends in activities such as crafts and baking. She is predominantly dressed in a red blouse with white trim, blue headband, ankle-length blue jeans and blue shoes with green soles. Voiced by Jennifer Seguin. * Boris<ref name="About" />/Daddy – Caillou and Rosie's father as well as Doris's husband. He wears a green sweater with a red trim with blue jeans. In the episode "Caillou The Chef" he says he once worked at a restaurant and made pizza.<ref name="Caillou the Chef">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou the Chef" (Season 4)</ref> He and Caillou occasionally work on projects around the house together. He is voiced by Pat Fry. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. In the puppet segments, he is shown to be knowledgeable about things which are foreign to Rexy and Teddy. * Grandma – Caillou and Rosie's paternal grandmother as well as Doris's mother-in-law. Grandma is a very active lady who loves the arts and the outdoors. She passes that love onto Caillou. Grandma often comes up with creative ideas to solve Caillou's problems. She and Caillou paint and go bird-watching together. Voiced by Pauline Little. * Grandpa – Caillou and Rosie's paternal<ref name="About" /> grandfather as well as Doris's father-in-law. He takes Caillou on adventures, often going on walks and riding the bus throughout the town where they reside. In the 1997 episode "Caillou's Hiding Place", he showed Caillou a hidden area inside a tree in the backyard.<ref name="Caillou's Hiding Place">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Hiding Place"</ref> In the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Camping", he and Caillou camp in the backyard. He is Daddy's father and loves to tell stories about when Caillou's father was a little boy. He wears a blue shirt. Voiced by George Morris. ====Caillou's friends and neighbours==== * Mr. Hinkle (French name: ''Monsieur Lajoie'') – Caillou's neighbour, introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Not Afraid Anymore". He has a gold tooth. In the episode "Farmer for the Day", it is stated that his first name is Paul. * Leo – A boy who started out as a bully in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare", but quickly befriended Caillou in the same episode. They have been inseparable since. He is of Jewish faith and celebrates Hanukkah (stated in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''). Voiced by Jonathan Koensgen from 1997 to 2003, Vince Davies in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'', Ryan Tilson from 2006 until 2007, and Graeme Jokic from 2010 until 2011. * Clementine – Clementine was the first to befriend Caillou in the 1997 episode "Caillou at Daycare". She can get rather bossy for some reasons, but all in all she is pretty understanding. She is of African-Canadian descent. Caillou has a crush on her, as indicated in "Caillou's Valentines" (season 4, episode 19). She is voiced by Brigid Tierney from 1997 to 2007, and Sophie Uretsky from 2010 until 2011. * Sarah – Caillou's friend, whom he first met in the 1997 episode "Caillou Goes Around the Block". She is of Chinese descent and celebrates Chinese New Year. She has a cousin in an episode where she invites Caillou to celebrate Chinese New Year. In another she invites him to school for "Bring Your Younger Siblings to School Day" because she has no siblings. Sarah has a pet cat named Olly and a dog named Murphy. Sarah is voiced by Melissa Pirrera, and then Amanda Tilson. * André – A orange-headed boy, André is introduced in the 1997 episode "Caillou's Big Friend" and usually wears red sandals. According to the song "Days of the Week", released on the Caillou music CD ''Caillou and Friends'', Caillou plays with him every Saturday. André enjoys biking and soccer. * Julie – Caillou's and Rosie's teenage babysitter. She has blonde hair in a ponytail, and enjoys playing with Caillou and Rosie. Voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. * Jason and Jeffrey – Identical twin brothers who are of Hispanic descent. They both enjoy eating pizza. Initially, they wore identical clothes. By Season 4, though, Jason began wearing a shirt with inverted colours so it's easier to tell them apart. They are both in Caillou's playschool class. The first episode they appeared in "New Kids on the Block". * Billy – Clementine's older brother. He is usually seen playing in a band with his friends or playing sports. Voiced by Michael Caloz in Season 1. * Miss Martin – Caillou's preschool teacher. She has orange hair and wears red overalls with a long-sleeved white shirt. According to the 2006 episode "A Surprise for Ms. Martin" her birthday is in June. Her first name is Ann; this was stated in "Caillou Goes to Daycare". Voiced by Ellen David. * Jonas – Boris friend from before he met Doris. He lives on a ranch and has a horse named Lucky. Jonas appears in four episodes and in ''Caillou's Holiday Movie''. Voiced by Brian Wrench. * Emma – A girl in Caillou's playschool class who dislikes loud noises, wearing red.<ref name="Caillou's Marching Band">''Caillou'' Episode – "Caillou's Marching Band"</ref> It is stated in an episode that she has Type 1 Diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |title=Caillou – Caillou's Discoveries |publisher=KET |access-date=March 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054418/http://www.ket.org/tvschedules/episode.php?nola=CAIU++000516 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Xavier – A boy in Caillou's playschool class who has brown hair and wears blue overalls. ====The puppets==== The puppet segments were used only on the [[PBS Kids]] broadcasts of ''Caillou'' from 2000 to 2003 between the first and third seasons, as continuity to fill time usually taken up by commercial breaks during the original broadcasts; later episodes on PBS did not include the puppet segment continuity. * Gilbert – Caillou's pet cat. He has greyish-bluish fur with black stripes and loathes dogs with a passion. He especially dislikes the bulldog in the neighbourhood. In the puppet segments of the series, Gilbert often consists odes. Puppeteered by Bob Stutt. * Rexy – Caillou's blue toy dinosaur and speaks in a somewhat foreign accent, he is very playful. Rexy has the incapability to give a "good" hug. Rexy is noted for being rather pedantic. He is often teased about his speech impediment, and tends to react violently to any mention of it. Puppeteered by Pier Parquette and voiced by [[Rick Jones (voice actor)|Rick Jones]]. * Teddy – An old teddy bear that once belonged to Caillou's father, and now belongs to Caillou, Teddy is reasonable and nice. He is somewhat pessimistic, but all in all, he just needs a hug. Puppeteered by Frank Meschkuleit. * Deedee – A brown squirrel, she has a bushy tail, and is often seen playing with Rexy. Deedee first appeared as a baby squirrel when Rexy found on the ground lost from her family. Deedee lives in Caillou's backyard where most of the puppet segments take place. She never appeared in Season 3. Puppeteered by Wendy Welch and voiced by [[Holly Gauthier-Frankel]]. ==Episodes== ===Original series=== {{main|List of Caillou episodes}} {{:List of Caillou episodes}} ===PBS series=== {{Main|List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} {{:List of Caillou episodes (PBS)}} ==Production== ''Caillou'' books have been published by Chouette Publishing Inc. since 1987.<ref name="Baby Caillou">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |title=Caillou - Creation |publisher=Chouette Publishing |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203002/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/caillou/history |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The series was originally broadcast in French in Canada, and the episodes were later translated into English. The original books were also in French, and English. ''Caillou'' was designed primarily for [[toddler]]s. It was created by child developmental psychologists. On September 15, 1997, 13 30-minute episodes (65 5-minute segments) of ''Caillou'' were aired in Canada and in selected markets worldwide, including the United States. On August 23, 2000, there were 20 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of new stories. On September 4, 2000, there were 29 30-minute episodes of the series, containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments and puppets. These were followed by another 11 30-minute episodes containing a mixture of the five-minute episodes plus new stories, songs, real kids segments, and puppets on October 3, 2000, another 13 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 12, 2002, and another 16 30-minute episodes containing all-new stories on January 2, 2003. The film ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on October 7, 2003. On January 13, 2006, and April 1, 2006, a new set of 20 30-minute episodes finally premiered after a three-year hiatus. Caillou started attending preschool and there were new themes and a new opening. The series was renewed for a first, and second season in 2000, and a third season in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caillou Back for Season Two |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |last=Ball |first=Ryan |date=February 10, 2003 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184509/https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/caillou-back-for-season-two/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and later a fourth season in 2006, and a fifth season in 2013. The fifth season was animated by South Africa-based studio Clockwork Zoo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100122212054/http://www.animationsa.org/community/press-releases/clockwork-zoo/clockwork-zoo-begins-key-animation-caillou] "Clockwork Zoo begins key animation on Caillou | Animation SA"</ref> On November 14, 2012, the fourth season of the series was pre-sold to [[PBS Kids]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |work=KidScreen |title=DHX Media sells fourth season of Caillou to PBS Kids |access-date=January 22, 2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627233919/https://kidscreen.com/2012/11/14/dhx-media-sells-fourth-season-of-caillou-to-pbs-kids/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Reception== ===Critical response=== ''Caillou'' initially received generally positive reviews from television critics and parents of young children. The staff of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' wrote that its protagonist "embellish[es] everything he sees with his rich imagination."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |title=Caillou |last=EW Staff |date=August 1, 2012 |website=EW.com |language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415075610/https://ew.com/article/2012/08/01/caillou/ |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |access-date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote "''Caillou'' looks at the world through the eyes of its 4-year-old namesake [and] takes life's not-always-so-simple lessons and presents them in a way preschoolers can understand."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |title=FOR YOUNG VIEWERS; Sharing the Small Stuff |date=October 7, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 17, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415081456/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/tv/for-young-viewers-sharing-the-small-stuff.html |url-status=live}}</ref> while Lynne Heffley of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that "each animated episode is an unusually realistic reflection of a preschooler's daily fun, family interaction, challenges, disappointments and misunderstandings as Caillou grows and learns to make sense of his world", also describing it as "a virtual guidebook for parents and caregivers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |title=Kids' Series Give Gentle Life Lessons Television Review |last=Heffley |first=Lynne |date=September 4, 2000 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322041601/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-sep-04-ca-15135-story.html |archive-date=March 22, 2020 |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> ====Controversy==== As the years progressed, however, the show drew criticism for the perceived incorrectness of the lessons gleaned through numerous events, mostly from the first season, as well as some episodes from the second season and third season. In a ''[[National Post]]'' column, writer Tristin Hopper identified ''Caillou'' to be "quite possibly the world's most universally reviled children's program". A common criticism towards the series is that the titular character behaves like a spoiled child and suffers no consequences from his parents for his behaviour.<ref name="NationalPost">{{cite news |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Caillou is an aggressively bad show ruining the world's children... and it's all Canada's fault |journal=[[National Post]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/analysis-caillou-is-an-aggressively-bad-show-ruining-the-worlds-children-and-its-all-canadas-fault |access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref> One example of Caillou's bad behaviour is in the episode ''Caillou Joins the Circus'', in which he throws a tantrum after discovering the postponement of a planned circus event. Another episode, ''Big Brother Caillou'', features Caillou being jealous of the level of attention received by his baby sister Rosie to the point where he pinches her; most considered this to be a minor improvement over the original book the episode was based on, in which Caillou bit Rosie. When the series started airing on [[Cartoonito]] in 2021, the pinching scene was cut out. Hopper once said: "Unlike most children's programming, Caillou makes almost no attempt to educate its young audience. There are no veiled math problems, spelling lessons or morality tales; it's just calm, non-threatening, bright-coloured people navigating everyday tasks". These criticisms of the series's titular character have been echoed on online platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |title=This Is How Much People Hate 'Caillou' |date=2017-04-03 |website=HuffPost |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072429/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/this-is-how-much-people-hate-caillou_n_58d05f98e4b0be71dcf766a9 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver|''Last Week Tonight'']] host [[John Oliver]] referenced Caillou in a comparison of boring things against [[net neutrality]], going on to insult Caillou for its themes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |title=Net Neutrality: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en-US |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925194210/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpbOEoRrHyU&ab_channel=LastWeekTonight |url-status=live}}</ref> As Caillou appeared as a much younger child in the original line of children's books, he originally had no hair.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |title=Why Doesn't Caillou Have Hair - Why He's Always Remained Bald - Screen Rant |website=[[Screen Rant]] |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628204238/https://screenrant.com/why-doesnt-caillou-have-hair-explained/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When illustrators found that adding hair made him look unrecognizable, it was decided that Caillou would never have hair.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Public Broadcasting Service |title=FAQ |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826103455/https://www.pbs.org/parents/caillou/faq.html |archive-date=26 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="chouettebald">{{cite web |url=http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |author=Chouette |publisher=Chouette |title=Why is Caillou bald? |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203004/http://www.chouette-publishing.com/EN/why-caillou-bald |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This decision led to an [[internet meme]] asserting that the protagonist has [[cancer]] or pediatric alopecia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |title=Why Is Caillou Bald? |date=2015-12-08 |website=HuffPost Canada |language=en |access-date=2020-04-28 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107142916/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/12/08/why-is-caillou-bald_n_8748996.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The series' parody of the series, this titular character has a whiny spoiled brat is worse than Dora Winifred Read and Muffy Crosswire from ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''. ==Broadcast== ''Caillou'' first aired on Canada's French-language [[Télétoon]] channel on September 15, 1997, and was the first series aired on the English-language [[Cartoon Network Canada|Teletoon]] when it launched on October 17 of that year.<ref name="5ecaillou">{{cite web|title=CORPORATION CINAR CÉLÈBRE LE 5e ANNIVERSAIRE DE CAILLOU À LA TÉLÉVISION|url=http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314145722/http://www.cinar.com/pdfdocument/091702/5ecaillou.pdf|archive-date=March 14, 2003|access-date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> The series was moved to Treehouse TV in 2010. ''Caillou'' made its U.S. debut on [[PBS Kids]] on September 4, 2000, and ran on that network until December 27, 2020. Reruns started airing on PBS Kids Sprout (later known as simply Sprout) on its launch on September 26, 2005. While Sprout rebranded into [[Universal Kids]] on September 9, 2017, the show remained on the channel until it was taken off the line-up at the beginning of April 2019. On January 5, 2021, PBS Kids announced on Twitter that they would no longer broadcast reruns of ''Caillou''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Madden Toby|first=Mekeisha|date=January 5, 2021|title=Caillou Cancelled at PBS Kids (as Parents Everywhere Rejoice)|url=https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106135148/https://tvline.com/2021/01/05/caillou-cancelled-pbs-kids/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021|website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that many parents and viewers celebrated the news of the cancellation, as they have complained that ''Caillou'' had taught their kids bad lessons and encouraged them to be bratty and whiny.<ref>{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 6, 2021|title=''Caillou'' Canceled By PBS & Parents Couldn't Be Happier|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127015153/https://deadline.com/2021/01/caillou-canceled-pbs-parents-happier-1234665631/|archive-date=January 27, 2023|access-date=January 27, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> On August 16, 2021, it was announced that [[Cartoon Network]] had acquired the U.S.-broadcast rights to the series after PBS' rights expired, with reruns of the series airing on [[Cartoonito (American programming block)|Cartoonito]] from September 13, 2021 to May 4, 2022 in its HD remastered form.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalcup|first=Jamie|date=August 16, 2021|title=WarnerMedia Sets Cartoonito Launch Date & Slate|url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816131416/https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/warnermedia-sets-cartoonito-launch-date-slate/|archive-date=August 16, 2021|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=TVKIDS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=August 16, 2021 |title=WarnerMedia Kids & Family Sets Sept. 13 for Cartoonito Preschool Block on HBO Max and Cartoon Network |url=https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2021 |website= |publisher=[[WarnerMedia]] |archive-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910235433/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/cartoon-network-9/warnermedia-kids-family-sets-sept-13-cartoonito-preschool-block-hbo-max-and-cartoon}}</ref> PBS ultimately sold the rights for [[US$]]6.4&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 PBS Financial Report|url=https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112035145/https://d1qbemlbhjecig.cloudfront.net/prod/filer_public/pbsabout-bento-live-pbs/Financial%20Reports/61a46ac10f_FY%202021%20Audited%20PBS%20Consolidated%20FS.pdf|archive-date=November 12, 2022|access-date=2022-11-11|website=PBS.org|page=16}}</ref> In Canada, [[Family Jr.]] continues to broadcast reruns since February 5, 2018. PBS Kids currently retains the physical media and streaming rights for the original series. [[Comcast]]/[[NBCUniversal]] acquired global streaming rights for the reboot series (via [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]) as of 2022. == Home video releases == In the United States, Caillou videocassettes and DVDs have been released by PBS Distribution (originally distributed through [[Warner Home Video]] until 2004, and then Paramount Home Entertainment from 2006 to 2010, and now self-distributed). From 2003 to 2006, the DVDs with puppets and [[Jaclyn Linetsky]] were compilations from 2003 through 2006, and one of them is in memory of Linetsky herself. For the franchise's 25th anniversary, a DVD/book combo pack reissue of ''Caillou's Family Favourites'' was released on October 14, 2014, by PBS Distribution,<ref name="combo">{{cite web|last=Zahn|first=James|date=September 4, 2014|title=25th Anniversary of Caillou: CAILLOU's FAMILY FAVORITES DVD/Book Combo Pack due in October...|url=http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144017/http://www.therockfather.com/news-and-reviews/movie-and-tv/item/2790-25th-anniversary-of-caillou-caillous-family-favorites-dvd-book-combo-pack-due-in-october|archive-date=October 21, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref> while a [[DVD]] reissue of ''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' was released on November 11, 2014 by NCircle Entertainment.<ref name="holidaymovie">{{cite web|title=''Caillou's Holiday Movie'' – NCircle Entertainment|url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175231/http://www.amazon.com/Caillous-Holiday-Movie-Caillou/dp/B00K0MM4KM|archive-date=October 18, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014|website=Amazon}}</ref> In Canada, Sony Wonder originally released Caillou on VHS and DVD, and after the closure of the division by Sony, were moved to Vivendi Entertainment Canada. Since 2012, Caillou DVDs are distributed by [[Entertainment One]] and after their purchase of Phase 4 Films in 2015, are released through the KaBoom Entertainment label. ==Music from the series== In 2003, an album titled ''Caillou's Favourite Songs'' was released by [[Kid Rhino]] under the [[Cinar|Cinar Music]] imprint.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |title=Caillou's Favorite Songs - Caillou - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic |website=AllMusic |access-date=September 26, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013230510/http://www.allmusic.com/album/caillous-favorite-songs-mw0000020714 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Revival== ===YouTube series=== Beginning in late 2016, a new ''Caillou'' web series for YouTube premiered on the official Caillou channel and was later released onto [[Amazon Prime Instant Video|Amazon Prime]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Caillou's New Adventures {{!}} Prime Video | work=amazon.com | access-date=January 22, 2021 | url=https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | archive-date=May 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184508/https://www.amazon.com/Caillous-New-Adventures/dp/B075SJTJQ3 | url-status=live }}</ref> These shorts are mainly remakes of older episodes and are produced by WildBrain Spark Studios, a subsidiary of WildBrain that produces original content for their [[WildBrain Spark]] network. However, the videos were not made available to YouTube users in the United States until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |title=New Caillou Webisodes &#124; Animated Cartoons for Kids |publisher=YouTube |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521184506/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8XvIF6dDmUtE3cHtvTPANX678A4qScr7 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, it was announced that Cartoon Network licensed the series for broadcast on U.S. television.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |title=WildBrain Reports Q4 and Full Year 2021 Results |website=Investors - WildBrain |accessdate=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030022/https://investors.wildbrain.com/2021-09-14-WildBrain-Reports-Q4-and-Full-Year-2021-Results |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Reboot and specials=== In September 2021, WildBrain announced the production of five new 45-minute specials based on the franchise for [[Family Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |title=New family animation for WildBrain Television gets greenlit |date=September 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707022117/https://www.skwigly.co.uk/wildbrain-television-family-animation/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These specials are the first ''Caillou'' related media to be produced in computer animation, and will focus on Christmas, Halloween, Family Day, Summer Vacation and National Anti-Bullying Day. The specials will be produced by WildBrain Studios, Splash Entertainment, and Mainframe Studios, with animation provided by [[WildBrain Studios#IoM Media Ventures|IoM Media Ventures]].<ref name="animationmagazine.net">{{cite web |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |title=Peacock Slates CG 'Caillou' Reboot, 'L'il Stompers'; 'The Bad Guys' Streams Friday |date=June 28, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707220309/https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/peacock-slates-cg-caillou-reboot-lil-stompers-the-bad-guys-streams-friday/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, WildBrain announced they teamed with [[Comcast]]'s [[NBCUniversal Television and Streaming|streaming platform]], [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]], to produce a new series of the show, consisting of 52 11-minute episodes to go along with those specials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILDBRAIN AND PEACOCK PARTNER ON CAILLOU FOR NEW CG-ANIMATED SERIES AND FIVE FAMILY SPECIALS |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Yahoo! Finance |date=June 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201640/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/wildbrain-peacock-partner-caillou-cg-114500486.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was set to premiere in 2023, with IoM also providing animation production as the specials are. Despite the specials being released on Peacock, it is now confirmed to stream on February 15, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Swift |first1=Andy |title=Caillou Is Being Rebooted in CGI Form, Whether You Want Him Back or Not |url=https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |website=TVLine |access-date=June 28, 2022 |date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628171112/https://tvline.com/2022/06/28/caillou-reboot-peacock-cgi-first-look/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first special: ''Rosie the Giant'', which focuses on the effects of bullying, simultaneously premiered in Canada and the United States on Family Jr. and Peacock respectively on July 10, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8 |title=CAILLOU: ROSIE THE GIANT &#124; Trailer |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713132111/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBr-tDDBKD8&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The second special: ''Adventures with Grandma and Grandpa'', which focuses on Caillou visiting his grandparents for a sleepover at their beach house, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on August 25, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=Aug 22, 2022 |first=Andy |last=Swift |title=Caillou Prepares to Take the Plunge in First Look at New CGI Special |access-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915194041/https://news.yahoo.com/caillou-prepares-plunge-first-look-153041770.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The third special: ''The Bravest Wolf Boy'', which focuses on Halloween, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on October 15, 2022. The four special: ''The Silver Knight'', which focuses on imaginative play, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on November 13, 2022. The fifth special, ''Caillou's Perfect Christmas'', which focuses on Christmas, premiered on Family Jr., and Peacock on December 2, 2022. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1990s animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s children's television series]] [[Category:1997 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series]] [[Category:2000s animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2000s children's television series]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American television series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian television series]] [[Category:2010s children's television series]] [[Category:2011 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:2013 American television series endings]] [[Category:2013 television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Caillou]] [[Category:Canadian animated television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Television series by Cookie Jar Entertainment]] cn2mzz99sjh8atxxpqxa3t5a245cnpz 0 1078457 10330227 9599122 2025-06-14T15:57:35Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NFL biography | name = Gus Edwards | image = Gus Edwards (31015688557) (cropped).jpg | caption = Edwards playing for the Ravens on November 18, 2018 | image_size = 200px | current_team = Baltimore Ravens | number = 35 | position = [[Running back]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|4|13}} | birth_place = [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]] | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 1 | weight_lbs = 238 | high_school = Tottenville<br>([[Staten Island]], [[New York (U.S. state)|New York]]) | college = [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami]] (2013–2016)<br>[[Rutgers Scarlet Knights football|Rutgers]] (2017) | undraftedyear = 2018 | pastteams = * [[Baltimore Ravens]] ({{NFL Year|2018}}–present) | status = Active | highlights = | statseason = 2023 | statweek = 18 | statlabel1 = [[Rushing yards]] | statvalue1 = 3,395 | statlabel2 = [[Average|Rushing average]] | statvalue2 = 4.9 | statlabel3 = [[Touchdown|Rushing touchdowns]] | statvalue3 = 26 | statlabel4 = [[Reception (American football)|Receptions]] | statvalue4 = 30 | statlabel5 = [[Receiving yards]] | statvalue5 = 374 | statlabel6 = [[Touchdown|Receiving touchdowns]] | statvalue6 = | nfl = gus-edwards | pfr = E/EdwaGu00 }} '''Augustus Edwards''' (born 13 April 1995) is a [[Liberia]]n [[United States|American]] [[American football|football]] [[running back]]. He plays for the [[Baltimore Ravens]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). ==College== He was recruited out of Tottenville High School as a three-star recruit by both [[ESPN]] and [[Rivals.com]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/football/recruiting/player/_/id/146003/augustus-edwards|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Augustus Edwards Recruiting Profile|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://n.rivals.com/content/athletes/augustus-edwards-51264|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Augustus Edwards Recruiting Profile|publisher=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> Edwards started his career by playing [[college football]] at [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami]]. He would play with the Hurricanes from 2013 until 2016. In 2017, he transferred to [[Rutgers Scarlet Knights football|Rutgers]] to play his final year in college.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/rutgersfootball/2017/02/miami_graduate_transfer_rb_gus_edwards_commits_to.html|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Miami graduate transfer RB Gus Edwards commits to Rutgers after blocked from Pitt, Syracuse|publisher=NJ.com}}</ref> ==NFL== ===Baltimore Ravens=== Edwards would go undrafted. On 4 May 2018, the [[Baltimore Ravens]] would sign Edwards along with 14 other undrafted rookies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-sign-15-undrafted-rookie-free-agents-20630266|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Ravens Sign 15 Undrafted Rookie Free Agents|publisher=[[Baltimore Ravens]]}}</ref> On 15 October, Edwards would make his NFL debut with the Ravens in a 21–0 win against the [[Tennessee Titans]]. In the game, he was able to record his 42 yards on 10 carries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/football/news/ravens-gus-edwards-posts-42-yards-in-nfl-debut/|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Ravens' Gus Edwards: Posts 42 yards in NFL debut|publisher=[[CBS Sports]]}}</ref> In his debut year, Edwards would finish the [[2018 NFL season|2018 season]] with 718 rushing yards and 2 touchdowns. He was fifth in rookie running backs in the league. On 25 November 2018, Edwards would become the first Ravens rookie since [[Jamal Lewis]] in 2000 to have back-to-back 100+ yard rushing games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/ravens-gus-edwards-continues-to-run-over-defenders-0ap3000000993225|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Ravens' Gus Edwards continues to run over defenders|publisher=National Football League}}</ref> On 7 June 2021, Edwards would sign a two-year; $10 million contract extension with the Ravens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/ravens-agree-to-two-year-extension-with-gus-edwards|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Ravens Agree to Two-Year Extension With Gus Edwards|publisher=Baltimore Ravens}}</ref> ==Personal life== Edwards was born on 13 April 1995 in [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]. He was born during the [[Liberia civil wars|First Liberian Civil War]]. His family would move to [[New York (state)|New York]] when Edwards was five years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/gus-edwards-the-american-dream|accessdate=January 21, 2024|title=Gus Edwards: The American Dream|publisher=Baltimore Ravens}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Footballstats|nfl=gus-edwards|pfr=E/EdwaGu00}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Gus}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American football running backs]] [[Category:Baltimore Ravens players]] [[Category:Liberian people]] [[Category:People from Monrovia]] [[Category:People from Staten Island]] 6kmi9torjsq6c96gj59e7aav16j6sea 0 1078679 10331631 9317674 2025-06-15T09:01:40Z 193.5.232.52 10331631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Logo de Grupo Lala.svg|right|250px]] '''Grupo Lala''' is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[dairy product]]s company. The company was founded in 1949 in [[Torreón, Coahuila|Torreón]], [[Coahuila]]. It is headquartered in [[Gómez Palacio, Durango|Gómez Palacio]], [[Durango]]. It is the largest dairy company in Latin America. Its name makes reference to its origin "La Laguna", a region located in Northern Mexico where the Mayran Lagoon is located. [[Category:1949 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:Food companies]] [[Category:Companies of Mexico]] [[Category:Durango]] {{Food-stub}} p3ltfw1jdqw6vb0gcw5qjmc3z81mg3s 10331633 10331631 2025-06-15T09:03:27Z 193.5.232.52 10331633 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Logo de Grupo Lala.svg|right|250px]] '''Grupo Lala''' is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[dairy product]]s company. The company was founded in 1949 in [[Torreón, Coahuila|Torreón]], [[Coahuila]]. It is headquartered in [[Gómez Palacio, Durango|Gómez Palacio]], [[Durango]]. Grupo Lala is the largest dairy company in Latin America. Its name makes reference to its origin "La Laguna", a region located in Northern Mexico where the Mayran Lagoon is located. == Other websites == * {{Official website|http://www.grupolala.com}} {{in lang|es}} * [http://www.lalafoods.com/ Lala US website] {{multistub|food|North-America}} [[Category:1949 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] [[Category:Companies of Mexico]] [[Category:Durango]] eu6137ivs2ch7fuxv732vaqpvweu6n9 10331635 10331633 2025-06-15T09:03:36Z 193.5.232.52 10331635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Logo de Grupo Lala.svg|right|250px]] '''Grupo Lala''' is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[dairy product]]s company. The company was founded in 1949 in [[Torreón]], [[Coahuila]]. It is headquartered in [[Gómez Palacio, Durango|Gómez Palacio]], [[Durango]]. Grupo Lala is the largest dairy company in Latin America. Its name makes reference to its origin "La Laguna", a region located in Northern Mexico where the Mayran Lagoon is located. == Other websites == * {{Official website|http://www.grupolala.com}} {{in lang|es}} * [http://www.lalafoods.com/ Lala US website] {{multistub|food|North-America}} [[Category:1949 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] [[Category:Companies of Mexico]] [[Category:Durango]] ipkm59nhwrv99hzyvuq1d3z7whjz69r 0 1081650 10330557 10326853 2025-06-14T18:05:47Z 61.2.63.148 10330557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} The '''South Australia men's cricket team''',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.saca.com.au/news/3942710/state-cricket-teams-return-to-historical-name-of-south-australia |title=State cricket teams return to historical 'South Australia' name |publisher=South Australian Cricket Association |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> based at [[Adelaide]] in [[South Australia]], has been active since 1887. The team has [[first-class cricket|first-class status]], and competes in the [[Sheffield Shield]] which they have won 14 times, most recently in 2024–25. They also won the Dean Jones Trophy in 2024–25. Their home ground is the [[Adelaide Oval]]. South Australia's most famous players have been Clem Hill, [[Don Bradman]], [[Garfield Sobers]], and Barry Richards. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:First-class cricket teams in Australia]] h2an4vc0f4klju2csg10rsauujpamnf 10330635 10330557 2025-06-14T19:04:26Z BlackJack 572554 Per [[w:WP:DONOTFIXIT]]. 10330635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} The '''South Australia men's cricket team''',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.saca.com.au/news/3942710/state-cricket-teams-return-to-historical-name-of-south-australia |title=State cricket teams return to historical 'South Australia' name |publisher=South Australian Cricket Association |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref> based at [[Adelaide]] in [[South Australia]], has been active since 1887. The team has [[first-class cricket|first-class status]], and competes in the [[Sheffield Shield]] which they have won 14 times, most recently in 2024–25. They also won the Dean Jones Trophy in 2024–25. Their home ground is the [[Adelaide Oval]]. South Australia's most famous players have been Clem Hill, [[Don Bradman]], [[Gary Sobers]], and Barry Richards. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:First-class cricket teams in Australia]] k0mrz0fzsmapqyh64m3urwgdgw5y9d2 0 1086326 10331248 9869873 2025-06-15T01:26:16Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Alfred Adler | image = Alfred Adler1.png | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1870|02|07|df=y}} | birth_place = , [[Austria-Hungary]] (now , Vienna, [[Austria]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|05|28|1870|02|07|df=y}} | death_place = [[Scotland]] | nationality = Austrian | known_for = He was a prominent figure in the field of psychology, contributing valuable ideas that have shaped our understanding of human behavior. | alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]] | field = [[Psychotherapy|Psychotherapist]], [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]] | spouse = Raissa Epstein | children = Alexandra Adler, Kurt Alfred Adler, Valentine Adler, Cornelia Adler }} '''Alfred Adler''' (7 February 1870 – 28 May 1937) was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] medical doctor and [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapist]], contributing valuable ideas that have shaped our understanding of human [[behavior]] as [[lifestyle]]. Adler's work has had a lasting impact on how we view ourselves and others.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Adler</ref> == Background == Alfred Adler grew up in a time when people were just starting to explore the mysteries of the human mind. He was a curious and observant child, always wondering why people acted the way they did. This curiosity led him to become a doctor and later a psychologist, dedicating his life to understanding the complexities of human behavior. Adler's approach to psychology is known as [[Individual Psychology]], and it focuses on how each person is unique and influenced by their own experiences. He believed that everyone has a drive to be significant and capable in their own way, and these desires shape their personalities.<ref name="verywellmind.com alfred adler">https://www.verywellmind.com/alfred-adler-2795502</ref> === Key Ideas === One of Adler's famous ideas is the [[inferiority complex]] He suggested that when people feel like they don't measure up or aren't as good as others, it can affect their behavior. To overcome this, Adler emphasized the importance of encouragement and support from friends, family, and the community. Adler also introduced the concept of "lifestyle," which means the unique way each person approaches life. He thought that understanding a person's lifestyle could provide insights into their choices and behaviors. By exploring these ideas, Adler aimed to help people lead happier and more fulfilling lives.<ref name="verywellmind.com alfred adler" /> === Legacy === Although Alfred Adler lived in a time with limited knowledge compared to today, his contributions to psychology laid the groundwork for many modern theories. His work inspired future psychologists to delve deeper into the intricacies of the human mind, ultimately helping us understand ourselves and others better. In conclusion, Alfred Adler's exploration into the human psyche has left an enduring impact on the world of psychology. Through his observations and theories, he paved the way for a greater understanding of individual differences and the importance of positive support in our lives.<ref name="verywellmind.com alfred adler" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1870 births]] [[Category:1937 deaths]] [[Category:Austrian psychiatrists]] [[Category:Jewish scientists]] 2dqz501crpx0a5n1rnuh3hwk8h96hwe 0 1088687 10331233 10305218 2025-06-15T01:20:27Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name = Amir Kabir <br/> امیرکبیر | image = AmirKabir naghashbashi.jpg | birth_date = 9 January 1807 | birth_place = [[Hazaveh]], [[Arak, Iran|Arak]], [[Qajar Iran|Persia]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1852|1|10|1807|1|9|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Fin Garden]], [[Kashan]], Persia | order = [[List of Premiers of Iran (1699–1907)|Prime Minister of Iran]] | term_start = 12 May 1848 | term_end = 13 November 1851 | monarch = [[Naser al-Din Shah]] | predecessor = [[Hajj Mirza Aghasi]] | successor = [[Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri]] | party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] | alma_mater = | parents = Karbalayi Ghorban Ashpazbashi<br>Fatemeh Khanom | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Jan Jan Khanom|1830|1849|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Ezzat ed-Dowleh]]|1849|1851|reason=divorced}}}} | children = 5, including [[Taj ol-Molouk]] and Hamdam ol-Molouk | native_name_lang = fa | native_name = Amir khan farrokhy <br/>میرزا تقی‌خان فراهانی }} '''Amir Kabir''' (Persian: امیرکبیر) (9 January 1807 – 10 January 1852), ''born Mirza Taghi Khan'', was a prominent statesman and chief minister to [[Naser al-Din Shah]] during the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 19th-century Iran. His influential role, marked by extensive reforms and diplomatic initiatives, has left a lasting impact on Iranian history.<ref>^ History of Iran: Mirza Taqi Khan, Amir Kabir,https://iranchamber.com/history/amir_kabir/amir_kabir.php</ref> ==Early Life and Rise to Power== Amir Kabir rose to prominence during a tumultuous period in Iran. Born in 1807, he initially served as a courtier before catching the eye of Naser al-Din Shah. With the Shah's support, he climbed the ranks swiftly, eventually becoming the chief minister in 1848.<ref>امیر کبیر و ایران - فریدون آدمیت شابک ۹۷۸-۹۶۴-۴۸۷-۰۳۰-۹ صفحه ۱۹۴ تا ۱۹۷ (Amir Kabir and Iran - Fereydon Admit Shabak 978-964-487-030-9 pages 194 to 197)</ref> ==Internal Reforms== One of Amir Kabir's most notable legacies lies in his internal reforms. Drawing inspiration from European models, he aimed to modernize Iran's administrative, economic, and educational systems. Amir Kabir implemented administrative restructuring, creating new ministries and rationalizing governmental functions. He took significant steps to bolster education, establishing the [[Dar ul-Funun]], Iran's first modern university, in 1851.<ref>https://www.jadidonline.com/stry/22092008/frnk/darolfonoon</ref> This institution aimed to provide both scientific and technical education, marking a departure from traditional religious-centered learning.<ref>Other of Amīr Kabīr’s early reforms related to military affairs, an area, like finance, in which he had acquired considerable experience while in Azerbaijan.,https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan</ref> ==Friendly Approach to Minorities == Amir Kabir demonstrated a benevolent <small>(good-natured)</small> attitude towards Iran's non-Muslim minorities, driven by a strategic vision to strengthen the state. Learning from European interventions in [[Ottoman]] affairs, he aimed to eliminate possible grievances that might invite foreign interference. He exempted priests from taxation, supported Christian schools, and fostered a positive relationship with the [[Zoroastrian]] community.<ref name="iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan">https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan</ref> ==Foreign Policy: Negative Equilibrium== Amir Kabir's foreign policy was innovative, emphasizing a "negative equilibrium" by avoiding excessive concessions to either Britain or Russia. He sought to end Russian influence in the Caspian Sea and limit British control in the Persian Gulf. To counteract external pressures, he engaged with powers like Austria and the United States and established a counter-espionage organization.<ref>The foreign policy of Amīr Kabīr was as strikingly innovative as his internal policies. He has been credited with originating the policy of “negative equilibrium,” i.e., …, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan</ref> ==Suppression of Bábís== Amidst his modernization efforts, Amir Kabir faced internal challenges from the [[Bábism|Bábí movement]], considered a threat by the clerical establishment. He repressed the Bábís, leading to confrontations and mass killings. The execution of The Báb in 1850 marked a significant event, reflecting a clash between Amir Kabir's authoritarian reforms and the Bábís' call for religious renewal.<ref>https://iranicaonline.org/articles/martyrs-babi-babi</ref> ==Downfall and death== On 11 November 1851, Nasir al-Din Shah, the 20-year-old ruler of the [[Qajar dynasty]] of Iran, deposed his guardian and brother-in-law Mirza Taqi Khan Farahani, better known as Amir Kabir, from the position of prime minister. However, he allowed Amir Kabir to continue as commander-in-chief of the army. "Since the office of Grand Chancellor involves too much work," the [[shah]] wrote to Amir Kabir, "and the burden of such a task was heavy for you, we have relieved you of this duty. You must continue as Commander-in-Chief with full confidence ." Just two months later, on 10 January 1852, Amir Kabir was secretly executed in the bathhouse of the ''royal garden of Fin'' near [[Kashan]], where he had spent the last days of his exile.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/downfall-of-mirza-taqi-khan-amir-kabir-and-the-problem-of-ministerial-authority-in-qajar-iran/E6C4E18B7D0089B1BB80807B750DDD10</ref> ==Legacy and Impact== Amir Kabir's legacy is complex. While his modernization efforts laid foundations for change, his authoritarian methods and suppression of dissent, especially the Bábís, had profound consequences. The unintended consolidation of clerical power following the Bábí conflict shaped Iran's trajectory for decades. Amir Kabir's life remains a pivotal chapter in Iranian history, embodying the challenges and complexities of navigating tradition and modernity during a transformative era.<ref name="iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1807 births]] [[Category:1852 deaths]] [[Category:Prime Ministers of Iran]] oi3zi3b9lc47gqnstysqi20mnikzx58 0 1088882 10331183 9835366 2025-06-15T00:53:52Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography|honorific prefix=[[Sheikh]]|name=Assim al-Hakeem|image=Assim 2017 2 (cropped).jpg|image_size=|caption=Al-Hakeem in 2017|birth_name=Assim bin Luqman al-Hakeem|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|11|23}}|birth_place=[[Khobar]], Saudi Arabia|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|occupation={{hlist|[[Imam]]|theologian}}|title=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|religion=[[Sunni Islam]]|spouse=|children=|relations=|alma_mater=[[King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals]] (dropped out)<br />[[King Abdulaziz University]]<br />[[Umm al-Qura University]]|website=|native_name={{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عَاصِمُ الْحَكِيمِ}}|rtl=no}}}}|native_name_lang=ar|influences={{ubl|[[Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz]]|[[Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen]]|[[Muhammad Al-Munajjid]]|[[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab]]}}|nationality=Saudi Arabian}} '''Assim al-Hakeem''' is a Saudi [[imam]]. He records his programs in the city of [[Jeddah]]. His programs are in the English language and he has been called a [[Islamism|Islamist]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-23|title=Biography of Sheikh Assim al-Hakeem (Interview 2010)|url=http://www.assimalhakeem.net/interview-of-assim-al-hakeem-2010/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726103614/http://www.assimalhakeem.net/interview-of-assim-al-hakeem-2010/|archive-date=2018-07-26|access-date=2023-05-06}}</ref><ref name=":192">{{Cite web|date=2018-07-26|title=Assim Al Hakeem|url=http://peacetv.tv/en-gb/speakers/Assim-Al-Hakeem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726020749/http://peacetv.tv/en-gb/speakers/Assim-Al-Hakeem|archive-date=2018-07-26|access-date=2023-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Scholars Argue Prosecutions Against Muslim Liberals Don't Follow Islamic Teachings|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/17/486359377/scholars-argue-prosecutions-against-muslim-liberals-don-t-follow-islamic-teachin|quote=Assim Al-Hakeem is a hard-line Saudi sheikh...}}</ref><ref name="Kamer wil opheldering over moslimbijeenkomst Utrecht">{{Cite news|title=Kamer wil opheldering over moslimbijeenkomst Utrecht|language=nl|publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]]|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2020354-kamer-wil-opheldering-over-moslimbijeenkomst-utrecht|quote=Hij staat bekend als een fundamentalist}}</ref><ref name="Kamer wil opheldering over moslimbijeenkomst Utrecht" /> His family is from [[Indonesia]] due to his grandfather sending his father to [[Saudi Arabia]] which resulted in him being born in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Citation|title='Savage Syeikh': Syaikh Assim Al-Hakim, Jawaban Unik buat Pertanyaan Nyeleneh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAhHGF6f_ek|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-06-14}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Imams]] 2f0wx2jtfc31vj13gtky40rs1761f7x 2 1089984 10331084 10310422 2025-06-14T23:29:04Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Kumano Gongen */ 10331084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{draft}}{{Infobox deity|image=Three-storied_Pagoda_of_Seiganto-ji_and_Nachi_Falls_201808.jpg|caption=Three-storied [[Pagoda|Pagoda]] of {{ill|Seiganto-ji|en}} and {{ill|Nachi Falls|en}}|name=Kumano Gongen|cult_centre={{ill|Kumano Kodō|en}}|cult_center={{ill|Kumano Kodō|en}}}} {{complex}} {{User:Immanuelle/Promising Draft}} {{nihongo|'''Kumano Gongen'''|熊野権現}}, also known as {{nihongo|Three Mountains of Kumano|熊野三山}}<ref name="kumano">Encyclopedia of Shinto, [http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1076 Kumano Shinkō], accessed on October 6, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.sekaiisan-wakayama.jp/english/s_sanzan.htm Kumano Sanzan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609225919/http://www.sekaiisan-wakayama.jp/english/s_sanzan.htm|date=2008-06-09}}, World Heritage Registration Association, accessed on October 13, 2008</ref>, is a Japanese deity associated with [[Kumano shrine|Kumano Shrines]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-04|title=Discover the unique spiritual culture of Kumano with exclusive insight from a chief priest at Kumano Hongu Taisha|url=https://www.the-kansai-guide.com/en/article/item/20036/|access-date=2024-03-11|website=The KANSAI Guide - The Origin of Japan, KANSAI|language=en}}</ref> The kami enshrined in the three Kumano Sanzan Grand Shrines and worshipped in [[Kumano shrine|Kumano shrines]] are the three Kumano mountains: Hongū, Shingū, and Nachi.<ref name="kumano" /> There are more than 3,000 Kumano shrines in [[Japan|Japan]], and each has received its [[kami|kami]] from another Kumano shrine through a process of propagation called {{nihongo|''[[bunrei]]''|分霊}} or {{nihongo|''[[kanjō]]''|勧請}}. The point of origin of the Kumano cult is the Kumano Sanzan shrine complex in {{ill|Wakayama Prefecture|en}}, which comprises {{nihongo|[[Kumano Hayatama Taisha]]|熊野速玉大社}} ([[Shingū, Wakayama]]), [[Kumano Hongū Taisha]] ([[Tanabe, Wakayama]]) and [[Kumano Nachi Taisha]] ([[Nachikatsuura]], {{ill|Wakayama Prefecture|en}}).<ref name="ss">{{Cite web|title=Sacred site "Kumano Sanzan"|url=http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221919/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|archive-date=2009-03-03|access-date=2008-06-12}}</ref> == Origins == [[Image:Kumano Jinja 12.jpg|275 px|thumb|A [[Kumano shrine|Kumano shrine]]]]The three Kumano Sanzan shrines are the ''Sōhonsha'' ("head shrines") of all Kumano shrines and lie between 20 and 40&nbsp;km from each other.<ref name="ss" /> They are connected to each other by the pilgrimage route known as {{nihongo|{{ill|Kumano Kodō|en}}|熊野古道}}.<ref name="ss" /> The great Kumano Sanzan complex also includes two Buddhist temples, {{ill|Seiganto-ji|en}} and {{ill|Fudarakusan-ji|en}}.<ref name="ks">{{Cite web|title=Kumano Sanzan|url=http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822161901/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/world-heritage/kumano_sanzan/|archive-date=2019-08-22|access-date=2014-10-15}}</ref> {{ill|Kumanokusubi|en|4=simple|5=User:Immanuelle/Kumanokusubi}}, the fifth and youngest child of [[Amaterasu]] is sometimes linked to Kumano Gongen The deity's name, Kusubi (Kusuhi), is thought to mean "strange spirit" (mysterious divine spirit) or "strange fire. The current deity of [[Kumano Taisha|Kumano-taisha]] is "{{Nihongo|2=熊野大神櫛御気野命|3=Kumano Oyagami Kushimitama no Mikoto}}," but there is a theory that the original deity was Kumanokusubi. There is a theory that the deity of {{ill|Kumano Nachi Taisha|en}}, {{ill|Kumanokusubi|en|4=simple|5=User:Immanuelle/Kumanokusubi}}, is [[Izanami]], but this is also believed to be a reference to Kumanokusubi.<ref>{{Cite book|title="Nihon no kami yomi kakkai jiten"|publisher=Kashiwa Shobo|others=Kawaguchi Kenji (ed.)|year=1999|isbn=978-4-7601-1824-3|language=ja}}</ref> The religious significance of the Kumano region goes back to prehistoric times and therefore predates all modern religions in Japan.<ref name="ks" /> The area is still considered a place of physical healing.<ref name="ks" /> Each shrine initially had its own separate form of nature worship. In the 10th century, under the influence of Buddhism, the three came to be worshiped together as the three deities of Kumano.<ref name="ks" /> Because at the time Japanese ''kami'' were believed to be emanations of {{ill|Buddha|lt=buddhas|en}} ([[honji suijaku]] theory), the three came to be associated with Buddhas. Kuniyasutamahime became associated with ''{{ill|Thousand-armed Kannon|lt=Sahasrabhuja Avalokiteśvara|ja|千手観音|simple|User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|en:draft|8=fr|9=Sahasrabhuja}}'' (''Senju Kannon'', "''{{ill|Thousand-armed Kannon|ja|千手観音|simple|User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|en:draft|8=fr|9=Sahasrabhuja|lt=Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara}}''"), {{ill|Bhaisajyaguru|en}} (''Yakushi Nyōrai'') and {{ill|Amitābha|en}} (''Amida Nyōrai'').<ref name="ss" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZmMAQAAQBAJ|title=Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami|last1=Breen|first1=John|last2=Teeuwen|first2=Mark|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-1-136-82704-4|page=194|authorlink1=John Breen (scholar)|authorlink2=Mark Teeuwen}}</ref> Kumano Gongen refers to the deities of the Three Kumano Mountains, especially focusing on the main deities: Ketsumiko ({{ill|Susanoo|ja|素戔嗚尊}}), Hayatama ({{ill|Izanagi|lt=Izanagi|ja|イザナギ}}), and Musubi (also written as Fusubi or Musubi, or "Yui" for {{ill|Izanami|ja|イザナミ}}), collectively known as the Kumano Sanjo Gongen. In addition to these, other deities are also included, referred to as the Kumano Jūniso Gongen. The site became a unique example of {{ill|shinbutsu-shūgō|en}}, the fusion between Buddhism and Japanese {{ill|ethnic religion|lt=indigenous religion|en}}.<ref name="ks" /> The Three Kumano Mountains consist of Kumano Hongū Taisha, Kumano Hayatama Taisha, and Kumano Nachi Taisha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-03-03|title=Sacred Site, "Kumano Sanzan"|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221919/http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/sekaiisan/english/e-kumano_e.html|access-date=2024-03-20|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Initially, they developed separately; Hongū was established during the reign of [[Emperor Suinin|Emperor Suinin]], Hayatama during [[Emperor Keikō|Emperor Keikō's]] reign (according to the Fusang Jijin), and Nachi during [[Emperor Kōshō|Emperor Kōshō's]] reign, with the foundation involving a practice called naked pilgrimage (also "naked form") , though this is uncertain. In official histories, the names of the deities can be confirmed in documents from 806, with a record from 766 mentioning that four households were dedicated to the Hayatama and Kumano Musubi deities, indicating that these two deities were worshipped together in what is today Shingu, known as Kumano Shinson.[[Image:Waterfall Nachi02.jpg|thumb|200 px|{{ill|Nachi Falls|en}}]] By the mid-9th century, the deity was simply called Kumano Imasu Kami, and the main deity of Hongū, previously unclear, began to be called Ketsumiko or Shōshō Bosatsu, along with New Musubi and Hayatama, establishing the tradition that Ketsumiko was an ancient Kumano deity ("Kumano Gongen Suijaku Engi", included in "Chōkan Kanmon" ). The Kumano Sanzan site attracted many worshipers and became a popular pilgrimage destination.<ref name="ss" /> In the 11th century, pilgrims were mostly members of the {{ill|emperor of Japan|lt=imperial family|en}} or aristocrats, but four centuries later they were mostly commoners.<ref name="ks" /> The visit was referred to as the {{nihongo|"Kumano ant pilgrimage"|蟻の熊野参り||Ari no Kumano mairi}}, because they could be seen winding through the valleys like so many ants. Moreover, the "Chūyūki" entry for October 26, 1109, not only lists these three deities but also mentions Goshodenji, Ichiman Kenzoku, Jūman Kongō Dōji, Kanjō Jūgoso, Hikō Yasha, and Meiji Kongō Dōji, and the pilgrimage records of Toba-in and Taikenmon'in (included in "Chōshūki") from February 1, Longsheng 3 year, list the twelve Gongen and their original Buddhas, showing that by this time, the Kumano Sanjo Gongen and Jūniso Gongen were established . Nachi, differing in nature from Hongū and Hayatama and known as a sacred place for waterfall asceticism, initially had {{ill|Izanami|ja|イザナミ}} as the main deity, but by the early Kamakura period, the "Kumano Gongen Kongō Zōjō Hōden Constructing Merits Diary" included tales related to the worship of the Twelve Gongen, indicating that by this time, the deities of Hongū and Hayatama were also enshrined there. Thus, by the end of the 12th century, the three mountains had unified by worshipping each other's deities . == Kumano Gongen == Each of the Three Mountains is considered to represent a different pure land: Hongū represents the [[Pure Land|Western Paradise]], Shingu represents the eastern pure land of Lapis Lazuli{{Efn|the eastern pure land of Vaiḍūryanirbhāsa "Pure Lapis Lazuli" ruled by {{ill|Bhaisajyaguru|en}}}}, and Nachi represents the Southern Potalaka{{efn|Ratnasambhava, the Buddha of the Southern Pure Land}}. From the [[Heian period]] onward, Kumano as a whole came to be regarded as a land of the Pure Land. There is a 12 deity version, and a three deity version with {{ill|Amitabha|ja|阿弥陀如来|en}} {{ill|Bhaisajyaguru|ja|薬師如来|en}} and {{ill|Thousand-armed Kannon|lt=Thousand-armed Kannon|ja|千手観音|simple|User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|en:draft|8=fr|9=Sahasrabhuja}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gongen: Avatars of Japan's Mountain Sects, Shugendo, Shinto Traditions, & Syncretic Merging with Buddhist Deities|url=https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/gongen-list-japan.html#KumanoSanshoGongen|access-date=2024-03-11|website=www.onmarkproductions.com}}</ref> The {{ill|Nachi Falls|en}} is said to be the thirteenth member.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumano Nachi Taisha｜Wakayama Prefecture World Heritage Center|url=https://www.sekaiisan-wakayama.jp/en/kumano-sanzan/nachi.html|access-date=2024-03-24|website=Kumano Nachi Taisha｜Wakayama Prefecture World Heritage Center|language=en}}</ref> At {{ill|Kumano Hongū Taisha|en}} and {{ill|Kumano Hayatama Taisha|en}}, twelve deities are enshrined as follows. {| class="wikitable" |+'''Kumano Twelve Shrines Gongen<ref>Miyaie [1992: 60] according to the table</ref>'''<!--熊野十二所権現--> ! colspan="5" |Shrine Pavilion!!Deity!!Original Buddha!!Statue Type |- | rowspan="4" |Upper Four Shrines | rowspan="3" |Three [[Gongen]] | rowspan="2" |Ryōsho Gongen |First Pavilion||Nishi-no-miya (Yui-miya)||[[Izanami|Izanami-no-Mikoto]]・Kumano Musubi Okami・Kotoamatsukami ||{{ill|Thousand-armed Kannon|lt=Thousand-Armed Kannon|ja|千手観音|simple|User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|en:draft|관세음보살|fr|User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|12=simple|13=User:Immanuelle/Thousand-armed Kannon|qq=|comment=enwiki is a redirect}}||{{nihongo|female form|女形}} |- |Second Pavilion||Chū-no-miya (Hayatama Myōjin)||[[Izanagi|Izanagi-no-Ōkami]]・Hayatama no Okami||[[Bhaisajyaguru|Medicine Buddha]]||{{nihongo|human form|俗形}} |- |Shōjō Gongen |Third Pavilion||Jōsō (Ketsumi Ōji)||{{ill|Susanoo-no-Mikoto|lt=Susanoo-no-Mikoto|ja|素戔嗚尊|12=simple|13=User:Immanuelle/Susanoo-no-Mikoto|qq=|ja_comment=jawiki redirects to スサノオ}}・Ketsumi Mikoto Okami||[[Amitābha|Amitābha]]||{{nihongo|Dharma form|法形}} |- | colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Five {{ill|Ōji-no-Kami|lt=Ōji|ja|王子神|12=simple|13=User:Immanuelle/Ōji-no-Kami|qq=}} |Fourth Pavilion||Wakamiya||[[Amaterasu|Amaterasu Ōmikami]] ({{ill|Nyakuichi Ōji|lt=Nyakuichi Ōji|ja|若一王子|en:draft|6=simple|7=User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ouji|8=fr|12=simple|13=User:Immanuelle/Nyakuichi Ōji|qq=}})||[[Ekādaśamukha|Ekādaśamukha]]||{{nihongo|female form|女形}} |- | rowspan="4" |Middle Four Shrines |Fifth Pavilion||Zenji-miya||[[Ame-no-oshihomimi|Ame-no-oshihomimi]]||[[Kṣitigarbha|Ksitigarbha]]||Dharma Form (or Secular Form) |- |Sixth Pavilion||Sei-miya||[[Ninigi-no-Mikoto|Ninigi-no-Mikoto]]||{{ill|Nagarjuna|ja|龍樹菩薩|12=simple|13=User:Immanuelle/Nagarjuna|qq=|ja_comment=jawiki redirects to 龍樹}}||{{nihongo|Dharma form|法形}} |- |Seventh Pavilion||Ko-miya||[[Hoori|Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto]]||[[Cintāmaṇicakra|Cintāmaṇicakra]]||{{nihongo|Dharma form|法形}} |- |Eighth Pavilion||Komori-miya||[[Ugayafukiaezu|Ugayafukiaezu]]||{{ill|Āryāvalokiteśvara|ja|聖観音|ko|성관음|wuu|圣观音|zh|聖觀音|zh-yue|聖觀音}}||{{nihongo|female form|女形}} |- | rowspan="4" |Lower Four Shrines | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Four [[Myōjin|Myōjin]] |Ninth Pavilion||Ichiman-miya・ Jūman-miya |[[Kagu-tsuchi|Kagu-tsuchi]] |[[Manjushri|Manjushri]]・[[Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)|Samantabhadra]]||{{nihongo|human form|俗形}} |- |Tenth Pavilion||Meiji Kongō||[[Haniyasu-hiko and Haniyasu-hime|Haniyasu-hime-no-Mikoto]]||[[Vaiśravaṇa|Vaishravana]]||{{nihongo|human form|俗形}} |- |Eleventh Pavilion||Flying Yasha||[[Mizuhanome|Mizuhanome-no-Mikoto]]||[[Acala|Fudō Myōō]]||{{nihongo|yaksha form|夜叉形}} |- |Twelfth Pavilion||Kanjō Jūgosho||[[Wakumusubi|Wakumusubi-no-Mikoto]]||{{ill|Shakyamuni Tathāgata|ja|釈迦如来|qq=}}||{{nihongo|human form|俗形}} |} At Kumano Nachi Taisha, "Taki-miya" (deity {{ill|Ōkuninushi|lt=Ōkuninushi-no-Mikoto|ja|大己貴命}} (Takinawa Gongen), original Buddha Thousand-Armed Kannon) is considered the first pavilion, and the order descends one pavilion at a time, enshrining the eight deities of the Middle Four Shrines and the Lower Four Shrines in the sixth pavilion (Hassha-den), thus known as the "Thirteen Shrines Gongen". ==See also== *{{Ill|Kasuga no Kami|simple|User:Immanuelle/Kasuga no Kami|en:draft|Kasuga no Kami|ja|春日神}} *{{ill|Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)|en}} *''{{ill|The Tale of the Heike|en}}'' *[[Acts of Worship]] == Notes == {{Reflist|2}} == References == * {{cite book|title=Japanese Buddhism &mdash; A Cultural History|last=Tamura|first=Yoshiro|publisher=Kosei Publishing Company|year=2000|isbn=4-333-01684-3|edition=First|location=Tokyo|pages=232 pages|language=}} * {{cite book|title=Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami|last=[[John Breen (scholar)|Breen, John]]|first=[[Mark Teeuwen|Mark Teeuwen]] (editors)|date=July 2000|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2363-4|location=Honolulu|language=|oclc=43487317}} {{Commons category|Gongen }} * == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * D. Max Moerman, ''Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan''. Harvard University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0674013956}} * Moerman, David (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140928090538/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2638 The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220)], Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374 ==External links== {{commonscat|Kumano shrines}} *Japanese Wikipedia article "{{ill|:ja:熊野神社|en}}" accessed on June 12, 2008 *[http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925191301/http://www.tb-kumano.jp/en/index.html#2 |date=2011-09-25 }} {{Authority control}} {{draft categories| {{ill|Category:Shinto shrines in Japan|en}} {{ill|Category:Kumano faith|en}} {{ill|Category:Kumano shrines| |en}} {{ill|Category:Beppyo shrines|en}} {{ill|Category:Shinto shrines in Akita Prefecture|en}}}} {{Kumano Faith}} * == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{draft categories| [[Category:Japanese deities]] [[Category:Japanese gods]] [[Category:Kumano shrines]] [[ja: 熊野権現]] [[en:draft:Kumano Gongen]] [[Category:Gods and goddesses of Japan]] [[Category:Draft articles]][[simple:User:Immanuelle/{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Wikipedia drafts]] }} [[fr:Utilisateur:Immanuelle/Kumano_Gongen]] {{User:Immanuelle/Kumano Faith}} 0yzun5fs2qze7e94wrr0ym1p3ygul55 0 1090780 10331184 10030745 2025-06-15T00:54:30Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication - Missing end tag) 10331184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = 2024 Dahieh attack | image = Saleh al-Arouri at Russia–Hamas meeting, 2022 (cropped).jpg | partof = the [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)]] and the [[Israel–Hamas war]] | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = Arouri in 2022 | native_name = | native_name_lang = | date = {{start date and age|2024|01|02|df = yes}} | duration = <!-- {{duration|h = x|m = x|s = x}} or {{time interval|date1|date2|options}} --> | venue = | Location = [[Dahieh]], Lebanon | coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|region:XXXX_type:event|display = inline,title}} --> | also_known_as = | type = [[Drone attack]] or [[airstrike]] | theme = | cause = | motive = [[Israeli Political Violence]], [[Zionist Political Violence]] | budget = | patron = <!-- or | patrons = --> | organisers = <!-- or | organizers = --> | participants = | outcome = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | reported deaths = 7<ref>{{Cite news | date = 2023-01-02 | title = Israeli drone kills deputy Hamas chief in Beirut | work = Reuters | url = https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/explosion-southern-beirut-suburb-dahiyeh-two-security-sources-2024-01-02/ | access-date = 2023-01-02}}</ref> | reported injuries = | reported missing = | reported property damage = | burial = | inquiries = | inquest = | coroner = | arrests = | accused = | convicted = | charges = | trial = | verdict = | convictions = | sentence = | publication_bans = | litigation = | awards = | url = | blank_label = <!-- or | blank_data = --> | blank1_label = <!-- or | blank1_data = --> | blank2_label = <!-- or | blank2_data = --> | website = <!-- {{URL | example.com}} --> | notes = | English_name = | time = | target = [[Saleh al-Arouri|Saleh al-Arouri<div style = "display:none;"><noinclude>(as)</noinclude></div>]] | first_reporter = | filmed_by = | organizers = {{flagicon | Israel}} [[Israel]]<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-leader-saleh-al-arouri-killed-in-alleged-israeli-strike-in-beirut-suburb/ Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri killed in Israeli strike in Beirut] ''Times of Israel'' [https://archive.today/20240103134055/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-leader-saleh-al-arouri-killed-in-alleged-israeli-strike-in-beirut-suburb/ Archived] Retrieved 14 March 2024 </ref> }} {{Hamas biographies}} On the 2nd of January 2024, [[Saleh al-Arouri]], was killed by an Israeli missile attack in the neighborhood of [[Dahieh]] in [[Beirut]]. The missile attack killed 6 civilians which also included other members of the [[Hamas]] political party.<ref name="Israeli strike in Lebanon kills senior Hamas official Saleh al-Arouri -security sources">{{cite news | date = 2 January 2024 | title = Israeli strike in Lebanon kills senior Hamas official Saleh al-Arouri -security sources | work = Reuters | url = https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strike-lebanon-kills-senior-hamas-official-saleh-al-arouri-security-2024-01-02/ | access-date = 2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Israeli strike in Lebanon kills senior Hamas official Saleh al-Arouri -security sources" /><ref>{{Cite news | last = Beaumont | first = Peter | date = 2024-01-02 | title = Senior Hamas figure Saleh al-Arouri killed in Lebanon | language = en-GB | work = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/02/senior-hamas-figure-saleh-al-arouri-killed-in-lebanon | access-date = 2024-03-14 | issn = 0261-3077}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Targeted killing by Israel}} [[Category:Hamas]] [[Category:Extrajudicial killings by the Israeli military]] lyry9vn5vs295iysm0h8c6iqpvhms3s 0 1090910 10331192 10263424 2025-06-15T00:57:17Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Arnold Dix | nationality = Australian | alma_mater = Monash University | occupation = Barrister Professor of Engineering Scientist | organization = International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association | awards = Alan Neyland Tunnelling Society award for tunnel fire safety excellence Committee Service Award by the National Fire Protection Association of the United States of America | website = https://arnolddix.com/ }} '''Arnold Dix''' is an [[Australians|Australian]] professor, underground expert, the president of the International Tunneling and Underground Space Association.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Who is Arnold Dix, underground expert roped in for Uttarkashi tunnel rescue?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-arnold-dix-underground-expert-roped-in-for-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-101700786290520.html|access-date=2024-03-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He lives in Monbulk, [[Australia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=Meet Arnold Dix, the international expert who helped rescue 41 workers trapped in Uttarkashi tunnel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/meet-arnold-dix-the-international-expert-who-is-helping-resuce-41-workers-trapped-in-uttarkashi-tunnel/articleshow/105565949.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Dix was part of the Uttarkashi rescue, where 41 workers were trapped nearly 200 feet below the surface<ref name=":1" /> == Early life == Dix is a [[engineering]] [[professor]], [[scientist]], and [[barrister]].<ref name="Arnold Dix became a hero for Indians when the 41 workers trapped inside Uttarkashi&#x27;s Silkyara tunnel were successfully rescued. But who is Arnold Dix?">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Meet Professor Arnold Dix, the Australian expert who turned savior in Uttarkashi tunnel rescue operation |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/meet-professor-arnold-dix-the-australian-expert-who-turned-savior-in-uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-operation-407582-2023-11-29 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> His father who was a salesman for used cars emigrated from [[New Zealand]] while his mother was a graduate of Melbourne’s Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy. Eventually, his parents became publicans, causing them to move a lot between [[Melbourne]], [[Benalla]] and Jindabyne.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crowe |first1=Alex |title=From Victoria’s troublemaker to India’s hero |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/from-victoria-s-troublemaker-to-india-s-hero-20231221-p5et45.html |website=THE AGE |publisher=THE AGE |accessdate=19 August 2024}}</ref> He graduated from [[Melbourne]]'s Monash University with a degree in science and law.<ref name="India thanks Arnold Dix | The man behind successful rescue operations at Uttarkashi Tunnel Collapse">{{Cite web |title=India thanks Arnold Dix {{!}} The man behind successful rescue operations at Uttarkashi Tunnel Collapse {{!}} News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/india-thanks-arnold-dix-the-man-behind-successful-rescue-operations-at-uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse/videoshow/105593066.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> == Career == Dix is a registered barrister at the [[High Court of Australia]] and is also a senior counsel at the White & Case legal firm.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-11-30|title=Engineer, geologist, lawyer: The many hats worn by Arnold Dix, the man behind the miraculous Uttarkashi rescue|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/engineer-geologist-lawyer-the-many-hats-worn-by-arnold-dix-the-man-behind-the-miraculous-uttarakashi-rescue/articleshow/105599939.cms|access-date=2024-08-19|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He also a visiting professor of Engineering at the [[Tokyo]] City University.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2023-11-23|title=Australia proud of professor assisting Silkyara rescue efforts: envoy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/australia-proud-of-professor-assisting-silkyara-rescue-efforts-envoy/article67567025.ece|access-date=2024-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is also an underground work expert. His interest in this field was inspired during the [[September 11 attacks]], after Dix went to New York with a client to investigate the underground networks of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Centre]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2024-04-13|title=Arnold Dix was pivotal in rescuing 41 men from an underground tomb. But he didn't charge a cent for his work|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-14/arnold-dix-silkyara-tunnel-rescue-operation/103410314|access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref> Dix has also been involved in investigation of tower block fires and recommending solutions. Between 2009 to 2010, Dix served as an independent as an independent investigator of the Lakanal House Tower Block Fire, which killed six people. He also investigated the [[Grenfell Tower fire]] which caused at least 80 deaths. He pointed out weak fire assessment systems in the [[United Kingdom]] as a contributor to these fires.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-06-27|title=London fire: Fire safety risk inspections pointless, says expert|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-40357628|access-date=2024-08-26}}</ref> In 2019, Dix volunteered with the Qatar Red Crescent, developing response swiftness for underground accidents.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, Dix together with Lord Robert Mair and Peter Vickery QC founded <ref name=":4" />Underground Works Chambers. Dix is the president of the [[Geneva]]-based ''International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Arnold Dix, tunnelling expert India thanks for Uttarkashi rescue|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arnold-dix-uttarkashi-rescue-operation-silkyara-tunnel-trapped-workers-2468567-2023-11-28|access-date=2024-03-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arnold Dix (ITA-AITES): tunnel safety|url=https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/video/video-interview-arnold-dix-tunnel-safety|access-date=2024-03-15|website=We Build Value|language=en-US}}</ref> === Uttarakhand tunnel rescue === On November 20 2023 Dix was called on by the [[India|Government of India]], to be part of the team that rescued 41 workers trapped in the Silkyara tunnel in [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref name=":0" /> He worked together with other agencies including ONGC, SJVNL, RVNL, NHIDCL, and THDCL. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Meet Arnold Dix, Aus expert roped in for Uttarkashi tunnel rescue|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-who-is-arnold-dix-the-australian-expert-roped-in-for-rescue-ops-13425122.html|access-date=2024-03-15|website=Firstpost|language=en-us}}</ref> He promised that he would safely evacuate all 41 workers before Christmas, which the team managed to do.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2023-11-29|title=How tunneling expert Arnold Dix played a crucial role in the successful rescue operation in Uttarkashi|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/tunneling-expert-arnold-dix-played-a-crucial-role-in-the-successful-rescue-operation-in-uttarkashi/articleshow/105594131.cms|access-date=2024-08-19|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He helped inspect the collapsed tunnel, coordinated agencies and gave technical solutions to enable the rescue.<ref name=":0" /> Dix suggested the use of the soft mining techniques. This method would reduce disturbances to the mountain and cause another avalanche which would put the trapped workers at risk. [[The Rescuers|The rescuers]] had previously been using large drilling machines, which were causing vibrations to the mountain. These machines also broke down from hitting metal obstacles in the collapsed tunnel, resulting to the rescue operation being halted.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-25|title=Digging to rescue 41 workers trapped in a collapsed tunnel in India halted after machine breaks|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-uttarakhand-workers-trapped-tunnel-0e8a57c435281d97ac95e3613b98f5c8|access-date=2024-08-26|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> They used a thin pipe to carry the trapped workers 10 centimeters at a time, which prevented further disturbance.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2023-11-23|title=Australia proud of professor assisting Silkyara rescue efforts: envoy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/australia-proud-of-professor-assisting-silkyara-rescue-efforts-envoy/article67567025.ece|access-date=2024-08-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> While Dix's approach was slower it was much safer<ref>{{Cite web|title="Advised Rat-Hole Mining After...": Tunnelling Expert Details Rescue Op|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-arnold-dix-uttarakhand-tunnel-news-softly-softly-how-tunnelling-expert-arnold-dix-rescued-41-workers-4616893|access-date=2024-08-26|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Throughout the rescue operation, Dix showed a display of faith which garnered the attention of the public. During the operation he set up a makeshift temple and after the workers were rescued, he offered his prayers to the temple of local deity Baba Bokh Naag ji . He said that the rescue was a miracle and promised the locals to go to the temple once the workers were rescued.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hindustan Times|date=27 November 2023|title=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/miracle-tunnelling-expert-arnold-dix-says-he-will-visit-temple-because-101701233050255.html|access-date=14 August 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2023, Dix proved to be a hero during the ''Uttarakhand tunnel rescue''.<ref name="Arnold Dix became a hero for Indians when the 41 workers trapped inside Uttarkashi&#x27;s Silkyara tunnel were successfully rescued. But who is Arnold Dix?" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-20 |title=International Tunnelling expert Arnold Dix arrives at Uttarkashi tunnel collapse site, says 'We are going to get them out' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/international-tunnelling-expert-arnold-dix-arrives-at-uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-site-says-we-are-going-to-get-them-out/articleshow/105347141.cms |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarkashi tunnel rescue operation: 'We can get through', says Mirco Tunnelling expert Chris Cooper ahead of manual drilling {{!}} TOI Original – Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-operation-we-can-get-through-says-mirco-tunnelling-expert-chris-cooper-ahead-of-manual-drilling/videoshow/105537803.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127150422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/uttarkashi-tunnel-rescue-operation-we-can-get-through-says-mirco-tunnelling-expert-chris-cooper-ahead-of-manual-drilling/videoshow/105537803.cms |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Arnold Dix, tunnelling expert India thanks for Uttarkashi rescue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arnold-dix-uttarkashi-rescue-operation-silkyara-tunnel-trapped-workers-2468567-2023-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128125244/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arnold-dix-uttarkashi-rescue-operation-silkyara-tunnel-trapped-workers-2468567-2023-11-28 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He received recognition from [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[Anthony Albanese]] for his work during the rescue operations.<ref name="India thanks Arnold Dix | The man behind successful rescue operations at Uttarkashi Tunnel Collapse" /> ==Awards and Honors== * ''Alan Neyland Australasian Tunnelling Society bi-annual award'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2023-11-20 |title=Who is Arnold Dix, the expert in charge of Uttarkashi tunnel collapse rescue? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-professor-arnold-dix-the-underground-expert-in-charge-of-uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-rescue-11700468989385.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> * ''NFPA -Distinguished Committee Service Award'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Who Is Arnold Dix, Australian Tunnel Expert Leading Renewed Rescue Effort In Uttarkashi's Silkyara |url=https://english.jagran.com/india/who-is-arnold-dix-australian-tunnel-expert-leading-renewed-rescue-effort-in-uttarkashi-silkyara-in-uttarakhand-10115250 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> * Keynote speaker at Bulk Tanker Day == Personal Life == Dix is married to Divina Dix and share a stepchild together. He also has three children from the last marriage<ref>{{Cite web|last=Crowe|first=Alex|date=2024-01-26|title=From Victoria’s troublemaker to India’s hero|url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/from-victoria-s-troublemaker-to-india-s-hero-20231221-p5et45.html|access-date=2024-08-26|website=The Age|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dix, Arnold}} [[Category:Australian scientists]] [[Category:Year of birth missing]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian academics]] [[Category:Barristers]] [[Category:Presidents (organizations)]] qotu7brc4dnqq1klexldw38ewe4cgzf 0 1094220 10330370 10044835 2025-06-14T17:12:41Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Remi Wolf''' was born on February 2, 1996 and is an American [[singer]] and [[songwriter]] from [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smyth|first=David|date=June 5, 2020|title=Virtually famous: Remi Wolf|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/music/virtually-famous-remi-wolf-a4460956.html|access-date=August 17, 2020|website=[[Evening Standard]]|language=en|issn=2041-4404}}</ref> She has [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]].<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Latesha |date=October 14, 2021 |title=Remi Wolf's rule-breaking pop pushes her closer to superstar status |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/14/1044460280/remi-wolfs-rule-breaking-pop-pushes-her-closer-to-superstar-status |publisher=NPR|access-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref> She is [[bisexual]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Ninoshkka|date=October 2, 2019|title=Remi Wolf Writes Songs About Queer Casual Sex and Messy Love|url=https://www.papermag.com/remi-wolf-youre-a-dog-2640809044.html?rebelltitem=12#rebelltitem12?rebelltitem=12|access-date=August 17, 2020|website=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]|language=en|issn=1073-9122}}</ref> In June 2020, she went into rehab for [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Langford|first=Jackson|date=September 28, 2021|title=Remi Wolf on musicians' mental health: "Artists signed to labels should be given the resources to find therapists"|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/remi-wolf-mental-health-therapist-major-labels-3056600|access-date=October 16, 2021|website=[[NME]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf, Remi}} [[Category:Singer-songwriters from California]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] {{US-bio-stub}} euxpuavuqiepywh6gr9elolc1cq50lh 2 1094620 10330653 9443709 2025-06-14T19:12:48Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Iseyama Kotai Shrine]] to [[User:Immanuelle/Iseyama Kotai Jingu]] 10330653 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/Iseyama Kotai Jingu]] nub1dqxldxqm0ed7ewfvqe8tgw9zvw1 0 1094892 10331211 10161507 2025-06-15T01:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the [[Population Reference Bureau]] ]] '''Human population planning''' means managing the [[Population growth|growth rate]] of a human [[population]]. This used to be called population control. In the past it was mostly about increasing populations. From the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about [[human overpopulation|overpopulation]] and its effects on [[poverty]], the [[environment]] and [[political stability]] led to efforts to reduce [[population growth]] rates in many countries. More recently many countries such as [[China]], [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Fears grow that Japan's birth rate and aging crisis could be worsened by pandemic |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/18/national/social-issues/birth-rate-aging-crisis-coronavirus/ |website=The Japan Times |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804163540/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/18/national/social-issues/birth-rate-aging-crisis-coronavirus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Japan to fund AI matchmaking to boost birth rate |work=BBC News |date=8 December 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55226098 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=David D. |title=Can South Korea lift the world's lowest birth rate by offering cash incentives? |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3115396/can-south-korea-lift-worlds-lowest-birth-rate-offering |website=South China Morning Post |date=27 December 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[Russia]],<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |title=How do countries fight falling birth rates? |work=BBC News |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51118616 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[Iran]], [[Italy]],<ref name="BBC News"/> [[Spain]], [[Finland]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Business lobby calls for govt action to boost Finland's birth rate |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/business_lobby_calls_for_govt_action_to_boost_finlands_birth_rate/11165325 |website=Yle.fi |date=19 January 2020 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> [[Hungary]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Hungary tries for baby boom with tax breaks and loan forgiveness |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47192612 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> and [[Estonia]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rooney |first1=Katharine |title=This is how Estonia is growing its population |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/11/family-subsidy-birth-rate-estonia-finland-france/ |website=World Economic Forum |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Männi |first1=Marian |title=Feature: Estonians starting to have more kids — because they can |url=https://news.err.ee/1111731/feature-estonians-starting-to-have-more-kids-because-they-can |website=ERR Online |date=11 July 2020 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> have begun efforts to boost birth rates once again. Population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their [[Human reproduction|reproduction]]. In some place, like the Chinese government's "[[one-child policy]] and [[two-child policy]]", there have been punishments for families which had more children. ==Types== There are three types of population planning policies: # Increasing or decreasing the overall population growth rate. # Increasing or decreasing the relative population growth of a subgroup of people, such as those of high or low [[intelligence]] or those with special abilities or [[Disability|disabilities]]. Policies that aim to boost relative growth rates are known as positive eugenics; those that aim to reduce relative growth rates are known as negative [[eugenics]]. # Attempts to ensure that all population groups of a certain type (e.g. all [[Social class|social classes]] within a society) have the same average rate of population growth. == Effects == Since 1980 many countries have tried family-friendly policies to increase the [[birth rate]]. They have spent more on [[Child benefits in the United Kingdom|child benefits]], [[Subsidy|subsidise]]<nowiki/>d [[Child care|childcare]], increased [[parental leave]] and tried other family-friendly policies. Birth rates in most countries have continued to fall. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why family-friendly policies don’t boost birth rates|url=https://www.ft.com/content/838eeb4e-3bff-4693-990f-ff3446cac9b2|access-date=2024-03-29|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite web|url=https://dks.library.kent.edu/?a=d&d=dks19980424-01.2.44&|title=Controlled food supply could stop overpopulation|work=Carrie Gazarish|publisher=Daily Kent Stater, Volume 32, Number 52, [[Kent State University]]|access-date=2025-03-30|archive-date=2024-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708084648/https://dks.library.kent.edu/?a=d&d=dks19980424-01.2.44&|url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal|url=https://ia801807.us.archive.org/28/items/from-population-control-to-reproductive-rights-feminist-fault-lines/From%20population%20control%20to%20reproductive%20rights%20feminist%20fault%20lines.pdf|title=From population control to reproductive rights: feminist fault lines|journal=Rosalind Pollack Petchesky|publisher=Reproductive Health Matters Volume 3, Issue 6, November 1995. Taylor & Francis}} *Hopfenberg, Russell. [http://www.panearth.org/WVPI/Papers/GeneticFeedback.pdf "Genetic feedback and human population regulation"]. (PDF) Human Ecology 37.5 (2009): 643-651. ==Other websites== *{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|title=A chat with Tim Flannery, senior research scientist, on Population Control|work=Karina Kelly, Peter Kirkwood, Owen Craig|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095438/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|archive-date=13 January 2010}} * [[Wikiversity:Should we aim to reduce the Earth population?]] * [https://overpopulation-project.com/thirty-years-is-too-long-to-turn-a-blind-eye-to-world-population-growth/ "Thirty years is too long to turn a blind eye to world population growth"] by Jane O’Sullivan. The Overpopulation Project * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG7R1SOupJg Could We Control Human OVER Population? BBC Earth Lab] -YouTube video [[Category:Human population planning| ]] hxslg8oi9ovgtb122gz74ru8rb1pgnu 10 1094990 10330359 10329673 2025-06-14T17:09:34Z Auntof6 22027 misc cleanup; use existing cat 10330359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] * [[Iki Gokoku Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City)]] * [[Shoumogu]] * [[Tsukiyomi-jinja (Iki)]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Nagasaki Prefecture]] </noinclude> gg5t55w6d0ya221itf5du6vj076j8ox 10330828 10330359 2025-06-14T20:24:25Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] * [[Iki Gokoku Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City)]] * {{ill|Shoumogu|ja|聖母宮}} * {{ill|Tsukiyomi Shrine (Iki)|ja|月讀神社_(壱岐市)}} }}<noinclude> [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Nagasaki Prefecture]] </noinclude> 6ftqmktg7p84sebm1t5e43s3n91ird5 10330831 10330828 2025-06-14T20:25:11Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] * [[Iki Gokoku Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City)]] * {{ill|Shoumo-gu|ja|聖母宮}} * {{ill|Tsukiyomi Shrine (Iki)|ja|月讀神社_(壱岐市)}} }}<noinclude> ==See Also== * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Nagasaki Prefecture]] </noinclude> dzsyvmpwrnlkv9orxk5eicz5igm5w73 10331105 10330831 2025-06-14T23:51:36Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] * [[Iki Gokoku Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City)]] * {{ill|Shoumo-gu|ja|聖母宮}} * {{ill|Tsukiyomi Shrine (Iki)|ja|月讀神社_(壱岐市)}} }}<noinclude> ==Related templates== * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Nagasaki Prefecture]] </noinclude> 03ent7hztsjafy7qx49vs2britldi8i 10331375 10331105 2025-06-15T03:01:48Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Ame-no-Tanagao Shrine]] * [[Kō Shrine]] * [[Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City)]] }}<noinclude> ==Related templates== * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Nagasaki Prefecture]] </noinclude> qpb9fuitmevyzxg0pmfjgmfuxbp9kd7 10 1094998 10330824 10329635 2025-06-14T20:23:41Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Mizuwakasu Shrine]] * [[Yurahime Shrine]] * {{ill|Araki Shrine|en}} * {{ill|Tamawakasumikoto Jinja|ja|玉若酢命神社}} }}<noinclude> ==See Also== * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Oki Province]] [[en:template:Oki Shrines]] </noinclude> ejkyswbo3282eikw5x38n0mj07ggzaq 10331104 10330824 2025-06-14T23:51:32Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Mizuwakasu Shrine]] * [[Yurahime Shrine]] * {{ill|Araki Shrine|en}} * {{ill|Tamawakasumikoto Jinja|ja|玉若酢命神社}} }}<noinclude> ==Related templates== * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Oki Province]] [[en:template:Oki Shrines]] </noinclude> sacoopdpnymgebwh7hk9332aw3ckn64 10331366 10331104 2025-06-15T02:59:26Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Mizuwakasu Shrine]] * [[Yurahime Shrine]] * {{ill|Araki Shrine|en}} * {{ill|Tamawakasumikoto Jinja|ja|玉若酢命神社}} }}<noinclude> ==Related templates== * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Oki Province]] </noinclude> h6e3jho8i39m4j1ewrhj4dr4jyui2ob 10331369 10331366 2025-06-15T03:00:02Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Iki Shrines | title = Shrines in Iki | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Mizuwakasu Shrine]] * [[Yurahime Shrine]] }}<noinclude> ==Related templates== * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Tsushima Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Oki Province]] </noinclude> 1chepuix9l8k8g93ycpixn4x6xq59vm 10 1094999 10330834 10329626 2025-06-14T20:25:42Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines | title = Shrines in Tsushima | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Kaijin Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] }}<noinclude> == See Also == * [[Iki Shrines]] * [[Oki Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Tsushima Province]] [[en:template:Tsushima Shrines]] </noinclude> cpm3ygh7q32uw84yfm7pc7l5icwd5nq 10330836 10330834 2025-06-14T20:25:52Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines | title = Shrines in Tsushima | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Kaijin Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] }}<noinclude> == See Also == * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Tsushima Province]] [[en:template:Tsushima Shrines]] </noinclude> 1qpw7jke5e0i56lfdn1s9mnvjggwj79 10330838 10330836 2025-06-14T20:26:05Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines | title = Shrines in Tsushima | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Kaijin Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] }}<noinclude> == See Also == * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Tsushima Province]] </noinclude> c5mlb1w8proc5nn56wadjely72ywlte 10331106 10330838 2025-06-14T23:51:41Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines | title = Shrines in Tsushima | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Kaijin Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] }}<noinclude> == Related templates == * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] [[Category:Tsushima Province]] </noinclude> 6b4lmwsk0az1p8t80wspmqw4dmb5kmr 10331662 10331106 2025-06-15T09:23:30Z Auntof6 22027 rem redlinked cat 10331662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = User:Immanuelle/Tsushima Shrines | title = Shrines in Tsushima | listclass = hlist |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Kaijin Shrine]] * [[Watazumi Shrine]] }}<noinclude> == Related templates == * [[Template:Iki Shrines]] * [[Template:Oki Shrines]] [[Category:Shinto templates]] </noinclude> on0ztzhgx6mpbm6d2j52xgiuekbmv0w 10 1095401 10330845 10329606 2025-06-14T20:30:47Z Immanuelle 1174418 10330845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Atsuta Faith | title = {{ill|Atsuta Shrine|lt=Atsuta Faith|en}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Yamato Takeru at 16-crop.jpg|150px|link=|alt=]] |group1 = Five Great Gods of Atsuta |list1 = *[[Amaterasu]] *[[Susanoo]] *[[Yamato Takeru]] *[[Miyazu-hime]] *{{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命}} |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Atsuta Shrine]] * [[Kanasana Shrine]] * [[Tagata Shrine]] * [[Ōagata Shrine]] |group4 = Misc |list4 = * [[Owari clan]] * [[Danpusan Kofun]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Shinto cult templates]] </noinclude> omvq6jfom9ev135kb99fl7jgr1qysww 10331368 10330845 2025-06-15T02:59:44Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Atsuta Faith | title = {{ill|Atsuta Shrine|lt=Atsuta Faith|en}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Yamato Takeru at 16-crop.jpg|125px|link=|alt=]] |group1 = Five Great Gods of Atsuta |list1 = *[[Amaterasu]] *[[Susanoo]] *[[Yamato Takeru]] *[[Miyazu-hime]] *{{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命}} |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Atsuta Shrine]] * [[Kanasana Shrine]] * [[Tagata Shrine]] * [[Ōagata Shrine]] |group4 = Misc |list4 = * [[Owari clan]] * [[Danpusan Kofun]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Shinto cult templates]] </noinclude> 4v346ukayrnievik4bhvq9misp7hjxa 10331376 10331368 2025-06-15T03:01:57Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Atsuta Faith | title = {{ill|Atsuta Shrine|lt=Atsuta Faith|en}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Yamato Takeru at 16-crop.jpg|125px|link=|alt=]] |group1 = Five Great Gods of Atsuta |list1 = *[[Amaterasu]] *[[Susanoo]] *[[Yamato Takeru]] *[[Miyazu-hime]] *{{ill|Takeinadane|ja|建稲種命}} |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Atsuta Shrine]] * [[Kanasana Shrine]] * [[Tagata Shrine]] * [[Ōagata Shrine]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Shinto cult templates]] </noinclude> p5tbyhrtx6wgfalrfzk38kfd2m1xn1y 10331378 10331376 2025-06-15T03:02:40Z Immanuelle 1174418 10331378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Atsuta Faith | title = {{ill|Atsuta Shrine|lt=Atsuta Faith|en}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Yamato Takeru at 16-crop.jpg|125px|link=|alt=]] |group1 = Five Great Gods of Atsuta |list1 = *[[Amaterasu]] *[[Susanoo]] *[[Yamato Takeru]] *[[Miyazu-hime]] *[[Takeinadane]] |group2 = Shrines |list2 = * [[Atsuta Shrine]] * [[Kanasana Shrine]] * [[Tagata Shrine]] * [[Ōagata Shrine]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Shinto cult templates]] </noinclude> 4mfkkyj1lcjzgvyvpw0hrdoqkidttug 3 1097960 10331454 10324469 2025-06-15T05:00:34Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 2 threads from [[User talk:Immanuelle]] 10331454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic archive navigator}} == August 2022 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made{{#if:LGBT reproduction|, [[:LGBT reproduction]],}} {{#ifexist:LGBT reproduction|may not|did not}} meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it {{#ifexist:LGBT reproduction|will shortly be|has been}} [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. {{#if:''When you move things over or translate them, you must verify it meets our layout. Please follow our [[WP:MOS]] and other items regarding article layout before you move on to the next article.''|''When you move things over or translate them, you must verify it meets our layout. Please follow our [[WP:MOS]] and other items regarding article layout before you move on to the next article.''|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 23:07, 1 August 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] Thank you. I meant to put it in my userspace, not article space [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]]) 23:10, 1 August 2022 (UTC) ::No worries, just make sure to follow our layout please. I created a relatively simple guideline. [[User:PotsdamLamb/List_of_Article_Layout]] Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 23:11, 1 August 2022 (UTC) :::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] so does the usage of the ill template in [[Religious Confucianism]] violate the rule on links to other Wikipedias? I do intend on filling out all of those links relatively soon, but is Cewbot active here? [[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] ([[User talk:Immanuelle#top|talk]]) 23:35, 1 August 2022 (UTC) ::::You can link a word to either a definitions in simple wiktionary or to another article on Simple wiki. You can not link to any other Wikipedia (even enWP). Most people don’t know other languages and regular English is way too complicated. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 00:12, 2 August 2022 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Religious Confucianism]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:37, 2 August 2022 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Related Pages" instead of English Wikipedia's "See also"{{#if:Religious Confucianism|, which you used in "[[:Religious Confucianism]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Related Pages" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-relatedpages --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:38, 2 August 2022 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for undoing your recent test&#32;with the page "[[:Bluegreen Emperor]]". Please take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about changing our encyclopedia. In the future, please do not make tests on article pages; instead, use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-selfrevert --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:19, 2 August 2022 (UTC) [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but an article you created was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]<sup>''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''</sup></b> 22:20, 3 August 2022 (UTC) == September 2022 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Confucian church]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:56, 17 September 2022 (UTC) == February 2023 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello! Thank you for creating [[:Category:Manichaeism]]. However, we normally need at least [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|three pages in a category]] before it is created. Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to create a new category for just one or two articles. If you think there might be more pages to add to the new category, please add them now. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-emptycat --> [[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] ([[User talk:Lights and freedom|talk]]) 01:21, 12 February 2023 (UTC) == March 2023 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia we use the section heading "Related pages" instead of English Wikipedia's "See also"{{#if:H₂weh₁-yú|, which you used in "[[:H₂weh₁-yú]]"}}. This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Related pages" in articles that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-relatedpages --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 16:50, 14 March 2023 (UTC) *Hi, are you going to create more pages for [[:Category:Proto-Indo-European deities]]? If not, then the category shouldn't exist. Also, it should be categorized, and probably renamed to [[:Category:Proto-Indo-European gods and goddesses]], to match [[:Category:Gods and goddesses]]. [[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] ([[User talk:Lights and freedom|talk]]) 20:47, 14 March 2023 (UTC) *:@[[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] I’m gonna make a page for every deity in the English category or the template [[Template:Indo European Mythology]]. I agree with the renaming. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 20:59, 14 March 2023 (UTC) *::@[[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] also are there any guidelines here about diacritics in titles? *::Might make it easier for users if we moved [[H₂weh₁-yú]] to [[Hweh-yu]] or something similar. Same with a lot of page titles I’m gonna be making soon. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 21:04, 14 March 2023 (UTC) *:::I'm not sure if there's a guideline for that, but there is [[:en:Wikipedia:Article titles|a guideline related to titles in general on enwiki]]. However, the numbers could possibly make it hard to read. I think if it's always written with the numbers, they should be kept, but if it's often written without the numbers, they could be removed. [[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] ([[User talk:Lights and freedom|talk]]) 21:38, 14 March 2023 (UTC) *::::@[[User:Lights and freedom|Lights and freedom]] unfortunately that deity is always written with the numbers, but other deities have easier names. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 21:45, 14 March 2023 (UTC) == Page creations == I noted your creation of [[Joss paper]] and it was not simplified at all. In fact, the entire page is a direct copy/paste from two paragraphs of the English Wikipedia article. Do you plan on simplifying the page to only include [[BE 1500|simple words]] or do you intend to leave it? <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]<sup>''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''</sup></b> 21:14, 15 March 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Operator873|Operator873]] Is it better now? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 21:24, 15 March 2023 (UTC) ::I see you removed some text and changed some words; but we strive to use a [[BE 1500|limited set]] of words in our articles. Please see [[WP:HOW]]. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]<sup>''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''</sup></b> 21:27, 15 March 2023 (UTC) :::I will try more to adhere to that word list [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 21:34, 15 March 2023 (UTC) == April 2023 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello! Thank you for creating a new category. However, we normally need at least [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|three pages in a category]] before it is created. Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to create a new category for just one or two articles. If you think there might be more pages to add to the new category, please add them now. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-emptycat --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:19, 10 April 2023 (UTC) :I think I fixed all the categories [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 04:44, 10 April 2023 (UTC) ::You may have fixed the necessary ones at the time, but you have created new ones with too few entries. Please create categories only if there are at least three entries to put into them right away. Otherwise the categories may be deleted. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 06:57, 18 April 2023 (UTC) == [[:Category:Religious buildings and structures navigational boxes]] == For template categories like this one, please add {{tl|template category}}. Thank you very much. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 05:14, 12 April 2023 (UTC) == Simple content == Hello! Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. Many of your recent articles, however, have included rather complex content. Please review [[WP:HOW]] for info on how to write in Simple English. It will take time to simplify content. Let's take an example, from [[Jichinsai|your most recent article creation]]. The first paragraph read: <blockquote>Jichinsai is a festival that takes place before construction begins on a new building or structure. It's held to ask permission from the landlord deity to use the area for building. The festival is observed in both Shinto and Buddhist religions, and is a way to pray for safety during the construction. Sometimes it's called an "anzen prayer festival" or by other names like Chinji-sai, Tsuchi-matsuri, Ji-matsuri, or Ji-celebration. The contractor pays for the festival, including the sacred sake and tamagushi offerings, while the owner and other parties involved contribute to the cost.</blockquote> I've worked to simplify it, and it now reads as: <blockquote>Jichinsai is a festival in the Shinto and Buddhist religions. It happens before construction starts on a new building. The festival asks for permission from the landlord deity to use the land for building. It is a way to pray for safety during the construction. Jichinsai is sometimes called an "anzen prayer festival" or by other names: Chinji-sai, Tsuchi-matsuri, Ji-matsuri, or Ji-celebration. The contractor, who makes the building, pays for the festival. This includes the sacred sake and tamagushi offerings. The owner and other people involved help pay, too.</blockquote> So...what changed? *Sentences are shorter, and express one idea or the relation between two things. *Main points are stated simply and in its own short sentence, and details are provided after. *Simpler language I unfortunately don't have the time to go through your articles and make these changes, and I would recommend that you do so if you can. Definitely take a read of [[WP:HOW]] and [[User:Auntof6/Things I would like Wikipedia editors to know]]. Let me know if you have any questions, and thank you for your edits! :-) [[User:Vermont|Vermont 🐿️]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 03:20, 17 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Vermont|Vermont]] thank you. I'm rather inexperienced as an editor here and sometimes get overly enthusiastic. But I really want to try to make the articles I've made more accessible and will simplify them. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 03:34, 17 April 2023 (UTC) == Titles of article sections == Hello, Immanuelle. I noticed that you are not using the standard titles for article sections. Instead of "See also" we use "Related pages". Instead of "External links" we use "Other websites". (Notice that only the first word in each of those is capitalized.) For the section that displays the detail of inline references we usually use "References" instead of "Sources". "Sources" is more often used a different way. Please use these headings when creating articles here. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:32, 17 April 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] so is Sources for the bibliography and references for the footnotes? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:41, 17 April 2023 (UTC) ::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]]: That's how I usually see it used, yes. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 22:41, 17 April 2023 (UTC) == Article space block == Hello Immanuelle. I've blocked you from editing in article space until you're able to demonstrate you understand the requirements here. We really appreciate you creating as many articles as you have, but it appears your are copying articles from other Wikipedias and not really simplifying them at all. I've asked you to review [[WP:HOW]] previously, then {{u|Vermont}} even gave you an example, and then {{u|Auntof6}} had to point out something extremely basic for this project. Simple English Wikipedia uses a [[BE 1500|limited set of words]] that are easy for everyone to understand. Your articles regularly contain very complex language that really looks like you're using machine translation. I'm willing to unblock your account, but we need you to respond here and really understand that you're causing more harm than good. You are required to read and understand [[WP:HOW]] before an unblock will be considered. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]<sup>''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''</sup></b> 18:19, 19 April 2023 (UTC) :I've read through it and took some time away to think. I'm not sure if I'm quite ready to continue or if I need to review it more, but I've seen the issues with many of the articles I've made and want to fix them, and I want to avoid making any new articles for a while until I fix the ones I've made and really established to myself that I can properly follow the goals here. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:22, 24 April 2023 (UTC) ::@[[User:Operator873|Operator873]] I have had more time to think and want to have a second chance. I will avoid making any new pages and try to fix the ones I made at first. I feel that I am ready now. ::This part of that guide in particular is one that interests me and I want to try to work more with ::{{Quote|Simple sentences are easier to understand than complex ones. The simplest sentence structure in English is subject-verb-object-period, subject-verb-object-period and so on. Try to use the simplest sentences that make sense. You should begin by writing simple sentences naturally when you add something to Simple Wikipedia. In your mind, do not phrase your sentence obscurely and then try to convert it to something simpler. Get in the habit of thinking in clear, direct English, without unnecessary words. But never be afraid to add a few words to make a sentence clearer. Simple English is not shorter English, although it frequently has shorter sentences. Often, simple English needs more words than ordinary English. Sometimes this is because of "filler words" (extra words), where the words act as a mental pause, allowing the reader to catch up with your thought. When changing an article from the English Wikipedia, often your Simple English article uses 25% to 50% more words than in standard English. When the original English is poorly structured, you may need much more space. Please remember to use this guideline and all Wikipedia rules with common sense. It is more important to follow the main ideas of simple sentence structure than it is to cut every possible sentence to its simplest form.}} ::[[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 19:46, 9 May 2023 (UTC) :::I'll be happy to to let you resume editing, so long as you keep to simple English. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]<sup>''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''</sup></b> 05:18, 10 May 2023 (UTC) ::::Thank you. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 05:25, 10 May 2023 (UTC) == QD reason == Hey Immanuelle! I saw in [[Special:BlankPage/RTRC|RTRC]] that you tried to put "U7" as the quick deletion reason. What you want is [[WP:G7|G7]], but [[WP:U1|U1]] would work best! You can look at [[WP:QD]] for more information. – <span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS">[[User:Angerxiety|<span style="color:red">Ang</span>]][[User talk:Angerxiety|<span style="color:#C0C0C0">erxi</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Angerxiety|<span style="color:blue">ety</span>]]</span><sup>!</sup> 01:07, 20 May 2023 (UTC) == {{[[Template:Short description|Short description]]}} == Hi, I hope you’re doing well. Just a heads up, unlike enwiki, simple wiki does not use <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Short description<nowiki>}}</nowiki>. Instead, short descriptions are generated when the page is linked to a wikidata item. Thank you for your work on simple wiki and have a wonderful day! <span style="text-shadow: 4px 4px 12px #00B140, -4px -4px 12px #00B140;">[[User:FatalFit|Dylan]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:FatalFit|&#9993;&nbsp;]]&#124;&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/FatalFit|✓]]&nbsp;</span> 02:38, 20 May 2023 (UTC) :I'm doing well thank you. I will avoid using that in the future. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 06:15, 20 May 2023 (UTC) == Article creations == Hi. I'd like to remind you of a few things when creating an article: * The subject's name, if applicable, should be bolded in the lead ([[WP:MOS#First sentence]]). * Use Wikidata for interwiki links. Do not use <nowiki>[[en:</nowiki>''article name''<nowiki>]]</nowiki> as these are difficult to maintain (there are some exceptions to this, but it's rare and shouldn't be used for the majority of cases). If you need help, you can read [[User:Auntof6/How to#Interwiki language links for new pages]]. Keep in mind that this was written for earlier skins. For the Vector 2022 skin, the link is called "Add interlanguage links", and can be found on the right sidebar. * When using references, organize them by using {{tl|reflist}}. Put this under the "References" section. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask. Thank you. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 22:52, 29 June 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] I went back and fixed the titles. Doesn't a bot do the wikidata links though? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC) ::@[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]] Pi-bot can sometimes link articles automatically, but it can have a hard time distinguishing similarly-titled pages. It's best to link it by yourself. This also avoids the issue of having two wikidata items for the same subject in the future. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 23:08, 29 June 2023 (UTC) :::I noticed the problem for an old draft I recently saw. So I can see how it causes problems [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 02:32, 30 June 2023 (UTC) == Block == I've blocked your account, again, from editing main space after I had to userfy [[User:Immanuelle\Izumo no Kuni no Miyatsuko]] for egregious formatting problems and complex language. I reviewed your other edits and found that, despite multiple attempts to guide you from several editors, you're still making bad pages with complex language, likely from machine translations. I've blocked you from the mainspace a 2nd time now and I doubt there will be an unblock until you can explain understanding of what you did wrong and how you'll move forward from here. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]<sup>''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''</sup></b> 02:11, 5 July 2023 (UTC) == Merry Christmas == [[File:HK WC 灣仔 Wan Chai 船街 Ship Street Wish You A Merry Christmas decor sign night December 2021 SS2 03.jpg|thumb|300px]] Wish you a very happy Christmas! :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 19:25, 24 December 2023 (UTC) :@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] thank you, I really appreciate this. I changed my password so I wouldn't be tempted to continue my unhealthy wikipediaholicism, to take a six month break, but I really appreciate this, it means a lot to me especially coming from you. [[Special:Contributions/174.4.104.57|174.4.104.57]] ([[User talk:174.4.104.57|talk]]) 23:21, 25 December 2023 (UTC) == [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-taisha]] == Hi there! It is actually very well put together. I did run a couple of scripts on it and they did not find any errors. I do have a question though. On [[User:Immanuelle/Kasuga-taisha#Worshipped_gods]] and a few other places, you have links to your username and articles on en wiki. Can you remove those? We do not link to en wiki articles (especially when itsis publisedh)? Also, will you be completing the other articles to eliminate the red links? If you can get rid of all of them and it gets published, it could be a nomination for [[WP:GA]]. I do believe some wording can still be simplified, however. You also need to wikilink some items, like the mountain (since it is a specific mountain) and anything else. Once you go through it and fix it up, go ahead and ping me here, and I will take another look. Keep up the great work. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 22:28, 23 March 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] thank you. I was hoping to finish the redlinked articles with those links. I removed the link templates. Should I just remove the redlinks altogether? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 23:35, 23 March 2024 (UTC) ::No, as we encourage redlinks. The more of them that point to an article that shows up in [[Special:WantedPages]] the more likely it is to be created. ::So red links are a great thing and you can get around to them when you want. If the red link is for a template or anything, please let me know or post on the [[WP:AN|administrators noticeboard]] and someone can bring it over. We have a lot of people who try to bring these over and add things that break them. I know some of yours include templates from what appears to be the Japanese or Chinese wiki and I cannot do those as they need to be in English to work here. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 23:50, 23 March 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] if you mean templates like [[Template:Suwa Faith]] these ones are actually from English wikipedia. :::Do you think these two drafts are also comparably good? [[User:Immanuelle/Kamayama Shrine]] and [[User:Immanuelle/Izumo clan]] :::So people will not be made upset by posting too much there for things like that? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 00:12, 24 March 2024 (UTC) ::::I created the template for you. It is an encyclopedia. So people will be upset by what they read on any article, but that is what an encyclopedia is. It is a sum of all knowledge written for everyone. So you do not have to worry about that. I will have to look at the other one later when I have some time. Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 00:15, 24 March 2024 (UTC) :::::Did you manage to find any time to look over them? [[User:Immanuelle/Watazumi Shrine]] here's another one. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 20:20, 27 March 2024 (UTC) == Quick deletion of Nanba Shrine == [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Nanba Shrine]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Nanba Shrine}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:SurferSquall|SurferSquall]] ([[User talk:SurferSquall|talk]]) 16:06, 29 March 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:SurferSquall|SurferSquall]] thank you! [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 16:36, 29 March 2024 (UTC) == List of Toki Pona words == I took a look and here are my recommendations: # Use much smaller icons for the pictures. They take up a lot of space. # Perhaps you can use the {{tl|Infobox language]] on it? # You have a box about what categories it will be in, can you move that to bottom please? # You have reference errors and they are all not set right. Those can be complicated when you have a lot of different ones. I can help you on those, if you would like. I am working on an article right now doing the same thing. When you use books and certain pages, you have to separate them and your headings are references (where the short version (sfn) with the page number(s) go; the sources header where the cite book(s) go and then notes where you put the other things. # Do you have maybe some more background you can add on the topic, as the intro is pretty short. Maybe where it started, where it is currently used? Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 21:52, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] I had a longer intro earlier, but I tried to trim it down since it was a bit complicated. I tried to add a bit more, but this is a list of words, and I think a too long intro belongs at [[Toki Pona]] instead. :<nowiki>What is {{tl|Infobox language]]? I think there was a typo.</nowiki> [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:14, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::Yeah it was, sorry about that [[:Template:Infobox language]]. ::What did you have for an intro? Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 22:20, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] oh I actually chose not to use the infobox since this is not an article about a language, it is a list of words in the language. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:22, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::::Actually true. Sorry about that. I do see it on the article which I was not aware of until you mentioned it. So if it gets approved to move to mainspace, ping me and I can add the link to the main article. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 22:25, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] I give you permission to make any edits you want to the article yourself [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 22:34, 3 April 2024 (UTC) ::::::Ok I will fix the references area for you. The rest I will leave up to you. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 22:35, 3 April 2024 (UTC) :::::::I noticed you are having some issues with the sizing of the images. Did you want some guidance on that? :::::::Also, on the references portion I am working on, this is what I see: :::::::Lang, Sonja (2014). Toki Pona: The Language of Good. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292300. OCLC 921253340. '''Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFLang2014.''' :::::::If you notice the end in bold. That means no where in the article did you actually cite this source. Broken down it is looking for the cite book entry that has the name of Lang and the publication year of 2014. All of them are like this and I do not see any inline citations on the article, with the exception of two of them. So without the inline citations, they should be deleted. Since this is a list, they can be deleted without affecting the article. If it was a full on article, then they would need their corresponding in-lines. Are you ok with me deleting the ones not used? Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 01:57, 4 April 2024 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] Yes I am okay with you making both changes [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 01:58, 4 April 2024 (UTC) :::::::::Ok I have completed the changes, including reducing the image icons from 45x45 to 25x25. References are ok now as well. Remember when we use SFN/HARV in-line, the books themselves go into their own section title Sources, due to the fact (for this particular article) that the short refs are not notes and fall under references so we want them separated. Hope this helps you out. Thanks and edit well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 02:21, 4 April 2024 (UTC) == An example == So this is one example where it says it has 44 requests to have it made, however, they are all yours: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Promising_draft Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 03:08, 9 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] do you want me to remove those requests? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 03:10, 9 April 2024 (UTC) ::The problem is a lot of the wanted templates link back to you. We do not use a lot of what enwp uses. So if it is only on enwp, it would be appreciated if you would remove them. This will help reorder what is needed and wanted. I appreciate it. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 03:12, 9 April 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] There I removed all of them. Sorry about that [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 03:20, 9 April 2024 (UTC) ::::No worries. Thank you. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 03:43, 9 April 2024 (UTC) == Before publishing == Hi there. Before you allow someone to move an article to main space, please take a look at the changes I had to make to [[Watazumi Shrine]]. In the future, please make sure these are resolved before you tell someone it is ok. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 05:49, 13 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:PotsdamLamb|PotsdamLamb]] I am sorry about that. In the future I will try more to avoid such things. Do you say no templates aside from populated ones in mainspace then? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 06:35, 13 April 2024 (UTC) ::Some templates I will create. I judge it on how many blue links it shows when created (by doing a preview). So for example the one I just created had a decent enough amount of articles that link to it. If there is only one or two articles, I probably won't do it. But if it is a large template I more than likely will so that it is there for the future. Thanks, and be well! - [[User:PotsdamLamb|PDL]]<sup>[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]</sub> 06:38, 13 April 2024 (UTC) == Connection to Wikidata item == Hello! I saw you connected our page Israeli-occupied territories to a wikidata item. I am not sure what this implies, could you elaborate on what a wikidata item is and why you connected it? [[User:Nyncke|Nyncke]] ([[User talk:Nyncke|talk]]) 14:38, 25 April 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Nyncke|Nyncke]] a wikidata item allows you too see the article in other languages, but it also allows you to see the wikimedia commons category if it exists. It has a lot of other benefits too but those are the most common. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 17:47, 25 April 2024 (UTC) == Assistance Needed == @[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]], please I need your assistance. [[User:Usimite|Usimite]] ([[User talk:Usimite|talk]]) 13:12, 4 May 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Usimite|Usimite]] how do you need my assistance? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 15:26, 4 May 2024 (UTC) == Sandbox == Hi Immanuelle, Just wanted to let you know you can add the <nowiki>|alt=</nowiki> parameter back to your images obviously providing they're in English, Unfortunately although the <nowiki>|livnk=</nowiki> may work it still shows up on [[WP:WPCleaner]] as a bogus (invalid) file option so that can't be added back unfortunately but the alt parameter is fine, Many Thanks, Warm Regards. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 16:39, 5 May 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] that one was fine and not intentional. But on [[List of Toki Pona words]] the intention was to link to the wikimedia commons category for the symbol, so users could see the different ways people drew it. Did it show up as a problem? [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 17:03, 5 May 2024 (UTC) ::Oh I had no idea you had created that article - Yep that shows as a bogus file option too, You could always add <nowiki>*{{commons category-inline|X}}</nowiki> next to each image or underneath, Many Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:19, 5 May 2024 (UTC) == "Draft articles" == Hi, Immanuelle. You might not have known, but Simple English Wikipedia doesn't have a formal draft article system like regular English Wikipedia does. For that reason, I just removed the draft articles category from your 5 userspace pages that had it. It would be helpful if you remove the other draft-related items from your userspace so that they don't show up as wanted here. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 12:09, 7 May 2024 (UTC) :Thank you I will work to remove these things. I made a template for my own personal use that explains it is my own draft and people are allowed to edit it, and will try to remove any draft related templates. I apologize for this issue. [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 19:27, 7 May 2024 (UTC) == Flooding recent changes == Hi, sorry to disturb but your newly created pages/drafts are flooding recent changes. Please slow down. Thank you [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 10:17, 22 June 2024 (UTC) :Okay sorry [[User:Immanuelle|'''Immanuel'''le]] ❤️💚💙 [[User_talk:Immanuelle|(please tag me)]] 10:18, 22 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of H₂weh₁yú == <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:H₂weh₁yú]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/H₂weh₁yú]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 13:24, 30 December 2024 (UTC) == Asking for assistance == Hi Sir @[[User:Immanuelle|Immanuelle]], can you give me some advice on creating or adding a topic? What should I consider to ensure that my contribution does not offend others? Thank you in advance for your answer Sir. [[User:Portstl|Portstl]] ([[User talk:Portstl|talk]]) 03:05, 15 January 2025 (UTC) == My "oops" == Sorry for misspelling your name earlier! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:325:D0A7:9CA0:6C73:79BD:B34E|talk]]) 02:42, 18 February 2025 (UTC) evkyvtuy5mr6lz3yzp1z7ixhetkptea 0 1099834 10331219 9586195 2025-06-15T01:15:54Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Template with Unicode control characters - Reference duplication) 10331219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Cambon-Thomsen''' , (born 9 November 1949 [[Toulouse]]) is a [[France|French]] [[Physician|doctor]] specializing in human [[immunogenetics]] and [[bioethics]] . She was awarded the National Order of Merit in 1998, and [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Légion d'honneur : des femmes médecins et chercheuses à l'honneur|url=https://www.lequotidiendumedecin.fr/archives/legion-dhonneur-des-femmes-medecins-et-chercheuses-lhonneur|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Le Quotidien du Médecin|language=fr}}</ref> == Life == From 1985 to 1990, she directed a research unit at the [[National Institute of Health and Medicine]] ( Inserm ) in human immunology and immunogenetics. From 1987 to 1997, she headed the research center on genetic polymorphism of human populations and the center for immunopathology and human genetics at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-07-03|title=Anne Cambon-Thomsen : Génétique, populations et maladies|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/savoirs-et-connaissances/article/2002/07/03/anne-cambon-thomsen-genetique-populations-et-maladies_283518_3328.html|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref> She was emeritus research director at the CNRS in the Epidemiology and Public Health at Toulouse III University .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anne Cambon-Thomsen|url=https://re-imagine.eu/bio/anne-cambon-thomsen|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Reimagine Europa|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1991, she published a study on the genetic origins of the French provinces, based work started in 1980 with Elie Ohayon.<ref name="Le franc-parler des gènes Aidée par l'étude des dialectes, la génétique des populations permet de retracer les grandes étapes de l'histoire de la France">{{Cite news|date=1991-06-05|title=Le franc-parler des gènes Aidée par l'étude des dialectes, la génétique des populations permet de retracer les grandes étapes de l'histoire de la France|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1991/06/05/le-franc-parler-des-genes-aidee-par-l-etude-des-dialectes-la-genetique-des-populations-permet-de-retracer-les-grandes-etapes-de-l-histoire-de-la-france_4159850_1819218.html|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref> In 2002, she spoke at the University of All Knowledge and in 2018 on BFM TV on [[CRISPR|Crispr]].<ref name="Le franc-parler des gènes Aidée par l'étude des dialectes, la génétique des populations permet de retracer les grandes étapes de l'histoire de la France" /> She is a member of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies which advises the European Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anne Cambon-Thomsen nommée au Groupe Européen d’Ethique des Sciences et des Nouvelles Technologies – Societal|url=https://societal.genotoul.fr/anne-cambon-thomsen-nommee-au-groupe-europeen-dethique-des-sciences-et-des-nouvelles-technologies/|access-date=2024-04-15|language=fr-FR}}</ref> In 2018, she was named Champion of the [[EuroScience Open Forum]] (ESOF) in Toulouse.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=Anne Cambon-Thomsen, « championne » ESOF 2018|url=https://www.lepetitjournal.net/31-haute-garonne/2018/07/11/anne-cambon-thomsen-championne-esof-2018/|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Le Petit Journal|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Cambon-Thomsen, Anne}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French geneticists]] do4biuuh1o70ky54fpj08y944ugi2c8 0 1100022 10331546 10059581 2025-06-15T06:52:17Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331546 wikitext text/x-wiki Islam is the state religion of [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref name=":2" /> officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is located in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. It is the place where the [[Qur'an]] (Muslim holy book) was revealed to [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]], and it is where he lived and died.<ref>{{Citation|last=Klein|first=Konstantin KleinKonstantin|title=Muhammad the Prophet|date=2018-03-22|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3254|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> Saudi Arabia is the place of pilgrimage (a journey made by followers of a religion) for Muslims across the world.<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Hajj|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-124|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> It is where two Islamic holy cities exist, called [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-10301|encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia|date=2004 |publisher=Philip's|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-954609-1 |access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> After the death of the Prophet Muhammad many Islamic empires ruled over Arabia, from [[Umayyad Caliphate]] until the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Saudi Arabia|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-297|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Kerr|first1=Anne KerrAnne|title=Ottoman empire|date=2015-07-23|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001/acref-9780199685691-e-2739|work=A Dictionary of World History|editor-last=Kerr|editor-first=Anne|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-968569-1|access-date=2024-05-23|last2=Wright|first2=Edmund WrightEdmund|editor2-last=Wright|editor2-first=Edmund}}</ref>[[Ottoman Empire|.]] [[File:Ibn Saud.png|alt=A black and white photograph of King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud is sat down, holding a cane and wearing traditional Arabian clothing. He is wearing a keffiyeh - a traditional Arab scarf - and an agal - a rope traditionally made from horse hair - on his head. |thumb|Portrait of King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud]] The unification of Saudi Arabia was declared by [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz Al-Saud]] in September 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/history#:~:text=On%20September%2023,%201932,%20the,Qur'an%20as%20its%20constitution.|access-date=2024-05-21|website=www.saudiembassy.net|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226024122/https://www.saudiembassy.net/history#:~:text=On%20September%2023,%201932,%20the,Qur'an%20as%20its%20constitution.|url-status=dead}}</ref> The unification of the two main sections of Arabia, the Nejd and the [[Hejaz]], was helped by a political alliance between an [[Aalim|Islamic scholar]] called [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] and the [[House of Saud]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Saudi Arabia|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-297|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> The [[doctrine]] of Abd al-Wahhab is still the official doctrine of Saudi Arabia today.<ref>{{Citation|last=DeLong-Bas|first=Natana J. DeLong-BasNatana J.|title=Wahhabism|date=2008-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1677|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-517632-2|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> However, the current Crown Prince, [[Mohammed bin Salman|Muhammad bin Salman Al-Saud]], has recently attempted to remove ties between the Saudi state and the religious movement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barmin|first=Yury|title=Can Mohammed bin Salman break the Saudi-Wahhabi pact?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/1/7/can-mohammed-bin-salman-break-the-saudi-wahhabi-pact|access-date=2024-05-23|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> Current challenges within the country include the aim to transform and modernise the [[Hajj]], which is the pilgrimage that all Muslims are required to go on at least once in their lives, if they are physically and financially able to.<ref>{{Citation|title=Hajj|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-5037|encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia|date=2004 |publisher=Philip's|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-954609-1|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> These include the building of a [[Rapid transit|metro]] system to facilitate the mass transport of pilgrims to Medina.<ref name=":4" /> The vast majority of Saudi Arabia's population are Muslim, at 94%. 85-90% of these Muslims are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims. 10-12% of these are [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] Muslims. Other religions are also represented in the Saudi demographic, including [[Christian|Christians]] and [[Hinduism|Hindus]].<ref name=":2" /> The constitution of Saudi Arabia is based on [[Sharia]] law (which are the rules and laws given to Muslims by God) and the [[Sunnah|Sunna]] (the traditions based on the lifestyle of the Prophet Muhammad).<ref name=":5" /> == Birth of Islam == === The First Quranic Revelation === The Prophet Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]] in 570 A.D.<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Pluralism Project|date=2020|title=Muhammad: The Messenger of God|url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/pluralism/files/muhammad-_the_messenger_of_god_4.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A short history of Islamic thought|last=Morrissey|first=Fitzroy|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-752201-1|location=New York|pages=7}}</ref> He lived in what is now called Saudi Arabia. The first year of the Arabic calendar begins in 622 A.D, when Muhammad moves (in Arabic, ''hijra)'' from Mecca to [[Medina]]. These are the two holy cities in Islam, which are in Saudi Arabia.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|last=Robinson|first=Chase|title=The rise of Islam, 600–705|date=2010|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/rise-of-islam-600705/597D4B95CB90B058D31415DF6CC272FB|work=The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries|volume=1|pages=171–225|editor-last=Robinson|editor-first=Chase F.|series=The New Cambridge History of Islam|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521838238.007|isbn=978-0-521-83823-8|access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref> The pre-Islamic name for Medina is Yathrib.<ref>{{Citation|title=Medina|date=2010-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-3902|work=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866262-4|access-date=2024-05-23}}</ref> This is the word used by the Prophet Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A short history of Islamic thought|last=Morrissey|first=Fitzroy|date=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-752201-1|location=New York|pages=8}}</ref> According to Islamic tradition, the Qur'an was revealed to Muhammad over 23 years. They began when he 40 years old until his death at 63. The first revelation happened during the month called Ramadan. The revelation was brought by the angel Gabriel, who told him to repeat the word of God (in Arabic, ''Allah'').<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teachers Guide - Muslims {{!}} Teacher Center {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/muslims/timeline.html#:~:text=on%20our%20current%20website.&text=The%20start%20of%20Islam%20is,at%20the%20age%20of%2040|access-date=2024-04-16|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> : "Read in the name of your Lord who created : Created man from a clinging substance. : Read, and your Lord is most Generous– : He who taught by the pen– : Taught man that which he knew not."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Qur'an|date=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-283193-4|editor-last=Abdel Haleem|editor-first=M. A.|edition=First publ., with corrections, as an Oxford World's Classics paperback|series=Oxford world's classics|location=Oxford|pages=xiv|editor-last2=Abdel Haleem|editor-first2=M. A.}}</ref> === After the death of Prophet Muhammad === [[File:RashidunCaliphateEng.png|alt=Map showing the Rashidun Caliphate, which included the Arabian peninsula, North Africa (Mahgreb), Persia, and the Levant. It is surrounded by the Roman Empire.|thumb|286x286px|Rashidun Caliphate during the rule of Caliph Uthman in 653 A.D.]] After the Prophet Muhammad's death, the Arabian Peninsula had united into one Muslim community because of his military conquest. This was done by the conquering of many Arabian tribes, including the [[Quraysh]] tribe (the tribe that the Prophet belonged to <ref name=":0" />), the Aws tribe, and lots of smaller [[Jew|Jewish]] communities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The generalship of Muhammad: battles and campaigns of the Prophet of Allah|last=Rodgers|first=Russ|date=2012|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0|location=Gainesville (Fa.)|pages=109 –110, 232}}</ref> The first four men to lead the Muslim community after the death of the Prophet Muhammad are known as the [[Rashidun Empire|Rashidun]], which means rightly guided in Arabic.<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Caliph|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-56|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> These four Caliphs (which means means 'successor of Muhammad' in Arabic<ref>{{Citation|last=Dent|first=Susie|title=Caliph|date=2012|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199990009.001.0001/acref-9780199990009-e-1832|work=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable|publisher=Chambers Harrap Publishers|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199990009.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-999000-9 |access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref>) were [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]], and [[Ali]]. Many Muslims believe that this was the last generation of true Muslim leaders, which is why there are known as the Rashidun.<ref>{{Citation|last=Perry|first=Glenn E.|title=Caliph|date=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0131|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> == Islam in Medieval Arabia == === Sunni movements === In the medieval period, the Arabian peninsula was united under multiple Islamic empires, called [[Caliphate|Caliphates]]. These empires were mostly Sunni empires. Sunni is one of two branches of Islam. Sunni Muslims believe the legitimacy of Muslim rulers came from their level of adherence to Muslim values, such as performing the pilgrimage Hajj, doing [[jihad]], and ruling by Islamic law.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kerr|first1=Anne KerrAnne|title=Sunni|date=2015-07-23|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001/acref-9780199685691-e-3532|work=A Dictionary of World History|editor-last=Kerr|editor-first=Anne|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-968569-1|access-date=2024-05-03|last2=Wright|first2=Edmund WrightEdmund|editor2-last=Wright|editor2-first=Edmund}}</ref> Sunni Islam is the branch of Islam that is still the most widely practiced in Saudi Arabia today.<ref name=":2" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Sunni Empires !Empire (Caliphate) !Kings (Caliphs) !Period !Map |- |[[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] Caliphate |14 Caliphs, including '''Muawiya I ibn Abu''' '''Sufyan''' (first Caliph<ref>{{Citation|last=Clarke|first=Nicola ClarkeNicola|title=Mu'awiya I b. Abi Sufyan|date=2018-03-22|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3249|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref>) and '''Umar ibn Abd''' '''al-Aziz''', who is credited with making the empire more efficient.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803110555957|access-date=2024-05-03|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref> |661-750 A.D<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Umayyad Caliphate|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-356|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> |[[File:Umayyad Caliphate 720 AD (orthographic projection).svg|alt=Map of the Umayyad caliphate, which included Spain, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Persia.|thumb|137x137px|Umayyad caliphate in 720 A.D]] |- |[[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliphate |37 Caliphs, including '''al-Saffāḥ'''<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Saffah, Abu al-Abbas al-|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2052|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> (the first Caliph, and relative of Prophet Muhammad's uncle) and '''al-Manṣūr''' (who founded the city of [[Baghdad]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-25|title=Al-Manṣūr {{!}} ʿAbbāsid Caliph & Founder of Baghdad {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Mansur-Abbasid-caliph|access-date=2024-05-03|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>). |750 -1258 A.D<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Abbasid Caliphate|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-1|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> |[[File:Abbasid Caliphate most extant.png|alt=Map of the Abbasid Caliphate at largest and most powerful in 744. It includes Persia, the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and south Spain. |thumb|Abbasid Caliphate in 744 A.D]] |- |[[Ayyubid Sultanate|Ayyubid]] Empire (or Sultanate) |9 Sultans (rulers), including the founder '''[[Saladin]]''', who fought against French, English and Holy Roman forces in the [[Crusades|Third Crusade]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cartwhite|first=Mark|date=27/08/2018|title=Third Crusade|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Third_Crusade/|website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> |1171–1260 A.D<ref>{{Citation|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M. BloomJonathan M.|title=Ayyubid|date=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-114|encyclopedia=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|access-date=2024-05-03|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila S. BlairSheila S.}}</ref> |[[File:Saladdin Empire.PNG|alt=Map of the Ayyubid empire under the leadership of Saladin. It included parts of Eygpt and North Africa, the Hejaz region of the Arabian Peninsula and greater Syria. |thumb|The Ayyubid Empire under the leadership of Saladin]] |- |[[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] Empire (or Sultanate) |53 Sultans, including '''Tumanbay II''' (the last Sultan<ref>{{Citation|last=Morby|first=John|editor-first1=Charlie |editor-last1=Rozier |title=Egypt, Islamic|date=2014-09-18|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191780073.001.0001/acref-9780191780073-e-72|work=Dynasties of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780191780073.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-178007-3|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref>). |1250 - 1517 A.D<ref>{{Citation|last=Amitai|first=Reuven|title=Mamluks|date=2010|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036-e-0581|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> |[[File:Memluk Sultanate.png|alt=Map of the Mamluk Sultanate. It mainly covers Egypt, and includes the Hejaz region of Arabia.|thumb|Mamluk Sultanate]] |- |[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Empire |36 Sultans,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-28|title=Ottoman Empire - WWI, Decline & Definition|url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire|access-date=2024-05-03|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> including '''Osman I''' (founder), and '''Mehmed II''' (conquered Constantinople<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kerr|first1=Anne KerrAnne|title=Mehmed II|date=2015-07-23|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001/acref-9780199685691-e-2371|work=A Dictionary of World History|editor-last=Kerr|editor-first=Anne|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-968569-1|access-date=2024-05-03|last2=Wright|first2=Edmund WrightEdmund|editor2-last=Wright|editor2-first=Edmund}}</ref>). |1299 - 1922 A.D<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kerr|first1=Anne KerrAnne|title=Ottoman empire|date=2015-07-23|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001/acref-9780199685691-e-2739|work=A Dictionary of World History|editor-last=Kerr|editor-first=Anne|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199685691.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-968569-1|access-date=2024-05-03|last2=Wright|first2=Edmund WrightEdmund|editor2-last=Wright|editor2-first=Edmund}}</ref> |[[File:Ottoman-Empire-peak-1590-map.jpg|alt=Map of the Ottoman Empire at its height in 1590. It includes North Africa, most of Arabia, the Balkans, Turkey and the Levant region.|thumb|Ottoman Empire in 1590 A.D]] |} === Shi'ite movements === The second main branch of Islam is called [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]]. There are less Shia Muslims in the world than Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2024-05-05|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> There were less Shia empires than Sunni empires in Arabia. They are more powerful in [[Persian Empire|Persia]] (Iran), where they have ruled since 791 A.D.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Iran|last1=Bailey|first1=Harold Walter|last2=Gray|first2=Basil|last3=Frye|first3=Richard Nelson|date=1975|publisher=Cambridge university press|others=University of Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-20093-6|location=Cambridge, New York ; Melbourne}}</ref> Shi'as, unlike Sunni Muslims, believe that leaders should be related to the Prophet Muhammad<ref>{{Citation|last=Anzalone|first=Christopher AnzaloneChristopher|title=Shia|date=2008-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-1442|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-517632-2|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> and the fourth Rashidun Caliph, [[Ali]]. {| class="wikitable" |+Shi'ite Empires !Caliphate !Caliphs !Period !Map |- |[[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] Empire |14 Caliphs, including '''al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah''' (who saw the mass conversion of many Christians and Jews in Egypt).<ref>{{Citation|last=werthmuller|first=kurt werthmullerkurt|editor-first1=Emmanuel K. |editor-first2=Henry Louis |editor-last1=Akyeampong |editor-last2=Gates |title=Hakim, al-|date=2011-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0801|work=Dictionary of African Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> |909 - 1171 A.D<ref>{{Citation|title=caliphate, Fatimid|date=2010-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-1114|work=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866262-4|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> |[[File:Fatimid.jpg|alt=Map of the Fatimid Caliphate. It includes North Africa, Sicily, and the Hejaz.|thumb|Fatimid Caliphate]] |} Islamic empires have ruled the region of Arabia called the Hejaz (the strip of land where Mecca and Medina are) since the first Caliphate, the Rashidun. Most later empires, like the Fatimids and the Mamluks only ruled this area of Arabia because of its religious significance.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ochsenwald|first=William|title=Hejaz|date=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1038|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref> == Islam and the House of Saud == === Muhammad ibn Abd-al Wahhab === [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn Abd-al Wahhab]] (Arabic: مُحَمَّد بْن عَبْد ٱلْوَهَّاب بْن سُلَيْمَان ٱلتَّمِيمِيّ) was an Islamic scholar and thinker who lived in the 18th century in Arabia. He believed that the modern, Western world had made Muslims unfaithful to their religion because of practices like the worshiping of idols (in Arabic, ''shirk'', which is strictly prohibited in Islam<ref>{{Citation|last=Fletcher|first=Charles|title=Shirk|date=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1080|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref>). Ibn-Wahhab argued that Muslims must stop using medieval traditions and thought. Instead, they should directly use the ''Qur'an'' and the [[hadith]] (the writings about the life of the Prophet Muhammad<ref>{{Citation|last=Hammond|first=Marlé|title=ḥadīth|date=2018-02-15|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191836954.001.0001/acref-9780191836954-e-70|work=A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780191836954.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-183695-4|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref>) to adhere to Islamic law.<ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-916|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> Abd-al Wahhab created an alliance with Muhammad ibn-Saud, who was a [[Sheikh|tribal leader]] in the Nejd region of Arabia. This alliance meant that [[Wahhabi|Wahhabism]] (the name given to the collection of beliefs of Muhammad ibn Abd-al Wahhab) and the future state of Saudi Arabia became inseparable.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political islam: context versus ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalislamco0000unse|date=2010|publisher=Saqi [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-86356-659-2|editor-last=Ḥurūb|editor-first=H̱ālid al-|series=SOAS Middle East issues|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalislamco0000unse/page/49 49]|editor-last2=London Middle East Institute}}</ref> === Wahhabism === Wahhabism is the main form of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia today. It is also the official state form of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political islam: context versus ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalislamco0000unse|date=2010|publisher=Saqi [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-86356-659-2|editor-last=Ḥurūb|editor-first=H̱ālid al-|series=SOAS Middle East issues|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalislamco0000unse/page/140 140]|editor-last2=London Middle East Institute}}</ref> The continued alliance between the religious doctrine and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is seen when the ''[[ulema]]'' (religious scholars) have issued ''[[Fatwa|fatwas]]'' (religious rulings) to support the political aims of the government. For example, in 1990 when the ''ulema'' approved the presence of American army troops in Saudi Arabia during the First Gulf War,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kurzman|first=Charles|date=2003|title=Pro-U.S Fatwas|url=https://kurzman.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1410/2011/06/Kurzman_Pro_US_Fatwas.pdf|journal=Middle East Policy|volume=10|issue=3 |pages=155–166|doi=10.1111/1475-4967.00124 |via=Gale Academic OneFile}}</ref> and in 1993 when it approved peace with Israel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Political islam: context versus ideology|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalislamco0000unse|date=2010|publisher=Saqi [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-86356-659-2|editor-last=Ḥurūb|editor-first=H̱ālid al-|series=SOAS Middle East issues|location=London|editor-last2=London Middle East Institute}}</ref> There were two highly controversial ''fatwas'' which discredited the Wahhabi movement for many Saudis. === Wahhabism under Mohammad bin Salman al Saud === In recent years, [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]] [[Mohammed bin Salman|Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud]] has aimed to break ties between Saudi Arabia and Wahhabism by making cultural and political reforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Crown Prince Lambasts His Kingdom's Wahhabi Establishment {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/saudi-crown-prince-lambasts-his-kingdoms-wahhabi-establishment|access-date=2024-05-09|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> Most famously, these include allowing women to drive cars, which was made law in 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Specia|first=Megan|date=2019-06-24|title=Saudi Arabia Granted Women the Right to Drive. A Year on, It's Still Complicated.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/world/middleeast/saudi-driving-ban-anniversary.html|access-date=2024-05-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and welcoming music festivals, such as MDLBEAST Soundstorm.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hann|first=Michael|date=2023-06-28|title=What's behind Saudi Arabia's answer to Glastonbury? The power of popwashing|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jun/28/saudi-arabia-glastonbury-popwashing-soundstorm-festival-pop-music|access-date=2024-05-09|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He has also directly criticised the Wahhabi ''ulema'' and their practices. For example, he has criticised the use of ''hadith'' to justify the use of [[capital punishment]] against religious crimes, as outlined in the 1932 Basic Law of Governance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Crown Prince Lambasts His Kingdom's Wahhabi Establishment {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/saudi-crown-prince-lambasts-his-kingdoms-wahhabi-establishment|access-date=2024-05-09|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> Under Mohammad bin Salman's rule, the official date of the independence of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia changed from 1745 A.D (the year when the alliance between the House of Saud allied with Sunni scholar Mohammad ibn Adb-al Wahhab) to 1727 A.D (the year when the first al Saud ruler established himself as a tribal leader in the Nejd). This change highlights Mohammad bin Salman's aim to remove ties between Wahhabism and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Adjusts Its History, Diminishing the Role of Wahhabism {{!}} The Washington Institute|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/saudi-arabia-adjusts-its-history-diminishing-role-wahhabism|access-date=2024-05-09|website=www.washingtoninstitute.org|language=en}}</ref> == Hajj == [[File:Kaaba, Makkah3.jpg|alt=A large cubic monument covered in black silk (the Kaaba) is being circled by hundreds of Muslims dressed in white robes and shaven heads.|thumb|Muslims walking around the Kaaba during the Hajj pilgrimage]] The [[Hajj]] is a pilgrimage to the [[Kaaba]], a stone monument that is covered in black silk. It is in Mecca. The Hajj began as a formal pilgrimage in the seventh century, when the Prophet Muhammad was alive.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-29|title=Hajj {{!}} Definition, Importance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hajj|access-date=2024-05-05|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Mayeur-Jaouen|first=Catherine|title=hajj|date=2002|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319-e-1256|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages|publisher=James Clarke & Co|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001|isbn=978-0-227-67931-9|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> Hajj is one of [[Five Pillars of Islam|five ‘pillars’ of Islam]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Hajj|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-5037|encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia|date=2004 |publisher=Philip's|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-954609-1|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> This means it is one of the obligatory acts of worship for Muslims. The Hajj also includes many other rituals during the forty day event. These include walking around the Kaaba in a circle (in Arabic, ''tawaf)'' and travelling in between the hills of [[Safa and Marwa|Safa and Mawra]] 7 times.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Hajj? A step-by-step guide to the Muslim pilgrimage|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/21/what-is-hajj-a-step-by-step-guide-to-the-muslim-pilgrimage|access-date=2024-04-18|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Esposito|first=John L. EspositoJohn L.|title=Hajj|date=2022-05-19|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-124|work=The Islamic World: Past and Present|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-516520-3|access-date=2024-05-03}}</ref> Millions of Muslims travel for the Hajj every year. For the 2023 season, the number of visitors for the Hajj was about 1.8 million, the majority of them male.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Largest Hajj pilgrimage in history' begins in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/25/largest-hajj-pilgrimage-in-history-begins-in-saudi-arabia|access-date=2024-04-18|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> The number of women partaking in the Hajj has increased from one-third to nearly one-half over the last 40 years.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bianchi|first=Robert|title=Ḥajj|date=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0289|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> === Hajj Infrastructure === [[File:Kongsi Tiga poster.png|thumb|270x270px|Kongsi Tiga poster]] This modernisation includes the building of new train lines, with a 450km metro line that connects [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2023-06-30|title=How Saudi Arabia's high-speed railway allows Hajj pilgrims to travel in comfort and style|url=https://arab.news/5mnd2|access-date=2024-04-21|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> The modernisation of the Hajj pilgrimage route caused the destruction of more than 300 historical buildings in the past sixty years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amanullah|first=Shahed|date=2009|title="Hajj 2.0: Technology's Impact on the Muslim Pilgrimage"|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs.|pages=75–82|via=JSTOR}}</ref> The Saudi Federation for Cybersecurity, Programming and Drones (SAFCSP) organised a "Hajj hackathon" in [[Jeddah]]. Engineers had to introduce new technologies to facilitate the pilgrims experience in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia looks to technology to make hajj safer|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0b68f9f4-a135-11e8-85da-eeb7a9ce36e4|access-date=2024-04-21|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> This contest was created to find ways to prevent deadly accidents and natural disasters that have impacted the Hajj in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|date=2006-01-13|title=A history of hajj tragedies|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/13/saudiarabia|access-date=2024-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> European countries have tried to get involved in the Hajj for economic reasons. A Dutch shipping union called Kongsi Tiga transported pilgrims to Saudi Arabia from the Dutch West Indies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Michael B.|date=2006|title=Pilgrims' Progress: The Business of the Hajj|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125193|journal=Past & Present|issue=191|pages=189–228|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtj009 |jstor=4125193 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref> In 1986, [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] expanded his official title "His Majesty" to include "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" ([[Romanized|romanised]]: Khadim Al-Haramain Al-Sharifain. In Arabic: خَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِ ٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ). This was to send the message that Mecca belongs to the Saudi King.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-27|title=Story behind the king's title|url=https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/695351|access-date=2024-05-10|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> It has been used by every King since. == Population and demographic == The population of Saudi Arabia is estimated to be 35.4 million in 2022. About 21 million (85 to 90%) of the Saudis are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Muslims. [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims are 10 to 12% of the Saudi citizen population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Department of State|first=U.S|date=2022|title=Report on International Religious Freedom : Saudi Arabia, sections I and II.|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/#:~:text=Religious%20Demography,-The%20U.S.%20government&text=Between%2085%20and%2090%20percent,of%20the%20Eastern%20Province's%20population.|website=U.S Department of State}}</ref> They are mainly located in the eastern part of the country, near [[Qatar]] and [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rigoulet-Roze|first=David|date=2009-06-09|title=The Shias of the Saudi Province of Al-Ahsa: A Few "National" Strategic Issues at the Heart of Regional Ethno-Confessional Challenges|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_HER_133_0108--the-shias-of-the-saudi-province-of-al.htm|journal=Herodote|language=fr|volume=133|issue=2|pages=108–135|doi=10.3917/her.133.0108 |issn=0338-487X}}</ref> Saudi Arabia also has a non-Muslim population. There are about 2 million [[Christian|Christians]] and 700,000 [[Hinduism|Hindus]] living in Saudi Arabia.<ref name=":2" /> Saudi Arabian cities (the two main ones being Riyadh and Jeddah) are home to 82.1% of the total population. Only about 17.9% of the population lives in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UN Habitat|date=2016|title=Country Profile: Saudi Arabia|url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Country%20Profile%20Saudi%20Arabia%20English.pdf|url-status=|website=UN Habitat}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Saudi Arabia Demographic (By religion in 2023) <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2024-03-01|title=Saudi Arabia (KSA) Population Statistics 2024 [Infographics]|url=https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/saudi-arabia-population-statistics/|access-date=2024-05-08|website=Official GMI Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> |Islam |34.85 Million |93% |- |Christianity |1.65 Million |4.4% |- |Hinduism |0.41 Million |1.1% |- |Religiously unaffiliated |0.26 Million |0.7% |- |Folk or traditional religions |0.11 Million |0.3% |- |Buddhism |0.11 Million |0.3% |- |Others |0.07 Million |0,2% |} == Legal system == The country's official religion is [[Islam]]. The constitution is based on the [[Qur'an|Qu'ran]] and [[Sunnah|Sunna]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Al-Atawneh|first=Muhammad|date=2009|title=Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=45|issue=5|pages=721–737|doi=10.1080/00263200802586105 |jstor=40647150 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref> (rules based on prophet Muhammad's life). The legal system is based on [[Sharia]] law, which is given by God and interpreted by religious scholars.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mallat|first=Chibli MallatChibli|title=Sharia|date=2012-11-22|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199738595.001.0001/acref-9780199738595-e-353|work=The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199738595.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-973859-5|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref> The features of the Saudi government and legal system are stated in the 1992 Basic Law of Governance. It states the importance of national unity and education, family, virtue and Islam for the society of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Law of Governance {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/basic-law-governance|access-date=2024-05-01|website=www.saudiembassy.net|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209173806/https://www.saudiembassy.net/basic-law-governance|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Basic Law of Governance states many religious crimes which are punishable by death. For example, the charge of [[apostasy]] (in Arabic, ''ridda'', which means a Muslim changing his religion<ref>{{Citation|last=Bowker|first=John|title=Ridda|date=2003-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-6087|work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-280094-7|access-date=2024-05-05}}</ref>) is punishable by death. This has not happened in recent years. Also, anti-terrorism laws state that it is a criminal act to question the basics Islam, or promoting [[Atheism|atheist]] (non-religious) thought. Some non-Muslim foreigners who wish to gain citizenship must show they have become Muslim.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Office of International Religious Freedom|date=2022|title=Saudi Arabia 2022 International Religious Freedom Report|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/|website=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia}}</ref> == Related pages == *[[Islam by country]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islam by country|Saudi Arabia]] [[Category:Religion in Saudi Arabia]] {{religion-stub}} syinx2im9g0ene6bxuykxcia31oj6fn 3 1102677 10331818 9506913 2025-06-15T11:18:07Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Gʻulomjon Sobirov]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331818 wikitext text/x-wiki == April 2024 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}! 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h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1105902 10330681 10292948 2025-06-14T19:15:12Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330681 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 0 1106023 10331253 9534766 2025-06-15T01:27:52Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aleksandra Istorik | image = Aleksandra Istorik.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|07|11}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg]] | nationality = [[Spain]] | occupation = [[Artist]] | known_for = Surrealismo dorado }} '''Aleksandra Istorik''', (born 11 July 2000 in [[Saint Petersburg]]), is a [[Contemporary art|contemporary artist]] renowned for her distinctive style known as "Surrealismo dorado" Growing up in a culturally rich environment, she embarked on her artistic journey from a tender age, drawing inspiration from her familial artistic heritage.<ref name="Aleksandra Istorik traslada una muestra de su ‘Surrealismo dorado’ al Aeropuerto de València, www.elperiodic.com">{{Cite web|title=Aleksandra Istorik traslada una muestra de su ‘Surrealismo dorado’ al Aeropuerto de València|url=https://www.elperiodic.com/valencia/aleksandra-istorik-traslada-muestra-surrealismo-dorado-aeropuerto-valencia_879678|access-date=2024-04-15|website=elperiodic.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=20minutos|date=2022-02-14|title=L'artista russa Aleksandra Istorik establida a València exposarà a l'Art Capital 2022 de París|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4956474/0/l-artista-russa-aleksandra-istorik-establida-a-valencia-exposara-a-l-art-capital-2022-de-paris/|access-date=2024-04-15|website=www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|language=es}}</ref> == Artistic Style == Aleksandra's art is characterized by its exploration of paradoxical realities, seeking to safeguard the essence of humanity within them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Camacho|first=Noelia|date=2023-03-08|title=Una artista de 22 años abre su propia galería en Valencia|url=https://www.lasprovincias.es/culturas/galerista-anos-cansada-excusas-daban-exhibir-obra-20230308120756-nt.html|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Las Provincias|language=es}}</ref> Her creative process is deeply introspective, grounded in her steadfast dedication to her convictions and internal reflections. Unlike artists confined to a single medium, Aleksandra employs a diverse range of techniques, seamlessly blending various artistic methods.<ref name="Aleksandra Istorik traslada una muestra de su ‘Surrealismo dorado’ al Aeropuerto de València, www.elperiodic.com" /><ref>{{Citation|title=L'Informatiu de la Comunitat Valenciana 2 - 15/11/22|date=2022-11-15|url=https://www.rtve.es/play/videos/linformatiu-comunitat-valenciana/2-15-11-22/6736779/|language=es|access-date=2024-04-15}}</ref> == Technique and Themes == In her works, Aleksandra navigates through contrasting elements such as impasto and veils, intricate details, and bold brushstrokes, as well as the interplay between darkness and light.<ref>{{Cite web|last=valència|first=levante-emv|date=2021-01-07|title=Exposición sobre la cuarentena en la Junta de Ciutat Vella|url=https://www.levante-emv.com/valencia/2021/01/07/exposicion-cuarentena-junta-ciutat-vella-27126878.html|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Levante-EMV|language=es}}</ref> These contradictions serve as the cornerstone of her artistic expression, resulting in pieces that are both refined and enigmatic.<ref name="La artista rusa Aleksandra Istorik afincada en València expondrá en la Art Capital 2022 de París">{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Europa|date=2022-02-14|title=La artista rusa Aleksandra Istorik afincada en València expondrá en la Art Capital 2022 de París|url=https://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-artista-rusa-aleksandra-istorik-afincada-valencia-expondra-art-capital-2022-paris-20220214110342.html|access-date=2024-04-15|website=www.europapress.es}}</ref><ref name="La artista rusa Aleksandra Istorik afincada en València expondrá en la Art Capital 2022 de París" /> == Career == At the age of 21, Aleksandra established her own gallery, the Aleksandra Istorik Gallery, located in the historic center of [[Valencia]]. Throughout her professional journey, she has exhibited her art in numerous cities worldwide, including [[New York City|New York]], [[Madrid]], [[Paris]], [[Karlsruhe]], [[Saint Petersburg]], and [[Monaco]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-26|title=Contes daurats de Aleksandra Istorik en Ciutat Vella|url=https://www.levante-emv.com/ocio/agenda/contes-daurats-aleksandra-istorik-ciutat-56565055.html|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Levante-EMV|language=es}}</ref> == Exhibitions and Outreach == In addition to traditional gallery exhibitions, Aleksandra has curated traveling showcases in unconventional venues such as airports and luxury hotels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EP|date=2021-08-16|title=Aleksandra Istorik invita a "escapar de los tiempos post-COVID" con una muestra en València|url=https://www.levante-emv.com/cultura/2021/08/16/aleksandra-istorik-invita-escapar-tiempos-56278184.html|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Levante-EMV|language=es}}</ref> She has even conducted live demonstrations of her creative process, painting in front of airport passengers and hotel guests, thereby directly engaging with diverse audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|last=S.L|first=EDICIONES PLAZA|title=Aleksandra Istorik invita "a escapar de los tiempos postcovid" con sus 'Cuentos Dorados'|url=https://valenciaplaza.com/aleksandra-istorik-invita-a-escapar-de-los-tiempos-postcovid-con-sus-cuentos-dorados|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Cultur Plaza|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=S.L|first=EDICIONES PLAZA|title=La artista Aleksandra Istorik abre su propia galería|url=https://valenciaplaza.com/la-artistaaleksandra-istorik-abre-su-propia-galeria|access-date=2024-04-15|website=Cultur Plaza|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=El Aeropuerto Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas ofrece al pasajero una muestra del “Surrealismo dorado” de Aleksandra Istorik|url=https://www.aena.es/es/prensa/el-aeropuerto-adolfo-suarez-madrid-barajas-ofrece-al-pasajero-una-muestra---del-surrealismo-dorado-de-aleksandra-istorik.html&p=1575078740846|access-date=2024-04-15|website=www.aena.es}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Spanish painters]] [[Category:Spanish people]] [[Category:2000 births]] 9krhf9icvcydqz6he7y4i5dlpgpi9qh 2 1107096 10330682 10292975 2025-06-14T19:15:17Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330682 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 0 1107667 10331561 10094577 2025-06-15T07:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ivan Edwards, DO, FAAPMR, FRSA<ref>{{cite web |title=Ivan Edwards becomes an inducted fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in London |url=http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2021/08/15/dr-ivan-edwards-becomes-an-inducted-fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-arts-rca-in-london/ |website=Uganda Diaspora |publisher=Uganda Diaspora news |accessdate=16 May 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425195057/http://www.ugandandiasporanews.com/2021/08/15/dr-ivan-edwards-becomes-an-inducted-fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-arts-rca-in-london/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Dr. Ivan Edwards.jpg |birth_name = | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | education = Rivier University (BS); Midwestern University (DO); EVMS (Medicine); UT Health Science Center - San Antonio (Residency); USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Air University | occupation = Medical doctor; Military officer (USAF Reserve) - Rank, Lt Colonel. }} '''Ivan Edwards''' is an American doctor with Ugandan-European [[mixed race]] background. He is a flight surgeon (a [[Doctor Who|doctor who]] treats people that do flying work, like [[Pilot|pilots]]). He in the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force Reserve]], at the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alamo Wing flight surgeon receives prestigious fellowship|url=https://www.433aw.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2792665/alamo-wing-flight-surgeon-receives-prestigious-fellowship/|access-date=2024-05-16|website=433rd Airlift Wing|language=en-US}}</ref> He is the first flight surgeon of Ugandan descent in the US Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kmaupdates|date=2023-10-12|title=THE HEALTH SECTOR IN UGANDA|url=https://kmaupdates.com/2023/10/12/the-health-sector-in-uganda/|access-date=2024-05-16|website=Kmaupdates|language=en-US}}</ref> He played a big role in stopping the sale of a historic cemetery in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Candia|first=Steven|date=13 April 2009|title=US Soldier to Fight for KCC Cemetery|work=New Vision|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200904140127.html|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> He is a [[public speaker]]. He has a healthcare practice in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Ivan Edwards|url=https://canvasrebel.com/meet-dr-ivan-edwards/|access-date=2024-05-16|website=canvasrebel.com|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Background and education == He was born in Kampala, Uganda, and lived there during the [[dictatorship]] of [[Idi Amin]], a ruler who destroyed many people’s lives. In the late 1980’s, he came to the USA and became an American [[Citizenship|citizen]]. He completed his education in the U.S. He joined the US [[Air force|Air Force]] Reserve after the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 terrorist attacks in the US]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugandan immigrant escapes dictatorship, finds rehabilitation in Air Force|url=https://reservenationalguard.com/reserve-guard-news/ugandan-immigrant-air-force-service/|last=Williams|first=Kari|access-date=2025-01-25|website=RESERVE + NATIONAL GUARD MAGAZINE}}</ref> == Community work == In 2009, Edwards played a big role in preventing the sale of an old [[cemetery]] in Kampala, Uganda. This cemetery, called the Kampala European Cemetery, was where many important people from Uganda’s past, including some of Edwards’ family, were buried. Some people wanted to buy the cemetery to build a shopping mall there, but Edwards didn’t want that to happen.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Candia|first=Steven|date=11 April 2009|title=Family Opposes City Cemetery Giveaway|work=The New Vision|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200904130663.html|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> He started a protest and got a lot of people involved. Because of the attention from the local news and the community’s support, the cemetery was saved from being sold. It was also recognized as a historical place that needed to be protected.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mwanje|first=Robert|date=24 August 2006|title=Uganda: Sebaggala Stops Grave Relocation|work=Uganda Monitor|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200608230967.html|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nantaba|first=Eriosi|date=22 April 2013|title=KCCA Denies Cemetery Sale|work=East African Business Week|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201304230619.html|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kasoma|first=Aloysious|date=21 May 2013|title=Jinja Road Cemetery to Become Tourist Site|work=The Observer|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201305221445.html|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> == Medical work == Edwards’ medical practice focuses on managing the patients' pain and restoring them back to good function. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lateef|first=Oyalola|date=6 June 2021|title=True Health Begins With The Mind|work=Top Doctors Magazine|url=https://topdoctormagazine.com/wellness/health-nutrition/true-health-begins-with-the-mind/|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Ivan}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Kampala]] [[Category:American physicians]] [[Category:Scientists from Texas]] azjytzrc8s9tq03zek7v4k0hr91gq2f 2 1107986 10330684 10292949 2025-06-14T19:15:22Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330684 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1107987 10330685 10300220 2025-06-14T19:15:27Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330685 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1108080 10330686 10292950 2025-06-14T19:15:32Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330686 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1108081 10330687 10292951 2025-06-14T19:15:37Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330687 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1108548 10330688 10292952 2025-06-14T19:15:42Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330688 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 0 1108670 10329869 10321535 2025-06-14T12:40:50Z Steven1991 1522289 Undid revision 10321529 by [[Special:Contributions/All I want is freedom|All I want is freedom]] ([[User talk:All I want is freedom|talk]]) Revert WP:FRINGE content 10329869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=230 | image1 = Palestinian invasion of Israel (Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, map, Oct 7, 2023).svg | image2 = October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (7– 8 October).svg | footer = Map of the attacks on 7–8 October }} On 7 October 2023, [[Hamas]]/[[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] and several other [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] militant groups launched armed attacks from the [[Gaza Strip]] into the Gaza Envelope. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks '''Operation Al-Aqsa Flood''' (or '''Deluge'''; {{Lang-ar|عَمَلِيَّةُ طُوفَانِ الْأَقْصَى|ʿamaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā}}, usually romanised as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa"),<ref name="UN Fact Sheet">From the [[United Nations]]: * {{cite web |author1=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |title=Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] (UN) |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013173556/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |language=English |format=[[Press release]] |date=9 October 2023 |quote=On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel. |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=[[UNRWA|United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) |title=UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016003630/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ |archive-date=16 October 2023 |language=English |format=Situation Report |date=7 October 2023 |quote=At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" with more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel. |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |title=Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (19 October 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022001152/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |language=English |format=[[Press release]] |date=20 October 2023 |quote=On Saturday, 7 October...Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel.|url-status=live}}</ref> while in Israel they are known as '''Black Sabbath (Saturday)''' ({{Lang-he|הַשַּׁבָּת הַשְּׁחוֹרָה}})<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waghorn |first1=Dominic |title=This is a dangerous moment in Israel-Hamas war – and the rest of the world is holding its breath |url=https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=Sky News |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023201652/https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 |url-status=live }}</ref> or the '''The October 7th Massacre''' ({{Lang|he|טֶבַח הַשְּׁבִיעִי בְּאוֹקְטוֹבֶּר}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=טבח 7 באוקטובר|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/topics/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_7_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8|access-date=2025-03-05|website=ynet|language=he}}</ref> and internationally as the '''October 7th attack'''<ref name="SAA">{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip |title=Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip |newspaper=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=November 20, 2023 |author= |quote="In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel." |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128102703/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sky1011">{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 |title=Hamas fighter says he is 'proud' of the October 7 attack on Israel and vows to keep fighting |newspaper=Sky News |date=November 10, 2023 |author= |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044919/https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="G0911">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october |title=A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute |newspaper=The Guardian |date=November 9, 2023 |author=Jason Burke |quote="Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere." |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''The October 7th Massacre.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recalling the Oct. 7 massacre nearly one year on - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/recalling-the-oct-7-massacre-nearly-one-year-on/|access-date=2025-03-05|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The attacks started the ongoing [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The attacks began early on October 7th with a launch of at least 3,000 rockets launched toward Israeli cities and villages.<ref name="Kubovich Day 1">{{cite web |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=The First Hours of the Israel-Hamas War: What Actually Took Place? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 |publisher=Haaretz |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017151619/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |language=English |date=17 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scmp8oct">{{cite news|title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=8 October 2023|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas fighters entered the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]], attacking both military bases and villages, and killing civilians in 21 communities. 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded [[Re'im music festival massacre|while attending a music festival]].<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title=Israel revises death toll from Oct. 7 Hamas assault, dropping it from 1,400 to 1,200 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111061709/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' | Reuters">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages.png|thumb|Hamas gunmen [[Kidnapping|capturing]] [[civilian]] [[Hostage|hostages]] from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Hamas gunmen storming kibbutz in southern Israel.jpg|thumb|Hamas [[Terrorism|militant]] storming the [[kibbutz]] Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Nova massacre dashcam.jpg|thumb|Dashcam photo of a Hamas militiant capturing an Israeli civilian at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, held near Re’im in the southern an-Naqab desert during Operation Al Aqsa Flood.]][[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|Home in Kibbutz Nahal Oz infiltrated by Hamas terrorists on 7 October, 2023.]] As of November 2023, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] said that about 3,000 terrorists invaded southern Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Pacchiani |first2=Gianluca |date=1 November 2023 |title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> In total the attackers killed 1,189 people: 815 Israeli civilians (including 38 children),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-07|title=Hamas terrorist attacks on October 7: The deadliest day in Israel's history|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241007-hamas-terrorist-attacks-7-october-deadliest-day-israel-history-anniversary|access-date=2025-03-05|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> 71 foreign nationals, and 373 members of the [[Israeli security forces|security forces]].<ref name=F24231215>{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |url-status=live }}</ref> About 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|taken as hostages]] to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=7 Oct 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jerusalempost19oct">{{Cite news |last=Yonah|first=Jeremy|date=19 October 2023 |title=IDF working on rescue ops for over 200 Israeli hostages in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020172403/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct">{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Video appears to show Hamas taking Israeli civilian hostage |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012034843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 |url-status=live}}</ref>According to several news networks, witnesses and public records, many of those killed during october 7 attacks were killed by the Israeli Army as they scrambled to stop the attackers. According to Barrons’ magazine the exact details of some of the events remain disputed. Some of the claims made by Israeli government officials and shared online in social media are not backed by publicly available data or records such as the claims that babies were deliberately targeted. There was no proof whatsoever than any baby was killed by Hamas fighters. Furthermore, witnesses confirmed that the Israeli soldiers who were deployed after the beginning of the incidents used the “Hannibal Directive” and proceeded with shooting at Hamas fighters even though they were aware that they were carrying what Israel called “hostages” who were in fact prisoners of war. Palestinian resistance fighters claimed that they wanted to exchange Israeli prisoners for the over 10,000 Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli Jails ( which included over 300 Palestinian child). Few of these Palestinian prisoners have been sentenced while thousands were held in prisons without any trial. == Extreme allegations and incitement == In 2023 and early 2024 Israeli sources accused Hamas and other Palestinians of "systematic use of rape as a weapon of war". In early 2024 these accusations were repeated in some U.K. and U.S. media including [[The Guardian]] and [[The New York Times]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evidence points to systematic use of rape and sexual violence by Hamas in 7 October attacks {{!}} Israel-Gaza war {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=amp.theguardian.com |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204125220/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Schwartz|first2=Anat|last3=Sella|first3=Adam|last4=Shaar-Yashuv|first4=Avishag|date=2023-12-28|title='Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html|access-date=2024-05-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Attack locations == {{7 October attacks}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Attack ! colspan="2" |Location ! colspan="4" |Israelis and foreign nationals ! rowspan="2" |Physical destruction ! colspan="3" |[[Palestinian militant groups |Palestinian militants]] ! rowspan="2" |References |- ! Name ! Pop.{{efn-ua| Civilian population data from {{Israel populations|Year}}.<ref name="Ynet volunteer security" >{{cite web | title= Regional Statistics | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv | website= www.cbs.gov.il | access-date= 1 December 2023 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230713133242/https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv | url-status=live }}</ref><!-- this needs to be frozen at 2021, the most recent available data on 7 October 2023, currently it is using the automated template for Israeli population data -->{{Israel populations|reference}}}} ! Total killed ! Civilians killed {{efn-ua|Most of the civilian areas on the Israeli side of the Gaza border had lightly armed volunteer security teams.<ref name = "ynetnews" >{{cite news |last1=Tzuri |first1=Matan |title=Untrained, lacking proper arms, local security teams defended their Gaza border homes |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt |website=Ynetnews |access-date=7 December 2023|date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014221936/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ! Combatants killed{{efn-ua|Usually includes only on duty police, military, and other professional armed security forces.}} ! Hostages & POWs ! Killed ! POWs ! <small>Claimed the attack</small> |- | 7 October attacks on Israel | [[Gaza Envelope]] and [[Southern District (Israel) |Southern Israel]] | style="background-color:#efefff" | total pop. = | total = 1,187 <ref name="Haaretz list 23 October 2024" >{{cite web | work = [[Haaretz]] | title = Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War | url = https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 | date = 2024-10-23 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241023042727/https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 | archive-date = 2024-10-23 }}</ref> | total = | total = | total = | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>[[Gaza–Israel barrier]] + [[List of Israeli military bases |military bases]] + [[kibbutz |kibbutzim]] + {{ill|Moshav|lt=moshavim|en|moshavim}}</small> | | | |<ref name="strength1">{{Cite news|last1=Fabian|first1=Emanuel|last2=Pacchiani|first2=Gianluca|date=1 November 2023|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|publisher=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="AJ - why">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know|url=https://aje.io/2qbfh8|access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel |lt = Rocket attacks|en}} |[[Green Line (Israel) |48 Israel]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Attack on Erez crossing]] |'''Military:''' [[Erez crossing]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>crossing allegedly made unusable</small> | | | |<ref name="royal - Erez">{{Cite web|title=Hundreds of Palestinians head to Erez Crossing: Roya correspondent|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44987/2023-10-07|access-date=7 October 2023|website=en.royanews.tv}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="toi - Erez damage">>{{Cite news|date=17 October 2023|title=Israel shows major damage to Erez Crossing with Gaza following Hamas assault|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-shows-major-damage-to-erez-crossing-with-gaza-following-hamas-assault/|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="toi - Erez reopens">{{Cite news|date=1 May 2024|title=Israel reopens Erez crossing for Gaza aid trucks 7 months after it was destroyed by Hamas|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timespofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-reopens-erez-crossing-for-gaza-aid-trucks-7-months-after-it-was-destroyed-by-hamas/|access-date=20 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{ill|Battle of Sderot|en}} |'''[[Israel Police |Police]]''' station in [[Sderot]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>computer server and connections</small>{{efn-ua|The militants destroyed the computer system and communications in the Sderot police station, which disabled emergency services communications for the region.<ref name="Dr. Levi West - tactics to strategy/"/><ref name="iaudio Dr. Levi West - Modern War Institute"/><ref name="Levi West - Irregular Warfare Podcast"/>}} | | | |<ref name="Dr. Levi West - tactics to strategy/">{{Cite news|last1=Darnley-Stuart|first1=Adam|last2=West|first2=Levi|date=14 November 2023|title=MWI Podcast: Understanding Hamas—from Tactics to Strategy|work=Modern War Institute|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001052/https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="iaudio Dr. Levi West - Modern War Institute">{{Cite news|last1=Darnley-Stuart|first1=Adam|last2=West|first2=Levi|title=Modern War Institute: Understanding Hamas: From Tactics to Strategy on Apple Podcasts|work=Modern War Institute Podcast|publisher=Apple Podcasts|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001050/https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Levi West - Irregular Warfare Podcast">{{Cite news|last1=West|first1=Levi|last2=Darnley-Stuart|first2=Adam|title=Irregular Warfare Podcast: Taking the Long View on Hamas on Apple Podcasts|work=Irregular Warfare Podcast|publisher=iTunes|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106015516/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> |- |The town of [[Sderot]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Sederot}} | |15+ | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shaulov|first=Roni Green|date=17 October 2023|title=Hamas war crimes: An elderly group gunned down at a bus stop|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141514/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Re'im music festival massacre]] |Music festival near [[Re'im]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |~3500{{efn-ua|Attendance at the festival was reported to be 3,500 but figures vary.<ref name="Lajka">{{Cite news |last1=Lajka |first1=Arijeta |last2=Mellen |first2=Riley |date=8 October 2023 |title=Video captures concertgoer being kidnapped by militants. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/music-festival-israel-kidnapping-video.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215143/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/music-festival-israel-kidnapping-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the attack, relatives searching for missing loved ones said more than one thousand were at the event at the time of the attack.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |last2=Piper |first2=Imogen |last3=Sohyun Lee |first3=Joyce |last4=George |first4=Susannah |date=8 October 2023 |title=How a night of dancing and revelry in Israel turned into a massacre |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/08/israel-festival-attack-gaza-militants/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008200354/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/08/israel-festival-attack-gaza-militants/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some festival attendees estimated 3,000–4,000 people.<ref name="Morris" /> }} |357+ | | |40 | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>cars</small> | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hayun|first=Dedi|date=10 October 2023|title=Abandoned cars underline panic at Israeli music festival where Hamas gunmen killed hundreds|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084325/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109|date=7 November 2023|language=he|publisher=[[Kan 11]]|title=From real time {{!}} The party that changed everything|at=18:29|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181648/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109|archive-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="probe">{{Cite web|date=17 November 2023|title=TV: Police probe of Re'im massacre shows terrorists didn't know about party in advance|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129145235/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=26 November 2023|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> |- | |Kibbutz [[Re'im]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Re'im}} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Battle of Re'im]] |'''Military:''' [[Re'im headquarters]]{{efn-ua|[[List of Israel Defense Forces bases #Southern Command |Headquarters]] of the [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="ani" />}} | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ani">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy|work=ANI|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/|archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Dan|date=7 October 2023|title=How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150408/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/|archive-date=7 October 2023|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2024|title=Swords of Iron: Here is what happened on days 3, 4 and 5|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/2023-10-09/live-updates-766315?page=17|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Be'eri massacre|en}} |Kibbutz [[Be'eri]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Be'eri}} |117+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Surveillance tower</small><ref name="WP - video">{{Cite news|date=17 November 2023|title=How Israel's high-tech 'Iron Wall' crumbled under Hamas's Oct. 7 attack {{!}} Visual Forensics|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcSoNyNd428&t=325s|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack|publisher=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025342/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{ill|Nahal Oz attack|en}} |'''Military:''' [[Nahal Oz lookout base]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |100+ <ref name="Ynet">{{Cite news|last=ben Kimon|first=Elisha|date=2023-10-13|title=המשחררים של נחל עוז: קציני סיירת גבעתי מדברים על התופת והגבורה בקרב|language=Hebrew|work=[[Ynet]]|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1i6iprb6|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> |66<ref> . Retrieved 25 February 2024.<br /><br />{{Cite news|last=Lecker|first=Maya|title=On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|archive-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> |none |15+ | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Base set on fire.</small> | | | |<ref>{{cite news | title = Questions for IDF over fall of Israel border post Nahal Oz by Hamas on 7 October | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7825rk8j9o.amp | accessdate = 4 October 2024 | work = www.bbc.com | date = 4 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Believe Women">{{Cite news|last=Lecker|first=Maya|title=On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|archive-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz [[Nahal Oz]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nahal Oz}} | |12+ | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="photographer murdered"> (100+ killed in total in the base and Kibbutz) {{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Ido David|date=11 October 2023|script-title=he:צלם "ישראל היום", יניב זוהר, נרצח עם אשתו ושתי בנותיהם|language=he|trans-title=''Israel Today'' photographer, Yaniv Zohar, was murdered along with his wife and their two daughters|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161147/https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Kfar Aza massacre|en}} |Kibbutz [[Kfar Aza]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Kefar Azza}} |52+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Weeapons tower destroyed</small><ref name="WP - video" /> | | | |<ref name="kfaraza">{{Cite news|title=52 murdered, 7 kidnapped: Full scale of Kfar Aza massacre revealed|work=[[Arutz Sheva]]|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142304/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 October 2023|title=More than 100 civilians were massacred at Kfar Aza kibbutz in Hamas attacks, Israeli soldiers say|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain|archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |{{ill|Zikim attack|en}} |[[Zikim]] Beach | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | |35+ |19 | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | rowspan="2" |[[Qassam naval commandos]] <ref>{{Cite web | date = 9 October 2023 | title = This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO | url = https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ | website = [[The Palestine Chronicle]] | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base | url = https://aja.me/xyhkk6 | work = [[aljazeera.net]] | date = 9 October 2023 }}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2023|script-title=he:הדיג האחרון: אריה ובנו אליהו יצאו לבלות יחד - ולא שבו|language=he|trans-title=Final fishing trip: Arya and his son Eliyahu went out to spend time together - and did not return|publisher=[[Kan 11]]|url=https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124636/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/|archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=קוריאל|first=אילנה|date=4 November 2023|title=אלינה בילתה עם חבריה, אריה ואלי יצאו לדוג: 19 נרצחו בחוף זיקים במתקפת הפתע|language=he|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6|url-status=live|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202233530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6|archive-date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date = 9 October 2023 | title = This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO | url = https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ | website = [[The Palestine Chronicle]] | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base | url = https://aja.me/xyhkk6 | work = [[aljazeera.net]] | date = 9 October 2023 }}</ref> |- |'''Military:''' {{ill|Bahad 4|lt = Zikim Training Base|en}} | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |134{{efn-ua| There were 14 soldiers in combat, plus 90 recruits and 30 administrative staff sheltering in place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glazer |first=Hilo |date=20 October 2023 |title=A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020185144/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> }} | | |7{{efn-ua|Six officers and one recruit were killed in the fighting before the militants withdrew.<ref name="Haaretz he - Bahad 4" />}} | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | |<ref name="AJ - Bahad 4">{{Cite web|title=What happened in Israel? A breakdown of how Hamas attack unfolded|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/what-happened-in-israel-a-breakdown-of-how-the-hamas-attack-unfolded|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010223957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/what-happened-in-israel-a-breakdown-of-how-the-hamas-attack-unfolded|archive-date=10 October 2023|access-date=11 October 2023|website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz he - Bahad 4">{{Cite news|title=קומץ מפקדים הצילו בגופם 90 טירונים. סיפורו של הקרב ההירואי בזיקים|language=he|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/0000018b-4555-d614-abcf-ed7772420000|access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glazer |first=Hilo |date=20 October 2023 |title=A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020185144/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> |- |'''Military:''' [[Yiftach outpost]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |5+{{efn-ua| Five soldiers in combat, but more were sheltering in place.<ref name="soldiers silent" /> }} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="soldiers silent" >{{Cite web| title = "זו הסיבה שאף אחד לא יודע מה קרה בזיקים: האזרחים מתים והחיילים לא מדברים"|access-date=2023-12-26 | url = https://www.ha-makom.co.il/post-revital-zikim-full | publication-date = 2023-11-16 |lang=he| archive-date = 2023-12-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104406/https://www.ha-makom.co.il/post-revital-zikim-full |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz [[Zikim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Ziqim}} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Nir Oz massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Nir Oz]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Oz}} |27+ | | |{{efn-ua| including the [[Kidnapping of the Bibas family |Bibas family]]. }} | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ynet1">{{Cite news|date=14 October 2023|title=IDF: Dozens of rockets fired from Lebanon, at least nine crossed into Israeli territory|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014182346/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Psyduck music festival massacre |Psyduck massacre]] |Music festival between [[Nir Oz]] and [[Nirim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |~100{{efn-ua|Approximately 100 people took part in the event.<ref name="Psyduck (he)" />}} |17 | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Psyduck (he)">{{Cite news|last=שמעוני|first=מור|date=1 December 2023|title="כשעלה הבוקר התחיל מטח, כל אחד רץ למקום אחר" {{!}} הטבח במסיבה המחתרתית|language=he|trans-title=When morning came, a barrage of rockets started and everyone scattered {{!}} The massacre at the underground party|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218202448/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6|archive-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Nirim attack]] |Kibbutz [[Nirim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nirim}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="auto Hayom">{{Cite news|last=Marev Saber|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:קצין המשטרה שהציל את קיבוץ נירים - ונשאר להגן על הבית|language=he|trans-title=The police officer who saved Kibbutz Nirim - and stayed to protect the house|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018052228/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":00">{{Cite news|title=Israel Says Hamas Militant Behind Kibbutz Massacre Killed|agency=[[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161124/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Netiv HaAsara massacre|en}} |Moshav [[Netiv HaAsara]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Netiv Haasara}} |21+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|title='There was no air force, no soldiers, we were alone,' says Hamas massacre survivor|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014172443/https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tal Ariel|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:ליל הבדולח של נתיב העשרה: הגבורה העילאית של אנשי המושב צמוד הגדר - שנתקלו ראשונים|trans-title=The Kristallnacht of Netiv Ha'Thara: the supreme heroism of the people of the moshav near the fence — who were the first to encounter it|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018093824/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Alumim massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Alumim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Alumim}} |19+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Michael Tuchfeld|date=13 October 2023|script-title=he:כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים|language=he|trans-title=A standby squad against dozens of terrorists: the battle that saved Kibbutz Alumim|work=Makor Rishon|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/|url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141250/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2023|title=Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/|url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135239/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/|archive-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Kissufim massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Kissufim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Kissufim}} |16+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ynet2">{{Cite news|last=Tzuri|first=Matan|date=12 October 2023|title=Horrors unraveling: Hamas terrorists cold-bloodedly execute 90-year-old Israeli woman|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000553/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Matan Tzuri|last2=Sa'ar Hess|last3=Yoav Zeyton|last4=Ilana Kuriel|last5=Hadar Gil-Ed|last6=Eitan Glickman|last7=Meir Turgeman|date=17 October 2023|script-title=he:יישוב אחרי יישוב: הנרצחים בטבח חמאס, העדויות המצמררות וסיפורי הגבורה|language=he|trans-title=Settlement after settlement: the murdered in the Hamas massacre, the chilling testimonies and the stories of heroism|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114030916/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6|archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Holit massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Holit]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Holit}} |13+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=צורי|first=מתן|date=8 October 2023|title=פורסמו שמותיהם של נרצחי קיבוץ חולית|language=he|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015002344/https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Ein HaShlosha attack]] |Kibbutz [[Ein HaShlosha]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|En Hashelosha}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Haaretz names of the dead">{{Cite news|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:מלחמה בישראל: כל שמות ההרוגים וקורבנות הטבח שפורסמו|language=he|trans-title=War in Israel: all the names of the dead and victims of the massacre published|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205658/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000|archive-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Nir Yitzhak attack]] |Kibbutz [[Nir Yitzhak]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Yizhaq}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Haaretz names of the dead" /> |- |{{ill|Defence of Nir Am|he|קרב ניר עם}} |Kibbutz [[Nir Am]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Am}} |none |none |none |1 | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Battle of Yated]] |Moshav [[Yated, Israel |Yated]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Yated}} |none |none |none |none | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Communications and electricity infrastructure</small> |15 | | |<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231126031634/https://jewishjournal.com/community/365485/in-the-aftermath-of-oct-7-traumatized-israelis-are-coming-to-america/ </ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231125103014/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378084 </ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231119010952/https://besacenter.org/the-gaza-terror-offensive-october-7-8-2023/ </ref> |- |{{ill|Battle of Ofakim|he| הטבח באופקים |ru| Бои в Офакиме |de| Massaker von Ofakim |en| 7 October attacks #Attack on Ofakim}} |The town of [[Ofakim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Ofaqim}} |47 | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |} '''Table footnotes''': {{notelist-ua}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Israel–Hamas war}} {{Hamas}} {{Territorial disputes in West Asia}} {{Whole Gaza Strip}} 50trpi7s4g65n9axku1pjjvqxys0a70 10329870 10329869 2025-06-14T12:41:07Z Steven1991 1522289 Undid revision 10321521 by [[Special:Contributions/All I want is freedom|All I want is freedom]] ([[User talk:All I want is freedom|talk]]) Revert WP:FRINGE content 10329870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=230 | image1 = Palestinian invasion of Israel (Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, map, Oct 7, 2023).svg | image2 = October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (7– 8 October).svg | footer = Map of the attacks on 7–8 October }} On 7 October 2023, [[Hamas]]/[[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] and several other [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] militant groups launched armed attacks from the [[Gaza Strip]] into the Gaza Envelope. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks '''Operation Al-Aqsa Flood''' (or '''Deluge'''; {{Lang-ar|عَمَلِيَّةُ طُوفَانِ الْأَقْصَى|ʿamaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā}}, usually romanised as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa"),<ref name="UN Fact Sheet">From the [[United Nations]]: * {{cite web |author1=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |title=Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] (UN) |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013173556/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |language=English |format=[[Press release]] |date=9 October 2023 |quote=On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel. |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=[[UNRWA|United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) |title=UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016003630/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ |archive-date=16 October 2023 |language=English |format=Situation Report |date=7 October 2023 |quote=At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" with more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel. |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |title=Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (19 October 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022001152/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |language=English |format=[[Press release]] |date=20 October 2023 |quote=On Saturday, 7 October...Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel.|url-status=live}}</ref> while in Israel they are known as '''Black Sabbath (Saturday)''' ({{Lang-he|הַשַּׁבָּת הַשְּׁחוֹרָה}})<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waghorn |first1=Dominic |title=This is a dangerous moment in Israel-Hamas war – and the rest of the world is holding its breath |url=https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=Sky News |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023201652/https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 |url-status=live }}</ref> or the '''The October 7th Massacre''' ({{Lang|he|טֶבַח הַשְּׁבִיעִי בְּאוֹקְטוֹבֶּר}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=טבח 7 באוקטובר|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/topics/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_7_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8|access-date=2025-03-05|website=ynet|language=he}}</ref> and internationally as the '''October 7th attack'''<ref name="SAA">{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip |title=Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip |newspaper=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=November 20, 2023 |author= |quote="In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel." |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128102703/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sky1011">{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 |title=Hamas fighter says he is 'proud' of the October 7 attack on Israel and vows to keep fighting |newspaper=Sky News |date=November 10, 2023 |author= |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044919/https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="G0911">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october |title=A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute |newspaper=The Guardian |date=November 9, 2023 |author=Jason Burke |quote="Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere." |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''The October 7th Massacre.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recalling the Oct. 7 massacre nearly one year on - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/recalling-the-oct-7-massacre-nearly-one-year-on/|access-date=2025-03-05|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The attacks started the ongoing [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The attacks began early on October 7th with a launch of at least 3,000 rockets launched toward Israeli cities and villages.<ref name="Kubovich Day 1">{{cite web |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=The First Hours of the Israel-Hamas War: What Actually Took Place? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 |publisher=Haaretz |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017151619/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |language=English |date=17 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scmp8oct">{{cite news|title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=8 October 2023|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas fighters entered the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]], attacking both military bases and villages, and killing civilians in 21 communities. 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded [[Re'im music festival massacre|while attending a music festival]].<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title=Israel revises death toll from Oct. 7 Hamas assault, dropping it from 1,400 to 1,200 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111061709/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' | Reuters">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages.png|thumb|Hamas gunmen [[Kidnapping|capturing]] [[civilian]] [[Hostage|hostages]] from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Hamas gunmen storming kibbutz in southern Israel.jpg|thumb|Hamas [[Terrorism|militant]] storming the [[kibbutz]] Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Nova massacre dashcam.jpg|thumb|Dashcam photo of a Hamas militiant capturing an Israeli civilian at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, held near Re’im in the southern an-Naqab desert during Operation Al Aqsa Flood.]][[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|Home in Kibbutz Nahal Oz infiltrated by Hamas terrorists on 7 October, 2023.]] As of November 2023, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] said that about 3,000 terrorists invaded southern Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Pacchiani |first2=Gianluca |date=1 November 2023 |title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> In total the attackers killed 1,189 people: 815 Israeli civilians (including 38 children),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-07|title=Hamas terrorist attacks on October 7: The deadliest day in Israel's history|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241007-hamas-terrorist-attacks-7-october-deadliest-day-israel-history-anniversary|access-date=2025-03-05|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> 71 foreign nationals, and 373 members of the [[Israeli security forces|security forces]].<ref name=F24231215>{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |url-status=live }}</ref> About 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|taken as hostages]] to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=7 Oct 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jerusalempost19oct">{{Cite news |last=Yonah|first=Jeremy|date=19 October 2023 |title=IDF working on rescue ops for over 200 Israeli hostages in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020172403/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct">{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Video appears to show Hamas taking Israeli civilian hostage |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012034843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Extreme allegations and incitement == In 2023 and early 2024 Israeli sources accused Hamas and other Palestinians of "systematic use of rape as a weapon of war". In early 2024 these accusations were repeated in some U.K. and U.S. media including [[The Guardian]] and [[The New York Times]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evidence points to systematic use of rape and sexual violence by Hamas in 7 October attacks {{!}} Israel-Gaza war {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=amp.theguardian.com |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204125220/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Schwartz|first2=Anat|last3=Sella|first3=Adam|last4=Shaar-Yashuv|first4=Avishag|date=2023-12-28|title='Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html|access-date=2024-05-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Attack locations == {{7 October attacks}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Attack ! colspan="2" |Location ! colspan="4" |Israelis and foreign nationals ! rowspan="2" |Physical destruction ! colspan="3" |[[Palestinian militant groups |Palestinian militants]] ! rowspan="2" |References |- ! Name ! Pop.{{efn-ua| Civilian population data from {{Israel populations|Year}}.<ref name="Ynet volunteer security" >{{cite web | title= Regional Statistics | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv | website= www.cbs.gov.il | access-date= 1 December 2023 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230713133242/https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv | url-status=live }}</ref><!-- this needs to be frozen at 2021, the most recent available data on 7 October 2023, currently it is using the automated template for Israeli population data -->{{Israel populations|reference}}}} ! Total killed ! Civilians killed {{efn-ua|Most of the civilian areas on the Israeli side of the Gaza border had lightly armed volunteer security teams.<ref name = "ynetnews" >{{cite news |last1=Tzuri |first1=Matan |title=Untrained, lacking proper arms, local security teams defended their Gaza border homes |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt |website=Ynetnews |access-date=7 December 2023|date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014221936/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ! Combatants killed{{efn-ua|Usually includes only on duty police, military, and other professional armed security forces.}} ! Hostages & POWs ! Killed ! POWs ! <small>Claimed the attack</small> |- | 7 October attacks on Israel | [[Gaza Envelope]] and [[Southern District (Israel) |Southern Israel]] | style="background-color:#efefff" | total pop. = | total = 1,187 <ref name="Haaretz list 23 October 2024" >{{cite web | work = [[Haaretz]] | title = Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War | url = https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 | date = 2024-10-23 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241023042727/https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 | archive-date = 2024-10-23 }}</ref> | total = | total = | total = | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>[[Gaza–Israel barrier]] + [[List of Israeli military bases |military bases]] + [[kibbutz |kibbutzim]] + {{ill|Moshav|lt=moshavim|en|moshavim}}</small> | | | |<ref name="strength1">{{Cite news|last1=Fabian|first1=Emanuel|last2=Pacchiani|first2=Gianluca|date=1 November 2023|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|publisher=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="AJ - why">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know|url=https://aje.io/2qbfh8|access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel |lt = Rocket attacks|en}} |[[Green Line (Israel) |48 Israel]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Attack on Erez crossing]] |'''Military:''' [[Erez crossing]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>crossing allegedly made unusable</small> | | | |<ref name="royal - Erez">{{Cite web|title=Hundreds of Palestinians head to Erez Crossing: Roya correspondent|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44987/2023-10-07|access-date=7 October 2023|website=en.royanews.tv}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="toi - Erez damage">>{{Cite news|date=17 October 2023|title=Israel shows major damage to Erez Crossing with Gaza following Hamas assault|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-shows-major-damage-to-erez-crossing-with-gaza-following-hamas-assault/|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="toi - Erez reopens">{{Cite news|date=1 May 2024|title=Israel reopens Erez crossing for Gaza aid trucks 7 months after it was destroyed by Hamas|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timespofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-reopens-erez-crossing-for-gaza-aid-trucks-7-months-after-it-was-destroyed-by-hamas/|access-date=20 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{ill|Battle of Sderot|en}} |'''[[Israel Police |Police]]''' station in [[Sderot]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>computer server and connections</small>{{efn-ua|The militants destroyed the computer system and communications in the Sderot police station, which disabled emergency services communications for the region.<ref name="Dr. Levi West - tactics to strategy/"/><ref name="iaudio Dr. Levi West - Modern War Institute"/><ref name="Levi West - Irregular Warfare Podcast"/>}} | | | |<ref name="Dr. Levi West - tactics to strategy/">{{Cite news|last1=Darnley-Stuart|first1=Adam|last2=West|first2=Levi|date=14 November 2023|title=MWI Podcast: Understanding Hamas—from Tactics to Strategy|work=Modern War Institute|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001052/https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="iaudio Dr. Levi West - Modern War Institute">{{Cite news|last1=Darnley-Stuart|first1=Adam|last2=West|first2=Levi|title=Modern War Institute: Understanding Hamas: From Tactics to Strategy on Apple Podcasts|work=Modern War Institute Podcast|publisher=Apple Podcasts|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001050/https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Levi West - Irregular Warfare Podcast">{{Cite news|last1=West|first1=Levi|last2=Darnley-Stuart|first2=Adam|title=Irregular Warfare Podcast: Taking the Long View on Hamas on Apple Podcasts|work=Irregular Warfare Podcast|publisher=iTunes|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106015516/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> |- |The town of [[Sderot]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Sederot}} | |15+ | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shaulov|first=Roni Green|date=17 October 2023|title=Hamas war crimes: An elderly group gunned down at a bus stop|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141514/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Re'im music festival massacre]] |Music festival near [[Re'im]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |~3500{{efn-ua|Attendance at the festival was reported to be 3,500 but figures vary.<ref name="Lajka">{{Cite news |last1=Lajka |first1=Arijeta |last2=Mellen |first2=Riley |date=8 October 2023 |title=Video captures concertgoer being kidnapped by militants. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/music-festival-israel-kidnapping-video.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215143/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/music-festival-israel-kidnapping-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the attack, relatives searching for missing loved ones said more than one thousand were at the event at the time of the attack.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |last2=Piper |first2=Imogen |last3=Sohyun Lee |first3=Joyce |last4=George |first4=Susannah |date=8 October 2023 |title=How a night of dancing and revelry in Israel turned into a massacre |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/08/israel-festival-attack-gaza-militants/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008200354/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/08/israel-festival-attack-gaza-militants/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some festival attendees estimated 3,000–4,000 people.<ref name="Morris" /> }} |357+ | | |40 | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>cars</small> | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hayun|first=Dedi|date=10 October 2023|title=Abandoned cars underline panic at Israeli music festival where Hamas gunmen killed hundreds|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084325/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109|date=7 November 2023|language=he|publisher=[[Kan 11]]|title=From real time {{!}} The party that changed everything|at=18:29|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181648/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109|archive-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="probe">{{Cite web|date=17 November 2023|title=TV: Police probe of Re'im massacre shows terrorists didn't know about party in advance|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129145235/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=26 November 2023|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> |- | |Kibbutz [[Re'im]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Re'im}} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Battle of Re'im]] |'''Military:''' [[Re'im headquarters]]{{efn-ua|[[List of Israel Defense Forces bases #Southern Command |Headquarters]] of the [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="ani" />}} | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ani">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy|work=ANI|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/|archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Dan|date=7 October 2023|title=How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150408/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/|archive-date=7 October 2023|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2024|title=Swords of Iron: Here is what happened on days 3, 4 and 5|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/2023-10-09/live-updates-766315?page=17|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Be'eri massacre|en}} |Kibbutz [[Be'eri]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Be'eri}} |117+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Surveillance tower</small><ref name="WP - video">{{Cite news|date=17 November 2023|title=How Israel's high-tech 'Iron Wall' crumbled under Hamas's Oct. 7 attack {{!}} Visual Forensics|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcSoNyNd428&t=325s|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack|publisher=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025342/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{ill|Nahal Oz attack|en}} |'''Military:''' [[Nahal Oz lookout base]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |100+ <ref name="Ynet">{{Cite news|last=ben Kimon|first=Elisha|date=2023-10-13|title=המשחררים של נחל עוז: קציני סיירת גבעתי מדברים על התופת והגבורה בקרב|language=Hebrew|work=[[Ynet]]|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1i6iprb6|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> |66<ref> . Retrieved 25 February 2024.<br /><br />{{Cite news|last=Lecker|first=Maya|title=On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|archive-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> |none |15+ | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Base set on fire.</small> | | | |<ref>{{cite news | title = Questions for IDF over fall of Israel border post Nahal Oz by Hamas on 7 October | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7825rk8j9o.amp | accessdate = 4 October 2024 | work = www.bbc.com | date = 4 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Believe Women">{{Cite news|last=Lecker|first=Maya|title=On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|archive-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz [[Nahal Oz]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nahal Oz}} | |12+ | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="photographer murdered"> (100+ killed in total in the base and Kibbutz) {{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Ido David|date=11 October 2023|script-title=he:צלם "ישראל היום", יניב זוהר, נרצח עם אשתו ושתי בנותיהם|language=he|trans-title=''Israel Today'' photographer, Yaniv Zohar, was murdered along with his wife and their two daughters|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161147/https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Kfar Aza massacre|en}} |Kibbutz [[Kfar Aza]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Kefar Azza}} |52+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Weeapons tower destroyed</small><ref name="WP - video" /> | | | |<ref name="kfaraza">{{Cite news|title=52 murdered, 7 kidnapped: Full scale of Kfar Aza massacre revealed|work=[[Arutz Sheva]]|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142304/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 October 2023|title=More than 100 civilians were massacred at Kfar Aza kibbutz in Hamas attacks, Israeli soldiers say|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain|archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |{{ill|Zikim attack|en}} |[[Zikim]] Beach | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | |35+ |19 | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | rowspan="2" |[[Qassam naval commandos]] <ref>{{Cite web | date = 9 October 2023 | title = This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO | url = https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ | website = [[The Palestine Chronicle]] | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base | url = https://aja.me/xyhkk6 | work = [[aljazeera.net]] | date = 9 October 2023 }}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2023|script-title=he:הדיג האחרון: אריה ובנו אליהו יצאו לבלות יחד - ולא שבו|language=he|trans-title=Final fishing trip: Arya and his son Eliyahu went out to spend time together - and did not return|publisher=[[Kan 11]]|url=https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124636/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/|archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=קוריאל|first=אילנה|date=4 November 2023|title=אלינה בילתה עם חבריה, אריה ואלי יצאו לדוג: 19 נרצחו בחוף זיקים במתקפת הפתע|language=he|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6|url-status=live|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202233530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6|archive-date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date = 9 October 2023 | title = This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO | url = https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ | website = [[The Palestine Chronicle]] | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base | url = https://aja.me/xyhkk6 | work = [[aljazeera.net]] | date = 9 October 2023 }}</ref> |- |'''Military:''' {{ill|Bahad 4|lt = Zikim Training Base|en}} | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |134{{efn-ua| There were 14 soldiers in combat, plus 90 recruits and 30 administrative staff sheltering in place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glazer |first=Hilo |date=20 October 2023 |title=A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020185144/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> }} | | |7{{efn-ua|Six officers and one recruit were killed in the fighting before the militants withdrew.<ref name="Haaretz he - Bahad 4" />}} | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | |<ref name="AJ - Bahad 4">{{Cite web|title=What happened in Israel? A breakdown of how Hamas attack unfolded|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/what-happened-in-israel-a-breakdown-of-how-the-hamas-attack-unfolded|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010223957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/what-happened-in-israel-a-breakdown-of-how-the-hamas-attack-unfolded|archive-date=10 October 2023|access-date=11 October 2023|website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]}}</ref><ref name="Haaretz he - Bahad 4">{{Cite news|title=קומץ מפקדים הצילו בגופם 90 טירונים. סיפורו של הקרב ההירואי בזיקים|language=he|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/0000018b-4555-d614-abcf-ed7772420000|access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glazer |first=Hilo |date=20 October 2023 |title=A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020185144/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> |- |'''Military:''' [[Yiftach outpost]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |5+{{efn-ua| Five soldiers in combat, but more were sheltering in place.<ref name="soldiers silent" /> }} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="soldiers silent" >{{Cite web| title = "זו הסיבה שאף אחד לא יודע מה קרה בזיקים: האזרחים מתים והחיילים לא מדברים"|access-date=2023-12-26 | url = https://www.ha-makom.co.il/post-revital-zikim-full | publication-date = 2023-11-16 |lang=he| archive-date = 2023-12-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104406/https://www.ha-makom.co.il/post-revital-zikim-full |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz [[Zikim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Ziqim}} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Nir Oz massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Nir Oz]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Oz}} |27+ | | |{{efn-ua| including the [[Kidnapping of the Bibas family |Bibas family]]. }} | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ynet1">{{Cite news|date=14 October 2023|title=IDF: Dozens of rockets fired from Lebanon, at least nine crossed into Israeli territory|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014182346/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Psyduck music festival massacre |Psyduck massacre]] |Music festival between [[Nir Oz]] and [[Nirim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |~100{{efn-ua|Approximately 100 people took part in the event.<ref name="Psyduck (he)" />}} |17 | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Psyduck (he)">{{Cite news|last=שמעוני|first=מור|date=1 December 2023|title="כשעלה הבוקר התחיל מטח, כל אחד רץ למקום אחר" {{!}} הטבח במסיבה המחתרתית|language=he|trans-title=When morning came, a barrage of rockets started and everyone scattered {{!}} The massacre at the underground party|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218202448/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6|archive-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Nirim attack]] |Kibbutz [[Nirim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nirim}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="auto Hayom">{{Cite news|last=Marev Saber|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:קצין המשטרה שהציל את קיבוץ נירים - ונשאר להגן על הבית|language=he|trans-title=The police officer who saved Kibbutz Nirim - and stayed to protect the house|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018052228/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":00">{{Cite news|title=Israel Says Hamas Militant Behind Kibbutz Massacre Killed|agency=[[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161124/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Netiv HaAsara massacre|en}} |Moshav [[Netiv HaAsara]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Netiv Haasara}} |21+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|title='There was no air force, no soldiers, we were alone,' says Hamas massacre survivor|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014172443/https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tal Ariel|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:ליל הבדולח של נתיב העשרה: הגבורה העילאית של אנשי המושב צמוד הגדר - שנתקלו ראשונים|trans-title=The Kristallnacht of Netiv Ha'Thara: the supreme heroism of the people of the moshav near the fence — who were the first to encounter it|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018093824/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Alumim massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Alumim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Alumim}} |19+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Michael Tuchfeld|date=13 October 2023|script-title=he:כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים|language=he|trans-title=A standby squad against dozens of terrorists: the battle that saved Kibbutz Alumim|work=Makor Rishon|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/|url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141250/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2023|title=Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/|url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135239/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/|archive-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Kissufim massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Kissufim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Kissufim}} |16+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ynet2">{{Cite news|last=Tzuri|first=Matan|date=12 October 2023|title=Horrors unraveling: Hamas terrorists cold-bloodedly execute 90-year-old Israeli woman|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000553/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Matan Tzuri|last2=Sa'ar Hess|last3=Yoav Zeyton|last4=Ilana Kuriel|last5=Hadar Gil-Ed|last6=Eitan Glickman|last7=Meir Turgeman|date=17 October 2023|script-title=he:יישוב אחרי יישוב: הנרצחים בטבח חמאס, העדויות המצמררות וסיפורי הגבורה|language=he|trans-title=Settlement after settlement: the murdered in the Hamas massacre, the chilling testimonies and the stories of heroism|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114030916/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6|archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Holit massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Holit]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Holit}} |13+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=צורי|first=מתן|date=8 October 2023|title=פורסמו שמותיהם של נרצחי קיבוץ חולית|language=he|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015002344/https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Ein HaShlosha attack]] |Kibbutz [[Ein HaShlosha]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|En Hashelosha}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Haaretz names of the dead">{{Cite news|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:מלחמה בישראל: כל שמות ההרוגים וקורבנות הטבח שפורסמו|language=he|trans-title=War in Israel: all the names of the dead and victims of the massacre published|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205658/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000|archive-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Nir Yitzhak attack]] |Kibbutz [[Nir Yitzhak]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Yizhaq}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Haaretz names of the dead" /> |- |{{ill|Defence of Nir Am|he|קרב ניר עם}} |Kibbutz [[Nir Am]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Am}} |none |none |none |1 | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Battle of Yated]] |Moshav [[Yated, Israel |Yated]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Yated}} |none |none |none |none | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Communications and electricity infrastructure</small> |15 | | |<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231126031634/https://jewishjournal.com/community/365485/in-the-aftermath-of-oct-7-traumatized-israelis-are-coming-to-america/ </ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231125103014/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378084 </ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231119010952/https://besacenter.org/the-gaza-terror-offensive-october-7-8-2023/ </ref> |- |{{ill|Battle of Ofakim|he| הטבח באופקים |ru| Бои в Офакиме |de| Massaker von Ofakim |en| 7 October attacks #Attack on Ofakim}} |The town of [[Ofakim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Ofaqim}} |47 | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |} '''Table footnotes''': {{notelist-ua}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Israel–Hamas war}} {{Hamas}} {{Territorial disputes in West Asia}} {{Whole Gaza Strip}} 50r074eivw7b31fyqv0m96aj3gf8ulb 10329871 10329870 2025-06-14T12:42:17Z Steven1991 1522289 Removal of an undue source 10329871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width=230 | image1 = Palestinian invasion of Israel (Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, map, Oct 7, 2023).svg | image2 = October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict (7– 8 October).svg | footer = Map of the attacks on 7–8 October }} On 7 October 2023, [[Hamas]]/[[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] and several other [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] militant groups launched armed attacks from the [[Gaza Strip]] into the Gaza Envelope. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks '''Operation Al-Aqsa Flood''' (or '''Deluge'''; {{Lang-ar|عَمَلِيَّةُ طُوفَانِ الْأَقْصَى|ʿamaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā}}, usually romanised as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa"),<ref name="UN Fact Sheet">From the [[United Nations]]: * {{cite web |author1=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |title=Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] (UN) |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013173556/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-9-october-2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |language=English |format=[[Press release]] |date=9 October 2023 |quote=On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel. |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=[[UNRWA|United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA) |title=UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016003630/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/unrwa-situation-report-1-on-the-situation-in-the-gaza-strip/ |archive-date=16 October 2023 |language=English |format=Situation Report |date=7 October 2023 |quote=At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" with more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel. |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |author1=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |title=Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (19 October 2023) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022001152/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-israel-and-palestine-conflict-19-october-2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |language=English |format=[[Press release]] |date=20 October 2023 |quote=On Saturday, 7 October...Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel.|url-status=live}}</ref> while in Israel they are known as '''Black Sabbath (Saturday)''' ({{Lang-he|הַשַּׁבָּת הַשְּׁחוֹרָה}})<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waghorn |first1=Dominic |title=This is a dangerous moment in Israel-Hamas war – and the rest of the world is holding its breath |url=https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=Sky News |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023201652/https://news.sky.com/story/this-is-a-dangerous-moment-in-israel-hamas-war-and-the-rest-of-the-world-is-holding-its-breath-12983870 |url-status=live }}</ref> or the '''The October 7th Massacre''' ({{Lang|he|טֶבַח הַשְּׁבִיעִי בְּאוֹקְטוֹבֶּר}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=טבח 7 באוקטובר|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/topics/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_7_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8|access-date=2025-03-05|website=ynet|language=he}}</ref> and internationally as the '''October 7th attack'''<ref name="SAA">{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip |title=Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip |newspaper=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=November 20, 2023 |author= |quote="In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel." |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128102703/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4680031-biden-energy-adviser-discuss-lebanon-border-issues-israel-trip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sky1011">{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 |title=Hamas fighter says he is 'proud' of the October 7 attack on Israel and vows to keep fighting |newspaper=Sky News |date=November 10, 2023 |author= |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044919/https://news.sky.com/video/hamas-fighter-says-he-is-proud-of-the-october-7-attack-on-israel-and-vows-to-keep-fighting-13004550 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="G0911">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october |title=A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute |newspaper=The Guardian |date=November 9, 2023 |author=Jason Burke |quote="Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere." |accessdate=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/07/secret-hamas-attack-orders-israel-gaza-7-october |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''The October 7th Massacre.'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recalling the Oct. 7 massacre nearly one year on - CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/video/recalling-the-oct-7-massacre-nearly-one-year-on/|access-date=2025-03-05|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The attacks started the ongoing [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The attacks began early on October 7th with a launch of at least 3,000 rockets launched toward Israeli cities and villages.<ref name="Kubovich Day 1">{{cite web |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=The First Hours of the Israel-Hamas War: What Actually Took Place? |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 |publisher=Haaretz |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017151619/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-17/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-hours-of-the-israel-hamas-war-what-actually-took-place/0000018b-38bc-d0ac-a39f-b9be58df0000 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |language=English |date=17 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scmp8oct">{{cite news|title=Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=8 October 2023|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008185151/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3237210/hundreds-dead-israel-hamas-war-lebanons-hezbollah-launches-attacks |url-status=live}}</ref> Hamas fighters entered the [[Gaza–Israel barrier]], attacking both military bases and villages, and killing civilians in 21 communities. 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded [[Re'im music festival massacre|while attending a music festival]].<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=11 November 2023 |title=Israel revises death toll from Oct. 7 Hamas assault, dropping it from 1,400 to 1,200 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111061709/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-revises-death-toll-from-oct-7-hamas-assault-dropping-it-from-1400-to-1200/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' | Reuters">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref> [[File:Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages.png|thumb|Hamas gunmen [[Kidnapping|capturing]] [[civilian]] [[Hostage|hostages]] from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Hamas gunmen storming kibbutz in southern Israel.jpg|thumb|Hamas [[Terrorism|militant]] storming the [[kibbutz]] Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.]][[File:Nova massacre dashcam.jpg|thumb|Dashcam photo of a Hamas militiant capturing an Israeli civilian at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, held near Re’im in the southern an-Naqab desert during Operation Al Aqsa Flood.]][[File:Gaza envelope after coordinated surprise offensive on Israel, October 2023 (KBG GPO09).jpg|thumb|Home in Kibbutz Nahal Oz infiltrated by Hamas terrorists on 7 October, 2023.]] As of November 2023, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] said that about 3,000 terrorists invaded southern Israel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Pacchiani |first2=Gianluca |date=1 November 2023 |title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> In total the attackers killed 1,189 people: 815 Israeli civilians (including 38 children),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-07|title=Hamas terrorist attacks on October 7: The deadliest day in Israel's history|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241007-hamas-terrorist-attacks-7-october-deadliest-day-israel-history-anniversary|access-date=2025-03-05|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> 71 foreign nationals, and 373 members of the [[Israeli security forces|security forces]].<ref name=F24231215>{{cite news |title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |url-status=live }}</ref> About 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were [[Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis|taken as hostages]] to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |agency=Al-Jazeera |date=7 Oct 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163709/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jerusalempost19oct">{{Cite news |last=Yonah|first=Jeremy|date=19 October 2023 |title=IDF working on rescue ops for over 200 Israeli hostages in Gaza |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020172403/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-769274 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=[[Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref><ref name="guardian7oct">{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 October 2023 |title=Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007101214/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-as-palestinian-gunmen-reported-in-south |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Video appears to show Hamas taking Israeli civilian hostage |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012034843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FVUxvp6Ah0 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Extreme allegations and incitement == In 2023 and early 2024 Israeli sources accused Hamas and other Palestinians of "systematic use of rape as a weapon of war". In early 2024 these accusations were repeated in some U.K. and U.S. media including [[The Guardian]] and [[The New York Times]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evidence points to systematic use of rape and sexual violence by Hamas in 7 October attacks {{!}} Israel-Gaza war {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=amp.theguardian.com |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204125220/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/18/evidence-points-to-systematic-use-of-rape-by-hamas-in-7-october-attacks |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Schwartz|first2=Anat|last3=Sella|first3=Adam|last4=Shaar-Yashuv|first4=Avishag|date=2023-12-28|title='Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/28/world/middleeast/oct-7-attacks-hamas-israel-sexual-violence.html|access-date=2024-05-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Attack locations == {{7 October attacks}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Attack ! colspan="2" |Location ! colspan="4" |Israelis and foreign nationals ! rowspan="2" |Physical destruction ! colspan="3" |[[Palestinian militant groups |Palestinian militants]] ! rowspan="2" |References |- ! Name ! Pop.{{efn-ua| Civilian population data from {{Israel populations|Year}}.<ref name="Ynet volunteer security" >{{cite web | title= Regional Statistics | url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv | website= www.cbs.gov.il | access-date= 1 December 2023 | archive-date=13 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230713133242/https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv | url-status=live }}</ref><!-- this needs to be frozen at 2021, the most recent available data on 7 October 2023, currently it is using the automated template for Israeli population data -->{{Israel populations|reference}}}} ! Total killed ! Civilians killed {{efn-ua|Most of the civilian areas on the Israeli side of the Gaza border had lightly armed volunteer security teams.<ref name = "ynetnews" >{{cite news |last1=Tzuri |first1=Matan |title=Untrained, lacking proper arms, local security teams defended their Gaza border homes |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt |website=Ynetnews |access-date=7 December 2023|date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014221936/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1yx3zhwt |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ! Combatants killed{{efn-ua|Usually includes only on duty police, military, and other professional armed security forces.}} ! Hostages & POWs ! Killed ! POWs ! <small>Claimed the attack</small> |- | 7 October attacks on Israel | [[Gaza Envelope]] and [[Southern District (Israel) |Southern Israel]] | style="background-color:#efefff" | total pop. = | total = 1,187 <ref name="Haaretz list 23 October 2024" >{{cite web | work = [[Haaretz]] | title = Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War | url = https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 | date = 2024-10-23 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20241023042727/https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 | archive-date = 2024-10-23 }}</ref> | total = | total = | total = | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>[[Gaza–Israel barrier]] + [[List of Israeli military bases |military bases]] + [[kibbutz |kibbutzim]] + {{ill|Moshav|lt=moshavim|en|moshavim}}</small> | | | |<ref name="strength1">{{Cite news|last1=Fabian|first1=Emanuel|last2=Pacchiani|first2=Gianluca|date=1 November 2023|title=IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught|publisher=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101214815/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/|archive-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="AJ - why">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know|url=https://aje.io/2qbfh8|access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel |lt = Rocket attacks|en}} |[[Green Line (Israel) |48 Israel]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Attack on Erez crossing]] |'''Military:''' [[Erez crossing]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>crossing allegedly made unusable</small> | | | |<ref name="royal - Erez">{{Cite web|title=Hundreds of Palestinians head to Erez Crossing: Roya correspondent|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44987/2023-10-07|access-date=7 October 2023|website=en.royanews.tv}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="toi - Erez damage">>{{Cite news|date=17 October 2023|title=Israel shows major damage to Erez Crossing with Gaza following Hamas assault|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-shows-major-damage-to-erez-crossing-with-gaza-following-hamas-assault/|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="toi - Erez reopens">{{Cite news|date=1 May 2024|title=Israel reopens Erez crossing for Gaza aid trucks 7 months after it was destroyed by Hamas|work=[[Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timespofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-reopens-erez-crossing-for-gaza-aid-trucks-7-months-after-it-was-destroyed-by-hamas/|access-date=20 June 2024}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{ill|Battle of Sderot|en}} |'''[[Israel Police |Police]]''' station in [[Sderot]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>computer server and connections</small>{{efn-ua|The militants destroyed the computer system and communications in the Sderot police station, which disabled emergency services communications for the region.<ref name="Dr. Levi West - tactics to strategy/"/><ref name="iaudio Dr. Levi West - Modern War Institute"/><ref name="Levi West - Irregular Warfare Podcast"/>}} | | | |<ref name="Dr. Levi West - tactics to strategy/">{{Cite news|last1=Darnley-Stuart|first1=Adam|last2=West|first2=Levi|date=14 November 2023|title=MWI Podcast: Understanding Hamas—from Tactics to Strategy|work=Modern War Institute|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001052/https://mwi.westpoint.edu/mwi-podcast-understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="iaudio Dr. Levi West - Modern War Institute">{{Cite news|last1=Darnley-Stuart|first1=Adam|last2=West|first2=Levi|title=Modern War Institute: Understanding Hamas: From Tactics to Strategy on Apple Podcasts|work=Modern War Institute Podcast|publisher=Apple Podcasts|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106001050/https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/understanding-hamas-from-tactics-to-strategy/id1079958510?i=1000634767004|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Levi West - Irregular Warfare Podcast">{{Cite news|last1=West|first1=Levi|last2=Darnley-Stuart|first2=Adam|title=Irregular Warfare Podcast: Taking the Long View on Hamas on Apple Podcasts|work=Irregular Warfare Podcast|publisher=iTunes|agency=Modern War Institute at West Point|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141|url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106015516/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/taking-the-long-view-on-hamas/id1514636385?i=1000634764141|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> |- |The town of [[Sderot]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Sederot}} | |15+ | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shaulov|first=Roni Green|date=17 October 2023|title=Hamas war crimes: An elderly group gunned down at a bus stop|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141514/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/b1f2eqo11p|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Re'im music festival massacre]] |Music festival near [[Re'im]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |~3500{{efn-ua|Attendance at the festival was reported to be 3,500 but figures vary.<ref name="Lajka">{{Cite news |last1=Lajka |first1=Arijeta |last2=Mellen |first2=Riley |date=8 October 2023 |title=Video captures concertgoer being kidnapped by militants. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/music-festival-israel-kidnapping-video.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215143/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/music-festival-israel-kidnapping-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After the attack, relatives searching for missing loved ones said more than one thousand were at the event at the time of the attack.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Loveday |last2=Piper |first2=Imogen |last3=Sohyun Lee |first3=Joyce |last4=George |first4=Susannah |date=8 October 2023 |title=How a night of dancing and revelry in Israel turned into a massacre |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/08/israel-festival-attack-gaza-militants/ |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008200354/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/08/israel-festival-attack-gaza-militants/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some festival attendees estimated 3,000–4,000 people.<ref name="Morris" /> }} |357+ | | |40 | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>cars</small> | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hayun|first=Dedi|date=10 October 2023|title=Abandoned cars underline panic at Israeli music festival where Hamas gunmen killed hundreds|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015084325/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/abandoned-cars-underline-panic-israeli-music-festival-where-hamas-gunmen-killed-2023-10-09/|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109|date=7 November 2023|language=he|publisher=[[Kan 11]]|title=From real time {{!}} The party that changed everything|at=18:29|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108181648/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-11/p-12043/s7/599530/?kalturaStartTime=1109|archive-date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="probe">{{Cite web|date=17 November 2023|title=TV: Police probe of Re'im massacre shows terrorists didn't know about party in advance|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129145235/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/tv-police-probe-of-reim-massacre-shows-terrorists-didnt-know-about-party-in-advance/|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=26 November 2023|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> |- | |Kibbutz [[Re'im]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Re'im}} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Battle of Re'im]] |'''Military:''' [[Re'im headquarters]]{{efn-ua|[[List of Israel Defense Forces bases #Southern Command |Headquarters]] of the [[Gaza Division]].<ref name="ani" />}} | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ani">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2023|title=At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy|work=ANI|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163708/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/at-least-7-nepali-injured-17-held-captive-by-hamas-in-israel-nepals-envoy20231007181710/|archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Dan|date=7 October 2023|title=How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007150408/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-attack-israel-unfolded-2023-10-07/|archive-date=7 October 2023|access-date=7 October 2023|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2024|title=Swords of Iron: Here is what happened on days 3, 4 and 5|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/2023-10-09/live-updates-766315?page=17|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Be'eri massacre|en}} |Kibbutz [[Be'eri]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Be'eri}} |117+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Surveillance tower</small><ref name="WP - video">{{Cite news|date=17 November 2023|title=How Israel's high-tech 'Iron Wall' crumbled under Hamas's Oct. 7 attack {{!}} Visual Forensics|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcSoNyNd428&t=325s|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref> | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack|publisher=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015025342/https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-ground-zero-beeri-kibbutz-bloodiest-scenes-hamas/story?id=103936668|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{ill|Nahal Oz attack|en}} |'''Military:''' [[Nahal Oz lookout base]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |100+ <ref name="Ynet">{{Cite news|last=ben Kimon|first=Elisha|date=2023-10-13|title=המשחררים של נחל עוז: קציני סיירת גבעתי מדברים על התופת והגבורה בקרב|language=Hebrew|work=[[Ynet]]|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1i6iprb6|access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> |66<ref> . Retrieved 25 February 2024.<br /><br />{{Cite news|last=Lecker|first=Maya|title=On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|archive-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> |none |15+ | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Base set on fire.</small> | | | |<ref>{{cite news | title = Questions for IDF over fall of Israel border post Nahal Oz by Hamas on 7 October | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7825rk8j9o.amp | accessdate = 4 October 2024 | work = www.bbc.com | date = 4 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Believe Women">{{Cite news|last=Lecker|first=Maya|title=On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128154139/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2023-11-20/ty-article/.highlight/on-october-7-sexism-in-israels-military-turned-lethal/0000018b-ee5b-ddc3-afdb-fe5b25be0000|archive-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz [[Nahal Oz]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nahal Oz}} | |12+ | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="photographer murdered"> (100+ killed in total in the base and Kibbutz) {{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Ido David|date=11 October 2023|script-title=he:צלם "ישראל היום", יניב זוהר, נרצח עם אשתו ושתי בנותיהם|language=he|trans-title=''Israel Today'' photographer, Yaniv Zohar, was murdered along with his wife and their two daughters|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161147/https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/media/2023-10-11/ty-article/.premium/0000018b-1de9-df31-a99f-7deb4b5a0000|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Kfar Aza massacre|en}} |Kibbutz [[Kfar Aza]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Kefar Azza}} |52+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Weeapons tower destroyed</small><ref name="WP - video" /> | | | |<ref name="kfaraza">{{Cite news|title=52 murdered, 7 kidnapped: Full scale of Kfar Aza massacre revealed|work=[[Arutz Sheva]]|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015142304/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378509|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 October 2023|title=More than 100 civilians were massacred at Kfar Aza kibbutz in Hamas attacks, Israeli soldiers say|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231010-smell-of-death-fills-israeli-kibbutz-where-civilians-were-slain|archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |{{ill|Zikim attack|en}} |[[Zikim]] Beach | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" | |35+ |19 | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | rowspan="2" |[[Qassam naval commandos]] <ref>{{Cite web | date = 9 October 2023 | title = This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO | url = https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ | website = [[The Palestine Chronicle]] | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base | url = https://aja.me/xyhkk6 | work = [[aljazeera.net]] | date = 9 October 2023 }}</ref> |<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2023|script-title=he:הדיג האחרון: אריה ובנו אליהו יצאו לבלות יחד - ולא שבו|language=he|trans-title=Final fishing trip: Arya and his son Eliyahu went out to spend time together - and did not return|publisher=[[Kan 11]]|url=https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/|url-status=live|access-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124636/https://kan.org.il/content/kan/kan-actual/p-11894/news-item/582507/|archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=קוריאל|first=אילנה|date=4 November 2023|title=אלינה בילתה עם חבריה, אריה ואלי יצאו לדוג: 19 נרצחו בחוף זיקים במתקפת הפתע|language=he|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6|url-status=live|access-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202233530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/sjrbo1eq6|archive-date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date = 9 October 2023 | title = This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO | url = https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ | website = [[The Palestine Chronicle]] | archive-date = 9 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231009212918/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/this-is-how-al-qassams-navel-units-stormed-zakims-fortified-military-base-video/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base | url = https://aja.me/xyhkk6 | work = [[aljazeera.net]] | date = 9 October 2023 }}</ref> |- |'''Military:''' {{ill|Bahad 4|lt = Zikim Training Base|en}} | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |134{{efn-ua| There were 14 soldiers in combat, plus 90 recruits and 30 administrative staff sheltering in place.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glazer |first=Hilo |date=20 October 2023 |title=A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020185144/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> }} | | |7{{efn-ua|Six officers and one recruit were killed in the fighting before the militants withdrew.<ref name="Haaretz he - Bahad 4" />}} | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | |<ref name="Haaretz he - Bahad 4">{{Cite news|title=קומץ מפקדים הצילו בגופם 90 טירונים. סיפורו של הקרב ההירואי בזיקים|language=he|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/0000018b-4555-d614-abcf-ed7772420000|access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glazer |first=Hilo |date=20 October 2023 |title=A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231020185144/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/a-few-idf-officers-saved-90-trainees-from-hamas-terrorists-they-paid-with-their-lives/0000018b-4da2-dc3c-a5df-ddaadf370000 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> |- |'''Military:''' [[Yiftach outpost]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |5+{{efn-ua| Five soldiers in combat, but more were sheltering in place.<ref name="soldiers silent" /> }} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="soldiers silent" >{{Cite web| title = "זו הסיבה שאף אחד לא יודע מה קרה בזיקים: האזרחים מתים והחיילים לא מדברים"|access-date=2023-12-26 | url = https://www.ha-makom.co.il/post-revital-zikim-full | publication-date = 2023-11-16 |lang=he| archive-date = 2023-12-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104406/https://www.ha-makom.co.il/post-revital-zikim-full |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |Kibbutz [[Zikim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Ziqim}} | | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Nir Oz massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Nir Oz]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Oz}} |27+ | | |{{efn-ua| including the [[Kidnapping of the Bibas family |Bibas family]]. }} | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ynet1">{{Cite news|date=14 October 2023|title=IDF: Dozens of rockets fired from Lebanon, at least nine crossed into Israeli territory|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014182346/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/4kemkv3z2|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Psyduck music festival massacre |Psyduck massacre]] |Music festival between [[Nir Oz]] and [[Nirim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |~100{{efn-ua|Approximately 100 people took part in the event.<ref name="Psyduck (he)" />}} |17 | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Psyduck (he)">{{Cite news|last=שמעוני|first=מור|date=1 December 2023|title="כשעלה הבוקר התחיל מטח, כל אחד רץ למקום אחר" {{!}} הטבח במסיבה המחתרתית|language=he|trans-title=When morning came, a barrage of rockets started and everyone scattered {{!}} The massacre at the underground party|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218202448/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkdnxour6|archive-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Nirim attack]] |Kibbutz [[Nirim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nirim}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="auto Hayom">{{Cite news|last=Marev Saber|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:קצין המשטרה שהציל את קיבוץ נירים - ונשאר להגן על הבית|language=he|trans-title=The police officer who saved Kibbutz Nirim - and stayed to protect the house|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018052228/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14701742|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=":00">{{Cite news|title=Israel Says Hamas Militant Behind Kibbutz Massacre Killed|agency=[[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019161124/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-says-hamas-militant-behind-kibbutz-massacre-killed-19d90166|archive-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{ill|Netiv HaAsara massacre|en}} |Moshav [[Netiv HaAsara]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Netiv Haasara}} |21+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|title='There was no air force, no soldiers, we were alone,' says Hamas massacre survivor|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014172443/https://www.timesofisrael.com/there-was-no-air-force-no-soldiers-we-were-alone-says-hamas-massacre-survivor/|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tal Ariel|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:ליל הבדולח של נתיב העשרה: הגבורה העילאית של אנשי המושב צמוד הגדר - שנתקלו ראשונים|trans-title=The Kristallnacht of Netiv Ha'Thara: the supreme heroism of the people of the moshav near the fence — who were the first to encounter it|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377|url-status=live|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018093824/https://www.israelhayom.co.il/magazine/shishabat/article/14702377|archive-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Alumim massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Alumim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Alumim}} |19+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=Michael Tuchfeld|date=13 October 2023|script-title=he:כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים|language=he|trans-title=A standby squad against dozens of terrorists: the battle that saved Kibbutz Alumim|work=Makor Rishon|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/|url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141250/https://www.makorrishon.co.il/news/yoman/679665/|archive-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 2023|title=Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood|work=The Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/|url-status=live|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135239/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thai-laborers-the-working-hands-of-israeli-farming-pay-with-blood/|archive-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Kissufim massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Kissufim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Kissufim}} |16+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="ynet2">{{Cite news|last=Tzuri|first=Matan|date=12 October 2023|title=Horrors unraveling: Hamas terrorists cold-bloodedly execute 90-year-old Israeli woman|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000553/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/h1qk7wb11p|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Matan Tzuri|last2=Sa'ar Hess|last3=Yoav Zeyton|last4=Ilana Kuriel|last5=Hadar Gil-Ed|last6=Eitan Glickman|last7=Meir Turgeman|date=17 October 2023|script-title=he:יישוב אחרי יישוב: הנרצחים בטבח חמאס, העדויות המצמררות וסיפורי הגבורה|language=he|trans-title=Settlement after settlement: the murdered in the Hamas massacre, the chilling testimonies and the stories of heroism|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114030916/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1f11fsjw6|archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Holit massacre]] |Kibbutz [[Holit]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Holit}} |13+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref>{{Cite news|last=צורי|first=מתן|date=8 October 2023|title=פורסמו שמותיהם של נרצחי קיבוץ חולית|language=he|work=Ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015002344/https://www.ynet.co.il/blogs/war2dayevening/article/bj6jwugbt|archive-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Ein HaShlosha attack]] |Kibbutz [[Ein HaShlosha]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|En Hashelosha}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Haaretz names of the dead">{{Cite news|date=12 October 2023|script-title=he:מלחמה בישראל: כל שמות ההרוגים וקורבנות הטבח שפורסמו|language=he|trans-title=War in Israel: all the names of the dead and victims of the massacre published|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000|url-status=live|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205658/https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/2023-10-12/ty-article-magazine/0000018b-1367-dcc2-a99b-17779a0a0000|archive-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Nir Yitzhak attack]] |Kibbutz [[Nir Yitzhak]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Yizhaq}} |5+ | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | |<ref name="Haaretz names of the dead" /> |- |{{ill|Defence of Nir Am|he|קרב ניר עם}} |Kibbutz [[Nir Am]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Nir Am}} |none |none |none |1 | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |[[Battle of Yated]] |Moshav [[Yated, Israel |Yated]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Yated}} |none |none |none |none | style="background-color:#ffffef" |<small>Communications and electricity infrastructure</small> |15 | | |<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231126031634/https://jewishjournal.com/community/365485/in-the-aftermath-of-oct-7-traumatized-israelis-are-coming-to-america/ </ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231125103014/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378084 </ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20231119010952/https://besacenter.org/the-gaza-terror-offensive-october-7-8-2023/ </ref> |- |{{ill|Battle of Ofakim|he| הטבח באופקים |ru| Бои в Офакиме |de| Massaker von Ofakim |en| 7 October attacks #Attack on Ofakim}} |The town of [[Ofakim]] | style="background-color:#f3f3ff" |{{Israel populations|Ofaqim}} |47 | | | | style="background-color:#ffffef" | | | | | |- |} '''Table footnotes''': {{notelist-ua}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Israel–Hamas war}} {{Hamas}} {{Territorial disputes in West Asia}} {{Whole Gaza Strip}} s8falby7gooffuewwk9eqwkur2uq7mg 2 1108756 10330689 10292977 2025-06-14T19:15:47Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330689 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1109120 10330690 10292953 2025-06-14T19:15:52Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330690 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1109394 10330692 10292954 2025-06-14T19:15:57Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330692 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1110095 10331523 10326719 2025-06-15T05:58:37Z Jon Gua 1375466 /* Articles that I have created */ 10331523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:es-N|en-4|fr-2|pt-2|it-2|de-1|eo-1|ie-1|lfn-1}} == Articles that I have created == * [[History of philosophy]] * [[2024 Spanish floods]] * [[Louis Couturat]] * [[Giuseppe Peano]] * [[Caroline Agnes Brady]] * [[History of literature]] * [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala]] * [[History of New Spain]] * [[Otto Jespersen]] * [[Hellmut Röhnisch]] * [[Louis de Beaufront]] * [[Ministry of Jesus]] * [[Vijayanagara literature in Kannada]] * [[History of Australia (1851–1900)]] * [[History of Australia (1788–1850)]] * [[History of Australia (1901–1945)]] * [[History of Australia (1945–present)]] * [[Sambahsa]] * [[Idiom Neutral]] * [[Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan]] * [[Implementation of the Manifesto on Three-Day Serf Labor]] * [[Crimean Estonians]] * [[Hội An Ancient Town]] * [[Kumano Sanzan Hongansho]] * [[Ancient Armenian translated literature]] * [[Byzantine fortifications]] * [[Volkolak]] * [[Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova]] * [[Sergey Malyutin]] * [[Estonian Peasant Laws]] * [[Medieval Estonia]] * [[History of Indonesia during the era of Christian Kingdoms]] * [[Livonian-Lithuanian Union]] * [[History of Vaajakoski]] * [[Vahan's War]] * [[Historical pharmacies in Stockholm]] * [[Historical maps of Stockholm]] * [[Norrala Royal Estate]] * [[Rock Carvings at Holtås]] * [[Medieval Lviv]] * [[Conservative Revolution]] * [[Central coastal plain of Vietnam]] * [[Papacy in the Middle Ages]] * [[Tikėjimo žodis]] * [[First World War in Latvia]] * [[Hypotheses on the Founding of Kamianets-Podilskyi]] * [[National Historical and Architectural Reserve "Kamyanets"]] * [[Expedition for the Procurement of State Papers]] * [[Kauhajoki Uprising]] * [[Christianization of the Croats]] * [[Historia Salonitana]] * [[Hietamäki Chapel]] * [[Korpiselkä Prayer House Community]] * [[Rukoilevaisuus]] * [[Antti Achrenius]] * [[Uukuniemi Movement]] * [[Aakre Tarandkalme]] * [[Bronze Age in Korea]] * [[Benty Grange helmet]] * [[Finnish children's literature]] * [[In the Heart of the Seas]] * [[History of Porvoo]] * [[Svensk uppslagsbok]] * [[History of Sweden]] * [[History of Bulgaria]] * [[Status of cities in contemporary Poland]] * [[List of manuscripts of Dream of the Red Chamber]] * [[Historical and Cultural Ethnographic Center of Turkestan]] * [[National Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan]] * [[Hakarp's church]] * [[Armin Mohler]] * [[Alain de Benoist]] * [[Julius Evola]] * [[Religious rejection of politics]] * [[Spanish conquest of the Maya]] * [[Fall of Tenochtitlan]] * [[History of the Aztecs]] * [[Argentine War of Independence]] * [[History of Argentina (1946-1955)]] * [[Rise of the Argentine Republic]] * [[National Reorganization Process]] * [[Semiconductor industry in China]] * [[Technofeudalism]] * [[Gig economy]] * [[Neo-feudalism]] * ''[[Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology]]'' * [[Radical Reformation]] * [[History of physics]] * [[Light in painting]] * [[Science in the ancient world]] * [[Seafaring in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean]] * [[History of the Papacy]] * [[Post-truth]] * [[Phaedo]] * [[Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)]] * [[Interlinguistics]] * [[Nicomachean Ethics]] * [[Socratic problem]] * [[Codex Calixtinus]] * [[Jaime Balmes]] * [[Interglossa]] * [[Spanish Romantic Literature]] * [[Nicotine marketing]] * [[Animal welfare in Nazi Germany]] * [[Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism]] * [[Spanish Baroque literature]] * [[Unit 8200]] * [[Managed decline]] * [[Societal collapse]] * [[Private military company]] * [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] * [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain]] * [[Hambach Festival]] * [[French Renaissance]] * [[Rudelsburg]] * [[Hispania Nostra]] * [[Rémi Brague]] * [[Giorgio Agamben]] * [[Teachings of Pope John Paul II]] * [[Mining in Germany]] * [[Association of the Oilseed Processing Industry in Germany]] * [[Christian mysticism]] * [[Manuel García Morente]] * [[Oasis Magna]] * [[Essential World English]] * [[Bonne-Espérance Abbey]] * [[Notre-Dame de la Garde]] * [[Orphic Hymns]] * [[Continental System]] * [[Late antiquity]] * [[Interlingue literature]] * [[Rerum novarum]] * [[Christianity in late antiquity]] * [[Strategic bombing during World War II]] * [[Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church]] * [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period]] == Articles that I have improved == * [[Otto Neurath]] * [[English literature]] * [[Lingua Franca Nova]] * [[Inés Arrimadas]] * [[Alphonse Matejka]] * [[Catholic Church]] * [[Simple living]] * [[Antigua and Barbuda#History|Antigua and Barbuda]] * [[Simone Weil]] * [[Bertrand Russell]] k8fqv1d0dh6xqcskc2z098aaq3mtff2 10331537 10331523 2025-06-15T06:34:52Z Jon Gua 1375466 /* Articles that I have improved */ 10331537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:es-N|en-4|fr-2|pt-2|it-2|de-1|eo-1|ie-1|lfn-1}} == Articles that I have created == * [[History of philosophy]] * [[2024 Spanish floods]] * [[Louis Couturat]] * [[Giuseppe Peano]] * [[Caroline Agnes Brady]] * [[History of literature]] * [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala]] * [[History of New Spain]] * [[Otto Jespersen]] * [[Hellmut Röhnisch]] * [[Louis de Beaufront]] * [[Ministry of Jesus]] * [[Vijayanagara literature in Kannada]] * [[History of Australia (1851–1900)]] * [[History of Australia (1788–1850)]] * [[History of Australia (1901–1945)]] * [[History of Australia (1945–present)]] * [[Sambahsa]] * [[Idiom Neutral]] * [[Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan]] * [[Implementation of the Manifesto on Three-Day Serf Labor]] * [[Crimean Estonians]] * [[Hội An Ancient Town]] * [[Kumano Sanzan Hongansho]] * [[Ancient Armenian translated literature]] * [[Byzantine fortifications]] * [[Volkolak]] * [[Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova]] * [[Sergey Malyutin]] * [[Estonian Peasant Laws]] * [[Medieval Estonia]] * [[History of Indonesia during the era of Christian Kingdoms]] * [[Livonian-Lithuanian Union]] * [[History of Vaajakoski]] * [[Vahan's War]] * [[Historical pharmacies in Stockholm]] * [[Historical maps of Stockholm]] * [[Norrala Royal Estate]] * [[Rock Carvings at Holtås]] * [[Medieval Lviv]] * [[Conservative Revolution]] * [[Central coastal plain of Vietnam]] * [[Papacy in the Middle Ages]] * [[Tikėjimo žodis]] * [[First World War in Latvia]] * [[Hypotheses on the Founding of Kamianets-Podilskyi]] * [[National Historical and Architectural Reserve "Kamyanets"]] * [[Expedition for the Procurement of State Papers]] * [[Kauhajoki Uprising]] * [[Christianization of the Croats]] * [[Historia Salonitana]] * [[Hietamäki Chapel]] * [[Korpiselkä Prayer House Community]] * [[Rukoilevaisuus]] * [[Antti Achrenius]] * [[Uukuniemi Movement]] * [[Aakre Tarandkalme]] * [[Bronze Age in Korea]] * [[Benty Grange helmet]] * [[Finnish children's literature]] * [[In the Heart of the Seas]] * [[History of Porvoo]] * [[Svensk uppslagsbok]] * [[History of Sweden]] * [[History of Bulgaria]] * [[Status of cities in contemporary Poland]] * [[List of manuscripts of Dream of the Red Chamber]] * [[Historical and Cultural Ethnographic Center of Turkestan]] * [[National Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan]] * [[Hakarp's church]] * [[Armin Mohler]] * [[Alain de Benoist]] * [[Julius Evola]] * [[Religious rejection of politics]] * [[Spanish conquest of the Maya]] * [[Fall of Tenochtitlan]] * [[History of the Aztecs]] * [[Argentine War of Independence]] * [[History of Argentina (1946-1955)]] * [[Rise of the Argentine Republic]] * [[National Reorganization Process]] * [[Semiconductor industry in China]] * [[Technofeudalism]] * [[Gig economy]] * [[Neo-feudalism]] * ''[[Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology]]'' * [[Radical Reformation]] * [[History of physics]] * [[Light in painting]] * [[Science in the ancient world]] * [[Seafaring in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean]] * [[History of the Papacy]] * [[Post-truth]] * [[Phaedo]] * [[Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)]] * [[Interlinguistics]] * [[Nicomachean Ethics]] * [[Socratic problem]] * [[Codex Calixtinus]] * [[Jaime Balmes]] * [[Interglossa]] * [[Spanish Romantic Literature]] * [[Nicotine marketing]] * [[Animal welfare in Nazi Germany]] * [[Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism]] * [[Spanish Baroque literature]] * [[Unit 8200]] * [[Managed decline]] * [[Societal collapse]] * [[Private military company]] * [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] * [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain]] * [[Hambach Festival]] * [[French Renaissance]] * [[Rudelsburg]] * [[Hispania Nostra]] * [[Rémi Brague]] * [[Giorgio Agamben]] * [[Teachings of Pope John Paul II]] * [[Mining in Germany]] * [[Association of the Oilseed Processing Industry in Germany]] * [[Christian mysticism]] * [[Manuel García Morente]] * [[Oasis Magna]] * [[Essential World English]] * [[Bonne-Espérance Abbey]] * [[Notre-Dame de la Garde]] * [[Orphic Hymns]] * [[Continental System]] * [[Late antiquity]] * [[Interlingue literature]] * [[Rerum novarum]] * [[Christianity in late antiquity]] * [[Strategic bombing during World War II]] * [[Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church]] * [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period]] == Articles that I have improved == * [[Otto Neurath]] * [[English literature]] * [[Lingua Franca Nova]] * [[Inés Arrimadas]] * [[Alphonse Matejka]] * [[Catholic Church]] * [[Simple living]] * [[Antigua and Barbuda#History|Antigua and Barbuda]] * [[Simone Weil]] * [[Anabaptist]] * [[Bertrand Russell]] q19ck3grrwkfq6b4yab4h2pl90239b2 2 1111287 10330812 10326927 2025-06-14T20:19:15Z Davey2010 314522 Logging quick deletion nomination of [['Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue']]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330812 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === June 2024 === # [[:Frog Dodgers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 10:46, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Collin Vejier]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:1C00:190:9B00:8050:FABF:302D:4E82}} 11:20, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:James Bond (group)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 12:05, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Skibidi Toilet]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}) 17:46, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Edinburgh]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 12:05, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Annastasia Victory]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:30, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:48, 4 June 2024 (UTC) (Recreated and redirected to [[List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids]]) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids (block)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:33, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:35, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids (block)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:39, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Skibidi Toilet]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 16:18, 5 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Frog Dodgers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:57, 5 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dravida Nadu]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:01, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:South India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Indo-Islamic architecture]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Ghurid dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Multan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Principality]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sayyid dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Khilji dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Austria]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Chinese Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in the United Arab Emirates]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Muslim world]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:English Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Palestinian Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Uyghur people]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in North Macedonia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Tibetan Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Niger]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Mauritania]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gilgit Baltistan Legislative Assembly]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dan Savage]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bisexual]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Banga Sena]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Shanti Bahini]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Chittagong Hill Tracts]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Legal]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Al-Fatiha Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:India–Pakistan Border]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Muslim India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gilgit Baltistan Order 2018]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:WAY-T0-GO-WIKIPHEDOIA]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 18:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Adventures of Baby Miss Piggy]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:500:8682:DA90:74E3:50E7:D333:42B}} 11:07, 7 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Ceylon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:45, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Togo]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:45, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Senegal]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Rwanda]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Ivory Coast]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Gabon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Ethiopia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human Rights in the People's Republic of China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Cameroon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Benin]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gender Recognition Act 2004]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Transgender marriage]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sadiq Khan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gay rights in Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bisexual rights in Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Zanzibar]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:51, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Singapore]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:51, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Hindustan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:51, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Sultanate of Oman]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Niger]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of The Gambia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Flag of East Turkestan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Republic of China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Jordan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Kashmir]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Georgia (country)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:54, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Kosovo]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:54, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Tatarstan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in East Turkestan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Algeria]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Bangladesh]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Bahrain]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Armenia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Albania]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:56, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mewing]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:58, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Paramount Pictures films (1912–1919)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Adventures of Baby Miss Piggy]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:500:8682:DA90:B184:4B13:B89C:AE17}} 11:10, 15 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fifteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:00, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:00, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Woman Who Fell to Earth (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:01, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Star Beast (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:01, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Eleventh Hour (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:04, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rose (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:04, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Devil's Chord]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Maestro (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Power of the Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Star Beast]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Toymaker (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:08, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox Doctor Who episode]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 16:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fourteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox Doctor Who doctor]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 16:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sixteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:11, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Showrunner of Doctor Who]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:11, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Coach Me If You Can]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 16:08, 23 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/A2]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:22, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/R2]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:23, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/QD log]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:24, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alexander Dennis Enviro500]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:51, 27 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Madonna (entertainer) songs]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 14:32, 29 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Madonna (entertainer)]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 14:40, 29 June 2024 (UTC) === July 2024 === # [[:Talking Pictures TV]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 21:01, 1 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fourteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 21:59, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Enviro400 MMC]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:34, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:18, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dover]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:20, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aylesford]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:20, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aylesford (disambiguation)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:51, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Loki (Marvel Comics)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:11, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|37.111.138.83}} 10:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ramphastos]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:569:BBE4:A800:B436:72C9:E9B0:ADBE}} 10:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nana boro]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:8800:4193:2100:F13B:6CF9:A7FD:A541}} 10:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Shorts in a Bunch (2007 TV show)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:34, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Leopold Frankenberger]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A00:F41:2C33:244A:95F9:4DC6:1BB4:93BF}} 22:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:EmiTQM]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|201.174.71.61}} 17:27, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Davide Garbolino]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Asuka2001}} 22:40, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:David Xanatos]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|198.200.115.29}} 22:40, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Astro (television)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:42, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Marie rahim]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|165.117.233.4}} 14:30, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ashutosh Jadhav]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ashutosh5577}} 14:31, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Keerthy Suresh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|27.4.237.119}} 14:32, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The howling]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:E808:F801:2CF7:8805:7E5B:A594}} 14:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Baltimore]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1CB8:641B:88AF:9A3A:FB7A:9CC4}} 15:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Minister of State for Development and Africa]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|178.16.1.117}} 15:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Endor (Star Wars)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:500:5300:614F:BCC1:4E39:C286}} 17:19, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Imran Momina]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gul Lala Ji}} 19:16, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bailey-Ann Best]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|159.196.185.58}} 21:31, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom of Koya]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 23:44, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Yus]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 21:56, 16 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Eirewave]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 12:38, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 6)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:44, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:M.I. High]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:01, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Being Ian]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:02, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Aquabats! Super Show!]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:05, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Action Dad]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:05, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Stranded: Alien Dawn]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:06, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alien Dawn]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:08, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television series about teenagers]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 22:12, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Amazing Extraordinary Friends]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:28, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:The Amazing Extraordinary Friends]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 22:28, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Marie rahim]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|165.117.233.4}} 13:56, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:EastEnders]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:12, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:EastEnders characters]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:35, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Clarkston Consulting]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|M0296}} 19:12, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:M.I. High]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2806:250:14C:B6DA:4009:3A2:61A5:CD53}} 21:47, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:M.I. High]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:47, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 14)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:42, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Peppa Pig episodes]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:48, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:20, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jugia]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2806:250:14C:B6DA:4009:3A2:61A5:CD53}} 18:38, 21 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:SvFF player template using fid parameter]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:29, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sports external link templates parameter issues]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:32, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Pages using a sports template incorrectly]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:32, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sports and games Wikipedia administration]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Module:Location map/data/Philippines Sorsogon]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:One-China policy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 19:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/xfdcloser2.js]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:36, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jonathan Roberts (writer)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Dkavoq}} 16:15, 30 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:View Source]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|93.117.187.7}} 15:19, 31 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:I will punch Loki Laufeyson in the face]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 17:53, 31 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:John Morris]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC) === August 2024 === # [[:4Music]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|80.194.73.126}} 11:40, 5 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Beauty of the beat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|94.196.250.182}} 15:25, 6 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Teletubbies episodes and videos]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|75.167.7.30}} 00:23, 7 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Can someone kill elon musk and get the twitter bird back do not kill the twitter bird please kill elon musk thats bad to change the twitter bird to a ugly "X" call (364)-3756-39-02]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Bopbop222}} 18:23, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dipr]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Bopbop222}} 18:23, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bubbles Utonium]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|92.16.57.25}} 10:21, 10 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baron Samedi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2605:B100:11E:67B0:4111:B32A:C919:D679}} 01:24, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:FremantleMedia]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]) 10:42, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:2025 Formula One World Championship]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:45, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alice Rothchild]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|SofiaMatson}} 16:56, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Younes Bashiri]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Bashiri80}} 18:01, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vahid Mousavi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Bashiri80}} 18:02, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Dexter's Laboratory episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:6082:9600:4F:ACB7:39BD:3EF:8C55}} 19:28, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:John Rossman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|BigBetRossman}} 19:32, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Intercontinental]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2.98.119.86}} 19:35, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Survivor 48]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|47.55.237.217}} 20:03, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Neurobehavioral therapy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Neuro Behavior}} 20:11, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mukul Kumar Mk Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:40E4:1001:106A:C828:4AFF:FE76:6254}} 20:13, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Youngboi OG]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Travisyoung14}} 20:37, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/Wikipedia:RedWarn/changelog]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:32, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Military coups in India]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:40D4:100A:BE23:5E6:3C50:37E8:9B7B}} 18:50, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Almal Real Estate Development]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|SittuPol}} 00:43, 18 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jesse Spencer]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|72.47.124.176}} 12:35, 21 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:President of China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:15, 25 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Karan Singh (Giant)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|31.188.12.196}} 16:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Madagascar 4]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:A506:4100:2835:71D7:E376:4D5F}} 21:10, 27 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Domestic goat]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:13BF:8C0:810F:9FE0:CB33:69C0}} 21:36, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Soviet Ukraine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:2188:4A28:346C:44B3:AECC:CB2A}} 17:43, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lockheed Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:37, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Agar.io]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ігнат Лостюк}} 15:55, 31 August 2024 (UTC) === September 2024 === # [[:User:12gokinmk/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:30, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:12gokinmk]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:30, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Sugi moyo/Rudeus Greyrat]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Sugi moyo}} 19:38, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Gk0094/Sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:21, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Alanwhite12/Ario Nahavandi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A02:6B68:3909:0:61E3:6541:37D1:558B}} 23:31, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Hariharan Selvaraj G]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hariharan Selvaraj G}} 23:33, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:SignInError]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|SignInError}} 00:00, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baeby Smashley li]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:It's Been A While (Song) (disambiguation)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:You Never Heard I (Thabiso Rekhotso Album)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Thabiso Andre Rekhotso}} 17:16, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Thabiso Rekhotso]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:17, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thabiso Rekhotso]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:17, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:It's Been A While (Song)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:19, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Thabiso Rekhotso songs]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:20, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Thabiso Rekhotso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:21, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thabiso Rekhotso discography]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:21, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cash Global-Brainstorm Records]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:27, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thabiso (given name)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Thabiso Andre Rekhotso}} 18:43, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Thabiso (given name)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:54, 4 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:LDV]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:11, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Mr. Ibrahem/Mpox]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:15, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Thabiso Rekhotso songs]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:16, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ya Lil (Ramage song)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:32, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alan Scott]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.185.197}} 14:43, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vandal Savage]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.185.197}} 14:44, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Calculator (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.185.197}} 14:44, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Beauty of the beat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:43, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Random World of Stanley Jollo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:59, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:The kid loral is gay and i hate him]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 00:47, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Goatbummers]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2604:3D09:A984:F000:31A3:C626:9903:AA0B}} 20:00, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Europa (musical duo)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:54, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Martin Solveig]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:55, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jonas Blue]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:55, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Joel Corry]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:56, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:James Hype]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:56, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bob Sinclar]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:01, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Robin Schulz]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:R3hab]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sky Blu (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alok (DJ)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A3|A3]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:04, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hey Duggee FBI headquarters]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:06, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cassö]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}) 12:07, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Peganian]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:7B00:667:604F:C840:E4A8:23E6}} 00:07, 15 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Davey2010/Codes]]: [[WP:QD#U1|CSD U1]] ({{tl|db-userreq}}) 21:43, 24 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:29, 27 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of awards and honours received by Mahathir Mohamad]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:29, 27 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Album]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Album/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Book]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Book/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Character]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Character/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Actor/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Actor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Corbridge]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.25.114.160}} 21:26, 28 September 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:Plaxton Expressliner]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:17, 9 October 2024 (UTC) - Note: Originally redirected, deleted in order to create # [[:Template:Diddy Party Invitation]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:06, 14 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Old Folks at Home]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:1D27:1210:E899:B198:C5C2:A4DB}} 23:54, 21 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chocolate pengiun]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 15:21, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Black tetra]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 15:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 15:50, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bard College]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:08, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Smiling Critters & Frowning Critters (videogames franchise)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.77.92.86}} 19:57, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox delevoper]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|188.77.92.86}} 19:57, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Frowning Critters Kill the Smiling Critters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.77.92.86}} 19:57, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Simply Almond]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.251.164.118}} 18:36, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jarrell]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.251.164.118}} 18:37, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Magic (Pilot song)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}) 09:15, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chaos magic]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:17, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:These Days (Powderfinger song)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:These Days (Powderfinger song)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Across the Great Divide tour]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Blank Page]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:23, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Days of Our Lives]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:24, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Across the Great Divide tour]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:25, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Potato chip]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|194.132.34.15}} 10:47, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Goku Black]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|BaconIsBacon}} 15:04, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kredite Schweiz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|WeezY88}} 15:05, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Acasă Gold]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A02:A58:8117:9E00:55F5:7663:EAE1:D6AD}} 17:22, 25 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mark Green]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:34, 25 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Jesus Church "TJC"]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 01:09, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ramesh Auti]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Wp.ramesh wiki}} 15:44, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Maratha Conquest of Bhadawar and Ater]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Shakib ul hassan}} 17:28, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programmes broadcast by MBC Action]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|102.156.75.33}} 19:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dirasat Fil Yahudiat wal Masihiyat wal Adiyanil Hind]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|103.230.105.22}} 19:19, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Studies in Judaism, Christianity and the Religions of India]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.230.104.57}} 19:19, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Damo k]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Spaceteez}} 13:08, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chan Than San]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ivan P. Clarin}} 13:08, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox phrase]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:04, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Kefas Brand]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:21, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dale L Flesher]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.69.74.132}} 19:41, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Moiz Ali Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Princess Sania Sher]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adil Bin Fazal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:15, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Sameer Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:24, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aqa of Punial]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:25, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Aqa of Punial (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) === November 2024 === # [[:Fantel (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:02, 1 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anton Polyakov (nutritionist)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:02, 1 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Television Saitama]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:D1F0:3670:E887:E722:ACD2:8BE8}} 00:16, 2 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lizzie McGuire: Timmy Turner, Cosmo and Wanda's First Day of HillRidge Junior High School: The Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|70.52.22.238}} 19:10, 3 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Usman Malik]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|115.186.169.33}} 20:05, 3 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:4DC:F90D:79BC:2955}} 17:37, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:43, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:43, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jesus Adrian SLU]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2806:10BE:9:377D:20AF:C8B3:1662:608C}} 22:29, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:JuJutsu Kaisen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:5CC:C800:3E:68CE:B8AF:4E88:4052}} 23:53, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lil TA]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|WgwagggT}} 23:53, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:131:EDEE:1162:EA83}} 12:33, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kuomitê]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hen Sil-Mat}} 13:08, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.6}} 14:12, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Theory of Functional Connections (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:14, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Homophobia in the United Kingdom]]: {{tl|QD}} 17:57, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Profile of Faiza Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Dr Aqsa Ansari}} 18:23, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Donald Trump wanna poo pooooooo]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|213.64.78.188}} 18:39, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anton Polyakov (Endocrinologist)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Zaradka}} 19:22, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fantel (educational company)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Zaradka}} 19:22, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:England national football B team]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.100.232.79}} 19:23, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sammy Vite (1995)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|79.53.228.198}} 19:25, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Molang Nareo Mk1]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|79.53.228.198}} 19:59, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sammy scuola]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|79.53.228.198}} 20:00, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pretty Boy Floyd]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|99.74.26.194}} 23:08, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Hamid barani]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:27, 7 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Henri Delaunay Trophy]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2001:8F8:1361:41A:1405:A6E:6A5C:69C7}} 19:35, 7 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jesus Adrian SLU]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|TrollinoOficialPoderXD}} 20:53, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mexico Countryballs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|TrollinoOficialPoderXD}} 20:54, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Panda y Pato]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|TrollinoOficialPoderXD}} 20:55, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rickmansworth]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2H-Writer}} 23:30, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Bol21 Jok}} 23:31, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Imaryabanerjee]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|197.215.24.115}} 23:32, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:PAF College Chaklala]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:05, 9 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia talk:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Jadidi Alireza]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 13:01, 11 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fanttik]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Contributoroface}} 12:53, 14 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:LB&SCR Class E2 105 Thomas]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:5ABA:8200:E5BC:B376:2E5F:F645}} 19:19, 14 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Panda And Duck]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:40, 15 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chocolate Pengiun]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:13, 20 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Phil Renier]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|PhineasAndFerbFan99}} 12:34, 23 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Tatarstan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in the Caucasus]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Uyghur Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:34, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:34, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of national airlines]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:34, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gaba language]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.195.248.194}} 16:31, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in the Republic of Ireland]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|Vermont}} 12:20, 30 November 2024 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:8955:25A3:F767:DF7B}} 16:24, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls schools in Kent]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:58, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in Kent by type]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls' schools in England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Single-gender schools in England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls' schools in the United Kingdom]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls' schools by country]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in England by type]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cyber Crime Break Org]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.169.215.141}} 19:40, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:CyberPeace Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|AERCTANGE}} 19:41, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Diamond-Star Motors]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|AERCTANGE}} 19:44, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ramkripalyadavg YouTuber]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|103.199.180.229}} 17:20, 3 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Spym india]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 20:56, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:AERCTANGE]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:27, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Brian K. Vaughan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adrian Alphona]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Terry Moore]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Child actor]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:XNXX (website)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Przemysław Truściński]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Diamond-Star Motors]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Zoom TV (India)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rajat Sharma]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:PRXDUM]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Tito11 years}} 14:58, 7 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:McNugget]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.18.1.33}} 15:58, 7 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Television Saitama]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:D101:3455:E5E5:1D55:6D1A:965F}} 18:01, 8 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Do not delete pages]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:34, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:35, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Foodtaxobox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:35, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Do not delete page]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:35, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Polly the Pug]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:35, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ruby Chocolate]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:36, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gingerbread man]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:37, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Pivot]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:F54E:6394:E3A6:961B}} 11:42, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:8551:D4E8:7151:6591}} 11:44, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:8542:364E:6F92:7D3C}} 11:46, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:List of largest stars row]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:List of largest stars row/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Solar radius calculator]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Solar radius calculator/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:7063:64B9:C0A9:6D92}} 17:18, 17 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kahanism]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:50, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Palestinians in Jordan]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:History of Jews in Saudi Arabia]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Moshe Feiglin]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:59, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rolie Polie Olie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:5495:CF00:A102:94A4:6300:5A08}} 01:19, 19 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Guzman y Gomez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:5495:CF00:7DA9:D72B:B6C4:5C1A}} 01:22, 19 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Las Ketchup]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 01:54, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Women of Latin music]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|2600:4808:9C70:6600:C170:7AE:1778:2B29}} 01:55, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Women in music]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|2600:4808:9C70:6600:C170:7AE:1778:2B29}} 01:56, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Women in music]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 02:17, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:PolyGram Video: Barney's Magical Musical Adventure (1992 UK VHS)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:21, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Together Again Video Productions: Kidsongs - A Day at Camp (1990 VHS)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:25, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Brentwood Music: Kids Sing Praise Volume 1 (1987 VHS)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:25, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Be My Valentine, Love Barney]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:26, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:October Sky (1999 film)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:27, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Season 1: Hansel and Gretel]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:28, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Playing in the Rain]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:28, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Grand Old Duke of Noble York]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:29, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ned's Bicycle]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:29, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon Movies: Dora's Pirate Adventure]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:29, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Let Me Call You Sweetheart]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:30, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bully for Jody]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:30, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Barney's Musical Castle]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:30, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wiggledance! (1997 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:33, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Old King Cole]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:34, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Enrique Mendiola]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Buszmail}} 13:18, 29 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:IPA-jpa]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Bola Fofa}} 23:28, 29 December 2024 (UTC) === January 2025 === # [[:Talk:The Judgment Day]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 02:07, 1 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dominik Mysterio]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 02:07, 1 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Because Why? (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:9F83:1800:1D31:E95E:CBB1:F9DB}} 02:26, 2 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Makino film Productions]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:05, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:07, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 2012]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:American companies established in 1926]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1928]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1987 disestablishments by country]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:10, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:American companies established in 1927]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 19:38, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:American companies established in 1927]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 21:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:45, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1960]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:46, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1927]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:46, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cinema Center Films (1967-1972)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1967]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Organisation of Muslims in Hungary]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gerikakoki}} 01:25, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bulgarian Orthodox Church of Hungary]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gerikakoki}} 01:33, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 21:03, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Czech Radio]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 22:58, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 22:58, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Prince]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 17:12, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mandarin Films Ltd.]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:40, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cinema City Enterprises]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|64.233.226.130}} 20:40, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Czech Radio]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:41, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Blix Tower]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:A03F:6A97:E201:5D1B:4BC7:5A96:F6BD}} 22:11, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 2018]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1979]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Internet properties disestablished in 1997]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:25, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Internet properties established in 1996]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:26, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:51A9:2134:3CB5:1377}} 16:46, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Guzman y Gomez]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.0.99.202}} 18:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Carlos A. Rogers]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.0.99.202}} 18:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 13:55, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tony Yayo]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:D72D:C701:599B:CCA3:1685:CE22}} 22:32, 13 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:2030 in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|68.107.182.234}} 19:03, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:JFO Star]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Huhila}} 14:08, 15 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:46, 15 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:470:279F:6566:8AA9}} 16:46, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kathir senthilkumar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|206.213.190.42}} 19:18, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nautiyal (caste)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|49.204.115.47}} 18:24, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:T Mayu Bogollagama]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|Sripav}} 19:43, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Video game-related lists]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|Auntof6}} 21:03, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1887 paintings]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MrMeAndMrMe}} 21:04, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Crossover role-playing video games]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MourningRainfall}} 21:04, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Games on Steam]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|QuantumFoam66}} 21:04, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hack and slash role-playing games]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MourningRainfall}} 21:05, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 2010]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|64.233.226.130}} 21:05, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media in Asia]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MathXplore}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Paintings by Francesco Filippini]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|Auntof6}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Romance video games]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MourningRainfall}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Video game industry]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|QuantumFoam66}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Attack of Baghdad (1812)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:10, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Attack of Baghdad (1812)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 21:10, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Campaigns of Mir Muhammad Rawandiz]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 21:11, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Seen82828]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:13, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:TikTok]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|68.107.182.234}} 21:15, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Field marshals of Turkey]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:27, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Amazon MGM Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:27, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Technical 13/1CA]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:35, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Technical 13/1CA]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:36, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Food infobox]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.6}} 17:07, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Black phantom tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:36, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green swordtail]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:37, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Xiphophorus]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Livebearers]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Black neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gold Zebra Danio]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:39, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shoaib Noorzai]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Shoaib Noorzai67}} 19:49, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:PBS Kids Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|168.220.175.128}} 20:13, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gigglebiz]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:2077:7C68:1C87:2905}} 20:15, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dan Clancy]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:40, 24 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Habesha Community]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:59, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tiny Pop]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:A9A0:B66B:FEB:3487}} 11:02, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Ethiopian-Eritrean Cultural and Historical Community]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:06, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Spacetoon]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 15:57, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia talk:Privacy Policy And Community Guideline]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 15:57, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Constitution of the People's Republic of China]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|202.8.119.89}} 16:42, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Izza (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|5.194.164.198}} 16:46, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Glenwood Springs Dance Festival]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:282:1800:6A0:707B:937C:C4E5:CA56}} 16:50, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Total Divas]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:7600:5041:605C:FB23:A721:8D53}} 22:08, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:UTV (TV channel)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:A9A0:B66B:FEB:3487}} 09:17, 26 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of NCIS episodes]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 20:09, 26 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:2026 Formula One World Championship]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.74.68.193}} 10:27, 27 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:I'll do the API]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:14, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DeadMan1995]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:14, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Mavenly]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:15, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:24, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Severe thunderstorm watch]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Adelaideslement8723}} 20:51, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Fixies]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:2C5:4183:7F80:64C2:415F:27EE:C43B}} 10:17, 30 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Church Slavonic language]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|14.192.214.197}} 11:26, 30 January 2025 (UTC) === February 2025 === # [[:Talk:2016]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 01:16, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:1400]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 01:16, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:305 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:179 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:178 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:177 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ali Azhar D]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Tanocleaqua097}} 02:24, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:MBC 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:387:15:13:0:0:0:7}} 15:00, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Audiovisual Communicators]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 13:16, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Dogs of War]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.98.170.14}} 19:40, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Odessa File]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.98.170.14}} 19:41, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:ABJ Broadcasting Services]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 01:43, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Capitol Broadcasting Center]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 11:16, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Apollo Broadcast Investors]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 11:17, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yuhrmom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:2735:5743:4223:55FA:EA27:E664}} 15:27, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ayam Inyabat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:2735:5743:4223:55FA:EA27:E664}} 16:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Al-Bussiyah]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:2735:5743:4223:55FA:EA27:E664}} 16:21, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mexico Countryballs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Mikecrack77612}} 18:44, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Capitol Broadcasting Center]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 20:35, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Apollo Broadcast Investors]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 20:36, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jesus Adrian SLU]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2806:10BE:9:B81A:7710:6B31:D413:7D29}} 00:44, 4 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Buses by manufacturer]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 22:44, 4 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dafne Keen]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.171.210}} 02:19, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:MENAFN]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.153.66.167}} 02:46, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mena Report]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|43.249.232.45}} 02:47, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Alexander buses]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|179.109.143.137}} 23:09, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Intercity buses]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 01:50, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|174.70.123.64}} 12:23, 9 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Toula Gordillo]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|SyedTayyab560}} 19:58, 9 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:SuperMarioLogan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:15D7:5810:BF4A:8781:6F57:76B6}} 02:20, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Marilao]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 13:09, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:How to Pair Dishes With a Joven Tequila]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B06E:DED7:3003:29D4:16B7:99D1}} 16:06, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Secretary of Outer Space]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B06E:DED7:3003:29D4:16B7:99D1}} 16:06, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kuhnashahir incident]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|185.84.70.216}} 16:20, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/DimlightBot]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.55.225.206}} 17:20, 14 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Justin Bieber is a nazi]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Justin Bieber is a nazi}} 03:15, 15 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Total Divas]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:9160:3835:A036:8873:ED13}} 08:50, 15 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Night (The Amazing World of Gumball)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:16, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Starz (British Television Network)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:21, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:StarzEncore (British Television Network)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:21, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:21, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nick Jr. Toons]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:D480:A020:30C9:8741:6C5D:22EC}} 21:24, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gypsy beats]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|61.7.159.162}} 00:20, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Foku Me]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|61.7.159.162}} 00:22, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:CHILLY GYPSY]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|61.7.159.162}} 00:23, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:VDL Groep]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 15:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Khatare Massacre (1832)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:1C41:2340:7DCE:CA75:3DA7:CF8E}} 21:56, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Khatare Massacre (1832)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:1C41:2340:7DCE:CA75:3DA7:CF8E}} 22:07, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Former schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:02, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Further education colleges in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:02, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Primary schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:03, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Secondary schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:03, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Special schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:03, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Bedfordshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:04, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Berkshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:05, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in East Sussex]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:06, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Buckinghamshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:06, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Kent]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:08, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Milton Keynes]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Oxfordshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Surrey]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:12, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in West Sussex]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:12, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Independent schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:14, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Universities and colleges in South East England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:15, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nick Mathewson]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Jeremy Beremy3}} 16:50, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:D1F0:3670:8F7:5F24:E02C:8DA2}} 19:16, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Patty Aubery]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|AllThisPaperwork}} 21:55, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Rocío Castrillo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 21:56, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Draft:Mary Morrissey (author)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:01, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Maria Belen Fernandez Hernandez]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:02, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Josephine Aldecoa]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:02, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Zero Defend Security (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:33, 27 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Departamento de Eficiencia Gubernamental]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B00D:620B:C2F:E21:FEE8:31E0}} 19:06, 27 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:DYDN]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 01:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Disney Brothers Studio]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:46, 28 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Beacon Pictures]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:47, 28 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1990]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:49, 28 February 2025 (UTC) === March 2025 === # [[:Alice’s Wild West Show]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:08, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:08, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1926]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:08, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Karthick Krishna M S]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:25, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:British Israelism]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:03, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Moshe Feiglin]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Flag of the State of Judaea]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:06, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:History of Jews in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Itamar Ben-Gvir]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palestinians in Jordan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:SyedTayyab560/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:29, 2 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Meycauayan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:35, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:San Miguel, Bulacan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:35, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Trans-Radio Broadcasting Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:36, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Audiovisual Communicators]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:37, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:DWRX]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:37, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:DWAN-AM]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:38, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Laoag Radio]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:38, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|194.11.197.91}} 17:51, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Unlimited Squirrels!]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|50.205.217.206}} 18:35, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Korrzia}} 19:06, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Volvo B5LH]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|148.252.156.188}} 09:08, 5 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tumi Asbe Bole]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2604:6000:CA4E:6300:ED18:F633:6CAF:1643}} 00:47, 6 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bus Éireann]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:BB6:C53C:4200:746E:DC2D:320C:A1D9}} 16:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mei (dinosaur)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:DE00:84A3:41C4:1090:159E:8023}} 19:59, 7 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Sandbox for user warnings]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 15:36, 8 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Asit Nath tiwari]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Asan people}} 11:44, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Asit Nath Tiwari]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:408A:2DB0:8EF7:0:0:634A:5410}} 11:45, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Beria (caste)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:29, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:MEGABLOCKS]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|77.100.210.38}} 15:05, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of most recent days I crapped my pants]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.125.36.50}} 15:56, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of most recent days I was touched by someone in a dress/skirt]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.125.36.50}} 15:56, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Emerging Economies]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.98.114.119}} 19:11, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kan 11]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:58A:8004:5C30:8D37:2BF6:34E:7E1}} 14:53, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Google TV]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 14:54, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Christine Chandler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:38, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Namisi Rodney Kefas]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Chidimmaa}} 18:58, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vozo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:58A:8004:5C30:A1F1:7A80:61A:3410}} 01:11, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sony YAY!]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:29, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Arbutus Middle School]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|69.67.85.63}} 15:30, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:11, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Arbutus Middle School]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 17:19, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Roadshow Entertainment: The Wiggles - Wiggle Bay]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:22, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Noddy's Toyland Adventures]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:27, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kidsongs: Country Sing Along Songs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Carols in the Domain]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Barney & the Backyard Gang: Barney in Concert]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Good Robot (2025 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|24.107.227.193}} 21:29, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kirsty MacColl]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:22, 14 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Samantha Bentley]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:F461:C400:C05D:CCE:E18E:B125}} 01:02, 15 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Julie Johnson (actress)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 14:43, 15 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Matharu (caste)‌]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:09, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Indian state fruits]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:47, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Toponymy of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:47, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Names of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:47, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:DXET-TV]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:48, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:DYTE-TV]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:49, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mexican nationalism]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:51, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Romani nationalism]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:51, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of countries with MTS providers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:5877:3361:112F:3EC0}} 21:15, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jōjin]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:5877:3361:112F:3EC0}} 21:16, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Garden Kitty]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|35.132.116.195}} 22:25, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Matharu (caste)‌]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:38, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Scooter Braun]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.231.180.131}} 12:47, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kach]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:38, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bluelock]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2405:201:C405:6801:5593:51CC:7A3:ECA0}} 11:53, 19 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Promethazine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|167.160.210.119}} 17:07, 21 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kach party]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 18:42, 22 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Imtiaz Ahmed (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2401:1900:2067:E546:0:0:0:1}} 22:40, 22 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Strip District]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|66.7.144.138}} 23:12, 22 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Schizomeria ovata]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 20:31, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Peter Strauss]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:51, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vale Tudo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:52, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Crime in Papua New Guinea]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:53, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:First Capital Command]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:54, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corruption in Cuba]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:55, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corruption in Yemen]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:56, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Historical provinces of France]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:56, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lakshya (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:57, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corruption in Bhutan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:58, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Actresses in English cinema]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:31, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:2010s cheesy films]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:32, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:English cinema]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:32, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hollywood]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:32, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:English television]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:33, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:2010s cheesy television]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:33, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Male actors in English television]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 18:03, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Male actors in English cinema]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 18:03, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh kargbo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|194.11.197.70}} 23:13, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chester Ismay]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|119.155.176.178}} 15:05, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Amanda Archer]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2409:40E2:18:EF43:1892:26FE:5098:6CDF}} 18:37, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:305 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:204:ED80:16F0:1077:A6DF:1C2F:60B8}} 11:04, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Daily Fourth Gradian]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B02E:492A:485B:683A:95CA:859E}} 15:37, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Achievement Hunters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B02E:492A:485B:683A:95CA:859E}} 15:37, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chalmers University of Technology]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B02E:492A:485B:683A:95CA:859E}} 15:37, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alhaji Ahmed Zaruk Nuhu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LatifGhana}} 23:03, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:News179]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Spicy Topics}} 21:32, 29 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cultural impact of Michael Jackson (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 15:58, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:South African Youth Business Chamber]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Charles.Simon12}} 18:03, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Global Gaming League]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|BlackRhino12}} 18:21, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco m. 2002; div. 2018]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|100.15.185.201}} 18:22, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Logos and The Sesame Show]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:586:CC01:1880:95CE:3500:8DC6:33EC}} 23:16, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:28, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Koshayna Inudil]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:29, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Raimundas Čerčkė]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:29, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of digital channels on Zebra TV]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:31, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of terrestrial channels in Lithuania]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:32, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Television in Tajikistan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:38, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of providers in Tajikistan]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:3440:CA7F:DB34:F939}} 17:41, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Latvijas Neatkarīgā Televīzija]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:43, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Television in Ukraine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:ACDA:4900:A5A5:853B:86E4:435B}} 17:50, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of channels on Adrija (online)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:50, 31 March 2025 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Jewish National Front]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ahad Raza Mir]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Zxa123}} 10:24, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hum TV]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Zxa123}} 10:27, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kuch Na Kehna]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Zxa123}} 10:28, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gyude Moore]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Polnerd25}} 10:31, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Banu Al-Akhdar (tribu)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|50.68.60.205}} 17:12, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Programs on Nick Jr. Toons]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|108.64.233.217}} 19:02, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yousef Abo Zarad]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mvfra}} 15:26, 2 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jōtarō Kawakami]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:6010:8701:4781:D5DE:EAD4:368C:B1B1}} 21:07, 3 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shoaib Noorzai]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G5|G5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Adil Adi Khan}} 17:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shoaib Noorzai]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:36, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alexander Lukison]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 18:22, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ashton United F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Dih250}} 18:28, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lee Charnley]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Dih250}} 18:49, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:PCP Capital Partners]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|92.40.201.215}} 18:52, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Quirke]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Dih250}} 18:53, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Waterloo Road series 15]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:06, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox character1]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:13, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Steve Savage (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:14, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kim Campbell (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:14, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Stella Drake (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:15, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Adam Borque]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.26.33}} 22:14, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Genghis Khan Still a better person than rod stewart]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 10:50, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Poecilia wingei]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:02, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:37, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 18:50, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Emily Galaviz]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ldya124}} 22:12, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:AAB0:1A80:E4DF:DB15:C0C2:44D}} 10:36, 6 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Friends Like These]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:23, 6 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baddies season 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:8A80:79A7:28A6:75B5:7551}} 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baddies season 2]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:8A80:79A7:28A6:75B5:7551}} 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baddies season 1]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:8A80:3D48:5CE6:EA5E:3C6A}} 01:12, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Master list of digital television channels (All)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:A51A:FE0F:52D8:A089}} 11:01, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of line-up changes on Dish Network from the 1990s]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:E077:EF6F:8369:E30}} 11:03, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sleeper build]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Zia12159}} 11:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 00:35, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Pivot]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 00:56, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|174.70.123.64}} 00:59, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Crypto-anarchism]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|207.166.39.40}} 19:37, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mad (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|50.205.217.115}} 19:40, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:CNN Chile]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 11:15, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Pivot]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 17:45, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 17:46, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 17:49, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:LDPlayer]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:2102:8022:1:2:8206:47E1}} 17:55, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 18:31, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:National symbols of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:22, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:58A:8004:5C30:AC80:F05B:6C06:39D4}} 17:28, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jordi Sierra i Fabra]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|88.14.14.85}} 18:05, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Fears to fathom]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|203.62.28.65}} 18:14, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Faun]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Brazilianferalcat06!}} 18:15, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Zayid Bin Labid Al-Ansari (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 18:20, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Sirens of Titan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:1012:A007:5094:2E8D:556E:B03C:A6D5}} 18:25, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Daughter of Jephthah]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|174.98.170.14}} 18:27, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rogelio Villaseñor]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:201:8E00:D860:8D67:A530:7269:B7CC}} 18:28, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of generation II Pokémon]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 22:36, 11 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alice Dewey Goldstone]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:07, 12 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:WHITENO1SE (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ady111}} 18:32, 12 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Inhaler (band)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:84:8101:3B70:B40B:4658:1325:9AB7}} 19:44, 12 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Supreme Court of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:28, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Government of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Act of Settlement 1701]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Monarchy of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:George VI of the United Kingdom]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:30, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gay rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:31, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Lesbian rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:31, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bisexual rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:31, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Intersex rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Transsexual rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Transgender rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gender identity rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sexual orientation rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Republic of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Republic of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aleksander Lukin]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:28, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ursina Engine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:20, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Muna Omari]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:28, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|50.205.217.201}} 18:42, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Keem Fame Rich]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Wakabenga}} 19:42, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vice Ganda]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 12:59, 16 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alan Kuo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Alexhl}} 16:37, 16 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Karthick Krishna M S]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 10:57, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:580:1960:7AFE:BE46:F7D9:6AB0}} 17:23, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:G. V. Prakash Kumar]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 22:18, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:David Barrett]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|110.224.123.109}} 16:00, 19 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:MGM Animation Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2804:14C:658C:4580:6134:8DF1:AF8E:25A}} 18:47, 20 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Simplot]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:6C5D:5200:A84:94D7:EAFD:72C1:BCBE}} 20:05, 20 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aria Sloane]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B04A:82B9:4CA6:ADE5:3BD:DFA1}} 17:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Scriptorium]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B04A:82B9:4CA6:ADE5:3BD:DFA1}} 17:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Your New Lunch Habit Is Hurting the Economy]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B04A:82B9:4CA6:ADE5:3BD:DFA1}} 17:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Togo]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:42, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Tatarstan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Singapore]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Senegal]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ruled Out!]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:47, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Timvisible]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:50, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Scary Godparents]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:50, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Toon Disney's official programming]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:56, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ram Limbu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Arikchettri}} 18:00, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Getaway (2013 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 11:41, 23 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mahayogi Prem]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:16, 23 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:AnimeNew]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:101F:7DCB:AC0D:12FF:FEE7:EC72}} 21:20, 24 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shamosaurus]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); manually replaced from prev QD, didn't notify {{noping|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} - 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yinlong]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); manually replaced from prev QD, didn't notify {{noping|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} - 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mei (dinosaur)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); manually replaced from prev QD, didn't notify {{noping|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} - 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Max Charles]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:AI Brainrot animals]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:47, 26 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Brachytrachelopan]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:64F2:96F9:7CB9:A91C}} 20:24, 26 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alice Dewey Goldstone]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|70.29.71.189}} 15:12, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Realme]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Doeudh298}} 19:18, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Infinix Mobile]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Doeudh298}} 19:18, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Black neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito Wikipedicreatorpage}} 16:14, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Xiphophorus]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito Wikipedicreatorpage}} 16:14, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Livebearers]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito Wikipedicreatorpage}} 16:15, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Variable platyfish]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito at shopping}} 16:18, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito at shopping}} 16:19, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Josh Universe]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|163.118.184.224}} 21:36, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chicken jockey]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|170.185.105.219}} 13:32, 30 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Sandbox for user warnings]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:28, 30 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Christian punk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|170.185.249.66}} 16:20, 30 April 2025 (UTC) === May 2025 === # [[:Delaware languages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.235.207.150}} 19:08, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chicken jockey]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|146.115.4.210}} 19:10, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|190.206.141.27}} 14:13, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:HIStory World Tour]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|190.206.141.27}} 14:14, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dangerous World Tour]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|190.206.141.27}} 14:16, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:AI Brainrot animals]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 19:24, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Winnipeg School Division]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 21:57, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout (TV Network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:AAB0:1A80:92D:6E6C:924B:CDAF}} 22:02, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Qubo (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:AAB0:1A80:92D:6E6C:924B:CDAF}} 22:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cyber-Complex Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|PromptAI}} 22:24, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:IThena]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|PromptAI}} 22:25, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mraimdy]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mellonb}} 22:52, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mahdi Alzaeri]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Daliedraiom90}} 23:06, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Happy Tree Pals]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|209.188.63.77}} 23:09, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Intenzedoc]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|74.62.245.233}} 23:14, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mahdi Alzaeri]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:02, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pedro Álvarez-Salamanca Ramírez]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|45.181.120.139}} 12:26, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|55polo55}} 12:33, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Vandalism on Wikipedia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|ExclamationPointBandit}} 17:12, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Happy Tree Pals!]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:41, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 20:00, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rima Yussef]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:52, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Jews and Judaism in Palestine (region)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:00, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Palestinian Jews]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:00, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian Minhag]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:02, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Old Yishuv]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:02, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Western Aramaic languages]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:02, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yisrael Ariel]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:03, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Palestinian Jews]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Jews and Judaism in Palestine (region)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Old Yishuv]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kenn Navarro]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:19, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Richie Stringini]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:50, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Camp LakeBottom]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|HibariFan01}} 20:31, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 21:23, 11 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 21:24, 11 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Massive]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.175.48.66}} 15:15, 12 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Delaware languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|170.235.207.150}} 18:46, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:02, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani Superstar]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:02, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani And Narendra Modi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Kareena Kapoor]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Donald Trump]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Mark Zuckerberg]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Mukesh Ambani]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:06, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mark Addison]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Oper Tinoll}} 15:06, 14 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wayzata High School]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.237.105.107}} 19:05, 19 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Brad Church]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|168.254.25.133}} 16:45, 20 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Zxcvbnm]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|216.12.50.119}} 17:13, 20 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pence’s Sardinery]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B08A:5A0E:DC80:3510:EBB0:2F17}} 17:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Michelle Gomez]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:38, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joy Almondo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:39, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Belinda Chandra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:39, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of titles and honours of Charles III]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:39, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Reign of Elizabeth II]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:40, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Non-free use rationale logo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:41, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ted Nivison]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Kieranbowness}} 21:24, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Seoul Infernal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|216.162.88.62}} 21:24, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mr. Bounce]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:5153:5600:F04B:6B07:40A2:9099}} 21:29, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:El Klassik Band]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|KlassikNation}} 21:31, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:J Wizo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|KlassikNation}} 21:32, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vastav AI (deepfake detector)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:53, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Atomic Age]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2400:ADCC:1902:A600:A072:B0D7:46E0:9348}} 14:58, 24 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pak-Yul]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:272E:B02:F4A3:14E8:1C0B:6D30}} 16:26, 24 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}) 02:35, 25 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:AumSum]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|GeoGlobe Tales}} 16:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Good Robot (2025 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:98A:A00:AA00:B00E:7338:261:C26E}} 00:23, 27 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:AumSum]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|GeoGlobe Tales}} 10:38, 28 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 22:52, 30 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kern Arc]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|73.158.157.41}} 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:AumSum]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|73.158.157.41}} 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rima Yussef]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|142.189.254.248}} 20:14, 31 May 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Doctor Who (TV series; 1963)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Doctor Who (series 14)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Doctor Who (series 16)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Requested move notice]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:41, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bliss (photograph)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|64.88.21.11}} 11:45, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bob Weinstein]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|70.120.45.122}} 12:50, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kengo Takanashi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mia9542}} 15:57, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ahmad Shabery Cheek]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:243:E07C:8ED0:D59A:D953:ADF:CBBE}} 16:23, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yosuke Ide]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mia9542}} 16:26, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Julius and Sarah SonoftheMessiah Baafo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Julius Baafo}} 16:55, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|70.186.155.6}} 20:54, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Akash Nanda]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Wikialpha112}} 19:27, 5 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Palaestina Secunda]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:20, 8 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Professional wrestling throws]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|BigKrow}} 17:11, 9 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Braj Gopika Seva Mission]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2404:7C80:5C:6CCD:1C6B:FA0D:C43D:B49A}} 08:37, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:U.S. Agent]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|38.159.51.145}} 18:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian Rabbis]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|142.189.254.248}} 20:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Muzaffarid Recapture of Isfahan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|123sami123}} 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Alexandria (936)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|123sami123}} 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Abbasids raid on Sicily]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|123sami123}} 19:42, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pedro Jose Perez Gonzalez]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|106.215.151.163}} 11:39, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:'Sidewalk Clock at 783 Fifth Avenue']]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 20:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) gwv08r3l5veijdvgyfycysdd214axlz 10330951 10330812 2025-06-14T22:17:10Z Davey2010 314522 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Macrophages]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330951 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === June 2024 === # [[:Frog Dodgers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 10:46, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Collin Vejier]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:1C00:190:9B00:8050:FABF:302D:4E82}} 11:20, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:James Bond (group)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 12:05, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Skibidi Toilet]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}) 17:46, 2 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Edinburgh]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 12:05, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Annastasia Victory]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:30, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:48, 4 June 2024 (UTC) (Recreated and redirected to [[List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids]]) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids (block)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:33, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:35, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids (block)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:39, 4 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Skibidi Toilet]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 16:18, 5 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Frog Dodgers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:57, 5 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dravida Nadu]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:01, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:South India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Indo-Islamic architecture]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Ghurid dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Multan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Principality]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:02, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sayyid dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Khilji dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Austria]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:03, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Chinese Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in the United Arab Emirates]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Muslim world]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:English Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Palestinian Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Uyghur people]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in North Macedonia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Tibetan Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:04, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Niger]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Mauritania]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gilgit Baltistan Legislative Assembly]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dan Savage]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:05, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bisexual]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Banga Sena]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Shanti Bahini]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Chittagong Hill Tracts]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:06, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Legal]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Al-Fatiha Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:07, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:India–Pakistan Border]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Muslim India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gilgit Baltistan Order 2018]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:WAY-T0-GO-WIKIPHEDOIA]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 18:08, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Adventures of Baby Miss Piggy]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:500:8682:DA90:74E3:50E7:D333:42B}} 11:07, 7 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Ceylon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:45, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Togo]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:45, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Senegal]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Rwanda]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Ivory Coast]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Gabon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Ethiopia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human Rights in the People's Republic of China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Cameroon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Benin]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gender Recognition Act 2004]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Transgender marriage]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sadiq Khan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:47, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gay rights in Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bisexual rights in Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Zanzibar]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:51, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Singapore]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:51, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Hindustan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:51, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Sultanate of Oman]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Niger]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of The Gambia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Flag of East Turkestan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:52, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in the Republic of China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Jordan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Kashmir]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:53, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Georgia (country)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:54, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Kosovo]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:54, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Tatarstan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in East Turkestan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Algeria]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Bangladesh]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Bahrain]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Armenia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Albania]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:55, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:56, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mewing]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:58, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Paramount Pictures films (1912–1919)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:50, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Adventures of Baby Miss Piggy]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:500:8682:DA90:B184:4B13:B89C:AE17}} 11:10, 15 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fifteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:00, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:00, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Woman Who Fell to Earth (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:01, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Star Beast (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:01, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Eleventh Hour (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:04, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rose (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:04, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Devil's Chord]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Maestro (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Power of the Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Star Beast]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Toymaker (Doctor Who)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:08, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox Doctor Who episode]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 16:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fourteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox Doctor Who doctor]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 16:10, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sixteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:11, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Showrunner of Doctor Who]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 16:11, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Coach Me If You Can]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 16:08, 23 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/A2]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:22, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/R2]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:23, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/QD log]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:24, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alexander Dennis Enviro500]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:51, 27 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Madonna (entertainer) songs]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 14:32, 29 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Madonna (entertainer)]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 14:40, 29 June 2024 (UTC) === July 2024 === # [[:Talking Pictures TV]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 21:01, 1 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fourteenth Doctor]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 21:59, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Enviro400 MMC]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:34, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:18, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dover]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:20, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aylesford]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:20, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aylesford (disambiguation)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:51, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Loki (Marvel Comics)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:11, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|37.111.138.83}} 10:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ramphastos]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:569:BBE4:A800:B436:72C9:E9B0:ADBE}} 10:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nana boro]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:8800:4193:2100:F13B:6CF9:A7FD:A541}} 10:21, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Shorts in a Bunch (2007 TV show)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:34, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Leopold Frankenberger]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A00:F41:2C33:244A:95F9:4DC6:1BB4:93BF}} 22:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:EmiTQM]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|201.174.71.61}} 17:27, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Davide Garbolino]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Asuka2001}} 22:40, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:David Xanatos]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|198.200.115.29}} 22:40, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Astro (television)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:42, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Marie rahim]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|165.117.233.4}} 14:30, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ashutosh Jadhav]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ashutosh5577}} 14:31, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Keerthy Suresh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|27.4.237.119}} 14:32, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The howling]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:E808:F801:2CF7:8805:7E5B:A594}} 14:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Baltimore]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1CB8:641B:88AF:9A3A:FB7A:9CC4}} 15:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Minister of State for Development and Africa]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|178.16.1.117}} 15:33, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Endor (Star Wars)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:500:5300:614F:BCC1:4E39:C286}} 17:19, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Imran Momina]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gul Lala Ji}} 19:16, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bailey-Ann Best]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|159.196.185.58}} 21:31, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom of Koya]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 23:44, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Yus]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 21:56, 16 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Eirewave]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 12:38, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 6)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:44, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:M.I. High]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:01, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Being Ian]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:02, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Aquabats! Super Show!]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:05, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Action Dad]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:05, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Stranded: Alien Dawn]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:06, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alien Dawn]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:08, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television series about teenagers]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 22:12, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Amazing Extraordinary Friends]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|201.162.236.22}} 22:28, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:The Amazing Extraordinary Friends]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 22:28, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Marie rahim]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|165.117.233.4}} 13:56, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:EastEnders]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:12, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:EastEnders characters]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:35, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Clarkston Consulting]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|M0296}} 19:12, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:M.I. High]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2806:250:14C:B6DA:4009:3A2:61A5:CD53}} 21:47, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:M.I. High]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:47, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:SpongeBob SquarePants (season 14)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:42, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Peppa Pig episodes]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:48, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:20, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jugia]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2806:250:14C:B6DA:4009:3A2:61A5:CD53}} 18:38, 21 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:SvFF player template using fid parameter]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:29, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sports external link templates parameter issues]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:32, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Pages using a sports template incorrectly]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:32, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sports and games Wikipedia administration]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Module:Location map/data/Philippines Sorsogon]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:One-China policy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 19:05, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/xfdcloser2.js]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:36, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jonathan Roberts (writer)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Dkavoq}} 16:15, 30 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:View Source]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|93.117.187.7}} 15:19, 31 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:I will punch Loki Laufeyson in the face]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 17:53, 31 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:John Morris]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC) === August 2024 === # [[:4Music]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|80.194.73.126}} 11:40, 5 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Beauty of the beat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|94.196.250.182}} 15:25, 6 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Teletubbies episodes and videos]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|75.167.7.30}} 00:23, 7 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Can someone kill elon musk and get the twitter bird back do not kill the twitter bird please kill elon musk thats bad to change the twitter bird to a ugly "X" call (364)-3756-39-02]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Bopbop222}} 18:23, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dipr]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Bopbop222}} 18:23, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bubbles Utonium]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|92.16.57.25}} 10:21, 10 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baron Samedi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2605:B100:11E:67B0:4111:B32A:C919:D679}} 01:24, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:FremantleMedia]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]) 10:42, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:2025 Formula One World Championship]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:45, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alice Rothchild]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|SofiaMatson}} 16:56, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Younes Bashiri]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Bashiri80}} 18:01, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vahid Mousavi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Bashiri80}} 18:02, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Dexter's Laboratory episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:6082:9600:4F:ACB7:39BD:3EF:8C55}} 19:28, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:John Rossman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|BigBetRossman}} 19:32, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Intercontinental]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2.98.119.86}} 19:35, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Survivor 48]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|47.55.237.217}} 20:03, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Neurobehavioral therapy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Neuro Behavior}} 20:11, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mukul Kumar Mk Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:40E4:1001:106A:C828:4AFF:FE76:6254}} 20:13, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Youngboi OG]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Travisyoung14}} 20:37, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Davey2010/Wikipedia:RedWarn/changelog]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:32, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Military coups in India]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:40D4:100A:BE23:5E6:3C50:37E8:9B7B}} 18:50, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Almal Real Estate Development]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|SittuPol}} 00:43, 18 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jesse Spencer]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|72.47.124.176}} 12:35, 21 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:President of China]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:15, 25 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Karan Singh (Giant)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|31.188.12.196}} 16:33, 26 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Madagascar 4]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:A506:4100:2835:71D7:E376:4D5F}} 21:10, 27 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Domestic goat]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:13BF:8C0:810F:9FE0:CB33:69C0}} 21:36, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Soviet Ukraine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:2188:4A28:346C:44B3:AECC:CB2A}} 17:43, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lockheed Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:37, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Agar.io]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ігнат Лостюк}} 15:55, 31 August 2024 (UTC) === September 2024 === # [[:User:12gokinmk/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:30, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:12gokinmk]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:30, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Sugi moyo/Rudeus Greyrat]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Sugi moyo}} 19:38, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Gk0094/Sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:21, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Alanwhite12/Ario Nahavandi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A02:6B68:3909:0:61E3:6541:37D1:558B}} 23:31, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Hariharan Selvaraj G]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hariharan Selvaraj G}} 23:33, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:SignInError]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|SignInError}} 00:00, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baeby Smashley li]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:It's Been A While (Song) (disambiguation)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:15, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:You Never Heard I (Thabiso Rekhotso Album)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Thabiso Andre Rekhotso}} 17:16, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Thabiso Rekhotso]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:17, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thabiso Rekhotso]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:17, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:It's Been A While (Song)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:19, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Thabiso Rekhotso songs]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:20, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Thabiso Rekhotso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:21, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thabiso Rekhotso discography]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:21, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cash Global-Brainstorm Records]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Takbaj Dasi}} 17:27, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thabiso (given name)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Thabiso Andre Rekhotso}} 18:43, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Thabiso (given name)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:54, 4 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:LDV]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:11, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Mr. Ibrahem/Mpox]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:15, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Thabiso Rekhotso songs]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:16, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ya Lil (Ramage song)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:32, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alan Scott]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.185.197}} 14:43, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vandal Savage]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.185.197}} 14:44, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Calculator (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.185.197}} 14:44, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Beauty of the beat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:43, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Random World of Stanley Jollo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:59, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:The kid loral is gay and i hate him]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 00:47, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Goatbummers]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2604:3D09:A984:F000:31A3:C626:9903:AA0B}} 20:00, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Europa (musical duo)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:54, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Martin Solveig]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:55, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jonas Blue]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:55, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Joel Corry]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:56, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:James Hype]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 10:56, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bob Sinclar]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:01, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Robin Schulz]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:R3hab]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sky Blu (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:02, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alok (DJ)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A3|A3]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:04, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hey Duggee FBI headquarters]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|31.217.57.173}} 11:06, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cassö]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}) 12:07, 14 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Peganian]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:7B00:667:604F:C840:E4A8:23E6}} 00:07, 15 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Davey2010/Codes]]: [[WP:QD#U1|CSD U1]] ({{tl|db-userreq}}) 21:43, 24 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Murder of Altantuya Shaariibuu]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:29, 27 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of awards and honours received by Mahathir Mohamad]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:29, 27 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Album]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Album/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Book]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Book/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:10, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Character]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Character/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Actor/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Actor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.188.238.174}} 17:11, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Corbridge]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.25.114.160}} 21:26, 28 September 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:Plaxton Expressliner]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:17, 9 October 2024 (UTC) - Note: Originally redirected, deleted in order to create # [[:Template:Diddy Party Invitation]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:06, 14 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Old Folks at Home]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:1D27:1210:E899:B198:C5C2:A4DB}} 23:54, 21 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chocolate pengiun]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 15:21, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Black tetra]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 15:28, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 15:50, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bard College]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:08, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Smiling Critters & Frowning Critters (videogames franchise)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.77.92.86}} 19:57, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox delevoper]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|188.77.92.86}} 19:57, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Frowning Critters Kill the Smiling Critters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.77.92.86}} 19:57, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Simply Almond]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.251.164.118}} 18:36, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jarrell]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.251.164.118}} 18:37, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Magic (Pilot song)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}) 09:15, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chaos magic]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:17, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:These Days (Powderfinger song)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:These Days (Powderfinger song)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Across the Great Divide tour]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Blank Page]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|143.44.164.126}} 09:23, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Days of Our Lives]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:24, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Across the Great Divide tour]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:25, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Potato chip]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|194.132.34.15}} 10:47, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Goku Black]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|BaconIsBacon}} 15:04, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kredite Schweiz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|WeezY88}} 15:05, 24 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Acasă Gold]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2A02:A58:8117:9E00:55F5:7663:EAE1:D6AD}} 17:22, 25 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mark Green]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:34, 25 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Jesus Church "TJC"]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 01:09, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ramesh Auti]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Wp.ramesh wiki}} 15:44, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Maratha Conquest of Bhadawar and Ater]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Shakib ul hassan}} 17:28, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programmes broadcast by MBC Action]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|102.156.75.33}} 19:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dirasat Fil Yahudiat wal Masihiyat wal Adiyanil Hind]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|103.230.105.22}} 19:19, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Studies in Judaism, Christianity and the Religions of India]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.230.104.57}} 19:19, 29 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Damo k]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Spaceteez}} 13:08, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chan Than San]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ivan P. Clarin}} 13:08, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox phrase]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:04, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Kefas Brand]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:21, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dale L Flesher]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.69.74.132}} 19:41, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Moiz Ali Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Princess Sania Sher]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adil Bin Fazal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:15, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Sameer Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:24, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aqa of Punial]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Times Daily}} 22:25, 30 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Aqa of Punial (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:56, 31 October 2024 (UTC) === November 2024 === # [[:Fantel (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:02, 1 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anton Polyakov (nutritionist)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:02, 1 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Television Saitama]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:D1F0:3670:E887:E722:ACD2:8BE8}} 00:16, 2 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lizzie McGuire: Timmy Turner, Cosmo and Wanda's First Day of HillRidge Junior High School: The Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|70.52.22.238}} 19:10, 3 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Usman Malik]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|115.186.169.33}} 20:05, 3 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:4DC:F90D:79BC:2955}} 17:37, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:43, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 17:43, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jesus Adrian SLU]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2806:10BE:9:377D:20AF:C8B3:1662:608C}} 22:29, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:JuJutsu Kaisen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:5CC:C800:3E:68CE:B8AF:4E88:4052}} 23:53, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lil TA]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|WgwagggT}} 23:53, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:131:EDEE:1162:EA83}} 12:33, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kuomitê]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hen Sil-Mat}} 13:08, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.6}} 14:12, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Theory of Functional Connections (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 15:14, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Homophobia in the United Kingdom]]: {{tl|QD}} 17:57, 5 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Profile of Faiza Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Dr Aqsa Ansari}} 18:23, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Donald Trump wanna poo pooooooo]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|213.64.78.188}} 18:39, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anton Polyakov (Endocrinologist)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Zaradka}} 19:22, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fantel (educational company)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Zaradka}} 19:22, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:England national football B team]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.100.232.79}} 19:23, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sammy Vite (1995)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|79.53.228.198}} 19:25, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Molang Nareo Mk1]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|79.53.228.198}} 19:59, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sammy scuola]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|79.53.228.198}} 20:00, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pretty Boy Floyd]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|99.74.26.194}} 23:08, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Hamid barani]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:27, 7 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Henri Delaunay Trophy]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2001:8F8:1361:41A:1405:A6E:6A5C:69C7}} 19:35, 7 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jesus Adrian SLU]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|TrollinoOficialPoderXD}} 20:53, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mexico Countryballs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|TrollinoOficialPoderXD}} 20:54, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Panda y Pato]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|TrollinoOficialPoderXD}} 20:55, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rickmansworth]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2H-Writer}} 23:30, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Bol21 Jok}} 23:31, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Imaryabanerjee]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|197.215.24.115}} 23:32, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:PAF College Chaklala]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:05, 9 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia talk:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Jadidi Alireza]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 13:01, 11 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fanttik]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Contributoroface}} 12:53, 14 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:LB&SCR Class E2 105 Thomas]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:5ABA:8200:E5BC:B376:2E5F:F645}} 19:19, 14 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Panda And Duck]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:40, 15 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chocolate Pengiun]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:13, 20 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Phil Renier]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|PhineasAndFerbFan99}} 12:34, 23 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Tatarstan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in the Caucasus]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:33, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Uyghur Muslims]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:34, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Islam in Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:34, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of national airlines]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 13:34, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gaba language]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.195.248.194}} 16:31, 27 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in the Republic of Ireland]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|Vermont}} 12:20, 30 November 2024 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:8955:25A3:F767:DF7B}} 16:24, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls schools in Kent]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:58, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in Kent by type]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls' schools in England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Single-gender schools in England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls' schools in the United Kingdom]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Girls' schools by country]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in England by type]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cyber Crime Break Org]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.169.215.141}} 19:40, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:CyberPeace Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|AERCTANGE}} 19:41, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Diamond-Star Motors]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|AERCTANGE}} 19:44, 1 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ramkripalyadavg YouTuber]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|103.199.180.229}} 17:20, 3 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Spym india]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 20:56, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:AERCTANGE]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:27, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Brian K. Vaughan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adrian Alphona]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Terry Moore]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Child actor]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:XNXX (website)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:28, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Przemysław Truściński]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Diamond-Star Motors]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Zoom TV (India)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rajat Sharma]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:PRXDUM]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 23:29, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Tito11 years}} 14:58, 7 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:McNugget]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.18.1.33}} 15:58, 7 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Television Saitama]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:D101:3455:E5E5:1D55:6D1A:965F}} 18:01, 8 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Do not delete pages]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:34, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:35, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Foodtaxobox]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:35, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Do not delete page]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:35, 9 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Polly the Pug]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:35, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ruby Chocolate]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:36, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gingerbread man]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:37, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Pivot]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:F54E:6394:E3A6:961B}} 11:42, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:8551:D4E8:7151:6591}} 11:44, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:8542:364E:6F92:7D3C}} 11:46, 13 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:List of largest stars row]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:List of largest stars row/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Solar radius calculator]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Solar radius calculator/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 14:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:7063:64B9:C0A9:6D92}} 17:18, 17 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kahanism]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:50, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Palestinians in Jordan]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:51, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:History of Jews in Saudi Arabia]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:53, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Moshe Feiglin]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 00:59, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rolie Polie Olie]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:5495:CF00:A102:94A4:6300:5A08}} 01:19, 19 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Guzman y Gomez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:5495:CF00:7DA9:D72B:B6C4:5C1A}} 01:22, 19 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Las Ketchup]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 01:54, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Women of Latin music]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|2600:4808:9C70:6600:C170:7AE:1778:2B29}} 01:55, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Women in music]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|2600:4808:9C70:6600:C170:7AE:1778:2B29}} 01:56, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Women in music]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 02:17, 20 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:PolyGram Video: Barney's Magical Musical Adventure (1992 UK VHS)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:21, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Together Again Video Productions: Kidsongs - A Day at Camp (1990 VHS)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:25, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Brentwood Music: Kids Sing Praise Volume 1 (1987 VHS)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:25, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Be My Valentine, Love Barney]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:26, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:October Sky (1999 film)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:27, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Season 1: Hansel and Gretel]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:28, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Playing in the Rain]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:28, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Grand Old Duke of Noble York]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:29, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ned's Bicycle]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:29, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon Movies: Dora's Pirate Adventure]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:29, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Let Me Call You Sweetheart]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:30, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bully for Jody]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:30, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Barney's Musical Castle]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:30, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wiggledance! (1997 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:33, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Old King Cole]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.31.0}} 21:34, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Enrique Mendiola]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Buszmail}} 13:18, 29 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:IPA-jpa]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Bola Fofa}} 23:28, 29 December 2024 (UTC) === January 2025 === # [[:Talk:The Judgment Day]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 02:07, 1 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dominik Mysterio]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 02:07, 1 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Because Why? (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:9F83:1800:1D31:E95E:CBB1:F9DB}} 02:26, 2 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Makino film Productions]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:05, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:07, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 2012]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:American companies established in 1926]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1928]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:08, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1987 disestablishments by country]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:10, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:American companies established in 1927]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 19:38, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:American companies established in 1927]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 21:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:45, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1960]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:46, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1927]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:46, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cinema Center Films (1967-1972)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1967]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:47, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Organisation of Muslims in Hungary]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gerikakoki}} 01:25, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bulgarian Orthodox Church of Hungary]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Gerikakoki}} 01:33, 4 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 21:03, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Czech Radio]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 22:58, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 22:58, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Prince]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|142.114.232.94}} 17:12, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mandarin Films Ltd.]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:40, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cinema City Enterprises]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|64.233.226.130}} 20:40, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Czech Radio]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:41, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Blix Tower]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:A03F:6A97:E201:5D1B:4BC7:5A96:F6BD}} 22:11, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 2018]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1979]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Internet properties disestablished in 1997]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:25, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Internet properties established in 1996]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 18:26, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:51A9:2134:3CB5:1377}} 16:46, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Guzman y Gomez]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.0.99.202}} 18:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Carlos A. Rogers]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|147.0.99.202}} 18:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 13:55, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tony Yayo]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:D72D:C701:599B:CCA3:1685:CE22}} 22:32, 13 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:2030 in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|68.107.182.234}} 19:03, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:JFO Star]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Huhila}} 14:08, 15 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 16:46, 15 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4440:A80:470:279F:6566:8AA9}} 16:46, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kathir senthilkumar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|206.213.190.42}} 19:18, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nautiyal (caste)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|49.204.115.47}} 18:24, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:T Mayu Bogollagama]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|Sripav}} 19:43, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Video game-related lists]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|Auntof6}} 21:03, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1887 paintings]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MrMeAndMrMe}} 21:04, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Crossover role-playing video games]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MourningRainfall}} 21:04, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Games on Steam]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|QuantumFoam66}} 21:04, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hack and slash role-playing games]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MourningRainfall}} 21:05, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 2010]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|64.233.226.130}} 21:05, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media in Asia]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MathXplore}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Paintings by Francesco Filippini]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|Auntof6}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Romance video games]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|MourningRainfall}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Video game industry]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|QuantumFoam66}} 21:06, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Attack of Baghdad (1812)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:10, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Attack of Baghdad (1812)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 21:10, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Campaigns of Mir Muhammad Rawandiz]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 21:11, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Seen82828]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:13, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:TikTok]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|68.107.182.234}} 21:15, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Field marshals of Turkey]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 21:27, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Amazon MGM Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 17:27, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Technical 13/1CA]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:35, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Technical 13/1CA]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:36, 21 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Food infobox]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.6}} 17:07, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Black phantom tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:36, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green swordtail]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:37, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Xiphophorus]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Livebearers]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Black neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gold Zebra Danio]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 19:39, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shoaib Noorzai]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Shoaib Noorzai67}} 19:49, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:PBS Kids Sprout]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|168.220.175.128}} 20:13, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gigglebiz]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:2077:7C68:1C87:2905}} 20:15, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dan Clancy]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:40, 24 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Habesha Community]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:59, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tiny Pop]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:A9A0:B66B:FEB:3487}} 11:02, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Ethiopian-Eritrean Cultural and Historical Community]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:06, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Spacetoon]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 15:57, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia talk:Privacy Policy And Community Guideline]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 15:57, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Constitution of the People's Republic of China]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|202.8.119.89}} 16:42, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Izza (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|5.194.164.198}} 16:46, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Glenwood Springs Dance Festival]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:282:1800:6A0:707B:937C:C4E5:CA56}} 16:50, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Total Divas]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:7600:5041:605C:FB23:A721:8D53}} 22:08, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:UTV (TV channel)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:A9A0:B66B:FEB:3487}} 09:17, 26 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of NCIS episodes]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 20:09, 26 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:2026 Formula One World Championship]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.74.68.193}} 10:27, 27 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:I'll do the API]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:14, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:DeadMan1995]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:14, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Mavenly]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 02:15, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 16:24, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Severe thunderstorm watch]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Adelaideslement8723}} 20:51, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Fixies]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:2C5:4183:7F80:64C2:415F:27EE:C43B}} 10:17, 30 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Church Slavonic language]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|14.192.214.197}} 11:26, 30 January 2025 (UTC) === February 2025 === # [[:Talk:2016]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 01:16, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:1400]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 01:16, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:305 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:179 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:178 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:177 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.6.121.202}} 01:57, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ali Azhar D]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Tanocleaqua097}} 02:24, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:MBC 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:387:15:13:0:0:0:7}} 15:00, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Audiovisual Communicators]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 13:16, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Dogs of War]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.98.170.14}} 19:40, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Odessa File]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|174.98.170.14}} 19:41, 2 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:ABJ Broadcasting Services]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 01:43, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Capitol Broadcasting Center]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 11:16, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Apollo Broadcast Investors]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 11:17, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yuhrmom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:2735:5743:4223:55FA:EA27:E664}} 15:27, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ayam Inyabat]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:2735:5743:4223:55FA:EA27:E664}} 16:20, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Al-Bussiyah]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:2735:5743:4223:55FA:EA27:E664}} 16:21, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mexico Countryballs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Mikecrack77612}} 18:44, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Capitol Broadcasting Center]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|180.190.41.170}} 20:35, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Apollo Broadcast Investors]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 20:36, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jesus Adrian SLU]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2806:10BE:9:B81A:7710:6B31:D413:7D29}} 00:44, 4 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Buses by manufacturer]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 22:44, 4 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dafne Keen]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|190.75.171.210}} 02:19, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:MENAFN]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|103.153.66.167}} 02:46, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mena Report]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|43.249.232.45}} 02:47, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Alexander buses]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|179.109.143.137}} 23:09, 6 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Intercity buses]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 01:50, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Qubo (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|174.70.123.64}} 12:23, 9 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Toula Gordillo]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|SyedTayyab560}} 19:58, 9 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:SuperMarioLogan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:15D7:5810:BF4A:8781:6F57:76B6}} 02:20, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Marilao]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 13:09, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:How to Pair Dishes With a Joven Tequila]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B06E:DED7:3003:29D4:16B7:99D1}} 16:06, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Secretary of Outer Space]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B06E:DED7:3003:29D4:16B7:99D1}} 16:06, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kuhnashahir incident]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|185.84.70.216}} 16:20, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/DimlightBot]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.55.225.206}} 17:20, 14 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Justin Bieber is a nazi]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Justin Bieber is a nazi}} 03:15, 15 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Total Divas]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:9160:3835:A036:8873:ED13}} 08:50, 15 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Night (The Amazing World of Gumball)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:16, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Starz (British Television Network)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:21, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:StarzEncore (British Television Network)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:21, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LineBoyd}} 21:21, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nick Jr. Toons]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:D480:A020:30C9:8741:6C5D:22EC}} 21:24, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gypsy beats]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|61.7.159.162}} 00:20, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Foku Me]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|61.7.159.162}} 00:22, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:CHILLY GYPSY]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|61.7.159.162}} 00:23, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:VDL Groep]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 15:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Khatare Massacre (1832)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:1C41:2340:7DCE:CA75:3DA7:CF8E}} 21:56, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Khatare Massacre (1832)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:1C41:2340:7DCE:CA75:3DA7:CF8E}} 22:07, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Former schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:02, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Further education colleges in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:02, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Primary schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:03, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Secondary schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:03, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Special schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:03, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Bedfordshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:04, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Berkshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:05, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in East Sussex]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:06, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Buckinghamshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:06, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Kent]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:08, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Milton Keynes]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Oxfordshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in Surrey]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:12, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Schools in West Sussex]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:12, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Independent schools in Hampshire]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:14, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Universities and colleges in South East England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:15, 23 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nick Mathewson]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Jeremy Beremy3}} 16:50, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:D1F0:3670:8F7:5F24:E02C:8DA2}} 19:16, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Patty Aubery]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|AllThisPaperwork}} 21:55, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Rocío Castrillo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 21:56, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Draft:Mary Morrissey (author)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:01, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Maria Belen Fernandez Hernandez]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:02, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:AllThisPaperwork/Josephine Aldecoa]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:02, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Zero Defend Security (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:33, 27 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Departamento de Eficiencia Gubernamental]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B00D:620B:C2F:E21:FEE8:31E0}} 19:06, 27 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:DYDN]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 01:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Disney Brothers Studio]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:46, 28 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Beacon Pictures]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:47, 28 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1990]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 20:49, 28 February 2025 (UTC) === March 2025 === # [[:Alice’s Wild West Show]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:08, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies established in 1923]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:08, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1926]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|66.216.210.4}} 00:08, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Karthick Krishna M S]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:25, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:British Israelism]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:03, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Moshe Feiglin]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Flag of the State of Judaea]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:06, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:History of Jews in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Itamar Ben-Gvir]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palestinians in Jordan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:SyedTayyab560/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:29, 2 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Meycauayan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:35, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:San Miguel, Bulacan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:35, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Trans-Radio Broadcasting Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:36, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Audiovisual Communicators]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:37, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:DWRX]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:37, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:DWAN-AM]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:38, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Laoag Radio]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:38, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|194.11.197.91}} 17:51, 3 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Unlimited Squirrels!]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|50.205.217.206}} 18:35, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Korrzia}} 19:06, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Volvo B5LH]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|148.252.156.188}} 09:08, 5 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tumi Asbe Bole]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2604:6000:CA4E:6300:ED18:F633:6CAF:1643}} 00:47, 6 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bus Éireann]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:BB6:C53C:4200:746E:DC2D:320C:A1D9}} 16:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mei (dinosaur)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:DE00:84A3:41C4:1090:159E:8023}} 19:59, 7 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Sandbox for user warnings]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 15:36, 8 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Asit Nath tiwari]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Asan people}} 11:44, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Asit Nath Tiwari]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2409:408A:2DB0:8EF7:0:0:634A:5410}} 11:45, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Beria (caste)]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:29, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:MEGABLOCKS]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|77.100.210.38}} 15:05, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of most recent days I crapped my pants]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.125.36.50}} 15:56, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of most recent days I was touched by someone in a dress/skirt]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.125.36.50}} 15:56, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Emerging Economies]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.98.114.119}} 19:11, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kan 11]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:58A:8004:5C30:8D37:2BF6:34E:7E1}} 14:53, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Google TV]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.5}} 14:54, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Christine Chandler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:38, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Namisi Rodney Kefas]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Chidimmaa}} 18:58, 10 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vozo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:58A:8004:5C30:A1F1:7A80:61A:3410}} 01:11, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sony YAY!]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:29, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Arbutus Middle School]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|69.67.85.63}} 15:30, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Afghanistan]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:11, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Arbutus Middle School]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 17:19, 11 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Roadshow Entertainment: The Wiggles - Wiggle Bay]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:22, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Noddy's Toyland Adventures]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:27, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kidsongs: Country Sing Along Songs]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Carols in the Domain]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Barney & the Backyard Gang: Barney in Concert]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 21:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Good Robot (2025 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|24.107.227.193}} 21:29, 12 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kirsty MacColl]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:22, 14 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Samantha Bentley]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:F461:C400:C05D:CCE:E18E:B125}} 01:02, 15 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Julie Johnson (actress)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.167.13.90}} 14:43, 15 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Matharu (caste)‌]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:09, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Indian state fruits]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:47, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Toponymy of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:47, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Names of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:47, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:DXET-TV]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:48, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:DYTE-TV]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:49, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mexican nationalism]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:51, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Romani nationalism]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:51, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of countries with MTS providers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:5877:3361:112F:3EC0}} 21:15, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jōjin]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:5877:3361:112F:3EC0}} 21:16, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Garden Kitty]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|35.132.116.195}} 22:25, 16 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Matharu (caste)‌]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 00:38, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Scooter Braun]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.231.180.131}} 12:47, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kach]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:38, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bluelock]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2405:201:C405:6801:5593:51CC:7A3:ECA0}} 11:53, 19 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Promethazine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|167.160.210.119}} 17:07, 21 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kach party]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 18:42, 22 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Imtiaz Ahmed (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2401:1900:2067:E546:0:0:0:1}} 22:40, 22 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Strip District]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|66.7.144.138}} 23:12, 22 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Schizomeria ovata]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 20:31, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Peter Strauss]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:51, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vale Tudo]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:52, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Crime in Papua New Guinea]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:53, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:First Capital Command]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:54, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corruption in Cuba]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:55, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corruption in Yemen]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:56, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Historical provinces of France]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:56, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lakshya (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:57, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corruption in Bhutan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Nassiv64}} 22:58, 24 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Actresses in English cinema]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:31, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:2010s cheesy films]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:32, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:English cinema]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:32, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hollywood]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:32, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:English television]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:33, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:2010s cheesy television]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 17:33, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Male actors in English television]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 18:03, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Male actors in English cinema]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 18:03, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh kargbo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|194.11.197.70}} 23:13, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chester Ismay]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|119.155.176.178}} 15:05, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Amanda Archer]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2409:40E2:18:EF43:1892:26FE:5098:6CDF}} 18:37, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:305 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:204:ED80:16F0:1077:A6DF:1C2F:60B8}} 11:04, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Daily Fourth Gradian]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B02E:492A:485B:683A:95CA:859E}} 15:37, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Achievement Hunters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B02E:492A:485B:683A:95CA:859E}} 15:37, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chalmers University of Technology]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B02E:492A:485B:683A:95CA:859E}} 15:37, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alhaji Ahmed Zaruk Nuhu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|LatifGhana}} 23:03, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:News179]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Spicy Topics}} 21:32, 29 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cultural impact of Michael Jackson (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 15:58, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:South African Youth Business Chamber]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Charles.Simon12}} 18:03, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Global Gaming League]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|BlackRhino12}} 18:21, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco m. 2002; div. 2018]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|100.15.185.201}} 18:22, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Logos and The Sesame Show]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:586:CC01:1880:95CE:3500:8DC6:33EC}} 23:16, 30 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:28, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Koshayna Inudil]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:29, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Raimundas Čerčkė]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:29, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of digital channels on Zebra TV]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:31, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of terrestrial channels in Lithuania]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:32, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Television in Tajikistan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:38, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of providers in Tajikistan]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:3440:CA7F:DB34:F939}} 17:41, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Latvijas Neatkarīgā Televīzija]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:43, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Television in Ukraine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:ACDA:4900:A5A5:853B:86E4:435B}} 17:50, 31 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of channels on Adrija (online)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|86.18.63.41}} 17:50, 31 March 2025 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Jewish National Front]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:06, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ahad Raza Mir]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Zxa123}} 10:24, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hum TV]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Zxa123}} 10:27, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kuch Na Kehna]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Zxa123}} 10:28, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gyude Moore]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Polnerd25}} 10:31, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Banu Al-Akhdar (tribu)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|50.68.60.205}} 17:12, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Programs on Nick Jr. Toons]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|108.64.233.217}} 19:02, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yousef Abo Zarad]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mvfra}} 15:26, 2 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jōtarō Kawakami]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:6010:8701:4781:D5DE:EAD4:368C:B1B1}} 21:07, 3 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shoaib Noorzai]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G5|G5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Adil Adi Khan}} 17:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shoaib Noorzai]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:36, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alexander Lukison]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 18:22, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ashton United F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Dih250}} 18:28, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lee Charnley]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Dih250}} 18:49, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:PCP Capital Partners]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|92.40.201.215}} 18:52, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Quirke]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Dih250}} 18:53, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Waterloo Road series 15]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:06, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Infobox character1]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:13, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Steve Savage (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:14, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kim Campbell (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:14, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Stella Drake (character)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Hop250}} 20:15, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Adam Borque]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.26.33}} 22:14, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Genghis Khan Still a better person than rod stewart]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 10:50, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Poecilia wingei]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:02, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 17:37, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 18:50, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Emily Galaviz]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ldya124}} 22:12, 5 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids (block)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:AAB0:1A80:E4DF:DB15:C0C2:44D}} 10:36, 6 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Friends Like These]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 22:23, 6 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baddies season 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:8A80:79A7:28A6:75B5:7551}} 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baddies season 2]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:8A80:79A7:28A6:75B5:7551}} 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Baddies season 1]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:7001:76F0:8A80:3D48:5CE6:EA5E:3C6A}} 01:12, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Master list of digital television channels (All)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:A51A:FE0F:52D8:A089}} 11:01, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of line-up changes on Dish Network from the 1990s]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:AC84:7A00:E077:EF6F:8369:E30}} 11:03, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sleeper build]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Zia12159}} 11:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 00:35, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Pivot]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 00:56, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|174.70.123.64}} 00:59, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Crypto-anarchism]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|207.166.39.40}} 19:37, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mad (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|50.205.217.115}} 19:40, 8 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:CNN Chile]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 11:15, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Pivot]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 17:45, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 17:46, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 17:49, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:LDPlayer]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:2102:8022:1:2:8206:47E1}} 17:55, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|50.168.244.226}} 18:31, 9 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:National symbols of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:22, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:58A:8004:5C30:AC80:F05B:6C06:39D4}} 17:28, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jordi Sierra i Fabra]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|88.14.14.85}} 18:05, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Fears to fathom]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|203.62.28.65}} 18:14, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Faun]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Brazilianferalcat06!}} 18:15, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Zayid Bin Labid Al-Ansari (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 18:20, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Sirens of Titan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:1012:A007:5094:2E8D:556E:B03C:A6D5}} 18:25, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Daughter of Jephthah]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|174.98.170.14}} 18:27, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rogelio Villaseñor]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:201:8E00:D860:8D67:A530:7269:B7CC}} 18:28, 10 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of generation II Pokémon]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 22:36, 11 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alice Dewey Goldstone]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:07, 12 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:WHITENO1SE (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Ady111}} 18:32, 12 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Inhaler (band)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:84:8101:3B70:B40B:4658:1325:9AB7}} 19:44, 12 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Supreme Court of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:28, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Government of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Act of Settlement 1701]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Monarchy of Pakistan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:George VI of the United Kingdom]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:30, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gay rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:31, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Lesbian rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:31, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Bisexual rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:31, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Intersex rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Transsexual rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Transgender rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gender identity rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sexual orientation rights in Palestine]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Republic of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Republic of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:32, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aleksander Lukin]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:28, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ursina Engine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:20, 14 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Muna Omari]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 16:28, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|50.205.217.201}} 18:42, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Keem Fame Rich]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Wakabenga}} 19:42, 15 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vice Ganda]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}) 12:59, 16 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alan Kuo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Alexhl}} 16:37, 16 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Karthick Krishna M S]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 10:57, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:580:1960:7AFE:BE46:F7D9:6AB0}} 17:23, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:G. V. Prakash Kumar]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 22:18, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:David Barrett]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|110.224.123.109}} 16:00, 19 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:MGM Animation Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2804:14C:658C:4580:6134:8DF1:AF8E:25A}} 18:47, 20 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Simplot]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2600:6C5D:5200:A84:94D7:EAFD:72C1:BCBE}} 20:05, 20 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aria Sloane]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B04A:82B9:4CA6:ADE5:3BD:DFA1}} 17:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Scriptorium]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B04A:82B9:4CA6:ADE5:3BD:DFA1}} 17:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Your New Lunch Habit Is Hurting the Economy]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B04A:82B9:4CA6:ADE5:3BD:DFA1}} 17:24, 21 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Togo]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:42, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Tatarstan]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Singapore]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Senegal]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Human rights in Saudi Arabia]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:43, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ruled Out!]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:47, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Timvisible]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:50, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Scary Godparents]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:50, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Toon Disney's official programming]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|173.207.58.96}} 17:56, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ram Limbu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Arikchettri}} 18:00, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Getaway (2013 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|82.42.205.209}} 11:41, 23 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mahayogi Prem]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:16, 23 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:AnimeNew]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:101F:7DCB:AC0D:12FF:FEE7:EC72}} 21:20, 24 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shamosaurus]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); manually replaced from prev QD, didn't notify {{noping|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} - 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yinlong]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); manually replaced from prev QD, didn't notify {{noping|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} - 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mei (dinosaur)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); manually replaced from prev QD, didn't notify {{noping|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} - 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Max Charles]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:52B:839F:1AF8:F314}} 21:03, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:AI Brainrot animals]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:47, 26 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Brachytrachelopan]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2603:9000:E8F0:BB00:64F2:96F9:7CB9:A91C}} 20:24, 26 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alice Dewey Goldstone]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|70.29.71.189}} 15:12, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Realme]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Doeudh298}} 19:18, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Infinix Mobile]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Doeudh298}} 19:18, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Black neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito Wikipedicreatorpage}} 16:14, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Xiphophorus]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito Wikipedicreatorpage}} 16:14, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Livebearers]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito Wikipedicreatorpage}} 16:15, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Variable platyfish]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito at shopping}} 16:18, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Green neon tetra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Tito at shopping}} 16:19, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Josh Universe]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|163.118.184.224}} 21:36, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chicken jockey]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|170.185.105.219}} 13:32, 30 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Sandbox for user warnings]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 14:28, 30 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Christian punk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|170.185.249.66}} 16:20, 30 April 2025 (UTC) === May 2025 === # [[:Delaware languages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.235.207.150}} 19:08, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chicken jockey]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|146.115.4.210}} 19:10, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|190.206.141.27}} 14:13, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:HIStory World Tour]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|190.206.141.27}} 14:14, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dangerous World Tour]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|190.206.141.27}} 14:16, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:AI Brainrot animals]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 19:24, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Winnipeg School Division]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}) 21:57, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout (TV Network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:AAB0:1A80:92D:6E6C:924B:CDAF}} 22:02, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Qubo (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:AAB0:1A80:92D:6E6C:924B:CDAF}} 22:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cyber-Complex Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|PromptAI}} 22:24, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:IThena]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|PromptAI}} 22:25, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mraimdy]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mellonb}} 22:52, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mahdi Alzaeri]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Daliedraiom90}} 23:06, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Happy Tree Pals]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|209.188.63.77}} 23:09, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Intenzedoc]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|74.62.245.233}} 23:14, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mahdi Alzaeri]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:02, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pedro Álvarez-Salamanca Ramírez]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|45.181.120.139}} 12:26, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Columbia TriStar Warner Filmes de Portugal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|55polo55}} 12:33, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Vandalism on Wikipedia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|ExclamationPointBandit}} 17:12, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Happy Tree Pals!]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 19:41, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 20:00, 6 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rima Yussef]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:52, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Jews and Judaism in Palestine (region)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:00, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Palestinian Jews]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:00, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian Minhag]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:02, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Old Yishuv]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:02, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Western Aramaic languages]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:02, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yisrael Ariel]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 20:03, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Palestinian Jews]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Jews and Judaism in Palestine (region)]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Old Yishuv]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kenn Navarro]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:19, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Richie Stringini]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:50, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Camp LakeBottom]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|HibariFan01}} 20:31, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 21:23, 11 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Universal Kids Preschool]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 21:24, 11 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Massive]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.175.48.66}} 15:15, 12 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Delaware languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|170.235.207.150}} 18:46, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:02, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani Superstar]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:02, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani And Narendra Modi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Kareena Kapoor]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Donald Trump]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Mark Zuckerberg]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:03, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Mukesh Ambani]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2409:40C1:1026:8E4F:65D8:1B76:91DA:574F}} 20:06, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mark Addison]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Oper Tinoll}} 15:06, 14 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wayzata High School]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.237.105.107}} 19:05, 19 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Brad Church]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|168.254.25.133}} 16:45, 20 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Zxcvbnm]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|216.12.50.119}} 17:13, 20 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pence’s Sardinery]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1009:B08A:5A0E:DC80:3510:EBB0:2F17}} 17:15, 20 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Michelle Gomez]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:38, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joy Almondo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:39, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Belinda Chandra]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:39, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of titles and honours of Charles III]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:39, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Reign of Elizabeth II]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:40, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Non-free use rationale logo]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 09:41, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ted Nivison]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Kieranbowness}} 21:24, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Seoul Infernal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|216.162.88.62}} 21:24, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mr. Bounce]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:5153:5600:F04B:6B07:40A2:9099}} 21:29, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:El Klassik Band]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|KlassikNation}} 21:31, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:J Wizo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|KlassikNation}} 21:32, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vastav AI (deepfake detector)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:53, 22 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Atomic Age]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2400:ADCC:1902:A600:A072:B0D7:46E0:9348}} 14:58, 24 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pak-Yul]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:272E:B02:F4A3:14E8:1C0B:6D30}} 16:26, 24 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:1993 Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}) 02:35, 25 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:AumSum]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|GeoGlobe Tales}} 16:50, 26 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Good Robot (2025 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|2601:98A:A00:AA00:B00E:7338:261:C26E}} 00:23, 27 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:AumSum]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|GeoGlobe Tales}} 10:38, 28 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs distributed by Universal Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|75.11.51.254}} 22:52, 30 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kern Arc]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|73.158.157.41}} 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:AumSum]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|73.158.157.41}} 18:29, 31 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rima Yussef]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|142.189.254.248}} 20:14, 31 May 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Doctor Who (TV series; 1963)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Doctor Who (series 14)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Doctor Who (series 16)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:40, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:Requested move notice]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2biu2}} 19:41, 2 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bliss (photograph)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|64.88.21.11}} 11:45, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bob Weinstein]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|70.120.45.122}} 12:50, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kengo Takanashi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mia9542}} 15:57, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ahmad Shabery Cheek]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|2601:243:E07C:8ED0:D59A:D953:ADF:CBBE}} 16:23, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yosuke Ide]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Mia9542}} 16:26, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Julius and Sarah SonoftheMessiah Baafo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Julius Baafo}} 16:55, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of programs broadcast by Sprout (TV network)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|70.186.155.6}} 20:54, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Akash Nanda]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Wikialpha112}} 19:27, 5 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Palaestina Secunda]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 18:20, 8 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Professional wrestling throws]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|BigKrow}} 17:11, 9 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Braj Gopika Seva Mission]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2404:7C80:5C:6CCD:1C6B:FA0D:C43D:B49A}} 08:37, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:U.S. Agent]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|38.159.51.145}} 18:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian Rabbis]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|142.189.254.248}} 20:55, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Muzaffarid Recapture of Isfahan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|123sami123}} 19:41, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Alexandria (936)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); 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may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works"; or by |label_name=, which produces label "Label(s)" --> | style = | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | television = | title = <!-- formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as "Office" (e.g. public office or appointments) --> | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | otherparty = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = <!-- criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = Claudine Chan-Krueger | partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --> | children = | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | relatives = | family = | callsign = <!-- amateur radio, use if relevant --> | awards = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Roland Matthias Christian Krueger''', (born September 30, 1965), is a Businessman and Industrial Designer. He was the Chief Executive Officer of the Dyson Group of Companies and current member of the board of Dyson holdings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KRUEGER Roland - biography, news, photos, date of birth, press dossier. Personalities GlobalENG.biz. |url=https://globaleng.biz/person/id/483 |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=globaleng.biz}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Roland Krueger, MBA'98J |url=https://www.insead.edu/bio/roland-krueger-mba98j |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=INSEAD |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dyson hires ex-Infiniti president Roland Krüger {{!}} electrive.com |url=https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/23/dyson-hires-ex-infiniti-president-roland-kruger/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.electrive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Website |first=Dyson |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Dyson announces new Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.dyson.com/newsroom/overview/press-release/dyson-announces-new-chief-executive-officer |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=DYSON}}</ref><ref>https://www.autonews.com/article/20160607/OEM06/160609897/infiniti-considers-offering-highway-self-driving-on-new-models</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CV of Roland Krüger, as of 1 March 2013 President of BMW Group Germany |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/canada/article/detail/T0135208EN/cv-of-roland-krueger-as-of-1-march-2013-president-of-bmw-group-germany?language=en |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=www.press.bmwgroup.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Staff |date=2020-04-01 |title=Dyson appoints new chief executive officer |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/dyson-appoints-new-chief-executive-officer#:~:text=SINGAPORE%20-%20British%20technology%20giant%20Dyson,and%20later%20became%20chief%20executive |access-date=2023-12-07 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-23 |title=Roland Krüger: Als erster Deutscher solo zum Südpol |url=https://www.spiegel.de/reise/aktuell/roland-krueger-als-erster-deutscher-solo-zum-suedpol-a-879230.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> == Career == He began his career as an automotive designer at Mitsubishi Motors and later joined the initial team for the smart car project. After earning an MBA from INSEAD in 1998, he transitioned to management. In 2020, he became the CEO and Board Member of Dyson, having joined the company in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Former infiniti boss krueger head dyson auto unit |url=https://www.autonews.com/executives/former-infiniti-boss-krueger-head-dyson-auto-unit |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Autonews}}</ref> Before joining Dyson, he was Chairman and Global President of INFINITI Motor Company (the luxury brand of Nissan)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=September 10, 2014 |title=Nissan says hiring BMW exec Krueger to run luxury Infiniti brand |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nissan-infiniti-idUSL3N0RB11P20140910/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref>and corporate officer of Nissan Motor Corporation from 2015 to 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Panait |first=Mircea |date=2014-09-10 |title=Roland Krueger is the New Infiniti President |url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/roland-krueger-is-the-new-infiniti-president-86382.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=autoevolution |language=en}}</ref> Prior to leading INFINITI, he worked at the BMW Group for 15 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CV of Roland Krüger, as of 1 March 2013 President of BMW Group Germany |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/canada/article/detail/T0135208EN/cv-of-roland-krueger-as-of-1-march-2013-president-of-bmw-group-germany?language=en |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www.press.bmwgroup.com |language=en}}</ref> He eventually rose to the role of Senior Vice President within the company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishimoto |first=Alex |date=September 10, 2014 |title=Former BMW VP Roland Krüger Chosen as New Infiniti President |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/former-bmw-vp-roland-kruger-chosen-as-new-infiniti-president/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Motortrend}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-12 |title=Roland Krueger |url=http://canada.infinitinews.com/en-CA/releases/roland-kruger-infiniti-ca |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=INFINITI Canada Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> He joined the supervisory board of Puma SE in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harsh Saini and Roland Krüger join Supervisory Board of PUMA SE {{!}} PUMA® |url=https://about.puma.com/en/newsroom/corporate-news/2024/23-05-2024-harsh-saini-and-roland-kruger-join-supervisory-board-puma |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=about.puma.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Puma expands supervisory board • Shoez |url=https://shoez.biz/en/puma-erweitert-aufsichtsrat/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=shoez.biz |language=en}}</ref> == Exploration == Roland is the first German national to ski to the geographic South Pole “solo” across the Antarctic continent in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clash |first=Jim |title=Infiniti President Roland Krueger Describes His 1,000-Kilometer Solo Ski Trek To The South Pole |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2017/04/15/infiniti-president-roland-krueger-describes-his-1000-kilometer-solo-ski-trek-to-the-south-pole/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lindner |first1=Roland |last2=York |first2=New |date=2023-05-21 |title=Roland Krüger: Als erster Deutscher alleine auf Skiern zum Südpol |language=de |work=FAZ.NET |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/unternehmen/roland-krueger-als-erster-deutscher-alleine-auf-skiern-zum-suedpol-18876277.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |issn=0174-4909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-30 |title=Polar News ExplorersWeb - German skier Roland Krueger at the South Pole |url=https://explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=21207 |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130183734/https://explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=21207 |archive-date=2013-01-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-08 |title=Polar News ExplorersWeb - Rolf and Cecilie: One of Hvitserk's teams reaches the South Pole! |url=https://explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=1334 |access-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408175135/https://explorersweb.com/polar/news.php?id=1334 |archive-date=2015-04-08 }}</ref> In 2017, he was honored by the Explorers Club in New York, USA, for his polar exploration achievements. He's one of the very few people to ski to the geographic South Pole twice without assistance, in 2013 and 2005. He also crossed the Greenland Ice Shield on skis in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clash |first=Jim |title=Infiniti President Roland Krueger Describes His 1,000-Kilometer Solo Ski Trek To The South Pole |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2017/04/15/infiniti-president-roland-krueger-describes-his-1000-kilometer-solo-ski-trek-to-the-south-pole/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Publications == His book about his Antarctic Expedition has been selected to be in the collection of the German National Library. # {{Cite book |last=KRUEGER |first=Roland |title=ALLEIN ZUM SUEDPOL |date=2018 |publisher=Roland Krueger |isbn=978-3-00-058867-9 |language=German}} # {{Cite book |last=KRUEGER |first=Roland |title=Solo to the South Pole |isbn=978-3-00-059343-7 |language=English}} == References == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krueger, Roland}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German businesspeople]] apz66uw5nmv9japw1bfg3j3kmrm8bp3 0 1113675 10329879 10271692 2025-06-14T12:50:33Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Italian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10329879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jade Winston Dernbach''' (born 3 March 1986 in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa) is an English-Italian former cricketer who has played 24 one-day internationals and 40 [[Twenty20 Internationals]] for [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Italy national cricket team|Italy]]. ==Other websites== * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=12461}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318165517/http://www.surreycricket.com/team/player-profiles/jade-dernbach,20,PP.html Surrey County Cricket Club Player Profile] {{sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dernbach, Jade}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English and Welsh cricketers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Johannesburg]] j2iszj3hvyifqenkcl6xbcfwci2ffhe 10330261 10329879 2025-06-14T16:18:24Z BlackJack 572554 Cleanup and copyedit. 10330261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jade Winston Dernbach''' (born 3 March 1986 in [[Johannesburg]]) is an English former [[cricket]]er who played for [[Surrey County Cricket Club]] as a right arm [[bowling (cricket)|fast medium bowler]] from 2005 to 2018. He represented [[England men's cricket team|England]] in 24 [[One Day International]]s and 34 [[Twenty20 International]]s. In [[first-class cricket]], he played in 113 matches. He retired in 2018, but made a brief T20 comeback in 2021, playing for Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/54/54120/54120.html |title=Jade Dernbach |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=14 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Other websites== * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=12461}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318165517/http://www.surreycricket.com/team/player-profiles/jade-dernbach,20,PP.html Surrey County Cricket Club Player Profile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Dernbach, Jade}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English and Welsh cricketers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Johannesburg]] {{sports-bio-stub}} cibruipd5mulsugl7tlcti1jwmhzele 10330621 10330261 2025-06-14T18:54:15Z BlackJack 572554 more 10330621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jade Winston Dernbach''' (born 3 March 1986 in [[Johannesburg]]) is an English former [[cricket]]er who played for [[Surrey County Cricket Club]] as a right arm [[bowling (cricket)|fast medium bowler]] from 2005 to 2018. He represented [[England men's cricket team|England]] in 24 [[One Day International]]s and 34 [[Twenty20 International]]s. In [[first-class cricket]], he played in 113 matches, and took 311 [[wicket]]s. Dernbach retired in 2018, but made a brief T20 comeback in 2021, playing for Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/54/54120/54120.html |title=Jade Dernbach |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=14 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Other websites== * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=12461}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318165517/http://www.surreycricket.com/team/player-profiles/jade-dernbach,20,PP.html Surrey County Cricket Club Player Profile] {{DEFAULTSORT:Dernbach, Jade}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English and Welsh cricketers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Johannesburg]] {{sports-bio-stub}} rp0wcgmu5fh5zylhf4oyd3tz4k0s8mi 2 1114048 10331727 10329043 2025-06-15T10:15:44Z Cactusisme 1477024 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mhd Arjunanta]]. 🌵 [[WP:TW|TW]] 🌵 10331727 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === June 2024 === # [[:Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:510:4300:187E:9D33:7D54:F0F}} 03:51, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Excitement]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:2F8A:C01:600F:F3C3:9C9:C8B1}} 03:52, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Online comics]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|Deitendo}} 03:53, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:London Underground S7 and S8 Stock]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 09:09, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vision Game Online]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olot19679}} 09:47, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2601:586:C704:3C20:452D:3A6F:FB35:55C1}} 00:18, 18 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Time-Keepers]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|2405:201:24:2B84:6461:3BC4:F321:7D4D}} 00:22, 18 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Me, Myself & Irene]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.42.229.38}} 07:33, 18 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Minecraft Mob List]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 03:53, 19 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hexatonic scale]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#G7|G7]]); notified {{user|85.199.231.44}} 10:06, 19 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:How to annoy Loki (Marvel Comics) to provoke him to cause mischief]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|The Computer Says No}} 10:46, 19 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Loki’s Suicide]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|95.179.250.133}} 10:50, 19 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Clash Royale (Every Card)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 10:01, 20 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Siarnaq]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:4A89:6201:F0B1:A792:BFC9:7236}} 11:25, 20 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Iuwegfwuegfouwgef]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|217.181.20.6}} 11:27, 20 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yakovlev Yak-42D]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|2804:14D:5C4A:901F:78A3:826D:FFFA:7B60}} 12:23, 20 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Daniel Leo (mobster)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|41.215.88.35}} 07:44, 21 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nicolas Chuquet]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|71.244.161.111}} 10:17, 21 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pincher Martin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.30.15.127}} 09:11, 22 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Al Qabila FC]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|93.87.220.46}} 09:12, 22 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Globsyn Business School]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|DebotiC}} 09:18, 22 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Red link example]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|37.179.159.37}} 09:44, 22 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Stand]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4085:EC0:3A26:0:0:384B:8508}} 10:45, 22 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mykhailo Hrushevsky]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|217.179.241.163}} 10:45, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:User talk:Cactusisme/Willing to report]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 08:04, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:User:Cactusisme/Willing to report]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 08:04, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Oberleutnant]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|171.252.154.156}} 08:38, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Humpy Bongs]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|217.181.22.17}} 11:59, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:April Lady]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|217.181.22.17}} 12:06, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Virgin EMI Records]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|217.181.22.17}} 12:50, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pausha]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|154.192.47.14}} 09:16, 26 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nonary]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|223.123.111.23}} 09:28, 26 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mickey Mouse family]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|2603:8001:8700:2D04:4B8:B38E:FCE2:CE0D}} 01:03, 29 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|67.135.80.23}} 03:50, 29 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:GAList/check]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:16, 29 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Trần Phúc Nhuận]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Saohit}} 01:48, 30 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:InfiniVit]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:4055:2D1F:A7D0:9530:CEBC:1D8E:F6BA}} 01:54, 30 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Đồng Quế Anh]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Saohit}} 02:12, 30 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Đinh Trần Ngọc Huy]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Saohit}} 02:23, 30 June 2024 (UTC) === July 2024 === # [[:Trần phúc nhuận]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Nhuan2024}} 09:28, 1 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chelsea F.C. Reserves and Academy]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|5.150.99.204}} 10:48, 1 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yeshe Gyatso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.168.3.18}} 07:34, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gorgo, Queen of Sparta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|14.201.62.67}} 07:44, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cleomenes I]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|14.201.62.67}} 07:46, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Richard Wong Chin Kim]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Perronin}} 11:54, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kartarpur]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|139.135.32.185}} 12:35, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Severus Alexander]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|182.185.209.147}} 07:01, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mansour Bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]: [[WP:QD#R2|CSD R2]] ({{tl|db-rediruser}}) 07:11, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yin Bo Rann]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|175.100.6.5}} 07:23, 3 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:I Want Candy]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Jimshereyt}} 04:35, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Louder Than Words (film)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|74.89.216.157}} 04:35, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikimania 2015]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|59.100.229.82}} 04:39, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rude b0i]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.64.78.188}} 11:26, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.219.77.161}} 11:50, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Andrew Jackson III]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:246:8201:2C00:E52A:981D:C635:CAA7}} 12:14, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tyler Antoniùs]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|MorningRainfall}} 12:19, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Salman Habib]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:48, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cyble]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|38.137.53.3}} 07:20, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Overwatch 2]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Fhlturnmont}} 07:29, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:HIP 18696]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:30, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Screw you stupid Wikimedia Commons idiots for not letting me put this on your stupid website at all anymore!]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|XDayPunishmentfor2024}} 02:37, 6 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Barney Punishes all of you big time!]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|XDayPunishmentfor2024}} 02:37, 6 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:XDayPunishmentfor2024]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|XDayPunishmentfor2024}} 02:37, 6 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sexyy Red]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:17, 6 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Racism against African Americans]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|141.94.222.142}} 04:19, 6 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands national football team]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|88.98.180.189}} 08:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Syed Mohammad Ali Mohsin Taqvi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Aliraza-afreen}} 11:57, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tunisian dinar]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|23.242.212.239}} 12:33, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|5.36.181.205}} 12:51, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kayden Abbas]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:51, 9 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anshuman Singh (captain)]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|2405:201:A405:B837:CC67:81C5:ECD:5678}} 03:50, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:California Department of Justice]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|136.62.113.197}} 09:29, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Djerv]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|Xi816}} 09:29, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Indian numerals]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:40D1:1004:754:8000:0:0:0}} 10:26, 11 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Artisan wine]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|128.65.100.50}} 10:36, 15 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Larry Barilli]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:23, 15 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Harold Jones]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 11:25, 15 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yusi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:32, 15 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hohenstaufen dynasty]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:37, 16 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Walt Cairns]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:59, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Eirewave]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:42, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Arthur Germain]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:58, 17 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:586 BC]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:6BC5:9300:99B8:2C45:524E:ABB5}} 07:27, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Daniela Goicoechea Arráiz]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 07:54, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Karen's Green Cleaning]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2407:D000:D:7698:711E:D956:1BD7:1CF0}} 11:27, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:OverIT]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:30, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alex Bickerton (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:11, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Pp-extended]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.40.201.96}} 12:19, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Alexander Jackson Maier-Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|38.114.120.242}} 12:22, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wholesome Products]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:50, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Deo demonstrare]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:5C4E:8A01:34EE:A88F:AC53:398B}} 06:28, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince-consort Jackson Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:51, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:A. Jackson Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:52, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:J. Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:57, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jackson Maier Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:57, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jackson A. Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:57, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Jackson Maier-Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:58, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prince Alexander Jackson Maier-Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 01:58, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Maier-Dlamini]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|15.235.196.55}} 02:06, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:All TV]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|112.203.222.182}} 02:08, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia talk:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Javed Haider Zaidi]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Engboot}} 03:24, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pratt Institute]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|216.171.51.24}} 04:27, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adhyapak Shakti Manch]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|DelhiInfoYard}} 11:04, 20 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1800–1831)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.201.53.49}} 12:03, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|75.201.53.49}} 12:04, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Victor Adegbile]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:42, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Tressure Roll]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:01, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kate nikolovski]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|101.115.87.217}} 10:23, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vicugna]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|JohnathanRobertson12}} 11:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Akhand Bharat]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|WikiEditPS}} 12:09, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Union Movement]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:64A2:E000:9431:C88C:8E37:6D7B}} 00:27, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Oscorp]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|167.249.32.190}} 00:35, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dulquer Salmaan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shanthini Sri S}} 01:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pierre Gasly]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|118.101.171.35}} 04:08, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Carlos Sainz Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|118.101.171.35}} 04:11, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Flipster]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:53, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vatika Business Centre]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:24, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Executive Council of British Columbia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2604:3D08:3386:A800:F80E:FD6D:594B:5D01}} 10:00, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:516C:7400:C0DA:B74A:A305:70A1}} 10:01, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sher Muhammad Khan Bangash]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:55, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pitch Perfect]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|89.127.72.100}} 00:16, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Archytas]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Edwardar12}} 00:16, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gustav De Waele]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:18, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Compact Space]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Edwardar12}} 00:19, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Peccary]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|Edwardar12}} 00:19, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Disney Logo]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Edwardar12}} 00:20, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Javed]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:21, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Medieval metal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|203.37.238.180}} 00:30, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sirius Ab]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|CosmicCupcake}} 09:29, 26 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:ARD FULL FARM]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|103.173.192.101}} 10:32, 26 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:589 BC]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:6BC5:9300:B460:7717:F46B:794E}} 10:59, 26 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nik Speakman (psychotherapist)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:05, 26 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:South Fabius River]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|132.147.192.240}} 01:49, 27 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:☯]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|106.211.29.53}} 11:30, 28 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Pokémon video games]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 11:49, 28 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Video game titles]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 11:50, 28 July 2024 (UTC) === August 2024 === # [[:Murshidabad-Jiaganj]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|HaramnCarder78}} 07:32, 1 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:1985 in Malaysia]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Baginda 480}} 12:08, 2 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Robert Haynes III]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:26, 3 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Eshram card download]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|152.58.157.110}} 04:58, 3 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:E aadhar card download online pdf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|152.58.157.110}} 05:00, 3 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Don't delete]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|152.58.157.110}} 05:02, 3 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Never delete this page]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|152.58.157.110}} 05:03, 3 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Disneytoon Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|95.92.42.252}} 07:24, 4 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bangladesh Military Coup 2024]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|2409:40D4:18:2EB3:8000:0:0:0}} 07:59, 6 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:My Wave]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:883:C200:71D0:DD0B:2F71:19E2:8A91}} 08:03, 6 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bodo Ramelow]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2601:204:C502:CF40:44CB:490B:B759:708D}} 08:34, 6 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hot air ballooning]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|120.155.76.111}} 06:58, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Non-venomous snake]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2400:ADC7:162:7500:F12F:82FD:B597:D237}} 07:25, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Voltage source]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2001:FD8:F21F:6787:5539:40ED:78D3:E864}} 07:36, 8 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Scalable Hosting]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2601:680:CA80:C450:58CC:FE89:A237:CB1A}} 07:42, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Languages on the Internet]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:8F8:1F15:291A:C841:7B45:A518:E6C6}} 09:55, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Bender1946]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Bender1946}} 09:56, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Israel vs. TV Woman]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|118.175.249.214}} 10:04, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:2025 UEFA Europa League final]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|210.10.5.174}} 10:26, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Techame2fm]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Techame2fm}} 12:06, 13 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Celebrations (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:4055:593:79F5:A487:8EB0:35E3:AB05}} 07:50, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Father of Destruction]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 07:58, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Fat Man]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 07:58, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Sturm, Ruger & Co.]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 08:30, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Canine]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 09:05, 14 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Infant Jesus Montessori Center]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Imachickenlover345}} 09:22, 15 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Request for permissions]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|PotsdamLamb}} 06:55, 16 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:WET Awards 2001]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 06:59, 16 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Infant Jesus Montessori Center]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2001:4453:4C3:E800:31B6:3BF2:C1A0:702B}} 07:27, 16 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Abdulrahman Abed]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:36, 16 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:50, 16 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hino City]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|151.197.236.113}} 03:23, 17 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mahean Ahmed]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:35, 17 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mahidevran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|SEamuhu}} 10:45, 17 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Come Home to Me (Akiva Schaffer album)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 11:00, 17 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Neurobehavioral therapy]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 07:43, 18 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Junior Tomlin]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:55, 20 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Titan Cameraman]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|1.1.203.231}} 10:19, 20 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Titan Cameraman]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|1.1.203.231}} 10:23, 20 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Basketball Stars]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:41, 21 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Eric Nepute]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:24, 22 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Eric Nepute]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 11:25, 22 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Olympic Games boycotts]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|159.196.81.112}} 06:27, 23 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List of Olympic Games boycotts]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:32, 23 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Faruq Damilare]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Balamory]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|106.70.52.165}} 03:10, 24 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ghlagatin]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:32, 25 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lil Bibby]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:03, 27 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Taylor Barnard]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:09, 27 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gelling agent]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2603:3011:203:6E00:A406:F2F4:E2FF:F56C}} 12:37, 27 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:STS Global]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:06, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fritz Von Erich]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|209.133.101.130}} 11:44, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Poland]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:52, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wikimedia Foundation staff]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:53, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Olympic alpine skiers by country]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:53, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:1070s disestablishments]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:53, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:1000s disestablishments]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:54, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:670 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 12:05, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Cactusisme}} 12:45, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hurricane Ethel]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.108.154.127}} 12:48, 28 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pxa Body Art]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:17, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:April 1986 events]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 06:30, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:1986 events by month]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 06:31, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kingdom of Hwancha]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 06:58, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pxa Body Art]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|2405:201:A016:C832:C566:B60A:77F0:1EA0}} 09:32, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Belgium national under-18 football team]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|2603:9001:6201:6C9C:AD6B:651C:CBA:9510}} 12:24, 29 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Horror Channel programmes]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 00:35, 30 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thornton Tomasetti]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|108.29.2.234}} 01:11, 30 August 2024 (UTC) === September 2024 === # [[:Template:User:Cactusisme/WikiProject Paralympics]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 01:46, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:User:Cactusisme/WikiProject Paralympics Userbox]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 01:46, 1 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Cactusisme/User Page]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 07:05, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Cactusisme/User Page]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 07:09, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Cactusisme/Userboxes]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#U1|U1]], [[WP:QD#G7|G7]]) 07:14, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Swiss anarchists]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:02, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Horror Channel programmes]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:03, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Argentine anarchists]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:03, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:1130s disestablishments]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:04, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:718]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:04, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:719]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 11:05, 2 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Taxonomy/Dasyproctidae]]: {{tl|QD}} 09:19, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Taxonomy/Agouti]]: {{tl|QD}} 09:19, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Lu & The Bally Bunch]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|90.243.105.233}} 10:22, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kelley Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:55, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adventist Development and Relief Agency]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.137.216.107}} 12:06, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adventist Development and Relief Agency]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|110.137.216.107}} 12:08, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ensalada de pollo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|49.148.96.104}} 12:29, 3 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Spyglass Mosaic]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|2601:182:801:2210:5C2C:28C1:3654:4309}} 05:18, 4 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Edmund, Prince of Scotland]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:19, 4 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|144.178.113.161}} 09:52, 4 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dogsled Music Group]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|ErnestGyasi}} 10:26, 4 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Qualitest]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2405:201:A016:C832:2409:7A5C:BA4D:9273}} 10:46, 5 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anita Bose Pfaff]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:40E1:10C3:1C8F:8000:0:0:0}} 09:32, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Romanik]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|93.39.126.254}} 10:44, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tencent Binhai Mansion]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|60.242.132.187}} 04:43, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Regionalism (art)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.238.132.204}} 04:51, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Content fork]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:46, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dian Perry]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:83C:BAE8:6EC0:9FEE}} 13:09, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Stresmen]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:55, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Module:Fallback/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 10:10, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:LangSwitch]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 10:10, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gabriel Lane]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:50, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Santa with Muscles]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:58, 8 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Skibidi yena]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:20, 9 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lummer dai]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:35, 11 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Deir al-Balah Governorate]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 10:12, 12 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ragnhild Myklebust]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G6|G6]], [[WP:QD#G7|G7]]) 06:12, 15 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Attention span]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|WhatTHECHUNGUS}} 07:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Cactusisme/Archive 7]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 11:14, 15 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fuji (apple)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:39A6:C601:CB5C:BC82:9FC:21B0}} 11:29, 15 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Vnapkguru]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vnapkguru}} 10:57, 17 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pager]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.59.170.131}} 12:19, 18 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:DSM-IV]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.61.162.174}} 11:15, 19 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Joe Fishel]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|102.17.50.241}} 12:27, 19 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Nikkiwriter]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikkiwriter}} 11:23, 22 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vide creators]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikkiwriter}} 11:31, 22 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Vide Creators Professional Service Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikkiwriter}} 11:36, 22 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Billboard Music Award for Top Female Artist]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.46.221.199}} 10:27, 23 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fugly (movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|172.105.253.236}} 08:29, 24 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:SM City Laoag]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:31, 24 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mixed-use]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|158.62.92.59}} 12:19, 24 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Waterfall Security Solutions (company)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 10:02, 25 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Cactusisme/Replied/docs]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:41, 26 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:1666 Lincolnshire tornado]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:04, 26 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Md Mishu Sarkar Shuvo]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:49, 29 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rationaal getal]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|213.219.153.225}} 08:08, 29 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:New Siberia]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|112.204.174.171}} 11:48, 29 September 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:Viharexports]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|2409:40F2:2F:2F90:38DA:FE58:4152:C4C7}} 04:50, 3 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Naman1246]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Naman1246}} 06:33, 3 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Maël de Calan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|82.147.194.218}} 11:57, 11 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Frédéric Vincent]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|82.147.194.218}} 11:57, 11 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Laurent Touvet]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|82.147.194.218}} 11:58, 11 October 2024 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:Embraer E190]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.19.112.65}} 23:22, 30 December 2024 (UTC) === January 2025 === # [[:Battle of Hamek]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|Da ri1282}} 08:42, 2 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Oppo Find X8]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mywebsite074}} 07:48, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:E-Startup India]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2409:40F0:1005:7DBF:F52A:25B7:7EF0:BF46}} 08:31, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:DarkhackBD]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|2401:1900:2064:C203:0:0:0:1}} 09:46, 10 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Progressive Broadcasting Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.190.97.79}} 02:57, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Southern Broadcasting Network]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.190.97.79}} 02:58, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.190.97.79}} 02:58, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rajah Broadcasting Network]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.190.97.79}} 02:58, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|180.190.97.79}} 02:59, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kode Referral Fastpay Terbaru 2025: BONUSQ atau DISCOUNT50K Untuk Klaim 50K]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|120.188.74.141}} 03:01, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:HX Leal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:02, 11 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Maga-R3LS War (2024)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:54, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Privacy Policy And Style Guideline]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:16A2:FF57:C503:A190:6710:FDCE:AA8A}} 09:08, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Peter Seah Lim Huat]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 09:55, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jeberti people]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2607:FEA8:D680:7D00:C8AC:B6CA:3271:3E6A}} 10:08, 12 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Privacy Policy And Community Guideline]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:16A2:E155:C498:353A:4A0A:5235:B364}} 11:38, 13 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|89.227.226.14}} 07:55, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:SWR Parag Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:03, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Luxury vehicle]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|171.48.124.38}} 09:56, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of Romangoddesses]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.2.61.0}} 09:56, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ünveren]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:08, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hikari Hino]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|76.223.249.163}} 10:23, 14 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Javed Haider Zaidi (India)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|HamzaKhan-boat}} 06:36, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Athwal (‌caste)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:55, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:The fastest bird]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.25.243.221}} 08:01, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Awful Records]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:640:8300:83:2825:B571:12C2:E081}} 08:12, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Turbotoolsget]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:21, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:2016 NBA Finals]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.156.54.190}} 09:01, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:BLOCK FM 103.2]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:10, 16 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Home Audio Systems]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:13, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Audiophile Terminology]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:20, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Fatmawati]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.63.208.132}} 09:20, 17 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Cleaningbyjen]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Cleaningbyjen}} 01:53, 19 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Supercalifragalisticespialidotious]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|37.191.116.146}} 09:59, 22 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:David Glen Eisley]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|119.94.162.61}} 07:32, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ramkripalyadavg YouTuber]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:46, 23 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ranjan Mistry]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:57, 24 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Zanjan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A01:5EC0:E008:D828:1:0:7811:B55}} 08:09, 24 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Elias Hossain (journalist)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Darkonexdo}} 09:55, 24 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Horizon Broadcasting Company]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:00, 25 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Forze Private]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:34, 28 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chauhan Koli]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|2409:40D6:100C:1E06:8000:0:0:0}} 04:27, 29 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Church Slavonic language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:DA:705D:E010:CE43:3172:FC26}} 09:04, 30 January 2025 (UTC) === February 2025 === # [[:Workers' self-management]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|184.56.76.221}} 02:31, 1 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Prima Saigon]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:59, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Simple Voice Changer]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:10, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of awards and nominations received by Drake]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|120.148.35.111}} 11:11, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Shoaib Noorzai]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:11, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Apollo Broadcast Investors]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:16, 3 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Torture of slaves in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|110 and 135}} 09:43, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Martin Nievera]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:4450:4F52:8900:7962:6D3A:5B0E:E9E4}} 10:21, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nievera (surname)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:4450:4F52:8900:7962:6D3A:5B0E:E9E4}} 10:22, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chittajit Mohan Dhar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:23, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Uma Dhar]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:25, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Amita Chatterjee]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|VSOian}} 10:28, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mohini Mohan Dhar]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:32, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vinayak Singh Oberoi]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:33, 5 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Beautipin]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:40, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Adam Weishaupt and Benton oseko]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.230.105.28}} 08:44, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kode Referral Tokocrypto Terbaru 2025: AYCH147X Klaim Fee Trading 20%]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|114.5.245.203}} 09:26, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Altdigital]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Altdigital}} 09:40, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:List of Swag Swag Swag]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|84.188.135.74}} 12:28, 7 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Goonicide]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 02:56, 8 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sports in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|138.75.210.234}} 11:06, 9 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chandelier]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.195.183.20}} 10:44, 10 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jagirani]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:22, 11 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Khan badshah Roghani]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Khan badshah Roghani}} 09:09, 11 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rugby officials]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.219.73.231}} 09:32, 11 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cadbury Fingers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.92.184.181}} 10:29, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shree Rastriya Parshuram Sena Sangh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:42, 12 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Television production companies of Canada]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 09:15, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Juice Wrld: Into the Abyss]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|35.131.71.115}} 09:37, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Seto language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|193.156.161.153}} 09:38, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rishu Raj ( Vlogger )]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:47, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:City of Sydney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|193.49.61.86}} 09:58, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dharuk language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|193.49.61.86}} 09:59, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of Brawlers in Brawl Stars]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|208.108.153.243}} 12:03, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mo Ali Heydarpour]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:11, 13 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cartoon Network Studios International]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:30, 16 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Beautipin]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|118.50.45.99}} 01:31, 18 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Downtown Seattle]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|84.16.219.6}} 09:37, 18 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yunganglong]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|49.190.93.214}} 09:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Żovïz (App)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:33, 22 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Haydar Bey’s Assyrian Expedition]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Carkooop}} 12:28, 24 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mughal Emperor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|103.58.152.155}} 10:25, 25 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:4th Panzer Army]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|148.160.240.14}} 09:43, 26 February 2025 (UTC) # [[:2011 Hakkâri attack]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:810C:8D8A:3B00:4103:E5F5:18D:444}} 09:56, 27 February 2025 (UTC) === March 2025 === # [[:Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Chapter 1]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Dsrprj}} 07:25, 2 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Al Hasan Milad]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|Soulpree}} 09:31, 2 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:And(word)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|203.146.109.218}} 03:50, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:And(word)]]: {{tl|QD}} 03:56, 4 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ligma joke]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A01:599:103:13AF:E938:2366:B31C:9706}} 10:54, 7 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Roaming user profile]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.75.174.50}} 12:42, 7 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Devilraj]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|27.5.35.103}} 09:44, 9 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Neighborhood watch]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.92.184.134}} 09:32, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hurricane Elisa (2009)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|49.144.4.163}} 10:20, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pashto Tradational games]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2401:BA80:AA10:F1A6:1894:56A5:D80B:324A}} 10:46, 17 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bosniak nationalism]]: {{tl|QD}} 09:36, 20 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Agent 00]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:53, 20 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cult of Dionysus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|88.97.28.111}} 10:24, 21 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cars (franchise)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:98A:A00:AA00:4FE3:4976:CB7F:7EA9}} 11:26, 21 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:KRUSHEN]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:33, 23 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Khan badshah Roghani]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Khan badshah Roghani}} 00:22, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Relative error]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:246:5C00:A020:340C:7094:C1CC:37D0}} 02:11, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Raghav Binani]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:21, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Logically equivalent]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|131.247.226.98}} 09:05, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of playable characters in Squad Busters]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 09:11, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Peter Seah Lim Huat]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 09:46, 25 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Joaquin Valdepenas]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:29, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rehaa Khann]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:33, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:François Tombalbaye]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.206}} 10:53, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Al Jazeera Media Network]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.188.174.212}} 10:55, 26 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Gimkit]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.12.50.118}} 12:31, 27 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Allianz Parque]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|45.118.66.6}} 03:47, 28 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jack Lang (Australian politician)]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:01, 28 March 2025 (UTC) # [[:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.136.94}} 09:56, 28 March 2025 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Webster University]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|198.246.5.110}} 05:52, 1 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Middle Eastern Americans]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|96.9.213.120}} 10:07, 3 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kode Referral Tokocrypto Terbaru 2025: TKOANGEL Klaim Fee Trading 20%]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|120.188.83.142}} 11:50, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Swarup Mishra]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:50, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sergio Furnario]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:51, 4 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Educational institutions in Layyah District]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:23, 13 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Educational institutions in Punjab, Pakistan]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:23, 13 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Schools in Layyah District]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:32, 13 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Nether]]: {{tl|QD}} 12:07, 16 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hiphop Tamizha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:31, 18 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Health Benefits of Curry Leaves]]: {{tl|QD}} 10:45, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Unicursal hexagram]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:6010:4EF0:8FA0:491B:D3A9:6854:6BD3}} 10:50, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:AI Brainrot animals]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:35, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Male tennis players]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 13:13, 22 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Gender Recognition Act 2004]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:39, 23 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:No.1 Sentai Gozyuger]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:55, 23 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2001:2020:8355:B9EA:E176:E629:FE45:C6B8}} 05:32, 24 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dr.Kamaljit Das]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:25, 25 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Vice Presidents of India]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:19, 27 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Achampnator]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:08, 28 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Brainrot animals]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:46, 30 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Michael Gold (entrepreneur)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:25, 30 April 2025 (UTC) # [[:Milo and Otis: The friendship story of a cat and a dog]]: {{tl|QD}} 12:52, 30 April 2025 (UTC) === May 2025 === # [[:Arabic hip hop]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Mafalda33}} 12:34, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Salman Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Paras Brahmani 123}} 12:37, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmai and virat kohli]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:53, 1 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1028 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:47, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1038 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:47, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1129 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:47, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1188 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:54, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:11 births]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:54, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1297 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:54, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1309 births]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:54, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1309 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:55, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1395 births]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:55, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:13 births]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:55, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1407]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:55, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1447 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:55, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:1448 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:56, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:260]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:56, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:400]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:56, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:690s disestablishments]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:56, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:769 deaths]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:57, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:910]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 10:57, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Vice-presidents of Ghana]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:40, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Vice Presidents of Botswana]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:41, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Vice-presidents of Egypt]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 12:44, 2 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Japanese prime ministers]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 04:41, 3 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Category:Governors-General of Ceylon]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 04:51, 3 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:This is a page]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.12.50.118}} 06:24, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:6E00:2443:6B2F:F52B:17DC:1F31:CBB5}} 10:49, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani Suprstar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:26, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani Cricketer Friend]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:28, 4 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pajeet]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:07, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Oca]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:9800:B931:68C:3D9F:242A:A7AA:946B}} 09:27, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Grigori Perelman]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:FCA1:1401:A8AD:D13F:66D2:F3}} 10:36, 5 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bakuretsu Bakuretsu Bakuretsu La La La]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|24.246.117.10}} 12:12, 7 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:KB-Collection]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|106.215.151.97}} 12:46, 7 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani Enterprenure]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:18, 8 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani Virat Kohli]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|2409:40C1:201E:1565:B40E:A0DA:E910:AB5E}} 08:58, 8 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Keys (slang)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.22.65.27}} 06:54, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Epic Drama]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.75.148.97}} 08:50, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jean Jadot]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|62.6.52.11}} 10:20, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Vrinda AI: India’s First Fake AI]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 12:40, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vrinda AI: India’s First Fake AI]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:44, 9 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Fartboy]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:45, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vrinda AI: India’s First Fake AI]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|2402:3A80:1C4C:7774:0:0:C7E0:557E}} 03:46, 10 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Selected Lights]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:59, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aina Asif]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:00, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Acid jazz]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|142.47.237.246}} 12:39, 13 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Vastav AI (Deepfake Detection)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:27, 14 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chasing the Wind]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 11:31, 16 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:IF]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:9F4C:D600:6C64:C840:4CCD:AA00}} 09:31, 18 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Paras Brahmani and Disha Patani]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|49.34.218.163}} 09:12, 23 May 2025 (UTC) # [[:Javed Haider Zaidi (Orator)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|Irshad khan 120}} 02:42, 24 May 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Lokesh]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2405:9800:B931:68C:99F5:908D:D23E:F70A}} 10:07, 3 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jupiter LIX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|122.2.106.228}} 04:04, 4 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Where Wikipedia is banned]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Yilangderen}} 06:41, 6 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:1479 Inkeri]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|118.200.22.210}} 09:11, 10 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:1528 Conrada]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|118.200.22.210}} 09:14, 10 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Robertians]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A01:827:22A7:2A01:D021:82F9:A904:999D}} 09:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Genspark]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Kikikiki.aka}} 09:00, 11 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pat And Patty]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hans Niemann]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|61.245.171.147}} 09:59, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mhd Arjunanta]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 10:15, 15 June 2025 (UTC) bgrn0ycue67x0b4wvvrawecpx4m9bq9 2 1114346 10330693 10292967 2025-06-14T19:16:02Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330693 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1114789 10330694 10292978 2025-06-14T19:16:07Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330694 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1114790 10330695 10300186 2025-06-14T19:16:12Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330695 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1114794 10330696 10292969 2025-06-14T19:16:17Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330696 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1114803 10330697 10292970 2025-06-14T19:16:23Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330697 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 0 1115004 10330147 10310292 2025-06-14T15:04:49Z 186.173.26.181 10330147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=Needs some grammar and simplification fixing.|date=August 2024}} {{context|date=August 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Roblox'' games}} The online [[video game]] and [[game creation system]] ''[[Roblox]]'' has many games (officially referred to as "experiences")<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Apple said Roblox developers don't make games, and now Roblox agrees |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/14/22436014/apple-roblox-epic-fortnite-trial-what-is-game-name-change |url-status=live |access-date=December 21, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]] |archive-date=September 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903170009/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/14/22436014/apple-roblox-epic-fortnite-trial-what-is-game-name-change }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Mike |date=May 14, 2021 |title=Roblox rebrands as 'experience' creation platform amid Epic Games v. Apple trial |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/05/14/roblox-rebrands-as-experience-creation-platform-amid-epic-games-v-apple-trial |url-status=live |access-date=December 21, 2021 |website=[[AppleInsider]] |archive-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823200633/https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/05/14/roblox-rebrands-as-experience-creation-platform-amid-epic-games-v-apple-trial }}</ref> created by users of their creation tool, ''[[Roblox Studio]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 21, 2020 |title=Gamers are logging millions of hours a day on Roblox |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/08/21/gamers-are-logging-millions-of-hours-a-day-on-roblox |url-status=live |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328183921/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/08/21/gamers-are-logging-millions-of-hours-a-day-on-roblox |archive-date=March 28, 2021}}</ref> This is a list of ''Roblox'' games that have received online attention: * [[Adopt Me!]] * [[Grow a Garden]] * Bee Swarm Simulator * Brookhaven RP * Arsenal * Dress to Impress * Flee the Facility * Frontlines * Hide and Seek Extreme * Doors * Jailbreak * MeepCity * Murder Mystery 2 * Natural Disaster Survival * Pet Simulator ([[Pet Simulator 99]]) * Phantom Forces * Piggy * Rainbow Friends * Rift Royale * Royale High * Scuba Diving at Quill Lake * SharkBite * Speed Run 4 * Super Bomb Survival!! * Theme Park Tycoon 2 * The Mimic * Tower of Hell * Welcome to Bloxburg * Work at a Pizza Place ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Roblox|*]] [[Category:Lists]] lv6pupcmb7ovgpn52szvyalnz6cq371 2 1115119 10330698 10292971 2025-06-14T19:16:27Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330698 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 2 1115121 10330699 10292972 2025-06-14T19:16:33Z Xqbot 40158 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[User:Immanuelle/Sarutahiko Ōkami]] to [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] 10330699 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Immanuelle/sandbox]] h1ytyuvv6f5qmfx9glg9q664tsq5qpb 0 1115434 10331575 10283632 2025-06-15T07:55:59Z HurricaneEdgar 1044129 10331575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ahmed al-Sharaa | native_name = {{No bold|أحمد الشرع}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = File:Ahmed al-Sharaa in April 2025.jpg | caption = Al-Sharaa in 2025 | order = | office = [[President of Syria]] | primeminister = [[Mohammed al-Bashir]] | vicepresident = | term_start = 29 January 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Bashar al-Assad]]{{efn|Vacant from 8 December 2024 to 28 January 2025.}} | successor = | office2 = [[Emir]] of [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]] | term_start2 = 1 October 2017 | term_end2 = 29 January 2025 | predecessor2 = [[Abu Jaber Shaykh]] | successor2 = ''Position abolished'' | office3 = Emir of the [[al-Nusra Front]]{{efn|Renamed "[[Jabhat Fateh al-Sham]]" from 28 July 2016.}} | term_start3 = 23 January 2012 | term_end3 = 28 January 2017 | predecessor3 = ''Position established'' | successor3 = ''Position abolished'' | birth_name = Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|29|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | parents = [[Hussein al-Sharaa]] (father) | relatives = [[Maher al-Sharaa]] (brother) | nickname = Abu Mohammad al-Julani | module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes | allegiance = {{Plain list| * {{flagdeco|Syria|revolution}} [[Syrian transitional government]] {{small|(2024–present)}} }}{{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''Formerly''}}| {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]] {{small|(2003–2016)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/05/state-department-amends-terror-designation-for-al-nusrah-front.php|title=State Department amends terror designation for al Nusrah Front &#124; FDD's Long War Journal|date=June 2018|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226074636/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/05/state-department-amends-terror-designation-for-al-nusrah-front.php|url-status=live}}</ref> <br> * {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004-2005).svg}} [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]] {{small|(2004–2006)}} * [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]]<br>{{small|(January 2006{{snd}}October 2006)}} * {{Flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg|size=23px}} [[Islamic State of Iraq]]<br>{{small|(October 2006{{snd}}23 January 2012)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/12/11/syria-rebel-leader-jolani-hts-al-qaeda-islamic-state-isis/ | title=What to Know About the Man Who Toppled Assad }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/what-know-about-man-who-toppled-assad | title=What to Know About the Man Who Toppled Assad &#124; the Washington Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.degruyter.com/search/parent/9780520964037?query=nineveh+jolani&documentVisibility=all | title=Search results }}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}} [[Al-Nusra Front]] {{small|(2012–2016)}} {{Plain list| * {{flagicon image|Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg|border}} [[Jabhat Fateh al-Sham]] {{small|(2016–2017)}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg}} [[Syrian Salvation Government]] {{small|(2017–2024)}} * {{flagicon image|InfoboxHTS.svg|border}} [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]] {{small|(2017–2025)}}}} }} | serviceyears = 2003–present | rank = [[Commander-in-chief]] (HTS) | battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}| {{tree list}} *[[Iraq War]] **[[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|Iraqi insurgency]] ***[[2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency|2003–2006 phase]] *[[Syrian civil war]] **[[Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War|Inter-rebel conflict]] ***[[October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes|2016 Idlib clashes]] ***[[Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)|2017 Idlib clashes]] ***[[Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)|2020 Idlib clashes]] ***[[Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict|2021 Idlib clashes]] ***[[Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)|2022 Aleppo clashes]] **[[2014 Idlib offensive]] **[[2015 Idlib offensive]] **[[2017 Hama offensive]] **[[Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)]] **[[Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)]] ***[[National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict|2018 Aleppo clashes]] **[[Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)|Dawn of Idlib]] **[[Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019 – March 2020)|Dawn of Idlib 2]] **[[2024 Syrian opposition offensives]] ***[[Battle of Aleppo (2024)|Battle of Aleppo]] ***[[2024 Hama offensive|Hama offensive]] ***[[2024 Homs offensive|Homs offensive]] {{tree list/end}} }}}} | honorific_prefix = | otherparty = [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]] (2016–2025) | signature = Ahmed al-Sharaa signature 2.svg }} '''Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa''' (born 29 October 1982), also known by the ''nom de guerre'' '''Abu Mohammad al-Julani''',{{efn|also transliterated as '''Joulani''', '''Jolani''', and '''Golani'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2024 |title=Who is Abu Mohammed al-Golani, the leader of Syria's shock insurgency? |url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-insurgency-alqaida-algolani-0c11961094ca4fb7fe1bccce1c4b3302 |access-date=7 December 2024 |website=AP News}}</ref>}} is a [[Syria]]n politician and militant leader who is the [[president of Syria]] since 2025. He was also the militant leader of the militant group [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]]. Al-Sharaa was born to a Syrian [[Sunni Muslim]] family from the [[Golan Heights]], and grew up in the capital, [[Damascus]]. Shortly before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], he joined [[al-Qaeda]] and fought for three years in the Iraqi insurgency. American forces captured and imprisoned him from 2006 to 2011. His release happened around the same time as the [[Syrian revolution]], and he created the [[al-Nusra Front]] in 2012 with the support of [[al-Qaeda]] to take part in the [[Syrian Civil War|Syrian civil war]] against the [[Ba'ath Party|Ba'athist government]] of [[Bashar al-Assad]]. Before he cut ties with [[al-Qaeda]] in 2016,<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 2016|title=Al-Nusra leader Jolani announces split from al-Qaeda|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/29/al-nusra-leader-jolani-announces-split-from-al-qaeda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203103759/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/29/al-nusra-leader-jolani-announces-split-from-al-qaeda|archive-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> he was the emir of the defunct [[Jabhat Al-Nusra|Jabhat al-Nusra]], the official group that repersented [[al-Qaeda]] in [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 2016|title=Syrian Nusra Front announces split from al-Qaeda|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36916606|url-status=live|access-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730021539/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36916606|archive-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> ==Early life== Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa was born on 29 October 1982 in [[Riyadh]] to a middle-class family.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Al-Atrush |first1=Samer |last2=Spencer |first2=Richard |date=11 December 2024 |title=Who is Abu Mohammed al-Jolani? 'Polite' Syrian leader heads home |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/abu-mohammed-al-jolani-syrian-leader-xx-9z3lbktjg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218161406/https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/abu-mohammed-al-jolani-syrian-leader-xx-9z3lbktjg |archive-date=18 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=Transcript: The Jihadist|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/transcript/|website=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819122337/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/transcript/|archive-date=19 August 2022|url-status=live|quote=His birth name was Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa.}}|{{cite web|first=Martin|last=Chulov|date=28 July 2016|title=Al-Nusra Front cuts ties with al-Qaida and renames itself|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/al-qaida-syria-nusra-split-terror-network|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729151634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/al-qaida-syria-nusra-split-terror-network|archive-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|quote=Jolani, whose birth name is Ahmed Hussein al-Shara'a, had remained hidden throughout the war.}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=Ahmad al-Sharaa reveals his true date of birth |url=https://www.annahar.com/arab-world/arabian-levant/183716/أحمد-الشرع-يكشف-تاريخ-ميلاده-الحقيقي |access-date=30 December 2024 |publisher=An-Nahar |language=ar}}</ref> His father worked there as an oil engineer, and his mother was a geography teacher.<ref name= Telegr24>{{cite news |last=Hassan |first=Hassan |date=8 December 2024 |title=Profile: Abu Mohammad al-Jolani |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/08/profile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi/ |access-date= |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]]}}</ref> The family returned to Syria in 1989.<ref name= birth>{{cite news |title=بعد شهور.. الجولاني يكشف عن أسرار حياته لمارتن سميث |url=https://www.alalamtv.net/news/5630713 |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=Al Alam TV |date=5 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607072858/https://www.alalamtv.net/news/5630713/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB |url-status=live }}</ref> He enrolled at [[Damascus University]], studying [[media studies]] and medicine for two years before moving to [[Iraq]] in 2003.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Telegr24" /><ref name="birth" /> ==Iraq War activities== Al-Sharaa said that he was "radicalized" by the Palestinian [[Second Intifada]] in 2000 when he was 17 or 18 years old.<ref name= FT24>{{cite web |author=Raya Jalabi |date=7 December 2024 |title=Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the Syrian rebel leader hoping to overthrow Assad |url=https://www.ft.com/content/574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241206173146/https://www.ft.com/content/574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date= |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salem |first=Mostafa |date=6 December 2024 |title=How Syria's rebel leader went from radical jihadist to a blazer-wearing 'revolutionary' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-hts-al-jolani-profile-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN News]]}}</ref> Having supported the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] at first, al-Sharaa went to [[Baghdad]] by bus just weeks before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq]], where he quickly became a well known member of [[al-Qaeda in Iraq]] (AQI).<ref name= FT24/> Some say he he had a close connection with AQI leader, [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]],<ref name= ToI13>{{cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Elusive Al-Qaeda leader in Syria stays in shadows |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/elusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224195240/http://www.timesofisrael.com/elusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows/ |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date= |website=[[Times of Israel]]}}</ref> however he denied this saying he was only a foot-soldier under al-Qaeda against American occupation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2021 |title=Interview-Abu Mohammad al-Jolani |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/ |work=PBS Frontline |quote=Most of the information available on the internet is false... No, I didn't meet Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was mostly present in Fallujah and Ramadi and around this region, and I was in Mosul during that time. I was a regular soldier. I wasn't involved in any major operations that I would meet al-Zarqawi.}}</ref> In 2003, al-Sharaa was arrested and questioned by the [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|Military Intelligence Directorate]] for his illegal departure from Syria to Iraq, he was released after he said he was not part of any extremist groups.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Elamin |first=Hazem |last2=Nasreddine |first2=Hala |date=26 December 2024 |title=Al-Joulani's File at the Palestine Branch in Syria: A Cunning Personality Evades The Regime's Intelligence - Daraj |url=https://daraj.media/en/al-joulanis-file-at-the-palestine-branch-in-syria-a-cunning-personality-evades-the-regimes-intelligence/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Daraj |language=en-US}}</ref> Before the [[Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)|Iraqi civil war]] began in 2006, al-Sharaa was arrested by American forces and imprisoned for over five years in many detention centres and prisons.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Klausen |first=Jytte |title=Western Jihadism: A Thirty-Year History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-19-887079-1 |location=Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom |pages=399 |chapter=11: The ISIS Effect |access-date= |chapter-url= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2021 |title=Interview-Abu Mohammad al-Jolani |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/ |work=PBS Frontline |quote=}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2024 |title=Who is Abu Mohammed al-Julani, leader of HTS in Syria? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/4/who-is-abu-mohamad-al-julani-the-leader-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-in-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214180012/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/4/who-is-abu-mohamad-al-julani-the-leader-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-in-syria |archive-date=14 December 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last=Jalabi |first=Raya |date=8 December 2024 |title=Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the Syrian rebel leader |url=https://www.ft.com/content/574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212192451/https://www.ft.com/content/574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ==Presidency== On 8 December, Syrian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali]] announced that the Syrian government would hand over power to a new elected government following the [[Fall of Damascus]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Syrian PM to supervise state bodies until transition |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/8/ex-syrian-pm-to-supervise-state-bodies-until-transition-al-julani-says |access-date=8 December 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> On the same day, Al-Sharaa delivered a speech at Damascus's [[Umayyad Mosque]], calling the fall of Assad's regime "a new chapter in the history of the region". On 9 December, HTS released a video of al-Sharaa, al-Jalali and [[Mohammed al-Bashir]], the head of the de facto government in Idlib.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Saleh |first1=Heba |last2=Jalabi |first2=Raya |date=9 December 2024 |title=Syrian rebels seek to consolidate control |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1273c8a3-3044-4595-b5c6-6a15c6eeee34 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> On 12 December, al-Sharaa met with Turkish officials, which made this the first diplomatic delegation since Assad was removed from power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ula |first=enab10 |date=12 December 2024 |title=Turkish delegation meets with Ahmed al-Sharaa in Damascus |url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/12/turkish-delegation-meets-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-in-damascus/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Enab Baladi |language=en-US}}</ref> Until 2024, the [[United States]] named Al-Sharaa a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorist Designation of Al-Nusrah Front Leader Muhammad Al-Jawlani|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/209499.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822130950/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/209499.htm|archive-date=2019-08-22|access-date=2017-06-24|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> They placed a $10 million reward for information that could lead to him being arrested four years after.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. offers $10M reward for information on al-Nusra leader|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/05/10/US-offers-10M-reward-for-information-on-al-Nusra-leader/5921494432213/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511015650/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/05/10/US-offers-10M-reward-for-information-on-al-Nusra-leader/5921494432213/|archive-date=2017-05-11|access-date=2017-05-10|work=UPI.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Muhammad al-Jawlani|url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/muhammad_al_jawlani.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820175350/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/muhammad_al_jawlani.html|archive-date=20 August 2021|access-date=2 August 2021|website=[[Rewards for Justice]]}}</ref> On 20 December 2024, the United States removed the $10 million reward it had previously offered for the arrest of al-Sharaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US scraps $10m bounty for arrest of Syria's new leader Sharaa |access-date=21 December 2024|last1=Bateman |first1=Tom |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c07gv3j818ko |work=BBC |date=20 December 2024}}</ref> On 29 January 2025, Al-Sharaa was appointed by the Syrian General Command as the president of Syria for the [[Syrian transitional government|transitional government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2025/1/29/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9|title=الشرع رئيسا لسوريا وحل الفصائل وحزب البعث وتعطيل الدستور |trans-title=Sharaa as President of Syria, dissolving factions and the Baath Party, and suspending the constitution|website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic]]|date=29 January 2025|access-date=29 January 2025|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-leader-sharaa-named-president-transitional-period-state-news-agency-says-2025-01-29/|title=Syria's Sharaa declared president for transitional period, state news agency says|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 January 2025|access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> ===Views=== In 2016, when al-Sharaa ended his connection with al-Qaeda, he focused on international support by focusing on governance in Syria rather than transnational [[jihadism]]. He supports a [[technocratic]] [[Syrian Salvation Government|administration]] in the territory.<ref name= NYT24>{{cite news |last1=Rasgon|first1=Adam|last2=Abdulrahim|first2=Raja |date=8 December 2024 |title=Who Is the Leader of Syria's Rebel Offensive? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/syria-hts-jolani.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241208163410/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/syria-hts-jolani.html |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In recent years, he has become more moderate, saying he does not support going into war against Western nations, and supports protecting Syria's minorities.<ref name= CNN24>{{Cite web |last1=Karadsheh|first1=Jomana|last2=Tuysuz|first2=Gul|last3=Laine|first3=Brice|last4=Kent|first4=Lauren|last5=Kourdi|first5=Eyad |date=6 December 2024 |title=Syrian rebel leader says goal is to 'overthrow' Assad regime |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-rebel-forces-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-al-jolani-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=6 December 2024 |title=Who is Abu Mohammed al-Jolani, the Islamist rebel leading the Syrian advance? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/12/06/jolani-syria-hts/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=6 December 2024 |title=Leader of Syria's Resurgent Rebels Lays Out Strategy to Oust Assad |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/world/middleeast/syria-rebel-leader-interview.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> When talking about the ongoing [[2024 Israeli invasion of Syria|Israeli airstrikes on Syria]], al-Sharaa said that after the fall of the Assad regime, [[Israel]] no longer has "any excuses" for attacking Syrian territory. He also supports "diplomatic solutions" as the only way to have security instead of "[bad] military adventures".<ref>{{cite news |title=Syrian rebel leader: Israel has 'no more excuses' to strike, we don't seek conflict |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-rebel-leader-israel-has-no-more-excuses-to-strike-we-dont-seek-conflict/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cornish |first1=Chloe |last2=Shotter |first2=James |last3=Yackley |first3=Ayla Jean |last4=Dadouch |first4=Sarah |date=15 December 2024 |title=Syria is not interested in conflict with Israel, rebel leader suggests |url=https://www.ft.com/content/052ff79a-50a5-4e24-81df-384927961749 |access-date=22 December 2024 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Al-Sharaa reportedly told a group of journalists that his transitional government would continue to support the 1974 [[Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria|Disengagement of Forces Agreement]] that ended the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria's al-Julani vows adherence to 1974 agreement with Israel |url=https://www.jns.org/al-julani-vows-adherence-to-1974-agreement-with-israel/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |date=17 December 2024}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Commons-inline}} * [http://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/abu-muhammad-al-golani Abu Muhammad al-Golani] [[Counter Extremism Project]] profile {{DEFAULTSORT:Julani, Abu Mohammad al}} [[Category:People from Riyadh]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Presidents of Syria]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:Syrian military people]] ml6adqsvqat16q9jjabds02jx9f7u9m 0 1115449 10331782 10105932 2025-06-15T10:53:56Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Jean-Claude Haelewyck''' (born in 1952) is a Belgian researcher of the Old Latin Versions of the Bible and Syriac Studies at Centre d’Études Orientales in Institut Orientaliste in the [[Université catholique de Louvain]]. Haelewyck is director of the FNRS ([[Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Jean-Claude HAELEWYCK|website=Académie Belge pour l'Etude des Langues Anciennes et Orientales|url=http://www.abelao.eu/index.php/liste-des-cours?id=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jean-Claude Haelewyck|website=uclouvain.be|url=https://uclouvain.be/en/directories/jean-claude.haelewyck|access-date=2024-06-23|archive-date=2024-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227085021/https://uclouvain.be/en/directories/jean-claude.haelewyck|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Some works == *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |year=1998 |title=Clavis apocryphorvm veteris testamenti |location=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |series=Corpus Christianorum |isbn=2503507026 |oclc=886406882}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |author-mask=7 |year=2001 |title=Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio syriaca. I: Oratio 40 |series=Corpus Christianorum. Corpus Nazianzenum |volume=14 |publisher=Turnhout |pages=221}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |author-mask=7 |year=2005 |title=Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio syriaca. III: Orationes 27, 38–39 |series=Corpus Christianorum. Corpus Nazianzenum |volume=18 |publisher=Turnhout |pages=193}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck|first=J.-C.|author-mask=7|year=2006|title=Grammaire comparée des langues sémitiques: Eléments de phonétique, de morphologie et de syntaxe|series=Langues et cultures anciennes|volume=7|publisher=Bruxelles|url=https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:75033|access-date=2024-06-23|archive-date=2024-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623224018/https://dial.uclouvain.be/pr/boreal/object/boreal:75033|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |author-mask=7 |year=2007 |title=Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio syriaca. IV: Orationes 28–31 |series= Corpus Christianorum. Corpus Nazianzenum |volume=23 |publisher=Turnhout |pages=407}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |author-mask=7 |year=2008 |title=Esther |series=Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel|volume=7/3 |publisher=Freibourg / Breisgau |pages=440}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |author-mask=7 |year=2011 |title=Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio syriaca. V: Orationes 1–3 |series=Corpus Christianorum. Corpus Nazianzenum |volume=25 |publisher=Turnhout |pages=216}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. (dir.)|author-mask=7 |year=2016 |title=Histoire de Zosime sur la Vie des Bienhgeureux Réchabites. Les versions orientales et leurs manuscrits |series=CSCO 664. Subsidia 135|publisher=Louvain (sous presse).}} *{{cite book|last=Haelewyck |first=J.-C. |author-mask=7 |year=2018 |title=Evangelium secundum Marcum |series=Vetus Latina. Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel |volume=17 |publisher=Freiburg/Breisgau |pages=843}} === Journals === *{{cite journal|author=J.-C. Haelewyck|date=2006-10-01|title=The Relevance of the Old Latin Version for the Septuagint, with Special Emphasis on the Book of Esther|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-theological-studies_2006-10_57_2/page/439|journal=The Journal of Theological Studies|volume=57|issue=2|pages=439–473|doi=10.1093/jts/flj108}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haelewyck, Jean-Claude}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Semiticists]] [[Category:Hebraists]] 7anhb1d6o1uupy3grly7rrscf4bnnyw 0 1115604 10330623 10134836 2025-06-14T18:54:53Z BlackJack 572554 removed [[Category:Italian cricketers]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Anthony Burns''' was born [[September 6]], [[1989]] in Herston, [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. He is an [[Italians|Italian ethnicity]] Australian-Italian [[Cricket|cricketer]] who has played 23 [[Test cricket|Tests]] and 6 [[One Day International|One Day Internationals]] for Australia. In [[2024]], Burns started playing [[Twenty20 International]]s for [[Italy]] and he was made as the [[Captain (sports)|captain]] of the Italian cricket team by the Italy Cricket Board. {{sports-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joe Burns}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian cricketers]] tt283lfcm6h6c4eiblhg1pk3lexi37y 10330725 10330623 2025-06-14T19:40:06Z BlackJack 572554 Cleanup and copyedit. 10330725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Anthony Burns''' (born 6 September 6 1989 in Herston, [[Brisbane]]) is a [[cricket]]er who has played in 23 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] for [[Australia men's national cricket team|Australia]]. To the end of the 2023/24 season, he had played in 160 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches, scoring 9,809 [[run (cricket|run (cricket]]s with a highest [[innings]] of 202[[not out|*]]. His main teams have been [[Queensland cricket team|Queensland]], from 2010/11 to 2023/24; and [[Brisbane Heat]] (Twenty20), from 2012/13 to 2020/21. Burns also had spells in England and Wales, playing for each of [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]], and [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]]. In 2024, Burns played in five [[Twenty20 International]]s for Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/201/201641/201641.html |title=Joe Burns |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=14 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Joe}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian cricketers]] {{sports-bio-stub}} qahxd5q68blywklyu1ap16cvmho9shq 0 1116265 10330472 10037448 2025-06-14T17:34:56Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Shilkande Koli''', or '''Shelkande Koli''' and '''Shilkunda Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of the [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=99 - 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis of Maharashtra: Kadam, Rongate, Shilkande, Sabale, Joshi, Mane, Kavale, Pore |language=en}}</ref> The Shilkunda Kolis revolted against [[Peshwa]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] of [[Maratha Empire]]) because of their [[land rights]] and cutoff the head of [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Chovisi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Madras_journal_of_literature_and_sci/P1lKAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Silkunda&pg=PA270&printsec=frontcover The Madras journal of literature and science, Volume 5] [[Category:Koli clans]] cc4z6cm4myvmyc8jny6ebcsp3b3fonk 10330503 10330472 2025-06-14T17:36:06Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330503 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Shilkande Koli''', or '''Shelkande Koli''' and '''Shilkunda Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of the [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=99 - 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis of Maharashtra: Kadam, Rongate, Shilkande, Sabale, Joshi, Mane, Kavale, Pore |language=en}}</ref> The Shilkunda Kolis revolted against [[Peshwa]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] of [[Maratha Empire]]) because of their [[land rights]] and cutoff the head of [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Chovisi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Madras_journal_of_literature_and_sci/P1lKAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Silkunda&pg=PA270&printsec=frontcover The Madras journal of literature and science, Volume 5] [[Category:Koli clans]] b9w7rfl45d3b7mao79nnsfsoii4egsb 0 1116268 10330404 10037950 2025-06-14T17:22:41Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Kengale Koli''', or '''Kangle Koli''' ([[Hindi]]: केंगले कोली) is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[Maharashtra]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=98 - 99: clans of Mahadev Kolis: Jangale, Kengale, Khade, Gambhire, Kavate, Konkane, Mali |language=en}}</ref> The [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] of Kengle clan [[Koli rebellion|revolted]] against [[British Raj|British]] [[British Army|rule]] and [[Sahu|Sahukars]], or [[Loan|Moneylenders]] in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in 1872 to 1876 under their chief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan |first=Shri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sOGAwAAQBAJ&q=Kengle+Kolis |title=Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47 |date=2005-04-07 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0208-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|local name=केंगळे कोळी|name=Kengale Koli|type=Clan of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Bandkari]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]}} == Notable == * [[Honya Kengle]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=134: I have already mentioned the revolt of Honya Kengle between 1872 and 1876 . Although sometimes described in the records as ' Honya Naik ' , Honya Kengle was not a member of a family of Koli nayaks , but an ordinary cultivating Koli family |language=en}}</ref> freedom activist from Maharashtra == References == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kengale}} [[Category:Koli clans]] hyagift17wmczra6mr1y7ktkvi4m521 10330468 10330404 2025-06-14T17:34:48Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330468 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kengale Koli''', or '''Kangle Koli''' ([[Hindi]]: केंगले कोली) is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[Maharashtra]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=98 - 99: clans of Mahadev Kolis: Jangale, Kengale, Khade, Gambhire, Kavate, Konkane, Mali |language=en}}</ref> The [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] of Kengle clan [[Koli rebellion|revolted]] against [[British Raj|British]] [[British Army|rule]] and [[Sahu|Sahukars]], or [[Loan|Moneylenders]] in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in 1872 to 1876 under their chief.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan |first=Shri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sOGAwAAQBAJ&q=Kengle+Kolis |title=Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47 |date=2005-04-07 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0208-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|local name=केंगळे कोळी|name=Kengale Koli|type=Clan of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Bandkari]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]}} == Notable == * [[Honya Kengle]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=134: I have already mentioned the revolt of Honya Kengle between 1872 and 1876 . Although sometimes described in the records as ' Honya Naik ' , Honya Kengle was not a member of a family of Koli nayaks , but an ordinary cultivating Koli family |language=en}}</ref> freedom activist from Maharashtra == References == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kengale}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 4ah335jf9t3btn5z3kvs4mk6cvfaiwo 0 1116270 10330377 10171337 2025-06-14T17:14:24Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Dabhi'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-McAQAAMAAJ |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1967 |publisher=Manager of Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=7: Chunvalia Kolis have 21 principal sub - divisions namely Abasania, Adhgama, Baroga, Basukia, '''Dabhi''', Dhamodia, Dhandhukia, Gohel, Jandaria |language=en}}</ref> ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ડાભી, [[Hindi]]: डाभी) is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> The Kolis of the Dabhi clan ruled over [[Ghorasar]] state during [[British Raj|British rule]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=dabhi+Koli |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=The following is a list of the Koli [[Thakor|Thakorda]]s or lordlings in [[North Gujarat]]: the Solankis of Bhankoda, Chaniar, Dekavada, and Kukvav in Chunwal; the Makwanas of Katosan, Jhunjuvara, and Punar, the Rathods of Ghanti and Vaghpur on the banks of the Sabarmati; the '''Dabhis'' of Ghodasar in the Charotar; the Chauhans of Amliara in the Mahi Kantha; and the Vaghelas of Kankrej |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Dabhi Koli|local name=ડાભી કોલી|type=[[Gotra]] of [[Koli people|Koli]] caste in [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCMbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Banaskantha District |date=1981 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=182: The [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Thakor|Thakarda]]s are divided into eight clans, viz, Solanki, Rathod, Chohan, Parmar, Bhatesaria, '''Dabhi''', Arnivadia and Kham- boai |language=en}}</ref>|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Chunvalia Koli]] *[[Talpada Kolis]] *[[Ghedia Koli]] *[[Divecha|Divecha Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patel]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Thakor]] *[[Garasia]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] *[[Dharala (title)|Dharala]]}} == Related pages == *[[Gujarati people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Dabhi}} [[Category:Koli people]] [[Category:Koli clans]] aabws8hfhjgwlni8xzncfj6padqq3hj 10330455 10330377 2025-06-14T17:34:25Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330455 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Dabhi'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-McAQAAMAAJ |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1967 |publisher=Manager of Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=7: Chunvalia Kolis have 21 principal sub - divisions namely Abasania, Adhgama, Baroga, Basukia, '''Dabhi''', Dhamodia, Dhandhukia, Gohel, Jandaria |language=en}}</ref> ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ડાભી, [[Hindi]]: डाभी) is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> The Kolis of the Dabhi clan ruled over [[Ghorasar]] state during [[British Raj|British rule]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=dabhi+Koli |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=The following is a list of the Koli [[Thakor|Thakorda]]s or lordlings in [[North Gujarat]]: the Solankis of Bhankoda, Chaniar, Dekavada, and Kukvav in Chunwal; the Makwanas of Katosan, Jhunjuvara, and Punar, the Rathods of Ghanti and Vaghpur on the banks of the Sabarmati; the '''Dabhis'' of Ghodasar in the Charotar; the Chauhans of Amliara in the Mahi Kantha; and the Vaghelas of Kankrej |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Dabhi Koli|local name=ડાભી કોલી|type=[[Gotra]] of [[Koli people|Koli]] caste in [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCMbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Banaskantha District |date=1981 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=182: The [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Thakor|Thakarda]]s are divided into eight clans, viz, Solanki, Rathod, Chohan, Parmar, Bhatesaria, '''Dabhi''', Arnivadia and Kham- boai |language=en}}</ref>|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Chunvalia Koli]] *[[Talpada Kolis]] *[[Ghedia Koli]] *[[Divecha|Divecha Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patel]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Thakor]] *[[Garasia]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] *[[Dharala (title)|Dharala]]}} == Related pages == *[[Gujarati people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Dabhi}} [[Category:Koli people]] [[Category:Koli clans]] fq6sissm5ay4yt1f4kh2q8kyb31n94h 0 1116271 10330357 10183295 2025-06-14T17:08:44Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Babria Koli''', or '''Bavlia Koli''' and '''Bavalia Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Matthew A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&dq=Babria+Koli&pg=PA307 |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes: As Represented in Benares ; with Illustrations |date=1879 |publisher=[[Thacker]] |pages=307–314 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Matthew Atmore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmhDAAAAYAAJ&q=Babria |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes as Represented in Benares |date=1974 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Babria Koli|local name=બાવળિયા કોલી|type=[[Gotra]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Talpada Kolis|Talpada Koli]] *[[Chunvalia Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patel]] *[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] *[[Kotwal]] *[[Garasia]] *[[Dharala (title)|Dharala]]}} Babria [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] mostly found in the [[Babariawad]] region of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartholomew |first=John George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9McAAAAMAAJ&dq=Babria+Kolis&pg=PA29 |title=Constable's Hand-gazetteer of India |date=1898 |publisher=A. Constable |location=India |language=en}}</ref> the region of Babariawad of Gujarat got his name because of Babria Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V15BAQAAIAAJ&q=Nawanagar+Kolis&pg=PA12 |title=Report on the Antiquities of Kâṭhiâwâḍ and Kachh, Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-75 |date=1876 |publisher=India Museum |location=India |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> They mostly lived by plundering and Their plundering was called as '''Dhang'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=d. 1917 |first=Whitworth, George Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&q=Babria+Kolis&pg=PA84 |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |date=1885 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench |location=India |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Babria}} [[Category:Koli clans]] e71h2o4tuyi3u2rlc80bix36wotenpl 10330441 10330357 2025-06-14T17:33:56Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330441 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Babria Koli''', or '''Bavlia Koli''' and '''Bavalia Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Matthew A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&dq=Babria+Koli&pg=PA307 |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes: As Represented in Benares ; with Illustrations |date=1879 |publisher=[[Thacker]] |pages=307–314 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherring |first=Matthew Atmore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmhDAAAAYAAJ&q=Babria |title=Hindu Tribes and Castes as Represented in Benares |date=1974 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=314 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Babria Koli|local name=બાવળિયા કોલી|type=[[Gotra]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Talpada Kolis|Talpada Koli]] *[[Chunvalia Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patel]] *[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] *[[Kotwal]] *[[Garasia]] *[[Dharala (title)|Dharala]]}} Babria [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] mostly found in the [[Babariawad]] region of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartholomew |first=John George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9McAAAAMAAJ&dq=Babria+Kolis&pg=PA29 |title=Constable's Hand-gazetteer of India |date=1898 |publisher=A. Constable |location=India |language=en}}</ref> the region of Babariawad of Gujarat got his name because of Babria Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V15BAQAAIAAJ&q=Nawanagar+Kolis&pg=PA12 |title=Report on the Antiquities of Kâṭhiâwâḍ and Kachh, Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-75 |date=1876 |publisher=India Museum |location=India |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> They mostly lived by plundering and Their plundering was called as '''Dhang'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=d. 1917 |first=Whitworth, George Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&q=Babria+Kolis&pg=PA84 |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |date=1885 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench |location=India |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Babria}} [[Category:Koli clans]] biwoz6f6b9ecdkd3kie20mb8g8pvehq 0 1116273 10330423 10169494 2025-06-14T17:29:58Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Solanki Koli''' (also spelled as '''Saulanki Koli''') is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Solanki+Koli&pg=PA1459 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=1459 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Dr. Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Solanki Koli|local name=સોલંકી કોલી|type=Clan of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Rajasthan]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Talpada Kolis]] *[[Chunvalia Koli]] *Ghedia Koli *Palia Koli *Divecha Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]s|branches=*Solanki Koli *Saulanki Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=*[[Patel]] *[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Kotwal]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] *Dharala}} == Jagirs == The Solanki Kolis of Gujarat ruled over petty [[Princely state|Princely states]] in Chunval region (now Becharaji) of Gujarat named as ''Bhankoda'', Kukvav, Chaniar and Dekavada [[Jagir|Jagirs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en}}</ref> == Notable == *[[Madhav Singh Solanki]], former three terms [[Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]], former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee, Minister of External Affairs (India), founder of Kham theory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdzsAAAAMAAJ |title=Capitalist Development: Critical Essays |date=1990 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-86132-270-1 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=359: [[Madhavsinh Solanki]] belonging to the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste was made the [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|GPCC]] President in the place of Darji by the Congress high command. The upsurge in Gujarat compelled the central government to dissolve the state Assembly prematurely in 1974 (Shah 1977) |language=en}}</ref> *'''Parshottambhai Solanki''', State minister for Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying in [[Gujarat|Gujarat government]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-04 |title=Koli leader Parshottam Solanki skips cabinet meeting, ups ante |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/solanki-skips-cabinet-meeting-ups-ante/articleshow/62357681.cms |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> *'''Hirabhai Odhavji Solanki''', Member of the Legislative Assembly in [[Gujarat]] Legislative assembly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolis want Hira Solanki; No thanks, he says |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kolis-want-hira-solanki-no-thanks-he-says-1242021 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> *'''Natvarsinh Solanki''', founder of Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha, [[Jagir|Jagirdar]] in [[British Raj|British India]], Member of the Legislative Assembly in Bombay Legislative Assembly from 1952 to 1957 and 2nd term MLA in Gujarat Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1972, [[Member of parliament]] in 7th Lok Sabha from 1980 to 1984.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Solanki}} [[Category:Koli clans]] fn5q3whes1tl3fucmyqvvf4y1ymlm6u 10330490 10330423 2025-06-14T17:35:29Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330490 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Solanki Koli''' (also spelled as '''Saulanki Koli''') is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Solanki+Koli&pg=PA1459 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=1459 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Dr. Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Solanki Koli|local name=સોલંકી કોલી|type=Clan of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Rajasthan]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Talpada Kolis]] *[[Chunvalia Koli]] *Ghedia Koli *Palia Koli *Divecha Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]s|branches=*Solanki Koli *Saulanki Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=*[[Patel]] *[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Kotwal]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]] *Dharala}} == Jagirs == The Solanki Kolis of Gujarat ruled over petty [[Princely state|Princely states]] in Chunval region (now Becharaji) of Gujarat named as ''Bhankoda'', Kukvav, Chaniar and Dekavada [[Jagir|Jagirs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en}}</ref> == Notable == *[[Madhav Singh Solanki]], former three terms [[Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]], former president of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee, Minister of External Affairs (India), founder of Kham theory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdzsAAAAMAAJ |title=Capitalist Development: Critical Essays |date=1990 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-86132-270-1 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=359: [[Madhavsinh Solanki]] belonging to the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste was made the [[Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee|GPCC]] President in the place of Darji by the Congress high command. The upsurge in Gujarat compelled the central government to dissolve the state Assembly prematurely in 1974 (Shah 1977) |language=en}}</ref> *'''Parshottambhai Solanki''', State minister for Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying in [[Gujarat|Gujarat government]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-04 |title=Koli leader Parshottam Solanki skips cabinet meeting, ups ante |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/solanki-skips-cabinet-meeting-ups-ante/articleshow/62357681.cms |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> *'''Hirabhai Odhavji Solanki''', Member of the Legislative Assembly in [[Gujarat]] Legislative assembly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolis want Hira Solanki; No thanks, he says |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kolis-want-hira-solanki-no-thanks-he-says-1242021 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> *'''Natvarsinh Solanki''', founder of Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha, [[Jagir|Jagirdar]] in [[British Raj|British India]], Member of the Legislative Assembly in Bombay Legislative Assembly from 1952 to 1957 and 2nd term MLA in Gujarat Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1972, [[Member of parliament]] in 7th Lok Sabha from 1980 to 1984.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Solanki}} [[Category:Koli clans]] fm3vqkyjy4tkq88vo3h92hjlz4hjimx 0 1116274 10330405 10037787 2025-06-14T17:23:06Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Kirave Koli''', or '''Kirve Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOU9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=97 - 99 - 103: clans of Mahadev Kolis: Bande, Kirave, Ghode, Popere, Shelke, Bambale |language=en}}</ref> in 1829, The Kolis of Kirwe clan revolted against [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Kirwa+Koli |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|local name=किर्वे कोळी|name=Kirave Koli|type=Clan of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Bandkari]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]}} == Notable == * [[Rama Kirve]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=107: The rising ended after a Koli named Rama Kirve was captured and executed in 1830.32 In this Koli revolt of 1829–30 we see the beginning of a shift to a new form of band |language=en}}</ref> freedom activist from Maharashtra == References == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kirave}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 38qs8pq3r472nw31pxsxkhmhfkhrzal 10330471 10330405 2025-06-14T17:34:52Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330471 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kirave Koli''', or '''Kirve Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOU9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=97 - 99 - 103: clans of Mahadev Kolis: Bande, Kirave, Ghode, Popere, Shelke, Bambale |language=en}}</ref> in 1829, The Kolis of Kirwe clan revolted against [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Kirwa+Koli |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=333 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|local name=किर्वे कोळी|name=Kirave Koli|type=Clan of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Bandkari]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]}} == Notable == * [[Rama Kirve]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=107: The rising ended after a Koli named Rama Kirve was captured and executed in 1830.32 In this Koli revolt of 1829–30 we see the beginning of a shift to a new form of band |language=en}}</ref> freedom activist from Maharashtra == References == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kirave}} [[Category:Koli clans]] t195cykjtiruw3hloi3632d9fwlfp00 0 1116275 10330353 10037777 2025-06-14T17:07:48Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Kokate Koli''', or '''Kokata Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Lahure, Kokate, Bhoir, Konkane, Korade, Lote, Pote |language=en}}</ref> in 1776, Kokata Kolis [[Koli rebellion|revolted]] against [[Peshwa]] government in [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> == History == The Kokote [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] served in [[Maratha Empire]] as [[Subedar]] and [[Faujdar]]. The Koli subedar burnt down the rebellion of [[Gavli|Gavlis]] against Peshwa. == Related pages == * [[Javji Bamble]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/4LUBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kokatta+Koli&pg=PA194&printsec=frontcover Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar] [[Category:Koli clans]] lepaxpmu4oirlqgwfoqmmoom2dgmqey 10330473 10330353 2025-06-14T17:35:03Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330473 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kokate Koli''', or '''Kokata Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Lahure, Kokate, Bhoir, Konkane, Korade, Lote, Pote |language=en}}</ref> in 1776, Kokata Kolis [[Koli rebellion|revolted]] against [[Peshwa]] government in [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> == History == The Kokote [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] served in [[Maratha Empire]] as [[Subedar]] and [[Faujdar]]. The Koli subedar burnt down the rebellion of [[Gavli|Gavlis]] against Peshwa. == Related pages == * [[Javji Bamble]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/4LUBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kokatta+Koli&pg=PA194&printsec=frontcover Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar] [[Category:Koli clans]] ka16favsc2gheo7faokvi3j5swi0egc 0 1116276 10330416 10092469 2025-06-14T17:27:34Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Popere Koli''', or '''Popera Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=10–266 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|surnames={{Main|Koli clans and titles#Clans (Upadhi)}}|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*Popere Koli *Popera Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|name=Popere Koli|local name=पोपेरे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]}} The ruling [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] [[dynasty]] of [[Jawhar State]] belong to the Popere [[Koli Patel|clan]] of [[Mahadev Kolis|Mahadev]] [[Koli rebellion against Maratha empire|Kolis]] of [[Konkan]] who established the rule over [[Jawhar]] in 1346 by Koli chief [[Jayaba Mukne|Jayaba Popere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> They are [[Agriculture|Agriculturist]] and noted for the militant spirit.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ralte |first1=Lalrinawmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGYXb4sksawC&dq=Popera+Koli&pg=PA180 |title=Waging Peace, Building a World in which Life Matters: Festschrift to Honour Gabriele Dietrich |last2=Faria |first2=Stella |date=2004 |publisher=[[ISPCK]] |isbn=978-81-7214-798-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=179–180 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Popere}} [[Category:Koli clans]] mvolvorqah55hszj3wdoiwz8ps17imz 10330484 10330416 2025-06-14T17:35:20Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330484 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Popere Koli''', or '''Popera Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=10–266 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|surnames={{Main|Koli clans and titles#Clans (Upadhi)}}|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*Popere Koli *Popera Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|name=Popere Koli|local name=पोपेरे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]}} The ruling [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] [[dynasty]] of [[Jawhar State]] belong to the Popere [[Koli Patel|clan]] of [[Mahadev Kolis|Mahadev]] [[Koli rebellion against Maratha empire|Kolis]] of [[Konkan]] who established the rule over [[Jawhar]] in 1346 by Koli chief [[Jayaba Mukne|Jayaba Popere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> They are [[Agriculture|Agriculturist]] and noted for the militant spirit.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ralte |first1=Lalrinawmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGYXb4sksawC&dq=Popera+Koli&pg=PA180 |title=Waging Peace, Building a World in which Life Matters: Festschrift to Honour Gabriele Dietrich |last2=Faria |first2=Stella |date=2004 |publisher=[[ISPCK]] |isbn=978-81-7214-798-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=179–180 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Popere}} [[Category:Koli clans]] d93vrmfjv1qkl2wsqlkp60qfplq75oa 0 1116277 10330447 10323953 2025-06-14T17:34:11Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Satav Koli''', or '''Sataw Koli''' is a [[Gotra|clan]] of [[Malhar Koli|Malhar]] [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tribhuwan |first=Robin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-014hKeKAC&dq=Satav+Koli&pg=PA226 |title=Fairs and Festivals of Indian Tribes |date=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-640-0 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Satav Koli|local name=|type=Clan of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Rajasthan]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=[[Malhar Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]s|branches=|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames={{Main|Koli clans and titles #Titles (Upadhi)}}}} The Satav clan of [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] was hereditary [[priest]] and responsible for [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Dahanu|Mahalaxmi]] temple of [[Dahanu]] and considered the Mahalakshmi as their clan deity.{{sfn|Tribhuwan|2003|pp=26}} Satav Kolis also served as the royal priest to the rulers of [[Jawhar State]].{{sfn|Tribhuwan|2003|pp=27}} == See also == * [[Mukne dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 2364140wbm7duc0dtd96wsld80odejw 10330500 10330447 2025-06-14T17:36:03Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330500 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Satav Koli''', or '''Sataw Koli''' is a [[Gotra|clan]] of [[Malhar Koli|Malhar]] [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tribhuwan |first=Robin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-014hKeKAC&dq=Satav+Koli&pg=PA226 |title=Fairs and Festivals of Indian Tribes |date=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-640-0 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Satav Koli|local name=|type=Clan of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Rajasthan]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=[[Malhar Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]s|branches=|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames={{Main|Koli clans and titles #Titles (Upadhi)}}}} The Satav clan of [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] was hereditary [[priest]] and responsible for [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Dahanu|Mahalaxmi]] temple of [[Dahanu]] and considered the Mahalakshmi as their clan deity.{{sfn|Tribhuwan|2003|pp=26}} Satav Kolis also served as the royal priest to the rulers of [[Jawhar State]].{{sfn|Tribhuwan|2003|pp=27}} == See also == * [[Mukne dynasty]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 38ifyfva2c1tykxyyvic9aum9l0axw5 0 1116278 10330369 10001898 2025-06-14T17:12:23Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bokad''' is a [[List of Koli states and clans|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" /> {{Infobox tribe|local name=बोकाड कोळी|name=Bokad Koli|type=Clan of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Bandkari]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]}} They served in the [[Maratha Empire]] and in 1769 - 70, Bokad Kolis received the grants of [[Jagir]] from [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao i]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> later, they served in [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] at good positions such as [[Faujdar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930 |date=1976 |publisher=Scientific Socialist Education Trust |isbn=978-0-88386-922-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Marathi people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bokad}} [[Category:Koli clans]] rzs80orweifwtbn4zpxktt8z8u3dfzr 10330450 10330369 2025-06-14T17:34:17Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330450 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bokad''' is a [[List of Koli states and clans|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0" /> {{Infobox tribe|local name=बोकाड कोळी|name=Bokad Koli|type=Clan of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Bandkari]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]]}} They served in the [[Maratha Empire]] and in 1769 - 70, Bokad Kolis received the grants of [[Jagir]] from [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao i]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> later, they served in [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] at good positions such as [[Faujdar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930 |date=1976 |publisher=Scientific Socialist Education Trust |isbn=978-0-88386-922-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Marathi people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bokad}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 7aug3vj8295tiybwt4ljcq3elejhwif 0 1116279 10330482 10323991 2025-06-14T17:35:18Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Sonavane Koli''', or '''Sonawane Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sonvane Koli''' and '''Sonwane Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=97 - 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Sonavane, Bhangare, Ashvale, Shinghade, Mali, Shelar |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[Bhangare Koli|Bhangare]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] e9xiunsacpuj2ebz6bqr7jioliuncsf 10330504 10330482 2025-06-14T17:36:08Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330504 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sonavane Koli''', or '''Sonawane Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sonvane Koli''' and '''Sonwane Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=97 - 100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Sonavane, Bhangare, Ashvale, Shinghade, Mali, Shelar |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[Bhangare Koli|Bhangare]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] m3j1rphbglezyybph17ssby0kaxot7y 0 1116280 10330501 10169495 2025-06-14T17:36:05Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} {{Infobox dynasty |name =Sord dynasty |native_name =સોર્ડ કોલી રાજવંશ |native_name_lang =Gj |other_names =Sora dynasty |country =[[India]] |region =[[Idar State]] |founded =1200 |founder =Maharaja Hathi Sord |final_ruler =Maharaja Samvaliya Sord |titles =[[Maharaja]] |styles =[[His Highness]] |deposition =1300 }} The '''Sord dynasty''' was a ruling dynasty of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] in [[Gujarat]] who ruled over Idar [[Princely state|state]] for two generations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iChFAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=428–429 |language=en}}</ref> == Rise of dynasty == This dynasty was founded by the Thakor Hathi Sord, who belonged to the [[Koli Patel|Koli]] caste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 325 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_331.gif |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190502/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_331.gif |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ananta) |first=Rudra (Son of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICIVAAAAIAAJ&q=sord+kolis |title=Rudrakavi's Great Poem of the Dynasty of Rāṣṭrauḍha: Cantos 1-13 and 18-20 |publisher=Brill Archive |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> Hathi Sord was a [[vassal]] in the Eder state, but Amarsingh [[Parmar]], the ruler of the Eder state, was killed in a battle after which Hathi Sord took over as the ruler of the Eder state. [[Maharaja]] Hathi Sord ruled peacefully till his death, and after his death his only son, Prince Samwaliya Sord, took the [[throne]] of Idar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruyne |first=Jenny Leonora de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EigTAQAAIAAJ |title=Great poem of the dynasy of rastraudha |date=1968 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> == Fall of dynasty == Maharaja Sanvalia Sord appointed a [[Nagar]] [[Brahmin]] as the commander of the army of the state of Idar but Commander was jealous of the maharaja, Due to which the commander became with the [[Rathore caste|Rathore]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=d. 1917 |first=Whitworth, George Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&q=sord+kolis |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |date=1885 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=299 |language=en}}</ref> The Senapati incited the Rathore Rajputs to attack the Maharaja but the Rajputs did not dare, after which the Senapati made a plan. According to the plan, the commander called Maharaja Sord for his daughter's wedding party and hid the Rajputs in the houses of neighbors. The Maharaja Sord was enjoying the feast with some of his ministers, when the Brahmin commander also gave him a banquet of liquor, due to which Maharaja Sord and his ministers and some special soldiers got drunk. The commander was waiting for this, the commander pointed to the Rathore Rajputs hiding in the neighboring houses and attacked the minister and soldiers including Maharaja Sord. It was the year 1300 and the Sord Dynasty of Idar came to an end this year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laade |first=Raj Bhusan |title=Ancient Gujarat: a view of Narada |year=2004 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=151–152 |language=[[English language|English]]}}</ref> Rathore Rajputs captured the idar from Kolis but later rathores was drove out by Rao Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DzmxWenNkC&q=sord+kolis |title=Asian Review |date=1887 |publisher=East & West |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] [[Category:Koli princely states]] 12qt71glg5c1am8qtvehuc84vn956c5 10330511 10330501 2025-06-14T17:39:16Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dynasty |name =Sord dynasty |native_name =સોર્ડ કોલી રાજવંશ |native_name_lang =Gj |other_names =Sora dynasty |country =[[India]] |region =[[Idar State]] |founded =1200 |founder =Maharaja Hathi Sord |final_ruler =Maharaja Samvaliya Sord |titles =[[Maharaja]] |styles =[[His Highness]] |deposition =1300 }} The '''Sord dynasty''' was a ruling dynasty of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] in [[Gujarat]] who ruled over Idar [[Princely state|state]] for two generations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iChFAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=428–429 |language=en}}</ref> == Rise of dynasty == This dynasty was founded by the Thakor Hathi Sord, who belonged to the [[Koli Patel|Koli]] caste.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 325 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_331.gif |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190502/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_331.gif |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ananta) |first=Rudra (Son of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICIVAAAAIAAJ&q=sord+kolis |title=Rudrakavi's Great Poem of the Dynasty of Rāṣṭrauḍha: Cantos 1-13 and 18-20 |publisher=Brill Archive |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> Hathi Sord was a [[vassal]] in the Eder state, but Amarsingh [[Parmar]], the ruler of the Eder state, was killed in a battle after which Hathi Sord took over as the ruler of the Eder state. [[Maharaja]] Hathi Sord ruled peacefully till his death, and after his death his only son, Prince Samwaliya Sord, took the [[throne]] of Idar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruyne |first=Jenny Leonora de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EigTAQAAIAAJ |title=Great poem of the dynasy of rastraudha |date=1968 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> == Fall of dynasty == Maharaja Sanvalia Sord appointed a [[Nagar]] [[Brahmin]] as the commander of the army of the state of Idar but Commander was jealous of the maharaja, Due to which the commander became with the [[Rathore caste|Rathore]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=d. 1917 |first=Whitworth, George Clifford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&q=sord+kolis |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |date=1885 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=299 |language=en}}</ref> The Senapati incited the Rathore Rajputs to attack the Maharaja but the Rajputs did not dare, after which the Senapati made a plan. According to the plan, the commander called Maharaja Sord for his daughter's wedding party and hid the Rajputs in the houses of neighbors. The Maharaja Sord was enjoying the feast with some of his ministers, when the Brahmin commander also gave him a banquet of liquor, due to which Maharaja Sord and his ministers and some special soldiers got drunk. The commander was waiting for this, the commander pointed to the Rathore Rajputs hiding in the neighboring houses and attacked the minister and soldiers including Maharaja Sord. It was the year 1300 and the Sord Dynasty of Idar came to an end this year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laade |first=Raj Bhusan |title=Ancient Gujarat: a view of Narada |year=2004 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=151–152 |language=[[English language|English]]}}</ref> Rathore Rajputs captured the idar from Kolis but later rathores was drove out by Rao Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9DzmxWenNkC&q=sord+kolis |title=Asian Review |date=1887 |publisher=East & West |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] [[Category:Koli princely states]] 12sm24kwxs7a4v3w73lmittuy47tooc 0 1116282 10330426 10323726 2025-06-14T17:30:47Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Thorat Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Balraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53owAQAAIAAJ |title=The Beautiful India - Daman & Diu |date=2006 |publisher=Reference Press |isbn=978-81-8405-022-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10: This prince lost his patrimony in [[Udaipur]] during a [[Muslim]] conquest and moved to the southern direction and , in the process , defeated the [[Koli]] Chief Natort of the Thorat clan of Kolis ) ; in doing so , he conquered a hilly area at |language=en}}</ref> ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: थोरात) is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IWXh-6zDe8C&dq=Thorat+Koli&pg=PA48 |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-356-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Thorat Koli|local name=थोरात कोळी|type=[[Gotra]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Deshmukh]] *[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] *[[Bandkari]]}} The Thorat [[Koli Patel|Kolis]] ruled over [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] till 1262.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33LiAAAAMAAJ |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Isha Books |isbn=978-81-8205-062-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> but in 1262, Koli king Nag Thorat was defeated by Ramsing who was a [[Rajput]] from [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lele |first=Purushottam Shripad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0MeAAAAMAAJ |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and Present |date=1987 |publisher=Usha P. Lele |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> later, Thorat Kolis lived by plundering.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wB_aqQ5ZrAC |title=History and Administration of Dharampur State (Prant Ramnagar): From 1262 to 1937 |date=1939 |publisher=President, State Council |location=New Delhi, India |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of Koli people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Thorat}} [[Category:Koli clans]] hkcknthwlez94vcoo9af3qw322ff7qg 10330493 10330426 2025-06-14T17:35:34Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330493 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Thorat Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Balraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53owAQAAIAAJ |title=The Beautiful India - Daman & Diu |date=2006 |publisher=Reference Press |isbn=978-81-8405-022-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=10: This prince lost his patrimony in [[Udaipur]] during a [[Muslim]] conquest and moved to the southern direction and , in the process , defeated the [[Koli]] Chief Natort of the Thorat clan of Kolis ) ; in doing so , he conquered a hilly area at |language=en}}</ref> ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: थोरात) is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IWXh-6zDe8C&dq=Thorat+Koli&pg=PA48 |title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories : (in 36 volumes) |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-356-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Thorat Koli|local name=थोरात कोळी|type=[[Gotra]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Deshmukh]] *[[Patil (title)|Patil]] *[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] *[[Bandkari]]}} The Thorat [[Koli Patel|Kolis]] ruled over [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] till 1262.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajrani |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33LiAAAAMAAJ |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Isha Books |isbn=978-81-8205-062-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> but in 1262, Koli king Nag Thorat was defeated by Ramsing who was a [[Rajput]] from [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lele |first=Purushottam Shripad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0MeAAAAMAAJ |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and Present |date=1987 |publisher=Usha P. Lele |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> later, Thorat Kolis lived by plundering.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wB_aqQ5ZrAC |title=History and Administration of Dharampur State (Prant Ramnagar): From 1262 to 1937 |date=1939 |publisher=President, State Council |location=New Delhi, India |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of Koli people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Thorat}} [[Category:Koli clans]] ouwp1m38ixtxujtdz5ctoiofd9quufb 0 1116285 10330421 10323725 2025-06-14T17:29:21Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Satpute Koli''', or '''Sutpute Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karve |first1=Irawati Karmarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Group Relations in Village Community |last2=Damle |first2=Yashwant Bhaskar |date=1963 |publisher=S.M. Katre |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=13: As regards the Kolis , there were in all 17 clans. The names of these Koli clans were as follows : -Asvale , Kudekar , Memane , Lohokare , Langhi , Vadekar , Kede , [[Jadhav]] , Satpute, Talape, Lokhande, Supe, Gaware, Kalute, Bhalinge, Bhavari and Yande |language=en}}</ref> The [[Koli Patel|Kolis]] of Satpute clan [[Koli rebellion|revolted]] against [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[List of districts of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] under their [[Koli caste|Koli]] chief Sakharam Satpute and captured the [[British Raj|British]] offices and plundered the British controlled Territories in [[Konkan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hangloo |first1=Rattan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwVuAAAAMAAJ |title=New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture |last2=Murali |first2=A. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Black & White]] |isbn=978-81-89320-15-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=391 |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[Koli clans and titles|List of Koli titles, clans and subcastes]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Satpute}} [[Category:Koli clans]] bzotfzcct531ys7oeycq39fzsc5svqm 10330489 10330421 2025-06-14T17:35:27Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330489 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Satpute Koli''', or '''Sutpute Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karve |first1=Irawati Karmarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRzVAAAAMAAJ |title=Group Relations in Village Community |last2=Damle |first2=Yashwant Bhaskar |date=1963 |publisher=S.M. Katre |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=13: As regards the Kolis , there were in all 17 clans. The names of these Koli clans were as follows : -Asvale , Kudekar , Memane , Lohokare , Langhi , Vadekar , Kede , [[Jadhav]] , Satpute, Talape, Lokhande, Supe, Gaware, Kalute, Bhalinge, Bhavari and Yande |language=en}}</ref> The [[Koli Patel|Kolis]] of Satpute clan [[Koli rebellion|revolted]] against [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[List of districts of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] under their [[Koli caste|Koli]] chief Sakharam Satpute and captured the [[British Raj|British]] offices and plundered the British controlled Territories in [[Konkan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hangloo |first1=Rattan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwVuAAAAMAAJ |title=New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture |last2=Murali |first2=A. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Black & White]] |isbn=978-81-89320-15-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=391 |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[Koli clans and titles|List of Koli titles, clans and subcastes]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Satpute}} [[Category:Koli clans]] bap32zfxqom2t1pylp42frm7ykp5uh1 0 1116286 10330338 10048658 2025-06-14T17:04:18Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bhangare Koli''', or '''Bhangre Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scgz0Uzn64YC&dq=Bhangare+Koli&pg=PA163 |title=The Tribal Culture of India |last2=Rai |first2=Binay Kumar |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi, India |pages=163 |language=en}}</ref> Bhangare Kolis were granted the villages from [[Peshwa]] and served as [[Patil (title)|Patil]] and [[Deshmukh (Koli title)|Deshmukh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis Govinda Gāre. to the grant of jahagirs to the three Mahadeo Koli families , Bhangare , Bamble and Bokad and titles of Patil and Deshmukh by Peshwa |language=en}}</ref> in 1761 for [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] [[Maratha Empire|Empire]], Bhangare Kolis along with Pattikar Kolis captured the [[Trymbakgad|Trimbak]] [[Forts in India|fort]] from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=12: An entry of A.D. 1769-70 in the Diary of [[Madhav rao I]] refers to the grant of villages to three Koli families, Bhangare, Bambale and Bokad, as reward. An entry for the year A.D. 1776-77 in [[Savai Madhavrao]]'s Diary refers to the breaking in of [[Javji Bamble|Jiwaji Bambale]] and bringing him under submission and service to the [[Peshwa]] along with prominent kolis Khade, Bhangare and Pichad of [[Rajur]]. Of these families those of Bhangare and Khade worked as daring [[Subedar]]s, along with Pattikar brothers of Koli caste, in the conquest from the Nizam, in A.D. 1761, of the fort of Trimbak for the Peshwa |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhangare Koli|local name=भांगरे कोळी|type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|image=File:Statue of Naik Raghoji Rao Bhangre in Akola, Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Statue of [[Nayak (title)|Naik]] [[Raghoji Bhangare]] in [[Akola]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=[[Maharashtra]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Konkani language|Konkani]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Patil]] *Bandkari}} == Notable == * [[Valoji Bhangare]], Infian revolutionary * [[Raghoji Bhangare]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&dq=Bhangare&pg=PA16 |title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: Father of the Indian Social Revolution |date=1997 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-066-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> freedom fighter from Maharashtra * [[Bapuji Bhangare]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sunthankar |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra: 1818-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85239-50-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=In 1844 again the tribes organised a rebellion under the leadership of Raghu Bhangre and Bapu Bhangre , the two sons of a jemadar of the Ahmadnagar police , who was a Koli by caste . Their headquarters were the hilly country north |language=en}}</ref> freedom fighter from Maharashtra * [[Ramji Bhangare]], freedom fighter from Maharashtra, former [[Jemadar]] of [[British Indian Army]], former [[Subedar]] of [[Maratha Army]] and [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Devgaon == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] sdvtjg9x689yekxemtazucra27kkoh6 10330448 10330338 2025-06-14T17:34:12Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330448 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bhangare Koli''', or '''Bhangre Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=Lalita Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scgz0Uzn64YC&dq=Bhangare+Koli&pg=PA163 |title=The Tribal Culture of India |last2=Rai |first2=Binay Kumar |date=1977 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi, India |pages=163 |language=en}}</ref> Bhangare Kolis were granted the villages from [[Peshwa]] and served as [[Patil (title)|Patil]] and [[Deshmukh (Koli title)|Deshmukh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis Govinda Gāre. to the grant of jahagirs to the three Mahadeo Koli families , Bhangare , Bamble and Bokad and titles of Patil and Deshmukh by Peshwa |language=en}}</ref> in 1761 for [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] [[Maratha Empire|Empire]], Bhangare Kolis along with Pattikar Kolis captured the [[Trymbakgad|Trimbak]] [[Forts in India|fort]] from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=12: An entry of A.D. 1769-70 in the Diary of [[Madhav rao I]] refers to the grant of villages to three Koli families, Bhangare, Bambale and Bokad, as reward. An entry for the year A.D. 1776-77 in [[Savai Madhavrao]]'s Diary refers to the breaking in of [[Javji Bamble|Jiwaji Bambale]] and bringing him under submission and service to the [[Peshwa]] along with prominent kolis Khade, Bhangare and Pichad of [[Rajur]]. Of these families those of Bhangare and Khade worked as daring [[Subedar]]s, along with Pattikar brothers of Koli caste, in the conquest from the Nizam, in A.D. 1761, of the fort of Trimbak for the Peshwa |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhangare Koli|local name=भांगरे कोळी|type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|image=File:Statue of Naik Raghoji Rao Bhangre in Akola, Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Statue of [[Nayak (title)|Naik]] [[Raghoji Bhangare]] in [[Akola]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=[[Maharashtra]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Marathi language|Marathi]] *[[Konkani language|Konkani]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] *[[Deshmukh]] *[[Patil]] *Bandkari}} == Notable == * [[Valoji Bhangare]], Infian revolutionary * [[Raghoji Bhangare]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=Dhananjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY9fz68KEsC&dq=Bhangare&pg=PA16 |title=Mahatma Jotirao Phooley: Father of the Indian Social Revolution |date=1997 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-066-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> freedom fighter from Maharashtra * [[Bapuji Bhangare]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sunthankar |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra: 1818-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85239-50-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=In 1844 again the tribes organised a rebellion under the leadership of Raghu Bhangre and Bapu Bhangre , the two sons of a jemadar of the Ahmadnagar police , who was a Koli by caste . Their headquarters were the hilly country north |language=en}}</ref> freedom fighter from Maharashtra * [[Ramji Bhangare]], freedom fighter from Maharashtra, former [[Jemadar]] of [[British Indian Army]], former [[Subedar]] of [[Maratha Army]] and [[Patil (title)|Patil]] of Devgaon == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] i0rpqt9bkclrlcd7qxaiswphk5bt4pr 0 1116311 10330334 10043282 2025-06-14T17:03:18Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bambale Koli''', or '''Bamble Koli'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=226–232 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=97: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Bambale, Bharmal, Bhojane, Gengje, Langhi, Tambekar, Umbhare |language=en}}</ref> Bambale Kolis served in [[Maratha Empire]] and were received the grants of the [[Jagir|Jagirs]] by [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I]] in 1769 - 70.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26: Bamble |language=en}}</ref> Bambale Kolis served at good positions Such as [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Patil|Patil]], [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Mansabdar|Mansabdar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |date=1978 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref> and Nayak<ref name=":0" /> in [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=109–120 |language=en}}</ref> == Notable == * [[Javji Bamble]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Anand A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DroEAQAAIAAJ |title=Crime and Criminality in British India |date=1985 |publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]] |isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=174: The best example is the career of a Koli named [[Javji Bamble]] , who was appointed [[Mansabdar]] after playing Nana Fadnavis off against Tukoji Holkar in the 1770s |language=en}}</ref> [[Mansabdar]] of [[Rajur]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] {{stub}} 8vkn63epmyqvfx8wyk2oa0mpb3b2r5h 10330442 10330334 2025-06-14T17:33:59Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330442 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bambale Koli''', or '''Bamble Koli'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=226–232 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=97: Clans of Mahadev Kolis: Bambale, Bharmal, Bhojane, Gengje, Langhi, Tambekar, Umbhare |language=en}}</ref> Bambale Kolis served in [[Maratha Empire]] and were received the grants of the [[Jagir|Jagirs]] by [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I]] in 1769 - 70.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gāre |first=Govinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZciAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals in an Urban Setting: A Study of Socio-economic Impact of Poona City on the Mahadeo Kolis |date=1976 |publisher=Shubhada Saraswat |location=New Delhi, India |pages=26: Bamble |language=en}}</ref> Bambale Kolis served at good positions Such as [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Patil|Patil]], [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Mansabdar|Mansabdar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |date=1978 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref> and Nayak<ref name=":0" /> in [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=109–120 |language=en}}</ref> == Notable == * [[Javji Bamble]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Anand A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DroEAQAAIAAJ |title=Crime and Criminality in British India |date=1985 |publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]] |isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=174: The best example is the career of a Koli named [[Javji Bamble]] , who was appointed [[Mansabdar]] after playing Nana Fadnavis off against Tukoji Holkar in the 1770s |language=en}}</ref> [[Mansabdar]] of [[Rajur]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] {{stub}} 5xngpbvvai7ddi5xhx5py2dfn6g8cj2 0 1116312 10330439 10323899 2025-06-14T17:33:48Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Pichad Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=12: their forts in Prant [[Surgana]], District [[Nasik]], which was till then in the possession of Kolis. Koli Javji Bambale and bringing him under submission and service to the Peshwa along with his Koli - mates Khade , Bhangare and Pichad of [[Rajur]] |language=en}}</ref> Pichad Kolis served in [[Maratha Empire]] as [[Subedar]], [[Mansabdar]] and [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] but in 1776 - 77, they revolted against [[Peshwa]] government because of their deposition from posts but later Pichad kolis enlisted to their posts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Pihad Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} After establishment of [[British Raj|British]] [[Bombay Presidency|rule]] in Maharashtra, Pichad Kolis took up arms against British authorities under their [[Koli rebellions|Koli]] chief '''Balaji Pichad'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of Koli people]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 2jd7krss7nghpydod3vjgqbylqz8wkt 10330499 10330439 2025-06-14T17:36:02Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330499 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Pichad Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=12: their forts in Prant [[Surgana]], District [[Nasik]], which was till then in the possession of Kolis. Koli Javji Bambale and bringing him under submission and service to the Peshwa along with his Koli - mates Khade , Bhangare and Pichad of [[Rajur]] |language=en}}</ref> Pichad Kolis served in [[Maratha Empire]] as [[Subedar]], [[Mansabdar]] and [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] but in 1776 - 77, they revolted against [[Peshwa]] government because of their deposition from posts but later Pichad kolis enlisted to their posts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Pihad Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} After establishment of [[British Raj|British]] [[Bombay Presidency|rule]] in Maharashtra, Pichad Kolis took up arms against British authorities under their [[Koli rebellions|Koli]] chief '''Balaji Pichad'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of Koli people]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] s2cd125r3xk5d3bih07okz1qnkw5tdu 0 1116321 10330410 10323723 2025-06-14T17:24:20Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Mer Koli''', or '''Mair Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chanchreek |first1=Kanhaiyalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8wAQAAIAAJ |title=Kshatriyas in Buddha's Age: Ruling Races in Buddhist India |last2=Jain |first2=Mahesh Kumar |date=2008 |publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-8329-188-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=193: They were called at this time Mairs, a clan of Kolees, and [[Sonang Mer|Sonung Mair]] was their leader |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=31: The 222 ataks (Gotra) of [[Koli people|Koli]]s mentioned in the lineage chart are presumed to have been derived from [[Kshatriya]] clan names or from the names of the village from which the Kolis hail. Moreover, these "ataks' do not exhibit any type of heirarchic sub divisions. All of them have equal status below the Mer and [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] ataks (clans) |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] chieftain [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] of Dhandhuka, Mer Kolis were more powerful.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=[[Indian Antiquary]]: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore Etc |date= |publisher=[[Times of India]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |page=194 |language=en}}</ref> Mer Kolis of [[Dhandhuka]] defeated the rulers of [[Vallabhi]]pur to restore the peace to the [[Brahmin]]s of Vallabhipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pfeffer |first1=Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEBLAAAAYAAJ |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society |last2=Behera |first2=Deepak Kumar |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-640-6 |location=[[New Delhi]] [[India]], [[Asia]] |page=199 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Mer Koli |local name=મેર કોલી |type=Gotra of Koli caste |image= |caption=Koli chieftain, [[Dhan Mer of Dhandhuka]] defending [[Somnath Temple]] from [[Muslim]] invaders |ethnicity=[[Koli people]] |location=*[[Gujarat]] * [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior |parent_tribe=*Talpada Koli * Chunvalia Koli * Ghedia Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]] |branches=*[[Khant (caste)|Khant Koli]] * [[Gohil Koli]] * [[Khasia Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] * [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] * [[Hindi]] * [[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]] |surnames=*[[Patel]] }} == Notable == * [[Sonang Mer]], founder of [[Khant (caste)|Khant Koli]] dynasty * [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] of Dhandhuka, founder of [[Dhandhuka]] and [[Sudamda-Dhandalpur|Dhandalpur]] == See also == * [[List of Koli states and clans]] * [[List of Koli people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Mer}} [[Category:Koli clans]] sladaobpdhhvvj0ygos8ogmhnvvgwod 10330478 10330410 2025-06-14T17:35:11Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330478 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Mer Koli''', or '''Mair Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chanchreek |first1=Kanhaiyalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8wAQAAIAAJ |title=Kshatriyas in Buddha's Age: Ruling Races in Buddhist India |last2=Jain |first2=Mahesh Kumar |date=2008 |publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-8329-188-0 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=193: They were called at this time Mairs, a clan of Kolees, and [[Sonang Mer|Sonung Mair]] was their leader |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=31: The 222 ataks (Gotra) of [[Koli people|Koli]]s mentioned in the lineage chart are presumed to have been derived from [[Kshatriya]] clan names or from the names of the village from which the Kolis hail. Moreover, these "ataks' do not exhibit any type of heirarchic sub divisions. All of them have equal status below the Mer and [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] ataks (clans) |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] chieftain [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] of Dhandhuka, Mer Kolis were more powerful.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=[[Indian Antiquary]]: A Journal of Oriental Research in Archaeology, History, Literature, Languages, Folklore Etc |date= |publisher=[[Times of India]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |page=194 |language=en}}</ref> Mer Kolis of [[Dhandhuka]] defeated the rulers of [[Vallabhi]]pur to restore the peace to the [[Brahmin]]s of Vallabhipur.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pfeffer |first1=Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEBLAAAAYAAJ |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society |last2=Behera |first2=Deepak Kumar |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-640-6 |location=[[New Delhi]] [[India]], [[Asia]] |page=199 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Mer Koli |local name=મેર કોલી |type=Gotra of Koli caste |image= |caption=Koli chieftain, [[Dhan Mer of Dhandhuka]] defending [[Somnath Temple]] from [[Muslim]] invaders |ethnicity=[[Koli people]] |location=*[[Gujarat]] * [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior |parent_tribe=*Talpada Koli * Chunvalia Koli * Ghedia Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]] |branches=*[[Khant (caste)|Khant Koli]] * [[Gohil Koli]] * [[Khasia Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] * [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] * [[Hindi]] * [[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]] |surnames=*[[Patel]] }} == Notable == * [[Sonang Mer]], founder of [[Khant (caste)|Khant Koli]] dynasty * [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] of Dhandhuka, founder of [[Dhandhuka]] and [[Sudamda-Dhandalpur|Dhandalpur]] == See also == * [[List of Koli states and clans]] * [[List of Koli people]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Mer}} [[Category:Koli clans]] fcnrndxa52vc3fw0y9bo82h471n6bt8 0 1116340 10330461 10047946 2025-06-14T17:34:34Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Shial Koli''', or '''Shiyal Koli''' is a [[Koli caste|clan]] of [[Koli clans and titles|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. They were noted [[Koli caste#Koli pirates|pirates]] of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shials+Kolis&pg=PT94 |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |language=en}}</ref> Shial Kolis defeated and captured the Shial island from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Portuguese India Armadas|India]] and make it their stronghold along with [[Chanch, Gujarat|Chanch]] but later they were defeated by [[Nawab]] of [[Janjira State|Janjira]] and [[Jafarabad State|Jafrabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=Great Britain Hydrographic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIZKh-zoF-0C&dq=Shial+Kolis&pg=PA36 |title=The West India Pilot |date=1987 |publisher=J. D. Potter. |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> during the [[World War I]], they were enlisted as soldiers in [[British Indian Army]] by [[British Raj|British Indian government]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duk2AQAAMAAJ |title=A Short Record of Bombay Recruiting During the Great War |date=1919 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |location=New Delhi, India |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> == Origin == The Shial Kolis got their name from the Shial [[island]] situated at south coast of [[Kathiawar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=245: Shiale |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency/FRdUvnIAUKUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Shial+Koli&pg=PA245&printsec=frontcover Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Volume 9] [[Category:Koli clans]] ivczk539uuxnd8o7809nux6qb4j5t06 10330502 10330461 2025-06-14T17:36:05Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330502 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Shial Koli''', or '''Shiyal Koli''' is a [[Koli caste|clan]] of [[Koli clans and titles|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. They were noted [[Koli caste#Koli pirates|pirates]] of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shials+Kolis&pg=PT94 |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |language=en}}</ref> Shial Kolis defeated and captured the Shial island from [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Portuguese India Armadas|India]] and make it their stronghold along with [[Chanch, Gujarat|Chanch]] but later they were defeated by [[Nawab]] of [[Janjira State|Janjira]] and [[Jafarabad State|Jafrabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=Great Britain Hydrographic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIZKh-zoF-0C&dq=Shial+Kolis&pg=PA36 |title=The West India Pilot |date=1987 |publisher=J. D. Potter. |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> during the [[World War I]], they were enlisted as soldiers in [[British Indian Army]] by [[British Raj|British Indian government]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duk2AQAAMAAJ |title=A Short Record of Bombay Recruiting During the Great War |date=1919 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |location=New Delhi, India |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> == Origin == The Shial Kolis got their name from the Shial [[island]] situated at south coast of [[Kathiawar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=245: Shiale |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gazetteer_of_the_Bombay_Presidency/FRdUvnIAUKUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Shial+Koli&pg=PA245&printsec=frontcover Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Volume 9] [[Category:Koli clans]] l3apo2dpnzb4c2fxncb7xcs6wlm006t 0 1116366 10330437 10092478 2025-06-14T17:33:21Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Pattikar Koli''', or '''Patekar Koli''', '''Pattekar Koli''' and '''Patikar Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis of Maharashtra: Patekar, Padhole, Jadhav, Jadhav, Chaudhary, Gabale |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Pattikar Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} In 1761, The Pattikar Kolis with the help of [[Bhangare Koli|Bhangare]] and [[Khade Kolis of Maharashtra|Khade]] [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] captured the [[Forts in India|fort]] of [[Trimbak]] from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|state]] and gave it to [[Peshwa]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]]) of [[Maratha Empire]].{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} They were led by [[Kheroji Pattikar]] who was serving in [[Maratha Empire]] and was rewarded with grants of villages and a large sum of money.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 3cxoieb3rt618bumek1k1fsykxs1d3l 10330498 10330437 2025-06-14T17:36:00Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330498 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Pattikar Koli''', or '''Patekar Koli''', '''Pattekar Koli''' and '''Patikar Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and neighbouring Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=100: Clans of Mahadev Kolis of Maharashtra: Patekar, Padhole, Jadhav, Jadhav, Chaudhary, Gabale |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Pattikar Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} In 1761, The Pattikar Kolis with the help of [[Bhangare Koli|Bhangare]] and [[Khade Kolis of Maharashtra|Khade]] [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] captured the [[Forts in India|fort]] of [[Trimbak]] from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|state]] and gave it to [[Peshwa]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]]) of [[Maratha Empire]].{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} They were led by [[Kheroji Pattikar]] who was serving in [[Maratha Empire]] and was rewarded with grants of villages and a large sum of money.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] k8pzx8fjvhj0z5t1yot7jh5mfapi3er 0 1116367 10330349 10047761 2025-06-14T17:07:12Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Khasia Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&q=Khasia+Koli |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=49: The Khasia Kolis near [[Mahuva]] or the [[Thakor|Koli - Thakarda]]s of Gujarat are same |language=en}}</ref> or '''Khasiya Koli'''<ref name=":0" /> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Dr. Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98: Clans of Kolis of Gujarat: Khamani, Khasia, Khambnani, Khomani, Khoraba, Gabu |language=en}}</ref> The Mahuva was the stronghold or controlled by Khasia [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] but they were defeated by the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Wakhatsinhji of [[Bhavnagar State]] and their controlled Territories of Mahuva, Kundla, [[Rajula]], [[Gadhada]] and [[Botad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajyagor |first=S. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0pAAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Gujarat |date=1982 |publisher=S. Chand Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=378: Bhavnagar State under Vakhtsinhaji had conquered, [[Talaja]] from the [[Nawab]] of [[Khambhat]] and the strongholds of [[Mahuva]], Kundla , [[Rajula]], [[Gadhada]] and [[Botad]] from Khasia Kolis who were under nominal protection of Nawab of [[Junagadh]] |language=en}}</ref> Khasiya Kolis were pirates in Gujarat ocean and lived by [[Koli caste#Koli pirates|piracy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z28LAAAAIAAJ |title=Folk-lore |date=1960 |publisher=Indian Publications |location=New Delhi, India |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> == Origin == The Khasia Kolis of Gujarat got their name from Khas village in Ranpur [[Regions of Gujarat|region]] of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] [[List of districts of Gujarat|district]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQFnsgkrkG8C |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=487 |language=en}}</ref> The Khasia Kolis around [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]] in [[Gohelwar|Gohilwad]] district, had marital relations with [[Gohil dynasty|Gohils]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat |last2=Desai |first2=Ishwarlal Pragji |date=1988 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-008-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> == Principalities == * [[Juna Padar]] and [[Shevdivadar]] were ruled by Kolis of Khasia clan<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ&dq=Khasia+Koli&pg=PA706 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... |date=1884 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] rz2xbt9qh2vekg9iprcmsym4ip964it 10330470 10330349 2025-06-14T17:34:51Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330470 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Khasia Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&q=Khasia+Koli |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=49: The Khasia Kolis near [[Mahuva]] or the [[Thakor|Koli - Thakarda]]s of Gujarat are same |language=en}}</ref> or '''Khasiya Koli'''<ref name=":0" /> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Dr. Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=98: Clans of Kolis of Gujarat: Khamani, Khasia, Khambnani, Khomani, Khoraba, Gabu |language=en}}</ref> The Mahuva was the stronghold or controlled by Khasia [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] but they were defeated by the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] Wakhatsinhji of [[Bhavnagar State]] and their controlled Territories of Mahuva, Kundla, [[Rajula]], [[Gadhada]] and [[Botad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajyagor |first=S. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0pAAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Gujarat |date=1982 |publisher=S. Chand Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=378: Bhavnagar State under Vakhtsinhaji had conquered, [[Talaja]] from the [[Nawab]] of [[Khambhat]] and the strongholds of [[Mahuva]], Kundla , [[Rajula]], [[Gadhada]] and [[Botad]] from Khasia Kolis who were under nominal protection of Nawab of [[Junagadh]] |language=en}}</ref> Khasiya Kolis were pirates in Gujarat ocean and lived by [[Koli caste#Koli pirates|piracy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z28LAAAAIAAJ |title=Folk-lore |date=1960 |publisher=Indian Publications |location=New Delhi, India |pages=241 |language=en}}</ref> == Origin == The Khasia Kolis of Gujarat got their name from Khas village in Ranpur [[Regions of Gujarat|region]] of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] [[List of districts of Gujarat|district]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQFnsgkrkG8C |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=487 |language=en}}</ref> The Khasia Kolis around [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]] in [[Gohelwar|Gohilwad]] district, had marital relations with [[Gohil dynasty|Gohils]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat |last2=Desai |first2=Ishwarlal Pragji |date=1988 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-008-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref> == Principalities == * [[Juna Padar]] and [[Shevdivadar]] were ruled by Kolis of Khasia clan<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ&dq=Khasia+Koli&pg=PA706 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... |date=1884 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] th7cepxlhczxfsn9ujj4b87e1u3omvq 0 1116767 10331098 9635997 2025-06-14T23:41:12Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10331098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=July 2024}} In ancient Roman religion, '''Concordia''' is the goddess who embodies agreement in marriage and society. Her Greek equivalent is usually regarded as '''Harmonia'''. The concept of musical harmony serves as a metaphor for an ideal of social concord or entente during the Republican era. == Role and symbolism == * Concordia represented unity, agreement, and peaceful coexistence among members or classes of the Roman state. * Her Greek equivalent is usually regarded as '''Harmonia'''. The concept of musical harmony served as a metaphor for an ideal of social concord during the Republican era. * She was often associated with '''Pax''' (the goddess of peace) in representing a stable society. == Depictions in art and [[numismatics]] == * In Roman art, Concordia was depicted sitting, wearing a long cloak, and holding various symbols: ** '''[[Patera]]''': A sacrificial bowl. ** '''[[Cornucopia]]''': A symbol of prosperity. ** '''[[Caduceus]]''': A symbol of peace. * She was often shown between two other figures, such as members of the Imperial family shaking hands. * [[Imperial]] coins frequently featured Concordia, including those issued by [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Lucius Verus]]. == Temples == * The oldest Temple of Concord, built in 367 BC by Marcus Furius Camillus, stood on the [[Roman Forum]]. * Other temples and shrines dedicated to Concordia were geographically related to the main temple, emphasizing her importance in Roman ideology. [[Category:Roman gods and goddesses]] jikzk4h3wgae6dwwuxhuzn6ccthi4l0 10331110 10331098 2025-06-15T00:03:24Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Simplifying, adding sources, and removing some parts that were duplicated 10331110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=July 2024}} In [[Roman mythology|ancient Roman religion]], '''Concordia''' is the goddess who embodies agreement in [[marriage]] and society. Her Greek equivalent is usually regarded as [[Harmonia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Divine qualities: cult and community in republican Rome|last=Clark|first=Anna J.|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-171027-8|series=Oxford classical monographs|location=Oxford|pages=31}}</ref> To people in the Roman empire, the idea of [[Harmony|musical harmony]] meant people agreeing with each other and treating each other well even if they did not agree with each other.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Imperial ideals in the Roman West: representation, circulation, power|last=Noreña|first=Carlos F.|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00508-2|location=Cambridge New York}}</ref> Concordia represented unity, agreement, and peaceful coexistence among members or classes of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] state.<ref name=":0" /> She was often associated with Pax (the goddess of peace) in representing a stable society. == Depictions in art and [[numismatics]] == In Roman art, Concordia was shown sitting, wearing a long cloak, and holding various symbols. * '''[[Patera]]''': A sacrificial bowl. * '''[[Cornucopia]]''': A symbol of prosperity. * '''[[Caduceus]]''': A symbol of peace. She was often shown between two other figures, such as members of the Imperial family shaking hands. She was also shown with pairs of female deities, since as Pax and Salus or Securitas and Fortuna. Sometimes, she was shown with [[Hercules]] and [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]], who meant security and luck.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rome: an Oxford archaeological guide|last=Claridge|first=Amanda|last2=Toms|first2=Judith|last3=Cubberley|first3=Tony|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954683-1|edition=2nd ed., rev. and expanded|series=Oxford archaeological guides|location=Oxford ; New York}}</ref> == Temples == The oldest [[Temple]] of Concord, built in 367 BC by Marcus Furius Camillus, was on the [[Roman Forum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concordia (goddess) - Wikisource, the free online library|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Concordia_(goddess)|access-date=2025-06-14|website=en.wikisource.org|language=en}}</ref> Other temples and [[Shrine|shrines]] dedicated to Concordia were near the main temple, which showed how important she was to Roman people. == References == <references /> [[Category:Roman gods and goddesses]] d5b5o09qoeqgsk33ero0ch35zm8pynm 0 1118517 10331231 9666790 2025-06-15T01:19:54Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Anas Sarwar | honorific-suffix = [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSP]] | image = Anas Sarwar MSP.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 2017 | office = [[Leader of the Scottish Labour Party]] | term_start = 27 February 2021 | term_end = | 1blankname = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]] | 1namedata = [[Keir Starmer]] | deputy = [[Jackie Baillie]] | predecessor = [[Richard Leonard]] | termlabel1 = [[2014 Scottish Labour leadership election|Acting]] | 1blankname1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|UK&nbsp;party&nbsp;leader]] | 1namedata1 = [[Ed Miliband]] | term_start1 = 24 October 2014 | term_end1 = 13 December 2014 | predecessor1 = [[Johann Lamont]] | successor1 = [[Jim Murphy]] | office2 = [[Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party]] | leader2 = Johann Lamont | term_start2 = 17 December 2011 | term_end2 = 13 December 2014 | predecessor2 = Johann Lamont | successor2 = [[Kezia Dugdale]] | office3 = [[Department for International Development|Shadow Minister for International Development]] | leader3 = Ed Miliband | term_start3 = 5 November 2014 | term_end3 = 8 May 2015 | predecessor3 = [[Alison McGovern]] | successor3 = [[Mike Kane]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes | office = [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]]<br />for [[Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Glasgow]]<br />{{nobold|(1 of 7 Regional MSPs)}} | term_start = 5 May 2016 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]] | term_start1 = 6 May 2010 | term_end1 = 30 March 2015 | predecessor1 = [[Chaudhry Mohammad Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] | successor1 = [[Alison Thewliss]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | office4 = Scottish Labour portfolios | suboffice4 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport|Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Health and Sport]] | subterm4 = 2016–2018 | suboffice5 = [[Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution, Europe and External Affairs|Shadow Cabinet Secretary for the Constitution]] | subterm5 = 2020–2021 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|3|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland | party = [[Scottish Labour]] | spouse = {{marriage|Furheen Ashrif|2006}} | education = [[Hutchesons' Grammar School]] | children = 3 | relatives = [[Chaudhry Sarwar|Mohammad Sarwar]] (father) | alma_mater = [[University of Glasgow]] | website = {{Official URL}} | signature = }} '''Anas Sarwar''' (born 14 March 1983) is a [[Scottish Labour Party]] politician who has been the [[Leader of the Scottish Labour Party]] since 2021. He has been a Member of the [[Scottish Parliament]] (MSP) for the [[Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Glasgow]] region since 2016, having been [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]] from [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]] to [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]]. At the [[2024 United Kingdom general election]], the Labour won with a [[landslide victory]], winning 411 seats across the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web |title=General election 2024 results |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10009/ |website=UK Parliament |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> with Scottish Labour winning 37 of the 57 Scottish seats in what was also seen as a landslide.<ref name="Scotland election live: Labour celebrates after gains from SNP as Conservative leader Douglas Ross loses seat">{{cite web |title=Scotland election live: Labour celebrates after gains from SNP as Conservative leader Douglas Ross loses seat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cx882qgdy23t |website=BBC News |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Scotland election live: Labour celebrates after gains from SNP as Conservative leader Douglas Ross loses seat" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sarwar, Anas}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:Politicians from Glasgow]] {{bio-stub}} h2knlr2w1sv2c4d479nbm6su6f949oj 3 1120580 10331101 10290834 2025-06-14T23:41:21Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about possible vandalism on [[Toys "R" Us]] (BOT) 10331101 wikitext text/x-wiki == July 2024 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. 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However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:The Muppets]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/9813516|Edit]] (9813516) processed with score of 0.98223. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 21:31, 7 October 2024 (UTC) [[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|25px]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruptive changing]]. 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If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 23:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) j90uoms0wp0jrkje37vo9vwjzu65lsd 0 1122669 10330427 10325529 2025-06-14T17:30:55Z Steven1991 1522289 Intro trimming 10330427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Grzegorz Braun | image = Grzegorz Braun MEP (2024).jpg | caption = Grzegorz Braun in 2024 | birth_name = Grzegorz Michał Braun | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|3|11}} | birth_place = [[Toruń]], [[Poland]] | nationality = Polish | occupation = Politician, movie director, screenwriter, academic teacher | party = Konfederacja | alma_mater = [[University of Wrocław]] | office = Member of the [[Sejm]] of the [[Republic of Poland]] | term_start = 12 November 2019 | constituency = Rzeszów | signature = Grzegorz Braun signature.png }} '''Grzegorz Michał Braun''' ([[Birth|born]] March 11, 1967)<ref>{{cite web |title=Grzegorz Braun |url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/posel.xsp?id=034 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Sejm }}</ref> is a Polish politician, having served as a member of the [[Sejm]] of the [[Republic of Poland]] since 2019, representing the Konfederacja ("Confederation") party. ==Early life== Grzegorz Braun was born in [[Toruń]], [[Poland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Grzegorz Braun – Encyklopedia Solidarności|url=http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|access-date=2024-07-28|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025082157/http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He is the son of Kazimierz Braun, a theater director, and Zofia Reklewska-Braun, a journalist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grzegorz Michał Braun (ID: sw.62310)|url=https://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/sw.62310|access-date=2024-07-28|website=sejm-wielki.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Żydowskie korzenie Grzegorza Brauna? – Konfederacja Korony Polskiej|url=https://konfederacjakoronypolskiej.pl/zydowskie-korzenie-grzegorza-brauna/|access-date=2024-07-28|language=pl-PL}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He studied Polish [[philology]] at the [[University of Wrocław]], where he completed his master's degree.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-16|title=Grzegorz Braun: pochodzenie, rodzina, partia, gaśnica. Kim jest kontrowersyjny poseł? - Wiadomości Radio ZET|url=https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/polska/polityka/grzegorz-braun-pochodzenie-rodzina-partia-gasnica-kim-jest-kontrowersyjny-posel|access-date=2024-07-28|website=wiadomosci.radiozet.pl|language=pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Career== Grzegorz Braun is known for his work as a [[Movie director|film director]] and [[screenwriter]]. He directed several [[Documentary|documentaries]], often focusing on [[History of Poland|Polish history]] and [[politics]]. Notable works include ''Towarzysz generał'' and ''Transformacja''.{{clarification|date=June 2025}} He has also taught at various academic institutions, including the [[University of Wrocław]] and University of Opole.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ===Politics=== Braun's political career began with his candidacy for [[President of the Republic of Poland|President of Poland]] in the 2015 election, where he ran as an independent and received 0.83% of the votes. In 2019, he was elected to the Sejm as a representative of the Konfederacja party.<ref name=":1" /> Within the Sejm, Braun is known for his [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] views. He is a strong critic of the [[European Union]] and supports Polish independence and [[Custom|traditional]] values.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{better source|date=June 2025}} ====Loss of parliamentary immunity==== On May 6, 2025, the [[European Parliament]] removed his parliamentary immunity, meaning that he could be charged for any crimes he might have committed.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euractiv |title=EU lifts immunity of Polish far-right presidential candidate |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-lifts-immunity-of-polish-far-right-presidential-candidate |last=Krzysztoszek |first=Aleksandra |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=June 8, 2025 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Grzegorz Braun is married to Aleksandra Gruziel. He continues to be active in both his political and film-making careers, balancing his roles as a lawmaker and an artist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pruska-Wiszniowska|first=Anna|date=2014-12-09|title=Ślub Grzegorza Brauna w rycie łacińskim, tradycyjnym|url=http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092507/http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|archive-date=2018-12-31|access-date=2024-07-28|website=radiownet.pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Controversies== ===Antisemitism=== ====2023==== In June 2023, [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[historian]] [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]]{{efn|A chair professor of history at University of Ottawa who won several awards for his books about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[University of Ottawa]] |title=Jan Grabowski - Member Profile - University of Ottawa |url=https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/view/profile/members/546 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Dr. Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/about-the-mandel-center/all-fellows-and-scholars/dr-jan-grabowski-2016 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/04-december-2014-16-18.html |date=December 4, 2014 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council – [[Government of Canada]] |title=2022 Impact Awards—Insight Award winner: Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/results-resultats/prizes-prix/2022/insight_grabowski-eng.aspx |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum |title=Important Statement from Museum President and CEO and Board Chair |url=https://www.dhhrm.org/public-statements/important-statement-from-museum-president-and-ceo-and-board-chair-3 |access-date=January 4, 2025 |quote=Dr. Jan Grabowski, a [[wikt:distinguished|distinguished]] Holocaust historian, has been an [[wikt:outspoken|outspoken]] critic of Poland’s distortion of history, facing [[harassment]] and even death threats over his [[Academia|scholarly]] [[research]]. }} * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |title=U of O Holocaust scholar says he's a target of Polish 'hate' campaign |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jan-grabowski-holocaust-hate-campaign-1.4169662 |date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} held a [[seminar]] on Poland's history of antisemitism in [[Warsaw]]. Grzegorz Braun smashed Grabowski's [[microphone]] and forced the seminar to be cancelled.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/05/31/far-right-mp-forces-abandonment-of-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right MP forces abandonment of Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/poland/far-right-polish-mp-violently-interrupts-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-abandoned-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar’s lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=DW News |url=https://www.dw.com/en/polish-radical-right-wing-mp-disrupts-lecture-on-holocaust/a-65795483 |title=Polish radical right-wing MP disrupts lecture on Holocaust |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-canceled-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Lecture on Holocaust in Poland canceled after far-right lawmaker storms podium |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> During the 2023 [[Hanukkah]], he put out a [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]] with a [[fire extinguisher]] in the Polish parliament.<ref name=Braun>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=George |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Grzegorz Braun: Polish MP who doused Hanukkah candles loses immunity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68014535 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 15, 2024 }}</ref> He was expelled from the parliament and [[Prosecutor|charged]] with [[Hate crime|hate crimes]].<ref name=Braun /> He was heard accusing Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023" /> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=CBS News }}</ref> Braun's behavior caused global outrage,<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> while being praised by [[User (computing)|users]] on [[Reddit]]'s [[Reddit#Subreddits|subreddit]] r/Poland (1.1[[1,000,000|M]] subscribers) who claimed to be "only [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]]". The subreddit is noted for antisemitism.<ref>Examples: * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/18gpwqc/a_polish_depute_grzegorz_braun_extinguishes_the/?rdt=46060&sort=new |title=A Polish depute Grzegorz Braun extinguishes the Jewish menorah on Hanukkah inside the Polish Parliament 12.12.2023 |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1dco6kj/jewish_grudge_against_poles/?sort=new |title=Jewish grudge against Poles | date=10 June 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1fdqbfd/why_do_israeli_school_groups_travel_with_armed/?sort=new |title=Why do Israeli school groups travel with armed guards in Poland? | date=10 September 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> Despite Braun's actions, he was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in [[2024 European Parliament election|June 2024]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/06/10/polish-mp-who-doused-hanukkah-menorah-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah wins higher office |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 |quote=Grzegorz Braun gained notoriety last December for extinguishing a Hanukkah menorah in the Polish parliament with a fire extinguisher, labeling Judaism as a "cult of the [[Talmud]] and [[Satan]]." }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/polish-mp-who-doused-menorah-in-antisemitic-attack-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah in antisemitic attack elected to European Parliament |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Euractiv |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/polish-bad-boys-to-join-new-eu-house |title=Polish 'bad boys' to join new EU house |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> ====2024==== In December 2024, Braun held protests outside the Polish parliament while the Hanukhah was celebrated inside. He repeated the false claims that "[[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism#False claims about Judaism|non-Jews are treated as cattle in Judaism]]", accusing Jews of wanting to turn Poles into "[[Slavery|slaves]]" and "[[Untermensch|subhumans]]" as [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans]] did.<ref>{{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |title=Polish parliament celebrates Hanukkah amid far-right protest outside |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/12/30/polish-parliament-celebrates-hanukkah-amid-far-right-protest-outside |date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=June 10, 2025 }}</ref> His views are shared by many Western "anti-Zionists".<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites’ new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jan Żaryn]] * [[David Irving]] * [[Polish Memory Law]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Braun, Grzegorz}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Controversies]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Polish politicians]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] n8r846xwxcnr9f01vboass2p1d60yi1 10330431 10330427 2025-06-14T17:32:26Z Steven1991 1522289 /* 2023 */ Formatting 10330431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Grzegorz Braun | image = Grzegorz Braun MEP (2024).jpg | caption = Grzegorz Braun in 2024 | birth_name = Grzegorz Michał Braun | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|3|11}} | birth_place = [[Toruń]], [[Poland]] | nationality = Polish | occupation = Politician, movie director, screenwriter, academic teacher | party = Konfederacja | alma_mater = [[University of Wrocław]] | office = Member of the [[Sejm]] of the [[Republic of Poland]] | term_start = 12 November 2019 | constituency = Rzeszów | signature = Grzegorz Braun signature.png }} '''Grzegorz Michał Braun''' ([[Birth|born]] March 11, 1967)<ref>{{cite web |title=Grzegorz Braun |url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/posel.xsp?id=034 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Sejm }}</ref> is a Polish politician, having served as a member of the [[Sejm]] of the [[Republic of Poland]] since 2019, representing the Konfederacja ("Confederation") party. ==Early life== Grzegorz Braun was born in [[Toruń]], [[Poland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Grzegorz Braun – Encyklopedia Solidarności|url=http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|access-date=2024-07-28|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025082157/http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He is the son of Kazimierz Braun, a theater director, and Zofia Reklewska-Braun, a journalist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grzegorz Michał Braun (ID: sw.62310)|url=https://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/sw.62310|access-date=2024-07-28|website=sejm-wielki.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Żydowskie korzenie Grzegorza Brauna? – Konfederacja Korony Polskiej|url=https://konfederacjakoronypolskiej.pl/zydowskie-korzenie-grzegorza-brauna/|access-date=2024-07-28|language=pl-PL}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He studied Polish [[philology]] at the [[University of Wrocław]], where he completed his master's degree.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-16|title=Grzegorz Braun: pochodzenie, rodzina, partia, gaśnica. Kim jest kontrowersyjny poseł? - Wiadomości Radio ZET|url=https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/polska/polityka/grzegorz-braun-pochodzenie-rodzina-partia-gasnica-kim-jest-kontrowersyjny-posel|access-date=2024-07-28|website=wiadomosci.radiozet.pl|language=pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Career== Grzegorz Braun is known for his work as a [[Movie director|film director]] and [[screenwriter]]. He directed several [[Documentary|documentaries]], often focusing on [[History of Poland|Polish history]] and [[politics]]. Notable works include ''Towarzysz generał'' and ''Transformacja''.{{clarification|date=June 2025}} He has also taught at various academic institutions, including the [[University of Wrocław]] and University of Opole.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ===Politics=== Braun's political career began with his candidacy for [[President of the Republic of Poland|President of Poland]] in the 2015 election, where he ran as an independent and received 0.83% of the votes. In 2019, he was elected to the Sejm as a representative of the Konfederacja party.<ref name=":1" /> Within the Sejm, Braun is known for his [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] views. He is a strong critic of the [[European Union]] and supports Polish independence and [[Custom|traditional]] values.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{better source|date=June 2025}} ====Loss of parliamentary immunity==== On May 6, 2025, the [[European Parliament]] removed his parliamentary immunity, meaning that he could be charged for any crimes he might have committed.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euractiv |title=EU lifts immunity of Polish far-right presidential candidate |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-lifts-immunity-of-polish-far-right-presidential-candidate |last=Krzysztoszek |first=Aleksandra |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=June 8, 2025 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Grzegorz Braun is married to Aleksandra Gruziel. He continues to be active in both his political and film-making careers, balancing his roles as a lawmaker and an artist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pruska-Wiszniowska|first=Anna|date=2014-12-09|title=Ślub Grzegorza Brauna w rycie łacińskim, tradycyjnym|url=http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092507/http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|archive-date=2018-12-31|access-date=2024-07-28|website=radiownet.pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Controversies== ===Antisemitism=== ====2023==== In June 2023, [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[historian]] [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]]{{efn|A chair professor of history at University of Ottawa who won several awards for his books about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[University of Ottawa]] |title=Jan Grabowski - Member Profile - University of Ottawa |url=https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/view/profile/members/546 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Dr. Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/about-the-mandel-center/all-fellows-and-scholars/dr-jan-grabowski-2016 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/04-december-2014-16-18.html |date=December 4, 2014 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council – [[Government of Canada]] |title=2022 Impact Awards—Insight Award winner: Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/results-resultats/prizes-prix/2022/insight_grabowski-eng.aspx |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum |title=Important Statement from Museum President and CEO and Board Chair |url=https://www.dhhrm.org/public-statements/important-statement-from-museum-president-and-ceo-and-board-chair-3 |access-date=January 4, 2025 |quote=Dr. Jan Grabowski, a [[wikt:distinguished|distinguished]] Holocaust historian, has been an [[wikt:outspoken|outspoken]] critic of Poland’s distortion of history, facing [[harassment]] and even death threats over his [[Academia|scholarly]] [[research]]. }} * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |title=U of O Holocaust scholar says he's a target of Polish 'hate' campaign |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jan-grabowski-holocaust-hate-campaign-1.4169662 |date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} held a [[seminar]] on Poland's history of antisemitism in [[Warsaw]]. Grzegorz Braun smashed Grabowski's [[microphone]] and forced the seminar to be cancelled.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/05/31/far-right-mp-forces-abandonment-of-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right MP forces abandonment of Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/poland/far-right-polish-mp-violently-interrupts-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-abandoned-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar’s lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=DW News |url=https://www.dw.com/en/polish-radical-right-wing-mp-disrupts-lecture-on-holocaust/a-65795483 |title=Polish radical right-wing MP disrupts lecture on Holocaust |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-canceled-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Lecture on Holocaust in Poland canceled after far-right lawmaker storms podium |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> During the 2023 [[Hanukkah]], he put out a [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]] with a [[fire extinguisher]] in the Polish parliament.<ref name=Braun>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=George |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Grzegorz Braun: Polish MP who doused Hanukkah candles loses immunity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68014535 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 15, 2024 }}</ref> He was expelled from the parliament and [[Prosecutor|charged]] with [[Hate crime|hate crimes]].<ref name=Braun /> He was heard accusing Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=CBS News }}</ref> Braun's behavior caused global outrage,<ref name="GB2023" /> while being praised by [[User (computing)|users]] on [[Reddit]]'s [[Reddit#Subreddits|subreddit]] r/Poland (1.1[[1,000,000|M]] subscribers) who claimed to be "only [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]]". The subreddit is noted for antisemitism.<ref>Examples: * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/18gpwqc/a_polish_depute_grzegorz_braun_extinguishes_the/?rdt=46060&sort=new |title=A Polish depute Grzegorz Braun extinguishes the Jewish menorah on Hanukkah inside the Polish Parliament 12.12.2023 |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1dco6kj/jewish_grudge_against_poles/?sort=new |title=Jewish grudge against Poles | date=10 June 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1fdqbfd/why_do_israeli_school_groups_travel_with_armed/?sort=new |title=Why do Israeli school groups travel with armed guards in Poland? | date=10 September 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> Despite Braun's actions, he was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in [[2024 European Parliament election|June 2024]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/06/10/polish-mp-who-doused-hanukkah-menorah-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah wins higher office |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 |quote=Grzegorz Braun gained notoriety last December for extinguishing a Hanukkah menorah in the Polish parliament with a fire extinguisher, labeling Judaism as a "cult of the [[Talmud]] and [[Satan]]." }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/polish-mp-who-doused-menorah-in-antisemitic-attack-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah in antisemitic attack elected to European Parliament |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Euractiv |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/polish-bad-boys-to-join-new-eu-house |title=Polish 'bad boys' to join new EU house |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> ====2024==== In December 2024, Braun held protests outside the Polish parliament while the Hanukhah was celebrated inside. He repeated the false claims that "[[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism#False claims about Judaism|non-Jews are treated as cattle in Judaism]]", accusing Jews of wanting to turn Poles into "[[Slavery|slaves]]" and "[[Untermensch|subhumans]]" as [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans]] did.<ref>{{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |title=Polish parliament celebrates Hanukkah amid far-right protest outside |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/12/30/polish-parliament-celebrates-hanukkah-amid-far-right-protest-outside |date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=June 10, 2025 }}</ref> His views are shared by many Western "anti-Zionists".<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites’ new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jan Żaryn]] * [[David Irving]] * [[Polish Memory Law]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Braun, Grzegorz}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Controversies]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Polish politicians]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] s6ss0mod5uuhg8sdtsqfmjksew70nth 10331156 10330431 2025-06-15T00:32:47Z Steven1991 1522289 Intro shortening 10331156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Grzegorz Braun | image = Grzegorz Braun MEP (2024).jpg | caption = Grzegorz Braun in 2024 | birth_name = Grzegorz Michał Braun | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|3|11}} | birth_place = [[Toruń]], [[Poland]] | nationality = Polish | occupation = Politician, movie director, screenwriter, academic teacher | party = Konfederacja | alma_mater = [[University of Wrocław]] | office = Member of the [[Sejm]] of the [[Republic of Poland]] | term_start = 12 November 2019 | constituency = Rzeszów | signature = Grzegorz Braun signature.png }} '''Grzegorz Michał Braun''' ([[Birth|born]] March 11, 1967)<ref>{{cite web |title=Grzegorz Braun |url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/posel.xsp?id=034 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Sejm }}</ref> is a Polish politician, having served as a member of the [[Sejm|Polish parliament]] since 2019 in representing the Konfederacja ("Confederation") party. ==Early life== Grzegorz Braun was born in [[Toruń]], [[Poland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Grzegorz Braun – Encyklopedia Solidarności|url=http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|access-date=2024-07-28|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025082157/http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He is the son of Kazimierz Braun, a theater director, and Zofia Reklewska-Braun, a journalist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grzegorz Michał Braun (ID: sw.62310)|url=https://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/sw.62310|access-date=2024-07-28|website=sejm-wielki.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Żydowskie korzenie Grzegorza Brauna? – Konfederacja Korony Polskiej|url=https://konfederacjakoronypolskiej.pl/zydowskie-korzenie-grzegorza-brauna/|access-date=2024-07-28|language=pl-PL}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He studied Polish [[philology]] at the [[University of Wrocław]], where he completed his master's degree.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-16|title=Grzegorz Braun: pochodzenie, rodzina, partia, gaśnica. Kim jest kontrowersyjny poseł? - Wiadomości Radio ZET|url=https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/polska/polityka/grzegorz-braun-pochodzenie-rodzina-partia-gasnica-kim-jest-kontrowersyjny-posel|access-date=2024-07-28|website=wiadomosci.radiozet.pl|language=pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Career== Grzegorz Braun is known for his work as a [[Movie director|film director]] and [[screenwriter]]. He directed several [[Documentary|documentaries]], often focusing on [[History of Poland|Polish history]] and [[politics]]. Notable works include ''Towarzysz generał'' and ''Transformacja''.{{clarification|date=June 2025}} He has also taught at various academic institutions, including the [[University of Wrocław]] and University of Opole.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ===Politics=== Braun's political career began with his candidacy for [[President of the Republic of Poland|President of Poland]] in the 2015 election, where he ran as an independent and received 0.83% of the votes. In 2019, he was elected to the Sejm as a representative of the Konfederacja party.<ref name=":1" /> Within the Sejm, Braun is known for his [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] views. He is a strong critic of the [[European Union]] and supports Polish independence and [[Custom|traditional]] values.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{better source|date=June 2025}} ====Loss of parliamentary immunity==== On May 6, 2025, the [[European Parliament]] removed his parliamentary immunity, meaning that he could be charged for any crimes he might have committed.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euractiv |title=EU lifts immunity of Polish far-right presidential candidate |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-lifts-immunity-of-polish-far-right-presidential-candidate |last=Krzysztoszek |first=Aleksandra |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=June 8, 2025 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Grzegorz Braun is married to Aleksandra Gruziel. He continues to be active in both his political and film-making careers, balancing his roles as a lawmaker and an artist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pruska-Wiszniowska|first=Anna|date=2014-12-09|title=Ślub Grzegorza Brauna w rycie łacińskim, tradycyjnym|url=http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092507/http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|archive-date=2018-12-31|access-date=2024-07-28|website=radiownet.pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Controversies== ===Antisemitism=== ====2023==== In June 2023, [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[historian]] [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]]{{efn|A chair professor of history at University of Ottawa who won several awards for his books about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[University of Ottawa]] |title=Jan Grabowski - Member Profile - University of Ottawa |url=https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/view/profile/members/546 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Dr. Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/about-the-mandel-center/all-fellows-and-scholars/dr-jan-grabowski-2016 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/04-december-2014-16-18.html |date=December 4, 2014 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council – [[Government of Canada]] |title=2022 Impact Awards—Insight Award winner: Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/results-resultats/prizes-prix/2022/insight_grabowski-eng.aspx |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum |title=Important Statement from Museum President and CEO and Board Chair |url=https://www.dhhrm.org/public-statements/important-statement-from-museum-president-and-ceo-and-board-chair-3 |access-date=January 4, 2025 |quote=Dr. Jan Grabowski, a [[wikt:distinguished|distinguished]] Holocaust historian, has been an [[wikt:outspoken|outspoken]] critic of Poland’s distortion of history, facing [[harassment]] and even death threats over his [[Academia|scholarly]] [[research]]. }} * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |title=U of O Holocaust scholar says he's a target of Polish 'hate' campaign |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jan-grabowski-holocaust-hate-campaign-1.4169662 |date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} held a [[seminar]] on Poland's history of antisemitism in [[Warsaw]]. Grzegorz Braun smashed Grabowski's [[microphone]] and forced the seminar to be cancelled.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/05/31/far-right-mp-forces-abandonment-of-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right MP forces abandonment of Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/poland/far-right-polish-mp-violently-interrupts-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-abandoned-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar’s lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=DW News |url=https://www.dw.com/en/polish-radical-right-wing-mp-disrupts-lecture-on-holocaust/a-65795483 |title=Polish radical right-wing MP disrupts lecture on Holocaust |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-canceled-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Lecture on Holocaust in Poland canceled after far-right lawmaker storms podium |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> During the 2023 [[Hanukkah]], he put out a [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]] with a [[fire extinguisher]] in the Polish parliament.<ref name=Braun>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=George |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Grzegorz Braun: Polish MP who doused Hanukkah candles loses immunity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68014535 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 15, 2024 }}</ref> He was expelled from the parliament and [[Prosecutor|charged]] with [[Hate crime|hate crimes]].<ref name=Braun /> He was heard accusing Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=CBS News }}</ref> Braun's behavior caused global outrage,<ref name="GB2023" /> while being praised by [[User (computing)|users]] on [[Reddit]]'s [[Reddit#Subreddits|subreddit]] r/Poland (1.1[[1,000,000|M]] subscribers) who claimed to be "only [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]]". The subreddit is noted for antisemitism.<ref>Examples: * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/18gpwqc/a_polish_depute_grzegorz_braun_extinguishes_the/?rdt=46060&sort=new |title=A Polish depute Grzegorz Braun extinguishes the Jewish menorah on Hanukkah inside the Polish Parliament 12.12.2023 |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1dco6kj/jewish_grudge_against_poles/?sort=new |title=Jewish grudge against Poles | date=10 June 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1fdqbfd/why_do_israeli_school_groups_travel_with_armed/?sort=new |title=Why do Israeli school groups travel with armed guards in Poland? | date=10 September 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> Despite Braun's actions, he was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in [[2024 European Parliament election|June 2024]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/06/10/polish-mp-who-doused-hanukkah-menorah-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah wins higher office |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 |quote=Grzegorz Braun gained notoriety last December for extinguishing a Hanukkah menorah in the Polish parliament with a fire extinguisher, labeling Judaism as a "cult of the [[Talmud]] and [[Satan]]." }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/polish-mp-who-doused-menorah-in-antisemitic-attack-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah in antisemitic attack elected to European Parliament |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Euractiv |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/polish-bad-boys-to-join-new-eu-house |title=Polish 'bad boys' to join new EU house |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> ====2024==== In December 2024, Braun held protests outside the Polish parliament while the Hanukhah was celebrated inside. He repeated the false claims that "[[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism#False claims about Judaism|non-Jews are treated as cattle in Judaism]]", accusing Jews of wanting to turn Poles into "[[Slavery|slaves]]" and "[[Untermensch|subhumans]]" as [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans]] did.<ref>{{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |title=Polish parliament celebrates Hanukkah amid far-right protest outside |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/12/30/polish-parliament-celebrates-hanukkah-amid-far-right-protest-outside |date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=June 10, 2025 }}</ref> His views are shared by many Western "anti-Zionists".<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites’ new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jan Żaryn]] * [[David Irving]] * [[Polish Memory Law]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Braun, Grzegorz}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Controversies]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Polish politicians]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] hlys9gxwfzqn2o43oou4rd67qmmwjn4 10331158 10331156 2025-06-15T00:34:40Z Steven1991 1522289 Rewording 10331158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Grzegorz Braun | image = Grzegorz Braun MEP (2024).jpg | caption = Grzegorz Braun in 2024 | birth_name = Grzegorz Michał Braun | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|3|11}} | birth_place = [[Toruń]], [[Poland]] | nationality = Polish | occupation = Politician, movie director, screenwriter, academic teacher | party = Konfederacja | alma_mater = [[University of Wrocław]] | office = Member of the [[Sejm]] of the [[Republic of Poland]] | term_start = November 12, 2019 | constituency = Rzeszów | signature = Grzegorz Braun signature.png }} '''Grzegorz Michał Braun''' ([[Birth|born]] March 11, 1967)<ref>{{cite web |title=Grzegorz Braun |url=https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/posel.xsp?id=034 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Sejm }}</ref> is a Polish politician, having served as a member of the [[Sejm|Polish parliament]] since 2019 in representing the Konfederacja ("Confederation") party. ==Early life== Grzegorz Braun was born in [[Toruń]], [[Poland]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Grzegorz Braun – Encyklopedia Solidarności|url=http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|access-date=2024-07-28|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025082157/http://www.encysol.pl/wiki/Grzegorz_Braun|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He is the son of Kazimierz Braun, a theater director, and Zofia Reklewska-Braun, a journalist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grzegorz Michał Braun (ID: sw.62310)|url=https://www.sejm-wielki.pl/b/sw.62310|access-date=2024-07-28|website=sejm-wielki.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Żydowskie korzenie Grzegorza Brauna? – Konfederacja Korony Polskiej|url=https://konfederacjakoronypolskiej.pl/zydowskie-korzenie-grzegorza-brauna/|access-date=2024-07-28|language=pl-PL}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} He studied Polish [[philology]] at the [[University of Wrocław]], where he completed his master's degree.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-16|title=Grzegorz Braun: pochodzenie, rodzina, partia, gaśnica. Kim jest kontrowersyjny poseł? - Wiadomości Radio ZET|url=https://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/polska/polityka/grzegorz-braun-pochodzenie-rodzina-partia-gasnica-kim-jest-kontrowersyjny-posel|access-date=2024-07-28|website=wiadomosci.radiozet.pl|language=pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Career== Grzegorz Braun is known for his work as a [[Movie director|film director]] and [[screenwriter]]. He directed several [[Documentary|documentaries]], often focusing on [[History of Poland|Polish history]] and [[politics]]. Notable works include ''Towarzysz generał'' and ''Transformacja''.{{clarification|date=June 2025}} He has also taught at various academic institutions, including the [[University of Wrocław]] and University of Opole.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ===Politics=== Braun's political career began with his candidacy for [[President of the Republic of Poland|President of Poland]] in the 2015 election, where he ran as an independent and received 0.83% of the votes. In 2019, he was elected to the Polish parliament as a representative of the Konfederacja.<ref name=":1" /> Within the parliament, Braun is known for his highly [[Conservatism|conservative]] and [[Nationalism|nationalist]] views. He strongly opposes the [[European Union]], backing Polish independence and [[Custom|traditional]] values.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />{{better source|date=June 2025}} ====Loss of parliamentary immunity==== On May 6, 2025, the [[European Parliament]] removed his parliamentary immunity, meaning that he could be charged for any crimes he might have committed.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euractiv |title=EU lifts immunity of Polish far-right presidential candidate |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-lifts-immunity-of-polish-far-right-presidential-candidate |last=Krzysztoszek |first=Aleksandra |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=June 8, 2025 }}</ref> ==Personal life== Grzegorz Braun is married to Aleksandra Gruziel. He continues to be active in both his political and film-making careers, balancing his roles as a lawmaker and an artist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pruska-Wiszniowska|first=Anna|date=2014-12-09|title=Ślub Grzegorza Brauna w rycie łacińskim, tradycyjnym|url=http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092507/http://www.radiownet.pl/publikacje/slub-grzegorza-brauna-w-rycie-lacinskimtradycyjnym|archive-date=2018-12-31|access-date=2024-07-28|website=radiownet.pl}}</ref>{{better source|date=June 2025}} ==Controversies== ===Antisemitism=== ====2023==== In June 2023, [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[historian]] [[Jan Grabowski (historian)|Jan Grabowski]]{{efn|A chair professor of history at University of Ottawa who won several awards for his books about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[University of Ottawa]] |title=Jan Grabowski - Member Profile - University of Ottawa |url=https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/view/profile/members/546 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Dr. Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/about-the-mandel-center/all-fellows-and-scholars/dr-jan-grabowski-2016 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Professor Jan Grabowski wins the 2014 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/04-december-2014-16-18.html |date=December 4, 2014 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council – [[Government of Canada]] |title=2022 Impact Awards—Insight Award winner: Jan Grabowski |url=https://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/results-resultats/prizes-prix/2022/insight_grabowski-eng.aspx |access-date=January 4, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum |title=Important Statement from Museum President and CEO and Board Chair |url=https://www.dhhrm.org/public-statements/important-statement-from-museum-president-and-ceo-and-board-chair-3 |access-date=January 4, 2025 |quote=Dr. Jan Grabowski, a [[wikt:distinguished|distinguished]] Holocaust historian, has been an [[wikt:outspoken|outspoken]] critic of Poland’s distortion of history, facing [[harassment]] and even death threats over his [[Academia|scholarly]] [[research]]. }} * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |title=U of O Holocaust scholar says he's a target of Polish 'hate' campaign |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/jan-grabowski-holocaust-hate-campaign-1.4169662 |date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=January 4, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} held a [[seminar]] on Poland's history of antisemitism in [[Warsaw]]. Grzegorz Braun smashed Grabowski's [[microphone]] and forced the seminar to be cancelled.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/05/31/far-right-mp-forces-abandonment-of-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right MP forces abandonment of Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/poland/far-right-polish-mp-violently-interrupts-holocaust-scholars-lecture-at-german-institute-in-warsaw |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar's lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-abandoned-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Far-right Polish MP violently interrupts Holocaust scholar’s lecture at German institute in Warsaw |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=DW News |url=https://www.dw.com/en/polish-radical-right-wing-mp-disrupts-lecture-on-holocaust/a-65795483 |title=Polish radical right-wing MP disrupts lecture on Holocaust |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lecture-on-holocaust-in-poland-canceled-after-far-right-lawmaker-storms-podium |title=Lecture on Holocaust in Poland canceled after far-right lawmaker storms podium |date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> During the 2023 [[Hanukkah]], he put out a [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]] with a [[fire extinguisher]] in the Polish parliament.<ref name=Braun>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=George |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Grzegorz Braun: Polish MP who doused Hanukkah candles loses immunity |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68014535 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 15, 2024 }}</ref> He was expelled from the parliament and [[Prosecutor|charged]] with [[Hate crime|hate crimes]].<ref name=Braun /> He was heard accusing Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=CBS News }}</ref> Braun's behavior caused global outrage,<ref name="GB2023" /> while being praised by [[User (computing)|users]] on [[Reddit]]'s [[Reddit#Subreddits|subreddit]] r/Poland (1.1[[1,000,000|M]] subscribers) who claimed to be "only [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|anti-Israel]]". The subreddit is noted for antisemitism.<ref>Examples: * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/18gpwqc/a_polish_depute_grzegorz_braun_extinguishes_the/?rdt=46060&sort=new |title=A Polish depute Grzegorz Braun extinguishes the Jewish menorah on Hanukkah inside the Polish Parliament 12.12.2023 |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1dco6kj/jewish_grudge_against_poles/?sort=new |title=Jewish grudge against Poles | date=10 June 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Reddit]] |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/poland/comments/1fdqbfd/why_do_israeli_school_groups_travel_with_armed/?sort=new |title=Why do Israeli school groups travel with armed guards in Poland? | date=10 September 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> Despite Braun's actions, he was elected to the [[European Parliament]] in [[2024 European Parliament election|June 2024]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/06/10/polish-mp-who-doused-hanukkah-menorah-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah wins higher office |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 |quote=Grzegorz Braun gained notoriety last December for extinguishing a Hanukkah menorah in the Polish parliament with a fire extinguisher, labeling Judaism as a "cult of the [[Talmud]] and [[Satan]]." }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/polish-mp-who-doused-menorah-in-antisemitic-attack-elected-to-european-parliament |title=Polish MP who doused menorah in antisemitic attack elected to European Parliament |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Euractiv |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/polish-bad-boys-to-join-new-eu-house |title=Polish 'bad boys' to join new EU house |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> ====2024==== In December 2024, Braun held protests outside the Polish parliament while the Hanukhah was celebrated inside. He repeated the false claims that "[[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism#False claims about Judaism|non-Jews are treated as cattle in Judaism]]", accusing Jews of wanting to turn Poles into "[[Slavery|slaves]]" and "[[Untermensch|subhumans]]" as [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans]] did.<ref>{{cite news |work=Notes from Poland |title=Polish parliament celebrates Hanukkah amid far-right protest outside |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/12/30/polish-parliament-celebrates-hanukkah-amid-far-right-protest-outside |date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=June 10, 2025 }}</ref> His views are shared by many Western "anti-Zionists".<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites’ new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Jan Żaryn]] * [[David Irving]] * [[Polish Memory Law]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Marek Jan Chodakiewicz]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Braun, Grzegorz}} [[Category:1967 births]] [[Category:Controversies]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Polish politicians]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] kuivmezwm7wijrxivy44oiots61geaz 0 1123726 10331185 10046421 2025-06-15T00:54:51Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Palestine]] 10331185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historical event | title = Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh | partof = the [[Israel–Hamas war]] | image = Pij hani 14030509 0357236 (cropped).jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = [[Ismail Haniyeh]] meeting with Iranian supreme leader [[Ayatollah Khamenei]], hours before he was killed on 31 July 2024 | map = | map_caption = | aka = | participants = {{flag|Israel}} (accused by Iran and Hamas)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aje.io/q81j9i?update=3083430 |title=Israel war on Gaza updates: Fears of escalation grow after Haniyeh killing |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> | location = {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] | date = 31 July 2024 | time = {{circa}} 02:00 [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]<ref name="time">{{cite news |title=Hamas says leader killed in Israel strike in Iran |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240731-hamas-says-leader-killed-in-israel-strike-in-iran |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=France 24 |date=31 July 2024}}</ref> | nongregorian = | type = Remotely detonated explosive device<br>Rocket strike (Claimed by Hamas)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Thousands mourn Hamas leader Haniyeh in Iran amid calls for revenge |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/1/thousands-mourn-hamas-leader-haniyeh-in-iran-amid-calls-for-revenge |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> | target = {{flagicon|Palestine}}{{flagicon|Hamas}} [[Ismail Haniyeh]] | deaths = Ismail Haniyeh<br />Wassim Abu Shaaban | result = }} {{Hamas biographies}} On 31 July 2024, [[Ismail Haniyeh]], the political leader of [[Hamas]], was [[assassinated]] after going to the inauguration ceremony for Iranian president [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].<ref name="AP31july">{{cite web |last1=Sewell |first1=Abby |date=31 July 2024 |title=Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh is killed in Iran by an alleged Israeli strike, threatening escalation |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-hamas-israel-30968a7acb31cd8b259de9650014b779 |access-date=31 July 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="reuters31july">{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Hamas chief Ismail Haniyeh killed in Iran, Hamas says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-chief-ismail-haniyeh-killed-iran-hamas-says-statement-2024-07-31/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> His personal bodyguard was also killed. ==Details== The cause of Haniyeh's death is under investigation by the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/30/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-haniyeh/#link-QSBZNTIAWZDHXFNIIBLZLWP6OI |title=Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps said the cause of Ismail Haniyeh's death is under investigation and that the results would be announced later in the day, Iranian state media reported. |date=31 July 2024 |last=Jeong |first=Andrew |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=30 July 2024}}</ref> There was different reports about how Haniyeh was killed. Some Hamas officials are saying he was killed by a [[airstrike]] while others say he was killed by a bomb that was hidden in his guest house two months before his assassination.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |last2=Mazzetti |first2=Mark |last3=Fassihi |first3=Farnaz |date=1 August 2024 |title=Bomb Smuggled Into Tehran Guesthouse Months Ago Killed Hamas Leader |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/01/world/middleeast/how-hamas-leader-haniyeh-killed-iran-bomb.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Funeral== [[File:Khamenei leads prayer for Ismail Haniyeh.tif |thumb|200x200px| The funeral of Ismail Haniyeh. ]] A funeral was held for Haniyeh at [[Tehran University]] on 1 August, with Iran's Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] leading [[Funeral prayer (Islam)|prayer]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/8/1/thousands-mourn-hamass-haniyeh-at-funeral-procession-in-iran |title=Thousands mourn Hamas's Ismail Haniyeh at funeral procession in Iran |date=1 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Afterwards, the bodies of Haniyeh and his bodyguard were taken to [[Azadi Square]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/1/irans-khamenei-leads-funeral-prayers-for-hamas-chief-haniyeh |title=Iran's Khamenei leads funeral prayers for Hamas chief Haniyeh |date=1 August 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Haniyeh's remains will then be taken to [[Qatar]] to be buried in [[Doha]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/haniyheh-funeral-tehran-khamenei/33058880.html |title=Haniyeh Funeral Procession Under Way In Iran |date=1 August 2024 |work=RFE/RL}}</ref> ==Aftermath== Iran's Supreme Leader [[Ali Khamenei]] ordered a direct attack on Israel in response to the assassination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/31/world/middleeast/iran-orders-attack-israel.html |title=Iran's Leader Orders Attack on Israel for Haniyeh Killing, Officials Say |work=The New York Times |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] threatened that Israel will attack Iran should they attack first.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/netanyahu-says-israels-aggressors-face-heavy-price-as-hamas-warns-of-major-repercussions-after-political-leaders-killing-13188450 |title=Netanyahu says Israel's aggressors face 'heavy price' - as Hamas warns of 'major repercussions' after political leader's killing |last=Osborne |first=Samuel |date=1 August 2024}}</ref> A few hours after Haniyeh's death was announced, the [[al-Qassam Brigades]] claimed responsibility for a shooting and stabbing attack near [[Beit Einun]], north of [[Hebron]] in the [[West Bank]] as a response to Haniyeh's assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pacchiani |first=Gianluca |date=31 July 2024 |title=Hamas claims morning's shooting attack, vows to carry out more assaults in Hebron area |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-claims-mornings-shooting-attack-vows-to-carry-out-more-assaults-in-hebron-area/ |work=Times of Israel}}</ref> == Reactions == In [[Palestine]], President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] condemned the killing of Haniyeh calling it a "cowardly act and a dangerous development."<ref name="World reacts to killing of Hamas political chief Haniyeh in Iran">{{Cite web|title=World reacts to killing of Hamas political chief Haniyeh in Iran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/31/reactions-to-the-killing-of-hamass-ismail-haniyeh|access-date=2024-07-31|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> The Iranian supreme leader [[Ayatollah Khamenei]] condemned the killing of Haniyeh and vowed to avenge Haniyeh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran Says Haniyeh Assassination 'Cowardly,' as World Reacts With Shock to His Death|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-07-31/ty-article/iran-says-haniyeh-assassination-cowardly-as-world-reacts-with-shock-to-his-death/00000191-0795-d3e8-adbd-bfd7d05b0000|access-date=31 July 2024|website=Haaretz}}</ref> The Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] condemned the killing of Haniyeh saying that the goal of the attack was to stop the Palestinian cause and said that Zionists will not be successful in their goal of doing so.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marsi|first=Yasmeen Aboujabal,Federica|title=Israel-Palestine conflict {{!}} Live updates {{!}} Today's latest from Al Jazeera|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i?update=3083732|access-date=2024-07-31|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> The Deputy Minister of Afghanistan [[Zabihullah Mujahid]] called Haniyeh an "intelligent and resourceful Muslim leader who made great sacrifices." He also said that it was the duty of all Muslims to defend Hamas and condemn Israel for its crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highlights: Hamas political leader Haniyeh is killed in an alleged Israeli strike. Iran says revenge is 'our duty'|url=https://apnews.com/live/hamas-haniyeh-iran-israel-live-updates#00000191-07ed-d66f-abd5-bffff0e30000|access-date=2024-07-31|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> The Foreign Minister of China [[Lin Jian]] condemned the death of Haniyeh and said that they are "deeply concerned that this incident may lead to further instability in the regional situation." He added that "Gaza should achieve a comprehensive and permanent ceasefire as soon as possible."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marsi|first=Yasmeen Aboujabal,Federica|title=Israel-Palestine conflict {{!}} Live updates {{!}} Today's latest from Al Jazeera|url=https://aje.io/q81j9i?update=3083577|access-date=2024-07-31|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> The Israeli Minister of Heritage [[Amichai Eliyahu]] supported the killing of Haniyeh and said to have "no more mercy."<ref name="World reacts to killing of Hamas political chief Haniyeh in Iran" /> [[Al-Qaeda]] condemned the murder of Ismail Haniyeh and offered condolences for it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight|url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/b0001iht|access-date=2025-01-30|website=monitoring.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Targeted killing by Israel}} {{Hamas}} [[Category:July 2024 events]] he9c1zcb7v53x8sler9viydhi4qvmae 0 1125948 10331177 9691221 2025-06-15T00:51:58Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Olympic event |event = Men's 5000 metres team race |games = 1900 Summer |image = File:Bennett 1900.jpg |caption = Charles Bennett, who finished first to lead the AAA team to victory |venue = [[Bois de Boulogne]] |date = July 22 |competitors = 10 |nations = 3 |longnames = yes |win_value = 26 |win_label = Winning score |gold = [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] |goldNOC = ZZX |silver = [[Racing Club de France]] |silverNOC = FRA |bronze = |bronzeNOC = |prev = |next = }} {{AthleticsAt1900SummerOlympics}} The men's [[5000 metres]] team race was the last [[track and field]] event on the in the [[Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]]. It was the team race in the Olympics. It was on July 22, 1900. There was 2 teams. In each team, there was 5 athletes. The [[Racing Club de France]] from [[France]] had a team. There was also a team from the [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]]. This team had 4 British athletes and [[Stan Rowley]] of [[Australia]]. The AAA team won. Their team had 26 points. ==Background== This was the first Olympic team race. This was the only time this event was 5000 metres long. In 1904, the distance was 4 miles. In 1908, the event was 3 miles. In 1912, 1920, and 1924, the distance would be [[3000 metres]]. After 1924, the Olympics did not have the team race. ==Competition== The event had one heat. Each of the runners ran 10 laps around the track. The track was 500 metres long. The place that a runner ran was the number of points they got. For example, if a runner was in 2nd place, they were given 2 points. The team with the lowest number of points won. ==Records== This was the first big 5000 metre race with team scoring. It was also one of the first big [[5000 metres]] races. The fastest time for this race was 15:54. This was for 3{{frac|1|4}} miles (5230m). That race was actually a 4-mile race by [[Walter George (athlete)|Walter George]] in 1884. However, the wrote down the time at that distance. The actual 5000m time was not written down. However, this time is about the same as 15:12 for [[5000 metres]].<ref name="2015 Progression of IAAF World Records">{{cite web |title=2015 Progression of IAAF World Records |url=https://iaaf-ebooks.s3.amazonaws.com/2015/Progression-of-IAAF-World-Records-2015/projet/IAAF-WRPB-2015.pdf |access-date=18 July 2023 |page=85}}</ref> {{World Olympic Record | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|[[Walter George (athlete)|Walter George]]|GBR}} | world_mark = 15:54 (3{{frac|1|4}} miles) | world_place = [[London]] | world_date = 17 May 1884 | world_ref = <ref name="2015 Progression of IAAF World Records" /> | olympic_athlete = N/A | olympic_mark = | olympic_place = | olympic_date = | olympic_ref = }} [[Charles Bennett (athlete)|Charles Bennett]] beat the [[Olympic record]] and the [[World record]]. His time was 15:29.2. ==Schedule== {| class="wikitable" ! Date ! Time ! Round |- style=background:lemonchiffon | Sunday, 22 July 1900 || || '''Final''' |} ==Summary== Rimmer and Bennett were in front for most of the race. The French runners [[Henri Deloge|Deloge]], [[Gaston Ragueneau|Ragueneau]], and [[Chastanié]] were not very far behind. [[Alfred Tysoe|Tysoe]] and [[Sidney Robinson (athlete)|Robinson]] stayed with [[André Castanet|Castanet]] and [[Michel Champoudry|Champoudry]]. [[Stan Rowley|Rowley]] was injured. He started to walk after the first lap. On the last lap, Bennett started to beat Rimmer. Champoudry finished the race in 9th place. Rowley had just ran his 7th lap. He was in pain. The rules said that all 5 team members had to finish the race for the team to score. However, the [[Official|officials]] let Rowley to stop the race. == Results == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank || Athlete || Team || Nation || Time || Points |- | 1 ||align=left| [[Charles Bennett (athlete)|Charles Bennett]] ||align=left| [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|ZZX|1900 Summer}} ||align=center| 15:29.2 || 1 |- | 2 ||align=left| [[John Rimmer (athlete)|John Rimmer]] ||align=left| [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|ZZX|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 2 |- | 3 ||align=left| [[Henri Deloge]] ||align=left| [[Racing Club de France]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 3 |- | 4 ||align=left| [[Gaston Ragueneau]] ||align=left| [[Racing Club de France]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 4 |- | 5 ||align=left| [[Jacques Chastanié]] ||align=left| [[Racing Club de France]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 5 |- | 6 ||align=left| [[Sidney Robinson (athlete)|Sidney Robinson]] ||align=left| [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|ZZX|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 6 |- | 7 ||align=left| [[Alfred Tysoe]] ||align=left| [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|ZZX|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 7 |- | 8 ||align=left| [[André Castanet]] ||align=left| [[Racing Club de France]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 8 |- | 9 ||align=left| [[Michel Champoudry]] ||align=left| [[Racing Club de France]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=20:00.0| Unknown || 9 |- |data-sort-value=10| — ||align=left| [[Stan Rowley]] ||align=left| [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|ZZX|1900 Summer}} ||data-sort-value=99:99.9| {{abbr|DNF|Did not finish}} || 10 |} ===Team standings=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Rank || Team || Nation || Points |- | {{gold01}} ||align=left| [[Amateur Athletic Association of England]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|ZZX|1900 Summer}} || 26 |- | {{silver02}} ||align=left| [[Racing Club de France]] ||align=left| {{flagIOC|FRA|1900 Summer}} || 29 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} * [http://olympic.org International Olympic Committee]. * De Wael, Herman. ''Herman's Full Olympians'': "Athletics 1900". Accessed 18 March 2006. Available electronically at [http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/ath1900.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211154257/http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/ath1900.html |date=11 February 2006 }}. * {{cite book | author = Mallon, Bill | year = 1998 | title = The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 0-7864-0378-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/1900olympicgames00mall }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics - Men's 5000 metres team race}} [[Category:Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics|Men's team 5000 metres]] sf0w4mitgiohthu3zo1o4cz0daaohn3 2 1127011 10330961 10328254 2025-06-14T22:24:23Z SolarX 1505746 Rollbacker now 10330961 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/AnimatedStyles.css" /> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div></div> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span>}}{{User:Haumeon/header}} {{UserStatus|User:Haumeon/Status}} {{Infobox Wikipedia user| abovecolor = Grey | abovefontcolor = Black | color = Grey | headerfontcolor = Blue | fontcolor = DarkGrey |name=SolarX |gender=Male|languages=English |interests=Astronomy, Improving the wiki |joined_date=12 August 2024|first_edit=12 August 2024 |autoconfirmed=16 August 2024| }}{{Autoconfirmed topicon}} {{Rollback topicon}} == Welcome to my humble hideout! == Greetings! I am SolarX, fellow Simple English Wikipedia contributor and anti-vandal fighter. I've been around for almost a year, but that does not mean I don't make mistakes, so don't hesitate to notify me if I do anything wrong. == Topics I contribute to == I have a strong passion for astronomy and science, both of which are covered very weakly in this wikipedia. This is quite alarming, since many people come here for simplified explanations of complex matters. Henceforth, I have made several astronomy-related pages and improved others, and I plan to continue to do so until astronomy has a decent presence here. {{Collapse top|Awards}} {{Template:SA-journeyman}} {{Template:SA-redbook}} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for tirelessly editing the Simple Wikipedia! Your contributions are very much valued :) [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:18, 4 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you so much! I never thought I would get a barnstar! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 21:19, 4 September 2024 (UTC) |} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your Tireless work here at Simple English. I saw that you recently got one, but there's no harm in getting another one! Thank you for your persistent edits in keeping Simple English. Your edits along with the other newly active users, makes me hopeful that when my time comes to leave, Simple English will be in good hands! Please keep up the good work :) |} [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 06:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC) :Wow, thank you so much! I'd give you one but your massive collection made me dizzy :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 15:52, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your good contributions and your hard work! And you are always being in the DYK! [[User:Highway Helper|Highway Helper]] ([[User talk:Highway Helper|talk]]) 23:45, 17 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you so much! I seriously don't think I did such good contributions to earn 2 barnstars in the same day! :I doubt I am always in the dyk...well I guess I have to now :)<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 23:47, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Ultimate Vegan Brownies with walnuts, mjune 2010.jpg|Ultimate_Vegan_Brownies_with_walnuts,_mjune_2010|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |Here some brownies for you!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:57, 6 September 2024 (UTC) |} :I had some [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:56, 6 September 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:15, 6 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your respect to other editors! [[User:Taitheguy87|Taitheguy87]] ([[User talk:Taitheguy87|talk]]) 22:24, 23 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you! <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 16:38, 24 September 2024 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} {{Collapse top|Userboxes}} {{User:Claimgoal/User notadmin}}{{User trouted}}{{User:Beaneater00/Userboxes/Userboxen}}{{Template:User Wikipedia/RC Patrol}}{{User:Reception123/Template/More on simple}}{{User:Etamni/Userboxes/OddHours}} {{User:Razorflame/User contrib|1500+}} {{User:Kolva/WishesForRollback}} {{User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/WikiProject Pakistan/User WikiProject Pakistan}} {{Babel |align =left |width = {{#if:|494|248}} |left = 0 |en-4 |ar-0 |simple-4 |footer = <!--none--> }} {{Collapse bottom}} 7xqak1l2ehd4nuqfux50cqsa5volxht 10330965 10330961 2025-06-14T22:26:09Z SolarX 1505746 10330965 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/AnimatedStyles.css" /> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div></div> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span>}}{{User:Haumeon/header}} {{UserStatus|User:Haumeon/Status}}<span style="float:right;">{{User Wikipedia/Rollback}}</span>{{Infobox Wikipedia user| abovecolor = Grey | abovefontcolor = Black | color = Grey | headerfontcolor = Blue | fontcolor = DarkGrey |name=SolarX |gender=Male|languages=English |interests=Astronomy, Improving the wiki |joined_date=12 August 2024|first_edit=12 August 2024 |autoconfirmed=16 August 2024| }} == Welcome to my humble hideout! == Greetings! I am SolarX, fellow Simple English Wikipedia contributor and anti-vandal fighter. I've been around for almost a year, but that does not mean I don't make mistakes, so don't hesitate to notify me if I do anything wrong. == Topics I contribute to == I have a strong passion for astronomy and science, both of which are covered very weakly in this wikipedia. This is quite alarming, since many people come here for simplified explanations of complex matters. Henceforth, I have made several astronomy-related pages and improved others, and I plan to continue to do so until astronomy has a decent presence here. {{Collapse top|Awards}} {{Template:SA-journeyman}} {{Template:SA-redbook}} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for tirelessly editing the Simple Wikipedia! Your contributions are very much valued :) [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:18, 4 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you so much! I never thought I would get a barnstar! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 21:19, 4 September 2024 (UTC) |} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your Tireless work here at Simple English. I saw that you recently got one, but there's no harm in getting another one! Thank you for your persistent edits in keeping Simple English. Your edits along with the other newly active users, makes me hopeful that when my time comes to leave, Simple English will be in good hands! Please keep up the good work :) |} [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 06:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC) :Wow, thank you so much! I'd give you one but your massive collection made me dizzy :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 15:52, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your good contributions and your hard work! And you are always being in the DYK! [[User:Highway Helper|Highway Helper]] ([[User talk:Highway Helper|talk]]) 23:45, 17 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you so much! I seriously don't think I did such good contributions to earn 2 barnstars in the same day! :I doubt I am always in the dyk...well I guess I have to now :)<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 23:47, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Ultimate Vegan Brownies with walnuts, mjune 2010.jpg|Ultimate_Vegan_Brownies_with_walnuts,_mjune_2010|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |Here some brownies for you!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:57, 6 September 2024 (UTC) |} :I had some [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:56, 6 September 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:15, 6 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your respect to other editors! [[User:Taitheguy87|Taitheguy87]] ([[User talk:Taitheguy87|talk]]) 22:24, 23 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you! <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 16:38, 24 September 2024 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} {{Collapse top|Userboxes}} {{User:Claimgoal/User notadmin}}{{User trouted}}{{User:Beaneater00/Userboxes/Userboxen}}{{Template:User Wikipedia/RC Patrol}}{{User:Reception123/Template/More on simple}}{{User:Etamni/Userboxes/OddHours}} {{User:Razorflame/User contrib|1500+}} {{User:Kolva/WishesForRollback}} {{User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/WikiProject Pakistan/User WikiProject Pakistan}} {{Babel |align =left |width = {{#if:|494|248}} |left = 0 |en-4 |ar-0 |simple-4 |footer = <!--none--> }} {{Collapse bottom}} bfgcq1ru0muaa0bhrpw05lqm0cvr6wb 10330970 10330965 2025-06-14T22:27:44Z SolarX 1505746 10330970 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/AnimatedStyles.css" /> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div></div> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span>}}{{User:Haumeon/header}} {{UserStatus|User:Haumeon/Status}}<span style="float:right;">{{User Wikipedia/Rollback}}</span>{{Infobox Wikipedia user| abovecolor = Grey | abovefontcolor = Black | color = Grey | headerfontcolor = Blue | fontcolor = DarkGrey |name=SolarX |gender=Male|languages=English |interests=Astronomy, Improving the wiki |joined_date=12 August 2024|first_edit=12 August 2024 |autoconfirmed=16 August 2024| }} == Welcome to my humble hideout! == Greetings! I am SolarX, fellow Simple English Wikipedia contributor and anti-vandal fighter (just recently got rollback!). I've been around for almost a year, but that does not mean I don't make mistakes, so don't hesitate to notify me if I do anything wrong. == Topics I contribute to == I have a strong passion for astronomy and science, both of which are covered very weakly in this wikipedia. This is quite alarming, since many people come here for simplified explanations of complex matters. Henceforth, I have made several astronomy-related pages and improved others, and I plan to continue to do so until astronomy has a decent presence here. {{Collapse top|Awards}} {{Template:SA-journeyman}} {{Template:SA-redbook}} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for tirelessly editing the Simple Wikipedia! Your contributions are very much valued :) [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:18, 4 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you so much! I never thought I would get a barnstar! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 21:19, 4 September 2024 (UTC) |} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your Tireless work here at Simple English. I saw that you recently got one, but there's no harm in getting another one! Thank you for your persistent edits in keeping Simple English. Your edits along with the other newly active users, makes me hopeful that when my time comes to leave, Simple English will be in good hands! Please keep up the good work :) |} [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 06:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC) :Wow, thank you so much! I'd give you one but your massive collection made me dizzy :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 15:52, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your good contributions and your hard work! And you are always being in the DYK! [[User:Highway Helper|Highway Helper]] ([[User talk:Highway Helper|talk]]) 23:45, 17 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you so much! I seriously don't think I did such good contributions to earn 2 barnstars in the same day! :I doubt I am always in the dyk...well I guess I have to now :)<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 23:47, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Ultimate Vegan Brownies with walnuts, mjune 2010.jpg|Ultimate_Vegan_Brownies_with_walnuts,_mjune_2010|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |Here some brownies for you!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:57, 6 September 2024 (UTC) |} :I had some [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:56, 6 September 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:15, 6 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your respect to other editors! [[User:Taitheguy87|Taitheguy87]] ([[User talk:Taitheguy87|talk]]) 22:24, 23 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you! <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 16:38, 24 September 2024 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} {{Collapse top|Userboxes}} {{User:Claimgoal/User notadmin}}{{User trouted}}{{User:Beaneater00/Userboxes/Userboxen}}{{Template:User Wikipedia/RC Patrol}}{{User:Reception123/Template/More on simple}}{{User:Etamni/Userboxes/OddHours}} {{User:Razorflame/User contrib|1500+}} {{User:Kolva/WishesForRollback}} {{User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/WikiProject Pakistan/User WikiProject Pakistan}} {{Babel |align =left |width = {{#if:|494|248}} |left = 0 |en-4 |ar-0 |simple-4 |footer = <!--none--> }} {{Collapse bottom}} i4c0y15fwdodrvjz7rubkrysfg96ggq 10330972 10330970 2025-06-14T22:28:16Z SolarX 1505746 10330972 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/AnimatedStyles.css" /> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div> <div class="meteor">⭐</div></div> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span>}}{{User:Haumeon/header}} {{UserStatus|User:Haumeon/Status}}<span style="float:right;">{{User Wikipedia/Rollback}}</span>{{Infobox Wikipedia user| abovecolor = Grey | abovefontcolor = Black | color = Grey | headerfontcolor = Blue | fontcolor = DarkGrey |name=SolarX |gender=Male|languages=English |interests=Astronomy, Improving the wiki |joined_date=12 August 2024|first_edit=12 August 2024 |autoconfirmed=16 August 2024|rollback=14 June 2025 }} == Welcome to my humble hideout! == Greetings! I am SolarX, fellow Simple English Wikipedia contributor and anti-vandal fighter (just recently got rollback!). I've been around for almost a year, but that does not mean I don't make mistakes, so don't hesitate to notify me if I do anything wrong. == Topics I contribute to == I have a strong passion for astronomy and science, both of which are covered very weakly in this wikipedia. This is quite alarming, since many people come here for simplified explanations of complex matters. Henceforth, I have made several astronomy-related pages and improved others, and I plan to continue to do so until astronomy has a decent presence here. {{Collapse top|Awards}} {{Template:SA-journeyman}} {{Template:SA-redbook}} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for tirelessly editing the Simple Wikipedia! Your contributions are very much valued :) [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:18, 4 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you so much! I never thought I would get a barnstar! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 21:19, 4 September 2024 (UTC) |} {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your Tireless work here at Simple English. I saw that you recently got one, but there's no harm in getting another one! Thank you for your persistent edits in keeping Simple English. Your edits along with the other newly active users, makes me hopeful that when my time comes to leave, Simple English will be in good hands! Please keep up the good work :) |} [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 06:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC) :Wow, thank you so much! I'd give you one but your massive collection made me dizzy :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 15:52, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your good contributions and your hard work! And you are always being in the DYK! [[User:Highway Helper|Highway Helper]] ([[User talk:Highway Helper|talk]]) 23:45, 17 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you so much! I seriously don't think I did such good contributions to earn 2 barnstars in the same day! :I doubt I am always in the dyk...well I guess I have to now :)<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 23:47, 17 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Ultimate Vegan Brownies with walnuts, mjune 2010.jpg|Ultimate_Vegan_Brownies_with_walnuts,_mjune_2010|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |Here some brownies for you!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:57, 6 September 2024 (UTC) |} :I had some [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:56, 6 September 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:15, 6 September 2024 (UTC) {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your respect to other editors! [[User:Taitheguy87|Taitheguy87]] ([[User talk:Taitheguy87|talk]]) 22:24, 23 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you! <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 16:38, 24 September 2024 (UTC) {{Collapse bottom}} {{Collapse top|Userboxes}} {{User:Claimgoal/User notadmin}}{{User trouted}}{{User:Beaneater00/Userboxes/Userboxen}}{{Template:User Wikipedia/RC Patrol}}{{User:Reception123/Template/More on simple}}{{User:Etamni/Userboxes/OddHours}} {{User:Razorflame/User contrib|1500+}} {{User:Kolva/WishesForRollback}} {{User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/WikiProject Pakistan/User WikiProject Pakistan}} {{Babel |align =left |width = {{#if:|494|248}} |left = 0 |en-4 |ar-0 |simple-4 |footer = <!--none--> }} {{Collapse bottom}} etab7tpldkbx7e2sv2gwhqj9hsnbais 3 1127012 10331048 10329125 2025-06-14T23:09:15Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Rollback */ new section 10331048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Haumeon/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:SolarX/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(48h) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} {{talk header}} {{archives |*[[User talk:SolarX/2024/August]] *[[User talk:SolarX/2024/September]] }} == Welcome == Don't worry about your so-called rant on Anachronism. Admins don't go round taking note of people's edits just in case they apply for rights in the future. I've said much, much worse myself. Welcome to the project, you're doing fine. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 18:31, 30 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your helpful edits and good editor! [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 22:20, 5 October 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 04:41, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == Welcome back == Long time no see!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Same here, Cactus! I'm back from a wiki-break and ready to contribute some more! :Just trying to catch up, has anything big happened while I've been gone? <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 09:44, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::there have been quite a few new admins, there is a current RFA open. Thats basically it. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:46, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::also the UCOC elections is happening on meta [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:48, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::::And so I've heard. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 09:52, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Rollback == I have granted you the Rollback flag. Please reread the rules and remember that it is only for vandalism. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) fuox5k28aaa1xk7akkfcbhf97ks7q80 10331062 10331048 2025-06-14T23:12:24Z SolarX 1505746 /* Rollback */ Reply 10331062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Haumeon/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:SolarX/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(48h) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} {{talk header}} {{archives |*[[User talk:SolarX/2024/August]] *[[User talk:SolarX/2024/September]] }} == Welcome == Don't worry about your so-called rant on Anachronism. Admins don't go round taking note of people's edits just in case they apply for rights in the future. I've said much, much worse myself. Welcome to the project, you're doing fine. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 18:31, 30 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your helpful edits and good editor! [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 22:20, 5 October 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 04:41, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == Welcome back == Long time no see!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Same here, Cactus! I'm back from a wiki-break and ready to contribute some more! :Just trying to catch up, has anything big happened while I've been gone? <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 09:44, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::there have been quite a few new admins, there is a current RFA open. Thats basically it. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:46, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::also the UCOC elections is happening on meta [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:48, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::::And so I've heard. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 09:52, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Rollback == I have granted you the Rollback flag. Please reread the rules and remember that it is only for vandalism. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you. Yes, I understand that rollback is only to revert vandalism and not good-faith edits. I promise I will use it for only the purpose of stopping vandalism and nothing else. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 23:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 5h1ex5qjnd3wxqyi3q0srokqrrzxl4u 10331459 10331062 2025-06-15T05:01:24Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 48 hours) to [[User talk:SolarX/2024/September]] 10331459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Haumeon/header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = User talk:SolarX/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(48h) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} {{talk header}} {{archives |*[[User talk:SolarX/2024/August]] *[[User talk:SolarX/2024/September]] }} == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Editors Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Editor's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your helpful edits and good editor! [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 22:20, 5 October 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 04:41, 7 October 2024 (UTC) == Welcome back == Long time no see!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:38, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Same here, Cactus! I'm back from a wiki-break and ready to contribute some more! :Just trying to catch up, has anything big happened while I've been gone? <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 09:44, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::there have been quite a few new admins, there is a current RFA open. Thats basically it. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:46, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :::also the UCOC elections is happening on meta [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:48, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ::::And so I've heard. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 09:52, 13 June 2025 (UTC) == Rollback == I have granted you the Rollback flag. Please reread the rules and remember that it is only for vandalism. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Thank you. Yes, I understand that rollback is only to revert vandalism and not good-faith edits. I promise I will use it for only the purpose of stopping vandalism and nothing else. <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 23:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) k2llj9e4ncgzmmne4ry64i6v7wq43al 0 1127063 10331360 9777692 2025-06-15T02:49:37Z Graywalls 923449 /* Other websites */ Remove [[WP:QS]] and potentially Monterey County hist soc. advert intended contents. 10331360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = David Jack.jpg | alt = Bearded, portly man from 1880s | caption = David Jacks, {{c.}} 1880s | birth_name = David Jack<ref name="Immigration -Encyclopedia">{{cite book |last1=Bakken |first1=Gordon Morris |last2=Kindell |first2=Alexandra |title=Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West |date=2006 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9781412905503 |pages=345–346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6Q5DQAAQBAJ&q=David+Jacks+corporation+1907&pg=PT376 |language=en}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date|1822|04|18}} | birth_place = Crieff, [[Perthshire]], [[Scotland]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1909|01|11|1822|04|18}} | death_place = [[Monterey, California]] | nationality = Scottish, American | occupation = Land speculator, developer, businessman, university trustee | spouse = Maria Cristina Soledad Romie | children = {{hlist|Jane|Louise L.|William|Mary R.|Margarete A.|Romie C.|Vida G.}}<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/memorialbiograph00barr A Memorial and Biographical History of the Coast Counties of Central California] p 246</ref> | years_active = | known_for = Monterey Jack cheese | notable_works = }} '''David Jacks''' (18 April 1822 &ndash; 11 January 1909) was a landowner, developer, and businessman in the US State of [[California]]. Born in [[Scotland]], he emigrated to California, United States during the [[California Gold Rush|1849 Gold Rush]], and soon acquired several thousand acres in and around [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], shaping the history of [[Monterey County, California]] in the first decades of American possession. He is also credited as being the first to market and popularize Monterey Jack cheese.<ref name="Los Angeles Herald">{{cite news |title=DAVID JACKS, WELL KNOWN CALIFORNIAN, DIES IN NORTH |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19090112.2.15&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |access-date=14 April 2019 |issue=olume 36, Number 103 |publisher=Los Angeles Herald |date=12 January 1909}}</ref><ref name="Immigration -Encyclopedia">{{cite book |last1=Bakken |first1=Gordon Morris |last2=Kindell |first2=Alexandra |title=Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West |date=2006 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9781412905503 |pages=345–346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6Q5DQAAQBAJ&q=David+Jacks+corporation+1907&pg=PT376 |language=en}}</ref> He was born David Jack, but started spelling his last name "Jacks" once in California.<ref name="Immigration -Encyclopedia" /> In 1850, Jacks moved to Monterey, initially taking up a job in the store of a fellow Scotsman, James McKinlay. By 1852 Jack had been elected Treasurer of Monterey County and began purchasing land in the area.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fink |first= Agusta |date= 1972 |title=Monterey County The Dramatic Story of Its Past Monterey Bay, Big Sur, Carmel, Salinas Valley |url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/272531979 |location= San Francisco, California|publisher=Western Tanager Press/Valley Publishers |oclc= 272531979 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons category inline |David Jacks}} *[https://archive.org/stream/memorialbiograph00barr A Memorial and Biographical History of the Coast Counties of Central California] David Jacks, pp 241–249 *[https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4f59n76c David Jacks Papers, 1845-1960] housed at Stanford University Libraries {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jack, David}} [[Category:1822 births]] [[Category:1909 deaths]] [[Category:Businesspeople from California]] [[Category:People from Monterey County, California]] 46tnz47ulge78uxanhjz1f51h0tp8kt 0 1129110 10331200 10176986 2025-06-15T01:08:53Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Autobiography; lot of big claims but can't find sources that verify those claims. }} '''Georgia Witchel''' is an American entrepreneur, former USA [[ice climbing]] team captain, and the first American woman to bring ice climbing onto an Olympic stage. Witchel is credited as being the youngest American female to send D9, D10, D11, D12, and D13 and the first female to represent the US on an international stage for ice climbing. == Early life and education == Witchel was born in San Francisco, California, and attended San Francisco Friends School for preparatory school before moving to Colorado in 2008. Witchel attended Durango High School from 2015 to 2017. In 2019, she subsequently dropped out of high school and became the first student in the history of Harvey Mudd to attend without a high school diploma. Witchel studied computer science and psychology at Mudd and pursued a career as an artist. She did her first solo show in 2022 and contributed to a zine of local fruit vendors in downtown LA, which was subsequently published by the Museum of Contemporary Art ([https://www.moca.org/ MOCA]) in LA. Witchel graduated from Harvey Mudd in 2023. == Ice climbing == Witchel is also credited for breaking the US record as the youngest competitor at the Ouray Ice Fest in 2015 and is noted as one of the five most influential women in ice climbing in the Arcteryx documentary "The Mixtress." In 2015, Witchel was a founding member of the US ice climbing team and placed first at the first-ever US ice climbing World Cup. Following this, Witchel became one of the first international competitors at the French World Cup (17th). That same year, witchel attended the 2016 Junior Olympics and became one of the first women to represent the US on an Olympic stage for ice climbing. The following year, Witchel competed in the American cup and placed third in lead and second in speed for all age categories, making her the youngest podium in US history. Witchel then competed at her second World Cup in Uluru, Finland, where she placed 4th, breaking her previous record as the highest-ranked female. == Career == [[Category:American sportspeople]] bekr3br7fofi659k32b2koma63fx65s 10331243 10331200 2025-06-15T01:24:31Z Fr33kman 15149 Unsourced 10331243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Autobiography; lot of big claims but can't find sources that verify those claims. }} {{unsourced}} '''Georgia Witchel''' is an American entrepreneur, former USA [[ice climbing]] team captain, and the first American woman to bring ice climbing onto an Olympic stage. Witchel is credited as being the youngest American female to send D9, D10, D11, D12, and D13 and the first female to represent the US on an international stage for ice climbing. == Early life and education == Witchel was born in San Francisco, California, and attended San Francisco Friends School for preparatory school before moving to Colorado in 2008. Witchel attended Durango High School from 2015 to 2017. In 2019, she subsequently dropped out of high school and became the first student in the history of Harvey Mudd to attend without a high school diploma. Witchel studied computer science and psychology at Mudd and pursued a career as an artist. She did her first solo show in 2022 and contributed to a zine of local fruit vendors in downtown LA, which was subsequently published by the Museum of Contemporary Art ([https://www.moca.org/ MOCA]) in LA. Witchel graduated from Harvey Mudd in 2023. == Ice climbing == Witchel is also credited for breaking the US record as the youngest competitor at the Ouray Ice Fest in 2015 and is noted as one of the five most influential women in ice climbing in the Arcteryx documentary "The Mixtress." In 2015, Witchel was a founding member of the US ice climbing team and placed first at the first-ever US ice climbing World Cup. Following this, Witchel became one of the first international competitors at the French World Cup (17th). That same year, witchel attended the 2016 Junior Olympics and became one of the first women to represent the US on an Olympic stage for ice climbing. The following year, Witchel competed in the American cup and placed third in lead and second in speed for all age categories, making her the youngest podium in US history. Witchel then competed at her second World Cup in Uluru, Finland, where she placed 4th, breaking her previous record as the highest-ranked female. == Career == [[Category:American sportspeople]] 8pxiakh4767e7837i1rihag8avhur5b 10331295 10331243 2025-06-15T01:49:04Z Cyberbot I 224035 Dating maintenance tags (bot edit) ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Autobiography; lot of big claims but can't find sources that verify those claims. }} {{nosources|date=June 2025}} '''Georgia Witchel''' is an American entrepreneur, former USA [[ice climbing]] team captain, and the first American woman to bring ice climbing onto an Olympic stage. Witchel is credited as being the youngest American female to send D9, D10, D11, D12, and D13 and the first female to represent the US on an international stage for ice climbing. == Early life and education == Witchel was born in San Francisco, California, and attended San Francisco Friends School for preparatory school before moving to Colorado in 2008. Witchel attended Durango High School from 2015 to 2017. In 2019, she subsequently dropped out of high school and became the first student in the history of Harvey Mudd to attend without a high school diploma. Witchel studied computer science and psychology at Mudd and pursued a career as an artist. She did her first solo show in 2022 and contributed to a zine of local fruit vendors in downtown LA, which was subsequently published by the Museum of Contemporary Art ([https://www.moca.org/ MOCA]) in LA. Witchel graduated from Harvey Mudd in 2023. == Ice climbing == Witchel is also credited for breaking the US record as the youngest competitor at the Ouray Ice Fest in 2015 and is noted as one of the five most influential women in ice climbing in the Arcteryx documentary "The Mixtress." In 2015, Witchel was a founding member of the US ice climbing team and placed first at the first-ever US ice climbing World Cup. Following this, Witchel became one of the first international competitors at the French World Cup (17th). That same year, witchel attended the 2016 Junior Olympics and became one of the first women to represent the US on an Olympic stage for ice climbing. The following year, Witchel competed in the American cup and placed third in lead and second in speed for all age categories, making her the youngest podium in US history. Witchel then competed at her second World Cup in Uluru, Finland, where she placed 4th, breaking her previous record as the highest-ranked female. == Career == [[Category:American sportspeople]] ql4kuattgco7ohkgyavcyt6j5d9uole 2 1129152 10330582 10328200 2025-06-14T18:30:23Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Updated 10330582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE|{{font|text=User:|font=Comic Sans MS|color=#90d5ff}}{{font|text=Raayaan9911|font=Comic Sans MS|color=Blue}}}} {{col-start}} '''User page''' {{col-2}} [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|My user talk page]] {{col-3}} [[User:Raayaan9911/Guestbook|My guestbook]] {{col-3}} [[Special:EmailUser/Raayaan9911|Email]] {{col-end}}{{User:Runningblader/Vand}}{{User page}} {{User infobox|name=Raayaan9911|gender=Male|languages=*[[Arabic]] ([[Native speaker|Native]]) *[[English language|English]]|country={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|timezone=[[UTC+03:00|UTC 3:00]]|current_time={{current time|UTC+3}} [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=purge&title=User:Raayaan9911 Refresh]|nationality=Saudi Arabian|hobbies=* Playing [[association football|football]] * Playing [[video games]]|religion=[[Muslim]]|interests=* Improve and create articles related to technology, sports, people, Saudi Arabian topics and automobiles * Anti-Vandalism work|subpages=[[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|Draft]], [[User:Raayaan9911/Sandbox|sandbox]]|joined_date={{Start date and age|2024|July|20|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}|autoconfirmed=October 2, 2024|rollbacker=April 14, 2025|edit_count=10,000+|signature=[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] [[User:Raayaan9911/Signatures|Full signatures]]|userboxes={{Userboxtop}} {{Template:User English Wikipedia|Raayaan9911}} {{Template:User wikipedia}} {{User:Reception123/Template/Very active}} {{Template:User Muslim}} {{User:Meikutto/GoogleChrome}} {{User:Raayaan9911/Saudi Arabia}} {{User:Raayaan9911/Al Hilal Fans}} {{User:Chemicalinterest/article|92}} {{User:Quantum4/Templates/AGF Userbox}} {{Template:Template User nobarnstars}} {{User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Technology Userbox}} {{User oops}} {{User:RockManQ/DYKbox|13}} {{Template:User DYK helper}} {{User HotCat}} {{User:Razorflame/VNLU}} {{User:Runningblader/userbox}} {{User:Reception123/Template/Twinkle2}} {{User:Raayaan9911/Android}} {{User Google}} {{Template:User Wikipedia/Rollback}} {{User:Reception123/Template/More on simple}} {{User Commons}} {{Userboxbottom}} {{User ar}} {{User en-4}} }} Salam alaykum, I'm Raayaan9911 this is my user page for Simple English Wikipedia. I'm professional Saudi Arabian Wikipedian in Simple English Wikipedia, I'm also [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature|Rollbacker]] on Simple English Wikipedia, so, if you have any questions, let me know! '''<big>Milestone</big>''' {{Progress bar|10.7|text=to reach 100,000 edits}} ==My interest== I'm interested in [[technology]], [[association football]], [[people]], [[geography]], [[Mobile phone|mobile phones]] and [[Automobile|automobiles]]. I'm also interested in [[Saudi Arabia]]. I created 93 total articles. ==About me== I'm from [[Saudi Arabia]], I'm supporter of the [[Al Hilal SFC]], I edited [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and [[Arabic Wikipedia]], here is my articles list that i edited it. * [[iPhone 5]] * [[Siri]] * [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal FC]] * [[Fox Sports 1]] * [[iOS]] * [[Fuslie]] * [[Apple Music]] * [[Mohammed bin Salman]] * [[IPod Touch (5th generation)|iPod Touch 5th Generation]] * [[Ninja (gamer)|Ninja (Twitch Streamer)]] * [[Hafu (gamer)|Hafu (Twitch Streamer)]] * [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sideman (Youtube Group)]] * [[MrBeast]] * [[Pokémon Go]] * [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] * [[Neymar]] * [[Kalidou Koulibaly]] * [[iPhone 5S]] * [[Samsung Galaxy S]] * [[Samsung Galaxy S III]] * [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=Raayaan9911&namespace=0&tagfilter=&start=&end=&limit=50 and many others in my contributions] ===Country articles that I edited=== I edited country articles too, here is list of articles that i edited it. * [[Kuwait]] * [[Bahrain]] * [[United Arab Emirates]] * [[Yemen]] * [[Brazil]] * [[Mexico]] *[[Morocco]] *[[Venezuela]] *[[Algeria]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudi Arabia]] *[[Oman]] ==Articles that i created it== === Simple English Wikipedia === ==== Normal article ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date !! About |- |1 | [[Salem Al-Dawsari]] | October 27, 2024 | Saudi Arabian footballer |- |2 | [[Google Wallet]] | November 4, 2024 | Digital wallet by google |- |3 | [[Xiaomi 14]] | November 8, 2024 | 2023 Android phone series by Xiaomi |- |4 | [[Ali Al-Bulaihi]] | November 9, 2024 | Saudi Arabian footballer |- |5 | [[Rúben Neves]] | November 15, 2024 | Portuguese footballer |- |6 | [[Lamine Yamal]] | November 16, 2024 | Spanish footballer |- |7 | [[Apple Pay]] | November 19, 2024 | Mobile payment service by Apple Inc. |- |8 | [[Nokia 3500 classic]] | November 22, 2024 | 2007 Mobile phone by Nokia |- |9 |[[Huawei Mate 40]] |November 27, 2024 |2020 Android phone by Huawei |- |10 |[[Huawei Nova 7i]] |November 28, 2024 |2020 Android phone by Huawei |- |11 |[[Al Taawoun FC]] |December 2, 2024 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |12 |[[Huawei Mate 20]] |December 5, 2024 |2018 Android phone series by Huawei |- |13 |[[Samsung Galaxy A16]] |December 8, 2024 |2024 Android phone by Samsung |- |14 |[[iPhone 15]] |December 15, 2024 |17th generation mobile phone by Apple Inc. |- |15 |[[Alessandro Florenzi]] |December 20, 2024 |Italian footballer |- |16 |[[Matteo Pessina]] |December 26, 2024 |Italian footballer |- |17 |[[Android Ice Cream Sandwich]] |January 7, 2025 |2011 Android version |- |18 |[[IPadOS 16]] |January 12, 2025 |2022 iPadOS version |- |19 |[[2025 FIFA Club World Cup]] |January 12, 2025 |Planned FIFA competitions |- |20 |[[2024–25 Saudi Professional League]] |January 12, 2025 |49th Edition of the Saudi Arabian league season |- |21 |[[Pixel 2]] |January 20, 2025 |2017 Android phone by Google |- |22 |[[Samsung Galaxy S25]] |January 23, 2025 |2025 Android phone by Samsung |- |23 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note II]] |January 25, 2025 |2012 Android phone by Samsung |- |24 |[[2024–25 La Liga]] |January 27, 2025 |94th la liga seasons |- |25 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note 3]] |February 1, 2025 |2013 android phone by Samsung |- |26 |[[Xiaomi 13]] |February 10, 2025 |2022 flagship android phone by Xiaomi |- |27 |[[EA Sports FC 25]] |February 13, 2025 |2024 video game published by EA Sports |- |28 |[[Samsung Wallet]] |February 15, 2025 |2022 digital wallet by Samsung |- |29 |[[Samsung Pay]] |February 19, 2025 |2015 mobile payment by Samsung |- |30 |[[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]] |February 19, 2025 |2020 football competition |- |31 |[[iPhone 16e]] |February 20, 2025 |2025 budget iPhone 16 by Apple |- |32 |[[iPhone OS 3]] |February 23, 2025 |2009 mobile operating system by Apple |- |33 |[[Huawei P30]] |February 24, 2025 |2019 android phone by Huawei |- |34 |[[2024-25 Al-Shabab FC season]] |February 28, 2025 |2025 club season |- |35 |[[HTC One X]] |March 6, 2025 |2012 android phone by HTC |- |36 |[[Sergej Milinković-Savić]] |March 6, 2025 |Serbian footballer |- |37 |[[Marques Brownlee]] |March 7, 2025 |American youtuber |- |38 |[[Saudi Flag Day]] |March 12, 2025 |Saudi Arabian holiday |- |39 |[[Renan Lodi]] |March 17, 2025 |Brazilian footballer |- |40 |[[IPad (10th generation)]] |March 20, 2025 |2022 tablet computer by Apple |- |41 |[[Salman Al-Faraj]] |March 21, 2025 |Saudi Arabian footballer |- |42 |[[Muhammad bin Nayef]] |March 21, 2025 |Former Saudi Arabian crown prince |- |43 |[[Mrwhosetheboss]] |March 23, 2025 |English YouTuber |- |44 |[[Apple Vision Pro]] |March 23, 2025 |AR headset by Apple |- |45 |[[Samsung TV Plus]] |March 24, 2025 |TV streaming network by Samsung |- |46 |[[HTC One M9]] |March 24, 2025 |Android smartphone by HTC |- |47 |[[Vivo]] |March 29, 2025 |Chinese technology company |- |48 |[[Sony Ericsson W880i]] |March 31, 2025 |Mobile phone by Sony Ericsson |- |49 |[[Al Qadsiah FC]] |April 1, 2025 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |50 |[[Al-Ahli Saudi FC]] |April 2, 2025 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |51 |[[Cesare Casadei]] |April 4, 2025 |Italian footballer |- |52 |[[visionOS]] |April 4, 2025 |Operating system by Apple |- |53 |[[LG G6]] |April 5, 2025 |Android smartphone by LG |- |54 |[[Surface 3]] |April 6, 2025 |2-1 detachable by Microsoft |- |55 |[[Saleh Al-Shehri]] |April 6, 2025 |Saudi Arabian footballer |- |56 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note 5]] |April 8, 2025 |Phablet by Samsung |- |57 |[[Huawei P20]] |April 10, 2025 |2018 mobile phone by Huawei |- |58 |[[Hyundai Kona]] |April 12, 2025 |Subcompact crossover SUV by Hyundai |- |59 |[[Al-Kholood Club]] |April 14, 2025 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |60 |[[Huawei P50]] |April 16, 2025 |2021 mobile phones by Huawei |- |61 |[[Redmi Note 8]] |April 17, 2025 |2018 mobile phones by Redmi |- |62 |[[Tesla Model 3]] |April 18, 2025 |2017 automobile by Tesla |- |63 |[[Nexus 6P]] |April 20, 2025 |2015 mobile phone by Google and Huawei |- |64 |[[Surface Laptop 5]] |April 23, 2025 |2021 laptop computer by Microsoft |- |65 |[[Toyota Land Cruiser]] |April 26, 2025 |Automobile by Toyota |- |66 |[[Pixel 9a]] |April 27, 2025 |2025 mobile phone by Google |- |67 |[[Al-Fayha FC]] |May 1, 2025 |1953 Saudi Arabian football club |- |68 |[[Android 16]] |May 2, 2025 |2025 upcoming Android version |- |69 |[[Huawei P8]] |May 4, 2025 |2015 mobile phone by Huawei |- |70 |[[iPad Air (6th generation)]] |May 7, 2025 |2024 tablet computer by Apple |- |71 |[[iPad Pro (7th generation)]] |May 10, 2025 |2024 tablet computer by Apple |- |72 |[[Android Go]] |May 10, 2025 |2017 operating system |- |73 |[[Apple A18]] |May 10, 2025 |2024 microprocessor by Apple |- |74 |[[Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016)]] |May 15, 2025 |2015 Android smartphone by Samsung |- |75 |[[LG G4]] |May 15, 2025 |2015 Android smartphone by LG |- |76 |[[Aymeric Laporte]] |May 16, 2025 |Spanish-French football player |- |77 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note 9]] |May 16, 2025 |2018 phablet by Samsung |- |78 |[[iPod Touch (7th generation)]] |May 16, 2025 |2019 mobile device by Apple |- |79 |[[Omani rial]] |May 17, 2025 |Currency of Oman |- |80 |[[Moto G4]] |May 19, 2025 |2016 Android smartphones by Motorola |- |81 |[[Touch ID]] |May 23, 2025 |Electric fingerprint scanner by Apple |- |82 |[[Samsung Internet]] |May 23, 2025 |Web browser by Samsung |- |83 |[[Surface Laptop 4]] |May 25, 2025 |Laptop computer by Microsoft |- |84 |[[Saudi passport]] |May 25, 2025 |Saudi Arabian passport |- |85 |[[LG G7 ThinQ]] |May 26, 2025 |Mobile phone by LG |- |86 |[[King's Cup]] |May 27, 2025 |Football knockout competition in Saudi Arabia |- |87 |[[Realme]] |June 4, 2025 |Chinese mobile phone manufacturer |- |88 |[[iOS 26]] |June 9, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |- |89 |[[macOS Tahoe]] |June 10, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |- |90 |[[iPadOS 26]] |June 11, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |- |91 |[[Saud Abdulhamid]] |June 13, 2025 |Saudi Arabian footballer |} ==== Disambiguation article ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date |- |1 | [[Rial (disambiguation)]] | May 20, 2025 |- |} === Arabic Wikipedia === {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date !! About |- |1 | [[:ar:آيفون 16|iPhone 16]] | May 6, 2025 | 2025 mobile phones by Apple |- |2 |[[:ar:سامسونج_جالكسي_ايه_16|Samsung Galaxy A16]] |June 5, 2025 |2024 Android mid-range smartphones |- |3 |[[:ar:آي_أو_إس_26|iOS 26]] |June 11, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |} If you want full list, go to [[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|my draft]] ==Articles that i nominated for DYK== {{See also|User:Raayaan9911/My DYK hooks}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date of nominations !About |- |1 | [[iPhone 15]] | January 1, 2025 |2023 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |2 | [[iPhone 12 Pro]] | January 9, 2025 |2020 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |3 | [[MrBeast]] | January 9, 2025 |American male youtuber |- |4 | [[iPhone 8]] | January 9, 2025 |2017 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |5 | [[PewDiePie]] | January 9, 2025 |Swedish male youtuber |- |6 | [[iPhone 14 Pro]] | January 12, 2025 |2022 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |7 |[[iPhone 6]] |January 16, 2025 |2014 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |8 |[[Samsung Galaxy S10]] |January 25, 2025 |2019 android phone by Samsung |- |9 |[[Threads (app)]] |January 30, 2025 |2023 social media app by meta platform |- |10 |[[Charli D'Amelio]] |January 31, 2025 |American female tiktok star |- |11 |[[Algeria]] |February 2, 2025 |North african country |- |12 |[[Qatar]] |February 6, 2025 |Middle Eastern country |- |13 |[[Brazil]] |February 6, 2025 |South American country |} ==WikiProject members== Here is list of WikiProject members that i joined it. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" ! No !! Name !Date!! Status |- | 1. | [[User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Technology|My WikiProject about Tech]] |November 29, 2024 | Founded |- | 2. | [[User:Asteralee/WikiProject Italy|Asteralee's WikiProject about Italy]] |December 20, 2024 | Joined |- | 3. | [[User:Ferien/WikiProject United Kingdom|Ferien's WikiProject about United Kingdom]] |January 2, 2025 | Joined |- | 4. | [[User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Saudi Arabia|My WikiProject about Saudi Arabia]] |January 3, 2025 | Founded |- |5. |[[User:Runningblader/Wikiproject Anti-Vandalism|Runningblader's Anti-Vandalism WikiProject]] |February 26, 2025 |Joined |} ==Other wikipedia languages== * [[:ar:User:Raayaan9911|Arabic Wikipedia]] * [[:en:User:Raayaan9911|Regular English Wikipedia]] kbpiqbf487304ql7gssucdaw0fvoxki 10330586 10330582 2025-06-14T18:31:26Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Added 10330586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE|{{font|text=User:|font=Comic Sans MS|color=#90d5ff}}{{font|text=Raayaan9911|font=Comic Sans MS|color=Blue}}}} {{col-start}} '''User page''' {{col-2}} [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|My user talk page]] {{col-3}} [[User:Raayaan9911/Guestbook|My guestbook]] {{col-3}} [[Special:EmailUser/Raayaan9911|Email]] {{col-end}}{{User:Runningblader/Vand}}{{User page}} {{User infobox|name=Raayaan9911|gender=Male|languages=*[[Arabic]] ([[Native speaker|Native]]) *[[English language|English]]|country={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|timezone=[[UTC+03:00|UTC 3:00]]|current_time={{current time|UTC+3}} [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=purge&title=User:Raayaan9911 Refresh]|nationality=Saudi Arabian|hobbies=* Playing [[association football|football]] * Playing [[video games]]|religion=[[Muslim]]|interests=* Improve and create articles related to technology, sports, people, Saudi Arabian topics and automobiles * Anti-Vandalism work|subpages=[[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|Draft]], [[User:Raayaan9911/Sandbox|sandbox]]|joined_date={{Start date and age|2024|July|20|df=yes|p=yes|br=yes}}|autoconfirmed=October 2, 2024|rollbacker=April 14, 2025|edit_count=10,000+|signature=[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] [[User:Raayaan9911/Signatures|Full signatures]]|userboxes={{Userboxtop}} {{Template:User English Wikipedia|Raayaan9911}} {{Template:User wikipedia}} {{User:Reception123/Template/Very active}} {{Template:User Muslim}} {{User:Meikutto/GoogleChrome}} {{User:Raayaan9911/Saudi Arabia}} {{User:Raayaan9911/Al Hilal Fans}} {{User:Chemicalinterest/article|92}} {{User:Quantum4/Templates/AGF Userbox}} {{Template:Template User nobarnstars}} {{User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Technology Userbox}} {{User oops}} {{User:RockManQ/DYKbox|13}} {{Template:User DYK helper}} {{User HotCat}} {{User:Razorflame/VNLU}} {{User:Runningblader/userbox}} {{User:Reception123/Template/Twinkle2}} {{User:Raayaan9911/Android}} {{User Google}} {{Template:User Wikipedia/Rollback}} {{User:Reception123/Template/More on simple}} {{User Commons}} {{Userboxbottom}} {{User ar}} {{User en-4}} }} Salam alaykum, I'm Raayaan9911 this is my user page for Simple English Wikipedia. I'm professional Saudi Arabian Wikipedian in Simple English Wikipedia, I'm also [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature|Rollbacker]] on Simple English Wikipedia, so, if you have any questions, let me know! '''<big>Milestone</big>''' {{Progress bar|10.7|text=to reach 100,000 edits}} ==My interest== I'm interested in [[technology]], [[association football]], [[people]], [[geography]], [[Mobile phone|mobile phones]] and [[Automobile|automobiles]]. I'm also interested in [[Saudi Arabia]]. I created 93 total articles. ==About me== I'm from [[Saudi Arabia]], I'm supporter of the [[Al Hilal SFC]], I edited [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and [[Arabic Wikipedia]], here is my articles list that i edited it. * [[iPhone 5]] * [[Siri]] * [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal FC]] * [[Fox Sports 1]] * [[iOS]] * [[Fuslie]] * [[Apple Music]] * [[Mohammed bin Salman]] * [[IPod Touch (5th generation)|iPod Touch 5th Generation]] * [[Ninja (gamer)|Ninja (Twitch Streamer)]] * [[Hafu (gamer)|Hafu (Twitch Streamer)]] * [[Sidemen (YouTube group)|Sideman (Youtube Group)]] * [[MrBeast]] * [[Pokémon Go]] * [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] * [[Neymar]] * [[Kalidou Koulibaly]] * [[iPhone 5S]] * [[Samsung Galaxy S]] * [[Samsung Galaxy S III]] * [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=Raayaan9911&namespace=0&tagfilter=&start=&end=&limit=50 and many others in my contributions] ===Country articles that I edited=== I edited country articles too, here is list of articles that i edited it. * [[Kuwait]] * [[Bahrain]] * [[United Arab Emirates]] * [[Yemen]] * [[Brazil]] * [[Mexico]] *[[Morocco]] *[[Venezuela]] *[[Algeria]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Saudi Arabia]] *[[Oman]] ==Articles that i created it== === Simple English Wikipedia === ==== Normal article ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date !! About |- |1 | [[Salem Al-Dawsari]] | October 27, 2024 | Saudi Arabian footballer |- |2 | [[Google Wallet]] | November 4, 2024 | Digital wallet by google |- |3 | [[Xiaomi 14]] | November 8, 2024 | 2023 Android phone series by Xiaomi |- |4 | [[Ali Al-Bulaihi]] | November 9, 2024 | Saudi Arabian footballer |- |5 | [[Rúben Neves]] | November 15, 2024 | Portuguese footballer |- |6 | [[Lamine Yamal]] | November 16, 2024 | Spanish footballer |- |7 | [[Apple Pay]] | November 19, 2024 | Mobile payment service by Apple Inc. |- |8 | [[Nokia 3500 classic]] | November 22, 2024 | 2007 Mobile phone by Nokia |- |9 |[[Huawei Mate 40]] |November 27, 2024 |2020 Android phone by Huawei |- |10 |[[Huawei Nova 7i]] |November 28, 2024 |2020 Android phone by Huawei |- |11 |[[Al Taawoun FC]] |December 2, 2024 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |12 |[[Huawei Mate 20]] |December 5, 2024 |2018 Android phone series by Huawei |- |13 |[[Samsung Galaxy A16]] |December 8, 2024 |2024 Android phone by Samsung |- |14 |[[iPhone 15]] |December 15, 2024 |17th generation mobile phone by Apple Inc. |- |15 |[[Alessandro Florenzi]] |December 20, 2024 |Italian footballer |- |16 |[[Matteo Pessina]] |December 26, 2024 |Italian footballer |- |17 |[[Android Ice Cream Sandwich]] |January 7, 2025 |2011 Android version |- |18 |[[IPadOS 16]] |January 12, 2025 |2022 iPadOS version |- |19 |[[2025 FIFA Club World Cup]] |January 12, 2025 |Planned FIFA competitions |- |20 |[[2024–25 Saudi Professional League]] |January 12, 2025 |49th Edition of the Saudi Arabian league season |- |21 |[[Pixel 2]] |January 20, 2025 |2017 Android phone by Google |- |22 |[[Samsung Galaxy S25]] |January 23, 2025 |2025 Android phone by Samsung |- |23 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note II]] |January 25, 2025 |2012 Android phone by Samsung |- |24 |[[2024–25 La Liga]] |January 27, 2025 |94th la liga seasons |- |25 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note 3]] |February 1, 2025 |2013 android phone by Samsung |- |26 |[[Xiaomi 13]] |February 10, 2025 |2022 flagship android phone by Xiaomi |- |27 |[[EA Sports FC 25]] |February 13, 2025 |2024 video game published by EA Sports |- |28 |[[Samsung Wallet]] |February 15, 2025 |2022 digital wallet by Samsung |- |29 |[[Samsung Pay]] |February 19, 2025 |2015 mobile payment by Samsung |- |30 |[[UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying]] |February 19, 2025 |2020 football competition |- |31 |[[iPhone 16e]] |February 20, 2025 |2025 budget iPhone 16 by Apple |- |32 |[[iPhone OS 3]] |February 23, 2025 |2009 mobile operating system by Apple |- |33 |[[Huawei P30]] |February 24, 2025 |2019 android phone by Huawei |- |34 |[[2024-25 Al-Shabab FC season]] |February 28, 2025 |2025 club season |- |35 |[[HTC One X]] |March 6, 2025 |2012 android phone by HTC |- |36 |[[Sergej Milinković-Savić]] |March 6, 2025 |Serbian footballer |- |37 |[[Marques Brownlee]] |March 7, 2025 |American youtuber |- |38 |[[Saudi Flag Day]] |March 12, 2025 |Saudi Arabian holiday |- |39 |[[Renan Lodi]] |March 17, 2025 |Brazilian footballer |- |40 |[[IPad (10th generation)]] |March 20, 2025 |2022 tablet computer by Apple |- |41 |[[Salman Al-Faraj]] |March 21, 2025 |Saudi Arabian footballer |- |42 |[[Muhammad bin Nayef]] |March 21, 2025 |Former Saudi Arabian crown prince |- |43 |[[Mrwhosetheboss]] |March 23, 2025 |English YouTuber |- |44 |[[Apple Vision Pro]] |March 23, 2025 |AR headset by Apple |- |45 |[[Samsung TV Plus]] |March 24, 2025 |TV streaming network by Samsung |- |46 |[[HTC One M9]] |March 24, 2025 |Android smartphone by HTC |- |47 |[[Vivo]] |March 29, 2025 |Chinese technology company |- |48 |[[Sony Ericsson W880i]] |March 31, 2025 |Mobile phone by Sony Ericsson |- |49 |[[Al Qadsiah FC]] |April 1, 2025 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |50 |[[Al-Ahli Saudi FC]] |April 2, 2025 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |51 |[[Cesare Casadei]] |April 4, 2025 |Italian footballer |- |52 |[[visionOS]] |April 4, 2025 |Operating system by Apple |- |53 |[[LG G6]] |April 5, 2025 |Android smartphone by LG |- |54 |[[Surface 3]] |April 6, 2025 |2-1 detachable by Microsoft |- |55 |[[Saleh Al-Shehri]] |April 6, 2025 |Saudi Arabian footballer |- |56 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note 5]] |April 8, 2025 |Phablet by Samsung |- |57 |[[Huawei P20]] |April 10, 2025 |2018 mobile phone by Huawei |- |58 |[[Hyundai Kona]] |April 12, 2025 |Subcompact crossover SUV by Hyundai |- |59 |[[Al-Kholood Club]] |April 14, 2025 |Saudi Arabian football club |- |60 |[[Huawei P50]] |April 16, 2025 |2021 mobile phones by Huawei |- |61 |[[Redmi Note 8]] |April 17, 2025 |2018 mobile phones by Redmi |- |62 |[[Tesla Model 3]] |April 18, 2025 |2017 automobile by Tesla |- |63 |[[Nexus 6P]] |April 20, 2025 |2015 mobile phone by Google and Huawei |- |64 |[[Surface Laptop 5]] |April 23, 2025 |2021 laptop computer by Microsoft |- |65 |[[Toyota Land Cruiser]] |April 26, 2025 |Automobile by Toyota |- |66 |[[Pixel 9a]] |April 27, 2025 |2025 mobile phone by Google |- |67 |[[Al-Fayha FC]] |May 1, 2025 |1953 Saudi Arabian football club |- |68 |[[Android 16]] |May 2, 2025 |2025 upcoming Android version |- |69 |[[Huawei P8]] |May 4, 2025 |2015 mobile phone by Huawei |- |70 |[[iPad Air (6th generation)]] |May 7, 2025 |2024 tablet computer by Apple |- |71 |[[iPad Pro (7th generation)]] |May 10, 2025 |2024 tablet computer by Apple |- |72 |[[Android Go]] |May 10, 2025 |2017 operating system |- |73 |[[Apple A18]] |May 10, 2025 |2024 microprocessor by Apple |- |74 |[[Samsung Galaxy A5 (2016)]] |May 15, 2025 |2015 Android smartphone by Samsung |- |75 |[[LG G4]] |May 15, 2025 |2015 Android smartphone by LG |- |76 |[[Aymeric Laporte]] |May 16, 2025 |Spanish-French football player |- |77 |[[Samsung Galaxy Note 9]] |May 16, 2025 |2018 phablet by Samsung |- |78 |[[iPod Touch (7th generation)]] |May 16, 2025 |2019 mobile device by Apple |- |79 |[[Omani rial]] |May 17, 2025 |Currency of Oman |- |80 |[[Moto G4]] |May 19, 2025 |2016 Android smartphones by Motorola |- |81 |[[Touch ID]] |May 23, 2025 |Electric fingerprint scanner by Apple |- |82 |[[Samsung Internet]] |May 23, 2025 |Web browser by Samsung |- |83 |[[Surface Laptop 4]] |May 25, 2025 |Laptop computer by Microsoft |- |84 |[[Saudi passport]] |May 25, 2025 |Saudi Arabian passport |- |85 |[[LG G7 ThinQ]] |May 26, 2025 |Mobile phone by LG |- |86 |[[King's Cup]] |May 27, 2025 |Football knockout competition in Saudi Arabia |- |87 |[[Realme]] |June 4, 2025 |Chinese mobile phone manufacturer |- |88 |[[iOS 26]] |June 9, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |- |89 |[[macOS Tahoe]] |June 10, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |- |90 |[[iPadOS 26]] |June 11, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |- |91 |[[Saud Abdulhamid]] |June 13, 2025 |Saudi Arabian footballer |- |92 |[[Apple Intelligence|Apple intelligence]] |June 14, 2025 |Artificial intelligence system by Apple |} ==== Disambiguation article ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date |- |1 | [[Rial (disambiguation)]] | May 20, 2025 |- |} === Arabic Wikipedia === {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date !! About |- |1 | [[:ar:آيفون 16|iPhone 16]] | May 6, 2025 | 2025 mobile phones by Apple |- |2 |[[:ar:سامسونج_جالكسي_ايه_16|Samsung Galaxy A16]] |June 5, 2025 |2024 Android mid-range smartphones |- |3 |[[:ar:آي_أو_إس_26|iOS 26]] |June 11, 2025 |Upcoming operating system by Apple |} If you want full list, go to [[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|my draft]] ==Articles that i nominated for DYK== {{See also|User:Raayaan9911/My DYK hooks}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" !No. ! Name !! Date of nominations !About |- |1 | [[iPhone 15]] | January 1, 2025 |2023 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |2 | [[iPhone 12 Pro]] | January 9, 2025 |2020 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |3 | [[MrBeast]] | January 9, 2025 |American male youtuber |- |4 | [[iPhone 8]] | January 9, 2025 |2017 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |5 | [[PewDiePie]] | January 9, 2025 |Swedish male youtuber |- |6 | [[iPhone 14 Pro]] | January 12, 2025 |2022 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |7 |[[iPhone 6]] |January 16, 2025 |2014 mobile phone by Apple inc. |- |8 |[[Samsung Galaxy S10]] |January 25, 2025 |2019 android phone by Samsung |- |9 |[[Threads (app)]] |January 30, 2025 |2023 social media app by meta platform |- |10 |[[Charli D'Amelio]] |January 31, 2025 |American female tiktok star |- |11 |[[Algeria]] |February 2, 2025 |North african country |- |12 |[[Qatar]] |February 6, 2025 |Middle Eastern country |- |13 |[[Brazil]] |February 6, 2025 |South American country |} ==WikiProject members== Here is list of WikiProject members that i joined it. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" ! No !! Name !Date!! Status |- | 1. | [[User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Technology|My WikiProject about Tech]] |November 29, 2024 | Founded |- | 2. | [[User:Asteralee/WikiProject Italy|Asteralee's WikiProject about Italy]] |December 20, 2024 | Joined |- | 3. | [[User:Ferien/WikiProject United Kingdom|Ferien's WikiProject about United Kingdom]] |January 2, 2025 | Joined |- | 4. | [[User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Saudi Arabia|My WikiProject about Saudi Arabia]] |January 3, 2025 | Founded |- |5. |[[User:Runningblader/Wikiproject Anti-Vandalism|Runningblader's Anti-Vandalism WikiProject]] |February 26, 2025 |Joined |} ==Other wikipedia languages== * [[:ar:User:Raayaan9911|Arabic Wikipedia]] * [[:en:User:Raayaan9911|Regular English Wikipedia]] prrx5br31zyfdvgtrlnkhrll6qf90ve 10 1129603 10331065 10026449 2025-06-14T23:13:17Z 78.177.163.183 10331065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sidebar person/US President |template=Donald Trump series |president=Donald Trump |portrait=Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (3x4 close cropped).jpg |signature=Trumpsignature2025.svg |contents= ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Business and personal|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Business and personal|y|}}}} *[[Business career of Donald Trump|Business career]] **[[The Trump Organization]] **[[Wealth of Donald Trump|wealth]] **[[Tax returns of Donald Trump|tax returns]] *[[Media career of Donald Trump|Media career]] **[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|''The Apprentice'']] **[[Bibliography of Donald Trump|bibliography]] **[[Donald Trump filmography|filmography]] *[[List of things named after Donald Trump|Eponyms]] *[[Family of Donald Trump|Family]] *[[Donald J. Trump Foundation|Foundation]] *[[Donald Trump and American football|American football]] *[[Donald Trump and golf|Golf]] *[[List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump|Honors]] *[[Public image of Donald Trump|Public image]] **[[Donald Trump in popular culture|in popular culture]] **[[Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump|''SNL'' parodies]] **[[Donald Trump and handshakes|handshakes]] *[[Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump|Legal affairs]] *[[Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations|Sexual misconduct allegations]] *[[List of nicknames used by Donald Trump|Nicknames]] **[[Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump|pseudonyms]] *[[Racial views of Donald Trump|Racial views]] *[[Donald Trump's comments on John McCain|Comments on John McCain]] *[[List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump|Conspiracy theories]] *[[Residences of Donald Trump|Residences]] *[[Rhetoric of Donald Trump|Rhetoric]] *[[Security incidents involving Donald Trump|Security incidents]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=45th President of the United States|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|45th president of the United States|y|}}}} *[[Presidency of Donald Trump|Presidency]] **[[Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency|timeline]] *[[Presidential transition of Donald Trump|Transition]] *[[First inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] *[[Donald J. Trump Presidential Library|Presidential library]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Tenure|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Tenure|y|}}}} *[[List of executive actions by Donald Trump|Executive actions]] **[[List of executive orders by Donald Trump|executive orders]] **[[Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump|proclamations]] **[[List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump|pardons]] *[[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump|Trips]] **[[List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump|foreign]] **[[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)|'17]] **[[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)|'18]] **[[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)|'19]] **[[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)|'20–'21]] **[[Namaste Trump]] *[[2018–19 Korean peace process|North Korea summits]] **[[2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit|Singapore]] **[[2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit|Hanoi]] **[[2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit|DMZ]] *[[2017 Riyadh summit|Riyadh summit]] *[[2018 Russia–United States summit|Helsinki summit]] *Shutdowns **[[January 2018 United States federal government shutdown|January 2018]] **[[2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|2018–2019]] *[[Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration|Polls]] *[[Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president|Legal affairs]] *[[Protests against Donald Trump|Protests]] **[[2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States|federal law enforcement deployment]] **[[Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church|St. John's Church photo op]] *[[Social media used by Donald Trump|Social media]] *[[False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|False or misleading statements]] *Killings **[[Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi|al-Baghdadi]] **[[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|Soleimani]] *[[2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|Afghanistan withdrawal]] *[[Trumpism]] *[[Donald Trump–TikTok controversy|TikTok controversy]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Political positions of Donald Trump|Policies]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Policies|y|}}}} *[[Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration|Economy]] **[[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act|tax cuts]] **[[Trump tariffs|tariffs]] **[[China–United States trade war|China trade war]] **[[Trump administration farmer bailouts|farmer bailouts]] *[[Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration|Environment]] **[[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|Paris withdrawal]] *[[Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration|Foreign policy]] **[[America First (policy)|America First]] **[[2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal|Saudi Arabia arms deal]] **[[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran nuclear deal withdrawal]] **[[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|Jerusalem]] **[[United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel|Golan Heights]] **[[Trump peace plan|Palestine peace plan]] **[[Abraham Accords]] **[[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]] **[[United States–Taliban deal]] *[[Immigration policy of Donald Trump|Immigration]] **[[Trump travel ban|travel ban]] **[[Trump wall|wall]] **[[Trump administration family separation policy|family separation]] **[[Migrant detentions under the Trump administration|migrant detentions]] **[[Operation Faithful Patriot|troop deployments]] **[[National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States|national emergency]] *[[Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump|Infrastructure]] *[[Social policy of Donald Trump|Social issues]] **[[First Step Act]] **[[Cannabis policy of the Donald Trump administration|cannabis]] *[[Space policy of the Donald Trump administration|Space]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Political appointments by Donald Trump|Appointments]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Appointments|y|}}}} *[[Cabinet of Donald Trump|Cabinet]] *[[List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump|Ambassadors]] *[[List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump|Federal judges]] **[[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|Gorsuch]] **[[Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination|Kavanaugh]] **[[Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination|Barrett]] **[[Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates|Supreme Court candidates]] *[[Executive Office appointments by Donald Trump|Executives]] *[[List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump|U.S. Attorneys]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Political career of Donald Trump|Presidential campaigns]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Campaigns|y|}}}} *[[Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign|2000]] **[[2000 Reform Party presidential primaries|primaries]] *[[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|2016]] **[[2016 United States presidential election|election]] **[[2016 Republican Party presidential primaries|primaries]] **[[List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements|endorsements]] **[[List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign|rallies]] ***[[2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident|Las Vegas incident]] **[[2016 Republican National Convention|convention]] **[[2016 United States presidential debates|debates]] **[[Make America Great Again]] **[[Never Trump movement]] ***[[List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|people]] **[[Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape|''Access Hollywood'' tape]] **[[Trump Tower wiretapping allegations|wiretapping allegations]] **[[Spygate (conspiracy theory)|Spygate]] *[[Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|2020]] **[[2020 United States presidential election|election]] **[[2020 Republican Party presidential primaries|primaries]] **endorsements ***[[List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements|political]] ***[[List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements|non-political]] **[[List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|opposition]] **[[List of post–2016 election Donald Trump rallies#2020 presidential campaign|rallies]] **[[2020 Republican National Convention|convention]] **[[2020 United States presidential debates|debates]] **[[Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud|GOP reactions to election fraud claims]] **[[Trump–Raffensperger phone call]] *[[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|2024]] **[[2024 United States presidential election|election]] **[[2024 Republican Party presidential primaries|primaries]] **[[List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements|endorsements]] **[[List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|opposition]] **[[Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump|eligibility]] **[[Agenda 47]] **[[List of post–2016 election Donald Trump rallies#2024 presidential campaign|rallies]] **[[2024 Republican National Convention|convention]] **[[2024 United States presidential debates|debates]] **assassination attempts ***[[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|PA]] ****[[Thomas Matthew Crooks|perpetrator]] ****[[Donald Trump raised-fist photographs|photographs]] ***[[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida|FL]] ****[[Ryan Wesley Routh|suspect]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Impeachments|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Impeachments|y|}}}} *[[Efforts to impeach Donald Trump|Efforts]] **[[List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump|resolutions]] *[[First impeachment of Donald Trump|First impeachment]] **[[Trump–Ukraine scandal]] **[[Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump|House inquiry]] **[[First impeachment trial of Donald Trump|Senate trial]] *[[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|Second impeachment]] **[[January 6 United States Capitol attack|Capitol attack]] **[[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|Senate trial]] *[[Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump|Proposed expungements]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Civil and criminal prosecutions|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Civil and Criminal Prosecutions|y|}}}} *[[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|2020 election federal indictment]] *[[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)|Classified documents federal indictment]] **[[Smith special counsel investigation|special counsel investigation]] **[[FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents|Plasmic Echo]] **[[FBI search of Mar-a-Lago]] **''[[Trump v. United States (2022)|Trump v. United States]]'' *[[Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York|New York indictment]] **[[Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal|Stormy Daniels scandal]] **[[Karen McDougal#Affair with Donald Trump|Karen McDougal affair]] **[[New York investigations of the Trump Organization|financial fraud]] *[[Georgia election racketeering prosecution|Georgia election indictment]] **[[2020 Georgia election investigation|Georgia election investigation]] **[[Mug shot of Donald Trump|mug shot]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Interactions involving Russia|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Russia controversies|y|}}}} *[[Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia|Business projects in Russia]] *[[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|Election interference]] **timeline ***[[Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|before July 2016]] ***[[Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016 – election day)|July 2016&nbsp;– election day]] **[[Topical timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|topics]] *[[Links between Trump associates and Russian officials|Associates' links with Russian officials]] *[[Steele dossier]] *[[Trump Tower meeting]] *[[Trump Tower Moscow]] *[[Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information|Classified information disclosures]] *[[2017–2018 Department of Justice metadata seizures|Metadata seizures]] *[[Mueller special counsel investigation]] **[[Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)|Crossfire Hurricane]] **[[Criminal charges brought in the Mueller special counsel investigation|charges]] **[[Durham special counsel investigation]] **[[Legal teams involved in the Mueller special counsel investigation|legal teams]] **[[Mueller report]] **[[Barr letter]] **[[Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election|Senate report]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|COVID-19|y|}}}} *[[White House Coronavirus Task Force|Taskforce]] *[[Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic|Communication]] *[[U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|Government response]] **[[Stimulus (economics)|stimulus bills]] ***[[CARES Act]] ***[[Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021]] **[[Operation Warp Speed]] *[[White House COVID-19 outbreak|White House outbreak]] *[[Trump administration political interference with science agencies|Interference with science agencies]] {{hidden end}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Donald Trump/doc}} [[Category:Sidebar templates]] [[Category:President of the United States navigational boxes]] [[Category:Donald Trump|τ]] </noinclude> 9zhggi5tkvgjc54yfqaq4mpzw5km0r1 3 1132891 10331458 10329124 2025-06-15T05:01:14Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[User talk:SolarX]] 10331458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Rule Database == Hi. So I copied and pasted the script on your global.js page to use on mine, and for some reason it keeps on saying that the rule database couldn't load because of an error. Does it say that for you, and how can I stop this so I can continue using RedWarn? [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 01:01, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Actuallly, the same problem persists for me too. It's a nuisance, but I don't know how to fix it, so I usually just click "OK" and go on. The other RedWarn operations still work though. [[User:Haumeon|<span style="color: green; font-size: 1.3em">🪐 Haumeon</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Haumeon|<span style="color:grey;"> the </span>]][[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green; font-size: 1.3em;">Adventurer 🪐</span>]] 17:03, 2 September 2024 (UTC) ::Oh! I didn't know that you had the same problem. I've considered switching over to RedWarn, and I hope we can somehow figure this out (✿^‿^) [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 17:22, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :::Maybe I will try importing Ultraviolet instead and see how that works. [[User:Haumeon|<span style="color: green; font-size: 1.3em">🪐 Haumeon</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Haumeon|<span style="color:grey;"> the </span>]][[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green; font-size: 1.3em;">Adventurer 🪐</span>]] 17:39, 2 September 2024 (UTC) ::::I'll try it out now and see if that works, too. -- [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 18:18, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :::::For some reason both only work on one of my computers, and I can't access that right now, so I don't think I help, sadly. [[User:Haumeon|<span style="color: green; font-size: 1.3em">🪐 Haumeon</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Haumeon|<span style="color:grey;"> the </span>]][[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green; font-size: 1.3em;">Adventurer 🪐</span>]] 18:35, 2 September 2024 (UTC) ::::::It's fine. I'll try it and I'll see what happens.--[[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 19:05, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :::::::Hello again. The Ultraviolet script is short yet complicated, so sadly, I think I'll stay with RedWarn and shoo away all these rule database errors. [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 19:11, 2 September 2024 (UTC) ::::::::I guess so. Apart from the rule database error, RedWarn is very useful. [[User:Haumeon|<span style="color: green; font-size: 1.3em">🪐 Haumeon</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Haumeon|<span style="color:grey;"> the </span>]][[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green; font-size: 1.3em;">Adventurer 🪐</span>]] 19:19, 2 September 2024 (UTC) == Categories == Hello @[[User:Haumeon|Haumeon]], I have removed the [[WP:QD#C1|QD tag]] you placed on [[:Category:Swiss anarchists]]. Please note that categories can only be tagged for [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] if they have been empty for at least four days after their creation. Since this category was created today, it does not yet qualify for quick deletion. – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: #0099ff;">'''Cyber.Eyes.'''</span><span style="color: #ff6600;">'''2005'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: #003366;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:20, 2 September 2024 (UTC) :Oh, sorry. I didn't know about this rule or that this category was created today. [[User:Haumeon|<span style="color: green; font-size: 1.3em">🪐 Haumeon</span>]][[Special:Contributions/Haumeon|<span style="color:grey;"> the </span>]][[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green; font-size: 1.3em;">Adventurer 🪐</span>]] 17:21, 2 September 2024 (UTC) ::No worries! I've made the same mistakes before. You can check the page history to find out the creation date. – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: #0099ff;">'''Cyber.Eyes.'''</span><span style="color: #ff6600;">'''2005'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: #003366;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:23, 2 September 2024 (UTC) == Welcome to WikiProject Pakistan! == {{User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/WikiProject Pakistan/Welcome}} Thank you for joining WikiProject Pakistan. – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: #0099ff;">'''Cyber.Eyes.'''</span><span style="color: #ff6600;">'''2005'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: #003366;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:38, 4 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for tirelessly editing the Simple Wikipedia! Your contributions are very much valued :) [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:18, 4 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you so much! I never thought I would get a barnstar! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 21:19, 4 September 2024 (UTC) ::No problem! Even though I edit a lot, you're editing practically every day. Great job! [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:28, 4 September 2024 (UTC) :::Question: How do you award barnstars? <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 21:29, 4 September 2024 (UTC) ::::You can see it here on [[WP:Barnstars]]. [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:36, 4 September 2024 (UTC) == Sign == Remember to sign!!!!!!!!!!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 10:16, 5 September 2024 (UTC) :Where did I not sign? <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 17:20, 5 September 2024 (UTC) ::All your RFD comments. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 06:59, 6 September 2024 (UTC) :::<nowiki>*self-trout*</nowiki> How could I forget that! :::<span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:15, 6 September 2024 (UTC) == Brownies == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[File:Ultimate Vegan Brownies with walnuts, mjune 2010.jpg|Ultimate_Vegan_Brownies_with_walnuts,_mjune_2010|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" |Here some brownies for you!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:57, 6 September 2024 (UTC) |} :I had some [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 07:56, 6 September 2024 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:15, 6 September 2024 (UTC) == Userbox == Did you know that instead of using the user slap template, you could use the [[Template:User trouted|userbox]]? [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 14:20, 7 September 2024 (UTC) :Cool! Thanks for letting me know! <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:46, 7 September 2024 (UTC) ::No problem. [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 19:12, 7 September 2024 (UTC) == Off-Wiki Question == Hello! About our recent conversation, which right are you hoping to get? [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 21:38, 12 September 2024 (UTC) :I'm planning to apply for rollback in a few weeks, if you wanted to know. I'm also hoping to get patroller in the near future. <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 23:39, 12 September 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Haumeon|Haumeon]] Just wondering where you live in? My time zone is the same as your, UTC+8, and I live in Singapore. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 11:42, 13 September 2024 (UTC) :::{{tps}} I can see that this comversation has shifted. Anyway, I believe that me and @[[User:Haumeon|Haumeon]] are three hours away, as told on Magnolioideae's archive talk page. I'm UTC-4, by the way. [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 13:49, 13 September 2024 (UTC) ::::I am UTC-7. So @[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]], I think we are fifteen hours apart. ::::@[[User:Asteradeae|Asteradeae]], yes, I think we are 3 hours apart. ::::Wow, this conversation has shifted. <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 16:52, 13 September 2024 (UTC) :::::I think change your user page? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 23:05, 13 September 2024 (UTC) ::::::I did... <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon</span>]]</span> 23:31, 13 September 2024 (UTC) :::::::I'm in UTC-7 too! [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:7C55:9000:742B:5C47:F2E4:BE37|2001:569:7C55:9000:742B:5C47:F2E4:BE37]] ([[User talk:2001:569:7C55:9000:742B:5C47:F2E4:BE37|talk]]) 22:08, 15 September 2024 (UTC) :::::15 hours apart is crazy [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]</sup> 22:15, 15 September 2024 (UTC) ::::::Yeah it is. [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:7C55:9000:742B:5C47:F2E4:BE37|2001:569:7C55:9000:742B:5C47:F2E4:BE37]] ([[User talk:2001:569:7C55:9000:742B:5C47:F2E4:BE37|talk]]) 22:25, 15 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Tireless Contributor Barnstar Hires.gif|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Tireless Contributor Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your Tireless work here at Simple English. I saw that you recently got one, but there's no harm in getting another one! Thank you for your persistent edits in keeping Simple English. Your edits along with the other newly active users, makes me hopeful that when my time comes to leave, Simple English will be in good hands! Please keep up the good work :) |} [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 06:46, 17 September 2024 (UTC) :Wow, thank you so much! I'd give you one but your massive collection made me dizzy :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 15:52, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar 2 == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Barnstar_of_Diligence.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Barnstar of Diligence''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your good contributions and your hard work! And you are always being in the DYK! [[User:Highway Helper|Highway Helper]] ([[User talk:Highway Helper|talk]]) 23:45, 17 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you so much! I seriously don't think I did such good contributions to earn 2 barnstars in the same day! :I doubt I am always in the dyk...well I guess I have to now :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 23:47, 17 September 2024 (UTC) == Congrats! == {{SA-novicebook}} You're now a Novice editor! Put [[Template:Sa-novicebook-ubx|this]] on your user page and be proud of yourself! ''Also, you can give these to '''''yourself!''''' '' [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 00:36, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :Wow, thanks! :I thought you were busy/sleeping... <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 00:38, 18 September 2024 (UTC) ::Yeah, but I randomly take breaks in whatever I'm doing (except sleeping) to check on Wikipedia. [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 00:39, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. Me too :) <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 00:43, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == SolarX? == Hello! In your user page, you said you were SolarX. Are you thinking of changing your username? [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 18:59, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :Yeah, I sent the username change request already. I think this would sound better than Haumeon. <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 19:15, 18 September 2024 (UTC) ::I better fix my signature :P <span style="background-color:black;color:green;border:2px black;border-radius:2px 10px 2px 10px;">[[User:Haumeon|🪐]]●[[User talk: Haumeon|<span style="color:green;">Hau</span>]][[Special:Contribs/Haumeon|<span style="color:white;">meon●🪐</span>]]</span> 19:15, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :::That's nice! [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 19:17, 18 September 2024 (UTC) ::::Also, do you still use RedWarn? [[User:Asteradeae|'''<span style="color:purple;">Astera</span><span style="color:purple;">🪻</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">talk</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Asteradeae|<i style="color:purple">edits</i>]]</sup> 19:18, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :::::Yeah, I use it sometimes. The rule database error is annoying but O.K <span style="background-color:yellow;color:Green;border:2px black;border-radius:9px 10px 9px 10px;">☀ [[User:Haumeon|Solar]]<span style="color:black">[[User talk:Haumeon|X]] </span>☀</span> 19:22, 18 September 2024 (UTC) ::::::This sig is better: <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border:2px black;border-radius:9px 10px 9px 10px;">☀ [[User:Haumeon|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:Haumeon|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 19:27, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :::::::{{tps}} Nice same and sign!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 06:19, 27 September 2024 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks! I was thinking about PlanetX but I like this better. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 18:33, 30 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your respect to other editors! [[User:Taitheguy87|Taitheguy87]] ([[User talk:Taitheguy87|talk]]) 22:24, 23 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Thank you! <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 16:38, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Original Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | For your hard work and good edits! [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 21:16, 27 September 2024 (UTC) |} :Why is he not replying for the barnstar? [[User:Thetree284|Thetree284]] ([[User talk:Thetree284|talk]]) 16:18, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::{{tps}} @[[User:Thetree284]] People often don't. It's up to the individual. Sometimes I acknowledge awards, sometimes not. Hope things are good in BC. I'm Canadian myself, I just live in England. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:21, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::I'm really inactive these days, and I didn't notice this until now. I'll try to respond more quickly in the future. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 18:32, 30 September 2024 (UTC) == Welcome == Don't worry about your so-called rant on Anachronism. Admins don't go round taking note of people's edits just in case they apply for rights in the future. I've said much, much worse myself. Welcome to the project, you're doing fine. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :Thank you. <span style="background-color:yellow;color:gold;border-radius:6px 10px 3px 10px;">☀[[User:SolarX|<span style="color:tomato">Solar</span>]][[User talk:SolarX|<span style="color:red">X</span>]]☀</span> 18:31, 30 September 2024 (UTC) la08p1f3he9319mrs4v40j8wrcchtmk 0 1135621 10331249 10111049 2025-06-15T01:26:24Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 CountryANDWestern moved page [[Girlfriends (American TV Series)]] to [[Girlfriends (American TV series)]]: should be lower case 10111049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} '''''Girlfriends''''' is an American [[sitcom]] television series created by [[Mara Brock Akil]] that premiered on September 11, 2000, on [[UPN]] and aired on UPN's successor network, [[The CW]], before being canceled in 2008. The final episode aired on February 11, 2008. [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2008 American television series endings]] [[Category:2000s American black sitcoms]] [[Category:UPN network shows]] 34tx0h9aqzztmk8mhrgurtb60epkvrc 0 1137308 10330614 10328618 2025-06-14T18:49:20Z Reverosie 1621857 changing section title, per the proposed ga nomination 10330614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his allies and historians for his power, commitment for the [[Latin Empire]], and protecting his kingdom from [[Saladin]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disorder which made him disfigured. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from marrying. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was disliked by the nobility, and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands in 1183. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his claim to the throne. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to lift Saladin's Siege of Kerak. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a fever before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's godfather was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other nobles in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles responsible for making decisions - forced Amalric to separate with Agnes in order to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin gained a stepmother, Maria Komnene, but they weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by William of Tyre. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt on the playground. William realized that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse using only his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to diagnose him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful despite his sickness. He had his father's good looks, body shape, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory, saying that he didn't forget people's good or bad deeds.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Accession and regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] q408jw461e1f1ue9olzv1ttvnghtk48 10330618 10330614 2025-06-14T18:51:55Z Reverosie 1621857 lead fix 10330618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his allies and historians for his power and commitment to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He protected his kingdom from [[Saladin]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him disfigured. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from marrying. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was disliked by the nobility, and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands in 1183. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his claim to the throne. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to lift Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a fever before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's godfather was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other nobles in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles responsible for making decisions - forced Amalric to separate with Agnes in order to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin gained a stepmother, Maria Komnene, but they weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by William of Tyre. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt on the playground. William realized that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse using only his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to diagnose him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful despite his sickness. He had his father's good looks, body shape, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory, saying that he didn't forget people's good or bad deeds.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Accession and regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] iyphumj9ceo2zllhn92ygupg2a4c1ip 10330620 10330618 2025-06-14T18:54:07Z Reverosie 1621857 lead fixes 10330620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his allies and historians for his power and commitment to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He protected his kingdom from [[Saladin]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him disfigured. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was disliked by the nobility and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his claim to the throne. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to lift Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a fever before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's godfather was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other nobles in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles responsible for making decisions - forced Amalric to separate with Agnes in order to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin gained a stepmother, Maria Komnene, but they weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by William of Tyre. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt on the playground. William realized that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse using only his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to diagnose him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful despite his sickness. He had his father's good looks, body shape, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory, saying that he didn't forget people's good or bad deeds.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Accession and regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] 36csvten2tlb1v45xow331vac7ocwpw 10330747 10330620 2025-06-14T19:51:36Z Reverosie 1621857 full simplification of lead 10330747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped from [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was disliked by the nobility and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's godfather was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other nobles in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin gained a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene, but they weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory, saying that he didn't forget people's good or bad deeds.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Accession and regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] md70egi02asru2kgqbcpq3962rdiszm 10330766 10330747 2025-06-14T20:00:05Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Early life */ full simplification 10330766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped from [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was disliked by the nobility and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Accession and regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] g7aexoi4uv3knzudmdk28yrdr8i3sec 10330767 10330766 2025-06-14T20:00:34Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Accession and regency */ simplifying title 10330767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped from [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was disliked by the nobility and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] b4ehxlzjwgb17cuvu0odf0cix01h36l 10330772 10330767 2025-06-14T20:01:47Z Reverosie 1621857 simplifying 10330772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped from [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] jo4ok6vtz2z0kyqyobs76zb7iqs83oh 10330774 10330772 2025-06-14T20:02:21Z Reverosie 1621857 error 10330774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was chosen. A husband who could become the next king would be found for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] happened in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule the kingdom for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The seneschal Miles of Plancy was picked to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Shortly after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he caught it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin had spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other noblemen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} As a leper, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a groom was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's peace treaty with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the sultan was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new approach to Saladin. But Saladin surrounded the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting, the king led a raid around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] tjch51uvg3wb89g4onzifxyw9rhm9oj 10331539 10330774 2025-06-15T06:40:31Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Regency */ simplifying 10331539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was selected. A husband who could become the next king would be selected for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] was in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The [[seneschal]] Miles of Plancy was selected to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Not long after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he got it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other nobles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} Because of his sickness, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a husband was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's [[peace treaty]] with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the [[sultan]] was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new [[wiktionary:simple:strategy|strategy]] against Saladin. But Saladin [[wiktionary:simple:surround|surrounded]] the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting somewhere else, the king led a [[raid]] around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to <nowiki>[[Abdication|make William king]]</nowiki>. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] g18bh56emlnxilwi1if5agnmpidh0ci 10331541 10331539 2025-06-15T06:41:01Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Planned offensive */ not sure what happened here 10331541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was selected. A husband who could become the next king would be selected for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] was in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The [[seneschal]] Miles of Plancy was selected to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Not long after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he got it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other nobles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} Because of his sickness, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a husband was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's [[peace treaty]] with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the [[sultan]] was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new [[wiktionary:simple:strategy|strategy]] against Saladin. But Saladin [[wiktionary:simple:surround|surrounded]] the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting somewhere else, the king led a [[raid]] around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. According to Sicard of Cremona, Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]]. But William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to speak with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin visited him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla pregnant and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he declined. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a war fleet to prepare for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles refused to work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance collapsed as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to befriend the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban''. This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then rode out of Ascalon alongside the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] 7d60hb14x0hjfhq98zhrt09gt47y25e 10331547 10331541 2025-06-15T06:54:06Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Planned offensive */ some more simplifying with the be 1500 10331547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was selected. A husband who could become the next king would be selected for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] was in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The [[seneschal]] Miles of Plancy was selected to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Not long after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he got it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other nobles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} Because of his sickness, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a husband was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's [[peace treaty]] with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the [[sultan]] was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new [[wiktionary:simple:strategy|strategy]] against Saladin. But Saladin [[wiktionary:simple:surround|surrounded]] the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting somewhere else, the king led a [[raid]] around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. Sicard of Cremona wrote that Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]]. William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to talk with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin went to see him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he said no. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a [[Navy|war fleet]] to get ready for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles couldn't work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance didn't happen as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to make friends with the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban -'' This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then left Ascalon with the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] 6ebngleda158nvjsxl5q2hkol46m3hk 10331549 10331547 2025-06-15T06:57:12Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Initial conflicts with Saladin */ clarifying. also, I'm actually using the combined word list, sorry! 10331549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was selected. A husband who could become the next king would be selected for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] was in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The [[seneschal]] Miles of Plancy was selected to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Not long after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he got it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other nobles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} Because of his sickness, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a husband was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's [[peace treaty]] with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the [[sultan]] was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new [[wiktionary:simple:strategy|strategy]] against Saladin. But Saladin [[wiktionary:simple:surround|surrounded]] the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting somewhere else, the king led a [[raid]] around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. Sicard of Cremona wrote that Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]]. William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to talk with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin went to see him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he said no. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a [[Navy|war fleet]] to get ready for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles couldn't work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance didn't happen as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to make friends with the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban -'' This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then left Ascalon with the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, called Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: "Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] 26exsx0xcdscxw4pyis2t5mhnntp7yz 10331553 10331549 2025-06-15T07:08:39Z Reverosie 1621857 adding block quote 10331553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was selected. A husband who could become the next king would be selected for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] was in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The [[seneschal]] Miles of Plancy was selected to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Not long after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he got it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other nobles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} Because of his sickness, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a husband was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's [[peace treaty]] with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the [[sultan]] was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new [[wiktionary:simple:strategy|strategy]] against Saladin. But Saladin [[wiktionary:simple:surround|surrounded]] the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting somewhere else, the king led a [[raid]] around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. Sicard of Cremona wrote that Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]]. William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to talk with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin went to see him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he said no. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a [[Navy|war fleet]] to get ready for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles couldn't work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance didn't happen as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to make friends with the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban -'' This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then left Ascalon with the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Le Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, called Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Le Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: {{blockquote|"Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}}}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] lh5o5rgcdp7e5dbk8x1zcfkvvs9dvj3 10331554 10331553 2025-06-15T07:11:03Z Reverosie 1621857 /* Initial conflicts with Saladin */ consistency 10331554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Baldwin IV | succession = [[King of Jerusalem]] | image = Balduino IV de Jerusalén.png | alt = | caption = 13th-century depiction of Baldwin at his coronation | reign = 11 July 1174{{spaced ndash}}March 1185 | coronation = 15 July 1174 | predecessor = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] | successor = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (as sole king) | regent = [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]] (1183–1185) | reg-type = Co-king | house = [[House of Châteaudun|Anjou]] | father = [[Amalric of Jerusalem]] | mother = Agnes of Courtenay | birth_date = Mid-1161 | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] | death_date = Between March and May 1185 (aged 24) | death_place = Kingdom of Jerusalem | place of burial = Church of the Holy Sepulchre }} '''King Baldwin IV''' (1161-1185), known as the '''[[Leprosy|Leper]] King''', was the king of [[Jerusalem]] from 1174 until his death in 1185. He was liked by his [[wiktionary:simple:ally|allies]] and historians for his power and [[wiktionary:simple:loyalty|loyalty]] to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. He stopped [[Saladin]] from attacking his [[kingdom]] even though he had [[leprosy]], a disease which made him [[wiktionary:simple:disfigure|disfigured]]. As soon as he became king, Baldwin planned an attack in [[Egypt]]. It didn't work because his [[vassal]]s refused to work together. Leprosy stopped Baldwin from getting married. He wanted to [[abdicate]] when his older sister, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], married William of Montferrat in 1176. William didn't want to become king and died the next year. Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom in 1177. Baldwin won against him at Montgisard, earning him fame. In 1180, he had to stop a [[coup]] by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch. Baldwin had Sibylla marry [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Guy was not liked by the nobles and did not respect the king. Baldwin again won against Saladin in 1182 at the Battle of Le Forbelet. Leprosy made him blind and unable to walk or use his hands the next year. After Guy's failure as a leader, Baldwin took away his inheritance. He had Sibylla's son, [[Baldwin V]], crowned co-king. He went to stop Saladin's [[Siege]] of Kerak in 1183. In 1184, he stopped Saladin from taking Kerak again. In early 1185, Baldwin selected Raymond to rule as [[regent]] for Sibylla's son. He died to a [[fever]] before 16 May 1185. ==Early life== Baldwin was born in the middle of 1161. His parents were [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] and Agnes of Courtenay. Baldwin's [[Godparent|godfather]] was his uncle, [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|King Baldwin III]]. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by [[Franks]], [[Old French|French]]-speaking [[Catholics]] who came to the [[Levant]] from [[Western Europe]]. They stayed [[Western culture|Western in culture]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=57-59}} Baldwin III died without any children in 1163.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Amalric was next in line to become king. The other [[wiktionary:simple:noble|nobles]] in the kingdom didn't like Amalric's wife, Agnes.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} The High Court of Jerusalem - a group of nobles who made important decisions - made Amalric separate from Agnes to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=23}} Since Agnes married again after leaving Amalric, Baldwin grew up without a mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=34}} Baldwin also grew up without his sister, Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=26}} When he was six, Baldwin got a [[stepmother]], Maria Komnene. They weren't close.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} [[File:BaldwinIV.jpg|thumb|Playmates pinch Baldwin and William of Tyre sees the first signs of Baldwin's leprosy, in ''Estoire d'Eracles'', painted in France in the 1250s]] When Baldwin was nine years old, he was educated by [[William of Tyre]]. William was very famous for his intelligence and knowledge. William saw that, unlike the other children, Baldwin did not cry when hurt. William saw that Baldwin couldn't feel pain in his right arm.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=27}} Baldwin learned to ride a horse only using his knees, and he was very good at it. People thought that Baldwin had [[leprosy]], a skin disease with no cure at the time. The doctors didn't want to [[wiktionary:simple:diagnose|diagnose]] him because of the bad treatment he would face.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=28}} As a child, Baldwin was intelligent, brave, and hopeful. He had his father's good looks, structure, and manners. Baldwin was a quick learner, but he talked slowly. William talked about Baldwin's good memory. Baldwin didn't forget people's good or bad behavior towards him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=43}} In 1169, Amalric started looking for a husband for Sibylla. He wanted the kingdom to be ruled by a good [[regent|leader]] if he died while Baldwin was still a child. Count Stephen I of Sancerre took the offer, but the marriage didn't happen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} In June 1174, Amalric got sick with [[dysentery]] and died on 11 July 1174. He left Baldwin to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} ==Regency== [[File:Coronation of Baldwin IV.jpg|thumb|Patriarch Amalric crowns King Baldwin IV, as depicted in late 13th-century edition of the ''Histoire d'Outre Mer'']] After Amalric died, the High Court met to choose the kingdom's next king or queen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} The historian Bernard Hamilton thinks the High Court knew that Baldwin was sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=38}} But Baldwin was the only person who could become the next king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=40–41}} After three days,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=32}} Baldwin was selected. A husband who could become the next king would be selected for Sibylla.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=41}} Baldwin's [[coronation]] was in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 15 July 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=42}}[[File:Toulouse8 - rev 1.png|thumb|Seal of Raymond III of Tripoli]] Until he was [[age of majority|15 years old]], Baldwin needed an adult noble (or [[regent]]) to rule for him.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=30}} The [[seneschal]] Miles of Plancy was selected to rule the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=404}} Not long after Miles started ruling, Count Raymond III of Tripoli came to Jerusalem. He wanted to rule instead of Miles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=88–89}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|pp=222, 235}} Miles was murdered in October 1174.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=90}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=405}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=102}} Raymond replaced him after two days of discussion.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=93}} Baldwin's mother, Agnes, came back to court when Raymond became regent. Modern historians often shame her for using her son's sickness to benefit herself. Hamilton notes that Baldwin's historians, including William of Tyre, were against her.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=95}} During the regency, it was clear that Baldwin had leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=100}} It isn't known how he got it. Medical historian Piers Mitchell thinks that it must have been someone Baldwin spent a lot of time with as a kid.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=249}} Baldwin's hands and face were badly disfigured.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} Against what was normal,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=29}} Baldwin was never separated from the other nobles.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=102}} Because of his sickness, Baldwin could not marry or have children.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=109}} It was important to arrange a marriage for his sister, Sibylla. Raymond's choice of a husband was William "Longsword" of Montferrat. He was a cousin of both the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick Barbarossa]] and King [[Louis VII of France]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=101}} ==Personal rule== ===Planned offensive=== On 15 July 1176, Baldwin reached the age of majority.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} Raymond's regency ended, and he went back to Tripoli.{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=241}} The king selected his uncle, Joscelin of Courtenay, to become the new seneschal.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=105–106}} Baldwin didn't approve Raymond's [[peace treaty]] with the Egyptian ruler [[Saladin]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} He agreed with Joscelin that the [[sultan]] was too powerful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=239}} This change in government marked a new [[wiktionary:simple:strategy|strategy]] against Saladin. But Saladin [[wiktionary:simple:surround|surrounded]] the kingdom during Raymond's rule.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=106}} [[File:Map Crusader states 1165-en.svg|thumb|Map of the Near East in {{circa}} 1165. By the time Baldwin IV ascended, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] had been overthrown by Saladin, who advanced into Zengid territory.]] Baldwin started planning to attack Egypt with his allies.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=111}} Knowing that Saladin was fighting somewhere else, the king led a [[raid]] around [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=105}} On 1 August 1176, Baldwin and Raymond attacked the [[Beqaa Valley]] (modern-day [[Lebanon]]). They won against the army of Damascus. Saladin had to leave his fight behind.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=107–108}} William of Montferrat married Baldwin's sister Sibylla in November 1176. He was made count of Jaffa and Ascalon. Sicard of Cremona wrote that Baldwin offered to [[Abdication|make William king]]. William said no.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=109–110}} To attack Egypt, Baldwin needed help. He sent Raynald of Châtillon to talk with Emperor Manuel I Komnenos in the winter of 1176–77. Manuel was Raynald's stepson-in-law.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=111–112}} Manuel agreed to help them for the creation of Byzantine [[protectorate]] over the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=114, 127}} Raynald was successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=117}} In April 1177, William of Monferrat got sick in [[Ascalon]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin went to see him and became very sick too. William died two months later in June. He left Sibylla [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] and Baldwin very sick before a large attack. The king gave control of the kingdom and army to Raynald.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=118}} Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders came to Jerusalem in September.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=414}} He brought Baldwin money from another cousin, King [[Henry II of England]].{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=12}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=120}} Baldwin offered the crown to Philip,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=122}} but he said no. Raynald stayed in power.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=123}} The Byzantines sent a [[Navy|war fleet]] to get ready for the attack in Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=127}} They left because the other nobles couldn't work together.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=130}} The Byzantine alliance didn't happen as a result.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=131}} Baldwin continued to make friends with the Greek [[patriarch]], Leontius. He hoped that the Byzantines would still want to help his kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=138}} ===Initial conflicts with Saladin=== [[File:Baldwin_IV_in_battle.jpg|thumb|alt=A crowned man battling another man, both on horseback|13th-century depiction of Baldwin toppling an enemy at the Battle of Montgisard]] Philip left the Kingdom of Jerusalem in October 1177. He went to help Raymond of Tripoli attack the Muslim-held city of Hama.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=415}} Saladin attacked Baldwin's kingdom on 18 November. Baldwin and the nobleman Raynald of Châtillon went to meet Saladin. The [[Knights Templar]] hurried to defend [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=416}} The king took his army to Ascalon, where he issued an ''arrière-ban -'' This made all able-bodied men join the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=133}} Saladin got to Ascalon on 22 November 1177. Thinking that Baldwin's army was not dangerous, he kept going towards Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=134}} Baldwin and Raynald then left Ascalon with the Templars. Saladin was not expecting this, and didn't send any of his men to watch the city.{{sfn|Stevenson|1907|p=217}} Baldwin and Raynald attacked his army at Montgisard. The king was in the front, and Raynald led much of the army.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=135}} Saladin badly lost. Only a small amount of his army made it back to Egypt.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=135–136}} [[File:Ateret-S-164.jpg|thumb|left|Ruined fortress of Chastellet]] After this, Baldwin chose to defend the Damascene border. The Templars wanted him to build a castle, called Chastellet, on the upper [[Jordan River]]. The king didn't want to do this because his men promised not to build anything there. The local Muslims were very angry. Saladin offered Baldwin money to stop building, but the king didn't want to.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=418}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} In April 1179, Baldwin wanted to round up the sheep passing from [[Damascus]] to Banias. Saladin's nephew Farrukh Shah ran into him, and a fight followed.{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=419}} The old but very brave noble, Humphrey II of Toron, helped Baldwin. He died while protecting the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} A few weeks later, Baldwin went to stop [[Bedouin]] attacks in the cities of Beirut and Sidon. In June, a battle took place at Marj Ayyun. The crusaders easily won against Saladin's army. They let their guard down because they thought it was over. Saladin's army then attacked the crusaders by surprise and won. Many crusaders were taken prisoner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=143}} Raymond escaped to Tyre, which William of Tyre called "disgraceful".{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=244}} On 24 August 1179, Saladin and his men attacked Chastellet.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145}} When Baldwin heard about this, he sent an army to [[Tiberias]] to stop Saladin. The Muslims were able to break the walls of the castle, entering and taking it on 29 August 1179. The historian William of Newburgh said that "the Christian army met at Tiberias, but not with their usual speed."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=146}} Saladin stayed at the castle for two weeks. He destroyed the building and killed the Christian soldiers there.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=145-146}} ===Rise of factions=== In the winter of 1177–78, the king's widowed sister, Sibylla, gave birth to a son. His name was Baldwin, named after the king. In June, a year of official [[mourning]] for the child's father ended. It became important to find a new husband for Sibylla. Baldwin of Ibelin's wish to marry Sibylla was well known, but not supported. In July 1178, Baldwin IV started connecting Sibylla with him in some public acts. He supported her as next in line to the throne.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=139}} He thought of marrying her to Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, and wrote to the king of France: {{blockquote|"Not being able to use your limbs doesn't help when you're trying to rule the kingdom ... A man as weak as myself should not hold power. The fear of Arab attacks terrifies the Holy City. My sickness makes the enemy more confident... I beg you that, after meeting with the nobles of the kingdom of France, you choose one of them to rule this Kingdom."{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=140}}}} [[File:Wedding of Sibyl and Guy ahead of a coup.jpg|thumb|Raymond and Bohemond arriving in Jerusalem to find Sibylla married to Guy]] During the [[Holy Week]] in 1180, Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch went with their armies to Jerusalem. Hamilton thinks that they wanted to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin. They also wanted to make Baldwin IV stop ruling.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=154–155}} The king never approved of Baldwin of Ibelin's marriage to his sister. While Baldwin wanted to step down, he didn't want to be forced to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=155}} The king acted quickly before the armies reached Jerusalem. He had Sibylla marry a [[Poitou|Poitevin]] knight, [[Guy of Lusignan]],{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=150-154}} and the [[coup]] was stopped.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=156}} Baldwin wanted to step down from the throne, but couldn't because of arguments in his court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}} To deal with these problems, Baldwin wanted a two-year truce with Saladin, who was glad to accept. Baldwin sent his uncle, Joscelin, to tell the Byzantine court that Jerusalem still needed their protection. Emperor Manuel died during the discussions. Joscelin had to spend the winter in Constantinople to complete them. From mid-1180 to mid-1181, the sick king relied on his mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=159–160}} In October 1180, Baldwin had his half-sister, Isabella, engaged to the lord of Toron, Humphrey IV. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Stephanie of Milly, Humphrey's mother.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=161}} Thanks to the marriage contract, Humphrey gave Toron to Baldwin. The king stopped the union of two large areas under one leader. He also strengthened his position against the count of Tripoli.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=161–162}} {{chart top|Baldwin IV's family,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=xviii, xx}} including the Courtenay party (blue rectangular) and their opponents (red rounded){{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=158}}}} {{chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin|y|Morphia|Baldwin=[[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]]|Morphia=Morphia of Melitene}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Eremburga|y|~|Fulk|~|y|Melisende|,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Alice| |Hodierna|Joscelin=Joscelin II of Edessa|Fulk=[[Fulk V of Anjou]]|Melisende=[[Melisende of Jerusalem]]|Beatrice=Beatrice of Saone|Alice=Alice of Jerusalem|Hodierna=Hodierna of Jerusalem|Eremburga=Eremburga of Maine}} {{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|a|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Geoffrey| |Sibylla| |Baldwin| |Joscelin| |Agnes|y|Amalric|y|Maria|~|Balian| |Stephanie|~|Raynald|~|Constance| |Raymond|William=William V of Montferrat|Amalric=[[Amalric of Jerusalem]]|Maria=Maria Komnene|Balian=Balian of Ibelin|Agnes=Agnes of Courtenay|Joscelin=Joscelin of Courtenay|Constance=Constance of Antioch|Raymond=Raymond III of Tripoli|Baldwin=[[Baldwin III of Jerusalem]]|Geoffrey=[[Geoffrey V of Anjou]]|Sibylla=Sibylla of Anjou|Raynald=Raynald of Châtillon|Stephanie=Stephanie of Milly |boxstyle_Agnes=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Joscelin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Maria=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Balian=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raymond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em; |boxstyle_Raynald=border: 1px solid blue;}} {{tree chart |border=0| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.| |`|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}} {{tree chart |border=0|Henry| |Philip| |William|y|Sibylla|~|Guy| |Baldwin| |Isabella|~|~|~|~|~|Humphrey| |Bohemond| |Maria|~|Manuel| |BaldwinA|William=William of Montferrat|Sibylla=Sibylla of Jerusalem|Guy=[[Guy of Lusignan]]|Isabella=Isabella I of Jerusalem|Humphrey=Humphrey IV of Toron|Baldwin='''Baldwin IV of Jerusalem'''|Bohemond=Bohemond III of Antioch|Henry=[[Henry II of England]]|Philip=Philip I of Flanders|Maria=Maria of Antioch|Manuel=[[Manuel I Komnenos]]|BaldwinA=Baldwin of Antioch |boxstyle_Sibylla=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Guy=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Humphrey=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Baldwin=border: 1px solid blue; |boxstyle_Bohemond=border: 1px solid red; border-radius: 0.5em;}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | |!|}} {{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | |Baldwin| | | |Baldwin=[[Baldwin V of Jerusalem]]}} {{chart/end}} {{chart bottom}} ===Truce and resumed hostilities=== [[File:Dirham Saladin.jpg|thumb|Saladin as depicted on a [[dirham]] coin, c. 1190]] Baldwin used his truce with Saladin to strengthen the position of his mother's family. He connected Guy and Sibylla with him in public acts. He stayed against Raymond and didn't let him enter the kingdom in early 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=253}} But the other nobles wanted the king to be friendly with Raymond again, and Baldwin agreed.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=104}} Baldwin's truce with Saladin was going to end in May 1182.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=168}} It was broken in mid-1181 by Raynald, who stole from Muslim merchants. In July, the king went to stop the Muslims' attack in Bethsan. Baldwin won the Battle of Le Forbelet. Hamilton says that this win was thanks to the respect and loyalty people had for Baldwin.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} The king fought with his illness and the intense heat. According to William of Tyre, as many men died of sunstroke as men died fighting.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=174}} The sultan took his army to surround Beirut. Another army from Egypt attacked the south of the kingdom. Baldwin knew he was being tricked into separating his forces. He ignored the southern attack and moved with his men to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. He then got help from the Italian [[maritime republics]] to stop Saladin from taking Beirut.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=175}} Saladin stopped the attack, but didn't want to make a truce.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=176}} Saladin then went north to fight the [[Zengids]] and expand his realm. Baldwin first led an attack on Saladin's land in Damascus. Then he captured Cave de Sueth.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=177–178}} In the winter of 1182–1183, Baldwin attacked Damascus again. He threatened to destroy a mosque in Darayya, but local Christians told him not to.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=179}} ==Last years== ===Progressing disability=== [[File:Karak castle in Jordan.JPG|thumb|Kerak Castle]] Baldwin could not walk without help or use his hands from 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=187, 240}} Because he could not blink, he became blind.{{sfn|Mitchell|2000|p=253}} The king then became sick with a bad fever. He was not expected to live. Baldwin called the High Court to his side and left the government to his brother-in-law, Guy. He was next in line to become king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=188}} Baldwin had Guy promise that, while Baldwin lived, he would not make himself king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} Fearing unhappiness among his barons, Baldwin didn't give Guy any military experience before making him regent.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=189}} The most powerful leaders in the kingdom refused to work with Guy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=191}} Baldwin recovered and went back to Jerusalem. The wedding of Baldwin's half-sister, Isabella, and Humphrey IV of Toron was held in Kerak in late 1183. Saladin attacked during the wedding and laid siege to the castle. He wanted to capture the king's half-sister and her husband.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=192}} Guy could not be trusted to protect such an important fortress. Baldwin took his power back, taking away Guy's claim to the throne. The suggestion that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin, be made co-king was taken. The boy was crowned on 20 November 1183.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=193–194}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} In late November, Baldwin ordered the lighting of a beacon on the [[Tower of David]]. He wanted to cheer up the army at Kerak.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=195}} Baldwin joined his men again in a litter between two horses.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196, 241}} His presence was important to unite the fighting barons. Since Baldwin was too sick to fight, he selected Raymond III of Tripoli as field commander. Saladin lifted the siege on 4 December, and the king entered Kerak as the winner.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=196}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=441}} ===Brother-in-law's insubordination=== Baldwin was worried about his nephew's regency. The only way to make sure that Guy could not take it was to end his marriage to Sibylla. Baldwin wanted to say that he made his sister marry Guy. The marriage would have been unlawful because of that. But Sibylla's loyalty to Guy stopped his plans because the couple refused to go to court.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=196–197}} Early in 1184, Baldwin ordered Guy to join him in Jerusalem. Guy refused many times. Baldwin went to Ascalon, where Guy didn't let him into the city. The king was welcomed in [[Jaffa]], where he selected a governor. He took away half of Guy's county by doing so. In [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], Baldwin summoned his council. He probably wanted support to take away Guy's land. But the council wanted Baldwin to forgive Guy to avoid a civil war. They then left, convincing the rest of the leaders to refuse to support the king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=197}} Baldwin was once again friendly with the council by June. He told them by letter that Saladin was attacking Kera.,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=201}} Again, Saladin stopped the attack when the king came with his army. Once in Kerak, Baldwin ordered and paid for the repairs of the castle.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=202–203}} ===Last months, death, and aftermath=== [[File:Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V.jpg|thumb|Death of Baldwin IV and coronation of Baldwin V in the 1280 edition of William of Tyre's ''Histoire d'Outremer'']] In late 1184,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=442}} Baldwin was shocked to learn about Guy's murder of the Bedouin in Darum. They were under protection and gave Baldwin information about the Egyptians' movements.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=204}}{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}} But the king developed another fever. Baldwin returned to Jerusalem in late 1184 or early 1185. He gave the regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Baldwin never trusted Raymond, but there was nobody better.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=204–205}}{{sfn|Lewis|2017|p=255}} Within weeks it was clear that Baldwin was going to die. On his deathbed, the king summoned the High Court to select a permanent regent for his nephew, Baldwin V, and Raymond was chosen.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=205–206}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=207–208}} Baldwin IV died in March of 1185,{{sfn|Riley-Smith|1973|p=107}}{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} or before 16 May 1185 at the latest. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,{{sfn|Runciman|1989|p=444}} close to his father, King Amalric.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=210}} The young Baldwin V died the next year.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=216}} Sibylla, who ruled after her late son,{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=218}} made Guy king.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=220}} Baldwin IV's realm was destroyed by Saladin following his win over Guy at the Horns of Hattin in 1187. Sibylla and her daughters died in 1190. She left Isabella I as the heir to the kingdom.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|pp=230–232}} ==Assessment and legacy== [[File:Schlacht von Montgisard 2.jpg|thumb|19th-century depiction of Baldwin commanding troops at the Battle of Montgisard, by Charles-Philippe Larivière. Baldwin is depicted in a litter, but he was still mobile at the time and fought this battle on horseback.]] Christian defeat at Hattin two years after Baldwin's death hurt the king's legacy. Historians traced very bad arguments to his reign. But while Baldwin was king, the kingdom lost no land{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=235}} and was very successful.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=238}} Baldwin understood the importance of stopping Saladin's power, which was shown in his choice of leaders. He didn't want to abdicate before finding a new king. But his leprosy made leadership terrible.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=240}} Baldwin alone kept unity in the kingdom, which was clear during his rule. Long after his death, he was seen as the last Christian leader to successfully defend Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} Christians of the time could not agree on the problem of Baldwin's leprosy. Pope Alexander III showed little sympathy when writing about Baldwin. he said that his leprosy was a "just judgement of [[God in Christianity|God]]". Others wanted the Christians to see [[Christ]] in the sick.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}} Baldwin's reign may have led to a lesser hatred of the illness in the 13th-century Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=257}} His peoples' acceptance of his illness confused some Muslims. Muslim historian Imad al-Din al-Isfahani wrote: {{blockquote|Despite his illness the Franks were loyal to him, they supported him ... They were happy to have him as their ruler. They liked him ... They were scared to keep him as king. But they didn't care about his leprosy.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=241}}}} The Andalusian pilgrim Ibn Jubayr, who visited the kingdom in 1184, also had a bad impression of the king: {{blockquote|The pig who they call king, lives hidden and is not seen, for God has given him leprosy ...{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=203}}}} Baldwin's public image may have been helped by his [[chastity]]. This was seen as very good. At this time, people thought that people with leprosy were very lustful. His success against Saladin was also seen as a sign of God's favor.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=242}}{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} After the [[Seventh Crusade]], a crusader was told by an old man in Damascus: {{blockquote|I saw a time when King Baldwin of Jerusalem, the one who had leprosy, beat Saladin. He only had 300 armed men against Saladin's 3,000. But now your sins have become so bad that we easily defeat you.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}}}} Despite perceived holiness, Baldwin was not very religious. While he openly wished to step down, he didn't want to enter a monastic life. He was mainly a knight. To his men, his most important traits were his courage and bravery.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=243}} ==See also== * ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]]'' – film in which [[Edward Norton]] plays Baldwin, who is portrayed as an androgynous, orientalized, and fragile king bound to his chamber ==References== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Bibliography=== {{Commons category|Baldwin IV of Jerusalem}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Baldwin IV}} * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|chapter=An evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the context of the medieval world|editor-last=Hamilton|editor-first=Bernard|title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521017473|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hamilton-the-leper-king-and-his-heirs_202106/page/245/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith|year=1973|title=The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780208013484|url=https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile}} * {{cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman|orig-year=1952|year=1989|title=The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187|series=[[A History of the Crusades]]|volume=II|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521061636}} * {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Kevin James|title=The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles|year=2017|publisher=Routledge|url=https://archive.org/details/countsoftripolil0000lewi|isbn=9781472458902}} * {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=W. B.|title=The Crusaders in the East: a brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22159 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1907|isbn=9781107669093}} * {{cite book|last=Baldwin|first=Marshall W.|editor-last=Baldwin|editor-first=Marshall W.|title=The First Hundred Years|series=[[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades|A History of the Crusades]]|volume=I|publisher=[[The University of Wisconsin Press]]|orig-year=1955|year=1969|pages=528–561, 590–621|chapter=The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174; The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189|isbn=9780299048341}} {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef| before = [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric]] }} {{s-ttl| title = [[King of Jerusalem]] | years = 1174–1185|regent1=[[Baldwin V]]|years1=1183–1185}} {{s-aft| after = [[Baldwin V]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem]] 7t4x9cisgkwunx2audvbmy9o6fvyaci 1 1138080 10330010 10322464 2025-06-14T13:36:07Z 119.156.104.138 10330010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} '''DEAR MAAM ---WHEN I AS WRITER OR POET STEP IN BOLLY WOOD OR LOLLY WOOD [SIXTEEN -16] WRITER ALREADY IN FILM BOTH SIDE IN FIELD I WROTE [200] SONGS ALL HIT ONE AS POET STILL EARNING MAGICS OF WORD ONLY POET PROFESSOR WHO COMMAND ON ANY LANGUAGE KNOW IT BETTER -----I ALSO AS DIRECTOR MY ALL SONGS DIRECT MANY INDIAN FILMS AS STORY WRITER WRITE -----WHEN I MEET BOLLY WOOD HEROINE DUE TO DIRTY HINDU PRECIPICES ALL HUMAN BODY HAVE PUNGENT SMELL I AS DIRECTOR CHANGE THEIR DAILY MEAL MENU FOR EXAMPLE WITH KAJOL AGARWAL FIRSTLY I NEAR HER VOMITING CREATE I CHANGE HER MEAL MENU---MEET WITH PRINCES SANGHALI BHAGI SHRI ---SHE HAS ALSO SMELL I CHANGE HER MEAL MANURE AS DIRECTOR ---I MEET PRIME MINISTER INDIA INDRAA GHANDI SHE HAS QUEEN PRIVILEGES DESPITE THAT HINDU SMELL I CHANGE HER MEAL MENUE ---I AS DIRECTOR FILM CHANGE COLOUR COSTUME METHODOLOGY I MEET A MEDICAL DOCTOR WHO TUTS ME I HAVE TEN DEGREES IN MEDICINE MEDICAL FROM OXFORD --MISICHUSIT --UNIVERSITIES MEDICAL I ONLY HALF TABLET PRESCRIBE ANY SORT AILMENT ONLY TO ARISE AMINE SYSTEM OR I TREAT PATIENT WITH HIS/HER COSTUME COLOR SCHEME ONLY WITH CHANGING COLOR I RE HEALTH PATIENT SO I CHANGE ALL AIL COLORS SYMBOL IN FILMS AS DIRECTOR OR ALL FILMS SONGS SUPER HIT ------ INDIAN GOVT--WITH TEX ON BOLLY WOOD OR ACTERS PART FILMS EARN TRILLIONER OR ALL HAVE SWISE BANK ACCOUNT ---BUT NOT SINGAL PENNY TO POET OR WRITER OF LYRICS FILMS STORIES OR DIALOG WRITERS ----- IN PAST YOUR BOLLY WOOD PRESIDENT IS AMITAAB BACHAAN NOW A DAYS WHO IS ? GAVE MY SHARE AS PER JUSTICES EIGHTY [80] YEARS EARNING FROM WORLD OVER CIRCUIT----YOUR FIRST HUSBAND RAAM -----HOUSE NO-50-A JUDICIAL COLONY PHASE TWO LALLA ZAAR LAHORE PUN JAB PAKISTAN ------FROM TEX INITIATION BOLLY WOOD FILMS IMPOSSIBLE GOAL INDIAN GOVT--- TO CONCRETE SLEEPER ALL B RITSH TRACK RAIL NET WORK [30] PROVINCE INDIA MADE POSSIBLE-----TRILLIONS RS ---PROJECT WHAT SUPER HIT FILMS OR SONGS LYRICS I WROTE ----- N-I-D-36203-1773886-1----CELL-NO-0324-4739005---0320--4070014----''' [[Special:Contributions/119.156.104.138|119.156.104.138]] ([[User talk:119.156.104.138|talk]]) 13:36, 14 June 2025 (UTC) tujw8tqi9332wyhvy5a0nyyg9xgond1 10330015 10330010 2025-06-14T13:37:54Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/119.156.104.138|119.156.104.138]] ([[User talk:119.156.104.138|talk]]) to last version by Davey2010 10322464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 0 1138887 10331643 9930897 2025-06-15T09:09:44Z 193.5.232.52 10331643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=September 2024}} '''Prairie Farms Dairy''' is a dairy cooperative (group of farms). It was started in [[Carlinville, Illinois]] in 1938, and now headquartered in [[Edwardsville, Illinois]], a [[suburb]] of St. Louis. As a dairy cooperative, Prairie Farms receives [[milk]] from producers and turns it into many different products, including [[cheese]], [[butter]], [[ice cream]], [[sour cream]], [[cottage cheese]], many dips, [[yogurt]], and liquid milk. [[Category:American food companies]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] [[Category:Companies based in Illinois]] [[Category:1938 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1930s establishments in Illinois]] {{multistub|US|Food}} k1pypc9fwzmn37eh69ehvq7j797pyac 10331644 10331643 2025-06-15T09:10:06Z 193.5.232.52 10331644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=September 2024}} '''Prairie Farms Dairy''' is a dairy cooperative (group of farms). It was started in [[Carlinville, Illinois]] in 1938, and now headquartered in [[Edwardsville, Illinois]], a [[suburb]] of [[St. Louis]]. As a dairy cooperative, Prairie Farms receives [[milk]] from producers and turns it into many different products, including [[cheese]], [[butter]], [[ice cream]], [[sour cream]], [[cottage cheese]], many dips, [[yogurt]], and liquid milk. [[Category:American food companies]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] [[Category:Companies based in Illinois]] [[Category:1938 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1930s establishments in Illinois]] {{multistub|US|Food}} rtgj9vxmk0ffpr8podvp4s74lowmc08 0 1139603 10331528 10326772 2025-06-15T06:14:25Z LNTG 1505395 Undid revision 10326772 by [[Special:Contributions/37.61.114.209|37.61.114.209]] ([[User talk:37.61.114.209|talk]]) 10331528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Jesús María Tarriba | image = Jesús María Tarriba September 2024.jpg | caption = Tarriba in September 2024 | office = [[First ladies and gentlemen of Mexico|First Gentleman of Mexico ]] | term_label = Assumed role<!--DO NOT REMOVE, as First Gentleman is a role, not a political office--> | term = 1 October 2024<!-- DO NOT CHANGE to term_start, as that will add the "Incumbent" status which would be incorrect since First Gentleman is a role not an officeholder. --> | president = [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] | predecessor = [[Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller]] (First Lady) | birth_name = Jesús María Tarriba Unger | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|9|1}} | birth_place = [[Sinaloa]], Mexico | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Claudia Sheinbaum]]|2023}}}} | parents = | children = | residence = | education = [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] ([[Physics|PhD]]) | signature = | website = | module = }} '''Jesús María Tarriba Unger''' (born 1 September 1962) is a Mexican [[financial risk]] [[management]] expert. He has been the [[First ladies and gentlemen of Mexico|First Gentleman of Mexico]] since 2024. He is married to the [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Claudia Sheinbaum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/jesus-maria-tarriba-unger-especialista-en-riesgos-financiero-de-banxico-se-casa-con-sheinbaum/|title=Jesús María Tarriba Unger, especialista en Riesgos Financieros de Banxico, se casa con Sheinbaum|access-date=July 12, 2024|date=November 17, 2023|website=forbes.com.mx}}</ref> Tarriba is the first First Gentleman in Mexican federal history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2024/06/03/quien-es-el-esposo-de-claudia-sheinbaum-jesus-maria-tarriba|title=¿Quién es Jesús María Tarriba Unger, esposo de Claudia Sheinbaum?|access-date=July 12, 2024|date=June 3, 2024|website=politica.expansion.mx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2022/11/23/quien-es-jesus-maria-tarriba-unger-futuro-esposo-de-claudia-sheinbaum-297474.html|title=Quién es Jesús María Tarriba Unger, futuro esposo de Claudia Sheinbaum|access-date=July 11, 2024|date=November 23, 2022|last=Pantoja|first=Sara|newspaper=roceso.com.mx}}</ref> Tarriba worked as an analyst for [[Grupo Financiero Banamex|Banamex]] from 1994 to 1997.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2024/06/03/quien-es-jesus-maria-tarriba-esposo-de-claudia-sheinbaum-y-el-primer-caballero/|title=Quién es Jesús María Tarriba, esposo de Claudia Sheinbaum y el primer caballero|access-date=July 11, 2024|date=June 13, 2024|last=Flores|first=Miguel|newspaper=infobae.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mexico.as.com/tikitakas/quien-es-jesus-maria-tarriba-esposo-de-claudia-sheinbaum-y-futuro-primer-caballero-de-mexico-n/|title=¿Quién es Jesús María Tarriba, esposo de Claudia Sheinbaum y futuro primer caballero de México?|access-date=July 12, 2024|date=June 3, 2024|last=Méndez|first=Dora|newspaper=mexico.as.com}}</ref> He later worked with [[Banco Santander]] from 2008 to 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/elecciones-mexicanas/2024-06-05/jesus-maria-tarriba-el-esposo-discreto.html|title=Jesús María Tarriba, el esposo discreto|access-date=July 12, 2024|date=June 3, 2024|last1=Cota|first1=Isabella|last2=Raziel|first2=Zedryk|newspaper=elpais.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.mx/2024/06/03/quien-es-jesus-maria-tarriba-primer-caballero-en-la-historia-de-mexico/|title=¿Quién es Jesús María Tarriba, primer caballero en la historia de México?|access-date=July 10, 2024|date=June 3, 2024|website=foxsports.com.mx}}</ref> Tarriba married Claudia Sheinbaum in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/06/03/quien-es-jesus-maria-tarriba-pareja-claudia-sheinbaum-primer-caballero-mexico-orix/|title=¿Quién es Jesús María Tarriba, esposo de Claudia Sheinbaum y futuro primer caballero de México?|access-date=July 6, 2024|date=June 3, 2024|website=cnnespañol.cnn.com}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tarriba, Jesus Maria}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Sinaloa]] [[Category:Mexican businesspeople]] [[Category:First Ladies and Gentlemen of Mexico]] {{bio-stub}} 02pe602ykp4p498bswa29aecvk3g062 0 1140993 10330983 10329705 2025-06-14T22:33:47Z 2407:7000:B226:EB06:64F6:7C5F:FF57:9C0C /* June */ 10330983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=May 2025}} The following is a list of notable deaths that happened in the year [[2025]]. Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by their last name, or [[pseudonym]]. Deaths of non-humans are also noted here, if worth noting. ==Criteria== Every entry [[Wikipedia:SOURCE|is backed by a source]]. Proper citations are used and no bare URLs so as to prevent link rot. The following are the requirements for adding a name to the list in its order: [[Name]], [[age]], origin, what the person is known for and his or her [[cause of death]] – if known – and a source for verification. {{TOC right}} ==June== ===15=== ===14=== *[[Violeta Chamorro]], 95, Nicaraguan politician, [[President of Nicaragua|president]] (1990–1997), member of the [[Junta of National Reconstruction]] (1979–1980).<ref>[https://www.marketscreener.com/news/latest/Nicaragua-s-first-female-president-Chamorro-dies-at-95-50243718/ Nicaragua's first female president Chamorro dies at 95]</ref> *[[Kollangudi Karuppayee]], 99, Indian folk singer and actress (''[[Aan Paavam]]'', [[Gopala Gopala (1996 movie)|''Gopala Gopala'']], ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 movie)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'').<ref>[https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/veteran-actress-and-folk-singer-kollangudi-karuppayi-passes-away-at-99-837031 Veteran actress and folk singer Kollangudi Karuppayi passes away at 99]</ref> *[[Topsy Küppers]], 93, Austrian actress (''[[Guitars of Love]]'', ''[[Three Girls from the Rhine]]''), singer, and writer.<ref>[https://oe1.orf.at/artikel/720487/Topsy-Kueppers-verstorben Topsy Küppers verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===13=== *[[Katerina Yioulaki]], 87, Greek actress (''[[The Dodger (movie)|The Dodger]]'', ''[[Oi kyries tis avlis]]'', ''[[Gia mia choufta Touristries]]'').<ref>[https://www.zougla.gr/politismos/pethane-i-katerina-gioulaki-se-ilikia-87-eton/ Πέθανε η Κατερίνα Γιουλάκη σε ηλικία 87 ετών] {{in lang|el}}</ref> ===12=== ===11=== *[[Ayumu Saito]], 60, Japanese actor (''[[Ju-On: The Grudge 2]]'', ''[[The Angel's Egg]]'', ''[[Journey Under the Midnight Sun]]''), [[urothelial carcinoma]].<ref>[https://www.htb.co.jp/news/archives_31910.html 訃報　斎藤歩さん（６０）死去　札幌在住の俳優・劇作家・演出家　北海道の演劇界を長くけん引] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Brian Wilson]], 82, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[The Beach Boys]]), songwriter ("[[Good Vibrations]]"), and record producer (''[[Pet Sounds]]'').<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/brian-wilson-dies-beach-boys-2272762e46c46820a7af09ffc73cb9a6 Brian Wilson, Beach Boys visionary leader and summer’s poet laureate, dies at 82]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===10=== ===9=== *[[Frederick Forsyth]], 86, English novelist (''[[The Day of the Jackal]]'', ''[[The Odessa File]]'', ''[[The Fourth Protocol]]'').<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/frederick-forsyth-death-day-of-jackal-983275d4e161aa29e42dc09255c9c721 ‘Day of the Jackal’ author Frederick Forsyth dies at 86]</ref> *[[Partho Ghosh]], 75, Indian filmmaker (''[[100 Days (1991 movie)|100 Days]]'', ''[[Dalaal]]'', ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 movie)|Agni Sakshi]]'').<ref>[https://ianslive.in/100-days-dalaal-director-partho-ghosh-passes-away--20250609100402 ‘100 Days’, 'Dalaal' director Partho Ghosh passes away]</ref> *[[Sly Stone]], 82, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[Sly and the Family Stone]]) and songwriter ("[[Everyday People]]", "[[Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)|Family Affair]]"), [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]].<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/sly-stone-dead-funk-rock-pioneer-family-stone-1236423831/ Sly Stone, Funk-Rock Pioneer Who Led the Family Stone, Dies at 82]</ref> ===8=== *[[Ewa Dałkowska]], 78, Polish actress (''[[Nights and Days]]'', ''[[Without Anesthesia]]'', ''[[A Year of the Quiet Sun]]'').<ref>[https://rozrywka.dorzeczy.pl/738075/ewa-dalkowska-nie-zyje-wybitna-aktorka-miala-78-lat.html Nie żyje wybitna aktorka. Miała 78 lat] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[Vladimír Smutný]], 82, Czech cinematographer (''[[Forbidden Dreams]]'', ''[[Kolya]]'', ''[[The Painted Bird (movie)|The Painted Bird]]'').<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/renowned-czech-cameraman-vladimir-smutny-dies-82-8853372 Renowned Czech cameraman Vladimír Smutný dies at 82]</ref> *[[Stu Wilson]], 70, New Zealand rugby union player ([[Wellington Rugby Football Union|Wellington]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.planetrugby.com/news/all-blacks-and-wellington-legend-dies-as-wallabies-great-pays-tribute-to-great-mate All Blacks and Wellington legend dies as Wallabies great pays tribute to ‘try-scoring machine’]</ref> ===7=== ===6=== *[[Marise Wipani]], 61, New Zealand beauty pageant contestant, actor (''[[Came a Hot Friday]]'', ''[[List of Shortland Street characters introduced in 2008|Shortland Street]]''), and television presenter (''[[Lotto New Zealand|Lotto]]'').<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/culture/360715678/actor-and-former-lotto-host-marise-wipani-has-died Actor and former Lotto host Marise Wipani has died]</ref> ===5=== *[[Wayne Lewis (singer-songwriter)|Wayne Lewis]], 68, American singer ([[Atlantic Starr]]) and songwriter ("[[Always (Atlantic Starr song)|Always]]", "[[Secret Lovers]]").<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-wayne-lewis-atlantic-starr-dies/ Wayne Lewis, legendary co-founder of Atlantic Starr, dies at 68]</ref> *[[Edgar Lungu]], 68, Zambian politician, [[President of Zambia|president]] (2015–2021), [[Ministry of Defence (Zambia)|minister of defence]] (2013–2015) and [[National Assembly of Zambia|MLA]] (2011–2015), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn4gp07y3xmo Former Zambian President Lungu dies aged 68]</ref> ===4=== *[[Nicole Croisille]], 88, French singer and actress (''[[Erotissimo]]'', ''[[Les Uns et les Autres]]'', ''[[There Were Days... and Moons]]'').<ref>[https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/la-chanteuse-nicole-croisille-est-morte-a-l-age-de-88-ans_7290819.html La chanteuse Nicole Croisille est morte à l'âge de 88 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Pietro Ghislandi]], 68, Italian actor (''[[È arrivato mio fratello]]'', ''[[The Invisible Wall (1991 movie)|The Invisible Wall]]'', ''[[Vajont (movie)|Vajont]]'') and ventriloquist.<ref>[https://www.ilmattino.it/en/remembering_pietro_ghislandi-8877593.html Remembering Pietro Ghislandi]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Philippe Labro]], 88, French film director (''[[Without Apparent Motive]]'', ''[[The Inheritor]]'', ''[[L'Alpagueur]]''), writer, and journalist, cancer.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2025/06/04/philippe-labro-journaliste-et-ecrivain-est-mort-a-l-age-88-ans_6610450_3246.html Philippe Labro, journaliste et écrivain, est mort à l’âge 88 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Enzo Staiola]], 85, Italian child actor (''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'', ''[[The White Line (1950 movie)|The White Line]]'', ''[[Buon viaggio pover'uomo]]'').<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/cinema/2025/06/04/news/morto_enzo_staiola_bambino_de_sica_ladri_di_biciclette-424648670/ Morto Enzo Staiola, il bambino scelto da Vittorio De Sica per “Ladri di Biciclette”] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Samiha Ayoub]], 93, Egyptian actress (''[[Among the Ruins]]'').<ref>[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/140546/Legendary-Egyptian-Actress-Samiha-Ayoub-Passes-Away-at-93 Legendary Egyptian Actress Samiha Ayoub Passes Away at 93]</ref> ===2=== *[[Birgit Carlstén]], 75, Swedish singer and actress (''[[The Sacrifice (1986 movie)|The Sacrifice]]'').<ref>[https://swedenherald.com/article/actress-and-director-birgit-carlstn-dies-at-75 Actress and Director Birgit Carlstén Passes Away at 75]</ref> *[[Pierre Nora]], 93, French historian.<ref>https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/06/02/l-historien-pierre-nora-est-mort_6610257_3382.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default</ref> ===1=== *[[Jonathan Joss]], 59, American actor (''[[King of the Hill]]'', ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'', ''[[The Magnificent Seven (2016 movie)|The Magnificent Seven]]''), shot.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/tv/obituaries-people-news/jonathan-joss-dead-king-of-the-hill-shooting-1236415703/ Jonathan Joss, ‘King of the Hill’ Actor Who Voiced John Redcorn, Dies in Shooting at 59]</ref> *[[Ilselil Larsen]], 90, Danish actress (''[[Det gælder os alle]]'', ''[[The Child (1940 movie)|The Child]]'', ''[[Love Wins Out]]'').<ref>[https://ekstrabladet.dk/underholdning/dkkendte/tidligere-skuespiller-ilselil-larsen-er-doed/10841736 Tidligere skuespiller Ilselil Larsen er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Monica Nielsen]], 87, Swedish actress (''[[Varuhuset]]'', ''[[The Princess (1966 movie)|The Princess]]'', ''[[The Girl in the Rain (1955 movie)|The Girl in the Rain]]'').<ref>[https://www.expressen.se/noje/skadespelaren-monica-nielsen-ar-dod/ Skådespelaren Monica Nielsen är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> ==May== ===31=== *[[Robert Anderson (New Zealand cricketer)|Robert Anderson]], 76, New Zealand cricketer ([[Otago cricket team|Otago]], [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], [[New Zealand national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.cdcricket.co.nz/newsarticle/154035/ Vale, Robert 'Jumbo' Anderson]</ref> ===30=== *[[Étienne-Émile Baulieu]], 98, French scientist.<ref>https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/05/30/etienne-emile-baulieu-pere-de-la-pilule-abortive-est-mort-a-l-age-de-98-ans_6609348_3382.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default</ref> *[[Prentis Hancock]], 83, British actor (''[[Space: 1999]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>[https://www.doctorwhonews.net/2025/06/prentis_hancock_1942_2025.html Prentis Hancock 1942-2025]</ref> *[[Loretta Swit]], 87, American actress.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20qzlxz1w0o</ref> ===29=== *[[David Trist]], 77, New Zealand cricketer ([[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]]) and cricket coach ([[Eastern Province (cricket team)|Eastern Province]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/562651/former-black-caps-coach-david-trist-dies Former Black Caps coach David Trist dies]</ref> ===28=== ===27=== *[[Choi Jung-woo]], 68, South Korean actor (''[[Like a Virgin (movie)|Like a Virgin]]'', ''[[City Hunter (TV series)|City Hunter]]'', ''[[Doctor Stranger]]'').<ref>[https://www.koreaboo.com/news/city-hunter-doctor-stranger-actor-choi-jung-woo-passed-away/ “City Hunter” And “Doctor Stranger” Actor Choi Jung Woo Has Passed Away]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Vasily Funtikov]], 62, Russian actor (''[[Tuning Fork (movie)|Tuning Fork]]'', ''[[Presumption of Innocence (movie)|Presumption of Innocence]]'', ''[[The Sisters Liberty]]'').<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/society/27/05/2025/6835ce8d9a7947fa3fe1ab4e Умер актер Василий Фунтиков, сыгравший роль Кроша] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===26=== *[[Monna Tandberg]], 85, Norwegian actress (''[[Victoria L]]'', ''[[Drømmeslottet]]'', ''[[Bryllupsfesten]]'').<ref>[https://www.vg.no/rampelys/i/0Vd6xo/monna-tandberg-er-doed Monna Tandberg er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Marie Tomášová]], 96, Czech actress (''[[Anna Proletářka]]'', ''[[Jan Hus (1954 movie)|Jan Hus]]'', ''[[September Nights]]'').<ref>[https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/kultura-filmy-serialy-zemrela-herecka-marie-tomasova-40522628 Zemřela herečka Marie Tomášová] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> ===25=== ===24=== *[[Malini Fonseka]], 78, Sri Lankan actress (''[[Pilot Premnath]]'', ''[[Bambaru Avith]]'', ''[[Beddegama (movie)|Beddegama]]'') and politician, [[Member of Parliament (Sri Lanka)|MP]] (2010–2015).<ref>[https://adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=108815 ‘Queen of Sri Lankan Cinema’, Malini Fonseka passes away]</ref> *[[Piro Milkani]], 85, Albanian film director (''[[The Lady from the City]]'', ''[[The Sorrow of Mrs. Schneider]]''), [[People's Artist (Albania)|People's Artist of Albania]].<ref>[https://www.voxnews.al/english/aktualitet/kinematografia-shqiptare-ne-zi-ndahet-nga-jeta-regjisori-i-shquar-pir-i92654 Albanian cinematography in mourning, the prominent director Piro Milkani passes away]</ref> *[[Marcel Ophuls]], 97, French filmmaker (''[[The Sorrow and the Pity]]'', ''[[Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie]]'').<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250526-oscar-winning-french-documentary-filmmaker-marcel-ophuls Oscar winning French documentary filmmaker Marcel Ophuls dies at 97]</ref> *[[Teresita Reyes]], 75, Chilean actress (''[[Sussi (movie)|Sussi]]'', ''[[The Toast (movie)|The Toast]]'', ''[[Santos (movie)|Santos]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.tvn.cl/noticias/actualidad/fallece-la-destacada-actriz-chilena-teresita-reyes Fallece la destacada actriz chilena Teresita Reyes a sus 75 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Mukul Dev]], 54, Indian actor (''[[Dastak (1996 movie)|Dastak]]'', ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'', ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'').<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/actor-mukul-dev-passes-away-54/ Actor Mukul Dev passes away at 54]</ref> *[[Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina]], 91, Algerian film director (''[[Chronicle of the Years of Fire]]'', ''[[Sandstorm (1982 movie)|Sandstorm]]'', ''[[The Last Image]]'') and screenwriter.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/deces-du-producteur-algerien-mohamed-lakhdar-hamina-laureat-de-la-palme-d-or-en-1975-20250523 Décès du producteur algérien Mohamed Lakhdar Hamina, lauréat de la Palme d'or en 1975] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Alfredo Palacio]], 86, Ecuadorian cardiologist and politician, [[President of Ecuador|president]] (2005–2007) and [[Vice President of Ecuador|vice president]] (2003–2005).<ref>[https://confirmado.net/fallecio-el-expresidente-alfredo-palacio-medico-y-exmandatario-ecuatoriano-a-los-86-anos/ Falleció el expresidente Alfredo Palacio, médico y exmandatario ecuatoriano, a los 86 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===21=== ===20=== *[[Michael Roemer]], 97, American film director and screenwriter (''[[Nothing but a Man]]'', ''[[The Plot Against Harry]]'', ''[[Dying (1976 movie)|Dying]]'').<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/24/movies/michael-roemer-dead.html Michael Roemer, Maker of Acclaimed but Little-Seen Films, Dies at 97]</ref> *[[George Wendt]], 76, American actor (''[[Cheers]]'', ''[[Forever Young (1992 movie)|Forever Young]]'', "[[Bill Swerski's Superfans]]").<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/tv/obituaries-people-news/george-wendt-dead-cheers-1236404992/ George Wendt, Who Played Norm on ‘Cheers,’ Dies at 76]</ref> ===19=== *[[Aurora Clavel]], 88, Mexican actress (''[[Tarahumara (cada vez más lejos)|Tarahumara]]'', ''[[Once Upon a Scoundrel]]'', ''[[Mariana de la noche (Mexican TV series)|Mariana de la Noche]]'').<ref>[https://www.elimparcial.com/espectaculos/2025/05/19/muere-la-actriz-aurora-clavel-a-los-88-anos/ Muere la actriz Aurora Clavel a los 88 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Kathleen Hughes]], 96, American actress (''[[It Came from Outer Space]]'', ''[[The Glass Web]]'', ''[[The Golden Blade]]'').<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/05/20/kathleen-hughes-scream-it-came-outer-space-obituary/ Kathleen Hughes, Iconic Scream Queen of 'It Came from Outer Space,' Dies at 96]</ref> ===18=== ===17=== *[[Gawn Grainger]], 87, Scottish actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'') and writer.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2025/may/20/actor-gawn-grainger-dies-aged-87-zoe-wanamaker Actor and writer Gawn Grainger dies aged 87]</ref> *[[Franco Merli]], 68, Italian actor (''[[Arabian Nights (1974 film)|Arabian Nights]]'', ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]'', ''[[Down and Dirty (movie)|Down and Dirty]]''). *[[Roger Nichols (songwriter)|Roger Nichols]], 84, American songwriter ("[[We've Only Just Begun]]", "[[Times of Your Life]]") and composer.<ref>[https://theseconddisc.com/2025/05/21/in-memoriam-roger-nichols-1940-2025/ In Memoriam: Roger Nichols (1940-2025)]</ref> *[[Zhu Yuanyuan]], 51, Chinese actress (''[[Ocean Heaven]]'', ''[[Lost in Hong Kong]]'', ''[[Sister (2021 movie)|Sister]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2025_05_21_776616.shtml 演员朱媛媛去世，年仅51岁] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ===16=== *[[Meta Velander]], 100, Swedish actress (''[[Honeymoon (1972 movie)|Honeymoon]]'', ''[[Dear Alice]]'', ''[[Marmalade Revolution]]'').<ref>[https://www.expressen.se/noje/film/skadespelaren-meta-velander-ar-dod--blev-100-ar/ Skådespelaren Meta Velander är död – blev 100 år] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Kostas Lychnaras]], 86, Greek film director (''[[Christ Recrucified (TV series)|Christ Recrucified]]'', ''[[Konstantinou kai Elenis]]'', ''[[To kafe tis Charas]]'').<ref>[https://www.iefimerida.gr/politismos/pethane-o-skinothetis-kostas-lyhnaras Πέθανε σε ηλικία 86 ετών ο Κώστας Λυχναράς -Σκηνοθέτης των «Κωνσταντίνου και Ελένης» και «Το καφέ της Χαράς»] {{in lang|el}}</ref> ===14=== *[[Cornal Hendricks]], 37, South African rugby player ([[Bulls (rugby union)|Bulls]], [[Boland Cavaliers]], [[South Africa national rugby union team|national team]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.citizen.co.za/rekord/sports-news/local-sports/2025/05/14/shock-and-disbelief-in-rugby-community-after-sudden-death-of-cornal-hendricks/ Shock and disbelief in rugby community after sudden death of Cornal Hendricks]</ref> ===13=== *[[José Mujica]], 89, Uruguayan politician (president of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015), oesophagus cancer.<ref>https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/05/13/jose-pepe-mujica-ancien-president-de-l-uruguay-et-grande-voix-de-l-amerique-latine-est-mort_6605847_3382.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default</ref> *[[Leila Negra]], 95, German singer and actress (''[[Münchhausen (1943 movie)|Münchhausen]]'', ''[[The Star of Rio (1955 movie)|The Star of Rio]]'', ''[[Salto Mortale (1953 movie)|Salto Mortale]]'').<ref>[https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/ueberlebende-der-ns-verfolgung-zum-tod-der-schwarzen-kuenstlerin-marie-nejar-100.html Schwarze Zeitzeugin der NS-Zeit ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===12=== ===11=== *[[Robert Benton]], 92, American film director (''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'', ''[[Places in the Heart]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Bonnie and Clyde (movie)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''), [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] winner ([[52nd Academy Awards|1980]], [[57th Academy Awards|1985]]).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/may/13/robert-benton-director-dead Robert Benton, Oscar-winning director of Kramer vs Kramer, dies aged 92]</ref> *[[John Edwards (singer)|John Edwards]], 80, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Spinners]]).<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-john-edwards-lead-singer-of-the-spinners-dies-at-80/ John Edwards, lead singer of the Spinners, dies at 80]</ref> *[[Arjun Menon (coach)|Arjun Menon]], 48, Singaporean cricket player ([[Singapore national cricket team|national team]]) and coach ([[Chile national cricket team|Chile]], [[Malawi national cricket team|Malawi]]).<ref>[https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/former-singapore-cricketer-and-coach-arjun-menon-dies-in-malawi Former Singapore cricketer and coach Arjun Menon dies in Malawi]</ref> ===10=== *[[Bob Cowper]], 84, Australian test cricketer.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-11/australian-cricket-bob-cowper-dies-age-84/105279410 Australian Test cricketer Bob Cowper dies aged 84]</ref> *[[Larry Lee (musician, born 1947)|Larry Lee]], 78, American musician ([[The Ozark Mountain Daredevils]]) and songwriter ("[[Jackie Blue (song)|Jackie Blue]]").<ref>[https://www.gormanscharpf.com/obituary/larry-lee Larry Michael Lee]</ref> ===9=== *[[Fred Graham (sculptor)|Fred Graham]], 96, New Zealand rugby union player ([[Māori All Blacks|New Zealand Māori]]) and artist, [[Arts Foundation of New Zealand#Icon Award|AFNZ Icon]] (since 2018).<ref>[https://thebigidea.nz/stories/arts-icon-fred-graham-passes-away Arts Icon Fred Graham Passes Away]</ref> ===8=== *[[Jiří Bartoška]], 78, Czech actor (''[[Sekal Has to Die]]'', ''[[All My Loved Ones]]'', ''[[Angel of the Lord (movie)|Angel of the Lord]]''), president of the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]].<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/actor-and-president-karlovy-vary-film-festival-jiri-bartoska-dies-78-8850508 Actor and president of Karlovy Vary Film Festival Jiří Bartoška dies at 78]</ref> *[[James Foley (director)|James Foley]], 71, American film director (''[[Glengarry Glen Ross (movie)|Glengarry Glen Ross]]'', ''[[Who's That Girl (1987 movie)|Who's That Girl]]'', ''[[Fifty Shades Darker (movie)|Fifty Shades Darker]]''), brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.thewrap.com/james-foley-dies-obit-fifty-shades-of-grey-sequels-director/ James Foley, Director of ‘Glengarry Glen Ross’ and ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ Sequels, Dies at 71]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Josaia Raisuqe]], 30, Fijian rugby union footballer ([[Stade Français]], [[USON Nevers|Nevers]], [[Fiji national rugby sevens team|Fiji 7s]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.rugbypass.com/news/fiji-international-josaia-raisuqe-dies-aged-30/ Fiji international Josaia Raisuqe dies aged 30]</ref> ===7=== *[[Cleopa Msuya]], 94, Tanzanian politician, [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|prime minister]] (1980–1983, 1994–1995) and [[Vice-President of Tanzania|first vice president]] (1990–1995), heart failure. ===6=== *[[Bill McCaw]], 97, New Zealand rugby player ([[Rugby Southland|Southland]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360679739/bill-mccaw-who-was-oldest-living-all-black-dies-aged-97 Bill McCaw, who was the oldest living All Black, dies aged 97]</ref> ===5=== ===4=== *[[Aleftina Evdokimova]], 85, Russian actress (''[[Tender Age (1983 movie)|Tender Age]]'', ''[[Let the Charms Last Long]]'', ''[[Courier (movie)|Courier]]'').<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/6817348c9a7947da26c06c9c Умерла народная артистка Алефтина Евдокимова] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===3=== ===2=== *[[Ricky Davao]], 63, Filipino actor (''[[Ang Padrino]]'', ''[[Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin (movie)|Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin]]'') and television director (''[[!Oka Tokat]]'').<ref>[https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2025/05/02/2440022/viva-confirms-ricky-davao-dead-63 Viva confirms Ricky Davao dead, 63]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Jean-François Davy]], 79, French film director (''[[Bananes mécaniques]]'', ''[[Surprise Sock]]'') and producer.<ref>[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/cinema/jean-francois-davy-realisateur-et-producteur-de-films-pornographiques-est-mort-a-l-age-de-79-ans_7224093.html Jean-François Davy, réalisateur et producteur de films pornographiques, est mort à l'âge de 79 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Bob Jones (businessman)|Sir Bob Jones]], 85, New Zealand property investor and politician.<ref>[https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-national/high-profile-businessman-sir-bob-jones-dies High-profile businessman Sir Bob Jones dies]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Alessandro Quasimodo]], 82, Italian actor (''[[The Seventh Floor (1967 movie)|The Seventh Floor]]'', ''[[A Milanese Story]]''), theater director and poet.<ref>[https://www.ragusanews.com/attualita-milano-e-morto-alessandro-quasimodo-figlio-di-salvatore-206270 E' morto Alessandro Quasimodo] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===1=== *[[Jill Sobule]], 66, American singer-songwriter ("[[I Kissed a Girl (Jill Sobule song)|I Kissed a Girl]]", "[[Supermodel (Jill Sobule song)|Supermodel]]"), house fire.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/jill-sobule-i-kissed-a-girl-dead-1236384525/ Jill Sobule, Singer-Songwriter of Groundbreaking 1995 Song ‘I Kissed a Girl,’ Killed in House Fire]</ref> ==April== ===30=== *[[Park Hee-gon]], 56, South Korean film director (''[[Insadong Scandal]]'', ''[[Perfect Game (2011 movie)|Perfect Game]]'', ''[[Fengshui (2018 movie)|Fengshui]]'').<ref>[https://biz.chosun.com/en/en-entertainment/2025/04/30/GHB2VXUI3FB6FGLS2WIY4A5PIQ/ Director Park Hee-gon, acclaimed for 'Perfect Game,' dies at age 56]</ref> *[[Jules Wijdenbosch]], 83, Surinamese politician, [[List of prime ministers of Suriname|prime minister]] (1987–1988) and [[President of Suriname|president]] (1996–2000).<ref>[https://keynews.sr/voormalig-president-jules-wijdenbosch-overleden/ Voormalig president Jules Wijdenbosch overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===29=== ===28=== *[[Shaji N. Karun]], 73, Indian film director (''[[Piravi]]'', ''[[Swaham]]'', ''[[Vanaprastham]]'').<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/28/shaji-n-karun-filmmaker-hat-trick-tryst-with-cannes-film-festival.html Shaji N Karun: A filmmaker's hat-trick tryst with Cannes]</ref> *[[Aleksey Krychenkov]], 83, Russian actor (''[[The Girls (1961 movie)|The Girls]]'', ''[[Director (1969 movie)|Director]]'').<ref>[https://teatrarmii.ru/news/UshelizzhiznizasluzhennyyartistRossiyskoyFederatsiiAlekseyFyedorovichKrychenkov/ Ушел из жизни заслуженный артист Российской Федерации Алексей Фёдорович Крыченков] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Priscilla Pointer]], 100, American actress (''[[Carrie (1976 movie)|Carrie]]'', ''[[Mommie Dearest (movie)|Mommie Dearest]]'', ''[[Blue Velvet (movie)|Blue Velvet]]'').<ref>[https://playbill.com/article/actor-priscilla-pointer-has-died-at-100 Actor Priscilla Pointer Has Died at 100]</ref> ===27=== *[[Cora Sue Collins]], 98, American actress (''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 movie)|The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'', ''[[Anna Karenina (1935 movie)|Anna Karenina]]'', ''[[The Unexpected Father]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/cora-sue-collins-dead-child-actress-mgm-1236202858/ Cora Sue Collins, Celebrated Child Actress at MGM in the 1930s, Dies at 98]</ref> ===26=== ===25=== *[[Philip Lowrie]], 88, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Victoria Wood (1989 TV series)|Victoria Wood]]'', [[Home Fires (British TV series)|''Home Fires'']]).<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/2025-04-26/philip-lowrie-one-of-corries-original-stars-dies-aged-88-publicist-says Philip Lowrie, one of Coronation Street’s original stars, dies aged 88, publicist says]</ref> *[[Lupita Torrentera]], 93, Mexican actress (''[[Historia de un gran amor]]'', ''[[Coqueta (1949 movie)|Coqueta]]'').<ref>[https://www.latintimes.com/legendary-mexican-actress-pedro-infante-girlfriend-lupita-torrentera-dead-93-581763 Legendary Mexican Actress and Pedro Infante Girlfriend Lupita Torrentera Dead at 93]</ref> ===24=== *[[Steve Kiner]], 77, American [[College Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] football player ([[Dallas Cowboys]], [[New England Patriots]], [[Houston Oilers]]).<ref>[https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/former-cowboys-patriots-oilers-lb-steve-kiner-dies-at-77 Former Cowboys, Patriots, Oilers LB Steve Kiner dies at 77]</ref> *[[Roy Phillips]], 83, British musician ([[The Peddlers]]).<ref>[https://www.audioculture.co.nz/profile/roy-phillips Roy Phillips]</ref> ===23=== *[[Eugène Koffi Adoboli]], 90, Togolese politician, [[List of prime ministers of Togo|prime minister]] (1999–2000).<ref>[https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/eugene-koffi-adoboli-est-decede Eugène Koffi Adoboli est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Chris Cauwenberghs]], 78, Belgian actor (''[[Hector (1987 movie)|Hector]]'', ''[[Koko Flanel]]'', ''[[Thuis]]''), complications from heart failure.<ref>[https://www.hln.be/showbizz/acteur-chris-cauwenberghs-78-bekend-als-kabouter-lui-overleden-hij-bracht-generaties-kinderen-vreugde~a3bd7cee/ Acteur Chris Cauwenberghs (78), bekend als Kabouter Lui, overleden: “Hij bracht generaties kinderen vreugde”] {{in lang|NL-be}}</ref> *[[Waltraut Haas]], 97, Austrian actress (''[[Der Hofrat Geiger]]'', ''[[Mariandl]]'', ''[[The White Horse Inn (1960 movie)|The White Horse Inn]]'').<ref>[https://wien.orf.at/stories/3302345/ Waltraut Haas verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Fouad Mebazaa]], 91, Tunisian politician, [[Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People|speaker of the Chamber of Deputies]] (1997–2011) and acting [[President of Tunisia|president]] (2011).<ref>[https://lapresse.tn/2025/04/23/tunisie-deces-de-fouad-mebazaa/ Tunisie: Décès de Fouad Mebazaa] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Keith Stackpole]], 84, Australian cricketer ([[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]]).<ref>[https://www.3aw.com.au/jon-anderson-breaks-the-sad-news-of-former-cricketer-keith-stackpoles-death/ Jon Anderson breaks the sad news of former cricketer Keith Stackpole’s death]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===22=== *[[Erik Ruus]], 62, Estonian actor (''[[The Birdwatcher]]'', ''[[Firewater (movie)|Firewater]]'', ''[[All My Lenins]]'').<ref>[https://virumaateataja.postimees.ee/8234889/lahkunud-on-rakvere-teatri-kauaaegne-naitleja-erik-ruus Lahkunud on Rakvere teatri kauaaegne näitleja Erik Ruus] {{in lang|et}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Pope Francis]], 88, head of the Catholic church, stroke and heart failure.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/live/crknlnzlrzdt</ref> *[[Johanna Matz]], 92, Austrian actress (''[[Hannerl]]'', ''[[Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach]]'', ''[[The White Horse Inn (1952 movie)|The White Horse Inn]]'').<ref>[https://apa.at/news/schauspielerin-johanna-matz-92-jaehrig-gestorben/ Schauspielerin Johanna Matz 92-jährig gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Kimble Rendall]], 67–68, Australian musician ([[XL Capris]], [[Hoodoo Gurus]]) and film director (''[[Guardians of the Tomb]]'').<ref>[https://www.noise11.com/news/hoodoo-gurus-founding-member-kimble-rendall-has-passed-away-20250421 Hoodoo Gurus Founding Member Kimble Rendall Has Passed Away]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Noreen Young]], 85, Canadian puppeteer (''[[Under the Umbrella Tree]]'', ''[[Sesame Park]]''), stroke.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/renowned-canadian-puppeteer-noreen-young-dies-at-85-1.7513889 Renowned Canadian puppeteer Noreen Young dies at 85]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===19=== ===18=== *[[Rudolf Pankov]], 87, Russian actor (''[[Michman Panin]]'', ''[[Blasted Hell]]'', ''[[Talents and Admirers (movie)|Talents and Admirers]]'') and voice actor.<ref>[https://tass.ru/kultura/23722353 Умер актер дубляжа Рудольф Панков] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Clodagh Rodgers]], 78, Irish singer ("[[Come Back and Shake Me]]", "[[Jack in the Box (song)|Jack in the Box]]").<ref>[https://www.oe24.at/leute/eurovision-legende-clodagh-rodgers-ist-gestorben/630716897 Eurovision-Legende Clodagh Rodgers ist gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Julieta Szönyi]], 75, Romanian actress (''[[Felix și Otilia]]'', ''[[Toate pînzele sus]]'').<ref>[https://historia.ro/sectiune/actualitate/adnana-din-toate-panzele-sus-a-murit-actrita-2437362.html Adnana din „Toate pânzele sus” a murit. Actrița Julieta Szönyi avea 75 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Roger McLachlan]], 71, New Zealand-born Australian bass guitarist ([[Little River Band]]), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.noise11.com/news/little-river-band-co-founder-roger-mclachlan-dies-at-age-71-20250417 Little River Band Co-Founder Roger McLachlan Dies At Age 71]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===16=== *[[Patrick Adiarte]], 81, Filipino-American actor (''[[The King and I (1956 movie)|The King and I]]'', ''[[High Time (movie)|High Time]]'', ''[[Flower Drum Song (movie)|Flower Drum Song]]'').<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/04/16/patrick-adiarte-dancer-king-flower-drum-song-obituary/ Patrick Adiarte, Legendary 'The King and I' Dancer & 'Brady Bunch' Guest, Dies at 81]</ref> *[[Nora Aunor]], 71, Filipino actress (''[[Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos]]'', ''[[Trap (2015 movie)|Trap]]'', ''[[Hustisya]]'') and singer.<ref>[https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/celebrities/2025/4/16/nora-aunor-superstar-of-philippine-cinema-passes-away-2329 Nora Aunor, superstar of Philippine cinema, passes away]</ref> *[[Vladimir Gerasimov (actor)|Vladimir Gerasimov]], 74, Russian actor (''[[Car, Violin and Blot the Dog]]'', ''[[One-Two, Soldiers Were Going...]]'', ''[[Tailcoat for Scapegrace]]'').<ref>[https://www.championat.com/cybersport/news-5977082-umer-aktyor-dublyazha-vladimir-gerasimov-golos-bryusa-uillisa-i-dzhona-travolty.html Умер актёр дубляжа Владимир Герасимов, голос Брюса Уиллиса и Джона Траволты] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===15=== *[[Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak]], 74, Polish actress (''[[Another Way (1982 movie)|Another Way]]'', ''[[Scratch (2008 movie)|Scratch]]'', ''[[Tatarak]]'').<ref>[https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Nie-zyje-pochodzaca-z-Gdanska-Jadwiga-Jankowska-Cieslak-n201732.html Nie żyje pochodząca z Gdańska Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[Shūhei Kishimoto]], 68, Japanese politician, [[House of Representatives (Japan)|MP]] (2009–2022) and governor of [[Wakayama Prefecture]] (since 2022), septic shock.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20250415/k10014779591000.html 和歌山県 岸本周平知事が死去 68歳] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Wink Martindale]], 91, American disc jockey, game show host (''[[Gambit (game show)|Gambit]]'', ''[[Tic-Tac-Dough]]'') and singer ("[[The Deck of Cards#Cover versions|Deck of Cards]]"), lymphoma.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/04/wink-martindale-dead-1236369288/ Wink Martindale Dies: Game Show Host Of ‘Tic-Tac-Dough’, ‘Gambit’ And ‘High Rollers’ Was 91]</ref> *[[S. S. Stanley]], 57, Indian film director (''[[April Maadhathil]]'', ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]'', ''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]'') and actor.<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1517469 Popular Tamil film director SS Stanley passes away at 57]</ref> ===14=== *[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], 85, Malaysian politician, [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]] (2003–2009), [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|minister of foreign affairs]] (1991–1999), and [[Dewan Rakyat|MP]] (1978–2013), heart disease.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/14/former-pm-abdullah-ahmad-badawi-passes-away Former PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi passes away]</ref> ===13=== *[[Mario Vargas Llosa]], 89, Peruvian writer, and holder of the Nobel Prize for Literature.<ref>[https://elpais.com/cultura/2025-04-14/muere-mario-vargas-llosa-gigante-de-las-letras-universales.html Muere Mario Vargas Llosa, gigante de las letras universales] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Bank Janardhan]], 74, Indian actor (''[[Tharle Nan Maga]]'', ''[[Shhh! (movie)|Shhh!]]'', ''[[News (movie)|News]]'') and comedian.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/veteran-kannada-actor-bank-janardhan-passes-away-at-74-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/120270402.cms Veteran Kannada actor Bank Janardhan passes away at 74 after prolonged illness]</ref> *[[Jean Marsh]], 90, British actress (''[[Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)|Upstairs, Downstairs]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Willow (1988 movie)|Willow]]'') and television writer, [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series|Emmy]] winner ([[27th Primetime Emmy Awards|1975]]), complications from dementia.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c045dk29xqqo Upstairs Downstairs actress Jean Marsh dies age 90]</ref> ===12=== *[[Pilita Corrales]], 85, Filipino singer and actress (''[[Mars Ravelo's Darna! Ang Pagbabalik]]'', ''[[Bride for Rent]]'', ''[[My Illegal Wife]]'').<ref>[https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/04/12/pilita-corrales-asian-queen-of-songs-dies-at-85 Pilita Corrales, Asian Queen of Songs, dies at 85]</ref> ===11=== *[[Nino Bellomo]], 102, Italian actor (''[[Blues metropolitano]]'', ''[[Law of Courage]]'') and journalist.<ref>[https://www.grandangoloagrigento.it/agrigento-notizie/e-morto-nino-bellomo E’ morto Nino Bellomo, il figlio Francesco: “oggi il mondo mi sembra più silenzioso”] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Mike Berry (singer)|Mike Berry]], 82, English singer ("[[The Sunshine of Your Smile]]") and actor (''[[Are You Being Served?]]'', ''[[Worzel Gummidge (TV series)|Worzel Gummidge]]'').<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/mike-berry-death-are-you-being-served-b2731574.html Mike Berry death: Singer and last surviving Are You Being Served? star dies, aged 82]</ref> *[[Max Romeo]], 80, Jamaican reggae musician ("[[Wet Dream (Max Romeo song)|Wet Dream]]", "[[Chase the Devil]]").<ref>[https://www.dancehallmag.com/2025/04/11/news/reggae-legend-max-romeo-dead-at-80.html Reggae Legend Max Romeo Dead At 80]</ref> ===10=== *[[Leo Beenhakker]], 82, Dutch football manager ([[AFC Ajax|Ajax]], [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[Netherlands national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2563112-oud-toptrainer-leo-beenhakker-op-82-jarige-leeftijd-overleden Oud-toptrainer Leo Beenhakker op 82-jarige leeftijd overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Ted Kotcheff]], 94, Canadian film director (''[[First Blood]]'', ''[[Weekend at Bernie's]]''). *[[Ku Feng]], 94, Hong Kong actor (''[[The Love Eterne]]'', ''[[Between Tears and Laughter]]'', ''[[Come Drink with Me]]'').<ref>[https://www.dimsumdaily.hk/veteran-hong-kong-actor-ku-feng-passes-away-at-94/ Veteran Hong Kong actor Ku Feng passes away at 94]</ref> *[[Mario Ernesto Sánchez]], 78, Cuban actor (''[[Miami Vice (movie)|Miami Vice]]'', ''[[The Truman Show]]'', ''[[The Specialist]]'') and businessman, founder and director of [[Teatro Avante]].<ref>[https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/fallece-director-teatro-avante-mario-ernesto-sanchez-n5374198 Fallece director de Teatro Avante, Mario Ernesto Sánchez] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===9=== *[[Mel Novak]], 90, American actor (''[[Game of Death]]'', ''[[Black Belt Jones]]'', ''[[An Eye for an Eye (1981 movie)|An Eye for an Eye]]'').<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/04/09/mel-novak-dead/?adid=social-fb Mel Novak Dead at 90]</ref> ===8=== *Notable [[Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] killed in the [[Jet Set nightclub roof collapse]]: **[[Tony Blanco]], 44, baseball player ([[Chunichi Dragons]], [[Yokohama DeNA BayStars]], [[Orix Buffaloes]])<ref>[https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/44591287/ex-mlb-pitcher-octavio-dotel-dies-nightclub-roof-collapse Ex-MLB players Octavio Dotel, Tony Blanco die in nightclub tragedy]</ref> **[[Nelsy Cruz]], 41, politician, governor of [[Monte Cristi Province]] (since 2020)<ref>[https://listindiario.com/la-republica/20250408/nelsy-cruz-gobernadora-monte-cristi-fallecida-tragedia-jet-set_852856.html ¿Quién era Nelsy Cruz, la gobernadora de Monte Cristi fallecida en la tragedia del Jet Set?] {{in lang|es}}</ref> **[[Octavio Dotel]], 51, baseball player ([[Houston Astros]], [[St. Louis Cardinals]], [[New York Mets]])<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/sports/mlb/former-mlb-pitcher-dies-following-dominican-night-club-collapse-reports-2057034 Former MLB Pitcher Dies Following Dominican Night Club Collapse: Reports]</ref> **[[Rubby Pérez]], 69, [[Merengue music|merengue]] singer<ref>[https://elnacional.com.do/rubby-perez-fallece-tragicamente-por-derrumbe/ Luto en la música: el merenguero Rubby Pérez muere tras colapso en Jet Set] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===7=== ===6=== *[[Clem Burke]], 70, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] drummer ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]), cancer.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/clem-burke-blondie-drummer-dead-obituary-1235311703/ Drummer Clem Burke, the 'Heartbeat of Blondie,' Dead at 70]</ref> *[[Jay North]], 73, American actor (''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'', ''[[Maya (1966 movie)|Maya]]'', ''[[Arabian Knights]]''), colorectal cancer.<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/04/06/jay-north-tvs-dennis-the-menace-dies-at-73/ Jay North, TV's Dennis the Menace, Dies at 73]</ref> ===5=== *[[Antonello Fassari]], 72, Italian actor (''[[Romanzo Criminale]]'', ''[[The Goodbye Kiss (movie)|The Goodbye Kiss]]'', ''[[Suburra (movie)|Suburra]]'') and comedian.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/people/2025/04/05/news/antonello_fassari_morto_attore_cesaroni72_anni-424109342/?ref=RHLF-BG-P1-S1-T1 Morto Antonello Fassari, attore di “Avanzi” e “Cesaroni”] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Raymond Hawthorne]], 88, New Zealand theatre director.<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/557343/renowned-actor-and-theatre-director-raymond-hawthorne-dies-aged-88 Renowned actor and theatre director Raymond Hawthorne dies aged 88]</ref> ===4=== *[[Manoj Kumar]], 87, Indian actor (''[[Kranti]]'', ''[[Upkar]]'', ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'').<ref>[https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/celebrity/manoj-kumar-death-news-manoj-kumar-passes-away-at-age-of-87-2836703 Legendary actor Manoj Kumar passes away at 87 in Mumbai, says report]</ref> *[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]], 71, Indian actor (''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'', ''[[Aanandham Paramaanandham]]'', ''[[Ee Manohara Theeram]]'').<ref>[https://news24online.com/entertainment/veteran-tamil-and-malayalam-actor-ravi-kumar-menon-passes-away/520846/ Veteran Tamil And Malayalam Actor Ravi Kumar Menon Passes Away]</ref> ===3=== *[[Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], 82, German landowner and nobleman, head of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (since 1998).<ref>[https://www.fraenkischertag.de/lokales/stadt-coburg/politik/coburg-prinz-andreas-ist-tot-art-435597 Der „Chef des Hauses“ Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Gordon Faith]], 94, British actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Adam Adamant Lives!]]'', ''[[War and Peace (1972 TV series)|War & Peace]]'').<ref>[https://www.gordonfaith.com/ Gordon Faith 1931-2025]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Farooq Hamid]], 80, Pakistani cricketer ([[Lahore cricket teams|Lahore]], [[Pakistan International Airlines cricket team|PIA]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/former-test-cricketer-farooq-hameed-passes-away.html Former Test cricketer Farooq Hameed passes away]</ref> *[[John Saint Ryan]], 72, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Roar (1997 TV series)|Roar]]'', ''[[Squanto: A Warrior's Tale]]'') and equestrian, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/ex-coronation-street-star-john-31366059 Ex-Coronation Street star John St Ryan dies suddenly]</ref> ===2=== *[[Khamtai Siphandone]], 101, Laotian politician, [[President of Laos|president]] (1998–2006), [[Prime Minister of Laos|prime minister]] (1991–1998), and [[General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party|chairman of the Revolutionary Party]] (1992–2006).<ref>[https://laotiantimes.com/2025/04/02/former-president-khamtai-siphandone-passes-away-at-101/ Former President Khamtai Siphandone Passes Away at 101]</ref> *[[Alois Švehlík]], 85, Czech actor (''[[Forbidden Dreams]]'', ''[[Alois Nebel]]'', ''[[On the Roof (2019 movie)|On the Roof]]'') and theater pedagogue.<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/actor-and-dubbing-artist-alois-svehlik-died-aged-85-8847299 Actor and dubbing artist Alois Švehlík died, aged 85]</ref> ===1=== *[[Val Kilmer]], 65, American actor (''[[The Doors (movie)|The Doors]]'', ''[[Tombstone (movie)|Tombstone]]'', ''[[Batman Forever]]''), pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/val-kilmer-dead-top-gun-doors-tombstone-batman-actor-1236178966/ Val Kilmer, Actor Renowned for Receding Into His Roles, Dies at 65]</ref> *[[Johnny Tillotson]], 86, American singer-songwriter ("[[Poetry in Motion (song)|Poetry in Motion]]", "[[It Keeps Right On a-Hurtin' (song)|It Keeps Right On a-Hurtin']]", "[[Without You (Johnny Tillotson song)|Without You]]"), complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/04/02/singer-johnny-tillotson-dead/ Singer Johnny Tillotson Dead at 86]</ref> ==March== ===31=== *[[Sian Barbara Allen]], 78, American actress (''[[Scream, Pretty Peggy]]'', ''[[The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case]]'', ''[[You'll Like My Mother]]''), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sian-barbara-allen-dead-scream-pretty-peggy-1236352951/ Sian Barbara Allen, Actor in ‘Scream, Pretty Peggy’ and ‘You’ll Like My Mother,’ Dies at 78]</ref> *[[Yves Boisset]], 86, French film director (''[[L'Attentat]]'', ''[[The Common Man (movie)|The Common Man]]'', ''[[Le Juge Fayard dit Le Shériff]]'') and screenwriter.<ref>[https://www.tf1info.fr/culture/mort-yves-boisset-realisateur-des-films-dupont-lajoie-l-attentat-est-decede-a-l-age-de-86-ans-2362379.html Le réalisateur Yves Boisset ("Dupont Lajoie", "L'Attentat) est mort à l'âge de 86 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===30=== *[[Lee Montague]], 97, English actor (''[[The Camp on Blood Island]]'', ''[[Deadlier Than the Male]]'', ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (TV series)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'').<ref>[http://keatscommunitylibrary.org.uk/Lee-Montague-1927-2025.shtml Lee Montague 1927-2025]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===29=== *[[Richard Chamberlain]], 90, American actor (''[[Dr. Kildare (TV series)|Dr. Kildare]]'', ''[[The Thorn Birds (miniseries)|The Thorn Birds]]'', ''[[Shōgun (1980 miniseries)|Shōgun]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/richard-chamberlain-dead-dies-shogun-thorn-birds-1236351970/ Richard Chamberlain, TV’s Dr. Kildare, ‘Shogun,’ ‘Thorn Birds’ Star, Dies at 90]</ref> *[[Ángel del Pozo]], 90, Spanish actor (''[[Horror Express]]'', ''[[The Big Gundown]]'', ''[[Treasure Island (1972 movie)|Treasure Island]]'').<ref>[https://www.larazon.es/cultura/cine/muere-90-anos-actor-angel-pozo-caras-spaghetti-western/20250329/1169792.html Muere a los 90 años el actor Ángel del Pozo, una de las caras del 'Spaghetti Western'] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===28=== *[[Hamza Feghouli]], 86, Algerian actor (''[[Le Clandestin]]'').<ref>[https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/62186 L'artiste Hamza Feghouli tire sa révérence à l'âge de 86 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===27=== *[[Peter Lever]], 84, English cricketer ([[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]], [[Tasmania cricket team|Tasmania]], [[England cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/c8d4v5vzzjyo Former Lancashire and England bowler Lever dies]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===26=== ===25=== *[[Manoj Bharathiraja]], 48, Indian actor (''[[Samudhiram]]'', ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'') and film director (''[[Margazhi Thingal]]''), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manoj-bharathiraja-dies-at-48-chennai-2698999-2025-03-25 Tamil actor-director Manoj Bharathiraja dies at 48 in Chennai]</ref> *[[Shihan Hussaini]], 60, Indian actor (''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'', ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 movie)|Velaikkaran]]'', ''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]'') and karate practitioner, leukemia.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-martial-artist-shihan-hussaini-passes-away-in-chennai-he-was-60 Actor, martial artist Shihan Hussaini passes away in Chennai, he was 60]</ref> *[[Masahiro Shinoda]], 94, Japanese film director (''[[Demon Pond (1979 movie)|Demon Pond]]'', ''[[Owls' Castle]]'', ''[[Double Suicide (1969 movie)|Double Suicide]]'') and screenwriter.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20250327/k10014762391000.html 映画監督 篠田正浩さん死去94歳「瀬戸内少年野球団」など] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[François Trucy]], 93, French politician, mayor of [[Toulon]] (1985–1995), [[Senate (France)|senator]] (1986–2014).<ref>[https://www.varmatin.com/politique/l-ancien-maire-de-toulon-francois-trucy-est-mort-a-l-age-de-93-ans-979418 L’ancien maire de Toulon François Trucy est mort à l’âge de 93 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===24=== ===23=== *[[Gianfranco Barra]], 84, Italian actor (''[[Banana Joe (movie)|Banana Joe]]'', ''[[I nuovi mostri]]'', ''[[Double Murder]]'').<ref>[https://www.adnkronos.com/spettacoli/gianfranco-barra-morto-attore-caratterista-bud-spencer-sordi-tognazzi-vanzina_3G3Gs0Apsgh9hJM7dy3lYE Addio a Gianfranco Barra, caratterista per grandi registi: aveva 84 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Filiz Akın]], 82, Turkish actress (''[[Birds of Exile]]'', ''[[Tatlı Dillim]]'', ''[[Karateci Kız]]'').<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur/usta-oyuncu-filiz-akin-vefat-etti/3517309 Usta oyuncu Filiz Akın vefat etti] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> *[[Larisa Golubkina]], 85, Russian actress (''[[Hussar Ballad]]'', ''[[Give Me a Book of Complaints]]'', ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1966 movie)|The Tale of Tsar Saltan]]'').<ref>[https://www.starhit.ru/novosti/umerla-larisa-golubkina-6273694/ Умерла Лариса Голубкина] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Rolf Schimpf]], 100, German actor (''[[Smuglere]]'', ''[[Mensch Bachmann]]'', ''[[Der Alte (television series)|Der Alte]]'').<ref>[https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/bekannt-aus-der-krimiserie-der-alte-schauspieler-rolf-schimpf-mit-100-jahren-gestorben,UgBfWDy Schauspieler Rolf Schimpf mit 100 Jahren gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Alex Wyllie]], 80, New Zealand rugby union player and coach ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/545728/former-all-black-and-coach-alex-grizz-wyllie-dies Former All Black and coach Alex ‘Grizz’ Wyllie dies]</ref> ===21=== *[[George Foreman]], 76, American boxer, Olympic champion ([[Boxing at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]) and entrepreneur ([[George Foreman Grill]]).<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/03/21/george-foreman-dead/ Boxing Legend George Foreman Dead at 76]</ref> *[[Štefan Kvietik]], 90, Slovak actor (''[[The Boxer and Death]]'', ''[[The Millennial Bee]]'', ''[[Sitting on a Branch, Enjoying Myself]]'') and academic.<ref>[https://www.teraz.sk/kultura/tragicka-sprava-zomrel-znamy-slovens/865549-clanok.html Smutná správa: Zomrel známy slovenský herec Štefan Kvietik] {{in lang|sk}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Vitold Fokin]], 92, Ukrainian politician, [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|prime minister]] (1990–1992).<ref>[https://espreso.tv/suspilstvo-pershiy-premer-ministr-ukraini-vitold-fokin-pomer-u-vitsi-92-rokiv Перший прем'єр-міністр України Вітольд Фокін помер у віці 92 років] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> *[[Eddie Jordan]], 76, Irish [[Formula One]] team owner ([[Jordan Grand Prix]]) and television presenter (''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]''), prostate and bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/articles/cq8y1335qlwo Former F1 boss and TV pundit Jordan dies aged 76]</ref> *[[Norm Clarke]], Las Vegas celebrity columnist and former AP sports writer, dies at 82. <ref>[https://emeatribune.com/norm-clarke-a-las-vegas-celebrity-columnist-and-former-ap-sports-writer-dies-at-82/ Las Vegas celebrity columnist and former AP sports writer, dies at 82]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===19=== *[[Don Wesely]], 70, American politician, [[List of mayors of Lincoln, Nebraska|mayor of Lincoln]] (1999–2003) and member of the [[Nebraska Legislature]] (1979–1999).<ref>[https://klin.com/2025/03/19/former-lincoln-mayor-don-wesely-passes-away/ Former Lincoln State Senator, Mayor Don Wesely Passes Away]</ref> ===18=== *[[Antonio Gasalla]], 84, Argentine actor (''[[Waiting for the Hearse]]'', ''[[The Truce (1974 movie)|The Truce]]''), comedian, and theatre director.<ref>[https://www.pagina12.com.ar/811556-murio-antonio-gasalla Murió el actor y humorista Antonio Gasalla] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===17=== *[[David Steven Cohen]], 58, American television writer (''[[Courage the Cowardly Dog]]'', ''[[Parker Lewis Can't Lose]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Balto (movie)|Balto]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://comicbook.com/anime/news/courage-the-cowardly-dog-head-writer-david-steven-cohen-dies-58/ Courage the Cowardly Dog Head Writer David Steven Cohen Reportedly Dies at 58]</ref> ===16=== *[[Émilie Dequenne]], 43, Belgian actress (''[[Rosetta (movie)|Rosetta]]'', ''[[Our Children]]'', ''[[Not My Type]]''), [[adrenocortical carcinoma]].<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/l-actrice-belge-emilie-dequenne-est-morte-d-un-cancer-20250316 L’actrice belge Émilie Dequenne est morte d’un cancer] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Bindu Ghosh]], 76, Indian actress (''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 movie)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'', ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]'', ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]'') and choreographer.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-bindu-ghosh-passes-away--news-362980 Renowned Comedy Actress Bindu Ghosh Passes Away; Fans and Film Industry Mourn Her Demise]</ref> *[[Anvar Hasanov]], 74, Azerbaijani actor (''[[Last night of childhood]]'', ''[[My Seven Sons]]'', ''[[Babek (movie)|Babek]]'').<ref>[https://media.az/culture/skonchalsya-narodnyj-artist-azerbajdzhana-anvar-gasanov Скончался народный артист Азербайджана Анвар Гасанов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Les Binks]], 73, Northern Irish heavy metal drummer ([[Judas Priest]]).<ref>[https://bravewords.com/news/former-judas-priest-drummer-les-binks-dead-at-73/ Former JUDAS PRIEST Drummer LES BINKS Dead At 73]</ref> *[[Delia Razon]], 93, Filipino actress (''[[Rodrigo de Villa]]'', ''[[Gaano Kadalas ang Minsan?]]'', ''[[Ipagpatawad Mo]]'').<ref>[https://mb.com.ph/2025/3/16/veteran-actress-delia-razon-passes-away-93 Veteran actress Delia Razon passes away, 93]</ref> *[[Wings Hauser]], 77, American actor (''[[Tough Guys Don't Dance (movie)|Tough Guys Don't Dance]]'', ''[[The Siege of Firebase Gloria]]'', ''[[Vice Squad (1982 movie)|Vice Squad]]'').<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/wings-hauser-dead-vice-squad-young-and-the-restless-1236343867/ Wings Hauser, Character Actor From ‘Vice Squad,’ ‘The Young and the Restless,’ Dies at 78]</ref> *[[Slick Watts]], 73, American basketball player ([[Seattle SuperSonics]], [[Utah Jazz#1974–1979: Early years in New Orleans with Pete Maravich|New Orleans Jazz]], [[Houston Rockets]]).<ref>[https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/sonics/sonics-legend-slick-watts-dies-at-73/ Sonics legend Slick Watts dies at 73]</ref> ===14=== *[[Pietro Genuardi]], 62, Italian actor (''[[CentoVetrine]]'', ''[[Killer Crocodile]]'', ''[[Paganini Horror]]'').<ref>[https://www.ansa.it/lazio/notizie/2025/03/14/morto-a-62-anni-lattore-pietro-genuardi_6797c665-beb0-4b65-85cf-644eea2f219c.html Morto a 62 anni l'attore Pietro Genuardi] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Deb Mukherjee]], 83, Indian actor (''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]'', ''[[Karate (movie)|Karate]]'', ''[[Gudgudee]]'').<ref>[https://www.news18.com/movies/deb-mukherjee-ayan-mukerjis-father-and-veteran-actor-passes-away-at-83-9261536.html Deb Mukherjee, Ayan Mukerji’s Father And Veteran Actor, Passes Away At 83]</ref> ===13=== *[[Edgar Oehler]], 83, Swiss politician, [[National Council (Switzerland)|MP]] (1971–1995).<ref>[https://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz/rheintal/todesfall-die-ostschweiz-verliert-eine-markante-persoenlichkeit-balgacher-unternehmer-edgar-oehler-verstorben-ld.2746769 Die Ostschweiz verliert eine markante Persönlichkeit: Balgacher Unternehmer Edgar Oehler verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Maria Grazia Spina]], 88, Italian actress (''[[Samson and the Slave Queen]]'', ''[[Toto vs. the Black Pirate]]'', ''[[Rugantino (movie)|Rugantino]]'').<ref>[https://www.messaggeroveneto.it/nordest/morta-attrice-grazia-maria-spina-nrkgxdwt Addio all’attrice veneziana Grazia Maria Spina: una vita di arti, segnata dalla bellezza] {{in lang|it}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Şinasi Yurtsever]], 51, Turkish actor (''[[Vavien]]'').<ref>[https://medyascope.tv/2025/03/13/sinasi-yurtsever-hayatini-kaybetti/ Oyuncu Şinasi Yurtsever hayatını kaybetti] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> ===12=== *[[Syed Abid Ali]], 83, Indian cricketer ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], [[India national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/syed-abid-ali-passes-away-dead-83-hyderabad-bowler/article69321408.ece Former India cricketer Syed Abid Ali passes away at 83]</ref> *[[Takashi Inagaki]], 87, Japanese voice actor (''[[Soul Eater]]'', ''[[A Spirit of the Sun]]'', ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]'') and actor, pneumonia.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/76b4d42abf9ef9fc18a1d4d9a9b96d8356112596 "俳優・稲垣隆史さん、肺炎のため死去 87歳 『スター・ウォーズ』パルパティーン最高議長役など多くの吹き替えを担当（オリコン）"]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Godfrey Lawrence]], 92, Rhodesian cricketer ([[Rhodesia cricket team|Rhodesia]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]).<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/goofy-lawrence-45967 Goofy Lawrence]</ref> *[[Peggy Parnass]], 97, German-Swedish actress (''[[Nobody Loves Me (movie)|Nobody Loves Me]]''), columnist and writer.<ref>[https://www.hagalil.com/2025/03/zum-tod-von-peggy-parnass/ Zum Tod von Peggy Parnass] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===11=== ===10=== *[[Francis Billy Hilly|Sir Francis Billy Hilly]], 76, Solomon Islands politician, [[Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands|prime minister]] (1993–1994).<ref>[https://islandsbusiness.com/news-break/former-solomon-islands-pm-sir-francis-hilly-dies/ Former Solomon Islands PM Sir Francis Hilly dies]</ref> *[[Stanley R. Jaffe]], 84, American film producer (''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'', ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'', ''[[The Bad News Bears]]''), [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Oscar]] winner ([[52nd Academy Awards|1980]]).<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/stanley-jaffe-dead-kramer-kramer-1236159837/ Stanley R. Jaffe, Oscar-Winning ‘Kramer vs. Kramer’ Producer, Dies at 84]</ref> ===9=== *[[Eileen Bennett]], 105, British actress (''[[Thursday's Child (1943 movie)|Thursday's Child]]'', ''[[Much Too Shy]]'', ''[[Trunk Crime]]'').<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/03/14/eileen-bennett-george-formby-west-end-stage-cinema/ Eileen Bennett, actress who starred with George Formby on screen and lit up the West End in the war] {{paywall}}</ref> *[[Simon Fisher-Becker]], 63, British actor (''[[Puppy Love (TV series)|Puppy Love]]'', ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>[https://cultbox.co.uk/news/simon-fisher-becker-dies-aged-63 Simon Fisher-Becker dies aged 63]</ref> *[[Hans Peter Korff]], 82, German actor (''[[Wayfarers (movie)|Wayfarers]]'', ''[[Pappa Ante Portas]]'', ''[[Beresina, or the Last Days of Switzerland]]'').<ref>[https://www.bluewin.ch/en/entertainment/drombuschs-star-hans-peter-korff-is-dead-2597306.html "Drombuschs" star Hans Peter Korff is dead]</ref> *[[Dick McTaggart]], 89, Scottish boxer, Olympic champion ([[Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Lightweight|1956]]).<ref>[https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/5197803/dick-mctaggart-dies-dundee-boxing-hero/ Dundee boxing legend Dick McTaggart dies aged 89]</ref> ===8=== ===7=== *[[David Vunagi|Sir David Vunagi]], 73, Solomon Islands bishop and politician, [[Governor-General of Solomon Islands|governor-general]] (2019–2024).<ref>[https://anglican.ink/2025/03/07/death-reported-of-the-former-archbishop-of-melanesia/ Death reported of the former Archbishop of Melanesia ]</ref> *[[D'Wayne Wiggins]], 64, American musician ([[Tony! Toni! Toné!]]) and songwriter ("[[Feels Good]]"), bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/dwayne-wiggins-tony-toni-tone-dies/3812037/ D'Wayne Wiggins of Tony! Toni! Toné! dies after battle with cancer]</ref> ===6=== *[[Brian James (guitarist)|Brian James]], 70, English punk rock guitarist ([[The Damned (band)|The Damned]], [[The Lords of the New Church]]) and songwriter ("[[New Rose]]").<ref>[https://blabbermouth.net/news/founding-the-damned-guitarist-brian-james-dead-at-70 Founding The Damned Guitarist Brian James Dead At 70]</ref> *[[Crystal-Donna Roberts]], 40, South African actress (''[[Arendsvlei]]'', ''[[The Endless River (movie)|The Endless River]]'', ''[[Chronicle (movie)|Chronicle]]''), breast cancer.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/celebrated-arendsvlei-and-7de-laan-actor-crystal-donna-roberts-40-has-died-20250306 Celebrated Arendsvlei and 7de Laan actor Crystal-Donna Roberts, 40, has died]</ref> *[[Árpád Sopsits]], 72, Hungarian film director (''[[Strangled (movie)|Strangled]]'').<ref>[https://index.hu/kultur/2025/03/06/sopsits-arpad-rendezo-szinhaz-martfui-rem-magyar-filmszemle/ Meghalt Sopsits Árpád Balázs Béla-díjas színház- és filmrendező] {{in lang|hu}}</ref> ===5=== *[[Edesio Alejandro]], 66, Cuban singer, guitarist and composer (''[[Clandestinos (1987 movie)|Clandestinos]]'', ''[[Hello Hemingway]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.cubaheadlines.com/articles/298266 Cuban Musician Edesio Alejandro Passes Away in Madrid]</ref> *[[Randy Brown (musician)|Randy Brown]], 72, American R&B singer.<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-southern-soul-singer-randy-brown-dies/ Smooth soul singer Randy Brown dies at 72]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Sylvester Turner]], 70, American politician, member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] (since 2025), [[List of mayors of Houston|mayor of Houston]] (2016–2024).<ref>[https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/politics/article/us-rep-and-former-houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-20204240.php? US Rep. and former Houston mayor Sylvester Turner dies at 70]</ref> ===4=== ===3=== *[[Kathryn Apanowicz]], 64, British actress (''[[Angels (TV series)|Angels]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'') and television presenter (''[[Calendar (British TV programme)|Calendar]]'').<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2025-03-03/former-presenter-and-actress-kathryn-apanowicz-dies Former Yorkshire Television presenter and actress Kathryn Apanowicz dies aged 64]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Eleonora Giorgi]], 71, Italian actress (''[[Talcum Powder (movie)|Talcum Powder]]'', ''[[Mani di fata]]'', ''[[Inferno (1980 movie)|Inferno]]''), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.ilmessaggero.it/persone/eleonora_giorgi_morta_roma_paideia_racconto_malattia_carriera-8665149.html Eleonora Giorgi è morta, aveva 71 anni: era malata da tempo. Dalle commedie anni Ottanta al racconto del tumore] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Juan Margallo]], 84, Spanish actor (''[[Dragon Rapide (movie)|Dragon Rapide]]'', ''[[Solitary Fragments]]'') and theatre director, complications from a fall.<ref>[https://elpais.com/cultura/2025-03-02/muere-juan-margallo-a-los-84-anos-referente-del-teatro-independiente-en-espana.html Muere Juan Margallo a los 84 años, referente del teatro independiente en España] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===1=== *[[Monika Lundi]], 82, German actress (''[[The Heath Is Green (1972 movie)|The Heath Is Green]]'', ''[[Crazy – Completely Mad]]'', ''[[No Gold for a Dead Diver]]'').<ref>[https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/monika-stetter-lundi Monika Stetter-Lundi] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Joey Molland]], 77, English guitarist ([[Badfinger]]) and songwriter.<ref>[https://bestclassicbands.com/joey-molland-badfinger-obituary-3-2-25/ Joey Molland, Last Member of Classic Badfinger Lineup, Dies at 77]</ref> *[[Angie Stone]], 63, American singer ("[[No More Rain (In This Cloud)]]", "[[Wish I Didn't Miss You]]") and rapper ([[The Sequence]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/angie-stone-dead-wish-i-didnt-miss-you-singer-the-sequence-1236324437/ Angie Stone, 'Wish I Didn't Miss You' singer and co-founder of the Sequence, dies at 63 ]</ref> ==February== ===28=== *[[David Johansen]], 75, American musician ([[New York Dolls]]), singer ("[[Hot Hot Hot (Arrow song)|Hot Hot Hot]]") and actor (''[[Scrooged]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/david-johansen-dead-new-york-dolls-1236324334/ David Johansen, New York Dolls Frontman, Dies at 75]</ref> ===27=== *[[Christopher Hughes (quiz contestant)|Christopher Hughes]], 77, English professional quizzer (''[[Eggheads (game show)|Eggheads]]'').<ref>[https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/entertainment/eggheads-chris-hughes-dies-aged-77/ Eggheads quiz expert Chris Hughes dies aged 77 as show pays tribute]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Uttam Mohanty]], 66, Indian actor (''[[Naya Zaher]]'', ''[[Ae Jugara Krushna Sudama]]'', ''[[Purushottam (movie)|Purushottam]]''), cirrhosis.<ref>[https://kalingatv.com/odisha/veteran-odia-actor-uttam-mohanty-dies-while-undergoing-treatment-in-gurugram/ Veteran Odia actor Uttam Mohanty dies while undergoing treatment in Gurugram]</ref> ===26=== *[[Gene Hackman]], 95, American actor (''[[The French Connection (movie)|The French Connection]]'', ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (movie)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'', ''[[Mississippi Burning]]'').<ref>[https://nypost.com/2025/02/27/entertainment/gene-hackman-and-wife-betsy-found-dead-in-new-mexico-home-police/ Legendary actor Gene Hackman, wife Betsy and dog found dead inside New Mexico home: police]</ref> *[[Lis Nilheim]], 80, Swedish actress (''[[Maria (1975 movie)|Maria]]'', ''[[Madicken på Junibacken]]'', ''[[Raskenstam]]'').<ref>[https://www.dagbladet.no/studio/kjendisstudio/668?post=178594 Svensk skuespiller er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Michelle Trachtenberg]], 39, American actress (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Harriet the Spy (movie)|Harriet the Spy]]'', ''[[Gossip Girl]]'').<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/buffy-gossip-girl-actress-michelle-trachtenberg-dead-39/story?id=119215091 'Buffy' and 'Gossip Girl' actress Michelle Trachtenberg dead at 39]</ref> ===25=== *[[Ronald Draper]], 98, South African cricketer ([[Eastern Province cricket team|Eastern Province]], [[Northern Cape (cricket team)|Griqualand West]], [[South Africa national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.news24.com/sport/cricket/oldest-test-cricketer-dies-in-south-africa-aged-98-20250228 Oldest Test cricketer dies in South Africa aged 98]</ref> *[[Roberto Orci]], 51, Mexican-born American screenwriter (''[[Star Trek (movie)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Transformers (movie)|Transformers]]'') and television producer (''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]''), kidney disease.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/02/roberto-orci-dead-star-trek-transformers-writer-producer-1236301807/ Roberto Orci Dies: ‘Star Trek’, ‘Transformers’ & ‘Hawaii Five-0’ Writer-Producer Was 51]</ref> ===24=== *[[Roberta Flack]], 88, American singer ("[[Killing Me Softly With His Song]]", "[[The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face]]", "[[Feel Like Makin' Love (Roberta Flack song)|Feel Like Makin' Love]]") and songwriter, [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] winner ([[15th Annual Grammy Awards|1973]], [[16th Annual Grammy Awards|1974]]), complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/roberta-flack-singer-killing-me-softly-dead-1236318888/ Roberta Flack, ’70s R&B Vocalist Known for ‘Killing Me Softly,’ Dies at 88]</ref> *[[Robert John]], 79, American singer ("[[Sad Eyes (Robert John song)|Sad Eyes]]", "[[If You Don't Want My Love]]").<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/robert-john-sad-eyes-singer-dead-obituary-1235279707/ Robert John, Crooner Behind Number One Hit ‘Sad Eyes,’ Dead at 79]</ref> *[[Keith Slater]], 89, Australian cricketer ([[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]]) and [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Swan Districts Football Club|Swan Districts]], [[Western Australia Australian rules football team|Western Australia]]).<ref>[https://www.sportfm.com.au/news/all-round-champion-keith-slater-dies-at-age-89/ All-round champion Keith Slater dies at age 89]</ref> ===23=== *[[Chris Jasper]], 73, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Isley Brothers]], [[Isley-Jasper-Isley]]), songwriter ("[[Caravan of Love]]"), keyboardist and producer, cancer.<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-chris-jasper-dies/ Legendary Isley Brothers member and soul music star Chris Jasper dies]</ref> *[[Thanin Kraivichien]], 97, Thai politician, [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] (1976–1977) and acting president of the [[Privy Council of Thailand|Privy Council]] (2016).<ref>[https://www.matichon.co.th/politics/news_5062871 ธานินทร์ กรัยวิเชียร อดีตนายกรัฐมนตรี ถึงแก่อสัญกรรม ในวัย 97 ปี] {{in lang|th}}</ref> *[[Atilio Veronelli]], 65, Argentine actor (''[[The Journey (1992 movie)|The Journey]]'', ''[[Where Are You My Love, That I Cannot Find You?]]'', ''[[Amigomío]]'') and stage director.<ref>[https://tn.com.ar/show/famosos/2025/02/23/a-los-65-anos-murio-el-actor-atilio-veronelli/ A los 65 años, murió el actor Atilio Veronelli] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===22=== ===21=== *[[Amélia Bittencourt]], 86, Brazilian actress (''[[The Ballroom]]'').<ref>[https://extra.globo.com/famosos/noticia/2025/02/atriz-amelia-bittencourt-morre-aos-86-anos-no-rs.ghtml Atriz Amélia Bittencourt morre aos 86 anos no RS] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Gwen McCrae]], 81, American singer ("[[Rockin' Chair (Gwen McCrae song)|Rockin' Chair]]").<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-gwen-mccrae-dies/ R.I.P. soul and disco star Gwen McCrae]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Lynne Marie Stewart]], 78, American actress (''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse]]'', ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]'', ''[[American Graffiti]]'').<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/02/21/miss-yvonne-actress-lynne-marie-stewart-dies-at-78/ Miss Yvonne of 'Pee-Wee's Playhouse,' Lynne Marie Stewart, Dies at 78]</ref> *[[Voletta Wallace]], 78, American record producer and film producer (''[[Notorious (2009 movie)|Notorious]]'').<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/voletta-wallace-notorious-big-bigie-smalls-mother-1235275517/ Voletta Wallace, the Notorious B.I.G.’s Mother, Dead at 78]</ref> ===20=== *[[Jerry Butler]], 85, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] soul singer-songwriter ("[[Only the Strong Survive (song)|Only the Strong Survive]]", "[[He Will Break Your Heart]]"), musician ([[The Impressions]]) and politician, complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/jerry-butler-impressions-singer-dead-chicago-politician-1236315232/ Jerry Butler, Impressions Singer and Chicago Politician, Dies at 85]</ref> *[[Peter Jason]], 80, American actor (''[[They Live]]'', ''[[48 Hrs.]]'', ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'').<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3855565/peter-jason-character-actor-and-john-carpenter-regular-has-passed-away/ Peter Jason, Character Actor and John Carpenter Regular, Has Passed Away]</ref> *[[Friedrich-Wilhelm Junge]], 86, German actor (''[[SAS 181 Does Not Reply]]'', ''[[Love's Confusion]]'').<ref>[https://www.tag24.de/dresden/kultur-leute/trauer-um-dresdner-brettl-gruender-schauspieler-friedrich-wilhelm-junge-ist-tot-3361989 Trauer um "Dresdner Brettl"-Gründer: Schauspieler Friedrich-Wilhelm Junge ist tot!] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Bidur Prasad Sapkota]], 59, Nepali politician, [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|MP]] (2014–2017), lung disease.<ref>[https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/57446 Constituent Assembly member Sapkota passes away]</ref> ===19=== *[[Souleymane Cissé (film director)|Souleymane Cissé]], 84, Malian film director (''[[Yeelen]]'', ''[[The Young Girl]]'', ''[[Waati]]'').<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/02/19/souleymane-cisse-un-des-chefs-de-file-du-cinema-africain-est-mort_6554682_3382.html# Souleymane Cissé, un des chefs de file du cinéma africain, est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Norberto Huezo]], 68, Salvadoran footballer ([[Palencia CF (1960)|Palencia]], [[Cartagena FC|Cartagena]], [[El Salvador national football team|national team]]), stroke.<ref>[https://www.laprensagrafica.com/deportes/Fallecio-Norberto-Pajarito-Huezo-a-los-68-anos-20250219-0019.html Falleció Norberto "Pájarito" Huezo a los 68 años]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Tony Isbert]], 74, Spanish actor (''[[A House Without Boundaries]]'', ''[[The Rift (1990 movie)|The Rift]]''), pneumonia.<ref>[https://elcierredigital.com/cultura/muere-los-75-anos-gran-actor-tony-isbert-nieto-del-popular-pepe-isbert Muere a los 74 años el gran actor Tony Isbert, nieto del popular Pepe Isbert] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===18=== ===17=== *[[Rick Buckler]], 69, English drummer ([[The Jam]]).<ref>[https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/uk-news/jams-drummer-rick-buckler-dies-31032794 The Jam's drummer Rick Buckler dies aged 69 as bandmates pay tribute]</ref> *[[Juan Mariné]], 104, Spanish cinematographer (''[[Ninety Minutes]]'', ''[[Day by Day (movie)|Day by Day]]'', ''[[Fog and Sun]]'') and film restorer.<ref>[https://www.academiadecine.com/2025/02/18/fallece-el-centenario-director-de-fotografia-juan-marine/ Fallece el centenario director de fotografía Juan Mariné] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Jamie Muir]], 82, Scottish musician ([[King Crimson]]) and painter.<ref>[https://www.loudersound.com/news/king-crimson-percussionist-jamie-muir-has-died-aged-82 King Crimson percussionist Jamie Muir has died, aged 82]</ref> ===16=== *[[Julian Holloway]], 80, British actor (''[[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]]'', ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'', ''[[Regular Show]]'').<ref>[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/24944659.carry-star-julian-holloway-dies-aged-80/ Carry On star Julian Holloway dies aged 80]</ref> *[[Evan Hultman]], 99, American politician, [[Attorney General of Iowa|attorney general of Iowa]] (1961–1965).<ref>[https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/evan-curly-hultman-champion-for-veterans-passes-away/article_2da3c232-ed6a-11ef-b287-8bd17d24ab29.html Evan 'Curly' Hultman, champion for veterans and former Iowa attorney general, dies at 99] {{paywall}}</ref> *[[Kim Sae-ron]], 24, South Korean actress (''[[A Brand New Life (2009 movie)|A Brand New Life]]'', ''[[The Man from Nowhere (2010 movie)|The Man from Nowhere]]'', ''[[A Girl at My Door]]'').<ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2025/02/398_392355.html Actress Kim Sae-ron found dead at home]</ref> *[[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]], 100, Indian actress (''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu movie)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'', ''[[Brahma Ratham]]'', ''[[Mana Desam]]''), singer, and film producer.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/veteran-actress-and-producer-c-krishnaveni-passes-away-at-100 Veteran actress and producer C Krishnaveni passes away at 100]</ref> *[[Yolanda Montes]], 93, American-Mexican actress (''[[Salomé (TV series)|Salomé]]'', ''[[Kill Me Because I'm Dying!]]'', ''[[Nocturne of Love (1948 movie)|Nocturne of Love]]'') and dancer, complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://www.hola.com/us/entertainment/20250217814783/yolanda-montes-tongolele-dies-at-93/ Yolanda Montes ‘Tongolele,’ Icon of Mexican Cinema, Dies at 93]</ref> ===15=== *[[Renato Ballardini]], 97, Italian resistance fighter and politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|deputy]] (1958–1979).<ref>[https://www.vitatrentina.it/2025/02/15/e-morto-a-97-anni-renato-ballardini-partigiano-ed-ex-parlamentare/ È morto a 97 anni Renato Ballardini, partigiano ed ex parlamentare] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===14=== *[[Carlos Diegues]], 84, Brazilian film director (''[[Ganga Zumba (movie)|Ganga Zumba]]'', ''[[Bye Bye Brasil]]'', ''[[Deus é Brasileiro]]''), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/brazil-obit-film-diegues-cinema-novo-e0d8973de4bba1d1e9ceb833596de5fe Cacá Diegues, renowned Brazilian filmmaker and leading figure in Cinema Novo, dies at 84]</ref> *[[Alice Hirson]], 95, American actress (''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]'', ''[[Being There]]'', ''[[One Life to Live]]'').<ref>[https://soaphub.com/general-hospital/news-gh/general-hospital-oltl-alum-alice-hirson-dead-at-95/ General Hospital OLTL Alum Alice Hirson Dead At 95]</ref> *[[Fulke Johnson Houghton]], 84, British Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.<ref>[https://www.herefordtimes.com/sport/national/24936109.training-great-fulke-johnson-houghton-dies-aged-84/ Training great Fulke Johnson Houghton dies aged 84]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Geneviève Page]], 97, French actress (''[[Belle de Jour (movie)|Belle de Jour]]'', ''[[Grand Prix (1966 movie)|Grand Prix]]'', ''[[The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes]]'').<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/theatre/deces-genevieve-page-gloire-du-theatre-a-l-age-de-97-ans-20250214 Décès de Geneviève Page, gloire du théâtre, à l’âge de 97 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===13=== ===12=== *[[Nike Arrighi]], 80, French actress (''[[The Devil Rides Out (movie)|The Devil Rides Out]]'', ''[[Day for Night (movie)|Day for Night]]'', ''[[Women in Love (movie)|Women in Love]]'').<ref>[https://theunmutual.co.uk/ Nike Arrighi 1944-2025]</ref> *[[Tommy Hunt]], 91, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] soul singer ([[The Flamingos]]).<ref>[https://www.clashmusic.com/news/soul-legend-tommy-hunt-has-died/ Soul Legend Tommy Hunt Has Died]</ref> ===11=== *[[Annie Joe Edwards]], 76, American actress (''[[Bullets Over Broadway]]'', ''[[The Purple Rose of Cairo]]'', ''[[Ain't Misbehavin' (musical)|Ain't Misbehavin']]'').<ref>[https://www.birminghamtimes.com/2025/02/annie-joe-edwards-birmingham-native-actress-composer-musician-dies-at-76/ Annie Joe Edwards, Multi-Talented Birmingham Actress, Composer, Musician, Dies at 76]</ref> *[[Moses Lim]], 75, Singaporean actor (''[[Under One Roof (Singaporean TV series)|Under One Roof]]'').<ref>[https://www.tnp.sg/entertainment/veteran-actor-moses-lim-dies-age-75 Veteran actor Moses Lim dies at age 75]</ref> *[[Norma Mora]], 81, Mexican actress (''[[Qué perra vida]]'', ''[[Los astronautas]]'').<ref>[https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2025/02/12/muere-norma-mora-actriz-mexicana-que-trabajo-con-tin-tan-y-el-santo-quien-era-que-le-paso/ Muere Norma Mora a los 81 años: ¿Qué le pasó a la actriz que trabajó con Tin Tan y El Santo?] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===10=== *[[Takis Ikonomopoulos]], 81, Greek footballer ([[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]], [[Apollon Smyrnis F.C.|Apollon Athens]], [[Greece national football team|national team]]), stroke.<ref>[https://www.ekathimerini.com/sports/1261252/legendary-panathinaikos-goalkeeper-takis-oikonomopoulos-passes-away-at-81/ Soccer legend Takis Oikonomopoulos passes away at 81]</ref> *[[Peter Tuiasosopo]], 61, American football player ([[Los Angeles Rams]]) and actor (''[[Street Fighter (1994 movie)|Street Fighter]]'', ''[[Necessary Roughness (movie)|Necessary Roughness]]'').<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/02/peter-navy-tuiasosopo-dead-actor-1236284912/ Peter Navy Tuiasosopo Dies: ‘Street Fighter’, ‘Necessary Roughness’ Actor Was 61]</ref> ===9=== *[[Tom Robbins]], 92, American novelist (''[[Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (novel)|Even Cowgirls Get the Blues]]'', ''[[Jitterbug Perfume]]'', ''[[Still Life with Woodpecker]]'').<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/feb/10/tom-robbins-comic-novelist-of-us-counterculture-dies-aged-92 Tom Robbins, comic novelist of US counterculture, dies aged 92]</ref> *[[Oleg Strizhenov]], 95, Russian actor (''[[The Mexican (1955 movie)|The Mexican]]'', ''[[The Captain's Daughter (1958 movie)|The Captain's Daughter]]'', ''[[The Star of Captivating Happiness]]'').<ref>[https://aif.ru/culture/akter-oleg-strizhenov-umer-na-96-m-godu-zhizni Актер Олег Стриженов умер на 96-м году жизни] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Baldemar Carrasco]], 93, Chilean politician, [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|deputy]] (1969–1973, 1990–1994).<ref>[https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/fallece-a-los-93-anos-baldemar-carrasco-exdiputado-y-miembro-del-grupo-de-los-13-de-la-dc/EGI4B6WO2BBFBFZGI75IXUTCW4/ Fallece a los 93 años Baldemar Carrasco, exdiputado y miembro del “Grupo de los 13″ de la DC] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Sam Nujoma]], 95, Namibian politician, [[President of Namibia|president]] (1990–2005).<ref>[https://www.namibian.com.na/namibias-founding-president-sam-nujoma-dies/ Namibia’s founding president, Sam Nujoma, dies]</ref> ===7=== *[[Anthony Dileo Jr.]], American actor (''[[Day of the Dead (1985 movie)|Day of the Dead]]'', ''[[Two Evil Eyes]]'', ''[[Lorenzo's Oil]]''), complications from COVID-19.<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3853900/day-of-the-dead-actor-anthony-dileo-jr-has-passed-away/ ‘Day of the Dead’ Actor Anthony DiLeo Jr. Has Passed Away]</ref> *[[Bruce French (actor)|Bruce French]], 79, American actor (''[[Passions]]'', ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Fletch (movie)|Fletch]]''), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bruce-french-dead-passions-1236131400/ Bruce French, ‘Passions’ Actor and a Veteran of the Stage, Dies at 79]</ref> *[[Tony Roberts (actor)|Tony Roberts]], 85, American actor (''[[Annie Hall]]'', ''[[Play It Again, Sam (movie)|Play It Again, Sam]]'', ''[[Serpico]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tony-roberts-dead-woody-allen-annie-hall-1236130177/ Tony Roberts, Woody Allen Sidekick and Broadway Stalwart, Dies at 85]</ref> ===6=== ===5=== *[[Irv Gotti]], 54, American record producer ("[[Foolish (Ashanti song)|Foolish]]", "[[Always on Time]]") and executive ([[Murder Inc. Records]]).<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/irv-gotti-murder-inc-founder-dies-1236128314/ Irv Gotti, Murder Inc. Founder Who Worked With Ashanti and Ja Rule, Dies at 54]</ref> *[[Brian Turner (New Zealand poet)|Brian Turner]], 80, New Zealand poet and field hockey player ([[New Zealand men's national field hockey team|national team]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://newsroom.co.nz/2025/02/06/brian-turner-dies/ Brian Turner dies]</ref> ===4=== *[[Sid Ahmed Ghozali]], 87, Algerian politician, [[Prime Minister of Algeria|prime minister]] (1991–1992).<ref>[https://www.ennaharonline.com/وفاة-رئيس-الحكومة-الأسبق-سيد-احمد-غزال/ وفاة رئيس الحكومة الأسبق سيد احمد غزالي] {{in lang|ar}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Rich Dauer]], 72, American baseball player ([[Baltimore Orioles]]) and coach ([[Kansas City Royals]], [[Colorado Rockies]]).<ref>[https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/rich-dauer-orioles-hall-of-famer-and-former-astros-coach-dies-at-72/ Rich Dauer, Orioles Hall of Famer and former Astros coach, dies at 72]</ref> *[[Bettina Heltberg]], 82, Danish journalist (''[[Politiken]]'') and actress (''[[Det støver stadig]]'').<ref>[https://ekstrabladet.dk/underholdning/dkkendte/bettina-heltberg-er-doed/10518513 Bettina Heltberg er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Lee Joo-shil]], 80, South Korean actress (''[[The Uncanny Counter]]'', ''[[Train to Busan]]'', ''[[Squid Game]]''), stomach cancer.<ref>[https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20250202002700315 Veteran actress Lee Joo-shil dies of stomach cancer at 81]</ref> *[[Brian Murphy]], 92, English actor (''[[Man About the House]]'', ''[[George and Mildred]]'', ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'') and comedian, cancer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxeg4q0rddo Sitcom actor Brian Murphy dies aged 92]</ref> ===1=== *[[Horst Köhler]], 81, German economist and politician, [[President of Germany|president]] (2004–2010), president of the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|EBRD]] (1998–2000) and managing director of the [[IMF]] (2000–2004).<ref>[https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/ex-bundespraesident-horst-koehler-tot-100.html Ex-Bundespräsident Horst Köhler gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Fay Vincent]], 86, American lawyer and sports executive, [[commissioner of baseball]] (1989–1992), bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/story/_/id/43667090/former-mlb-commissioner-fay-vincent-dies-86 Former MLB commissioner Fay Vincent dies at 86] </ref> ==January== ===31=== *[[Buster Farrer]], 88, South African cricketer ([[Border (cricket team)|Border]], [[South Africa national cricket team|national team]]), tennis player and field hockey player.<ref>[https://www.theherald.co.za/sport/2025-02-02-sporting-community-mourns-multitalented-buster-farrers-death/ Sporting community mourns multitalented Buster Farrer’s death]</ref> *[[Táňa Radeva]], 67, Slovak actress (''[[Bathory (movie)|Bathory]]'', ''[[Lóve]]'', ''[[Dubček (movie)|Dubček]]'').<ref>[https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/UNH4MvO/zomrela-herecka-tana-radeva/ Zomrela herečka Táňa Radeva] {{in lang|sk}}</ref> *[[Kärt Tomingas]], 57, Estonian actress (''[[Those Old Love Letters]]'', ''[[Zero Point (movie)|Zero Point]]''), singer and educator.<ref>[https://kultuur.err.ee/1609593032/suri-naitleja-ja-laulja-kart-tomingas Suri näitleja ja laulja Kärt Tomingas] {{in lang|et}}</ref> ===30=== *[[Julius Chan|Sir Julius Chan]], 85, Papua New Guinean politician, [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|prime minister]] (1980–1982, 1994–1997, 1997).<ref>[https://www.postcourier.com.pg/the-last-man-standing-falls/ The "last man standing" falls]</ref> *[[Marianne Faithfull]], 78, English singer ("[[As Tears Go By (song)|As Tears Go By]]"), songwriter ("[[Broken English (song)|Broken English]]") and actress (''[[The Girl on a Motorcycle]]'').<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp8k931j423o Singer Marianne Faithfull dies at 78]</ref> ===29=== ===28=== *[[Horst Janson (actor)|Horst Janson]], 89, German actor (''[[The Buddenbrooks (1959 movie)|The Buddenbrooks]]'', ''[[Das Riesenrad]]'', ''[[Murphy's War]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/stars-und-leute/horst-janson-der-sesamstrasse-star-ist-tot-6798bb453205537d00c7365f Die „Sesamstraße“ weint! TV-Star Horst Janson (89) ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===27=== *[[Alma Rosa Aguirre]], 95, Mexican actress (''[[The Stronger Sex (1946 movie)|The Stronger Sex]]'', ''[[Nosotras las taquígrafas]]'', ''[[The Border Man]]'').<ref>[https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/famosos/muere-alma-rosa-aguirre-hermana-elsa-aguirre Muere Alma Rosa Aguirre, actriz del Cine de Oro mexicano y hermana de Elsa Aguirre, a los 95 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Yoon Dae-sung]], 85, South Korean playwright and screenwriter (''[[All That Falls Has Wings]]'', ''[[Black Republic]]'').<ref>[https://www.chosun.com/culture-life/performance-arts/2025/01/27/GTYMSHTSUZC65EHABVIGGTJDWE/ "어렵고 불편해 괴로움 줘야 진짜 연극"… 극작가 윤대성 별세] {{in lang|ko}}</ref> ===26=== *[[Shafi (director)|Shafi]], 56, Indian film director (''[[One Man Show (movie)|One Man Show]]'', ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 movie)|Kalyanaraman]]'', ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1468886&u=popular-film-director-shafi-passes-away Popular film director Shafi passes away]</ref> *[[Igor Yankovsky]], 73, Russian actor (''[[Investigation Led by Experts]]'', ''[[The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person]]'', ''[[Charlotte's Necklace]]''), cirrhosis.<ref>[https://www.starhit.ru/novosti/umer-plemyannik-olega-yankovskogo-igor-stradavshii-ot-raka-6191019/ Умер племянник Олега Янковского Игорь, страдавший от рака] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===25=== *[[Dražen Dalipagić]], 73, Serbian [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] basketball player ([[KK Partizan|Partizan]], [[Reyer Venezia|Carrera Venezia]]) and coach ([[Nuova Pallacanestro Gorizia]]), Olympic champion ([[Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]).<ref>[https://about.fiba.basketball/en/news/basketball-world-mourns-loss-of-serbian-legend-drazen-dalipagic Basketball world mourns loss of Serbian legend Drazen Dalipagic]</ref> *[[Ole Neumann]], 77, Danish actor (''[[Father of Four (movie)|Father of Four]]'', ''[[The Heir to Næsbygaard]]'', ''[[Father of Four on Bornholm]]'').<ref>[https://ekstrabladet.dk/underholdning/dkkendte/ole-lille-per-neumann-er-doed/10510385 Ole 'Lille Per' Neumann er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Gloria Romero (actress)|Gloria Romero]], 91, Filipino actress (''[[Ilocana Maiden]]'', ''[[Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)]]'', ''[[Condemned (1984 movie)|Condemned]]'').<ref>[https://www.bomboradyo.com/veteran-actress-gloria-romero-pumanaw-na-91 Veteran actress Gloria Romero pumanaw na, 91] {{in lang|tl}}</ref> ===24=== *[[Unk]], 42, American rapper ("[[Walk It Out (Unk song)|Walk It Out]]", "[[2 Step (song)|2 Step]]", "[[Show Out (Unk song)|Show Out]]").<ref>[https://blackamericaweb.com/2025/01/24/how-did-dj-unk-die/ DJ Unk, Known for “Walk It Out” and “2 Step”, Dead at 42]</ref> ===23=== ===22=== *[[Nicholas Eadie]], 67, Australian actor (''[[Vietnam (miniseries)|Vietnam]]'', ''[[The Man from Snowy River II]]'', ''[[Fragments of War: The Story of Damien Parer]]'', ''[[Cop Shop]]'').<ref>[https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/celebrity-deaths/aussie-tv-and-theatre-legend-nicholas-eadie-dead-at-67/news-story/aa838665ab8db849dae3e0939c932789 Aussie TV and theatre legend Nicholas Eadie dead at 67]</ref> * [[Wim van Elk]], 87, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.bd.nl/eindhoven/oud-burgemeester-van-helmond-wim-van-elk-87-overleden-burgemeester-sjoerd-potters-reageert-geschrokken-en-bedroefd~aa80e8ab/?cb=1db74fd6-cd74-4d15-aa4d-67e2c838a236&auth_rd=1 Oud-burgemeester van Helmond Wim van Elk (87) overleden, burgemeester Sjoerd Potters reageert ‘geschrokken en bedroefd’] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Mauricio Funes]], 65, Salvadoran politician and convicted criminal, [[President of El Salvador|president]] (2009–2014).<ref>[https://www.barrons.com/news/ex-salvadoran-leader-mauricio-funes-dies-in-nicaragua-ec6ec769 Ex-Salvadoran Leader Mauricio Funes Dies In Nicaragua]</ref> *[[Garth Hudson]], 87, Canadian [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[The Band]]) and keyboardist ("[[Chest Fever]]").<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/garth-hudson-the-last-living-member-of-the-band-dead-at-87/article_983498e8-d7fc-11ef-ac3c-4b6836c7f137.html Garth Hudson, the last living member of The Band, dead at 87]</ref> ===20=== *[[Bertrand Blier]], 85, French film director (''[[Get Out Your Handkerchiefs]]'', ''[[Beau Pere]]'', ''[[Buffet froid]]'').<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/01/21/bertrand-blier-realisateur-et-scenariste-auteur-des-valseuses-est-mort-a-85-ans_6508368_3382.html Bertrand Blier, réalisateur et scénariste, auteur des « Valseuses », est mort à 85 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Luc Cauwenberghs]], 72, Belgian visual artist.<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/01/23/kunstenaar-uit-tervuren-luc-cauwenberghs-overleden/ Kunstenaar Luc Cauwenberghs (72) overleden, maker van beelden van Nero en Urbanus] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bob Kuban]], 84, American bandleader and musician ([[The Cheater (song)|"The Cheater"]]), stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fox2now.com/news/missouri/bob-kuban-st-louis-musician-and-rock-roll-hall-of-famer-passes/ |title=Bob Kuban, St. Louis musician and Rock & Roll Hall of Famer, dead at 84 |access-date=2025-01-21 |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122145308/https://fox2now.com/news/missouri/bob-kuban-st-louis-musician-and-rock-roll-hall-of-famer-passes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Harald Paalgard]], 74, Norwegian cinematographer (''[[Orion's Belt (movie)|Orion's Belt]]'', ''[[Dreamplay]]'', ''[[The Woman That Dreamed About a Man]]'').<ref>[https://www.nrk.no/nyheter/filmfotograf-harald-paalgard-er-dod-1.17214142 Filmfotograf Harald Paalgard er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[John Sykes]], 65, English guitarist ([[Tygers of Pan Tang]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Whitesnake]]), cancer.<ref>[https://blabbermouth.net/news/legendary-guitarist-john-sykes-dead-at-65 Legendary Guitarist John Sykes Dead At 65]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===19=== * [[Jan Mijnsbergen]], 86, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.parlement.com/id/vmk8iua0uan9/nieuws/oud_kamerlid_jan_mijnsbergen_pvda Oud-Kamerlid Jan Mijnsbergen (PvdA) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> * [[Mijndert Ververs]], 91, Dutch businessman.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/22/de-boodschappenjongen-die-met-wolters-kluwer-een-miljardenbedrijf-opbouwde-a4880529 De boodschappenjongen die met Wolters Kluwer een miljardenbedrijf opbouwde] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===18=== * [[Raymond Goossens]], 93, Belgian politician.<ref>[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20250120_96850845 De man die eerste burgemeester werd van fusiegemeente Ranst: “Mon kon niet tegen conflicten”] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> * [[Jan Oudenaarden]], 81, Dutch writer, historian and columnist.<ref>[https://www.ad.nl/rotterdam/groot-feyenoord-fan-en-schrijver-jan-oudenaarden-81-overleden~aa32043e/ Groot Feyenoord-fan en schrijver Jan Oudenaarden (81) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Ze'ev Revach]], 84, Israeli actor (''[[Charlie Ve'hetzi]]'', ''[[Hagiga B'Snuker]]'', ''[[The Farewell Party]]'') and comedian.<ref>[https://www.ynet.co.il/entertainment/article/HyXjFEWYD זאב רווח, מגדולי שחקני ישראל, הלך לעולמו בגיל 84] {{in lang|he}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Denis Law]], 84, Scottish footballer ([[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]], [[Scotland national football team|national team]]), Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://sports.yahoo.com/denis-law-legendary-manchester-united-192908742.html Denis Law, legendary Manchester United and Scotland goalscorer, dies aged 84]</ref> *[[Russell Marshall]], 88, New Zealand politician, [[New Zealand Parliament|MP]] (1972–1990), minister of [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|foreign affairs]] (1987–1990) and [[Minister of Education (New Zealand)|education]] (1984–1987).<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/539385/former-minister-russell-marshall-dies-aged-88 Former minister Russell Marshall dies aged 88]</ref> ===16=== *[[David Lynch]], 78, American television and film director (''[[Twin Peaks]]'', ''[[Blue Velvet (movie)|Blue Velvet]]'', ''[[Mulholland Drive (movie)|Mulholland Drive]]''), visual artist and musician.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/david-lynch-dead-director-blue-velvet-twin-peaks-1236276106/ David Lynch, Visionary Director of ‘Twin Peaks’ and ‘Blue Velvet,’ Dies at 78]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Joan Plowright|Dame Joan Plowright]], 95, English actress (''[[Enchanted April (1991 movie)|Enchanted April]]'', ''[[A Taste of Honey]]'', ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 movie)|101 Dalmatians]]''), [[Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play|Tony]] winner ([[15th Tony Awards|1961]]).<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/global/joan-plowright-dead-acting-legend-laurence-olivier-widow-1236276923/ Joan Plowright, Acting Legend of Stage and Screen and Laurence Olivier’s Widow, Dies at 95]</ref> *[[Bob Uecker]], 90, American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]), broadcaster ([[Milwaukee Brewers]]), and actor (''[[Mr. Belvedere]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/43439250/beloved-brewers-broadcaster-bob-uecker-dies-age-90 Beloved Brewers broadcaster Bob Uecker, 'Mr. Baseball,' dies at 90]</ref> *[[Shoji Ueda (cinematographer)|Shoji Ueda]], 87, Japanese cinematographer (''[[Ran (movie)|Ran]]'', ''[[Dreams (1990 movie)|Dreams]]'', ''[[After the Rain (movie)|After the Rain]]''), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.hokkaido-np.co.jp/article/1111788/ 上田正治さん死去　映画撮影監督] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Anna Maria Ackermann]], 92, Italian actress (''[[Le inchieste del commissario Maigret]]'', ''[[The Skin (movie)|The Skin]]'', ''[['O Re]]'').<ref>[https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2025/01/15/news/anna_maria_ackermann_morta_attrice_eduardo-423941427/ Teatro, morta Anna Maria Ackermann: debuttò con Eduardo] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Christopher Benjamin (actor)|Christopher Benjamin]], 90, English actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Judge John Deed]]'', ''[[The Plague Dogs (movie)|The Plague Dogs]]'').<ref>[https://www.doctorwhonews.net/2025/01/christopher_benjamin_1934_2025.html#google_vignette Christopher Benjamin 1934–2025]</ref> *[[Diane Langton]], 77, English actress (''[[Hollyoaks]]'', ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'').<ref>[https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/only-fools-and-horses-star-soap-legend-diane-langton-dies-77/ Only Fools and Horses star and soap legend Diane Langton dies aged 77]</ref> *[[Melba Montgomery]], 86, American country singer ("[[No Charge]]", "[[Don't Let the Good Times Fool You (song)|Don't Let the Good Times Fool You]]", "[[Angel of the Morning]]") and songwriter.<ref>[https://tasteofcountry.com/melba-montgomery-dead-dies/ Legendary 'No Charge' Singer Melba Montgomery Dead at 86]</ref> *[[Willy Neven]], 76, Belgian politician, mayor of [[Halen]] (1983–1986; 1995–2012).<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/01/16/ereburgemeester-van-halen-willy-neven-overleden-stad-opent-rouw/ Oud-burgemeester Willy Neven (76) van Halen overleden: "Strijder tegen wateroverlast" laat blijvende erfenis na] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Linda Nolan]], 65, Irish singer, actress and television personality ([[The Nolans]]), double pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1ezlgzj4vvo Singer Linda Nolan dies aged 65]</ref> *[[Rosny Smarth]], 84, Haitian politician, [[Prime Minister of Haiti|prime minister]] (1996–1997).<ref>[https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article31331 Haïti : Décès de l’ancien premier ministre Rosny Smarth] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Jeannot Szwarc]], 85, French film director (''[[Jaws 2]]'', ''[[Supergirl (1984 movie)|Supergirl]]'', ''[[Santa Claus: The Movie]]'').<ref>[https://thedailyjaws.com/news/jaws-2-director-jeannot-szwarc-passes-away-aged-85 tor Jeannot Szwarc passes away aged 85]</ref> *[[Sarigama Viji]], 76, Indian actor (''[[Beluvalada Madilalli]]'', ''[[Mana Mecchida Sose]]'', ''[[Yamalokadalli Veerappan]]'').<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-sarigama-vijay-passes-away-4042811.html Kannada Actor Sarigama Viji Passes Away At 76l]</ref> ===14=== *[[Marcel van den Dop]], 70, Dutch artist.<ref>[https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4926071/altijd-een-lach-en-grap-en-creativiteit-ten-top-kunstenaar-marcello-overleden 'Altijd een lach en grap en creativiteit ten top', kunstenaar Marcello overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Jack Kooistra]], 94, Dutch journalist and Nazi hunter.<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2551765-jack-kooistra-94-overleden-man-die-schrik-van-roden-opspoorde Jack Kooistra (94) overleden, man die 'Schrik van Roden' opspoorde] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Tony Slattery]], 65, British actor (''[[The Crying Game]]'', ''[[Peter's Friends]]''), comedian and television personality (''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (British TV series)|Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]''), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.aol.co.uk/comedian-tony-slattery-dies-aged-140227095.html Comedian Tony Slattery dies aged 65 after heart attack]</ref> *[[Gerard van den Tweel]], 80, Dutch businessman, [[bile duct cancer]].<ref>[https://www.quotenet.nl/quote-500/in-memoriam/a63417983/in-memoriam-quote-500-lid-gerard-van-den-tweel-1944-2025/ In Memoriam: Quote 500-lid Gerard van den Tweel (1944-2025)] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===13=== *[[Jean Penders]], 85, Dutch politician, member of the [[European Parliament]] (1979–1994).<ref>[https://www.parlement.com/id/vmk2irjykogc/nieuws/oud_europarlementarier_jean_penders_cda Oud-Europarlementariër Jean Penders (CDA) overleden] {{in lang |nl}}</ref> ===12=== *[[Claude Jarman Jr.]], 90, American actor (''[[The Yearling]]'', ''[[Rio Grande (1950 movie)|Rio Grande]]'').<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/claude-jarman-dead-yearling-juvenile-oscar-1236107296/ Claude Jarman Jr., Young Star of ‘The Yearling,’ Dies at 90]</ref> *[[Kim Yaroshevskaya]], 101, Russian-born Canadian actress (''[[Fanfreluche]]'', ''[[Passe-Partout]]'', ''[[Home Fires (Canadian TV series)|Home Fires]]'').<ref>[https://www.lequotidien.com/arts/2025/01/12/la-comedienne-kim-yaroshevskaya-seteint-a-101-ans-2PBMB3SQ2VGJ7BUH2RKPME3TOY/ La comédienne Kim Yaroshevskaya s’éteint à 101 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> * [[Anton Vernooij]], 84, Dutch priest, composer and full professor.<ref>[https://www.aartsbisdom.nl/kerkmusicus-pastor-a-c-vernooij-overleden/ Kerkmusicus pastor A.C. Vernooij overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===11=== *[[Barbara Rylska]], 88, Polish actress.<ref>[https://kultura.onet.pl/film/nie-zyje-ikona-polskiego-kina-barbara-rylska-odeszla-w-wieku-89-lat/eh4sz6x Nie żyje ikona polskiego kina. Barbara Rylska odeszła w wieku 89 lat] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> ===10=== *[[Cees Bakker]], 85, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.hetkontakt.nl/alblasserwaard/nieuws/412124/kees-bakker-oud-burgemeester-van-giessenlanden-overleden Kees Bakker, oud-burgemeester van Giessenlanden, overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Yevgenia Dobrovolskaya]], 60, Russian actress (''[[Queen Margot (TV series)|Queen Margot]]'', ''[[The Irony of Fate 2]]'', ''[[Guys from Mars]]''), complications from cancer and heart failure.<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/society/10/01/2025/678147e59a79472b64f7a234 Умерла Евгения Добровольская] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Sam Moore]], 89, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer-songwriter ([[Sam & Dave]]), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sam-moore-sam-and-dave-soul-man-dead-obituary-1235140865/ Sam Moore, Soul Man Who Scored Hits With Sam and Dave, Dead at 89]</ref> *[[Theo Rongen]], 81, Dutch music director and politician, mayor of [[Thorn]] (1997-2011).<ref>[https://www.klankwijzer.nl/oud-bestuurder-theo-rongen-81-overleden/ Oud-bestuurder Theo Rongen (81) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bram Van Paesschen]], 45, Belgian movie director (''[[Empire of Dust]]'').<ref>[https://www.bruzz.be/actua/samenleving/brusselse-documentairemaker-bram-van-paesschen-45-overleden-2025-01-12 Brusselse documentairemaker Bram Van Paesschen (45) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===9=== *[[Harlind Libbrecht]], 65, Belgian musician ([[Kadril]]) and academic.<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/01/09/harlind-libbrecht-kluisbergen-gent-kadril-folk-muziek/ Harlind Libbrecht, muzikant en mede-oprichter van folk-rockgroep Kadril, overleden]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Jorge Luis Sánchez]], 64, Cuban film director (''[[El Benny]]'', ''[[Buscando a Casal]]'').<ref>[https://www.granma.cu/cultura/2025-01-09/fallecio-el-cineasta-cubano-jorge-luis-sanchez-director-de-el-benny-09-01-2025-09-01-12 Falleció el cineasta cubano Jorge Luis Sánchez, director de El Benny] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Marc Michetz]], 73, Belgian comics artist.<ref>[https://www.stripspeciaalzaak.be/stripnieuws/marc-michetz-73-overleden Marc Michetz (73) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Otto Schenk]], 94, Austrian actor (''[[Dunja (movie)|Dunja]]'', ''[[Always Trouble with the Reverend]]''), film (''[[Die Fledermaus (1972 movie)|Die Fledermaus]]'') and theatre director.<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3001001/ Otto Schenk ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Pritish Nandy]], 73, Indian poet, film producer (''[[Bollywood Calling]]'', ''[[The Mystic Masseur]]''), and politician, [[Rajya Sabha|MP]] (1998–2004), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://odishabytes.com/poet-filmmaker-writer-pritish-nandy-dies-at-73-heartbroken-friend-anupam-kher-pays-rich-tribute/ Poet, Filmmaker, Writer Pritish Nandy Dies At 73; ‘Heartbroken’ Friend Anupam Kher Pays Rich Tribute]</ref> ===7=== *[[Jaap Dijkstra]], 81, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://publicatie-onlinerouwbericht.dpgmedia.nl/Images/a729e6ef-5ccb-c951-8b21-d52258c5380f.jpeg death announcement], ''[[de Stentor]]''</ref> *[[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], 96, French politician, [[National Assembly (France)|deputy]] (1956–1962, 1986–1988) and [[European Parliament|MEP]] (1984–2019), founder of [[National Rally|National Front]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/07/jean-marie-le-pen-french-far-right-leader-dies Jean-Marie Le Pen, French far-right leader, dies aged 96]</ref> *[[Mirosława Marcheluk]], 85, Polish actress (''[[Hero of the Year (movie)|Hero of the Year]]'', ''[[Magnat (movie)|Magnat]]'').<ref>[https://dzienniklodzki.pl/zmarla-miroslawa-marcheluk-znakomita-aktorka-przez-wiele-lat-zwiazana-z-lodzia/ar/c13-19026458 Zmarła Mirosława Marcheluk, znakomita aktorka przez wiele lat związana z Łodzią] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[Walter Martos]], 67, Peruvian military officer and politician, [[Prime Minister of Peru|prime minister]] (2020) and [[Ministry of Defence (Peru)|minister of defence]] (2019–2020).<ref>[https://larepublica.pe/politica/2025/01/07/fallecio-walter-martos-ex-primer-ministro-del-gobierno-de-martin-vizcarra-a-los-67-anos-hnews-458318 Falleció Walter Martos, exministro del gobierno de Martín Vizcarra, a los 67 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Hans Prakke]], 75, Dutch journalist.<ref>[https://www.spreekbuis.nl/journalist-hans-prakke-overleden/ Journalist Hans Prakke (75) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Pim Vermeulen]], 77, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/11/pim-vermeulen-onverschrokken-stadsvernieuwer-van-rotterdam-a4879250 Pim Vermeulen: onverschrokken stadsvernieuwer van Rotterdam] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Peter Yarrow]], 86, American singer ([[Peter, Paul and Mary]], "[[Leaving on a Jet Plane]]") and songwriter ("[[Puff, the Magic Dragon]]"), bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/jan/07/peter-yarrow-of-folk-trio-peter-paul-and-mary-dies-aged-86 Peter Yarrow of folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary dies aged 86]</ref> ===6=== *[[Henny Eman]], 76, Aruban politician, [[Prime Minister of Aruba|prime minister]] (1986–1989, 1994–2001).<ref>[https://www.nd.nl/varia/varia/1252822/eerste-premier-van-aruba-henny-eman-76-overleden Eerste premier van Aruba Henny Eman (76) overleden] {{in lang|nl}} {{subscription}} </ref> ===5=== * [[René Bliki]], 98, Belgian resistance member, war volunteer and sport cyclist.<ref>[https://www.persinfo.org/nl/nieuws/artikel/oorlogsvrijwilliger-rene-bliki-overleden/61974 Oorlogsvrijwilliger René Bliki overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bobby Matitahatiwen]], 65, Dutch futsal player ([[Netherlands national futsal team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.onsoranje.nl/node/81845 Voormalig futsalinternational Bobby Matitahatiwen (65) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Prabir Mitra]], 83, Bangladeshi actor (''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]'', ''[[Boro Bhalo Lok Chhilo]]'', ''[[Buk Fatey To Mukh Foteyna]]'').<ref>[https://www.daily-sun.com/post/785405 Prabir Mitra passes away]</ref> * [[Henri Willy Pleket]], 94, Dutch historian, [[epigrapher]] and university professor.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/krant/2025/01/11/#428 death announcement], ''[[NRC Handelsblad]], 11 January 2025''</ref> *[[Costas Simitis]], 88, Greek politician, [[Prime Minister of Greece|prime minister]] (1996–2004), and [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1985–2009).<ref>[https://www.barrons.com/news/former-greek-pm-costas-simitis-dies-aged-88-ea144ae0 Former Greek PM Costas Simitis Dies Aged 88]</ref> ===4=== *[[José Luis Beltrán]], 69, Spanish basketball player ([[CB Estudiantes]], [[Spain men's national basketball team|national team]]).<ref>[https://basquetplus.com/basquet-plus-acb-espana-jose-luis-beltran-el-patas-estudiantes-madrid-gran-canaria Murió el Patas Beltrán, primer argentino en jugar la liga española] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Jules D'Oultremont]], 77, Belgian politician, mayor of [[Houthalen-Helchteren]] (2001-2003).<ref>[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20250104_94791512 Oud-burgemeester Jules D’Oultremont van Houthalen-Helchteren overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Emilio Echevarría]], 80, Mexican actor (''[[Amores perros]]'', ''[[Die Another Day]]'', ''[[The Alamo (2004 movie)|The Alamo]]'').<ref>[https://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/muere-emilio-echevarria-actor-interpreto-el-chivo-amores-perros/1692626 Muere Emilio Echevarría, querido actor que interpretó a "El Chivo" en "Amores Perros"] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Nicolaas Klei]], 63, Dutch wine critic.<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2550749-wijnschrijver-nicolaas-klei-63-overleden-bekend-van-supermarktwijngids Wijnschrijver Nicolaas Klei (63) overleden, bekend van Supermarktwijngids] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Anjana Sultana]], 59, Bangladeshi actress (''[[Parineeta (1986 movie)|Parineeta]]'', ''[[Ashikkhito]]''), lung infection.<ref>[https://www.bd24live.com/actress-anjana-rahman-passes-away/ Actress Anjana Rahman Passes Away]</ref> ===3=== *[[Jeff Baena]], 47, American film director and screenwriter (''[[The Little Hours]]'', ''[[Horse Girl]]'', ''[[Spin Me Round]]''), suicide.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/01/jeff-baena-dead-47-independent-filmmaker-1236246487/ Indie Filmmaker Jeff Baena Has Passed Away At 47]</ref> *[[André De Maerteleire]], 80, Belgian cyclist.<ref>[https://www.wielerkrant.be/nieuws/2025-01-05/belgische-wielerwereld-opnieuw-in-rouw-oud-wielrenner-andre-de-maerteleire-overleden-op-80-jarige-leeftijd Belgische wielerwereld opnieuw in rouw: oud-wielrenner André De Maerteleire overleden op 80-jarige leeftijd] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Shigemi Fukahori]], 93, Japanese peace activist.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/05/asia/shigemi-fukahori-nagasaki-bomb-survivor-dead-intl-hnk/index.html Shigemi Fukahori, who survived Nagasaki bombing and spent his life advocating for peace, dies at 93]</ref> *[[Guus Luijters]], 81, Dutch writer and journalist.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/03/guus-luijters-gaf-bijna-20000-gedeporteerde-en-vermoorde-kinderen-een-gezicht-a4878485 Guus Luijters gaf bijna 20.000 gedeporteerde en vermoorde kinderen een gezicht] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Mauro Morandi]], 89, Italian island hermit ([[Budelli]]).<ref>[https://www.giornaledellavela.com/2025/01/06/farewell-to-mauro-morandi-the-hermit-guardian-of-the-island-of-budelli/?lang=en Farewell to Mauro Morandi, the hermit “guardian” of the island of Budelli]</ref> *[[Jos Plas]], 94, Belgian cyclist.<ref>[https://www.ringtv.be/sport/ex-profwielrenner-jos-plas-94-uit-dilbeek-overleden Ex-profwielrenner Jos Plas (94) uit Dilbeek overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Tariana Turia|Dame Tariana Turia]], 80, New Zealand politician, [[New Zealand Parliament|MP]] (1996–2014) and [[minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector]] (2003–2004, 2008–2011), stroke.<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/politics/te-pati-maori-co-founder-dame-tariana-turia-dies/XXDWZXIRAJE5ZEBGONKUQBHLKY/ Te Pāti Māori co-founder Dame Tariana Turia dies]</ref> *[[Brenton Wood]], 83, American singer ("[[The Oogum Boogum Song]]", "[[Gimme Little Sign]]").<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/01/03/brenton-wood-dead-singer-oogum-boogum/ 'Oogum Boogum' Singer Brenton Wood Dead at 83]</ref> ===2=== *[[Jytte Abildstrøm]], 90, Danish actress (''[[Helle for Helene]]'', ''[[Don Olsen kommer til byen]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Picasso]]''), kidney disease.<ref>[https://underholdning.tv2.dk/kendte/2025-01-02-jytte-abildstroem-er-doed Jytte Abildstrøm er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Pieter Hofstra]], 78, Dutch politician, [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|MP]] (1994-2006) and [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senator]] (2007-2011).<ref>[https://www.rtvnoord.nl/politiek/1254381/gronings-vvd-kamerlid-pieter-hofstra-78-overleden Gronings VVD-Kamerlid Pieter Hofstra (78) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===1=== *[[Meine Breemhaar]], 64, Dutch businessman and sports official, president of [[PEC Zwolle]] (2020-2025).<ref>[https://www.omroepflevoland.nl/nieuws/410378/meine-breemhaar-64-overleden-succesvol-vastgoedondernemer-en-sponsor-pec-zwolle Meine Breemhaar (64) overleden, succesvol vastgoedondernemer en sponsor PEC Zwolle] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Leo Dan]], 82, Argentine singer, composer and actor (''[[Story of a Poor Young Man (1968 movie)|Story of a Poor Young Man]]'', ''[[Cómo te extraño]]'').<ref>[https://caracol.com.co/2025/01/01/fallecio-leo-dan-cantante-y-compositor-argentino-a-sus-82-anos/ Luto en la música: Falleció Leo Dan, cantante y compositor argentino, a sus 82 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Nora Orlandi]], 91, Italian musician and film composer (''[[The Strange Vice of Mrs. Wardh]]'', ''[[Johnny Yuma (movie)|Johnny Yuma]]'', ''[[Clint the Stranger]]'').<ref>[https://www.spettakolo.it/2025/01/01/addio-a-nora-orlandi-aveva-91-anni/ Addio a Nora Orlandi, aveva 91 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Wayne Osmond]], 73, American singer ([[The Osmonds]]) and songwriter ("[[Crazy Horses]]", "[[Let Me In (The Osmonds song)|Let Me In]]"), stroke.<ref>[https://kslnewsradio.com/2168326/wayne-osmond-dies-at-73-years-old/ Wayne Osmond dies at 73]</ref> *[[Vittorio Pomilio]], 93, Italian basketball player ([[Stella Azzurra Roma]], [[Italy men's national basketball team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.rainews.it/tgr/abruzzo/articoli/2025/01/addio-a-vittorio-pomilio-francavilla-al-mare-chieti-abruzzo-basket-91f4a972-34e3-4854-b708-ea04ae0c6e4c.html Addio a Vittorio Pomilio] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries] *[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune''] *[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times''] *[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries] *[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries] {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Deaths in 2024]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Deaths by year}} {{s-aft|after=[[Deaths in 2026]]}} {{s-end}} {{Deaths by month and year}} [[Category:2025 deaths|2025 deaths]] jmu2ddtugg8jej8a1en5jdu1ien1mk9 10331636 10330983 2025-06-15T09:04:19Z 2407:7000:B226:EB06:C1D7:FD8F:9023:DC47 /* June */ 10331636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=May 2025}} The following is a list of notable deaths that happened in the year [[2025]]. Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by their last name, or [[pseudonym]]. Deaths of non-humans are also noted here, if worth noting. ==Criteria== Every entry [[Wikipedia:SOURCE|is backed by a source]]. Proper citations are used and no bare URLs so as to prevent link rot. The following are the requirements for adding a name to the list in its order: [[Name]], [[age]], origin, what the person is known for and his or her [[cause of death]] – if known – and a source for verification. {{TOC right}} ==June== ===15=== ===14=== *[[Violeta Chamorro]], 95, Nicaraguan politician, [[President of Nicaragua|president]] (1990–1997), member of the [[Junta of National Reconstruction]] (1979–1980).<ref>[https://www.marketscreener.com/news/latest/Nicaragua-s-first-female-president-Chamorro-dies-at-95-50243718/ Nicaragua's first female president Chamorro dies at 95]</ref> *[[Kollangudi Karuppayee]], 99, Indian folk singer and actress (''[[Aan Paavam]]'', [[Gopala Gopala (1996 movie)|''Gopala Gopala'']], ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 movie)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'').<ref>[https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/veteran-actress-and-folk-singer-kollangudi-karuppayi-passes-away-at-99-837031 Veteran actress and folk singer Kollangudi Karuppayi passes away at 99]</ref> *[[Topsy Küppers]], 93, Austrian actress (''[[Guitars of Love]]'', ''[[Three Girls from the Rhine]]''), singer, and writer.<ref>[https://oe1.orf.at/artikel/720487/Topsy-Kueppers-verstorben Topsy Küppers verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===13=== *[[Katerina Yioulaki]], 87, Greek actress (''[[The Dodger (movie)|The Dodger]]'', ''[[Oi kyries tis avlis]]'', ''[[Gia mia choufta Touristries]]'').<ref>[https://www.zougla.gr/politismos/pethane-i-katerina-gioulaki-se-ilikia-87-eton/ Πέθανε η Κατερίνα Γιουλάκη σε ηλικία 87 ετών] {{in lang|el}}</ref> ===12=== *[[Maurice Gee]], 93, New Zealand author (''[[Under the Mountain (novel)|Under the Mountain]]'', ''[[In My Father's Den]]'', ''[[Plumb (novel series)|Plumb]]''), [[Arts Foundation of New Zealand#Icon Award|AFNZ Icon]] (since 2003).<ref>[https://www.thepress.co.nz/nz-news/360724081/writer-maurice-gee-has-died ‘A remarkable legacy in New Zealand literature’ - writer Maurice Gee has died]</ref> *[[Clifton Jones]], 87, Jamaican-British actor (''[[Space: 1999]]'', ''[[Watership Down (movie)|Watership Down]]'', ''[[China Moon]]'').<ref>[https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/clifton-jones-space-1999-dead-newsupdate/ Clifton Jones – Space: 1999, The Professionals and Z-Cars actor – dies, aged 87]</ref> ===11=== *[[Ayumu Saito]], 60, Japanese actor (''[[Ju-On: The Grudge 2]]'', ''[[The Angel's Egg]]'', ''[[Journey Under the Midnight Sun]]''), [[urothelial carcinoma]].<ref>[https://www.htb.co.jp/news/archives_31910.html 訃報　斎藤歩さん（６０）死去　札幌在住の俳優・劇作家・演出家　北海道の演劇界を長くけん引] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Brian Wilson]], 82, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[The Beach Boys]]), songwriter ("[[Good Vibrations]]"), and record producer (''[[Pet Sounds]]'').<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/brian-wilson-dies-beach-boys-2272762e46c46820a7af09ffc73cb9a6 Brian Wilson, Beach Boys visionary leader and summer’s poet laureate, dies at 82]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===10=== ===9=== *[[Frederick Forsyth]], 86, English novelist (''[[The Day of the Jackal]]'', ''[[The Odessa File]]'', ''[[The Fourth Protocol]]'').<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/frederick-forsyth-death-day-of-jackal-983275d4e161aa29e42dc09255c9c721 ‘Day of the Jackal’ author Frederick Forsyth dies at 86]</ref> *[[Partho Ghosh]], 75, Indian filmmaker (''[[100 Days (1991 movie)|100 Days]]'', ''[[Dalaal]]'', ''[[Agni Sakshi (1996 movie)|Agni Sakshi]]'').<ref>[https://ianslive.in/100-days-dalaal-director-partho-ghosh-passes-away--20250609100402 ‘100 Days’, 'Dalaal' director Partho Ghosh passes away]</ref> *[[Sly Stone]], 82, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[Sly and the Family Stone]]) and songwriter ("[[Everyday People]]", "[[Family Affair (Sly and the Family Stone song)|Family Affair]]"), [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]].<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/sly-stone-dead-funk-rock-pioneer-family-stone-1236423831/ Sly Stone, Funk-Rock Pioneer Who Led the Family Stone, Dies at 82]</ref> ===8=== *[[Ewa Dałkowska]], 78, Polish actress (''[[Nights and Days]]'', ''[[Without Anesthesia]]'', ''[[A Year of the Quiet Sun]]'').<ref>[https://rozrywka.dorzeczy.pl/738075/ewa-dalkowska-nie-zyje-wybitna-aktorka-miala-78-lat.html Nie żyje wybitna aktorka. Miała 78 lat] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[Vladimír Smutný]], 82, Czech cinematographer (''[[Forbidden Dreams]]'', ''[[Kolya]]'', ''[[The Painted Bird (movie)|The Painted Bird]]'').<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/renowned-czech-cameraman-vladimir-smutny-dies-82-8853372 Renowned Czech cameraman Vladimír Smutný dies at 82]</ref> *[[Stu Wilson]], 70, New Zealand rugby union player ([[Wellington Rugby Football Union|Wellington]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.planetrugby.com/news/all-blacks-and-wellington-legend-dies-as-wallabies-great-pays-tribute-to-great-mate All Blacks and Wellington legend dies as Wallabies great pays tribute to ‘try-scoring machine’]</ref> ===7=== ===6=== *[[Marise Wipani]], 61, New Zealand beauty pageant contestant, actor (''[[Came a Hot Friday]]'', ''[[List of Shortland Street characters introduced in 2008|Shortland Street]]''), and television presenter (''[[Lotto New Zealand|Lotto]]'').<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/culture/360715678/actor-and-former-lotto-host-marise-wipani-has-died Actor and former Lotto host Marise Wipani has died]</ref> ===5=== *[[Wayne Lewis (singer-songwriter)|Wayne Lewis]], 68, American singer ([[Atlantic Starr]]) and songwriter ("[[Always (Atlantic Starr song)|Always]]", "[[Secret Lovers]]").<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-wayne-lewis-atlantic-starr-dies/ Wayne Lewis, legendary co-founder of Atlantic Starr, dies at 68]</ref> *[[Edgar Lungu]], 68, Zambian politician, [[President of Zambia|president]] (2015–2021), [[Ministry of Defence (Zambia)|minister of defence]] (2013–2015) and [[National Assembly of Zambia|MLA]] (2011–2015), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn4gp07y3xmo Former Zambian President Lungu dies aged 68]</ref> ===4=== *[[Nicole Croisille]], 88, French singer and actress (''[[Erotissimo]]'', ''[[Les Uns et les Autres]]'', ''[[There Were Days... and Moons]]'').<ref>[https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/la-chanteuse-nicole-croisille-est-morte-a-l-age-de-88-ans_7290819.html La chanteuse Nicole Croisille est morte à l'âge de 88 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Pietro Ghislandi]], 68, Italian actor (''[[È arrivato mio fratello]]'', ''[[The Invisible Wall (1991 movie)|The Invisible Wall]]'', ''[[Vajont (movie)|Vajont]]'') and ventriloquist.<ref>[https://www.ilmattino.it/en/remembering_pietro_ghislandi-8877593.html Remembering Pietro Ghislandi]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Philippe Labro]], 88, French film director (''[[Without Apparent Motive]]'', ''[[The Inheritor]]'', ''[[L'Alpagueur]]''), writer, and journalist, cancer.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2025/06/04/philippe-labro-journaliste-et-ecrivain-est-mort-a-l-age-88-ans_6610450_3246.html Philippe Labro, journaliste et écrivain, est mort à l’âge 88 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Enzo Staiola]], 85, Italian child actor (''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'', ''[[The White Line (1950 movie)|The White Line]]'', ''[[Buon viaggio pover'uomo]]'').<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/cinema/2025/06/04/news/morto_enzo_staiola_bambino_de_sica_ladri_di_biciclette-424648670/ Morto Enzo Staiola, il bambino scelto da Vittorio De Sica per “Ladri di Biciclette”] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Samiha Ayoub]], 93, Egyptian actress (''[[Among the Ruins]]'').<ref>[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/140546/Legendary-Egyptian-Actress-Samiha-Ayoub-Passes-Away-at-93 Legendary Egyptian Actress Samiha Ayoub Passes Away at 93]</ref> ===2=== *[[Birgit Carlstén]], 75, Swedish singer and actress (''[[The Sacrifice (1986 movie)|The Sacrifice]]'').<ref>[https://swedenherald.com/article/actress-and-director-birgit-carlstn-dies-at-75 Actress and Director Birgit Carlstén Passes Away at 75]</ref> *[[Pierre Nora]], 93, French historian.<ref>https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/06/02/l-historien-pierre-nora-est-mort_6610257_3382.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default</ref> ===1=== *[[Jonathan Joss]], 59, American actor (''[[King of the Hill]]'', ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'', ''[[The Magnificent Seven (2016 movie)|The Magnificent Seven]]''), shot.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/tv/obituaries-people-news/jonathan-joss-dead-king-of-the-hill-shooting-1236415703/ Jonathan Joss, ‘King of the Hill’ Actor Who Voiced John Redcorn, Dies in Shooting at 59]</ref> *[[Ilselil Larsen]], 90, Danish actress (''[[Det gælder os alle]]'', ''[[The Child (1940 movie)|The Child]]'', ''[[Love Wins Out]]'').<ref>[https://ekstrabladet.dk/underholdning/dkkendte/tidligere-skuespiller-ilselil-larsen-er-doed/10841736 Tidligere skuespiller Ilselil Larsen er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Monica Nielsen]], 87, Swedish actress (''[[Varuhuset]]'', ''[[The Princess (1966 movie)|The Princess]]'', ''[[The Girl in the Rain (1955 movie)|The Girl in the Rain]]'').<ref>[https://www.expressen.se/noje/skadespelaren-monica-nielsen-ar-dod/ Skådespelaren Monica Nielsen är död] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> ==May== ===31=== *[[Robert Anderson (New Zealand cricketer)|Robert Anderson]], 76, New Zealand cricketer ([[Otago cricket team|Otago]], [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], [[New Zealand national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.cdcricket.co.nz/newsarticle/154035/ Vale, Robert 'Jumbo' Anderson]</ref> ===30=== *[[Étienne-Émile Baulieu]], 98, French scientist.<ref>https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/05/30/etienne-emile-baulieu-pere-de-la-pilule-abortive-est-mort-a-l-age-de-98-ans_6609348_3382.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default</ref> *[[Prentis Hancock]], 83, British actor (''[[Space: 1999]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>[https://www.doctorwhonews.net/2025/06/prentis_hancock_1942_2025.html Prentis Hancock 1942-2025]</ref> *[[Loretta Swit]], 87, American actress.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20qzlxz1w0o</ref> ===29=== *[[David Trist]], 77, New Zealand cricketer ([[Canterbury cricket team|Canterbury]]) and cricket coach ([[Eastern Province (cricket team)|Eastern Province]], [[New Zealand national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/562651/former-black-caps-coach-david-trist-dies Former Black Caps coach David Trist dies]</ref> ===28=== ===27=== *[[Choi Jung-woo]], 68, South Korean actor (''[[Like a Virgin (movie)|Like a Virgin]]'', ''[[City Hunter (TV series)|City Hunter]]'', ''[[Doctor Stranger]]'').<ref>[https://www.koreaboo.com/news/city-hunter-doctor-stranger-actor-choi-jung-woo-passed-away/ “City Hunter” And “Doctor Stranger” Actor Choi Jung Woo Has Passed Away]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Vasily Funtikov]], 62, Russian actor (''[[Tuning Fork (movie)|Tuning Fork]]'', ''[[Presumption of Innocence (movie)|Presumption of Innocence]]'', ''[[The Sisters Liberty]]'').<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/society/27/05/2025/6835ce8d9a7947fa3fe1ab4e Умер актер Василий Фунтиков, сыгравший роль Кроша] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===26=== *[[Monna Tandberg]], 85, Norwegian actress (''[[Victoria L]]'', ''[[Drømmeslottet]]'', ''[[Bryllupsfesten]]'').<ref>[https://www.vg.no/rampelys/i/0Vd6xo/monna-tandberg-er-doed Monna Tandberg er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[Marie Tomášová]], 96, Czech actress (''[[Anna Proletářka]]'', ''[[Jan Hus (1954 movie)|Jan Hus]]'', ''[[September Nights]]'').<ref>[https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/kultura-filmy-serialy-zemrela-herecka-marie-tomasova-40522628 Zemřela herečka Marie Tomášová] {{in lang|cs}}</ref> ===25=== ===24=== *[[Malini Fonseka]], 78, Sri Lankan actress (''[[Pilot Premnath]]'', ''[[Bambaru Avith]]'', ''[[Beddegama (movie)|Beddegama]]'') and politician, [[Member of Parliament (Sri Lanka)|MP]] (2010–2015).<ref>[https://adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=108815 ‘Queen of Sri Lankan Cinema’, Malini Fonseka passes away]</ref> *[[Piro Milkani]], 85, Albanian film director (''[[The Lady from the City]]'', ''[[The Sorrow of Mrs. Schneider]]''), [[People's Artist (Albania)|People's Artist of Albania]].<ref>[https://www.voxnews.al/english/aktualitet/kinematografia-shqiptare-ne-zi-ndahet-nga-jeta-regjisori-i-shquar-pir-i92654 Albanian cinematography in mourning, the prominent director Piro Milkani passes away]</ref> *[[Marcel Ophuls]], 97, French filmmaker (''[[The Sorrow and the Pity]]'', ''[[Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie]]'').<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250526-oscar-winning-french-documentary-filmmaker-marcel-ophuls Oscar winning French documentary filmmaker Marcel Ophuls dies at 97]</ref> *[[Teresita Reyes]], 75, Chilean actress (''[[Sussi (movie)|Sussi]]'', ''[[The Toast (movie)|The Toast]]'', ''[[Santos (movie)|Santos]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.tvn.cl/noticias/actualidad/fallece-la-destacada-actriz-chilena-teresita-reyes Fallece la destacada actriz chilena Teresita Reyes a sus 75 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Mukul Dev]], 54, Indian actor (''[[Dastak (1996 movie)|Dastak]]'', ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'', ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'').<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/actor-mukul-dev-passes-away-54/ Actor Mukul Dev passes away at 54]</ref> *[[Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina]], 91, Algerian film director (''[[Chronicle of the Years of Fire]]'', ''[[Sandstorm (1982 movie)|Sandstorm]]'', ''[[The Last Image]]'') and screenwriter.<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/deces-du-producteur-algerien-mohamed-lakhdar-hamina-laureat-de-la-palme-d-or-en-1975-20250523 Décès du producteur algérien Mohamed Lakhdar Hamina, lauréat de la Palme d'or en 1975] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Alfredo Palacio]], 86, Ecuadorian cardiologist and politician, [[President of Ecuador|president]] (2005–2007) and [[Vice President of Ecuador|vice president]] (2003–2005).<ref>[https://confirmado.net/fallecio-el-expresidente-alfredo-palacio-medico-y-exmandatario-ecuatoriano-a-los-86-anos/ Falleció el expresidente Alfredo Palacio, médico y exmandatario ecuatoriano, a los 86 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===21=== ===20=== *[[Michael Roemer]], 97, American film director and screenwriter (''[[Nothing but a Man]]'', ''[[The Plot Against Harry]]'', ''[[Dying (1976 movie)|Dying]]'').<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/24/movies/michael-roemer-dead.html Michael Roemer, Maker of Acclaimed but Little-Seen Films, Dies at 97]</ref> *[[George Wendt]], 76, American actor (''[[Cheers]]'', ''[[Forever Young (1992 movie)|Forever Young]]'', "[[Bill Swerski's Superfans]]").<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/tv/obituaries-people-news/george-wendt-dead-cheers-1236404992/ George Wendt, Who Played Norm on ‘Cheers,’ Dies at 76]</ref> ===19=== *[[Aurora Clavel]], 88, Mexican actress (''[[Tarahumara (cada vez más lejos)|Tarahumara]]'', ''[[Once Upon a Scoundrel]]'', ''[[Mariana de la noche (Mexican TV series)|Mariana de la Noche]]'').<ref>[https://www.elimparcial.com/espectaculos/2025/05/19/muere-la-actriz-aurora-clavel-a-los-88-anos/ Muere la actriz Aurora Clavel a los 88 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Kathleen Hughes]], 96, American actress (''[[It Came from Outer Space]]'', ''[[The Glass Web]]'', ''[[The Golden Blade]]'').<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/05/20/kathleen-hughes-scream-it-came-outer-space-obituary/ Kathleen Hughes, Iconic Scream Queen of 'It Came from Outer Space,' Dies at 96]</ref> ===18=== ===17=== *[[Gawn Grainger]], 87, Scottish actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'') and writer.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2025/may/20/actor-gawn-grainger-dies-aged-87-zoe-wanamaker Actor and writer Gawn Grainger dies aged 87]</ref> *[[Franco Merli]], 68, Italian actor (''[[Arabian Nights (1974 film)|Arabian Nights]]'', ''[[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom]]'', ''[[Down and Dirty (movie)|Down and Dirty]]''). *[[Roger Nichols (songwriter)|Roger Nichols]], 84, American songwriter ("[[We've Only Just Begun]]", "[[Times of Your Life]]") and composer.<ref>[https://theseconddisc.com/2025/05/21/in-memoriam-roger-nichols-1940-2025/ In Memoriam: Roger Nichols (1940-2025)]</ref> *[[Zhu Yuanyuan]], 51, Chinese actress (''[[Ocean Heaven]]'', ''[[Lost in Hong Kong]]'', ''[[Sister (2021 movie)|Sister]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2025_05_21_776616.shtml 演员朱媛媛去世，年仅51岁] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ===16=== *[[Meta Velander]], 100, Swedish actress (''[[Honeymoon (1972 movie)|Honeymoon]]'', ''[[Dear Alice]]'', ''[[Marmalade Revolution]]'').<ref>[https://www.expressen.se/noje/film/skadespelaren-meta-velander-ar-dod--blev-100-ar/ Skådespelaren Meta Velander är död – blev 100 år] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Kostas Lychnaras]], 86, Greek film director (''[[Christ Recrucified (TV series)|Christ Recrucified]]'', ''[[Konstantinou kai Elenis]]'', ''[[To kafe tis Charas]]'').<ref>[https://www.iefimerida.gr/politismos/pethane-o-skinothetis-kostas-lyhnaras Πέθανε σε ηλικία 86 ετών ο Κώστας Λυχναράς -Σκηνοθέτης των «Κωνσταντίνου και Ελένης» και «Το καφέ της Χαράς»] {{in lang|el}}</ref> ===14=== *[[Cornal Hendricks]], 37, South African rugby player ([[Bulls (rugby union)|Bulls]], [[Boland Cavaliers]], [[South Africa national rugby union team|national team]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.citizen.co.za/rekord/sports-news/local-sports/2025/05/14/shock-and-disbelief-in-rugby-community-after-sudden-death-of-cornal-hendricks/ Shock and disbelief in rugby community after sudden death of Cornal Hendricks]</ref> ===13=== *[[José Mujica]], 89, Uruguayan politician (president of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015), oesophagus cancer.<ref>https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/05/13/jose-pepe-mujica-ancien-president-de-l-uruguay-et-grande-voix-de-l-amerique-latine-est-mort_6605847_3382.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default</ref> *[[Leila Negra]], 95, German singer and actress (''[[Münchhausen (1943 movie)|Münchhausen]]'', ''[[The Star of Rio (1955 movie)|The Star of Rio]]'', ''[[Salto Mortale (1953 movie)|Salto Mortale]]'').<ref>[https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/ueberlebende-der-ns-verfolgung-zum-tod-der-schwarzen-kuenstlerin-marie-nejar-100.html Schwarze Zeitzeugin der NS-Zeit ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===12=== ===11=== *[[Robert Benton]], 92, American film director (''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'', ''[[Places in the Heart]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Bonnie and Clyde (movie)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''), [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] winner ([[52nd Academy Awards|1980]], [[57th Academy Awards|1985]]).<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/may/13/robert-benton-director-dead Robert Benton, Oscar-winning director of Kramer vs Kramer, dies aged 92]</ref> *[[John Edwards (singer)|John Edwards]], 80, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Spinners]]).<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-john-edwards-lead-singer-of-the-spinners-dies-at-80/ John Edwards, lead singer of the Spinners, dies at 80]</ref> *[[Arjun Menon (coach)|Arjun Menon]], 48, Singaporean cricket player ([[Singapore national cricket team|national team]]) and coach ([[Chile national cricket team|Chile]], [[Malawi national cricket team|Malawi]]).<ref>[https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/former-singapore-cricketer-and-coach-arjun-menon-dies-in-malawi Former Singapore cricketer and coach Arjun Menon dies in Malawi]</ref> ===10=== *[[Bob Cowper]], 84, Australian test cricketer.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-11/australian-cricket-bob-cowper-dies-age-84/105279410 Australian Test cricketer Bob Cowper dies aged 84]</ref> *[[Larry Lee (musician, born 1947)|Larry Lee]], 78, American musician ([[The Ozark Mountain Daredevils]]) and songwriter ("[[Jackie Blue (song)|Jackie Blue]]").<ref>[https://www.gormanscharpf.com/obituary/larry-lee Larry Michael Lee]</ref> ===9=== *[[Fred Graham (sculptor)|Fred Graham]], 96, New Zealand rugby union player ([[Māori All Blacks|New Zealand Māori]]) and artist, [[Arts Foundation of New Zealand#Icon Award|AFNZ Icon]] (since 2018).<ref>[https://thebigidea.nz/stories/arts-icon-fred-graham-passes-away Arts Icon Fred Graham Passes Away]</ref> ===8=== *[[Jiří Bartoška]], 78, Czech actor (''[[Sekal Has to Die]]'', ''[[All My Loved Ones]]'', ''[[Angel of the Lord (movie)|Angel of the Lord]]''), president of the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]].<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/actor-and-president-karlovy-vary-film-festival-jiri-bartoska-dies-78-8850508 Actor and president of Karlovy Vary Film Festival Jiří Bartoška dies at 78]</ref> *[[James Foley (director)|James Foley]], 71, American film director (''[[Glengarry Glen Ross (movie)|Glengarry Glen Ross]]'', ''[[Who's That Girl (1987 movie)|Who's That Girl]]'', ''[[Fifty Shades Darker (movie)|Fifty Shades Darker]]''), brain cancer.<ref>[https://www.thewrap.com/james-foley-dies-obit-fifty-shades-of-grey-sequels-director/ James Foley, Director of ‘Glengarry Glen Ross’ and ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ Sequels, Dies at 71]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Josaia Raisuqe]], 30, Fijian rugby union footballer ([[Stade Français]], [[USON Nevers|Nevers]], [[Fiji national rugby sevens team|Fiji 7s]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://www.rugbypass.com/news/fiji-international-josaia-raisuqe-dies-aged-30/ Fiji international Josaia Raisuqe dies aged 30]</ref> ===7=== *[[Cleopa Msuya]], 94, Tanzanian politician, [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|prime minister]] (1980–1983, 1994–1995) and [[Vice-President of Tanzania|first vice president]] (1990–1995), heart failure. ===6=== *[[Bill McCaw]], 97, New Zealand rugby player ([[Rugby Southland|Southland]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360679739/bill-mccaw-who-was-oldest-living-all-black-dies-aged-97 Bill McCaw, who was the oldest living All Black, dies aged 97]</ref> ===5=== ===4=== *[[Aleftina Evdokimova]], 85, Russian actress (''[[Tender Age (1983 movie)|Tender Age]]'', ''[[Let the Charms Last Long]]'', ''[[Courier (movie)|Courier]]'').<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/6817348c9a7947da26c06c9c Умерла народная артистка Алефтина Евдокимова] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===3=== ===2=== *[[Ricky Davao]], 63, Filipino actor (''[[Ang Padrino]]'', ''[[Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin (movie)|Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin]]'') and television director (''[[!Oka Tokat]]'').<ref>[https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2025/05/02/2440022/viva-confirms-ricky-davao-dead-63 Viva confirms Ricky Davao dead, 63]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Jean-François Davy]], 79, French film director (''[[Bananes mécaniques]]'', ''[[Surprise Sock]]'') and producer.<ref>[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/cinema/jean-francois-davy-realisateur-et-producteur-de-films-pornographiques-est-mort-a-l-age-de-79-ans_7224093.html Jean-François Davy, réalisateur et producteur de films pornographiques, est mort à l'âge de 79 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Bob Jones (businessman)|Sir Bob Jones]], 85, New Zealand property investor and politician.<ref>[https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-national/high-profile-businessman-sir-bob-jones-dies High-profile businessman Sir Bob Jones dies]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Alessandro Quasimodo]], 82, Italian actor (''[[The Seventh Floor (1967 movie)|The Seventh Floor]]'', ''[[A Milanese Story]]''), theater director and poet.<ref>[https://www.ragusanews.com/attualita-milano-e-morto-alessandro-quasimodo-figlio-di-salvatore-206270 E' morto Alessandro Quasimodo] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===1=== *[[Jill Sobule]], 66, American singer-songwriter ("[[I Kissed a Girl (Jill Sobule song)|I Kissed a Girl]]", "[[Supermodel (Jill Sobule song)|Supermodel]]"), house fire.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/jill-sobule-i-kissed-a-girl-dead-1236384525/ Jill Sobule, Singer-Songwriter of Groundbreaking 1995 Song ‘I Kissed a Girl,’ Killed in House Fire]</ref> ==April== ===30=== *[[Park Hee-gon]], 56, South Korean film director (''[[Insadong Scandal]]'', ''[[Perfect Game (2011 movie)|Perfect Game]]'', ''[[Fengshui (2018 movie)|Fengshui]]'').<ref>[https://biz.chosun.com/en/en-entertainment/2025/04/30/GHB2VXUI3FB6FGLS2WIY4A5PIQ/ Director Park Hee-gon, acclaimed for 'Perfect Game,' dies at age 56]</ref> *[[Jules Wijdenbosch]], 83, Surinamese politician, [[List of prime ministers of Suriname|prime minister]] (1987–1988) and [[President of Suriname|president]] (1996–2000).<ref>[https://keynews.sr/voormalig-president-jules-wijdenbosch-overleden/ Voormalig president Jules Wijdenbosch overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===29=== ===28=== *[[Shaji N. Karun]], 73, Indian film director (''[[Piravi]]'', ''[[Swaham]]'', ''[[Vanaprastham]]'').<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/04/28/shaji-n-karun-filmmaker-hat-trick-tryst-with-cannes-film-festival.html Shaji N Karun: A filmmaker's hat-trick tryst with Cannes]</ref> *[[Aleksey Krychenkov]], 83, Russian actor (''[[The Girls (1961 movie)|The Girls]]'', ''[[Director (1969 movie)|Director]]'').<ref>[https://teatrarmii.ru/news/UshelizzhiznizasluzhennyyartistRossiyskoyFederatsiiAlekseyFyedorovichKrychenkov/ Ушел из жизни заслуженный артист Российской Федерации Алексей Фёдорович Крыченков] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Priscilla Pointer]], 100, American actress (''[[Carrie (1976 movie)|Carrie]]'', ''[[Mommie Dearest (movie)|Mommie Dearest]]'', ''[[Blue Velvet (movie)|Blue Velvet]]'').<ref>[https://playbill.com/article/actor-priscilla-pointer-has-died-at-100 Actor Priscilla Pointer Has Died at 100]</ref> ===27=== *[[Cora Sue Collins]], 98, American actress (''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 movie)|The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'', ''[[Anna Karenina (1935 movie)|Anna Karenina]]'', ''[[The Unexpected Father]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/cora-sue-collins-dead-child-actress-mgm-1236202858/ Cora Sue Collins, Celebrated Child Actress at MGM in the 1930s, Dies at 98]</ref> ===26=== ===25=== *[[Philip Lowrie]], 88, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Victoria Wood (1989 TV series)|Victoria Wood]]'', [[Home Fires (British TV series)|''Home Fires'']]).<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/2025-04-26/philip-lowrie-one-of-corries-original-stars-dies-aged-88-publicist-says Philip Lowrie, one of Coronation Street’s original stars, dies aged 88, publicist says]</ref> *[[Lupita Torrentera]], 93, Mexican actress (''[[Historia de un gran amor]]'', ''[[Coqueta (1949 movie)|Coqueta]]'').<ref>[https://www.latintimes.com/legendary-mexican-actress-pedro-infante-girlfriend-lupita-torrentera-dead-93-581763 Legendary Mexican Actress and Pedro Infante Girlfriend Lupita Torrentera Dead at 93]</ref> ===24=== *[[Steve Kiner]], 77, American [[College Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] football player ([[Dallas Cowboys]], [[New England Patriots]], [[Houston Oilers]]).<ref>[https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/former-cowboys-patriots-oilers-lb-steve-kiner-dies-at-77 Former Cowboys, Patriots, Oilers LB Steve Kiner dies at 77]</ref> *[[Roy Phillips]], 83, British musician ([[The Peddlers]]).<ref>[https://www.audioculture.co.nz/profile/roy-phillips Roy Phillips]</ref> ===23=== *[[Eugène Koffi Adoboli]], 90, Togolese politician, [[List of prime ministers of Togo|prime minister]] (1999–2000).<ref>[https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/politique/eugene-koffi-adoboli-est-decede Eugène Koffi Adoboli est décédé] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Chris Cauwenberghs]], 78, Belgian actor (''[[Hector (1987 movie)|Hector]]'', ''[[Koko Flanel]]'', ''[[Thuis]]''), complications from heart failure.<ref>[https://www.hln.be/showbizz/acteur-chris-cauwenberghs-78-bekend-als-kabouter-lui-overleden-hij-bracht-generaties-kinderen-vreugde~a3bd7cee/ Acteur Chris Cauwenberghs (78), bekend als Kabouter Lui, overleden: “Hij bracht generaties kinderen vreugde”] {{in lang|NL-be}}</ref> *[[Waltraut Haas]], 97, Austrian actress (''[[Der Hofrat Geiger]]'', ''[[Mariandl]]'', ''[[The White Horse Inn (1960 movie)|The White Horse Inn]]'').<ref>[https://wien.orf.at/stories/3302345/ Waltraut Haas verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Fouad Mebazaa]], 91, Tunisian politician, [[Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People|speaker of the Chamber of Deputies]] (1997–2011) and acting [[President of Tunisia|president]] (2011).<ref>[https://lapresse.tn/2025/04/23/tunisie-deces-de-fouad-mebazaa/ Tunisie: Décès de Fouad Mebazaa] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Keith Stackpole]], 84, Australian cricketer ([[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]]).<ref>[https://www.3aw.com.au/jon-anderson-breaks-the-sad-news-of-former-cricketer-keith-stackpoles-death/ Jon Anderson breaks the sad news of former cricketer Keith Stackpole’s death]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===22=== *[[Erik Ruus]], 62, Estonian actor (''[[The Birdwatcher]]'', ''[[Firewater (movie)|Firewater]]'', ''[[All My Lenins]]'').<ref>[https://virumaateataja.postimees.ee/8234889/lahkunud-on-rakvere-teatri-kauaaegne-naitleja-erik-ruus Lahkunud on Rakvere teatri kauaaegne näitleja Erik Ruus] {{in lang|et}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Pope Francis]], 88, head of the Catholic church, stroke and heart failure.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/live/crknlnzlrzdt</ref> *[[Johanna Matz]], 92, Austrian actress (''[[Hannerl]]'', ''[[Die Jungfrau auf dem Dach]]'', ''[[The White Horse Inn (1952 movie)|The White Horse Inn]]'').<ref>[https://apa.at/news/schauspielerin-johanna-matz-92-jaehrig-gestorben/ Schauspielerin Johanna Matz 92-jährig gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Kimble Rendall]], 67–68, Australian musician ([[XL Capris]], [[Hoodoo Gurus]]) and film director (''[[Guardians of the Tomb]]'').<ref>[https://www.noise11.com/news/hoodoo-gurus-founding-member-kimble-rendall-has-passed-away-20250421 Hoodoo Gurus Founding Member Kimble Rendall Has Passed Away]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Noreen Young]], 85, Canadian puppeteer (''[[Under the Umbrella Tree]]'', ''[[Sesame Park]]''), stroke.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/renowned-canadian-puppeteer-noreen-young-dies-at-85-1.7513889 Renowned Canadian puppeteer Noreen Young dies at 85]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===19=== ===18=== *[[Rudolf Pankov]], 87, Russian actor (''[[Michman Panin]]'', ''[[Blasted Hell]]'', ''[[Talents and Admirers (movie)|Talents and Admirers]]'') and voice actor.<ref>[https://tass.ru/kultura/23722353 Умер актер дубляжа Рудольф Панков] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Clodagh Rodgers]], 78, Irish singer ("[[Come Back and Shake Me]]", "[[Jack in the Box (song)|Jack in the Box]]").<ref>[https://www.oe24.at/leute/eurovision-legende-clodagh-rodgers-ist-gestorben/630716897 Eurovision-Legende Clodagh Rodgers ist gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Julieta Szönyi]], 75, Romanian actress (''[[Felix și Otilia]]'', ''[[Toate pînzele sus]]'').<ref>[https://historia.ro/sectiune/actualitate/adnana-din-toate-panzele-sus-a-murit-actrita-2437362.html Adnana din „Toate pânzele sus” a murit. Actrița Julieta Szönyi avea 75 de ani] {{in lang|ro}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Roger McLachlan]], 71, New Zealand-born Australian bass guitarist ([[Little River Band]]), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.noise11.com/news/little-river-band-co-founder-roger-mclachlan-dies-at-age-71-20250417 Little River Band Co-Founder Roger McLachlan Dies At Age 71]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===16=== *[[Patrick Adiarte]], 81, Filipino-American actor (''[[The King and I (1956 movie)|The King and I]]'', ''[[High Time (movie)|High Time]]'', ''[[Flower Drum Song (movie)|Flower Drum Song]]'').<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/04/16/patrick-adiarte-dancer-king-flower-drum-song-obituary/ Patrick Adiarte, Legendary 'The King and I' Dancer & 'Brady Bunch' Guest, Dies at 81]</ref> *[[Nora Aunor]], 71, Filipino actress (''[[Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos]]'', ''[[Trap (2015 movie)|Trap]]'', ''[[Hustisya]]'') and singer.<ref>[https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/celebrities/2025/4/16/nora-aunor-superstar-of-philippine-cinema-passes-away-2329 Nora Aunor, superstar of Philippine cinema, passes away]</ref> *[[Vladimir Gerasimov (actor)|Vladimir Gerasimov]], 74, Russian actor (''[[Car, Violin and Blot the Dog]]'', ''[[One-Two, Soldiers Were Going...]]'', ''[[Tailcoat for Scapegrace]]'').<ref>[https://www.championat.com/cybersport/news-5977082-umer-aktyor-dublyazha-vladimir-gerasimov-golos-bryusa-uillisa-i-dzhona-travolty.html Умер актёр дубляжа Владимир Герасимов, голос Брюса Уиллиса и Джона Траволты] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===15=== *[[Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak]], 74, Polish actress (''[[Another Way (1982 movie)|Another Way]]'', ''[[Scratch (2008 movie)|Scratch]]'', ''[[Tatarak]]'').<ref>[https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Nie-zyje-pochodzaca-z-Gdanska-Jadwiga-Jankowska-Cieslak-n201732.html Nie żyje pochodząca z Gdańska Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[Shūhei Kishimoto]], 68, Japanese politician, [[House of Representatives (Japan)|MP]] (2009–2022) and governor of [[Wakayama Prefecture]] (since 2022), septic shock.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20250415/k10014779591000.html 和歌山県 岸本周平知事が死去 68歳] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[Wink Martindale]], 91, American disc jockey, game show host (''[[Gambit (game show)|Gambit]]'', ''[[Tic-Tac-Dough]]'') and singer ("[[The Deck of Cards#Cover versions|Deck of Cards]]"), lymphoma.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/04/wink-martindale-dead-1236369288/ Wink Martindale Dies: Game Show Host Of ‘Tic-Tac-Dough’, ‘Gambit’ And ‘High Rollers’ Was 91]</ref> *[[S. S. Stanley]], 57, Indian film director (''[[April Maadhathil]]'', ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]'', ''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]'') and actor.<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1517469 Popular Tamil film director SS Stanley passes away at 57]</ref> ===14=== *[[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]], 85, Malaysian politician, [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|prime minister]] (2003–2009), [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|minister of foreign affairs]] (1991–1999), and [[Dewan Rakyat|MP]] (1978–2013), heart disease.<ref>[https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/04/14/former-pm-abdullah-ahmad-badawi-passes-away Former PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi passes away]</ref> ===13=== *[[Mario Vargas Llosa]], 89, Peruvian writer, and holder of the Nobel Prize for Literature.<ref>[https://elpais.com/cultura/2025-04-14/muere-mario-vargas-llosa-gigante-de-las-letras-universales.html Muere Mario Vargas Llosa, gigante de las letras universales] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Bank Janardhan]], 74, Indian actor (''[[Tharle Nan Maga]]'', ''[[Shhh! (movie)|Shhh!]]'', ''[[News (movie)|News]]'') and comedian.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/veteran-kannada-actor-bank-janardhan-passes-away-at-74-after-prolonged-illness/articleshow/120270402.cms Veteran Kannada actor Bank Janardhan passes away at 74 after prolonged illness]</ref> *[[Jean Marsh]], 90, British actress (''[[Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)|Upstairs, Downstairs]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Willow (1988 movie)|Willow]]'') and television writer, [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series|Emmy]] winner ([[27th Primetime Emmy Awards|1975]]), complications from dementia.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c045dk29xqqo Upstairs Downstairs actress Jean Marsh dies age 90]</ref> ===12=== *[[Pilita Corrales]], 85, Filipino singer and actress (''[[Mars Ravelo's Darna! Ang Pagbabalik]]'', ''[[Bride for Rent]]'', ''[[My Illegal Wife]]'').<ref>[https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/04/12/pilita-corrales-asian-queen-of-songs-dies-at-85 Pilita Corrales, Asian Queen of Songs, dies at 85]</ref> ===11=== *[[Nino Bellomo]], 102, Italian actor (''[[Blues metropolitano]]'', ''[[Law of Courage]]'') and journalist.<ref>[https://www.grandangoloagrigento.it/agrigento-notizie/e-morto-nino-bellomo E’ morto Nino Bellomo, il figlio Francesco: “oggi il mondo mi sembra più silenzioso”] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Mike Berry (singer)|Mike Berry]], 82, English singer ("[[The Sunshine of Your Smile]]") and actor (''[[Are You Being Served?]]'', ''[[Worzel Gummidge (TV series)|Worzel Gummidge]]'').<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/mike-berry-death-are-you-being-served-b2731574.html Mike Berry death: Singer and last surviving Are You Being Served? star dies, aged 82]</ref> *[[Max Romeo]], 80, Jamaican reggae musician ("[[Wet Dream (Max Romeo song)|Wet Dream]]", "[[Chase the Devil]]").<ref>[https://www.dancehallmag.com/2025/04/11/news/reggae-legend-max-romeo-dead-at-80.html Reggae Legend Max Romeo Dead At 80]</ref> ===10=== *[[Leo Beenhakker]], 82, Dutch football manager ([[AFC Ajax|Ajax]], [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[Netherlands national football team|national team]]).<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2563112-oud-toptrainer-leo-beenhakker-op-82-jarige-leeftijd-overleden Oud-toptrainer Leo Beenhakker op 82-jarige leeftijd overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Ted Kotcheff]], 94, Canadian film director (''[[First Blood]]'', ''[[Weekend at Bernie's]]''). *[[Ku Feng]], 94, Hong Kong actor (''[[The Love Eterne]]'', ''[[Between Tears and Laughter]]'', ''[[Come Drink with Me]]'').<ref>[https://www.dimsumdaily.hk/veteran-hong-kong-actor-ku-feng-passes-away-at-94/ Veteran Hong Kong actor Ku Feng passes away at 94]</ref> *[[Mario Ernesto Sánchez]], 78, Cuban actor (''[[Miami Vice (movie)|Miami Vice]]'', ''[[The Truman Show]]'', ''[[The Specialist]]'') and businessman, founder and director of [[Teatro Avante]].<ref>[https://www.diariolasamericas.com/cultura/fallece-director-teatro-avante-mario-ernesto-sanchez-n5374198 Fallece director de Teatro Avante, Mario Ernesto Sánchez] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===9=== *[[Mel Novak]], 90, American actor (''[[Game of Death]]'', ''[[Black Belt Jones]]'', ''[[An Eye for an Eye (1981 movie)|An Eye for an Eye]]'').<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/04/09/mel-novak-dead/?adid=social-fb Mel Novak Dead at 90]</ref> ===8=== *Notable [[Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] killed in the [[Jet Set nightclub roof collapse]]: **[[Tony Blanco]], 44, baseball player ([[Chunichi Dragons]], [[Yokohama DeNA BayStars]], [[Orix Buffaloes]])<ref>[https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/44591287/ex-mlb-pitcher-octavio-dotel-dies-nightclub-roof-collapse Ex-MLB players Octavio Dotel, Tony Blanco die in nightclub tragedy]</ref> **[[Nelsy Cruz]], 41, politician, governor of [[Monte Cristi Province]] (since 2020)<ref>[https://listindiario.com/la-republica/20250408/nelsy-cruz-gobernadora-monte-cristi-fallecida-tragedia-jet-set_852856.html ¿Quién era Nelsy Cruz, la gobernadora de Monte Cristi fallecida en la tragedia del Jet Set?] {{in lang|es}}</ref> **[[Octavio Dotel]], 51, baseball player ([[Houston Astros]], [[St. Louis Cardinals]], [[New York Mets]])<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/sports/mlb/former-mlb-pitcher-dies-following-dominican-night-club-collapse-reports-2057034 Former MLB Pitcher Dies Following Dominican Night Club Collapse: Reports]</ref> **[[Rubby Pérez]], 69, [[Merengue music|merengue]] singer<ref>[https://elnacional.com.do/rubby-perez-fallece-tragicamente-por-derrumbe/ Luto en la música: el merenguero Rubby Pérez muere tras colapso en Jet Set] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===7=== ===6=== *[[Clem Burke]], 70, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] drummer ([[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]), cancer.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/clem-burke-blondie-drummer-dead-obituary-1235311703/ Drummer Clem Burke, the 'Heartbeat of Blondie,' Dead at 70]</ref> *[[Jay North]], 73, American actor (''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'', ''[[Maya (1966 movie)|Maya]]'', ''[[Arabian Knights]]''), colorectal cancer.<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/04/06/jay-north-tvs-dennis-the-menace-dies-at-73/ Jay North, TV's Dennis the Menace, Dies at 73]</ref> ===5=== *[[Antonello Fassari]], 72, Italian actor (''[[Romanzo Criminale]]'', ''[[The Goodbye Kiss (movie)|The Goodbye Kiss]]'', ''[[Suburra (movie)|Suburra]]'') and comedian.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/spettacoli/people/2025/04/05/news/antonello_fassari_morto_attore_cesaroni72_anni-424109342/?ref=RHLF-BG-P1-S1-T1 Morto Antonello Fassari, attore di “Avanzi” e “Cesaroni”] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Raymond Hawthorne]], 88, New Zealand theatre director.<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/557343/renowned-actor-and-theatre-director-raymond-hawthorne-dies-aged-88 Renowned actor and theatre director Raymond Hawthorne dies aged 88]</ref> ===4=== *[[Manoj Kumar]], 87, Indian actor (''[[Kranti]]'', ''[[Upkar]]'', ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'').<ref>[https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/celebrity/manoj-kumar-death-news-manoj-kumar-passes-away-at-age-of-87-2836703 Legendary actor Manoj Kumar passes away at 87 in Mumbai, says report]</ref> *[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]], 71, Indian actor (''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'', ''[[Aanandham Paramaanandham]]'', ''[[Ee Manohara Theeram]]'').<ref>[https://news24online.com/entertainment/veteran-tamil-and-malayalam-actor-ravi-kumar-menon-passes-away/520846/ Veteran Tamil And Malayalam Actor Ravi Kumar Menon Passes Away]</ref> ===3=== *[[Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], 82, German landowner and nobleman, head of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (since 1998).<ref>[https://www.fraenkischertag.de/lokales/stadt-coburg/politik/coburg-prinz-andreas-ist-tot-art-435597 Der „Chef des Hauses“ Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Gordon Faith]], 94, British actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Adam Adamant Lives!]]'', ''[[War and Peace (1972 TV series)|War & Peace]]'').<ref>[https://www.gordonfaith.com/ Gordon Faith 1931-2025]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Farooq Hamid]], 80, Pakistani cricketer ([[Lahore cricket teams|Lahore]], [[Pakistan International Airlines cricket team|PIA]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.pcb.com.pk/press-release-detail/former-test-cricketer-farooq-hameed-passes-away.html Former Test cricketer Farooq Hameed passes away]</ref> *[[John Saint Ryan]], 72, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Roar (1997 TV series)|Roar]]'', ''[[Squanto: A Warrior's Tale]]'') and equestrian, heart attack.<ref>[https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/ex-coronation-street-star-john-31366059 Ex-Coronation Street star John St Ryan dies suddenly]</ref> ===2=== *[[Khamtai Siphandone]], 101, Laotian politician, [[President of Laos|president]] (1998–2006), [[Prime Minister of Laos|prime minister]] (1991–1998), and [[General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party|chairman of the Revolutionary Party]] (1992–2006).<ref>[https://laotiantimes.com/2025/04/02/former-president-khamtai-siphandone-passes-away-at-101/ Former President Khamtai Siphandone Passes Away at 101]</ref> *[[Alois Švehlík]], 85, Czech actor (''[[Forbidden Dreams]]'', ''[[Alois Nebel]]'', ''[[On the Roof (2019 movie)|On the Roof]]'') and theater pedagogue.<ref>[https://english.radio.cz/actor-and-dubbing-artist-alois-svehlik-died-aged-85-8847299 Actor and dubbing artist Alois Švehlík died, aged 85]</ref> ===1=== *[[Val Kilmer]], 65, American actor (''[[The Doors (movie)|The Doors]]'', ''[[Tombstone (movie)|Tombstone]]'', ''[[Batman Forever]]''), pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/val-kilmer-dead-top-gun-doors-tombstone-batman-actor-1236178966/ Val Kilmer, Actor Renowned for Receding Into His Roles, Dies at 65]</ref> *[[Johnny Tillotson]], 86, American singer-songwriter ("[[Poetry in Motion (song)|Poetry in Motion]]", "[[It Keeps Right On a-Hurtin' (song)|It Keeps Right On a-Hurtin']]", "[[Without You (Johnny Tillotson song)|Without You]]"), complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/04/02/singer-johnny-tillotson-dead/ Singer Johnny Tillotson Dead at 86]</ref> ==March== ===31=== *[[Sian Barbara Allen]], 78, American actress (''[[Scream, Pretty Peggy]]'', ''[[The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case]]'', ''[[You'll Like My Mother]]''), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sian-barbara-allen-dead-scream-pretty-peggy-1236352951/ Sian Barbara Allen, Actor in ‘Scream, Pretty Peggy’ and ‘You’ll Like My Mother,’ Dies at 78]</ref> *[[Yves Boisset]], 86, French film director (''[[L'Attentat]]'', ''[[The Common Man (movie)|The Common Man]]'', ''[[Le Juge Fayard dit Le Shériff]]'') and screenwriter.<ref>[https://www.tf1info.fr/culture/mort-yves-boisset-realisateur-des-films-dupont-lajoie-l-attentat-est-decede-a-l-age-de-86-ans-2362379.html Le réalisateur Yves Boisset ("Dupont Lajoie", "L'Attentat) est mort à l'âge de 86 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===30=== *[[Lee Montague]], 97, English actor (''[[The Camp on Blood Island]]'', ''[[Deadlier Than the Male]]'', ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (TV series)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'').<ref>[http://keatscommunitylibrary.org.uk/Lee-Montague-1927-2025.shtml Lee Montague 1927-2025]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===29=== *[[Richard Chamberlain]], 90, American actor (''[[Dr. Kildare (TV series)|Dr. Kildare]]'', ''[[The Thorn Birds (miniseries)|The Thorn Birds]]'', ''[[Shōgun (1980 miniseries)|Shōgun]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/richard-chamberlain-dead-dies-shogun-thorn-birds-1236351970/ Richard Chamberlain, TV’s Dr. Kildare, ‘Shogun,’ ‘Thorn Birds’ Star, Dies at 90]</ref> *[[Ángel del Pozo]], 90, Spanish actor (''[[Horror Express]]'', ''[[The Big Gundown]]'', ''[[Treasure Island (1972 movie)|Treasure Island]]'').<ref>[https://www.larazon.es/cultura/cine/muere-90-anos-actor-angel-pozo-caras-spaghetti-western/20250329/1169792.html Muere a los 90 años el actor Ángel del Pozo, una de las caras del 'Spaghetti Western'] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===28=== *[[Hamza Feghouli]], 86, Algerian actor (''[[Le Clandestin]]'').<ref>[https://news.radioalgerie.dz/fr/node/62186 L'artiste Hamza Feghouli tire sa révérence à l'âge de 86 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===27=== *[[Peter Lever]], 84, English cricketer ([[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]], [[Tasmania cricket team|Tasmania]], [[England cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/articles/c8d4v5vzzjyo Former Lancashire and England bowler Lever dies]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===26=== ===25=== *[[Manoj Bharathiraja]], 48, Indian actor (''[[Samudhiram]]'', ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'') and film director (''[[Margazhi Thingal]]''), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/manoj-bharathiraja-dies-at-48-chennai-2698999-2025-03-25 Tamil actor-director Manoj Bharathiraja dies at 48 in Chennai]</ref> *[[Shihan Hussaini]], 60, Indian actor (''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'', ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 movie)|Velaikkaran]]'', ''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]'') and karate practitioner, leukemia.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-martial-artist-shihan-hussaini-passes-away-in-chennai-he-was-60 Actor, martial artist Shihan Hussaini passes away in Chennai, he was 60]</ref> *[[Masahiro Shinoda]], 94, Japanese film director (''[[Demon Pond (1979 movie)|Demon Pond]]'', ''[[Owls' Castle]]'', ''[[Double Suicide (1969 movie)|Double Suicide]]'') and screenwriter.<ref>[https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20250327/k10014762391000.html 映画監督 篠田正浩さん死去94歳「瀬戸内少年野球団」など] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> *[[François Trucy]], 93, French politician, mayor of [[Toulon]] (1985–1995), [[Senate (France)|senator]] (1986–2014).<ref>[https://www.varmatin.com/politique/l-ancien-maire-de-toulon-francois-trucy-est-mort-a-l-age-de-93-ans-979418 L’ancien maire de Toulon François Trucy est mort à l’âge de 93 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===24=== ===23=== *[[Gianfranco Barra]], 84, Italian actor (''[[Banana Joe (movie)|Banana Joe]]'', ''[[I nuovi mostri]]'', ''[[Double Murder]]'').<ref>[https://www.adnkronos.com/spettacoli/gianfranco-barra-morto-attore-caratterista-bud-spencer-sordi-tognazzi-vanzina_3G3Gs0Apsgh9hJM7dy3lYE Addio a Gianfranco Barra, caratterista per grandi registi: aveva 84 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Filiz Akın]], 82, Turkish actress (''[[Birds of Exile]]'', ''[[Tatlı Dillim]]'', ''[[Karateci Kız]]'').<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur/usta-oyuncu-filiz-akin-vefat-etti/3517309 Usta oyuncu Filiz Akın vefat etti] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> *[[Larisa Golubkina]], 85, Russian actress (''[[Hussar Ballad]]'', ''[[Give Me a Book of Complaints]]'', ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1966 movie)|The Tale of Tsar Saltan]]'').<ref>[https://www.starhit.ru/novosti/umerla-larisa-golubkina-6273694/ Умерла Лариса Голубкина] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Rolf Schimpf]], 100, German actor (''[[Smuglere]]'', ''[[Mensch Bachmann]]'', ''[[Der Alte (television series)|Der Alte]]'').<ref>[https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/bekannt-aus-der-krimiserie-der-alte-schauspieler-rolf-schimpf-mit-100-jahren-gestorben,UgBfWDy Schauspieler Rolf Schimpf mit 100 Jahren gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Alex Wyllie]], 80, New Zealand rugby union player and coach ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/545728/former-all-black-and-coach-alex-grizz-wyllie-dies Former All Black and coach Alex ‘Grizz’ Wyllie dies]</ref> ===21=== *[[George Foreman]], 76, American boxer, Olympic champion ([[Boxing at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]) and entrepreneur ([[George Foreman Grill]]).<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/03/21/george-foreman-dead/ Boxing Legend George Foreman Dead at 76]</ref> *[[Štefan Kvietik]], 90, Slovak actor (''[[The Boxer and Death]]'', ''[[The Millennial Bee]]'', ''[[Sitting on a Branch, Enjoying Myself]]'') and academic.<ref>[https://www.teraz.sk/kultura/tragicka-sprava-zomrel-znamy-slovens/865549-clanok.html Smutná správa: Zomrel známy slovenský herec Štefan Kvietik] {{in lang|sk}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Vitold Fokin]], 92, Ukrainian politician, [[Prime Minister of Ukraine|prime minister]] (1990–1992).<ref>[https://espreso.tv/suspilstvo-pershiy-premer-ministr-ukraini-vitold-fokin-pomer-u-vitsi-92-rokiv Перший прем'єр-міністр України Вітольд Фокін помер у віці 92 років] {{in lang|uk}}</ref> *[[Eddie Jordan]], 76, Irish [[Formula One]] team owner ([[Jordan Grand Prix]]) and television presenter (''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]''), prostate and bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/articles/cq8y1335qlwo Former F1 boss and TV pundit Jordan dies aged 76]</ref> *[[Norm Clarke]], Las Vegas celebrity columnist and former AP sports writer, dies at 82. <ref>[https://emeatribune.com/norm-clarke-a-las-vegas-celebrity-columnist-and-former-ap-sports-writer-dies-at-82/ Las Vegas celebrity columnist and former AP sports writer, dies at 82]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===19=== *[[Don Wesely]], 70, American politician, [[List of mayors of Lincoln, Nebraska|mayor of Lincoln]] (1999–2003) and member of the [[Nebraska Legislature]] (1979–1999).<ref>[https://klin.com/2025/03/19/former-lincoln-mayor-don-wesely-passes-away/ Former Lincoln State Senator, Mayor Don Wesely Passes Away]</ref> ===18=== *[[Antonio Gasalla]], 84, Argentine actor (''[[Waiting for the Hearse]]'', ''[[The Truce (1974 movie)|The Truce]]''), comedian, and theatre director.<ref>[https://www.pagina12.com.ar/811556-murio-antonio-gasalla Murió el actor y humorista Antonio Gasalla] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===17=== *[[David Steven Cohen]], 58, American television writer (''[[Courage the Cowardly Dog]]'', ''[[Parker Lewis Can't Lose]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Balto (movie)|Balto]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://comicbook.com/anime/news/courage-the-cowardly-dog-head-writer-david-steven-cohen-dies-58/ Courage the Cowardly Dog Head Writer David Steven Cohen Reportedly Dies at 58]</ref> ===16=== *[[Émilie Dequenne]], 43, Belgian actress (''[[Rosetta (movie)|Rosetta]]'', ''[[Our Children]]'', ''[[Not My Type]]''), [[adrenocortical carcinoma]].<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/l-actrice-belge-emilie-dequenne-est-morte-d-un-cancer-20250316 L’actrice belge Émilie Dequenne est morte d’un cancer] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Bindu Ghosh]], 76, Indian actress (''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 movie)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'', ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]'', ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]'') and choreographer.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-bindu-ghosh-passes-away--news-362980 Renowned Comedy Actress Bindu Ghosh Passes Away; Fans and Film Industry Mourn Her Demise]</ref> *[[Anvar Hasanov]], 74, Azerbaijani actor (''[[Last night of childhood]]'', ''[[My Seven Sons]]'', ''[[Babek (movie)|Babek]]'').<ref>[https://media.az/culture/skonchalsya-narodnyj-artist-azerbajdzhana-anvar-gasanov Скончался народный артист Азербайджана Анвар Гасанов] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Les Binks]], 73, Northern Irish heavy metal drummer ([[Judas Priest]]).<ref>[https://bravewords.com/news/former-judas-priest-drummer-les-binks-dead-at-73/ Former JUDAS PRIEST Drummer LES BINKS Dead At 73]</ref> *[[Delia Razon]], 93, Filipino actress (''[[Rodrigo de Villa]]'', ''[[Gaano Kadalas ang Minsan?]]'', ''[[Ipagpatawad Mo]]'').<ref>[https://mb.com.ph/2025/3/16/veteran-actress-delia-razon-passes-away-93 Veteran actress Delia Razon passes away, 93]</ref> *[[Wings Hauser]], 77, American actor (''[[Tough Guys Don't Dance (movie)|Tough Guys Don't Dance]]'', ''[[The Siege of Firebase Gloria]]'', ''[[Vice Squad (1982 movie)|Vice Squad]]'').<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/wings-hauser-dead-vice-squad-young-and-the-restless-1236343867/ Wings Hauser, Character Actor From ‘Vice Squad,’ ‘The Young and the Restless,’ Dies at 78]</ref> *[[Slick Watts]], 73, American basketball player ([[Seattle SuperSonics]], [[Utah Jazz#1974–1979: Early years in New Orleans with Pete Maravich|New Orleans Jazz]], [[Houston Rockets]]).<ref>[https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/sonics/sonics-legend-slick-watts-dies-at-73/ Sonics legend Slick Watts dies at 73]</ref> ===14=== *[[Pietro Genuardi]], 62, Italian actor (''[[CentoVetrine]]'', ''[[Killer Crocodile]]'', ''[[Paganini Horror]]'').<ref>[https://www.ansa.it/lazio/notizie/2025/03/14/morto-a-62-anni-lattore-pietro-genuardi_6797c665-beb0-4b65-85cf-644eea2f219c.html Morto a 62 anni l'attore Pietro Genuardi] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Deb Mukherjee]], 83, Indian actor (''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]'', ''[[Karate (movie)|Karate]]'', ''[[Gudgudee]]'').<ref>[https://www.news18.com/movies/deb-mukherjee-ayan-mukerjis-father-and-veteran-actor-passes-away-at-83-9261536.html Deb Mukherjee, Ayan Mukerji’s Father And Veteran Actor, Passes Away At 83]</ref> ===13=== *[[Edgar Oehler]], 83, Swiss politician, [[National Council (Switzerland)|MP]] (1971–1995).<ref>[https://www.tagblatt.ch/ostschweiz/rheintal/todesfall-die-ostschweiz-verliert-eine-markante-persoenlichkeit-balgacher-unternehmer-edgar-oehler-verstorben-ld.2746769 Die Ostschweiz verliert eine markante Persönlichkeit: Balgacher Unternehmer Edgar Oehler verstorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Maria Grazia Spina]], 88, Italian actress (''[[Samson and the Slave Queen]]'', ''[[Toto vs. the Black Pirate]]'', ''[[Rugantino (movie)|Rugantino]]'').<ref>[https://www.messaggeroveneto.it/nordest/morta-attrice-grazia-maria-spina-nrkgxdwt Addio all’attrice veneziana Grazia Maria Spina: una vita di arti, segnata dalla bellezza] {{in lang|it}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Şinasi Yurtsever]], 51, Turkish actor (''[[Vavien]]'').<ref>[https://medyascope.tv/2025/03/13/sinasi-yurtsever-hayatini-kaybetti/ Oyuncu Şinasi Yurtsever hayatını kaybetti] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> ===12=== *[[Syed Abid Ali]], 83, Indian cricketer ([[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], [[India national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/syed-abid-ali-passes-away-dead-83-hyderabad-bowler/article69321408.ece Former India cricketer Syed Abid Ali passes away at 83]</ref> *[[Takashi Inagaki]], 87, Japanese voice actor (''[[Soul Eater]]'', ''[[A Spirit of the Sun]]'', ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]'') and actor, pneumonia.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/76b4d42abf9ef9fc18a1d4d9a9b96d8356112596 "俳優・稲垣隆史さん、肺炎のため死去 87歳 『スター・ウォーズ』パルパティーン最高議長役など多くの吹き替えを担当（オリコン）"]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Godfrey Lawrence]], 92, Rhodesian cricketer ([[Rhodesia cricket team|Rhodesia]], [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]]).<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/goofy-lawrence-45967 Goofy Lawrence]</ref> *[[Peggy Parnass]], 97, German-Swedish actress (''[[Nobody Loves Me (movie)|Nobody Loves Me]]''), columnist and writer.<ref>[https://www.hagalil.com/2025/03/zum-tod-von-peggy-parnass/ Zum Tod von Peggy Parnass] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===11=== ===10=== *[[Francis Billy Hilly|Sir Francis Billy Hilly]], 76, Solomon Islands politician, [[Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands|prime minister]] (1993–1994).<ref>[https://islandsbusiness.com/news-break/former-solomon-islands-pm-sir-francis-hilly-dies/ Former Solomon Islands PM Sir Francis Hilly dies]</ref> *[[Stanley R. Jaffe]], 84, American film producer (''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'', ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'', ''[[The Bad News Bears]]''), [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Oscar]] winner ([[52nd Academy Awards|1980]]).<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/stanley-jaffe-dead-kramer-kramer-1236159837/ Stanley R. Jaffe, Oscar-Winning ‘Kramer vs. Kramer’ Producer, Dies at 84]</ref> ===9=== *[[Eileen Bennett]], 105, British actress (''[[Thursday's Child (1943 movie)|Thursday's Child]]'', ''[[Much Too Shy]]'', ''[[Trunk Crime]]'').<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/03/14/eileen-bennett-george-formby-west-end-stage-cinema/ Eileen Bennett, actress who starred with George Formby on screen and lit up the West End in the war] {{paywall}}</ref> *[[Simon Fisher-Becker]], 63, British actor (''[[Puppy Love (TV series)|Puppy Love]]'', ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>[https://cultbox.co.uk/news/simon-fisher-becker-dies-aged-63 Simon Fisher-Becker dies aged 63]</ref> *[[Hans Peter Korff]], 82, German actor (''[[Wayfarers (movie)|Wayfarers]]'', ''[[Pappa Ante Portas]]'', ''[[Beresina, or the Last Days of Switzerland]]'').<ref>[https://www.bluewin.ch/en/entertainment/drombuschs-star-hans-peter-korff-is-dead-2597306.html "Drombuschs" star Hans Peter Korff is dead]</ref> *[[Dick McTaggart]], 89, Scottish boxer, Olympic champion ([[Boxing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Lightweight|1956]]).<ref>[https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/5197803/dick-mctaggart-dies-dundee-boxing-hero/ Dundee boxing legend Dick McTaggart dies aged 89]</ref> ===8=== ===7=== *[[David Vunagi|Sir David Vunagi]], 73, Solomon Islands bishop and politician, [[Governor-General of Solomon Islands|governor-general]] (2019–2024).<ref>[https://anglican.ink/2025/03/07/death-reported-of-the-former-archbishop-of-melanesia/ Death reported of the former Archbishop of Melanesia ]</ref> *[[D'Wayne Wiggins]], 64, American musician ([[Tony! Toni! Toné!]]) and songwriter ("[[Feels Good]]"), bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/dwayne-wiggins-tony-toni-tone-dies/3812037/ D'Wayne Wiggins of Tony! Toni! Toné! dies after battle with cancer]</ref> ===6=== *[[Brian James (guitarist)|Brian James]], 70, English punk rock guitarist ([[The Damned (band)|The Damned]], [[The Lords of the New Church]]) and songwriter ("[[New Rose]]").<ref>[https://blabbermouth.net/news/founding-the-damned-guitarist-brian-james-dead-at-70 Founding The Damned Guitarist Brian James Dead At 70]</ref> *[[Crystal-Donna Roberts]], 40, South African actress (''[[Arendsvlei]]'', ''[[The Endless River (movie)|The Endless River]]'', ''[[Chronicle (movie)|Chronicle]]''), breast cancer.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/celebrated-arendsvlei-and-7de-laan-actor-crystal-donna-roberts-40-has-died-20250306 Celebrated Arendsvlei and 7de Laan actor Crystal-Donna Roberts, 40, has died]</ref> *[[Árpád Sopsits]], 72, Hungarian film director (''[[Strangled (movie)|Strangled]]'').<ref>[https://index.hu/kultur/2025/03/06/sopsits-arpad-rendezo-szinhaz-martfui-rem-magyar-filmszemle/ Meghalt Sopsits Árpád Balázs Béla-díjas színház- és filmrendező] {{in lang|hu}}</ref> ===5=== *[[Edesio Alejandro]], 66, Cuban singer, guitarist and composer (''[[Clandestinos (1987 movie)|Clandestinos]]'', ''[[Hello Hemingway]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://www.cubaheadlines.com/articles/298266 Cuban Musician Edesio Alejandro Passes Away in Madrid]</ref> *[[Randy Brown (musician)|Randy Brown]], 72, American R&B singer.<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-southern-soul-singer-randy-brown-dies/ Smooth soul singer Randy Brown dies at 72]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Sylvester Turner]], 70, American politician, member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] (since 2025), [[List of mayors of Houston|mayor of Houston]] (2016–2024).<ref>[https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/politics/article/us-rep-and-former-houston-mayor-sylvester-turner-20204240.php? US Rep. and former Houston mayor Sylvester Turner dies at 70]</ref> ===4=== ===3=== *[[Kathryn Apanowicz]], 64, British actress (''[[Angels (TV series)|Angels]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'') and television presenter (''[[Calendar (British TV programme)|Calendar]]'').<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2025-03-03/former-presenter-and-actress-kathryn-apanowicz-dies Former Yorkshire Television presenter and actress Kathryn Apanowicz dies aged 64]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Eleonora Giorgi]], 71, Italian actress (''[[Talcum Powder (movie)|Talcum Powder]]'', ''[[Mani di fata]]'', ''[[Inferno (1980 movie)|Inferno]]''), pancreatic cancer.<ref>[https://www.ilmessaggero.it/persone/eleonora_giorgi_morta_roma_paideia_racconto_malattia_carriera-8665149.html Eleonora Giorgi è morta, aveva 71 anni: era malata da tempo. Dalle commedie anni Ottanta al racconto del tumore] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Juan Margallo]], 84, Spanish actor (''[[Dragon Rapide (movie)|Dragon Rapide]]'', ''[[Solitary Fragments]]'') and theatre director, complications from a fall.<ref>[https://elpais.com/cultura/2025-03-02/muere-juan-margallo-a-los-84-anos-referente-del-teatro-independiente-en-espana.html Muere Juan Margallo a los 84 años, referente del teatro independiente en España] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===1=== *[[Monika Lundi]], 82, German actress (''[[The Heath Is Green (1972 movie)|The Heath Is Green]]'', ''[[Crazy – Completely Mad]]'', ''[[No Gold for a Dead Diver]]'').<ref>[https://trauer.sueddeutsche.de/traueranzeige/monika-stetter-lundi Monika Stetter-Lundi] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Joey Molland]], 77, English guitarist ([[Badfinger]]) and songwriter.<ref>[https://bestclassicbands.com/joey-molland-badfinger-obituary-3-2-25/ Joey Molland, Last Member of Classic Badfinger Lineup, Dies at 77]</ref> *[[Angie Stone]], 63, American singer ("[[No More Rain (In This Cloud)]]", "[[Wish I Didn't Miss You]]") and rapper ([[The Sequence]]), traffic collision.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/angie-stone-dead-wish-i-didnt-miss-you-singer-the-sequence-1236324437/ Angie Stone, 'Wish I Didn't Miss You' singer and co-founder of the Sequence, dies at 63 ]</ref> ==February== ===28=== *[[David Johansen]], 75, American musician ([[New York Dolls]]), singer ("[[Hot Hot Hot (Arrow song)|Hot Hot Hot]]") and actor (''[[Scrooged]]''), cancer.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/david-johansen-dead-new-york-dolls-1236324334/ David Johansen, New York Dolls Frontman, Dies at 75]</ref> ===27=== *[[Christopher Hughes (quiz contestant)|Christopher Hughes]], 77, English professional quizzer (''[[Eggheads (game show)|Eggheads]]'').<ref>[https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/entertainment/eggheads-chris-hughes-dies-aged-77/ Eggheads quiz expert Chris Hughes dies aged 77 as show pays tribute]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Uttam Mohanty]], 66, Indian actor (''[[Naya Zaher]]'', ''[[Ae Jugara Krushna Sudama]]'', ''[[Purushottam (movie)|Purushottam]]''), cirrhosis.<ref>[https://kalingatv.com/odisha/veteran-odia-actor-uttam-mohanty-dies-while-undergoing-treatment-in-gurugram/ Veteran Odia actor Uttam Mohanty dies while undergoing treatment in Gurugram]</ref> ===26=== *[[Gene Hackman]], 95, American actor (''[[The French Connection (movie)|The French Connection]]'', ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (movie)|Bonnie and Clyde]]'', ''[[Mississippi Burning]]'').<ref>[https://nypost.com/2025/02/27/entertainment/gene-hackman-and-wife-betsy-found-dead-in-new-mexico-home-police/ Legendary actor Gene Hackman, wife Betsy and dog found dead inside New Mexico home: police]</ref> *[[Lis Nilheim]], 80, Swedish actress (''[[Maria (1975 movie)|Maria]]'', ''[[Madicken på Junibacken]]'', ''[[Raskenstam]]'').<ref>[https://www.dagbladet.no/studio/kjendisstudio/668?post=178594 Svensk skuespiller er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Michelle Trachtenberg]], 39, American actress (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Harriet the Spy (movie)|Harriet the Spy]]'', ''[[Gossip Girl]]'').<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/buffy-gossip-girl-actress-michelle-trachtenberg-dead-39/story?id=119215091 'Buffy' and 'Gossip Girl' actress Michelle Trachtenberg dead at 39]</ref> ===25=== *[[Ronald Draper]], 98, South African cricketer ([[Eastern Province cricket team|Eastern Province]], [[Northern Cape (cricket team)|Griqualand West]], [[South Africa national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.news24.com/sport/cricket/oldest-test-cricketer-dies-in-south-africa-aged-98-20250228 Oldest Test cricketer dies in South Africa aged 98]</ref> *[[Roberto Orci]], 51, Mexican-born American screenwriter (''[[Star Trek (movie)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Transformers (movie)|Transformers]]'') and television producer (''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]''), kidney disease.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/02/roberto-orci-dead-star-trek-transformers-writer-producer-1236301807/ Roberto Orci Dies: ‘Star Trek’, ‘Transformers’ & ‘Hawaii Five-0’ Writer-Producer Was 51]</ref> ===24=== *[[Roberta Flack]], 88, American singer ("[[Killing Me Softly With His Song]]", "[[The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face]]", "[[Feel Like Makin' Love (Roberta Flack song)|Feel Like Makin' Love]]") and songwriter, [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] winner ([[15th Annual Grammy Awards|1973]], [[16th Annual Grammy Awards|1974]]), complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/roberta-flack-singer-killing-me-softly-dead-1236318888/ Roberta Flack, ’70s R&B Vocalist Known for ‘Killing Me Softly,’ Dies at 88]</ref> *[[Robert John]], 79, American singer ("[[Sad Eyes (Robert John song)|Sad Eyes]]", "[[If You Don't Want My Love]]").<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/robert-john-sad-eyes-singer-dead-obituary-1235279707/ Robert John, Crooner Behind Number One Hit ‘Sad Eyes,’ Dead at 79]</ref> *[[Keith Slater]], 89, Australian cricketer ([[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]]) and [[Australian rules football|footballer]] ([[Swan Districts Football Club|Swan Districts]], [[Western Australia Australian rules football team|Western Australia]]).<ref>[https://www.sportfm.com.au/news/all-round-champion-keith-slater-dies-at-age-89/ All-round champion Keith Slater dies at age 89]</ref> ===23=== *[[Chris Jasper]], 73, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Isley Brothers]], [[Isley-Jasper-Isley]]), songwriter ("[[Caravan of Love]]"), keyboardist and producer, cancer.<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-chris-jasper-dies/ Legendary Isley Brothers member and soul music star Chris Jasper dies]</ref> *[[Thanin Kraivichien]], 97, Thai politician, [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] (1976–1977) and acting president of the [[Privy Council of Thailand|Privy Council]] (2016).<ref>[https://www.matichon.co.th/politics/news_5062871 ธานินทร์ กรัยวิเชียร อดีตนายกรัฐมนตรี ถึงแก่อสัญกรรม ในวัย 97 ปี] {{in lang|th}}</ref> *[[Atilio Veronelli]], 65, Argentine actor (''[[The Journey (1992 movie)|The Journey]]'', ''[[Where Are You My Love, That I Cannot Find You?]]'', ''[[Amigomío]]'') and stage director.<ref>[https://tn.com.ar/show/famosos/2025/02/23/a-los-65-anos-murio-el-actor-atilio-veronelli/ A los 65 años, murió el actor Atilio Veronelli] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===22=== ===21=== *[[Amélia Bittencourt]], 86, Brazilian actress (''[[The Ballroom]]'').<ref>[https://extra.globo.com/famosos/noticia/2025/02/atriz-amelia-bittencourt-morre-aos-86-anos-no-rs.ghtml Atriz Amélia Bittencourt morre aos 86 anos no RS] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> *[[Gwen McCrae]], 81, American singer ("[[Rockin' Chair (Gwen McCrae song)|Rockin' Chair]]").<ref>[https://soultracks.com/news-gwen-mccrae-dies/ R.I.P. soul and disco star Gwen McCrae]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Lynne Marie Stewart]], 78, American actress (''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse]]'', ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]'', ''[[American Graffiti]]'').<ref>[https://extratv.com/2025/02/21/miss-yvonne-actress-lynne-marie-stewart-dies-at-78/ Miss Yvonne of 'Pee-Wee's Playhouse,' Lynne Marie Stewart, Dies at 78]</ref> *[[Voletta Wallace]], 78, American record producer and film producer (''[[Notorious (2009 movie)|Notorious]]'').<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/voletta-wallace-notorious-big-bigie-smalls-mother-1235275517/ Voletta Wallace, the Notorious B.I.G.’s Mother, Dead at 78]</ref> ===20=== *[[Jerry Butler]], 85, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] soul singer-songwriter ("[[Only the Strong Survive (song)|Only the Strong Survive]]", "[[He Will Break Your Heart]]"), musician ([[The Impressions]]) and politician, complications from Parkinson's disease.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/music/news/jerry-butler-impressions-singer-dead-chicago-politician-1236315232/ Jerry Butler, Impressions Singer and Chicago Politician, Dies at 85]</ref> *[[Peter Jason]], 80, American actor (''[[They Live]]'', ''[[48 Hrs.]]'', ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'').<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3855565/peter-jason-character-actor-and-john-carpenter-regular-has-passed-away/ Peter Jason, Character Actor and John Carpenter Regular, Has Passed Away]</ref> *[[Friedrich-Wilhelm Junge]], 86, German actor (''[[SAS 181 Does Not Reply]]'', ''[[Love's Confusion]]'').<ref>[https://www.tag24.de/dresden/kultur-leute/trauer-um-dresdner-brettl-gruender-schauspieler-friedrich-wilhelm-junge-ist-tot-3361989 Trauer um "Dresdner Brettl"-Gründer: Schauspieler Friedrich-Wilhelm Junge ist tot!] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Bidur Prasad Sapkota]], 59, Nepali politician, [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|MP]] (2014–2017), lung disease.<ref>[https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/57446 Constituent Assembly member Sapkota passes away]</ref> ===19=== *[[Souleymane Cissé (film director)|Souleymane Cissé]], 84, Malian film director (''[[Yeelen]]'', ''[[The Young Girl]]'', ''[[Waati]]'').<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/02/19/souleymane-cisse-un-des-chefs-de-file-du-cinema-africain-est-mort_6554682_3382.html# Souleymane Cissé, un des chefs de file du cinéma africain, est mort] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Norberto Huezo]], 68, Salvadoran footballer ([[Palencia CF (1960)|Palencia]], [[Cartagena FC|Cartagena]], [[El Salvador national football team|national team]]), stroke.<ref>[https://www.laprensagrafica.com/deportes/Fallecio-Norberto-Pajarito-Huezo-a-los-68-anos-20250219-0019.html Falleció Norberto "Pájarito" Huezo a los 68 años]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Tony Isbert]], 74, Spanish actor (''[[A House Without Boundaries]]'', ''[[The Rift (1990 movie)|The Rift]]''), pneumonia.<ref>[https://elcierredigital.com/cultura/muere-los-75-anos-gran-actor-tony-isbert-nieto-del-popular-pepe-isbert Muere a los 74 años el gran actor Tony Isbert, nieto del popular Pepe Isbert] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===18=== ===17=== *[[Rick Buckler]], 69, English drummer ([[The Jam]]).<ref>[https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/uk-news/jams-drummer-rick-buckler-dies-31032794 The Jam's drummer Rick Buckler dies aged 69 as bandmates pay tribute]</ref> *[[Juan Mariné]], 104, Spanish cinematographer (''[[Ninety Minutes]]'', ''[[Day by Day (movie)|Day by Day]]'', ''[[Fog and Sun]]'') and film restorer.<ref>[https://www.academiadecine.com/2025/02/18/fallece-el-centenario-director-de-fotografia-juan-marine/ Fallece el centenario director de fotografía Juan Mariné] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Jamie Muir]], 82, Scottish musician ([[King Crimson]]) and painter.<ref>[https://www.loudersound.com/news/king-crimson-percussionist-jamie-muir-has-died-aged-82 King Crimson percussionist Jamie Muir has died, aged 82]</ref> ===16=== *[[Julian Holloway]], 80, British actor (''[[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]]'', ''[[James Bond Jr.]]'', ''[[Regular Show]]'').<ref>[https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/24944659.carry-star-julian-holloway-dies-aged-80/ Carry On star Julian Holloway dies aged 80]</ref> *[[Evan Hultman]], 99, American politician, [[Attorney General of Iowa|attorney general of Iowa]] (1961–1965).<ref>[https://wcfcourier.com/news/local/evan-curly-hultman-champion-for-veterans-passes-away/article_2da3c232-ed6a-11ef-b287-8bd17d24ab29.html Evan 'Curly' Hultman, champion for veterans and former Iowa attorney general, dies at 99] {{paywall}}</ref> *[[Kim Sae-ron]], 24, South Korean actress (''[[A Brand New Life (2009 movie)|A Brand New Life]]'', ''[[The Man from Nowhere (2010 movie)|The Man from Nowhere]]'', ''[[A Girl at My Door]]'').<ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2025/02/398_392355.html Actress Kim Sae-ron found dead at home]</ref> *[[Krishnaveni (actress)|Krishnaveni]], 100, Indian actress (''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1942 Telugu movie)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'', ''[[Brahma Ratham]]'', ''[[Mana Desam]]''), singer, and film producer.<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/veteran-actress-and-producer-c-krishnaveni-passes-away-at-100 Veteran actress and producer C Krishnaveni passes away at 100]</ref> *[[Yolanda Montes]], 93, American-Mexican actress (''[[Salomé (TV series)|Salomé]]'', ''[[Kill Me Because I'm Dying!]]'', ''[[Nocturne of Love (1948 movie)|Nocturne of Love]]'') and dancer, complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://www.hola.com/us/entertainment/20250217814783/yolanda-montes-tongolele-dies-at-93/ Yolanda Montes ‘Tongolele,’ Icon of Mexican Cinema, Dies at 93]</ref> ===15=== *[[Renato Ballardini]], 97, Italian resistance fighter and politician, [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|deputy]] (1958–1979).<ref>[https://www.vitatrentina.it/2025/02/15/e-morto-a-97-anni-renato-ballardini-partigiano-ed-ex-parlamentare/ È morto a 97 anni Renato Ballardini, partigiano ed ex parlamentare] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ===14=== *[[Carlos Diegues]], 84, Brazilian film director (''[[Ganga Zumba (movie)|Ganga Zumba]]'', ''[[Bye Bye Brasil]]'', ''[[Deus é Brasileiro]]''), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/brazil-obit-film-diegues-cinema-novo-e0d8973de4bba1d1e9ceb833596de5fe Cacá Diegues, renowned Brazilian filmmaker and leading figure in Cinema Novo, dies at 84]</ref> *[[Alice Hirson]], 95, American actress (''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]'', ''[[Being There]]'', ''[[One Life to Live]]'').<ref>[https://soaphub.com/general-hospital/news-gh/general-hospital-oltl-alum-alice-hirson-dead-at-95/ General Hospital OLTL Alum Alice Hirson Dead At 95]</ref> *[[Fulke Johnson Houghton]], 84, British Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.<ref>[https://www.herefordtimes.com/sport/national/24936109.training-great-fulke-johnson-houghton-dies-aged-84/ Training great Fulke Johnson Houghton dies aged 84]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Geneviève Page]], 97, French actress (''[[Belle de Jour (movie)|Belle de Jour]]'', ''[[Grand Prix (1966 movie)|Grand Prix]]'', ''[[The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes]]'').<ref>[https://www.lefigaro.fr/theatre/deces-genevieve-page-gloire-du-theatre-a-l-age-de-97-ans-20250214 Décès de Geneviève Page, gloire du théâtre, à l’âge de 97 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ===13=== ===12=== *[[Nike Arrighi]], 80, French actress (''[[The Devil Rides Out (movie)|The Devil Rides Out]]'', ''[[Day for Night (movie)|Day for Night]]'', ''[[Women in Love (movie)|Women in Love]]'').<ref>[https://theunmutual.co.uk/ Nike Arrighi 1944-2025]</ref> *[[Tommy Hunt]], 91, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] soul singer ([[The Flamingos]]).<ref>[https://www.clashmusic.com/news/soul-legend-tommy-hunt-has-died/ Soul Legend Tommy Hunt Has Died]</ref> ===11=== *[[Annie Joe Edwards]], 76, American actress (''[[Bullets Over Broadway]]'', ''[[The Purple Rose of Cairo]]'', ''[[Ain't Misbehavin' (musical)|Ain't Misbehavin']]'').<ref>[https://www.birminghamtimes.com/2025/02/annie-joe-edwards-birmingham-native-actress-composer-musician-dies-at-76/ Annie Joe Edwards, Multi-Talented Birmingham Actress, Composer, Musician, Dies at 76]</ref> *[[Moses Lim]], 75, Singaporean actor (''[[Under One Roof (Singaporean TV series)|Under One Roof]]'').<ref>[https://www.tnp.sg/entertainment/veteran-actor-moses-lim-dies-age-75 Veteran actor Moses Lim dies at age 75]</ref> *[[Norma Mora]], 81, Mexican actress (''[[Qué perra vida]]'', ''[[Los astronautas]]'').<ref>[https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/espectaculos/2025/02/12/muere-norma-mora-actriz-mexicana-que-trabajo-con-tin-tan-y-el-santo-quien-era-que-le-paso/ Muere Norma Mora a los 81 años: ¿Qué le pasó a la actriz que trabajó con Tin Tan y El Santo?] {{in lang|es}}</ref> ===10=== *[[Takis Ikonomopoulos]], 81, Greek footballer ([[Panathinaikos F.C.|Panathinaikos]], [[Apollon Smyrnis F.C.|Apollon Athens]], [[Greece national football team|national team]]), stroke.<ref>[https://www.ekathimerini.com/sports/1261252/legendary-panathinaikos-goalkeeper-takis-oikonomopoulos-passes-away-at-81/ Soccer legend Takis Oikonomopoulos passes away at 81]</ref> *[[Peter Tuiasosopo]], 61, American football player ([[Los Angeles Rams]]) and actor (''[[Street Fighter (1994 movie)|Street Fighter]]'', ''[[Necessary Roughness (movie)|Necessary Roughness]]'').<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/02/peter-navy-tuiasosopo-dead-actor-1236284912/ Peter Navy Tuiasosopo Dies: ‘Street Fighter’, ‘Necessary Roughness’ Actor Was 61]</ref> ===9=== *[[Tom Robbins]], 92, American novelist (''[[Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (novel)|Even Cowgirls Get the Blues]]'', ''[[Jitterbug Perfume]]'', ''[[Still Life with Woodpecker]]'').<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/feb/10/tom-robbins-comic-novelist-of-us-counterculture-dies-aged-92 Tom Robbins, comic novelist of US counterculture, dies aged 92]</ref> *[[Oleg Strizhenov]], 95, Russian actor (''[[The Mexican (1955 movie)|The Mexican]]'', ''[[The Captain's Daughter (1958 movie)|The Captain's Daughter]]'', ''[[The Star of Captivating Happiness]]'').<ref>[https://aif.ru/culture/akter-oleg-strizhenov-umer-na-96-m-godu-zhizni Актер Олег Стриженов умер на 96-м году жизни] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Baldemar Carrasco]], 93, Chilean politician, [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|deputy]] (1969–1973, 1990–1994).<ref>[https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/fallece-a-los-93-anos-baldemar-carrasco-exdiputado-y-miembro-del-grupo-de-los-13-de-la-dc/EGI4B6WO2BBFBFZGI75IXUTCW4/ Fallece a los 93 años Baldemar Carrasco, exdiputado y miembro del “Grupo de los 13″ de la DC] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Sam Nujoma]], 95, Namibian politician, [[President of Namibia|president]] (1990–2005).<ref>[https://www.namibian.com.na/namibias-founding-president-sam-nujoma-dies/ Namibia’s founding president, Sam Nujoma, dies]</ref> ===7=== *[[Anthony Dileo Jr.]], American actor (''[[Day of the Dead (1985 movie)|Day of the Dead]]'', ''[[Two Evil Eyes]]'', ''[[Lorenzo's Oil]]''), complications from COVID-19.<ref>[https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3853900/day-of-the-dead-actor-anthony-dileo-jr-has-passed-away/ ‘Day of the Dead’ Actor Anthony DiLeo Jr. Has Passed Away]</ref> *[[Bruce French (actor)|Bruce French]], 79, American actor (''[[Passions]]'', ''[[The Riches]]'', ''[[Fletch (movie)|Fletch]]''), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/bruce-french-dead-passions-1236131400/ Bruce French, ‘Passions’ Actor and a Veteran of the Stage, Dies at 79]</ref> *[[Tony Roberts (actor)|Tony Roberts]], 85, American actor (''[[Annie Hall]]'', ''[[Play It Again, Sam (movie)|Play It Again, Sam]]'', ''[[Serpico]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tony-roberts-dead-woody-allen-annie-hall-1236130177/ Tony Roberts, Woody Allen Sidekick and Broadway Stalwart, Dies at 85]</ref> ===6=== ===5=== *[[Irv Gotti]], 54, American record producer ("[[Foolish (Ashanti song)|Foolish]]", "[[Always on Time]]") and executive ([[Murder Inc. Records]]).<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/irv-gotti-murder-inc-founder-dies-1236128314/ Irv Gotti, Murder Inc. Founder Who Worked With Ashanti and Ja Rule, Dies at 54]</ref> *[[Brian Turner (New Zealand poet)|Brian Turner]], 80, New Zealand poet and field hockey player ([[New Zealand men's national field hockey team|national team]]), heart attack.<ref>[https://newsroom.co.nz/2025/02/06/brian-turner-dies/ Brian Turner dies]</ref> ===4=== *[[Sid Ahmed Ghozali]], 87, Algerian politician, [[Prime Minister of Algeria|prime minister]] (1991–1992).<ref>[https://www.ennaharonline.com/وفاة-رئيس-الحكومة-الأسبق-سيد-احمد-غزال/ وفاة رئيس الحكومة الأسبق سيد احمد غزالي] {{in lang|ar}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Rich Dauer]], 72, American baseball player ([[Baltimore Orioles]]) and coach ([[Kansas City Royals]], [[Colorado Rockies]]).<ref>[https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/rich-dauer-orioles-hall-of-famer-and-former-astros-coach-dies-at-72/ Rich Dauer, Orioles Hall of Famer and former Astros coach, dies at 72]</ref> *[[Bettina Heltberg]], 82, Danish journalist (''[[Politiken]]'') and actress (''[[Det støver stadig]]'').<ref>[https://ekstrabladet.dk/underholdning/dkkendte/bettina-heltberg-er-doed/10518513 Bettina Heltberg er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Lee Joo-shil]], 80, South Korean actress (''[[The Uncanny Counter]]'', ''[[Train to Busan]]'', ''[[Squid Game]]''), stomach cancer.<ref>[https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20250202002700315 Veteran actress Lee Joo-shil dies of stomach cancer at 81]</ref> *[[Brian Murphy]], 92, English actor (''[[Man About the House]]'', ''[[George and Mildred]]'', ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'') and comedian, cancer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxeg4q0rddo Sitcom actor Brian Murphy dies aged 92]</ref> ===1=== *[[Horst Köhler]], 81, German economist and politician, [[President of Germany|president]] (2004–2010), president of the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|EBRD]] (1998–2000) and managing director of the [[IMF]] (2000–2004).<ref>[https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/ex-bundespraesident-horst-koehler-tot-100.html Ex-Bundespräsident Horst Köhler gestorben] {{in lang|de}}</ref> *[[Fay Vincent]], 86, American lawyer and sports executive, [[commissioner of baseball]] (1989–1992), bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/story/_/id/43667090/former-mlb-commissioner-fay-vincent-dies-86 Former MLB commissioner Fay Vincent dies at 86] </ref> ==January== ===31=== *[[Buster Farrer]], 88, South African cricketer ([[Border (cricket team)|Border]], [[South Africa national cricket team|national team]]), tennis player and field hockey player.<ref>[https://www.theherald.co.za/sport/2025-02-02-sporting-community-mourns-multitalented-buster-farrers-death/ Sporting community mourns multitalented Buster Farrer’s death]</ref> *[[Táňa Radeva]], 67, Slovak actress (''[[Bathory (movie)|Bathory]]'', ''[[Lóve]]'', ''[[Dubček (movie)|Dubček]]'').<ref>[https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/UNH4MvO/zomrela-herecka-tana-radeva/ Zomrela herečka Táňa Radeva] {{in lang|sk}}</ref> *[[Kärt Tomingas]], 57, Estonian actress (''[[Those Old Love Letters]]'', ''[[Zero Point (movie)|Zero Point]]''), singer and educator.<ref>[https://kultuur.err.ee/1609593032/suri-naitleja-ja-laulja-kart-tomingas Suri näitleja ja laulja Kärt Tomingas] {{in lang|et}}</ref> ===30=== *[[Julius Chan|Sir Julius Chan]], 85, Papua New Guinean politician, [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea|prime minister]] (1980–1982, 1994–1997, 1997).<ref>[https://www.postcourier.com.pg/the-last-man-standing-falls/ The "last man standing" falls]</ref> *[[Marianne Faithfull]], 78, English singer ("[[As Tears Go By (song)|As Tears Go By]]"), songwriter ("[[Broken English (song)|Broken English]]") and actress (''[[The Girl on a Motorcycle]]'').<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cp8k931j423o Singer Marianne Faithfull dies at 78]</ref> ===29=== ===28=== *[[Horst Janson (actor)|Horst Janson]], 89, German actor (''[[The Buddenbrooks (1959 movie)|The Buddenbrooks]]'', ''[[Das Riesenrad]]'', ''[[Murphy's War]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/stars-und-leute/horst-janson-der-sesamstrasse-star-ist-tot-6798bb453205537d00c7365f Die „Sesamstraße“ weint! TV-Star Horst Janson (89) ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===27=== *[[Alma Rosa Aguirre]], 95, Mexican actress (''[[The Stronger Sex (1946 movie)|The Stronger Sex]]'', ''[[Nosotras las taquígrafas]]'', ''[[The Border Man]]'').<ref>[https://www.milenio.com/espectaculos/famosos/muere-alma-rosa-aguirre-hermana-elsa-aguirre Muere Alma Rosa Aguirre, actriz del Cine de Oro mexicano y hermana de Elsa Aguirre, a los 95 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Yoon Dae-sung]], 85, South Korean playwright and screenwriter (''[[All That Falls Has Wings]]'', ''[[Black Republic]]'').<ref>[https://www.chosun.com/culture-life/performance-arts/2025/01/27/GTYMSHTSUZC65EHABVIGGTJDWE/ "어렵고 불편해 괴로움 줘야 진짜 연극"… 극작가 윤대성 별세] {{in lang|ko}}</ref> ===26=== *[[Shafi (director)|Shafi]], 56, Indian film director (''[[One Man Show (movie)|One Man Show]]'', ''[[Kalyanaraman (2002 movie)|Kalyanaraman]]'', ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]''), complications from a stroke.<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1468886&u=popular-film-director-shafi-passes-away Popular film director Shafi passes away]</ref> *[[Igor Yankovsky]], 73, Russian actor (''[[Investigation Led by Experts]]'', ''[[The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person]]'', ''[[Charlotte's Necklace]]''), cirrhosis.<ref>[https://www.starhit.ru/novosti/umer-plemyannik-olega-yankovskogo-igor-stradavshii-ot-raka-6191019/ Умер племянник Олега Янковского Игорь, страдавший от рака] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> ===25=== *[[Dražen Dalipagić]], 73, Serbian [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] basketball player ([[KK Partizan|Partizan]], [[Reyer Venezia|Carrera Venezia]]) and coach ([[Nuova Pallacanestro Gorizia]]), Olympic champion ([[Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]).<ref>[https://about.fiba.basketball/en/news/basketball-world-mourns-loss-of-serbian-legend-drazen-dalipagic Basketball world mourns loss of Serbian legend Drazen Dalipagic]</ref> *[[Ole Neumann]], 77, Danish actor (''[[Father of Four (movie)|Father of Four]]'', ''[[The Heir to Næsbygaard]]'', ''[[Father of Four on Bornholm]]'').<ref>[https://ekstrabladet.dk/underholdning/dkkendte/ole-lille-per-neumann-er-doed/10510385 Ole 'Lille Per' Neumann er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Gloria Romero (actress)|Gloria Romero]], 91, Filipino actress (''[[Ilocana Maiden]]'', ''[[Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)]]'', ''[[Condemned (1984 movie)|Condemned]]'').<ref>[https://www.bomboradyo.com/veteran-actress-gloria-romero-pumanaw-na-91 Veteran actress Gloria Romero pumanaw na, 91] {{in lang|tl}}</ref> ===24=== *[[Unk]], 42, American rapper ("[[Walk It Out (Unk song)|Walk It Out]]", "[[2 Step (song)|2 Step]]", "[[Show Out (Unk song)|Show Out]]").<ref>[https://blackamericaweb.com/2025/01/24/how-did-dj-unk-die/ DJ Unk, Known for “Walk It Out” and “2 Step”, Dead at 42]</ref> ===23=== ===22=== *[[Nicholas Eadie]], 67, Australian actor (''[[Vietnam (miniseries)|Vietnam]]'', ''[[The Man from Snowy River II]]'', ''[[Fragments of War: The Story of Damien Parer]]'', ''[[Cop Shop]]'').<ref>[https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/celebrity-deaths/aussie-tv-and-theatre-legend-nicholas-eadie-dead-at-67/news-story/aa838665ab8db849dae3e0939c932789 Aussie TV and theatre legend Nicholas Eadie dead at 67]</ref> * [[Wim van Elk]], 87, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.bd.nl/eindhoven/oud-burgemeester-van-helmond-wim-van-elk-87-overleden-burgemeester-sjoerd-potters-reageert-geschrokken-en-bedroefd~aa80e8ab/?cb=1db74fd6-cd74-4d15-aa4d-67e2c838a236&auth_rd=1 Oud-burgemeester van Helmond Wim van Elk (87) overleden, burgemeester Sjoerd Potters reageert ‘geschrokken en bedroefd’] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Mauricio Funes]], 65, Salvadoran politician and convicted criminal, [[President of El Salvador|president]] (2009–2014).<ref>[https://www.barrons.com/news/ex-salvadoran-leader-mauricio-funes-dies-in-nicaragua-ec6ec769 Ex-Salvadoran Leader Mauricio Funes Dies In Nicaragua]</ref> *[[Garth Hudson]], 87, Canadian [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[The Band]]) and keyboardist ("[[Chest Fever]]").<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/garth-hudson-the-last-living-member-of-the-band-dead-at-87/article_983498e8-d7fc-11ef-ac3c-4b6836c7f137.html Garth Hudson, the last living member of The Band, dead at 87]</ref> ===20=== *[[Bertrand Blier]], 85, French film director (''[[Get Out Your Handkerchiefs]]'', ''[[Beau Pere]]'', ''[[Buffet froid]]'').<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2025/01/21/bertrand-blier-realisateur-et-scenariste-auteur-des-valseuses-est-mort-a-85-ans_6508368_3382.html Bertrand Blier, réalisateur et scénariste, auteur des « Valseuses », est mort à 85 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Luc Cauwenberghs]], 72, Belgian visual artist.<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/01/23/kunstenaar-uit-tervuren-luc-cauwenberghs-overleden/ Kunstenaar Luc Cauwenberghs (72) overleden, maker van beelden van Nero en Urbanus] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bob Kuban]], 84, American bandleader and musician ([[The Cheater (song)|"The Cheater"]]), stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fox2now.com/news/missouri/bob-kuban-st-louis-musician-and-rock-roll-hall-of-famer-passes/ |title=Bob Kuban, St. Louis musician and Rock & Roll Hall of Famer, dead at 84 |access-date=2025-01-21 |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122145308/https://fox2now.com/news/missouri/bob-kuban-st-louis-musician-and-rock-roll-hall-of-famer-passes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Harald Paalgard]], 74, Norwegian cinematographer (''[[Orion's Belt (movie)|Orion's Belt]]'', ''[[Dreamplay]]'', ''[[The Woman That Dreamed About a Man]]'').<ref>[https://www.nrk.no/nyheter/filmfotograf-harald-paalgard-er-dod-1.17214142 Filmfotograf Harald Paalgard er død] {{in lang|no}}</ref> *[[John Sykes]], 65, English guitarist ([[Tygers of Pan Tang]], [[Thin Lizzy]], [[Whitesnake]]), cancer.<ref>[https://blabbermouth.net/news/legendary-guitarist-john-sykes-dead-at-65 Legendary Guitarist John Sykes Dead At 65]</ref> (death announced on this date) ===19=== * [[Jan Mijnsbergen]], 86, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.parlement.com/id/vmk8iua0uan9/nieuws/oud_kamerlid_jan_mijnsbergen_pvda Oud-Kamerlid Jan Mijnsbergen (PvdA) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> * [[Mijndert Ververs]], 91, Dutch businessman.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/22/de-boodschappenjongen-die-met-wolters-kluwer-een-miljardenbedrijf-opbouwde-a4880529 De boodschappenjongen die met Wolters Kluwer een miljardenbedrijf opbouwde] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===18=== * [[Raymond Goossens]], 93, Belgian politician.<ref>[https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20250120_96850845 De man die eerste burgemeester werd van fusiegemeente Ranst: “Mon kon niet tegen conflicten”] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> * [[Jan Oudenaarden]], 81, Dutch writer, historian and columnist.<ref>[https://www.ad.nl/rotterdam/groot-feyenoord-fan-en-schrijver-jan-oudenaarden-81-overleden~aa32043e/ Groot Feyenoord-fan en schrijver Jan Oudenaarden (81) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Ze'ev Revach]], 84, Israeli actor (''[[Charlie Ve'hetzi]]'', ''[[Hagiga B'Snuker]]'', ''[[The Farewell Party]]'') and comedian.<ref>[https://www.ynet.co.il/entertainment/article/HyXjFEWYD זאב רווח, מגדולי שחקני ישראל, הלך לעולמו בגיל 84] {{in lang|he}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Denis Law]], 84, Scottish footballer ([[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]], [[Scotland national football team|national team]]), Alzheimer's disease.<ref>[https://sports.yahoo.com/denis-law-legendary-manchester-united-192908742.html Denis Law, legendary Manchester United and Scotland goalscorer, dies aged 84]</ref> *[[Russell Marshall]], 88, New Zealand politician, [[New Zealand Parliament|MP]] (1972–1990), minister of [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)|foreign affairs]] (1987–1990) and [[Minister of Education (New Zealand)|education]] (1984–1987).<ref>[https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/539385/former-minister-russell-marshall-dies-aged-88 Former minister Russell Marshall dies aged 88]</ref> ===16=== *[[David Lynch]], 78, American television and film director (''[[Twin Peaks]]'', ''[[Blue Velvet (movie)|Blue Velvet]]'', ''[[Mulholland Drive (movie)|Mulholland Drive]]''), visual artist and musician.<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/news/david-lynch-dead-director-blue-velvet-twin-peaks-1236276106/ David Lynch, Visionary Director of ‘Twin Peaks’ and ‘Blue Velvet,’ Dies at 78]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Joan Plowright|Dame Joan Plowright]], 95, English actress (''[[Enchanted April (1991 movie)|Enchanted April]]'', ''[[A Taste of Honey]]'', ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 movie)|101 Dalmatians]]''), [[Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play|Tony]] winner ([[15th Tony Awards|1961]]).<ref>[https://variety.com/2025/film/global/joan-plowright-dead-acting-legend-laurence-olivier-widow-1236276923/ Joan Plowright, Acting Legend of Stage and Screen and Laurence Olivier’s Widow, Dies at 95]</ref> *[[Bob Uecker]], 90, American baseball player ([[St. Louis Cardinals]]), broadcaster ([[Milwaukee Brewers]]), and actor (''[[Mr. Belvedere]]''), lung cancer.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/43439250/beloved-brewers-broadcaster-bob-uecker-dies-age-90 Beloved Brewers broadcaster Bob Uecker, 'Mr. Baseball,' dies at 90]</ref> *[[Shoji Ueda (cinematographer)|Shoji Ueda]], 87, Japanese cinematographer (''[[Ran (movie)|Ran]]'', ''[[Dreams (1990 movie)|Dreams]]'', ''[[After the Rain (movie)|After the Rain]]''), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.hokkaido-np.co.jp/article/1111788/ 上田正治さん死去　映画撮影監督] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Anna Maria Ackermann]], 92, Italian actress (''[[Le inchieste del commissario Maigret]]'', ''[[The Skin (movie)|The Skin]]'', ''[['O Re]]'').<ref>[https://napoli.repubblica.it/cronaca/2025/01/15/news/anna_maria_ackermann_morta_attrice_eduardo-423941427/ Teatro, morta Anna Maria Ackermann: debuttò con Eduardo] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Christopher Benjamin (actor)|Christopher Benjamin]], 90, English actor (''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Judge John Deed]]'', ''[[The Plague Dogs (movie)|The Plague Dogs]]'').<ref>[https://www.doctorwhonews.net/2025/01/christopher_benjamin_1934_2025.html#google_vignette Christopher Benjamin 1934–2025]</ref> *[[Diane Langton]], 77, English actress (''[[Hollyoaks]]'', ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'').<ref>[https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/only-fools-and-horses-star-soap-legend-diane-langton-dies-77/ Only Fools and Horses star and soap legend Diane Langton dies aged 77]</ref> *[[Melba Montgomery]], 86, American country singer ("[[No Charge]]", "[[Don't Let the Good Times Fool You (song)|Don't Let the Good Times Fool You]]", "[[Angel of the Morning]]") and songwriter.<ref>[https://tasteofcountry.com/melba-montgomery-dead-dies/ Legendary 'No Charge' Singer Melba Montgomery Dead at 86]</ref> *[[Willy Neven]], 76, Belgian politician, mayor of [[Halen]] (1983–1986; 1995–2012).<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/01/16/ereburgemeester-van-halen-willy-neven-overleden-stad-opent-rouw/ Oud-burgemeester Willy Neven (76) van Halen overleden: "Strijder tegen wateroverlast" laat blijvende erfenis na] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Linda Nolan]], 65, Irish singer, actress and television personality ([[The Nolans]]), double pneumonia.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1ezlgzj4vvo Singer Linda Nolan dies aged 65]</ref> *[[Rosny Smarth]], 84, Haitian politician, [[Prime Minister of Haiti|prime minister]] (1996–1997).<ref>[https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article31331 Haïti : Décès de l’ancien premier ministre Rosny Smarth] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> *[[Jeannot Szwarc]], 85, French film director (''[[Jaws 2]]'', ''[[Supergirl (1984 movie)|Supergirl]]'', ''[[Santa Claus: The Movie]]'').<ref>[https://thedailyjaws.com/news/jaws-2-director-jeannot-szwarc-passes-away-aged-85 tor Jeannot Szwarc passes away aged 85]</ref> *[[Sarigama Viji]], 76, Indian actor (''[[Beluvalada Madilalli]]'', ''[[Mana Mecchida Sose]]'', ''[[Yamalokadalli Veerappan]]'').<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-sarigama-vijay-passes-away-4042811.html Kannada Actor Sarigama Viji Passes Away At 76l]</ref> ===14=== *[[Marcel van den Dop]], 70, Dutch artist.<ref>[https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4926071/altijd-een-lach-en-grap-en-creativiteit-ten-top-kunstenaar-marcello-overleden 'Altijd een lach en grap en creativiteit ten top', kunstenaar Marcello overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Jack Kooistra]], 94, Dutch journalist and Nazi hunter.<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2551765-jack-kooistra-94-overleden-man-die-schrik-van-roden-opspoorde Jack Kooistra (94) overleden, man die 'Schrik van Roden' opspoorde] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Tony Slattery]], 65, British actor (''[[The Crying Game]]'', ''[[Peter's Friends]]''), comedian and television personality (''[[Whose Line Is It Anyway? (British TV series)|Whose Line Is It Anyway?]]''), heart attack.<ref>[https://www.aol.co.uk/comedian-tony-slattery-dies-aged-140227095.html Comedian Tony Slattery dies aged 65 after heart attack]</ref> *[[Gerard van den Tweel]], 80, Dutch businessman, [[bile duct cancer]].<ref>[https://www.quotenet.nl/quote-500/in-memoriam/a63417983/in-memoriam-quote-500-lid-gerard-van-den-tweel-1944-2025/ In Memoriam: Quote 500-lid Gerard van den Tweel (1944-2025)] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===13=== *[[Jean Penders]], 85, Dutch politician, member of the [[European Parliament]] (1979–1994).<ref>[https://www.parlement.com/id/vmk2irjykogc/nieuws/oud_europarlementarier_jean_penders_cda Oud-Europarlementariër Jean Penders (CDA) overleden] {{in lang |nl}}</ref> ===12=== *[[Claude Jarman Jr.]], 90, American actor (''[[The Yearling]]'', ''[[Rio Grande (1950 movie)|Rio Grande]]'').<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/claude-jarman-dead-yearling-juvenile-oscar-1236107296/ Claude Jarman Jr., Young Star of ‘The Yearling,’ Dies at 90]</ref> *[[Kim Yaroshevskaya]], 101, Russian-born Canadian actress (''[[Fanfreluche]]'', ''[[Passe-Partout]]'', ''[[Home Fires (Canadian TV series)|Home Fires]]'').<ref>[https://www.lequotidien.com/arts/2025/01/12/la-comedienne-kim-yaroshevskaya-seteint-a-101-ans-2PBMB3SQ2VGJ7BUH2RKPME3TOY/ La comédienne Kim Yaroshevskaya s’éteint à 101 ans] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> * [[Anton Vernooij]], 84, Dutch priest, composer and full professor.<ref>[https://www.aartsbisdom.nl/kerkmusicus-pastor-a-c-vernooij-overleden/ Kerkmusicus pastor A.C. Vernooij overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===11=== *[[Barbara Rylska]], 88, Polish actress.<ref>[https://kultura.onet.pl/film/nie-zyje-ikona-polskiego-kina-barbara-rylska-odeszla-w-wieku-89-lat/eh4sz6x Nie żyje ikona polskiego kina. Barbara Rylska odeszła w wieku 89 lat] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> ===10=== *[[Cees Bakker]], 85, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.hetkontakt.nl/alblasserwaard/nieuws/412124/kees-bakker-oud-burgemeester-van-giessenlanden-overleden Kees Bakker, oud-burgemeester van Giessenlanden, overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Yevgenia Dobrovolskaya]], 60, Russian actress (''[[Queen Margot (TV series)|Queen Margot]]'', ''[[The Irony of Fate 2]]'', ''[[Guys from Mars]]''), complications from cancer and heart failure.<ref>[https://www.rbc.ru/society/10/01/2025/678147e59a79472b64f7a234 Умерла Евгения Добровольская] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> *[[Sam Moore]], 89, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer-songwriter ([[Sam & Dave]]), complications from surgery.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sam-moore-sam-and-dave-soul-man-dead-obituary-1235140865/ Sam Moore, Soul Man Who Scored Hits With Sam and Dave, Dead at 89]</ref> *[[Theo Rongen]], 81, Dutch music director and politician, mayor of [[Thorn]] (1997-2011).<ref>[https://www.klankwijzer.nl/oud-bestuurder-theo-rongen-81-overleden/ Oud-bestuurder Theo Rongen (81) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bram Van Paesschen]], 45, Belgian movie director (''[[Empire of Dust]]'').<ref>[https://www.bruzz.be/actua/samenleving/brusselse-documentairemaker-bram-van-paesschen-45-overleden-2025-01-12 Brusselse documentairemaker Bram Van Paesschen (45) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===9=== *[[Harlind Libbrecht]], 65, Belgian musician ([[Kadril]]) and academic.<ref>[https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/01/09/harlind-libbrecht-kluisbergen-gent-kadril-folk-muziek/ Harlind Libbrecht, muzikant en mede-oprichter van folk-rockgroep Kadril, overleden]</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Jorge Luis Sánchez]], 64, Cuban film director (''[[El Benny]]'', ''[[Buscando a Casal]]'').<ref>[https://www.granma.cu/cultura/2025-01-09/fallecio-el-cineasta-cubano-jorge-luis-sanchez-director-de-el-benny-09-01-2025-09-01-12 Falleció el cineasta cubano Jorge Luis Sánchez, director de El Benny] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Marc Michetz]], 73, Belgian comics artist.<ref>[https://www.stripspeciaalzaak.be/stripnieuws/marc-michetz-73-overleden Marc Michetz (73) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Otto Schenk]], 94, Austrian actor (''[[Dunja (movie)|Dunja]]'', ''[[Always Trouble with the Reverend]]''), film (''[[Die Fledermaus (1972 movie)|Die Fledermaus]]'') and theatre director.<ref>[https://orf.at/stories/3001001/ Otto Schenk ist tot] {{in lang|de}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Pritish Nandy]], 73, Indian poet, film producer (''[[Bollywood Calling]]'', ''[[The Mystic Masseur]]''), and politician, [[Rajya Sabha|MP]] (1998–2004), cardiac arrest.<ref>[https://odishabytes.com/poet-filmmaker-writer-pritish-nandy-dies-at-73-heartbroken-friend-anupam-kher-pays-rich-tribute/ Poet, Filmmaker, Writer Pritish Nandy Dies At 73; ‘Heartbroken’ Friend Anupam Kher Pays Rich Tribute]</ref> ===7=== *[[Jaap Dijkstra]], 81, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://publicatie-onlinerouwbericht.dpgmedia.nl/Images/a729e6ef-5ccb-c951-8b21-d52258c5380f.jpeg death announcement], ''[[de Stentor]]''</ref> *[[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], 96, French politician, [[National Assembly (France)|deputy]] (1956–1962, 1986–1988) and [[European Parliament|MEP]] (1984–2019), founder of [[National Rally|National Front]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/07/jean-marie-le-pen-french-far-right-leader-dies Jean-Marie Le Pen, French far-right leader, dies aged 96]</ref> *[[Mirosława Marcheluk]], 85, Polish actress (''[[Hero of the Year (movie)|Hero of the Year]]'', ''[[Magnat (movie)|Magnat]]'').<ref>[https://dzienniklodzki.pl/zmarla-miroslawa-marcheluk-znakomita-aktorka-przez-wiele-lat-zwiazana-z-lodzia/ar/c13-19026458 Zmarła Mirosława Marcheluk, znakomita aktorka przez wiele lat związana z Łodzią] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> *[[Walter Martos]], 67, Peruvian military officer and politician, [[Prime Minister of Peru|prime minister]] (2020) and [[Ministry of Defence (Peru)|minister of defence]] (2019–2020).<ref>[https://larepublica.pe/politica/2025/01/07/fallecio-walter-martos-ex-primer-ministro-del-gobierno-de-martin-vizcarra-a-los-67-anos-hnews-458318 Falleció Walter Martos, exministro del gobierno de Martín Vizcarra, a los 67 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Hans Prakke]], 75, Dutch journalist.<ref>[https://www.spreekbuis.nl/journalist-hans-prakke-overleden/ Journalist Hans Prakke (75) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Pim Vermeulen]], 77, Dutch politician.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/11/pim-vermeulen-onverschrokken-stadsvernieuwer-van-rotterdam-a4879250 Pim Vermeulen: onverschrokken stadsvernieuwer van Rotterdam] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Peter Yarrow]], 86, American singer ([[Peter, Paul and Mary]], "[[Leaving on a Jet Plane]]") and songwriter ("[[Puff, the Magic Dragon]]"), bladder cancer.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/jan/07/peter-yarrow-of-folk-trio-peter-paul-and-mary-dies-aged-86 Peter Yarrow of folk trio Peter, Paul and Mary dies aged 86]</ref> ===6=== *[[Henny Eman]], 76, Aruban politician, [[Prime Minister of Aruba|prime minister]] (1986–1989, 1994–2001).<ref>[https://www.nd.nl/varia/varia/1252822/eerste-premier-van-aruba-henny-eman-76-overleden Eerste premier van Aruba Henny Eman (76) overleden] {{in lang|nl}} {{subscription}} </ref> ===5=== * [[René Bliki]], 98, Belgian resistance member, war volunteer and sport cyclist.<ref>[https://www.persinfo.org/nl/nieuws/artikel/oorlogsvrijwilliger-rene-bliki-overleden/61974 Oorlogsvrijwilliger René Bliki overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Bobby Matitahatiwen]], 65, Dutch futsal player ([[Netherlands national futsal team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.onsoranje.nl/node/81845 Voormalig futsalinternational Bobby Matitahatiwen (65) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Prabir Mitra]], 83, Bangladeshi actor (''[[Titash Ekti Nadir Naam]]'', ''[[Boro Bhalo Lok Chhilo]]'', ''[[Buk Fatey To Mukh Foteyna]]'').<ref>[https://www.daily-sun.com/post/785405 Prabir Mitra passes away]</ref> * [[Henri Willy Pleket]], 94, Dutch historian, [[epigrapher]] and university professor.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/krant/2025/01/11/#428 death announcement], ''[[NRC Handelsblad]], 11 January 2025''</ref> *[[Costas Simitis]], 88, Greek politician, [[Prime Minister of Greece|prime minister]] (1996–2004), and [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1985–2009).<ref>[https://www.barrons.com/news/former-greek-pm-costas-simitis-dies-aged-88-ea144ae0 Former Greek PM Costas Simitis Dies Aged 88]</ref> ===4=== *[[José Luis Beltrán]], 69, Spanish basketball player ([[CB Estudiantes]], [[Spain men's national basketball team|national team]]).<ref>[https://basquetplus.com/basquet-plus-acb-espana-jose-luis-beltran-el-patas-estudiantes-madrid-gran-canaria Murió el Patas Beltrán, primer argentino en jugar la liga española] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Jules D'Oultremont]], 77, Belgian politician, mayor of [[Houthalen-Helchteren]] (2001-2003).<ref>[https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20250104_94791512 Oud-burgemeester Jules D’Oultremont van Houthalen-Helchteren overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Emilio Echevarría]], 80, Mexican actor (''[[Amores perros]]'', ''[[Die Another Day]]'', ''[[The Alamo (2004 movie)|The Alamo]]'').<ref>[https://www.excelsior.com.mx/funcion/muere-emilio-echevarria-actor-interpreto-el-chivo-amores-perros/1692626 Muere Emilio Echevarría, querido actor que interpretó a "El Chivo" en "Amores Perros"] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Nicolaas Klei]], 63, Dutch wine critic.<ref>[https://nos.nl/artikel/2550749-wijnschrijver-nicolaas-klei-63-overleden-bekend-van-supermarktwijngids Wijnschrijver Nicolaas Klei (63) overleden, bekend van Supermarktwijngids] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Anjana Sultana]], 59, Bangladeshi actress (''[[Parineeta (1986 movie)|Parineeta]]'', ''[[Ashikkhito]]''), lung infection.<ref>[https://www.bd24live.com/actress-anjana-rahman-passes-away/ Actress Anjana Rahman Passes Away]</ref> ===3=== *[[Jeff Baena]], 47, American film director and screenwriter (''[[The Little Hours]]'', ''[[Horse Girl]]'', ''[[Spin Me Round]]''), suicide.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2025/01/jeff-baena-dead-47-independent-filmmaker-1236246487/ Indie Filmmaker Jeff Baena Has Passed Away At 47]</ref> *[[André De Maerteleire]], 80, Belgian cyclist.<ref>[https://www.wielerkrant.be/nieuws/2025-01-05/belgische-wielerwereld-opnieuw-in-rouw-oud-wielrenner-andre-de-maerteleire-overleden-op-80-jarige-leeftijd Belgische wielerwereld opnieuw in rouw: oud-wielrenner André De Maerteleire overleden op 80-jarige leeftijd] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Shigemi Fukahori]], 93, Japanese peace activist.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/05/asia/shigemi-fukahori-nagasaki-bomb-survivor-dead-intl-hnk/index.html Shigemi Fukahori, who survived Nagasaki bombing and spent his life advocating for peace, dies at 93]</ref> *[[Guus Luijters]], 81, Dutch writer and journalist.<ref>[https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/03/guus-luijters-gaf-bijna-20000-gedeporteerde-en-vermoorde-kinderen-een-gezicht-a4878485 Guus Luijters gaf bijna 20.000 gedeporteerde en vermoorde kinderen een gezicht] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Mauro Morandi]], 89, Italian island hermit ([[Budelli]]).<ref>[https://www.giornaledellavela.com/2025/01/06/farewell-to-mauro-morandi-the-hermit-guardian-of-the-island-of-budelli/?lang=en Farewell to Mauro Morandi, the hermit “guardian” of the island of Budelli]</ref> *[[Jos Plas]], 94, Belgian cyclist.<ref>[https://www.ringtv.be/sport/ex-profwielrenner-jos-plas-94-uit-dilbeek-overleden Ex-profwielrenner Jos Plas (94) uit Dilbeek overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Tariana Turia|Dame Tariana Turia]], 80, New Zealand politician, [[New Zealand Parliament|MP]] (1996–2014) and [[minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector]] (2003–2004, 2008–2011), stroke.<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/politics/te-pati-maori-co-founder-dame-tariana-turia-dies/XXDWZXIRAJE5ZEBGONKUQBHLKY/ Te Pāti Māori co-founder Dame Tariana Turia dies]</ref> *[[Brenton Wood]], 83, American singer ("[[The Oogum Boogum Song]]", "[[Gimme Little Sign]]").<ref>[https://www.tmz.com/2025/01/03/brenton-wood-dead-singer-oogum-boogum/ 'Oogum Boogum' Singer Brenton Wood Dead at 83]</ref> ===2=== *[[Jytte Abildstrøm]], 90, Danish actress (''[[Helle for Helene]]'', ''[[Don Olsen kommer til byen]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Picasso]]''), kidney disease.<ref>[https://underholdning.tv2.dk/kendte/2025-01-02-jytte-abildstroem-er-doed Jytte Abildstrøm er død] {{in lang|da}}</ref> *[[Pieter Hofstra]], 78, Dutch politician, [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|MP]] (1994-2006) and [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senator]] (2007-2011).<ref>[https://www.rtvnoord.nl/politiek/1254381/gronings-vvd-kamerlid-pieter-hofstra-78-overleden Gronings VVD-Kamerlid Pieter Hofstra (78) overleden] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> ===1=== *[[Meine Breemhaar]], 64, Dutch businessman and sports official, president of [[PEC Zwolle]] (2020-2025).<ref>[https://www.omroepflevoland.nl/nieuws/410378/meine-breemhaar-64-overleden-succesvol-vastgoedondernemer-en-sponsor-pec-zwolle Meine Breemhaar (64) overleden, succesvol vastgoedondernemer en sponsor PEC Zwolle] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> *[[Leo Dan]], 82, Argentine singer, composer and actor (''[[Story of a Poor Young Man (1968 movie)|Story of a Poor Young Man]]'', ''[[Cómo te extraño]]'').<ref>[https://caracol.com.co/2025/01/01/fallecio-leo-dan-cantante-y-compositor-argentino-a-sus-82-anos/ Luto en la música: Falleció Leo Dan, cantante y compositor argentino, a sus 82 años] {{in lang|es}}</ref> *[[Nora Orlandi]], 91, Italian musician and film composer (''[[The Strange Vice of Mrs. Wardh]]'', ''[[Johnny Yuma (movie)|Johnny Yuma]]'', ''[[Clint the Stranger]]'').<ref>[https://www.spettakolo.it/2025/01/01/addio-a-nora-orlandi-aveva-91-anni/ Addio a Nora Orlandi, aveva 91 anni] {{in lang|it}}</ref> *[[Wayne Osmond]], 73, American singer ([[The Osmonds]]) and songwriter ("[[Crazy Horses]]", "[[Let Me In (The Osmonds song)|Let Me In]]"), stroke.<ref>[https://kslnewsradio.com/2168326/wayne-osmond-dies-at-73-years-old/ Wayne Osmond dies at 73]</ref> *[[Vittorio Pomilio]], 93, Italian basketball player ([[Stella Azzurra Roma]], [[Italy men's national basketball team|national team]]).<ref>[https://www.rainews.it/tgr/abruzzo/articoli/2025/01/addio-a-vittorio-pomilio-francavilla-al-mare-chieti-abruzzo-basket-91f4a972-34e3-4854-b708-ea04ae0c6e4c.html Addio a Vittorio Pomilio] {{in lang|it}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries] *[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune''] *[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times''] *[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries] *[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries] {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Deaths in 2024]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Deaths by year}} {{s-aft|after=[[Deaths in 2026]]}} {{s-end}} {{Deaths by month and year}} [[Category:2025 deaths|2025 deaths]] gen7bn6fe9valru23k9fo6ddj5ruxza 3 1141664 10330855 10316067 2025-06-14T20:42:24Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Mrwhosetheboss]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE|{{font|text=User talk:|font=Comic Sans MS|color=#90d5ff}}{{font|text=Raayaan9911|font=Comic Sans MS|color=Blue}}}} {{col-start}} [[User:Raayaan9911|User page]] {{col-2}} '''My user talk page''' {{col-3}} [[User:Raayaan9911/Guestbook|My guestbook]] {{col-3}} [[Special:EmailUser/Raayaan9911|Email]] {{col-end}} {{Current time|UTC+3}} [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=purge&title=User_talk:Raayaan9911 Refresh] {{Archive box|[[/Archive 1/Archive 1|1]]. [[/Archive 1/Archive 2|2]]}} {{Talkpagecool}} == New user == Hello.  Post beginner tutorials on my talk page! Thanks. Happy editing! ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:03, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} welcomed you. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:12, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your warm and sweet welcome! May the holy month of [[Ramadan]] be blessed to you too! Thank you. Happy editing! ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:16, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :::You too :) Ramadan Kareem! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:18, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::::How to track real-time changes on [[Simple Wikipedia]]? Thank you. ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:37, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :::::All you have to do this. :::::# Go to [[Special:RecentChanges]] :::::# Click on live changes :::::# If you have twinkle options enabled, click on vandalism edit's diff and revert it, Be careful, don't revert good faith edit. :::::If you have a further tutorial, Get help in [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|WP:ST]]. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:50, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks. ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 02:01, 10 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] He blocked in 2 wikis [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I know [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:58, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == wrongful warnings == you make false info on me, I didn't do anything [[Special:Contributions/72.175.48.66|72.175.48.66]] ([[User talk:72.175.48.66|talk]]) 16:31, 10 March 2025 (UTC) :Can you please stop harassing me, You did it in [[President of the United States]]. Changing image to random one is disruptive and vandalism. I suggested you to follow [[WP:VANDAL]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:38, 10 March 2025 (UTC) == Article Creation Request == It looks like [[iPad 10th generation]] is not created in 2022. Can you please create article him? [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:23, 15 March 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} taken place to [[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|my draft]] in March 20. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:26, 15 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you, I’ll wait five days. [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:27, 15 March 2025 (UTC) == Mistake in [[Kach]] == You made a mistake in the article [[Kach]] because Davey10 asked for the deletion of this article as it did not explain it's achievements in politics. [[Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218|207.236.13.218]] ([[User talk:207.236.13.218|talk]]) 18:03, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :Your article is non-notable, Next time, you check sources before you create article, i think your article is non-notable, I suggest you to please refrain from adding unsourced content. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:05, 17 March 2025 (UTC) == Do you know if this is true? == On [[Saudi Arabia]]: "Somebody who makes a pilgrimage to Mecca is called a hajj in the Arabic language." I thought the person was called a "hajji". [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 21:39, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :in arabic "حاج" translated English to "Hajji" which means people who successfully completed hajj to Mecca. Yes it's true. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 21:44, 17 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks. I will change it to "hajji". [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 21:45, 17 March 2025 (UTC) == Userpage == Hi Raayaan9911, (Replying from [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TagUser&diff=prev&oldid=10150299#User_page here]) You're welcome, If someone edits your user pages and you didn't ask them too then please revert them as they have no right to edit these (or email/message me and I'll deal with it :)), Take care, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:18, 24 March 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:20, 24 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid!! == Eid Mubarak! Wishing you and your loved ones a joyous and blessed Eid filled with love, peace, and happiness. May this special day bring you countless moments of joy and prosperity. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:41, 27 March 2025 (UTC) :Thank you Cactusisme, Eid Mubarak! you too i wishing you blessed eid you too! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:42, 27 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid == {| style="border:2px ridge steelblue; border-radius: 10px; background:#000000; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px;" align=center |[[Image:Decorated moon.jpg|120px|none]] |style="font-size: 20pt; padding: 4pt; color: #CCFFEE; font-family: Comic Sans MS, sans-serif;"| [[Eid|<span style="color:white;">Eid Mubarak!</span>]] <span style="font-size:medium;">Wishing you and your family a blessed Eid.</span> |}<noinclude> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 13:08, 27 March 2025 (UTC) :You too, may Allah will blessing with positivity. Eid Mubarak! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:44, 27 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid == In Indonesia, where I am from, it is customary to ask and give forgiveness to one another around the time of Eid al-Fitr. Happy Eid, and forgive me for any past transgressions I have done. May God bless you. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 12:34, 28 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] Thank you for Eid Al-fitr! I'm sure for blessing with positivity. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:10, 28 March 2025 (UTC) == Question == how do you get comic sans font in the user style? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:07, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :I got example markup from [[Template:Font]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:17, 3 April 2025 (UTC) ::yes. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:18, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == When will become adminstator? == I see the Raayaan9911 to be become adminstator in 2025... Predicted in the future for admin. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:37, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :Insha Allah, i will become administrator, maybe 2026, 2027 or 2028. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:39, 3 April 2025 (UTC) ::2026 estimated for me. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:40, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :::Okay no problem. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:41, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == [[Wicked (Maguire novel)]] == How do any of the three reasons you gave for QD apply to that article? It is not "Little or no meaning", "Not in English", or "Obvious advertising". [[Special:Contributions/192.83.149.205|192.83.149.205]] ([[User talk:192.83.149.205|talk]]) 01:31, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :I removed Not in English, because i didn't see it. But, i think advertising another website is considered Obvious advertising. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == This talk page needs to archive == Do archive one or more old discussions? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:31, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you! [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:34, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::What's after Archive 2? it would correctly be Archive 3. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:37, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::I create archive 3 if archive 2 is full. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:53, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Good reply, Yes! Absolutely. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:26, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::Also, please archive more discussions because of user talk page has surpassed 20,000 bytes? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:51, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{Done}} i don't need archive every discussion because it's unnecessary. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:56, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::how you imagine archiving 6 discussions with large amount of bytes? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:58, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Because I want keep my user talk page organized. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:00, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Yes. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 23:01, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == Welcoming Request == It seems [[User talk:Corotenìa|Corotenìa's talk page]] is nobody welcomed. Can you please welcome the user Corotenìa? [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:21, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :You're unable to welcome user? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:41, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::I’ll welcome the user. [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:42, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::Use [[Template:Welcome]] and don't forget to substitute and sign four tidles or install twinkle gadget in settings or [[Wikipedia:Twinkle#Information for advanced users|page]], if you still can't do it, let me know. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:47, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Already welcomed. [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:48, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Thanks for welcoming user! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:48, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::No problem Raayaan! [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:49, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == Prediction of 7,500 Edit Milestone == Because i checked stats of Raayaan9911. If you have edited 466 edits per week. You may reach 7,500 edits in April 11, 2025. [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 03:24, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your kind message, i will reach 7,500 in April 11, 2025. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:00, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 04:06, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:07, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No problem! [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 04:07, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::you reached!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:41, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you for 7,500 edits milestone! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:42, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Help == Hey Raayaan9911, the vandalism is continued by these ips one them is [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=2409%3A40d0%3A%3A%2F32&namespace=all&tagfilter=&start=&end= this] and one more ip with same motive is [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/152.58.116.228 this]. Can you block them bro.? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:16, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, i can't block them because i'm not administrator, please report user to [[WP:VIP]]. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:19, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Ok bro Raayaan9911, i thought that you are good experienced user so i asked you to block them. Thank you. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:20, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::No problem, Happy editing! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:22, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey big bro Raayaan9911, what that ip wrote on my talkpage.? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 12:24, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::They left you inappropriate message. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:02, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey bro, if you have time can you check out the edits made by [[user:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] who is protecting these block evading IP addresses. I have reverted the edits made by these vandalizing IP addresses, but HistorianAlferedo is reverting my edits. I think he is the user who is using these IPs. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 17:13, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Those IP are vandalized in random articles, the following list of IP of [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]]. :::::*[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40D0:103E:229E:8568:86CD:9BC1:75A6 here] :::::*[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:D7CD:FA01:F8CA:2DD6:FDC2:7C79 here] :::::[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Also, i checked their edit. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::So whats your decision bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 21:40, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::Vandalism from their IP. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:48, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::So now what can we do bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 22:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::If user continued after final warnings, you should report to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress|WP:VIP]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:28, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Ok, but whats about HistorianAlferedo. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 00:10, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Other user warned them but they removed them. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:14, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Ok bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 00:15, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::@[[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] Do you have any evidence the ip is the user? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:34, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::You can see his edits. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 11:01, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Please elaborate and show diffs? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:03, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::Ok, i will show differences. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 11:06, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::Bro, @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], @[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] Bro check please this full ip disruption.[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40d0::/32] *Ip and user work they are same. **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_(Gurjar_clan)&diff=prev&oldid=10151481][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_(Gurjar_clan)&diff=prev&oldid=10172159] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10075574][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10171525][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10171925] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajput_Other_Backward_Classes_communities_in_India&diff=prev&oldid=10161966][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajput_Other_Backward_Classes_communities_in_India&diff=prev&oldid=10170076] (abusing me from ip Hindi:Teri ma rndi bkl, English:Son your mother is bitch) **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagabhata_I&diff=prev&oldid=10171929][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagabhata_I&diff=prev&oldid=10172218] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alha&diff=prev&oldid=9864698][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alha&diff=prev&oldid=9903324] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihar_Gurjars&diff=prev&oldid=10170124][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihar_Gurjars&diff=prev&oldid=10172152] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihira_Bhoja&diff=prev&oldid=10124281] abusing you Raayaan9911 bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 14:55, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **:@[[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]], they abusing me. Please look at [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihira_Bhoja&diff=next&oldid=10124286&diffonly=1 diff]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:30, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **::You have check all references/diffs I provide? Is this not a clear side-wide editing? User ko block ni Karna chahiye is ke Liye? Or you can report this user for side-wide editing? Through account as well and ip? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 21:50, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **:::I will take a look [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) **::::Thank you so much bro Cactusisme. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 02:06, 7 April 2025 (UTC) **:::::Thanks for showing this, I have added this [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Personal_attacks here], you can participate in the discussion there. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 13:14, 7 April 2025 (UTC) == Archives == Please don't edit archives as they are archives. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:40, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :I understood, but, i respond to user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:50, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ::You should create a new section for that. But its okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:53, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == A fox for you! == [[File:Fox sleeping (51901885260).jpg|left|150px]]--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:45, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:50, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Help writing an article == Hello, can you help me write an article about a musician? I can send you the text of the article and its sources and you can write it correctly and write the article. I am not very fluent in English and I want you to write and publish the article correctly. [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 23:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) :Sure but can you please give me article name? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:08, 15 April 2025 (UTC) ::I can provide you with the text of the article and its sources so that you can create it in the correct way because I am not able to do so. ::This article is about an Iranian musician who has had a great influence on the electronic dance genre in Iran. [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 15:27, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :::Yeah, can you please provide me to article's name, i really need to check article? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:30, 15 April 2025 (UTC) ::::The title of the article is Alireza Jadidi(Composer). [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 15:37, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :::::{{Not done}} looking sources on Google, unfortunately, i don't draft article because i believed this article is non-notable. {{ping|Voxplusetc}} please don't request non-notable article. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:41, 15 April 2025 (UTC) == Problem == Salem Aleykoum, why do you put a advertisement in the page " Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023) " pls [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|talk]]) 19:02, 17 April 2025 (UTC) : {{tps}} What do you mean a ad in "Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023)" Can you send the link so I can see? Thanks, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Purple">⭐ Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">Do you have to say something?</span>'']] 19:03, 17 April 2025 (UTC) ::[[Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023)]], There is someone who put a kind of This subject may not be notable enough for an article according etc. The page is clean why put it I don't understand [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|talk]]) 19:10, 17 April 2025 (UTC) : Oh that is not an ad, that is a maintenance tag, they are there to let other editors know about the article like for example like if it does not have any references or something, and other editors can help to fix the issue, does that explain well for you? Thanks, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Purple">⭐ Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">Do you have to say something?</span>'']] 20:58, 17 April 2025 (UTC) :Waealaykum alsalam, IP user, please don't remove notably tag, it's considered vandalism, @[[User:Adelaideslement8723|Adelaideslement8723]] thank you for response to IP user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:25, 17 April 2025 (UTC) ::But so what do I have to do ? Don't delete the page anyway. In addition, I don't have a wiki account because they blocked me with an unlimited date. Get well if you unblock me pls. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 05:56, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::If you have a account, can you please tell me your username? using IP to edit can be block evasion. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:05, 18 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Dunyar77,Bokak99 and Rapta999 [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 07:51, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Reported to [[WP:ANI]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:05, 18 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's okay I made a request what should I do now? [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 08:19, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{A note}} blocked IP by FusionSub for block evasion as [[User:Rapta999|Rapta999]] [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 09:25, 18 April 2025 (UTC) == April 2025 == @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], I hope you are okay. Please see here [[Realme#References|Realme]], is a Chinese mobile manufacturing company but there is a cat [[: Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2018|Mobile phones introduced in 2018]]. I added the similar cat for [[Infinix Mobile]], I know category was not a specific one but please consider G-faith before issuing notice/warning because this is not something for what we can issue warnings. It may lead you to miss use of warning templates in future. Thank you. Happy editing. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:10, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bensebgli|Bensebgli]], please follow [[WP:AGF]]. Adding Infinix Mobile into category that mobile phones introduced in 2013 is incorrect, Realme and Infinix Mobile are companies not mobile phones like Realme C3 model one. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:20, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::Yes buddy I told you please assume [[WP:AGF]] before choosing warning templates. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:21, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::You added an incorrect category, you were told not to repeat such actions in the form of a warning. I don't see a problem with Raayaan9911's actions here. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:24, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No Buddy here to ask you then why you're replying here? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:26, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::^What Raayaan9911 said. Mobile phone manufacturers don't belong in "Mobile phones introduced in" categories.... –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:22, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] First of all Raayaan category was not specific one or was incorrect I know, but I said about the warning that before using warning templates you need to be careful because I don't want to take this issue again at WP:AN recently I took same kind of issue at AN and then Davey2010 have to asked to revoke his Rollback right. But after the admins reply that before using Rollback or issuing warnings against G-faith edits, we need to be more careful that's why I thought I need to tell you. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:30, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::Different circumstance, different edits, Would love to see you take Raayaan to ANI. Also I asked for my rollback because of different interpretations not because of that thread or you :). I'm surviving just fine without it though but thanks for thinking of me :), Happy editing Bensebgli :) –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:33, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No comment...! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:36, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::Also I know you recently applied and succeeded in getting Rollback permission, so I'm just trying to say please be careful before using warning templates against G-faith edits or rollback right. Happy editing my friend. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:34, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback#User:Jet Pilot|User:Jet Pilot]], Also check my comment at bottom line where someone raised concern against issuing rollback permission for your account and your block on another projects. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:43, 27 April 2025 (UTC) == New maintenance category == Hi, Raayaan9911. Thanks for creating [[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from May 2025]]. You probably didn't know, but the categories for articles that need simplifying don't use just {{tl|MonthlyCleanupCat}}. They need more code than that. I've made the correction on this article, so it's OK now. My trick is to find another such category, copy/paste the code, then change the month and/or year as needed. Before you ask, no, I don't know why it was set up that way. Don't feel bad, though. Many other people have done the same thing, including me! -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:38, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :Okay thanks for your help! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:51, 1 May 2025 (UTC) == User:BigKrow == I don't think there's a rule against using one's user page to create a test article / sandbox. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 19:58, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :The rule said: {{talkquote|"Do not put your user page or subpages, including work-in-progress articles, into categories used by Wikipedia articles. Be careful of templates and stub notices that put a work-in-progress article into categories."}} in [[Wikipedia:User page|WP:USER]], i think there is against rule. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:05, 1 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for pointing it out. I guess the problem is that the page is it categories and has a stub notice. I'll add that on their talk page. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 20:06, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::You're so welcome! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:09, 1 May 2025 (UTC) == A non-notable thing, has now become "Speedy Keep" at En-wiki == en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_brainrot . If this is informational, then fine.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 06:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :Wikipedia loves to keep every bit of information and any topic that exists (I actually love that). Also welcome back to simple :&#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 06:57, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello there == okay, i used the inuse tag, does it look ok for mainspace? Thank you! @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:41, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :Looking one of recent [[Douglas Williams (cricketer)|article]], I'm not sure if is non-notable or notable, i go ahead and ask in [[WP:ST]] see if notable or not. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:44, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], thank you kindly. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:45, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries but please read last warning on [[User talk:BigKrow#Quick deletion of Wadi Damm|your user talk page]], you just creating low quality articles before. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:47, 13 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Raayaan9911. This article was deleted at your request, which asked for quick deletion under option A4. However, option A4 doesn't apply to this topic, so I have restored the article. A4 applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. If you have any questions about this, feel free to ask. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:16, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you, but, Fr33kman accidentally deleted this article, already noted me by TagUser. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == hi there == how are you? @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:39, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine, what do you want? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:40, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::just saying hi..... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:41, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::Do you need anything else? what does mean {{!xt|"just saying hi....."}}, is greeting or else? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::bro i was trying to be nice to you..... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:45, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, you too :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::kool. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:52, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Good Article == Hi, If you wouldn't mind, Could you plese go to [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]] and give your opinion on the nomination of [[2025 Pahalgam Massacre]]? [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 01:15, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, it's too complex. I'd oppose your request. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 01:21, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::I did try to simplify a lot of the text over the past few days, could you direct me to the lines you are referring to, it makes it easier for me to go and fix :) [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 01:29, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :::I'd still oppose your nomination because it's too complex, not ready for [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 06:13, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Grammar at iPhone 15 == You seem to have just a “replace all” type function to change the it to they. This has created a situation where now everything says “they has” which is not proper subject-verb agreement. Please be mindful of the way that you “fix” the concerns so that they do not introduce more concerns. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:06, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :Additionally: you are making a lot of small edits, like changing one word, in quick succession. Please consider working on the article for a bit and saving it after you do a bunch of work so that it stops flooding the recent changes and article history with such minor changes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:11, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::Okay, i withdraw request [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:12, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == One question == What’s the name of the template that you used in [[User talk:2409:4041:D42:E4D1:F8A3:C5F:809B:8B8E|this user talk]], i was searching it, but i didn’t find it. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 03:20, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You can find {{[[Template:uw-QD]]}}. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 03:22, 23 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you so much. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 03:34, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == Please help == An IP has vandalized [[Wikipedia:BOT]]. Can you revert it? [[Special:Contributions/173.167.103.171|173.167.103.171]] ([[User talk:173.167.103.171|talk]]) 04:29, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} reverted and warned IP, if IP continued vandalizing after final warning, report to [[WP:VIP]] instead. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:34, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::شكرا ::[[Special:Contributions/173.167.103.171|173.167.103.171]] ([[User talk:173.167.103.171|talk]]) 04:36, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :::عفوا! :::Remember, i know Arabic, next time, if you want to talk me about your language Arabic, please leave me message on [[Ar:User talk:Raayaan9911|my user talk page in Arabic Wikipedia]] instead. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == RfA nominations == When nominating somebody for RfA, it's generally good practice to place a message on their talk page after you create the RfA page.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 07:51, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :I left them message on their user talk page after i create the RfA page, i didn't know earlier. Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:54, 28 May 2025 (UTC) == hi! == i was just wondering if you have any more evidence other than me and BigKrow both not using capital letters? thanks! [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 21:35, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :Your message likely written by AI chatbot, how did you get from it? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:42, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::i don't write any messages with ai chatbots. where are you getting this info from? [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 21:43, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :::Oh sorry, but I'm not sure that message was written by AI chatbots or not. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:47, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::::im not using a chatbot. [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 22:02, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Mrwhosetheboss== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Mrwhosetheboss]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 20:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) hy0kl2kmc8sso6h54eumb6vnd82lbo3 10331565 10330855 2025-06-15T07:34:26Z Raayaan9911 1495229 /* RfD nomination of Mrwhosetheboss */ Reply 10331565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE|{{font|text=User talk:|font=Comic Sans MS|color=#90d5ff}}{{font|text=Raayaan9911|font=Comic Sans MS|color=Blue}}}} {{col-start}} [[User:Raayaan9911|User page]] {{col-2}} '''My user talk page''' {{col-3}} [[User:Raayaan9911/Guestbook|My guestbook]] {{col-3}} [[Special:EmailUser/Raayaan9911|Email]] {{col-end}} {{Current time|UTC+3}} [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=purge&title=User_talk:Raayaan9911 Refresh] {{Archive box|[[/Archive 1/Archive 1|1]]. [[/Archive 1/Archive 2|2]]}} {{Talkpagecool}} == New user == Hello.  Post beginner tutorials on my talk page! Thanks. Happy editing! ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:03, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} welcomed you. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:12, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your warm and sweet welcome! May the holy month of [[Ramadan]] be blessed to you too! Thank you. Happy editing! ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:16, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :::You too :) Ramadan Kareem! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:18, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::::How to track real-time changes on [[Simple Wikipedia]]? Thank you. ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:37, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :::::All you have to do this. :::::# Go to [[Special:RecentChanges]] :::::# Click on live changes :::::# If you have twinkle options enabled, click on vandalism edit's diff and revert it, Be careful, don't revert good faith edit. :::::If you have a further tutorial, Get help in [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|WP:ST]]. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:50, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks. ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 02:01, 10 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] He blocked in 2 wikis [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I know [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:58, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == wrongful warnings == you make false info on me, I didn't do anything [[Special:Contributions/72.175.48.66|72.175.48.66]] ([[User talk:72.175.48.66|talk]]) 16:31, 10 March 2025 (UTC) :Can you please stop harassing me, You did it in [[President of the United States]]. Changing image to random one is disruptive and vandalism. I suggested you to follow [[WP:VANDAL]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:38, 10 March 2025 (UTC) == Article Creation Request == It looks like [[iPad 10th generation]] is not created in 2022. Can you please create article him? [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:23, 15 March 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} taken place to [[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|my draft]] in March 20. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:26, 15 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you, I’ll wait five days. [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:27, 15 March 2025 (UTC) == Mistake in [[Kach]] == You made a mistake in the article [[Kach]] because Davey10 asked for the deletion of this article as it did not explain it's achievements in politics. [[Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218|207.236.13.218]] ([[User talk:207.236.13.218|talk]]) 18:03, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :Your article is non-notable, Next time, you check sources before you create article, i think your article is non-notable, I suggest you to please refrain from adding unsourced content. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:05, 17 March 2025 (UTC) == Do you know if this is true? == On [[Saudi Arabia]]: "Somebody who makes a pilgrimage to Mecca is called a hajj in the Arabic language." I thought the person was called a "hajji". [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 21:39, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :in arabic "حاج" translated English to "Hajji" which means people who successfully completed hajj to Mecca. Yes it's true. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 21:44, 17 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks. I will change it to "hajji". [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 21:45, 17 March 2025 (UTC) == Userpage == Hi Raayaan9911, (Replying from [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TagUser&diff=prev&oldid=10150299#User_page here]) You're welcome, If someone edits your user pages and you didn't ask them too then please revert them as they have no right to edit these (or email/message me and I'll deal with it :)), Take care, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:18, 24 March 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:20, 24 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid!! == Eid Mubarak! Wishing you and your loved ones a joyous and blessed Eid filled with love, peace, and happiness. May this special day bring you countless moments of joy and prosperity. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:41, 27 March 2025 (UTC) :Thank you Cactusisme, Eid Mubarak! you too i wishing you blessed eid you too! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:42, 27 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid == {| style="border:2px ridge steelblue; border-radius: 10px; background:#000000; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px;" align=center |[[Image:Decorated moon.jpg|120px|none]] |style="font-size: 20pt; padding: 4pt; color: #CCFFEE; font-family: Comic Sans MS, sans-serif;"| [[Eid|<span style="color:white;">Eid Mubarak!</span>]] <span style="font-size:medium;">Wishing you and your family a blessed Eid.</span> |}<noinclude> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 13:08, 27 March 2025 (UTC) :You too, may Allah will blessing with positivity. Eid Mubarak! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:44, 27 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid == In Indonesia, where I am from, it is customary to ask and give forgiveness to one another around the time of Eid al-Fitr. Happy Eid, and forgive me for any past transgressions I have done. May God bless you. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 12:34, 28 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] Thank you for Eid Al-fitr! I'm sure for blessing with positivity. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:10, 28 March 2025 (UTC) == Question == how do you get comic sans font in the user style? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:07, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :I got example markup from [[Template:Font]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:17, 3 April 2025 (UTC) ::yes. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:18, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == When will become adminstator? == I see the Raayaan9911 to be become adminstator in 2025... Predicted in the future for admin. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:37, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :Insha Allah, i will become administrator, maybe 2026, 2027 or 2028. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:39, 3 April 2025 (UTC) ::2026 estimated for me. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:40, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :::Okay no problem. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:41, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == [[Wicked (Maguire novel)]] == How do any of the three reasons you gave for QD apply to that article? It is not "Little or no meaning", "Not in English", or "Obvious advertising". [[Special:Contributions/192.83.149.205|192.83.149.205]] ([[User talk:192.83.149.205|talk]]) 01:31, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :I removed Not in English, because i didn't see it. But, i think advertising another website is considered Obvious advertising. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == This talk page needs to archive == Do archive one or more old discussions? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:31, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you! [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:34, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::What's after Archive 2? it would correctly be Archive 3. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:37, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::I create archive 3 if archive 2 is full. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:53, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Good reply, Yes! Absolutely. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:26, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::Also, please archive more discussions because of user talk page has surpassed 20,000 bytes? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:51, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{Done}} i don't need archive every discussion because it's unnecessary. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:56, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::how you imagine archiving 6 discussions with large amount of bytes? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:58, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Because I want keep my user talk page organized. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:00, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Yes. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 23:01, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == Welcoming Request == It seems [[User talk:Corotenìa|Corotenìa's talk page]] is nobody welcomed. Can you please welcome the user Corotenìa? [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:21, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :You're unable to welcome user? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:41, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::I’ll welcome the user. [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:42, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::Use [[Template:Welcome]] and don't forget to substitute and sign four tidles or install twinkle gadget in settings or [[Wikipedia:Twinkle#Information for advanced users|page]], if you still can't do it, let me know. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:47, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Already welcomed. [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:48, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Thanks for welcoming user! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:48, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::No problem Raayaan! [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:49, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == Prediction of 7,500 Edit Milestone == Because i checked stats of Raayaan9911. If you have edited 466 edits per week. You may reach 7,500 edits in April 11, 2025. [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 03:24, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your kind message, i will reach 7,500 in April 11, 2025. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:00, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 04:06, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:07, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No problem! [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 04:07, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::you reached!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:41, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you for 7,500 edits milestone! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:42, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Help == Hey Raayaan9911, the vandalism is continued by these ips one them is [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=2409%3A40d0%3A%3A%2F32&namespace=all&tagfilter=&start=&end= this] and one more ip with same motive is [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/152.58.116.228 this]. Can you block them bro.? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:16, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, i can't block them because i'm not administrator, please report user to [[WP:VIP]]. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:19, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Ok bro Raayaan9911, i thought that you are good experienced user so i asked you to block them. Thank you. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:20, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::No problem, Happy editing! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:22, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey big bro Raayaan9911, what that ip wrote on my talkpage.? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 12:24, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::They left you inappropriate message. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:02, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey bro, if you have time can you check out the edits made by [[user:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] who is protecting these block evading IP addresses. I have reverted the edits made by these vandalizing IP addresses, but HistorianAlferedo is reverting my edits. I think he is the user who is using these IPs. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 17:13, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Those IP are vandalized in random articles, the following list of IP of [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]]. :::::*[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40D0:103E:229E:8568:86CD:9BC1:75A6 here] :::::*[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:D7CD:FA01:F8CA:2DD6:FDC2:7C79 here] :::::[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Also, i checked their edit. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::So whats your decision bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 21:40, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::Vandalism from their IP. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:48, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::So now what can we do bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 22:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::If user continued after final warnings, you should report to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress|WP:VIP]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:28, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Ok, but whats about HistorianAlferedo. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 00:10, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Other user warned them but they removed them. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:14, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Ok bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 00:15, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::@[[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] Do you have any evidence the ip is the user? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:34, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::You can see his edits. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 11:01, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Please elaborate and show diffs? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:03, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::Ok, i will show differences. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 11:06, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::Bro, @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], @[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] Bro check please this full ip disruption.[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40d0::/32] *Ip and user work they are same. **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_(Gurjar_clan)&diff=prev&oldid=10151481][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_(Gurjar_clan)&diff=prev&oldid=10172159] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10075574][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10171525][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10171925] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajput_Other_Backward_Classes_communities_in_India&diff=prev&oldid=10161966][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajput_Other_Backward_Classes_communities_in_India&diff=prev&oldid=10170076] (abusing me from ip Hindi:Teri ma rndi bkl, English:Son your mother is bitch) **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagabhata_I&diff=prev&oldid=10171929][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagabhata_I&diff=prev&oldid=10172218] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alha&diff=prev&oldid=9864698][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alha&diff=prev&oldid=9903324] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihar_Gurjars&diff=prev&oldid=10170124][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihar_Gurjars&diff=prev&oldid=10172152] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihira_Bhoja&diff=prev&oldid=10124281] abusing you Raayaan9911 bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 14:55, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **:@[[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]], they abusing me. Please look at [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihira_Bhoja&diff=next&oldid=10124286&diffonly=1 diff]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:30, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **::You have check all references/diffs I provide? Is this not a clear side-wide editing? User ko block ni Karna chahiye is ke Liye? Or you can report this user for side-wide editing? Through account as well and ip? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 21:50, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **:::I will take a look [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) **::::Thank you so much bro Cactusisme. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 02:06, 7 April 2025 (UTC) **:::::Thanks for showing this, I have added this [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Personal_attacks here], you can participate in the discussion there. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 13:14, 7 April 2025 (UTC) == Archives == Please don't edit archives as they are archives. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:40, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :I understood, but, i respond to user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:50, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ::You should create a new section for that. But its okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:53, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == A fox for you! == [[File:Fox sleeping (51901885260).jpg|left|150px]]--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:45, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:50, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Help writing an article == Hello, can you help me write an article about a musician? I can send you the text of the article and its sources and you can write it correctly and write the article. I am not very fluent in English and I want you to write and publish the article correctly. [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 23:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) :Sure but can you please give me article name? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:08, 15 April 2025 (UTC) ::I can provide you with the text of the article and its sources so that you can create it in the correct way because I am not able to do so. ::This article is about an Iranian musician who has had a great influence on the electronic dance genre in Iran. [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 15:27, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :::Yeah, can you please provide me to article's name, i really need to check article? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:30, 15 April 2025 (UTC) ::::The title of the article is Alireza Jadidi(Composer). [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 15:37, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :::::{{Not done}} looking sources on Google, unfortunately, i don't draft article because i believed this article is non-notable. {{ping|Voxplusetc}} please don't request non-notable article. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:41, 15 April 2025 (UTC) == Problem == Salem Aleykoum, why do you put a advertisement in the page " Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023) " pls [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|talk]]) 19:02, 17 April 2025 (UTC) : {{tps}} What do you mean a ad in "Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023)" Can you send the link so I can see? Thanks, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Purple">⭐ Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">Do you have to say something?</span>'']] 19:03, 17 April 2025 (UTC) ::[[Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023)]], There is someone who put a kind of This subject may not be notable enough for an article according etc. The page is clean why put it I don't understand [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|talk]]) 19:10, 17 April 2025 (UTC) : Oh that is not an ad, that is a maintenance tag, they are there to let other editors know about the article like for example like if it does not have any references or something, and other editors can help to fix the issue, does that explain well for you? Thanks, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Purple">⭐ Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">Do you have to say something?</span>'']] 20:58, 17 April 2025 (UTC) :Waealaykum alsalam, IP user, please don't remove notably tag, it's considered vandalism, @[[User:Adelaideslement8723|Adelaideslement8723]] thank you for response to IP user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:25, 17 April 2025 (UTC) ::But so what do I have to do ? Don't delete the page anyway. In addition, I don't have a wiki account because they blocked me with an unlimited date. Get well if you unblock me pls. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 05:56, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::If you have a account, can you please tell me your username? using IP to edit can be block evasion. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:05, 18 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Dunyar77,Bokak99 and Rapta999 [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 07:51, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Reported to [[WP:ANI]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:05, 18 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's okay I made a request what should I do now? [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 08:19, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{A note}} blocked IP by FusionSub for block evasion as [[User:Rapta999|Rapta999]] [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 09:25, 18 April 2025 (UTC) == April 2025 == @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], I hope you are okay. Please see here [[Realme#References|Realme]], is a Chinese mobile manufacturing company but there is a cat [[: Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2018|Mobile phones introduced in 2018]]. I added the similar cat for [[Infinix Mobile]], I know category was not a specific one but please consider G-faith before issuing notice/warning because this is not something for what we can issue warnings. It may lead you to miss use of warning templates in future. Thank you. Happy editing. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:10, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bensebgli|Bensebgli]], please follow [[WP:AGF]]. Adding Infinix Mobile into category that mobile phones introduced in 2013 is incorrect, Realme and Infinix Mobile are companies not mobile phones like Realme C3 model one. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:20, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::Yes buddy I told you please assume [[WP:AGF]] before choosing warning templates. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:21, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::You added an incorrect category, you were told not to repeat such actions in the form of a warning. I don't see a problem with Raayaan9911's actions here. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:24, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No Buddy here to ask you then why you're replying here? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:26, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::^What Raayaan9911 said. Mobile phone manufacturers don't belong in "Mobile phones introduced in" categories.... –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:22, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] First of all Raayaan category was not specific one or was incorrect I know, but I said about the warning that before using warning templates you need to be careful because I don't want to take this issue again at WP:AN recently I took same kind of issue at AN and then Davey2010 have to asked to revoke his Rollback right. But after the admins reply that before using Rollback or issuing warnings against G-faith edits, we need to be more careful that's why I thought I need to tell you. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:30, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::Different circumstance, different edits, Would love to see you take Raayaan to ANI. Also I asked for my rollback because of different interpretations not because of that thread or you :). I'm surviving just fine without it though but thanks for thinking of me :), Happy editing Bensebgli :) –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:33, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No comment...! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:36, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::Also I know you recently applied and succeeded in getting Rollback permission, so I'm just trying to say please be careful before using warning templates against G-faith edits or rollback right. Happy editing my friend. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:34, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback#User:Jet Pilot|User:Jet Pilot]], Also check my comment at bottom line where someone raised concern against issuing rollback permission for your account and your block on another projects. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:43, 27 April 2025 (UTC) == New maintenance category == Hi, Raayaan9911. Thanks for creating [[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from May 2025]]. You probably didn't know, but the categories for articles that need simplifying don't use just {{tl|MonthlyCleanupCat}}. They need more code than that. I've made the correction on this article, so it's OK now. My trick is to find another such category, copy/paste the code, then change the month and/or year as needed. Before you ask, no, I don't know why it was set up that way. Don't feel bad, though. Many other people have done the same thing, including me! -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:38, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :Okay thanks for your help! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:51, 1 May 2025 (UTC) == User:BigKrow == I don't think there's a rule against using one's user page to create a test article / sandbox. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 19:58, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :The rule said: {{talkquote|"Do not put your user page or subpages, including work-in-progress articles, into categories used by Wikipedia articles. Be careful of templates and stub notices that put a work-in-progress article into categories."}} in [[Wikipedia:User page|WP:USER]], i think there is against rule. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:05, 1 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for pointing it out. I guess the problem is that the page is it categories and has a stub notice. I'll add that on their talk page. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 20:06, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::You're so welcome! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:09, 1 May 2025 (UTC) == A non-notable thing, has now become "Speedy Keep" at En-wiki == en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_brainrot . If this is informational, then fine.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 06:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :Wikipedia loves to keep every bit of information and any topic that exists (I actually love that). Also welcome back to simple :&#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 06:57, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello there == okay, i used the inuse tag, does it look ok for mainspace? Thank you! @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:41, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :Looking one of recent [[Douglas Williams (cricketer)|article]], I'm not sure if is non-notable or notable, i go ahead and ask in [[WP:ST]] see if notable or not. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:44, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], thank you kindly. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:45, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries but please read last warning on [[User talk:BigKrow#Quick deletion of Wadi Damm|your user talk page]], you just creating low quality articles before. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:47, 13 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Raayaan9911. This article was deleted at your request, which asked for quick deletion under option A4. However, option A4 doesn't apply to this topic, so I have restored the article. A4 applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. If you have any questions about this, feel free to ask. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:16, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you, but, Fr33kman accidentally deleted this article, already noted me by TagUser. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == hi there == how are you? @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:39, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine, what do you want? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:40, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::just saying hi..... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:41, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::Do you need anything else? what does mean {{!xt|"just saying hi....."}}, is greeting or else? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::bro i was trying to be nice to you..... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:45, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, you too :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::kool. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:52, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Good Article == Hi, If you wouldn't mind, Could you plese go to [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]] and give your opinion on the nomination of [[2025 Pahalgam Massacre]]? [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 01:15, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, it's too complex. I'd oppose your request. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 01:21, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::I did try to simplify a lot of the text over the past few days, could you direct me to the lines you are referring to, it makes it easier for me to go and fix :) [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 01:29, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :::I'd still oppose your nomination because it's too complex, not ready for [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 06:13, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Grammar at iPhone 15 == You seem to have just a “replace all” type function to change the it to they. This has created a situation where now everything says “they has” which is not proper subject-verb agreement. Please be mindful of the way that you “fix” the concerns so that they do not introduce more concerns. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:06, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :Additionally: you are making a lot of small edits, like changing one word, in quick succession. Please consider working on the article for a bit and saving it after you do a bunch of work so that it stops flooding the recent changes and article history with such minor changes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:11, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::Okay, i withdraw request [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:12, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == One question == What’s the name of the template that you used in [[User talk:2409:4041:D42:E4D1:F8A3:C5F:809B:8B8E|this user talk]], i was searching it, but i didn’t find it. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 03:20, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You can find {{[[Template:uw-QD]]}}. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 03:22, 23 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you so much. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 03:34, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == Please help == An IP has vandalized [[Wikipedia:BOT]]. Can you revert it? [[Special:Contributions/173.167.103.171|173.167.103.171]] ([[User talk:173.167.103.171|talk]]) 04:29, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} reverted and warned IP, if IP continued vandalizing after final warning, report to [[WP:VIP]] instead. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:34, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::شكرا ::[[Special:Contributions/173.167.103.171|173.167.103.171]] ([[User talk:173.167.103.171|talk]]) 04:36, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :::عفوا! :::Remember, i know Arabic, next time, if you want to talk me about your language Arabic, please leave me message on [[Ar:User talk:Raayaan9911|my user talk page in Arabic Wikipedia]] instead. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == RfA nominations == When nominating somebody for RfA, it's generally good practice to place a message on their talk page after you create the RfA page.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 07:51, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :I left them message on their user talk page after i create the RfA page, i didn't know earlier. Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:54, 28 May 2025 (UTC) == hi! == i was just wondering if you have any more evidence other than me and BigKrow both not using capital letters? thanks! [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 21:35, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :Your message likely written by AI chatbot, how did you get from it? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:42, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::i don't write any messages with ai chatbots. where are you getting this info from? [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 21:43, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :::Oh sorry, but I'm not sure that message was written by AI chatbots or not. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:47, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::::im not using a chatbot. [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 22:02, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Mrwhosetheboss== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Mrwhosetheboss]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 20:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]], Mrwhostheboss is notable tech YouTuber. He builded world's largest iPhone confirmed by World Record is considered notable because it's has lot of reliable sources. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:34, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 9ewvj75sqvjyt2uo0wsrefzduqs3apz 10331569 10331565 2025-06-15T07:36:17Z Raayaan9911 1495229 /* RfD nomination of Mrwhosetheboss */Fixed 10331569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE|{{font|text=User talk:|font=Comic Sans MS|color=#90d5ff}}{{font|text=Raayaan9911|font=Comic Sans MS|color=Blue}}}} {{col-start}} [[User:Raayaan9911|User page]] {{col-2}} '''My user talk page''' {{col-3}} [[User:Raayaan9911/Guestbook|My guestbook]] {{col-3}} [[Special:EmailUser/Raayaan9911|Email]] {{col-end}} {{Current time|UTC+3}} [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=purge&title=User_talk:Raayaan9911 Refresh] {{Archive box|[[/Archive 1/Archive 1|1]]. [[/Archive 1/Archive 2|2]]}} {{Talkpagecool}} == New user == Hello.  Post beginner tutorials on my talk page! Thanks. Happy editing! ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:03, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} welcomed you. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:12, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your warm and sweet welcome! May the holy month of [[Ramadan]] be blessed to you too! Thank you. Happy editing! ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:16, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :::You too :) Ramadan Kareem! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:18, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::::How to track real-time changes on [[Simple Wikipedia]]? Thank you. ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 16:37, 9 March 2025 (UTC) :::::All you have to do this. :::::# Go to [[Special:RecentChanges]] :::::# Click on live changes :::::# If you have twinkle options enabled, click on vandalism edit's diff and revert it, Be careful, don't revert good faith edit. :::::If you have a further tutorial, Get help in [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|WP:ST]]. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:50, 9 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thanks. ([[User:12376Opilts|12376Opilts]] ([[User talk:12376Opilts|talk]]) 02:01, 10 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] He blocked in 2 wikis [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I know [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:58, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == wrongful warnings == you make false info on me, I didn't do anything [[Special:Contributions/72.175.48.66|72.175.48.66]] ([[User talk:72.175.48.66|talk]]) 16:31, 10 March 2025 (UTC) :Can you please stop harassing me, You did it in [[President of the United States]]. Changing image to random one is disruptive and vandalism. I suggested you to follow [[WP:VANDAL]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 16:38, 10 March 2025 (UTC) == Article Creation Request == It looks like [[iPad 10th generation]] is not created in 2022. Can you please create article him? [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:23, 15 March 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} taken place to [[User:Raayaan9911/Draft|my draft]] in March 20. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:26, 15 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you, I’ll wait five days. [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 14:27, 15 March 2025 (UTC) == Mistake in [[Kach]] == You made a mistake in the article [[Kach]] because Davey10 asked for the deletion of this article as it did not explain it's achievements in politics. [[Special:Contributions/207.236.13.218|207.236.13.218]] ([[User talk:207.236.13.218|talk]]) 18:03, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :Your article is non-notable, Next time, you check sources before you create article, i think your article is non-notable, I suggest you to please refrain from adding unsourced content. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:05, 17 March 2025 (UTC) == Do you know if this is true? == On [[Saudi Arabia]]: "Somebody who makes a pilgrimage to Mecca is called a hajj in the Arabic language." I thought the person was called a "hajji". [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 21:39, 17 March 2025 (UTC) :in arabic "حاج" translated English to "Hajji" which means people who successfully completed hajj to Mecca. Yes it's true. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 21:44, 17 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks. I will change it to "hajji". [[Special:Contributions/169.229.202.223|169.229.202.223]] ([[User talk:169.229.202.223|talk]]) 21:45, 17 March 2025 (UTC) == Userpage == Hi Raayaan9911, (Replying from [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:TagUser&diff=prev&oldid=10150299#User_page here]) You're welcome, If someone edits your user pages and you didn't ask them too then please revert them as they have no right to edit these (or email/message me and I'll deal with it :)), Take care, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:18, 24 March 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Black">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:Black;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 18:20, 24 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid!! == Eid Mubarak! Wishing you and your loved ones a joyous and blessed Eid filled with love, peace, and happiness. May this special day bring you countless moments of joy and prosperity. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:41, 27 March 2025 (UTC) :Thank you Cactusisme, Eid Mubarak! you too i wishing you blessed eid you too! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:42, 27 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid == {| style="border:2px ridge steelblue; border-radius: 10px; background:#000000; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px;" align=center |[[Image:Decorated moon.jpg|120px|none]] |style="font-size: 20pt; padding: 4pt; color: #CCFFEE; font-family: Comic Sans MS, sans-serif;"| [[Eid|<span style="color:white;">Eid Mubarak!</span>]] <span style="font-size:medium;">Wishing you and your family a blessed Eid.</span> |}<noinclude> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 13:08, 27 March 2025 (UTC) :You too, may Allah will blessing with positivity. Eid Mubarak! [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:44, 27 March 2025 (UTC) == Happy Eid == In Indonesia, where I am from, it is customary to ask and give forgiveness to one another around the time of Eid al-Fitr. Happy Eid, and forgive me for any past transgressions I have done. May God bless you. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 12:34, 28 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]] Thank you for Eid Al-fitr! I'm sure for blessing with positivity. [[User:Raayaan9911|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:gray">🌙 Raayaan9911</span>''']] [[User Talk:Raayaan9911|''<span style="color:gray;">Ramadan Kareem!</span>'']] 14:10, 28 March 2025 (UTC) == Question == how do you get comic sans font in the user style? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:07, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :I got example markup from [[Template:Font]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:17, 3 April 2025 (UTC) ::yes. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:18, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == When will become adminstator? == I see the Raayaan9911 to be become adminstator in 2025... Predicted in the future for admin. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:37, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :Insha Allah, i will become administrator, maybe 2026, 2027 or 2028. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:39, 3 April 2025 (UTC) ::2026 estimated for me. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 21:40, 3 April 2025 (UTC) :::Okay no problem. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:41, 3 April 2025 (UTC) == [[Wicked (Maguire novel)]] == How do any of the three reasons you gave for QD apply to that article? It is not "Little or no meaning", "Not in English", or "Obvious advertising". [[Special:Contributions/192.83.149.205|192.83.149.205]] ([[User talk:192.83.149.205|talk]]) 01:31, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :I removed Not in English, because i didn't see it. But, i think advertising another website is considered Obvious advertising. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == This talk page needs to archive == Do archive one or more old discussions? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:31, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:33, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you! [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:34, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::What's after Archive 2? it would correctly be Archive 3. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 20:37, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::I create archive 3 if archive 2 is full. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:53, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Good reply, Yes! Absolutely. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:26, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::Also, please archive more discussions because of user talk page has surpassed 20,000 bytes? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:51, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{Done}} i don't need archive every discussion because it's unnecessary. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:56, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::how you imagine archiving 6 discussions with large amount of bytes? [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 22:58, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Because I want keep my user talk page organized. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 23:00, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Yes. [[User:Corotenìa|Corotenìa]] ([[User talk:Corotenìa|talk]]) 23:01, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == Welcoming Request == It seems [[User talk:Corotenìa|Corotenìa's talk page]] is nobody welcomed. Can you please welcome the user Corotenìa? [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:21, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :You're unable to welcome user? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:41, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::I’ll welcome the user. [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:42, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::Use [[Template:Welcome]] and don't forget to substitute and sign four tidles or install twinkle gadget in settings or [[Wikipedia:Twinkle#Information for advanced users|page]], if you still can't do it, let me know. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:47, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Already welcomed. [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:48, 4 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Thanks for welcoming user! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:48, 4 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::No problem Raayaan! [[User:LoreSavant|LoreSavant]] ([[User talk:LoreSavant|talk]]) 22:49, 4 April 2025 (UTC) == Prediction of 7,500 Edit Milestone == Because i checked stats of Raayaan9911. If you have edited 466 edits per week. You may reach 7,500 edits in April 11, 2025. [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 03:24, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for your kind message, i will reach 7,500 in April 11, 2025. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:00, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 04:06, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:07, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No problem! [[User:Denarje31|Denarje31]] ([[User talk:Denarje31|talk]]) 04:07, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::you reached!! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:41, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you for 7,500 edits milestone! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:42, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Help == Hey Raayaan9911, the vandalism is continued by these ips one them is [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=2409%3A40d0%3A%3A%2F32&namespace=all&tagfilter=&start=&end= this] and one more ip with same motive is [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/152.58.116.228 this]. Can you block them bro.? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:16, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, i can't block them because i'm not administrator, please report user to [[WP:VIP]]. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:19, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Ok bro Raayaan9911, i thought that you are good experienced user so i asked you to block them. Thank you. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:20, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::No problem, Happy editing! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:22, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey big bro Raayaan9911, what that ip wrote on my talkpage.? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 12:24, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::They left you inappropriate message. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:02, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Hey bro, if you have time can you check out the edits made by [[user:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] who is protecting these block evading IP addresses. I have reverted the edits made by these vandalizing IP addresses, but HistorianAlferedo is reverting my edits. I think he is the user who is using these IPs. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 17:13, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Those IP are vandalized in random articles, the following list of IP of [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]]. :::::*[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40D0:103E:229E:8568:86CD:9BC1:75A6 here] :::::*[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:D7CD:FA01:F8CA:2DD6:FDC2:7C79 here] :::::[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Also, i checked their edit. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:09, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::So whats your decision bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 21:40, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::Vandalism from their IP. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:48, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::So now what can we do bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 22:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::If user continued after final warnings, you should report to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress|WP:VIP]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 22:28, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Ok, but whats about HistorianAlferedo. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 00:10, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Other user warned them but they removed them. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:14, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Ok bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 00:15, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::@[[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] Do you have any evidence the ip is the user? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:34, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::You can see his edits. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 11:01, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Please elaborate and show diffs? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:03, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::Ok, i will show differences. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 11:06, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::Bro, @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], @[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] Bro check please this full ip disruption.[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40d0::/32] *Ip and user work they are same. **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_(Gurjar_clan)&diff=prev&oldid=10151481][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaghela_(Gurjar_clan)&diff=prev&oldid=10172159] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10075574][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10171525][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bappa_Rawal&diff=prev&oldid=10171925] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajput_Other_Backward_Classes_communities_in_India&diff=prev&oldid=10161966][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rajput_Other_Backward_Classes_communities_in_India&diff=prev&oldid=10170076] (abusing me from ip Hindi:Teri ma rndi bkl, English:Son your mother is bitch) **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagabhata_I&diff=prev&oldid=10171929][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagabhata_I&diff=prev&oldid=10172218] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alha&diff=prev&oldid=9864698][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alha&diff=prev&oldid=9903324] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihar_Gurjars&diff=prev&oldid=10170124][https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihar_Gurjars&diff=prev&oldid=10172152] **[https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihira_Bhoja&diff=prev&oldid=10124281] abusing you Raayaan9911 bro. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 14:55, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **:@[[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]], they abusing me. Please look at [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihira_Bhoja&diff=next&oldid=10124286&diffonly=1 diff]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:30, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **::You have check all references/diffs I provide? Is this not a clear side-wide editing? User ko block ni Karna chahiye is ke Liye? Or you can report this user for side-wide editing? Through account as well and ip? [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 21:50, 6 April 2025 (UTC) **:::I will take a look [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 01:11, 7 April 2025 (UTC) **::::Thank you so much bro Cactusisme. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 02:06, 7 April 2025 (UTC) **:::::Thanks for showing this, I have added this [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Personal_attacks here], you can participate in the discussion there. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 13:14, 7 April 2025 (UTC) == Archives == Please don't edit archives as they are archives. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:40, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :I understood, but, i respond to user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:50, 11 April 2025 (UTC) ::You should create a new section for that. But its okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:53, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == A fox for you! == [[File:Fox sleeping (51901885260).jpg|left|150px]]--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:45, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :Thank you! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:50, 11 April 2025 (UTC) == Help writing an article == Hello, can you help me write an article about a musician? I can send you the text of the article and its sources and you can write it correctly and write the article. I am not very fluent in English and I want you to write and publish the article correctly. [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 23:29, 14 April 2025 (UTC) :Sure but can you please give me article name? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:08, 15 April 2025 (UTC) ::I can provide you with the text of the article and its sources so that you can create it in the correct way because I am not able to do so. ::This article is about an Iranian musician who has had a great influence on the electronic dance genre in Iran. [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 15:27, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :::Yeah, can you please provide me to article's name, i really need to check article? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:30, 15 April 2025 (UTC) ::::The title of the article is Alireza Jadidi(Composer). [[User:Voxplusetc|Voxplusetc]] ([[User talk:Voxplusetc|talk]]) 15:37, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :::::{{Not done}} looking sources on Google, unfortunately, i don't draft article because i believed this article is non-notable. {{ping|Voxplusetc}} please don't request non-notable article. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 15:41, 15 April 2025 (UTC) == Problem == Salem Aleykoum, why do you put a advertisement in the page " Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023) " pls [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|talk]]) 19:02, 17 April 2025 (UTC) : {{tps}} What do you mean a ad in "Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023)" Can you send the link so I can see? Thanks, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Purple">⭐ Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">Do you have to say something?</span>'']] 19:03, 17 April 2025 (UTC) ::[[Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023)]], There is someone who put a kind of This subject may not be notable enough for an article according etc. The page is clean why put it I don't understand [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:4005:3DBB:17EE:17C5|talk]]) 19:10, 17 April 2025 (UTC) : Oh that is not an ad, that is a maintenance tag, they are there to let other editors know about the article like for example like if it does not have any references or something, and other editors can help to fix the issue, does that explain well for you? Thanks, [[User:Adelaideslement8723|'''<span style="color:#FFFFFF; background:Purple">⭐ Adelaide</span>''']] [[User Talk:Adelaideslement8723|''<span style="color:Black;">Do you have to say something?</span>'']] 20:58, 17 April 2025 (UTC) :Waealaykum alsalam, IP user, please don't remove notably tag, it's considered vandalism, @[[User:Adelaideslement8723|Adelaideslement8723]] thank you for response to IP user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:25, 17 April 2025 (UTC) ::But so what do I have to do ? Don't delete the page anyway. In addition, I don't have a wiki account because they blocked me with an unlimited date. Get well if you unblock me pls. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 05:56, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::If you have a account, can you please tell me your username? using IP to edit can be block evasion. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:05, 18 April 2025 (UTC) ::::Dunyar77,Bokak99 and Rapta999 [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 07:51, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::::Reported to [[WP:ANI]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:05, 18 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::It's okay I made a request what should I do now? [[Special:Contributions/2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D]] ([[User talk:2A01:E0A:EC3:7830:F5F8:2E1:CC46:6E8D|talk]]) 08:19, 18 April 2025 (UTC) :::::::{{A note}} blocked IP by FusionSub for block evasion as [[User:Rapta999|Rapta999]] [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 09:25, 18 April 2025 (UTC) == April 2025 == @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], I hope you are okay. Please see here [[Realme#References|Realme]], is a Chinese mobile manufacturing company but there is a cat [[: Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2018|Mobile phones introduced in 2018]]. I added the similar cat for [[Infinix Mobile]], I know category was not a specific one but please consider G-faith before issuing notice/warning because this is not something for what we can issue warnings. It may lead you to miss use of warning templates in future. Thank you. Happy editing. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:10, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Bensebgli|Bensebgli]], please follow [[WP:AGF]]. Adding Infinix Mobile into category that mobile phones introduced in 2013 is incorrect, Realme and Infinix Mobile are companies not mobile phones like Realme C3 model one. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:20, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::Yes buddy I told you please assume [[WP:AGF]] before choosing warning templates. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:21, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::You added an incorrect category, you were told not to repeat such actions in the form of a warning. I don't see a problem with Raayaan9911's actions here. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:24, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No Buddy here to ask you then why you're replying here? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:26, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::^What Raayaan9911 said. Mobile phone manufacturers don't belong in "Mobile phones introduced in" categories.... –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:22, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] First of all Raayaan category was not specific one or was incorrect I know, but I said about the warning that before using warning templates you need to be careful because I don't want to take this issue again at WP:AN recently I took same kind of issue at AN and then Davey2010 have to asked to revoke his Rollback right. But after the admins reply that before using Rollback or issuing warnings against G-faith edits, we need to be more careful that's why I thought I need to tell you. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:30, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::Different circumstance, different edits, Would love to see you take Raayaan to ANI. Also I asked for my rollback because of different interpretations not because of that thread or you :). I'm surviving just fine without it though but thanks for thinking of me :), Happy editing Bensebgli :) –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:33, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::No comment...! [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:36, 27 April 2025 (UTC) :::Also I know you recently applied and succeeded in getting Rollback permission, so I'm just trying to say please be careful before using warning templates against G-faith edits or rollback right. Happy editing my friend. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:34, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback#User:Jet Pilot|User:Jet Pilot]], Also check my comment at bottom line where someone raised concern against issuing rollback permission for your account and your block on another projects. Thank you. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 19:43, 27 April 2025 (UTC) == New maintenance category == Hi, Raayaan9911. Thanks for creating [[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from May 2025]]. You probably didn't know, but the categories for articles that need simplifying don't use just {{tl|MonthlyCleanupCat}}. They need more code than that. I've made the correction on this article, so it's OK now. My trick is to find another such category, copy/paste the code, then change the month and/or year as needed. Before you ask, no, I don't know why it was set up that way. Don't feel bad, though. Many other people have done the same thing, including me! -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:38, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :Okay thanks for your help! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 11:51, 1 May 2025 (UTC) == User:BigKrow == I don't think there's a rule against using one's user page to create a test article / sandbox. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 19:58, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :The rule said: {{talkquote|"Do not put your user page or subpages, including work-in-progress articles, into categories used by Wikipedia articles. Be careful of templates and stub notices that put a work-in-progress article into categories."}} in [[Wikipedia:User page|WP:USER]], i think there is against rule. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:05, 1 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for pointing it out. I guess the problem is that the page is it categories and has a stub notice. I'll add that on their talk page. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 20:06, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :::You're so welcome! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 20:09, 1 May 2025 (UTC) == A non-notable thing, has now become "Speedy Keep" at En-wiki == en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_brainrot . If this is informational, then fine.--Have a nice day! [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 06:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :Wikipedia loves to keep every bit of information and any topic that exists (I actually love that). Also welcome back to simple :&#123; [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|Catcus DeMeowwy (talk)]] | [[User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy|User_talk:Catcus DeMeowwy]] 06:57, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Hello there == okay, i used the inuse tag, does it look ok for mainspace? Thank you! @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:41, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :Looking one of recent [[Douglas Williams (cricketer)|article]], I'm not sure if is non-notable or notable, i go ahead and ask in [[WP:ST]] see if notable or not. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:44, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], thank you kindly. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:45, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries but please read last warning on [[User talk:BigKrow#Quick deletion of Wadi Damm|your user talk page]], you just creating low quality articles before. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 17:47, 13 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Wadi Damm]] == Hi, Raayaan9911. This article was deleted at your request, which asked for quick deletion under option A4. However, option A4 doesn't apply to this topic, so I have restored the article. A4 applies only to people, groups, companies, products, services or websites. If you have any questions about this, feel free to ask. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:16, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Thank you, but, Fr33kman accidentally deleted this article, already noted me by TagUser. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:08, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == hi there == how are you? @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:39, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine, what do you want? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:40, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::just saying hi..... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:41, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::Do you need anything else? what does mean {{!xt|"just saying hi....."}}, is greeting or else? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:44, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::bro i was trying to be nice to you..... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:45, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, you too :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 00:51, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::kool. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:52, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Good Article == Hi, If you wouldn't mind, Could you plese go to [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]] and give your opinion on the nomination of [[2025 Pahalgam Massacre]]? [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 01:15, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm sorry, it's too complex. I'd oppose your request. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 01:21, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::I did try to simplify a lot of the text over the past few days, could you direct me to the lines you are referring to, it makes it easier for me to go and fix :) [[User:Shubhsamant09|<span style="color: black;">'''Shubhsamant'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''09'''</span>]] 01:29, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :::I'd still oppose your nomination because it's too complex, not ready for [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]]. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 06:13, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Grammar at iPhone 15 == You seem to have just a “replace all” type function to change the it to they. This has created a situation where now everything says “they has” which is not proper subject-verb agreement. Please be mindful of the way that you “fix” the concerns so that they do not introduce more concerns. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:06, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :Additionally: you are making a lot of small edits, like changing one word, in quick succession. Please consider working on the article for a bit and saving it after you do a bunch of work so that it stops flooding the recent changes and article history with such minor changes. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:11, 21 May 2025 (UTC) ::Okay, i withdraw request [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:12, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == One question == What’s the name of the template that you used in [[User talk:2409:4041:D42:E4D1:F8A3:C5F:809B:8B8E|this user talk]], i was searching it, but i didn’t find it. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 03:20, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :You can find {{[[Template:uw-QD]]}}. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 03:22, 23 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you so much. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 03:34, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == Please help == An IP has vandalized [[Wikipedia:BOT]]. Can you revert it? [[Special:Contributions/173.167.103.171|173.167.103.171]] ([[User talk:173.167.103.171|talk]]) 04:29, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}} reverted and warned IP, if IP continued vandalizing after final warning, report to [[WP:VIP]] instead. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:34, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::شكرا ::[[Special:Contributions/173.167.103.171|173.167.103.171]] ([[User talk:173.167.103.171|talk]]) 04:36, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :::عفوا! :::Remember, i know Arabic, next time, if you want to talk me about your language Arabic, please leave me message on [[Ar:User talk:Raayaan9911|my user talk page in Arabic Wikipedia]] instead. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 04:39, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == RfA nominations == When nominating somebody for RfA, it's generally good practice to place a message on their talk page after you create the RfA page.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 07:51, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :I left them message on their user talk page after i create the RfA page, i didn't know earlier. Thank you for letting me know! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:54, 28 May 2025 (UTC) == hi! == i was just wondering if you have any more evidence other than me and BigKrow both not using capital letters? thanks! [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 21:35, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :Your message likely written by AI chatbot, how did you get from it? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:42, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::i don't write any messages with ai chatbots. where are you getting this info from? [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 21:43, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :::Oh sorry, but I'm not sure that message was written by AI chatbots or not. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 21:47, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ::::im not using a chatbot. [[User:Fivezies2013|Fivezies2013]] ([[User talk:Fivezies2013|talk]]) 22:02, 1 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Mrwhosetheboss== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Mrwhosetheboss]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 20:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]], Mrwhostheboss is notable tech YouTuber. He built world's largest iPhone confirmed by World Record is considered notable because it's has lot of reliable sources. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 07:34, 15 June 2025 (UTC) hh7p6cm3ps0vdd3oxtp8q4xhcciq91j 0 1143042 10331239 10219497 2025-06-15T01:22:49Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Combination]] 10331239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Allopurinol''' (brand name '''Uricto''' '''Zyloric''',<ref>https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/allopurinol/about-allopurinol/</ref> '''Caplenal''', and '''Zyloprim'''<ref name="ZYLOPRIM ® (allopurinol)">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/016084s044lbl.pdf</ref>) is a [[medication]] made for treating high [[Bloodstream|blood]] [[uric acid]]. It does this by making the level of uric acid in the blood lower.<ref name=Patcher2006rev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C | title = Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol | journal = Pharmacological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–114 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16507884 | pmc = 2233605 | doi = 10.1124/pr.58.1.6 }}</ref> When there is more uric acid in the body than at normal times, it is called [[hyperuricemia]]. Allopurinol was approved for medical use in the [[USA|United States]] in 1966.<ref name=AHFS2016/> It was the 39th most commonly prescribed medication in the country in 2022. In that year, more than 15{{nbsp}}million prescriptions were filled (sold) in America.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2022 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=30 August 2024 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Allopurinol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Allopurinol | access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 }}</ref> Allopurinol is available as a generic medication.<ref name=AHFS2016/> The [[FDA]] found that allopurinol can be found in the [[breast milk]] of a mother taking the drug.<ref name="ZYLOPRIM ® (allopurinol)" /> They also recommend to ask if it is safe and necessary to take it and about risk to the [[fetus|unborn child]] or a baby taking breast milk. In the [[UK|United Kingdom]], the [[pregnancy]] guidelines recommend that it is not usually taken while pregnant and that information on [[breastfeeding]] should be asked for from the [[physician|doctor]] or [[midwife]]<ref>https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/allopurinol/pregnancy-breastfeeding-and-fertility-while-taking-allopurinol/</ref> before continuing. ==Use== It is [[Prescription|prescribed]] for preventing [[gout]],<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499942/#article-17382.s2</ref> preventing specific types of [[Kidney stone disease|kidney stones]], and for the high uric acid levels occurring with [[chemotherapy]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse | year = 2009 | isbn = 9789241547659 | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | page = [https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/n50 39]}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2016>{{cite web|title=Allopurinol|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429134301/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/allopurinol.html|archive-date=29 April 2016}}</ref> It is taken orally (by mouth) or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]] ([[Injection|injected]] into a [[vein]]). In some cases it is replaced with an alternative. Allopurinol is used alone as a drug to treat in these uses, or other conditions. In some cases it is used with other drugs in a [[combination]] therapy. How it is used and if there is risks for using it depends on the regular function as well as individual needs of the patient. == References == {{reflist}}{{Medicine-stub}} [[Category:Drugs]] 92jbtsehmusr4cgt8q8ss3w913ehsqj 0 1143227 10331598 10324698 2025-06-15T08:29:32Z FreakBobby 1629719 10331598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=March 2025}} [[File:Facesitting9.jpg|thumb|[[Facesitting]] is a common practice used by those with eproctophilia where the [[BDSM|dominant]] [[Sexual partner|partner]] sits on the submissive [[victim]] and expels gas directly on their [[ear]], [[mouth]], [[nose]], penis, [[tongue]], or [[vagina]]|155x155px]] A '''fart fetish''', or '''eproctophilia,''' is a [[paraphilia]] or [[Libido|attraction]] to the [[sound]], [[Odor|smell]] (''flatophilia''),<ref>{{cite web | last = Bregón | first = Taty Brugés | date = 30 July 2021 | title = Sextionary 2021, Let’s Enrich Our Sexual Vocabulary! | website = Sin Recato – Las cosas por su nombre | url = https://www.sinrecato.com/sextionary-2021-lets-enrich-our-sexual-vocabulary/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> or act of passing gas ([[flatulence]]).<ref>{{cite web | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | year = 2012 | title = Farting company: The strange world of eproctophilia | url = https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/farting-company-the-strange-world-of-eproctophilia/ | website = drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> People with this fetish find [[arousal]] from hearing a fart, the feeling of a fart caressing their [[skin]], from the [[idea]] of farting themselves (Erotic Target Location Error),<ref name = Lawrence2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = A. A. | title = Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension | doi = 10.1080/00224490902747727 | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 46 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 194–215 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19308843 | s2cid = 10105602 }}</ref> and/or from the specific sounds and/or smells associated with it. They often incorporate farts into their [[sexual]] [[Experience|experiences]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Sparks | first = Hannah | date = 2024-11-10 | title = I’m a sexual perversion expert - these are the weirdest fetishes I’ve ever studied | newspaper = New York Post | url = https://nypost.com/2024/11/10/lifestyle/sexual-perversion-expert-reveals-the-weirdest-fetishes-studied/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> examples being when the braphog [[dominatrix]] farts on the submissive male person’s [[penis]] or when the male dominant person farts on the submissive female person’s vagina. ==Etymology== The [[neologism]] ''eproctophilia'' is formed from three parts: * [[Latin]] [[prefix]] ''e-'' – a formative element (here serving to link the root and suffix) * [[Ancient Greece|Ancient]] [[Greek language|Greek]] [[noun]] ''πρωκτός'' (prōktós) – “anus” * Greek suffix ''-φιλία'' (-philia) – “[[love]]” or “affection” Then, ''eproctophilia'' etymologically means “love of the anus”. However, in its actual usage it denotes a paraphilic interest in flatulence rather than an attraction to the anatomical anus per se. The term was coined by the sexologist Brenda J. Love in her 1992 ''Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices.'' ==Characteristics== For an eproctolagniac (a person who suffers from fart fetishism), some points of attraction include the level of odor, the sound level, and the [[time|duration]] of the fart. Most eproctolagniacs are aroused by the person farting, rather than the fart itself. Fart fetishism may also be known to be valued as means of [[masochism|sadomasochism]] and [[humiliation]].<ref name="Griffiths2013">{{cite journal | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | title = Eproctophilia in a young adult male: A case study | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | year = 2013 | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 847–849 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0105-9 | pmid = 23408258 }}</ref> It is a common form of olfactophilia (odor fetishism). The fetish can vary greatly. Some eproctolagniacs may be attracted to the art of farting in private or [[public]] settings. In contrast, others may [[Happiness|enjoy]] the [[Social interaction|interaction]] between other [[Partnership|partners]] who fart or [[talk]] about farts in a sexual context. Eproctolagniacs may deliberately consume inulin to produce more intestinal gas. Inulin is contraindicated in individuals with an allergy to it, as it may cause stomach inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inulin fibre promotes microbiota-derived bile acids and type 2 inflammation | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05380-y |volume=611|journal=Nature |pages=578–584 |year=2022| last1 = Arifuzzaman| first1 =Mohammad| issue=7936 | pmid=36323778 | bibcode=2022Natur.611..578A | s2cid=253266833 | pmc=10576985 }}</ref> Some may derive intense [[pleasure]] from using public [[restrooms]] due to the [[Sensory system|sensual]] [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Aggrawal | first = Anil | year = 2009 | title = Forensic and Medico-Legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 9781420043082 }}</ref> ==Prevalence== Eproctophilia is considered very rare, and [[Empiricism|empirical]] [[data]] on its prevalence is limited. It may be more common in [[men]] than in [[women]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/paraphilias-overview | title = Paraphilias | agency = WebMD LLC | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 10 November 2024 | access-date = 13 April 2025 }}</ref> In a representative survey of 1,040 adults in [[Quebec]], 15.9% of respondents indicated an interest in fetishistic behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyal |first1=Christian C. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Julie |title=The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |year=2017 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034 |pmid=26941021 }}</ref> This could suggest fart fetishism is more common, however, there are no direct prevalence estimate exists for eproctophilia alone. It is posited that there exists a link between [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and olfactophilia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellemans |first1=H. |last2=Roeyers |first2=H. |last3=Leplae |first3=W. |title=Sexual Behavior in Male Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Borderline/Mild Mental Retardation |journal=Sexuality and Disability |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s11195-009-9145-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motamed |first1=M. |last2=Hajikarim-Hamedani |first2=A. |last3=Fakhrian |first3=A. |title=A systematic review of sexual health, knowledge, and behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=25 |page=410 |year=2025 |doi=10.1186/s12888-025-06836-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Allely |first=C. S. |title=Autism spectrum disorder, bestiality and zoophilia: a systematic PRISMA review |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=75–91 |year=2020 |doi=10.1108/JIDOB-06-2019-0012 }}</ref> the superset of eproctophilia. Theoretically, this could stem from their propensity for repetitive patterns of behaviour, their characteristic social deficit,<ref name="Reardon2025">{{cite web | last1 = Reardon | first1 = Claudia L. | last2 = Bienenfeld | first2 = David | title = Paraphilic Disorders: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology | website = Medscape | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 15 April 2025 | url = https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291419-overview | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> or lack of specialized education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beddows |first1=N. |last2=Brooks |first2=R. |title=Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why |journal=Early Intervention in Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=282–289 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/eip.12265 |pmid=26265030 }}</ref><ref name="Kalyva2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Kalyva | first1 = E. | year = 2010 | title = Teachers’ perspectives of the sexuality of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–437 | doi = 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.014 }}</ref> Individuals with ASD often exhibit aberrant olfactory processing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozenkrantz |first1=L. |last2=Zachor |first2=D. |last3=Heller |first3=I. |last4=Plotkin |first4=A. |last5=Weissbrod |first5=A. |last6=Snitz |first6=K. |last7=Secundo |first7=L. |last8=Sobel |first8=N. |title=A Mechanistic Link between Olfaction and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=1904–1910 |year=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.048 |pmid=26144969 |pmc=PMC4518448 }}</ref> characterized by heightened sensitivity, diminished discrimination, or atypical hedonic valuation of odors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hrdlicka |first1=M. |last2=Vodicka |first2=J. |last3=Havlovicova |first3=M. |last4=Urbanek |first4=T. |last5=Blatny |first5=M. |last6=Dudova |first6=I. |title=Brief report: significant differences in perceived odor pleasantness found in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=524–527 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1084-x |pmid=20697793 }}</ref> which may predispose them to the emergence of eproctophilic interests centered on olfactory cues. ==Causes== Some experts believe this behaviour is [[Causality|caused]] by [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] [[childhood]] experiences alongside behavioural [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Longpré | first = Nicholas | last2 = Burdis Galiano | first2 = Courtney | last3 = Guay | first3 = Jean-Pierre | year = 2022 | title = The impact of childhood trauma, personality, and sexuality on the development of paraphilias | journal = Journal of Criminal Justice | volume = 82 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101981 | issn = 0047-2352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Eproctophilia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | date = 2019-06-02 | website = Drugstore Online – RXShop.Md | url = https://www.rxshop.md/articles/2019/eproctophilia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ | access-date = 2025-03-23 }}</ref> For example, if the sound or smell of farts is consistently paired with sexual arousal at a presumably young age, then it can form a [[neuron|neural]] pathway where farting can become a trigger for sexual excitement on its own through [[Operant conditioning|operant learning]]. This is called sexual [[Imprinting (ethology)|imprinting]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Darcangelo | first = Shauna | year = 2008 | chapter = Fetishism: Psychopathology and theory | editor-last1 = Laws | editor-first1= D. Richard | editor-last2 = O'Donohue | editor-first2= William T. | title = Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5 | edition = 2nd | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5/page/n123 108]–118 | publisher = The Guilford Press | isbn = 9781593856052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Cole | first = Samantha | date = 2024-08-09 | title = Taking a Long, Deep Sniff of Fart Porn | website = VICE | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/taking-a-long-deep-sniff-of-fart-porn/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> Sexual arousal suppresses disgust,<ref name="Oaten2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Oaten | first1 = M | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = RJ | last3 = Tapp | first3 = C | last4 = Case | first4 = TI | last5 = Cousins | first5 = A | title = The Role of Disgust in Male Sexual Decision‑Making | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | pages = 2602 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02602 | pmid = 30723444 | pmc = 6350445 }}</ref><ref name="Fleischman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Fleischman | first1 = DS | last2 = Hamilton | first2 = LD | last3 = Fessler | first3 = DM | last4 = Meston | first4 = CM | title = Disgust versus Lust: Exploring the Interactions of Disgust and Fear with Sexual Arousal in Women | journal = PLoS ONE | year = 2015 | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0118151 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0118151 | pmid = 26106894 | pmc = 4479551 }}</ref> which facilitates the learned association between flatulence and sexual gratification. Paraphilias have been observed to cluster within families, suggesting a hypothesis of potential familial psychosocial transmission and/or [[gene|genetic]] transmission of paraphilias.<ref name="Labelle2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Labelle | first1 = A | last2 = Bourget | first2 = D | last3 = Bradford | first3 = JM | last4 = Alda | first4 = M | last5 = Tessier | first5 = P | title = Familial paraphilia: a pilot study with the construction of genograms | journal = ISRN Psychiatry | date = 2012-03-04 | volume = 2012 | pages = 692813 | doi = 10.5402/2012/692813 | pmid = 23738209 | pmc = 3658696 }}</ref> A portion of eproctolagniacs may have neurobiological differences,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Kirsten |last2=Fromberger |first2=Peter |last3=Stolpmann |first3=Georg |last4=Müller |first4=Jürgen Leo |title=The role of testosterone in sexuality and paraphilia—A neurobiological approach. Part II: testosterone and paraphilia |journal=J Sex Med |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3008–3029 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02393.x |pmid=21797985}}</ref> such as differences in [[brain]] structure or function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Konrad |last2=Lücker |first2=Erik |last3=Pietrzyk |first3=Ulrike |chapter=Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in assessing sexual preference |editor-last=Thienel |editor-first=Boris |editor-last2=Crépault |editor-first2=Antoine |title=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences |volume=32 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eproctophilia: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment |url=https://psychologyfor.com/eproctophilia-what-it-is-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ |website=Psychology For |date=August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A study of paraphilic individuals revealed elevated levels of central monamines including [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and norepinephrine, along with decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in [[urine]], a principal dopamine metabolite. These suggest neurochemical dysregulation of sexual reward/impulse circuits in paraphilics.<ref name="Kamenskov2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Kamenskov | first1 = M. Yu. | last2 = Gurina | first2 = O. I. | title = Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders | journal = Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova | language = Russian | year = 2019 | volume = 119 | issue = 8 | pages = 61–67 | doi = 10.17116/jnevro201911908161 | pmid = 31626172 }}</ref> Some [[Psychology|psychological]] fixations, possibly related to the [[anal stage|anal stage of psychosexual development]] (ages 1-3) as proposed by [[Sigmund Freud]], may contribute to the emergence of eproctophilia. Put, some eproctolagniacs are aroused by farts because they come from the [[buttocks]], which they find attractive. The [[taboo|taboos]] and [[social stigma]] may also contribute to the development of the fetish for some individuals. Some eproctolagniacs espouse the act of cathartic farting to be seen as an act of [[intimacy]] and breaking down barriers.<ref name="Griffiths2013"></ref> Studies have also shown that olfactory function is associated with sexual [[motivation]] and satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iuliano | first1 = Simone | last2 = Zagari | first2 = Maria C. | last3 = Frasca Polara | first3 = Giuseppe | last4 = Rotella | first4 = Giorgio | last5 = La Vignera | first5 = Sandro | last6 = Greco | first6 = Enrico A. | last7 = Liuzza | first7 = Marco T. | last8 = Aversa | first8 = Antonio | title = Global olfactory function correlates with global sexual functioning in men and women | journal = Minerva Medica | date = December 2023 | volume = 114 | issue = 6 | pages = 785–794 | doi = 10.23736/S0026-4806.23.08753-0 | pmid = 37382520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bendas | first = Julia | last2 = Hummel | first2 = Thomas | last3 = Croy | first3 = Ilona | year = 2018 | title = Olfactory function relates to sexual experience in adults | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1333–1339 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1203-x | pmid = 29721723 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siegel | first1 = Jason K. | last2 = Kung | first2 = Shanna Y. | last3 = Wroblewski | first3 = Kristen E. | last4 = Kern | first4 = David W. | last5 = McClintock | first5 = Martha K. | last6 = Pinto | first6 = Jayant M. | title = Olfaction Is Associated With Sexual Motivation and Satisfaction in Older Men and Women | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = February 2021 | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.002 | pmid = 33423973 | pmc = 8694566 }}</ref> It is therefore plausible that olfactory stimuli, particularly those associated with early childhood experiences, may play a role in the development of eproctophilic arousal. [[Traumatic brain injury|Brain injuries]] and [[multiple sclerosis]] may lead one to spontaneously acquire paraphilias,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=E. M. |last2=Frohman |first2=T. C. |last3=Moreault |first3=A. M. |title=Acquired Sexual Paraphilia in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1006–1010 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/archneur.59.6.1006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bianchi-Demicheli | first = F. | last2 = Rollini | first2 = C. | last3 = Lovblad | first3 = K. | last4 = Ortigue | first4 = S. | title = “Sleeping Beauty paraphilia”: deviant desire in the context of bodily self-image disturbance in a patient with a fronto-parietal traumatic brain injury | journal = Medical Science Monitor | year = 2010 | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = CS15–CS17 | pmid = 20110923 }}</ref><ref name="Langevin1992">{{cite journal | last = Langevin | first = R. | title = Biological Factors Contributing to Paraphiliac Behavior | journal = Psychiatric Annals | date = June 1992 | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 307, 309–314 | url = https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/biological-factors-contributing-paraphiliac-behavior | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> such as eproctophilia. However, no singular cause has been definitively established. The heterogeneity in its manifestation suggests that multiple psychological and developmental factors may be involved, as with other fetishes. ==As a paraphilic disorder== {{Infobox medical condition | name = Eproctophilia | synonyms = Flatus fetishism, flatulophilia, eproctolagnia | field = [[Psychiatry]]; Clinical psychology | symptoms = Arousal from feeling, hearing, smelling, or watching flatulence | treatment = Cognitive‑behavioral therapy; psychoeducation }} It is important to note that having a fart fetish is not [[Recognition|recognized]] to be a [[Mental illness|disorder]]. [[Treatment]] for eproctophilia is generally not needed unless it starts becoming a [[problem]] or is ego-dystonic. Therapeutic interventions are primarily focused on reducing internalized shame and facilitating social reintegration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paraphilias: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1138809185|editor-last=Beetz|editor-first=A. M.}}</ref> In severe cases, eproctolagniacs may be [[Anhedonia|unable to derive sexual gratification]] unless their partner consecutively and sonorously farts, which can present challenges if they are unable to do so. This might pressure the farting partner to eat more gas producing [[food]] or [[Air pump|pump air]] into their anus to satisfy the eproctolagniac, which can pose [[health]] problems. In cases like these, the eproctolagniac may be [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosed]] with fetishism disorder under [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]-5, as the fetish is coupled with significant [[Distress (medicine)|distress]] or [[Danger|peril]]. A fart fetish frequently co-occurs with compulsive sexual behavior disorder and is often accompanied by comorbid psychopathologies, including autism, [[depression (mental illness)|depressive]], and [[anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="Kafka2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kafka | first1 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Axis I psychiatric disorders, paraphilic sexual offending and implications for pharmacological treatment | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 255–261 | pmid = 23585462 }}</ref><ref name="Abrams2023">{{cite thesis | last = Abrams | first = Dylan H. | year = 2023 | title = Examining the Prevalence and Psychopathological Correlates of Paraphilic Interests in a Non-clinical Sample | type = Master’s thesis | institution= Graduate Center, City University of New York | url = https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/5462 | access-date= 2025-06-07 }}</ref><ref name="Briken2024">{{cite journal | last1 = Briken | first1 = P. | last2 = Bothe | first2 = B. | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = J. | last4 = Coleman | first4 = E. | last5 = Giraldi | first5 = A. | last6 = Kraus | first6 = S. W. | last7 = Lew-Starowicz | first7 = M. | last8 = Pfaus | first8 = J. G. | year = 2024 | title = Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective | journal = Sexual Medicine Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–370 | doi = 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae014 }}</ref> If one with a fart fetish wants to ameliorate their condition, they can get professional mental [[help]]. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) has been the primary source to address maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, such as eproctophilia.<ref name="Kaplan2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = R. B. | title = Cognitive-behavioral treatment of the paraphilias | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | year = 2012 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–296 | pmid = 23585466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eproctophilia: treatment and causes |url=https://www.mentesabiertaspsicologia.com/blog-psicologia/eproctophilia-treatment-and-causes |website=Mentes Abiertas Psicología |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Techniques include cognitive restructuring, behavioral rehearsal, and teaching eproctolagniacs to identify and cope with factors that make relapsing imminent. Treatment could also include redirecting [[Masturbation|masturbatory]] [[Sexual fantasy|fantasies]] to conventional ones. In some cases, CBT can be used in combination with [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coskun | first1 = Murat | last2 = Ozturk | first2 = Mucahit | title = Sexual Fetishism in Adolescence: Report of Two Cases | journal = Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–205 | date = 2013-06-01 | doi = 10.5350/DAJPN2013260210 | url = https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1587029640-en.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guay | first1 = David R. P. | title = Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–31 | date = 2009-01-01 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 | pmid = 19243704 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243704/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref name="SpringerCh255">{{cite book | last1 = Malandain | first1 = Leo | last2 = Chagraoui | first2 = Abdeslam | last3 = Thibaut | first3 = Florence | chapter = Psychopharmacotherapy of Sexual Disorders | editor1-last = Riederer | editor1-first= Peter | editor2-last = Laux | editor2-first= Gerd | editor3-last = Nagatsu | editor3-first= Toshiharu | editor4-last = Le | editor4-first= Weidong | editor5-last = Riederer | editor5-first= Christian | title = NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy | series = Reference work | publisher = Springer Cham | year = 2022 | pages = 4171–4206 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | isbn = 978-3-030-62059-2 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Naltrexone]] has been tried for compulsive sexual behaviour and paraphilic behaviour, based on the idea of dampering reward-seeking behaviour in behavioural [[addiction]] or treating concurrent addictions.<ref name="Raymond2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Nancy C. | last2 = Grant | first2 = Jon E. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = Eli | title = Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: A case series | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | date = February 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–62 | url = https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmc/acp/2010/00000022/00000001/art00008 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Savard2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Savard | first1 = J. | last2 = Öberg | first2 = K. G. | last3 = Chatzittofis | first3 = A. | last4 = Dhejne | first4 = C. | last5 = Arver | first5 = S. | last6 = Jokinen | first6 = J. | title = Naltrexone in compulsive sexual behavior disorder: A feasibility study of twenty men | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = August 2020 | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1544–1552 | doi = <!-- Add DOI if available --> | url = https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/17/8/1544/6973797 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Convert sensitization methods such as aversion therapy can be used to reduce compulsive behaviors by applying negative punishments.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Callahan | first1=E. J. | last2=Leitenberg | first2=H. | title=Aversion therapy for sexual deviation: Contingent shock and covert sensitization | journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume=81 | issue=1 | pages=60–73 | year=1973 | doi=10.1037/h0034025 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034025 }}</ref> Its use is associated with lower recidivism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Culos | first1 = Camille | last2 = Di Grazia | first2 = Marco | last3 = Meneguzzo | first3 = Paola | title = Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic Review and Insights | journal = Journal of Clinical Medicine | date = 7 March 2024 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1524 | doi = 10.3390/jcm13061524 | pmid = 38541750 | pmc = 10971111 }}</ref> Eproctolagniacs with childhood trauma may be treated with Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to mitigate their underlying trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = de Jongh | first1 = Ad | last2 = de Roos | first2 = Carlijn | last3 = El-Leithy | first3 = S. | title = State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–216 | date = April 2024 | doi = 10.1002/jts.23012 | pmid = 38282286 | publication-date = 2024-01-28 }}</ref> Research suggests repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may help reduce sexual compulsivity in individuals with paraphilic disorders by targeting brain regions implicated in inhibitory control, particularly the cortical nodes in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop such as the dorsolateral [[Pre-frontal cortex|prefontal cortex]] (DLPFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schecklmann | first1 = Martin | last2 = Sakreida | first2 = Katrin | last3 = Oblinger | first3 = Britta | last4 = Langguth | first4 = Berthold | last5 = Poeppl | first5 = Timm B. | title = Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Tool to Reduce Sexual Arousal: A Proof of Concept Study | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1553–1559 | date = August 2020 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.002 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609520306093 | issn = 1743-6095 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tripathi | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = A. | last3 = Singh | first3 = H. | last4 = Kar | first4 = S. K. | title = Successful use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in difficult to treat hypersexual disorder | journal = Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–209 | date = July–September 2016 | doi = 10.4103/0974-1208.192074 | pmid = 27803590 | pmc = 5070404 }} </ref> This noninvasive intervention may help eproctolagniacs control their sexual impulses to fart-related stimuli by inhibiting the SMA and exciting the right DLPCF under IRB approval. As a last resort, chemical [[castration]] may be employed through the use of [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone|luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone]] (LHRH) [[agonist|agonists]] or antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradford |first=J. M. |title=The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual behaviour |journal=Can J Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=26–34 |year=2001 |doi=10.1177/070674370104600104 |pmid=11221487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garcia | first1 = Frederico D. | last2 = Thibaut | first2 = Florence | title = Current concepts in the pharmacotherapy of paraphilias | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 771–790 | date = 2011-04-16 | doi = 10.2165/11585490-000000000-00000 | pmid = 21504253 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21504253/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref> They should be considered only in cases where the eproctolagniac's behaviours pose a significant risk to themselves or others, and when less invasive treatments have been ineffective, as the use of chemical castrations methods may come along with problematic side effects such as [[osteoporosis]] and [[Liver disease|liver dysfunction]]. All in all, the [[prognosis]] of eproctophilia is poor. Fart fetishism is generally considered unalterable and life-long,<ref name="SetoAhmed2014">{{cite journal|first1=Michael C.|last1=Seto|authorlink1=Michael C. Seto|first2=AG|last2=Ahmed|title=Treatment and management of child pornography use|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=37|issue=2|pages=207–214|year=2014|pmid=24877707|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 157 | issue = 5 | pages = 838 | date = May 2000 | url = https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612020545/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-date = 12 June 2011 | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> but CBT can help reduce negative [[symptoms]] and [[criminal]] [[behaviour]]. There are no significant studies specifically focused on fart fetishism. Still, it is considered one of the many forms of sexual interest that can be classified as a paraphilia, which refers to unusual sexual preferences. Fart fetishism typically becomes more noticeable in [[adulthood]], though the specific causes or origins of this interest are not very well understood. == Cultural and social context== Flatulence (and, more broadly, fart fetishism) is often viewed negatively in virtually every [[culture]], contributing to the taboo surrounding eproctophilia. In many [[Society|societies]], flatulence is considered socially inappropriate or [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], which may intensify the fetishistic allure for some individuals (abjection). On the contrary, the stigma may lead some individuals with this fetish to feel [[Social isolation|isolated]] or reluctant to discuss their [[Interest (emotion)|interests]] openly.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Combridge | first1 = Kirra | last2 = Lastella | first2 = Michele | title = Stigmatisation of People with Deviant Sexual Interest: A Comparative Study | journal = Sexes | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–25 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.3390/sexes4010002 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5118/4/1/2 | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> They may cope with farts, perpetuating a self-reinforcing cycle that exacerbates eproctophilia. When eproctolagniacs pose a risk to others, therapists may be legally compelled to report such behaviour to authorities under mandatory reporting laws. This may impede their access to treatment, a crucial safeguard against the commission of sexual offenses. Although it is not widely [[Conversation|discussed]], it [[Existence|exists]] as part of the diversity of [[human]] [[Sexual orientation|sexual preferences]]. In the works of the English writer Thomas d'Urfey, only women were depicted as farting, reflecting the [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] [[gender]] pigeonhole that women were objects of casual sexual desire.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pittaway | first = Ian | title = "A brief history of farting in early music and literature" | website = Early Music Muse | date = 3 January 2025 | orig-date = 27 July 2016 | url = https://earlymusicmuse.com/a-brief-history-of-farting/ | access-date= 10 June 2025 }}</ref> His most famous musical hit was "The Fart", followed by "The Second Part of The Fart". During the [[Augustan literature|British Augustan]] age, there were several erotic flatulence-related [[Fictional character|characters]] circulated clandestinely in underground [[pamphlets]]. For example, the characters “Miss-Pop fart”, "Mrs. Tickle-Fart", “Madam Rousing Fart”, and "Tabitha Turnip-Fart" appeared in some Augustan [[Erotica|eroticas]].<ref name="Barchas2024">{{Cite book | last = Barchas | first = Janine | editor1-last = Pettit | editor1-first = Alexander | editor2-last = Spedding | editor2-first = Patrick | title = Eighteenth-Century British Erotica, Part II, Volume 1 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = London | year = 2024 | isbn = 9781040238424 | url = https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781040238424_A49445550/preview-9781040238424_A49445550.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> Notable among these pamphlets is ''The Benefit of Farting Explain'd'',<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Puff-Indorst | first1 = Don Fartinando | last2 = Swift | first2 = Jonathan | last3 = Fizzle | first3 = Obadiah | title = ''The Benefit of Farting Explain’d : Or, the Fundament-All Cause of the Distempers Incident to the Fair-Sex, Enquired into. Proving à Posteriori Most of the Dis-Ordures In-Tail’d upon Them, Are Owing to Flatulencies Not Seasonably Vented. Wrote in Spanish by Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow. And Translated into English at the Request, and for the Use, of the Lady Damp-Fart of Her-Fart-Shire. By Obadiah Fizzle, Groom of the Stool to the Princess of Arsimini in Sardinia.'' | place = Longford in Ireland [i.e. London] | publisher = Simon Bumbubbard | year = 1722 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&amp;docType=ECCOArticles&amp;bookId=0092301100&amp;type=getFullCitation&amp;tabID=T001&amp;prodId=ECCO&amp;docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&amp;version=1.0&amp;source=library | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a pseudomedical pamphlet published in 1722 that argued for the therapeutic necessity of farting, particularly in women. That same year saw the publication of ''Arse Musica; or, The Lady’s Back Report to Don Fart-in-hand-o Puff-in dorst'', a flatulent parody of [[Italy|Italian]] opera that celebrated the aesthetic pleasures of bodily emissions coming from the anus. This was followed by ''The Beau's Miscellany'',<ref>{{cite book | title = ''The Beau's Miscellany: Being a New and Curious Collection of Amorous Tales, Diverting Song, and Entertaining Poems. Part II.'' | editor = Various Hands | place = London | publisher = A. Moore | date = 1731 <!-- imprint undated; ESTC suggests [1731?] --> | format = Duodecimo | series = ECCO – BOD | id = ESTC T80397; EEBO CW3312781141 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3312781141 | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a collection of verse and prose where in flatulence serves as a titillating motif and de facto [[comedy|comedic relief]]. Collectively, these texts exemplify an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightment]]-era libertine tradition in which farting was also seen as erotic by some. A depiction of eproctophilia appears in the Marquis de Sade unfinished novel ''The 120 Days of Sodom'', written in 1785 and published in 1904 after its manuscript was rediscovered. The book describes the activities of four wealthy libertine Frenchmen who spend four months seeking the ultimate sexual gratification through orgies, including eproctophilic activities. One episode describes a character who “knelt down before that decrepit bum and kissed it lovingly; farts were blown up his nose, he waxed ecstatic…,” illustrating vivid exploitation of flatulence as sexual stimulus.<ref name="SadeSupervert">{{cite web |last = Sade |first = Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de |title = ''The 120 Days of Sodom'' |url = https://16beavergroup.org/pdf/120_days_of_sodom.pdf |publisher = Supervert 32C Inc. |date = 2002 |format = PDF |page = 125 |access-date= 2025-06-05}}</ref> The [[18th century|eighteenth-century]] discourses of flatulence and female outlawry demonstrate sexual experimentation and the possible existence of eproctophilia throughout [[history]]. [[James Joyce]], the renowned [[Irish people|Irish]] [[author]], exhibited eproctophilic tendencies, as evidenced by his intimate correspondence with Nora Barnacle. James Joyce's intimate [[letter|letters]] to Nora Barnacle revealed his fascination with her farts, as he expressed a [[desire]] to hear her "tiny little naughty farties" and described them as "fat dirty farts".<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Gilbert | editor-first = Stuart | author-last = Joyce | author-first = James | title = Letters of James Joyce | publisher = Viking Press; Faber & Faber | location = New York; London | date = 1957–1966 | oclc = 2397715 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-of-james-joyce/oclc/2397715 | access-date = 7 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = James Joyce’s Love Letters to Nora Barnacle, His ‘Dirty Little Fuckbird.’ | date = 2021-07-28 | website = The Paris Review | url = https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/02/james-joyces-love-letters-dirty-little-fuckbird/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> In modern day, a notable incident is when the former reality television star from the [[United States]], Stephanie Matto, was [[hospital|hospitalized]] after adopting a high-[[protein]] and high-[[fiber]] bdolotic [[diet]] to accommodate her [[business]] of [[jar|jars]] containing her farts. This practice eventually led her to [[dyspnea|difficulty breathing]] caused by excessive gas accumulation.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Bruce Y. | title = 90 Day Fiancé Star Sells Her Farts in Jars Then Suffers Health Scare | website = Forbes | publisher = Forbes Magazine | date = 8 January 2022 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2022/01/08/90-day-fianc-star-sells-farts-in-jars-then-suffers-health-scare/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> In March 2025, [[DC Comics]] released the one-short ''Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly'', which centers its plot entirely on flatulence and included a built-in [[scratch-and-sniff]] feature. Some reviewers argued that the comic functioned more as a fart-fetish comic than a traditional [[superhero]] story, with its prolonged focus on flatulence and visceral imagery as evidence of fetishistic intent rather than typical hero action.<ref>{{cite web | last=Luken | first=Jackson | date=26 March 2025 | title=Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 review | website=Batman News | url=https://batman-news.com/2025/03/26/harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-review/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Goldfield | first=Ray | date=26 March 2025 | title=Review – Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 – Yep, That’s the Title | website=GeekDad | url=https://geekdad.com/2025/03/review-harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-yep-thats-the-title/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], the production [[company]] MFX Media makes fetish [[videos]] that include fart-fetish content. The company gained international attention after it released a [[coprophilia|coprophiliic]] video titled "[[2 Girls 1 Cup]]". The video showed extreme fetish acts and was made by MFX Media's director, Marco Antônio Fiorito. Fiorito described himself as a "compulsive fetishist" and began making fetish [[films]] in the [[1990s]]. Some of his films have caused legal issues in the US, where [[Authority|authorities]] considered them [[Obscenity|obscene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Pornography and The Criminal Justice System|last=Cusack|first=Carmen M.|date=3 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482260021|page=49}}</ref> In the United States, distribution of eproctophilic content may technically be [[prosecutor|prosecuted]] as obscene if it satisfies all three prongs of the Miller test: it appeals to the prurient interest, depicts excretory functions in a patently offensive way, and lacks serious [[literary]], artistic, [[political]], or [[scientific]] value. Given the taboo and stigmatization of eproctophilia, and that flatulence is an excretory function, such content would likely be considered patently offensive by community standards. However, obscenity prosecutions for adult material have become extremely rare in recent years as the Department of Justice is directing its efforts to [[Child sexual abuse|child‐exploitation]] cases rather than adult obscenity.<ref name="Gerstein">{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |title=Holder accused of neglecting porn fight |newspaper=Politico |date=April 16, 2011 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/holder-accused-of-neglecting-porn-053314}}</ref><ref name="QuietCrisis">{{cite report |title=The Quiet Crisis: Uncovering the DOJ’s Failure to Tackle Obscenity |publisher=InternetSafety101.org |date=November 9, 2023 |url=https://internetsafety101.org/objects/EIE-Obscenity-paper-11-09-2023.pdf }}</ref> While content depicting eproctophilia in a sexual manner without serious value would likely be adjured obscene and consequently illegal to distribute or sell in the United States, in practice no such prosecutions occur. The private possession of eproctophilic content in the US is legal under Stanley v. Georgia. The host of the Fart Fetish Podcast, Raj Jawa, postulated that since eproctophilia involves sexual conditioning to fart-related alliesthetic visceral cues, it would be mediated via the insula's interoceptive circuitry.<ref name="EproctophiliaOpinion">{{cite web | last1 = Jawa | first1 = Raj | title = Eproctophilia Is Not a Perversion or a Paraphilia | url = https://eproctophilia.org/PDF/eproctophiliaisnotapervsionoraparaphilia..pdf | website = Eproctophilia.org | format = PDF | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Vagal afferents transmit [[enteric nervous system]] signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius, which regulates dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and ventral tegmental area neurons.<ref name="Breit2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Breit | first1 = Sigrid | last2 = Kupferberg | first2 = Aleksandra | last3 = Rogler | first3 = Gerhard | last4 = Hasler | first4 = Gregor | title = Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | year = 2018 | volume = 9 | pages = 44 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044/full | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Colonic enterochromaffin cells in the gut epithelium and gut microbiota synthesize 90% of the human body's serotonin and significant portions of other monoamines.<ref name="SerotoninMetabolismSD">{{cite web | title = Serotonin Metabolism | work = Topics in Immunology and Microbiology | publisher = Elsevier (ScienceDirect) | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/serotonin-metabolism | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> The ENS contains specialized mechanosensitive and chemosensitive neurons that detect gas pressure, pH indications and the slightest indication of a fart building up. Any ENS-driven perturbation in peripheral monoamines triggered by sexual arousal of flatulence or dysbiosis could worsen maladaptive central monoaminergic states such as hyperdominergic rewards response for fart stimuli or serotonergic–noradrenergic driven fixations which could underpin compulsive sexual focus on flatulence.<ref name="Kamenskov2019"/> The ENS exhibits activity-dependent plasticity;<ref name="Giaroni1999">Giaroni C, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Lecchini S, Frigo G (December 1999). "Plasticity in the enteric nervous system". ''Gastroenterology''. '''117''' (6): 1438–1458. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70295-7. PMID 10579986.</ref><ref name="Schaefer2009">Schäfer KH, Van Ginneken C, Copray S (2009). "Plasticity and neural stem cells in the enteric nervous system". ''Anatomical Record''. 292 (12): 1940–1952. doi:10.1002/ar.21033. PMID 19943347.</ref> consequently, repeated pairings of flatulence and [[orgasm]] may sensitize enteric reflex circuits, thereby amplifying ENS-mediated perturbations and intensifying eproctophilic reward circuits. Additionally, the anterior insular cortex anatomically and functionally sits at the nexus of interoceptive processing and limbic-reward pathways.<ref name="Gogolla2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Gogolla | first1 = Nadine | title = The insular cortex | journal = Current Biology | date = 19 June 2017 | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = R580–R586 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.010 | pmid = 28633023 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217305468 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> It maintains dense reciprocal connections with regions established as the neural substrates of sexual desire, such as the [[amygdala]], [[hypothalamus]], nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref name="Calabro2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Calabrò | first1 = Rocco S. | last2 = Cacciola | first2 = Alberto | last3 = Bruschetta | first3 = Daniele | last4 = Milardi | first4 = Demetrio | last5 = Quattrini | first5 = Fabrizio | last6 = Sciarrone | first6 = Francesca | last7 = La Rosa | first7 = Gianluca | last8 = Bramanti | first8 = Placido | last9 = Anastasi | first9 = Giuseppe | title = Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? | journal = Brain and Behavior | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = e01389 | doi = 10.1002/brb3.1389 | pmid = 31568703 | pmc = PMC6908863 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908863/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Haber2011">{{cite book | last1 = Haber | first1 = Suzanne N. | editor1-last = Gottfried | editor1-first= Jay A. | chapter = 11 | title = Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum | publisher = CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location = Boca Raton, FL | year = 2011 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> In a fart fetish, aberrant visceral interoceptive signals encoded in the ENS are relayed via the vagus are mapped in the insula as salient internal states. The insula routes the signals into adjacent sexual-arousals circuits. Therefore flatulence-related interoceptive cues acquire a direct path to the brain's sexual pathway. Orgasmic [[oxytocin]] amplifies and disinhibits the mesolimbic reward circuits,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petersson |first=Maria |last2=Uvnäs-Moberg |first2=Kerstin |title=Interactions of Oxytocin and Dopamine—Effects on Behavior in Health and Disease |journal=Biomedicines |volume=12 |issue=11 |year=2024 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines12112440 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/11/2440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pfaus |first=James G. |title=Orgasms, Sexual Pleasure, and Opioid Reward Mechanisms |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |year=2025 |doi=10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023 |url=https://academic.oup.com/smr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023/8127191}}</ref> promoting sexual reinforcement of flatulent stimuli. This can contribute to the poor prognosis of fart fetishism. Research has shown that trace amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]] may prevent [[mitochondrial]] damage in [[cells]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Brian | last2 = Bhattacharya | first2 = Rajat | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = Priyabrata | year = 2019 | title = Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 12 | pages = 13098–13125 | doi = 10.1096/fj.201901304R | pmid = 31648556 | pmc = PMC6894098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Paul | first1 = Biswanath D. | last2 = Snyder | first2 = Solomon H. | last3 = Kashfi | first3 = Kamal | title = Effects of hydrogen sulfide on mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics | journal = Redox Biology | date = January 2021 | volume = 38 | pages = 101772 | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101772 | pmid = 33137711 | pmc = 7606857 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Fu | first = Ming | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Weihua | last3 = Wu | first3 = Lingyun | last4 = Yang | first4 = Guangdong | last5 = Li | first5 = Hongzhu | last6 = Wang | first6 = Rui | year = 2012 | title = Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 8 | pages = 2943–2948 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1115634109 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lam | first = Michael | last2 = Lam | first2 = Justin | date = 2024-03-05 | title = Secret of Smelling Farts: Unexpected Benefits of Flatulence Magic | website = Dr. Lam Coaching | url = https://www.drlamcoaching.com/blog/the-benefits-of-smelling-farts-is-this-a-bad-joke/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> This has led to the erroneous belief that smelling farts could have health benefits. As with all sexual preferences, the key to a healthy experience is mutual [[consent]], [[respect]], and [[communication]] between individuals involved. Non-consensual exposure or involving non-consenting individuals is highly [[Ethics|unethical]] and generally [[Law|illegal]]. == Related pages == *[[Flatulence]] *[[Coprophilia]] *[[Paraphilia]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] *[[Feces]] *[[Foot odor]] *[[Human sexuality]] *[[BDSM]] *[[Social stigma]] *[[Mental illness]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Love |first=Brenda |title=Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1992 |isbn=9781569800119}} ==Other websites== *[[wikt:eproctophilia|Eproctophilia]] *[https://eproctophilia.org/ Eproctophilia.org] *[https://fartfetish.podbean.com/ Fart Fetish Podcast] {{medical resources | ICD10 = [https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.8 F65.8 – Other paraphilias] | MeshID = D005329 }} {{Mental disorders}} {{sex-stub}} [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:BDSM]] [[Category:Paraphilias]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Flatulence]] 0ireg7q7awuz03pn8onlau4ew4p6cia 10331601 10331598 2025-06-15T08:37:06Z FreakBobby 1629719 10331601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=March 2025}} [[File:Facesitting9.jpg|thumb|[[Facesitting]] is a common practice used by those with eproctophilia where the [[BDSM|dominant]] [[Sexual partner|partner]] sits on the submissive [[victim]] and expels gas directly on their [[ear]], [[mouth]], [[nose]], [[penis]], [[tongue]], or [[vagina]]|155x155px]] A '''fart fetish''', or '''eproctophilia,''' is a [[paraphilia]] or [[Libido|attraction]] to the [[sound]], [[Odor|smell]] (''flatophilia''),<ref>{{cite web | last = Bregón | first = Taty Brugés | date = 30 July 2021 | title = Sextionary 2021, Let’s Enrich Our Sexual Vocabulary! | website = Sin Recato – Las cosas por su nombre | url = https://www.sinrecato.com/sextionary-2021-lets-enrich-our-sexual-vocabulary/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> or act of passing gas ([[flatulence]]).<ref>{{cite web | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | year = 2012 | title = Farting company: The strange world of eproctophilia | url = https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/farting-company-the-strange-world-of-eproctophilia/ | website = drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> People with this fetish find [[arousal]] from hearing a fart, the feeling of a fart caressing their [[skin]], from the [[idea]] of farting themselves (Erotic Target Location Error),<ref name = Lawrence2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = A. A. | title = Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension | doi = 10.1080/00224490902747727 | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 46 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 194–215 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19308843 | s2cid = 10105602 }}</ref> and/or from the specific sounds and/or smells associated with it. They often incorporate farts into their [[sexual]] [[Experience|experiences]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Sparks | first = Hannah | date = 2024-11-10 | title = I’m a sexual perversion expert - these are the weirdest fetishes I’ve ever studied | newspaper = New York Post | url = https://nypost.com/2024/11/10/lifestyle/sexual-perversion-expert-reveals-the-weirdest-fetishes-studied/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> examples being when a braphog [[dominatrix]] farts on a submissive male’s penis or when a dominant male farts on a submissive female’s vagina. ==Etymology== The [[neologism]] ''eproctophilia'' is formed from three parts: * [[Latin]] [[prefix]] ''e-'' – a formative element (here serving to link the root and suffix) * [[Ancient Greece|Ancient]] [[Greek language|Greek]] [[noun]] ''πρωκτός'' (prōktós) – “anus” * Greek suffix ''-φιλία'' (-philia) – “[[love]]” or “affection” Then, ''eproctophilia'' etymologically means “love of the anus”. However, in its actual usage it denotes a paraphilic interest in flatulence rather than an attraction to the anatomical anus per se. The term was coined by the sexologist Brenda J. Love in her 1992 ''Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices.'' ==Characteristics== For an eproctolagniac (a person who suffers from fart fetishism), some points of attraction include the level of odor, the sound level, and the [[time|duration]] of the fart. Most eproctolagniacs are aroused by the person farting, rather than the fart itself. Fart fetishism may also be known to be valued as means of [[masochism|sadomasochism]] and [[humiliation]].<ref name="Griffiths2013">{{cite journal | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | title = Eproctophilia in a young adult male: A case study | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | year = 2013 | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 847–849 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0105-9 | pmid = 23408258 }}</ref> It is a common form of olfactophilia (odor fetishism). The fetish can vary greatly. Some eproctolagniacs may be attracted to the art of farting in private or [[public]] settings. In contrast, others may [[Happiness|enjoy]] the [[Social interaction|interaction]] between other [[Partnership|partners]] who fart or [[talk]] about farts in a sexual context. Eproctolagniacs may deliberately consume inulin to produce more intestinal gas. Inulin is contraindicated in individuals with an allergy to it, as it may cause stomach inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inulin fibre promotes microbiota-derived bile acids and type 2 inflammation | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05380-y |volume=611|journal=Nature |pages=578–584 |year=2022| last1 = Arifuzzaman| first1 =Mohammad| issue=7936 | pmid=36323778 | bibcode=2022Natur.611..578A | s2cid=253266833 | pmc=10576985 }}</ref> Some may derive intense [[pleasure]] from using public [[restrooms]] due to the [[Sensory system|sensual]] [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Aggrawal | first = Anil | year = 2009 | title = Forensic and Medico-Legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 9781420043082 }}</ref> ==Prevalence== Eproctophilia is considered very rare, and [[Empiricism|empirical]] [[data]] on its prevalence is limited. It may be more common in [[men]] than in [[women]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/paraphilias-overview | title = Paraphilias | agency = WebMD LLC | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 10 November 2024 | access-date = 13 April 2025 }}</ref> In a representative survey of 1,040 adults in [[Quebec]], 15.9% of respondents indicated an interest in fetishistic behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyal |first1=Christian C. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Julie |title=The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |year=2017 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034 |pmid=26941021 }}</ref> This could suggest fart fetishism is more common, however, there are no direct prevalence estimate exists for eproctophilia alone. It is posited that there exists a link between [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and olfactophilia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellemans |first1=H. |last2=Roeyers |first2=H. |last3=Leplae |first3=W. |title=Sexual Behavior in Male Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Borderline/Mild Mental Retardation |journal=Sexuality and Disability |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s11195-009-9145-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motamed |first1=M. |last2=Hajikarim-Hamedani |first2=A. |last3=Fakhrian |first3=A. |title=A systematic review of sexual health, knowledge, and behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=25 |page=410 |year=2025 |doi=10.1186/s12888-025-06836-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Allely |first=C. S. |title=Autism spectrum disorder, bestiality and zoophilia: a systematic PRISMA review |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=75–91 |year=2020 |doi=10.1108/JIDOB-06-2019-0012 }}</ref> the superset of eproctophilia. Theoretically, this could stem from their propensity for repetitive patterns of behaviour, their characteristic social deficit,<ref name="Reardon2025">{{cite web | last1 = Reardon | first1 = Claudia L. | last2 = Bienenfeld | first2 = David | title = Paraphilic Disorders: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology | website = Medscape | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 15 April 2025 | url = https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291419-overview | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> or lack of specialized education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beddows |first1=N. |last2=Brooks |first2=R. |title=Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why |journal=Early Intervention in Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=282–289 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/eip.12265 |pmid=26265030 }}</ref><ref name="Kalyva2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Kalyva | first1 = E. | year = 2010 | title = Teachers’ perspectives of the sexuality of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–437 | doi = 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.014 }}</ref> Individuals with ASD often exhibit aberrant olfactory processing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozenkrantz |first1=L. |last2=Zachor |first2=D. |last3=Heller |first3=I. |last4=Plotkin |first4=A. |last5=Weissbrod |first5=A. |last6=Snitz |first6=K. |last7=Secundo |first7=L. |last8=Sobel |first8=N. |title=A Mechanistic Link between Olfaction and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=1904–1910 |year=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.048 |pmid=26144969 |pmc=PMC4518448 }}</ref> characterized by heightened sensitivity, diminished discrimination, or atypical hedonic valuation of odors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hrdlicka |first1=M. |last2=Vodicka |first2=J. |last3=Havlovicova |first3=M. |last4=Urbanek |first4=T. |last5=Blatny |first5=M. |last6=Dudova |first6=I. |title=Brief report: significant differences in perceived odor pleasantness found in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=524–527 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1084-x |pmid=20697793 }}</ref> which may predispose them to the emergence of eproctophilic interests centered on olfactory cues. ==Causes== Some experts believe this behaviour is [[Causality|caused]] by [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] [[childhood]] experiences alongside behavioural [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Longpré | first = Nicholas | last2 = Burdis Galiano | first2 = Courtney | last3 = Guay | first3 = Jean-Pierre | year = 2022 | title = The impact of childhood trauma, personality, and sexuality on the development of paraphilias | journal = Journal of Criminal Justice | volume = 82 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101981 | issn = 0047-2352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Eproctophilia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | date = 2019-06-02 | website = Drugstore Online – RXShop.Md | url = https://www.rxshop.md/articles/2019/eproctophilia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ | access-date = 2025-03-23 }}</ref> For example, if the sound or smell of farts is consistently paired with sexual arousal at a presumably young age, then it can form a [[neuron|neural]] pathway where farting can become a trigger for sexual excitement on its own through [[Operant conditioning|operant learning]]. This is called sexual [[Imprinting (ethology)|imprinting]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Darcangelo | first = Shauna | year = 2008 | chapter = Fetishism: Psychopathology and theory | editor-last1 = Laws | editor-first1= D. Richard | editor-last2 = O'Donohue | editor-first2= William T. | title = Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5 | edition = 2nd | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5/page/n123 108]–118 | publisher = The Guilford Press | isbn = 9781593856052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Cole | first = Samantha | date = 2024-08-09 | title = Taking a Long, Deep Sniff of Fart Porn | website = VICE | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/taking-a-long-deep-sniff-of-fart-porn/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> Sexual arousal suppresses disgust,<ref name="Oaten2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Oaten | first1 = M | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = RJ | last3 = Tapp | first3 = C | last4 = Case | first4 = TI | last5 = Cousins | first5 = A | title = The Role of Disgust in Male Sexual Decision‑Making | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | pages = 2602 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02602 | pmid = 30723444 | pmc = 6350445 }}</ref><ref name="Fleischman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Fleischman | first1 = DS | last2 = Hamilton | first2 = LD | last3 = Fessler | first3 = DM | last4 = Meston | first4 = CM | title = Disgust versus Lust: Exploring the Interactions of Disgust and Fear with Sexual Arousal in Women | journal = PLoS ONE | year = 2015 | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0118151 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0118151 | pmid = 26106894 | pmc = 4479551 }}</ref> which facilitates the learned association between flatulence and sexual gratification. Paraphilias have been observed to cluster within families, suggesting a hypothesis of potential familial psychosocial transmission and/or [[gene|genetic]] transmission of paraphilias.<ref name="Labelle2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Labelle | first1 = A | last2 = Bourget | first2 = D | last3 = Bradford | first3 = JM | last4 = Alda | first4 = M | last5 = Tessier | first5 = P | title = Familial paraphilia: a pilot study with the construction of genograms | journal = ISRN Psychiatry | date = 2012-03-04 | volume = 2012 | pages = 692813 | doi = 10.5402/2012/692813 | pmid = 23738209 | pmc = 3658696 }}</ref> A portion of eproctolagniacs may have neurobiological differences,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Kirsten |last2=Fromberger |first2=Peter |last3=Stolpmann |first3=Georg |last4=Müller |first4=Jürgen Leo |title=The role of testosterone in sexuality and paraphilia—A neurobiological approach. Part II: testosterone and paraphilia |journal=J Sex Med |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3008–3029 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02393.x |pmid=21797985}}</ref> such as differences in [[brain]] structure or function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Konrad |last2=Lücker |first2=Erik |last3=Pietrzyk |first3=Ulrike |chapter=Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in assessing sexual preference |editor-last=Thienel |editor-first=Boris |editor-last2=Crépault |editor-first2=Antoine |title=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences |volume=32 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eproctophilia: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment |url=https://psychologyfor.com/eproctophilia-what-it-is-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ |website=Psychology For |date=August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A study of paraphilic individuals revealed elevated levels of central monamines including [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and norepinephrine, along with decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in [[urine]], a principal dopamine metabolite. These suggest neurochemical dysregulation of sexual reward/impulse circuits in paraphilics.<ref name="Kamenskov2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Kamenskov | first1 = M. Yu. | last2 = Gurina | first2 = O. I. | title = Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders | journal = Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova | language = Russian | year = 2019 | volume = 119 | issue = 8 | pages = 61–67 | doi = 10.17116/jnevro201911908161 | pmid = 31626172 }}</ref> Some [[Psychology|psychological]] fixations, possibly related to the [[anal stage|anal stage of psychosexual development]] (ages 1-3) as proposed by [[Sigmund Freud]], may contribute to the emergence of eproctophilia. Put, some eproctolagniacs are aroused by farts because they come from the [[buttocks]], which they find attractive. The [[taboo|taboos]] and [[social stigma]] may also contribute to the development of the fetish for some individuals. Some eproctolagniacs espouse the act of cathartic farting to be seen as an act of [[intimacy]] and breaking down barriers.<ref name="Griffiths2013"></ref> Studies have also shown that olfactory function is associated with sexual [[motivation]] and satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iuliano | first1 = Simone | last2 = Zagari | first2 = Maria C. | last3 = Frasca Polara | first3 = Giuseppe | last4 = Rotella | first4 = Giorgio | last5 = La Vignera | first5 = Sandro | last6 = Greco | first6 = Enrico A. | last7 = Liuzza | first7 = Marco T. | last8 = Aversa | first8 = Antonio | title = Global olfactory function correlates with global sexual functioning in men and women | journal = Minerva Medica | date = December 2023 | volume = 114 | issue = 6 | pages = 785–794 | doi = 10.23736/S0026-4806.23.08753-0 | pmid = 37382520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bendas | first = Julia | last2 = Hummel | first2 = Thomas | last3 = Croy | first3 = Ilona | year = 2018 | title = Olfactory function relates to sexual experience in adults | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1333–1339 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1203-x | pmid = 29721723 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siegel | first1 = Jason K. | last2 = Kung | first2 = Shanna Y. | last3 = Wroblewski | first3 = Kristen E. | last4 = Kern | first4 = David W. | last5 = McClintock | first5 = Martha K. | last6 = Pinto | first6 = Jayant M. | title = Olfaction Is Associated With Sexual Motivation and Satisfaction in Older Men and Women | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = February 2021 | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.002 | pmid = 33423973 | pmc = 8694566 }}</ref> It is therefore plausible that olfactory stimuli, particularly those associated with early childhood experiences, may play a role in the development of eproctophilic arousal. [[Traumatic brain injury|Brain injuries]] and [[multiple sclerosis]] may lead one to spontaneously acquire paraphilias,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=E. M. |last2=Frohman |first2=T. C. |last3=Moreault |first3=A. M. |title=Acquired Sexual Paraphilia in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1006–1010 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/archneur.59.6.1006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bianchi-Demicheli | first = F. | last2 = Rollini | first2 = C. | last3 = Lovblad | first3 = K. | last4 = Ortigue | first4 = S. | title = “Sleeping Beauty paraphilia”: deviant desire in the context of bodily self-image disturbance in a patient with a fronto-parietal traumatic brain injury | journal = Medical Science Monitor | year = 2010 | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = CS15–CS17 | pmid = 20110923 }}</ref><ref name="Langevin1992">{{cite journal | last = Langevin | first = R. | title = Biological Factors Contributing to Paraphiliac Behavior | journal = Psychiatric Annals | date = June 1992 | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 307, 309–314 | url = https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/biological-factors-contributing-paraphiliac-behavior | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> such as eproctophilia. However, no singular cause has been definitively established. The heterogeneity in its manifestation suggests that multiple psychological and developmental factors may be involved, as with other fetishes. ==As a paraphilic disorder== {{Infobox medical condition | name = Eproctophilia | synonyms = Flatus fetishism, flatulophilia, eproctolagnia | field = [[Psychiatry]]; Clinical psychology | symptoms = Arousal from feeling, hearing, smelling, or watching flatulence | treatment = Cognitive‑behavioral therapy; psychoeducation }} It is important to note that having a fart fetish is not [[Recognition|recognized]] to be a [[Mental illness|disorder]]. [[Treatment]] for eproctophilia is generally not needed unless it starts becoming a [[problem]] or is ego-dystonic. Therapeutic interventions are primarily focused on reducing internalized shame and facilitating social reintegration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paraphilias: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1138809185|editor-last=Beetz|editor-first=A. M.}}</ref> In severe cases, eproctolagniacs may be [[Anhedonia|unable to derive sexual gratification]] unless their partner consecutively and sonorously farts, which can present challenges if they are unable to do so. This might pressure the farting partner to eat more gas producing [[food]] or [[Air pump|pump air]] into their anus to satisfy the eproctolagniac, which can pose [[health]] problems. In cases like these, the eproctolagniac may be [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosed]] with fetishism disorder under [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]-5, as the fetish is coupled with significant [[Distress (medicine)|distress]] or [[Danger|peril]]. A fart fetish frequently co-occurs with compulsive sexual behavior disorder and is often accompanied by comorbid psychopathologies, including autism, [[depression (mental illness)|depressive]], and [[anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="Kafka2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kafka | first1 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Axis I psychiatric disorders, paraphilic sexual offending and implications for pharmacological treatment | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 255–261 | pmid = 23585462 }}</ref><ref name="Abrams2023">{{cite thesis | last = Abrams | first = Dylan H. | year = 2023 | title = Examining the Prevalence and Psychopathological Correlates of Paraphilic Interests in a Non-clinical Sample | type = Master’s thesis | institution= Graduate Center, City University of New York | url = https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/5462 | access-date= 2025-06-07 }}</ref><ref name="Briken2024">{{cite journal | last1 = Briken | first1 = P. | last2 = Bothe | first2 = B. | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = J. | last4 = Coleman | first4 = E. | last5 = Giraldi | first5 = A. | last6 = Kraus | first6 = S. W. | last7 = Lew-Starowicz | first7 = M. | last8 = Pfaus | first8 = J. G. | year = 2024 | title = Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective | journal = Sexual Medicine Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–370 | doi = 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae014 }}</ref> If one with a fart fetish wants to ameliorate their condition, they can get professional mental [[help]]. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) has been the primary source to address maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, such as eproctophilia.<ref name="Kaplan2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = R. B. | title = Cognitive-behavioral treatment of the paraphilias | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | year = 2012 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–296 | pmid = 23585466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eproctophilia: treatment and causes |url=https://www.mentesabiertaspsicologia.com/blog-psicologia/eproctophilia-treatment-and-causes |website=Mentes Abiertas Psicología |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Techniques include cognitive restructuring, behavioral rehearsal, and teaching eproctolagniacs to identify and cope with factors that make relapsing imminent. Treatment could also include redirecting [[Masturbation|masturbatory]] [[Sexual fantasy|fantasies]] to conventional ones. In some cases, CBT can be used in combination with [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coskun | first1 = Murat | last2 = Ozturk | first2 = Mucahit | title = Sexual Fetishism in Adolescence: Report of Two Cases | journal = Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–205 | date = 2013-06-01 | doi = 10.5350/DAJPN2013260210 | url = https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1587029640-en.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guay | first1 = David R. P. | title = Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–31 | date = 2009-01-01 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 | pmid = 19243704 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243704/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref name="SpringerCh255">{{cite book | last1 = Malandain | first1 = Leo | last2 = Chagraoui | first2 = Abdeslam | last3 = Thibaut | first3 = Florence | chapter = Psychopharmacotherapy of Sexual Disorders | editor1-last = Riederer | editor1-first= Peter | editor2-last = Laux | editor2-first= Gerd | editor3-last = Nagatsu | editor3-first= Toshiharu | editor4-last = Le | editor4-first= Weidong | editor5-last = Riederer | editor5-first= Christian | title = NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy | series = Reference work | publisher = Springer Cham | year = 2022 | pages = 4171–4206 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | isbn = 978-3-030-62059-2 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Naltrexone]] has been tried for compulsive sexual behaviour and paraphilic behaviour, based on the idea of dampering reward-seeking behaviour in behavioural [[addiction]] or treating concurrent addictions.<ref name="Raymond2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Nancy C. | last2 = Grant | first2 = Jon E. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = Eli | title = Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: A case series | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | date = February 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–62 | url = https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmc/acp/2010/00000022/00000001/art00008 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Savard2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Savard | first1 = J. | last2 = Öberg | first2 = K. G. | last3 = Chatzittofis | first3 = A. | last4 = Dhejne | first4 = C. | last5 = Arver | first5 = S. | last6 = Jokinen | first6 = J. | title = Naltrexone in compulsive sexual behavior disorder: A feasibility study of twenty men | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = August 2020 | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1544–1552 | doi = <!-- Add DOI if available --> | url = https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/17/8/1544/6973797 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Convert sensitization methods such as aversion therapy can be used to reduce compulsive behaviors by applying negative punishments.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Callahan | first1=E. J. | last2=Leitenberg | first2=H. | title=Aversion therapy for sexual deviation: Contingent shock and covert sensitization | journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume=81 | issue=1 | pages=60–73 | year=1973 | doi=10.1037/h0034025 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034025 }}</ref> Its use is associated with lower recidivism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Culos | first1 = Camille | last2 = Di Grazia | first2 = Marco | last3 = Meneguzzo | first3 = Paola | title = Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic Review and Insights | journal = Journal of Clinical Medicine | date = 7 March 2024 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1524 | doi = 10.3390/jcm13061524 | pmid = 38541750 | pmc = 10971111 }}</ref> Eproctolagniacs with childhood trauma may be treated with Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to mitigate their underlying trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = de Jongh | first1 = Ad | last2 = de Roos | first2 = Carlijn | last3 = El-Leithy | first3 = S. | title = State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–216 | date = April 2024 | doi = 10.1002/jts.23012 | pmid = 38282286 | publication-date = 2024-01-28 }}</ref> Research suggests repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may help reduce sexual compulsivity in individuals with paraphilic disorders by targeting brain regions implicated in inhibitory control, particularly the cortical nodes in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop such as the dorsolateral [[Pre-frontal cortex|prefontal cortex]] (DLPFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schecklmann | first1 = Martin | last2 = Sakreida | first2 = Katrin | last3 = Oblinger | first3 = Britta | last4 = Langguth | first4 = Berthold | last5 = Poeppl | first5 = Timm B. | title = Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Tool to Reduce Sexual Arousal: A Proof of Concept Study | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1553–1559 | date = August 2020 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.002 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609520306093 | issn = 1743-6095 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tripathi | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = A. | last3 = Singh | first3 = H. | last4 = Kar | first4 = S. K. | title = Successful use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in difficult to treat hypersexual disorder | journal = Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–209 | date = July–September 2016 | doi = 10.4103/0974-1208.192074 | pmid = 27803590 | pmc = 5070404 }} </ref> This noninvasive intervention may help eproctolagniacs control their sexual impulses to fart-related stimuli by inhibiting the SMA and exciting the right DLPCF under IRB approval. As a last resort, chemical [[castration]] may be employed through the use of [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone|luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone]] (LHRH) [[agonist|agonists]] or antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradford |first=J. M. |title=The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual behaviour |journal=Can J Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=26–34 |year=2001 |doi=10.1177/070674370104600104 |pmid=11221487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garcia | first1 = Frederico D. | last2 = Thibaut | first2 = Florence | title = Current concepts in the pharmacotherapy of paraphilias | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 771–790 | date = 2011-04-16 | doi = 10.2165/11585490-000000000-00000 | pmid = 21504253 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21504253/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref> They should be considered only in cases where the eproctolagniac's behaviours pose a significant risk to themselves or others, and when less invasive treatments have been ineffective, as the use of chemical castrations methods may come along with problematic side effects such as [[osteoporosis]] and [[Liver disease|liver dysfunction]]. All in all, the [[prognosis]] of eproctophilia is poor. Fart fetishism is generally considered unalterable and life-long,<ref name="SetoAhmed2014">{{cite journal|first1=Michael C.|last1=Seto|authorlink1=Michael C. Seto|first2=AG|last2=Ahmed|title=Treatment and management of child pornography use|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=37|issue=2|pages=207–214|year=2014|pmid=24877707|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 157 | issue = 5 | pages = 838 | date = May 2000 | url = https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612020545/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-date = 12 June 2011 | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> but CBT can help reduce negative [[symptoms]] and [[criminal]] [[behaviour]]. There are no significant studies specifically focused on fart fetishism. Still, it is considered one of the many forms of sexual interest that can be classified as a paraphilia, which refers to unusual sexual preferences. Fart fetishism typically becomes more noticeable in [[adulthood]], though the specific causes or origins of this interest are not very well understood. == Cultural and social context== Flatulence (and, more broadly, fart fetishism) is often viewed negatively in virtually every [[culture]], contributing to the taboo surrounding eproctophilia. In many [[Society|societies]], flatulence is considered socially inappropriate or [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], which may intensify the fetishistic allure for some individuals (abjection). On the contrary, the stigma may lead some individuals with this fetish to feel [[Social isolation|isolated]] or reluctant to discuss their [[Interest (emotion)|interests]] openly.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Combridge | first1 = Kirra | last2 = Lastella | first2 = Michele | title = Stigmatisation of People with Deviant Sexual Interest: A Comparative Study | journal = Sexes | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–25 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.3390/sexes4010002 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5118/4/1/2 | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> They may cope with farts, perpetuating a self-reinforcing cycle that exacerbates eproctophilia. When eproctolagniacs pose a risk to others, therapists may be legally compelled to report such behaviour to authorities under mandatory reporting laws. This may impede their access to treatment, a crucial safeguard against the commission of sexual offenses. Although it is not widely [[Conversation|discussed]], it [[Existence|exists]] as part of the diversity of [[human]] [[Sexual orientation|sexual preferences]]. In the works of the English writer Thomas d'Urfey, only women were depicted as farting, reflecting the [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] [[gender]] pigeonhole that women were objects of casual sexual desire.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pittaway | first = Ian | title = "A brief history of farting in early music and literature" | website = Early Music Muse | date = 3 January 2025 | orig-date = 27 July 2016 | url = https://earlymusicmuse.com/a-brief-history-of-farting/ | access-date= 10 June 2025 }}</ref> His most famous musical hit was "The Fart", followed by "The Second Part of The Fart". During the [[Augustan literature|British Augustan]] age, there were several erotic flatulence-related [[Fictional character|characters]] circulated clandestinely in underground [[pamphlets]]. For example, the characters “Miss-Pop fart”, "Mrs. Tickle-Fart", “Madam Rousing Fart”, and "Tabitha Turnip-Fart" appeared in some Augustan [[Erotica|eroticas]].<ref name="Barchas2024">{{Cite book | last = Barchas | first = Janine | editor1-last = Pettit | editor1-first = Alexander | editor2-last = Spedding | editor2-first = Patrick | title = Eighteenth-Century British Erotica, Part II, Volume 1 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = London | year = 2024 | isbn = 9781040238424 | url = https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781040238424_A49445550/preview-9781040238424_A49445550.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> Notable among these pamphlets is ''The Benefit of Farting Explain'd'',<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Puff-Indorst | first1 = Don Fartinando | last2 = Swift | first2 = Jonathan | last3 = Fizzle | first3 = Obadiah | title = ''The Benefit of Farting Explain’d : Or, the Fundament-All Cause of the Distempers Incident to the Fair-Sex, Enquired into. Proving à Posteriori Most of the Dis-Ordures In-Tail’d upon Them, Are Owing to Flatulencies Not Seasonably Vented. Wrote in Spanish by Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow. And Translated into English at the Request, and for the Use, of the Lady Damp-Fart of Her-Fart-Shire. By Obadiah Fizzle, Groom of the Stool to the Princess of Arsimini in Sardinia.'' | place = Longford in Ireland [i.e. London] | publisher = Simon Bumbubbard | year = 1722 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&amp;docType=ECCOArticles&amp;bookId=0092301100&amp;type=getFullCitation&amp;tabID=T001&amp;prodId=ECCO&amp;docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&amp;version=1.0&amp;source=library | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a pseudomedical pamphlet published in 1722 that argued for the therapeutic necessity of farting, particularly in women. That same year saw the publication of ''Arse Musica; or, The Lady’s Back Report to Don Fart-in-hand-o Puff-in dorst'', a flatulent parody of [[Italy|Italian]] opera that celebrated the aesthetic pleasures of bodily emissions coming from the anus. This was followed by ''The Beau's Miscellany'',<ref>{{cite book | title = ''The Beau's Miscellany: Being a New and Curious Collection of Amorous Tales, Diverting Song, and Entertaining Poems. Part II.'' | editor = Various Hands | place = London | publisher = A. Moore | date = 1731 <!-- imprint undated; ESTC suggests [1731?] --> | format = Duodecimo | series = ECCO – BOD | id = ESTC T80397; EEBO CW3312781141 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3312781141 | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a collection of verse and prose where in flatulence serves as a titillating motif and de facto [[comedy|comedic relief]]. Collectively, these texts exemplify an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightment]]-era libertine tradition in which farting was also seen as erotic by some. A depiction of eproctophilia appears in the Marquis de Sade unfinished novel ''The 120 Days of Sodom'', written in 1785 and published in 1904 after its manuscript was rediscovered. The book describes the activities of four wealthy libertine Frenchmen who spend four months seeking the ultimate sexual gratification through orgies, including eproctophilic activities. One episode describes a character who “knelt down before that decrepit bum and kissed it lovingly; farts were blown up his nose, he waxed ecstatic…,” illustrating vivid exploitation of flatulence as sexual stimulus.<ref name="SadeSupervert">{{cite web |last = Sade |first = Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de |title = ''The 120 Days of Sodom'' |url = https://16beavergroup.org/pdf/120_days_of_sodom.pdf |publisher = Supervert 32C Inc. |date = 2002 |format = PDF |page = 125 |access-date= 2025-06-05}}</ref> The [[18th century|eighteenth-century]] discourses of flatulence and female outlawry demonstrate sexual experimentation and the possible existence of eproctophilia throughout [[history]]. [[James Joyce]], the renowned [[Irish people|Irish]] [[author]], exhibited eproctophilic tendencies, as evidenced by his intimate correspondence with Nora Barnacle. James Joyce's intimate [[letter|letters]] to Nora Barnacle revealed his fascination with her farts, as he expressed a [[desire]] to hear her "tiny little naughty farties" and described them as "fat dirty farts".<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Gilbert | editor-first = Stuart | author-last = Joyce | author-first = James | title = Letters of James Joyce | publisher = Viking Press; Faber & Faber | location = New York; London | date = 1957–1966 | oclc = 2397715 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-of-james-joyce/oclc/2397715 | access-date = 7 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = James Joyce’s Love Letters to Nora Barnacle, His ‘Dirty Little Fuckbird.’ | date = 2021-07-28 | website = The Paris Review | url = https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/02/james-joyces-love-letters-dirty-little-fuckbird/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> In modern day, a notable incident is when the former reality television star from the [[United States]], Stephanie Matto, was [[hospital|hospitalized]] after adopting a high-[[protein]] and high-[[fiber]] bdolotic [[diet]] to accommodate her [[business]] of [[jar|jars]] containing her farts. This practice eventually led her to [[dyspnea|difficulty breathing]] caused by excessive gas accumulation.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Bruce Y. | title = 90 Day Fiancé Star Sells Her Farts in Jars Then Suffers Health Scare | website = Forbes | publisher = Forbes Magazine | date = 8 January 2022 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2022/01/08/90-day-fianc-star-sells-farts-in-jars-then-suffers-health-scare/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> In March 2025, [[DC Comics]] released the one-short ''Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly'', which centers its plot entirely on flatulence and included a built-in [[scratch-and-sniff]] feature. Some reviewers argued that the comic functioned more as a fart-fetish comic than a traditional [[superhero]] story, with its prolonged focus on flatulence and visceral imagery as evidence of fetishistic intent rather than typical hero action.<ref>{{cite web | last=Luken | first=Jackson | date=26 March 2025 | title=Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 review | website=Batman News | url=https://batman-news.com/2025/03/26/harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-review/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Goldfield | first=Ray | date=26 March 2025 | title=Review – Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 – Yep, That’s the Title | website=GeekDad | url=https://geekdad.com/2025/03/review-harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-yep-thats-the-title/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], the production [[company]] MFX Media makes fetish [[videos]] that include fart-fetish content. The company gained international attention after it released a [[coprophilia|coprophiliic]] video titled "[[2 Girls 1 Cup]]". The video showed extreme fetish acts and was made by MFX Media's director, Marco Antônio Fiorito. Fiorito described himself as a "compulsive fetishist" and began making fetish [[films]] in the [[1990s]]. Some of his films have caused legal issues in the US, where [[Authority|authorities]] considered them [[Obscenity|obscene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Pornography and The Criminal Justice System|last=Cusack|first=Carmen M.|date=3 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482260021|page=49}}</ref> In the United States, distribution of eproctophilic content may technically be [[prosecutor|prosecuted]] as obscene if it satisfies all three prongs of the Miller test: it appeals to the prurient interest, depicts excretory functions in a patently offensive way, and lacks serious [[literary]], artistic, [[political]], or [[scientific]] value. Given the taboo and stigmatization of eproctophilia, and that flatulence is an excretory function, such content would likely be considered patently offensive by community standards. However, obscenity prosecutions for adult material have become extremely rare in recent years as the Department of Justice is directing its efforts to [[Child sexual abuse|child‐exploitation]] cases rather than adult obscenity.<ref name="Gerstein">{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |title=Holder accused of neglecting porn fight |newspaper=Politico |date=April 16, 2011 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/holder-accused-of-neglecting-porn-053314}}</ref><ref name="QuietCrisis">{{cite report |title=The Quiet Crisis: Uncovering the DOJ’s Failure to Tackle Obscenity |publisher=InternetSafety101.org |date=November 9, 2023 |url=https://internetsafety101.org/objects/EIE-Obscenity-paper-11-09-2023.pdf }}</ref> While content depicting eproctophilia in a sexual manner without serious value would likely be adjured obscene and consequently illegal to distribute or sell in the United States, in practice no such prosecutions occur. The private possession of eproctophilic content in the US is legal under Stanley v. Georgia. The host of the Fart Fetish Podcast, Raj Jawa, postulated that since eproctophilia involves sexual conditioning to fart-related alliesthetic visceral cues, it would be mediated via the insula's interoceptive circuitry.<ref name="EproctophiliaOpinion">{{cite web | last1 = Jawa | first1 = Raj | title = Eproctophilia Is Not a Perversion or a Paraphilia | url = https://eproctophilia.org/PDF/eproctophiliaisnotapervsionoraparaphilia..pdf | website = Eproctophilia.org | format = PDF | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Vagal afferents transmit [[enteric nervous system]] signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius, which regulates dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and ventral tegmental area neurons.<ref name="Breit2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Breit | first1 = Sigrid | last2 = Kupferberg | first2 = Aleksandra | last3 = Rogler | first3 = Gerhard | last4 = Hasler | first4 = Gregor | title = Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | year = 2018 | volume = 9 | pages = 44 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044/full | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Colonic enterochromaffin cells in the gut epithelium and gut microbiota synthesize 90% of the human body's serotonin and significant portions of other monoamines.<ref name="SerotoninMetabolismSD">{{cite web | title = Serotonin Metabolism | work = Topics in Immunology and Microbiology | publisher = Elsevier (ScienceDirect) | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/serotonin-metabolism | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> The ENS contains specialized mechanosensitive and chemosensitive neurons that detect gas pressure, pH indications and the slightest indication of a fart building up. Any ENS-driven perturbation in peripheral monoamines triggered by sexual arousal of flatulence or dysbiosis could worsen maladaptive central monoaminergic states such as hyperdominergic rewards response for fart stimuli or serotonergic–noradrenergic driven fixations which could underpin compulsive sexual focus on flatulence.<ref name="Kamenskov2019"/> The ENS exhibits activity-dependent plasticity;<ref name="Giaroni1999">Giaroni C, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Lecchini S, Frigo G (December 1999). "Plasticity in the enteric nervous system". ''Gastroenterology''. '''117''' (6): 1438–1458. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70295-7. PMID 10579986.</ref><ref name="Schaefer2009">Schäfer KH, Van Ginneken C, Copray S (2009). "Plasticity and neural stem cells in the enteric nervous system". ''Anatomical Record''. 292 (12): 1940–1952. doi:10.1002/ar.21033. PMID 19943347.</ref> consequently, repeated pairings of flatulence and [[orgasm]] may sensitize enteric reflex circuits, thereby amplifying ENS-mediated perturbations and intensifying eproctophilic reward circuits. Additionally, the anterior insular cortex anatomically and functionally sits at the nexus of interoceptive processing and limbic-reward pathways.<ref name="Gogolla2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Gogolla | first1 = Nadine | title = The insular cortex | journal = Current Biology | date = 19 June 2017 | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = R580–R586 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.010 | pmid = 28633023 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217305468 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> It maintains dense reciprocal connections with regions established as the neural substrates of sexual desire, such as the [[amygdala]], [[hypothalamus]], nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref name="Calabro2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Calabrò | first1 = Rocco S. | last2 = Cacciola | first2 = Alberto | last3 = Bruschetta | first3 = Daniele | last4 = Milardi | first4 = Demetrio | last5 = Quattrini | first5 = Fabrizio | last6 = Sciarrone | first6 = Francesca | last7 = La Rosa | first7 = Gianluca | last8 = Bramanti | first8 = Placido | last9 = Anastasi | first9 = Giuseppe | title = Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? | journal = Brain and Behavior | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = e01389 | doi = 10.1002/brb3.1389 | pmid = 31568703 | pmc = PMC6908863 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908863/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Haber2011">{{cite book | last1 = Haber | first1 = Suzanne N. | editor1-last = Gottfried | editor1-first= Jay A. | chapter = 11 | title = Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum | publisher = CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location = Boca Raton, FL | year = 2011 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> In a fart fetish, aberrant visceral interoceptive signals encoded in the ENS are relayed via the vagus are mapped in the insula as salient internal states. The insula routes the signals into adjacent sexual-arousals circuits. Therefore flatulence-related interoceptive cues acquire a direct path to the brain's sexual pathway. Orgasmic [[oxytocin]] amplifies and disinhibits the mesolimbic reward circuits,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petersson |first=Maria |last2=Uvnäs-Moberg |first2=Kerstin |title=Interactions of Oxytocin and Dopamine—Effects on Behavior in Health and Disease |journal=Biomedicines |volume=12 |issue=11 |year=2024 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines12112440 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/11/2440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pfaus |first=James G. |title=Orgasms, Sexual Pleasure, and Opioid Reward Mechanisms |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |year=2025 |doi=10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023 |url=https://academic.oup.com/smr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023/8127191}}</ref> promoting sexual reinforcement of flatulent stimuli. This can contribute to the poor prognosis of fart fetishism. Research has shown that trace amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]] may prevent [[mitochondrial]] damage in [[cells]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Brian | last2 = Bhattacharya | first2 = Rajat | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = Priyabrata | year = 2019 | title = Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 12 | pages = 13098–13125 | doi = 10.1096/fj.201901304R | pmid = 31648556 | pmc = PMC6894098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Paul | first1 = Biswanath D. | last2 = Snyder | first2 = Solomon H. | last3 = Kashfi | first3 = Kamal | title = Effects of hydrogen sulfide on mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics | journal = Redox Biology | date = January 2021 | volume = 38 | pages = 101772 | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101772 | pmid = 33137711 | pmc = 7606857 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Fu | first = Ming | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Weihua | last3 = Wu | first3 = Lingyun | last4 = Yang | first4 = Guangdong | last5 = Li | first5 = Hongzhu | last6 = Wang | first6 = Rui | year = 2012 | title = Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 8 | pages = 2943–2948 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1115634109 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lam | first = Michael | last2 = Lam | first2 = Justin | date = 2024-03-05 | title = Secret of Smelling Farts: Unexpected Benefits of Flatulence Magic | website = Dr. Lam Coaching | url = https://www.drlamcoaching.com/blog/the-benefits-of-smelling-farts-is-this-a-bad-joke/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> This has led to the erroneous belief that smelling farts could have health benefits. As with all sexual preferences, the key to a healthy experience is mutual [[consent]], [[respect]], and [[communication]] between individuals involved. Non-consensual exposure or involving non-consenting individuals is highly [[Ethics|unethical]] and generally [[Law|illegal]]. == Related pages == *[[Flatulence]] *[[Coprophilia]] *[[Paraphilia]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] *[[Feces]] *[[Foot odor]] *[[Human sexuality]] *[[BDSM]] *[[Social stigma]] *[[Mental illness]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Love |first=Brenda |title=Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1992 |isbn=9781569800119}} ==Other websites== *[[wikt:eproctophilia|Eproctophilia]] *[https://eproctophilia.org/ Eproctophilia.org] *[https://fartfetish.podbean.com/ Fart Fetish Podcast] {{medical resources | ICD10 = [https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.8 F65.8 – Other paraphilias] | MeshID = D005329 }} {{Mental disorders}} {{sex-stub}} [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:BDSM]] [[Category:Paraphilias]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Flatulence]] 1fzo5qx0jcis36vf4yeas3zlnllqvbm 10331611 10331601 2025-06-15T08:52:06Z FreakBobby 1629719 10331611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=March 2025}} [[File:Facesitting9.jpg|thumb|[[Facesitting]] is a common practice used by those with eproctophilia where the [[BDSM|dominant]] [[Sexual partner|partner]] sits on the submissive [[victim]] and expels gas directly on their [[ear]], [[mouth]], [[nose]], [[penis]], [[tongue]], or [[vagina]]|155x155px]] A '''fart fetish''', or '''eproctophilia,''' is a [[paraphilia]] or [[Libido|attraction]] to the [[sound]], [[Odor|smell]] (''flatophilia''),<ref>{{cite web | last = Bregón | first = Taty Brugés | date = 30 July 2021 | title = Sextionary 2021, Let’s Enrich Our Sexual Vocabulary! | website = Sin Recato – Las cosas por su nombre | url = https://www.sinrecato.com/sextionary-2021-lets-enrich-our-sexual-vocabulary/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> or act of passing gas ([[flatulence]]).<ref>{{cite web | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | year = 2012 | title = Farting company: The strange world of eproctophilia | url = https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/farting-company-the-strange-world-of-eproctophilia/ | website = drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> People with this fetish find [[arousal]] from hearing a fart, the feeling of a fart caressing their [[skin]], from the [[idea]] of farting themselves (Erotic Target Location Error),<ref name = Lawrence2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = A. A. | title = Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension | doi = 10.1080/00224490902747727 | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 46 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 194–215 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19308843 | s2cid = 10105602 }}</ref> and/or from the specific sounds and/or smells associated with it. They often incorporate farts into their [[sexual]] [[Experience|experiences]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Sparks | first = Hannah | date = 2024-11-10 | title = I’m a sexual perversion expert - these are the weirdest fetishes I’ve ever studied | newspaper = New York Post | url = https://nypost.com/2024/11/10/lifestyle/sexual-perversion-expert-reveals-the-weirdest-fetishes-studied/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> examples being when a braphog [[dominatrix]] farts on a submissive [[Man|man’s]] penis or when a dominant man farts on a submissive [[Woman|woman’s]] vagina. ==Etymology== The [[neologism]] ''eproctophilia'' is formed from three parts: * [[Latin]] [[prefix]] ''e-'' – a formative element (here serving to link the root and suffix) * [[Ancient Greece|Ancient]] [[Greek language|Greek]] [[noun]] ''πρωκτός'' (prōktós) – “anus” * Greek suffix ''-φιλία'' (-philia) – “[[love]]” or “affection” Then, ''eproctophilia'' etymologically means “love of the anus”. However, in its actual usage it denotes a paraphilic interest in flatulence rather than an attraction to the anatomical anus per se. The term was coined by the sexologist Brenda J. Love in her 1992 ''Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices.'' ==Characteristics== For an eproctolagniac (a person who suffers from fart fetishism), some points of attraction include the level of odor, the sound level, and the [[time|duration]] of the fart. Most eproctolagniacs are aroused by the person farting, rather than the fart itself. Fart fetishism may also be known to be valued as means of [[masochism|sadomasochism]] and [[humiliation]].<ref name="Griffiths2013">{{cite journal | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | title = Eproctophilia in a young adult male: A case study | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | year = 2013 | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 847–849 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0105-9 | pmid = 23408258 }}</ref> It is a common form of olfactophilia (odor fetishism). The fetish can vary greatly. Some eproctolagniacs may be attracted to the art of farting in private or [[public]] settings. In contrast, others may [[Happiness|enjoy]] the [[Social interaction|interaction]] between other [[Partnership|partners]] who fart or [[talk]] about farts in a sexual context. Eproctolagniacs may deliberately consume inulin to produce more intestinal gas. Inulin is contraindicated in individuals with an allergy to it, as it may cause stomach inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inulin fibre promotes microbiota-derived bile acids and type 2 inflammation | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05380-y |volume=611|journal=Nature |pages=578–584 |year=2022| last1 = Arifuzzaman| first1 =Mohammad| issue=7936 | pmid=36323778 | bibcode=2022Natur.611..578A | s2cid=253266833 | pmc=10576985 }}</ref> Some may derive intense [[pleasure]] from using public [[restrooms]] due to the [[Sensory system|sensual]] [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Aggrawal | first = Anil | year = 2009 | title = Forensic and Medico-Legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 9781420043082 }}</ref> ==Prevalence== Eproctophilia is considered very rare, and [[Empiricism|empirical]] [[data]] on its prevalence is limited. It may be more common in men than in women.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/paraphilias-overview | title = Paraphilias | agency = WebMD LLC | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 10 November 2024 | access-date = 13 April 2025 }}</ref> In a representative survey of 1,040 adults in [[Quebec]], 15.9% of respondents indicated an interest in fetishistic behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyal |first1=Christian C. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Julie |title=The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |year=2017 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034 |pmid=26941021 }}</ref> This could suggest fart fetishism is more common, however, there are no direct prevalence estimate exists for eproctophilia alone. It is posited that there exists a link between [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and olfactophilia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellemans |first1=H. |last2=Roeyers |first2=H. |last3=Leplae |first3=W. |title=Sexual Behavior in Male Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Borderline/Mild Mental Retardation |journal=Sexuality and Disability |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s11195-009-9145-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motamed |first1=M. |last2=Hajikarim-Hamedani |first2=A. |last3=Fakhrian |first3=A. |title=A systematic review of sexual health, knowledge, and behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=25 |page=410 |year=2025 |doi=10.1186/s12888-025-06836-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Allely |first=C. S. |title=Autism spectrum disorder, bestiality and zoophilia: a systematic PRISMA review |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=75–91 |year=2020 |doi=10.1108/JIDOB-06-2019-0012 }}</ref> the superset of eproctophilia. Theoretically, this could stem from their propensity for repetitive patterns of behaviour, their characteristic social deficit,<ref name="Reardon2025">{{cite web | last1 = Reardon | first1 = Claudia L. | last2 = Bienenfeld | first2 = David | title = Paraphilic Disorders: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology | website = Medscape | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 15 April 2025 | url = https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291419-overview | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> or lack of specialized education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beddows |first1=N. |last2=Brooks |first2=R. |title=Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why |journal=Early Intervention in Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=282–289 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/eip.12265 |pmid=26265030 }}</ref><ref name="Kalyva2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Kalyva | first1 = E. | year = 2010 | title = Teachers’ perspectives of the sexuality of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–437 | doi = 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.014 }}</ref> Individuals with ASD often exhibit aberrant olfactory processing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozenkrantz |first1=L. |last2=Zachor |first2=D. |last3=Heller |first3=I. |last4=Plotkin |first4=A. |last5=Weissbrod |first5=A. |last6=Snitz |first6=K. |last7=Secundo |first7=L. |last8=Sobel |first8=N. |title=A Mechanistic Link between Olfaction and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=1904–1910 |year=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.048 |pmid=26144969 |pmc=PMC4518448 }}</ref> characterized by heightened sensitivity, diminished discrimination, or atypical hedonic valuation of odors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hrdlicka |first1=M. |last2=Vodicka |first2=J. |last3=Havlovicova |first3=M. |last4=Urbanek |first4=T. |last5=Blatny |first5=M. |last6=Dudova |first6=I. |title=Brief report: significant differences in perceived odor pleasantness found in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=524–527 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1084-x |pmid=20697793 }}</ref> which may predispose them to the emergence of eproctophilic interests centered on olfactory cues. ==Causes== Some experts believe this behaviour is [[Causality|caused]] by [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] [[childhood]] experiences alongside behavioural [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Longpré | first = Nicholas | last2 = Burdis Galiano | first2 = Courtney | last3 = Guay | first3 = Jean-Pierre | year = 2022 | title = The impact of childhood trauma, personality, and sexuality on the development of paraphilias | journal = Journal of Criminal Justice | volume = 82 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101981 | issn = 0047-2352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Eproctophilia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | date = 2019-06-02 | website = Drugstore Online – RXShop.Md | url = https://www.rxshop.md/articles/2019/eproctophilia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ | access-date = 2025-03-23 }}</ref> For example, if the sound or smell of farts is consistently paired with sexual arousal at a presumably young age, then it can form a [[neuron|neural]] pathway where farting can become a trigger for sexual excitement on its own through [[Operant conditioning|operant learning]]. This is called sexual [[Imprinting (ethology)|imprinting]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Darcangelo | first = Shauna | year = 2008 | chapter = Fetishism: Psychopathology and theory | editor-last1 = Laws | editor-first1= D. Richard | editor-last2 = O'Donohue | editor-first2= William T. | title = Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5 | edition = 2nd | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5/page/n123 108]–118 | publisher = The Guilford Press | isbn = 9781593856052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Cole | first = Samantha | date = 2024-08-09 | title = Taking a Long, Deep Sniff of Fart Porn | website = VICE | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/taking-a-long-deep-sniff-of-fart-porn/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> Sexual arousal suppresses disgust,<ref name="Oaten2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Oaten | first1 = M | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = RJ | last3 = Tapp | first3 = C | last4 = Case | first4 = TI | last5 = Cousins | first5 = A | title = The Role of Disgust in Male Sexual Decision‑Making | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | pages = 2602 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02602 | pmid = 30723444 | pmc = 6350445 }}</ref><ref name="Fleischman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Fleischman | first1 = DS | last2 = Hamilton | first2 = LD | last3 = Fessler | first3 = DM | last4 = Meston | first4 = CM | title = Disgust versus Lust: Exploring the Interactions of Disgust and Fear with Sexual Arousal in Women | journal = PLoS ONE | year = 2015 | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0118151 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0118151 | pmid = 26106894 | pmc = 4479551 }}</ref> which facilitates the learned association between flatulence and sexual gratification. Paraphilias have been observed to cluster within families, suggesting a hypothesis of potential familial psychosocial transmission and/or [[gene|genetic]] transmission of paraphilias.<ref name="Labelle2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Labelle | first1 = A | last2 = Bourget | first2 = D | last3 = Bradford | first3 = JM | last4 = Alda | first4 = M | last5 = Tessier | first5 = P | title = Familial paraphilia: a pilot study with the construction of genograms | journal = ISRN Psychiatry | date = 2012-03-04 | volume = 2012 | pages = 692813 | doi = 10.5402/2012/692813 | pmid = 23738209 | pmc = 3658696 }}</ref> A portion of eproctolagniacs may have neurobiological differences,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Kirsten |last2=Fromberger |first2=Peter |last3=Stolpmann |first3=Georg |last4=Müller |first4=Jürgen Leo |title=The role of testosterone in sexuality and paraphilia—A neurobiological approach. Part II: testosterone and paraphilia |journal=J Sex Med |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3008–3029 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02393.x |pmid=21797985}}</ref> such as differences in [[brain]] structure or function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Konrad |last2=Lücker |first2=Erik |last3=Pietrzyk |first3=Ulrike |chapter=Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in assessing sexual preference |editor-last=Thienel |editor-first=Boris |editor-last2=Crépault |editor-first2=Antoine |title=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences |volume=32 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eproctophilia: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment |url=https://psychologyfor.com/eproctophilia-what-it-is-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ |website=Psychology For |date=August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A study of paraphilic individuals revealed elevated levels of central monamines including [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and norepinephrine, along with decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in [[urine]], a principal dopamine metabolite. These suggest neurochemical dysregulation of sexual reward/impulse circuits in paraphilics.<ref name="Kamenskov2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Kamenskov | first1 = M. Yu. | last2 = Gurina | first2 = O. I. | title = Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders | journal = Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova | language = Russian | year = 2019 | volume = 119 | issue = 8 | pages = 61–67 | doi = 10.17116/jnevro201911908161 | pmid = 31626172 }}</ref> Some [[Psychology|psychological]] fixations, possibly related to the [[anal stage|anal stage of psychosexual development]] (ages 1-3) as proposed by [[Sigmund Freud]], may contribute to the emergence of eproctophilia. Put, some eproctolagniacs are aroused by farts because they come from the [[buttocks]], which they find attractive. The [[taboo|taboos]] and [[social stigma]] may also contribute to the development of the fetish for some individuals. Some eproctolagniacs espouse the act of cathartic farting to be seen as an act of [[intimacy]] and breaking down barriers.<ref name="Griffiths2013"></ref> Studies have also shown that olfactory function is associated with sexual [[motivation]] and satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iuliano | first1 = Simone | last2 = Zagari | first2 = Maria C. | last3 = Frasca Polara | first3 = Giuseppe | last4 = Rotella | first4 = Giorgio | last5 = La Vignera | first5 = Sandro | last6 = Greco | first6 = Enrico A. | last7 = Liuzza | first7 = Marco T. | last8 = Aversa | first8 = Antonio | title = Global olfactory function correlates with global sexual functioning in men and women | journal = Minerva Medica | date = December 2023 | volume = 114 | issue = 6 | pages = 785–794 | doi = 10.23736/S0026-4806.23.08753-0 | pmid = 37382520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bendas | first = Julia | last2 = Hummel | first2 = Thomas | last3 = Croy | first3 = Ilona | year = 2018 | title = Olfactory function relates to sexual experience in adults | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1333–1339 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1203-x | pmid = 29721723 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siegel | first1 = Jason K. | last2 = Kung | first2 = Shanna Y. | last3 = Wroblewski | first3 = Kristen E. | last4 = Kern | first4 = David W. | last5 = McClintock | first5 = Martha K. | last6 = Pinto | first6 = Jayant M. | title = Olfaction Is Associated With Sexual Motivation and Satisfaction in Older Men and Women | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = February 2021 | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.002 | pmid = 33423973 | pmc = 8694566 }}</ref> It is therefore plausible that olfactory stimuli, particularly those associated with early childhood experiences, may play a role in the development of eproctophilic arousal. [[Traumatic brain injury|Brain injuries]] and [[multiple sclerosis]] may lead one to spontaneously acquire paraphilias,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=E. M. |last2=Frohman |first2=T. C. |last3=Moreault |first3=A. M. |title=Acquired Sexual Paraphilia in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1006–1010 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/archneur.59.6.1006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bianchi-Demicheli | first = F. | last2 = Rollini | first2 = C. | last3 = Lovblad | first3 = K. | last4 = Ortigue | first4 = S. | title = “Sleeping Beauty paraphilia”: deviant desire in the context of bodily self-image disturbance in a patient with a fronto-parietal traumatic brain injury | journal = Medical Science Monitor | year = 2010 | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = CS15–CS17 | pmid = 20110923 }}</ref><ref name="Langevin1992">{{cite journal | last = Langevin | first = R. | title = Biological Factors Contributing to Paraphiliac Behavior | journal = Psychiatric Annals | date = June 1992 | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 307, 309–314 | url = https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/biological-factors-contributing-paraphiliac-behavior | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> such as eproctophilia. However, no singular cause has been definitively established. The heterogeneity in its manifestation suggests that multiple psychological and developmental factors may be involved, as with other fetishes. ==As a paraphilic disorder== {{Infobox medical condition | name = Eproctophilia | synonyms = Flatus fetishism, flatulophilia, eproctolagnia | field = [[Psychiatry]]; Clinical psychology | symptoms = Arousal from feeling, hearing, smelling, or watching flatulence | treatment = Cognitive‑behavioral therapy; psychoeducation }} It is important to note that having a fart fetish is not [[Recognition|recognized]] to be a [[Mental illness|disorder]]. [[Treatment]] for eproctophilia is generally not needed unless it starts becoming a [[problem]] or is ego-dystonic. Therapeutic interventions are primarily focused on reducing internalized shame and facilitating social reintegration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paraphilias: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1138809185|editor-last=Beetz|editor-first=A. M.}}</ref> In severe cases, eproctolagniacs may be [[Anhedonia|unable to derive sexual gratification]] unless their partner consecutively and sonorously farts, which can present challenges if they are unable to do so. This might pressure the farting partner to eat more gas producing [[food]] or [[Air pump|pump air]] into their anus to satisfy the eproctolagniac, which can pose [[health]] problems. In cases like these, the eproctolagniac may be [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosed]] with fetishism disorder under [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]-5, as the fetish is coupled with significant [[Distress (medicine)|distress]] or [[Danger|peril]]. A fart fetish frequently co-occurs with compulsive sexual behavior disorder and is often accompanied by comorbid psychopathologies, including autism, [[depression (mental illness)|depressive]], and [[anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="Kafka2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kafka | first1 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Axis I psychiatric disorders, paraphilic sexual offending and implications for pharmacological treatment | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 255–261 | pmid = 23585462 }}</ref><ref name="Abrams2023">{{cite thesis | last = Abrams | first = Dylan H. | year = 2023 | title = Examining the Prevalence and Psychopathological Correlates of Paraphilic Interests in a Non-clinical Sample | type = Master’s thesis | institution= Graduate Center, City University of New York | url = https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/5462 | access-date= 2025-06-07 }}</ref><ref name="Briken2024">{{cite journal | last1 = Briken | first1 = P. | last2 = Bothe | first2 = B. | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = J. | last4 = Coleman | first4 = E. | last5 = Giraldi | first5 = A. | last6 = Kraus | first6 = S. W. | last7 = Lew-Starowicz | first7 = M. | last8 = Pfaus | first8 = J. G. | year = 2024 | title = Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective | journal = Sexual Medicine Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–370 | doi = 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae014 }}</ref> If one with a fart fetish wants to ameliorate their condition, they can get professional mental [[help]]. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) has been the primary source to address maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, such as eproctophilia.<ref name="Kaplan2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = R. B. | title = Cognitive-behavioral treatment of the paraphilias | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | year = 2012 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–296 | pmid = 23585466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eproctophilia: treatment and causes |url=https://www.mentesabiertaspsicologia.com/blog-psicologia/eproctophilia-treatment-and-causes |website=Mentes Abiertas Psicología |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Techniques include cognitive restructuring, behavioral rehearsal, and teaching eproctolagniacs to identify and cope with factors that make relapsing imminent. Treatment could also include redirecting [[Masturbation|masturbatory]] [[Sexual fantasy|fantasies]] to conventional ones. In some cases, CBT can be used in combination with [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coskun | first1 = Murat | last2 = Ozturk | first2 = Mucahit | title = Sexual Fetishism in Adolescence: Report of Two Cases | journal = Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–205 | date = 2013-06-01 | doi = 10.5350/DAJPN2013260210 | url = https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1587029640-en.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guay | first1 = David R. P. | title = Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–31 | date = 2009-01-01 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 | pmid = 19243704 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243704/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref name="SpringerCh255">{{cite book | last1 = Malandain | first1 = Leo | last2 = Chagraoui | first2 = Abdeslam | last3 = Thibaut | first3 = Florence | chapter = Psychopharmacotherapy of Sexual Disorders | editor1-last = Riederer | editor1-first= Peter | editor2-last = Laux | editor2-first= Gerd | editor3-last = Nagatsu | editor3-first= Toshiharu | editor4-last = Le | editor4-first= Weidong | editor5-last = Riederer | editor5-first= Christian | title = NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy | series = Reference work | publisher = Springer Cham | year = 2022 | pages = 4171–4206 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | isbn = 978-3-030-62059-2 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Naltrexone]] has been tried for compulsive sexual behaviour and paraphilic behaviour, based on the idea of dampering reward-seeking behaviour in behavioural [[addiction]] or treating concurrent addictions.<ref name="Raymond2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Nancy C. | last2 = Grant | first2 = Jon E. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = Eli | title = Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: A case series | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | date = February 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–62 | url = https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmc/acp/2010/00000022/00000001/art00008 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Savard2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Savard | first1 = J. | last2 = Öberg | first2 = K. G. | last3 = Chatzittofis | first3 = A. | last4 = Dhejne | first4 = C. | last5 = Arver | first5 = S. | last6 = Jokinen | first6 = J. | title = Naltrexone in compulsive sexual behavior disorder: A feasibility study of twenty men | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = August 2020 | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1544–1552 | doi = <!-- Add DOI if available --> | url = https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/17/8/1544/6973797 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Convert sensitization methods such as aversion therapy can be used to reduce compulsive behaviors by applying negative punishments.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Callahan | first1=E. J. | last2=Leitenberg | first2=H. | title=Aversion therapy for sexual deviation: Contingent shock and covert sensitization | journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume=81 | issue=1 | pages=60–73 | year=1973 | doi=10.1037/h0034025 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034025 }}</ref> Its use is associated with lower recidivism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Culos | first1 = Camille | last2 = Di Grazia | first2 = Marco | last3 = Meneguzzo | first3 = Paola | title = Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic Review and Insights | journal = Journal of Clinical Medicine | date = 7 March 2024 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1524 | doi = 10.3390/jcm13061524 | pmid = 38541750 | pmc = 10971111 }}</ref> Eproctolagniacs with childhood trauma may be treated with Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to mitigate their underlying trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = de Jongh | first1 = Ad | last2 = de Roos | first2 = Carlijn | last3 = El-Leithy | first3 = S. | title = State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–216 | date = April 2024 | doi = 10.1002/jts.23012 | pmid = 38282286 | publication-date = 2024-01-28 }}</ref> Research suggests repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may help reduce sexual compulsivity in individuals with paraphilic disorders by targeting brain regions implicated in inhibitory control, particularly the cortical nodes in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop such as the dorsolateral [[Pre-frontal cortex|prefontal cortex]] (DLPFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schecklmann | first1 = Martin | last2 = Sakreida | first2 = Katrin | last3 = Oblinger | first3 = Britta | last4 = Langguth | first4 = Berthold | last5 = Poeppl | first5 = Timm B. | title = Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Tool to Reduce Sexual Arousal: A Proof of Concept Study | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1553–1559 | date = August 2020 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.002 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609520306093 | issn = 1743-6095 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tripathi | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = A. | last3 = Singh | first3 = H. | last4 = Kar | first4 = S. K. | title = Successful use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in difficult to treat hypersexual disorder | journal = Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–209 | date = July–September 2016 | doi = 10.4103/0974-1208.192074 | pmid = 27803590 | pmc = 5070404 }} </ref> This noninvasive intervention may help eproctolagniacs control their sexual impulses to fart-related stimuli by inhibiting the SMA and exciting the right DLPCF under IRB approval. As a last resort, chemical [[castration]] may be employed through the use of [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone|luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone]] (LHRH) [[agonist|agonists]] or antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradford |first=J. M. |title=The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual behaviour |journal=Can J Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=26–34 |year=2001 |doi=10.1177/070674370104600104 |pmid=11221487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garcia | first1 = Frederico D. | last2 = Thibaut | first2 = Florence | title = Current concepts in the pharmacotherapy of paraphilias | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 771–790 | date = 2011-04-16 | doi = 10.2165/11585490-000000000-00000 | pmid = 21504253 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21504253/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref> They should be considered only in cases where the eproctolagniac's behaviours pose a significant risk to themselves or others, and when less invasive treatments have been ineffective, as the use of chemical castrations methods may come along with problematic side effects such as [[osteoporosis]] and [[Liver disease|liver dysfunction]]. All in all, the [[prognosis]] of eproctophilia is poor. Fart fetishism is generally considered unalterable and life-long,<ref name="SetoAhmed2014">{{cite journal|first1=Michael C.|last1=Seto|authorlink1=Michael C. Seto|first2=AG|last2=Ahmed|title=Treatment and management of child pornography use|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=37|issue=2|pages=207–214|year=2014|pmid=24877707|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 157 | issue = 5 | pages = 838 | date = May 2000 | url = https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612020545/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-date = 12 June 2011 | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> but CBT can help reduce negative [[symptoms]] and [[criminal]] [[behaviour]]. There are no significant studies specifically focused on fart fetishism. Still, it is considered one of the many forms of sexual interest that can be classified as a paraphilia, which refers to unusual sexual preferences. Fart fetishism typically becomes more noticeable in [[adulthood]], though the specific causes or origins of this interest are not very well understood. == Cultural and social context== Flatulence (and, more broadly, fart fetishism) is often viewed negatively in virtually every [[culture]], contributing to the taboo surrounding eproctophilia. In many [[Society|societies]], flatulence is considered socially inappropriate or [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], which may intensify the fetishistic allure for some individuals (abjection). On the contrary, the stigma may lead some individuals with this fetish to feel [[Social isolation|isolated]] or reluctant to discuss their [[Interest (emotion)|interests]] openly.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Combridge | first1 = Kirra | last2 = Lastella | first2 = Michele | title = Stigmatisation of People with Deviant Sexual Interest: A Comparative Study | journal = Sexes | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–25 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.3390/sexes4010002 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5118/4/1/2 | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> They may cope with farts, perpetuating a self-reinforcing cycle that exacerbates eproctophilia. When eproctolagniacs pose a risk to others, therapists may be legally compelled to report such behaviour to authorities under mandatory reporting laws. This may impede their access to treatment, a crucial safeguard against the commission of sexual offenses. Although it is not widely [[Conversation|discussed]], it [[Existence|exists]] as part of the diversity of [[human]] [[Sexual orientation|sexual preferences]]. In the works of the English writer Thomas d'Urfey, only women were depicted as farting, reflecting the [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] [[gender]] pigeonhole that women were objects of casual sexual desire.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pittaway | first = Ian | title = "A brief history of farting in early music and literature" | website = Early Music Muse | date = 3 January 2025 | orig-date = 27 July 2016 | url = https://earlymusicmuse.com/a-brief-history-of-farting/ | access-date= 10 June 2025 }}</ref> His most famous musical hit was "The Fart", followed by "The Second Part of The Fart". During the [[Augustan literature|British Augustan]] age, there were several erotic flatulence-related [[Fictional character|characters]] circulated clandestinely in underground [[pamphlets]]. For example, the characters “Miss-Pop fart”, "Mrs. Tickle-Fart", “Madam Rousing Fart”, and "Tabitha Turnip-Fart" appeared in some Augustan [[Erotica|eroticas]].<ref name="Barchas2024">{{Cite book | last = Barchas | first = Janine | editor1-last = Pettit | editor1-first = Alexander | editor2-last = Spedding | editor2-first = Patrick | title = Eighteenth-Century British Erotica, Part II, Volume 1 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = London | year = 2024 | isbn = 9781040238424 | url = https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781040238424_A49445550/preview-9781040238424_A49445550.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> Notable among these pamphlets is ''The Benefit of Farting Explain'd'',<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Puff-Indorst | first1 = Don Fartinando | last2 = Swift | first2 = Jonathan | last3 = Fizzle | first3 = Obadiah | title = ''The Benefit of Farting Explain’d : Or, the Fundament-All Cause of the Distempers Incident to the Fair-Sex, Enquired into. Proving à Posteriori Most of the Dis-Ordures In-Tail’d upon Them, Are Owing to Flatulencies Not Seasonably Vented. Wrote in Spanish by Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow. And Translated into English at the Request, and for the Use, of the Lady Damp-Fart of Her-Fart-Shire. By Obadiah Fizzle, Groom of the Stool to the Princess of Arsimini in Sardinia.'' | place = Longford in Ireland [i.e. London] | publisher = Simon Bumbubbard | year = 1722 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&amp;docType=ECCOArticles&amp;bookId=0092301100&amp;type=getFullCitation&amp;tabID=T001&amp;prodId=ECCO&amp;docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&amp;version=1.0&amp;source=library | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a pseudomedical pamphlet published in 1722 that argued for the therapeutic necessity of farting, particularly in women. That same year saw the publication of ''Arse Musica; or, The Lady’s Back Report to Don Fart-in-hand-o Puff-in dorst'', a flatulent parody of [[Italy|Italian]] opera that celebrated the aesthetic pleasures of bodily emissions coming from the anus. This was followed by ''The Beau's Miscellany'',<ref>{{cite book | title = ''The Beau's Miscellany: Being a New and Curious Collection of Amorous Tales, Diverting Song, and Entertaining Poems. Part II.'' | editor = Various Hands | place = London | publisher = A. Moore | date = 1731 <!-- imprint undated; ESTC suggests [1731?] --> | format = Duodecimo | series = ECCO – BOD | id = ESTC T80397; EEBO CW3312781141 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3312781141 | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a collection of verse and prose where in flatulence serves as a titillating motif and de facto [[comedy|comedic relief]]. Collectively, these texts exemplify an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightment]]-era libertine tradition in which farting was also seen as erotic by some. A depiction of eproctophilia appears in the Marquis de Sade unfinished novel ''The 120 Days of Sodom'', written in 1785 and published in 1904 after its manuscript was rediscovered. The book describes the activities of four wealthy libertine Frenchmen who spend four months seeking the ultimate sexual gratification through orgies, including eproctophilic activities. One episode describes a character who “knelt down before that decrepit bum and kissed it lovingly; farts were blown up his nose, he waxed ecstatic…,” illustrating vivid exploitation of flatulence as sexual stimulus.<ref name="SadeSupervert">{{cite web |last = Sade |first = Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de |title = ''The 120 Days of Sodom'' |url = https://16beavergroup.org/pdf/120_days_of_sodom.pdf |publisher = Supervert 32C Inc. |date = 2002 |format = PDF |page = 125 |access-date= 2025-06-05}}</ref> The [[18th century|eighteenth-century]] discourses of flatulence and female outlawry demonstrate sexual experimentation and the possible existence of eproctophilia throughout [[history]]. [[James Joyce]], the renowned [[Irish people|Irish]] [[author]], exhibited eproctophilic tendencies, as evidenced by his intimate correspondence with Nora Barnacle. James Joyce's intimate [[letter|letters]] to Nora Barnacle revealed his fascination with her farts, as he expressed a [[desire]] to hear her "tiny little naughty farties" and described them as "fat dirty farts".<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Gilbert | editor-first = Stuart | author-last = Joyce | author-first = James | title = Letters of James Joyce | publisher = Viking Press; Faber & Faber | location = New York; London | date = 1957–1966 | oclc = 2397715 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-of-james-joyce/oclc/2397715 | access-date = 7 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = James Joyce’s Love Letters to Nora Barnacle, His ‘Dirty Little Fuckbird.’ | date = 2021-07-28 | website = The Paris Review | url = https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/02/james-joyces-love-letters-dirty-little-fuckbird/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> In modern day, a notable incident is when the former reality television star from the [[United States]], Stephanie Matto, was [[hospital|hospitalized]] after adopting a high-[[protein]] and high-[[fiber]] bdolotic [[diet]] to accommodate her [[business]] of [[jar|jars]] containing her farts. This practice eventually led her to [[dyspnea|difficulty breathing]] caused by excessive gas accumulation.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Bruce Y. | title = 90 Day Fiancé Star Sells Her Farts in Jars Then Suffers Health Scare | website = Forbes | publisher = Forbes Magazine | date = 8 January 2022 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2022/01/08/90-day-fianc-star-sells-farts-in-jars-then-suffers-health-scare/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> In March 2025, [[DC Comics]] released the one-short ''Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly'', which centers its plot entirely on flatulence and included a built-in [[scratch-and-sniff]] feature. Some reviewers argued that the comic functioned more as a fart-fetish comic than a traditional [[superhero]] story, with its prolonged focus on flatulence and visceral imagery as evidence of fetishistic intent rather than typical hero action.<ref>{{cite web | last=Luken | first=Jackson | date=26 March 2025 | title=Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 review | website=Batman News | url=https://batman-news.com/2025/03/26/harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-review/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Goldfield | first=Ray | date=26 March 2025 | title=Review – Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 – Yep, That’s the Title | website=GeekDad | url=https://geekdad.com/2025/03/review-harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-yep-thats-the-title/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], the production [[company]] MFX Media makes fetish [[videos]] that include fart-fetish content. The company gained international attention after it released a [[coprophilia|coprophiliic]] video titled "[[2 Girls 1 Cup]]". The video showed extreme fetish acts and was made by MFX Media's director, Marco Antônio Fiorito. Fiorito described himself as a "compulsive fetishist" and began making fetish [[films]] in the [[1990s]]. Some of his films have caused legal issues in the US, where [[Authority|authorities]] considered them [[Obscenity|obscene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Pornography and The Criminal Justice System|last=Cusack|first=Carmen M.|date=3 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482260021|page=49}}</ref> In the United States, distribution of eproctophilic content may technically be [[prosecutor|prosecuted]] as obscene if it satisfies all three prongs of the Miller test: it appeals to the prurient interest, depicts excretory functions in a patently offensive way, and lacks serious [[literary]], artistic, [[political]], or [[scientific]] value. Given the taboo and stigmatization of eproctophilia, and that flatulence is an excretory function, such content would likely be considered patently offensive by community standards. However, obscenity prosecutions for adult material have become extremely rare in recent years as the Department of Justice is directing its efforts to [[Child sexual abuse|child‐exploitation]] cases rather than adult obscenity.<ref name="Gerstein">{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |title=Holder accused of neglecting porn fight |newspaper=Politico |date=April 16, 2011 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/holder-accused-of-neglecting-porn-053314}}</ref><ref name="QuietCrisis">{{cite report |title=The Quiet Crisis: Uncovering the DOJ’s Failure to Tackle Obscenity |publisher=InternetSafety101.org |date=November 9, 2023 |url=https://internetsafety101.org/objects/EIE-Obscenity-paper-11-09-2023.pdf }}</ref> While content depicting eproctophilia in a sexual manner without serious value would likely be adjured obscene and consequently illegal to distribute or sell in the United States, in practice no such prosecutions occur. The private possession of eproctophilic content in the US is legal under Stanley v. Georgia. The host of the Fart Fetish Podcast, Raj Jawa, postulated that since eproctophilia involves sexual conditioning to fart-related alliesthetic visceral cues, it would be mediated via the insula's interoceptive circuitry.<ref name="EproctophiliaOpinion">{{cite web | last1 = Jawa | first1 = Raj | title = Eproctophilia Is Not a Perversion or a Paraphilia | url = https://eproctophilia.org/PDF/eproctophiliaisnotapervsionoraparaphilia..pdf | website = Eproctophilia.org | format = PDF | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Vagal afferents transmit [[enteric nervous system]] signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius, which regulates dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and ventral tegmental area neurons.<ref name="Breit2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Breit | first1 = Sigrid | last2 = Kupferberg | first2 = Aleksandra | last3 = Rogler | first3 = Gerhard | last4 = Hasler | first4 = Gregor | title = Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | year = 2018 | volume = 9 | pages = 44 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044/full | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Colonic enterochromaffin cells in the gut epithelium and gut microbiota synthesize 90% of the human body's serotonin and significant portions of other monoamines.<ref name="SerotoninMetabolismSD">{{cite web | title = Serotonin Metabolism | work = Topics in Immunology and Microbiology | publisher = Elsevier (ScienceDirect) | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/serotonin-metabolism | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> The ENS contains specialized mechanosensitive and chemosensitive neurons that detect gas pressure, pH indications and the slightest indication of a fart building up. Any ENS-driven perturbation in peripheral monoamines triggered by sexual arousal of flatulence or dysbiosis could worsen maladaptive central monoaminergic states such as hyperdominergic rewards response for fart stimuli or serotonergic–noradrenergic driven fixations which could underpin compulsive sexual focus on flatulence.<ref name="Kamenskov2019"/> The ENS exhibits activity-dependent plasticity;<ref name="Giaroni1999">Giaroni C, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Lecchini S, Frigo G (December 1999). "Plasticity in the enteric nervous system". ''Gastroenterology''. '''117''' (6): 1438–1458. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70295-7. PMID 10579986.</ref><ref name="Schaefer2009">Schäfer KH, Van Ginneken C, Copray S (2009). "Plasticity and neural stem cells in the enteric nervous system". ''Anatomical Record''. 292 (12): 1940–1952. doi:10.1002/ar.21033. PMID 19943347.</ref> consequently, repeated pairings of flatulence and [[orgasm]] may sensitize enteric reflex circuits, thereby amplifying ENS-mediated perturbations and intensifying eproctophilic reward circuits. Additionally, the anterior insular cortex anatomically and functionally sits at the nexus of interoceptive processing and limbic-reward pathways.<ref name="Gogolla2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Gogolla | first1 = Nadine | title = The insular cortex | journal = Current Biology | date = 19 June 2017 | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = R580–R586 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.010 | pmid = 28633023 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217305468 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> It maintains dense reciprocal connections with regions established as the neural substrates of sexual desire, such as the [[amygdala]], [[hypothalamus]], nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref name="Calabro2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Calabrò | first1 = Rocco S. | last2 = Cacciola | first2 = Alberto | last3 = Bruschetta | first3 = Daniele | last4 = Milardi | first4 = Demetrio | last5 = Quattrini | first5 = Fabrizio | last6 = Sciarrone | first6 = Francesca | last7 = La Rosa | first7 = Gianluca | last8 = Bramanti | first8 = Placido | last9 = Anastasi | first9 = Giuseppe | title = Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? | journal = Brain and Behavior | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = e01389 | doi = 10.1002/brb3.1389 | pmid = 31568703 | pmc = PMC6908863 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908863/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Haber2011">{{cite book | last1 = Haber | first1 = Suzanne N. | editor1-last = Gottfried | editor1-first= Jay A. | chapter = 11 | title = Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum | publisher = CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location = Boca Raton, FL | year = 2011 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> In a fart fetish, aberrant visceral interoceptive signals encoded in the ENS are relayed via the vagus are mapped in the insula as salient internal states. The insula routes the signals into adjacent sexual-arousals circuits. Therefore flatulence-related interoceptive cues acquire a direct path to the brain's sexual pathway. Orgasmic [[oxytocin]] amplifies and disinhibits the mesolimbic reward circuits,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petersson |first=Maria |last2=Uvnäs-Moberg |first2=Kerstin |title=Interactions of Oxytocin and Dopamine—Effects on Behavior in Health and Disease |journal=Biomedicines |volume=12 |issue=11 |year=2024 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines12112440 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/11/2440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pfaus |first=James G. |title=Orgasms, Sexual Pleasure, and Opioid Reward Mechanisms |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |year=2025 |doi=10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023 |url=https://academic.oup.com/smr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023/8127191}}</ref> promoting sexual reinforcement of flatulent stimuli. This can contribute to the poor prognosis of fart fetishism. Research has shown that trace amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]] may prevent [[mitochondrial]] damage in [[cells]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Brian | last2 = Bhattacharya | first2 = Rajat | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = Priyabrata | year = 2019 | title = Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 12 | pages = 13098–13125 | doi = 10.1096/fj.201901304R | pmid = 31648556 | pmc = PMC6894098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Paul | first1 = Biswanath D. | last2 = Snyder | first2 = Solomon H. | last3 = Kashfi | first3 = Kamal | title = Effects of hydrogen sulfide on mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics | journal = Redox Biology | date = January 2021 | volume = 38 | pages = 101772 | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101772 | pmid = 33137711 | pmc = 7606857 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Fu | first = Ming | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Weihua | last3 = Wu | first3 = Lingyun | last4 = Yang | first4 = Guangdong | last5 = Li | first5 = Hongzhu | last6 = Wang | first6 = Rui | year = 2012 | title = Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 8 | pages = 2943–2948 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1115634109 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lam | first = Michael | last2 = Lam | first2 = Justin | date = 2024-03-05 | title = Secret of Smelling Farts: Unexpected Benefits of Flatulence Magic | website = Dr. Lam Coaching | url = https://www.drlamcoaching.com/blog/the-benefits-of-smelling-farts-is-this-a-bad-joke/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> This has led to the erroneous belief that smelling farts could have health benefits. As with all sexual preferences, the key to a healthy experience is mutual [[consent]], [[respect]], and [[communication]] between individuals involved. Non-consensual exposure or involving non-consenting individuals is highly [[Ethics|unethical]] and generally [[Law|illegal]]. == Related pages == *[[Flatulence]] *[[Coprophilia]] *[[Paraphilia]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] *[[Feces]] *[[Foot odor]] *[[Human sexuality]] *[[BDSM]] *[[Social stigma]] *[[Mental illness]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Love |first=Brenda |title=Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1992 |isbn=9781569800119}} ==Other websites== *[[wikt:eproctophilia|Eproctophilia]] *[https://eproctophilia.org/ Eproctophilia.org] *[https://fartfetish.podbean.com/ Fart Fetish Podcast] {{medical resources | ICD10 = [https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.8 F65.8 – Other paraphilias] | MeshID = D005329 }} {{Mental disorders}} {{sex-stub}} [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:BDSM]] [[Category:Paraphilias]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Flatulence]] dlvd1dtur5n1n3q0alo561rdt2w1h2i 10331612 10331611 2025-06-15T08:52:16Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/FreakBobby|FreakBobby]] ([[User talk:FreakBobby|talk]]) to last version by 188.236.172.176 10324698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=March 2025}} [[File:Facesitting9.jpg|thumb|[[Facesitting]] is a common practice used by those with eproctophilia where the [[BDSM|dominant]] [[Sexual partner|partner]] sits on the submissive [[victim]] and expels gas directly on their [[ear]], [[mouth]], [[nose]], penis, [[tongue]], or [[vagina]]|155x155px]] A '''fart fetish''', or '''eproctophilia''' is a [[paraphilia]] or [[Libido|attraction]] to the [[sound]], [[Odor|smell]] (''flatophilia''),<ref>{{cite web | last = Bregón | first = Taty Brugés | date = 30 July 2021 | title = Sextionary 2021, Let’s Enrich Our Sexual Vocabulary! | website = Sin Recato – Las cosas por su nombre | url = https://www.sinrecato.com/sextionary-2021-lets-enrich-our-sexual-vocabulary/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> or act of passing gas ([[flatulence]]).<ref>{{cite web | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | year = 2012 | title = Farting company: The strange world of eproctophilia | url = https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/farting-company-the-strange-world-of-eproctophilia/ | website = drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> People with this fetish find [[arousal]] from hearing a fart, the feeling of a fart caressing their [[skin]], from the [[idea]] of farting themselves (Erotic Target Location Error),<ref name = Lawrence2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = A. A. | title = Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension | doi = 10.1080/00224490902747727 | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 46 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 194–215 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19308843 | s2cid = 10105602 }}</ref> and/or from the specific sounds and/or smells associated with it. They often incorporate farts into their [[sexual]] [[Experience|experiences]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Sparks | first = Hannah | date = 2024-11-10 | title = I’m a sexual perversion expert - these are the weirdest fetishes I’ve ever studied | newspaper = New York Post | url = https://nypost.com/2024/11/10/lifestyle/sexual-perversion-expert-reveals-the-weirdest-fetishes-studied/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> an example being when the female dominant person farts on the submissive male person [[penis]] or when the male dominant person farts on the submissive female person [[vagina]]. ==Etymology== The [[neologism]] ''eproctophilia'' is formed from three parts: * [[Latin]] [[prefix]] ''e-'' – a formative element (here serving to link the root and suffix) * [[Ancient Greece|Ancient]] [[Greek language|Greek]] [[noun]] ''πρωκτός'' (prōktós) – “anus” * Greek suffix ''-φιλία'' (-philia) – “[[love]]” or “affection” Then, ''eproctophilia'' etymologically means “love of the anus”. However, in its actual usage it denotes a paraphilic interest in flatulence rather than an attraction to the anatomical anus per se. The term was coined by the sexologist Brenda J. Love in her 1992 ''Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices.'' ==Characteristics== For an eproctolagniac (a person who suffers from fart fetishism), some points of attraction include the level of odor, the sound level, and the [[time|duration]] of the fart. Fart fetishism may also be known to be valued as means of [[masochism|sadomasochism]] and [[humiliation]].<ref name="Griffiths2013">{{cite journal | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | title = Eproctophilia in a young adult male: A case study | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | year = 2013 | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 847–849 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0105-9 | pmid = 23408258 }}</ref> It is a common form of olfactophilia (odor fetishism). The fetish can vary greatly. Some eproctolagniacs may be attracted to the art of farting in private or [[public]] settings. In contrast, others may [[Happiness|enjoy]] the [[Social interaction|interaction]] between other [[Partnership|partners]] who fart or [[talk]] about farts in a sexual context. Eproctolagniacs may deliberately consume inulin to produce more intestinal gas. Inulin is contraindicated in individuals with an allergy to it, as it may cause stomach inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inulin fibre promotes microbiota-derived bile acids and type 2 inflammation | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05380-y |volume=611|journal=Nature |pages=578–584 |year=2022| last1 = Arifuzzaman| first1 =Mohammad| issue=7936 | pmid=36323778 | bibcode=2022Natur.611..578A | s2cid=253266833 | pmc=10576985 }}</ref> Some may derive intense [[pleasure]] from using public [[restrooms]] due to the [[Sensory system|sensual]] [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Aggrawal | first = Anil | year = 2009 | title = Forensic and Medico-Legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 9781420043082 }}</ref> ==Prevalence== Eproctophilia is considered very rare, and [[Empiricism|empirical]] [[data]] on its prevalence is limited. It may be more common in [[men]] than in [[women]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/paraphilias-overview | title = Paraphilias | agency = WebMD LLC | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 10 November 2024 | access-date = 13 April 2025 }}</ref> In a representative survey of 1,040 adults in [[Quebec]], 15.9% of respondents indicated an interest in fetishistic behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyal |first1=Christian C. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Julie |title=The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |year=2017 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034 |pmid=26941021 }}</ref> This could suggest fart fetishism is more common, however, there are no direct prevalence estimate exists for eproctophilia alone. It is posited that there exists a link between [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and olfactophilia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellemans |first1=H. |last2=Roeyers |first2=H. |last3=Leplae |first3=W. |title=Sexual Behavior in Male Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Borderline/Mild Mental Retardation |journal=Sexuality and Disability |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s11195-009-9145-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motamed |first1=M. |last2=Hajikarim-Hamedani |first2=A. |last3=Fakhrian |first3=A. |title=A systematic review of sexual health, knowledge, and behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=25 |page=410 |year=2025 |doi=10.1186/s12888-025-06836-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Allely |first=C. S. |title=Autism spectrum disorder, bestiality and zoophilia: a systematic PRISMA review |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=75–91 |year=2020 |doi=10.1108/JIDOB-06-2019-0012 }}</ref> the superset of eproctophilia. Theoretically, this could stem from their propensity for repetitive patterns of behaviour, their characteristic social deficit,<ref name="Reardon2025">{{cite web | last1 = Reardon | first1 = Claudia L. | last2 = Bienenfeld | first2 = David | title = Paraphilic Disorders: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology | website = Medscape | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 15 April 2025 | url = https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291419-overview | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> or lack of specialized education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beddows |first1=N. |last2=Brooks |first2=R. |title=Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why |journal=Early Intervention in Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=282–289 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/eip.12265 |pmid=26265030 }}</ref><ref name="Kalyva2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Kalyva | first1 = E. | year = 2010 | title = Teachers’ perspectives of the sexuality of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–437 | doi = 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.014 }}</ref> Individuals with ASD often exhibit aberrant olfactory processing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozenkrantz |first1=L. |last2=Zachor |first2=D. |last3=Heller |first3=I. |last4=Plotkin |first4=A. |last5=Weissbrod |first5=A. |last6=Snitz |first6=K. |last7=Secundo |first7=L. |last8=Sobel |first8=N. |title=A Mechanistic Link between Olfaction and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=1904–1910 |year=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.048 |pmid=26144969 |pmc=PMC4518448 }}</ref> characterized by heightened sensitivity, diminished discrimination, or atypical hedonic valuation of odors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hrdlicka |first1=M. |last2=Vodicka |first2=J. |last3=Havlovicova |first3=M. |last4=Urbanek |first4=T. |last5=Blatny |first5=M. |last6=Dudova |first6=I. |title=Brief report: significant differences in perceived odor pleasantness found in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=524–527 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1084-x |pmid=20697793 }}</ref> which may predispose them to the emergence of eproctophilic interests centered on olfactory cues. ==Causes== Some experts believe this behaviour is [[Causality|caused]] by [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] [[childhood]] experiences alongside behavioural [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Longpré | first = Nicholas | last2 = Burdis Galiano | first2 = Courtney | last3 = Guay | first3 = Jean-Pierre | year = 2022 | title = The impact of childhood trauma, personality, and sexuality on the development of paraphilias | journal = Journal of Criminal Justice | volume = 82 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101981 | issn = 0047-2352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Eproctophilia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | date = 2019-06-02 | website = Drugstore Online – RXShop.Md | url = https://www.rxshop.md/articles/2019/eproctophilia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ | access-date = 2025-03-23 }}</ref> For example, if the sound or smell of farts is consistently paired with sexual arousal at a presumably young age, then it can form a [[neuron|neural]] pathway where farting can become a trigger for sexual excitement on its own through [[Operant conditioning|operant learning]]. This is called sexual [[Imprinting (ethology)|imprinting]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Darcangelo | first = Shauna | year = 2008 | chapter = Fetishism: Psychopathology and theory | editor-last1 = Laws | editor-first1= D. Richard | editor-last2 = O'Donohue | editor-first2= William T. | title = Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5 | edition = 2nd | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5/page/n123 108]–118 | publisher = The Guilford Press | isbn = 9781593856052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Cole | first = Samantha | date = 2024-08-09 | title = Taking a Long, Deep Sniff of Fart Porn | website = VICE | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/taking-a-long-deep-sniff-of-fart-porn/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> Sexual arousal suppresses disgust,<ref name="Oaten2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Oaten | first1 = M | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = RJ | last3 = Tapp | first3 = C | last4 = Case | first4 = TI | last5 = Cousins | first5 = A | title = The Role of Disgust in Male Sexual Decision‑Making | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | pages = 2602 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02602 | pmid = 30723444 | pmc = 6350445 }}</ref><ref name="Fleischman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Fleischman | first1 = DS | last2 = Hamilton | first2 = LD | last3 = Fessler | first3 = DM | last4 = Meston | first4 = CM | title = Disgust versus Lust: Exploring the Interactions of Disgust and Fear with Sexual Arousal in Women | journal = PLoS ONE | year = 2015 | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0118151 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0118151 | pmid = 26106894 | pmc = 4479551 }}</ref> which facilitates the learned association between flatulence and sexual gratification. Paraphilias have been observed to cluster within families, suggesting a hypothesis of potential familial psychosocial transmission and/or [[gene|genetic]] transmission of paraphilias.<ref name="Labelle2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Labelle | first1 = A | last2 = Bourget | first2 = D | last3 = Bradford | first3 = JM | last4 = Alda | first4 = M | last5 = Tessier | first5 = P | title = Familial paraphilia: a pilot study with the construction of genograms | journal = ISRN Psychiatry | date = 2012-03-04 | volume = 2012 | pages = 692813 | doi = 10.5402/2012/692813 | pmid = 23738209 | pmc = 3658696 }}</ref> A portion of eproctolagniacs may have neurobiological differences,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Kirsten |last2=Fromberger |first2=Peter |last3=Stolpmann |first3=Georg |last4=Müller |first4=Jürgen Leo |title=The role of testosterone in sexuality and paraphilia—A neurobiological approach. Part II: testosterone and paraphilia |journal=J Sex Med |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3008–3029 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02393.x |pmid=21797985}}</ref> such as differences in [[brain]] structure or function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Konrad |last2=Lücker |first2=Erik |last3=Pietrzyk |first3=Ulrike |chapter=Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in assessing sexual preference |editor-last=Thienel |editor-first=Boris |editor-last2=Crépault |editor-first2=Antoine |title=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences |volume=32 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eproctophilia: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment |url=https://psychologyfor.com/eproctophilia-what-it-is-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ |website=Psychology For |date=August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A study of paraphilic individuals revealed elevated levels of central monamines including [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and norepinephrine, along with decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in [[urine]], a principal dopamine metabolite. These suggest neurochemical dysregulation of sexual reward/impulse circuits in paraphilics.<ref name="Kamenskov2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Kamenskov | first1 = M. Yu. | last2 = Gurina | first2 = O. I. | title = Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders | journal = Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova | language = Russian | year = 2019 | volume = 119 | issue = 8 | pages = 61–67 | doi = 10.17116/jnevro201911908161 | pmid = 31626172 }}</ref> Some [[Psychology|psychological]] fixations, possibly related to the [[anal stage|anal stage of psychosexual development]] (ages 1-3) as proposed by [[Sigmund Freud]], may contribute to the emergence of eproctophilia. Put, some eproctolagniacs are aroused by farts because they come from the [[buttocks]], which they find attractive. The [[taboo|taboos]] and [[social stigma]] may also contribute to the development of the fetish for some individuals. Some eproctolagniacs espouse the act of cathartic farting to be seen as an act of [[intimacy]] and breaking down barriers.<ref name="Griffiths2013"></ref> Studies have also shown that olfactory function is associated with sexual [[motivation]] and satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iuliano | first1 = Simone | last2 = Zagari | first2 = Maria C. | last3 = Frasca Polara | first3 = Giuseppe | last4 = Rotella | first4 = Giorgio | last5 = La Vignera | first5 = Sandro | last6 = Greco | first6 = Enrico A. | last7 = Liuzza | first7 = Marco T. | last8 = Aversa | first8 = Antonio | title = Global olfactory function correlates with global sexual functioning in men and women | journal = Minerva Medica | date = December 2023 | volume = 114 | issue = 6 | pages = 785–794 | doi = 10.23736/S0026-4806.23.08753-0 | pmid = 37382520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bendas | first = Julia | last2 = Hummel | first2 = Thomas | last3 = Croy | first3 = Ilona | year = 2018 | title = Olfactory function relates to sexual experience in adults | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1333–1339 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1203-x | pmid = 29721723 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siegel | first1 = Jason K. | last2 = Kung | first2 = Shanna Y. | last3 = Wroblewski | first3 = Kristen E. | last4 = Kern | first4 = David W. | last5 = McClintock | first5 = Martha K. | last6 = Pinto | first6 = Jayant M. | title = Olfaction Is Associated With Sexual Motivation and Satisfaction in Older Men and Women | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = February 2021 | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.002 | pmid = 33423973 | pmc = 8694566 }}</ref> It is therefore plausible that olfactory stimuli, particularly those associated with early childhood experiences, may play a role in the development of eproctophilic arousal. [[Traumatic brain injury|Brain injuries]] and [[multiple sclerosis]] may lead one to spontaneously acquire paraphilias,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=E. M. |last2=Frohman |first2=T. C. |last3=Moreault |first3=A. M. |title=Acquired Sexual Paraphilia in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1006–1010 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/archneur.59.6.1006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bianchi-Demicheli | first = F. | last2 = Rollini | first2 = C. | last3 = Lovblad | first3 = K. | last4 = Ortigue | first4 = S. | title = “Sleeping Beauty paraphilia”: deviant desire in the context of bodily self-image disturbance in a patient with a fronto-parietal traumatic brain injury | journal = Medical Science Monitor | year = 2010 | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = CS15–CS17 | pmid = 20110923 }}</ref><ref name="Langevin1992">{{cite journal | last = Langevin | first = R. | title = Biological Factors Contributing to Paraphiliac Behavior | journal = Psychiatric Annals | date = June 1992 | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 307, 309–314 | url = https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/biological-factors-contributing-paraphiliac-behavior | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> such as eproctophilia. However, no singular cause has been definitively established. The heterogeneity in its manifestation suggests that multiple psychological and developmental factors may be involved, as with other fetishes. ==As a paraphilic disorder== {{Infobox medical condition | name = Eproctophilia | synonyms = Flatus fetishism, flatulophilia, eproctolagnia | field = [[Psychiatry]]; Clinical psychology | symptoms = Arousal from feeling, hearing, smelling, or watching flatulence | treatment = Cognitive‑behavioral therapy; psychoeducation }} It is important to note that having a fart fetish is not [[Recognition|recognized]] to be a [[Mental illness|disorder]]. [[Treatment]] for eproctophilia is generally not needed unless it starts becoming a [[problem]] or is ego-dystonic. Therapeutic interventions are primarily focused on reducing internalized shame and facilitating social reintegration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paraphilias: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1138809185|editor-last=Beetz|editor-first=A. M.}}</ref> In severe cases, eproctolagniacs may be [[Anhedonia|unable to derive sexual gratification]] unless their partner consecutively and sonorously farts, which can present challenges if they are unable to do so. This might pressure the farting partner to eat more gas producing [[food]] or [[Air pump|pump air]] into their anus to satisfy the eproctolagniac, which can pose [[health]] problems. In cases like these, the eproctolagniac may be [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosed]] with fetishism disorder under [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]-5, as the fetish is coupled with significant [[Distress (medicine)|distress]] or [[Danger|peril]]. A fart fetish frequently co-occurs with compulsive sexual behavior disorder and is often accompanied by comorbid psychopathologies, including autism, [[depression (mental illness)|depressive]], and [[anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="Kafka2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kafka | first1 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Axis I psychiatric disorders, paraphilic sexual offending and implications for pharmacological treatment | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 255–261 | pmid = 23585462 }}</ref><ref name="Abrams2023">{{cite thesis | last = Abrams | first = Dylan H. | year = 2023 | title = Examining the Prevalence and Psychopathological Correlates of Paraphilic Interests in a Non-clinical Sample | type = Master’s thesis | institution= Graduate Center, City University of New York | url = https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/5462 | access-date= 2025-06-07 }}</ref><ref name="Briken2024">{{cite journal | last1 = Briken | first1 = P. | last2 = Bothe | first2 = B. | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = J. | last4 = Coleman | first4 = E. | last5 = Giraldi | first5 = A. | last6 = Kraus | first6 = S. W. | last7 = Lew-Starowicz | first7 = M. | last8 = Pfaus | first8 = J. G. | year = 2024 | title = Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective | journal = Sexual Medicine Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–370 | doi = 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae014 }}</ref> If one with a fart fetish wants to ameliorate their condition, they can get professional mental [[help]]. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) has been the primary source to address maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, such as eproctophilia.<ref name="Kaplan2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = R. B. | title = Cognitive-behavioral treatment of the paraphilias | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | year = 2012 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–296 | pmid = 23585466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eproctophilia: treatment and causes |url=https://www.mentesabiertaspsicologia.com/blog-psicologia/eproctophilia-treatment-and-causes |website=Mentes Abiertas Psicología |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Techniques include cognitive restructuring, behavioral rehearsal, and teaching eproctolagniacs to identify and cope with factors that make relapsing imminent. Treatment could also include redirecting [[Masturbation|masturbatory]] [[Sexual fantasy|fantasies]] to conventional ones. In some cases, CBT can be used in combination with [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coskun | first1 = Murat | last2 = Ozturk | first2 = Mucahit | title = Sexual Fetishism in Adolescence: Report of Two Cases | journal = Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–205 | date = 2013-06-01 | doi = 10.5350/DAJPN2013260210 | url = https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1587029640-en.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guay | first1 = David R. P. | title = Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–31 | date = 2009-01-01 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 | pmid = 19243704 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243704/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref name="SpringerCh255">{{cite book | last1 = Malandain | first1 = Leo | last2 = Chagraoui | first2 = Abdeslam | last3 = Thibaut | first3 = Florence | chapter = Psychopharmacotherapy of Sexual Disorders | editor1-last = Riederer | editor1-first= Peter | editor2-last = Laux | editor2-first= Gerd | editor3-last = Nagatsu | editor3-first= Toshiharu | editor4-last = Le | editor4-first= Weidong | editor5-last = Riederer | editor5-first= Christian | title = NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy | series = Reference work | publisher = Springer Cham | year = 2022 | pages = 4171–4206 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | isbn = 978-3-030-62059-2 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Naltrexone]] has been tried for compulsive sexual behaviour and paraphilic behaviour, based on the idea of dampering reward-seeking behaviour in behavioural [[addiction]] or treating concurrent addictions.<ref name="Raymond2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Nancy C. | last2 = Grant | first2 = Jon E. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = Eli | title = Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: A case series | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | date = February 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–62 | url = https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmc/acp/2010/00000022/00000001/art00008 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Savard2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Savard | first1 = J. | last2 = Öberg | first2 = K. G. | last3 = Chatzittofis | first3 = A. | last4 = Dhejne | first4 = C. | last5 = Arver | first5 = S. | last6 = Jokinen | first6 = J. | title = Naltrexone in compulsive sexual behavior disorder: A feasibility study of twenty men | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = August 2020 | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1544–1552 | doi = <!-- Add DOI if available --> | url = https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/17/8/1544/6973797 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Convert sensitization methods such as aversion therapy can be used to reduce compulsive behaviors by applying negative punishments.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Callahan | first1=E. J. | last2=Leitenberg | first2=H. | title=Aversion therapy for sexual deviation: Contingent shock and covert sensitization | journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume=81 | issue=1 | pages=60–73 | year=1973 | doi=10.1037/h0034025 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034025 }}</ref> Its use is associated with lower recidivism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Culos | first1 = Camille | last2 = Di Grazia | first2 = Marco | last3 = Meneguzzo | first3 = Paola | title = Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic Review and Insights | journal = Journal of Clinical Medicine | date = 7 March 2024 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1524 | doi = 10.3390/jcm13061524 | pmid = 38541750 | pmc = 10971111 }}</ref> Eproctolagniacs with childhood trauma may be treated with Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to mitigate their underlying trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = de Jongh | first1 = Ad | last2 = de Roos | first2 = Carlijn | last3 = El-Leithy | first3 = S. | title = State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–216 | date = April 2024 | doi = 10.1002/jts.23012 | pmid = 38282286 | publication-date = 2024-01-28 }}</ref> Research suggests repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may help reduce sexual compulsivity in individuals with paraphilic disorders by targeting brain regions implicated in inhibitory control, particularly the cortical nodes in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop such as the dorsolateral [[Pre-frontal cortex|prefontal cortex]] (DLPFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schecklmann | first1 = Martin | last2 = Sakreida | first2 = Katrin | last3 = Oblinger | first3 = Britta | last4 = Langguth | first4 = Berthold | last5 = Poeppl | first5 = Timm B. | title = Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Tool to Reduce Sexual Arousal: A Proof of Concept Study | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1553–1559 | date = August 2020 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.002 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609520306093 | issn = 1743-6095 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tripathi | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = A. | last3 = Singh | first3 = H. | last4 = Kar | first4 = S. K. | title = Successful use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in difficult to treat hypersexual disorder | journal = Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–209 | date = July–September 2016 | doi = 10.4103/0974-1208.192074 | pmid = 27803590 | pmc = 5070404 }} </ref> This noninvasive intervention may help eproctolagniacs control their sexual impulses to fart-related stimuli by inhibiting the SMA and exciting the right DLPCF under IRB approval. As a last resort, chemical [[castration]] may be employed through the use of [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone|luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone]] (LHRH) [[agonist|agonists]] or antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradford |first=J. M. |title=The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual behaviour |journal=Can J Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=26–34 |year=2001 |doi=10.1177/070674370104600104 |pmid=11221487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garcia | first1 = Frederico D. | last2 = Thibaut | first2 = Florence | title = Current concepts in the pharmacotherapy of paraphilias | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 771–790 | date = 2011-04-16 | doi = 10.2165/11585490-000000000-00000 | pmid = 21504253 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21504253/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref> They should be considered only in cases where the eproctolagniac's behaviours pose a significant risk to themselves or others, and when less invasive treatments have been ineffective, as the use of chemical castrations methods may come along with problematic side effects such as [[osteoporosis]] and [[Liver disease|liver dysfunction]]. All in all, the [[prognosis]] of eproctophilia is poor. Fart fetishism is generally considered unalterable and life-long,<ref name="SetoAhmed2014">{{cite journal|first1=Michael C.|last1=Seto|authorlink1=Michael C. Seto|first2=AG|last2=Ahmed|title=Treatment and management of child pornography use|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=37|issue=2|pages=207–214|year=2014|pmid=24877707|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 157 | issue = 5 | pages = 838 | date = May 2000 | url = https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612020545/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-date = 12 June 2011 | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> but CBT can help reduce negative [[symptoms]] and [[criminal]] [[behaviour]]. There are no significant studies specifically focused on fart fetishism. Still, it is considered one of the many forms of sexual interest that can be classified as a paraphilia, which refers to unusual sexual preferences. Fart fetishism typically becomes more noticeable in [[adulthood]], though the specific causes or origins of this interest are not very well understood. == Cultural and social context== Flatulence (and, more broadly, fart fetishism) is often viewed negatively in virtually every [[culture]], contributing to the taboo surrounding eproctophilia. In many [[Society|societies]], flatulence is considered socially inappropriate or [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], which may intensify the fetishistic allure for some individuals (abjection). On the contrary, the stigma may lead some individuals with this fetish to feel [[Social isolation|isolated]] or reluctant to discuss their [[Interest (emotion)|interests]] openly.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Combridge | first1 = Kirra | last2 = Lastella | first2 = Michele | title = Stigmatisation of People with Deviant Sexual Interest: A Comparative Study | journal = Sexes | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–25 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.3390/sexes4010002 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5118/4/1/2 | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> They may cope with farts, perpetuating a self-reinforcing cycle that exacerbates eproctophilia. When eproctolagniacs pose a risk to others, therapists may be legally compelled to report such behaviour to authorities under mandatory reporting laws. This may impede their access to treatment, a crucial safeguard against the commission of sexual offenses. Although it is not widely [[Conversation|discussed]], it [[Existence|exists]] as part of the diversity of [[human]] [[Sexual orientation|sexual preferences]]. In the works of the English writer Thomas d'Urfey, only women were depicted as farting, reflecting the [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] [[gender]] pigeonhole that women were objects of casual sexual desire.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pittaway | first = Ian | title = "A brief history of farting in early music and literature" | website = Early Music Muse | date = 3 January 2025 | orig-date = 27 July 2016 | url = https://earlymusicmuse.com/a-brief-history-of-farting/ | access-date= 10 June 2025 }}</ref> His most famous musical hit was "The Fart", followed by "The Second Part of The Fart". During the [[Augustan literature|British Augustan]] age, there were several erotic flatulence-related [[Fictional character|characters]] circulated clandestinely in underground [[pamphlets]]. For example, the characters “Miss-Pop fart”, "Mrs. Tickle-Fart", “Madam Rousing Fart”, and "Tabitha Turnip-Fart" appeared in some Augustan [[Erotica|eroticas]].<ref name="Barchas2024">{{Cite book | last = Barchas | first = Janine | editor1-last = Pettit | editor1-first = Alexander | editor2-last = Spedding | editor2-first = Patrick | title = Eighteenth-Century British Erotica, Part II, Volume 1 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = London | year = 2024 | isbn = 9781040238424 | url = https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781040238424_A49445550/preview-9781040238424_A49445550.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> Notable among these pamphlets is ''The Benefit of Farting Explain'd'',<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Puff-Indorst | first1 = Don Fartinando | last2 = Swift | first2 = Jonathan | last3 = Fizzle | first3 = Obadiah | title = ''The Benefit of Farting Explain’d : Or, the Fundament-All Cause of the Distempers Incident to the Fair-Sex, Enquired into. Proving à Posteriori Most of the Dis-Ordures In-Tail’d upon Them, Are Owing to Flatulencies Not Seasonably Vented. Wrote in Spanish by Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow. And Translated into English at the Request, and for the Use, of the Lady Damp-Fart of Her-Fart-Shire. By Obadiah Fizzle, Groom of the Stool to the Princess of Arsimini in Sardinia.'' | place = Longford in Ireland [i.e. London] | publisher = Simon Bumbubbard | year = 1722 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&amp;docType=ECCOArticles&amp;bookId=0092301100&amp;type=getFullCitation&amp;tabID=T001&amp;prodId=ECCO&amp;docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&amp;version=1.0&amp;source=library | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a pseudomedical pamphlet published in 1722 that argued for the therapeutic necessity of farting, particularly in women. That same year saw the publication of ''Arse Musica; or, The Lady’s Back Report to Don Fart-in-hand-o Puff-in dorst'', a flatulent parody of [[Italy|Italian]] opera that celebrated the aesthetic pleasures of bodily emissions coming from the anus. This was followed by ''The Beau's Miscellany'',<ref>{{cite book | title = ''The Beau's Miscellany: Being a New and Curious Collection of Amorous Tales, Diverting Song, and Entertaining Poems. Part II.'' | editor = Various Hands | place = London | publisher = A. Moore | date = 1731 <!-- imprint undated; ESTC suggests [1731?] --> | format = Duodecimo | series = ECCO – BOD | id = ESTC T80397; EEBO CW3312781141 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3312781141 | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a collection of verse and prose where in flatulence serves as a titillating motif and de facto [[comedy|comedic relief]]. Collectively, these texts exemplify an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightment]]-era libertine tradition in which farting was also seen as erotic by some. A depiction of eproctophilia appears in the Marquis de Sade unfinished novel ''The 120 Days of Sodom'', written in 1785 and published in 1904 after its manuscript was rediscovered. The book describes the activities of four wealthy libertine Frenchmen who spend four months seeking the ultimate sexual gratification through orgies, including eproctophilic activities. One episode describes a character who “knelt down before that decrepit bum and kissed it lovingly; farts were blown up his nose, he waxed ecstatic…,” illustrating vivid exploitation of flatulence as sexual stimulus.<ref name="SadeSupervert">{{cite web |last = Sade |first = Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de |title = ''The 120 Days of Sodom'' |url = https://16beavergroup.org/pdf/120_days_of_sodom.pdf |publisher = Supervert 32C Inc. |date = 2002 |format = PDF |page = 125 |access-date= 2025-06-05}}</ref> The [[18th century|eighteenth-century]] discourses of flatulence and female outlawry demonstrate sexual experimentation and the possible existence of eproctophilia throughout [[history]]. [[James Joyce]], the renowned [[Irish people|Irish]] [[author]], exhibited eproctophilic tendencies, as evidenced by his intimate correspondence with Nora Barnacle. James Joyce's intimate [[letter|letters]] to Nora Barnacle revealed his fascination with her farts, as he expressed a [[desire]] to hear her "tiny little naughty farties" and described them as "fat dirty farts".<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Gilbert | editor-first = Stuart | author-last = Joyce | author-first = James | title = Letters of James Joyce | publisher = Viking Press; Faber & Faber | location = New York; London | date = 1957–1966 | oclc = 2397715 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-of-james-joyce/oclc/2397715 | access-date = 7 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = James Joyce’s Love Letters to Nora Barnacle, His ‘Dirty Little Fuckbird.’ | date = 2021-07-28 | website = The Paris Review | url = https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/02/james-joyces-love-letters-dirty-little-fuckbird/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> In modern day, a notable incident is when the former reality television star from the [[United States]], Stephanie Matto, was [[hospital|hospitalized]] after adopting a high-[[protein]] and high-[[fiber]] bdolotic [[diet]] to accommodate her [[business]] of [[jar|jars]] containing her farts. This practice eventually led her to [[dyspnea|difficulty breathing]] caused by excessive gas accumulation.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Bruce Y. | title = 90 Day Fiancé Star Sells Her Farts in Jars Then Suffers Health Scare | website = Forbes | publisher = Forbes Magazine | date = 8 January 2022 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2022/01/08/90-day-fianc-star-sells-farts-in-jars-then-suffers-health-scare/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> In March 2025, [[DC Comics]] released the one-short ''Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly'', which centers its plot entirely on flatulence and included a built-in [[scratch-and-sniff]] feature. Some reviewers argued that the comic functioned more as a fart-fetish comic than a traditional [[superhero]] story, with its prolonged focus on flatulence and visceral imagery as evidence of fetishistic intent rather than typical hero action.<ref>{{cite web | last=Luken | first=Jackson | date=26 March 2025 | title=Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 review | website=Batman News | url=https://batman-news.com/2025/03/26/harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-review/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Goldfield | first=Ray | date=26 March 2025 | title=Review – Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 – Yep, That’s the Title | website=GeekDad | url=https://geekdad.com/2025/03/review-harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-yep-thats-the-title/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], the production [[company]] MFX Media makes fetish [[videos]] that include fart-fetish content. The company gained international attention after it released a [[coprophilia|coprophiliic]] video titled "[[2 Girls 1 Cup]]". The video showed extreme fetish acts and was made by MFX Media's director, Marco Antônio Fiorito. Fiorito described himself as a "compulsive fetishist" and began making fetish [[films]] in the [[1990s]]. Some of his films have caused legal issues in the US, where [[Authority|authorities]] considered them [[Obscenity|obscene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Pornography and The Criminal Justice System|last=Cusack|first=Carmen M.|date=3 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482260021|page=49}}</ref> In the United States, distribution of eproctophilic content may technically be [[prosecutor|prosecuted]] as obscene if it satisfies all three prongs of the Miller test: it appeals to the prurient interest, depicts excretory functions in a patently offensive way, and lacks serious [[literary]], artistic, [[political]], or [[scientific]] value. Given the taboo and stigmatization of eproctophilia, and that flatulence is an excretory function, such content would likely be considered patently offensive by community standards. However, obscenity prosecutions for adult material have become extremely rare in recent years as the Department of Justice is directing its efforts to [[Child sexual abuse|child‐exploitation]] cases rather than adult obscenity.<ref name="Gerstein">{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |title=Holder accused of neglecting porn fight |newspaper=Politico |date=April 16, 2011 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/holder-accused-of-neglecting-porn-053314}}</ref><ref name="QuietCrisis">{{cite report |title=The Quiet Crisis: Uncovering the DOJ’s Failure to Tackle Obscenity |publisher=InternetSafety101.org |date=November 9, 2023 |url=https://internetsafety101.org/objects/EIE-Obscenity-paper-11-09-2023.pdf }}</ref> While content depicting eproctophilia in a sexual manner without serious value would likely be adjured obscene and consequently illegal to distribute or sell in the United States, in practice no such prosecutions occur. The private possession of eproctophilic content in the US is legal under Stanley v. Georgia. The host of the Fart Fetish Podcast, Raj Jawa, postulated that since eproctophilia involves sexual conditioning to fart-related alliesthetic visceral cues, it would be mediated via the insula's interoceptive circuitry.<ref name="EproctophiliaOpinion">{{cite web | last1 = Jawa | first1 = Raj | title = Eproctophilia Is Not a Perversion or a Paraphilia | url = https://eproctophilia.org/PDF/eproctophiliaisnotapervsionoraparaphilia..pdf | website = Eproctophilia.org | format = PDF | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Vagal afferents transmit [[enteric nervous system]] signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius, which regulates dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and ventral tegmental area neurons.<ref name="Breit2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Breit | first1 = Sigrid | last2 = Kupferberg | first2 = Aleksandra | last3 = Rogler | first3 = Gerhard | last4 = Hasler | first4 = Gregor | title = Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | year = 2018 | volume = 9 | pages = 44 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044/full | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Colonic enterochromaffin cells in the gut epithelium and gut microbiota synthesize 90% of the human body's serotonin and significant portions of other monoamines.<ref name="SerotoninMetabolismSD">{{cite web | title = Serotonin Metabolism | work = Topics in Immunology and Microbiology | publisher = Elsevier (ScienceDirect) | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/serotonin-metabolism | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> The ENS contains specialized mechanosensitive and chemosensitive neurons that detect gas pressure, pH indications and the slightest indication of a fart building up. Any ENS-driven perturbation in peripheral monoamines triggered by sexual arousal of flatulence or dysbiosis could worsen maladaptive central monoaminergic states such as hyperdominergic rewards response for fart stimuli or serotonergic–noradrenergic driven fixations which could underpin compulsive sexual focus on flatulence.<ref name="Kamenskov2019"/> The ENS exhibits activity-dependent plasticity;<ref name="Giaroni1999">Giaroni C, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Lecchini S, Frigo G (December 1999). "Plasticity in the enteric nervous system". ''Gastroenterology''. '''117''' (6): 1438–1458. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70295-7. PMID 10579986.</ref><ref name="Schaefer2009">Schäfer KH, Van Ginneken C, Copray S (2009). "Plasticity and neural stem cells in the enteric nervous system". ''Anatomical Record''. 292 (12): 1940–1952. doi:10.1002/ar.21033. PMID 19943347.</ref> consequently, repeated pairings of flatulence and [[orgasm]] may sensitize enteric reflex circuits, thereby amplifying ENS-mediated perturbations and intensifying eproctophilic reward circuits. Additionally, the anterior insular cortex anatomically and functionally sits at the nexus of interoceptive processing and limbic-reward pathways.<ref name="Gogolla2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Gogolla | first1 = Nadine | title = The insular cortex | journal = Current Biology | date = 19 June 2017 | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = R580–R586 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.010 | pmid = 28633023 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217305468 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> It maintains dense reciprocal connections with regions established as the neural substrates of sexual desire, such as the [[amygdala]], [[hypothalamus]], nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref name="Calabro2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Calabrò | first1 = Rocco S. | last2 = Cacciola | first2 = Alberto | last3 = Bruschetta | first3 = Daniele | last4 = Milardi | first4 = Demetrio | last5 = Quattrini | first5 = Fabrizio | last6 = Sciarrone | first6 = Francesca | last7 = La Rosa | first7 = Gianluca | last8 = Bramanti | first8 = Placido | last9 = Anastasi | first9 = Giuseppe | title = Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? | journal = Brain and Behavior | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = e01389 | doi = 10.1002/brb3.1389 | pmid = 31568703 | pmc = PMC6908863 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908863/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Haber2011">{{cite book | last1 = Haber | first1 = Suzanne N. | editor1-last = Gottfried | editor1-first= Jay A. | chapter = 11 | title = Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum | publisher = CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location = Boca Raton, FL | year = 2011 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> In a fart fetish, aberrant visceral interoceptive signals encoded in the ENS are relayed via the vagus are mapped in the insula as salient internal states. The insula routes the signals into adjacent sexual-arousals circuits. Therefore flatulence-related interoceptive cues acquire a direct path to the brain's sexual pathway. Orgasmic [[oxytocin]] amplifies and disinhibits the mesolimbic reward circuits,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petersson |first=Maria |last2=Uvnäs-Moberg |first2=Kerstin |title=Interactions of Oxytocin and Dopamine—Effects on Behavior in Health and Disease |journal=Biomedicines |volume=12 |issue=11 |year=2024 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines12112440 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/11/2440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pfaus |first=James G. |title=Orgasms, Sexual Pleasure, and Opioid Reward Mechanisms |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |year=2025 |doi=10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023 |url=https://academic.oup.com/smr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023/8127191}}</ref> promoting sexual reinforcement of flatulent stimuli. This can contribute to the poor prognosis of fart fetishism. Research has shown that trace amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]] may prevent [[mitochondrial]] damage in [[cells]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Brian | last2 = Bhattacharya | first2 = Rajat | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = Priyabrata | year = 2019 | title = Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 12 | pages = 13098–13125 | doi = 10.1096/fj.201901304R | pmid = 31648556 | pmc = PMC6894098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Paul | first1 = Biswanath D. | last2 = Snyder | first2 = Solomon H. | last3 = Kashfi | first3 = Kamal | title = Effects of hydrogen sulfide on mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics | journal = Redox Biology | date = January 2021 | volume = 38 | pages = 101772 | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101772 | pmid = 33137711 | pmc = 7606857 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Fu | first = Ming | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Weihua | last3 = Wu | first3 = Lingyun | last4 = Yang | first4 = Guangdong | last5 = Li | first5 = Hongzhu | last6 = Wang | first6 = Rui | year = 2012 | title = Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 8 | pages = 2943–2948 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1115634109 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lam | first = Michael | last2 = Lam | first2 = Justin | date = 2024-03-05 | title = Secret of Smelling Farts: Unexpected Benefits of Flatulence Magic | website = Dr. Lam Coaching | url = https://www.drlamcoaching.com/blog/the-benefits-of-smelling-farts-is-this-a-bad-joke/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> This has led to the erroneous belief that smelling farts could have health benefits. As with all sexual preferences, the key to a healthy experience is mutual [[consent]], [[respect]], and [[communication]] between individuals involved. Non-consensual exposure or involving non-consenting individuals is highly [[Ethics|unethical]] and generally [[Law|illegal]]. == Related pages == *[[Flatulence]] *[[Coprophilia]] *[[Paraphilia]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] *[[Feces]] *[[Foot odor]] *[[Human sexuality]] *[[BDSM]] *[[Social stigma]] *[[Mental illness]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Love |first=Brenda |title=Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1992 |isbn=9781569800119}} ==Other websites== *[[wikt:eproctophilia|Eproctophilia]] *[https://eproctophilia.org/ Eproctophilia.org] *[https://fartfetish.podbean.com/ Fart Fetish Podcast] {{medical resources | ICD10 = [https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.8 F65.8 – Other paraphilias] | MeshID = D005329 }} {{Mental disorders}} {{sex-stub}} [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:BDSM]] [[Category:Paraphilias]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Flatulence]] tdx5g45p3dmld73uedndafmklddztgt 10331638 10331612 2025-06-15T09:06:39Z FreakBobby 1629719 Undid revision 10331612 by [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]]) Not vandalism 10331638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=March 2025}} [[File:Facesitting9.jpg|thumb|[[Facesitting]] is a common practice used by those with eproctophilia where the [[BDSM|dominant]] [[Sexual partner|partner]] sits on the submissive [[victim]] and expels gas directly on their [[ear]], [[mouth]], [[nose]], [[penis]], [[tongue]], or [[vagina]]|155x155px]] A '''fart fetish''', or '''eproctophilia,''' is a [[paraphilia]] or [[Libido|attraction]] to the [[sound]], [[Odor|smell]] (''flatophilia''),<ref>{{cite web | last = Bregón | first = Taty Brugés | date = 30 July 2021 | title = Sextionary 2021, Let’s Enrich Our Sexual Vocabulary! | website = Sin Recato – Las cosas por su nombre | url = https://www.sinrecato.com/sextionary-2021-lets-enrich-our-sexual-vocabulary/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> or act of passing gas ([[flatulence]]).<ref>{{cite web | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | year = 2012 | title = Farting company: The strange world of eproctophilia | url = https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/farting-company-the-strange-world-of-eproctophilia/ | website = drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> People with this fetish find [[arousal]] from hearing a fart, the feeling of a fart caressing their [[skin]], from the [[idea]] of farting themselves (Erotic Target Location Error),<ref name = Lawrence2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lawrence | first1 = A. A. | title = Erotic Target Location Errors: An Underappreciated Paraphilic Dimension | doi = 10.1080/00224490902747727 | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 46 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 194–215 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19308843 | s2cid = 10105602 }}</ref> and/or from the specific sounds and/or smells associated with it. They often incorporate farts into their [[sexual]] [[Experience|experiences]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Sparks | first = Hannah | date = 2024-11-10 | title = I’m a sexual perversion expert - these are the weirdest fetishes I’ve ever studied | newspaper = New York Post | url = https://nypost.com/2024/11/10/lifestyle/sexual-perversion-expert-reveals-the-weirdest-fetishes-studied/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> examples being when a braphog [[dominatrix]] farts on a submissive [[Man|man’s]] penis or when a dominant man farts on a submissive [[Woman|woman’s]] vagina. ==Etymology== The [[neologism]] ''eproctophilia'' is formed from three parts: * [[Latin]] [[prefix]] ''e-'' – a formative element (here serving to link the root and suffix) * [[Ancient Greece|Ancient]] [[Greek language|Greek]] [[noun]] ''πρωκτός'' (prōktós) – “anus” * Greek suffix ''-φιλία'' (-philia) – “[[love]]” or “affection” Then, ''eproctophilia'' etymologically means “love of the anus”. However, in its actual usage it denotes a paraphilic interest in flatulence rather than an attraction to the anatomical anus per se. The term was coined by the sexologist Brenda J. Love in her 1992 ''Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices.'' ==Characteristics== For an eproctolagniac (a person who suffers from fart fetishism), some points of attraction include the level of odor, the sound level, and the [[time|duration]] of the fart. Most eproctolagniacs are aroused by the person farting, rather than the fart itself. Fart fetishism may also be known to be valued as means of [[masochism|sadomasochism]] and [[humiliation]].<ref name="Griffiths2013">{{cite journal | last = Griffiths | first = Mark | title = Eproctophilia in a young adult male: A case study | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | year = 2013 | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 847–849 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-013-0105-9 | pmid = 23408258 }}</ref> It is a common form of olfactophilia (odor fetishism). The fetish can vary greatly. Some eproctolagniacs may be attracted to the art of farting in private or [[public]] settings. In contrast, others may [[Happiness|enjoy]] the [[Social interaction|interaction]] between other [[Partnership|partners]] who fart or [[talk]] about farts in a sexual context. Eproctolagniacs may deliberately consume inulin to produce more intestinal gas. Inulin is contraindicated in individuals with an allergy to it, as it may cause stomach inflammation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Inulin fibre promotes microbiota-derived bile acids and type 2 inflammation | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05380-y |volume=611|journal=Nature |pages=578–584 |year=2022| last1 = Arifuzzaman| first1 =Mohammad| issue=7936 | pmid=36323778 | bibcode=2022Natur.611..578A | s2cid=253266833 | pmc=10576985 }}</ref> Some may derive intense [[pleasure]] from using public [[restrooms]] due to the [[Sensory system|sensual]] [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Aggrawal | first = Anil | year = 2009 | title = Forensic and Medico-Legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 9781420043082 }}</ref> ==Prevalence== Eproctophilia is considered very rare, and [[Empiricism|empirical]] [[data]] on its prevalence is limited. It may be more common in men than in women.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/paraphilias-overview | title = Paraphilias | agency = WebMD LLC | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 10 November 2024 | access-date = 13 April 2025 }}</ref> In a representative survey of 1,040 adults in [[Quebec]], 15.9% of respondents indicated an interest in fetishistic behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyal |first1=Christian C. |last2=Carpentier |first2=Julie |title=The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population: A Provincial Survey |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |year=2017 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034 |pmid=26941021 }}</ref> This could suggest fart fetishism is more common, however, there are no direct prevalence estimate exists for eproctophilia alone. It is posited that there exists a link between [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD) and olfactophilia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hellemans |first1=H. |last2=Roeyers |first2=H. |last3=Leplae |first3=W. |title=Sexual Behavior in Male Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Borderline/Mild Mental Retardation |journal=Sexuality and Disability |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=93–104 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s11195-009-9145-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motamed |first1=M. |last2=Hajikarim-Hamedani |first2=A. |last3=Fakhrian |first3=A. |title=A systematic review of sexual health, knowledge, and behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=25 |page=410 |year=2025 |doi=10.1186/s12888-025-06836-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Allely |first=C. S. |title=Autism spectrum disorder, bestiality and zoophilia: a systematic PRISMA review |journal=Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=75–91 |year=2020 |doi=10.1108/JIDOB-06-2019-0012 }}</ref> the superset of eproctophilia. Theoretically, this could stem from their propensity for repetitive patterns of behaviour, their characteristic social deficit,<ref name="Reardon2025">{{cite web | last1 = Reardon | first1 = Claudia L. | last2 = Bienenfeld | first2 = David | title = Paraphilic Disorders: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology | website = Medscape | publisher = WebMD LLC | date = 15 April 2025 | url = https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291419-overview | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> or lack of specialized education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beddows |first1=N. |last2=Brooks |first2=R. |title=Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why |journal=Early Intervention in Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=282–289 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/eip.12265 |pmid=26265030 }}</ref><ref name="Kalyva2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Kalyva | first1 = E. | year = 2010 | title = Teachers’ perspectives of the sexuality of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 433–437 | doi = 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.014 }}</ref> Individuals with ASD often exhibit aberrant olfactory processing,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rozenkrantz |first1=L. |last2=Zachor |first2=D. |last3=Heller |first3=I. |last4=Plotkin |first4=A. |last5=Weissbrod |first5=A. |last6=Snitz |first6=K. |last7=Secundo |first7=L. |last8=Sobel |first8=N. |title=A Mechanistic Link between Olfaction and Autism Spectrum Disorder |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=1904–1910 |year=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.048 |pmid=26144969 |pmc=PMC4518448 }}</ref> characterized by heightened sensitivity, diminished discrimination, or atypical hedonic valuation of odors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hrdlicka |first1=M. |last2=Vodicka |first2=J. |last3=Havlovicova |first3=M. |last4=Urbanek |first4=T. |last5=Blatny |first5=M. |last6=Dudova |first6=I. |title=Brief report: significant differences in perceived odor pleasantness found in children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=524–527 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1084-x |pmid=20697793 }}</ref> which may predispose them to the emergence of eproctophilic interests centered on olfactory cues. ==Causes== Some experts believe this behaviour is [[Causality|caused]] by [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] [[childhood]] experiences alongside behavioural [[Classical conditioning|conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Longpré | first = Nicholas | last2 = Burdis Galiano | first2 = Courtney | last3 = Guay | first3 = Jean-Pierre | year = 2022 | title = The impact of childhood trauma, personality, and sexuality on the development of paraphilias | journal = Journal of Criminal Justice | volume = 82 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101981 | issn = 0047-2352 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Eproctophilia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | date = 2019-06-02 | website = Drugstore Online – RXShop.Md | url = https://www.rxshop.md/articles/2019/eproctophilia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ | access-date = 2025-03-23 }}</ref> For example, if the sound or smell of farts is consistently paired with sexual arousal at a presumably young age, then it can form a [[neuron|neural]] pathway where farting can become a trigger for sexual excitement on its own through [[Operant conditioning|operant learning]]. This is called sexual [[Imprinting (ethology)|imprinting]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Darcangelo | first = Shauna | year = 2008 | chapter = Fetishism: Psychopathology and theory | editor-last1 = Laws | editor-first1= D. Richard | editor-last2 = O'Donohue | editor-first2= William T. | title = Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5 | edition = 2nd | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sexualdevianceth0000unse_x8m5/page/n123 108]–118 | publisher = The Guilford Press | isbn = 9781593856052 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Cole | first = Samantha | date = 2024-08-09 | title = Taking a Long, Deep Sniff of Fart Porn | website = VICE | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/taking-a-long-deep-sniff-of-fart-porn/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> Sexual arousal suppresses disgust,<ref name="Oaten2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Oaten | first1 = M | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = RJ | last3 = Tapp | first3 = C | last4 = Case | first4 = TI | last5 = Cousins | first5 = A | title = The Role of Disgust in Male Sexual Decision‑Making | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | pages = 2602 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02602 | pmid = 30723444 | pmc = 6350445 }}</ref><ref name="Fleischman2015">{{cite journal | last1 = Fleischman | first1 = DS | last2 = Hamilton | first2 = LD | last3 = Fessler | first3 = DM | last4 = Meston | first4 = CM | title = Disgust versus Lust: Exploring the Interactions of Disgust and Fear with Sexual Arousal in Women | journal = PLoS ONE | year = 2015 | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0118151 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0118151 | pmid = 26106894 | pmc = 4479551 }}</ref> which facilitates the learned association between flatulence and sexual gratification. Paraphilias have been observed to cluster within families, suggesting a hypothesis of potential familial psychosocial transmission and/or [[gene|genetic]] transmission of paraphilias.<ref name="Labelle2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Labelle | first1 = A | last2 = Bourget | first2 = D | last3 = Bradford | first3 = JM | last4 = Alda | first4 = M | last5 = Tessier | first5 = P | title = Familial paraphilia: a pilot study with the construction of genograms | journal = ISRN Psychiatry | date = 2012-03-04 | volume = 2012 | pages = 692813 | doi = 10.5402/2012/692813 | pmid = 23738209 | pmc = 3658696 }}</ref> A portion of eproctolagniacs may have neurobiological differences,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=Kirsten |last2=Fromberger |first2=Peter |last3=Stolpmann |first3=Georg |last4=Müller |first4=Jürgen Leo |title=The role of testosterone in sexuality and paraphilia—A neurobiological approach. Part II: testosterone and paraphilia |journal=J Sex Med |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3008–3029 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02393.x |pmid=21797985}}</ref> such as differences in [[brain]] structure or function.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Konrad |last2=Lücker |first2=Erik |last3=Pietrzyk |first3=Ulrike |chapter=Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in assessing sexual preference |editor-last=Thienel |editor-first=Boris |editor-last2=Crépault |editor-first2=Antoine |title=Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences |volume=32 |pages=163–182 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |doi=10.1007/7854_2016_58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eproctophilia: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment |url=https://psychologyfor.com/eproctophilia-what-it-is-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/ |website=Psychology For |date=August 2024 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A study of paraphilic individuals revealed elevated levels of central monamines including [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]], and norepinephrine, along with decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in [[urine]], a principal dopamine metabolite. These suggest neurochemical dysregulation of sexual reward/impulse circuits in paraphilics.<ref name="Kamenskov2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Kamenskov | first1 = M. Yu. | last2 = Gurina | first2 = O. I. | title = Neurotransmitter mechanisms of paraphilic disorders | journal = Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova | language = Russian | year = 2019 | volume = 119 | issue = 8 | pages = 61–67 | doi = 10.17116/jnevro201911908161 | pmid = 31626172 }}</ref> Some [[Psychology|psychological]] fixations, possibly related to the [[anal stage|anal stage of psychosexual development]] (ages 1-3) as proposed by [[Sigmund Freud]], may contribute to the emergence of eproctophilia. Put, some eproctolagniacs are aroused by farts because they come from the [[buttocks]], which they find attractive. The [[taboo|taboos]] and [[social stigma]] may also contribute to the development of the fetish for some individuals. Some eproctolagniacs espouse the act of cathartic farting to be seen as an act of [[intimacy]] and breaking down barriers.<ref name="Griffiths2013"></ref> Studies have also shown that olfactory function is associated with sexual [[motivation]] and satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iuliano | first1 = Simone | last2 = Zagari | first2 = Maria C. | last3 = Frasca Polara | first3 = Giuseppe | last4 = Rotella | first4 = Giorgio | last5 = La Vignera | first5 = Sandro | last6 = Greco | first6 = Enrico A. | last7 = Liuzza | first7 = Marco T. | last8 = Aversa | first8 = Antonio | title = Global olfactory function correlates with global sexual functioning in men and women | journal = Minerva Medica | date = December 2023 | volume = 114 | issue = 6 | pages = 785–794 | doi = 10.23736/S0026-4806.23.08753-0 | pmid = 37382520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bendas | first = Julia | last2 = Hummel | first2 = Thomas | last3 = Croy | first3 = Ilona | year = 2018 | title = Olfactory function relates to sexual experience in adults | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 1333–1339 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-018-1203-x | pmid = 29721723 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Siegel | first1 = Jason K. | last2 = Kung | first2 = Shanna Y. | last3 = Wroblewski | first3 = Kristen E. | last4 = Kern | first4 = David W. | last5 = McClintock | first5 = Martha K. | last6 = Pinto | first6 = Jayant M. | title = Olfaction Is Associated With Sexual Motivation and Satisfaction in Older Men and Women | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = February 2021 | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.12.002 | pmid = 33423973 | pmc = 8694566 }}</ref> It is therefore plausible that olfactory stimuli, particularly those associated with early childhood experiences, may play a role in the development of eproctophilic arousal. [[Traumatic brain injury|Brain injuries]] and [[multiple sclerosis]] may lead one to spontaneously acquire paraphilias,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frohman |first=E. M. |last2=Frohman |first2=T. C. |last3=Moreault |first3=A. M. |title=Acquired Sexual Paraphilia in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1006–1010 |year=2002 |doi=10.1001/archneur.59.6.1006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bianchi-Demicheli | first = F. | last2 = Rollini | first2 = C. | last3 = Lovblad | first3 = K. | last4 = Ortigue | first4 = S. | title = “Sleeping Beauty paraphilia”: deviant desire in the context of bodily self-image disturbance in a patient with a fronto-parietal traumatic brain injury | journal = Medical Science Monitor | year = 2010 | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = CS15–CS17 | pmid = 20110923 }}</ref><ref name="Langevin1992">{{cite journal | last = Langevin | first = R. | title = Biological Factors Contributing to Paraphiliac Behavior | journal = Psychiatric Annals | date = June 1992 | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 307, 309–314 | url = https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/biological-factors-contributing-paraphiliac-behavior | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> such as eproctophilia. However, no singular cause has been definitively established. The heterogeneity in its manifestation suggests that multiple psychological and developmental factors may be involved, as with other fetishes. ==As a paraphilic disorder== {{Infobox medical condition | name = Eproctophilia | synonyms = Flatus fetishism, flatulophilia, eproctolagnia | field = [[Psychiatry]]; Clinical psychology | symptoms = Arousal from feeling, hearing, smelling, or watching flatulence | treatment = Cognitive‑behavioral therapy; psychoeducation }} It is important to note that having a fart fetish is not [[Recognition|recognized]] to be a [[Mental illness|disorder]]. [[Treatment]] for eproctophilia is generally not needed unless it starts becoming a [[problem]] or is ego-dystonic. Therapeutic interventions are primarily focused on reducing internalized shame and facilitating social reintegration.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paraphilias: Phenomenology, Assessment, and Treatment|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1138809185|editor-last=Beetz|editor-first=A. M.}}</ref> In severe cases, eproctolagniacs may be [[Anhedonia|unable to derive sexual gratification]] unless their partner consecutively and sonorously farts, which can present challenges if they are unable to do so. This might pressure the farting partner to eat more gas producing [[food]] or [[Air pump|pump air]] into their anus to satisfy the eproctolagniac, which can pose [[health]] problems. In cases like these, the eproctolagniac may be [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosed]] with fetishism disorder under [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]]-5, as the fetish is coupled with significant [[Distress (medicine)|distress]] or [[Danger|peril]]. A fart fetish frequently co-occurs with compulsive sexual behavior disorder and is often accompanied by comorbid psychopathologies, including autism, [[depression (mental illness)|depressive]], and [[anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]].<ref name="Kafka2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kafka | first1 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Axis I psychiatric disorders, paraphilic sexual offending and implications for pharmacological treatment | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 255–261 | pmid = 23585462 }}</ref><ref name="Abrams2023">{{cite thesis | last = Abrams | first = Dylan H. | year = 2023 | title = Examining the Prevalence and Psychopathological Correlates of Paraphilic Interests in a Non-clinical Sample | type = Master’s thesis | institution= Graduate Center, City University of New York | url = https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/5462 | access-date= 2025-06-07 }}</ref><ref name="Briken2024">{{cite journal | last1 = Briken | first1 = P. | last2 = Bothe | first2 = B. | last3 = Carvalho | first3 = J. | last4 = Coleman | first4 = E. | last5 = Giraldi | first5 = A. | last6 = Kraus | first6 = S. W. | last7 = Lew-Starowicz | first7 = M. | last8 = Pfaus | first8 = J. G. | year = 2024 | title = Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior disorder: a sexual medicine perspective | journal = Sexual Medicine Reviews | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–370 | doi = 10.1093/sxmrev/qeae014 }}</ref> If one with a fart fetish wants to ameliorate their condition, they can get professional mental [[help]]. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT) has been the primary source to address maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, such as eproctophilia.<ref name="Kaplan2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = M. S. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = R. B. | title = Cognitive-behavioral treatment of the paraphilias | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences | year = 2012 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–296 | pmid = 23585466 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eproctophilia: treatment and causes |url=https://www.mentesabiertaspsicologia.com/blog-psicologia/eproctophilia-treatment-and-causes |website=Mentes Abiertas Psicología |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> Techniques include cognitive restructuring, behavioral rehearsal, and teaching eproctolagniacs to identify and cope with factors that make relapsing imminent. Treatment could also include redirecting [[Masturbation|masturbatory]] [[Sexual fantasy|fantasies]] to conventional ones. In some cases, CBT can be used in combination with [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor|selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Coskun | first1 = Murat | last2 = Ozturk | first2 = Mucahit | title = Sexual Fetishism in Adolescence: Report of Two Cases | journal = Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–205 | date = 2013-06-01 | doi = 10.5350/DAJPN2013260210 | url = https://dusunenadamdergisi.org/storage/upload/pdfs/1587029640-en.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guay | first1 = David R. P. | title = Drug treatment of paraphilic and nonparaphilic sexual disorders | journal = Clinical Therapeutics | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–31 | date = 2009-01-01 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.009 | pmid = 19243704 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243704/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref><ref name="SpringerCh255">{{cite book | last1 = Malandain | first1 = Leo | last2 = Chagraoui | first2 = Abdeslam | last3 = Thibaut | first3 = Florence | chapter = Psychopharmacotherapy of Sexual Disorders | editor1-last = Riederer | editor1-first= Peter | editor2-last = Laux | editor2-first= Gerd | editor3-last = Nagatsu | editor3-first= Toshiharu | editor4-last = Le | editor4-first= Weidong | editor5-last = Riederer | editor5-first= Christian | title = NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy | series = Reference work | publisher = Springer Cham | year = 2022 | pages = 4171–4206 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | isbn = 978-3-030-62059-2 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_255 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Naltrexone]] has been tried for compulsive sexual behaviour and paraphilic behaviour, based on the idea of dampering reward-seeking behaviour in behavioural [[addiction]] or treating concurrent addictions.<ref name="Raymond2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Raymond | first1 = Nancy C. | last2 = Grant | first2 = Jon E. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = Eli | title = Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: A case series | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | date = February 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 56–62 | url = https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/fmc/acp/2010/00000022/00000001/art00008 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Savard2020">{{cite journal | last1 = Savard | first1 = J. | last2 = Öberg | first2 = K. G. | last3 = Chatzittofis | first3 = A. | last4 = Dhejne | first4 = C. | last5 = Arver | first5 = S. | last6 = Jokinen | first6 = J. | title = Naltrexone in compulsive sexual behavior disorder: A feasibility study of twenty men | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | date = August 2020 | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1544–1552 | doi = <!-- Add DOI if available --> | url = https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/17/8/1544/6973797 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Convert sensitization methods such as aversion therapy can be used to reduce compulsive behaviors by applying negative punishments.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Callahan | first1=E. J. | last2=Leitenberg | first2=H. | title=Aversion therapy for sexual deviation: Contingent shock and covert sensitization | journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume=81 | issue=1 | pages=60–73 | year=1973 | doi=10.1037/h0034025 | url=https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034025 }}</ref> Its use is associated with lower recidivism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Culos | first1 = Camille | last2 = Di Grazia | first2 = Marco | last3 = Meneguzzo | first3 = Paola | title = Pharmacological Interventions in Paraphilic Disorders: Systematic Review and Insights | journal = Journal of Clinical Medicine | date = 7 March 2024 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 1524 | doi = 10.3390/jcm13061524 | pmid = 38541750 | pmc = 10971111 }}</ref> Eproctolagniacs with childhood trauma may be treated with Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to mitigate their underlying trauma.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = de Jongh | first1 = Ad | last2 = de Roos | first2 = Carlijn | last3 = El-Leithy | first3 = S. | title = State of the science: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 205–216 | date = April 2024 | doi = 10.1002/jts.23012 | pmid = 38282286 | publication-date = 2024-01-28 }}</ref> Research suggests repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may help reduce sexual compulsivity in individuals with paraphilic disorders by targeting brain regions implicated in inhibitory control, particularly the cortical nodes in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical loop such as the dorsolateral [[Pre-frontal cortex|prefontal cortex]] (DLPFC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schecklmann | first1 = Martin | last2 = Sakreida | first2 = Katrin | last3 = Oblinger | first3 = Britta | last4 = Langguth | first4 = Berthold | last5 = Poeppl | first5 = Timm B. | title = Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Tool to Reduce Sexual Arousal: A Proof of Concept Study | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 1553–1559 | date = August 2020 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.002 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609520306093 | issn = 1743-6095 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tripathi | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = A. | last3 = Singh | first3 = H. | last4 = Kar | first4 = S. K. | title = Successful use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in difficult to treat hypersexual disorder | journal = Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–209 | date = July–September 2016 | doi = 10.4103/0974-1208.192074 | pmid = 27803590 | pmc = 5070404 }} </ref> This noninvasive intervention may help eproctolagniacs control their sexual impulses to fart-related stimuli by inhibiting the SMA and exciting the right DLPCF under IRB approval. As a last resort, chemical [[castration]] may be employed through the use of [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone|luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone]] (LHRH) [[agonist|agonists]] or antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradford |first=J. M. |title=The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual behaviour |journal=Can J Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=26–34 |year=2001 |doi=10.1177/070674370104600104 |pmid=11221487}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Garcia | first1 = Frederico D. | last2 = Thibaut | first2 = Florence | title = Current concepts in the pharmacotherapy of paraphilias | journal = Drugs | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 771–790 | date = 2011-04-16 | doi = 10.2165/11585490-000000000-00000 | pmid = 21504253 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21504253/ | access-date = 2025-04-13 }}</ref> They should be considered only in cases where the eproctolagniac's behaviours pose a significant risk to themselves or others, and when less invasive treatments have been ineffective, as the use of chemical castrations methods may come along with problematic side effects such as [[osteoporosis]] and [[Liver disease|liver dysfunction]]. All in all, the [[prognosis]] of eproctophilia is poor. Fart fetishism is generally considered unalterable and life-long,<ref name="SetoAhmed2014">{{cite journal|first1=Michael C.|last1=Seto|authorlink1=Michael C. Seto|first2=AG|last2=Ahmed|title=Treatment and management of child pornography use|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|volume=37|issue=2|pages=207–214|year=2014|pmid=24877707|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2014.03.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 157 | issue = 5 | pages = 838 | date = May 2000 | url = https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612020545/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.838 | archive-date = 12 June 2011 | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> but CBT can help reduce negative [[symptoms]] and [[criminal]] [[behaviour]]. There are no significant studies specifically focused on fart fetishism. Still, it is considered one of the many forms of sexual interest that can be classified as a paraphilia, which refers to unusual sexual preferences. Fart fetishism typically becomes more noticeable in [[adulthood]], though the specific causes or origins of this interest are not very well understood. == Cultural and social context== Flatulence (and, more broadly, fart fetishism) is often viewed negatively in virtually every [[culture]], contributing to the taboo surrounding eproctophilia. In many [[Society|societies]], flatulence is considered socially inappropriate or [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], which may intensify the fetishistic allure for some individuals (abjection). On the contrary, the stigma may lead some individuals with this fetish to feel [[Social isolation|isolated]] or reluctant to discuss their [[Interest (emotion)|interests]] openly.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Combridge | first1 = Kirra | last2 = Lastella | first2 = Michele | title = Stigmatisation of People with Deviant Sexual Interest: A Comparative Study | journal = Sexes | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–25 | year = 2023 | doi = 10.3390/sexes4010002 | url = https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5118/4/1/2 | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> They may cope with farts, perpetuating a self-reinforcing cycle that exacerbates eproctophilia. When eproctolagniacs pose a risk to others, therapists may be legally compelled to report such behaviour to authorities under mandatory reporting laws. This may impede their access to treatment, a crucial safeguard against the commission of sexual offenses. Although it is not widely [[Conversation|discussed]], it [[Existence|exists]] as part of the diversity of [[human]] [[Sexual orientation|sexual preferences]]. In the works of the English writer Thomas d'Urfey, only women were depicted as farting, reflecting the [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] [[gender]] pigeonhole that women were objects of casual sexual desire.<ref>{{cite web | last = Pittaway | first = Ian | title = "A brief history of farting in early music and literature" | website = Early Music Muse | date = 3 January 2025 | orig-date = 27 July 2016 | url = https://earlymusicmuse.com/a-brief-history-of-farting/ | access-date= 10 June 2025 }}</ref> His most famous musical hit was "The Fart", followed by "The Second Part of The Fart". During the [[Augustan literature|British Augustan]] age, there were several erotic flatulence-related [[Fictional character|characters]] circulated clandestinely in underground [[pamphlets]]. For example, the characters “Miss-Pop fart”, "Mrs. Tickle-Fart", “Madam Rousing Fart”, and "Tabitha Turnip-Fart" appeared in some Augustan [[Erotica|eroticas]].<ref name="Barchas2024">{{Cite book | last = Barchas | first = Janine | editor1-last = Pettit | editor1-first = Alexander | editor2-last = Spedding | editor2-first = Patrick | title = Eighteenth-Century British Erotica, Part II, Volume 1 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | location = London | year = 2024 | isbn = 9781040238424 | url = https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781040238424_A49445550/preview-9781040238424_A49445550.pdf | access-date = 2025-04-14 }}</ref> Notable among these pamphlets is ''The Benefit of Farting Explain'd'',<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Puff-Indorst | first1 = Don Fartinando | last2 = Swift | first2 = Jonathan | last3 = Fizzle | first3 = Obadiah | title = ''The Benefit of Farting Explain’d : Or, the Fundament-All Cause of the Distempers Incident to the Fair-Sex, Enquired into. Proving à Posteriori Most of the Dis-Ordures In-Tail’d upon Them, Are Owing to Flatulencies Not Seasonably Vented. Wrote in Spanish by Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow. And Translated into English at the Request, and for the Use, of the Lady Damp-Fart of Her-Fart-Shire. By Obadiah Fizzle, Groom of the Stool to the Princess of Arsimini in Sardinia.'' | place = Longford in Ireland [i.e. London] | publisher = Simon Bumbubbard | year = 1722 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&amp;docType=ECCOArticles&amp;bookId=0092301100&amp;type=getFullCitation&amp;tabID=T001&amp;prodId=ECCO&amp;docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&amp;version=1.0&amp;source=library | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a pseudomedical pamphlet published in 1722 that argued for the therapeutic necessity of farting, particularly in women. That same year saw the publication of ''Arse Musica; or, The Lady’s Back Report to Don Fart-in-hand-o Puff-in dorst'', a flatulent parody of [[Italy|Italian]] opera that celebrated the aesthetic pleasures of bodily emissions coming from the anus. This was followed by ''The Beau's Miscellany'',<ref>{{cite book | title = ''The Beau's Miscellany: Being a New and Curious Collection of Amorous Tales, Diverting Song, and Entertaining Poems. Part II.'' | editor = Various Hands | place = London | publisher = A. Moore | date = 1731 <!-- imprint undated; ESTC suggests [1731?] --> | format = Duodecimo | series = ECCO – BOD | id = ESTC T80397; EEBO CW3312781141 | url = http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&prodId=ECCO&docId=CW3312781141 | access-date = 10 June 2025 }}</ref> a collection of verse and prose where in flatulence serves as a titillating motif and de facto [[comedy|comedic relief]]. Collectively, these texts exemplify an [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightment]]-era libertine tradition in which farting was also seen as erotic by some. A depiction of eproctophilia appears in the Marquis de Sade unfinished novel ''The 120 Days of Sodom'', written in 1785 and published in 1904 after its manuscript was rediscovered. The book describes the activities of four wealthy libertine Frenchmen who spend four months seeking the ultimate sexual gratification through orgies, including eproctophilic activities. One episode describes a character who “knelt down before that decrepit bum and kissed it lovingly; farts were blown up his nose, he waxed ecstatic…,” illustrating vivid exploitation of flatulence as sexual stimulus.<ref name="SadeSupervert">{{cite web |last = Sade |first = Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de |title = ''The 120 Days of Sodom'' |url = https://16beavergroup.org/pdf/120_days_of_sodom.pdf |publisher = Supervert 32C Inc. |date = 2002 |format = PDF |page = 125 |access-date= 2025-06-05}}</ref> The [[18th century|eighteenth-century]] discourses of flatulence and female outlawry demonstrate sexual experimentation and the possible existence of eproctophilia throughout [[history]]. [[James Joyce]], the renowned [[Irish people|Irish]] [[author]], exhibited eproctophilic tendencies, as evidenced by his intimate correspondence with Nora Barnacle. James Joyce's intimate [[letter|letters]] to Nora Barnacle revealed his fascination with her farts, as he expressed a [[desire]] to hear her "tiny little naughty farties" and described them as "fat dirty farts".<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Gilbert | editor-first = Stuart | author-last = Joyce | author-first = James | title = Letters of James Joyce | publisher = Viking Press; Faber & Faber | location = New York; London | date = 1957–1966 | oclc = 2397715 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/letters-of-james-joyce/oclc/2397715 | access-date = 7 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = James Joyce’s Love Letters to Nora Barnacle, His ‘Dirty Little Fuckbird.’ | date = 2021-07-28 | website = The Paris Review | url = https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/02/02/james-joyces-love-letters-dirty-little-fuckbird/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> In modern day, a notable incident is when the former reality television star from the [[United States]], Stephanie Matto, was [[hospital|hospitalized]] after adopting a high-[[protein]] and high-[[fiber]] bdolotic [[diet]] to accommodate her [[business]] of [[jar|jars]] containing her farts. This practice eventually led her to [[dyspnea|difficulty breathing]] caused by excessive gas accumulation.<ref>{{cite web | last = Lee | first = Bruce Y. | title = 90 Day Fiancé Star Sells Her Farts in Jars Then Suffers Health Scare | website = Forbes | publisher = Forbes Magazine | date = 8 January 2022 | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2022/01/08/90-day-fianc-star-sells-farts-in-jars-then-suffers-health-scare/ | access-date = 12 April 2025 }}</ref> In March 2025, [[DC Comics]] released the one-short ''Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly'', which centers its plot entirely on flatulence and included a built-in [[scratch-and-sniff]] feature. Some reviewers argued that the comic functioned more as a fart-fetish comic than a traditional [[superhero]] story, with its prolonged focus on flatulence and visceral imagery as evidence of fetishistic intent rather than typical hero action.<ref>{{cite web | last=Luken | first=Jackson | date=26 March 2025 | title=Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 review | website=Batman News | url=https://batman-news.com/2025/03/26/harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-review/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Goldfield | first=Ray | date=26 March 2025 | title=Review – Harley Quinn Fartacular: Silent Butt Deadly #1 – Yep, That’s the Title | website=GeekDad | url=https://geekdad.com/2025/03/review-harley-quinn-fartacular-silent-butt-deadly-1-yep-thats-the-title/ | access-date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], the production [[company]] MFX Media makes fetish [[videos]] that include fart-fetish content. The company gained international attention after it released a [[coprophilia|coprophiliic]] video titled "[[2 Girls 1 Cup]]". The video showed extreme fetish acts and was made by MFX Media's director, Marco Antônio Fiorito. Fiorito described himself as a "compulsive fetishist" and began making fetish [[films]] in the [[1990s]]. Some of his films have caused legal issues in the US, where [[Authority|authorities]] considered them [[Obscenity|obscene]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Pornography and The Criminal Justice System|last=Cusack|first=Carmen M.|date=3 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482260021|page=49}}</ref> In the United States, distribution of eproctophilic content may technically be [[prosecutor|prosecuted]] as obscene if it satisfies all three prongs of the Miller test: it appeals to the prurient interest, depicts excretory functions in a patently offensive way, and lacks serious [[literary]], artistic, [[political]], or [[scientific]] value. Given the taboo and stigmatization of eproctophilia, and that flatulence is an excretory function, such content would likely be considered patently offensive by community standards. However, obscenity prosecutions for adult material have become extremely rare in recent years as the Department of Justice is directing its efforts to [[Child sexual abuse|child‐exploitation]] cases rather than adult obscenity.<ref name="Gerstein">{{cite news |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |title=Holder accused of neglecting porn fight |newspaper=Politico |date=April 16, 2011 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/holder-accused-of-neglecting-porn-053314}}</ref><ref name="QuietCrisis">{{cite report |title=The Quiet Crisis: Uncovering the DOJ’s Failure to Tackle Obscenity |publisher=InternetSafety101.org |date=November 9, 2023 |url=https://internetsafety101.org/objects/EIE-Obscenity-paper-11-09-2023.pdf }}</ref> While content depicting eproctophilia in a sexual manner without serious value would likely be adjured obscene and consequently illegal to distribute or sell in the United States, in practice no such prosecutions occur. The private possession of eproctophilic content in the US is legal under Stanley v. Georgia. The host of the Fart Fetish Podcast, Raj Jawa, postulated that since eproctophilia involves sexual conditioning to fart-related alliesthetic visceral cues, it would be mediated via the insula's interoceptive circuitry.<ref name="EproctophiliaOpinion">{{cite web | last1 = Jawa | first1 = Raj | title = Eproctophilia Is Not a Perversion or a Paraphilia | url = https://eproctophilia.org/PDF/eproctophiliaisnotapervsionoraparaphilia..pdf | website = Eproctophilia.org | format = PDF | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Vagal afferents transmit [[enteric nervous system]] signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius, which regulates dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and ventral tegmental area neurons.<ref name="Breit2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Breit | first1 = Sigrid | last2 = Kupferberg | first2 = Aleksandra | last3 = Rogler | first3 = Gerhard | last4 = Hasler | first4 = Gregor | title = Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | year = 2018 | volume = 9 | pages = 44 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044/full | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> Colonic enterochromaffin cells in the gut epithelium and gut microbiota synthesize 90% of the human body's serotonin and significant portions of other monoamines.<ref name="SerotoninMetabolismSD">{{cite web | title = Serotonin Metabolism | work = Topics in Immunology and Microbiology | publisher = Elsevier (ScienceDirect) | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/serotonin-metabolism | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> The ENS contains specialized mechanosensitive and chemosensitive neurons that detect gas pressure, pH indications and the slightest indication of a fart building up. Any ENS-driven perturbation in peripheral monoamines triggered by sexual arousal of flatulence or dysbiosis could worsen maladaptive central monoaminergic states such as hyperdominergic rewards response for fart stimuli or serotonergic–noradrenergic driven fixations which could underpin compulsive sexual focus on flatulence.<ref name="Kamenskov2019"/> The ENS exhibits activity-dependent plasticity;<ref name="Giaroni1999">Giaroni C, De Ponti F, Cosentino M, Lecchini S, Frigo G (December 1999). "Plasticity in the enteric nervous system". ''Gastroenterology''. '''117''' (6): 1438–1458. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70295-7. PMID 10579986.</ref><ref name="Schaefer2009">Schäfer KH, Van Ginneken C, Copray S (2009). "Plasticity and neural stem cells in the enteric nervous system". ''Anatomical Record''. 292 (12): 1940–1952. doi:10.1002/ar.21033. PMID 19943347.</ref> consequently, repeated pairings of flatulence and [[orgasm]] may sensitize enteric reflex circuits, thereby amplifying ENS-mediated perturbations and intensifying eproctophilic reward circuits. Additionally, the anterior insular cortex anatomically and functionally sits at the nexus of interoceptive processing and limbic-reward pathways.<ref name="Gogolla2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Gogolla | first1 = Nadine | title = The insular cortex | journal = Current Biology | date = 19 June 2017 | volume = 27 | issue = 12 | pages = R580–R586 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.010 | pmid = 28633023 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217305468 | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> It maintains dense reciprocal connections with regions established as the neural substrates of sexual desire, such as the [[amygdala]], [[hypothalamus]], nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref name="Calabro2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Calabrò | first1 = Rocco S. | last2 = Cacciola | first2 = Alberto | last3 = Bruschetta | first3 = Daniele | last4 = Milardi | first4 = Demetrio | last5 = Quattrini | first5 = Fabrizio | last6 = Sciarrone | first6 = Francesca | last7 = La Rosa | first7 = Gianluca | last8 = Bramanti | first8 = Placido | last9 = Anastasi | first9 = Giuseppe | title = Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue? | journal = Brain and Behavior | year = 2019 | volume = 9 | issue = 12 | pages = e01389 | doi = 10.1002/brb3.1389 | pmid = 31568703 | pmc = PMC6908863 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6908863/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Haber2011">{{cite book | last1 = Haber | first1 = Suzanne N. | editor1-last = Gottfried | editor1-first= Jay A. | chapter = 11 | title = Neuroanatomy of Reward: A View from the Ventral Striatum | publisher = CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location = Boca Raton, FL | year = 2011 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92777/ | access-date = 8 June 2025 }}</ref> In a fart fetish, aberrant visceral interoceptive signals encoded in the ENS are relayed via the vagus are mapped in the insula as salient internal states. The insula routes the signals into adjacent sexual-arousals circuits. Therefore flatulence-related interoceptive cues acquire a direct path to the brain's sexual pathway. Orgasmic [[oxytocin]] amplifies and disinhibits the mesolimbic reward circuits,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petersson |first=Maria |last2=Uvnäs-Moberg |first2=Kerstin |title=Interactions of Oxytocin and Dopamine—Effects on Behavior in Health and Disease |journal=Biomedicines |volume=12 |issue=11 |year=2024 |pages=2440 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines12112440 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/11/2440}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pfaus |first=James G. |title=Orgasms, Sexual Pleasure, and Opioid Reward Mechanisms |journal=Sexual Medicine Reviews |year=2025 |doi=10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023 |url=https://academic.oup.com/smr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf023/8127191}}</ref> promoting sexual reinforcement of flatulent stimuli. This can contribute to the poor prognosis of fart fetishism. Research has shown that trace amounts of [[hydrogen sulfide]] may prevent [[mitochondrial]] damage in [[cells]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Murphy | first = Brian | last2 = Bhattacharya | first2 = Rajat | last3 = Mukherjee | first3 = Priyabrata | year = 2019 | title = Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 12 | pages = 13098–13125 | doi = 10.1096/fj.201901304R | pmid = 31648556 | pmc = PMC6894098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Paul | first1 = Biswanath D. | last2 = Snyder | first2 = Solomon H. | last3 = Kashfi | first3 = Kamal | title = Effects of hydrogen sulfide on mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics | journal = Redox Biology | date = January 2021 | volume = 38 | pages = 101772 | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101772 | pmid = 33137711 | pmc = 7606857 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Fu | first = Ming | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Weihua | last3 = Wu | first3 = Lingyun | last4 = Yang | first4 = Guangdong | last5 = Li | first5 = Hongzhu | last6 = Wang | first6 = Rui | year = 2012 | title = Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) metabolism in mitochondria and its regulatory role in energy production | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 8 | pages = 2943–2948 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1115634109 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Lam | first = Michael | last2 = Lam | first2 = Justin | date = 2024-03-05 | title = Secret of Smelling Farts: Unexpected Benefits of Flatulence Magic | website = Dr. Lam Coaching | url = https://www.drlamcoaching.com/blog/the-benefits-of-smelling-farts-is-this-a-bad-joke/ | access-date = 2025-04-12 }}</ref> This has led to the erroneous belief that smelling farts could have health benefits. As with all sexual preferences, the key to a healthy experience is mutual [[consent]], [[respect]], and [[communication]] between individuals involved. Non-consensual exposure or involving non-consenting individuals is highly [[Ethics|unethical]] and generally [[Law|illegal]]. == Related pages == *[[Flatulence]] *[[Coprophilia]] *[[Paraphilia]] *[[Sexual fetishism]] *[[Feces]] *[[Foot odor]] *[[Human sexuality]] *[[BDSM]] *[[Social stigma]] *[[Mental illness]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last=Love |first=Brenda |title=Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices |publisher=Barricade Books |year=1992 |isbn=9781569800119}} ==Other websites== *[[wikt:eproctophilia|Eproctophilia]] *[https://eproctophilia.org/ Eproctophilia.org] *[https://fartfetish.podbean.com/ Fart Fetish Podcast] {{medical resources | ICD10 = [https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F65.8 F65.8 – Other paraphilias] | MeshID = D005329 }} {{Mental disorders}} {{sex-stub}} [[Category:Human sexuality]] [[Category:BDSM]] [[Category:Paraphilias]] [[Category:Sexual fetishism]] [[Category:Flatulence]] dlvd1dtur5n1n3q0alo561rdt2w1h2i 3 1143495 10330701 10327272 2025-06-14T19:22:25Z Steven1991 1522289 Archive 10330701 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Steven1991! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Steven1991|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Davey2010|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. 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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 01:11, 29 October 2024 (UTC) ==Merry Christmas!== {| style="border-style:solid; border-color:green; background-color:white; font color:red; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" |[[Image:Christmas_Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.png|110px]] |[[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) is wishing you a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]]! <small>This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. 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This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|WikiLove]] and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a [[Christmas|Merry Christmas]], whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Happy New Year! <br /> ''Spread the cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas2}} to their talk page with a friendly message.'' </div> [[User:Brioche23|Brioche23]] ([[User talk:Brioche23|talk]]) 23:33, 20 December 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! 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Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:22, 26 January 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == User == Hi Steven, (CC @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]]), I was replying and the comment was deleted; Could be wrong but {{noping|Corotenìa}} screams sock of {{vandal|Rapta999}}, Rapta made it their mission to remove RFD tags from articles they written, Could be wrong though, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:36, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Good observation, although there doesn't seem to be a topic overlap so I wont block them for now.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 20:37, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Someone has just [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Coroten%C3%ACa#April_2025 templated] the user, but the user does not seem to have the intention of desisting from his or her vandalism. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 20:38, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay Fusion no worries, I just realised Coro hasn't created any articles yet; they're just edit warring over an RFD, still screams Rapta but yeah like yourself I'd rather see more than just RFD removals, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:42, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] Hi Davey2010! the user (Rapta999) you mentioned is only active on Kurdish-related articles and does not even edit other topics, so the probability of them being the same person is 0%. Also Rapta999 is a sock of Bokak99, I have previously filed an SPI about them on the English Wikipedia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Bokak99] [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 00:50, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::It is hard to tell. It is not uncommon for sock masters to make inroads into other topics to cover up their tracks, when they realise that focusing on the same topic area would easily get them spotted. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 00:54, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::Then I wonder about the CU result. Good night!! [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 01:01, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::Hey @[[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]], Steven has hit the nail on the head - Rapta may well be editing other articles in order to throw us off the scent .... or I/we could be 110% wrong on them both being the same person altogether, Still either way I don't plan on interacting with them unless they start creating non-notable articles and edit warring over templates on those they created, Thanks for replying and making me aware though it's much appreciated, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 01:02, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::There is Syxrt6333 in the request but I don't think it will match because Syxrt6333 doesn't even use the edit summary. I can say that Bokak99 and Corotenìa match, so somehow (I filed an SPI file about them before, so I know :D) I can't comment much here as I don't know how checkuser works in Simple Wikipedia but as I said let's wait for the CU results, good night! [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 01:13, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::I have still not heard back from the CU yet. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 16:12, 7 April 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Are modern Assyrians descendants of ancient Assyrians?]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:19, 12 June 2025 (UTC) 6dbc4bm3x7905uh3ry885ii2izczvd5 0 1143606 10330637 10253195 2025-06-14T19:05:21Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Mauro Icardi | image = Zen-Int (3.1).jpg | caption = Icardi with [[Inter Milan]] in 2018 | full_name = Mauro Emanuel Icardi Rivero<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beinsports.com/en-mena/football/player/mauro-emanuel-icard-rivero-1993-02-19 |title=Player profile |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110185645/https://www.beinsports.com/en-mena/football/player/mauro-emanuel-icard-rivero-1993-02-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|2|19|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=mauro-emanuel-icardi|title=Mauro Icardi (Paris SG)|publisher=Ligue 1 Uber Eats|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703143131/https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=mauro-emanuel-icardi|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], Argentina | height = 1.81 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0926/mauro-icardi |title=Mauro Icardi |publisher=Inter Milan |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503140228/https://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0926/mauro-icardi |archive-date=3 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]] | currentclub = [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2002–2008 | youthclubs1 = [[UD Vecindario|Vecindario]] | youthyears2 = 2008–2011 | youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona (youth)|Barcelona]] | youthyears3 = 2011–2012 | youthclubs3 = [[UC Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] | years1 = 2011–2013 | clubs1 = [[UC Sampdoria|Sampdoria]] | caps1 = 33 | goals1 = 11 | years2 = 2013–2020 | clubs2 = [[Inter Milan]] | caps2 = 188 | goals2 = 111 | years3 = 2019–2020 | clubs3 = → [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (loan) | caps3 = 20 | goals3 = 42 | years4 = 2020–2023 | clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 44 | goals4 = 72 | years5 = 2022–2023 | clubs5 = → [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] (loan) | caps5 = 24 | goals5 = 90 | years6 = 2023– | clubs6 = [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] | caps6 = 40 | goals6 = 29 | nationalyears1 = 2012–2013 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 5 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2013–2018 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps2 = 8 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | club-update = 19 October 2024 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 17 March 2024 (UTC) }} '''Mauro Emanuel Icardi Rivero''' is an Argentine professional football player, born on February 19, 1993, in Rosario, Argentina. He plays as a striker for [[Süper Lig | Süper Lig]] club [[Galatasaray]]. He is known for his scoring ability and sharp positioning. Off the field, he is known for his high-profile personal life and has a significant presence on social media. Icardi is recognized for his talent and skill on the pitch, making him a well-known figure in football. == Youth career == Mauro Icardi started his youth career in Argentina, playing for a club in his hometown of Rosario. He showed a lot of talent as a young player. When he was 15, he moved to Spain to join the youth team of '''FC Barcelona'''. After some time there, he transferred to '''Sampdoria''' in Italy, where he continued to develop his skills. He eventually made his debut for the senior team at '''Sampdoria''' in 2012, marking the beginning of his professional career. Icardi's youth experiences helped shape him into the talented striker he is today. == Sampdoria == Mauro Icardi performed very well at Sampdoria. He joined the club in 2011 and made his senior debut in 2012. During his time there, he quickly became known for his goal-keeping ability. In the 2012-2013 season, Icardi scored '''11 goals''' in just 33 appearances, which caught the attention of bigger clubs. His strong performances helped Sampdoria finish in a good position in Serie A. Icardi's talent and consistency led to his transfer to Inter Milan in 2013, where he continued to shine as a striker. Overall, his time at Sampdoria was crucial for his development as a professional football player. == Love life and scandals == Mauro Icardi, the Argentine footballer known for his striking prowess on the field, has also garnered significant attention for his tumultuous love life and the controversies surrounding it. His relationship with actress and model Wanda Nara has been particularly high-profile. Icardi began dating Nara shortly after she separated from his former teammate Maxi López, which led to a media frenzy and criticism from fans and pundits alike. Their romance was marked by both passion and drama, including public displays of affection and social media exchanges that captivated audiences. The couple married in 2014 and welcomed two daughters, but their relationship has not been without its challenges. Icardi faced accusations of infidelity, which further fueled tabloid speculation. The couple's ups and downs became a staple in the press, especially when Nara announced their split in 2022, only for the two to reconcile shortly after. Their tumultuous love story illustrates the complexities of celebrity relationships, particularly when intertwined with the world of professional sports, showcasing the fine line between love and scandal. == Transfer to Inter Milan == Mauro Icardi transferred to Inter Milan in the summer of 2013 after impressing during his time at Sampdoria. His strong performances and goal-scoring ability made him a target for bigger clubs. Inter Milan saw his potential and moved quickly to sign him. The transfer was completed for around '''€13 million''', which was a significant amount at the time for a young player. Icardi joined Inter and soon became a key player for the team, where he continued to develop and showcase his talent as a top striker. == Inter Milan == Mauro Icardi had a very successful time at Inter Milan from 2013 to 2021. He quickly established himself as the team's main striker and became known for his goal-scoring ability, sharp positioning, and clinical finishing. During his years at Inter, Icardi scored over '''120 goals''' in various competitions, making him one of the club's top scorers. He also served as team captain and led the squad during important matches. His best season came in 2014-2015, when he finished as the top scorer in Serie A with '''22 goals'''. Icardi helped Inter Milan return to the UEFA Champions League after several years, contributing to the team's resurgence in Italian football. However, his time at the club also had ups and downs, including some controversies and changes in management. In 2021, he left Inter to join Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) on loan, marking the end of his successful stint with the club. == PSG == Mauro Icardi joined Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) in 2020 on loan from Inter Milan, and he later signed a permanent deal. At PSG, he became part of a star-studded team featuring players like Neymar and Kylian Mbappé. Icardi had a solid start, scoring important goals in both domestic and European competitions. He contributed to PSG winning multiple titles, including '''Ligue 1''' and the '''Coupe de France'''. While he showed his goal-scoring skills, his time at PSG also had challenges, including competition for playing time with other forwards. He was often used as a backup striker but remained a valuable squad member. In 2023, he was loaned to Galatasaray, continuing his career in a new league. Overall, his time at PSG was marked by both success and notable moments on the pitch. == Galatasaray == Mauro Icardi joined Galatasaray on loan in 2022, looking for a fresh start and more playing time. At Galatasaray, he quickly became an important player, showcasing his goal-scoring ability and helping the team compete in the Turkish Süper Lig. His performances were impressive, and he formed strong connections with teammates, contributing to the team's attacking play. Icardi's experience and talent were key factors in Galatasaray's success during his time there. The move allowed him to regain his form and confidence while playing in a competitive league. Overall, his time at Galatasaray has been seen as a positive chapter in his caree == Future plans == While Mauro Icardi hasn't publicly detailed specific plans for after his retirement, many players often explore opportunities in coaching, punditry, or business ventures. Icardi might also consider staying involved in football through roles such as an ambassador for clubs or foundations. Given his high-profile career, he could also venture into media, sharing his experiences and insights on football. Additionally, focusing on personal interests and spending time with family are common pursuits for retired athletes. As he continues his career, more information about his future plans may emerge. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:Argentine sportspeople]] [[Category:People from Rosario, Argentina]] [[Category:FC Barcelona players]] pvz4ps10gq4ah9nqr7atclb81bz62ip 0 1143643 10331489 10135297 2025-06-15T05:38:35Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331489 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Holocaust Encyclopedia''' is an online [[encyclopedia]] run by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM). It has over 950 [[English language|English]] articles on [[the Holocaust]], many of which have been [[Translation|translated]] into 19 [[List of languages|languages]], including [[Persian language|Farsi]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/en/about |title=About This Site – Holocaust Encyclopedia |access-date=October 21, 2024}}</ref> ==Content== The Holocaust Encyclopedia gets millions of viewers annually. The encyclopedia's articles are occasionally amended based on newer [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] historical studies. This makes it more reliable than the ''English Wikipedia'' with a history of disinformation.<ref> *{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan | last2=Klein |first2=Shira |title=Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |pages=133–190 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |issn=2578-5648 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |quote=[...] a group of committed Wikipedia editors have been promoting a skewed version of history [...] Wikipedia's articles on the Holocaust in Poland [...] insinuate that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''{{lang|pl|Żydokomuna}}'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), blame Jews for their own persecution, and inflate Jewish collaboration with the Nazis [...]}} * {{cite news |work=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 15, 2024 |quote=To our dismay, we found dozens of examples of Holocaust distortion [...] advanced a Polish nationalist narrative [...] People who read these pages learned about [...] Jews supporting the communists to betray Poles.}} * {{cite news |work=Chapman University News |url=https://news.chapman.edu/2023/11/17/exposing-the-holocaust-lies-on-the-dark-side-of-wikipedia |title=Exposing the Holocaust Lies on the Dark Side of Wikipedia |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=October 15, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |date=October 14, 2024 |access-date=October 15, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=ADL faces Wikipedia ban over reliability concerns on Israel, antisemitism |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/06/18/united-states/adl-faces-wikipedia-ban-over-reliability-concerns-on-israel-antisemitism |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=October 21, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/19/media/wikipedia-adl |title=Wikipedia now labels the top Jewish civil rights group as an unreliable source |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=October 21, 2024}}</ref> The encyclopedia's articles are mostly written in [[simple English]] for [[high school]] students and readers who are non-native speakers. The encyclopedia is funded by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future, and the German Federal Ministry of Finance.<ref>{{cite web |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/project/the-holocaust-a-learning-site-for-students |title=The Holocaust: A Learning Site for Students – Holocaust Encyclopedia |access-date=October 21, 2024}}</ref> ===Topics=== The encyclopedia is organized into the following topics: * [[The Holocaust]] * [[Nazi Germany|The Third Reich]] * After the Holocaust * Victims of the Nazi Era * Rescue and Resistance ===Articles=== It includes a variety of articles: * [[Photos|Photographs]] (1300) * Articles (840) * Identity cards of victims (600) * Oral histories (550) * Historical film footage (160) * [[Artifact|Artifacts]] (140) * [[Document|Documents]] (35) * [[Map|Maps]] (25) * [[Music]] (11) ==Related pages== * [[Jewish Virtual Library]] * [[Secondary antisemitism]] * [[Holocaust uniqueness debate]] * ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:The Holocaust]] [[Category:World War II]] [[Category:Encyclopedias]] [[Category:Encyclopedia websites]] bsvorwwzrzz8yebyckwlgfwhjvs1bh3 0 1143707 10331501 10247929 2025-06-15T05:42:57Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331501 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Odessa massacre''' ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Masacrul de la Odesa''; [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: ''Голокост в Одесі'') was a [[Genocidal massacre|massacre]] of [[Jews]] in [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]] between October 22 and 24, 1941.<ref name="HE1">{{cite web|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/odessa|title=The Holocaust in Odesa|access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref> 30,000–100,000 Jews are estimated to have been killed within two weeks by the occupation forces of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Axis powers|then-allied]] with [[Nazi Germany]] under the rule of [[Ion Antonescu]].<ref name="Pronunciation">{{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|t|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|s|k|uː}}</ref> The massacre was part of [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="HE2"> * International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004. * Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022. * Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15. * Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. * Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.</ref> [[File:WW2-Holocaust-Ukraine.PNG|thumb|Map of [[the Holocaust]] in [[Romania]] and [[Ukraine]] during [[World War II|WWII]], [[Odessa]] inclusive.]] ==Background== ===History of Jews in Romania=== ====Classical antiquity==== Jews have been living in Romania since the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times, mainly along the [[Black Sea]] [[coast]], when Romania belonged to the Roman province of [[Dacia]].<ref>* {{cite journal |journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte |title=Latin Authors on Jews and Dacians |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436494 |last=Yavetz |first=Zvi |year=1998 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=77–107 |jstor=stable/4436494 |access-date=November 5, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Universität Potsdam |last=Costachie |first=Silviu |title=The Age of the Jewish Population in Romania. First Archaeological Testimonies |url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4141/file/pardes16_s11_19.pdf |year=2010 |access-date=November 5, 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |website=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |url=https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/24 |title=Romania (Translated from Romanian by Anca Mircea) |last=Volovici |first=Leon |access-date=November 2, 2024 }}</ref> ====Middle Ages==== More Jews moved to Romania in the [[14th century]] when the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] expelled Jews, many of whom became [[Merchant|merchants]] running the trade route between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name="R2">{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/ro |title=Community in Romania |year=2023 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> ====Early modern period==== Later Jewish [[immigration]] due to [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expulsion]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Moldova]] [[wikt:scatter|scattered]] Jews across Romania, who survived there until the [[20th century]] despite [[Century|centuries]] of [[Pogrom|pogroms]], while facilitating Romania's [[industrialization]].<ref name="R2" /> ====Interwar period==== [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]'s [[World War I|WWI]] victory as one of the Entente powers expanded her territory and Jewish population, when some Jews previously under [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule became [[Romanians]], but [[antisemitism]] worsened in Romania.<ref name="R2" /><ref name="CFA">{{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Nazi Party#Laws of the Nazi Party|takeover]] of [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] [[Enabling Act of 1933|in 1933]] [[wikt:catalyze|catalyzed]] [[fascism]] in Europe to which [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] was not [[wikt:immune|immune]]. Laws were passed in the Romanian [[parliament]] to [[Discrimination|restrict]] Jews from every part of [[society]], while Jewish members no longer existed in the parliament.<ref name="R2" /> Right before [[World War II|WWII]], over 43,500 Jews lived and 146 [[Synagogue|synagogues]] existed in Iași. As of August 2024, only 326 Jews and two synagogues [[wikt:remain|remained]], a 99.3% [[Genocide|drop]] in Iași's Jews in comparison.<ref name="NLM">{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ===World War II=== During [[World War II|WWII]], after occupying much of Western Europe and the Balkans, Nazi Germany and some of her Axis allies<ref>[[Italy]], [[Hungary]], [[Finland]] and [[Slovakia]].</ref><ref name="OB">{{cite web| website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Operation-Barbarossa |title=Operation Barbarossa |author=John Graham Royde-Smith |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref> [[wikt:launch|launched]] the [[Operation Barbarossa]] on 22 June 1941 to invade the [[Soviet Union]] as part of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s [[Mein Kampf#Content|plan]] to [[Colonialism|colonize]] [[Eastern Europe]]. They made initial success by [[wikt:capture|capturing]] most of Ukraine, [[Belarus]] and knocking on the gates of Moscow within four months.<ref name="OB" /> On 16 October 1941, [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] forces took over Odessa, when 70,000–120,000 Jews were [[wikt:trap#Verb|trapped]] in the city, some of whom were Jewish refugees from [[Bessarabia]].<ref name="YV">{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution-beginning/romania.html |title=Murder of the Jews of Romania |access-date=October 22, 2024 |quote=[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] [...] had a Jewish population of about 757,000 before [[World War II]]. [...] In total, 380,000 – 400,000 Jews [...] were murdered in Romanian-controlled areas under the dictatorship of [[Ion Antonescu|Antonescu]].}}</ref> The massacre was [[wikt:precede|preceded]] by [[wikt:escalate|escalating]] violence towards Jews by the [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]]<ref name="IHRA">{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic [[antisemitism]] (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].</ref> Romanian troops.<ref name="HE1" /><ref name="HE2" /> On 22 October 1941, the [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] military headquarters in Odessa was blown up mysteriously. Jews were blamed together with communists<ref name="IHRA" /> by Antonescu, who ordered the massacre.<ref name="HE1" /><ref name="HE2" />[[File:Ion Antonescu portrait.jpg|thumb|General [[Ion Antonescu]],<ref name="Pronunciation" /> the Prime Minister and ''de facto'' leader of the Romanian regime allied with [[Nazi Germany]] until 1944. Photocopy of the portrait.]] ==Massacre== Within two days, at least 5,000 Jews had been hanged, while another few thousand were deported to the nearby village of Dalnyk. The victims were confined to barns, sheds and warehouses, which were later sprayed with machine gunfire and set ablaze. Jews who tried to escape met their fate immediately, while some buildings with Jews were blown up by [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] troops, causing thousands to perish instantly. Thousands more were slain in mass shootings, some of whom were also burned alive in artillery warehouses.<ref name="HE1" /><ref name="HE2" /> Around 25,000 Jews who had not been killed were deported to a ghetto in Odessa's neighborhood Slobidka, where they endured cold and hunger for the remainder of the war. Holocaust experts estimated the death toll at Dalnyk alone was at least 20,000.<ref name="HE1" /><ref name="HE2" /> ===Death march=== By the end of October 1941, 25,000–30,000 Jewish [[#Massacre|deportees]] were forced on a death march to the Bogdanovka concentration camp, where the deportees were crowded in pigsties. Almost all of them were also slain in subsequent mass shootings or burned alive<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/romanias-homegrown-holocaust-80-years-since-forgotten-bogdanovka-massacre |title=80 years since forgotten Bogdanovka massacre |date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eastern European Holocaust Studies |last=Hillen |first=Aiko |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/eehs-2022-0007/html?lang=en |title="Taken to German Villages and Liquidated." The "Selbstschutz" Organization and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp Bogdanovka Massacre] in 1941 |date=November 10, 2022 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=551–587 |doi=10.1515/eehs-2022-0007 |access-date=October 22, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/the-holocausts-forgotten-massacre-fhnlgz8s |title=The Holocaust's forgotten massacre |date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref><ref> * Ancel, J. 2003. Transnistria. 1941–1942. The Romanian Mass Murder Campaigns. Tel-Aviv: Goldstein-Goren Diaspora Research Center. * Achim, V. 2009. “Die Deportation der Juden nach Transnistrien im Kontext der Bevölkerungspolitik der Antonescu-Regierung.” In Holocaust an der Peripherie. Judenpolitik und Judenmord in Rumänien und Transnistrien 1940 – 1944, edited by W. Benz, and B. Mihok, 151–61. Berlin: Metropol. * Desbois, P. 2018. Broad Daylight. The Secret Procedures behind the Holocaust by Bullets. La Vergne: Arcade Publishing.</ref> by the end of January 1942, when the Soviets pushed back the Axis invaders from the outskirts of Moscow. Meanwhile, Romanian forces burned the Jewish corpses to destroy evidence of the genocidal massacre. By autumn 1942, over 90% of pre-war Odessa's Jews had already perished.<ref name="HE1" /><ref name="HE2" /> ===Nazi German involvement=== Despite [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] forces having carried out most of the atrocities in Odessa, they were backed up by the Nazi German [[SS]] ''[[Einsatzgruppe]] D'', who shot some Jews from the Fontans'ka Street prison and were hunting down Jews until November 1941, whose inflicted death toll numbered in thousands.<ref name="YV" /> It is recorded that ethnic Germans in Odessa formed the militias ''Selbstschutze'' to facilitate the Holocaust in the area.<ref name="HE1" /><ref name="HE2" /> ==Aftermath== [[File:După trecerea unui convoi între Birzula și Grozdovca.jpg|thumb|Aftermath of the Odessa massacre: Jewish [[Deportation|deportees]] [[Mass murder|killed]] outside Birzula.<ref>Ukrainian description: Голокост у Подільському районі, Одеська область, Україна.</ref>]] ===Survivors=== Around 1,000 [[Karaites|Karaite Jews]] survived the war as Hitler designated them as "Turks" and spared them from death. A handful of other Jews, who were either forced laborers or hiding under false identities, also survived. Vera Bakhmutskaia, an Odessan Jew who survived the war by hiding in the house of a [[gentile]] friend, said, {{Blockquote|text=There were very few of us left [. ...] If they [locals] knew [of me being Jewish], they would have [[Betrayal|denounced]] me immediately.}} The Soviets retook Odessa on 10 April 1944 and conducted a [[census]] within two months, finding that Jews in Odessa had fallen from the pre-war level of 200,000 to 2,640, a 98.7% [[Genocide|drop]].<ref name="HE1" /><ref>{{cite web |website=U.S. Department of State |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/romania |title=Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania |access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Odessa holocaust monument 10.JPG|thumb|A memorial to the Odessa massacre in Prokhorovsky Square, Odessa.<ref>Inscription:<br>לזכור למען העתיד! ממקום זה התחילה דרך המוות של עשרות אלפי יהודי אודסה אשר גורשו וחוסלו ע"י הנאצים בחדש דצמבר 1941 במחנה השמדה "בוגדנובקה"<br>במחוז ניקולאיב. אוקראינה<br> [Remember for the future! From here began the path of death of tens of thousands of Odessa Jews who were deported and exterminated by the Nazis in December 1941 in the Bogdanovka extermination camp in Nikolaev Oblast. Ukraine]<br>Помнить во имя будущего! С этого места началась дорога смерти для десятков тысяч евреев г.Одессы угнанных и уничтоженных нацистами в декабре 1941 г. на территории лагеря "Богдановка" в Николаевской области.</ref>]][[File:Holocaust-ODS-2.JPG|thumb|A Holocaust Memorial in Odessa.]] ===Trial=== Together with Ion Antonescu, other instigators including Gheorghe Alexianu,<ref>Former Romanian fascist governor of [[Transnistria]].</ref> were sentenced to death in 1946.<ref name="HE1" /><ref>{{cite web |website=Grinberg Archives |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1001737 |title=March of Time – outtakes – Russian, Polish, Yugoslav governments; War Crimes Trial: Romanian war criminals |access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref> ===Gentiles who saved Jews=== Dozens of [[Gentile|gentiles]] in Odessa who saved Jews have been recognized by the [[Yad Vashem]] as the ''[[Righteous Among the Nations]]''.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html |title=Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations - per Country and Ethnic Origin, as of January 1, 2022 |date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/righteous-among-the-nations |title=Righteous Among the Nations |access-date=October 22, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Statista |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1070651/righteous-among-the-nations-recipients-by-country |title=Number of the Righteous Among the Nations from each country or ethnic background honored between 1963 and 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-the-righteous-gentiles |title="Righteous Among the Nations": History & Overview |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Centre of New Zealand |url=https://www.holocaustcentre.org.nz/righteous-among-the-nations.html |title=Righteous Among the Nations |access-date=November 4, 2024}}</ref> ===Denial=== ====Communist age (1947 – 1989)==== [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg|thumb|A photo of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] communist [[tyrant]]<ref name="NC1"> * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=ROMANIA: DEATH OF A DICTATOR : Ceausescu – Tyrant Who Posed as a Statesman : Dictatorship: The executed leader will be remembered as a ruler who believed he could stay the same while all around him changed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-26-mn-1001-story.html |date=December 26, 1989 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Life And Evil Times Of Ceausescu |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780091746728/Life-Evil-Times-Nicolae-Ceausescu-0091746728/plp |last=Sweeney |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Hutchison |isbn=9780091746728 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50821546 |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title='Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/ceausescu-romania-bucharest-communism-politics-history-a9234806.html |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Cato Institute |title=The Rise and Fall of Nicolae Ceausescu, "the Romanian Fuehrer" |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/rise-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-romanian-fuehrer |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NC2"> * {{cite book |title=Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ7LSucBylAC&dq=info:79IN0oDNthEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR13 |last=Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1990 | isbn=978-0-89526-746-7 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Intelligence and National Security |title=The Securitate and the police state in Romania, 1964–89 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02684529408432238 |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |year=1994 |volume=9 |pages=22–49 |doi=10.1080/02684529408432238 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives |title=Inside the Securitate Archives |date=March 4, 2005 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/ikea-funds-romania-secret-police-communist-era |title=Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/25/keys-mikes-spies-how-the-securitate-stole-romanias-privacy |title=Keys, Mikes, Spies – How the Securitate Stole Romania's Privacy |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].]] Under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist rule]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially [[Holocaust denial|denied]]. It was blamed entirely on the German and [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] [[Fascism|fascists]].<ref name="R3">{{cite journal |journal=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) |title=The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-banality-of-history-and-memory-romanian-society-and-the-holocaust |last=Weinbaum |first=Laurence |publisher=[[Israel]] Council of Foreign Relations |issue=45 |date=June 1, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> Romanians were taught about the "[[Hero|heroic]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance", emphasizing the anti-Nazi battles following Romania's defection to the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Securitate secret police] of Nicolae Ceaușescu<ref name="R3" /> and to help him [[Oppression|oppress]] Romanians.<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed [[Antisemitic stereotypes|lies about Jews]], including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and [[Definition|defined]] ''Jew'' as a "money-changer" and an "[[Extortion|extortionist]]" in an official English–Romanian [[dictionary]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=+972 Magazine |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-romanian-dictator-anti-semitism |title=Israel embraced Romanian dictator's support — knowing he was anti-Semitic |last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ====Post-communist age (1989 – )==== Since the fall of Ceaușescu's [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "[[Crusade|holy war]] against [[Communism|Bolshevism]]."<ref name="R3" /> Acts of Holocaust denial<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * '''Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]]''' * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of [[antisemitism]]. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}</ref> by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000 – 2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the [[Polish people|Poles]], Jews and communists "were treated equally", while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.<ref name="R3" /> ====Countermeasures==== An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer [[Elie Wiesel]], identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: '''''I'''nstitutul '''N'''ațional pentru '''S'''tudierea '''H'''olocaustului din '''R'''omânia „Elie Wiesel”'', '''INSHR'''), a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |website=Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania |url=https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en |title=INSHR – Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Wiesel" |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.<ref>{{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/04/romanian-nationalist-party-opposes-holocaust-education-in-schools |title=Romanian Nationalist Party Opposes Holocaust Education in Schools |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-marks-decision-teach-jewish-history-holocaust-schools-2023-10-03 |title=Romania marks decision to teach Jewish history, Holocaust in schools |date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Babi Yar]] * [[Iași pogrom]] * [[Kristallnacht]] * [[Jedwabne pogrom (1941)|Jedwabne pogrom]] * [[Rhineland massacres]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nazism]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Ukraine]] [[Category:Romania]] [[Category:Massacres]] [[Category:War crimes]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:20th century]] [[Category:World War II]] [[Category:The Holocaust]] [[Category:1940s in Europe]] [[Category:History of Europe]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] cu1hv5i1noj11tja246e2liz0c8lxiu 0 1144320 10331172 9883230 2025-06-15T00:50:12Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avior''' (also known as '''Epsilon Carinae''')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> is a [[Binary star|binary star system]] located in the southern [[constellation]] of [[Carina (constellation)|Carina]]. It has an [[apparent magnitude]] of +1.86 making it [[list of brightest stars|the 41st brightest star]] in the night sky, but it is not visible from most of the [[northern hemisphere]]. The [[False Cross]] is an [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] formed of [[Delta Velorum]], [[Kappa Velorum]], [[Aspidiske]] (Iota Carinae) and Avior (Epsilon Carinae). It is called the False Cross because it is sometimes mistaken for the [[Crux|Southern Cross]], causing problems in [[Celestial navigation|astronavigation]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Patrick|title=Patrick Moore's Astronomy: Teach Yourself|publisher=Hachette |year=2010|isbn=978-1444129779|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7M0Rgc1ONAC&pg=PT127}}</ref> [[File:Avior.png|thumb|The yellow star in the left is the main star and the blue star on the right is the secondary star|300x300px]] Avior is located about 560–660 [[Light year|light years]] from the [[Sun]].<ref>{{citation | last1=van Leeuwen | first1=F. | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 |date=November 2007 | pages=653–664 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | arxiv=0708.1752 | s2cid=18759600 | postscript=.}}</ref> Measurements during the [[Hipparcos]] mission give the pair an [[angular separation]] of 0.46 [[Minute and second of arc|arcseconds]] with a difference in magnitude of 2.0.<ref name="Ultraviolet and Optical Studies of Binaries with Luminous Cool Primaries and Hot Companions. V. The Entire IUE Sample">{{citation | last1=Parsons | first1=Sidney B. | last2=Ake | first2=Thomas B. | title=Ultraviolet and Optical Studies of Binaries with Luminous Cool Primaries and Hot Companions. V. The Entire IUE Sample | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | volume=119 | issue=1 | pages=83–104 |date=November 1998 | doi=10.1086/313152 | bibcode=1998ApJS..119...83P | postscript=. | doi-access=free}}</ref> At their estimated distance, this angle is equal to a physical separation of around 4 [[astronomical unit]]s<ref name="Avior (Epsilon Carinae) ">{{citation | first1=James B. | last1=Kaler | title=AVIOR (Epsilon Carinae) | work=Stars | publisher=[[University of Illinois]] | url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/avior.html | access-date=2012-02-12 | postscript=.}}</ref> The main star has an [[apparent magnitude]] of 2.01,<ref>{{cite simbad|title=* eps Car A}}</ref> which by itself would still make it the [[List of stars in Carina|third-brightest star]] in the constellation. It is an [[stellar evolution|evolved]] [[giant star]] with a [[stellar classification]] of K3 III. However, examination of the ultraviolet light emitted from this star suggests it may instead be of spectral type K7.<ref name="Ultraviolet and Optical Studies of Binaries with Luminous Cool Primaries and Hot Companions. V. The Entire IUE Sample" /> The fainter secondary star has an apparent magnitude of 3.85,<ref>{{cite simbad|title=* eps Car B}}</ref> which, if it were a single star, would be bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. This is a hot, core [[hydrogen]]-fusing [[B-type main sequence star]] of spectral class B2 Vp.<ref name="Ultraviolet and Optical Studies of Binaries with Luminous Cool Primaries and Hot Companions. V. The Entire IUE Sample" /> The secondary star may itself have an orbiting stellar companion of spectral class F8.<ref>{{citation | last1=Parsons | first1=Sidney B. | title=New and Confirmed Triple Systems with Luminous Cool Primaries and Hot Companions | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=127 | issue=5 | pages=2915–2930 |date=May 2004 | doi=10.1086/383546 | bibcode=2004AJ....127.2915P | postscript=. | doi-access=free}}</ref> This pair may form an [[eclipsing binary]] system<ref name="Avior (Epsilon Carinae)" /> with a period of 785 days (2.15 years), resulting in a magnitude change of 0.12 during each eclipse.<ref>{{citation | last1=Hoffleit | first1=Dorrit | last2=Warren Jr | first2=W. H. | title=The Bright Star Catalogue | edition=5th revised | publisher=Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory | url=http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/catalogs/bsc5.html | access-date=2012-02-12 | postscript=.}}. See: [http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=V%2F50 VizieR V/50]</ref><ref>{{citation | last1=Hoffleit | first1=Dorrit | title=A Catalogue of Correlations Between Eclipsing Binaries and Other Categories of Double Stars | journal=The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=105–116 | year=1996 | bibcode=1996JAVSO..24..105H}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Binary stars]] 527t37t4a4lio56b4gg69mcnc377j5x 0 1144568 10331008 9883197 2025-06-14T22:44:55Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 1923-24 | dates = | winners = [[Wiener Amateur SV]] | relegated = [[Hertha Wien]], [[FC Ostmark Wien|FC Ostmark ]], [[Wiener AF|Wiener Association FC]] | matches = | total goals = | league topscorer = [[Leopold Danis]] (1. Simmeringer SC), [[Rudolf Hanel]] (SK Slovan), [[Gustav Wieser]] ( Amateur SV)<br>(16 goals) | prevseason = [[1922-23 Austrian football championship|1922-23]] | nextseason = [[1924-25 Austrian football championship|1924-25]]'' }} The '''1923-24 Austrian Football Championship ''' was the first organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]] and played by its members. The double-track second class served as a substructure to the first class. Other federal state associations organized state championships in different modes. The Wiener Amateur SV became Austrian football champions for the first time. [[Wiener AC]] and [[SC Rudolfshügel]] were promoted. ==Table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' |22 | 16 |4 | 2 | 36 |- |2. | '''First Vienna FC''' |22 | 14 |4 | 4 | 32 |- |3. |''' Wiener Sport-Club''' |22 |11 |8 | 3 | 30 |- |4. | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |24 |10 |5 | 9 | 25 |- |5. |'''1. Simmeringer SC''' |22 | 9 |7 |6 | 25 |- |6. | '''SC Hakoah Wien''' | 22 |8 |6 | 6 | 22 |- |7. | '''SK Admira Wien ''' | 22 |7 |7 | 8 | 21 |- |8. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |22 | 6 |8 | 8 | 20 |- |9. |'''SK Slovan Wien''' | 22 |7 |4 | 11 | 18 |- |10. | '''ASV Hertha Wien''' |22 | 4 |9 |9 |17 |- |11. |'''FC Ostmark''' |22 | 2 |5 |15 |9 |- |12. |'''Wiener Associations FC''' |22 | 1 |5 |16 |7 |} * Promotionː [[Wiener AC ]], [[SC Rudolfshügel]] <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1920_29/o1__1_klasse__wr__fussballverband_1923_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches== <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 August 1923 | '''Hakoah Wien''' | FC Ostmark |4-0 |- | 26 August 1923 | SC Wacker Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' | 2-3 |- | 26 August 1923 | Wiener Sport-Club | Wiener Amateur SV |1-1 |- | 19 September 1923 | SK Admira Wien | '''SK Slovan Wien''' |2-3 |- | 30 September 1923 | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' | Hertha Wien |1-0 |- | 30 September 1923 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | Wiener Associations FC |7-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 1 September 1923 | 1. Simmeringer SC | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' | 1-3 |- | 2 September 1923 | FC Ostmark | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |1-4 |- | 2 September 1923 | Hertha Wien | '''SK Admira Wien''' | 1-4 |- | 2 September 1923 | '''SK Slovan Wien''' | Wiener Associations FC | 2-1 |- |2 September 1923 | Wiener Sport-Club | SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- | 9 December 1923 | Hakoah Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' |1-3 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 September 1923 | 1. Simmeringer SC | Wiener Sport-Club | 2-2 |- | 15 September 1923 | '''SK Slovan Wien''' |FC Ostmark |4-0 |- | 15 September 1923 | Wiener Associations FC | '''Hertha Wien''' | 1-4 |- | 16 September 1923 | SK Admira Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' | 1-3 |- | 16 September 1923 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | Wiener Amateur SV |3-1 |- | 16 September 1923 | SC Wacker Wien | '''Hakoah Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 October 1923 | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' | SK Rapid Wien | 4-2 |- | 7 October 1923 | '''SK Admira Wien''' |FC Ostmark |6-2 |- | 7 October 1923 | Hakoah Wien | SK Slovan Wien | 2-2 |- | 7 October 1923 | Hertha Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | 0-3 |- | 7 October 1923 | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' | SC Wacker Wien |1-0 |- | 7 October 1923 | Wiener Associations FC | First Vienna FC |2-2 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 August 1923 | Hertha Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 3-4 |- | 26 August 1923 | Wiener Associations FC | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' |0-1 |- | 26 September 1923 |FC Ostmark | '''First Vienna FC''' | 1-5 |- | 30 September 1923 | '''SK Admira Wien''' | Hakoah Wien | 2-1 |- | 30 September 1923 | SK Slovan Wien | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' |0-3 |- | 30 September 1923 | Wiener Sport-Club | SC Wacker Wien |0-0 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 October 1923 | SK Slovan Wien | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' | 0-5 |- | 2 December 1923 | '''Hakoah Wien ''' | Wiener Associations FC |3-1 |- | 2 December 1923 |Hertha Wien |FC Ostmark | 1-1 |- | 2 December 1923 | ''' SC Wacker Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien | 4-2 |- | 2 December 1923 |'''Wiener Amateur SV''' | SK Admira Wien |4-2 |- | 30 March 1924 | '''First Vienna FC''' | Wiener Sport-Club |2-0 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 October 1923 | 1. Simmeringer SC | SK Admira Wien | 1-1 |- | 20 October 1923 | '''Hertha Wien ''' | SC Wacker Wien |2-1 |- | 20 October 1923 |SK Rapid Wien |Hakoah Wien | 2-2 |- | 20 October 1923 | SK Slovan Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' | 0-4 |- | 20 October 1923 | Wiener Associations FC | ''' Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-4 |- | 8 December 1923 |FC Ostmark |'''Wiener Amateur SV''' |1-6 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 November 1923 | 1. Simmeringer SC | First Vienna FC | 2-2 |- | 4 November 1923 | SK Admira Wien | Wiener Associations FC |1-1 |- | 4 November 1923 |FC Ostmark | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-3 |- | 4 November 1923 | SK Slovan Wien | SC Wacker Wien | 3-3 |- | 4 November 1923 |'''Wiener Amateur SV''' | Hertha Wien |2-1 |- | 4 November 1923 | Wiener Sport-Club |Hakoah Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 November 1923 | 1. Simmeringer SC |Hakoah Wien |1-1 |- | 11 November 1923 |FC Ostmark | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-1 |- | 11 November 1923 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Admira Wien | 2-0 |- | 11 November 1923 | SK Slovan Wien | Hertha Wien |0-0 |- | 11 November 1923 | First Vienna FC | Wiener Amateur SV |1-1 |- | 11 November 1923 | Wiener Associations FC |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |0-2 |} ===Round 10 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 27 October 1923 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | First Vienna FC |3-1 |- | 18 November 1923 |FC Ostmark | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' |0-1 |- | 18 November 1923 |'''Hakoah Wien''' | Hertha Wien | 4-1 |- | 18 November 1923 | SC Wacker Wien | SK Admira Wien |1-1 |- | 18 November 1923 | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' | Wiener Associations FC |4-0 |- | 18 November 1923 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SK Slovan Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 11 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 October 1923 |Hakoah Wien | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' |0-3 |- | 24 November 1923 |''' Hertha Wien''' | First Vienna FC | 1-0 |- | 25 November 1923 |'''1. Simmeringer SC''' | SC Wacker Wien |5-1 |- | 25 November 1923 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Slovan Wien |6-4 |- | 25 November 1923 | ''' Wiener Associations FC''' | FC Ostmark |2-0 |- | 25 November 1923 | Wiener Sport-Club |SK Admira Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 12 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 February 1924 |SK Admira Wien | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' |1-3 |- | 24 February 1924 |''' Hakoah Wien''' | 1. Simmeringer SC | 3-2 |- | 24 February 1924 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Ostmark |3-2 |- | 24 February 1924 | SK Slovan Wien | SC Wacker Wien |1-1 |- | 24 February 1924 | ''' First Vienna FC''' | Wiener Associations FC |4-3 |- | 24 February 1924 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |Hertha Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 13 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 1 March 1924 | ''' First Vienna FC''' | FC Ostmark |7-2 |- | 2 March 1924 |1. Simmeringer SC |'''SK Slovan Wien''' | 4-6 |- | 2 March 1924 | SC Wacker Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-3 |- | 29 March 1924 | SK Admira Wien | Hertha Wien |1-1 |- | 29 March 1924 | Wiener Amateur SV | SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- | 17 April 1924 | Wiener Associations FC | ''' Hakoah Wien''' |2-6 |} ===Round 14 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 8 March 1924 | Wiener Associations FC |'''SK Slovan Wien''' |0-3 |- | 9 March 1924 | SK Admira Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-2 |- | 9 March 1924 | FC Ostmark | ''' Hakoah Wien''' |1-2 <ref>Ostmark used a player who was not known by name without authorization and was therefore penalized 0:3 </ref> |- | 9 March 1924 | Wiener Amateur SV | '''First Vienna FC''' |0-2 |- | 9 March 1924 | Wiener Sport-Club | 1. Simmeringer SC | 1-1 |- | 29 May 1924 | SC Wacker Wien | Hertha Wien |0-0 |} ===Round 15 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 March 1924 | '''FC Ostmark''' |SK Slovan Wien |1-0 |- | 15 March 1924 | '''First Vienna FC''' |SK Admira Wien | 1-0 |- | 16 March 1924 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | Hertha Wien |3-2 |- | 16 March 1924 | '''SC Wacker Wien''' | 1. Simmeringer SC |2-1 |- | 16 March 1924 | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' | Hakoah Wien | 3-1 |- | 16 March 1924 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | Wiener Associations FC |7-0 |} ===Round 16 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 5 April 1924 | '''First Vienna FC''' |SK Rapid Wien |5-1 |- | 6 April 1924 | Hakoah Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-1 |- | 6 April 1924 | Hertha Wien | 1. Simmeringer SC |0-0 |- | 6 April 1924 | SC Wacker Wien | Wiener Associations FC |2-2 |- | 6 April 1924 | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' | SK Slovan Wien | 2-0 |- | 6 April 1924 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | FC Ostmark |3-0 |} ===Round 17 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 April 1924 | '''Hakoah Wien''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |- |13 April 1924 | SK Slovan Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-1 |- | 13 April 1924 | SC Wacker Wien | '''FC Ostmark''' |0-1 |- | 13 April 1924 | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' | Wiener Sport-Club |2-0 |- | 31 May 1924 | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' | Wiener Associations FC | 2-1 |- | 5 July 1924 | First Vienna FC | Hertha Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 18 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 May 1924 | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' |FC Ostmark |7-1 |- |11 May 1924 |'''SK Admira Wien''' | Wiener Sport-Club | 2-0 |- |11 May 1924 | '''Hertha Wien''' | Wiener Associations FC |2-0 |- |22 May 1924 | '''SK Slovan Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien |3-2 |- | 19 June 1924 | SC Wacker Wien | WienerAmateur SV | 0-2 |- | 25 June 1924 | '''First Vienna FC''' | Hakoah Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 19 === {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 May 1924 | FC Ostmark | Wiener Associations FC |2-2 |- |18 May 1924 |SK Admira Wien | SC Wacker Wien | 1-1 |- |18 May 1924 | Hertha Wien | Hakoah Wien |0-0 |- |18 May 1924 | SK Rapid Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-3 |- |18 May 1924 | '''First Vienna FC''' | SK Slovan Wien | 2-1 |- |18 May 1924 | '''WienerAmateur SV''' | 1. Simmeringer SC |2-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 June 1924 | SK Rapid Wien | SC Wacker Wien |2-2 |- |14 June 1924 |FC Ostmark | Hertha Wien | 0-0 |- |15 June 1924 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | First Vienna FC |2-0 |- |3 July 1924 | '''SK Slovan Wien''' | Hakoah Wien |4-2 |- |3 July 1924 | Wiener Association FC | '''WienerAmateur SV''' | 1-5 |- |5 July 1924 |SK Admira Wien | '''1. Simmeringer SC''' |1-2 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 May 1924 | WienerAmateur SV |FC Ostmark |0-0 |- |19 June 1924 | Hakoah Wien | Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |19 June 1924 | SK Rapid Wien | 1. Simmeringer SC |1-1 |- |21 June 1924 | '''Hertha Wien''' | SK Slovan Wien |2-0 |- |21 June 1924 | Wiener Association FC | '''SK Admira Wien''' | 2-4 |- |2 July 1924 |First Vienna FC | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |1-3 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 June 1924 | SK Slovan Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-1 |- |29 June 1924 | FC Ostmark | SK Admira Wien |2-.2 |- |29 June 1924 | Hakoah Wien | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |1-3 |- |29 June 1924 | Hertha Wien | '''Wiener Amateur SV''' |1-3 |- |29 June 1924 |'''First Vienna FC''' | 1. Simmeringer SC | 2-1 |- |29 June 1924 |Wiener Associations FC | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |2-3 |} ==Champion squad == [[Friedrich Briza]], [[Karl Geyer]], [[Franz Hansl]] , [[Albert Heikenwälder]], [[Viktor Hierländer]], [[Alois Hiltl]] ,[[Kalman Konrad]] , [[Jenő Konrád|Jenö Konrad]] , [[Theodor Lohrmann]] , [[Wilhelm Morokutti]] , [[Walter Nausch]] , [[Alexander Popovich]], [[Alfred Schaffer]], [[Ferdinand Swatosch]] , [[Johann Tandler]] , [[Hugo Vecera]] , [[Gustav Wieser]] , '''Coachesː'''[[Karl Schenkel]]/[[Gustav Lanzer]], [[Max Seemann]]/Gustav Lanzer from February 1924 <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1920_1929/o1__wiener_liga_1__klasse__1923_2409.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Topscorer== {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Team ! Goals |- |[[Leopold Danis]] <br> [[Rudolf Hanel]]<br> [[Gustav Wieser]] |1. Simmeringer SC <br>SK Slovan<br> Wiener Amateur SV |16 |- |Josef Uridil <br>Ferdinand Wesely |Rapid Wien<br> Rapid Wien |14 |- |Johann Horvath |1. Simmeringer SC |13 |} ==References == {{reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1920s in Austria]] nk7jm1sxlqli0dih8xmw9p8zredzeqv 0 1144599 10330977 10299098 2025-06-14T22:31:49Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Replacing File:1912ed_TheProtocols_by_Nilus.jpg with [[File:The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion_by_Nilus_(1912).jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or a 10330977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} [[File:1905 2fnl Velikoe v malom i antikhrist.jpg|thumb|upright|First edition of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''.]][[File:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion by Nilus (1912).jpg|thumb|The front page of a 1912 edition with [[occult]] symbols.]] '''''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''''' is an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]]<ref name="IHRA">{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Stereotypes|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].</ref> [[forgery]] [[Publishing|published]] in 1903. It claimed that a "[[Jew|Jewish]] plot" existed for "world domination".<ref name="Main sources"> * {{cite journal |first=Svetlana |last=Boym |title=Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and ''The Protocols of Zion'' |journal=Comparative Literature |date=Spring 1999 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=97–122 |doi=10.2307/1771244 |jstor=1771244}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/conspiracy-myths/the-myth-that-jews-control-the-world |title=The Myth that Jews Control the World |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism |title=The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/violent-impact-anti-semitic-conspiracy |last=S. Broschowitz |first=Michael |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2024}}</ref> In 1921, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[newspaper]] ''The Times'' proved that [[Disinformation|it was false]]. It had been [[Plagiarism|plagiarized]] from the unrelated book ''The Dialogue in [[Hell]] Between [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavelli]] and [[Montesquieu]]'' instead.<ref> * {{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/12307/propagan.html |title=Nazi Propaganda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004041709/http://library.thinkquest.org/12307/propagan.html |archive-date=4 October 2012 |website=Zichronam l'Vracha |access-date=24 September 2006}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |first=Manfred |last=Gerstenfeld |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs |url=https://jcpa.org/article/anti-israelism-and-anti-semitism-common-characteristics-and-motifs |title=Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism: Common Characteristics and Motifs |date=1 March 2007 |access-date=5 October 2024}} * {{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Frankel |title=One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany |journal=American Jewish History |volume=97 |number=3 |date=July 2013 |pages=235–258 |doi=10.1353/ajh.2013.0020}}</ref> ==Background== The [[Russian Empire]] promoted '''''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''''' to make the [[Bolsheviks]] look bad by equating them with Jews. They accused the Jews of being a horrible group that was trying to destroy the Empire.<ref name="Main sources" /><ref> * {{cite book |last1=Alderman |first1=G. |title=The Jewish Community in British Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishcommunityi0000alde |date=1983 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=102}} * {{cite journal |last1=Herf |first1=Jeffrey |title=The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |year=2005 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=51–80 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dci003 |s2cid=143944355}} * {{cite web |website=domino.un.org |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] |title=Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs |access-date=30 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121228183944/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |archive-date=28 December 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Sidney |last=Schwarz |year=2006 |title=Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World |publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |isbn=1-58023-312-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw/page/96 96] |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw}} * {{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Philip |title=Debunking the myth of Jewish communism |date=2010}}</ref> After the [[White Russians]] lost the [[Russian Civil War]] to the Bolsheviks, some White Russian [[Refugee|refugees]] brought the forgery to Europe.<ref name="CFA">{{cite book |chapter=Racialism and Jewish Conspiracies |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=July 30, 2009 |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> ==History== ===Interwar period=== Alfred Rosenberg, a [[Baltic Germans|Baltic German]] who became the [[Nazi Party]]'s chief [[Propaganda|propagandist]], used the forgery's ideas in Nazi propaganda.<ref name="CFA" /> In the United States, well-known industrialist [[Henry Ford]] paid to have the theory reprinted and included its ideas into his anti-Jewish text ''The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem''.<ref name="CFA" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Henry Ford and "The International Jew" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881872 |last=Ribuffo |first=Leo P. |pages=437‒477 |volume=69 |issue=4 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1980 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of American History |title=Insecure Equality: Louis Marshall, Henry Ford, and the Problem of Defamatory Antisemitism, 1920–1929 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/91/3/877/840130 |last=Woeste |first=Victoria Saker |pages=877–905 |volume=91 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/3662859 |date=December 1, 2004 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Fighting “The World’s Enigma:” The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The International Jew, and the Rise of American Anti-Semitism |url=https://scholarworks.brandeis.edu/esploro/outputs/graduate/Fighting-The-Worlds-Enigma-The-Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion-The-International-Jew-and-the-Rise-of-American-Anti-Semitism/9923880076701921 |last=Vickers |first=William |year=2016 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=The Medieval Roots of Antisemitism |chapter=The Deeper the Roots, the Deadlier the Antisemitism? Comparing Images of Jewish Financial Control in Modern Germany and the United States |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351120821-22/deeper-roots-deadlier-antisemitism-richard-frankel |last=Frankel |first=Richard E. |edition=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351120821 |year=2018 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite website |website=Chapman University Digital Commons |title=Pathway to the Shoah: The Protocols, "Jewish Bolshevism", Rosenberg, Goebbels, Ford, and Hitler |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=history_books |last=Crowe |first=David M. |isbn=9781350185456 |year=March 10, 2022 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> Barsalina, the [[Roman Catholics|Latin]] [[Patriarch]] of [[Jerusalem]], circulated copies of the forgery's [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[translation]] within his church.<ref name="CFA" /> === The Great Depression === Many everyday Germans accepted the ideas in the ''Protocols''. These ideas allowed them to blame the Jews for their hardships during the [[Great Depression]] and the Nazis' rise to power. Many of these people already had anti-Jewish views and helped the Nazis rise to power. [[World War II]] and [[the Holocaust]] resulted.<ref name="CFA" /><ref>{{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Protocols of the Elders of Zion {{!}} Summary & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> During this period, translations of ''Protocols'' began circulating in other countries.[[File:Beschlagnahmte Protokolle und Geheimnisse der Weisen von Zion.jpg|thumb|A 1933 [[Alemannic German|Swiss-German]] copy confiscated by the [[Basel]] police upon complaint by Dreyfus-Brodsky and Marcus Cohn on display in the Jewish Museum of [[Switzerland]].]][[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|1930 Spanish reprint of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''.]] ===Post-war period=== {{Further|Nation of Islam|Louis Farrakhan}} [[Malcolm X]], a famous [[African Americans|Black American]] [[Activism|activist]] who was [[Assassination|assassinated]] on February 21, 1965,<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=2 Men Convicted of Killing Malcolm X Will Be Exonerated After Decades |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/17/nyregion/malcolm-x-killing-exonerated.html |last1=Southall |first1=Ashley |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah E. |date=November 17, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated June 22, 2023}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title='He meant a great deal to me and my people': How the assassination of Malcolm X shook the US 60 years ago |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/culture/article/20250214-how-the-killing-of-malcolm-x-shook-the-us |last=McKevitt |first=Greg |date=February 17, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=USA Today |title=Remembering the legacy of Malcom X, 60 years after his assassination |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/news/nation/2025/02/20/malcolm-x-legacy-assassinated-60-years-ago/79332497007 |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Axios |title=In photos: Marking 60 years since the assassination of Malcolm X |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/02/21/malcolm-x-assassination-anniversary-photos |last=Contreras |first=Russell |date=February 21, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Malcolm X - Civil Rights, Activism, Legacy |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X/Final-years-and-legacy |date=February 23, 2025}}</ref> believed ''Protocols'' was true. He introduced it to the [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI), a [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] religious [[Cult|movement]].<ref name="NOI&BHI"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize}} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=1 August 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA) |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=10 March 2023}} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |date=December 2022}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=30 March 2020}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The NOI also [[Influence|influenced]] a non-Muslim religious movement called the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] (BHI).<ref name="NOI&BHI" /> Both movements promote [[Scientific method|disproven]] [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Contemporary|conspiracy]] [[Conspiracy theory|theories]]: that "Jews ran the [[Atlantic slave trade]]" and that "[[Ashkenazi Jews|European Jews]] [[Khazar myth|descended from the Khazars]]".<ref name="NOI&BHI" /> In several of his [[Public speaking|speeches]], Malcolm X accused Jews of being "bloodsuckers [...] perfecting the [[Modern age|modern]] [[evil]] of [[neocolonialism]]".<ref name="MX"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel |page=4}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans.}} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=15 April 2015}} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars (NAS) |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> He also engaged in [[Holocaust denial]]<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * '''Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]]''' * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * '''Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]'''}}</ref> by [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for having "brought it upon themselves".<ref name="MX" /> In 1961, he spoke at an NOI rally along with the [[American Nazi Party|American Nazi Party's]] leader, [[George Lincoln Rockwell]]. Rockwell claimed that Black nationalism and [[White supremacy]] shared a common vision.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Heer |first=Jeet |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Farrakhan's Grand Illusion |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |magazine=The New Republic |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404035954/https://newrepublic.com/article/133385/farrakhans-grand-illusion |url-status=live }}</ref> NOI's popularity helped these antisemitic tropes to become more [[mainstream]] among [[Academia|academics]] and Black Americans.<ref name="MX" /> This helped to cause deep-rooted [[antisemitism]] in [[United States of America#Culture|American society]].<ref name="MX" /> As per a 2016 [[Statistical survey|survey]] by the American [[civil rights]] [[Advocacy|group]] [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL), 23% of Black Americans held [[Antisemitic stereotypes|negative beliefs]] about Jews.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/ADL_MS_Survey_Pres_1_25_17.pdf |title=A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> A 2023 survey showed that one-eighth of Black Americans doubted [[Holocaust denial|whether the Holocaust really happened]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=UnHerd |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/why-are-black-americans-more-likely-to-deny-the-holocaust |title=More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust |last=Leonard |first=Ralph |date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory=== ''See the main article: [[Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory]]''[[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]]-backed [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] regime (1940–44) in its propaganda.]] The Judeo-Masonic [[conspiracy theory]] is similar to the ideas in ''Protocols''. The myth was created by opponents of the [[French Revolution]] in 1789. It says that a secret Jewish–[[Freemasonry|Freemason]] group controls world affairs to harm [[humanity]]. This myth is popular among antisemites worldwide and often appears in their propaganda, which tends to equate Jews with the Freemasons.<ref name="Main sources" /><ref> * {{cite book|author=Leonidas Donskis|title=Forms of Hatred: The Troubled Imagination in Modern Philosophy and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Tdl6vgbmUC&pg=PA41|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-1066-5|pages=41–}} * {{cite thesis |last1=Williford |first1=Thomas J. |title=Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930-1945 |chapter=Chapter IV: Conservative Political Rhetoric: The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory |chapter-url=https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/13410/WillifordFChap4.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |date=2005 |language=en}} * {{cite book |chapter=The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy: The Path from the Cemetery of Prague to Arab Anti-Zionist Propaganda |title=Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110338270.251/html?lang=en |author=Barbara De Poli |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2014 |doi=10.1515/9783110338270.251 |access-date=October 26, 2024}}</ref> ===Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory=== [[File:19200522 Dearborn Independent-Intl Jew.jpg|right|thumb|''The International Jew: The World's Problem'' published in [[Henry Ford]]'s newspaper ''The Dearborn Independent'' (1920),<ref>{{cite book |last=Sachar |first=Howard Morley |date=1993 |title=A History of the Jews in America |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewsina0000sach |publisher=Vintage Books |page=311 |isbn=0679745300}}</ref> an offshoot of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' giving rise to the ZOG conspiracy theory.]] The forgery's ideas have given rise to the '''Zionist Occupation Government''' ('''ZOG''') conspiracy theory. It accuses Jews of "controlling [[Western world|Western]] [[Government|governments]]" to benefit themselves and [[State of Israel|Israel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ZOG |url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/zog |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL)|access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170819070208/https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/zog |archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Larsson |first1=Stieg |author-link=Stieg Larsson |title=The Expo Files: Articles by the Crusading Journalist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIMHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |access-date=21 April 2019 |date=7 January 2014 |publisher=Quercus |location=London, England |isbn=978-1-62365-065-0 |pages=29}}</ref> It also says that Jews "control" the [[Mass media|media]] and the [[music industry]].<ref> * {{cite magazine |last=Palmer |first=Brian |title=Do Jews Really Control the Media? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/10/do_jews_really_control_the_media.html |magazine=Slate |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2013}} * {{cite web |website=Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting |title=FAIR: The Jewish Media: The Lie That Won't Die |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1365}} * {{Cite book |last=Hadel |first=Ira B. |title=Joyce and the Jews: Culture and Texts |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-333-38352-0 |pages=64–66}} * {{cite book |title=Jews and American Popular Culture: Music, Theater, Popular Art, and Literature |volume=2 |first=Paul |last=Buhle |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-275-98795-4 |page=12}} * {{cite book |title=How Russia Shaped the Modern World: From Art to Anti-semitism, Ballet to Bolshevism |url=https://archive.org/details/howrussiashapedm0000mark |first=Steven Gary |last=Marks |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-691-09684-8 |page=173}}</ref><ref> * {{cite book |title=The price of whiteness: Jews, race, and American identity |url=https://archive.org/details/priceofwhiteness0000gold |first=Eric L. |last=Goldstein |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-691-12105-2 |page=122}} * Norman Kelly (2005) "Notes on the political economy of black music", in ''R&B, Rhythm and Business: The Political Economy of Black Music'' ({{ISBN|1888451688}}), Norman Kelly (Ed.), 2005, Akashic Books, pp 12–13. * {{cite book |title=The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American Politics |first=Robert |last=Singh |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-87840-658-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/farrakhanphenome0000sing/page/165 165] |url=https://archive.org/details/farrakhanphenome0000sing/page/165}}</ref> Like the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory, it is popular among [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]], [[White supremacy|White supremacists]], [[Black nationalism|Black nationalists]], [[Islamism|Islamists]], and other antisemities around the world.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Jessie |title=White Lies: Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in White Supremacist Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/whiteliesracecla0000dani |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=0-415-91289-X |page=45}} *{{cite book |first=Stephen Eric |last=Bronner |title=A Rumor About the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'' |year=2000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |page=136}} *{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism |first=Brenda |last=Brasher |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England|page=305}} *{{cite news |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |last1=Zickgraf |first1=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=The refusal to view political struggles as anything beyond ‘good’ and ‘evil’ has led progressives down a dark path}}</ref> At an [[Anti-Zionism#Criticism|anti-Israel]] rally in December 2023 Jenny Leong, an [[Member of parliament|MP]] of the [[New South Wales]] who belongs to the [[Australia|Australian]] Greens, claimed that an all-powerful "Jewish lobby" existed in Australia.<ref name=":0" /> She compared its "influence" to "[[Tentacle|tentacles]]".<ref name=":0">*{{cite news |work=The Jewish Independent|url=https://thejewishindependent.com.au/why-progressive-jews-are-so-disillusioned-with-the-greens |title=Why progressive Jews like me can no longer support the Greens |date=7 February 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024|quote=Until the party moves past binary thinking and acknowledges the complexity of the Middle-East, the Greens will continue to lose the Jews who believed in it.}} *{{cite news |work=The Australian Jewish News |url=https://www.australianjewishnews.com/leongs-vile-antisemitic-slur-exposed |title=Leong's vile antisemitic slur exposed |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024}} *{{cite news |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/australian-lawmaker-apologizes-after-remarks-on-jewish-and-zionist-lobby-tentacles |title=Australian lawmaker apologizes after remarks on Jewish and Zionist lobby 'tentacles' |date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/anti-jewish-propaganda |title=Nazi-Era Antisemitic Propaganda Poster |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Australian |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Finquirer%2Fyoung-woke-left-hateful-new-face-of-antisemitism%2Fnews-story%2Fc984cc276a40ee671dd9b04c5b7aa66f&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=GROUPA-Segment-2-NOSCORE&V21spcbehaviour=append |title=Green MP Jenny Leong apologises for anti-Semitic slur in leaked video |date=February 9, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}} * {{Cite news |last=Rose |first=Tamsin |date=7 February 2024 |title=Chris Minns warns against use of antisemitic tropes after Greens MP apologises for Jewish lobby comments |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/feb/07/chris-minns-jenny-leong-antisemitic-trope-octupus-greens-mp |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ==Reception== In one of his books,<ref name="CFA" /> German-American Jewish historian Walter Laqueur said that the forgery was popular in Germany because it allowed German [[Right-wing politics|right-wingers]] to blame the [[World War I|WWI]] defeat on an "outside enemy" – the Jews<ref>{{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=S. Wistrich |first=Robert |publisher=Routledge |url=https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-store-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203727249/98533665-b98d-4740-bd73-39a0750e3f09/preview.pdf |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=November 1, 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – to free themselves of their responsibility.<ref name="CFA" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Holocaust denial]] * [[Secondary antisemitism]] * [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] * [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Protocols of the Elders of Zion}} [[Category:Forgeries]] [[Category:Plagiarism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Disinformation]] [[Category:History of Europe]] [[Category:Conspiracy theories]] jpxwyvn2l96r8q3dc1wwrzmvt7oihvg 0 1145999 10331194 10203865 2025-06-15T00:59:19Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Aref Al-Haj | image = | fullname = Aref Haitham Aref Al Haj Mohammad | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|5|28|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Irbid]], Jordan | height = 1.77 m | currentclub = [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]] | clubnumber = 77 | position = [[Forward (association football)|Winger]] | youthyears1 = –2022 | youthclubs1 = [[Al-Sareeh SC|Al-Sareeh]] | years1 = 2022–2024 | clubs1 = [[Al-Sareeh SC|Al-Sareeh]] | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2022–2023 | clubs2 = →[[Jabal Al-Mukaber Club|Jabal Al-Mukaber]] (loan) | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = 2023–2024 | clubs3 = →[[Al-Faisaly SC|Al-Faisaly]] (loan) | caps3 = | goals3 = | years4 = 2024– | clubs4 = [[Al-Hussein SC (Irbid)|Al-Hussein]] | caps4 = | goals4 = | nationalyears1 = 2024 | nationalteam1 = [[Jordan national under-23 football team|Jordan U-23]] | nationalcaps1 = 8 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2024– | nationalteam2 = [[Jordan national football team|Jordan]] | nationalcaps2 = 2 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | pcupdate = | ntupdate = 3 October 2024 }} Are haitham Aref Al Haj Mohammad ({{lang-ar|عارف هيثم عارف الحاج محمد}}) born on May 28, 2001, is a Jordanian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a winger for Al-Hussein Sports Club in the Jordanian Professional League and the Jordan national team . == Club career == === Al-Sareeh === Born in [[Irbid]], Aref is a youth product of Al-Sareeh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hassouna|first=Fawzi|date=9 April 2023|title=الوحدات يطلب استعارة نجم الصريح|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1230534&pg=1&o=n3171958|website=Kooora.com|publisher=Kooora|language=Arabic}}</ref> ==== Jabal Al-Mukaber (loan) ==== After being promoted to the first team of Al-Sarih Club, he was loaned to the Palestinian club, Jebel Mukaber, where he became one of the main contributors to their winning the West Bank Premier League title in 2023. ==== Al-Faisaly (loan) ==== Jordanian clubs such as Al-Wehdat and Al-Hussein were interested in Aref Al-Haj, following the relegation of Al-Sareeh from the Jordanian first tier.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hassouna|first=Fawzi|title=الوحدات يطلب استعارة نجم الصريح|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1230534&pg=1&o=n3171958|website=Kooora.com|publisher=Kooora|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 May 2023|title=عارف الحاج على أعتاب الحسين إربد|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1254112&pg=1&o=n3171958|website=Kooora.com|publisher=Kooora|language=Arabic}}</ref> However, on 12 July 2023, Aref Al-Haj signed a season-long loan deal with Al-Faisaly SC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2023|title=الفيصلي يتعاقد مع نجم الصريح|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1254112&pg=1&o=n3171958|website=Kooora.com|publisher=Kooora|language=Arabic}}</ref> HHe was a contributor to Al-Faisaly's first ever AFC Champions League win, scoring an 85th-minute goal against [[Al Sadd SC|Al-Sadd]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2023|title=Hayel urges Al Faisaly to push on after landmark victory|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/club/afc_champions_league/news/hayel_urges_al_faisaly_to_push_on_after_landmark_victory.html|website=the-afc.com|publisher=AFC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2023|title=Al Faisaly record first-ever AFC CL victory|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/671395/sports/al-faisaly-record-first-ever-afc-cl-victory|website=Gulf Times|publisher=AFC}}</ref> Aref Al-Haj finished his loan tenure with 9 goals and 10 assists.<ref name="kooora">{{Cite web|date=16 July 2024|title=رسميا.. عارف الحاج ينتقل للحسين إربد|url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1341497&pg=1&o=n3171958|website=kooora.com|publisher=Kooora|language=Arabic}}</ref> === Al-Hussein === On 16 July 2024, Aref Al-Haj signed a permanent contract with Al-Hussein SC.<ref name="kooora" /> == International career == Al-Hajj was a youth international for Jordan , representing the Jordan U-23 team at the 2024 AFC U-23 Championship held in Qatar in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2024|title=إعلان القائمة الأولية للمنتخب الوطني ت23 لمعسكر قطر والنهائيات الآسيوية|trans-title=Announcing the preliminary list of the U23 national team for the Qatar camp and the Asian Cup finals|url=https://www.jfa.jo/news.php?id=29736&title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AA23-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9|publisher=Jordan Football Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 December 2023|title=قائمة النشامى الأولية للنهائيات الآسيوية 🇯🇴|language=ar|trans-title=Al-Nashama preliminary list for the Asian Finals 🇯🇴|work=Twitter|publisher=Jordan Football Association|url=https://twitter.com/JordanFA/status/1737197089174540493|access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=31 December 2023|title=قائمة النشامى لنهائيات كأس آسيا 🇯🇴|language=ar|trans-title=Al-Nashama list for the Asian Cup Finals 🇯🇴|work=Twitter|publisher=Jordan Football Association|url=https://twitter.com/JordanFA/status/1741356148530299195|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> == Playing style == Aref Al-Haj is described as a tall and graceful player, who has exceptional close control, dazzling feet, a real eye for a pass and strong finishing ability.<ref name="FIFA">{{Cite web|date=28 March 2024|title=Korea Republic shine in Men's Olympic Football Tournament warm-up|url=https://www.fifa.com/en/news/articles/korea-republic-shine-in-mens-olympic-football-tournament-warm-up|website=fifa.com|publisher=FIFA}}</ref> He is capable of playing at an advanced role on the right, in behind a central striker or as a part of a front two.<ref name="FIFA" /> == Career statistics == === Club === : ''Last updated 8 August 2024.'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup{{Efn|Includes [[Jordan FA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League Cup{{Efn|Includes [[Jordan Shield Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|Includes [[AFC Champions League]] and [[AFC Champions League Two]]}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="2" valign="center" |Al-Faisaly |2023–24 |Jordanian Pro League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- | rowspan="2" valign="center" |Al-Hussein |2024–25 |Jordanian Pro League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Career total !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |} {{Notelist}} == Honours == '''Jabal Al-Mukaber''' * West Bank Premier League: 2022–23 '''Al-Faisaly''' ** Jordan Shield Cup : 2023 == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Soccerway|aref-haitham-aref-al-haj-mohammad/930376}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2001 births]] dynz9qqiz82qjauh98k6c1ic0xqgxjq 0 1146380 10330245 10273440 2025-06-14T16:06:26Z Werner100359 106408 /* Conference League Play off */ 10330245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 2023-24 | dates = | winners = [[SK Sturm Graz]] | relegated = [[SC Austria Lustenau]] | matches = 192 | total goals = 496 | league topscorer = [[Karim Konate]] ( FC Red Bull Salzburg)<br>(20 goals) | prevseason = [[2022-23 Austrian football championship|2022-23]] | nextseason = [[2024-25 Austrian football championship|2024-25]] }} The '''2023-24 Austrian football championship''' was the 113th season of the top league in Austria and the 50th under the name Bundesliga. [[Upper Austria]], [[Vienna]], [[Carinthia]], [[Vorarlberg]] and [[Styria]] each had two clubs, and [[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]] and [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] had one each. [[SK Sturm Graz]] won the title after [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] became champions for ten years in a row. The sports betting provider Admiral acted as the main sponsor. <ref>[https://www.oefbl.at/oefbl/redaktionsbaum/news/admiral-wird-neuer-bewerbssponsor-der-bundesliga---2--liga/ ÖFL (German)]</ref> ==Mode == Each team played once at home and away against each other team. The best six teams then went into the championship group and the remaining six into the qualification group. The points from the basic round were halved and half points were rounded down. If two clubs had been tied on points at the end of the final round and one of these clubs had had half a point rounded off, that club would have been ranked higher. This was followed by a [[UEFA Conference League|Conference League]] playoff for the 5th in the championship group and the 1st and 2nd in the qualification group. The winner got the last European Cup starting place. The last place in the qualifying group had to be relegated to the 2nd league. ==Table initial rounds== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P (halfed) |- |1. | FC Red Bull Salzburg |22 | 15 |5 | 2 | 50 (25) |- |2. | SK Sturm Graz |22 | 13 |7 | 2 | 46 (23) |- |3. | LASK |22 | 9 |8 | 5 | 35 (17) |- |4. | SK Austria Klagenfurt |22 | 8 |10 | 4 | 34 (17) |- |5. |TSV Hartberg |22 | 9 |7 |6 | 34 (17) |- |6. | SK Rapid Wien |22 | 8 |9 | 5 | 33 (16) |- |7. | FK Austria Wien |22 | 9 |6 | 7 | 33 (16) |- |8. |Wolfsberger AC |22 | 8 |6 | 8 | 30 (15) |- |9. | SCR Altach |22 | 4 |7 | 11 | 19 (9) |- |10. |Blau-Weiß Linz |22 | 4 |7 | 11 | 19 (9) |- |11. | WSG Tirol |22 | 4 |2 | 16 | 14 (7) |- |12. |SC Austria Lustenau |22 | 2 |4 | 16 |10 (5) |} <ref>From 2021/22, if there is a tie on points, it will not be the goal difference as before, but the results of the games against each other is the first ranking criterion</ref> <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2020_29/o1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 July 2023 | LASK | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- | 29 July 2023 | SCR Altach | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- | 29 July 2023 | TSV Hartberg | SC Austria Lustenau |2-2 |- | 29 July 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' |1-3 |- | 29 July 2023 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |2-1 |- | 29 July 2023 | FK Austria Wien | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-3 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 5 August 2023 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | SCR Altach |4-0 |- | 5 August 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | LASK | 2-0 |- | 6 August 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-2 |- | 6 August 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | TSV Hartberg |3-3 |- | 6 August 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | WSG Tirol |3-0 |- | 6 August 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | Wolfsberger AC |2-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 August 2023 | '''LASK''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |2-0 |- | 12 August 2023 | SK Sturm Graz | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 0-0 |- | 12 August 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | SC Austria Lustenau |1-1 |- | 13 August 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 13 August 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | '''TSV Hartberg''' |0-1 |- | 13 August 2023 | '''SCR Altach''' | WSG Tirol |1-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 August 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | SCR Altach |1-1 |- | 19 August 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 0-1 |- | 19 August 2023 | WSG Tirol | LASK |1-1 |- | 20 August 2023 | FK Austria Wien | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |- | 20 August 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-5 |- | 20 August 2023 | TSV Hartberg | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |1-5 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 August 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SCR Altach''' |0-3 |- | 26 August 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 4-1 |- | 26 August 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |1-2 |- | 27 August 2023 | '''LASK''' | FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 27 August 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | WSG Tirol |1-1 |- | 27 August 2023 | TSV Hartberg | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' |0-3 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 September 2023 | SCR Altach | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |- | 2 September 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | 2-4 |- | 2 September 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | '''TSV Hartberg''' |0-3 |- | 3 September 2023 | FK Austria Wien | SK Austria Klagenfurt |2-2 |- | 3 September 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- | 3 September 2023 | '''LASK''' | SC Austria Lustenau |2-0 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 September 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | '''LASK''' |1-3 |- | 16 September 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SCR Altach | 1-1 |- | 16 September 2023 | SK Sturm Graz | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-2 |- | 17 September 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''WSG Tirol''' |2-3 |- | 17 September 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | Wolfsberger AC |3-3 |- | 17 September 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 September 2023 | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | SC Austria Lustenau |1-0 |- | 23 September 2023 |FC Red Bull Salzburg | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | 0-1 |- | 23 September 2023 | WSG Tirol | ''' Wolfsberger AC''' |2-3 |- | 24 September 2023 | LASK | TSV Hartberg |0-0 |- | 24 September 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 24 September 2023 | '''SCR Altach''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 30 September 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |0-4 |- | 30 September 2023 |FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 0-0 |- | 30 September 2023 | ''' Wolfsberger AC''' | LASK |2-1 |- | 1 October 2023 | FK Austria Wien | SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- | 1 October 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | WSG Tirol | 1-0 |- | 1 October 2023 | TSV Hartberg | SCR Altach |0-0 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 October 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-5 |- | 7 October 2023 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 4-0 |- | 7 October 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 8 October 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-2 |- | 8 October 2023 | '''LASK''' | SCR Altach | 1-0 |- | 8 October 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 October 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SC Austria Lustenau |0-0 |- | 21 October 2023 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | '''LASK''' | 0-1 |- | 21 October 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 22 October 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' |2-3 |- |22 October 2023 | SCR Altach | Wolfsberger AC | 0-0 |- |22 October 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-2 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 October 2023 | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | WSG Tirol |1-0 |- | 28 October 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | Wolfsberger AC | 2-0 |- | 28 October 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SCR Altach |3-0 |- | 29 October 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | ''' TSV Hartberg''' |0-4 |- | 29 October 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | LASK | 3-3 |- |29 October 2023 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 November 2023 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SC Austria Lustenau |1-0 |- | 4 November 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- | 4 November 2023 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt |4-0 |- | 5 November 2023 | '''LASK''' | SK Sturm Graz | 3-1 |- | 5 November 2023 | SCR Altach | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-2 |- |29 October 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 3-2 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 November 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |2-3 |- | 11 November 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- | 11 November 2023 | '''WSG Tirol''' | SCR Altach | 5-1 |- | 12 November 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-3 |- | 12 November 2023 | FK Austria Wien | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 0-0 |- | 12 November 2023 | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | LASK | 2-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 25 November 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | TSV Hartberg |3-2 |- | 25 November 2023 | '''LASK''' | WSG Tirol | 1-0 |- | 25 November 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SC Austria Lustenau |2-0 |- | 26 November 2023 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 1-0 |- | 26 November 2023 | SCR Altach | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | 0-1 |- | 26 November 2023 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 December 2023 | FK Austria Wien | LASK |0-0 |- | 3 December 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 3 December 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | Wolfsberger AC |1-0 |- | 4 December 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | TSV Hartberg | 1-1 |- | 5 December 2023 | '''SCR Altach''' | SC Austria Lustenau | 3-0 |- | 5 December 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-2 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 December 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | FK Austria Wien |2-2 |- | 9 December 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''LASK''' | 1-3 |- | 9 December 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-1 |- | 10 December 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | '''WSG Tirol''' | 1-2 |- | 10 December 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SCR Altach | 1-0 |- | 10 December 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | Wolfsberger AC | 2-0 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 February 2024 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 10 February 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | TSV Hartberg | 3-1 |- | 10 February 2024 | SCR Altach | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |1-1 |- | 11 February 2024 | LASK | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 2-2 |- | 11 February 2024 | WSG Tirol | '''SC Austria Lustenau''' | 0-2 |- | 11 February 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-2 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 17 February 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SCR Altach |2-1 |- | 17 February 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 1-1 |- | 17 February 2024 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | WSG Tirol |4-1 |- | 18 February 2024 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | 0-1 |- | 18 February 2024 | SK Sturm Graz | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 18 February 2024 | TSV Hartberg | LASK | 0-0 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 February 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SC Austria Lustenau |7-0 |- | 24 February 2024 | LASK | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | 0-1 |- | 24 February 2024 | SCR Altach | '''TSV Hartberg''' |1-2 |- | 25 February 2024 | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 2-0 |- | 25 February 2024 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FK Austria Wien | 3-0 |- | 25 February 2024 | WSG Tirol | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 0-2 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 March 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |- | 3 March 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 1-0 |- | 3 March 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | SC Austria Lustenau |1-1 |- | 3 March 2024 | SCR Altach | LASK | 0-0 |- | 3 March 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | Wolfsberger AC | 4-0 |- | 3 March 2024 | '''WSG Tirol''' | TSV Hartberg | 1-0 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 March 2024 | LASK | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-1 |- | 10 March 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 10 March 2024 | '''SC Austria Lustenau''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |2-0 |- | 10 March 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | WSG Tirol | 2-0 |- | 10 March 2024 | TSV Hartberg | SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 10 March 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | SCR Altach | 1-1 |} ==Table championship group== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | SK Sturm Graz |32 | 19 |10 | 3 | 44 |- |2. |FC Red Bull Salzburg |32 | 20 |7 | 5 | 42 |- |3. | LASK |32 | 14 |10 | 8 | 34 |- |4. | SK Rapid Wien |32 | 1 |12 | 9 | 28 |- |5. |TSV Hartberg |32 | 12 |9 |11 | 28 |- |6. | SK Austria Klagenfurt |32 | 9 |12 | 11 | 22 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2020_29/o1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 March 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | LASK |0-0 |- | 17 March 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | 0-4 |- | 17 March 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | TSV Hartberg |5-1 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 31 March 2024 | LASK |SK Austria Klagenfurt |1-0 |- | 31 March 2024 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-1 |- | 31 March 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-3 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 April 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |TSV Hartberg |2-2 |- | 7 April 2024 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 7 April 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | LASK |1-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 April 2024 | '''LASK''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg |3-1 |- |14 April 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 1-1 |- | 7 April 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-3 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 April 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- |21 April 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 4-2 |- | 21 April 2024 | LASK | '''TSV Hartberg''' |1-3 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 April 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-3 |- |24 April 2024 | ''' SK Austria Klagenfurt ''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 4-3 |- | 24 April 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''LASK''' |1-2 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 April 2024 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- | 28 April 2024 | '''LASK''' | SK Rapid Wien | 5-0 |- | 28 April 2024 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt |3-2 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 5 May 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |'''LASK''' |0-2 |- | 5 May 2024 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 2-0 |- | 5 May 2024 | SK Sturm Graz | TSV Hartberg |1-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 May 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |- | 12 May 2024 | LASK | SK Sturm Graz | 2-2 |- | 12 May 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |1-5 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 May 2024 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |LASK |7-1 |- | 19 May 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | '''TSV Hartberg''' | 0-3 |- | 19 May 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt |2-0 |} ==Table qualification group== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. !M ! Name ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |7. |32 | Wolfsberger AC | 12 |12 | 10 | 31 |- |8. | 32 | FK Austria Wien | 12 |10 | 12 | 29 |- |9. |32 |FC Blau- Weiß Linz | 7 |11 | 14 | 22 |- |10. |32 |SCR Altach | 6 |13 | 13 | 21 |- |11. | 32 |WSG Tirol | 7 |5 |20 | 19 |- |12. |32 | SC Austria Lustenau <ref>Relegation to [[2. Liga|Second league]]</ref> | 4 |9 | 19 | 16 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2020_29/o1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 March 2024 |FC Blau-Weiß Linz |SC Austria Lustenau |0-0 |- | 16 March 2024 | SCR Altach | FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- | 16 March 2024 | WSG Tirol | Wolfsberger AC |1-1 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 March 2024 |FK Austria Wien |FC Blau-Weiß Linz |0-0 |- | 30 March 2024 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''WSG Tirol''' | 1-2 |- | 30 March 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | SCR Altach |0-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 March 2024 |SCR Altach | WSG Tirol |0-0 |- | 30 March 2024 | FK Austria Wien | SC Austria Lustenau | 1-1 |- | 30 March 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 April 2024 |SC Austria Lustenau | '''SCR Altach''' |0-1 |- | 13 April 2024 | '''WSG Tirol''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 2-1 |- | 13 April 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 April 2024 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | WSG Tirol |3-0 |- | 20 April 2024 | SCR Altach | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 2-2 |- | 20 April 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | SC Austria Lustenau |1-1 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 April 2024 |SC Austria Lustenau | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |1-2 |- | 23 April 2024 | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | SCR Altach | 2-1 |- | 20 April 2024 | '''WSG Tirol''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 April 2024 | FK Austria Wien | SCR Altach |2-2 |- | 26 April 2024 |WSG Tirol |SC Austria Lustenau | 0-0 |- | 26 April 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' |0-2 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 May 2024 | '''SC Austria Lustenau ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 4 May 2024 |'''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' |WSG Tirol | 3-2 |- | 4 May 2024 | SCR Altach | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |0-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 May 2024 | '''SC Austria Lustenau ''' |FC Blau-Weiß Linz |1-0 |- | 11 May 2024 |FK Austria Wien |'''Wolfsberger AC''' | 0-4 |- | 11 May 2024 | WSG Tirol | '''SCR Altach ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 May 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |- | 18 May 2024 |SCR Altach |SC Austria Lustenau |2-2 |- | 18 May 2024 | ''' Wolfsberger AC ''' | WSG Tirol |3-1 |} ==Conference League Play off == ;1st round (1st Qualification group -2nd Qualification group) {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 May 2024 | Wolfsberger AC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |} ;2nd round (Winner 1st round -5th Champions group) {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 May 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 21 May 2024 | TSV Hartberg |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |} ==Champion squad== {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" |style="text-align:center" | <span style=background: yellow;color:white;>'''SK Sturm Graz'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | [[David Affengruber (footballer, born 2001)|David Affengruber ]], [[Mika Biereth]] , [[Aleksandar Borkovic]], [[William Böving]], Mohammed Camara, [[Amadou Dante]], [[Mohammed Fuseini]], [[Jusuf Gazibegović]], [[Niklas Geyrhofer]], [[Jon-Gorenc Stankovic]], [[Stefan Hierländer]], [[Tomi Horvat]], [[Jakob Jantscher]] [[Vitezslav Jaros]], [[Seedy Jatta]], [[Max Johnston]], [[Otar Kiteishvili]], [[Dimitri Lavalee]], [[Luka Maric]], [[Alexander Prass]], [[Manprit Sarkaria]], [[Kjell Scherpen]], [[David Schnegg]], [[Javi Serrano]], [[Bryan Teixeira]], [[Szymon Wlodarczyk]], [[Gregory Wüthrich]] * '''Choach:''' [[Christian Ilzer]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2020_2029/o1__bundesliga__2023_2408.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Topscorer== {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Team ! Goals |- |[[Karim Konate]] |FC Red Bull Salzburg |20 |- |[[Maximilian Entrup]] |TSV Hartberg |13 |- | [[Marco Grüll]] |SK Rapid Wien |13 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2020_2029/stno1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:2023–24 in European football]] mbw412fu6d9dppnja59miiczbc53jva 10330247 10330245 2025-06-14T16:06:56Z Werner100359 106408 /* Champion squad */ 10330247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 2023-24 | dates = | winners = [[SK Sturm Graz]] | relegated = [[SC Austria Lustenau]] | matches = 192 | total goals = 496 | league topscorer = [[Karim Konate]] ( FC Red Bull Salzburg)<br>(20 goals) | prevseason = [[2022-23 Austrian football championship|2022-23]] | nextseason = [[2024-25 Austrian football championship|2024-25]] }} The '''2023-24 Austrian football championship''' was the 113th season of the top league in Austria and the 50th under the name Bundesliga. [[Upper Austria]], [[Vienna]], [[Carinthia]], [[Vorarlberg]] and [[Styria]] each had two clubs, and [[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]] and [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]] had one each. [[SK Sturm Graz]] won the title after [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] became champions for ten years in a row. The sports betting provider Admiral acted as the main sponsor. <ref>[https://www.oefbl.at/oefbl/redaktionsbaum/news/admiral-wird-neuer-bewerbssponsor-der-bundesliga---2--liga/ ÖFL (German)]</ref> ==Mode == Each team played once at home and away against each other team. The best six teams then went into the championship group and the remaining six into the qualification group. The points from the basic round were halved and half points were rounded down. If two clubs had been tied on points at the end of the final round and one of these clubs had had half a point rounded off, that club would have been ranked higher. This was followed by a [[UEFA Conference League|Conference League]] playoff for the 5th in the championship group and the 1st and 2nd in the qualification group. The winner got the last European Cup starting place. The last place in the qualifying group had to be relegated to the 2nd league. ==Table initial rounds== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P (halfed) |- |1. | FC Red Bull Salzburg |22 | 15 |5 | 2 | 50 (25) |- |2. | SK Sturm Graz |22 | 13 |7 | 2 | 46 (23) |- |3. | LASK |22 | 9 |8 | 5 | 35 (17) |- |4. | SK Austria Klagenfurt |22 | 8 |10 | 4 | 34 (17) |- |5. |TSV Hartberg |22 | 9 |7 |6 | 34 (17) |- |6. | SK Rapid Wien |22 | 8 |9 | 5 | 33 (16) |- |7. | FK Austria Wien |22 | 9 |6 | 7 | 33 (16) |- |8. |Wolfsberger AC |22 | 8 |6 | 8 | 30 (15) |- |9. | SCR Altach |22 | 4 |7 | 11 | 19 (9) |- |10. |Blau-Weiß Linz |22 | 4 |7 | 11 | 19 (9) |- |11. | WSG Tirol |22 | 4 |2 | 16 | 14 (7) |- |12. |SC Austria Lustenau |22 | 2 |4 | 16 |10 (5) |} <ref>From 2021/22, if there is a tie on points, it will not be the goal difference as before, but the results of the games against each other is the first ranking criterion</ref> <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2020_29/o1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 July 2023 | LASK | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- | 29 July 2023 | SCR Altach | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- | 29 July 2023 | TSV Hartberg | SC Austria Lustenau |2-2 |- | 29 July 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' |1-3 |- | 29 July 2023 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |2-1 |- | 29 July 2023 | FK Austria Wien | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-3 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 5 August 2023 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | SCR Altach |4-0 |- | 5 August 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | LASK | 2-0 |- | 6 August 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-2 |- | 6 August 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | TSV Hartberg |3-3 |- | 6 August 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | WSG Tirol |3-0 |- | 6 August 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | Wolfsberger AC |2-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 August 2023 | '''LASK''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |2-0 |- | 12 August 2023 | SK Sturm Graz | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 0-0 |- | 12 August 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | SC Austria Lustenau |1-1 |- | 13 August 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 13 August 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | '''TSV Hartberg''' |0-1 |- | 13 August 2023 | '''SCR Altach''' | WSG Tirol |1-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 August 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | SCR Altach |1-1 |- | 19 August 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 0-1 |- | 19 August 2023 | WSG Tirol | LASK |1-1 |- | 20 August 2023 | FK Austria Wien | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |- | 20 August 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-5 |- | 20 August 2023 | TSV Hartberg | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |1-5 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 August 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SCR Altach''' |0-3 |- | 26 August 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 4-1 |- | 26 August 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |1-2 |- | 27 August 2023 | '''LASK''' | FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 27 August 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | WSG Tirol |1-1 |- | 27 August 2023 | TSV Hartberg | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' |0-3 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 September 2023 | SCR Altach | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |- | 2 September 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | 2-4 |- | 2 September 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | '''TSV Hartberg''' |0-3 |- | 3 September 2023 | FK Austria Wien | SK Austria Klagenfurt |2-2 |- | 3 September 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- | 3 September 2023 | '''LASK''' | SC Austria Lustenau |2-0 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 September 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | '''LASK''' |1-3 |- | 16 September 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SCR Altach | 1-1 |- | 16 September 2023 | SK Sturm Graz | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-2 |- | 17 September 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''WSG Tirol''' |2-3 |- | 17 September 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | Wolfsberger AC |3-3 |- | 17 September 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 September 2023 | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | SC Austria Lustenau |1-0 |- | 23 September 2023 |FC Red Bull Salzburg | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | 0-1 |- | 23 September 2023 | WSG Tirol | ''' Wolfsberger AC''' |2-3 |- | 24 September 2023 | LASK | TSV Hartberg |0-0 |- | 24 September 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 24 September 2023 | '''SCR Altach''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 30 September 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |0-4 |- | 30 September 2023 |FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 0-0 |- | 30 September 2023 | ''' Wolfsberger AC''' | LASK |2-1 |- | 1 October 2023 | FK Austria Wien | SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- | 1 October 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | WSG Tirol | 1-0 |- | 1 October 2023 | TSV Hartberg | SCR Altach |0-0 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 October 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-5 |- | 7 October 2023 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 4-0 |- | 7 October 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 8 October 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-2 |- | 8 October 2023 | '''LASK''' | SCR Altach | 1-0 |- | 8 October 2023 | Wolfsberger AC | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 October 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SC Austria Lustenau |0-0 |- | 21 October 2023 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | '''LASK''' | 0-1 |- | 21 October 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 22 October 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' |2-3 |- |22 October 2023 | SCR Altach | Wolfsberger AC | 0-0 |- |22 October 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-2 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 October 2023 | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | WSG Tirol |1-0 |- | 28 October 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | Wolfsberger AC | 2-0 |- | 28 October 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SCR Altach |3-0 |- | 29 October 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | ''' TSV Hartberg''' |0-4 |- | 29 October 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | LASK | 3-3 |- |29 October 2023 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 November 2023 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SC Austria Lustenau |1-0 |- | 4 November 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- | 4 November 2023 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt |4-0 |- | 5 November 2023 | '''LASK''' | SK Sturm Graz | 3-1 |- | 5 November 2023 | SCR Altach | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-2 |- |29 October 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 3-2 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 November 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |2-3 |- | 11 November 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- | 11 November 2023 | '''WSG Tirol''' | SCR Altach | 5-1 |- | 12 November 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-3 |- | 12 November 2023 | FK Austria Wien | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 0-0 |- | 12 November 2023 | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | LASK | 2-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 25 November 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | TSV Hartberg |3-2 |- | 25 November 2023 | '''LASK''' | WSG Tirol | 1-0 |- | 25 November 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SC Austria Lustenau |2-0 |- | 26 November 2023 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 1-0 |- | 26 November 2023 | SCR Altach | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | 0-1 |- | 26 November 2023 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 December 2023 | FK Austria Wien | LASK |0-0 |- | 3 December 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 3 December 2023 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | Wolfsberger AC |1-0 |- | 4 December 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | TSV Hartberg | 1-1 |- | 5 December 2023 | '''SCR Altach''' | SC Austria Lustenau | 3-0 |- | 5 December 2023 | WSG Tirol | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-2 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 December 2023 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | FK Austria Wien |2-2 |- | 9 December 2023 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''LASK''' | 1-3 |- | 9 December 2023 | SK Rapid Wien | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-1 |- | 10 December 2023 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | '''WSG Tirol''' | 1-2 |- | 10 December 2023 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SCR Altach | 1-0 |- | 10 December 2023 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | Wolfsberger AC | 2-0 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 February 2024 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 10 February 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | TSV Hartberg | 3-1 |- | 10 February 2024 | SCR Altach | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |1-1 |- | 11 February 2024 | LASK | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 2-2 |- | 11 February 2024 | WSG Tirol | '''SC Austria Lustenau''' | 0-2 |- | 11 February 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-2 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 17 February 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SCR Altach |2-1 |- | 17 February 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 1-1 |- | 17 February 2024 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | WSG Tirol |4-1 |- | 18 February 2024 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | 0-1 |- | 18 February 2024 | SK Sturm Graz | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 18 February 2024 | TSV Hartberg | LASK | 0-0 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 February 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SC Austria Lustenau |7-0 |- | 24 February 2024 | LASK | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | 0-1 |- | 24 February 2024 | SCR Altach | '''TSV Hartberg''' |1-2 |- | 25 February 2024 | '''SK Austria Klagenfurt''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 2-0 |- | 25 February 2024 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FK Austria Wien | 3-0 |- | 25 February 2024 | WSG Tirol | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 0-2 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 March 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |- | 3 March 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 1-0 |- | 3 March 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | SC Austria Lustenau |1-1 |- | 3 March 2024 | SCR Altach | LASK | 0-0 |- | 3 March 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | Wolfsberger AC | 4-0 |- | 3 March 2024 | '''WSG Tirol''' | TSV Hartberg | 1-0 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 March 2024 | LASK | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-1 |- | 10 March 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 10 March 2024 | '''SC Austria Lustenau''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |2-0 |- | 10 March 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | WSG Tirol | 2-0 |- | 10 March 2024 | TSV Hartberg | SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 10 March 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | SCR Altach | 1-1 |} ==Table championship group== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | SK Sturm Graz |32 | 19 |10 | 3 | 44 |- |2. |FC Red Bull Salzburg |32 | 20 |7 | 5 | 42 |- |3. | LASK |32 | 14 |10 | 8 | 34 |- |4. | SK Rapid Wien |32 | 1 |12 | 9 | 28 |- |5. |TSV Hartberg |32 | 12 |9 |11 | 28 |- |6. | SK Austria Klagenfurt |32 | 9 |12 | 11 | 22 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2020_29/o1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 March 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | LASK |0-0 |- | 17 March 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | 0-4 |- | 17 March 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | TSV Hartberg |5-1 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 31 March 2024 | LASK |SK Austria Klagenfurt |1-0 |- | 31 March 2024 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-1 |- | 31 March 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-3 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 April 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |TSV Hartberg |2-2 |- | 7 April 2024 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 7 April 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | LASK |1-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 April 2024 | '''LASK''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg |3-1 |- |14 April 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 1-1 |- | 7 April 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-3 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 April 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- |21 April 2024 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt | 4-2 |- | 21 April 2024 | LASK | '''TSV Hartberg''' |1-3 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 April 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-3 |- |24 April 2024 | ''' SK Austria Klagenfurt ''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 4-3 |- | 24 April 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''LASK''' |1-2 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 April 2024 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- | 28 April 2024 | '''LASK''' | SK Rapid Wien | 5-0 |- | 28 April 2024 | '''TSV Hartberg''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt |3-2 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 5 May 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |'''LASK''' |0-2 |- | 5 May 2024 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 2-0 |- | 5 May 2024 | SK Sturm Graz | TSV Hartberg |1-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 May 2024 | SK Austria Klagenfurt |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |- | 12 May 2024 | LASK | SK Sturm Graz | 2-2 |- | 12 May 2024 | TSV Hartberg | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |1-5 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 May 2024 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |LASK |7-1 |- | 19 May 2024 | SK Rapid Wien | '''TSV Hartberg''' | 0-3 |- | 19 May 2024 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SK Austria Klagenfurt |2-0 |} ==Table qualification group== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. !M ! Name ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |7. |32 | Wolfsberger AC | 12 |12 | 10 | 31 |- |8. | 32 | FK Austria Wien | 12 |10 | 12 | 29 |- |9. |32 |FC Blau- Weiß Linz | 7 |11 | 14 | 22 |- |10. |32 |SCR Altach | 6 |13 | 13 | 21 |- |11. | 32 |WSG Tirol | 7 |5 |20 | 19 |- |12. |32 | SC Austria Lustenau <ref>Relegation to [[2. Liga|Second league]]</ref> | 4 |9 | 19 | 16 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2020_29/o1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 March 2024 |FC Blau-Weiß Linz |SC Austria Lustenau |0-0 |- | 16 March 2024 | SCR Altach | FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- | 16 March 2024 | WSG Tirol | Wolfsberger AC |1-1 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 March 2024 |FK Austria Wien |FC Blau-Weiß Linz |0-0 |- | 30 March 2024 | SC Austria Lustenau | '''WSG Tirol''' | 1-2 |- | 30 March 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | SCR Altach |0-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 March 2024 |SCR Altach | WSG Tirol |0-0 |- | 30 March 2024 | FK Austria Wien | SC Austria Lustenau | 1-1 |- | 30 March 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 April 2024 |SC Austria Lustenau | '''SCR Altach''' |0-1 |- | 13 April 2024 | '''WSG Tirol''' | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 2-1 |- | 13 April 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 April 2024 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | WSG Tirol |3-0 |- | 20 April 2024 | SCR Altach | FC Blau-Weiß Linz | 2-2 |- | 20 April 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | SC Austria Lustenau |1-1 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 April 2024 |SC Austria Lustenau | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |1-2 |- | 23 April 2024 | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' | SCR Altach | 2-1 |- | 20 April 2024 | '''WSG Tirol''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 April 2024 | FK Austria Wien | SCR Altach |2-2 |- | 26 April 2024 |WSG Tirol |SC Austria Lustenau | 0-0 |- | 26 April 2024 | Wolfsberger AC | '''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' |0-2 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 May 2024 | '''SC Austria Lustenau ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 4 May 2024 |'''FC Blau-Weiß Linz''' |WSG Tirol | 3-2 |- | 4 May 2024 | SCR Altach | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |0-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 May 2024 | '''SC Austria Lustenau ''' |FC Blau-Weiß Linz |1-0 |- | 11 May 2024 |FK Austria Wien |'''Wolfsberger AC''' | 0-4 |- | 11 May 2024 | WSG Tirol | '''SCR Altach ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 May 2024 | FC Blau-Weiß Linz |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |- | 18 May 2024 |SCR Altach |SC Austria Lustenau |2-2 |- | 18 May 2024 | ''' Wolfsberger AC ''' | WSG Tirol |3-1 |} ==Conference League Play off == ;1st round (1st Qualification group -2nd Qualification group) {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 May 2024 | Wolfsberger AC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |} ;2nd round (Winner 1st round -5th Champions group) {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 May 2024 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 21 May 2024 | TSV Hartberg |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |} ==Champion squad== {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" |style="text-align:center" | <span style=background: yellow;color:white;>'''SK Sturm Graz'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | [[David Affengruber (footballer, born 2001)|David Affengruber ]], [[Mika Biereth]] , [[Aleksandar Borkovic]], [[William Böving]], Mohammed Camara, [[Amadou Dante]], [[Mohammed Fuseini]], [[Jusuf Gazibegović]], [[Niklas Geyrhofer]], [[Jon-Gorenc Stankovic]], [[Stefan Hierländer]], [[Tomi Horvat]], [[Jakob Jantscher]] [[Vitezslav Jaros]], [[Seedy Jatta]], [[Max Johnston]], [[Otar Kiteishvili]], [[Dimitri Lavalee]], [[Luka Maric]], [[Alexander Prass]], [[Manprit Sarkaria]], [[Kjell Scherpen]], [[David Schnegg]], [[Javi Serrano]], [[Bryan Teixeira]], [[Szymon Wlodarczyk]], [[Gregory Wüthrich]] * '''Coach:''' [[Christian Ilzer]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2020_2029/o1__bundesliga__2023_2408.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Topscorer== {| class="wikitable" |- !Name !Team ! Goals |- |[[Karim Konate]] |FC Red Bull Salzburg |20 |- |[[Maximilian Entrup]] |TSV Hartberg |13 |- | [[Marco Grüll]] |SK Rapid Wien |13 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2020_2029/stno1__bundesliga__2023_24.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:2023–24 in European football]] j10dxypiig7t8rvkf9regm28qai3ka9 0 1146478 10329909 10305312 2025-06-14T13:04:58Z HistorianAlferedo 1539758 Unsourced edit reverted 10329909 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Rajput''' or '''Thakur''' community is divided into a large number of clans based on their descent from various Kshatriya dynasties.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-25|title=Rajput {{!}} History, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajput|access-date=2024-11-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&q=rajput+clans|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|date=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-118-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&dq=rajput+clans&pg=PA445|title=Early Aryans to Swaraj|last1=Bakshi|first1=S. R.|last2=S.G|date=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-537-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&dq=rajput+clans&pg=PA567|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|last=Singh|first=Upinder|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|language=en}}</ref> == Agnivanshi clans == The Agnikulas (the clans of the fire dynasty), descended from Agnipala, Swatcha, Mallan, Gulunsur, Ajpala and Dola Rai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgsNEAAAQBAJ&dq=agnivanshi+rajputs&pg=PA77|title=Meera Vs Meera|last=Trikha|first=Madhav Hada Translated by Pradeep|date=2020-12-07|publisher=Vani Prakashan Group|isbn=978-93-89915-90-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Classical Indian Art -Dec-14, 2015 -Lot 27 -|url=https://www.saffronart.com/auctions/PostWork.aspx?l=19889&eid=3746&lotno=27&n=27|access-date=2024-11-04|website=Saffronart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QVuAAAAMAAJ&q=agnivanshi+rajput|title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|date=2005|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-7304-114-3|language=en}}</ref> * Parihar or Pratihar * Parmar or Pawar * Solanki or Chalukya * Chauhan or Chahamana<ref>{{Cite web|title=Which of the following clans are included in the Agnikula Rajputs ? (1) Pratiharas (2) Chaulukyas (3) Paramaras (4) Chahamanas Select the correct answer from the code given below|url=https://www.zigyan.com/ask-questions/which-of-the-following-clans-are-included-in-the-agnikula-rajputs-1-pratiha|access-date=2024-11-04|website=www.zigyan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvAeAQAAMAAJ&q=agnivanshi+rajput|title=Census of India, 1961|last=General|first=India Office of the Registrar|date=1965|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref> == Suryavanshi clans == Also known as Raghuvanshis (the clans of the Solar dynasty), descended through Manu, Ikshvaku, Harischandra, Raghu, Dasaratha and Rama.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQArEQAAQBAJ&dq=suryavanshi+rajput&pg=PA154|title=The Mewar Conspiracy: An Epic Saga of How the Rajputs Defeated Aurangzeb {{!}} A true historical account of an epic love story that led to a war|date=2024-11-06|publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-93-6411-159-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiEvDF7WnpcC&dq=suryavanshi+rajput&pg=PA2|title=Blue Blood|last=Chauhan|first=Uttara|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341442-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&dq=suryavanshi+rajput&pg=PA19|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|date=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-118-2|language=en}}</ref> * Bais * Raghav * Rathore * Sisodia * Gehlot or Gohil * Kachwaha * Jamwal * Jhala or zala * Dahiya * Sodha * Bundela * Gaur * Bandhalgoti * Minhas * Patial * Ranawat * Pundir * Chundawat * Pakhral * Naru or Naruka * Baghel or Vaghel * Gahadwal * Dulawat * Devda * Dondiya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suryavamshi {{!}} Indian Rajput royal lineage {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suryavamshi|access-date=2024-11-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Chandravanshi clans == Also known as Somavanshis (the clans of the lunar dynasty), descended through Yayati, Deva Nausha, Puru, Yadu, Kuru, Pandu, Yudhisthira and Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PA1706|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWMOEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PT48|title=Ruler's Creed|last=Tomar|first=Vikas|date=2020-11-19|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-7166-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=chandravanshi+rajput|title=India's Communities|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1998|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|language=en}}</ref> This dynasty was further divided into two sub-branches: The Yaduvanshi lineage (Lord Krishna was born a Yaduvanshi) and the Puruvanshi lineage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PA14|title=The Indian Princes and their States|last=Ramusack|first=Barbara N.|date=2004-01-08|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44908-3|language=en}}</ref> (The Kauravs and Pandavs of the epic Mahabharata were Puruvanshis)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PA113|title=History of Uttaranchal|last=Hāṇḍā|first=Omacanda|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-134-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PA6|title=Series-16 Indian History–Medieval India|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|language=en}}</ref> * Bhati or Bhatti * Tomar or Tanwar * Soam * Chandela * Rajawat * Shekhawat * Sikarwar * Saktawat * Chudasama * Chokker * Bhadoria * Banaphar * Jadaun * Jadeja * Katoch * Raksel * Senger * Gautam * Dikhit * Nathawat<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candravamshi {{!}} Indian Rajput royal lineage {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Candravamshi|access-date=2024-11-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnzTDQAAQBAJ&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PA64|title=An Indian Spy in Pakistan|last=Bhaskar|first=Mohanlal|date=2003|publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-88575-19-0|language=en}}</ref> == Some other clans == * Negi * Rana * Rawat * Pathania * Raksel * Bisht * Deora * Dogra * Ranaut * Dor * Jethwa * Hada * Sankhla * Dandhul * Rautela * Rohilla * Champawat * Jasrotia * Naga * Bhaal * Jasrothia * Jethwa * Mehta * Salaria * Rawal<ref>{{Cite web|title=RG Rajput Clans History, Castes of Rajasthan and India Book - Page 2 of 3|url=https://rgbooks.net/category/rajput-clans/page/2/|access-date=2024-11-04|website=Rajasthani Granthagar|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rajputs]] cn2ebcovqx6xkpir8i47vlr9n1cgr34 2 1146496 10330590 10328199 2025-06-14T18:32:11Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Updated 10330590 wikitext text/x-wiki Planned to create new article including the status. 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#King Abdullah Sports City ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #[[iPad (8th generation)]] (Redirect from [[iPad]]) ([[File:Clock_icon_BLUE_V2-01.svg|27x27px]] In progress) ([[User:Raayaan9911/iPad (8th generation)|User space]]) #[[User:Raayaan9911/Oppo Find X3|Oppo Find X3]] ([[File:Clock_icon_BLUE_V2-01.svg|27x27px]] In progress) #Honor 7 ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #Tecno Camon 15 ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #[[Touch ID]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #[[User:Raayaan9911/Bahraini Premier League|Bahraini Premier League]] ([[File:Clock_icon_BLUE_V2-01.svg|27x27px]] In progress) #[[Samsung Internet]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #[[LG G7 ThinQ]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Completed) #[[Saudi passport]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #[[King's Cup]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #[[Realme]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Completed) #2024–25 King Cup (Saudi Arabia) ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #2021 King Cup final ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #2022 King Cup final ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #2023 King Cup final ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #2024 King Cup final ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #2025 King Cup final ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #[[iOS 26]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #Jang Hyun-soo ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #Luciano Vietto ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #[[macOS Tahoe]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #Tecno Camon 19 ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #[[iPadOS 26]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #Honor 8X ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #Honor 20 ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #Mohammed Al-Rubaie ([[File:Sandbox_Not.svg|25x25px]] No sandbox spaces) #[[Apple Intelligence]] ([[File:Eo_circle_green_checkmark.svg|25x25px]] Quick completed) #Honor 10 (June 16) #Marcos Leonardo (June 17) #Mohammed Al-Owais (June 19) #Michael Richard (June 20) #Nokia 8.3 5G (June 25) #LG G8 ThinQ (June 28) #Realme C3 (June 30) #King Saud University Stadium (July 3) #MBC 1 (July 6) #Xiaomi HyperOS (July 7) #Ali Al-Amri (July 9) #Khalifah Al-Dawsari (July 17) #MBC 2 (July 23) #Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim (July 31) #MBC Action (August 1) #Huawei P10 (August 5) #Samsung Galaxy A7 (2018) (August 11) #Nóra Medvegy (August 20) #Álex Grimaldo (August 23) #Samsung Galaxy Mega 2 (August 31) #Samsung Galaxy A70 (September 7) #Samsung Galaxy Tab (September 10) '''<big>Canceled article</big>''' #[[Bad Apple!!]] ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) #iPad (9th generation) ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) #[[Sony]] ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) #We Don't Talk Anymore (Charlie Puth song) ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) #[[Apple A15]] ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) '''<big>Canceled deleted article</big>''' #[[Nokia Lumia 1320]] ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) #[[Nokia 9 PureView]] ([[File:Cross_red_circle.svg|25x25px]] Canceled) === Planned article other than date === #iPhone 17 (After Apple Event 2025) #iPhone 17 Pro (After Apple Event 2025) #[[User:Raayaan9911/Windows 12|Windows 12]] (After fully announced or released) ===Categories=== '''<big>Articles categories</big>''' #[[:Category:Al Hilal SFC players]] #[[:Category:Al Nassr FC players]] #[[:Category:Huawei mobile phones]] #[[:Category:UEFA Euro 2024 players]] #[[:Category:Meta Platforms applications]] #[[:Category:Mobile phones with 8K video recording]] #[[:Category:Mobile payments]] #[[:Category:Samsung software]] #[[:Category:iPadOS]] #[[:Category:Al Hilal SFC managers]] #[[:Category:Al Hilal SFC]] #[[:Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2015]] #[[:Category:HTC mobile phones]] #[[:Category:Tesla automobiles]] #[[:Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2025]] #[[:Category:Footballers from Jeddah]] '''<big>Wikipedia categories</big>''' #[[:Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2025]] #[[:Category:Articles lacking sources from January 2025]] #[[:Category:Pages with too many red links from January 2025]] #[[:Category:Articles lacking sources from April 2025]] #[[:Category:Clean-up categories from April 2025]] #[[:Category:Pages in need of copyedit from April 2025]] #[[:Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2025]] #[[:Category:Articles lacking sources from May 2025]] #[[:Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2025]] #[[:Category:Pages in need of copyedit from May 2025]] #[[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from May 2025]] #[[:Category:Pages needing cleanup from May 2025]] #[[:Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2025]] ===Userboxes=== #[[User:Raayaan9911/Saudi Arabia|User in Saudi Arabia]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/Al Hilal Fans|User supports Al Hilal SFC]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/WikiProject Technology Userbox|User Member of Technology]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/User Huawei|User Huawei]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/User Want iPhone but Doesn't purchased it|User Wants iPhone but Doesn't Purchase it]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/United Arab Emirates|User in United Arab Emirates]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/Brazil|User in Brazil]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/Android|User editing on Android]] #[[User:Raayaan9911/User iOS|User editing on iOS]] === Templates === *[[Template:iPod]] lglaj839zkki3ffnzm0s1mlohts0xvg 0 1147064 10330937 9911102 2025-06-14T22:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10330937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Henry Waxman |image = Henry Waxman, official photo portrait color.jpg |office = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Energy Committee]] |term_start = January 3, 2009 |term_end = January 3, 2011 |predecessor = [[John Dingell]] |successor = [[Fred Upton]] |office1 = Chair of the [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform|House Oversight Committee]] |term_start1 = January 3, 2007 |term_end1 = January 3, 2009 |predecessor1 = [[Tom Davis (Virginia politician)|Tom Davis]] |successor1 = [[Edolphus Towns]] |office2=Member of the<br/>[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]<br/>from [[California]] |term_start2 = January 3, 1975 |term_end2 = January 3, 2015 |preceded2 = [[John Rousselot]] |succeeded2 = [[Ted Lieu]] |constituency2 = [[California's 24th congressional district|24th district]] (1975–1993)<br />[[California's 29th congressional district|29th district]] (1993–2003)<br />[[California's 30th congressional district|30th district]] (2003–2013)<br />[[California's 33rd congressional district|33rd district]] (2013–2015) |state_assembly3 = California |district3 = [[California's 61st State Assembly district|61st]] |term_start3 = January 6, 1969 |term_end3 = November 30, 1974 |predecessor3 = Lester A. McMillan |successor3 = [[Bud Collier|John L. E. Collier]] |birth_name = Henry Arnold Waxman |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|9|12}} |birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse = Janet Kessler |children = 2 |education = [[University of California, Los Angeles]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) |module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Rep. Henry Waxman Speaks in Support of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act.ogg|title=Henry Waxman's voice|type=speech|description=Waxman speaks in support of [[Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act|landmark tobacco regulation legislation]]<br/>Recorded April 1, 2009}} }} '''Henry Arnold Waxman''' (born September 12, 1939) is an American politician and lobbyist. He was a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[California]] from 1975 to 2015. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. He was once called "lobbyist's worst nightmare". In retirement, Waxman became a successful lobbyist when he opened his own firm.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/top-lobbyists/583722-the-hills-top-lobbyists-2021/amp/ | title=The top lobbyists for 2021 | newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] | date=December 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-influence/2020/07/07/which-lobbying-and-public-affairs-firms-got-ppp-loans-789005 | title=Which lobbying and public affairs firms got PPP loans | newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] | date=July 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://forward.com/opinion/309916/henry-waxman-lobbyists-nightmare-becomes-a-lobbyist/?gamp | title=Henry Waxman, lobbyist's nightmare, becomes a lobbyist | newspaper=Forward | date=June 11, 2015}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.waxmanstrategies.com Waxman Strategies] * {{CongLinks | congbio=w000215 | votesmart=26753 | fec=H6CA24048 | congress=henry-waxman/1209 }} Links formerly displayed via the CongLinks template: * [http://ballotpedia.org/Henry_Waxman Biography] at [[Ballotpedia]] * [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/400425 Congressional profile] at [[GovTrack]] * [http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/400425 Congressional profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011550/http://www.opencongress.org/people/show/400425 |date=2018-11-19 }} at [[Participatory Politics Foundation|OpenCongress]] * [http://www.rollcall.com/members/56.html Congressional profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731031853/http://www.rollcall.com/members/56.html |date=2014-07-31 }} at ''[[Roll Call]]'' * [http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?cid=N00001861 Financial information (federal office)] at [[Center for Responsive Politics|OpenSecrets.org]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Waxman, Henry}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from California]] [[Category:Politicians from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:American lobbyists]] {{US-bio-stub}} fg3h4thoxoac63xhbc69r5ql773occ1 0 1147250 10331499 10131945 2025-06-15T05:42:19Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civil conflict|title=November 2024 Amsterdam attacks|date={{start date|2024|11|7|df=y}}|partof=|image=Amsterdam - panoramio (118).jpg|caption=Amsterdam's Dam Square, where the attacks first began|place=[[Amsterdam]], Netherlands|methods=[[Riots]], [[ambush]]|injuries=5 hospitalized, 20–30 injured|arrests=|side1=Fans of [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]]|side2=Pro-Palestinian groups and football attendees<hr>Amsterdam residents<ref name="aje-clash">{{Cite web |title=Israeli football fans clash with protesters in Amsterdam |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/israeli-football-fans-clash-with-protesters-in-amsterdam |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>|side3={{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch National Police.svg}} National Police Corps|result="Emergency measures" in Amsterdam<ref name="sky-measures">{{Cite web |title=Emergency measures in Amsterdam over attacks on Israeli football fans after Palestinian flags torn down |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-says-it-will-deploy-rescue-mission-after-violent-incident-targeting-israeli-citizens-in-amsterdam-13250370 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>}} On 8 November 2024, a series of organized [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] attacks<ref name="I1"> * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Dutch PM denounces pogrom against Israelis in Amsterdam in call with Netanyahu |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r199zeoz1x |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Evacuated Israelis land in Israel from Amsterdam, attack planned by groups on Telegram in advance |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2024-11-08/live-updates-828163 |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Israeli soccer fans attacked in Amsterdam |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israeli-soccer-fans-attacked-amsterdam-maccabi-tel-aviv-ajax-rcna179262 |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title=How did the Amsterdam attacks unfold? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/amsterdam-ajax-israel-tel-aviv-fans-clash-timeline-b2643949.html |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=Michael Murphy: The Amsterdam 'Jew hunt' wasn't spontaneous retaliation. It was planned |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/michael-murphy-the-amsterdam-jew-hunt-wasnt-spontaneous-retaliation-it-was-planned |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref><ref name="I2"> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Far-right Dutch leader denounces ‘Jew hunt in the streets of Amsterdam’ |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/far-right-dutch-leader-denounces-jew-hunt-in-the-streets-of-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate |title=Amsterdam police hasn’t arrested anyone for ‘Jew hunt,’ says ‘speechless’ leading Dutch politician |url=https://www.jns.org/amsterdam-police-hasnt-arrested-anyone-for-jew-hunt-says-speechless-leading-dutch-politician |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Outrage: No Arrests During ‘Jew Hunt’ in Amsterdam |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/global/europe/outrage-no-arrests-during-jew-hunt-in-amsterdam/2024/11/09 |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |title=Calls for ‘Jew Hunt’ Preceded Attacks in Amsterdam |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/calls-for-jew-hunt-preceded-attacks-in-amsterdam-e3311e21 |date=November 10, 2024 |access-date=November 11, 2024}}</ref> happened in [[Amsterdam]], the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[the Netherlands]], following an [[UEFA Europa League]] match between the [[Israel|Israeli]] club [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]] and [[AFC Ajax]].<ref name="I1" /><ref name="I2" /> ==Events== Hundreds of people, many of whom were Jewish Maccabi fans, were attacked across Amsterdam on 8 November 2024.<ref name="A"> * {{cite news |work=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-says-it-will-deploy-rescue-mission-after-violent-incident-targeting-israeli-citizens-in-amsterdam-13250370 |title=Emergency measures in Amsterdam over attacks on Israeli football fans after Palestinian flags torn down |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |url=https://nypost.com/2024/11/08/world-news/israeli-soccer-fans-ambushed-in-amsterdam-after-europa-league-game-in-netherlands |title=Israeli soccer fans in Amsterdam ambushed by gangs of anti-Israel attackers shouting ‘Free Palestine,’ Netanyahu sends planes to evacuate citizens |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5908079/2024/11/08/dutch-police-arrests-maccabi-tel-aviv |title=Dutch police make 62 arrests after Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters attacked in Amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='We were ambushed': Pogrom in Amsterdam wounds several, potential hostage situation |url=https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-828103 |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=NL Times |title=Dutch PM exits EU talks to join Amsterdam Jews after riots; Wilders meets Israeli leaders |url=https://nltimes.nl/2024/11/08/dutch-pm-exits-eu-talks-join-amsterdam-jews-riots-wilders-meets-israeli-leaders |date=November 8, 2024}} </ref> Some victims were chased with [[Knife|knives]], tossed into the [[canal]] or run over by vehicles.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/08/world/europe/amsterdam-israel-soccer-fans-attacked.html |title=Antisemitic Attacks Prompt Emergency Flights for Israeli Soccer Fans |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/672919/israeli-soccer-fans-attacked-amsterdam-maccabi |title=‘Antisemitic hit-and-run squads’: Amsterdam temporarily bans demonstrations after Israeli soccer fans attacked by street mobs |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=NL Times |title=Palestinians blame Amsterdam attacks on Maccabi fans despite Telegram calls for violence |url=https://nltimes.nl/2024/11/08/palestinians-blame-amsterdam-attacks-maccabi-fans-despite-telegram-calls-violence |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref> [[The Washington Post]] released a video of a man being chased by rioters outside the Amsterdam Central Station,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Video shows scuffle outside Amsterdam Central station |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/world/video-shows-scuffle-outside-amsterdam-central-station/2024/11/08/102eb85e-e1fa-4ef9-82f6-4f2012931219_video.html |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> while the Amsterdam police confirmed that hit-and-run [[Assault|assaults]] on Israelis occurred across Amsterdam.<ref name="Ap"> * {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate |title=Israelis ‘outrageously abused’ in Amsterdam, Dutch police chief says |url=https://www.jns.org/israelis-outrageously-abused-in-amsterdam-dutch-police-chief-says |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=LBC |title=Emergency measures in Amsterdam after Israeli football fans targeted by pro-Palestine 'hit-and-run attacks' |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/amsterdam-emergency-israel-palestine-maccabi |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=DutchNews |title=Youths on scooters targeted Maccabi supporters in “hit and runs” |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/2024/11/youths-on-scooters-targeted-maccabi-supporters-in-hit-and-runs |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> Before the attacks, Maccabi [[Fan (person)|fans]] purportedly came into [[conflict]] with local [[Muslim|Muslims]] when some of them were accused of taking down Palestinian flags and chanting [[Slogan|slogans]] alleged to be anti-Arab.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Politco |title=Israeli football fans ‘ambushed’ in Amsterdam attack |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/israeli-soccer-fans-ambushed-in-amsterdam-attack |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Sky News |title=What we know about violence involving football fans in Amsterdam |url=https://news.sky.com/story/what-we-know-about-violence-involving-football-fans-in-amsterdam-13250618 |date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |title=More arrests expected in Amsterdam over violence on Israeli football fans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/09/more-arrests-expected-over-amsterdam-attacks-on-israelis-prosecutors-say |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> Accusations of Israeli Maccabi provocations were predominantly reported by the [[Qatar|Qatari]] state-affiliated media ''Al Jazeera''<ref name="AJ"> * {{cite web |website=Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/western-media-misguided-narrative-about-al-jazeera |title=The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera |date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/05/20/qatari-funded-al-jazeera-arabic-channel-fires-journalists-holocaust |title=Qatari-funded Al Jazeera Arabic channel suspends journalists over 'Holocaust denial' video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News (TV channel)|BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48335169 |title=Al Jazeera suspends journalists for Holocaust denial video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/11/24/al-jazeera-must-register-as-a-foreign-agent-of-qatar |title=Al Jazeera Must Register as a Foreign Agent |date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://m.jpost.com/middle-east/al-jazeeras-holocaust-legacy-justification-alongside-outright-denial-800079 |title=Al-Jazeera’s Holocaust legacy: Justification alongside outright denial |date=May 6, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |work=[[Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Jazeera |title=Al Jazeera {{!}} News Channel, History, & Qatar {{!}} Britannica |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref> and ''Middle East Eye''.<ref name="AJ" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Media Bias / Fact Check |title=Al Jazeera – Bias and Credibility |url=https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/al-jazeera |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Honest Reporting |url=https://honestreporting.com/tag/middle-east-eye |title=Middle East Eye |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ad Fontes Media |title=Al Jazeera Website Bias and Reliability |url=https://adfontesmedia.com/al-jazeera-bias-and-reliability |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Enterprise Institute |url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/middle-east/qatars-other-covert-media-arm |title=Qatar’s Other Covert Media Arm |date=July 25, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Scottish Daily Express |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/what-middle-east-eye-shadowy-32241918 |title=What is 'Middle East Eye' - the shadowy Qatar-linked news outlet that interviewed Humza Yousaf |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Multiple videos surfaced, one of which showed a victim lying [[Unconsciousness|unconscious]] while being kicked repeatedly by rioters.<ref name="V"> * {{cite news |work=The Daily Record |title=Amsterdam attack sees Israeli football fans targeted in 'violent incident' and 'three missing' |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/amsterdam-attack-sees-israeli-football-34064877 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Foreign Policy |title=Antisemitic Attacks Target Israeli Soccer Fans in Amsterdam |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/08/amsterdam-israel-antisemitism-riots-violence-maccabi-tel-aviv-soccer |last=Sharp |first=Alexandra |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=City Journal |last=Fischberger |first=Eitan |title=The Intifada Is Globalized |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-amsterdam-riots-and-the-global-intifada |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title='This must be a wake-up call’: Jewish groups urge European leaders to respond to Amsterdam ‘pogrom’ on eve of Kristallnacht anniversary |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/this-must-be-a-wake-up-call-jewish-groups-urge-european-leaders-to-respond-to-amsterdam-pogrom-on-eve-of-kristallnacht-anniversary-h7sk6ytz |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> Another video showed a victim being tossed into the [[canal]] and called a ''kankerjood'' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: "Cancer Jews").<ref name="V" /> Rioters were also filmed shouting "[[Anti-Zionism#Criticism|Jewish, Jewish, IDF, IDF]]" when they allegedly identified Israelis in public.<ref name="V" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=Last Night’s Pogrom in Amsterdam |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/pogrom-amsterdam-antisemitism |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=BBC News |title='They shouted Jewish, IDF': Israeli football fans describe attack in Amsterdam |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgv4mdr9y8o |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=62 arrested after ‘pogrom’ in Amsterdam against Israeli football fans |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/israel-sends-planes-to-rescue-football-fans-after-amsterdam-pogrom-fxb2439x |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> ==Aftermath== At least 30 persons were injured, while 62 suspects were arrested.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times |title=Israelis attacked in Amsterdam ’pogrom’ |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/israel-rescue-mission-antisemitic-attacks-amsterdam-6p7ffv06z |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Maccabi Tel Aviv fans targeted in Amsterdam stabbings, car ramming after soccer match |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bjuvxjjwyl |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Israeli soccer fans injured in Amsterdam violence that authorities denounce as antisemitic |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/11/07/global/israel-sends-planes-to-amsterdam-to-rescue-israelis-under-assault-by-street-mobs |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=CNN |title=Antisemitic attacks on Israeli soccer fans bring shame on Amsterdam, mayor says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/07/europe/israel-soccer-fans-attacked-amsterdam-intl-hnk |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=ITV News |title=Arrests made after 'antisemitic' attacks on Israeli football fans in Amsterdam |url=https://www.itv.com/watch/news/arrests-made-after-antisemitic-attacks-on-israeli-football-fans-in-amsterdam/529p10q |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> Amid international condemnation, the Amsterdam mayor announced a three-day [[ban]] on [[Demonstration|demonstrations]].<ref name="Aftermath">* {{cite news |work=Euronews |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/11/08/amsterdam-bans-all-protests-after-attacks-on-israeli-football-fans |title=Amsterdam bans all protests after attacks on Israeli football fans |date=November 8, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israels-pm-aware-very-violent-incident-against-israelis-amsterdam-his-office-2024-11-08 |title=Amsterdam bans protests after 'antisemitic squads' attack Israeli soccer fans |date=November 8, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/amsterdam-clashes-football-israeli-1.7377872 |title=Dutch PM 'ashamed' by Amsterdam attacks on Israeli soccer fans |date=November 8, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Swissinfo.ch |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/amsterdam-bans-demos-after-%27antisemitic-squads%27-attack-israeli-soccer-fans/88035118 |title=Amsterdam bans demos after ‘antisemitic squads’ attack Israeli soccer fans |date=November 8, 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |title=Leaders condemn ‘antisemitic’ attacks on Israeli football fans in Amsterdam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/08/israel-sends-rescue-planes-football-fans-reportedly-attacked-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 }}</ref> Riot police were seen patrolling various locations.<ref name="Aftermath" /> Of all the arrestees, only four remain in custody,<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Of dozens arrested in Amsterdam antisemitic attack, only 4 remain in custody |url=https://jpost.com/breaking-news/article-828247 |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> who were charged with assault against an "unknown person" or police.<ref name="TGNov10">{{cite news |work=The Guardian |title=Amsterdam police charge four after attack on Israeli football fans |url=https://theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/10/amsterdam-police-charge-four-after-attack-on-israeli-football-fans |date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> The police called on the public to supply evidence and anyone involved to turn himself or herself in.<ref name="TGNov10" /> As per the Netherland's National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism (NCTV), the riot appeared to have been preplanned on Telegram,<ref name="P1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='Jew hunt': Rioters planned Amsterdam pogrom in Telegram groups in advance - report |url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828211 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Press |title=Arabs Lynch Israelis and Jews in Amsterdam, Dozens Wounded, Several Missing |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/global/europe/arabs-lynch-maccabi-tel-aviv-soccer-fans-in-amsterdam-12-wounded-several-still-missing/2024/11/08 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=NL Times |title="Boys on scooters" targeted Israeli football fans in Amsterdam; No confirmed abductions |url=https://nltimes.nl/2024/11/08/boys-scooters-targeted-israeli-football-fans-amsterdam-confirmed-abductions |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name="P2"> * {{cite news |work=The Telegraph |title=Revealed: How Pro-Palestinian mob organised via WhatsApp to ‘Hunt Jews’ across Amsterdam |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/11/08/jewish-maccabi-tel-aviv-fans-attacked-in-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Amsterdam casino staffer was in cahoots with pro-Palestine rioters, report says |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1to00j3bjx |date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Evidence from WhatsApp, Telegram groups shows Amsterdam pogrom was organized |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/artc-evidence-from-whatsapp-telegram-groups-shows-amsterdam-pogrom-was-organized |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> contrary to claims that the riot was caused by Israeli misbehavior. Some Israelis hid in the Holland Casino during the riot, whose internal investigation found one of its security guards to have been active in a relevant Telegram group.<ref name="P1" /><ref name="P2" /> Due to safety concerns over reports of taxi drivers collaborating with rioters,<ref name="C">{{cite web |website=Chabad |title=Israeli Soccer Fans Attacked on the Streets of Amsterdam |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/6657787/jewish/Israeli-Soccer-Fans-Attacked-on-the-Streets-of-Amsterdam.htm |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> [[Rabbi]] Akiva and Taiby Camissar of the [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jewish]] group [[Chabad]] in Amsterdam organized cars to bring Israelis to their [[Hotel|hotels]] or the [[airport]] for boarding repatriation flights.<ref name="C" /> ===Post-riot events=== A pro-Palestinian group tried to protest in central Amsterdam on 10 November 2024 in defiance of the three-day demonstration ban, with several members being arrested.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Reuters |title=Dutch police seize scores at pro-Palestinian rally after soccer unrest |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dutch-police-halt-pro-palestinian-rally-after-soccer-violence-2024-11-10 |date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title=Amsterdam police detain pro-Palestinian protesters at banned demonstration |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/police-ap-amsterdam-netherlands-israeli-b2644540.html |date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Sky News |title=Amsterdam: Police break up pro-Palestinian protest after 'antisemitic' violence following football game |url=https://news.sky.com/story/amsterdam-police-break-up-pro-palestinian-protest-after-antisemitic-violence-following-football-game-13252043 |date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='This is Auschwitz': Hundreds defy Amsterdam protest ban in solidarity with antisemitic attackers |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828432 |date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Financial Times |title=Amsterdam on edge after violence against Israeli football fans |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e093654d-fd12-487e-9f87-b226f88cf1aa |date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> On 11 November 2024, pro-Palestinian groups clashed with riot police in central Amsterdam. Antisemitic [[Pejorative|slurs]] like ''kanker joden'' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: "Cancer Jews") were reportedly heard and a [[tram]] was [[Arson|set on fire]].<ref name="JPNov11">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='Cancer Jews': Trams set alight, violence erupts in Amsterdam in second wave of attacks |url=https://jpost.com/breaking-news/article-828672 |date=November 11, 2024}}</ref> ''De Telegraaf'', a [[The Netherlands|Dutch]] newspaper, said that a bystander was grabbed from his bike and beaten,<ref name="JPNov11" /> while the police claimed to have arrested over 50 people.<ref name="JPNov11" /> Simultaneously, the [[Belgium|Belgian]] police arrested five people who reportedly called for similar acts in [[Antwerp]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Brussels Times |title=Five arrested in Antwerp following call for 'Jew hunt' |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/belgium/1307169/five-arrested-in-antwerp-following-call-for-jew-hunt |date=November 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |title=Police foil 'Jew hunt' in Belgium amid fears of copycat attacks |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/police-jew-hunt-belgium-copycat-attacks-cfhvnktzb |date=November 11, 2024}}</ref> ==Reactions== ===Domestic=== ====Government==== Dick Schoof, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] prime minister claimed to be "horrified by the [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] attacks on Israeli [[Civilian|civilians]]."<ref name="A" /> Schoof also said that he would skip the COP29, a climate summit to be held in [[Azerbaijan]], due to the attacks' "major social impact".<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Politico |last=Goury-Laffont |first=Victor |title=Dutch prime minister to skip COP29 after Amsterdam football violence |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-pm-dick-schoof-skip-cop29-violent-clashes-between-football-supporters-amsterdam |date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> Femke Halsema, the Amsterdam [[mayor]], described the riot as a "terrible moment" for Amsterdam.<ref name="B"> * {{cite news |work=Reuters |title=Amsterdam bans demos after "antisemitic squads" attack Israeli soccer fans |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israels-pm-aware-very-violent-incident-against-israelis-amsterdam-his-office-2024-11-08 |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Channel 4 News |title=Amsterdam violence against Israeli football fans condemned as antisemitic |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/amsterdam-violence-against-israeli-football-fans-condemned-as-antisemitic |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Telegraph |title=We failed Jews during football attacks like we did under Nazis, says Dutch king |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/11/08/maccabi-ajax-football-israelis-attacked-palestine-protest |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Dutch king: ‘We failed the Jewish community during WWII, last night we failed again’ |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/dutch-king-we-failed-the-jewish-community-during-wwii-last-night-we-failed-again |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Dutch King: 'We failed the Jews in WW2, last night we failed again' |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/flashes/644458 |date=November 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title=Dutch king says his nation failed Jewish community during football fan attacks – like during Second World War |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/amsterdam-israel-football-ajax-maccabi-attacks-king-netherlands-b2643792.html |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref> Peter Holla, the Amsterdam police chief, said that Israelis had been "outrageously abused", but that his colleagues had difficulty acting against "flash moments [that] spread throughout the city".<ref name="Ap" /> The Dutch government was investigating whether prior warnings had been ignored.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Reuters |title=Dutch PM to skip climate summit during probe into soccer violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/dutch-government-investigating-possible-missed-warnings-israel-2024-11-09 |date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Dutch government probing missed Israeli warnings ahead of Amsterdam ‘pogrom’ |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/dutch-government-probing-how-israel-warnings-were-missed-ahead-of-amsterdam-pogrom |date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News Syndicate |title=Holland investigating whether it missed Israeli alerts prior to mob assaults |url=https://www.jns.org/holland-investigating-whether-it-missed-israeli-alerts-prior-to-mob-assaults |date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> ====Monarch==== [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]], the [[King of the Netherlands]], reportedly said:<ref name="B" /> {{Blockquote|text=We failed the Jewish community of the Netherlands during the [[World War II|Second World War]] and last night we failed again.}} ====Civil society==== In an article in ''The Jewish Chronicle'', Uri Rosenthal, a Dutch [[Political science|political scientist]], believed the riot to be a "final wake-up call" that the Dutch government had been too weak on anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|hate crimes]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=After the Amsterdam pogrom, we Dutch must toughen up |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/after-the-amsterdam-pogrom-we-dutch-must-toughen-up-tcraxuma |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref> Despite the controversy surrounding the cause of the riot, there has yet to be sufficient evidence that the victims were the same individuals responsible for the alleged provocations.<ref name="A" /> In addition, the Amsterdam police have been criticized for insufficient policing.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |title=Amsterdam has failed its Jews |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/amsterdam-has-failed-its-jews |last=Sacerdoti |first=Jonathan |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref> ===International=== ====Israel==== Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of [[Israel]], classified the riot as a "[[pogrom]]" comparable to the [[Kristallnacht]] that erupted in [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Anschluss|Nazi-occupied Austria]] on 9 November 1938,<ref name="Kristallnacht"> * {{cite book |chapter=The Kristallnacht as Turning Point: Jewish Reactions to Nazi Policies |title=Western Society After The Holocaust |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429267475-3/kristallnacht-turning-point-jewish-reactions-nazi-policies-yehuda-bauer |last=Bauer |first=Yehuda |year=1984 |publisher=Routledge |edition=1 |isbn=9780429267475 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=The German Popular Response to Kristallnacht: Value Hierarchies vs. Propaganda |title=Western Society After The Holocaust |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429267475-4/german-popular-response-kristallnacht-value-hierarchies-vs-propaganda-william-sheridan-allen |last=Allen |first=William Sheridan |year=1984 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429267475 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany |url=https://press.umich.edu/Books/J/Jews-Germans-Memory |last=Bodemann |first=Y. Michal |year=1996 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472105847 |doi=10.3998/mpub.14841 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=University of Michigan Library |title=From Castile to Kristallnacht: The Similarities in the Events Preceding the Spanish Inquisition and the Nazi Holocaust |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/85257/ejcohen.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |year=2011 |last=Cohen |first=Ethan Jared |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Historiography of the Kristallnacht |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315879567-9/historiography-kristallnacht-alan-steinweis |last=Steinweis |first=Alan E. |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |edition=1 |isbn=9781315879567 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> asking for swift actions against the rioters.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Netanyahu: 86th anniversary of Kristallnacht was ‘marked’ on streets of Amsterdam last night |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-86th-anniversary-of-kristallnacht-was-marked-on-streets-of-amsterdam-last-night |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="DW">{{cite news |work=DW News |title=Amsterdam mayor: Rioters sought out, attacked Israeli fans |url=https://dw.com/en/amsterdam-mayor-rioters-sought-out-attacked-israeli-fans/a-70731394 |date=November 8, 2024}}</ref> The [[Kristallnacht]]<ref name="Kristallnacht" /> comparison was echoed by [[Mass media|media]] and [[advocacy]] groups.<ref name="KC1"> * {{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Euroviews. A new Kristallnacht? Antisemitic violence and Europe’s responsibility |url=https://www.euronews.com/2024/11/08/a-new-kristallnacht-antisemitic-violence-and-europes-responsibility |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title='This is what globalize the intifada looks like': Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=ADL Statement Regarding Modern-Day Pogrom in Amsterdam |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-statement-regarding-modern-day-pogrom-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) |title=Combat Antisemitism Movement Calls Brutal Attack in Amsterdam a ‘New Kristallnacht’ |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/press-release/combat-antisemitism-movement-calls-brutal-attack-in-amsterdam-a-new-kristallnacht |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=EADaily |title=Kristallnacht in Dutch — Jews were lynched all night in Amsterdam |url=https://eadaily.com/en/news/2024/11/08/kristallnacht-in-dutch-jews-were-lynched-all-night-in-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Telegraph |title=On the anniversary of Kristallnacht, Jews are once again under attack in Europe |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/11/09/on-the-anniversary-of-kristallnacht-jews-are-attacked |date=November 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name="KC2"> * {{cite news |work=European Jewish Press |title=A new Kristallnacht in Europe: Pogrom in Amsterdam against Israeli football fans, Netanyahu sends planes to save Jews |url=https://ejpress.org/a-new-kristallnacht-pogrom-in-amsterdam-against-israeli-football-fans-netanyahu-sends-planes-to-save-jews |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=Arsen Ostrovsky: They are hunting Jews in Amsterdam. Canada could be next |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/arsen-ostrovsky-they-are-hunting-jews-in-amsterdam-canada-could-be-next |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=San Diego Jewish World |title=Mobs Attack Israelis, Other Jews in Amsterdam following Soccer Match |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/08/mobs-attack-israelis-other-jews-in-amsterdam-following-soccer-match |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=A Wake-Up Call from Amsterdam: November 8th, 2024 |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/a-wake-up-call-from-amsterdam-november-8th-2024 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=A chilling echo of Kristallnacht: Europe must act now |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/11/08/a-chilling-echo-of-kristallnacht-europe-must-act-now |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> ====European Union==== [[Ursula von der Leyen]], President of the [[European Commission]], emphasized that the riot constituted "vile attacks" and that "[[antisemitism]] has absolutely no place in Europe."<ref name="A" /><ref name="DW" /> Annalena Baerbock, the [[Germany|German]] Foreign Minister, called the riot "horrific and deeply shameful."<ref name="DW" /> ====United Kingdom==== Sir Ephraim Mirvis, Chief [[Rabbi]] of the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and Commonwealth, called the rioters "hateful mobs".<ref name="B" /> The ''[[Sky News]]'' deleted a report claiming Israeli fans to be "notorious for their [[racism]] and physical violence" amid criticism. Its editors said that they "could not independently verify all of the footage".<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Sky News deletes report on Amsterdam attack after accusation of anti-Israel bias |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/sky-news-deletes-report-on-amsterdam-attack-after-accusation-of-anti-israel-bias-ncow4ti5 |date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> ====United States==== [[Joe Biden]], [[President of the United States]] (POTUS), condemned the riot as "antisemitic", "despicable" and "echo[ing] dark moments in [[Jews#History|history when Jews were persecuted]]".<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Hill |title=Biden condemns ‘despicable’ attacks on Israeli soccer fans in Amsterdam |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4981309-joe-biden-condemns-antisemitic-attacks-israel-soccer-fans-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=U.S. News & World Report |title=Biden Condemns Attacks on Israeli Soccer Fans in Amsterdam |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-11-08/biden-condemns-attacks-on-israeli-soccer-fans-in-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Spectrum News NY1 |title='Pure evil': Biden, Congress members condemn attacks on Israeli soccer fans in Amsterdam |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2024/11/08/congress-members-reaction-attacks-israeli-soccer-fans-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=U.S. President Biden and Dutch King Condemn 'Antisemitic' Attack on Israeli Soccer Fans in Amsterdam |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-11-08/ty-article/israeli-soccer-fans-attacked-in-amsterdam-by-assailants-chanting-free-palestine/00000193-0994-de12-adbb-8bf7c8ba0000 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Business Standard |title=Echo dark moments in history: Biden condemns Amsterdam attacks on Israelis |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/world-news/echo-dark-moments-in-history-biden-condemns-amsterdam-attacks-on-israelis-124110900041_1.html |date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> ====Palestine==== Sami Abu Zuhri, a Hamas official, considered the riot in Amsterdam as spontaneous repercussions of Israel's continued "massacres" in Gaza in which international interventions were insufficient.<ref>{{cite news |work=News.Az |title=Hamas links Gaza "massacres" to unrest like in Amsterdam |url=https://news.az/news/hamas-links-gaza-massacres-to-unrest-like-in-amsterdam |date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> ====Advocacy groups==== Several [[Mass media|media]] and [[advocacy]] groups compared the riot to the [[Kristallnacht]] that erupted in [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Anschluss|Nazi-occupied Austria]] on 9 November 1938,<ref name="Kristallnacht" /> despite differences in severity.<ref name="KC1" /><ref name="KC2" /> The [[Yad Vashem]] expressed deep concern and solidarity with the victims.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Yad Vashem Express Deep Concern and Solidarity with the Victims of Horrific Attack on Jews Attending the Maccabi Tel Aviv Football Game in Amsterdam |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/08-november-2024-07-53.html |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> The [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM) also strongly condemned the attacks as "vicious", "antisemitic" and "outrageous".<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] (USHMM) |title=Museum Strongly Condemns Antisemitic Attacks in Amsterdam |url=https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/museum-strongly-condemns-antisemitic-attacks-in-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> The statement also highlighted that the riot came right before the 86th anniversary of the [[Kristallnacht]], "when [[Jews]] throughout [[Nazi Germany]] were systematically attacked<ref name="Kristallnacht" /> [...] fellow [[Citizenship|citizens]] looked on."<ref name="USHMM" /> The World Jewish Congress (WJC) strongly condemned the violence towards the Jewish Maccabi fans,<ref>{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress (WJC) |title=World Jewish Congress Condemns Violent Attack in Amsterdam, Calls for Vigilance and Action to Protect Jews |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-condemns-violent-attack-in-amsterdam-calls-for-vigilance |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> while the European Jewish Congress (EJC) condemned the riot as "horrific",<ref name="EJC">{{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress (EJC) |title=EJC condemns horrific attacks against Israeli football fans in Amsterdam |url=https://eurojewcong.org/ejc-in-action/statements/ejc-condemns-horrific-attacks-against-israeli-football-fans-in-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> demanding "all necessary measures to protect Jews and Israelis".<ref name="EJC" /> ====Others==== In an article in ''The Atlantic'' magazine, writer Franklin Foer called the riot "a textbook example of a pogrom" based on the presence of "mobs chasing Jews down city streets, goons punching and kicking Jews".<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Foer |first=Franklin |title=The Strange History Behind the Anti-Semitic Dutch Soccer Attacks |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2024/11/jewish-history-behind-dutch-soccer-attacks/680601 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> In an article in ''The New Statesman'' magazine, [[Progressivism|progressive]] journalist Tanya Gold called the riot the "first anti-Jewish riot in Western Europe of the 21st century".<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The New Statesman |title=The horror of the Amsterdam riots |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2024/11/__trashed-3 |last=Gold |first=Tanya |date=November 11, 2024}}</ref> In an article in ''The Jewish Chronicle'', Marc Cave, Director of Britain's National Holocaust Centre and Museum, objected to classifying the riot as a "pogrom" on the following grounds:<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Amsterdam was vile, but no pogrom – and it’s important to say so |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/amsterdam-was-vile-but-no-pogrom-and-its-important-to-say-so-mzcp21x9 |date=November 10, 2024}}</ref> * Nobody [[Murder|lost]] his or her life * It would be offensive to the memory of [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[The Holocaust|victims]] * It has not resulted in an [[ethnic cleansing]] * Exaggeration does not help combat antisemitism In contrast, influential<ref> * {{cite web |website=Socialist Worker |title=About the Socialist Worker Party (SWP) |url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/about-the-swp |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Socialist Worker |title=Fighting university and college workers are right to say ‘stop the war’ |url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/press-releases/ucu-ukraine-swp-statement |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Workers’ Liberty |title=Socialist Worker dismisses pro-Ukrainians as “NATO trolls” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2023-06-14/socialist-worker-dismisses-pro-ukrainians-nato-trolls |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[Platform|platforms]] Socialist Worker and World Socialist Web Site (WSWS) blamed the Israelis for the riot, denied the presence of antisemitism and accused Western government officials of "backing the Zionist regime".<ref>{{cite web |website=Socialist Worker |title=Israeli fans attack pro-Palestine supporters in Amsterdam |url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/international/israeli-fans-attack-pro-palestine-supporters-in-amsterdam |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=World Socialist Web Site (WSWS) |title=NATO states denounce “antisemitism” after Israeli football hooligans riot in Amsterdam |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2024/11/09/lcps-n09.html |date=November 9, 2024}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Pogrom]] * [[Anti-Zionism]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Islamophobia]] * [[Israel–Hamas war]] * [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2020s in the Netherlands]] [[Category:2020s riots]] [[Category:2024 in Europe]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Football]] [[Category:November 2024 events|Amsterdam attacks]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Riots in Europe]] [[Category:Violence in sports]] s9m81hyp4qcpyc805y6xv73765f059b 0 1147455 10331247 10271579 2025-06-15T01:25:12Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Ali Al-Bulaihi | image = File:Saudi Arabia v Oman (13) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Ali Al-Bulaihi Playing [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]] with the [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] | full_name = Ali Hadi Mohammed Al-Bulaihi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ali Hadi Al Bulayhi Profile - Football Player, Saudi Arabia {{!}} News, Photos, Stats, Ranking, Records - NDTV Sports|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/players/109877-ali-al-bulayhi-playerprofile|access-date=2024-11-09|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|11|21|df=y}}<ref name="Ali Al-Bulayhi Profile & Stats">{{Cite web|title=Ali Al-Bulayhi Profile & Stats {{!}} Defender|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sa/player/a-al-bulayhi/av4e1au7cz1s6rmz5u45l4yjt|access-date=2024-11-09|website=www.goal.com|language=en-SA}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Najran]], Saudi Arabia | height = 1.82 m<ref name="Ali Al-Bulayhi Profile & Stats" /> | position = [[Defender (association football)|Centre-back]]<ref name="Ali Al-Bulayhi Profile & Stats" /> | currentclub = [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal ]] | clubnumber = 5 | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = Al-Amal | clubs1 = Al-Amal | years1 = 2011-2014 | caps1 = | goals1 = | years2 = 2014–2015 | clubs2 = Al-Nahda | caps2 = | goals2 = | years3 = 2015-2017 | clubs3 = [[Al-Fateh SC|Al-Fateh]] | caps3 = 47 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2017– | clubs4 = [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] | caps4 = 146 | goals4 = 14 | nationalyears1 = 1999– | nationalteam1 = [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] | nationalcaps1 = 54 | nationalgoals1 = 2 | club-update = 8 November 2024 | nationalteam-update = 5 November 2024 }} '''Ali Hadi Mohammed Al-Bulaihi''' ({{lang-ar|علي هادي محمد البليهي}} born 21 November 1989) is Saudi Arabian football player who plays [[centre-back]] [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] for [[Saudi Professional League]] and [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia national team]]. ==Club Career== Al-Bulaihi started first his career at Al-Amal were in he spent three years before joining Al-Nahda in 2014. On 23 July 2015, he joined [[Al-Fateh SC|Al-Fateh]]. On 21 June 2017, he joined [[Al Hilal SFC]] in fee transfer. In 9 April 2024, [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] hit Al-Bulaihi by elbowing and given a red card to [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] during Al-Nassr vs Al Hilal matche In Saudi Super Cup<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-04-09|title=Cristiano Ronaldo sent off for Al-Nassr in Saudi Super Cup defeat to Al-Hilal|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68768325|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramsay|first=George|date=2024-04-09|title=Cristiano Ronaldo red carded for elbowing opponent during Saudi Super Cup defeat|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/09/sport/cristiano-ronaldo-red-card-saudi-super-cup-spt-intl/index.html|access-date=2024-11-09|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-10|title=Watch: Cristiano Ronaldo sent off in Saudi Super Cup semi-final defeat|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/football-news/watch-cristiano-ronaldo-red-card-saudi-super-cup-13758171.html|access-date=2024-11-09|website=Firstpost|language=en-us}}</ref> ==International Career== In June 2018 He called in [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] Squad for [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-10|title=Revealed: World Cup 2018 squads - Every 23-man list for Russia confirmed {{!}} Goal.com English Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sa/lists/revealed-world-cup-2018-squads---every-23-man-list-for-russia-confirmed/1okfz7h27nlnw1fe19u9vkakpy|access-date=2024-11-09|website=www.goal.com|language=en-SA}}</ref> He made in debut against [[Uruguay national football team|uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-06-19|title=World Cup 2018: Uruguay beat Saudi Arabia to send themselves & Russia into last 16|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44439086|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref> In November 2022 He called in [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] Squad for [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup Qatar]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-21|title=2022 World Cup: All squad lists for Qatar|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37633460/2022-world-cup-all-squad-lists-qatar#groupc|access-date=2024-11-09|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> Al-Bulaihi scored a goal against [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] and won 2-1,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-11-21|title=World Cup 2022: Saudi Arabia beat Argentina 2-1 in Group C opener|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63631779|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref> Al-Bulaihi slapped [[Lionel Messi]] back while [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] vs [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] matches.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Netherton|first=Alexander|date=2022-11-23|title=Saudi Arabia defender Ali Albulayhi reveals Lionel Messi taunt during upset in Qatar|url=https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml|access-date=2024-11-09|website=www.eurosport.com}}</ref> In January 2024 Al-Bulaihi shoving and grabbing [[Son Heung-min]] hair during [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] vs [[South Korea]] matches in round of 16 [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Power|first=Luke|date=2024-01-31|title=Serial troublemaker Ali Al-Bulayhi shoves Son Heung-min at Asian Cup|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-13028989/.html|access-date=2024-11-09|website=Mail Online}}</ref> ==Career Statistics== ===Club=== {{updated|match played 9 November 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ali Al-Bulaihi |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ali-al-bulaihi/414800/ |publisher=Soccerway }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- !rowspan=2|Club !rowspan=2|Season !colspan=2|League !colspan=2|King Cup !colspan=2|Asia !colspan=2|Other !colspan=2|Total |- !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |rowspan=3 |[[Al-Fateh SC|Al-Fateh]] |[[2015–16 Saudi Professional League|2015–16]] |24||0||1||0||colspan=2|—||1{{efn|name=CPC|Appearance in [[Saudi Crown Prince Cup|Crown Prince Cup]]}}||0||26||0 |- |[[2016–17 Saudi Professional League|2016–17]] |23||1||2||0||6||0||2{{efn|name=CPC}}||1||33||2 |- !Total !47!!1!!3!!0!!6!!0!!3!!1!!59!!2 |- |rowspan=8 |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |[[2017–18 Saudi Professional League|2017–18]] |5||0||1||0||4||0||colspan=2|—||10||0 |- |[[2018–19 Al-Hilal FC season|2018–19]] |25||3||0||0||6||1||8{{efn|name=WH|Six appearances in [[Arab Club Champions Cup]], one appearance in [[Saudi Super Cup]], and one appearance in [[Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup]]}}||0||39||4 |- |[[2019–20 Al-Hilal FC season|2019–20]] |14||2||6||0||11||1||3{{efn|name=CWC|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||0||34||3 |- |[[2020–21 Al Hilal SFC season|2020–21]] |16||2||0||0||6||1||0||0||22||3 |- |[[2021–22 Al Hilal SFC season|2021–22]] |22||3||3||0||7||0||3{{efn|name=WI|One appearance in [[Saudi Super Cup]], and two appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||0||35||3 |- |[[2022–23 Saudi Professional League|2022–23]] |22||1||2||1||5||0||4{{efn|One appearance in [[Saudi Super Cup]], and three appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}||0||33||2 |- |[[2023–24 Saudi Professional League|2023–24]] |32||2||4||0||12||1||8{{efn|Six appearances in [[Arab Club Champions Cup]], and two appearances in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}}||0||56||3 |- |[[2024-25 Saudi Professional League|2024-25]] |10 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |15 |1 | |- !colspan=2 |Total !146!!14!!18!!1!!54!!4!!26!!0!!244!!19 | |- ! colspan=2 | Career totals !193!!15!!21!!1!!60!!4!!29!!1!!303!!20 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== :''Statistics accurate as of match played in 5 September 2024.''<ref>{{NFT player|id=71144}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan=3|[[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] |- !Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |2018||11||0 |- |2019||6||0 |- |2020||2||0 |- |2021||8||0 |- |2022||13||0 |- |2023||7||1 |- |2024||7||1 |- !Total||54||2 |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" |- ! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition |- !scope=row|1 |8 September 2023||[[St James' Park]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], England || {{fb|CRC}} || align=center|'''1'''–2||align=center|1–3||[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- !scope=row|2 |16 January 2024||[[Khalifa International Stadium]], [[Al Rayyan (city)|Al Rayyan]], Qatar || {{fb|OMA}} ||align=center|'''2'''–1 || align=center| 2–1 || [[2023 AFC Asian Cup Group F|2023 AFC Asian Cup]] |} ==Honours== ===Al Hilal=== *[[Saudi Professional League]]: [[2017–18 Saudi Professional League|2017–18]], [[2018–19 Saudi Professional League|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Saudi Professional League|2019–20]], [[2020–21 Saudi Professional League|2020–21]], [[2021–22 Saudi Professional League|2021–22]], [[2023–24 Saudi Professional League|2023–24]] *[[Kings Cup]]: [[2019–20 King Cup|2019–20]], [[2022–23 King Cup|2022–23]], [[2023–24 King Cup|2023–24]] *[[Saudi Super Cup]]: [[2018 Saudi Super Cup|2018]], [[2021 Saudi Super Cup|2021]], [[2023 Saudi Super Cup|2023]] *[[AFC Champions League Elite|AFC Champions League]]: [[2019 AFC Champions League|2019]], [[2021 AFC Champions League|2021]] ===Individual=== *[[AFC Asian Cup|AFC Asian Cup Team of the Tournament]]: [[2023 AFC Asian Cup|2023]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commonscat}} *{{Sports links}} *{{FIFA player}} {{Saudi Arabia squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} {{Saudi Arabia squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Bulaihi, Ali}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Saudi Arabian footballers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:People from Riyadh]] [[Category:Al Hilal SFC players]] of01iomldx6v0d0q1f49g8vyl8275rh 0 1148331 10331003 10271882 2025-06-14T22:43:23Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = Gauliga Ostmark | season = 1943-44 | dates = | winners = Championship canceled | relegated = | matches = | total goals = | league topscorer = | prevseason = [[1943-44 Austrian football championship|1943-44]] | nextseason = [[1945-46 Austrian football championship|1945-46]] }} The '''Gauliga Donau-Alpenland 1944/45''' was the seventh season of the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland in annexed Austria. Due to the war, a championship with exclusively Viennese clubs took place. SC Rapid Oberlaa, who failed in the promotion game, took SK Amateure Steyr's place. Due to the course of the war, the championships were gradually stopped in all classes. The Gauliga was limited to nine games in the fall of 1944, after which the championship could not be continued due to the war. <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1940_49/o1__gauliga_donau-alpenland__1944_45.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Table (status when the competition was canceled) == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | [[SK Rapid Wien]] |11 | 7 |2 | 2 | 16 |- |2. |[[First Vienna FC]] |10 |6 |2 | 2 | 14 |- |3. | [[SC Wacker Wien ]] |10 |6 |2 | 2 | 14 |- |4. |[[Floridsdorfer AC]] |11 | 6 |2 |3 | 14 |- |5. |[[FC Wien]] |10 |5 |2 |3 | 12 |- |6. |[[SK Admira Wien]] |10 | 4 |1 | 5 | 9 |- |7. | [[Wiener Sport-Club]] |10 | 3 |1 | 6 | 7 |- |8. |[[Wiener AC]] |11 | 3 |1 | 7 | 7 |- |9. |[[FK Austria Wien]] |12 | 3 |1 | 8 | 7 |- |10. | [[ Rapid Oberlaa |KSG Oberlaa/Felten]] <ref>Rapid Oberlaa and BSG Felten merged in the winter of 1944/45 due to war.</ref> |11 | 2 |0 | 9 | 4 |} ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 September 1944 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' | First Vienna FC |4-3 <ref>Not verified after protest from Vienna. </ref> |- |10 September 1944 | '''Wiener AC''' | SC Rapid Oberlaa |4-1<ref>Not verified after protest from Oberlaa. </ref> |- |3 December 1944 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |2-8 |- |10 December 1944 | SK Admira Wien | SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- |10 December 1944 | FK Austria Wien | '''FC Wien''' |0-1 |- |10 December 1944 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' | '''First Vienna FC''' |2-5 |- |10 December 1944 | '''Wiener AC''' | SC Rapid Oberlaa |3-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 September 1944 | '''FC Wien''' | SK Admira Wien |3-0 |- |17 September 1944 | SC Rapid Oberlaa | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-5 |- |17 September 1944 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | Floridsdorfer AC |3-1 |- |17 September 1944 | First Vienna FC | Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |17 September 1944 | SC Wacker Wien | Wiener AC |2-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 September 1944 | '''FC Wien''' | SK Admira Wien |3-0 |- |17 September 1944 | SC Rapid Oberlaa | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-5 |- |17 September 1944 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | Floridsdorfer AC |3-1 |- |17 September 1944 | First Vienna FC | Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |17 September 1944 | SC Wacker Wien | Wiener AC |2-2 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 September 1944 | SC Rapid Oberlaa | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |1-3 |- |1 October 1944 | FK Austria Wien | '''SK Admira Wien''' |0-2 |- |1 October 1944 |'''FC Wien''' | Wiener Sport-Club |3-0 |- |1 October 1944 | SK Rapid Wien | ''' SC Wacker Wien''' |2-3 |- |1 October 1944 | '''First Vienna FC''' | Wiener AC |1-0 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 October 1944 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- |8 October 1944 | First Vienna FC | SK Rapid Wien |0-5 |- |8 October 1944 | ''' SC Wacker Wien''' | FC Wien |1-0 |- |8 October 1944 | Wiener AC | '''SK Admira Wien''' |2-3 |- |8 October 1944 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SC Rapid Oberlaa''' |2-3 <ref>Musial and Vita, who were excluded in the 80th minute, continued to fight. This led to a general scuffle.The game was abandoned. Shared fault was determined, and the game ended with 0 goals and 0 points for both teams. </ref> |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 October 1944 |SK Admira Wien | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |1-2 |- |15 October 1944 | FK Austria Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-3 |- |15 October 1944 | FC Wien |'''First Vienna FC''' |1-3 |- |15 October 1944 |'''SC Rapid Oberlaa''' | SC Wacker Wien |2-1 |- |15 October 1944 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''Wiener AC''' |4-5 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 October 1944 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-2 |- |29 October 1944 |SK Rapid Wien | FC Wien |1-1 |- |29 October 1944 | '''First Vienna FC''' |SC Rapid Oberlaa |11-1 |- |29 October 1944 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- |15 October 1944 |Wiener AC | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |0-6 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 November 1944 |'''FC Wien''' |Wiener AC |3-1 |- |12 November 1944 |Floridsdorfer AC | SC Wacker Wien |2-2 |- |12 November 1944 | SC Rapid Oberlaa |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-7 |- |12 November 1944 |FK Austria Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |2-3 |- |12 November 1944 |'''First Vienna FC''' | SK Admira Wien |5-3 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 November 1944 |SK Admira Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |1-4 |- |26 November 1944 |'''FC Wien''' | SC Rapid Oberlaa |8-1 <ref>Replay match- On November 19th, 1944 weren't enough Oberlaas players present. </ref> |- |26 November 1944 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |Wiener AC |9-3 |- |26 November 1944 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | Floridsdorfer AC |1-0 |- |12 November 1944 |FK Austria Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' |1-6 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 March 1945 |FC Wien | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |18 March 1945 |'''KSG Oberlaa/Felten''' | Wiener AC |3-2 |- |18 March 1945 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Admira Wien |3-1 |- |18 March 1945 |First Vienna FC | Floridsdorfer AC |3-3 |- |18 March 1945 | SC Wacker Wien | Wiener Sport-Club <ref>Verified for Wiener Sport-Club </ref> |0-0 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 March 1945 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' | KSG Oberlaa/Felten |5-0 |- |25 March 1945 |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 April 1945 | FK Austria Wien | '''Wiener AC''' |0-6 |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1944 in sports]] [[Category:1945 in association football]] [[Category:1945 in Austria]] 4cm32tl4mide79sbcmcv9o3jxud1hu7 0 1149235 10331240 10012565 2025-06-15T01:23:15Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = All That Remains | image = | image_size = | caption = | background = group_or_band | origin = Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. | genre = [[metalcore|Melodic metalcore]], [[hard rock]], [[melodic death metal]] (early) | years_active = 1998-present | label = {{hlist|Prosthetic|Razor & Tie|Artery|Concord}} | associated_acts = [[Shadows Fall]] | website = [https://www.allthatremainsonline.com/ Official Website] | current_members = [[Philip Labonte]] <br> Mike Martin <br> Jason Richardson <br> Matt Deis <br> Anthony Barone | past_members = Oli Herbert <br> Dan Egan <br> Chris Bartlett <br> Michael Bartlett <br> Shannon Lucas <br> Jeanne Sagan <br> Aaron Patrick <br> Jason Costa }} '''All That Remains''' is an American [[metalcore]] band from [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. It started in 1998. They have released nine [[studio album]]s, a live CD and DVD, and have sold over a million records worldwide. ==Discography== * ''Behind Silence And Solitude'' (2002) * ''This Darkened Heart'' (2004) * ''[[The Fall of Ideals]]'' (2006) * ''Overcome'' (2008) * ''For We Are Many'' (2010) * ''A War You Cannot Win'' (2012) * ''The Order Of Things'' (2015) * ''Madness'' (2017) * ''Victim Of The New Disease'' (2018) * ''Antifragile'' (2025) ==Musical style and influences== All That Remains' musical style has been described as [[metalcore]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Huntress|first=Haela|date=2024-08-07|title=All That Remains Announces That They Won't Be Announcing Their New Album Ahead of Time|url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2024/08/07/all-that-remains-announces-that-they-wont-be-announcing-their-new-album-ahead-of-time/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=MetalSucks|language=en}}</ref><ref name="All That Remains’ ‘The Fall Of Ideals’ Celebrates 20 Years With New Reissue">{{Cite web|last=Peacock|first=Tim|date=2021-08-25|title=All That Remains’ ‘The Fall Of Ideals’ Celebrates 20 Years With New Reissue|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/all-that-remains-fall-ideals-reissue/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=uDiscover Music|language=en-US}}</ref> [[metalcore|melodic metalcore]],<ref name="All That Remains’ ‘The Fall Of Ideals’ Celebrates 20 Years With New Reissue" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=ALL THAT REMAINS share third new single, "No Tomorrow" along with music video|url=https://lambgoat.com/news/43695/all-that-remains-share-third-new-single-no-tomorrow-along-with-music-video/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=lambgoat.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiederhorn|first=Jon WiederhornJon|date=2018-09-05|title=All That Remains 'Done' With New Album Says Frontman Phil Labonte|url=https://loudwire.com/all-that-remains-done-new-album-says-phil-labonte/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=Loudwire|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All That Remains|url=https://www.iheart.com/artist/all-that-remains-3330/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=iHeart|language=en}}</ref> [[hard rock]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-18|title=All That Remains – “This Probably Won’t End Well”: Hard Rock Daddy Review|url=https://hardrockdaddy.com/2015/01/18/all-that-remains-this-probably-wont-end-well-hard-rock-daddy-review/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=Hard Rock Daddy|language=en-US}}</ref> and their earlier work [[melodic death metal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=All That Remains - 'Victim of the New Disease'|url=https://vocal.media/beat/all-that-remains-victim-of-the-new-disease|access-date=2024-11-17|website=Beat|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=SAW|first=THE|date=2021-02-28|title=Album of the Week: All That Remains - This Darkened Heart (2004)|url=https://wknc.org/2021/02/28/album-of-the-week-all-that-remains-this-darkened-heart-2004/|access-date=2024-11-17|website=WKNC 88.1 FM - North Carolina State University Student Radio|language=en-US}}</ref> The band's music mixes "crushing" [[riff]]s, dual guitar harmonies, double bass drum patterns, and breakdowns that are prevalent in the metalcore genre. Vocally, the band combines singing, screaming, and growls. Phil Labonte's [[lyrics]] focus on themes such as relationships, personal struggles, society, and hope. ==References== <references/> [[Category:Musical groups from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Springfield, Massachusetts]] [[Category:1998 establishments in the United States]] 4qpe2ar99wspsh2hm1e9iyvqfowe78h 0 1150262 10330981 10162197 2025-06-14T22:33:31Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season |competition = [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] |season = 2018-19 |winners = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] |relegated = [[FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |matches = |league topscorer = [[Munas Dabbur]]<br>(20 goals) |prevseason = [[2017-18 Austrian football championship|2017-18]] |nextseason = [[2019-20 Austrian football championship|2019-20]] }} The '''2018–19 Austrian football championship''' was the 108th season. The highest level is the Austrian Bundesliga. It was played by 12 teams. They initially determine the participants in the championship and qualification groups in two rounds. The Austrian football champion and the first three representatives of Austria in the international competitions of the 2019-20 season, will then be determined in the championship group. ==Mode == In the 2018/19 season, twelve clubs competed against each other for the first time in 22 rounds. Each team played once at home and away against each other team. The best six teams then went into the championship group and the remaining six into the qualification group. The points from the basic round were halved and half points rounded down. If two clubs had been tied on points at the end of the final round and one of these clubs had had half a point rounded down, that club would have been ranked higher. ==Table initial rounds== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |22 | 17 |4 | 1 | 55 (27) |- |2. | '''LASK''' |22 | 13 |7 | 2 | 46 (23) |- |3. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |22 | 7 |10 | 5 | 31 (15) |- |4. |'''Wolfsberger AC''' |22 | 7 |9 | 6 | 30 (15) |- |5. | '''FK Austria Wien''' |22 | 9 |3 |10 | 30 (15) |- |6. | '''SKN St. Pölten ''' |22 | 8 |6 | 8 | 30 (15) |- |7. |'''SV Mattersburg''' |22 | 8 |5 | 9 | 29 (14) |- |8. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |22 | 7 |6 | 9 | 27 (13) |- |9. |'''TSV Hartberg''' |22 | 7 |5 | 10 | 26 (13) |- |10. |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling''' |22 | 5 |6 | 11 | 21 (10) |- |11. | '''SCR Altach''' |22 | 4 |6 | 12 | 18 (9) |- |12. |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |22 | 4 |5 | 13 |17 (8) |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2010_19/o1__bundesliga__2018_19.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> <ref>In bracketsːHalved points</ref> ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2010_19/o1__bundesliga__2018_19.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 27 July 2018 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- | 28 July 2018 | SCR Altach | '''SV Mattersburg''' | 2-3 |- | 28 July 2018 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |TSV Hartberg |3-2 |- | 29 July 2018 | FC Admira Wacker Mödling | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-3 |- | 29 July 2018 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | LASK |3-1 |- | 29 July 2018 | '''SKN St. Pölten''' | Wolfsberger AC |4-3 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 August 2018 |SK Rapid Wien |SCR Altach |1-1 |- | 4 August 2018 | SV Mattersburg | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- | 4 August 2018 | FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |2-3 |- | 5 August 2018 |LASK | SKN St. Pölten |0-0 |- | 5 August 2018 | TSV Hartberg | '''FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' |0-1 |- | 5 August 2018 | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 August 2018 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 11 August 2018 | SCR Altach | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | 1-2 |- | 11 August 2018 | '''TSV Hartberg ''' |SV Mattersburg |4-2 |- | 12 August 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling | '''LASK''' |0-1 |- | 12 August 2018 | SK Rapid Wien | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |- | 12 August 2018 | '''SKN St. Pölten''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 August 2018 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |TSV Hartberg |2-0 |- | 18 August 2018 | SV Mattersburg | '''Wolfsberger AC''' | 0-6 |- | 18 August 2018 | FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''SKN St. Pölten''' |0-2 |- | 19 August 2018 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |4-0 |- | 19 August 2018 | '''LASK''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- | 19 August 2018 | SK Sturm Graz | SCR Altach |1-1 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 25 August 2018 | SCR Altach |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |2-3 |- | 25 August 2018 | SKN St. Pölten | FK Austria Wien | 0-0 |- | 25 August 2018 | Wolfsberger AC |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 26 August 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |SV Mattersburg |0-0 |- | 26 August 2018 | SK Rapid Wien | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- | 26 August 2018 | TSV Hartberg | '''LASK''' |0-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 1 September 2018 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- | 1 September 2018 | SCR Altach | '''SKN St. Pölten ''' | 1-2 |- | 1 September 2018 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 2 September 2018 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |3-1 |- | 2 September 2018 |'''LASK''' | Wolfsberger AC |2-0 |- | 2 September 2018 | SK Sturm Graz | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 September 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |''' SK Sturm Graz''' |2-3 |- | 15 September 2018 |SKN St. Pölten | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 1-3 |- | 15 September 2018 |'''TSV Hartberg''' |SCR Altach |2-1 |- | 16 September 2018 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |- | 16 September 2018 | SV Mattersburg | '''LASK''' |1-3 |- | 16 September 2018 | '''Wolfsberger AC ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |3-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 22 September 2018 |SCR Altach |'''Wolfsberger AC ''' |0-1 |- | 22 September 2018 |'''SKN St. Pölten''' | TSV Hartberg | 3-0 |- | 22 September 2018 |SK Sturm Graz | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |1-2 |- | 23 September 2018 |FK Austria Wien |'''LASK''' |1-3 |- | 23 September 2018 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- | 23 September 2018 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | ''' FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 September 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |'''SCR Altach ''' |2-4 |- | 29 September 2018 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SKN St. Pölten''' | 0-2 |- | 29 September 2018 |Wolfsberger AC | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |1-4 |- | 30 September 2018 |LASK | SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- | 30 September 2018 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- | 30 September 2018 | TSV Hartberg | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 6 October 2018 |'''SCR Altach ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 6 October 2018 |SKN St. Pölten |FC Admira Wacker Mödling | 0-0 |- | 6 October 2018 |Wolfsberger AC | '''TSV Hartberg''' |3-4 |- | 7 October 2018 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg |1-0 |- | 7 October 2018 | SK Sturm Graz |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |1-2 |- | 7 October 2018 | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | LASK |1-0 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 October 2018 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |FC Wacker Innsbruck |1-1 |- | 20 October 2018 |LASK |SCR Altach | 1-1 |- | 20 October 2018 |'''TSV Hartberg''' | SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |- | 21 October 2018 |FK Austria Wien |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 21 October 2018 | FC Admira Wacker Mödling | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |- | 21 October 2018 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' | SKN St. Pölten |2-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 27 October 2018 |SV Mattersburg |SCR Altach |1-1 |- | 27 October 2018 |'''TSV Hartberg''' |SK Sturm Graz | 2-0 |- | 27 October 2018 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- | 28 October 2018 |LASK |FC Red Bull Salzburg |3-3 |- | 28 October 2018 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |2-0 |- | 28 October 2018 | ''' Wolfsberger AC ''' | SKN St. Pölten |1-0 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 November 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |'''TSV Hartberg''' |3-4 |- | 3 November 2018 |SKN St. Pölten |LASK | 2-2 |- | 3 November 2018 |SK Sturm Graz |FC Wacker Innsbruck |1-1 |- | 4 November 2018 |FK Austria Wien |''' Wolfsberger AC ''' |3-4 |- | 4 November 2018 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- | 4 November 2018 | SCR Altach | SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 10 November 2018 |'''LASK ''' |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |5-1 |- | 10 November 2018 |SK Sturm Graz |SKN St. Pölten | 0-0 |- | 10 November 2018 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' | SCR Altach |1-0 |- | 11 November 2018 |FK Austria Wien |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |0-2 |- | 11 November 2018 |SV Mattersburg | '''TSV Hartberg''' |1-2 |- | 11 November 2018 | ''' Wolfsberger AC ''' | SK Rapid Wien |3-1 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 November 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |'''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |- | 24 November 2018 |TSV Hartberg |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | 0-4 |- | 24 November 2018 |Wolfsberger AC | SV Mattersburg |2-2 |- | 25 November 2018 | SK Rapid Wien |'''LASK ''' |0-1 |- | 25 November 2018 |SCR Altach | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |0-2 |- | 25 November 2018 | '''SKN St. Pölten ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 1 December 2018 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SKN St. Pölten |2-0 |- | 1 December 2018 |LASK |TSV Hartberg | 3-3 |- | 1 December 2018 |SV Mattersburg | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |3-3 |- | 2 December 2018 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SCR Altach |1-0 |- | 2 December 2018 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | Wolfsberger AC |3-0 |- | 2 December 2018 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 8 December 2018 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-2 |- | 8 December 2018 |'''SKN St. Pölten''' |SCR Altach | 2-1 |- | 8 December 2018 | Wolfsberger AC | LASK |1-1 |- | 9 December 2018 |SK Rapid Wien |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- | 9 December 2018 |''' SV Mattersburg ''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- | 9 December 2018 | TSV Hartberg | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-2 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 December 2018 |'''LASK''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- | 15 December 2018 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |FC Admira Wacker Mödling | 3-0 |- | 15 December 2018 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | Wolfsberger AC |0-0 |- | 16 December 2018 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Rapid Wien |6-1 |- | 16 December 2018 | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | SKN St. Pölten |5-1 |- | 16 December 2018 | '''SCR Altach ''' | TSV Hartberg |6-1 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 22 February 2019 |'''LASK''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- | 23 February 2019 |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck | 3-0 |- | 23 February 2019 | Wolfsberger AC | SCR Altach |0-0 |- | 24 February 2019 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-0 |- | 24 February 2019 | SV Mattersburg | SK Sturm Graz SKN St. Pölten |1-1 |- | 16 December 2018 | TSV Hartberg | SKN St. Pölten |1-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 March 2019 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |Wolfsberger AC |3-0 |- | 2 March 2019 |SCR Altach | '''FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' | 0-1 |- | 2 March 2019 | SKN St. Pölten | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-4 |- | 3 March 2019 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |TSV Hartberg |4-2 |- | 3 March 2019 | SK Sturm Graz | '''LASK''' |0-3 |- | 3 March 2019 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''SV Mattersburg''' |1-1 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 10 March 2019 |FK Austria Wien |'''SCR Altach''' |1-3 |- | 10 March 2019 |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' | SKN St. Pölten | 3-2 |- | 10 March 2019 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- | 10 March 2019 | '''LASK''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |- | 10 March 2019 | '''SV Mattersburg''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- | 10 March 2019 | TSV Hartberg | Wolfsberger AC |1-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 17 March 2019 |SK Rapid Wien |TSV Hartberg |2-2 |- | 17 March 2019 |SCR Altach |'''LASK''' | 1-2 |- | 17 March 2019 |SKN St. Pölten | '''SV Mattersburg''' |0-1 |- | 17 March 2019 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- | 17 March 2019 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-2 |- | 17 March 2019 | Wolfsberger AC | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |2-2 |} ==Champions group table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |32 | 25 |5 |2 | 52 (27) |- |2. | '''LASK''' |32 | 18 |9 | 5 | 40 (23) |- |3. |''''Wolfsberger AC''' |32 | 12 |10 | 10 | 31 (15) |- |4. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |32 | 12 |6 | 14 | 27(15) |- |5. | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |32 | 10 |10 |12 | 24 (15) |- |6. | '''SKN St. Pölten ''' |32 | 9 |9 | 14 | 21 (15) |} <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ==Matches == ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 31 March 2019 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |FK Austria Wien |5-1 |- | 31 March 2019 |SK Sturm Graz |'''SKN St. Pölten''' | 1-2 |- | 31 March 2019 |Wolfsberger AC | '''LASK''' |0-3 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 April 2019 |FK Austria Wien |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-1 |- | 7 April 2019 |LASK |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- | 7 April 2019 |SKN St. Pölten | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |1-3 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 14 April 2019 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-1 |- | 14 April 2019 |LASK |SKN St. Pölten | 0-0 |- | 14 April 2019 |Wolfsberger AC | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 April 2019 |FK Austria Wien |LASK |2-2 |- | 21 April 2019 |SKN St. Pölten |FC Red Bull Salzburg | 1-1 |- | 21 April 2019 |SK Sturm Graz | '''Wolfsberger AC''' |1-2 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 April 2019 |FK Austria Wien |SKN St. Pölten |2-2 |- | 24 April 2019 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |Wolfsberger AC | 3-1 |- | 24 April 2019 |LASK | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 April 2019 |SKN St. Pölten |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |- | 28 April 2019 |'''Wolfsberger AC''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg | 2-1 |- | 28 April 2019 |SK Sturm Graz | '''LASK ''' |2-3 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 April 2019 |FK Austria Wien |''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |1-2 |- | 28 April 2019 |'''LASK ''' |Wolfsberger AC | 3-0 |- | 28 April 2019 |SKN St. Pölten | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 May 2019 |''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |LASK |2-1 |- | 12 May 2019 |SK Sturm Graz |'''FK Austria Wien''' | 1-3 |- | 12 May 2019 |'''Wolfsberger AC''' | SKN St. Pölten |4-0 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 May 2019 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Wolfsberger AC |2-0 |- | 19 May 2019 |SKN St. Pölten |'''LASK ''' |0-1 |- | 19 May 2019 |SK Sturm Graz | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 May 2019 |''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SKN St. Pölten |7-0 |- | 26 May 2019 |'''LASK ''' |FK Austria Wien |5-2 |- | 26 May 2019 |'''Wolfsberger AC ''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |} ==Qualification group table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |7. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |32 | 13 |7 |12 | 32 (13) |- |8. | '''SV Mattersburg''' |32 | 12 |7 | 13 | 28 (14) |- |9. |'''SCR Altach''' |32 | 9 |10 | 13 | 28 (9) |- |10. |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling''' |32 | 8 |9 | 15 | 22(10) |- |11. | '''TSV Hartberg''' |32 | 10 |5 |17 | 24 (15) |- |12. | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |32 | 8 |5 | 19 | 20 (15) |} <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ==Matches == ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 30 March 2019 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |3-0 |- | 30 March 2019 |'''SCR Altach''' |SV Mattersburg | 2-1 |- | 31 March 2019 |TSV Hartberg | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-2 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 6 April 2019 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |SCR Altach |1-1 |- | 6 April 2019 |'''SV Mattersburg''' |TSV Hartberg | 3-0 |- | 6 April 2019 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-2 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 April 2019 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- | 13 April 2019 | TSV Hartberg |'''SCR Altach''' | 0-1 |- | 13 April 2019 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 April 2019 |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling ''' |TSV Hartberg |2-1 |- | 20 April 2019 | SCR Altach |SK Rapid Wien | 2-2 |- | 20 April 2019 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |3-1 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 April 2019 | FC Admira Wacker Mödling |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |0-2 |- | 23 April 2019 |TSV Hartberg |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 2-4 |- | 23 April 2019 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''SCR Altach''' |0-4 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 27 April 2019 |SK Rapid Wien |'''TSV Hartberg ''' |3-4 |- | 27 April 2019 |SCR Altach |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | 1-4 |- | 27 April 2019 |SV Mattersburg |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |1-1 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 May 2019 |FC Admira Wacker Mödling |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |3-4 |- | 4 May 2019 |SV Mattersburg |SCR Altach | 0-0 |- | 4 May 2019 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |TSV Hartberg |1-0 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 May 2019 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |1-0 |- | 11 May 2019 |SCR Altach |FC Admira Wacker Mödling | 2-2 |- | 11 May 2019 |'''TSV Hartberg ''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 May 2019 |'''FC Admira Wacker Mödling''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |3-2 |- | 18 May 2019 |'''SCR Altach''' |TSV Hartberg | 3-1 |- | 18 May 2019 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 May 2019 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SCR Altach''' |3-2 |- | 18 May 2019 |'''TSV Hartberg''' |FC Admira Wacker Mödling | 3-1 |- | 18 May 2019 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |SV Mattersburg |4-0 |} ==Conference League play offs== *'''First round''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center |- !Match ! Result |- |SK Rapid Wien vs. SV Mattersburg |2-0 |} *'''Second round''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center |- !Match ! Result |- |SK Rapid Wien vs. Sturm Graz |1-2 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center |- !Match ! Result |- |Sturm Graz vs. SK Rapid Wien |0-1 |} ==Champion squad == {| class="wikitable" width="700" |- style="background:#FF0000" | align="center" colspan="2"|<span style="color:#FFFFFF;"> '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' </span> |- class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" align="center" | * '''Goalkeepers''':''33'' [[Alexander Walke]],''1'' [[Cican Stankovic]], ''23'' [[Philipp Köhn]] * '''Defenders''': ''3'' [[Jasper van der Werff]], ''6'' [[Jerome Onguene]], ''17'' [[Andreas Ulmer]], ''22'' [[Stefan Lainer]], ''25'' [[Patrick Farkas]], ''34'' [[Marin Pongracic]], ''15'' [[Andre Ramalho]], ''55'' [[Darko Todorovic]], ''5'' [[Albert Vallci]], ''?'' [[Kilian Ludewig]] * '''Midfielders''': ''8'' [[Diadie Samassekou]],''13'' [[Hannes Wolf]], ''42'' [[Xaver Schlager]], ''24'' [[Christoph Leitgeb]], ''45'' [[Enock Mwepu]], ''16'' [[Zlatko Junuzovic]], ''14'' [[Dominik Szoboszlai]], ''?'' [[Antoine Bernede]] * '''Forwards''':''9'' [[Munas Dabbur]], ''18'' [[Takumi Minamino]], ''21'' [[Fredrik Gulbrandsen]], ''20'' [[Patson Daka]], ''11'' [[Smail Prevljak]], ''30'' [[Erling Haaland]] * '''Coaching staff:'''[[Marco Rose]] (Head coach), [[René Aufhauser]], [[Rene Maric]], [[Alexander Zickler]] (Assistance coaches), [[Herbert Ilsanker]] (Goalkeeper coach) |} <ref>[http://wiki.salzburg12.at/Saison_2018/19 FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Munas Dabbur]] |FC Red Bull Salzburg |20 |- | [[Joao Victor]] |LASK |13 |- | [[Michael Liendl]] |Wolfsberger AC |11 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2010_2019/stno1__bundesliga__2018_19.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Promotion== [[WSG Wattens]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2018-19 Austrian Football Bundesliga}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] pkkzna7vk1tepbkn2bf7wkrsbkq9d7w 0 1151828 10331002 10271863 2025-06-14T22:43:09Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season |competition = Austrian football championship |season = 1948-49 |winners = [[FK Austria Wien]] |relegated = [[SCR Hochstädt Wien]] |matches = |league topscorer = [[Erich Habitzl ]]<br>(23 goals) |prevseason = [[1947-48 Austrian football championship|1947-48 ]] |nextseason = [[1949-50 Austrian football championship|1949-50]] }} The '''1948-49 Austrian Football Championship''' was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]] and contested by its members. In Because the league was reformed the Vienna League and several state championships of the federal state associations served as a foundation for the league. [[FK Austria Wien]] became Austrian football champions for the 3rd time this season. ==Mode == The nine teams that already played in the Vienna League last year were joined by the newly promoted team SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt. The team was immediately relegated. There was a first and second half of the season with nine games each. ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |18 | 13 |1 | 4 | 27 |- |2. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |18 | 11 |3 | 4 |25 |- |3. | '''SK Admira Wien''' |18 | 11 |2 | 5 | 24 |- |4. |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |18 | 10 |3 | 5 | 23 |- |5. |'''FC Wien''' |18 | 9 |3 | 6 | 21 |- |6. |'''First Vienna FC''' |18 | 8 |3 | 7 | 19<ref> goal quotient 1,38</ref> |- |7. | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |18 | 8 |3 | 7 | 19<ref> goal quotient 1,03</ref> |- |8. |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |18 | 6 |2 | 10 | 14 |- |9. |'''SC Rapid Oberlaa''' |18 |1 |2 | 15 | 4<ref> goal quotient 0,25</ref> |- |10. |'''SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt''' |18 |1 |2 | 15 | 4<ref> goal quotient 0,18</ref> |} '''Relegationː''' *[[SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt]] '''Promotionː''' *[[SK Slovan Wien]] (Wiener Liga) *[[SV Gloggnitz]] (Lower Austria) *[[SK Sturm Graz]] (Styria) *[[SK Vorwärts Steyr]] (Upper Austria) ==Champions of the Federal States== *'''Burgenland''': SC Oberwart *'''Carinthia''': SK Austria Klagenfurt *'''Salzburg''': Union FC Salzburg *'''Tyrol''': SK Kufstein *'''Vorarlberg''': SC Austria Lustenau With the introduction of the Staatsliga A the championship was gradually expanded to cover the entire federal territory. With the introduction of the Staatsliga B, the Tauernliga and the Arlbergliga from the 1950/51 season on it was really possible for every champion to qualify for the top Austrian league. <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1940_49/o1__wiener_liga__1948_49.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |-7 |28 August 1948 | SK Rapid Wien | SC Wacker Wien |1-1 |- |29 August 1948 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |First Vienna FC |3-2 |- |29 August 1948 |''' FK Austria Wien''' |FC Wien | 2-1 |- |29 August 1948 | SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |0-2 |- |1 September 1948 | Wiener Sport-Club | Oberlaaer SK <ref>At the end of June 1948, Rapid Oberlaa was renamed Oberlaaer SK. </ref> |1-4 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |-7 |4 September 1948 |Oberlaaer SK |''' FK Austria Wien''' |0-2 |- |5 September 1948 |FC Wien |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |2-0 |- |5 September 1948 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 2-3 |- |5 September 1948 | '''First Vienna FC ''' |SK Rapid Wien |5-1 |- |5 September 1948 |SC Wacker Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |-7 |11 September 1948 |'''SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt ''' |Oberlaaer SK |3-2 |- |11 September 1948 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |FC Wien |3-0 |- |12 September 1948 |SK Admira Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | 2-3 |- |12 September 1948 |''' FK Austria Wien''' |First Vienna FC |6-2 |- |12 September 1948 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | Floridsdorfer AC |2-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 September 1948 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |4-0 |- |18 September 1948 | Oberlaaer SK |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-5 |- |19 September 1948 |'''FC Wien ''' |SK Admira Wien | 3-2 |- |19 September 1948 |Floridsdorfer AC |''' FK Austria Wien''' |2-4 |- |19 September 1948 |First Vienna FC | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |2-4 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 September 1948 |FC Wien |Floridsdorfer AC |2-2 |- |26 September 1948 |SK Admira Wien |FK Austria Wien ''' ''' |1-1 |- |26 September 1948 |SK Rapid Wien |Wiener Sport-Club | 1-1 |- |26 September 1948 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |'''First Vienna FC ''' |0-4 |- |26 September 1948 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | Oberlaaer SK |4-3 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 October 1948 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |5-1 |- |9 October 1948 |'''Oberlaaer SK ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |2-1 |- |10 October 1948 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Wien | 5-1 |- |10 October 1948 |First Vienna FC |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |1-2 |- |10 October 1948 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 November 1948 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''First Vienna FC''' |2-3 |- |6 November 1948 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- |7 November 1948 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 8-1 |- |7 November 1948 |FK Austria Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |0-1 |- |7 November 1948 |'''FC Wien ''' | Oberlaaer SK |6-0 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 October 1948 |Oberlaaer SK |'''SK Admira Wien''' |1-7 |- |23 October 1948 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |4-0 |- |24 October 1948 | SK Rapid Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |24 October 1948 |First Vienna FC |'''FC Wien ''' ''' ''' |1-2 |- |24 October 1948 |SC Wacker Wien | Floridsdorfer AC |3-3 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 October 1948 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |Wiener Sport-Club ' |4-3 |- |16 October 1948 |'''First Vienna FC''' |Oberlaaer SK |4-2 |- |17 October 1948 |''SK Admira Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien | 3-2 |- |17 October 1948 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |10-2 |- |28 November 1948 |FC Wien | SC Wacker Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 February 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-2 |- |26 February 1949 | First Vienna FC | SK Admira Wien |1-1 |- |27 February 1949 |'''FC Wien''' |FK Austria Wien | 3-0 |- |27 February 1949 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |2-0 |- |27 February 1949 |SC Wacker Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 March 1949 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |'''FC Wien''' |0-1 |- |5 March 1949 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |2-3 |- |6 March 1949 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 8-4 |- |6 March 1949 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Oberlaaer SK |4-0 |- |7 March 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | First Vienna FC |2-1 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 March 1949 |'''FC Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-1 |- |12 March 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |3-3 |- |13 March 1949 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-8 |- |13 March 1949 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- |13 March 1949 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | SK Admira Wien |3-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 March 1949 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |0-3 |- |26 March 1949 |Wiener Sport-Club |First Vienna FC |1-1 |- |27 March 1949 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |FC Wien |3-1 |- |27 March 1949 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |1-0 |- |27 March 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | Oberlaaer SK |4-0 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 April 1949 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |FC Wien |4-0 |- |9 April 1949 |Oberlaaer SK |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |0-2 |- |10 April 1949 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Admira Wien |5-1 |- |10 April 1949 |'''First Vienna FC''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |7-0 |- |10 April 1949 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 April 1949 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-2 |- |23 April 1949 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |'''SK Admira Wien''' |0-8 |- |24 April 1949 |FC Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-6 |- |24 April 1949 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |Oberlaaer SK |2-0 |- |24 April 1949 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | First Vienna FC |1-0 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 May 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |9-1 |- |14 May 1949 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Admira Wien''' |0-4 |- |15 May 1949 |'''First Vienna FC''' | Floridsdorfer AC |2-1 |- |15 May 1949 |SC Wacker Wien |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |3-10 |- |26 May 1949 |Oberlaaer SK | '''FC Wien ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 May 1949 |FC Wien |First Vienna FC |3-3 |- |28 May 1949 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |SC Wacker Wien |4-1 |- |28 May 1949 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |0-2 |- |29 May 1949 | '''SK Admira Wien''' |Oberlaaer SK |9-0 |- |29 May 1949 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' | SK Rapid Wien |5-3 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 April 1949 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Admira Wien |4-1 |- |25 May 1949 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |4-0 |- |1 June 1949 |SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |2-9 |- |11 June 1949 | Oberlaaer SK |'''First Vienna FC ''' |0-3 |- |11 June 1949 |SC Wacker Wien | '''FC Wien ''' |0-3 |} ==Champion squad == [[Lukas Aurednik]], [[Rudolf Böhme]], [[Oskar Fischer (footballer)|Oskar Fischer]] , [[Adolf Huber]], [[Siegfried Joksch]] , [[Friedrich Kleibel]], [[Friedrich Kominek]] , [[Otto Melchior]], [[Ernst Melchior]], [[Leopold Mikolasch]], [[Friedrich Nikolai]], [[Ernst Ocwirk]], [[Ferdinand Popelka]], [[Kurt Reiter]], [[Raimund Richter]], [[Erich Stojaspal]], [[Ernst Stojaspal]], [[Josef Stroh]], Coachː [[Heinrich Müller (footballer)|Heinrich Müller]] ==Top scorer == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Erich Habitzl]] | SK Admira Wien |23 |- | [[Josef Epp]] | Wiener Sport-Club |18 |- | [[Ernst Stojaspal]] |FK Austria Wien |18 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1940_1949/stno1__wiener_liga__1948_49.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1948 in association football]] [[Category:1949 in association football]] [[Category:1948 in Austria]] gyh4neegmmt0nbapnqpzn8d8hgvimge 0 1152875 10330231 10328273 2025-06-14T16:00:22Z Kullancı68pekekw 1627974 10330231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = | partof = [[Perso-Ottoman Part of the war ]]<br/>[[Ottoman–Persian wars]] | image = Diyarbakir walls.JPG | title = The current state of the castle. | date = 1514 - 10 September 1515 | place = [[Diyarbakir]] | reason = Local Kurdish tribes turn away from Shah Ismail and side with the Ottomans. | result = Safavid-Kurdish victory * Ottoman Defeated * Ottomans Killed | geographical_changes = Diyarbakir comes under Ottoman rule and becomes a province. | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ottoman Empire]]<br/> | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} [[Safavid iran]]<br/>Safavid-supporting [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] Kurdish tribes | warrior3 = | warrior4 = | commander1 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Yavuz Sultan Selim (WIA)]]<br/> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha (KIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Şadi Pasha (WIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[İdris-i Bitlisi (WIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Yiğit Ahmet<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Cemşid Bey | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} Ustacalı Kara Han<br/>{{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} Durmuş Bey | unit1 = | unit2 = | unit3 = | unit4 = | strength1 = around 15,000<ref>General Staff, TSK History Volume III Part II Egypt Campaign Supplement, p.81</ref> | strength2 = 6,000 - 10,000 }} '''Siege of Diyarbakir (1514)'''; started in 1514 when the [[Safavid]] army under the command of Ustacalı Karahan wanted to capture [[Diyarbakır]], which was opposing the government. The siege, which lasted approximately 9 months, ended when the Safavid Diyarbakir Took Again in the region on September 10. ==Before== On [[August 23]], [[1514]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army under the command of Yavuz Sultan Selim defeated the [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] army under the command of Shah Ismail in a decisive victory and advanced into [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Iran]]. With the approaching winter, the Ottoman sultan evacuated the lands of [[Azerbaijan]] and returned to [[Amasya]]. On his way back to [[Anatolia]], he sent troops to besiege the cities in [[Northern Anatolia]] that were still under Safavid rule. [[Bıyıklı Mehmet Pasha]], who achieved great success in one of these, the [[Siege of Bayburt]] , was promoted to the rank of Pasha and was assigned to annex the surrounding cities to Ottoman territory during the approaching winter. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha achieved the same success in the Kemah Siege and the sultan, who was going to return to Istanbul because of the approaching Egyptian war, appointed Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha as the commander of the Eastern front against the Safavids. Taking advantage of Yavuz Sultan Selim ending the campaign and disbanding most of the army, Shah Ismail prepared an army under the command of Nur Ali Halife and ordered it to attack Erzincan via Tunceli. Learning of this through his spies, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha gathered his forces and unexpectedly destroyed Nur Ali Halife and his army in the Battle of Ovacık. While all this was happening, the people of Diyarbakır, provoked by İdris-i Bitlisi, expelled the Safavid troops in the city and declared their loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan. Shah Ismail, who had given up hope on Tunceli, sent an army of 5-6 thousand men under the command of Ustacalı Karahan, the brother of the deceased Diyarbakır Governor, to Diyarbakır, where he was beginning to lose control. Learning that the Safavid army had passed Van, Idris-i Bitlisî sent a message to the sultan and managed to gather around himself a force of 10,000 Kurdish tribesmen. The sultan assigned Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, who was already in Bayburt, to gather his army. Amasya Beylerbeyi Şadi Pasha also received a decree from the sultan to join Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha with 5,000 Sipahis. ==Siege== Arriving in front of Diyarbakır, Ustacalı Karahan wanted to take the city from which his troops were expelled through peace, despite everything. After the city did not surrender, the siege began. Meanwhile, the sultan, who had not yet returned to Istanbul from Amasya, sent a small number of aid forces under the command of Yiğit Ali to Diyarbakır. Yiğit Ali, who managed to enter the Greek gate with a midnight breakthrough, deployed his troops to defend the city and assured the defenders that the Ottoman army would arrive soon. As the defense strengthened, the tribes supporting Shah Ismail and the Safavids sent support to the siege army. Meanwhile, Kurdish tribes did not remain idle. He saved his old homelands around Bingöl, Batman and Siirt. As the siege prolonged and the tribes alone became insufficient, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha prepared his army and set out. This army was advancing towards Diyarbakır, passing through Erzincan and Bingöl. Amasya army and Kurdish tribes around Bingöl also joined the Ottoman army. The army arrived in Diyarbakır on the 5th day of unification. Karahan, who could not get results from the long and tiring siege; When he learned that the Ottoman army was coming, he could not risk the battle, lifted the siege and started to escape towards Mardin. Thus, Diyarbakır, which had been under siege for about 9 months, joined the Ottoman Empire on Monday, September 10. ==After== Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha did not enter the city, left some soldiers for the garrison and headed towards Mardin to follow Karahan. Karahan, who did not stop in Mardin, retreated to Sinjar. Although the city of Mardin surrendered, the inner castle did not surrender. Bıyıklı Mehemd Pasha wanted to besiege, but Şadi Pasha said he would not participate and left the army with his forces. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha had to retreat to Diyarbakır due to the approaching winter and Şadi Pasha's campaign. Şadi Pasha and the 5 Sancakbeyis acting with him were dismissed and punished by Yavuz Sultan Selim, who received the news of what happened. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha was appointed as the first Diyarbakır Beylerbeyi of the Ottoman Empire on October 4. Reinforcements were sent from Istanbul and Anatolia until next spring. Karaman Beylerbeyi Hüsrev Pasha also received orders to participate with his army. ==Related pages== [[Battle of Tabriz (1514)]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:16th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Diyarbakır Province]] [[Category:History of Turkey]] cwn0blnaaa7hxetljsirx5tkdyk67a3 10330238 10330231 2025-06-14T16:02:05Z Kullancı68pekekw 1627974 10330238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = | partof = [[Perso-Ottoman Part of the war ]]<br/>[[Ottoman–Persian wars]] | image = Diyarbakir walls.JPG | title = The current state of the castle. | date = 1514 - 10 September 1515 | place = [[Diyarbakir]] | reason = Local Kurdish tribes turn away from Shah Ismail and side with the Ottomans. | result = Safavid-Kurdish victory * Ottoman Defeated * Ottomans Killed | geographical_changes = Diyarbakir comes under Ottoman rule and becomes a province. | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ottoman Empire]]<br/> [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] Kurdish tribes | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} [[Safavid iran]]<br/>Safavid-supporting [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] Kurdish tribes | warrior3 = | warrior4 = | commander1 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Yavuz Sultan Selim (WIA)]]<br/> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha (KIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Şadi Pasha (WIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[İdris-i Bitlisi (WIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Yiğit Ahmet<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Cemşid Bey | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} Ustacalı Kara Han<br/>{{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} Durmuş Bey | unit1 = | unit2 = | unit3 = | unit4 = | strength1 = around 15,000<ref>General Staff, TSK History Volume III Part II Egypt Campaign Supplement, p.81</ref> | strength2 = 6,000 - 10,000 }} '''Siege of Diyarbakir (1514)'''; started in 1514 when the [[Safavid]] army under the command of Ustacalı Karahan wanted to capture [[Diyarbakır]], which was opposing the government. The siege, which lasted approximately 9 months, ended when the Safavid Diyarbakir Took Again in the region on September 10. ==Before== On [[August 23]], [[1514]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army under the command of Yavuz Sultan Selim defeated the [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] army under the command of Shah Ismail in a decisive victory and advanced into [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Iran]]. With the approaching winter, the Ottoman sultan evacuated the lands of [[Azerbaijan]] and returned to [[Amasya]]. On his way back to [[Anatolia]], he sent troops to besiege the cities in [[Northern Anatolia]] that were still under Safavid rule. [[Bıyıklı Mehmet Pasha]], who achieved great success in one of these, the [[Siege of Bayburt]] , was promoted to the rank of Pasha and was assigned to annex the surrounding cities to Ottoman territory during the approaching winter. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha achieved the same success in the Kemah Siege and the sultan, who was going to return to Istanbul because of the approaching Egyptian war, appointed Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha as the commander of the Eastern front against the Safavids. Taking advantage of Yavuz Sultan Selim ending the campaign and disbanding most of the army, Shah Ismail prepared an army under the command of Nur Ali Halife and ordered it to attack Erzincan via Tunceli. Learning of this through his spies, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha gathered his forces and unexpectedly destroyed Nur Ali Halife and his army in the Battle of Ovacık. While all this was happening, the people of Diyarbakır, provoked by İdris-i Bitlisi, expelled the Safavid troops in the city and declared their loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan. Shah Ismail, who had given up hope on Tunceli, sent an army of 5-6 thousand men under the command of Ustacalı Karahan, the brother of the deceased Diyarbakır Governor, to Diyarbakır, where he was beginning to lose control. Learning that the Safavid army had passed Van, Idris-i Bitlisî sent a message to the sultan and managed to gather around himself a force of 10,000 Kurdish tribesmen. The sultan assigned Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, who was already in Bayburt, to gather his army. Amasya Beylerbeyi Şadi Pasha also received a decree from the sultan to join Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha with 5,000 Sipahis. ==Siege== Arriving in front of Diyarbakır, Ustacalı Karahan wanted to take the city from which his troops were expelled through peace, despite everything. After the city did not surrender, the siege began. Meanwhile, the sultan, who had not yet returned to Istanbul from Amasya, sent a small number of aid forces under the command of Yiğit Ali to Diyarbakır. Yiğit Ali, who managed to enter the Greek gate with a midnight breakthrough, deployed his troops to defend the city and assured the defenders that the Ottoman army would arrive soon. As the defense strengthened, the tribes supporting Shah Ismail and the Safavids sent support to the siege army. Meanwhile, Kurdish tribes did not remain idle. He saved his old homelands around Bingöl, Batman and Siirt. As the siege prolonged and the tribes alone became insufficient, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha prepared his army and set out. This army was advancing towards Diyarbakır, passing through Erzincan and Bingöl. Amasya army and Kurdish tribes around Bingöl also joined the Ottoman army. The army arrived in Diyarbakır on the 5th day of unification. Karahan, who could not get results from the long and tiring siege; When he learned that the Ottoman army was coming, he could not risk the battle, lifted the siege and started to escape towards Mardin. Thus, Diyarbakır, which had been under siege for about 9 months, joined the Ottoman Empire on Monday, September 10. ==After== Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha did not enter the city, left some soldiers for the garrison and headed towards Mardin to follow Karahan. Karahan, who did not stop in Mardin, retreated to Sinjar. Although the city of Mardin surrendered, the inner castle did not surrender. Bıyıklı Mehemd Pasha wanted to besiege, but Şadi Pasha said he would not participate and left the army with his forces. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha had to retreat to Diyarbakır due to the approaching winter and Şadi Pasha's campaign. Şadi Pasha and the 5 Sancakbeyis acting with him were dismissed and punished by Yavuz Sultan Selim, who received the news of what happened. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha was appointed as the first Diyarbakır Beylerbeyi of the Ottoman Empire on October 4. Reinforcements were sent from Istanbul and Anatolia until next spring. Karaman Beylerbeyi Hüsrev Pasha also received orders to participate with his army. ==Related pages== [[Battle of Tabriz (1514)]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:16th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Diyarbakır Province]] [[Category:History of Turkey]] mkc6dmc5hjevy9hpdtfgzabme2uyp39 10330246 10330238 2025-06-14T16:06:38Z Kullancı68pekekw 1627974 10330246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = | partof = [[Perso-Ottoman Part of the war ]]<br/>[[Ottoman–Persian wars]] | image = Diyarbakir walls.JPG | title = The current state of the castle. | date = 1514 - 10 September 1515 | place = [[Diyarbakir]] | reason = Local Kurdish tribes turn away from Shah Ismail and side with the Ottomans. | result = Safavid-Kurdish victory * Ottoman Defeated * Ottomans Killed | geographical_changes = Diyarbakir comes under Ottoman rule and becomes a province. | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ottoman Empire]]<br/> [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] Kurdish tribes | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} [[Safavid iran]]<br/> [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] Kurdish tribes | warrior3 = | warrior4 = | commander1 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Yavuz Sultan Selim (WIA)]]<br/> {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha (KIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Şadi Pasha (WIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[İdris-i Bitlisi (WIA)]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Yiğit Ahmet<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Cemşid Bey | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} Ustacalı Kara Han<br/>{{flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} Durmuş Bey | unit1 = | unit2 = | unit3 = | unit4 = | strength1 = around 15,000<ref>General Staff, TSK History Volume III Part II Egypt Campaign Supplement, p.81</ref> | strength2 = 1,000 }} '''Siege of Diyarbakir (1514)'''; started in 1514 when the [[Safavid]] army under the command of Ustacalı Karahan wanted to capture [[Diyarbakır]], which was opposing the government. The siege, which lasted approximately 9 months, ended when the Safavid Diyarbakir Took Again in the region on September 10. ==Before== On [[August 23]], [[1514]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army under the command of Yavuz Sultan Selim defeated the [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]] army under the command of Shah Ismail in a decisive victory and advanced into [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Iran]]. With the approaching winter, the Ottoman sultan evacuated the lands of [[Azerbaijan]] and returned to [[Amasya]]. On his way back to [[Anatolia]], he sent troops to besiege the cities in [[Northern Anatolia]] that were still under Safavid rule. [[Bıyıklı Mehmet Pasha]], who achieved great success in one of these, the [[Siege of Bayburt]] , was promoted to the rank of Pasha and was assigned to annex the surrounding cities to Ottoman territory during the approaching winter. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha achieved the same success in the Kemah Siege and the sultan, who was going to return to Istanbul because of the approaching Egyptian war, appointed Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha as the commander of the Eastern front against the Safavids. Taking advantage of Yavuz Sultan Selim ending the campaign and disbanding most of the army, Shah Ismail prepared an army under the command of Nur Ali Halife and ordered it to attack Erzincan via Tunceli. Learning of this through his spies, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha gathered his forces and unexpectedly destroyed Nur Ali Halife and his army in the Battle of Ovacık. While all this was happening, the people of Diyarbakır, provoked by İdris-i Bitlisi, expelled the Safavid troops in the city and declared their loyalty to the Ottoman Sultan. Shah Ismail, who had given up hope on Tunceli, sent an army of 5-6 thousand men under the command of Ustacalı Karahan, the brother of the deceased Diyarbakır Governor, to Diyarbakır, where he was beginning to lose control. Learning that the Safavid army had passed Van, Idris-i Bitlisî sent a message to the sultan and managed to gather around himself a force of 10,000 Kurdish tribesmen. The sultan assigned Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, who was already in Bayburt, to gather his army. Amasya Beylerbeyi Şadi Pasha also received a decree from the sultan to join Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha with 5,000 Sipahis. ==Siege== Arriving in front of Diyarbakır, Ustacalı Karahan wanted to take the city from which his troops were expelled through peace, despite everything. After the city did not surrender, the siege began. Meanwhile, the sultan, who had not yet returned to Istanbul from Amasya, sent a small number of aid forces under the command of Yiğit Ali to Diyarbakır. Yiğit Ali, who managed to enter the Greek gate with a midnight breakthrough, deployed his troops to defend the city and assured the defenders that the Ottoman army would arrive soon. As the defense strengthened, the tribes supporting Shah Ismail and the Safavids sent support to the siege army. Meanwhile, Kurdish tribes did not remain idle. He saved his old homelands around Bingöl, Batman and Siirt. As the siege prolonged and the tribes alone became insufficient, Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha prepared his army and set out. This army was advancing towards Diyarbakır, passing through Erzincan and Bingöl. Amasya army and Kurdish tribes around Bingöl also joined the Ottoman army. The army arrived in Diyarbakır on the 5th day of unification. Karahan, who could not get results from the long and tiring siege; When he learned that the Ottoman army was coming, he could not risk the battle, lifted the siege and started to escape towards Mardin. Thus, Diyarbakır, which had been under siege for about 9 months, joined the Ottoman Empire on Monday, September 10. ==After== Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha did not enter the city, left some soldiers for the garrison and headed towards Mardin to follow Karahan. Karahan, who did not stop in Mardin, retreated to Sinjar. Although the city of Mardin surrendered, the inner castle did not surrender. Bıyıklı Mehemd Pasha wanted to besiege, but Şadi Pasha said he would not participate and left the army with his forces. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha had to retreat to Diyarbakır due to the approaching winter and Şadi Pasha's campaign. Şadi Pasha and the 5 Sancakbeyis acting with him were dismissed and punished by Yavuz Sultan Selim, who received the news of what happened. Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha was appointed as the first Diyarbakır Beylerbeyi of the Ottoman Empire on October 4. Reinforcements were sent from Istanbul and Anatolia until next spring. Karaman Beylerbeyi Hüsrev Pasha also received orders to participate with his army. ==Related pages== [[Battle of Tabriz (1514)]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:16th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Diyarbakır Province]] [[Category:History of Turkey]] oltmq0wtwojo2zbns32hgvnzq70edp5 0 1153624 10330124 10317635 2025-06-14T14:54:50Z Steven1991 1522289 Update 10330124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Antisemitism]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}}, also known as Judeophobia,<ref> * {{cite book |title=Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674487789 |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Press |date=October 1, 1998 |isbn=9780674487789 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |title=Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753239 |last=Hayes |first=Christine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pages=261–273 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |jstor=stable/40753239 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Demonizing-the-Other-Antisemitism-Racism-and-Xenophobia/Wistrich/p/book/9780415516198?srsltid=AfmBOorY99Ri7050fJeXI_aVojJOJ6Cgs9H9BzucjIJaNJ0g1VHmWr2v |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=December 7, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/185286/Working_Paper_81.pdf |last=Cârstocea |first=Raul |year=2014 |publisher=European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) |location=Flensburg |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Humanity & Society |title=The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160597615601715 |last1=Loveland |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Popescu |first2=Delia |volume=40 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/0160597615601715 |date=September 4, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> has a long [[History of Europe|history]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="Analyses"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |date=March 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> The worst instance of antisemitism in European history is the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> The [[adjective]] of antisemitism is '''antisemitic'''. Those who hold antisemitic views are called '''antisemites'''.<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet magazine |title=Intersectional Antisemitism in America |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/intersectional-antisemitism-america |last=Vidino |first=Lorenzo |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of [[Progressivism|progressive]] principles while espousing the same [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|trite tropes]] that depict [[Antisemitism#Modern|Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism]], [[colonialism]] (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and [[white privilege]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Anti-Zionism' has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland |url=https://fathomjournal.org/anti-zionism-has-become-the-new-antisemitism-in-ireland |last=Sears |first=Oliver |year=2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spiked |title=Who is the Guardian to call spiked 'hard right'? |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2024/12/09/who-is-the-guardian-to-call-spiked-hard-right |last=Slater |first=Tom |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=While it [[Smear campaign|smears]] us as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]], it stands accused of harbouring [[Misogyny|misogynists]] and anti-Semites.}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau's Canada |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/explosion-of-jew-hate-in-canada-trudeau-israel-palestine |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] or antisemites of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing variety]]. They are being carried out by self-described [[Progressivism|progressives]], Arabs [... .]}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Pity the Poor Antisemite |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377749/pity-the-poor-antisemite |last=Socken |first=Paul |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.}}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:Expulsion judios-en selection.svg|thumb|[[Map]] of expulsions of [[Jew#Middle Ages|Jews]] from various European regions, [[Circa|ca.]] [[12th century|1100]]–[[16th century|1600]] [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] {{Main|Jews#History|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}}{{Further|Antisemitism#Etymology}} ===20th Century=== {{Main|Pogrom|The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Nazism|Nazi Germany}} [[Image:Haus der Deutschen Kunst, Nazi Germany Grundsteinlegung 15.10.1933 House of German Art foundation stone. Hilter, Esser, Nuntius Vasallo di Torregrossa. Heute versteh ich Sie. NSDAP Propaganda Reichstagswahl 12 Nov Election poster xx1990.tif|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] (1889–1945) shaking hands with Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), a high-ranking [[The Vatican|Vatican]] [[clergy]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Nazi Germany]].]] ====The Holocaust==== {{Main|The Holocaust|List of Nazi concentration camps|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}{{Further|Kristallnacht|Babi Yar|Ante Pavelić|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} [[File:"Nebuď služobníkom žida"—Slovak propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|A poster from the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)]]: ''"Do not be a [[servant]] to the Jew: he who associates with a Jew will sink down to his level."'']][[File:Jože Beranek - V usodnem trenutku nož v hrbet.jpeg|thumb|Antisemitic poster in Nazi-occupied Slovenia saying "A knife in the back at the fateful moment", referring to the stab-in-the-back myth popular among Germans back then.]] The Holocaust was a [[genocide]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=The ten stages of genocide |url=https://hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=What is Genocide? {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not "Genocide" |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-reasons-why-the-events-in-gaza-are-not-genocide |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Genocide {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> committed by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. It was known as the ''[[Final Solution]]''. The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to 67% of Jews – at least 6,000,000.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> The [[Mein Kampf|planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Anne Frank House |title=Adolf Hitler publishes 'Mein Kampf' |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/6/adolf-hitler-publishes-mein-kampf |date=July 18, 1925 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title='Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave/2015/02/24/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |last=Faiola |first=Anthony |date=February 24, 2015}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fascism |title=Latvia's ''Pērkonkrusts'': Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2211624915000066#fn8 |last=Kott |first=Matthew |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |date=November 23, 2015 |doi=10.1163/22116257-00402007 |access-date=October 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=German History |title=Hitler's Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/41/1/134/6847778?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |last2=Michalczyk |first2=Susan A. |last3=Bryant |first3=Michael S. |date=November 26, 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Holocaust inversion|Holocaust trivialization|Calls for the destruction of Israel|Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century}} In a 2013 research of 5,847 Jews in [[Europe]], 76% [[Perception|thought]] that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about [[Emigration|moving]] [[List of countries|countries]] as they [[Feeling|felt]] [[Danger|unsafe]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] |title=Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf |year=2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> A 2023 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] research found that as many as one-third of [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] believed in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|stereotypes of Jews]]. This was reportedly worse in some eastern European countries, particularly [[Hungary]] (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-finds-harmful-antisemitic-stereotypes-remain-deeply-entrenched |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> In [[Eastern Europe]], the level of antisemitism is found to be high.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-eastern-europe |date=December 17, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish group's report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|acts]] in [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Poland]] in 2022, more than 4 times the total [[Statistics|cited]] by the [[European Union]] the [[2021|previous year]]}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |title=Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/10/23/middle-east-conflict-sparks-uptick-in-anti-semitic-incidents-in-south-east-europe |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Israel–Hamas war|Ongoing violence]] in [[Israel–Palestine conflict|Israel-Palestine]] is being [[Correlation|linked]] to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] [[vandalism]] of [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[Memorial|sites]] in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Balkans|South-Eastern Europe]].}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Opinion|Remarks]] by rights chief come as civil society groups [[Advocacy|warn of]] a rise in antisemitism amid [[Israel-Hamas war]]}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] (FRA) |title=Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/jews-europe-still-face-high-levels-antisemitism |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=How Jewish journalist Ruth Elkrief wound up in the middle of France's debate over antisemitism and Islamophobia |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/02/21/global/how-jewish-journalist-ruth-elkrief-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-frances-debate-over-antisemitism-and-islamophobia |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=An Inconvenient Truth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/inconvenient-truth-germany-antisemitism-august-hanning |last=Hanning |first=August |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former German Intelligence head blames far-left and Muslim migrants for growing antisemitism |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/former-german-intelligence-head-blames-muslim-migrants-for-growing-antisemitism-dzram88h |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=German MPs to name Muslim Jew-hatred as antisemitism vector |url=https://www.jns.org/german-mps-to-name-muslim-jew-hatred-as-antisemitism-vector |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=From Nazis to Jihadists: Antisemitism, the cancer of the West |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkbkamcz1x |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Antisemitism Among Migrant Populations in Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/antisemitism-among-migrant-populations-in-europe |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=European Muslim Antisemitism: Why Young Urban Males Say They Don't Like Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzdvm |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt16gzdvm |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-253-01518-1 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Pop Islam: How Germany is tackling the new Islamic antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/pop-islam-how-germany-is-tackling-the-new-islamic-antisemitism |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |year=2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Wall Street Journal (WSJ) |title=Antisemitism Among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=National Review |title=How Mass Immigration Makes Antisemitism Worse |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/12/how-mass-immigration-makes-antisemitism-worse |last=Murray |first=Douglas |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A 2024 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] research found that 46% of world adult population (around 2,200,000,000 people) held deeply entrenched antisemitic beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Notably, 82% of Greece's population believed that "Jews have too much power in the business world,"<ref name="EuronewsJan2025">{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Antisemitic attitudes have doubled over a decade, survey finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/01/15/antisemitic-atttitudes-have-doubled-over-a-decade-survey-finds |date=January 15, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |quote=In some EU countries, as many as four-fifths of the population believe in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|tropes such as Jews controlling the media]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] said.}}</ref> while 40% of Belgium's population believed that "Jews have too much control over media and global affairs" and 61% believed that "Jews are only loyal to Israel."<ref name="EuronewsJan2025" /> {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Greece''' |align=right| {{bartable|69||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Armenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|58||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Poland''' |align=right| {{bartable|45||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bulgaria''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Serbia''' |align=right| {{bartable|42||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hungary''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belarus''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''France''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Azerbaijan''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Lithuania''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Romania''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Croatia''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bosnia and Herzegovina''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Georgia''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Russia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Moldova''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Spain''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Montenegro''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Latvia''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Austria''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Slovenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belgium''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Germany''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Switzerland''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Estonia''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Portugal''' |align=right| {{bartable|21||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ireland''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Italy''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Iceland''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Norway''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Finland''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Czech Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Denmark''' |align=right| {{bartable|9||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''United Kingdom''' |align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Netherlands''' |align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Sweden''' |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:#8000FF}} |} ==Croatia== ===20th century=== {{Main|Ante Pavelić|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} ===21st century=== ====Croatian Wikipedia==== {{Main|Croatian Wikipedia}} Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who [[Disinformation|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Censorship|censoring]]<ref name="WikiAS1"> * {{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing |title=How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history |last=Sampson |first=Tim |work=dailydot.com |access-date=July 1, 2015 |date=October 1, 2013}} * {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/08/04/mens-rights-activists-think-a-hateful-feminist-conspiracy-is-ruining-wikipedia/ |title=Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=4 August 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-state-sponsored-disinformation |title=The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/wikipedia-jewish-problem |title=Wikipedia's Jewish Problem |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=[...] Wikipedia’s articles are [...] [[Big lie|feeding]] [[World population|billions of people]] [...] [[Disinformation|dangerously skewed narratives]] [...] “[[Holocaust trivialization|minimize[d]]] [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Polish antisemitism]], [[Exaggeration|exaggerate[d]]] the Poles’ role in saving Jews,” [[Victim blaming|blamed Jews for the Holocaust]] [...].}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed': New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and make Jews out to be the bad guys.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/article-825520 |last=Heller |first=Mathilda |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> the war crimes of the [[Axis powers#Client states|pro]]-[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Ustaše]]-ruled [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH)<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html |title=The Holocaust in Croatia |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.<ref name="novi">{{cite web |url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani |title=Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani |work=Novi list |date=September 13, 2013 |trans-title=Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries" |access-date=September 13, 2013 |language=hr}}</ref> The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac |title=Jasenovac |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite book |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jasenovac-camp |title=Concentration Camps: Jasenovac |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |isbn=978-1-032-35379-1 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures |title=Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325416653657 |last1=Odak |first1=Stipe |last2=Benčić |first2=Andriana |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=July 10, 2016 |doi=10.1177/0888325416653657 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal |title=Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory |last1=Kuznar |first1=Andriana Bencic |last2=Pavlakovic |first2=Vjeran |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |date=May 10, 2023 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |title=Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past |author=Marko Attila Hoare |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–293 |date=June 5, 2024 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> as a "collection camp".<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, [[advocacy]] groups and media critics.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with [[:hr:Kategorija:Popis potvrđenih čarapaka (suradnik Kubura)|80 sockpuppet accounts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_Disinformation_Assessment-2021 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Meta Wikimedia |language=en |quote=Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and [[Sociocultural theory|socio-cultural]] positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian [[Far-right politics|radical right]] political parties and [[National conservatism|ultra-conservative]] [[Populism|populist]] movements. The group has been [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|using its positions of power]] to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and [[Subversion|subvert]] Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.}}</ref> ==Ireland== {{Main|Antisemitism in Ireland}} [[File:Banner of the Blueshirts.svg|thumb|The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB"> * {{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/eoin-o-duffy-the-blueshirts-and-fascism-1.413587 |date=February 9, 2005 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism |url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/books/the-jew-at-the-centre-of-irish-nationalism-cfdvxcyw |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ireland Israel Alliance |title=Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history |url=https://www.irelandisrael.ie/blog/anti-semitism-in-ireland |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Fascist Lit and Hungary's Future |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/hungary-viktor-orban-anti-semitism |last=Goldman |first=David P. |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=TPQ |title=Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism |url=https://www.thepensivequill.com/2021/09/fine-gaels-historical-flirtations-with.html |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts''.]][[File:Blueshirts leadership, circa 1934.jpg|thumb|Pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB" /> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts'' marching down the street.]] ===Overview=== Ireland has been predominantly [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] throughout [[History of Ireland|history]].<ref name="IRH"> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social History |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786692 |last=Miller |first=David W. |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |doi=10.1353/jsh/9.1.81 |jstor=3786692 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Saothar |title='As Catholic As The Pope': James Connolly and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195983 |last1=Newsinger |first1=John |last2=Newsinger |first2=James |year=1986 |volume=11 |pages=7–18 |jstor=23195983 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |title=Catholic Identity in Contemporary Ireland: Belief and Belonging to Tradition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537900701331064 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/13537900701331064 |last=Inglis |first=Tom |date=September 21, 2010 |volume=22 |issue=2 |hdl=10197/5238 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Furrow |title=Catholic Ireland: Past, Present and Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24635656 |last=Martin |first=Diarmuid |volume=64 |issue=6 |year=2013 |pages=323–331 |jstor=24635656 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/cambridge-social-history-of-modern-ireland/69A9E4021C3E3C24751B9C5E92AE6FE2 |last1=Biagini |first1=Eugenio F. |last2=Daly |first2=Mary E. |date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107095588 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.<ref name="IRH" /> ===Modern period=== Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the [[Spanish Inquisition#Background|Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews]] (1478–1834),<ref> * {{cite book |title=Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137465900 |last=O’Connor |first=Thomas |year=2016 |doi=10.1057/9781137465900 |isbn=978-1-349-69094-7 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Maynooth University Department of History |title=Role of Irish people in the Spanish Inquisition explored |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/history/news/role-irish-people-spanish-inquisition-explored |date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Denis Casey |title=The Irish-Spanish Inquisition Alliance |url=https://deniscasey.com/2023/06/29/the-irish-spanish-inquisition-alliance |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-520-23346-1 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315261447 |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.140 |pmid=25074462 |pmc=4402619 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> a charge slapped on Jews who were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholicism]].<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ===20th century=== Throughout the [[Nazi Germany#History|1930s]] and [[The Holocaust|1940s]], pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="IR4"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Historical Journal |title=The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140154 |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=1155–1183 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005772 |jstor=4140154 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=Irish Republicanism and Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/IrishRepublicanismandNaziGermany |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=The IRA's Links with Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/TheIRAslinkswithNaziGermany |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Britain, Ireland and the Second World War |chapter=Fanatic Hearts: the IRA, 1939–45 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/16478/chapter-abstract/171672488?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Wood |first=Ian S. |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623273.003.0005 |year=2010 |pages=101–137 |isbn=978-0-7486-2327-3 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=Govt apologises for treatment of Irish WWII veterans |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-wwii-veterans-allies-apology-484431-Jun2012 |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Ireland and the Nazis: a troubled history |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/ireland-and-the-nazis-a-troubled-history-1.3076579 |last=O'Driscoll |first=Mervyn |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> which was fighting Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /> ====World War II==== In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG"> * {{cite book |title=Hitler's Irishmen |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781856355896/Hitlers-Irishmen-Terence-OReilly-1856355896/plp |last=O'Reilly |first=Terence |edition=1 |isbn=978-1856355896 |publisher=The Mercier Press Ltd. |location=Dublin |year=2008 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=The Devil's Deal: The IRA, Nazi Germany and the Double Life of Jim O Donovan |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781848400801/Devils-Deal-IRA-Nazi-Germany-1848400802/plp |last=Donoghue |first=Dave O |isbn=978-1848400801 |year=2010 |publisher=New Island |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=IRA leader Seán Russell and the story of Dublin's most controversial statue |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/sean-russell-statue-3549072-Aug2017 |last=Duffy |first=Rónán |date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Seán Russell: IRA 'militarist' or Nazi sympathiser? |url=https://independent.ie/irish-news/sean-russell-ira-militarist-or-nazi-sympathiser/39242537.html |last=Downing |first=John |date=May 30, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |title=Hitler Looks West |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27132618 |last=Whelan |first=Barry |pages=62–73 |volume=111 |issue=441 |publisher=Messenger Publications |jstor=27132618 |year=2022 |doi=10.1353/stu.2022.0005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in [[Northern Ireland]]<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|owned by "Jews and Freemasons"]].<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Declassified [[MI5]] documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Russell told a Nazi official:<ref>{{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=Russell not a Nazi supporter but a physical-force republican |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/russell-not-a-nazi-supporter-but-a-physical-force-republican/28219955.html |date=January 14, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The British have been our enemies for hundreds of years. They are the enemy of Germany today. If it suits Germany to give us help to achieve independence, I am willing to accept it, but no more, and there must be no strings attached.}} Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the [[Nuremberg Trials]]:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the [[Military occupation|occupation]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, [[ammunition]] and [[Explosive material|explosives]].}} Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=Frank Ryan{{efn|A deputy of James O'Donovan.|group=lower-alpha}} suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the [[Military occupation|seizure]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer{{efn|An [[SS]] leader [[Conviction|convicted]] of [[crimes against humanity]] for contributing to [[the Holocaust]] in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).<ref> * Gutman, Israel; The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (vol.4, p. 1794), New York, Macmillan, 1990. * Zentner, Christian (editor); The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (vol. 2), New York, Macmillan, 1991. * Wistrich, Robert, S; Who's Who in Nazi Germany, New York, Routledge, 1995. * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1158811 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a [[Legitimacy|legitimate]] risk to take.}} After [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death on April 30, 1945, [[Éamon de Valera]], the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister]] of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler<ref name="A" /><ref name="C"> * {{cite journal |journal=Irish Studies in International Affairs |title=Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30001759 |last=Keogh |first=Dermot |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=69–92 |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |jstor=30001759 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Condolences Offered After Hitler's Death |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-31-fg-briefs31.1-story.html |date=December 31, 2005 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Radharc |title='No English Enemy... Ever Stooped so Low': Mike Quill, de Valera's Visit to the German Legation, and Irish-American Attitudes during World War II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25122352 |last=Hanley |first=Brian |volume=5/7 |year=2004–2006 |pages=245–264 |publisher=Glucksman Ireland House, [[New York University]] |location=[[New York City]] |jstor=25122352 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Nordic Irish Studies |title='Not a mask of power': Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eamon de Valera, and the Oblique Light of a Poetic Elegy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23631042 |volume=12 |year=2013 |pages=13–23 |jstor=23631042 |access-date=December 6, 2024 |last1=Griffin |first1=Martin }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Eamon de Valera's 'moral myopia' in offering condolences to Germany over Hitler's death put Ireland beyond the pale for many people |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/eamon-de-valeras-moral-myopia-in-offering-condolences-to-germany-over-hitlers-death-put-ireland-beyond-the-pale-for-many-people-2846858 |last=Lucy |first=Gordon |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> with backing from the Irish parliament.<ref name="A" /><ref name="C" /> De Valera also denied reports of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] as "anti-national propaganda", reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11759 |last=Bew |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2009 |isbn=9780199561261 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.001.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ===21st century=== ====2010s==== {{Further|Disinformation|Conspiracy theory|African Americans#History}} Since 2013,<ref name="ISM1"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/04/19/how-myth-irish-slaves-became-favorite-meme-racists-online |date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth |url=https://apnews.com/article/920e1c738df04555bccd56c09770b36d |last=Pogatchnik |first=Shawn |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Trinity College Dublin |title=The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-myth-of-the-irish-slave-white-supremacy-and-social-media |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Fact check: 'Irish slaves' meme repeats discredited article |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-irish-slaves-meme-repeats-discredited-article-idUSKBN23Q1KO |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |last=McKee |first=Liam |year=2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ISM2"> * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |title=Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ireland-slaves-conspiracy-theory-debunked-st-patricks-day-1.4028855 |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Last Updated: March 17, 2017 }} * {{cite news |work=Rebel News (Ireland) |title='Irish Slaves': Debunking the Myth |url=https://www.rebelnews.ie/2020/07/02/irish-slaves-debunking-myth |last=Kelly |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=AFP Fact Check |title=More false claims about 'Irish slaves' spread on social media |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/more-false-claims-about-irish-slaves-spread-social-media |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=UWEC Spectator |title=The Irish were never slaves |url=https://www.spectatornews.com/opinion/2021/11/the-irish-were-never-slaves |last=Ftouhi |first=Sabrina |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Alton Telegraph |title='Irish slaves' book based on outright lie |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/opinion/article/Irish-slaves-book-based-on-outright-lie-17492050.php |date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> a baseless [[Conspiracy theory|theory]], which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in [[17th century]] [[North America]] before the [[Atlantic slave trade|arrival of African slaves]], has been made popular by [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> in both Ireland and the [[United States]].<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves [[myth]]". The myth reportedly originated from the book ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="SOC">{{cite web |website=The O'Brien Press |title=About Sean O'Callaghan |url=https://obrien.ie/sean-ocallaghan |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Publishing|published]] by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.<ref name="SOC" /> The myth has been widely condemned by [[Scholar|scholars]] as a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of [[African Americans]] in [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> who were [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] until [[American Civil War#New Amendments|1865]], [[Jim Crow laws|segregated]] until 1965 and [[Institutional racism|systemically discriminated against]] until now.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=OAH Magazine of History |title=Origins of American Slavery |url=https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/19/4/51/1001999 |last=Morgan |first=Philip D. |pages=51–56 |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/maghis/19.4.51 |year=2005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Published: 01 July 2005 }} * {{cite book |title=Jim Crow America: A Documentary History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ffjm30 |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Lewis |first2=J. Richard |publisher=[[University of Arkansas]] Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm30 |jstor=j.ctt1ffjm30 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-55728-895-0 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=American Journal of Sociology |title=The Cost of Color: Skin Color, Discrimination, and Health among African-Americans |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/682162 |last=Monk, Jr. |first=Ellis P. |volume=121 |issue=2 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |doi=10.1086/682162 |year=2015 |pages=396–444 |pmid=26594713 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US |last1=Molina |first1=Kristine M. |last2=James |first2=Drexler |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/1368430216641304 |year=2016 |pages=439–461 |pmid=28405176 |pmc=5386401 |quote=First published online May 3, 2016 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Health Services Research |title=Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans |author1=Sara N. Bleich PhD |author2=Mary G. Findling PhD, SM |author3=Logan S. Casey PhD |author4=Robert J. Blendon ScD |author5=John M. Benson MA |author6=Gillian K. SteelFisher PhD, MSc |author7=Justin M. Sayde MS |author8=Carolyn Miller MS, MA |pages=1399–1408 |volume=54 |issue=S2 |doi=10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |date=October 29, 2019 |pmid=31663124 |pmc=6864380 |quote=Special Issue: Experiences of Discrimination in America: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality }}</ref> Despite ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop<ref name="SFB">{{cite web |website=Sinn Féin Bookshop |url=https://www.sinnfeinbookshop.com/to-hell-or-barbados-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ireland |title=To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.<ref name="SFB" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gerry Adams to meet Hamas leaders {{!}} Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/04/northernireland.northernireland |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=DUP outrage as Sinn Fein delegation meets leader from Hamas |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/dup-outrage-as-sinn-fein-delegation-meets-leader-from-hamas/35249084.html |date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Sinn Féin formula on the Middle East? Talk to Hamas, boycott Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/analysis/the-sinn-fein-formula-on-the-middle-east-talk-to-hamas-boycott-israel-ml26pmof |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UnHerd |title=Sinn Féin's hollow Hamas stance: Hypocrisy underscores its call for the return of an Irish-Israel hostage |url=https://unherd.com/2023/11/sinn-feins-hollow-hamas-stance |last=McCartney |first=Jenny |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Hamas a future partner for peace, says Northern Ireland's First Minister |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/08/hamas-peace-sinn-fein-michelle-oneill-israel-gaza |date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the [[Israel–Hamas war]]'s escalation, where antisemites felt justified to [[Harassment|harass]] Jews under the guise of supporting [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Antisemitism in Ireland 'Blatant and Obvious' in Wake of Hamas Onslaught, Says Jewish Former Cabinet Minister Alan Shatter |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/03/12/antisemitism-ireland-blatant-obvious-wake-hamas-onslaught-says-jewish-former-cabinet-minister-alan-shatter |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Old antisemitism; new pro-Palestinian trends: Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/05/28/old-antisemitism-new-pro-palestinian-trends-why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.jns.org/why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> for the [[Approximation|approximately]] 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population<ref>{{cite web |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) |title=How many Jews live in Ireland? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-ireland |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that * the Jews "[[Antisemitism#Ancient|killed Jesus]]" * Israel was "uniquely aggressive" * Judaism "believed that violence and war are sometimes necessary" * the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an [[extermination camp]] were widely circulated in Irish schools<ref name="IR6"> * {{cite web |website=IMPACT-se |title=Ireland Review |url=https://www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/EU-Textbooks-Ireland-Review.pdf |year=2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Irish schoolbooks 'trivialise Holocaust', report warns |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/irish-schoolbooks-trivialise-holocaust-report-warns |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Irish textbooks say Jesus was from 'Palestine,' downplay Auschwitz |url=https://www.jns.org/irish-textbooks-say-jesus-was-from-palestine-downplay-auschwitz |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Irish School Textbooks Disparage Judaism, Defame Israel, Watchdog Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/11/05/irish-school-textbooks-disparage-judaism-defame-israel-watchdog-finds |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Jews are Jesus-killers and Israel is uniquely aggressive: what Irish pupils are taught |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jews-are-jesus-killers-and-israel-is-uniquely-aggressive-what-irish-pupils-are-taught-dhqmypgo |date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref> and shaping children's mind.<ref name="IR6" /> The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress.<ref>{{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |title=Report reveals troubling pattern of Holocaust minimisation in Irish textbooks |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/ireland/report-reveals-troubling-pattern-of-holocaust-minimisation-in-irish-textbooks |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Government of Ireland]] has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.<ref name="IR6" /> ===Critique=== David Collier, an [[Irish people|Irish]] researcher in Middle East affairs,<ref name="IR1">{{cite magazine |magazine=Middle East Forum |title=David Collier: What Explains Ireland's Extreme Antisemitism? |url=https://www.meforum.org/david-collier-what-explains-ireland-extreme |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> noted that antisemitism among contemporary [[Irish people|Irish]] is derived from<ref name="IR1" /> * Religious antisemitism: Classic [[Catholic Church#Other websites|Christian]] belief that "[[Supersessionism|Christians are the new Jews]]" as "the Jews [[Antisemitism#Ancient|killed]] [[Jesus]]" * Political antisemitism: ** [[Populism|Popularity]] of the Irish [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Sinn Féin party whose [[Arthur Griffith#Antisemitism|founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews]] ** Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=IRA-PLO cooperation: A long, cozy relationship |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/ira-plo-cooperation-a-long-cozy-relationship |last=Gannon |first=Sean |date=April 7, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Spectator |title=Hamas has made the same fatal mistake as the IRA |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-it-already-over-for-hamas |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tracing the Deep Roots of Ireland's Support for Palestinians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/world/europe/ireland-palestinians-support.html |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Ireland's History Explains Its Hostility Towards Israel and Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/05/irelands-history-explains-its-hostility-towards-israel-and-jews |date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |title=Why Ireland is one of the most pro-Palestinian nations in the world |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/14/1233395830/ireland-pro-palestinian |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the [[British people|British]] settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Why Israel is Not a Settler Colonial State |url=https://www.ajc.org/why-israel-is-not-a-settler-colonial-state |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Israel's founding was complex and messy – but it certainly wasn't imperialist |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/03/02/israels-founding-was-complex-and-messy-but-not-imperialist |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Unraveling the false branding of Israel as a settler-colonial state - opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805116 |date=June 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=The False Narrative of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/08/how-settler-colonialism-colonized-universities/679514 |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Foreign Policy |title=Settler Colonialism Isn't What You Think It Is |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/15/israel-palestine-settler-colonialism-south-africa-west-bank-gaza |last=Greenstein |first=Ran |date=November 15, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Irish Central |title=Irish Americans are full of self pity and fake victimhood says top Irish columnist |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/irish-americans-self-pity-fake-victimhood |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UCSD Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Archive {{!}} Intellectual Incitement: The Anti-Zionist Ideology and the Anti-Zionist Subject (2015) |url=https://fathomjournal.org/archive-intellectual-incitement-the-anti-zionist-ideology-and-the-anti-zionist-subject-2015 |last=Johnson |first=Alan |year=2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=From British Imperialism to 'Globohomo': Analysing the Irish Far-Right's Engagement with Irish Nationalism on Telegram |url=https://gnet-research.org/2023/09/22/from-british-imperialism-to-globohomo-analysing-the-irish-far-rights-engagement-with-irish-nationalism-on-telegram |last=Molloy |first=Joshua |date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Cillian McGrattan: Irish nationalism's sense of victimhood is buttressed by spurious claims about Israel |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/cillian-mcgrattan-irish-nationalisms-sense-of-victimhood-is-buttressed-by-spurious-claims-about-israel-4579926 |last=McGrattan |first=Cillian |date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ==Spain== ===Middle Ages=== The 7th century saw the Christian [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visgothic]] demand of Jews to convert or leave,<ref name="May2025Analysis">{{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) |title=From Inquisition to Eurovision: Spain’s Long History of Antisemitism and the Politicization of Hate |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/special-features/from-inquisition-to-eurovision-spains-long-history-of-antisemitism-and-the-politicization-of-hate |date=May 27, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> followed by the 12th-century Muslim Almohad Caliphate's compulsion of Jews to [[Conversion to Islam|convert]] or be killed,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> which caused the famous Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] into exile.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were made to pick either [[baptism]] or [[Execution|death]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] territories [[Reconquista|reconquered]].<ref name="AJC">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ===Modern period=== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] [[Spanish Empire]] unleashed a [[Institutional racism|systematic]] [[campaign]] of [[persecution]] of Jews, [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJC" /> As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|religious anti-Judaism]] to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Between 1939 and 1975, [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic conspiracy theories]] formed the main theme of [[Francoist Spain|Francoist]] propaganda,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Architects of Terror: Paranoia, Conspiracy and Anti-Semitism in Franco’s Spain |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/architects-of-terror-paranoia-conspiracy-and-anti-semitism-in-francos-spain-paul-preston?variant=43719401209890 |last=Preston |first=Paul |isbn=9780008522117 |date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and certain strata of that [[Race (sociology)|race]] [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|more common false claim]].<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> ===21st century=== [[File:Corona-mentira (20210214 132214).jpg|thumb|A graffiti on Calle del Doctor Luis Calandre in Cartagena, Spain, where the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was depicted as a ''corona-mentira'' ("corona-lie") created by Jews symbolized by the [[Star of David]].]] For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.<ref name="SI4">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities |url=https://theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/29/spain-black-legend-inquisition-conquistadors |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=April 29, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2024 |quote=Campaigners want to reclaim the country’s past from ‘distorted propaganda’}}</ref> Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions<ref name="SI4" /> to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.<ref name="SI4" /> In 2023, an [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] poll found that 26% of Spain's population held [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|antisemitic beliefs]],<ref name="ES2023">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> followed by [[Belgium]] (24%), [[France]] (17%), [[Germany]] (12%) and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (10%).<ref name="ES2023" /> In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month.<ref>{{cite news |work=Contando Estrelas |title=36 attacks in 6 months against Jews in Spain, with a government praised by Hamas |url=https://www.outono.net/elentir/2024/04/22/36-attacks-in-6-months-against-jews-in-spain-with-a-government-praised-by-hamas |date=April 22, 2024 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Is it safe to be Jewish in Spain? |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sknnrtnmyg |last=Grave-Lazie |first=Lidar |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ==France== {{Main|Antisemitism in France}} ===Classical antiquity=== Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |doi=10.2307/1453586 |jstor=1453586 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-691-09014-6 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-19046-7 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] – then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] – in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ====11th century==== Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the [[Capetian dynasty]], when the King of France [[Robert II of France|Robert the Pious]] attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France,<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |doi=10.1057/9781403913821_3 |isbn=978-1-349-42499-3 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |issue=3 |doi=10.1023/A:1014208904545 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8122-1956-2 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ====Deportations==== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsion campaigns of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Modern period=== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |volume=1 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-20925-1 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |doi=10.4324/9781315023229-6 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |isbn=978-3-031-18711-7 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> ====19th century==== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |isbn=9780198724834}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |pages=464–485 |isbn=978-3-11-010776-0 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-56661-6 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive [[Dreyfus affair]] in 1894, when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]].<ref name="F13" /> Dreyfus was not vindicated until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ===20th century=== ====World War II==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=December 25, 2024 |isbn=9781503609815}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref name="F8" /> ====Post-war==== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "[[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust as a "distraction from [[class struggle]] playing into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]."<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |DUPLICATE_first2=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |pages=227–241 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access}}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |last=Shields |first=James G. |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |pages=71–82 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EICTP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: 'Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country' |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> According to the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> In June 2025, a French court [[Sentencing|sentenced]] three [[Teenager|teens]] to jail, ruling that the rape was driven by antisemitism based on the teens' use of [[Pejorative|slurs]] like "dirty Jew".<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=French teens sentenced for antisemitic gang rape of Jewish girl |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/bj2zogo7gx |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear [[Keffiyeh|keffiyehs]] in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ==Poland== {{Main|Racism in Poland#Jews}}{{Further|Jedwabne pogrom (1941)|Kraków pogrom|Jan Żaryn}} [[File:Pod Pręgierz, 1937 r. Kto u Żyda kupuje, ten zdrajcą narodu.jpg|thumb|A clipping from the daily ''Pod Pręgierz'', 1937, entitled "Whoever buys from a Jew is a [[traitor]] to the [[nation]]".]] ==Romania== {{Main|Iași pogrom|Odessa massacre (1941)}}{{further|Massacres of Jews during the Russo-Turkish Wars|Iron Guard}} ===Holocaust denial=== ====Under communism (1947–1989)==== [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg|thumb|A photo of the antisemitic [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] [[Communism|communist]] [[tyrant]]<ref name="NC1"> * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=ROMANIA: DEATH OF A DICTATOR : Ceausescu – Tyrant Who Posed as a Statesman : Dictatorship: The executed leader will be remembered as a ruler who believed he could stay the same while all around him changed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-26-mn-1001-story.html |date=December 26, 1989 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Life And Evil Times Of Ceausescu |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780091746728/Life-Evil-Times-Nicolae-Ceausescu-0091746728/plp |last=Sweeney |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Hutchison |isbn=9780091746728 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50821546 |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title='Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/ceausescu-romania-bucharest-communism-politics-history-a9234806.html |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Cato Institute |title=The Rise and Fall of Nicolae Ceausescu, "the Romanian Fuehrer" |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/rise-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-romanian-fuehrer |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NC2"> * {{cite book |title=Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ7LSucBylAC&dq=info:79IN0oDNthEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR13 |last=Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1990 | isbn=978-0-89526-746-7 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Intelligence and National Security |title=The Securitate and the police state in Romania, 1964–89 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02684529408432238 |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |year=1994 |volume=9 |pages=22–49 |doi=10.1080/02684529408432238 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives |title=Inside the Securitate Archives |date=March 4, 2005 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/ikea-funds-romania-secret-police-communist-era |title=Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/25/keys-mikes-spies-how-the-securitate-stole-romanias-privacy |title=Keys, Mikes, Spies – How the Securitate Stole Romania's Privacy |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].]] Under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist rule]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially [[Holocaust denial|denied]]. It was blamed on the [[Germans]] and [[Hungarians]].<ref name="R3">{{cite journal |journal=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) |title=The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-banality-of-history-and-memory-romanian-society-and-the-holocaust |last=Weinbaum |first=Laurence |publisher=[[Israel]] Council of Foreign Relations |issue=45 |date=June 1, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> Romanians were [[Brainwashing|taught]] about the "[[Hero|heroic]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Securitate secret police] of Nicolae Ceaușescu<ref name="R3" /> and to help him [[Oppression|oppress]] Romanians.<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|lies about Jews]], including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and [[Definition|defined]] ''Jew'' as a "money-changer" and an "[[Extortion|extortionist]]" in an official English–Romanian [[dictionary]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=+972 Magazine |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-romanian-dictator-anti-semitism |title=Israel embraced Romanian dictator's support — knowing he was anti-Semitic |last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ====Post-communist age (1989 – )==== Since the fall of Ceaușescu's [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "[[Crusade|holy war]] against [[Communism|Bolshevism]]."<ref name="R3" /> Acts of Holocaust denial<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * '''Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]]''' * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of [[antisemitism]]. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}</ref> by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the [[Polish people|Poles]], Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.<ref name="R3" /> An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer [[Elie Wiesel]], identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”'', '''INSHR'''), a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |website=Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania |url=https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en |title=INSHR – Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Wiesel" |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.<ref>{{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/04/romanian-nationalist-party-opposes-holocaust-education-in-schools |title=Romanian Nationalist Party Opposes Holocaust Education in Schools |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-marks-decision-teach-jewish-history-holocaust-schools-2023-10-03 |title=Romania marks decision to teach Jewish history, Holocaust in schools |date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ==Germany== ===20th century=== {{Main|Antisemitism#The Holocaust}} ===21st century=== ====2010s==== [[File:Openly antisemitic Protester in Berlin (17.7.2014).jpg|thumb|A man with Nazi [[Tattoo|tattoos]] overshadowed by a [[Yasser Arafat]] [[portrait]] from behind.]] A 2017 [[Bielefeld University]]'s research reported that those identified with the [[Far-left politics|far left]] and [[Far-right politics|far right]] committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]], with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |last1=Zick |first1=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first2=Andreas |last3=Jensen |first3=Silke |last4=Bernstein |first4=Julia |publisher=Universität Bielefeld ([[Bielefeld University]]) |year=2017 |location=[[Bielefeld]] |pages=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The research was echoed by Germany's [https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203104815/https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html |date=2024-12-03 }} (BfV), which asserted that certain [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's [[Peace|peaceful]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] [[society]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung) |url=https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2017-kurzzusammenfassung |page=30 |work=Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-30 |language=de}}</ref> In a follow-up [[European Union|EU]] research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]], 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/antisemitismus-studie-der-eu-juden-in-deutschland-fuehlen-sich-zunehmend-unsicher/23742690.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=December 10, 2018 |last1=Salzen |first1=Claudia von |last2=Hackenbruch |first2=Felix}}</ref> ====2020s==== On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|Hamas-led October 7 massacre]] which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with [[molotov cocktails]] by two masked men.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/berlin-synagogue-firebombed-with-antisemitism-spiking-as-gaza-war-rages |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/10/18/global/german-synagogue-hit-with-2-molotov-cocktail-bombs |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in the months following the October 7 massacre.<ref> * {{cite news |last1=Diehl |first1=Jörg |last2=Diening |first2=Deike |last3=Großekathöfer |first3=Maik |last4=Rapp |first4=Tobias |last5=Wiedmann-Schmidt |first5=Wolf |title=A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/absolutely-appalling-a-new-wave-of-anti-semitism-sweeps-across-germany-a-50e18e6a-03ae-4ea5-99ec-6d0c8753558a |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/olaf-scholz-vows-to-fight-antisemitism-after-berlin-synagogue-firebombed |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-berlin-synagogue-antisemitism-fdd10f32f7d5efc6da973f00c9a8b030 |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JURIST Legal News |title=Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/10/synagogues-in-berlin-tunisia-targeted-with-fire-attacks-as-hate-crimes-soar-in-wake-of-israel-hamas-war |date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref> On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] beat a Jewish classmate to the point of [[Hospital|hospitalization]] following an argument over the [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering [[Bone fracture|facial fractures]].<ref name="Feb2024">{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-university-student-in-berlin-badly-beaten-by-classmate-in-fight-over-hamas-war |date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli [[athletics]] coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Massacre 1972 Munich massacre].<ref name="Feb2024" /> In May 2024, some Jewish parents from [[Suburb|suburban]] Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in [[Mitte]], many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Independent |title=The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin. |url=https://thejewishindependent.com.au/the-surprising-trend-among-anxious-jewish-parents-in-berlin |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's [[Potsdamer Platz]] after being heard speaking [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syouy6vua |date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-818826 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}} * {{cite news |work=DW News |title= Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-munich-police-shoot-suspect-near-israeli-consulate/a-70138738 |date=September 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/05/munich-police-shoot-dead-suspect-who-opened-fire-on-officers-near-israeli-consulate |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On 7 October 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn from their spots. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7 massacre.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1kgvgvkkx |title=Stumbling stones commemorating Holocaust victims uprooted in German city |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref> In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in [[Frankfurt]] has reportedly become a target of a [[Racism|hate]] campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be [[Shooting|shot]]…You should [[Death|die]]…Your whole f***ing [[Israel]]…"<ref name="JPFeb2025">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Granddaughter of Holocaust survivor terrorized with rape, death threats at German university |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-842163 |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> The [[victim]] reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her [[Harassment|harassers]] being [[Fine|fined]] for [[Euro|€]]300.<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers,<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> with little to no condemnation from other left-wing [[Activism|activists]].<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> ====Responses==== In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023,<ref name="RIAS">{{cite web |website=Bundesverband der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus (Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism, RIAS) |title=Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023 |url=https://report-antisemitism.de/documents/25-06-24_RIAS_Bund_Jahresbericht_2023.pdf |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> an 80% rise as compared to 2022,<ref name="RIAS" /> most of which happened following the October 7 massacre.<ref name="RIAS" /> In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=German antisemitism czar says country facing 'tsunami' of Jew hatred since Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-antisemitism-czar-says-country-facing-tsunami-of-jew-hatred-since-oct-7 |date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|question Israel's right to exist]], call for a [[boycott]] of Israel or actively support the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] movement."<ref name="Bundestag">{{cite news |work=DW News |title=Germany passes controversial antisemitism resolution |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution/a-70715643 |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] of [[Left-wing fascism|left-wing populist]] parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).<ref name="Bundestag" /> Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Germany designates BDS Israel boycott movement as anti-Semitic |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/germany-designates-bds-israel-boycott-movement-as-anti-semitic-idUSL5N22T4OA |date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=German Intelligence Agency Classifies BDS Campaign as 'Extremist' Threat |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/24/german-intelligence-agency-classifies-bds-campaign-as-extremist-threat |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution".<ref name="May2025">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In first, German intelligence agency labels BDS ‘hostile to constitution’ |url=https://www.jns.org/in-first-german-intelligence-agency-labels-bds-hostile-to-constitution |date=May 21, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 }}</ref> In its report, it stated:<ref name="May2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.}} ==Armenia== ===Overview=== 58% of the [[population]]<ref name="S(A)"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Anti-Semitism in Armenia: A Clear and Present Danger |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/12/12/anti-semitism-in-armenia-a-clear-and-present-danger |date=December 12, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=With anti-Semitic tendencies, Armenians dig deep hole for themselves |url=https://www.azernews.az/analysis/214391.html |date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Caspian News |title=Surge in Anti-Semitism in Armenia: ASALA-Y Targets Jewish Centers |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/surge-in-anti-semitism-in-armenia-asala-y-targets-jewish-centers-2023-11-17-0 |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Antisemitism in Armenia: let's talk facts |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryejoi2it |date=December 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7 |url=https://besacenter.org/azerbaijan-and-armenia-political-stand-in-the-aftermath-of-october-7 |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> of [[Armenia]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Flashpoint |publisher=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism & Policy |title=Antisemitic and Anti-Israeli Narratives in Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora |url=https://isgap.org/flashpoint/antisemitic-and-anti-israeli-narratives-in-armenia-and-the-armenian-diaspora |last=Kogan |first=Ariel |issue=93 |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=The New Karabakh Crisis and the Rise of Antisemitism in Contemporary Armenia |url=https://besacenter.org/the-new-karabakh-crises-and-the-rise-of-antisemitism-in-contemporary-armenia |author=Dr. Andrei Kazantsev-Vaisman |date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can't ignore that |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjvi3hcda |date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian nationalism is rising, with government [...] glorifying Nazi collaborator and promoting antisemitism [. ...]}} * {{cite news |work=Caliber.Az |title=Yerevan court opts against arrest for synagogue attacker |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/yerevan-court-opts-against-arrest-for-synagogue-attacker |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities |url=https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-807058 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Does Armenia have an antisemitism problem? |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/20/does-armenia-have-an-antisemitism-problem |last=Avraham |first=Rachel |date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenians threaten violence against Jews over Azeri relations |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-761659 |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel's war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/education/cfis/cfi-expression/subm-academic-freedom-cso-wjc-world-jewish-congress-input-6.pdf |author=Dr. Haim Ben Yakov |pages=9–12 |publisher=Euro-Asian Jewish Congress |date=May 1, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/06/21/israel/armenia-recognizes-palestine-adding-to-is-strained-ties-with-israel |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state? |url=https://www.jns.org/why-did-armenia-recognize-a-potential-palestinian-terror-state |date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet space]].}}</ref> (a [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] country [[Alliance|allied]] with [[Russia#History of present Russian Federation|Russia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=Telegrafi |title=For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia! |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/for-the-results-of-the-Russian-alliance%2C-ask-the-Armenians |year=2020 |location=[[Albania]] |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=Title: The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Lifeless, Shambling 'Alliance' |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/03/04/the-collective-security-treaty-organization-a-lifeless-shambling-alliance |last=Ambrosio |first=Thomas |date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) |title=Armenia Seeks to Distance Mother Russia |url=https://cepa.org/article/armenia-seeks-to-distance-mother-russia |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=What Is The CSTO Military Alliance? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/csto-military-alliance-background-photos/32991770.html |date=June 13, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Iran's Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia |url=https://jamestown.org/program/irans-paradoxical-expectations-for-political-developments-in-armenia |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=105 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[People's Republic of China|China]],<ref> * {{cite web |website=Armenian National Committee of America |title=China Ready for Closer Ties with Armenia |url=https://anca.org/china-ready-for-closer-ties-with-armenia |year=2015 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JAM-news.net |title=Soft power: China's spheres of influence in Armenia. |url=https://jam-news.net/soft-power-chinas-spheres-of-influence-in-armenia-analysis-and-human-stories |date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Caspian Policy Center |title=CPC {{!}} China-Armenia Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-armenia-bilateral-relations |date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[Iran]]<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion |url=https://jpost.com/opinion/article-802273 |last=Kedar |first=Mordechai | date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran and Armenia sign secret $500 million arms deal |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407248345 |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus |url=https://besacenter.org/secret-weapon-deal-with-armenia-helps-iran-to-disrupt-the-south-caucasus |date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[European Union|EU]] Today |title=Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil |url=https://eutoday.net/iran-embraces-armenia-widening-its-axis-of-evil |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Daily Monitor |title=Iran's Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia's Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market |url=https://jamestown.org/program/expanding-iran-armenia-energy-ties-combat-yerevans-reliance-on-russian-oil |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=170 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> and [[Syria#2010s|Syria]] under [[Bashar al-Assad]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble |url=https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-armenias-syrian-gamble |volume=15 |issue=129 |last=Abrahamyan |first=Eduard |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Eurasianet |title=US rebukes Armenia over Syria deployment |url=https://eurasianet.org/us-rebukes-armenia-over-syria-deployment |date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Public Radio of Armenia |title=Syria stands by Armenia in overcoming challenges – Bashar al-Assad |url=https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/15/syria-stands-by-armenia-in-overcoming-challenges-bashar-al-assad |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Armenpress |title=Syrian Ambassador calls for international actions to restrain Azerbaijan and Turkey's ambitions towards Armenia |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1132160 |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Arminfo |title=Current situation in region brings new challenges for both Armenia and Syria - Speaker |url=https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=83375&lang=3 |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> who killed over 400,000 Syrians<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Washington Institute |title=The UN Process and the War Crimes of Assad |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/un-process-and-war-crimes-assad |last=al-Labwani |first=Mohamad Kamal |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |title=The evidence of Syrian President Bashar Assad and his regime's legacy of war crimes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bashar-al-assad-syria-evidence-war-crimes-60-minutes-2021-07-11 |date=July 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Hoover Institution |title=The Case Against Assad |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/case-against-assad |date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=French court issues arrest warrant for Bashar al-Assad for complicity in war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/french-court-arrest-warrant-bashar-al-assad-crimes-against-humanity-syria |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=France ONU |title="Bashar Al-Assad is guilty of war crimes" - France ONU |url=https://onu.delegfrance.org/bashar-al-assad-is-guilty-of-war-crimes |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Atlantic Council |title=How to hold the Assad regime accountable, even as countries normalize relations with Syria |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-to-hold-the-assad-regime-accountable-even-as-countries-normalize-relations-with-syria |last=Baker |first=Elise |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Syria: The Impunity of the Assad Regime Must Never be Normalized |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/syria-the-impunity-of-the-assad-regime-must-never-be-normalized |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad over alleged war crimes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-issues-arrest-warrant-for-syrias-president-assad-over-alleged-war-crimes-13009450 |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Commission for International Justice and Accountability |title=First indictment in Belgium for war crimes under Assad's regime in Syria |url=https://cijaonline.org/news/2024/1/29/first-indictment-in-belgium-for-war-crimes-under-assads-regime-in-syria |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref>) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country.<ref name="S(A)" /> Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]], is still [[Popularity|popular]] among Armenians.<ref name="GN1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/armenian-monument-to-nazi-collaborator-draws-criticism-457072 |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=War History Online |title=Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/controversial-statue-nzhdeh-erected.html |date=July 2, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New Eastern Europe |title=How Armenia's glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed |url=https://neweasterneurope.eu/2016/07/20/how-armenia-s-glorification-of-a-nazi-collaborator-has-gone-unnoticed |date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |last=Golinkin |first=Lev |title=Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia |url=https://forward.com/news/462657/nazi-collaborator-monuments-in-armenia |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian [[Fascism#Main idea|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh, whose [[Soldier|soldiers]] [[Volunteering|served]] the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], has 20 [[Street|streets]] [[Eponym|named after]] him}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=An Armenian leader's false Holocaust analogy |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-holocaust-survivors/azerbaijan/23/9/20/320418 |date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The [[American Jews|American Jewish community]] must [[Censure|condemn]] [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]]’s [[False analogy|comparison]] of the [[Republic of Artsakh#History|situation]] in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Karabakh]] [[Holocaust trivialization|to]] [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s [[Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust|ghettos]].}}</ref><ref name="GN2"> * {{Cite book |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/great-catastrophe-9780190904784 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |year=2015 |pages=112 |isbn=978-0-19-090478-4 |oclc=1085942778 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The other [[General officer|general]] who [[Volunteering|fought with]] the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazis]] was Dashnak [[veteran]] Garegin Njdeh [...had served in the] [[Russian Empire|tsarist army]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Sofia Globe |title=Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria's 'Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet' |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2019/04/16/plan-for-bust-of-controversial-figure-at-bulgarias-yard-of-the-cyrillic-alphabet |location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/at-auschwitz-liberation-tribute-israel-should-study-tale-of-two-monuments-614769 |last=Jaffe-Hoffman |first=Maayan |date=January 21, 2020 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The [[German people|Germans]] [...] [[Repentance|apologize]] for [[Nazi Germany|their dark past]]. In contrast, [[Lithuanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Poles]] and others are [[Holocaust denial|rewriting and distorting their roles]] in [[The Holocaust|this tragic history]].}} * {{cite book |title=The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy |chapter=From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian |url=https://www.academia.edu/43955951 |last1=Berberian |first1=Houri |last2=Der Matossian |first2=Bedross |year=2020 |publisher=The Press at [[California State University]] |isbn=9780912201672 |pages=53–88 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag |url=https://jpost.com/judaism/article-780769 |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/222261.html |date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Garegin Nzhdeh 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Photography|photo]] of the Armenian [[Fascism|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv R 6 Bild-1451, Lager Schwarzsee, Armenische Freiwillige.jpg|thumb|[[Member|Members]] of the Armenian Legion, a 33,000-man unit in the [[Wehrmacht|Nazi German Army]] between July 1942 and June 1944.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ailsby| first = Christopher| title = Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails| publisher =Spellmount| location= Staplehurst, Kent | year = 2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails/page/n124 123]–124| isbn =1-57488-838-2 }}</ref>]] From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the ''Hairenik'',<ref name="Az">{{cite news |work=Azərtac |title=New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks' sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/new_congressional_document_exposes_armenian_dashnaks_sympathies_for_hitler_and_holocaust-1487229 |date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NBN">{{cite news |work=NewsBlaze News |title=Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia |url=https://newsblaze.com/usnews/national/jww-side-with-armenia_179786 |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> fully backed [[Adolf Hitler]] and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by [[Dehumanization|demonizing]] Jews as "poisonous elements",<ref name="Az" /><ref name="NBN" /> while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Summer-Study-German-Armenian-Relations-During-Second/31815161160/bd |last=Thomassian |first=Levon |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |year=2012 |edition=1 |isbn=9780764340451 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> hunted for Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]" on behalf of the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazi German army]].<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia |last=Gurevich |first=Roman |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/living-in-azerbaijan-as-a-jew-versus-being-jewish-in-armenia-647026 |date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> [[File:ASALA logo white on red.svg|thumb|The logo of the [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA" /> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA).]] ===21st century=== [[File:Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement.png|thumb|The flag of the [[Fascism#Main ideas|pro]]-[[Nazism|Nazi]] Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).]] {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Garegin Nzhdeh2.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in [[Gyumri]], Armenia. | image2 = Garegin Nzhdeh statue.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Another Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in Gyumri, Armenia. }} Despite such history, hundreds of [[Statue|statues]] have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.<ref name="GN1" /><ref name="GN2" /> Meanwhile, the only [[synagogue]] in Armenia's [[Capital city|capital]] [[Yerevan]] was [[Terrorism|attacked]] four times in a row between [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]] and 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/synagogue-yerevan-attack/32988123.html |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when [[Vandal|perpetrators]] threw [[Rock|rocks]] through a [[window]].}}</ref> Members of the [[Marxist-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA"> * {{cite web |website=Ronald Reagan Library |title=Files, 1985-1988 Folder Title: Armenian-Americans (2) Box: 1 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/2021-06/40-219-209207973-001-002-2021.pdf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The George Washington University |title=Armenian Terrorist Matters," January 15, 1988, Secret. |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB502/docs/p2-41-44.pdf |date=January 15, 1988 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-Secret-Army-for-the-Liberation-of-Armenia |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Przystanek Historia |title=A slip-up in Beirut. Polish weapons for ASALA |url=https://przystanekhistoria.pl/pa2/tematy/english-content/102070,A-slip-up-in-Beirut-Polish-weapons-for-ASALA.html |date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Militant Armenian Group Tied to PLO Allegedly Responsible for Synagogue Arson |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/10/04/militant-armenian-group-tied-to-plo-allegedly-responsible-for-synagogue-arson |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]<ref> * [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ * [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu * [[Georgian language|Georgian]]: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია * [[Greek language|Greek]]: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας</ref> (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being [[Arson|set on fire]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Synagogue in Armenia vandalized for second time by militant group: Revenge for Gaza? |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1700134772-synagogue-in-armenia-vandalized-for-second-time-by-militant-group-revenge-for-gaza |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |title=ARMENIA 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/ARMENIA-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO] |url=https://www.azernews.az/aggression/217482.html |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Why Was Armenia's Last Synagogue Set on Fire? |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/blogs/bits-of-insight-and-pieces-of-hope/367186/why-was-armenias-last-synagogue-set-on-fire |date=January 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the [[globe]] as [[Revenge|retribution]] for [[Israel]]’s [[Alliance|close]] [[friendship]] with [...] [[Azerbaijan]].}} * {{cite news |work=OC Media |title=Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year |url=https://oc-media.org/yerevan-synagogue-attacked-for-fourth-time-in-a-year |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fascism]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Roman Empire]] [[Category:Classical antiquity]] [[Category:Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe| ]] 1kvit97i14ve2tso2m2e810v99m2w31 10330128 10330124 2025-06-14T14:56:07Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Antisemitism]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}}, also known as Judeophobia,<ref> * {{cite book |title=Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674487789 |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Press |date=October 1, 1998 |isbn=9780674487789 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |title=Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753239 |last=Hayes |first=Christine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pages=261–273 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |jstor=stable/40753239 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Demonizing-the-Other-Antisemitism-Racism-and-Xenophobia/Wistrich/p/book/9780415516198?srsltid=AfmBOorY99Ri7050fJeXI_aVojJOJ6Cgs9H9BzucjIJaNJ0g1VHmWr2v |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=December 7, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/185286/Working_Paper_81.pdf |last=Cârstocea |first=Raul |year=2014 |publisher=European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) |location=Flensburg |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Humanity & Society |title=The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160597615601715 |last1=Loveland |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Popescu |first2=Delia |volume=40 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/0160597615601715 |date=September 4, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> has a long [[History of Europe|history]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="Analyses"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |date=March 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> The worst instance of antisemitism in European history is the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> The [[adjective]] of antisemitism is '''antisemitic'''. Those who hold antisemitic views are called '''antisemites'''.<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet magazine |title=Intersectional Antisemitism in America |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/intersectional-antisemitism-america |last=Vidino |first=Lorenzo |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of [[Progressivism|progressive]] principles while espousing the same [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|trite tropes]] that depict [[Antisemitism#Modern|Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism]], [[colonialism]] (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and [[white privilege]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Anti-Zionism' has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland |url=https://fathomjournal.org/anti-zionism-has-become-the-new-antisemitism-in-ireland |last=Sears |first=Oliver |year=2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spiked |title=Who is the Guardian to call spiked 'hard right'? |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2024/12/09/who-is-the-guardian-to-call-spiked-hard-right |last=Slater |first=Tom |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=While it [[Smear campaign|smears]] us as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]], it stands accused of harbouring [[Misogyny|misogynists]] and anti-Semites.}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau's Canada |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/explosion-of-jew-hate-in-canada-trudeau-israel-palestine |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] or antisemites of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing variety]]. They are being carried out by self-described [[Progressivism|progressives]], Arabs [... .]}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Pity the Poor Antisemite |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377749/pity-the-poor-antisemite |last=Socken |first=Paul |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.}}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:Expulsion judios-en selection.svg|thumb|[[Map]] of expulsions of [[Jew#Middle Ages|Jews]] from various European regions, [[Circa|ca.]] [[12th century|1100]]–[[16th century|1600]] [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] {{Main|Jews#History|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}}{{Further|Antisemitism#Etymology}} ===20th Century=== {{Main|Pogrom|The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Nazism|Nazi Germany}} [[Image:Haus der Deutschen Kunst, Nazi Germany Grundsteinlegung 15.10.1933 House of German Art foundation stone. Hilter, Esser, Nuntius Vasallo di Torregrossa. Heute versteh ich Sie. NSDAP Propaganda Reichstagswahl 12 Nov Election poster xx1990.tif|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] (1889–1945) shaking hands with Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), a high-ranking [[The Vatican|Vatican]] [[clergy]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Nazi Germany]].]] ====The Holocaust==== {{Main|The Holocaust|List of Nazi concentration camps|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}{{Further|Kristallnacht|Babi Yar|Ante Pavelić|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} [[File:"Nebuď služobníkom žida"—Slovak propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|A poster from the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)]]: ''"Do not be a [[servant]] to the Jew: he who associates with a Jew will sink down to his level."'']][[File:Jože Beranek - V usodnem trenutku nož v hrbet.jpeg|thumb|Antisemitic poster in Nazi-occupied Slovenia saying "A knife in the back at the fateful moment", referring to the stab-in-the-back myth popular among Germans back then.]] The Holocaust was a [[genocide]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=The ten stages of genocide |url=https://hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=What is Genocide? {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not "Genocide" |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-reasons-why-the-events-in-gaza-are-not-genocide |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Genocide {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> committed by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. It was known as the ''[[Final Solution]]''. The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to 67% of Jews – at least 6,000,000.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> The [[Mein Kampf|planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Anne Frank House |title=Adolf Hitler publishes 'Mein Kampf' |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/6/adolf-hitler-publishes-mein-kampf |date=July 18, 1925 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title='Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave/2015/02/24/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |last=Faiola |first=Anthony |date=February 24, 2015}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fascism |title=Latvia's ''Pērkonkrusts'': Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2211624915000066#fn8 |last=Kott |first=Matthew |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |date=November 23, 2015 |doi=10.1163/22116257-00402007 |access-date=October 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=German History |title=Hitler's Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/41/1/134/6847778?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |last2=Michalczyk |first2=Susan A. |last3=Bryant |first3=Michael S. |date=November 26, 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Holocaust inversion|Holocaust trivialization|Calls for the destruction of Israel|Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century}} In a 2013 research of 5,847 Jews in [[Europe]], 76% [[Perception|thought]] that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about [[Emigration|moving]] [[List of countries|countries]] as they [[Feeling|felt]] [[Danger|unsafe]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] |title=Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf |year=2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> A 2023 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] research found that as many as one-third of [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] believed in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|stereotypes of Jews]]. This was reportedly worse in some eastern European countries, particularly [[Hungary]] (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-finds-harmful-antisemitic-stereotypes-remain-deeply-entrenched |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> In [[Eastern Europe]], the level of antisemitism is found to be high.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-eastern-europe |date=December 17, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish group's report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|acts]] in [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Poland]] in 2022, more than 4 times the total [[Statistics|cited]] by the [[European Union]] the [[2021|previous year]]}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |title=Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/10/23/middle-east-conflict-sparks-uptick-in-anti-semitic-incidents-in-south-east-europe |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Israel–Hamas war|Ongoing violence]] in [[Israel–Palestine conflict|Israel-Palestine]] is being [[Correlation|linked]] to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] [[vandalism]] of [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[Memorial|sites]] in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Balkans|South-Eastern Europe]].}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Opinion|Remarks]] by rights chief come as civil society groups [[Advocacy|warn of]] a rise in antisemitism amid [[Israel-Hamas war]]}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] (FRA) |title=Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/jews-europe-still-face-high-levels-antisemitism |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=How Jewish journalist Ruth Elkrief wound up in the middle of France's debate over antisemitism and Islamophobia |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/02/21/global/how-jewish-journalist-ruth-elkrief-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-frances-debate-over-antisemitism-and-islamophobia |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=An Inconvenient Truth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/inconvenient-truth-germany-antisemitism-august-hanning |last=Hanning |first=August |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former German Intelligence head blames far-left and Muslim migrants for growing antisemitism |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/former-german-intelligence-head-blames-muslim-migrants-for-growing-antisemitism-dzram88h |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=German MPs to name Muslim Jew-hatred as antisemitism vector |url=https://www.jns.org/german-mps-to-name-muslim-jew-hatred-as-antisemitism-vector |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=From Nazis to Jihadists: Antisemitism, the cancer of the West |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkbkamcz1x |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Antisemitism Among Migrant Populations in Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/antisemitism-among-migrant-populations-in-europe |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=European Muslim Antisemitism: Why Young Urban Males Say They Don't Like Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzdvm |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt16gzdvm |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-253-01518-1 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Pop Islam: How Germany is tackling the new Islamic antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/pop-islam-how-germany-is-tackling-the-new-islamic-antisemitism |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |year=2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Wall Street Journal (WSJ) |title=Antisemitism Among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=National Review |title=How Mass Immigration Makes Antisemitism Worse |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/12/how-mass-immigration-makes-antisemitism-worse |last=Murray |first=Douglas |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A 2024 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] research found that 46% of world adult population (around 2,200,000,000 people) held deeply entrenched antisemitic beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Notably, 82% of Greece's population believed that "Jews have too much power in the business world,"<ref name="EuronewsJan2025">{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Antisemitic attitudes have doubled over a decade, survey finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/01/15/antisemitic-atttitudes-have-doubled-over-a-decade-survey-finds |date=January 15, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |quote=In some EU countries, as many as four-fifths of the population believe in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|tropes such as Jews controlling the media]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] said.}}</ref> while 40% of Belgium's population believed that "Jews have too much control over media and global affairs" and 61% believed that "Jews are only loyal to Israel."<ref name="EuronewsJan2025" /> {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Greece''' |align=right| {{bartable|69||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Armenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|58||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Poland''' |align=right| {{bartable|45||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bulgaria''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Serbia''' |align=right| {{bartable|42||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hungary''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belarus''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''France''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Azerbaijan''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Lithuania''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Romania''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Croatia''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bosnia and Herzegovina''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Georgia''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Russia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Moldova''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Spain''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Montenegro''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Latvia''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Austria''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Slovenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belgium''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Germany''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Switzerland''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Estonia''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Portugal''' |align=right| {{bartable|21||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ireland''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Italy''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Iceland''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Norway''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Finland''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Czech Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Denmark''' |align=right| {{bartable|9||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''United Kingdom''' |align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Netherlands''' |align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Sweden''' |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:#8000FF}} |} ==Croatia== ===20th century=== {{Main|Ante Pavelić|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} ===21st century=== ====Croatian Wikipedia==== {{Main|Croatian Wikipedia}} Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who [[Disinformation|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Censorship|censoring]]<ref name="WikiAS1"> * {{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing |title=How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history |last=Sampson |first=Tim |work=dailydot.com |access-date=July 1, 2015 |date=October 1, 2013}} * {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/08/04/mens-rights-activists-think-a-hateful-feminist-conspiracy-is-ruining-wikipedia/ |title=Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=4 August 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-state-sponsored-disinformation |title=The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/wikipedia-jewish-problem |title=Wikipedia's Jewish Problem |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=[...] Wikipedia’s articles are [...] [[Big lie|feeding]] [[World population|billions of people]] [...] [[Disinformation|dangerously skewed narratives]] [...] “[[Holocaust trivialization|minimize[d]]] [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Polish antisemitism]], [[Exaggeration|exaggerate[d]]] the Poles’ role in saving Jews,” [[Victim blaming|blamed Jews for the Holocaust]] [...].}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed': New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and make Jews out to be the bad guys.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/article-825520 |last=Heller |first=Mathilda |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> the war crimes of the [[Axis powers#Client states|pro]]-[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Ustaše]]-ruled [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH)<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html |title=The Holocaust in Croatia |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.<ref name="novi">{{cite web |url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani |title=Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani |work=Novi list |date=September 13, 2013 |trans-title=Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries" |access-date=September 13, 2013 |language=hr}}</ref> The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac |title=Jasenovac |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite book |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jasenovac-camp |title=Concentration Camps: Jasenovac |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |isbn=978-1-032-35379-1 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures |title=Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325416653657 |last1=Odak |first1=Stipe |last2=Benčić |first2=Andriana |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=July 10, 2016 |doi=10.1177/0888325416653657 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal |title=Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory |last1=Kuznar |first1=Andriana Bencic |last2=Pavlakovic |first2=Vjeran |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |date=May 10, 2023 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |title=Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past |author=Marko Attila Hoare |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–293 |date=June 5, 2024 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> as a "collection camp".<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, [[advocacy]] groups and media critics.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with [[:hr:Kategorija:Popis potvrđenih čarapaka (suradnik Kubura)|80 sockpuppet accounts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_Disinformation_Assessment-2021 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Meta Wikimedia |language=en |quote=Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and [[Sociocultural theory|socio-cultural]] positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian [[Far-right politics|radical right]] political parties and [[National conservatism|ultra-conservative]] [[Populism|populist]] movements. The group has been [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|using its positions of power]] to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and [[Subversion|subvert]] Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.}}</ref> ==Ireland== {{Main|Antisemitism in Ireland}} [[File:Banner of the Blueshirts.svg|thumb|The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB"> * {{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/eoin-o-duffy-the-blueshirts-and-fascism-1.413587 |date=February 9, 2005 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism |url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/books/the-jew-at-the-centre-of-irish-nationalism-cfdvxcyw |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ireland Israel Alliance |title=Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history |url=https://www.irelandisrael.ie/blog/anti-semitism-in-ireland |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Fascist Lit and Hungary's Future |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/hungary-viktor-orban-anti-semitism |last=Goldman |first=David P. |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=TPQ |title=Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism |url=https://www.thepensivequill.com/2021/09/fine-gaels-historical-flirtations-with.html |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts''.]][[File:Blueshirts leadership, circa 1934.jpg|thumb|Pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB" /> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts'' marching down the street.]] ===Overview=== Ireland has been predominantly [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] throughout [[History of Ireland|history]].<ref name="IRH"> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social History |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786692 |last=Miller |first=David W. |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |doi=10.1353/jsh/9.1.81 |jstor=3786692 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Saothar |title='As Catholic As The Pope': James Connolly and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195983 |last1=Newsinger |first1=John |last2=Newsinger |first2=James |year=1986 |volume=11 |pages=7–18 |jstor=23195983 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |title=Catholic Identity in Contemporary Ireland: Belief and Belonging to Tradition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537900701331064 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/13537900701331064 |last=Inglis |first=Tom |date=September 21, 2010 |volume=22 |issue=2 |hdl=10197/5238 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Furrow |title=Catholic Ireland: Past, Present and Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24635656 |last=Martin |first=Diarmuid |volume=64 |issue=6 |year=2013 |pages=323–331 |jstor=24635656 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/cambridge-social-history-of-modern-ireland/69A9E4021C3E3C24751B9C5E92AE6FE2 |last1=Biagini |first1=Eugenio F. |last2=Daly |first2=Mary E. |date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107095588 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.<ref name="IRH" /> ===Modern period=== Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the [[Spanish Inquisition#Background|Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews]] (1478–1834),<ref> * {{cite book |title=Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137465900 |last=O’Connor |first=Thomas |year=2016 |doi=10.1057/9781137465900 |isbn=978-1-349-69094-7 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Maynooth University Department of History |title=Role of Irish people in the Spanish Inquisition explored |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/history/news/role-irish-people-spanish-inquisition-explored |date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Denis Casey |title=The Irish-Spanish Inquisition Alliance |url=https://deniscasey.com/2023/06/29/the-irish-spanish-inquisition-alliance |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-520-23346-1 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315261447 |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.140 |pmid=25074462 |pmc=4402619 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> a charge slapped on Jews who were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholicism]].<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ===20th century=== Throughout the [[Nazi Germany#History|1930s]] and [[The Holocaust|1940s]], pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="IR4"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Historical Journal |title=The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140154 |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=1155–1183 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005772 |jstor=4140154 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=Irish Republicanism and Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/IrishRepublicanismandNaziGermany |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=The IRA's Links with Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/TheIRAslinkswithNaziGermany |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Britain, Ireland and the Second World War |chapter=Fanatic Hearts: the IRA, 1939–45 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/16478/chapter-abstract/171672488?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Wood |first=Ian S. |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623273.003.0005 |year=2010 |pages=101–137 |isbn=978-0-7486-2327-3 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=Govt apologises for treatment of Irish WWII veterans |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-wwii-veterans-allies-apology-484431-Jun2012 |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Ireland and the Nazis: a troubled history |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/ireland-and-the-nazis-a-troubled-history-1.3076579 |last=O'Driscoll |first=Mervyn |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> which was fighting Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /> ====World War II==== In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG"> * {{cite book |title=Hitler's Irishmen |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781856355896/Hitlers-Irishmen-Terence-OReilly-1856355896/plp |last=O'Reilly |first=Terence |edition=1 |isbn=978-1856355896 |publisher=The Mercier Press Ltd. |location=Dublin |year=2008 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=The Devil's Deal: The IRA, Nazi Germany and the Double Life of Jim O Donovan |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781848400801/Devils-Deal-IRA-Nazi-Germany-1848400802/plp |last=Donoghue |first=Dave O |isbn=978-1848400801 |year=2010 |publisher=New Island |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=IRA leader Seán Russell and the story of Dublin's most controversial statue |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/sean-russell-statue-3549072-Aug2017 |last=Duffy |first=Rónán |date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Seán Russell: IRA 'militarist' or Nazi sympathiser? |url=https://independent.ie/irish-news/sean-russell-ira-militarist-or-nazi-sympathiser/39242537.html |last=Downing |first=John |date=May 30, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |title=Hitler Looks West |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27132618 |last=Whelan |first=Barry |pages=62–73 |volume=111 |issue=441 |publisher=Messenger Publications |jstor=27132618 |year=2022 |doi=10.1353/stu.2022.0005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in [[Northern Ireland]]<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|owned by "Jews and Freemasons"]].<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Declassified [[MI5]] documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Russell told a Nazi official:<ref>{{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=Russell not a Nazi supporter but a physical-force republican |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/russell-not-a-nazi-supporter-but-a-physical-force-republican/28219955.html |date=January 14, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The British have been our enemies for hundreds of years. They are the enemy of Germany today. If it suits Germany to give us help to achieve independence, I am willing to accept it, but no more, and there must be no strings attached.}} Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the [[Nuremberg Trials]]:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the [[Military occupation|occupation]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, [[ammunition]] and [[Explosive material|explosives]].}} Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=Frank Ryan{{efn|A deputy of James O'Donovan.|group=lower-alpha}} suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the [[Military occupation|seizure]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer{{efn|An [[SS]] leader [[Conviction|convicted]] of [[crimes against humanity]] for contributing to [[the Holocaust]] in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).<ref> * Gutman, Israel; The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (vol.4, p. 1794), New York, Macmillan, 1990. * Zentner, Christian (editor); The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (vol. 2), New York, Macmillan, 1991. * Wistrich, Robert, S; Who's Who in Nazi Germany, New York, Routledge, 1995. * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1158811 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a [[Legitimacy|legitimate]] risk to take.}} After [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death on April 30, 1945, [[Éamon de Valera]], the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister]] of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler<ref name="A" /><ref name="C"> * {{cite journal |journal=Irish Studies in International Affairs |title=Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30001759 |last=Keogh |first=Dermot |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=69–92 |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |jstor=30001759 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Condolences Offered After Hitler's Death |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-31-fg-briefs31.1-story.html |date=December 31, 2005 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Radharc |title='No English Enemy... Ever Stooped so Low': Mike Quill, de Valera's Visit to the German Legation, and Irish-American Attitudes during World War II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25122352 |last=Hanley |first=Brian |volume=5/7 |year=2004–2006 |pages=245–264 |publisher=Glucksman Ireland House, [[New York University]] |location=[[New York City]] |jstor=25122352 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Nordic Irish Studies |title='Not a mask of power': Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eamon de Valera, and the Oblique Light of a Poetic Elegy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23631042 |volume=12 |year=2013 |pages=13–23 |jstor=23631042 |access-date=December 6, 2024 |last1=Griffin |first1=Martin }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Eamon de Valera's 'moral myopia' in offering condolences to Germany over Hitler's death put Ireland beyond the pale for many people |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/eamon-de-valeras-moral-myopia-in-offering-condolences-to-germany-over-hitlers-death-put-ireland-beyond-the-pale-for-many-people-2846858 |last=Lucy |first=Gordon |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> with backing from the Irish parliament.<ref name="A" /><ref name="C" /> De Valera also denied reports of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] as "anti-national propaganda", reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11759 |last=Bew |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2009 |isbn=9780199561261 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.001.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ===21st century=== ====2010s==== {{Further|Disinformation|Conspiracy theory|African Americans#History}} Since 2013,<ref name="ISM1"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/04/19/how-myth-irish-slaves-became-favorite-meme-racists-online |date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth |url=https://apnews.com/article/920e1c738df04555bccd56c09770b36d |last=Pogatchnik |first=Shawn |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Trinity College Dublin |title=The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-myth-of-the-irish-slave-white-supremacy-and-social-media |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Fact check: 'Irish slaves' meme repeats discredited article |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-irish-slaves-meme-repeats-discredited-article-idUSKBN23Q1KO |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |last=McKee |first=Liam |year=2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ISM2"> * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |title=Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ireland-slaves-conspiracy-theory-debunked-st-patricks-day-1.4028855 |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Last Updated: March 17, 2017 }} * {{cite news |work=Rebel News (Ireland) |title='Irish Slaves': Debunking the Myth |url=https://www.rebelnews.ie/2020/07/02/irish-slaves-debunking-myth |last=Kelly |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=AFP Fact Check |title=More false claims about 'Irish slaves' spread on social media |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/more-false-claims-about-irish-slaves-spread-social-media |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=UWEC Spectator |title=The Irish were never slaves |url=https://www.spectatornews.com/opinion/2021/11/the-irish-were-never-slaves |last=Ftouhi |first=Sabrina |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Alton Telegraph |title='Irish slaves' book based on outright lie |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/opinion/article/Irish-slaves-book-based-on-outright-lie-17492050.php |date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> a baseless [[Conspiracy theory|theory]], which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in [[17th century]] [[North America]] before the [[Atlantic slave trade|arrival of African slaves]], has been made popular by [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> in both Ireland and the [[United States]].<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves [[myth]]". The myth reportedly originated from the book ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="SOC">{{cite web |website=The O'Brien Press |title=About Sean O'Callaghan |url=https://obrien.ie/sean-ocallaghan |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Publishing|published]] by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.<ref name="SOC" /> The myth has been widely condemned by [[Scholar|scholars]] as a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of [[African Americans]] in [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> who were [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] until [[American Civil War#New Amendments|1865]], [[Jim Crow laws|segregated]] until 1965 and [[Institutional racism|systemically discriminated against]] until now.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=OAH Magazine of History |title=Origins of American Slavery |url=https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/19/4/51/1001999 |last=Morgan |first=Philip D. |pages=51–56 |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/maghis/19.4.51 |year=2005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Published: 01 July 2005 }} * {{cite book |title=Jim Crow America: A Documentary History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ffjm30 |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Lewis |first2=J. Richard |publisher=[[University of Arkansas]] Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm30 |jstor=j.ctt1ffjm30 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-55728-895-0 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=American Journal of Sociology |title=The Cost of Color: Skin Color, Discrimination, and Health among African-Americans |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/682162 |last=Monk, Jr. |first=Ellis P. |volume=121 |issue=2 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |doi=10.1086/682162 |year=2015 |pages=396–444 |pmid=26594713 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US |last1=Molina |first1=Kristine M. |last2=James |first2=Drexler |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/1368430216641304 |year=2016 |pages=439–461 |pmid=28405176 |pmc=5386401 |quote=First published online May 3, 2016 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Health Services Research |title=Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans |author1=Sara N. Bleich PhD |author2=Mary G. Findling PhD, SM |author3=Logan S. Casey PhD |author4=Robert J. Blendon ScD |author5=John M. Benson MA |author6=Gillian K. SteelFisher PhD, MSc |author7=Justin M. Sayde MS |author8=Carolyn Miller MS, MA |pages=1399–1408 |volume=54 |issue=S2 |doi=10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |date=October 29, 2019 |pmid=31663124 |pmc=6864380 |quote=Special Issue: Experiences of Discrimination in America: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality }}</ref> Despite ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop<ref name="SFB">{{cite web |website=Sinn Féin Bookshop |url=https://www.sinnfeinbookshop.com/to-hell-or-barbados-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ireland |title=To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.<ref name="SFB" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gerry Adams to meet Hamas leaders {{!}} Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/04/northernireland.northernireland |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=DUP outrage as Sinn Fein delegation meets leader from Hamas |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/dup-outrage-as-sinn-fein-delegation-meets-leader-from-hamas/35249084.html |date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Sinn Féin formula on the Middle East? Talk to Hamas, boycott Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/analysis/the-sinn-fein-formula-on-the-middle-east-talk-to-hamas-boycott-israel-ml26pmof |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UnHerd |title=Sinn Féin's hollow Hamas stance: Hypocrisy underscores its call for the return of an Irish-Israel hostage |url=https://unherd.com/2023/11/sinn-feins-hollow-hamas-stance |last=McCartney |first=Jenny |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Hamas a future partner for peace, says Northern Ireland's First Minister |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/08/hamas-peace-sinn-fein-michelle-oneill-israel-gaza |date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the [[Israel–Hamas war]]'s escalation, where antisemites felt justified to [[Harassment|harass]] Jews under the guise of supporting [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Antisemitism in Ireland 'Blatant and Obvious' in Wake of Hamas Onslaught, Says Jewish Former Cabinet Minister Alan Shatter |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/03/12/antisemitism-ireland-blatant-obvious-wake-hamas-onslaught-says-jewish-former-cabinet-minister-alan-shatter |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Old antisemitism; new pro-Palestinian trends: Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/05/28/old-antisemitism-new-pro-palestinian-trends-why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.jns.org/why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> for the [[Approximation|approximately]] 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population<ref>{{cite web |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) |title=How many Jews live in Ireland? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-ireland |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that * the Jews "[[Antisemitism#Ancient|killed Jesus]]" * Israel was "uniquely aggressive" * Judaism "believed that violence and war are sometimes necessary" * the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an [[extermination camp]] were widely circulated in Irish schools<ref name="IR6"> * {{cite web |website=IMPACT-se |title=Ireland Review |url=https://www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/EU-Textbooks-Ireland-Review.pdf |year=2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Irish schoolbooks 'trivialise Holocaust', report warns |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/irish-schoolbooks-trivialise-holocaust-report-warns |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Irish textbooks say Jesus was from 'Palestine,' downplay Auschwitz |url=https://www.jns.org/irish-textbooks-say-jesus-was-from-palestine-downplay-auschwitz |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Irish School Textbooks Disparage Judaism, Defame Israel, Watchdog Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/11/05/irish-school-textbooks-disparage-judaism-defame-israel-watchdog-finds |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Jews are Jesus-killers and Israel is uniquely aggressive: what Irish pupils are taught |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jews-are-jesus-killers-and-israel-is-uniquely-aggressive-what-irish-pupils-are-taught-dhqmypgo |date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref> and shaping children's mind.<ref name="IR6" /> The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress.<ref>{{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |title=Report reveals troubling pattern of Holocaust minimisation in Irish textbooks |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/ireland/report-reveals-troubling-pattern-of-holocaust-minimisation-in-irish-textbooks |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Government of Ireland]] has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.<ref name="IR6" /> ===Critique=== David Collier, an [[Irish people|Irish]] researcher in Middle East affairs,<ref name="IR1">{{cite magazine |magazine=Middle East Forum |title=David Collier: What Explains Ireland's Extreme Antisemitism? |url=https://www.meforum.org/david-collier-what-explains-ireland-extreme |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> noted that antisemitism among contemporary [[Irish people|Irish]] is derived from<ref name="IR1" /> * Religious antisemitism: Classic [[Catholic Church#Other websites|Christian]] belief that "[[Supersessionism|Christians are the new Jews]]" as "the Jews [[Antisemitism#Ancient|killed]] [[Jesus]]" * Political antisemitism: ** [[Populism|Popularity]] of the Irish [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Sinn Féin party whose [[Arthur Griffith#Antisemitism|founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews]] ** Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=IRA-PLO cooperation: A long, cozy relationship |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/ira-plo-cooperation-a-long-cozy-relationship |last=Gannon |first=Sean |date=April 7, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Spectator |title=Hamas has made the same fatal mistake as the IRA |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-it-already-over-for-hamas |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tracing the Deep Roots of Ireland's Support for Palestinians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/world/europe/ireland-palestinians-support.html |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Ireland's History Explains Its Hostility Towards Israel and Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/05/irelands-history-explains-its-hostility-towards-israel-and-jews |date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |title=Why Ireland is one of the most pro-Palestinian nations in the world |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/14/1233395830/ireland-pro-palestinian |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the [[British people|British]] settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Why Israel is Not a Settler Colonial State |url=https://www.ajc.org/why-israel-is-not-a-settler-colonial-state |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Israel's founding was complex and messy – but it certainly wasn't imperialist |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/03/02/israels-founding-was-complex-and-messy-but-not-imperialist |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Unraveling the false branding of Israel as a settler-colonial state - opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805116 |date=June 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=The False Narrative of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/08/how-settler-colonialism-colonized-universities/679514 |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Foreign Policy |title=Settler Colonialism Isn't What You Think It Is |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/15/israel-palestine-settler-colonialism-south-africa-west-bank-gaza |last=Greenstein |first=Ran |date=November 15, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Irish Central |title=Irish Americans are full of self pity and fake victimhood says top Irish columnist |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/irish-americans-self-pity-fake-victimhood |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UCSD Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Archive {{!}} Intellectual Incitement: The Anti-Zionist Ideology and the Anti-Zionist Subject (2015) |url=https://fathomjournal.org/archive-intellectual-incitement-the-anti-zionist-ideology-and-the-anti-zionist-subject-2015 |last=Johnson |first=Alan |year=2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=From British Imperialism to 'Globohomo': Analysing the Irish Far-Right's Engagement with Irish Nationalism on Telegram |url=https://gnet-research.org/2023/09/22/from-british-imperialism-to-globohomo-analysing-the-irish-far-rights-engagement-with-irish-nationalism-on-telegram |last=Molloy |first=Joshua |date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Cillian McGrattan: Irish nationalism's sense of victimhood is buttressed by spurious claims about Israel |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/cillian-mcgrattan-irish-nationalisms-sense-of-victimhood-is-buttressed-by-spurious-claims-about-israel-4579926 |last=McGrattan |first=Cillian |date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ==Spain== ===Middle Ages=== The 7th century saw the Christian [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visgothic]] demand of Jews to convert or leave,<ref name="May2025Analysis">{{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) |title=From Inquisition to Eurovision: Spain’s Long History of Antisemitism and the Politicization of Hate |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/special-features/from-inquisition-to-eurovision-spains-long-history-of-antisemitism-and-the-politicization-of-hate |date=May 27, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> followed by the 12th-century Muslim Almohad Caliphate's compulsion of Jews to [[Conversion to Islam|convert]] or be killed,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> which caused the famous Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] into exile.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were made to pick either [[baptism]] or [[Execution|death]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] territories [[Reconquista|reconquered]].<ref name="AJC">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ===Modern period=== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] [[Spanish Empire]] unleashed a [[Institutional racism|systematic]] [[campaign]] of [[persecution]] of Jews, [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJC" /> As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|religious anti-Judaism]] to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Between 1939 and 1975, [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic conspiracy theories]] formed the main theme of [[Francoist Spain|Francoist]] propaganda,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Architects of Terror: Paranoia, Conspiracy and Anti-Semitism in Franco’s Spain |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/architects-of-terror-paranoia-conspiracy-and-anti-semitism-in-francos-spain-paul-preston?variant=43719401209890 |last=Preston |first=Paul |isbn=9780008522117 |date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and certain strata of that [[Race (sociology)|race]] [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|more common false claim]].<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> ===21st century=== [[File:Corona-mentira (20210214 132214).jpg|thumb|A graffiti on Calle del Doctor Luis Calandre in Cartagena, Spain, where the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was depicted as a ''corona-mentira'' ("corona-lie") created by Jews symbolized by the [[Star of David]].]] For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.<ref name="SI4">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities |url=https://theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/29/spain-black-legend-inquisition-conquistadors |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=April 29, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2024 |quote=Campaigners want to reclaim the country’s past from ‘distorted propaganda’}}</ref> Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions<ref name="SI4" /> to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.<ref name="SI4" /> In 2023, an [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] poll found that 26% of Spain's population held [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|antisemitic beliefs]],<ref name="ES2023">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> followed by [[Belgium]] (24%), [[France]] (17%), [[Germany]] (12%) and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (10%).<ref name="ES2023" /> In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month.<ref>{{cite news |work=Contando Estrelas |title=36 attacks in 6 months against Jews in Spain, with a government praised by Hamas |url=https://www.outono.net/elentir/2024/04/22/36-attacks-in-6-months-against-jews-in-spain-with-a-government-praised-by-hamas |date=April 22, 2024 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Is it safe to be Jewish in Spain? |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sknnrtnmyg |last=Grave-Lazie |first=Lidar |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ==France== {{Main|Antisemitism in France}} ===Classical antiquity=== Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |doi=10.2307/1453586 |jstor=1453586 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-691-09014-6 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-19046-7 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] – then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] – in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ====11th century==== Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the [[Capetian dynasty]], when the King of France [[Robert II of France|Robert the Pious]] attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France,<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |doi=10.1057/9781403913821_3 |isbn=978-1-349-42499-3 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |issue=3 |doi=10.1023/A:1014208904545 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8122-1956-2 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ====Deportations==== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsion campaigns of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Modern period=== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |volume=1 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-20925-1 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |doi=10.4324/9781315023229-6 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |isbn=978-3-031-18711-7 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> ====19th century==== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |isbn=9780198724834}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |pages=464–485 |isbn=978-3-11-010776-0 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-56661-6 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive [[Dreyfus affair]] in 1894, when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]].<ref name="F13" /> Dreyfus was not vindicated until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ===20th century=== ====World War II==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=December 25, 2024 |isbn=9781503609815}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref name="F8" /> ====Post-war==== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "[[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust as a "distraction from [[class struggle]] playing into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]."<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |DUPLICATE_first2=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |pages=227–241 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access}}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |last=Shields |first=James G. |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |pages=71–82 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EICTP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: 'Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country' |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> According to the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear [[Keffiyeh|keffiyehs]] in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> In June 2025, a French court [[Sentencing|sentenced]] three [[Teenager|teens]] to jail, ruling that the rape was driven by antisemitism based on the teens' use of [[Pejorative|slurs]] like "dirty Jew".<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=French teens sentenced for antisemitic gang rape of Jewish girl |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/bj2zogo7gx |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Poland== {{Main|Racism in Poland#Jews}}{{Further|Jedwabne pogrom (1941)|Kraków pogrom|Jan Żaryn}} [[File:Pod Pręgierz, 1937 r. Kto u Żyda kupuje, ten zdrajcą narodu.jpg|thumb|A clipping from the daily ''Pod Pręgierz'', 1937, entitled "Whoever buys from a Jew is a [[traitor]] to the [[nation]]".]] ==Romania== {{Main|Iași pogrom|Odessa massacre (1941)}}{{further|Massacres of Jews during the Russo-Turkish Wars|Iron Guard}} ===Holocaust denial=== ====Under communism (1947–1989)==== [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg|thumb|A photo of the antisemitic [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] [[Communism|communist]] [[tyrant]]<ref name="NC1"> * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=ROMANIA: DEATH OF A DICTATOR : Ceausescu – Tyrant Who Posed as a Statesman : Dictatorship: The executed leader will be remembered as a ruler who believed he could stay the same while all around him changed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-26-mn-1001-story.html |date=December 26, 1989 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Life And Evil Times Of Ceausescu |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780091746728/Life-Evil-Times-Nicolae-Ceausescu-0091746728/plp |last=Sweeney |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Hutchison |isbn=9780091746728 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50821546 |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title='Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/ceausescu-romania-bucharest-communism-politics-history-a9234806.html |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Cato Institute |title=The Rise and Fall of Nicolae Ceausescu, "the Romanian Fuehrer" |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/rise-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-romanian-fuehrer |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NC2"> * {{cite book |title=Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ7LSucBylAC&dq=info:79IN0oDNthEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR13 |last=Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1990 | isbn=978-0-89526-746-7 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Intelligence and National Security |title=The Securitate and the police state in Romania, 1964–89 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02684529408432238 |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |year=1994 |volume=9 |pages=22–49 |doi=10.1080/02684529408432238 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives |title=Inside the Securitate Archives |date=March 4, 2005 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/ikea-funds-romania-secret-police-communist-era |title=Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/25/keys-mikes-spies-how-the-securitate-stole-romanias-privacy |title=Keys, Mikes, Spies – How the Securitate Stole Romania's Privacy |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].]] Under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist rule]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially [[Holocaust denial|denied]]. It was blamed on the [[Germans]] and [[Hungarians]].<ref name="R3">{{cite journal |journal=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) |title=The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-banality-of-history-and-memory-romanian-society-and-the-holocaust |last=Weinbaum |first=Laurence |publisher=[[Israel]] Council of Foreign Relations |issue=45 |date=June 1, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> Romanians were [[Brainwashing|taught]] about the "[[Hero|heroic]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Securitate secret police] of Nicolae Ceaușescu<ref name="R3" /> and to help him [[Oppression|oppress]] Romanians.<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|lies about Jews]], including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and [[Definition|defined]] ''Jew'' as a "money-changer" and an "[[Extortion|extortionist]]" in an official English–Romanian [[dictionary]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=+972 Magazine |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-romanian-dictator-anti-semitism |title=Israel embraced Romanian dictator's support — knowing he was anti-Semitic |last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ====Post-communist age (1989 – )==== Since the fall of Ceaușescu's [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "[[Crusade|holy war]] against [[Communism|Bolshevism]]."<ref name="R3" /> Acts of Holocaust denial<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * '''Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]]''' * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of [[antisemitism]]. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}</ref> by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the [[Polish people|Poles]], Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.<ref name="R3" /> An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer [[Elie Wiesel]], identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”'', '''INSHR'''), a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |website=Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania |url=https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en |title=INSHR – Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Wiesel" |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.<ref>{{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/04/romanian-nationalist-party-opposes-holocaust-education-in-schools |title=Romanian Nationalist Party Opposes Holocaust Education in Schools |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-marks-decision-teach-jewish-history-holocaust-schools-2023-10-03 |title=Romania marks decision to teach Jewish history, Holocaust in schools |date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ==Germany== ===20th century=== {{Main|Antisemitism#The Holocaust}} ===21st century=== ====2010s==== [[File:Openly antisemitic Protester in Berlin (17.7.2014).jpg|thumb|A man with Nazi [[Tattoo|tattoos]] overshadowed by a [[Yasser Arafat]] [[portrait]] from behind.]] A 2017 [[Bielefeld University]]'s research reported that those identified with the [[Far-left politics|far left]] and [[Far-right politics|far right]] committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]], with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |last1=Zick |first1=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first2=Andreas |last3=Jensen |first3=Silke |last4=Bernstein |first4=Julia |publisher=Universität Bielefeld ([[Bielefeld University]]) |year=2017 |location=[[Bielefeld]] |pages=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The research was echoed by Germany's [https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203104815/https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html |date=2024-12-03 }} (BfV), which asserted that certain [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's [[Peace|peaceful]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] [[society]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung) |url=https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2017-kurzzusammenfassung |page=30 |work=Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-30 |language=de}}</ref> In a follow-up [[European Union|EU]] research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]], 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/antisemitismus-studie-der-eu-juden-in-deutschland-fuehlen-sich-zunehmend-unsicher/23742690.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=December 10, 2018 |last1=Salzen |first1=Claudia von |last2=Hackenbruch |first2=Felix}}</ref> ====2020s==== On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|Hamas-led October 7 massacre]] which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with [[molotov cocktails]] by two masked men.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/berlin-synagogue-firebombed-with-antisemitism-spiking-as-gaza-war-rages |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/10/18/global/german-synagogue-hit-with-2-molotov-cocktail-bombs |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in the months following the October 7 massacre.<ref> * {{cite news |last1=Diehl |first1=Jörg |last2=Diening |first2=Deike |last3=Großekathöfer |first3=Maik |last4=Rapp |first4=Tobias |last5=Wiedmann-Schmidt |first5=Wolf |title=A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/absolutely-appalling-a-new-wave-of-anti-semitism-sweeps-across-germany-a-50e18e6a-03ae-4ea5-99ec-6d0c8753558a |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/olaf-scholz-vows-to-fight-antisemitism-after-berlin-synagogue-firebombed |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-berlin-synagogue-antisemitism-fdd10f32f7d5efc6da973f00c9a8b030 |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JURIST Legal News |title=Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/10/synagogues-in-berlin-tunisia-targeted-with-fire-attacks-as-hate-crimes-soar-in-wake-of-israel-hamas-war |date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref> On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] beat a Jewish classmate to the point of [[Hospital|hospitalization]] following an argument over the [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering [[Bone fracture|facial fractures]].<ref name="Feb2024">{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-university-student-in-berlin-badly-beaten-by-classmate-in-fight-over-hamas-war |date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli [[athletics]] coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Massacre 1972 Munich massacre].<ref name="Feb2024" /> In May 2024, some Jewish parents from [[Suburb|suburban]] Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in [[Mitte]], many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Independent |title=The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin. |url=https://thejewishindependent.com.au/the-surprising-trend-among-anxious-jewish-parents-in-berlin |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's [[Potsdamer Platz]] after being heard speaking [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syouy6vua |date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-818826 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}} * {{cite news |work=DW News |title= Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-munich-police-shoot-suspect-near-israeli-consulate/a-70138738 |date=September 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/05/munich-police-shoot-dead-suspect-who-opened-fire-on-officers-near-israeli-consulate |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On 7 October 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn from their spots. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7 massacre.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1kgvgvkkx |title=Stumbling stones commemorating Holocaust victims uprooted in German city |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref> In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in [[Frankfurt]] has reportedly become a target of a [[Racism|hate]] campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be [[Shooting|shot]]…You should [[Death|die]]…Your whole f***ing [[Israel]]…"<ref name="JPFeb2025">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Granddaughter of Holocaust survivor terrorized with rape, death threats at German university |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-842163 |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> The [[victim]] reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her [[Harassment|harassers]] being [[Fine|fined]] for [[Euro|€]]300.<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers,<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> with little to no condemnation from other left-wing [[Activism|activists]].<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> ====Responses==== In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023,<ref name="RIAS">{{cite web |website=Bundesverband der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus (Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism, RIAS) |title=Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023 |url=https://report-antisemitism.de/documents/25-06-24_RIAS_Bund_Jahresbericht_2023.pdf |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> an 80% rise as compared to 2022,<ref name="RIAS" /> most of which happened following the October 7 massacre.<ref name="RIAS" /> In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=German antisemitism czar says country facing 'tsunami' of Jew hatred since Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-antisemitism-czar-says-country-facing-tsunami-of-jew-hatred-since-oct-7 |date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|question Israel's right to exist]], call for a [[boycott]] of Israel or actively support the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] movement."<ref name="Bundestag">{{cite news |work=DW News |title=Germany passes controversial antisemitism resolution |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution/a-70715643 |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] of [[Left-wing fascism|left-wing populist]] parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).<ref name="Bundestag" /> Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Germany designates BDS Israel boycott movement as anti-Semitic |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/germany-designates-bds-israel-boycott-movement-as-anti-semitic-idUSL5N22T4OA |date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=German Intelligence Agency Classifies BDS Campaign as 'Extremist' Threat |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/24/german-intelligence-agency-classifies-bds-campaign-as-extremist-threat |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution".<ref name="May2025">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In first, German intelligence agency labels BDS ‘hostile to constitution’ |url=https://www.jns.org/in-first-german-intelligence-agency-labels-bds-hostile-to-constitution |date=May 21, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 }}</ref> In its report, it stated:<ref name="May2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.}} ==Armenia== ===Overview=== 58% of the [[population]]<ref name="S(A)"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Anti-Semitism in Armenia: A Clear and Present Danger |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/12/12/anti-semitism-in-armenia-a-clear-and-present-danger |date=December 12, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=With anti-Semitic tendencies, Armenians dig deep hole for themselves |url=https://www.azernews.az/analysis/214391.html |date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Caspian News |title=Surge in Anti-Semitism in Armenia: ASALA-Y Targets Jewish Centers |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/surge-in-anti-semitism-in-armenia-asala-y-targets-jewish-centers-2023-11-17-0 |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Antisemitism in Armenia: let's talk facts |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryejoi2it |date=December 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7 |url=https://besacenter.org/azerbaijan-and-armenia-political-stand-in-the-aftermath-of-october-7 |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> of [[Armenia]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Flashpoint |publisher=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism & Policy |title=Antisemitic and Anti-Israeli Narratives in Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora |url=https://isgap.org/flashpoint/antisemitic-and-anti-israeli-narratives-in-armenia-and-the-armenian-diaspora |last=Kogan |first=Ariel |issue=93 |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=The New Karabakh Crisis and the Rise of Antisemitism in Contemporary Armenia |url=https://besacenter.org/the-new-karabakh-crises-and-the-rise-of-antisemitism-in-contemporary-armenia |author=Dr. Andrei Kazantsev-Vaisman |date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can't ignore that |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjvi3hcda |date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian nationalism is rising, with government [...] glorifying Nazi collaborator and promoting antisemitism [. ...]}} * {{cite news |work=Caliber.Az |title=Yerevan court opts against arrest for synagogue attacker |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/yerevan-court-opts-against-arrest-for-synagogue-attacker |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities |url=https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-807058 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Does Armenia have an antisemitism problem? |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/20/does-armenia-have-an-antisemitism-problem |last=Avraham |first=Rachel |date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenians threaten violence against Jews over Azeri relations |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-761659 |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel's war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/education/cfis/cfi-expression/subm-academic-freedom-cso-wjc-world-jewish-congress-input-6.pdf |author=Dr. Haim Ben Yakov |pages=9–12 |publisher=Euro-Asian Jewish Congress |date=May 1, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/06/21/israel/armenia-recognizes-palestine-adding-to-is-strained-ties-with-israel |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state? |url=https://www.jns.org/why-did-armenia-recognize-a-potential-palestinian-terror-state |date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet space]].}}</ref> (a [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] country [[Alliance|allied]] with [[Russia#History of present Russian Federation|Russia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=Telegrafi |title=For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia! |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/for-the-results-of-the-Russian-alliance%2C-ask-the-Armenians |year=2020 |location=[[Albania]] |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=Title: The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Lifeless, Shambling 'Alliance' |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/03/04/the-collective-security-treaty-organization-a-lifeless-shambling-alliance |last=Ambrosio |first=Thomas |date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) |title=Armenia Seeks to Distance Mother Russia |url=https://cepa.org/article/armenia-seeks-to-distance-mother-russia |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=What Is The CSTO Military Alliance? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/csto-military-alliance-background-photos/32991770.html |date=June 13, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Iran's Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia |url=https://jamestown.org/program/irans-paradoxical-expectations-for-political-developments-in-armenia |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=105 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[People's Republic of China|China]],<ref> * {{cite web |website=Armenian National Committee of America |title=China Ready for Closer Ties with Armenia |url=https://anca.org/china-ready-for-closer-ties-with-armenia |year=2015 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JAM-news.net |title=Soft power: China's spheres of influence in Armenia. |url=https://jam-news.net/soft-power-chinas-spheres-of-influence-in-armenia-analysis-and-human-stories |date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Caspian Policy Center |title=CPC {{!}} China-Armenia Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-armenia-bilateral-relations |date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[Iran]]<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion |url=https://jpost.com/opinion/article-802273 |last=Kedar |first=Mordechai | date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran and Armenia sign secret $500 million arms deal |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407248345 |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus |url=https://besacenter.org/secret-weapon-deal-with-armenia-helps-iran-to-disrupt-the-south-caucasus |date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[European Union|EU]] Today |title=Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil |url=https://eutoday.net/iran-embraces-armenia-widening-its-axis-of-evil |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Daily Monitor |title=Iran's Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia's Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market |url=https://jamestown.org/program/expanding-iran-armenia-energy-ties-combat-yerevans-reliance-on-russian-oil |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=170 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> and [[Syria#2010s|Syria]] under [[Bashar al-Assad]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble |url=https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-armenias-syrian-gamble |volume=15 |issue=129 |last=Abrahamyan |first=Eduard |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Eurasianet |title=US rebukes Armenia over Syria deployment |url=https://eurasianet.org/us-rebukes-armenia-over-syria-deployment |date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Public Radio of Armenia |title=Syria stands by Armenia in overcoming challenges – Bashar al-Assad |url=https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/15/syria-stands-by-armenia-in-overcoming-challenges-bashar-al-assad |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Armenpress |title=Syrian Ambassador calls for international actions to restrain Azerbaijan and Turkey's ambitions towards Armenia |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1132160 |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Arminfo |title=Current situation in region brings new challenges for both Armenia and Syria - Speaker |url=https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=83375&lang=3 |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> who killed over 400,000 Syrians<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Washington Institute |title=The UN Process and the War Crimes of Assad |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/un-process-and-war-crimes-assad |last=al-Labwani |first=Mohamad Kamal |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |title=The evidence of Syrian President Bashar Assad and his regime's legacy of war crimes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bashar-al-assad-syria-evidence-war-crimes-60-minutes-2021-07-11 |date=July 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Hoover Institution |title=The Case Against Assad |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/case-against-assad |date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=French court issues arrest warrant for Bashar al-Assad for complicity in war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/french-court-arrest-warrant-bashar-al-assad-crimes-against-humanity-syria |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=France ONU |title="Bashar Al-Assad is guilty of war crimes" - France ONU |url=https://onu.delegfrance.org/bashar-al-assad-is-guilty-of-war-crimes |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Atlantic Council |title=How to hold the Assad regime accountable, even as countries normalize relations with Syria |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-to-hold-the-assad-regime-accountable-even-as-countries-normalize-relations-with-syria |last=Baker |first=Elise |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Syria: The Impunity of the Assad Regime Must Never be Normalized |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/syria-the-impunity-of-the-assad-regime-must-never-be-normalized |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad over alleged war crimes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-issues-arrest-warrant-for-syrias-president-assad-over-alleged-war-crimes-13009450 |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Commission for International Justice and Accountability |title=First indictment in Belgium for war crimes under Assad's regime in Syria |url=https://cijaonline.org/news/2024/1/29/first-indictment-in-belgium-for-war-crimes-under-assads-regime-in-syria |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref>) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country.<ref name="S(A)" /> Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]], is still [[Popularity|popular]] among Armenians.<ref name="GN1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/armenian-monument-to-nazi-collaborator-draws-criticism-457072 |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=War History Online |title=Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/controversial-statue-nzhdeh-erected.html |date=July 2, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New Eastern Europe |title=How Armenia's glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed |url=https://neweasterneurope.eu/2016/07/20/how-armenia-s-glorification-of-a-nazi-collaborator-has-gone-unnoticed |date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |last=Golinkin |first=Lev |title=Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia |url=https://forward.com/news/462657/nazi-collaborator-monuments-in-armenia |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian [[Fascism#Main idea|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh, whose [[Soldier|soldiers]] [[Volunteering|served]] the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], has 20 [[Street|streets]] [[Eponym|named after]] him}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=An Armenian leader's false Holocaust analogy |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-holocaust-survivors/azerbaijan/23/9/20/320418 |date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The [[American Jews|American Jewish community]] must [[Censure|condemn]] [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]]’s [[False analogy|comparison]] of the [[Republic of Artsakh#History|situation]] in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Karabakh]] [[Holocaust trivialization|to]] [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s [[Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust|ghettos]].}}</ref><ref name="GN2"> * {{Cite book |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/great-catastrophe-9780190904784 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |year=2015 |pages=112 |isbn=978-0-19-090478-4 |oclc=1085942778 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The other [[General officer|general]] who [[Volunteering|fought with]] the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazis]] was Dashnak [[veteran]] Garegin Njdeh [...had served in the] [[Russian Empire|tsarist army]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Sofia Globe |title=Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria's 'Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet' |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2019/04/16/plan-for-bust-of-controversial-figure-at-bulgarias-yard-of-the-cyrillic-alphabet |location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/at-auschwitz-liberation-tribute-israel-should-study-tale-of-two-monuments-614769 |last=Jaffe-Hoffman |first=Maayan |date=January 21, 2020 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The [[German people|Germans]] [...] [[Repentance|apologize]] for [[Nazi Germany|their dark past]]. In contrast, [[Lithuanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Poles]] and others are [[Holocaust denial|rewriting and distorting their roles]] in [[The Holocaust|this tragic history]].}} * {{cite book |title=The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy |chapter=From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian |url=https://www.academia.edu/43955951 |last1=Berberian |first1=Houri |last2=Der Matossian |first2=Bedross |year=2020 |publisher=The Press at [[California State University]] |isbn=9780912201672 |pages=53–88 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag |url=https://jpost.com/judaism/article-780769 |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/222261.html |date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Garegin Nzhdeh 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Photography|photo]] of the Armenian [[Fascism|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv R 6 Bild-1451, Lager Schwarzsee, Armenische Freiwillige.jpg|thumb|[[Member|Members]] of the Armenian Legion, a 33,000-man unit in the [[Wehrmacht|Nazi German Army]] between July 1942 and June 1944.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ailsby| first = Christopher| title = Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails| publisher =Spellmount| location= Staplehurst, Kent | year = 2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails/page/n124 123]–124| isbn =1-57488-838-2 }}</ref>]] From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the ''Hairenik'',<ref name="Az">{{cite news |work=Azərtac |title=New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks' sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/new_congressional_document_exposes_armenian_dashnaks_sympathies_for_hitler_and_holocaust-1487229 |date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NBN">{{cite news |work=NewsBlaze News |title=Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia |url=https://newsblaze.com/usnews/national/jww-side-with-armenia_179786 |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> fully backed [[Adolf Hitler]] and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by [[Dehumanization|demonizing]] Jews as "poisonous elements",<ref name="Az" /><ref name="NBN" /> while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Summer-Study-German-Armenian-Relations-During-Second/31815161160/bd |last=Thomassian |first=Levon |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |year=2012 |edition=1 |isbn=9780764340451 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> hunted for Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]" on behalf of the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazi German army]].<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia |last=Gurevich |first=Roman |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/living-in-azerbaijan-as-a-jew-versus-being-jewish-in-armenia-647026 |date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> [[File:ASALA logo white on red.svg|thumb|The logo of the [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA" /> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA).]] ===21st century=== [[File:Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement.png|thumb|The flag of the [[Fascism#Main ideas|pro]]-[[Nazism|Nazi]] Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).]] {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Garegin Nzhdeh2.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in [[Gyumri]], Armenia. | image2 = Garegin Nzhdeh statue.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Another Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in Gyumri, Armenia. }} Despite such history, hundreds of [[Statue|statues]] have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.<ref name="GN1" /><ref name="GN2" /> Meanwhile, the only [[synagogue]] in Armenia's [[Capital city|capital]] [[Yerevan]] was [[Terrorism|attacked]] four times in a row between [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]] and 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/synagogue-yerevan-attack/32988123.html |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when [[Vandal|perpetrators]] threw [[Rock|rocks]] through a [[window]].}}</ref> Members of the [[Marxist-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA"> * {{cite web |website=Ronald Reagan Library |title=Files, 1985-1988 Folder Title: Armenian-Americans (2) Box: 1 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/2021-06/40-219-209207973-001-002-2021.pdf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The George Washington University |title=Armenian Terrorist Matters," January 15, 1988, Secret. |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB502/docs/p2-41-44.pdf |date=January 15, 1988 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-Secret-Army-for-the-Liberation-of-Armenia |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Przystanek Historia |title=A slip-up in Beirut. Polish weapons for ASALA |url=https://przystanekhistoria.pl/pa2/tematy/english-content/102070,A-slip-up-in-Beirut-Polish-weapons-for-ASALA.html |date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Militant Armenian Group Tied to PLO Allegedly Responsible for Synagogue Arson |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/10/04/militant-armenian-group-tied-to-plo-allegedly-responsible-for-synagogue-arson |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]<ref> * [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ * [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu * [[Georgian language|Georgian]]: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია * [[Greek language|Greek]]: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας</ref> (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being [[Arson|set on fire]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Synagogue in Armenia vandalized for second time by militant group: Revenge for Gaza? |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1700134772-synagogue-in-armenia-vandalized-for-second-time-by-militant-group-revenge-for-gaza |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |title=ARMENIA 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/ARMENIA-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO] |url=https://www.azernews.az/aggression/217482.html |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Why Was Armenia's Last Synagogue Set on Fire? |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/blogs/bits-of-insight-and-pieces-of-hope/367186/why-was-armenias-last-synagogue-set-on-fire |date=January 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the [[globe]] as [[Revenge|retribution]] for [[Israel]]’s [[Alliance|close]] [[friendship]] with [...] [[Azerbaijan]].}} * {{cite news |work=OC Media |title=Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year |url=https://oc-media.org/yerevan-synagogue-attacked-for-fourth-time-in-a-year |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fascism]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Roman Empire]] [[Category:Classical antiquity]] [[Category:Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe| ]] a2u89mokwqwmnl4cqvcouod7skf1eud 10330134 10330128 2025-06-14T14:58:49Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Antisemitism]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}}, also known as Judeophobia,<ref> * {{cite book |title=Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674487789 |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Press |date=October 1, 1998 |isbn=9780674487789 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |title=Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753239 |last=Hayes |first=Christine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pages=261–273 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |jstor=stable/40753239 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Demonizing-the-Other-Antisemitism-Racism-and-Xenophobia/Wistrich/p/book/9780415516198?srsltid=AfmBOorY99Ri7050fJeXI_aVojJOJ6Cgs9H9BzucjIJaNJ0g1VHmWr2v |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=December 7, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/185286/Working_Paper_81.pdf |last=Cârstocea |first=Raul |year=2014 |publisher=European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) |location=Flensburg |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Humanity & Society |title=The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160597615601715 |last1=Loveland |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Popescu |first2=Delia |volume=40 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/0160597615601715 |date=September 4, 2015 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> has a long [[History of Europe|history]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="Analyses"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |date=March 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> The worst instance of antisemitism in European history is the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> The [[adjective]] of antisemitism is '''antisemitic'''. Those who hold antisemitic views are called '''antisemites'''.<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet magazine |title=Intersectional Antisemitism in America |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/intersectional-antisemitism-america |last=Vidino |first=Lorenzo |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of [[Progressivism|progressive]] principles while espousing the same [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|trite tropes]] that depict [[Antisemitism#Modern|Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism]], [[colonialism]] (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and [[white privilege]].}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Anti-Zionism' has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland |url=https://fathomjournal.org/anti-zionism-has-become-the-new-antisemitism-in-ireland |last=Sears |first=Oliver |year=2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spiked |title=Who is the Guardian to call spiked 'hard right'? |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2024/12/09/who-is-the-guardian-to-call-spiked-hard-right |last=Slater |first=Tom |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=While it [[Smear campaign|smears]] us as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]], it stands accused of harbouring [[Misogyny|misogynists]] and anti-Semites.}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau's Canada |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/explosion-of-jew-hate-in-canada-trudeau-israel-palestine |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] or antisemites of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing variety]]. They are being carried out by self-described [[Progressivism|progressives]], Arabs [... .]}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Pity the Poor Antisemite |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377749/pity-the-poor-antisemite |last=Socken |first=Paul |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.}}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:Expulsion judios-en selection.svg|thumb|[[Map]] of expulsions of [[Jew#Middle Ages|Jews]] from various European regions, [[Circa|ca.]] [[12th century|1100]]–[[16th century|1600]] [[Anno Domini|AD]].]] {{Main|Jews#History|Inquisition|Spanish Inquisition}}{{Further|Antisemitism#Etymology}} ===20th Century=== {{Main|Pogrom|The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Nazism|Nazi Germany}} [[Image:Haus der Deutschen Kunst, Nazi Germany Grundsteinlegung 15.10.1933 House of German Art foundation stone. Hilter, Esser, Nuntius Vasallo di Torregrossa. Heute versteh ich Sie. NSDAP Propaganda Reichstagswahl 12 Nov Election poster xx1990.tif|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] (1889–1945) shaking hands with Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), a high-ranking [[The Vatican|Vatican]] [[clergy]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Nazi Germany]].]] ====The Holocaust==== {{Main|The Holocaust|List of Nazi concentration camps|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}}{{Further|Kristallnacht|Babi Yar|Ante Pavelić|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} [[File:"Nebuď služobníkom žida"—Slovak propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|A poster from the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)]]: ''"Do not be a [[servant]] to the Jew: he who associates with a Jew will sink down to his level."'']][[File:Jože Beranek - V usodnem trenutku nož v hrbet.jpeg|thumb|Antisemitic poster in Nazi-occupied Slovenia saying "A knife in the back at the fateful moment", referring to the stab-in-the-back myth popular among Germans back then.]] The Holocaust was a [[genocide]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=The ten stages of genocide |url=https://hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=What is Genocide? {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not "Genocide" |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-reasons-why-the-events-in-gaza-are-not-genocide |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Genocide {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> committed by [[Nazi Germany]] from 1933 to 1945 during [[World War II]]. It was known as the ''[[Final Solution]]''. The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to 67% of Jews – at least 6,000,000.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> The [[Mein Kampf|planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Anne Frank House |title=Adolf Hitler publishes 'Mein Kampf' |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/6/adolf-hitler-publishes-mein-kampf |date=July 18, 1925 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title='Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave/2015/02/24/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |last=Faiola |first=Anthony |date=February 24, 2015}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fascism |title=Latvia's ''Pērkonkrusts'': Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2211624915000066#fn8 |last=Kott |first=Matthew |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |date=November 23, 2015 |doi=10.1163/22116257-00402007 |access-date=October 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=German History |title=Hitler's Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/41/1/134/6847778?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |last2=Michalczyk |first2=Susan A. |last3=Bryant |first3=Michael S. |date=November 26, 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Holocaust inversion|Holocaust trivialization|Calls for the destruction of Israel|Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century}} In a 2013 research of 5,847 Jews in [[Europe]], 76% [[Perception|thought]] that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about [[Emigration|moving]] [[List of countries|countries]] as they [[Feeling|felt]] [[Danger|unsafe]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] |title=Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf |year=2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> A 2023 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] research found that as many as one-third of [[Western Europe|Western Europeans]] believed in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|stereotypes of Jews]]. This was reportedly worse in some eastern European countries, particularly [[Hungary]] (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-finds-harmful-antisemitic-stereotypes-remain-deeply-entrenched |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> In [[Eastern Europe]], the level of antisemitism is found to be high.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-eastern-europe |date=December 17, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish group's report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|acts]] in [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Poland]] in 2022, more than 4 times the total [[Statistics|cited]] by the [[European Union]] the [[2021|previous year]]}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |title=Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/10/23/middle-east-conflict-sparks-uptick-in-anti-semitic-incidents-in-south-east-europe |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Israel–Hamas war|Ongoing violence]] in [[Israel–Palestine conflict|Israel-Palestine]] is being [[Correlation|linked]] to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] [[vandalism]] of [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[Memorial|sites]] in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Balkans|South-Eastern Europe]].}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Opinion|Remarks]] by rights chief come as civil society groups [[Advocacy|warn of]] a rise in antisemitism amid [[Israel-Hamas war]]}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Human rights|Rights]] (FRA) |title=Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/jews-europe-still-face-high-levels-antisemitism |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> The cause of persistent antisemitism in Europe is under debate.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=How Jewish journalist Ruth Elkrief wound up in the middle of France's debate over antisemitism and Islamophobia |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/02/21/global/how-jewish-journalist-ruth-elkrief-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-frances-debate-over-antisemitism-and-islamophobia |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=An Inconvenient Truth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/inconvenient-truth-germany-antisemitism-august-hanning |last=Hanning |first=August |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former German Intelligence head blames far-left and Muslim migrants for growing antisemitism |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/former-german-intelligence-head-blames-muslim-migrants-for-growing-antisemitism-dzram88h |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=German MPs to name Muslim Jew-hatred as antisemitism vector |url=https://www.jns.org/german-mps-to-name-muslim-jew-hatred-as-antisemitism-vector |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=From Nazis to Jihadists: Antisemitism, the cancer of the West |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkbkamcz1x |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Antisemitism Among Migrant Populations in Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/antisemitism-among-migrant-populations-in-europe |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=European Muslim Antisemitism: Why Young Urban Males Say They Don't Like Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzdvm |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt16gzdvm |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-253-01518-1 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Pop Islam: How Germany is tackling the new Islamic antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/pop-islam-how-germany-is-tackling-the-new-islamic-antisemitism |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |year=2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Wall Street Journal (WSJ) |title=Antisemitism Among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=National Review |title=How Mass Immigration Makes Antisemitism Worse |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/12/how-mass-immigration-makes-antisemitism-worse |last=Murray |first=Douglas |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A 2024 [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] research found that 46% of world adult population (around 2,200,000,000 people) held deeply entrenched antisemitic beliefs.<ref>{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Notably, 82% of Greece's population believed that "Jews have too much power in the business world,"<ref name="EuronewsJan2025">{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Antisemitic attitudes have doubled over a decade, survey finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/01/15/antisemitic-atttitudes-have-doubled-over-a-decade-survey-finds |date=January 15, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |quote=In some EU countries, as many as four-fifths of the population believe in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|tropes such as Jews controlling the media]], the [[Anti-Defamation League]] said.}}</ref> while 40% of Belgium's population believed that "Jews have too much control over media and global affairs" and 61% believed that "Jews are only loyal to Israel."<ref name="EuronewsJan2025" /> {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Antisemitism in Europe (Polling agency: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Country ! colspan="2"|% population holding [[Bias|biases]] against Jews<br />(95% confidence level)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Greece''' |align=right| {{bartable|69||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Armenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|58||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Poland''' |align=right| {{bartable|45||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bulgaria''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Serbia''' |align=right| {{bartable|42||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hungary''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belarus''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''France''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Azerbaijan''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Lithuania''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Romania''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Croatia''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bosnia and Herzegovina''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Georgia''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Russia''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Moldova''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Spain''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Montenegro''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Latvia''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Austria''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Slovenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belgium''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Germany''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Switzerland''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Estonia''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Portugal''' |align=right| {{bartable|21||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ireland''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Italy''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Iceland''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Norway''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Finland''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Czech Republic''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Denmark''' |align=right| {{bartable|9||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''United Kingdom''' |align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Netherlands''' |align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Sweden''' |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:#8000FF}} |} ==Croatia== ===20th century=== {{Main|Ante Pavelić|Ustaše|Independent State of Croatia|Catholic Church and the Independent State of Croatia}} ===21st century=== ====Croatian Wikipedia==== {{Main|Croatian Wikipedia}} Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who [[Disinformation|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] by [[Censorship|censoring]]<ref name="WikiAS1"> * {{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/croatian-wikipedia-fascist-takeover-controversy-right-wing |title=How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history |last=Sampson |first=Tim |work=dailydot.com |access-date=July 1, 2015 |date=October 1, 2013}} * {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/08/04/mens-rights-activists-think-a-hateful-feminist-conspiracy-is-ruining-wikipedia/ |title=Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia |last=Dewey |first=Caitlin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=8 April 2020 |date=4 August 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-state-sponsored-disinformation |title=The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles |date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/wikipedia-jewish-problem |title=Wikipedia's Jewish Problem |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=[...] Wikipedia’s articles are [...] [[Big lie|feeding]] [[World population|billions of people]] [...] [[Disinformation|dangerously skewed narratives]] [...] “[[Holocaust trivialization|minimize[d]]] [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Polish antisemitism]], [[Exaggeration|exaggerate[d]]] the Poles’ role in saving Jews,” [[Victim blaming|blamed Jews for the Holocaust]] [...].}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed': New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and make Jews out to be the bad guys.}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/article-825520 |last=Heller |first=Mathilda |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=December 12, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> the war crimes of the [[Axis powers#Client states|pro]]-[[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[Ustaše]]-ruled [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH)<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/the-holocaust-in-croatia.html |title=The Holocaust in Croatia |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.<ref name="novi">{{cite web |url=http://www.novilist.hr/Vijesti/Hrvatska/Jovanovic-Djeco-ne-baratajte-hrvatskom-Wikipedijom-jer-su-sadrzaji-falsificirani |title=Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani |work=Novi list |date=September 13, 2013 |trans-title=Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries" |access-date=September 13, 2013 |language=hr}}</ref> The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac |title=Jasenovac |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite book |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jasenovac-camp |title=Concentration Camps: Jasenovac |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |isbn=978-1-032-35379-1 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures |title=Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0888325416653657 |last1=Odak |first1=Stipe |last2=Benčić |first2=Andriana |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=July 10, 2016 |doi=10.1177/0888325416653657 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal |title=Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory |last1=Kuznar |first1=Andriana Bencic |last2=Pavlakovic |first2=Vjeran |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |doi=10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583 |date=May 10, 2023 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |title=Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past |author=Marko Attila Hoare |volume=66 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–293 |date=June 5, 2024 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453 |access-date=October 24, 2024}}</ref> as a "collection camp".<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, [[advocacy]] groups and media critics.<ref name="WikiAS1" /> Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with [[:hr:Kategorija:Popis potvrđenih čarapaka (suradnik Kubura)|80 sockpuppet accounts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_Disinformation_Assessment-2021 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=Meta Wikimedia |language=en |quote=Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and [[Sociocultural theory|socio-cultural]] positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian [[Far-right politics|radical right]] political parties and [[National conservatism|ultra-conservative]] [[Populism|populist]] movements. The group has been [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system|using its positions of power]] to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and [[Subversion|subvert]] Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.}}</ref> ==Ireland== {{Main|Antisemitism in Ireland}} [[File:Banner of the Blueshirts.svg|thumb|The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB"> * {{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/eoin-o-duffy-the-blueshirts-and-fascism-1.413587 |date=February 9, 2005 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism |url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/books/the-jew-at-the-centre-of-irish-nationalism-cfdvxcyw |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ireland Israel Alliance |title=Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history |url=https://www.irelandisrael.ie/blog/anti-semitism-in-ireland |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Fascist Lit and Hungary's Future |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/hungary-viktor-orban-anti-semitism |last=Goldman |first=David P. |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=TPQ |title=Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism |url=https://www.thepensivequill.com/2021/09/fine-gaels-historical-flirtations-with.html |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts''.]][[File:Blueshirts leadership, circa 1934.jpg|thumb|Pro-Nazi antisemitic<ref name="IRB" /> Irish Catholic ''Blueshirts'' marching down the street.]] ===Overview=== Ireland has been predominantly [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] throughout [[History of Ireland|history]].<ref name="IRH"> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social History |title=Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786692 |last=Miller |first=David W. |year=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |doi=10.1353/jsh/9.1.81 |jstor=3786692 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Saothar |title='As Catholic As The Pope': James Connolly and the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195983 |last1=Newsinger |first1=John |last2=Newsinger |first2=James |year=1986 |volume=11 |pages=7–18 |jstor=23195983 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |title=Catholic Identity in Contemporary Ireland: Belief and Belonging to Tradition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537900701331064 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/13537900701331064 |last=Inglis |first=Tom |date=September 21, 2010 |volume=22 |issue=2 |hdl=10197/5238 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Furrow |title=Catholic Ireland: Past, Present and Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24635656 |last=Martin |first=Diarmuid |volume=64 |issue=6 |year=2013 |pages=323–331 |jstor=24635656 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Social History of Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/cambridge-social-history-of-modern-ireland/69A9E4021C3E3C24751B9C5E92AE6FE2 |last1=Biagini |first1=Eugenio F. |last2=Daly |first2=Mary E. |date=April 27, 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107095588 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.<ref name="IRH" /> ===Modern period=== Specialized historians said that Irish Catholics played an active role in the [[Spanish Inquisition#Background|Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews]] (1478–1834),<ref> * {{cite book |title=Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137465900 |last=O’Connor |first=Thomas |year=2016 |doi=10.1057/9781137465900 |isbn=978-1-349-69094-7 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Maynooth University Department of History |title=Role of Irish people in the Spanish Inquisition explored |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/history/news/role-irish-people-spanish-inquisition-explored |date=May 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Denis Casey |title=The Irish-Spanish Inquisition Alliance |url=https://deniscasey.com/2023/06/29/the-irish-spanish-inquisition-alliance |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> killing as many as 300,000 Jews over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-520-23346-1 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315261447 |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.140 |pmid=25074462 |pmc=4402619 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> a charge slapped on Jews who were [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] to [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholicism]].<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ===20th century=== Throughout the [[Nazi Germany#History|1930s]] and [[The Holocaust|1940s]], pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="IR4"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Historical Journal |title=The Pro-Axis Underground in Ireland, 1939-1942 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140154 |last=Douglas |first=R. M. |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=1155–1183 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005772 |jstor=4140154 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=Irish Republicanism and Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/IrishRepublicanismandNaziGermany |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Queen's University Belfast |title=The IRA's Links with Nazi Germany {{!}} Frank Ryan |url=https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/frankryan/InterpretativeResources/HistoricalContext/TheIRAslinkswithNaziGermany |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Britain, Ireland and the Second World War |chapter=Fanatic Hearts: the IRA, 1939–45 |url=https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/16478/chapter-abstract/171672488?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Wood |first=Ian S. |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623273.003.0005 |year=2010 |pages=101–137 |isbn=978-0-7486-2327-3 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=Govt apologises for treatment of Irish WWII veterans |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/irish-wwii-veterans-allies-apology-484431-Jun2012 |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Ireland and the Nazis: a troubled history |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/ireland-and-the-nazis-a-troubled-history-1.3076579 |last=O'Driscoll |first=Mervyn |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> which was fighting Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /> ====World War II==== In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG"> * {{cite book |title=Hitler's Irishmen |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781856355896/Hitlers-Irishmen-Terence-OReilly-1856355896/plp |last=O'Reilly |first=Terence |edition=1 |isbn=978-1856355896 |publisher=The Mercier Press Ltd. |location=Dublin |year=2008 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=The Devil's Deal: The IRA, Nazi Germany and the Double Life of Jim O Donovan |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781848400801/Devils-Deal-IRA-Nazi-Germany-1848400802/plp |last=Donoghue |first=Dave O |isbn=978-1848400801 |year=2010 |publisher=New Island |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal |title=IRA leader Seán Russell and the story of Dublin's most controversial statue |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/sean-russell-statue-3549072-Aug2017 |last=Duffy |first=Rónán |date=August 19, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Seán Russell: IRA 'militarist' or Nazi sympathiser? |url=https://independent.ie/irish-news/sean-russell-ira-militarist-or-nazi-sympathiser/39242537.html |last=Downing |first=John |date=May 30, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review |title=Hitler Looks West |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27132618 |last=Whelan |first=Barry |pages=62–73 |volume=111 |issue=441 |publisher=Messenger Publications |jstor=27132618 |year=2022 |doi=10.1353/stu.2022.0005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in [[Northern Ireland]]<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|owned by "Jews and Freemasons"]].<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Declassified [[MI5]] documents stated that IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".<ref name="IR4" /><ref name="IRA&NG" /> Russell told a Nazi official:<ref>{{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=Russell not a Nazi supporter but a physical-force republican |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/russell-not-a-nazi-supporter-but-a-physical-force-republican/28219955.html |date=January 14, 2005 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The British have been our enemies for hundreds of years. They are the enemy of Germany today. If it suits Germany to give us help to achieve independence, I am willing to accept it, but no more, and there must be no strings attached.}} Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat, testified in the [[Nuremberg Trials]]:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the [[Military occupation|occupation]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, [[ammunition]] and [[Explosive material|explosives]].}} Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general, also testified:<ref name="IRA&NG" /> {{Blockquote|text=Frank Ryan{{efn|A deputy of James O'Donovan.|group=lower-alpha}} suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the [[Military occupation|seizure]] of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer{{efn|An [[SS]] leader [[Conviction|convicted]] of [[crimes against humanity]] for contributing to [[the Holocaust]] in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).<ref> * Gutman, Israel; The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (vol.4, p. 1794), New York, Macmillan, 1990. * Zentner, Christian (editor); The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (vol. 2), New York, Macmillan, 1991. * Wistrich, Robert, S; Who's Who in Nazi Germany, New York, Routledge, 1995. * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1158811 |access-date=May 29, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a [[Legitimacy|legitimate]] risk to take.}} After [[Adolf Hitler]]'s death on April 30, 1945, [[Éamon de Valera]], the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister]] of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler<ref name="A" /><ref name="C"> * {{cite journal |journal=Irish Studies in International Affairs |title=Eamon de Valera and Hitler: An Analysis of International Reaction to the Visit to the German Minister, May 1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30001759 |last=Keogh |first=Dermot |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1989 |pages=69–92 |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |jstor=30001759 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Condolences Offered After Hitler's Death |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-dec-31-fg-briefs31.1-story.html |date=December 31, 2005 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Radharc |title='No English Enemy... Ever Stooped so Low': Mike Quill, de Valera's Visit to the German Legation, and Irish-American Attitudes during World War II |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25122352 |last=Hanley |first=Brian |volume=5/7 |year=2004–2006 |pages=245–264 |publisher=Glucksman Ireland House, [[New York University]] |location=[[New York City]] |jstor=25122352 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Nordic Irish Studies |title='Not a mask of power': Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eamon de Valera, and the Oblique Light of a Poetic Elegy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23631042 |volume=12 |year=2013 |pages=13–23 |jstor=23631042 |access-date=December 6, 2024 |last1=Griffin |first1=Martin }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Eamon de Valera's 'moral myopia' in offering condolences to Germany over Hitler's death put Ireland beyond the pale for many people |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/eamon-de-valeras-moral-myopia-in-offering-condolences-to-germany-over-hitlers-death-put-ireland-beyond-the-pale-for-many-people-2846858 |last=Lucy |first=Gordon |date=May 8, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> with backing from the Irish parliament.<ref name="A" /><ref name="C" /> De Valera also denied reports of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] as "anti-national propaganda", reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/11759 |last=Bew |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2009 |isbn=9780199561261 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.001.0001 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ===21st century=== ====2010s==== {{Further|Disinformation|Conspiracy theory|African Americans#History}} Since 2013,<ref name="ISM1"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/04/19/how-myth-irish-slaves-became-favorite-meme-racists-online |date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth |url=https://apnews.com/article/920e1c738df04555bccd56c09770b36d |last=Pogatchnik |first=Shawn |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Trinity College Dublin |title=The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/the-myth-of-the-irish-slave-white-supremacy-and-social-media |date=October 3, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Fact check: 'Irish slaves' meme repeats discredited article |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-irish-slaves-meme-repeats-discredited-article-idUSKBN23Q1KO |date=June 19, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |last=McKee |first=Liam |year=2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ISM2"> * {{cite news |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) |title=Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ireland-slaves-conspiracy-theory-debunked-st-patricks-day-1.4028855 |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Last Updated: March 17, 2017 }} * {{cite news |work=Rebel News (Ireland) |title='Irish Slaves': Debunking the Myth |url=https://www.rebelnews.ie/2020/07/02/irish-slaves-debunking-myth |last=Kelly |first=Brian |date=July 2, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=AFP Fact Check |title=More false claims about 'Irish slaves' spread on social media |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/more-false-claims-about-irish-slaves-spread-social-media |date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=UWEC Spectator |title=The Irish were never slaves |url=https://www.spectatornews.com/opinion/2021/11/the-irish-were-never-slaves |last=Ftouhi |first=Sabrina |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Alton Telegraph |title='Irish slaves' book based on outright lie |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/opinion/article/Irish-slaves-book-based-on-outright-lie-17492050.php |date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> a baseless [[Conspiracy theory|theory]], which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in [[17th century]] [[North America]] before the [[Atlantic slave trade|arrival of African slaves]], has been made popular by [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]] and [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> in both Ireland and the [[United States]].<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves [[myth]]". The myth reportedly originated from the book ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="SOC">{{cite web |website=The O'Brien Press |title=About Sean O'Callaghan |url=https://obrien.ie/sean-ocallaghan |access-date=December 17, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Publishing|published]] by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.<ref name="SOC" /> The myth has been widely condemned by [[Scholar|scholars]] as a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of [[African Americans]] in [[History of the United States|history]],<ref name="ISM1" /><ref name="ISM2" /> who were [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] until [[American Civil War#New Amendments|1865]], [[Jim Crow laws|segregated]] until 1965 and [[Institutional racism|systemically discriminated against]] until now.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=OAH Magazine of History |title=Origins of American Slavery |url=https://academic.oup.com/maghis/article-abstract/19/4/51/1001999 |last=Morgan |first=Philip D. |pages=51–56 |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1093/maghis/19.4.51 |year=2005 |access-date=December 17, 2024 |quote=Published: 01 July 2005 }} * {{cite book |title=Jim Crow America: A Documentary History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ffjm30 |last1=Lewis |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Lewis |first2=J. Richard |publisher=[[University of Arkansas]] Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ffjm30 |jstor=j.ctt1ffjm30 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-55728-895-0 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=American Journal of Sociology |title=The Cost of Color: Skin Color, Discrimination, and Health among African-Americans |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/682162 |last=Monk, Jr. |first=Ellis P. |volume=121 |issue=2 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press |doi=10.1086/682162 |year=2015 |pages=396–444 |pmid=26594713 |access-date=December 17, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US |last1=Molina |first1=Kristine M. |last2=James |first2=Drexler |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/1368430216641304 |year=2016 |pages=439–461 |pmid=28405176 |pmc=5386401 |quote=First published online May 3, 2016 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Health Services Research |title=Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans |author1=Sara N. Bleich PhD |author2=Mary G. Findling PhD, SM |author3=Logan S. Casey PhD |author4=Robert J. Blendon ScD |author5=John M. Benson MA |author6=Gillian K. SteelFisher PhD, MSc |author7=Justin M. Sayde MS |author8=Carolyn Miller MS, MA |pages=1399–1408 |volume=54 |issue=S2 |doi=10.1111/1475-6773.13220 |date=October 29, 2019 |pmid=31663124 |pmc=6864380 |quote=Special Issue: Experiences of Discrimination in America: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality }}</ref> Despite ''To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland'' promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop<ref name="SFB">{{cite web |website=Sinn Féin Bookshop |url=https://www.sinnfeinbookshop.com/to-hell-or-barbados-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ireland |title=To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.<ref name="SFB" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Gerry Adams to meet Hamas leaders {{!}} Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/04/northernireland.northernireland |date=September 4, 2006 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast Telegraph |title=DUP outrage as Sinn Fein delegation meets leader from Hamas |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/dup-outrage-as-sinn-fein-delegation-meets-leader-from-hamas/35249084.html |date=November 28, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Sinn Féin formula on the Middle East? Talk to Hamas, boycott Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/analysis/the-sinn-fein-formula-on-the-middle-east-talk-to-hamas-boycott-israel-ml26pmof |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UnHerd |title=Sinn Féin's hollow Hamas stance: Hypocrisy underscores its call for the return of an Irish-Israel hostage |url=https://unherd.com/2023/11/sinn-feins-hollow-hamas-stance |last=McCartney |first=Jenny |date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Hamas a future partner for peace, says Northern Ireland's First Minister |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/08/hamas-peace-sinn-fein-michelle-oneill-israel-gaza |date=February 8, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 }}</ref> ====2020s==== In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the [[Israel–Hamas war]]'s escalation, where antisemites felt justified to [[Harassment|harass]] Jews under the guise of supporting [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe<ref> * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Antisemitism in Ireland 'Blatant and Obvious' in Wake of Hamas Onslaught, Says Jewish Former Cabinet Minister Alan Shatter |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/03/12/antisemitism-ireland-blatant-obvious-wake-hamas-onslaught-says-jewish-former-cabinet-minister-alan-shatter |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Old antisemitism; new pro-Palestinian trends: Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2024/05/28/old-antisemitism-new-pro-palestinian-trends-why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why being Jewish in Ireland has become dangerous |url=https://www.jns.org/why-being-jewish-in-ireland-has-become-dangerous |last=Shtrauchler |first=Nissan |date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> for the [[Approximation|approximately]] 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population<ref>{{cite web |website=Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) |title=How many Jews live in Ireland? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-ireland |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that * the Jews "[[Antisemitism#Ancient|killed Jesus]]" * Israel was "uniquely aggressive" * Judaism "believed that violence and war are sometimes necessary" * the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] was a "prisoner of war camp" rather than an [[extermination camp]] were widely circulated in Irish schools<ref name="IR6"> * {{cite web |website=IMPACT-se |title=Ireland Review |url=https://www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/EU-Textbooks-Ireland-Review.pdf |year=2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Irish schoolbooks 'trivialise Holocaust', report warns |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/irish-schoolbooks-trivialise-holocaust-report-warns |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Irish textbooks say Jesus was from 'Palestine,' downplay Auschwitz |url=https://www.jns.org/irish-textbooks-say-jesus-was-from-palestine-downplay-auschwitz |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Irish School Textbooks Disparage Judaism, Defame Israel, Watchdog Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/11/05/irish-school-textbooks-disparage-judaism-defame-israel-watchdog-finds |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Jews are Jesus-killers and Israel is uniquely aggressive: what Irish pupils are taught |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/jews-are-jesus-killers-and-israel-is-uniquely-aggressive-what-irish-pupils-are-taught-dhqmypgo |date=November 13, 2024 }}</ref> and shaping children's mind.<ref name="IR6" /> The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress.<ref>{{cite web |website=European Jewish Congress |title=Report reveals troubling pattern of Holocaust minimisation in Irish textbooks |url=https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/ireland/report-reveals-troubling-pattern-of-holocaust-minimisation-in-irish-textbooks |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Government of Ireland]] has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.<ref name="IR6" /> ===Critique=== David Collier, an [[Irish people|Irish]] researcher in Middle East affairs,<ref name="IR1">{{cite magazine |magazine=Middle East Forum |title=David Collier: What Explains Ireland's Extreme Antisemitism? |url=https://www.meforum.org/david-collier-what-explains-ireland-extreme |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> noted that antisemitism among contemporary [[Irish people|Irish]] is derived from<ref name="IR1" /> * Religious antisemitism: Classic [[Catholic Church#Other websites|Christian]] belief that "[[Supersessionism|Christians are the new Jews]]" as "the Jews [[Antisemitism#Ancient|killed]] [[Jesus]]" * Political antisemitism: ** [[Populism|Popularity]] of the Irish [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] Sinn Féin party whose [[Arthur Griffith#Antisemitism|founders promoted conspiracy theories about Jews]] ** Projection of anti-British sentiment onto Israel<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=IRA-PLO cooperation: A long, cozy relationship |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/ira-plo-cooperation-a-long-cozy-relationship |last=Gannon |first=Sean |date=April 7, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Spectator |title=Hamas has made the same fatal mistake as the IRA |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/is-it-already-over-for-hamas |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tracing the Deep Roots of Ireland's Support for Palestinians |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/02/world/europe/ireland-palestinians-support.html |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Ireland's History Explains Its Hostility Towards Israel and Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/05/irelands-history-explains-its-hostility-towards-israel-and-jews |date=January 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |title=Why Ireland is one of the most pro-Palestinian nations in the world |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/03/14/1233395830/ireland-pro-palestinian |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> due to the belief that "Britain gave the Jews Israel" is similar to the [[British people|British]] settler colonialism in the history of Ireland.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Why Israel is Not a Settler Colonial State |url=https://www.ajc.org/why-israel-is-not-a-settler-colonial-state |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Israel's founding was complex and messy – but it certainly wasn't imperialist |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/03/02/israels-founding-was-complex-and-messy-but-not-imperialist |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Unraveling the false branding of Israel as a settler-colonial state - opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-805116 |date=June 6, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=The False Narrative of Settler Colonialism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/08/how-settler-colonialism-colonized-universities/679514 |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Foreign Policy |title=Settler Colonialism Isn't What You Think It Is |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/11/15/israel-palestine-settler-colonialism-south-africa-west-bank-gaza |last=Greenstein |first=Ran |date=November 15, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Irish Central |title=Irish Americans are full of self pity and fake victimhood says top Irish columnist |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/others/irish-americans-self-pity-fake-victimhood |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=UCSD Department of History |title=Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism |url=https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/undergraduate/honors-theses/Slaves-To-A-Myth.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Archive {{!}} Intellectual Incitement: The Anti-Zionist Ideology and the Anti-Zionist Subject (2015) |url=https://fathomjournal.org/archive-intellectual-incitement-the-anti-zionist-ideology-and-the-anti-zionist-subject-2015 |last=Johnson |first=Alan |year=2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=From British Imperialism to 'Globohomo': Analysing the Irish Far-Right's Engagement with Irish Nationalism on Telegram |url=https://gnet-research.org/2023/09/22/from-british-imperialism-to-globohomo-analysing-the-irish-far-rights-engagement-with-irish-nationalism-on-telegram |last=Molloy |first=Joshua |date=September 22, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Belfast News Letter |title=Cillian McGrattan: Irish nationalism's sense of victimhood is buttressed by spurious claims about Israel |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/cillian-mcgrattan-irish-nationalisms-sense-of-victimhood-is-buttressed-by-spurious-claims-about-israel-4579926 |last=McGrattan |first=Cillian |date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=December 6, 2024 }}</ref> ==Spain== ===Middle Ages=== The 7th century saw the Christian [[Visigothic Kingdom|Visgothic]] demand of Jews to convert or leave,<ref name="May2025Analysis">{{cite web |website=Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) |title=From Inquisition to Eurovision: Spain’s Long History of Antisemitism and the Politicization of Hate |url=https://combatantisemitism.org/special-features/from-inquisition-to-eurovision-spains-long-history-of-antisemitism-and-the-politicization-of-hate |date=May 27, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> followed by the 12th-century Muslim Almohad Caliphate's compulsion of Jews to [[Conversion to Islam|convert]] or be killed,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> which caused the famous Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]] into exile.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were made to pick either [[baptism]] or [[Execution|death]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] territories [[Reconquista|reconquered]].<ref name="AJC">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ===Modern period=== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Catholicism#Other websites|Catholic]] [[Spanish Empire]] unleashed a [[Institutional racism|systematic]] [[campaign]] of [[persecution]] of Jews, [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJC" /> As many as 300,000 Jews under Catholic Spanish rule were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|religious anti-Judaism]] to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Between 1939 and 1975, [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic conspiracy theories]] formed the main theme of [[Francoist Spain|Francoist]] propaganda,<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> especially the charge of "Judeo-Bolshevism" once promoted by Nazi Germany to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="May2025Analysis" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Architects of Terror: Paranoia, Conspiracy and Anti-Semitism in Franco’s Spain |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/architects-of-terror-paranoia-conspiracy-and-anti-semitism-in-francos-spain-paul-preston?variant=43719401209890 |last=Preston |first=Paul |isbn=9780008522117 |date=July 18, 2023 |access-date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> Isabel M. Peralta, a far-right Spanish figure, said in a 2021 rally that "Zionist and certain strata of that [[Race (sociology)|race]] [Jews] are the people that control the world," referring to the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|more common false claim]].<ref name="May2025Analysis" /> ===21st century=== [[File:Corona-mentira (20210214 132214).jpg|thumb|A graffiti on Calle del Doctor Luis Calandre in Cartagena, Spain, where the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was depicted as a ''corona-mentira'' ("corona-lie") created by Jews symbolized by the [[Star of David]].]] For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition.<ref name="SI4">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities |url=https://theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/29/spain-black-legend-inquisition-conquistadors |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=April 29, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2024 |quote=Campaigners want to reclaim the country’s past from ‘distorted propaganda’}}</ref> Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions<ref name="SI4" /> to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.<ref name="SI4" /> In 2023, an [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] poll found that 26% of Spain's population held [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|antisemitic beliefs]],<ref name="ES2023">{{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> followed by [[Belgium]] (24%), [[France]] (17%), [[Germany]] (12%) and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] (10%).<ref name="ES2023" /> In 2024, Spanish Jews make up 0.093% of Spain's population of 48,370,000. In April, the Observatory for Religious Freedom and Conscience found that at least 36 attacks had happened to Spanish Jews between 7 October 2023 and 19 April 2024, about six attacks per month.<ref>{{cite news |work=Contando Estrelas |title=36 attacks in 6 months against Jews in Spain, with a government praised by Hamas |url=https://www.outono.net/elentir/2024/04/22/36-attacks-in-6-months-against-jews-in-spain-with-a-government-praised-by-hamas |date=April 22, 2024 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> In July, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights found that 78% of Spanish Jews saw antisemitism as a big problem in Spain.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Is it safe to be Jewish in Spain? |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sknnrtnmyg |last=Grave-Lazie |first=Lidar |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> ==France== {{Main|Antisemitism in France}} ===Classical antiquity=== Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe. As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |doi=10.2307/1453586 |jstor=1453586 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-691-09014-6 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-19046-7 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] – then part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] – in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ====11th century==== Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the [[Capetian dynasty]], when the King of France [[Robert II of France|Robert the Pious]] attempted to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France,<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |doi=10.1057/9781403913821_3 |isbn=978-1-349-42499-3 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |issue=3 |doi=10.1023/A:1014208904545 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8122-1956-2 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with the Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ====Deportations==== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsion campaigns of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Modern period=== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |volume=1 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-20925-1 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |doi=10.4324/9781315023229-6 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |isbn=978-3-031-18711-7 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> ====19th century==== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |isbn=9780198724834}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |pages=464–485 |isbn=978-3-11-010776-0 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-56661-6 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive [[Dreyfus affair]] in 1894, when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]].<ref name="F13" /> Dreyfus was not vindicated until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ===20th century=== ====World War II==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |publisher=Stanford University Press |access-date=December 25, 2024 |isbn=9781503609815}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref name="F8" /> ====Post-war==== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left activist seen as an "[[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist", published books denying the Holocaust as a "distraction from [[class struggle]] playing into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]."<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |DUPLICATE_first2=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |pages=227–241 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access}}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |last=Shields |first=James G. |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ===21st century=== Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |pages=71–82 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EICTP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: 'Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country' |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> According to the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear [[Keffiyeh|keffiyehs]] in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> In June 2025, a French court [[Sentencing|sentenced]] three [[Teenager|teens]] to jail, ruling that the rape was driven by antisemitism based on the teens' use of [[Pejorative|slurs]] like "dirty Jew".<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=French teens sentenced for antisemitic gang rape of Jewish girl |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/bj2zogo7gx |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Poland== {{Main|Racism in Poland#Jews}}{{Further|Jedwabne pogrom (1941)|Kraków pogrom|Jan Żaryn}} [[File:Pod Pręgierz, 1937 r. Kto u Żyda kupuje, ten zdrajcą narodu.jpg|thumb|A clipping from the daily ''Pod Pręgierz'', 1937, entitled "Whoever buys from a Jew is a [[traitor]] to the [[nation]]".]] ==Romania== {{Main|Iași pogrom|Odessa massacre (1941)}}{{further|Massacres of Jews during the Russo-Turkish Wars|Iron Guard}} ===Holocaust denial=== ====Under communism (1947–1989)==== [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu.jpg|thumb|A photo of the antisemitic [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian]] [[Communism|communist]] [[tyrant]]<ref name="NC1"> * {{cite news |work=Los Angeles Times |title=ROMANIA: DEATH OF A DICTATOR : Ceausescu – Tyrant Who Posed as a Statesman : Dictatorship: The executed leader will be remembered as a ruler who believed he could stay the same while all around him changed. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-26-mn-1001-story.html |date=December 26, 1989 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Life And Evil Times Of Ceausescu |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780091746728/Life-Evil-Times-Nicolae-Ceausescu-0091746728/plp |last=Sweeney |first=John |year=1991 |publisher=Hutchison |isbn=9780091746728 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |title=Executing a dictator: Open wounds of Romania's Christmas revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50821546 |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Independent |title='Shameful but necessary': How the Romanian rulers who starved their people met their end |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/ceausescu-romania-bucharest-communism-politics-history-a9234806.html |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Cato Institute |title=The Rise and Fall of Nicolae Ceausescu, "the Romanian Fuehrer" |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/rise-fall-nicolae-ceausescu-romanian-fuehrer |date=December 31, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NC2"> * {{cite book |title=Red Horizons: The True Story of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescus' Crimes, Lifestyle, and Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ7LSucBylAC&dq=info:79IN0oDNthEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR13 |last=Pacepa |first=Ion Mihai |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1990 | isbn=978-0-89526-746-7 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Intelligence and National Security |title=The Securitate and the police state in Romania, 1964–89 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02684529408432238 |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |year=1994 |volume=9 |pages=22–49 |doi=10.1080/02684529408432238 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/inside-the-securitate-archives |title=Inside the Securitate Archives |date=March 4, 2005 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/ikea-funds-romania-secret-police-communist-era |title=Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/12/25/keys-mikes-spies-how-the-securitate-stole-romanias-privacy |title=Keys, Mikes, Spies – How the Securitate Stole Romania's Privacy |date=December 25, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].]] Under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist rule]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Romania's role in the Holocaust was officially [[Holocaust denial|denied]]. It was blamed on the [[Germans]] and [[Hungarians]].<ref name="R3">{{cite journal |journal=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) |title=The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust |url=https://jcpa.org/article/the-banality-of-history-and-memory-romanian-society-and-the-holocaust |last=Weinbaum |first=Laurence |publisher=[[Israel]] Council of Foreign Relations |issue=45 |date=June 1, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref> Romanians were [[Brainwashing|taught]] about the "[[Hero|heroic]] [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] resistance," with an emphasis on the anti-Nazi battles fought following Romania defection to the [[Allies (World War II)|Allies]]. Many former subordinates of Ion Antonescu served in the [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Securitate secret police] of Nicolae Ceaușescu<ref name="R3" /> and to help him [[Oppression|oppress]] Romanians.<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> Meanwhile, Nicolae Ceaușescu reportedly believed in [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|lies about Jews]], including ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', and [[Definition|defined]] ''Jew'' as a "money-changer" and an "[[Extortion|extortionist]]" in an official English–Romanian [[dictionary]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=+972 Magazine |url=https://www.972mag.com/israel-romanian-dictator-anti-semitism |title=Israel embraced Romanian dictator's support — knowing he was anti-Semitic |last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ====Post-communist age (1989 – )==== Since the fall of Ceaușescu's [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist regime]],<ref name="NC1" /><ref name="NC2" /> a systematic effort to whitewash the war criminals, especially Ion Antonescu, has been observed by scholars. Antonescu is praised by some so-called historians as a hero who waged a "[[Crusade|holy war]] against [[Communism|Bolshevism]]."<ref name="R3" /> Acts of Holocaust denial<ref>{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * '''Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]]''' * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of [[antisemitism]]. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}</ref> by politicians occurred from time to time, notable of whom include Ion Iliescu, the former President of Romania (2000–2004). He made similar claims to those of Ceaușescu that there was "no Holocaust within Romania" and that the [[Polish people|Poles]], Jews and communists "were treated equally," while denying the Romanian role in the Holocaust and the verified Romanian Jewish death toll.<ref name="R3" /> An international inquiry, led by Romanian-American Jewish writer [[Elie Wiesel]], identified all the evidence of Romania's role in the Holocaust. The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”'', '''INSHR'''), a state-funded Holocaust research center, was also founded in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |website=Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania |url=https://www.inshr-ew.ro/en |title=INSHR – Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie Wiesel" |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> In November 2021, the Romanian parliament passed a law, by a large majority, to require the teaching of the Holocaust and Jewish history from 2023. The only group opposing it was the nationalist party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR). The AUR was condemned by the INSHR.<ref>{{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/04/romanian-nationalist-party-opposes-holocaust-education-in-schools |title=Romanian Nationalist Party Opposes Holocaust Education in Schools |date=January 4, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Since September 2023, the Holocaust and Jewish history have become part of the high school curriculum in Romania.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-marks-decision-teach-jewish-history-holocaust-schools-2023-10-03 |title=Romania marks decision to teach Jewish history, Holocaust in schools |date=October 3, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=New Line Magazine |url=https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-romania-students-see-parallels-between-today-and-the-pre-holocaust-era |title=In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era |last=Coakley |first=Amanda |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> ==Germany== ===20th century=== {{Main|Antisemitism#The Holocaust}} ===21st century=== ====2010s==== [[File:Openly antisemitic Protester in Berlin (17.7.2014).jpg|thumb|A man with Nazi [[Tattoo|tattoos]] overshadowed by a [[Yasser Arafat]] [[portrait]] from behind.]] A 2017 [[Bielefeld University]]'s research reported that those identified with the [[Far-left politics|far left]] and [[Far-right politics|far right]] committed roughly the same proportion of antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]], with most perpetrators found to be individuals of Muslim background.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus |url=https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |last1=Zick |first1=Andreas |last2=Hövermann |first2=Andreas |last3=Jensen |first3=Silke |last4=Bernstein |first4=Julia |publisher=Universität Bielefeld ([[Bielefeld University]]) |year=2017 |location=[[Bielefeld]] |pages=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428115221/https://uni-bielefeld.de/ikg/daten/JuPe_Bericht_April2017.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The research was echoed by Germany's [https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203104815/https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/security/protection-of-the-constitution/protection-of-the-constitution.html |date=2024-12-03 }} (BfV), which asserted that certain [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups' antisemitic rhetoric significantly challenged Germany's [[Peace|peaceful]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] [[society]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung) |url=https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/vsbericht-2017-kurzzusammenfassung |page=30 |work=Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz |date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=2018-09-30 |language=de}}</ref> In a follow-up [[European Union|EU]] research in 2018, 41% of antisemitic attacks were found to have been committed by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]], 20% by those identified with the far right and 16% by the far left.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/antisemitismus-studie-der-eu-juden-in-deutschland-fuehlen-sich-zunehmend-unsicher/23742690.html |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=December 10, 2018 |last1=Salzen |first1=Claudia von |last2=Hackenbruch |first2=Felix}}</ref> ====2020s==== On October 18, 2023, 11 days following the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|Hamas-led October 7 massacre]] which killed over 1,200 in a day, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with [[molotov cocktails]] by two masked men.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/berlin-synagogue-firebombed-with-antisemitism-spiking-as-gaza-war-rages |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/10/18/global/german-synagogue-hit-with-2-molotov-cocktail-bombs |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> Official statistics also showed a rapid rise in antisemitic [[Hate crime|hate crimes]] in the months following the October 7 massacre.<ref> * {{cite news |last1=Diehl |first1=Jörg |last2=Diening |first2=Deike |last3=Großekathöfer |first3=Maik |last4=Rapp |first4=Tobias |last5=Wiedmann-Schmidt |first5=Wolf |title=A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/absolutely-appalling-a-new-wave-of-anti-semitism-sweeps-across-germany-a-50e18e6a-03ae-4ea5-99ec-6d0c8753558a |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=26 June 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/olaf-scholz-vows-to-fight-antisemitism-after-berlin-synagogue-firebombed |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Associated Press]] (AP) |title=The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-berlin-synagogue-antisemitism-fdd10f32f7d5efc6da973f00c9a8b030 |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JURIST Legal News |title=Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2023/10/synagogues-in-berlin-tunisia-targeted-with-fire-attacks-as-hate-crimes-soar-in-wake-of-israel-hamas-war |date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=October 17, 2024}}</ref> On February 2, 2024, a pro-Palestinian Berlin [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] beat a Jewish classmate to the point of [[Hospital|hospitalization]] following an argument over the [[Israel–Hamas war]]. The German police reported that the Jewish student was punched and kicked repeatedly on the floor, suffering [[Bone fracture|facial fractures]].<ref name="Feb2024">{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-university-student-in-berlin-badly-beaten-by-classmate-in-fight-over-hamas-war |date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The victim is the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli [[athletics]] coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the [https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Massacre 1972 Munich massacre].<ref name="Feb2024" /> In May 2024, some Jewish parents from [[Suburb|suburban]] Berlin transferred their kids to Jewish schools in [[Mitte]], many of which guarded by police and enclosed walls, due to increasing antisemitic violence in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jewish Independent |title=The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin. |url=https://thejewishindependent.com.au/the-surprising-trend-among-anxious-jewish-parents-in-berlin |date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> In June 2024, a young Israeli couple was assaulted in Berlin's [[Potsdamer Platz]] after being heard speaking [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The suspect shouted abuses, threw a bottle and a chair at them and beat them on the floor.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syouy6vua |date=July 1, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On September 5, 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and the neighboring Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism before being shot dead by police.<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-818826 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024}} * {{cite news |work=DW News |title= Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-munich-police-shoot-suspect-near-israeli-consulate/a-70138738 |date=September 5, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/05/munich-police-shoot-dead-suspect-who-opened-fire-on-officers-near-israeli-consulate |date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On 7 October 2024, 10 Holocaust memorial stones were torn from their spots. The day coincided with the first anniversary of the October 7 massacre.<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/s1kgvgvkkx |title=Stumbling stones commemorating Holocaust victims uprooted in German city |date=October 9, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref> In February 2025, a Jewish student at the Goethe University in [[Frankfurt]] has reportedly become a target of a [[Racism|hate]] campaign that resulted in physical injuries and death threats, including anonymous messages saying "Inshallah, you will be [[Shooting|shot]]…You should [[Death|die]]…Your whole f***ing [[Israel]]…"<ref name="JPFeb2025">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Granddaughter of Holocaust survivor terrorized with rape, death threats at German university |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-842163 |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> The [[victim]] reportedly filed over 60 police reports, which merely resulted in some of her [[Harassment|harassers]] being [[Fine|fined]] for [[Euro|€]]300.<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> Some of the harassers are reportedly associated with pro-Palestinian protests' organizers,<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> with little to no condemnation from other left-wing [[Activism|activists]].<ref name="JPFeb2025" /> ====Responses==== In June 2024, the Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reported that there were 4,782 antisemitic incidents in 2023,<ref name="RIAS">{{cite web |website=Bundesverband der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus (Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism, RIAS) |title=Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023 |url=https://report-antisemitism.de/documents/25-06-24_RIAS_Bund_Jahresbericht_2023.pdf |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> an 80% rise as compared to 2022,<ref name="RIAS" /> most of which happened following the October 7 massacre.<ref name="RIAS" /> In October 2024, Felix Klein, the German Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, asserted that "open and aggressive antisemitism has been stronger than at any time since 1945."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=German antisemitism czar says country facing 'tsunami' of Jew hatred since Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-antisemitism-czar-says-country-facing-tsunami-of-jew-hatred-since-oct-7 |date=October 4, 2024 |access-date=October 11, 2024}}</ref> On November 6, 2024, the German lower house of parliament passed a non-binding resolution to pledge the end of funding to groups that "spread antisemitism, [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|question Israel's right to exist]], call for a [[boycott]] of Israel or actively support the [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] movement."<ref name="Bundestag">{{cite news |work=DW News |title=Germany passes controversial antisemitism resolution |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-passes-controversial-antisemitism-resolution/a-70715643 |date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> The resolution enjoyed cross-party support, but faced opposition from [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] of [[Left-wing fascism|left-wing populist]] parties like the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) and Die Linke (Left Party).<ref name="Bundestag" /> Meanwhile, the BDS movement itself was designated as antisemitic by the German government in 2019<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Germany designates BDS Israel boycott movement as anti-Semitic |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/germany-designates-bds-israel-boycott-movement-as-anti-semitic-idUSL5N22T4OA |date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> and a threat of "suspected extremism" by the German intelligence agency in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=German Intelligence Agency Classifies BDS Campaign as 'Extremist' Threat |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/24/german-intelligence-agency-classifies-bds-campaign-as-extremist-threat |date=June 24, 2024 |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref> On May 20, 2025, the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution called the BDS "hostile to the constitution".<ref name="May2025">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=In first, German intelligence agency labels BDS ‘hostile to constitution’ |url=https://www.jns.org/in-first-german-intelligence-agency-labels-bds-hostile-to-constitution |date=May 21, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 }}</ref> In its report, it stated:<ref name="May2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=[t]he anti-constitutional ideology of the BDS campaign, which denies Israel’s right to exist [...] supporters of BDS in Berlin justified and/or glorified the Hamas terrorist attack of October 7, 2023 [...] signs with stereotypical antisemitic imagery were repeatedly displayed.}} ==Armenia== ===Overview=== 58% of the [[population]]<ref name="S(A)"> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Anti-Semitism in Armenia: A Clear and Present Danger |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2014/12/12/anti-semitism-in-armenia-a-clear-and-present-danger |date=December 12, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=With anti-Semitic tendencies, Armenians dig deep hole for themselves |url=https://www.azernews.az/analysis/214391.html |date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Caspian News |title=Surge in Anti-Semitism in Armenia: ASALA-Y Targets Jewish Centers |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/surge-in-anti-semitism-in-armenia-asala-y-targets-jewish-centers-2023-11-17-0 |date=November 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Antisemitism in Armenia: let's talk facts |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryejoi2it |date=December 17, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7 |url=https://besacenter.org/azerbaijan-and-armenia-political-stand-in-the-aftermath-of-october-7 |date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> of [[Armenia]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Flashpoint |publisher=The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism & Policy |title=Antisemitic and Anti-Israeli Narratives in Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora |url=https://isgap.org/flashpoint/antisemitic-and-anti-israeli-narratives-in-armenia-and-the-armenian-diaspora |last=Kogan |first=Ariel |issue=93 |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=The New Karabakh Crisis and the Rise of Antisemitism in Contemporary Armenia |url=https://besacenter.org/the-new-karabakh-crises-and-the-rise-of-antisemitism-in-contemporary-armenia |author=Dr. Andrei Kazantsev-Vaisman |date=September 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can't ignore that |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hjvi3hcda |date=January 9, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian nationalism is rising, with government [...] glorifying Nazi collaborator and promoting antisemitism [. ...]}} * {{cite news |work=Caliber.Az |title=Yerevan court opts against arrest for synagogue attacker |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/yerevan-court-opts-against-arrest-for-synagogue-attacker |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities |url=https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-807058 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Does Armenia have an antisemitism problem? |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/12/20/does-armenia-have-an-antisemitism-problem |last=Avraham |first=Rachel |date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenians threaten violence against Jews over Azeri relations |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-761659 |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |title=Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel's war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/education/cfis/cfi-expression/subm-academic-freedom-cso-wjc-world-jewish-congress-input-6.pdf |author=Dr. Haim Ben Yakov |pages=9–12 |publisher=Euro-Asian Jewish Congress |date=May 1, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/06/21/israel/armenia-recognizes-palestine-adding-to-is-strained-ties-with-israel |date=June 21, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state? |url=https://www.jns.org/why-did-armenia-recognize-a-potential-palestinian-terror-state |date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet space]].}}</ref> (a [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] country [[Alliance|allied]] with [[Russia#History of present Russian Federation|Russia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=Telegrafi |title=For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia! |url=https://telegrafi.com/en/for-the-results-of-the-Russian-alliance%2C-ask-the-Armenians |year=2020 |location=[[Albania]] |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=Title: The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Lifeless, Shambling 'Alliance' |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/03/04/the-collective-security-treaty-organization-a-lifeless-shambling-alliance |last=Ambrosio |first=Thomas |date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) |title=Armenia Seeks to Distance Mother Russia |url=https://cepa.org/article/armenia-seeks-to-distance-mother-russia |date=March 14, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=What Is The CSTO Military Alliance? |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/csto-military-alliance-background-photos/32991770.html |date=June 13, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Iran's Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia |url=https://jamestown.org/program/irans-paradoxical-expectations-for-political-developments-in-armenia |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=105 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[People's Republic of China|China]],<ref> * {{cite web |website=Armenian National Committee of America |title=China Ready for Closer Ties with Armenia |url=https://anca.org/china-ready-for-closer-ties-with-armenia |year=2015 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=JAM-news.net |title=Soft power: China's spheres of influence in Armenia. |url=https://jam-news.net/soft-power-chinas-spheres-of-influence-in-armenia-analysis-and-human-stories |date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Caspian Policy Center |title=CPC {{!}} China-Armenia Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-armenia-bilateral-relations |date=January 26, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> [[Iran]]<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion |url=https://jpost.com/opinion/article-802273 |last=Kedar |first=Mordechai | date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Iran International |title=Iran and Armenia sign secret $500 million arms deal |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202407248345 |date=July 24, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |title=Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus |url=https://besacenter.org/secret-weapon-deal-with-armenia-helps-iran-to-disrupt-the-south-caucasus |date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[European Union|EU]] Today |title=Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil |url=https://eutoday.net/iran-embraces-armenia-widening-its-axis-of-evil |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasian Daily Monitor |title=Iran's Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia's Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market |url=https://jamestown.org/program/expanding-iran-armenia-energy-ties-combat-yerevans-reliance-on-russian-oil |last=Kaleji |first=Vali |volume=21 |issue=170 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> and [[Syria#2010s|Syria]] under [[Bashar al-Assad]]<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |title=Understanding Armenia's Syrian Gamble |url=https://jamestown.org/program/understanding-armenias-syrian-gamble |volume=15 |issue=129 |last=Abrahamyan |first=Eduard |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=September 17, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Eurasianet |title=US rebukes Armenia over Syria deployment |url=https://eurasianet.org/us-rebukes-armenia-over-syria-deployment |date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Public Radio of Armenia |title=Syria stands by Armenia in overcoming challenges – Bashar al-Assad |url=https://en.armradio.am/2023/11/15/syria-stands-by-armenia-in-overcoming-challenges-bashar-al-assad |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Armenpress |title=Syrian Ambassador calls for international actions to restrain Azerbaijan and Turkey's ambitions towards Armenia |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1132160 |date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Arminfo |title=Current situation in region brings new challenges for both Armenia and Syria - Speaker |url=https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=83375&lang=3 |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024}}</ref> who killed over 400,000 Syrians<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Washington Institute |title=The UN Process and the War Crimes of Assad |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/un-process-and-war-crimes-assad |last=al-Labwani |first=Mohamad Kamal |date=February 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[CBS News]] |title=The evidence of Syrian President Bashar Assad and his regime's legacy of war crimes |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bashar-al-assad-syria-evidence-war-crimes-60-minutes-2021-07-11 |date=July 11, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Hoover Institution |title=The Case Against Assad |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/case-against-assad |date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=French court issues arrest warrant for Bashar al-Assad for complicity in war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/15/french-court-arrest-warrant-bashar-al-assad-crimes-against-humanity-syria |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=France ONU |title="Bashar Al-Assad is guilty of war crimes" - France ONU |url=https://onu.delegfrance.org/bashar-al-assad-is-guilty-of-war-crimes |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Atlantic Council |title=How to hold the Assad regime accountable, even as countries normalize relations with Syria |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-to-hold-the-assad-regime-accountable-even-as-countries-normalize-relations-with-syria |last=Baker |first=Elise |date=May 25, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Syria: The Impunity of the Assad Regime Must Never be Normalized |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/syria-the-impunity-of-the-assad-regime-must-never-be-normalized |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Sky News]] |title=France issues arrest warrant for Syria's President Assad over alleged war crimes |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-issues-arrest-warrant-for-syrias-president-assad-over-alleged-war-crimes-13009450 |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Commission for International Justice and Accountability |title=First indictment in Belgium for war crimes under Assad's regime in Syria |url=https://cijaonline.org/news/2024/1/29/first-indictment-in-belgium-for-war-crimes-under-assads-regime-in-syria |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect |title=Syria |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/syria |date=December 1, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref>) are found to be hostile to Jews, including 62% of those aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia statistically the most antisemitic Eastern European country.<ref name="S(A)" /> Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian [[Fascism#Main ideas|nationalist]] who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]], is still [[Popularity|popular]] among Armenians.<ref name="GN1"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/armenian-monument-to-nazi-collaborator-draws-criticism-457072 |date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=War History Online |title=Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia |url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/controversial-statue-nzhdeh-erected.html |date=July 2, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=New Eastern Europe |title=How Armenia's glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed |url=https://neweasterneurope.eu/2016/07/20/how-armenia-s-glorification-of-a-nazi-collaborator-has-gone-unnoticed |date=July 20, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |last=Golinkin |first=Lev |title=Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia |url=https://forward.com/news/462657/nazi-collaborator-monuments-in-armenia |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Armenian [[Fascism#Main idea|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh, whose [[Soldier|soldiers]] [[Volunteering|served]] the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], has 20 [[Street|streets]] [[Eponym|named after]] him}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=An Armenian leader's false Holocaust analogy |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-holocaust-survivors/azerbaijan/23/9/20/320418 |date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The [[American Jews|American Jewish community]] must [[Censure|condemn]] [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nikol Pashinyan]]’s [[False analogy|comparison]] of the [[Republic of Artsakh#History|situation]] in [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Karabakh]] [[Holocaust trivialization|to]] [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s [[Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust|ghettos]].}}</ref><ref name="GN2"> * {{Cite book |title=Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/great-catastrophe-9780190904784 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |last=De Waal |first=Thomas |year=2015 |pages=112 |isbn=978-0-19-090478-4 |oclc=1085942778 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The other [[General officer|general]] who [[Volunteering|fought with]] the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazis]] was Dashnak [[veteran]] Garegin Njdeh [...had served in the] [[Russian Empire|tsarist army]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Sofia Globe |title=Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria's 'Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet' |url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2019/04/16/plan-for-bust-of-controversial-figure-at-bulgarias-yard-of-the-cyrillic-alphabet |location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/at-auschwitz-liberation-tribute-israel-should-study-tale-of-two-monuments-614769 |last=Jaffe-Hoffman |first=Maayan |date=January 21, 2020 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |quote=The [[German people|Germans]] [...] [[Repentance|apologize]] for [[Nazi Germany|their dark past]]. In contrast, [[Lithuanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Poles]] and others are [[Holocaust denial|rewriting and distorting their roles]] in [[The Holocaust|this tragic history]].}} * {{cite book |title=The First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920) on Its Centenary: Politics, Gender, and Diplomacy |chapter=From Nationalist-Socialist to National Socialist? The Shifting Politics of Abraham Giulkhandanian |url=https://www.academia.edu/43955951 |last1=Berberian |first1=Houri |last2=Der Matossian |first2=Bedross |year=2020 |publisher=The Press at [[California State University]] |isbn=9780912201672 |pages=53–88 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag |url=https://jpost.com/judaism/article-780769 |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/222261.html |date=February 23, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Garegin Nzhdeh 3.jpg|thumb|A [[Photography|photo]] of the Armenian [[Fascism|nationalist]] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), who [[Recruitment|recruited]] thousands of Armenians to [[Mercenary|fight]] for [[Nazi Germany]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv R 6 Bild-1451, Lager Schwarzsee, Armenische Freiwillige.jpg|thumb|[[Member|Members]] of the Armenian Legion, a 33,000-man unit in the [[Wehrmacht|Nazi German Army]] between July 1942 and June 1944.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ailsby| first = Christopher| title = Hitler's Renegades: Foreign Nationals in the Service of the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails| publisher =Spellmount| location= Staplehurst, Kent | year = 2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersrenegades0000ails/page/n124 123]–124| isbn =1-57488-838-2 }}</ref>]] From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the ''Hairenik'',<ref name="Az">{{cite news |work=Azərtac |title=New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks' sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/new_congressional_document_exposes_armenian_dashnaks_sympathies_for_hitler_and_holocaust-1487229 |date=May 14, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NBN">{{cite news |work=NewsBlaze News |title=Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia |url=https://newsblaze.com/usnews/national/jww-side-with-armenia_179786 |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> fully backed [[Adolf Hitler]] and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by [[Dehumanization|demonizing]] Jews as "poisonous elements",<ref name="Az" /><ref name="NBN" /> while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Summer-Study-German-Armenian-Relations-During-Second/31815161160/bd |last=Thomassian |first=Levon |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |year=2012 |edition=1 |isbn=9780764340451 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> hunted for Jews and other "[[Untermensch|undesirables]]" on behalf of the [[Wehrmacht#Nazi Military War crimes|Nazi German army]].<ref name="NBN" /><ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia |last=Gurevich |first=Roman |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/living-in-azerbaijan-as-a-jew-versus-being-jewish-in-armenia-647026 |date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> [[File:ASALA logo white on red.svg|thumb|The logo of the [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA" /> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA).]] ===21st century=== [[File:Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement.png|thumb|The flag of the [[Fascism#Main ideas|pro]]-[[Nazism|Nazi]] Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).]] {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Garegin Nzhdeh2.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in [[Gyumri]], Armenia. | image2 = Garegin Nzhdeh statue.jpg | width2 = 160 | caption2 = Another Garegin Nzhdeh [[statue]] in Gyumri, Armenia. }} Despite such history, hundreds of [[Statue|statues]] have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.<ref name="GN1" /><ref name="GN2" /> Meanwhile, the only [[synagogue]] in Armenia's [[Capital city|capital]] [[Yerevan]] was [[Terrorism|attacked]] four times in a row between [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]] and 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |work=Radio Liberty |title=Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/synagogue-yerevan-attack/32988123.html |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when [[Vandal|perpetrators]] threw [[Rock|rocks]] through a [[window]].}}</ref> Members of the [[Marxist-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[Terrorism|militant]]<ref name="MLASALA"> * {{cite web |website=Ronald Reagan Library |title=Files, 1985-1988 Folder Title: Armenian-Americans (2) Box: 1 |url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/public/2021-06/40-219-209207973-001-002-2021.pdf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=The George Washington University |title=Armenian Terrorist Matters," January 15, 1988, Secret. |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB502/docs/p2-41-44.pdf |date=January 15, 1988 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-Secret-Army-for-the-Liberation-of-Armenia |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Przystanek Historia |title=A slip-up in Beirut. Polish weapons for ASALA |url=https://przystanekhistoria.pl/pa2/tematy/english-content/102070,A-slip-up-in-Beirut-Polish-weapons-for-ASALA.html |date=July 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Militant Armenian Group Tied to PLO Allegedly Responsible for Synagogue Arson |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2023/10/04/militant-armenian-group-tied-to-plo-allegedly-responsible-for-synagogue-arson |date=October 4, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> front [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]<ref> * [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ * [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu * [[Georgian language|Georgian]]: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია * [[Greek language|Greek]]: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας</ref> (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being [[Arson|set on fire]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=i24NEWS |title=Synagogue in Armenia vandalized for second time by militant group: Revenge for Gaza? |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/iran-eastern-states/1700134772-synagogue-in-armenia-vandalized-for-second-time-by-militant-group-revenge-for-gaza |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/armenia-opens-probe-into-arson-attack-on-synagogue |date=November 16, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=U.S. Embassy in Armenia |title=ARMENIA 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/92/ARMENIA-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=AzerNews |title=Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO] |url=https://www.azernews.az/aggression/217482.html |date=November 15, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Why Was Armenia's Last Synagogue Set on Fire? |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/blogs/bits-of-insight-and-pieces-of-hope/367186/why-was-armenias-last-synagogue-set-on-fire |date=January 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the [[globe]] as [[Revenge|retribution]] for [[Israel]]’s [[Alliance|close]] [[friendship]] with [...] [[Azerbaijan]].}} * {{cite news |work=OC Media |title=Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year |url=https://oc-media.org/yerevan-synagogue-attacked-for-fourth-time-in-a-year |date=June 12, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fascism]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Roman Empire]] [[Category:Classical antiquity]] [[Category:Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe| ]] m1d7l621je5k0er4qikx03w5e5uom0h 2 1155770 10330613 10328550 2025-06-14T18:49:10Z CopyPatrolBot 1338164 545 open reports 10330613 wikitext text/x-wiki 545 ho2hhqmc817y85cf3dhyldi0m2tigq1 10331173 10330613 2025-06-15T00:51:13Z CopyPatrolBot 1338164 546 open reports 10331173 wikitext text/x-wiki 546 86qv2vgkas5lmwfbz5eq4240etxb63a 0 1155776 10330988 10162171 2025-06-14T22:38:03Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Jorge Vargas]] 10330988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 2006–07 | dates = | winners = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] | relegated = [[Grazer AK]] | matches = 180 | total goals = 493 | league topscorer = [[Alexander Zickler]]<br>(22 goals) | prevseason = [[2005-06 Austrian football championship|2005-06]] | nextseason = [[2007–08 Austrian football championship|2007–08]] }} The '''2006-07 Austrian football championship''' was the 95th season of the top league in Austria. [[FC Red Bull Salzburg]] won the title for the fourth time (3 as SV Austria Salzburg). The telecommunications company T-Mobile was the main sponsor of the league. ==Mode == The Bundesliga was contested by 10 teams. They met four times throughout the season. ==General == The season was overshadowed by the bankruptcies of the two Graz clubs. SK Sturm and GAK were both given penalty points by the Bundesliga during the current season (Sturm 13, GAK 28). GAK was already relegated to the First League. From a purely sporting perspective, Wacker Tirol would have been relegated. ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |36 | 22 |9 | 5 | 75 |- |2. | '''SV Ried''' |36 | 15 |11 | 10 | 56 |- |3. |'''SV Mattersburg''' |36 | 16 |7 | 13 | 56 |- |4. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 14 |10 | 12 | 52 |- |5. |'''FC Pasching''' |36 | 14 |10 |12 | 52 |- |6. | '''FK Austria Wien''' |36 | 11 |12 | 13 | 45 |- |7. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 16 |6 | 14 | 41 |- |8. |'''SCR Altach''' |36 | 11 |5 | 20 | 38 |- |9. | '''FC Wacker Tirol''' |36 | 8 |10 | 18 | 34 |- |10. | '''GAK''' |36 | 8 |10 | 18 |6 <ref>On March 26, 2007, GAK received 10 additional negative points due to insolvency and/or failure to meet criteria and a further 12 negative points (28 in total) due to failure to meet license requirements. </ref> |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2000_09/o1__bundesliga__2006_07.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 July 2006 | FK Austria Wien |GAK |0-0 |- |19 July 2006 | SCR Altach |'''FC Pasching''' |2-3 |- |19 July 2006 | '''SV Mattersburg''' | SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- |19 July 2006 | SV Ried |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-3 |- |19 July 2006 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FC Wacker Tirol''' | 2-3 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 July 2006 |'''FC Pasching''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- |22 July 2006 |GAK | '''SV Mattersburg''' |0-2 |- |22 July 2006 | SCR Altach | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | 0-2 |- |23 July 2006 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz |4-1 |- |26 July 2006 | SV Ried | '''FC Wacker Tirol''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 July 2006 |FK Austria Wien |FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-1 |- |29 July 2006 |'''GAK''' | FC Pasching |2-1 |- |29 July 2006 |SV Mattersburg | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 1-4 |- |29 July 2006 |'''SV Ried''' |SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- |30 July 2006 | SCR Altach | '''FC Wacker Tirol''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 August 2006 |FC Pasching |'''SV Mattersburg''' |1-2 |- |5 August 2006 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | GAK |4-1 |- |5 August 2006 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | SV Ried | 1-0 |- |5 August 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |6 August 2006 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SCR Altach | 3-2 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 August 2006 |FK Austria Wien |SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- |12 August 2006 |FC Pasching |FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-1 |- |12 August 2006 |''' SCR Altach''' |SK Sturm Graz | 4-1 |- |13 August 2006 |SV Mattersburg |SV Ried |0-0 |- |23 August 2006 |'''GAK''' |FC Wacker Tirol |2-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 August 2006 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SV Mattersburg |2-0 |- |19 August 2006 |SV Ried |''' SCR Altach''' |1-2 |- |19 August 2006 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |- |19 August 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol |FC Pasching |0-0 |- |20 August 2006 |SK Rapid Wien |'''GAK''' |1-4 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 August 2006 |'''FC Pasching''' |SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- |26 August 2006 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |4-0 |- |26 August 2006 |GAK |SK Sturm Graz | 0-0 |- |27 August 2006 |FK Austria Wien |SV Ried |1-1 |- |27 August 2006 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |SCR Altach |6-3 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 September 2006 |'''SCR Altach''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- |9 September 2006 |SV Ried |GAK |1-1 |- |9 September 2006 |SK Sturm Graz |FC Pasching | 0-0 |- |9 September 2006 | '''FC Wacker Tirol''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- |10 September 2006 | SK Rapid Wien |FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 September 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol |SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- |17 September 2006 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg |3-1 |- |17 September 2006 |FC Pasching |SV Ried | 0-0 |- |17 September 2006 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-0 |- |17 September 2006 | GAK |SCR Altach |1-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 September 2006 |SK Rapid Wien |FC Wacker Tirol |1-1 |- |23 September 2006 |''' SCR Altach ''' |GAK |4-1 |- |23 September 2006 |SV Ried |FC Pasching | 1-1 |- |23 September 2006 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-1 |- |24 September 2006 | '''SV Mattersburg''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 September 2006 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SV Mattersburg |4-1 |- |1 October 2006 |''' FC Pasching ''' |SCR Altach |4-2 |- |1 October 2006 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |SV Ried | 1-1 |- |1 October 2006 |GAK | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-3 |- |1 October 2006 | '''FC Wacker Tirol ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 October 2006 |FK Austria Wien |FC Pasching |1-1 |- |14 October 2006 |''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SCR Altach |3-0 |- |14 October 2006 |'''SV Mattersburg''' |GAK | 2-1 |- |14 October 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol | ''' SV Ried ''' |1-2 |- |15 October 2006 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 October 2006 |'''FC Pasching ''' |GAK |1-0 |- |21 October 2006 |SK Rapid Wien |SV Ried |2-2 |- |21 October 2006 |SK Sturm Graz | SV Mattersburg | 0-0 |- |21 October 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol | ''' SCR Altach ''' |0-1 |- |22 October 2006 | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |FK Austria Wien |4-0 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 October 2006 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Wacker Tirol |4-1 |- |28 October 2006 | ''' SCR Altach ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-1 |- |28 October 2006 |SV Mattersburg | '''FC Pasching ''' | 0-2 |- |28 October 2006 |'''SV Ried ''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |29 October 2006 | GAK | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 November 2006 | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |FC Pasching |3-0 |- |4 November 2006 |'''SV Ried ''' |SV Mattersburg |6-2 |- |4 November 2006 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SCR Altach | 2-0 |- |4 November 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol | GAK |1-1 |- |5 November 2006 | SK Rapid Wien | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 November 2006 | ''' SV Mattersburg ''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-1 |- |8 November 2006 |FK Austria Wien |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |8 November 2006 |FC Pasching | '''FC Wacker Tirol ''' | 0-2 |- |8 November 2006 |GAK | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |8 November 2006 | SCR Altach | SV Ried |0-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 November 2006 |SK Rapid Wien |FC Pasching |1-1 |- |11 November 2006 |SCR Altach |'''SV Mattersburg''' |0-2 |- |11 November 2006 |'''SV Ried''' |FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |- |11 November 2006 |SK Sturm Graz |'''GAK ''' |0-2 |- |12 November 2006 | '''FC Wacker Tirol ''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-1 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 November 2006 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SCR Altach |2-0 |- |18 November 2006 | '''FC Pasching ''' |SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- |18 November 2006 |GAK | SV Ried | 2-2 |- |18 November 2006 |SV Mattersburg |FC Wacker Tirol |1-1 |- |19 November 2006 | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | SK Rapid Wien |4-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 November 2006 | FK Austria Wien |GAK |2-2 |- |25 November 2006 |'''SCR Altach''' |FC Pasching |3-2 |- |25 November 2006 |'''SV Mattersburg''' | SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- |25 November 2006 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |2-0 |- |26 November 2006 | SV Ried | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 December 2006 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |SCR Altach |1-1 |- |2 December 2006 |GAK |SV Mattersburg |3-3 |- |2 December 2006 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Sturm Graz | 3-0 |- |2 December 2006 |FC Wacker Tirol |SV Ried |0-0 |- |3 December 2006 | ''' FC Pasching ''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 December 2006 | FK Austria Wien |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-2 |- |9 December 2006 |'''GAK''' |FC Pasching |2-1 |- |9 December 2006 |'''SV Mattersburg''' | SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- |9 December 2006 |SV Ried |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-2 |- |10 December 2006 | ''' SCR Altach ''' | FC Wacker Tirol |2-0 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 February 2007 | FC Pasching |SV Mattersburg |2-2 |- |24 February 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |GAK |2-1 |- |24 February 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SCR Altach |2-1 |- |24 February 2007 | SK Sturm Graz | SV Ried |1-1 |- |25 February 2007 | FC Wacker Tirol | FK Austria Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 March 2007 | FC Pasching |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-1 |- |3 March 2007 |'''GAK''' |FC Wacker Tirol |3-2 |- |3 March 2007 |SCR Altach |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-3 |- |3 March 2007 | SV Mattersburg | '''SV Ried''' |1-2 |- |4 March 2007 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 March 2007 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |SV Mattersburg |1-1 |- |10 March 2007 |FC Wacker Tirol | FC Pasching |0-0 |- |10 March 2007 |'''SV Ried''' |SCR Altach |2-0 |- |10 March 2007 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |- |11 March 2007 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | GAK |1-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 March 2007 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SV Ried |2-1 |- |17 March 2007 | FC Pasching | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |- |17 March 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | FC Wacker Tirol |3-0 |- |17 March 2007 |SV Mattersburg | SCR Altach |2-1 |- |18 March 2007 | GAK | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-2 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 March 2007 |SK Rapid Wien |FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-2 |- |31 March 2007 |'''SV Ried''' | GAK |3-1 |- |31 March 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | FC Pasching |2-1 |- |31 March 2007 |FC Wacker Tirol |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |1-3 |- |1 April 2007 | SCR Altach | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 April 2007 |FK Austria Wien |SV Mattersburg |1-1 |- |7 April 2007 |'''FC Pasching ''' |SV Ried |3-1 |- |7 April 2007 |'''GAK''' | SCR Altach |4-1 |- |7 April 2007 |FC Wacker Tirol |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-3 |- |8 April 2007 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SK Sturm Graz |3-1 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 April 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |2-1 |- |14 April 2007 |''' SCR Altach ''' |GAK |3-1 |- |14 April 2007 |''' SV Mattersburg ''' | FK Austria Wien |3-1 |- |14 April 2007 | SK Sturm Graz |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-2 |- |15 April 2007 | ''' SV Ried ''' | FC Pasching |2-1 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 April 2007 | SK Rapid Wien | SV Mattersburg |2-2 |- |17 April 2007 |FC Pasching |SCR Altach |1-1 |- |17 April 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SV Ried |2-0 |- |17 April 2007 |'''GAK ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- |18 April 2007 | FC Wacker Tirol | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-2 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 April 2007 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Pasching |2-0 |- |21 April 2007 | SCR Altach |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |0-2 |- |21 April 2007 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |GAK |5-1 |- |21 April 2007 |'''SV Ried ''' | FC Wacker Tirol |2-1 |- |22 April 2007 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Rapid Wien |0-2 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 April 2007 | '''FC Pasching ''' |GAK |5-1 |- |28 April 2007 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |FK Austria Wien |2-2 |- |28 April 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SV Mattersburg |3-1 |- |28 April 2007 |FC Wacker Tirol | SCR Altach |1-1 |- |29 April 2007 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Ried |5-2 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 May 2007 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Wacker Tirol |4-1 |- |5 May 2007 |GAK |FC Red Bull Salzburg |0-0 |- |5 May 2007 |'''SCR Altach''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |5 May 2007 |'''SV Ried ''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |6 May 2007 | SV Mattersburg |'''FC Pasching ''' |2-4 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 May 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FK Austria Wien |3-0 |- |9 May 2007 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |'''FC Pasching ''' |2-3 |- |9 May 2007 |'''SV Ried ''' | SV Mattersburg |1-0 |- |9 May 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | SCR Altach |1-0 |- |9 May 2007 | '''FC Wacker Tirol''' | GAK |5-1 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 May 2007 |FK Austria Wien |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-1 |- |12 May 2007 |'''FC Pasching ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |3-1 |- |12 May 2007 |SCR Altach |'''SV Ried ''' |0-2 |- |12 May 2007 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-1 |- |13 May 2007 | GAK | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 May 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Pasching '''SK Sturm Graz''' |2-0 |- |17 May 2007 |'''SCR Altach''' |SV Mattersburg |3-2 |- |17 May 2007 |''' SV Ried''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- |17 May 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |GAK |2-0 |- |17 May 2007 | FC Wacker Tirol | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 May 2007 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SCR Altach |3-0 |- |20 May 2007 |FC Pasching |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |20 May 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-1 |- |20 May 2007 |GAK | ''' SV Ried''' |2-3 |- |20 May 2007 |'''SV Mattersburg''' | FC Wacker Tirol |6-1 |} ==Champion squad== {| class="wikitable" width="700" |- style="background:#FF0000" | align="center" colspan="2"|<span style="color:#FFFFFF;"> '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' </span> |- class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" align="center" | * '''Goalkeepers''': [[Timo Ochs]] (34 matches /0 goals), [[Ramazan Özcan]] (2/0), [[Heinz Arzberger|Heinz-Dieter Arzberger]] (0/0), * '''Defenders''': [[Milan Dudić]] (30/2), [[Thomas Linke]] '' (27/0), [[Jorge Vargas]] (26/0), [[Rémo Meyer]] (24/1), [[Laszlo Bodnar|László Bodnár]] (19/0), [[Markus Steinhöfer]] (16/0), [[Alessandro dos Santos]] (9/0), [[Tsuneyasu Miyamoto]] (9/0), [[Thomas Winklhofer]] (7/0), [[Aleksander Knavs]] (0/0) * '''Midfielders''': [[Johan Vonlanthen]] (35/5), [[René Aufhauser]] (30/9), [[Ezequiel Alejo Carboni]] (30/2), [[Patrik Ježek]] (29/7), [[Niko Kovač]] (29/6), [[Karel Piták]] (26/6), [[Vladimír Janočko]] (18/1), [[Christian Tiffert]] (18/1) * '''Forwards''': [[Alexander Zickler]] (29/22), [[Vratislav Lokvenc]] (23/5), [[Marc Janko]] (8/2), [[Peter Orosz]] (5/1) * '''Coaching staff''': [[Giovanni Trapattoni]] (Headcoach), [[Lothar Matthäus]] (Assistance coach), [[Herbert Ilsanker]] (Goalkeepercoach) |} ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Alexander Zickler]] |FC Red Bull Salzburg |22 |- | [[Leonardo Ferrero Da Silva]] |SCR Altach |14 |- | [[Mate Bilic]] |SK Rapid Wien |11 |- | [[Christian Mayrleb]] |FC Pasching |11 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2000_2009/stno1__bundesliga__2006_07.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:2006–07 in European football]] iz9tk1rezzlr19m1gycov360i4f0g2l 0 1156337 10330987 10185387 2025-06-14T22:37:51Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 2007–08 | dates = | winners = [[SK Rapid Wien]] | relegated = [[FC Wacker Innsbruck]] | matches = 180 | total goals = 480 | league topscorer = [[Alexander Zickler]]<br>(16 goals) | prevseason = [[2006-07 Austrian football championship|2006-07]] | nextseason = [[2008–09 Austrian football championship|2008–09]] }} The '''2007-08 Austrian football championship''' was the 97th season of the top league in Austria. [[SK Rapid Wien]] won the 32nd title. The telecommunications company T-Mobile was the main sponsor of the league. ==Mode == The Bundesliga was contested by 10 teams. They met four times throughout the entire season. In addition to newly promoted team LASK Linz, SK Austria Kärnten is playing in Austria's top division for the first time. The Carinthians are the successor club to FC Pasching, from which the southern Austrians bought the license. Champions became SK Rapid Wien in the 35th round. FC Wacker Innsbruck was relegated. ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 21 |6 | 9 | 69 |- |2. |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |36 | 18 |9 | 9 | 63 |- |3. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |36 | 15 |13 | 8 | 58 |- |4. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 15 |11 | 10 | 56 |- |5. |'''SV Mattersburg''' |36 | 13 |14 |9 | 53 |- |6. | '''LASK''' |36 | 14 |11 | 11 | 53 |- |7. |'''SV Ried''' |36 | 10 |8 | 18 | 38 |- |8. |'''SCR Altach''' |36 | 8 |12 | 16 | 38 |- |9. | '''SK Austria Kärnten''' |36 | 8 |10 | 18 | 33 |- |10. | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |36 | 6 |11 | 19 |29 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2000_09/o1__bundesliga__2007_08.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 July 2007 | '''LASK''' |SK Austria Kärnten |1-0 |- |11 July 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SCR Altach |4-1 <ref>Patrick Jezek's goal to make it 1-0 after 10 seconds is an absolute first league record. </ref> |- |11 July 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck | 3-1 |- |11 July 2007 | SV Ried | '''SV Mattersburg''' |1-2 |- |11 July 2007 | SK Sturm Graz | FK Austria Wien | 2-2 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 July 2007 |FK Austria Wien |LASK |1-1 |- |14 July 2007 |SCR Altach |'''SV Ried''' |2-3 |- |14 July 2007 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | SK Sturm Graz | 0-0 |- |15 July 2007 | '''SK Austria Kärnten''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-0 |- |25 July 2007 | '''SV Mattersburg''' | SK Rapid Wien | 3-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 July 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |LASK |4-0 |- |22 July 2007 |SK Austria Kärnten |'''SV Ried''' |0-3 |- |22 July 2007 |FK Austria Wien | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 2-2 |- |22 July 2007 | FC Wacker Innsbruck |SV Mattersburg |2-2 |- |1 August 2007 | SCR Altach | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 July 2007 |SV Ried |'''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |- |28 July 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |LASK |2-1 |- |28 July 2007 |SV Mattersburg | SK Sturm Graz | 2-2 |- |29 July 2007 | '''SCR Altach''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- |8 August 2007 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Austria Kärnten | 4-0 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 August 2007 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |SK Austria Kärnten |1-1 |- |4 August 2007 |SK Sturm Graz | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 0-0 |- |5 August 2007 |'''LASK''' | SV Ried | 1-0 |- |5 August 2007 | SK Rapid Wien |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- |5 August 2007 | '''SV Mattersburg''' | SCR Altach | 4-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 August 2007 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |6-1 |- |11 August 2007 |SK Austria Kärnten | SV Mattersburg | 1-1 |- |11 August 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | SV Ried | 2-0 |- |11 August 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SCR Altach |3-1 |- |12 August 2007 | '''LASK''' | SK Rapid Wien | 2-0 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 August 2007 |'''SCR Altach''' |SK Austria Kärnten |4-1 |- |18 August 2007 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''LASK''' | 1-2 |- |19 August 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg | 1-0 |- |19 August 2007 | SV Mattersburg | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |- |19 August 2007 | '''SV Ried ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 5-3 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 August 2007 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |SCR Altach |1-0 |- |25 August 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck '''''' | 3-1 |- |25 August 2007 |LASK |'''SV Mattersburg ''' | 0-2 |- |25 August 2007 | SV Ried |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-3 |- |26 August 2007 | SK Sturm Graz | '''SK Austria Kärnten''' | 1-3 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 August 2007 |SCR Altach |LASK |2-2 |- |2 September 2007 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Austria Kärnten | 1-0 |- |2 September 2007 |SV Mattersburg |FC Red Bull Salzburg | 1-1 |- |2 September 2007 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- |2 September 2007 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''SV Ried ''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 September 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- |15 September 2007 | '''LASK''' |SCR Altach | 2-0 |- |15 September 2007 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | 1-5 |- |15 September 2007 | SV Ried | FC Wacker Innsbruck |0-0 |- |16 September 2007 | '''SK Austria Kärnten ''' | FK Austria Wien | 2-1 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 September 2007 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |SV Ried |5-1 |- |22 September 2007 |SK Austria Kärnten |'''LASK''' | 1-4 |- |23 September 2007 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Sturm Graz | 1-0 |- |23 September 2007 | SCR Altach | FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-1 |- |23 September 2007 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 September 2007 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SK Austria Kärnten |3-0 |- |26 September 2007 | LASK |FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- |26 September 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg | 1-0 |- |26 September 2007 | ''' SV Ried ''' | SCR Altach |3-0 |- |26 September 2007 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck | 1-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 September 2007 |LASK |SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- |29 September 2007 | SK Rapid Wien |'''SCR Altach ''' | 0-2 |- |29 September 2007 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck | 3-1 |- |29 September 2007 | ''' SV Ried ''' | SK Austria Kärnten |3-1 |- |30 September 2007 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | '''FK Austria Wien ''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 October 2007 |SK Sturm Graz |SV Mattersburg |0-0 |- |7 October 2007 | SK Austria Kärnten |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-2 |- |7 October 2007 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Ried | 2-1 |- |7 October 2007 | '''LASK ''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg |4-1 |- |24 October 2007 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''SCR Altach ''' | 0-1 <ref>The match was cancelled on October 6th. The reason for this was security deficiencies in the European Championship stadium. The safety of the visitors could not be adequately guaranteed. The new Tivoli Stadium was expanded for EURO 2008ː</ref> |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 October 2007 |'''SK Austria Kärnten ''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |- |20 October 2007 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SK Sturm Graz | 4-1 |- |20 October 2007 |SCR Altach |SV Mattersburg | 0-0 |- |20 October 2007 | ''' SV Ried ''' | LASK |3-0 |- |21 October 2007 | FK Austria Wien | SK Rapid Wien | 2-2 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 October 2007 |SK Rapid Wien |LASK |4-4 |- |27 October 2007 |SCR Altach |SK Sturm Graz | 0-0 |- |27 October 2007 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |SK Austria Kärnten | 5-2 |- |27 October 2007 | ''' SV Ried ''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg |2-0 |- |28 October 2007 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' | FK Austria Wien | 2-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 October 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |31 October 2007 | SK Austria Kärnten |SCR Altach | 1-1 |- |31 October 2007 | FK Austria Wien |SV Mattersburg | 2-2 |- |31 October 2007 |'''LASK''' ''' ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |5-0 |- |31 October 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SV Ried | 5-0 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 November 2007 | SK Austria Kärnten |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |3 November 2007 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Ried | 4-0 |- |3 November 2007 |'''SCR Altach ''' |FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |- |3 November 2007 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg |3-1 |- |4 November 2007 |SV Mattersburg | LASK | 0-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 November 2007 | LASK |FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-1 |- |10 November 2007 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg | 3-1 |- |10 November 2007 | SCR Altach |FC Wacker Innsbruck | 1-1 |- |10 November 2007 |SV Ried |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |11 November 2007 |SK Austria Kärnten | '''FK Austria Wien ''' | 0-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 November 2007 |FC Red Bull Salzburg |SK Austria Kärnten |1-1 |- |24 November 2007 |SV Mattersburg |SV Ried | 1-1 |- |24 November 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SCR Altach | 6-1 |- |24 November 2007 |''' FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' |LASK |2-0 |- |25 November 2007 |FK Austria Wien | SK Rapid Wien | 0-0 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 November 2007 |SK Austria Kärnten |''' FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' |0-2 |- |1 December 2007 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | 1-3 |- |1 December 2007 |SCR Altach | LASK | 0-0 |- |1 December 2007 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- |2 December 2007 |SV Ried | FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 December 2007 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SV Ried |2-0 |- |8 December 2007 |'''LASK ''' |SK Austria Kärnten | 4-0 |- |8 December 2007 |SV Mattersburg | SCR Altach | 3-3 |- |8 December 2007 |FC Wacker Innsbruck |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |9 December 2007 |FK Austria Wien | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | 1-2 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 December 2007 |SV Mattersburg |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |15 December 2007 |SCR Altach |'''SK Austria Kärnten''' | 0-1 |- |15 December 2007 | SV Ried | FC Wacker Innsbruck |0-0 |- |15 December 2007 |SK Sturm Graz |FC Red Bull Salzburg |1-1 |- |16 December 2007 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |LASK | 2-0 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 February 2008 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SV Mattersburg |4-0 |- |16 February 2008 |SK Austria Kärnten |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 0-2 |- |16 February 2008 | FK Austria Wien |SCR Altach |1-1 |- |16 February 2008 |''' FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' |SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- |17 February 2008 |'''LASK ''' | SV Ried | 1-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 February 2008 |SK Sturm Graz |'''LASK ''' |1-2 |- |23 February 2008 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Red Bull Salzburg | 3-1 |- |23 February 2008 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- |23 February 2008 |''' SV Ried ''' |SK Austria Kärnten |1-0 |- |24 February 2008 |'''SCR Altach ''' | SK Rapid Wien | 2-1 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 February 2008 | SK Austria Kärnten |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |0-2 |- |27 February 2008 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |SCR Altach | 4-0 |- |27 February 2008 | '''LASK ''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- |27 February 2008 |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Ried |4-0 |- |27 February 2008 |FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''FK Austria Wien ''' | 1-2 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 March 2008 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |SK Austria Kärnten |1-0 |- |1 March 2008 |'''SV Ried''' |SCR Altach | 3-1 |- |2 March 2008 | SK Sturm Graz |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-2 |- |5 March 2008 | FK Austria Wien |LASK |0-0 |- |5 March 2008 |'''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck | 2-0 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 March 2008 |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |8 March 2008 |'''SK Austria Kärnten''' |SV Mattersburg | 1-0 |- |8 March 2008 | '''LASK''' |FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- |8 March 2008 | '''SCR Altach''' | SV Ried |3-2 |- |9 March 2008 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | 1-2 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 March 2008 |''' SV Mattersburg ''' | SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- |15 March 2008 |FK Austria Wien | '''SK Austria Kärnten''' | 0-1 |- |15 March 2008 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |SV Ried |2-0 |- |15 March 2008 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | SCR Altach |1-1 |- |16 March 2008 | '''FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | LASK | 4-0 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 March 2008 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- |19 March 2008 |SK Austria Kärnten | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 0-0 |- |19 March 2008 |LASK |FC Wacker Innsbruck |3-3 |- |19 March 2008 | SCR Altach | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-2 |- |19 March 2008 | SV Ried | SV Mattersburg | 0-0 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 March 2008 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SV Ried |2-0 |- |22 March 2008 |'''LASK ''' | SCR Altach | 3-0 |- |22 March 2008 |SV Mattersburg |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |22 March 2008 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | SK Austria Kärnten |0-0 |- |23 March 2008 | FC Red Bull Salzburg | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 0-7 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 March 2008 | '''SK Austria Kärnten ''' |LASK |2-1 |- |29 March 2008 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck | 4-1 |- |29 March 2008 |'''SCR Altach ''' |SV Mattersburg |2-0 |- |29 March 2008 | SK Sturm Graz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |- |30 March 2008 |SV Ried | ''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 April 2008 | SK Austria Kärnten |SCR Altach |1-1 |- |5 April 2008 |FK Austria Wien |SV Mattersburg | 0-0 |- |5 April 2008 |''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' | SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- |5 April 2008 | ''' FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | SV Ried |1-0 |- |6 April 2008 |LASK | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 April 2008 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Austria Kärnten |2-1 |- |12 April 2008 |'''SV Mattersburg''' | FC Red Bull Salzburg | 3-2 |- |12 April 2008 |SV Ried |LASK |1-1 |- |12 April 2008 | ''' SK Sturm Graz ''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |- |13 April 2008 |SCR Altach | ''' FK Austria Wien''' |0-4 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 April 2008 |SK Austria Kärnten |SV Ried |0-0 |- |20 April 2008 |''' FC Red Bull Salzburg ''' |FK Austria Wien | 2-0 |- |20 April 2008 |LASK |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-2 |- |20 April 2008 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SCR Altach |3-0 |- |20 April 2008 | FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''SV Mattersburg''' |0-5 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 April 2008 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- |26 April 2008 |SCR Altach |FC Red Bull Salzburg | 1-1 |- |26 April 2008 |'''SV Mattersburg''' | LASK |1-0 |- |26 April 2008 | SV Ried | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |- |26 April 2008 | ''' SK Sturm Graz ''' | SK Austria Kärnten |3-1 |} ==Champion squad== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:#E8E8E8; width:100%;" |- | style="text-align:center; background:#00794c" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''SK Rapid Wien'''</span> |- | [[Mario Bazina]], [[Mate Bilic]], [[Branko Boskovic]], [[Fabiano Da Lima]], [[Andreas Dober]] , [[Hannes Eder]], [[Georg Harding]], [[Raimund Hedl]] , [[Markus Heikkinen]], [[Martin Hiden]], [[Erwin Hoffer]], [[Steffen Hofmann]], [[Markus Katzer]], [[Veli Kavlak]],[[Ümit Korkmaz]], [[Stefan Kulovits]], [[Stefan Maierhofer]] , [[Stephan Palla]], [[Jürgen Patocka]], [[Helge Payer]], [[Mario Sara]], [[Christian Thonhofer]], [[Mario Tokic]], '''Coachː''' [[Peter Pacult]] |- ! class="small" style="text-align:right;"| Source: Austria&nbsp;Soccer<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2000_2009/o1__bundesliga__2007_0804.htm|titel=Statistik 2007-08, SK Rapid Wien |werk=austriasoccer.at |abruf=2018-02-01}}</ref> |} ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Alexander Zickler]] |FC Red Bull Salzburg |16 |- | [[Mario Haas]] |SK Sturm Graz |14 |- | [[Ivica Vastić]] |LASK |13 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2000_2009/stno1__bundesliga__2007_08.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:2007–08 in European football]] nnnim03q04cbxn7xbom5jjpjfoa82vv 0 1156670 10331451 10328396 2025-06-15T04:57:26Z Surayeproject3 1462426 Undid revision 10328396 by [[Special:Contributions/Historien 86|Historien 86]] ([[User talk:Historien 86|talk]]) It's the other way around 10331451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = Hawpa | native_name = ڕێکخراوی هاوپایی نەتەوەیی کوردستان<br /> Organîzasyonî Hawpayî Neteweyî Kurdistan | logo = Hawpa Organization Logo.png | colorcode = #000000 | foundation = 2020 | ideology = Anti-Arabism<br />Anti-Iranianism<br />[[Anti-Turkism]]<br />Anti-Assyrianism<br />Kurdish nationalism<br />[[Irredentism]] | headquarters = [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|20px]] [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|20px]] [[Erbil]], [[Kurdistan Region]], [[Iraq]] | website = | abbreviation = PSNK | membership = 500-1000 | position = Third Position | flag = }} '''Hawpa''', also known as the '''Kurdish National Socialist organization''' ('''PSNK'''), is a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[Dissent|anti-government]] underground movement<ref name="Ural-2023">{{Cite web|last=Ural|first=Kemal|date=March 27, 2023|title=Karanlık bir fikrin temelleri açığa çıktı: 'Kurden Nasyonalist'in kökeni kime dayanıyor?|trans-title=The foundations of a dark idea have been revealed: Who does the 'Kurden Nationalist' originale from?<!--via Google translate-->|url=https://www.demokrathaber.org/karanlik-bir-fikrin-temelleri-aciga-cikti-kurden-nasyonalistin-kokeni-kime-dayaniyor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718181750/https://www.demokrathaber.org/karanlik-bir-fikrin-temelleri-aciga-cikti-kurden-nasyonalistin-kokeni-kime-dayaniyor|archive-date=July 18, 2023|access-date=July 3, 2023|website=Demokrat Haber|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ئەندام|title=هاوپا و نازییەت|trans-title=Hawpa and Nazism.|url=https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_29.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422205813/https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_29.html|archive-date=April 22, 2023|access-date=July 2, 2023|website=Hawpa|language=ckb|type=Blog post.}}</ref> in the [[Kurdistan Region]]. The party was established on the first day of [[Nowruz]] in 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hawpa|url=https://www.hawpaofficial.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718182144/https://www.hawpaofficial.org/|archive-date=2023-07-18|access-date=2023-07-02|website=Hawpa}}</ref> == Etymology == The name "Hawpa" in [[Sorani|Sorani Kurdish]] translates to "accomplice".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Aprim|first=Fred|date=November 2023|title=Neo-Nazi Kurdish Hawpa Group Threatens to Exterminate Assyrians|url=https://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2023/Hawpa.pdf|access-date=13 June 2025|website=fredaprim.com|language=English}}</ref> ==Ideology== Hawpa claims its ideology belongs to the Third Position{{clarification|date=February 2025}} and strives for the establishment of a [[Corporatism|corporatist]] state under Kurdish unity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ئەندام|title=بۆ هاوپا ؟|trans-title=Why Hawpa?|url=https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_27.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723172030/https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_27.html|archive-date=2023-07-23|access-date=2023-07-02|website=Hawpa}}</ref> Hawpa's ideology has its origins in the Hîwa Party (1939 – 1946) and the Kajik Party (1959 – 1975), which were founded on the basis of fascist and [[Nazism|Nazi]] ideas.<ref name=":1" /> The party has claimed to reject the belief that it is based in Nazi ideas, stating that the [[Swastika]] in its flag is based on an ancient Kurdish symbol, that the [[Nazi salute]] is a Kurdish greeting, and that posts of Nazism and [[Adolf Hitler]] are meant to clear misconceptions of its ideology.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 March 2023|title=هاوپا و نازییەت|language=Kurdish|work=Hawpa|url=https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_29.html|access-date=2025-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422205813/https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_29.html|archive-date=22 April 2023}}</ref> The ideology for the organization is inspired by Remzi Nafi, an Iraqi Kurd who led the Mammut operation against [[United Kingdom|British]] military during [[World War II]]. The group primarily reaches an audience through the use of social media platforms.<ref name="Ural-2023" /> The group is openly against most political parties in the [[Kurdistan Region]], and through the use of social media, has promoted the belief that [[Arabs]] should be expelled from the [[Kurdistan Region]], while Turkmen and [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] should be subject to [[genocide]].<ref name="Ural-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=ئەندام|title=ئاشوورییەكان|trans-title=The Assyrians.|url=https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_31.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723171136/https://www.hawpaofficial.org/2023/03/blog-post_31.html|archive-date=2023-07-23|access-date=2023-07-23|website=Hawpa}}</ref> The party has previously posted offensive material against Assyrians, including denial of Assyrian continuity and mislabeling them as [[Nestorianism|Nestorians]], as well as calling for the disbandment of Assyrian political parties and preventing cultural celebrations.<ref name=":1" /> ==History== Hawpa was first established on [[Nowruz]] in 2020 in the Kurdistan Region.<ref name=":0" /> The party gained initial recognition subsequent to their active participation in the 2022 Nowruz festival held in [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbakir]]. During the festival, they prominently brandished flags depicting their flag, along with flags adorned with the portraits of [[Qazi Muhammad]] and Ramzi Nafi Agha. There were reports indicating their perpetration of assaults targeting Turkish communists and members of the [[LGBT|LGBT community]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Önal|first=Barış|date=March 23, 2023|title=Diyarbakır Nevruz'unda Kürt Nazi saldırısı|trans-title=Kurdish Nazi attack on Diyarbakir Newroz|url=https://tele1.com.tr/diyarbakir-nevruzunda-kurt-nazi-saldirisi-811026/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504104713/https://tele1.com.tr/diyarbakir-nevruzunda-kurt-nazi-saldirisi-811026/|archive-date=May 4, 2024|access-date=August 15, 2023|website=TELE1|language=tr}}</ref> The group was present at Nowruz celebrations in [[Istanbul]] in 2023.<ref name="Ural-2023" /> ==Related pages== * [[Fascism]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] ==References== <references/> [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Fascism]] [[Category:Middle East]] [[Category:Political movements]] sbh7mb5sbfyd2t2unfjn69g8qfy9x3g 0 1157659 10330130 10320769 2025-06-14T14:56:59Z Steven1991 1522289 Update 10330130 wikitext text/x-wiki Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ==Overview== As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture and led to over 1,500 years of persecutions of Jews in France.<ref name="F1" /> Despite the end of [[the Holocaust]]{{efn|Introduction to the Holocaust: * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/what-was-the-holocaust.html |title=What was the Holocaust? |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust |title=Introduction to the Holocaust |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany) |title=Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule. |url=https://www.bpb.de/fsd/centropa/ermordete_juden_nach_land.php |date=April 29, 2018 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]].<br />[...]<br />The Polish government’s resolve to control the past culminated with [...] the [[Polish Memory Law|Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]] [...] penalizes those who ‘slander the good name of the Polish nation’ and who ‘blame the Polish society for crimes committed by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]].’ }} {{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024 }} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] }}|group=lower-alpha}} in 1945, [[antisemitism]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress (WJC) |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}} is still common in 21st century France.<ref name="F12" /> ==Middle Ages== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]]) in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ===11th century=== Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the [[Capetian dynasty]], when the King of France [[Robert II of France|Robert the Pious]] tried to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[Rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====First Crusade==== When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ===Deportations=== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ==Modern period== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France waxed and waned.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |volume=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the legitimization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> ===19th century=== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ====1880s==== Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> ====1890s==== The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive [[Dreyfus affair]] in 1894, when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]].<ref name="F13" /> Dreyfus was not [[wikt:vindicate|vindicated]] until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ==20th century== ===World War II=== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="F8" /><ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accessdate=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> ===Post-war=== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left [[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist [[Activism|activist]], published books denying the Holocaust, calling it a "distraction from [[class struggle]]" that "played into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]".<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> ====Influence==== Despite being left-wing, Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |first1=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access }}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] (JNS) |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> ==21st century== Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EICTP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] (JNS) |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: ‘Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country’ |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> As per the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear keffiyehs in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys hurling antisemitic insults and death threats.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] (JNS) |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> In June 2025, a French court [[Sentencing|sentenced]] three [[Teenager|teens]] to jail, ruling that the rape was driven by antisemitism based on the teens' use of [[Pejorative|slurs]] like "dirty Jew".<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=French teens sentenced for antisemitic gang rape of Jewish girl |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/bj2zogo7gx |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Antisemitism in Spain]] * [[Antisemitism in Ireland]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:History of France]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] caf0vzrd5y0o78jgmnxqiopwikdengf 10330132 10330130 2025-06-14T14:58:06Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330132 wikitext text/x-wiki Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as one of the oldest diasporas in Europe.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ==Overview== As France became Christianized in the late antiquity, Christian antisemitism shaped the region's culture and led to over 1,500 years of persecutions of Jews in France.<ref name="F1" /> Despite the end of [[the Holocaust]]{{efn|Introduction to the Holocaust: * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/what-was-the-holocaust.html |title=What was the Holocaust? |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust |title=Introduction to the Holocaust |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany) |title=Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule. |url=https://www.bpb.de/fsd/centropa/ermordete_juden_nach_land.php |date=April 29, 2018 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]].<br />[...]<br />The Polish government’s resolve to control the past culminated with [...] the [[Polish Memory Law|Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]] [...] penalizes those who ‘slander the good name of the Polish nation’ and who ‘blame the Polish society for crimes committed by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]].’ }} {{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024 }} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] }}|group=lower-alpha}} in 1945, [[antisemitism]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress (WJC) |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}} is still common in 21st century France.<ref name="F12" /> ==Middle Ages== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]]) in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ===11th century=== Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the [[Capetian dynasty]], when the King of France [[Robert II of France|Robert the Pious]] tried to kill all Jews who rejected Christian [[Forced conversion|conversion]].<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[Rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====First Crusade==== When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> ===Deportations=== Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ==Modern period== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France waxed and waned.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |volume=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the legitimization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{cquote|You are calculating animals; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by [[Western world|Western]] [[Left-wing politics|leftists]].<ref name="F6" /> ===19th century=== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ====1880s==== Between 1882 and 1885, three antisemitic publications existed in France: ''L'Anti-Juif'', ''L'Anti-Sémitique'', and ''Le Péril sociale''.<ref name="F1" /> In 1886, French [[politician]] Edouard Drumont published the 1,200-page [[tract]] ''La France juive'' ("Jewish France"), accusing Jews of masterminding capitalism, and calling for a race war between [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] "[[Aryan race|Aryans]]" and Jewish "[[Semites]]". The tract was very popular in France and reprinted for 140 times within the first two years of publication.<ref name="F5" /> ====1890s==== The wave of antisemitism peaked in the deeply divisive [[Dreyfus affair]] in 1894, when Alfred Dreyfus, an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] Jewish [[artillery]] officer, was [[Miscarriage of justice|falsely convicted]] of [[treason]].<ref name="F13" /> Dreyfus was not [[wikt:vindicate|vindicated]] until 1906.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13" /> ==20th century== ===World War II=== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On 22 June 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was partitioned into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such legal persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]],<ref name="F8" /> one of the worst instances of which was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="F8" /><ref name="Holocaust introductions"> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024}} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accessdate=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live}} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=12 June 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}} * {{Cite web|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}</ref> ===Post-war=== Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left [[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist [[Activism|activist]], published books denying the Holocaust, calling it a "distraction from [[class struggle]]" that "played into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]".<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> ====Influence==== Despite being left-wing, Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right,<ref name="F9" /> who have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |first1=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers emerged, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access }}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] (JNS) |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024 }}</ref> ==21st century== Antisemitism is still common in 21st century France,<ref name="F12"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary Jewry |title=Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-017-9221-x |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |pages=257–273 |volume=37 |date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=How France Became a Dangerous Place to Be a Jew (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/books/review/marc-weitzmann-hate.html |last=Cohen |first=Roger |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca_3.1.45/html |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Academic Studies Press |doi=10.26613/jca/3.1.45 |date=March 17, 2020 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=EICTP |title=GLOBALIZED ANTISEMITISM: DESIGNING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH ON JUDEOPHOBIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE |url=https://eictp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/EICTP_Research_Papers_Antisemitism_FINAL.pdf#page=21 |last=Rensmann |first=Lars |year=2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] (JNS) |title=In 21st-century Europe, Jews need new allies |url=https://www.jns.org/in-21st-century-europe-jews-need-new-allies |last=Tobin |first=Jonathan S. |date=July 2, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> with Jews and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] regularly attacked.<ref name="F12" /> A report by [[Tel Aviv University]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] found a spike in antisemitic incidents from 436 in 2022 to 1,676 in 2023, 74% of which happened following [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|7 October 2023]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Media Line |title=Antisemitism Exploding: ‘Every Jew in France Faced With Prospect of Leaving Country’ |url=https://themedialine.org/top-stories/antisemitism-exploding-every-jew-in-france-faced-with-prospect-of-leaving-country |last=Neifakh |first=Veronica |date=November 14, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> As per the ''Statista'', 57.4% of 2023 antisemitic incidents happened in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Statista |title=Anti-Semitic acts in French cities 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/759565/number-of-committed-anti-semitic-acts-france |date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Some French Jews said that they had to adopt fake names and wear keffiyehs in order to stay safe.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Christian Science Monitor |title=Amid fresh wave of antisemitism, some French Jews resort to fake names |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/1017/mideast-conflict-antisemitism-france |last=Davidson |first=Colette |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> One of the most serious antisemitic incidents involved a 12-year-old Jewish girl being [[Gang rape|gang-raped]] by several boys.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Macron condemns antisemitism after Jewish girl is raped |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cljj9x8lj2jo |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=France 24 |title=French teens charged with anti-Semitic rape in attack condemned by political leaders |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240619-french-teens-charged-with-anti-semitic-rape-in-attack-condemned-by-political-leaders |date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Hundreds protest across France after horrific rape of 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/hundreds-protest-across-france-after-horrific-rape-of-12-year-old-jewish-girl-anukej36 |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=A Rape in Paris |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/06/21/a-rape-in-paris |last=Cohen |first=Ben |quote=The act of misogyny is a grotesque means for men to remind women of their physical power. It’s also an act of dehumanization, like it was on Oct. 7.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=All of France raped a 12-year-old Jewish girl |url=https://www.jns.org/all-of-france-raped-a-12-year-old-jewish-girl |last=Nirenstein |first=Fiamma |date=June 23, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Only politics can stop the wave of dehumanization and hate.}}</ref> In June 2025, a French court [[Sentencing|sentenced]] three [[Teenager|teens]] to jail, ruling that the rape was driven by antisemitism based on the teens' use of [[Pejorative|slurs]] like "dirty Jew".<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=French teens sentenced for antisemitic gang rape of Jewish girl |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/bj2zogo7gx |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Antisemitism in Spain]] * [[Antisemitism in Ireland]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:History of France]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] 0g8ggjlufoofoyd7l6b0kdkqympehap 3 1157944 10331472 10328885 2025-06-15T05:28:03Z HistorianAlferedo 1539758 understood 10331472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Appreciation == Hello @[[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] I'd like to appreciate you for your efforts and reverting obvious vandalism of [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Runaway911 this user]. Best regards. [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 22:24, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :Dear user@[[User:Bensebgli|Bensebgli]] Thank you for your appreciation! [[User:HistorianAlferedo|HistorianAlferedo]] ([[User talk:HistorianAlferedo#top|talk]]) 12:36, 27 May 2025 (UTC) 0huhxuhaolotonhl2p30gl6b9ztbisg 2 1158182 10330207 10328632 2025-06-14T15:46:14Z Steven1991 1522289 10330207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]] The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias across generations.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by reformist [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183}}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 5vj5fe4yze0mhelo831wgx8g5bmq6y7 10330217 10330207 2025-06-14T15:53:16Z Steven1991 1522289 10330217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]] The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by reformist [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |date=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== In 2013, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that "[Israel would] die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} irdql1w5qcgqdujq04a0hxuveqkrpek 10330259 10330217 2025-06-14T16:15:46Z Steven1991 1522289 10330259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]] The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by reformist [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> In 2014, [[Hossein Salami]], then deputy commander of the IRGC, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== In 2019, Hossein Salami, then an IRGC commander, stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> Following the [[October 7 attacks]], [[Ali Fadavi]], the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, [[Mohammad Hassan Rahimian]], Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the reformist [[Iranian Green Movement]], declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":3" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, [[Ahmad Alamolhoda]], a prominent Iranian cleric and member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]], once designated as Khomeini’s successor and later a supporter of the reform movement, recalled telling a delegation of reformist parliamentarians that, according to Quran 7, the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|[[Judgment Day]] in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127 }}</ref> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":3" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":83">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} pd194yhb9sd68zrya1hwkdylv1fve0l 10330264 10330259 2025-06-14T16:19:36Z Steven1991 1522289 10330264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]] The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by reformist [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, [[Mohammad Hassan Rahimian]], Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the reformist [[Iranian Green Movement]], declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":3" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, [[Ahmad Alamolhoda]], a prominent Iranian cleric and member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== [[Hussein-Ali Montazeri]], once designated as Khomeini’s successor and later a supporter of the reform movement, recalled telling a delegation of reformist parliamentarians that, according to Quran 7, the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|[[Judgment Day]] in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127 }}</ref> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":3" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":83">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 0rava4013bluszg9y3rjunq289nczq8 10330279 10330264 2025-06-14T16:37:20Z Steven1991 1522289 10330279 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":3" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127 }}</ref> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":3" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":83">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=New York, NY |pages=18}}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=London New York, NY |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref name=":2" /> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=626 }}</ref> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=95–96 }}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} m830m6urf4m37n7lkn3naq0qpwzy6j4 10330280 10330279 2025-06-14T16:39:09Z Steven1991 1522289 10330280 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Atlantic |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":3" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127 }}</ref> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":3" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=London New York, NY |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref name=":2" /> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=626 }}</ref> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Atlantic |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=95–96 }}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} n8mbvwrgd5dsxs8q400w8zgfq86q1fz 10330282 10330280 2025-06-14T16:42:14Z Steven1991 1522289 10330282 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":3" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=127 }}</ref> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":3" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Lieber |first2=Dov |last3=Faucon |first3=Benoit |date=2023-10-25 |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Hamas Fighters Trained in Iran Before Oct. 7 Attacks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027072813/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-fighters-trained-in-iran-before-oct-7-attacks-e2a8dbb9 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref name=":2" /> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, Boston |pages=626 }}</ref> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 3s6706x4rrvo9huhudsbuso0d12ax76 10330288 10330282 2025-06-14T16:45:22Z Steven1991 1522289 10330288 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|[[Quds Day]] celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref name=":2" /> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} s3hm03ban0hosth80yuuj8p4ss8f6bt 10330291 10330288 2025-06-14T16:47:00Z Steven1991 1522289 10330291 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref name=":2" /> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 27z746plzb40dy3qbocnj1xu31bbui6 10330295 10330291 2025-06-14T16:49:23Z Steven1991 1522289 10330295 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy was opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} bxpoqvp59v1y1gkjijrwmduu6g2b684 10330303 10330295 2025-06-14T16:52:44Z Steven1991 1522289 Blanked the page 10330303 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 1158281 10330070 10322612 2025-06-14T14:06:41Z GeorgeM2011 1543286 10330070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | border-c = #891| | info = This is my sandbox page. | info-s = 14 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Leo Knowles | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE|MP}} | office = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | monarch = [[William, Prince of Wales|William V]] | deputy = Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor = Kevin Jackson | office1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 5 June 2045 | deputy1 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | 1namedata1 = Benjamin Kivlin<br>George Moulder | 1blankname1 = Chairman | predecessor1 = Harry Marsh | office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] | term_start2 = 5 June 2045 | term_end2 = 26 July 2048 | monarch2 = William V | primeminister2 = Kevin Jackson | deputy2 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor2 = Harry Marsh | successor2 = Kevin Jackson {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices {{nobold|2041–2044}} | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 29 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 29 March 2044 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Foreign Secretary|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | leader1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament4 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP4 = [[Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Salisbury]] | term_start4 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor4 = Norbert Johnson | majority4 = 34.2% | birth_name = Leonardo Peter Knowles | birth_date = 6 July 2012 (age 36) | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Warneford]] (since 2035) | otherparty = [[Liberal Democrats]] (before 2035){{Efn|He publicly supported the [[Liberal Democrats]] until 2035, when he co-founded the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford Party]].}} | spouse = Maci Ireland<br>(m. 2036; div. 2043)<br>{{marriage|Amaliya Holt|2045}} | children = Alex Knowles | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * writer}} | awards = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE, 2047) }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}} | office = [[Secretary of State for Defence]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | primeminister = Leo Knowles | predecessor = James Nightly | office1 = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 23 June 2048 | leader1 = Leo Knowles | predecessor1 = Benjamin Kivlin {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles | office1 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start1 = 21 March 2044 | term_end1 = 24 April 2046 | leader1 = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start = 5 April 2043 | term_end = 21 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 5 April 2043 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament2 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP2 = [[Swindon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon North]] | term_start2 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor2 = Gareth Baldwin | majority2 = 31.2% | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford]] | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox military person | honorific prefix = [[Lieutenant General]] | name = Sam Barber | honorific suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|CBE|MC|DSO}} | birth_name = Samuel Jacob Barber | birth_date = 15 September 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Salisbury Plain]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Marnie Wroughton|2038}} | children = 3 | serviceyears = 2029–present | allegiance = [[United Kingdom]] | rank = [[Lieutenant General]] | battles = *[[World War III]] **[[Tony Blair|Second Battle of the Somme]] **[[Gordon Brown|Battle of Dubrovnik]] **[[David Cameron|Battle of Marseille]] *[[Afghanistan War|Second Afghanistan War]] **[[Pakistan|120 Day Battle]] }} {{Infobox company | name = GSM Games Ltd. | type = [[Limited company]] (until 2042)<br>[[Subsidiary]] (since 2042) | industry = [[Video games]] | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|13|df=y}} | founders = George Moulder | key_people = George Moulder ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) | parent = [[PlayStation Studios]] (2042–present) | products = ''[[Astro Bot (series)|Astro Bot 3: Third Time Lucky]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi|Alongside [[Team Asobi]]}}{{Efn|Mainly developed [[PlayStation VR|PSVR3/PSVR4]] compatibility, but also assisted in graphic development.}}<br>''[[Astro Bot|Astro Bot 4: Dawn of the Alien]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi}} | website = [https://playstation.com/en-gb gsmgames.co.uk] }} {{Infobox album | name = The Haemorrhage | caption = UK release cover | type = EP | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | released = 14 March 2035 | label = Warneford | length = {{duration|m=19|s=47}} | producer = {{flatlist| *George Moulder *Roan Cook *Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | year = 2035 | next_title = Brain Waves | next_year = 2036 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = EP | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = The Haemorrhage | year = 2035 | next_title = Percussion | next_year = 2035}} {{Singles | name = The Haemorrhage | type = EP | single1 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | single1date = 11 January 2035 | single2 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | single2date = 13 January 2035}} }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=27}} | label = Warneford | released = 11 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher | year = 2035 | next_title = Haemorrhage, Part II | next_year = 2035 }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=58}} | label = Warneford | released = 13 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | year = 2035 | next_title = Bloodthirsty | next_year = 2037 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = single | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | year = 2035 | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | next_title = Treble Clef | next_year = 2035}} }} {{Infobox album | name = Three Geniuses | type = compilation | artist = George Moulder, Finnley Gallagher and Roan Cook | released = January 2040 | label = Warneford | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | chronology = George Moulder | prev_title = Astro Bot 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | prev_year = 2040 | year = 2040 | next_title = Hypergalactic (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | next_year = 2042 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Finnley Gallagher | prev_title = Greatness Awaits: The Finn Gallagher Collection | prev_year = 2040 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Pressure All The Same | next_year = 2041}} {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Roan Cook | prev_title = Cook's Classics | prev_year = 2039 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Ground Music On The Cat | next_year = 2040}} }} {{Infobox album | name = ASTRO BOT 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | type = soundtrack | artist = George Moulder | released = 14 March 2040 | recorded = 2038–39 | label = [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|[[Kenneth C M Young]]}} | prev_title = Mister Media | prev_year = 2038 | year = 2040 | next_title = Three Geniuses | next_year = 2040 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Miss | name = Sophie Hesten | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start = 6 September 2024 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = Mark Nye | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Fiona Stanley|Richard Blake|Peter Jordan|Elizabeth Trafford|Annie Hawkins}} | predecessor = Andy Steele <small>(as Headmaster)</small> | office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|President of the Warneford Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | predecessor1 = Andy Steele | office2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | birth_date = {{birth year|1972}} | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Daniel Peterson|2000|2013|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = Mark Nye | honorific-suffix = [[British Empire Medal|BEM]] [[CBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President|Vice Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{Efn|Known as Deputy Headteacher before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2016 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = John A. Saunders (2016–17)<br />Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | predecessor = Pascal Sauvage | office1 = [[Vice-president|President of the Warneford Shadow Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2016 | predecessor1 = Pascal Sauvage | office2 = [[UK|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = History | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 February 2005 | term_end3 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History | birth_name = Mark Charles Edmund Nye | birth_date = 12 March 1463 (age 562) | birth_place = [[Oxford]], England | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|Anne Boleyn|1497|1512|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Janice Berkeley|1560|1627|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Anne Weir|1643|1665|reason=died}} *{{marriage|Judith Smith|1719|1784|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Mary Elizabeth Jones|1809|1889|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Elizabeth Moore|1901|1933|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Petra Nova|1946|1964|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Marion Green|1970|2001|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Eileen Winchester|2004|2013|reason=separated}}}} }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mrs | name = Annie Hawkins | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|MSLT]] | office = [[Divorce|Designated Safeguarding Lead]] | term_start = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Sophie Hesten | 2blankname = Deputy | 2namedata = Katherine Gallagher and Heidi May | predecessor = Andy Steele | office1 = [[Principal|Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | alongside1 = Fiona Stanley, Richard Blake, Peter Jordan and Elizabeth Trafford | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Sophie Hesten | predecessor1 = Diana Duncan | office2 = [[KBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Maths | office3 = [[DBE|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 April 2024 | term_end3 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Maths | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|06|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lechlade]], Gloucestershire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Paul Hawkins|2018}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mrs | name = Fiona Stanley | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Senior Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{efn|Known as Senior Associate Assistant Head before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | 3blankname = Associate | 3namedata = Richard Blake, Peter Jordan, Diana Duncan (before 2024), Elizabeth Trafford, Annie Hawkins (2024–) | office1 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Head of Stanton House]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2020 | term_end1 = 28 July 2024 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = Alice Sharps{{efn|As House Leader}} | office2 = [[MBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Science | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|09|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Kevin Stanley|2010}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mr Principal | name = Damien Duckleberry | honorific-suffix = [[Yugoslavia|MSLT]] | office = [[GBE|Principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = John Ni-Kong | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Theresa Lewis|Lorraine Wright|Omosola Aworinde|Alice Richards|Emmeline Pebberley}} | predecessor = Roger Duckleberry | office1 = [[UK|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|Known as Associate Principal before 2010|name=associate}} | term_start1 = 1 September 2003 | term_end1 = 19 April 2014 | alongside1 = Emmeline Pebberley, Lorraine Wright, John Ni-Kong and Patricia Azille | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Roger Duckleberry | office2 = [[Geography|Head of Geography]] | term_start2 = 4 January 2005 | term_end2 = 29 July 2012 | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Geography<br>Physical Education | office4 = [[History|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start4 = 12 September 1998 | term_end4 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname4 = Subject | 1namedata4 = Geography | birth_name = Damien Roger Mickey Duckleberry | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|21}} | birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U. S. | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[United States]] (before 1989) *[[United Kingdom]] (since 1989)}} | spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Lennon|1999|2013|reason=divorce}}<br>{{Marriage|Maria Kemp|2018}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = John Ni-Kong | honorific-suffix = [[Czechia|MSLT]] | office = [[USA|Vice-principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Damien Duckleberry | predecessor = Margaret D'Souza-Deshmukh | office1 = [[UK|Head of History]] | term_start1 = 4 January 2015 | office2 = [[Academy|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|name=associate}} | term_start2 = 1 September 2004 | term_end2 = 19 April 2014 | alongside2 = Damien Duckleberry, Patricia Azille, Lorraine Wright and Emmeline Pebberley | 1blankname2 = Principal | 1namedata2 = Roger Duckleberry | office3 = [[Czechia|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2004 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History<br>Physical Education | birth_name = Jonathan Archibald Nicholson-Konger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|08|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Lilly Richards|1997|2002|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McKenna|2012}} | children = 3 | module = {{infobox person | embed = yes | other_names = John Archibald Ni-Kong | partner = Patricia Gibson (2003–2009) }}}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Senior Leadership Team |- |Mr D R M Duckleberry |Principal / DDSL / Geography/PE Teacher |- |Mr J A Ni-Kong |Vice Principal / Head of History / PE Teacher |- |Ms T Lewis |Assistant Principal / Head of Maths |- |Miss L Wright |Assistant Principal / Head of English |- |Mr O Aworinde |Assistant Principal / Head of Science |- |Mrs A Richards |Assistant Principal / DSL |- |Mrs E Pebberley |Assistant Principal / Deputy SENDCO |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Pastoral Team |- |Mr T Montgomery |SENDCO |- |Mr H Marsh |DDSL / Head of KS3 |- |Mrs B Norris |Head of KS4 / Pastoral Support Worker |- |Miss S Nicholson |Pastoral Support Worker / ELSA |} {{Infobox person | name = Juàn Chi Velàsquez | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} | birth_name = Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|02|16}} | birth_place = [[México City]], Mexico | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|03|20|1938|02|16}} | death_place = [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Frida Larencia|1968|1976|reason=divorce}}}} === Juàn Chi Velásquez === '''Juàn Ho Chi Minh Velásquez-Smith''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} (born '''Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia'''; 16 February 1938 – 20 March 2014) was a [[Mexico|Mexican]]-[[Vietnam|Vietnamese]]-[[England|English]] campaigner and anti-war protester. He started his first campaign to end the [[Vietnam War]] in 1960. {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[the Honourable]] | name = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|AOMP]] [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = 5th [[President of the United States|President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | vicepresident = Kehinde Banartu | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi<br>Marissa Palotini<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = 6th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2010 | term_end1 = 7 August 2014 | president1 = Marissa Palotini | predecessor1 = Omosola Arbunati | successor1 = Berkhi Marodosi | office2 = [[Joe Biden|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start2 = 5 August 2010 | term_end2 = 5 August 2014 | predecessor2 = Omosola Arbunati | successor2 = Berki Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliament positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[United States Capitol|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[White House|62nd District]] | term_start = 4 May 2015 | term_end = 6 July 2016 | office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br>for [[Ohio|Swindontown's 24th District]] | term_start1 = 8 May 2008 | term_end1 = 21 March 2015 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Berkhi Kehinde Omosola Baghdosi Jr. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brazzaville]], Republic of the Congo | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Republic of the Congo]] (before 2001) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 2001)}} | party = [[Joe Biden|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Grace Komolafe|1998}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Kehinde Banartu | honorific-suffix = [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = [[UK|Vice-President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | primeminister = Marissa Palotini<br>Omosola Arbunati<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Stephen Akinlade | office1 = [[United States|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[Tennessee|17th District]] | term_start1 = 10 February 2012 | term_end1 = 15 November 2018 | birth_name = Kehinde Berkhi Banartu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|08|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[DRC|New Zaire]], British Atlantis (present day [[Swindon|Swindontown]], [[Congo|Atlantis]]) | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Gladys Ackponasa|2003}} | children = 5 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ronald Barotti | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|AOMS]] | office = 10th [[Prime Minister|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start = 7 August 2022 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = [[Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start1 = 16 April 2021 | predecessor1 = Keri Alongade {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Starmer ministry|Leader of the Opposition of Atlantis]] | term_start = 16 April 2021 | term_end = 7 August 2022 | successor = Marissa Palotini {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Electricity|Minister for Energy and Business]] | term_start = 7 August 2017 | term_end = 7 August 2019 | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliamentary offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Wikipedia|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br> for [[London|Bridgeville's 12th District]] | term_start = 7 August 2010 | office1 = Member of the Atlantis National Assembly<br> for [[Swindon|Swindontown's 7th District]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2006 | term_end1 = 16 September 2008 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Ronald Luigi Barotti | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|07|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Venice]], Italy | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Italy]] (before 1994) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 1994)}} | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] }} === More people === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Earl Teddington | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]]<br>[[Lord Temporal]] | term_start = 7 May 2069 | term_label = Elected hereditary peerage | predecessor = ''Position established'' | birth_name = Theodore Edward Moulder | birth_date = 27 December 2018 (age 77) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | party = None (2071–present, before 2053)<br>[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (2053–2071) | spouse = {{plainlist| *Lorna Johansson<br>(m. 2040; ann 2042) *Lucia Marvolo<br>(m. 2045; div 2065) *Petra Johnson<br>(m. 2067; ann 2067) *Geraldine P. Jones<br>(m. 2071; div 2079) *Andrea Lee (m. 2088)}} | children = 5, including Theodore Jr. and Henry }} '''Sir Theodore Edwardian "Teddy" "Teddington" Moulder, 1st Earl Teddington, 16th Baron Moulder, 21st Earl of Oxford''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} ({{né|'''Theodore Edward Moulder'''}}; born 27 December 2018) is a British peer and former businessman, who is the 4th richest man in the UK. {{Infobox person | name = Louie Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} | birth_name = Louie Arnold Edmonds | birth_date = 18 November 2010 | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 June 2078 (age 67) | death_place = [[Reading]], [[Berkshire]], England | spouse = Gregg Mill (m. 2057) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Max Edmonds (brother) }} '''Louie Arnold Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (18 November 2010 – 16 June 2078) was a British sports presenter, commentator and former footballer who previously played for [[Liverpool FC]] from 2034 to 2046. He, and his younger brother Max, hosted the sports show ''Sport News with Louie & Max''. {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} | birth_name = Maxime James Edmonds | birth_date = 21 March 2012 | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 September 2105 (age 93) | death_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = Joanne Morris<br>(m. 2043; ann 2055)<br>Maisie Lees<br>(m. 2056; ann 2057) | partner = Leanna Jane Foxbridge (2062–2105) | children = 3, including James Louie | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Louie Edmonds (brother) | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label = Life peerage | term_start = 6 February 2083 | term_end = 16 September 2105 }}}} '''Sir Maxime James "Max" Edmonds, Baron Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} (21 March 2012 – 16 September 2105) was a British sports presenter, former footballer and commentator who was awarded a life peerage and a knighthood in 2083. He played alongside his brother for [[Liverpool F.C.]] from 2038 to 2050. His brother Louie and himself hosted the show ''Sport News with Louie & Max'' from 2053 to 2078. {{Infobox person | name = Fu Okititi | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} | birth_name = James Liam Futier Okitt-May | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|07|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Pearson|2006|2014|reason=divorce}} | partner = Emelia Kravensworth (2017–present) | children = 2 | occupation = {{flatlist| *Actor *Filmmaker *Comedian }} | known_for = {{flatlist| *''[[What We Do In The Shadows]]''}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[New Zealand]] (Since 1976) *[[Australia]] (Since 2005)}} }} '''Liam "Fu" Okititi''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} (born '''James Liam Futier Okitt-May'''; 22 July 1976) is a New Zealand and Australian actor, comedian and filmmaker. {{Infobox person | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2011–2047)<br>[[New Zealand]] (2045–present) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Comedian *Actor *Filmmaker *Voice actor *Podcaster}} | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} '''George Stephen Moulder''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} (born 7 October 2011) is a British-New Zealand comedian, actor, filmmaker, voice actor and podcaster. He has hosted the "Media Today" podcast since 2031, which is available on YouTube, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. {{Infobox person | name = Garibaldi Newt | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} | birth_name = Paul Newt Johnston | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|03|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Historian *Actor}} | partner = Lia Holmes (2022–present) | years_active = 2015–present | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Australia]] (before 2004) *[[New Zealand]] (since 2004) }}}} '''Garibaldi Newt''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} (born '''Paul Newt Johnston'''; 17 March 1989) is an [[Australian New Zealanders|Australian–born New Zealand]] historian, presenter and former actor. === Films === {{Infobox film | name = Three Boys and The Runnaway | director = George Moulder | producer = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber }} | writer = {{plainlist| *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Harley Harris *Tyler Corrigan *Finn Gallagher }} | starring = {{plainlist| *Michael Lloyd *James O'Neill *Steven Chen *Awkwafina *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Jackson Head }} | music = James Hanson | cinematography = {{plainlist| *Henry Harkin *Finn Gallagher}} | editing = Harley Harris | studio = MBCH Films | distributor = Sony Pictures Distribution | released = {{film date|df=yes|2036|02|27|UK}} | country = [[United Kingdom]] | language = English | budget = GBP£24.5 Million | gross = GBP£60 Million }} {{Infobox company | name = MBCH Films | image = Watermoor Point Cirencester.jpg | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Cirencester]], England | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = Films and entertainment | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|1|df=y}} in [[Swindon]], England | founder = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber *Tyler Corrigan *Harley Harris}} | hq_location_city = [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]] | hq_location_country = England | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = George Moulder ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])<br>Samuel Barber ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br>Tyler Corrigan ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief operating officer|COO]])<br>Harley Harris ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief creative officer|CCO]]) | products = ''Three Boys and The Runnaway'' }} {{Infobox person | name = Kieran West | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} | birth_name = Kieran Nicolas West | birth_date = 23 January 2012 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2012–2040)<br>[[United States]] (2040–present) | occupation = Designer • Businessman | years_active = 2035–present | partner = Kelly Louise (2041–present) }} '''Kieran Nicolas West''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} (born 23 January 2012) is a Scottish–American businessman and designer, known for founding his self-named company in 2035 and it's brands of clothing (West Nants) and perfume (Kieran West Fragrances). {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Company | type = [[Public company|Public]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|03|22|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing design • fragrances | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | divisions = Kieran West Fragrances | subsid = West Nants Co. }} The '''Kieran West Company''', is a clothing design holding company founded in 2036 by the Scottish and American businessman Kieran West. {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Fragrances | trade_name = Kieran West | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | founded = {{start date and age|2035|04|20|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | industry = Retail • fragrances | founder = Kieran West | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | owner = Kieran West (2035–36) | parent = The Kieran West Company (2036–present) }} '''Kieran West Fragrances''' is a fragrance creating and retail company founded 2035 by Kieran West in [[Glasgow]]. The company has been held under the Kieran West Company since it's establishment in 2036. {{Infobox company | name = West Nants Co. | type = [[Subsidiary]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|01|3|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing • retail | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | products = Schlundernants<br>Karpeldernants<br>Karpelflübernants<br>Flübernants | parent = The Kieran West Company }} '''West Nants Co.''' is a clothing design and retail company created by Kieran West in 2036. The company is owned and held by the Kieran West Company, which also owns Kieran West Fragrances. === Other === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Crockett | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises | term_start = 27 October 1985 | term_end = 6 April 2021 | office1 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start1 = 4 January 2008 | term_end1 = 6 April 2021 | office2 = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status2 = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label2 = [[Life peer]]age | term_start2 = 4 July 1997 | term_end2 = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus Malcolm Crockett | birth_date = {{birth date|1942|9|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilford]], [[London]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|6|1942|9|14|df=y}} | death_place = [[Brighton]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Anne Smith|1963}} | children = 3, including Gus Crockett-Smith | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *Businessman *barrister *philanthropist}} | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | partner = Davina Richardson (1957–1961)}} }} '''Sir Augustus Malcolm''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett, Baron Crockett''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} (14 September 1942 – 6 April 2021) was an English businessman, barrister, philanthropist and peer. He founded the company Gus Crockett Enterprises in 1985 and it's held website GusCrockett.com in 2008. After he died in April 2021, the company was passed on to his eldest son, Gus Crockett-Smith. {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gus Crockett-Smith | honorific-suffix = [[MBE]] | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises<br>[[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus James Crockett-Smith | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|12|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Maria Powell|1987|2001|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McMahon|2005|2018|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | partner = Edwina Ann Williams (2020-present) | occupation = Businessman | father = Gus Crockett | mother = Anne Smith }} '''Augustus James''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett-Smith''' [[MBE]] (born 17 December 1963) is a British businessman who is the CEO of Gus Crockett Enterprises, since the death of his father, Gus Crockett, in 2021. {{Infobox person | name = Forrest Blackwell | honorific-suffix = [[OBE]] | birth_name = Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|02|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wrocław]], Poland | citizenship = [[Poland]] (1951–1962)<br>[[United Kingdom]] (1962–present)<br>[[United States]] (1981–present) | spouse = {{marriage|Weronika Balińska|1985|2006|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | occupation = Business magnate • criminal }} '''Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell''' [[OBE]] (born 2 March 1951) is a Polish-born British-American convicted criminal and business magnate who founded Forrest Blackwell Enterprises, also known as the Blackwell Company, in 1987. In October 2013, Blackwell was sentenced to life in prison on charges of theft, fraud, voluntary manslaughter, conspiracy to murder and attempted genocide over LEGO City. {{Infobox company | name = Forrest Blackwell Enterprises | trade_name = The Blackwell Company | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = [[Conglomerate]] | foundation = {{start date and age|1987|05|8}} in LEGO City, Traveller's Terriory, U. S. | founder = Forrest Blackwell | hq_location = Blackwell Tower, King's Court | hq_location_city = Lego City | hq_location_country = U. S. | key_people = Forrest Blackwell ([[President (corporate title)|President]]; before 2013) | equity = 2.1 Billion USD | equity_year = 2013 | owner = Forrest Blackwell (100%: 1987-2004; 89%: 2004-2013)<br>Shareholders (11%: 2004-2014)<br>LEGO City Council (49%: 2013-2014) | defunct = {{end date and age|2014|03|14}} | fate = Filed for bankruptcy on January 21 2014. After Blackwell's imprisonment, the company failed to pay it's dues and therefore lost over 1.6 Billion dollars.{{efn|Blackwell Public Services was shut down, Blackwell Properties sold it's main assets to [[Microsoft]] and Blackwell Finance was merged with the LEGO City Bank Trust.}} | subsid = Blackwell Properties<br>Blackwell Finance<br>Blackwell Public Services }} '''Forrest Blackwell Enterprises''', trading as '''the Blackwell Company''', is a [[conglomerate]] founded in 1987 by Polish-British-American businessman Forrest Blackwell. In late 2013 just before the arrest and conviction of Blackwell, the company was worth an estimated 2.1 Billion USD. == Notes == {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ttayobkhyrzkjwb8ua47048xra5f1rh 10330072 10330070 2025-06-14T14:07:55Z GeorgeM2011 1543286 10330072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | border-c = #891| | info = This is my sandbox page. | info-s = 14 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Leo Knowles | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE|MP}} | office = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | monarch = [[William, Prince of Wales|William V]] | deputy = Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor = Kevin Jackson | office1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 5 June 2045 | deputy1 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | 1namedata1 = Benjamin Kivlin<br>George Moulder | 1blankname1 = Chairman | predecessor1 = Harry Marsh | office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] | term_start2 = 5 June 2045 | term_end2 = 26 July 2048 | monarch2 = William V | primeminister2 = Kevin Jackson | deputy2 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor2 = Harry Marsh | successor2 = Kevin Jackson {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices {{nobold|2041–2044}} | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 29 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 29 March 2044 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Foreign Secretary|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | leader1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament4 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP4 = [[Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Salisbury]] | term_start4 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor4 = Norbert Johnson | majority4 = 34.2% | birth_name = Leonardo Peter Knowles | birth_date = 6 July 2012 (age 36) | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Warneford]] (since 2035) | otherparty = [[Liberal Democrats]] (before 2035){{Efn|He publicly supported the [[Liberal Democrats]] until 2035, when he co-founded the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford Party]].}} | spouse = Maci Ireland<br>(m. 2036; div. 2043)<br>{{marriage|Amaliya Holt|2045}} | children = Alex Knowles | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * writer}} | awards = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE, 2047) }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}} | office = [[Secretary of State for Defence]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | primeminister = Leo Knowles | predecessor = James Nightly | office1 = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 23 June 2048 | leader1 = Leo Knowles | predecessor1 = Benjamin Kivlin {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles | office1 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start1 = 21 March 2044 | term_end1 = 24 April 2046 | leader1 = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start = 5 April 2043 | term_end = 21 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 5 April 2043 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament2 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP2 = [[Swindon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon North]] | term_start2 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor2 = Gareth Baldwin | majority2 = 31.2% | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford]] | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox military person | honorific prefix = [[Lieutenant General]] | name = Sam Barber | honorific suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|CBE|MC|DSO}} | birth_name = Samuel Jacob Barber | birth_date = 15 September 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Salisbury Plain]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Marnie Wroughton|2038}} | children = 3 | serviceyears = 2029–present | allegiance = [[United Kingdom]] | rank = [[Lieutenant General]] | battles = *[[World War III]] **[[Tony Blair|Second Battle of the Somme]] **[[Gordon Brown|Battle of Dubrovnik]] **[[David Cameron|Battle of Marseille]] *[[Afghanistan War|Second Afghanistan War]] **[[Pakistan|120 Day Battle]] }} {{Infobox company | name = GSM Games Ltd. | type = [[Limited company]] (until 2042)<br>[[Subsidiary]] (since 2042) | industry = [[Video games]] | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|13|df=y}} | founders = George Moulder | key_people = George Moulder ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) | parent = [[PlayStation Studios]] (2042–present) | products = ''[[Astro Bot (series)|Astro Bot 3: Third Time Lucky]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi|Alongside [[Team Asobi]]}}{{Efn|Mainly developed [[PlayStation VR|PSVR3/PSVR4]] compatibility, but also assisted in graphic development.}}<br>''[[Astro Bot|Astro Bot 4: Dawn of the Alien]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi}} | website = [https://playstation.com/en-gb gsmgames.co.uk] }} {{Infobox album | name = The Haemorrhage | caption = UK release cover | type = EP | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | released = 11 January 2035 | label = Warneford | length = {{duration|m=19|s=47}} | producer = {{flatlist| *George Moulder *Roan Cook *Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | year = 2035 | next_title = Brain Waves | next_year = 2036 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = EP | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = The Haemorrhage | year = 2035 | next_title = Percussion | next_year = 2035}} {{Singles | name = The Haemorrhage | type = EP | single1 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | single1date = 11 January 2035 | single2 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | single2date = 13 January 2035}} }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=27}} | label = Warneford | released = 7 February 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher | year = 2035 | next_title = Haemorrhage, Part II | next_year = 2035 }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=58}} | label = Warneford | released = 11 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | year = 2035 | next_title = Bloodthirsty | next_year = 2037 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = single | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | year = 2035 | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | next_title = Treble Clef | next_year = 2035}} }} {{Infobox album | name = Three Geniuses | type = compilation | artist = George Moulder, Finnley Gallagher and Roan Cook | released = January 2040 | label = Warneford | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | chronology = George Moulder | prev_title = Astro Bot 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | prev_year = 2040 | year = 2040 | next_title = Hypergalactic (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | next_year = 2042 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Finnley Gallagher | prev_title = Greatness Awaits: The Finn Gallagher Collection | prev_year = 2040 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Pressure All The Same | next_year = 2041}} {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Roan Cook | prev_title = Cook's Classics | prev_year = 2039 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Ground Music On The Cat | next_year = 2040}} }} {{Infobox album | name = ASTRO BOT 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | type = soundtrack | artist = George Moulder | released = 14 March 2040 | recorded = 2038–39 | label = [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|[[Kenneth C M Young]]}} | prev_title = Mister Media | prev_year = 2038 | year = 2040 | next_title = Three Geniuses | next_year = 2040 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Miss | name = Sophie Hesten | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start = 6 September 2024 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = Mark Nye | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Fiona Stanley|Richard Blake|Peter Jordan|Elizabeth Trafford|Annie Hawkins}} | predecessor = Andy Steele <small>(as Headmaster)</small> | office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|President of the Warneford Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | predecessor1 = Andy Steele | office2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | birth_date = {{birth year|1972}} | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Daniel Peterson|2000|2013|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = Mark Nye | honorific-suffix = [[British Empire Medal|BEM]] [[CBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President|Vice Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{Efn|Known as Deputy Headteacher before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2016 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = John A. Saunders (2016–17)<br />Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | predecessor = Pascal Sauvage | office1 = [[Vice-president|President of the Warneford Shadow Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2016 | predecessor1 = Pascal Sauvage | office2 = [[UK|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = History | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 February 2005 | term_end3 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History | birth_name = Mark Charles Edmund Nye | birth_date = 12 March 1463 (age 562) | birth_place = [[Oxford]], England | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|Anne Boleyn|1497|1512|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Janice Berkeley|1560|1627|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Anne Weir|1643|1665|reason=died}} *{{marriage|Judith Smith|1719|1784|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Mary Elizabeth Jones|1809|1889|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Elizabeth Moore|1901|1933|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Petra Nova|1946|1964|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Marion Green|1970|2001|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Eileen Winchester|2004|2013|reason=separated}}}} }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mrs | name = Annie Hawkins | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|MSLT]] | office = [[Divorce|Designated Safeguarding Lead]] | term_start = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Sophie Hesten | 2blankname = Deputy | 2namedata = Katherine Gallagher and Heidi May | predecessor = Andy Steele | office1 = [[Principal|Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | alongside1 = Fiona Stanley, Richard Blake, Peter Jordan and Elizabeth Trafford | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Sophie Hesten | predecessor1 = Diana Duncan | office2 = [[KBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Maths | office3 = [[DBE|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 April 2024 | term_end3 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Maths | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|06|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lechlade]], Gloucestershire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Paul Hawkins|2018}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mrs | name = Fiona Stanley | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Senior Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{efn|Known as Senior Associate Assistant Head before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | 3blankname = Associate | 3namedata = Richard Blake, Peter Jordan, Diana Duncan (before 2024), Elizabeth Trafford, Annie Hawkins (2024–) | office1 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Head of Stanton House]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2020 | term_end1 = 28 July 2024 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = Alice Sharps{{efn|As House Leader}} | office2 = [[MBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Science | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|09|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Kevin Stanley|2010}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mr Principal | name = Damien Duckleberry | honorific-suffix = [[Yugoslavia|MSLT]] | office = [[GBE|Principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = John Ni-Kong | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Theresa Lewis|Lorraine Wright|Omosola Aworinde|Alice Richards|Emmeline Pebberley}} | predecessor = Roger Duckleberry | office1 = [[UK|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|Known as Associate Principal before 2010|name=associate}} | term_start1 = 1 September 2003 | term_end1 = 19 April 2014 | alongside1 = Emmeline Pebberley, Lorraine Wright, John Ni-Kong and Patricia Azille | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Roger Duckleberry | office2 = [[Geography|Head of Geography]] | term_start2 = 4 January 2005 | term_end2 = 29 July 2012 | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Geography<br>Physical Education | office4 = [[History|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start4 = 12 September 1998 | term_end4 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname4 = Subject | 1namedata4 = Geography | birth_name = Damien Roger Mickey Duckleberry | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|21}} | birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U. S. | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[United States]] (before 1989) *[[United Kingdom]] (since 1989)}} | spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Lennon|1999|2013|reason=divorce}}<br>{{Marriage|Maria Kemp|2018}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = John Ni-Kong | honorific-suffix = [[Czechia|MSLT]] | office = [[USA|Vice-principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Damien Duckleberry | predecessor = Margaret D'Souza-Deshmukh | office1 = [[UK|Head of History]] | term_start1 = 4 January 2015 | office2 = [[Academy|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|name=associate}} | term_start2 = 1 September 2004 | term_end2 = 19 April 2014 | alongside2 = Damien Duckleberry, Patricia Azille, Lorraine Wright and Emmeline Pebberley | 1blankname2 = Principal | 1namedata2 = Roger Duckleberry | office3 = [[Czechia|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2004 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History<br>Physical Education | birth_name = Jonathan Archibald Nicholson-Konger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|08|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Lilly Richards|1997|2002|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McKenna|2012}} | children = 3 | module = {{infobox person | embed = yes | other_names = John Archibald Ni-Kong | partner = Patricia Gibson (2003–2009) }}}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Senior Leadership Team |- |Mr D R M Duckleberry |Principal / DDSL / Geography/PE Teacher |- |Mr J A Ni-Kong |Vice Principal / Head of History / PE Teacher |- |Ms T Lewis |Assistant Principal / Head of Maths |- |Miss L Wright |Assistant Principal / Head of English |- |Mr O Aworinde |Assistant Principal / Head of Science |- |Mrs A Richards |Assistant Principal / DSL |- |Mrs E Pebberley |Assistant Principal / Deputy SENDCO |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Pastoral Team |- |Mr T Montgomery |SENDCO |- |Mr H Marsh |DDSL / Head of KS3 |- |Mrs B Norris |Head of KS4 / Pastoral Support Worker |- |Miss S Nicholson |Pastoral Support Worker / ELSA |} {{Infobox person | name = Juàn Chi Velàsquez | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} | birth_name = Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|02|16}} | birth_place = [[México City]], Mexico | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|03|20|1938|02|16}} | death_place = [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Frida Larencia|1968|1976|reason=divorce}}}} === Juàn Chi Velásquez === '''Juàn Ho Chi Minh Velásquez-Smith''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} (born '''Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia'''; 16 February 1938 – 20 March 2014) was a [[Mexico|Mexican]]-[[Vietnam|Vietnamese]]-[[England|English]] campaigner and anti-war protester. He started his first campaign to end the [[Vietnam War]] in 1960. {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[the Honourable]] | name = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|AOMP]] [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = 5th [[President of the United States|President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | vicepresident = Kehinde Banartu | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi<br>Marissa Palotini<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = 6th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2010 | term_end1 = 7 August 2014 | president1 = Marissa Palotini | predecessor1 = Omosola Arbunati | successor1 = Berkhi Marodosi | office2 = [[Joe Biden|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start2 = 5 August 2010 | term_end2 = 5 August 2014 | predecessor2 = Omosola Arbunati | successor2 = Berki Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliament positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[United States Capitol|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[White House|62nd District]] | term_start = 4 May 2015 | term_end = 6 July 2016 | office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br>for [[Ohio|Swindontown's 24th District]] | term_start1 = 8 May 2008 | term_end1 = 21 March 2015 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Berkhi Kehinde Omosola Baghdosi Jr. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brazzaville]], Republic of the Congo | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Republic of the Congo]] (before 2001) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 2001)}} | party = [[Joe Biden|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Grace Komolafe|1998}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Kehinde Banartu | honorific-suffix = [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = [[UK|Vice-President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | primeminister = Marissa Palotini<br>Omosola Arbunati<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Stephen Akinlade | office1 = [[United States|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[Tennessee|17th District]] | term_start1 = 10 February 2012 | term_end1 = 15 November 2018 | birth_name = Kehinde Berkhi Banartu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|08|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[DRC|New Zaire]], British Atlantis (present day [[Swindon|Swindontown]], [[Congo|Atlantis]]) | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Gladys Ackponasa|2003}} | children = 5 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ronald Barotti | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|AOMS]] | office = 10th [[Prime Minister|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start = 7 August 2022 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = [[Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start1 = 16 April 2021 | predecessor1 = Keri Alongade {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Starmer ministry|Leader of the Opposition of Atlantis]] | term_start = 16 April 2021 | term_end = 7 August 2022 | successor = Marissa Palotini {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Electricity|Minister for Energy and Business]] | term_start = 7 August 2017 | term_end = 7 August 2019 | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliamentary offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Wikipedia|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br> for [[London|Bridgeville's 12th District]] | term_start = 7 August 2010 | office1 = Member of the Atlantis National Assembly<br> for [[Swindon|Swindontown's 7th District]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2006 | term_end1 = 16 September 2008 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Ronald Luigi Barotti | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|07|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Venice]], Italy | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Italy]] (before 1994) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 1994)}} | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] }} === More people === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Earl Teddington | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]]<br>[[Lord Temporal]] | term_start = 7 May 2069 | term_label = Elected hereditary peerage | predecessor = ''Position established'' | birth_name = Theodore Edward Moulder | birth_date = 27 December 2018 (age 77) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | party = None (2071–present, before 2053)<br>[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (2053–2071) | spouse = {{plainlist| *Lorna Johansson<br>(m. 2040; ann 2042) *Lucia Marvolo<br>(m. 2045; div 2065) *Petra Johnson<br>(m. 2067; ann 2067) *Geraldine P. Jones<br>(m. 2071; div 2079) *Andrea Lee (m. 2088)}} | children = 5, including Theodore Jr. and Henry }} '''Sir Theodore Edwardian "Teddy" "Teddington" Moulder, 1st Earl Teddington, 16th Baron Moulder, 21st Earl of Oxford''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} ({{né|'''Theodore Edward Moulder'''}}; born 27 December 2018) is a British peer and former businessman, who is the 4th richest man in the UK. {{Infobox person | name = Louie Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} | birth_name = Louie Arnold Edmonds | birth_date = 18 November 2010 | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 June 2078 (age 67) | death_place = [[Reading]], [[Berkshire]], England | spouse = Gregg Mill (m. 2057) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Max Edmonds (brother) }} '''Louie Arnold Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (18 November 2010 – 16 June 2078) was a British sports presenter, commentator and former footballer who previously played for [[Liverpool FC]] from 2034 to 2046. He, and his younger brother Max, hosted the sports show ''Sport News with Louie & Max''. {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} | birth_name = Maxime James Edmonds | birth_date = 21 March 2012 | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 September 2105 (age 93) | death_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = Joanne Morris<br>(m. 2043; ann 2055)<br>Maisie Lees<br>(m. 2056; ann 2057) | partner = Leanna Jane Foxbridge (2062–2105) | children = 3, including James Louie | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Louie Edmonds (brother) | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label = Life peerage | term_start = 6 February 2083 | term_end = 16 September 2105 }}}} '''Sir Maxime James "Max" Edmonds, Baron Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} (21 March 2012 – 16 September 2105) was a British sports presenter, former footballer and commentator who was awarded a life peerage and a knighthood in 2083. He played alongside his brother for [[Liverpool F.C.]] from 2038 to 2050. His brother Louie and himself hosted the show ''Sport News with Louie & Max'' from 2053 to 2078. {{Infobox person | name = Fu Okititi | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} | birth_name = James Liam Futier Okitt-May | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|07|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Pearson|2006|2014|reason=divorce}} | partner = Emelia Kravensworth (2017–present) | children = 2 | occupation = {{flatlist| *Actor *Filmmaker *Comedian }} | known_for = {{flatlist| *''[[What We Do In The Shadows]]''}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[New Zealand]] (Since 1976) *[[Australia]] (Since 2005)}} }} '''Liam "Fu" Okititi''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} (born '''James Liam Futier Okitt-May'''; 22 July 1976) is a New Zealand and Australian actor, comedian and filmmaker. {{Infobox person | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2011–2047)<br>[[New Zealand]] (2045–present) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Comedian *Actor *Filmmaker *Voice actor *Podcaster}} | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} '''George Stephen Moulder''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} (born 7 October 2011) is a British-New Zealand comedian, actor, filmmaker, voice actor and podcaster. He has hosted the "Media Today" podcast since 2031, which is available on YouTube, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. {{Infobox person | name = Garibaldi Newt | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} | birth_name = Paul Newt Johnston | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|03|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Historian *Actor}} | partner = Lia Holmes (2022–present) | years_active = 2015–present | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Australia]] (before 2004) *[[New Zealand]] (since 2004) }}}} '''Garibaldi Newt''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} (born '''Paul Newt Johnston'''; 17 March 1989) is an [[Australian New Zealanders|Australian–born New Zealand]] historian, presenter and former actor. === Films === {{Infobox film | name = Three Boys and The Runnaway | director = George Moulder | producer = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber }} | writer = {{plainlist| *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Harley Harris *Tyler Corrigan *Finn Gallagher }} | starring = {{plainlist| *Michael Lloyd *James O'Neill *Steven Chen *Awkwafina *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Jackson Head }} | music = James Hanson | cinematography = {{plainlist| *Henry Harkin *Finn Gallagher}} | editing = Harley Harris | studio = MBCH Films | distributor = Sony Pictures Distribution | released = {{film date|df=yes|2036|02|27|UK}} | country = [[United Kingdom]] | language = English | budget = GBP£24.5 Million | gross = GBP£60 Million }} {{Infobox company | name = MBCH Films | image = Watermoor Point Cirencester.jpg | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Cirencester]], England | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = Films and entertainment | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|1|df=y}} in [[Swindon]], England | founder = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber *Tyler Corrigan *Harley Harris}} | hq_location_city = [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]] | hq_location_country = England | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = George Moulder ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])<br>Samuel Barber ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br>Tyler Corrigan ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief operating officer|COO]])<br>Harley Harris ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief creative officer|CCO]]) | products = ''Three Boys and The Runnaway'' }} {{Infobox person | name = Kieran West | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} | birth_name = Kieran Nicolas West | birth_date = 23 January 2012 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2012–2040)<br>[[United States]] (2040–present) | occupation = Designer • Businessman | years_active = 2035–present | partner = Kelly Louise (2041–present) }} '''Kieran Nicolas West''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} (born 23 January 2012) is a Scottish–American businessman and designer, known for founding his self-named company in 2035 and it's brands of clothing (West Nants) and perfume (Kieran West Fragrances). {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Company | type = [[Public company|Public]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|03|22|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing design • fragrances | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | divisions = Kieran West Fragrances | subsid = West Nants Co. }} The '''Kieran West Company''', is a clothing design holding company founded in 2036 by the Scottish and American businessman Kieran West. {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Fragrances | trade_name = Kieran West | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | founded = {{start date and age|2035|04|20|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | industry = Retail • fragrances | founder = Kieran West | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | owner = Kieran West (2035–36) | parent = The Kieran West Company (2036–present) }} '''Kieran West Fragrances''' is a fragrance creating and retail company founded 2035 by Kieran West in [[Glasgow]]. The company has been held under the Kieran West Company since it's establishment in 2036. {{Infobox company | name = West Nants Co. | type = [[Subsidiary]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|01|3|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing • retail | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | products = Schlundernants<br>Karpeldernants<br>Karpelflübernants<br>Flübernants | parent = The Kieran West Company }} '''West Nants Co.''' is a clothing design and retail company created by Kieran West in 2036. The company is owned and held by the Kieran West Company, which also owns Kieran West Fragrances. === Other === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Crockett | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises | term_start = 27 October 1985 | term_end = 6 April 2021 | office1 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start1 = 4 January 2008 | term_end1 = 6 April 2021 | office2 = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status2 = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label2 = [[Life peer]]age | term_start2 = 4 July 1997 | term_end2 = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus Malcolm Crockett | birth_date = {{birth date|1942|9|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilford]], [[London]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|6|1942|9|14|df=y}} | death_place = [[Brighton]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Anne Smith|1963}} | children = 3, including Gus Crockett-Smith | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *Businessman *barrister *philanthropist}} | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | partner = Davina Richardson (1957–1961)}} }} '''Sir Augustus Malcolm''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett, Baron Crockett''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} (14 September 1942 – 6 April 2021) was an English businessman, barrister, philanthropist and peer. He founded the company Gus Crockett Enterprises in 1985 and it's held website GusCrockett.com in 2008. After he died in April 2021, the company was passed on to his eldest son, Gus Crockett-Smith. {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gus Crockett-Smith | honorific-suffix = [[MBE]] | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises<br>[[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus James Crockett-Smith | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|12|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Maria Powell|1987|2001|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McMahon|2005|2018|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | partner = Edwina Ann Williams (2020-present) | occupation = Businessman | father = Gus Crockett | mother = Anne Smith }} '''Augustus James''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett-Smith''' [[MBE]] (born 17 December 1963) is a British businessman who is the CEO of Gus Crockett Enterprises, since the death of his father, Gus Crockett, in 2021. {{Infobox person | name = Forrest Blackwell | honorific-suffix = [[OBE]] | birth_name = Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|02|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wrocław]], Poland | citizenship = [[Poland]] (1951–1962)<br>[[United Kingdom]] (1962–present)<br>[[United States]] (1981–present) | spouse = {{marriage|Weronika Balińska|1985|2006|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | occupation = Business magnate • criminal }} '''Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell''' [[OBE]] (born 2 March 1951) is a Polish-born British-American convicted criminal and business magnate who founded Forrest Blackwell Enterprises, also known as the Blackwell Company, in 1987. In October 2013, Blackwell was sentenced to life in prison on charges of theft, fraud, voluntary manslaughter, conspiracy to murder and attempted genocide over LEGO City. {{Infobox company | name = Forrest Blackwell Enterprises | trade_name = The Blackwell Company | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = [[Conglomerate]] | foundation = {{start date and age|1987|05|8}} in LEGO City, Traveller's Terriory, U. S. | founder = Forrest Blackwell | hq_location = Blackwell Tower, King's Court | hq_location_city = Lego City | hq_location_country = U. S. | key_people = Forrest Blackwell ([[President (corporate title)|President]]; before 2013) | equity = 2.1 Billion USD | equity_year = 2013 | owner = Forrest Blackwell (100%: 1987-2004; 89%: 2004-2013)<br>Shareholders (11%: 2004-2014)<br>LEGO City Council (49%: 2013-2014) | defunct = {{end date and age|2014|03|14}} | fate = Filed for bankruptcy on January 21 2014. After Blackwell's imprisonment, the company failed to pay it's dues and therefore lost over 1.6 Billion dollars.{{efn|Blackwell Public Services was shut down, Blackwell Properties sold it's main assets to [[Microsoft]] and Blackwell Finance was merged with the LEGO City Bank Trust.}} | subsid = Blackwell Properties<br>Blackwell Finance<br>Blackwell Public Services }} '''Forrest Blackwell Enterprises''', trading as '''the Blackwell Company''', is a [[conglomerate]] founded in 1987 by Polish-British-American businessman Forrest Blackwell. In late 2013 just before the arrest and conviction of Blackwell, the company was worth an estimated 2.1 Billion USD. == Notes == {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} tqjtdw066lc33zqp83llzx81qu1xjc1 10330074 10330072 2025-06-14T14:13:59Z GeorgeM2011 1543286 10330074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | border-c = #891| | info = This is my sandbox page. | info-s = 14 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Leo Knowles | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE|MP}} | office = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | monarch = [[William, Prince of Wales|William V]] | deputy = Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor = Kevin Jackson | office1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 5 June 2045 | deputy1 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | 1namedata1 = Benjamin Kivlin<br>George Moulder | 1blankname1 = Chairman | predecessor1 = Harry Marsh | office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] | term_start2 = 5 June 2045 | term_end2 = 26 July 2048 | monarch2 = William V | primeminister2 = Kevin Jackson | deputy2 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor2 = Harry Marsh | successor2 = Kevin Jackson {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices {{nobold|2041–2044}} | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 29 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 29 March 2044 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Foreign Secretary|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | leader1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament4 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP4 = [[Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Salisbury]] | term_start4 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor4 = Norbert Johnson | majority4 = 34.2% | birth_name = Leonardo Peter Knowles | birth_date = 6 July 2012 (age 36) | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Warneford]] (since 2035) | otherparty = [[Liberal Democrats]] (before 2035){{Efn|He publicly supported the [[Liberal Democrats]] until 2035, when he co-founded the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford Party]].}} | spouse = Maci Ireland<br>(m. 2036; div. 2043)<br>{{marriage|Amaliya Holt|2045}} | children = Alex Knowles | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * writer}} | awards = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE, 2047) }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}} | office = [[Secretary of State for Defence]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | primeminister = Leo Knowles | predecessor = James Nightly | office1 = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 23 June 2048 | leader1 = Leo Knowles | predecessor1 = Benjamin Kivlin {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles | office1 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start1 = 21 March 2044 | term_end1 = 24 April 2046 | leader1 = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start = 5 April 2043 | term_end = 21 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 5 April 2043 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament2 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP2 = [[Swindon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon North]] | term_start2 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor2 = Gareth Baldwin | majority2 = 31.2% | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford]] | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox military person | honorific prefix = [[Lieutenant General]] | name = Sam Barber | honorific suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|CBE|MC|DSO}} | birth_name = Samuel Jacob Barber | birth_date = 15 September 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Salisbury Plain]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Marnie Wroughton|2038}} | children = 3 | serviceyears = 2029–present | allegiance = [[United Kingdom]] | rank = [[Lieutenant General]] | battles = *[[World War III]] **[[Tony Blair|Second Battle of the Somme]] **[[Gordon Brown|Battle of Dubrovnik]] **[[David Cameron|Battle of Marseille]] *[[Afghanistan War|Second Afghanistan War]] **[[Pakistan|120 Day Battle]] }} {{Infobox company | name = GSM Games Ltd. | type = [[Limited company]] (until 2042)<br>[[Subsidiary]] (since 2042) | industry = [[Video games]] | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|13|df=y}} | founders = George Moulder | key_people = George Moulder ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) | parent = [[PlayStation Studios]] (2042–present) | products = ''[[Astro Bot (series)|Astro Bot 3: Third Time Lucky]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi|Alongside [[Team Asobi]]}}{{Efn|Mainly developed [[PlayStation VR|PSVR3/PSVR4]] compatibility, but also assisted in graphic development.}}<br>''[[Astro Bot|Astro Bot 4: Dawn of the Alien]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi}} | website = [https://playstation.com/en-gb gsmgames.co.uk] }} {{Infobox album | name = The Haemorrhage | caption = UK release cover | type = EP | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | released = 29 January 2035 | label = Warneford | length = {{duration|m=19|s=47}} | producer = {{flatlist| *George Moulder *Roan Cook *Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | year = 2035 | next_title = Brain Waves | next_year = 2036 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = EP | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = The Haemorrhage | year = 2035 | next_title = Percussion | next_year = 2035}} {{Singles | name = The Haemorrhage | type = EP | single1 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | single1date = 11 January 2035 | single2 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | single2date = 13 January 2035}} }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=27}} | label = Warneford | released = 11 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher | year = 2035 | next_title = Haemorrhage, Part II | next_year = 2035 }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=58}} | label = Warneford | released = 11 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | year = 2035 | next_title = Bloodthirsty | next_year = 2037 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = single | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | year = 2035 | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | next_title = Treble Clef | next_year = 2035}} }} {{Infobox album | name = Three Geniuses | type = compilation | artist = George Moulder, Finnley Gallagher and Roan Cook | released = January 2040 | label = Warneford | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | chronology = George Moulder | prev_title = Astro Bot 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | prev_year = 2040 | year = 2040 | next_title = Hypergalactic (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | next_year = 2042 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Finnley Gallagher | prev_title = Greatness Awaits: The Finn Gallagher Collection | prev_year = 2040 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Pressure All The Same | next_year = 2041}} {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Roan Cook | prev_title = Cook's Classics | prev_year = 2039 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Ground Music On The Cat | next_year = 2040}} }} {{Infobox album | name = ASTRO BOT 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | type = soundtrack | artist = George Moulder | released = 14 March 2040 | recorded = 2038–39 | label = [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|[[Kenneth C M Young]]}} | prev_title = Mister Media | prev_year = 2038 | year = 2040 | next_title = Three Geniuses | next_year = 2040 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Miss | name = Sophie Hesten | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start = 6 September 2024 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = Mark Nye | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Fiona Stanley|Richard Blake|Peter Jordan|Elizabeth Trafford|Annie Hawkins}} | predecessor = Andy Steele <small>(as Headmaster)</small> | office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|President of the Warneford Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | predecessor1 = Andy Steele | office2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | birth_date = {{birth year|1972}} | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Daniel Peterson|2000|2013|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = Mark Nye | honorific-suffix = [[British Empire Medal|BEM]] [[CBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President|Vice Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{Efn|Known as Deputy Headteacher before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2016 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = John A. Saunders (2016–17)<br />Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | predecessor = Pascal Sauvage | office1 = [[Vice-president|President of the Warneford Shadow Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2016 | predecessor1 = Pascal Sauvage | office2 = [[UK|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = History | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 February 2005 | term_end3 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History | birth_name = Mark Charles Edmund Nye | birth_date = 12 March 1463 (age 562) | birth_place = [[Oxford]], England | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|Anne Boleyn|1497|1512|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Janice Berkeley|1560|1627|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Anne Weir|1643|1665|reason=died}} *{{marriage|Judith Smith|1719|1784|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Mary Elizabeth Jones|1809|1889|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Elizabeth Moore|1901|1933|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Petra Nova|1946|1964|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Marion Green|1970|2001|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Eileen Winchester|2004|2013|reason=separated}}}} }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mrs | name = Annie Hawkins | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|MSLT]] | office = [[Divorce|Designated Safeguarding Lead]] | term_start = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Sophie Hesten | 2blankname = Deputy | 2namedata = Katherine Gallagher and Heidi May | predecessor = Andy Steele | office1 = [[Principal|Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | alongside1 = Fiona Stanley, Richard Blake, Peter Jordan and Elizabeth Trafford | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Sophie Hesten | predecessor1 = Diana Duncan | office2 = [[KBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Maths | office3 = [[DBE|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 April 2024 | term_end3 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Maths | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|06|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lechlade]], Gloucestershire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Paul Hawkins|2018}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mrs | name = Fiona Stanley | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Senior Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{efn|Known as Senior Associate Assistant Head before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | 3blankname = Associate | 3namedata = Richard Blake, Peter Jordan, Diana Duncan (before 2024), Elizabeth Trafford, Annie Hawkins (2024–) | office1 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Head of Stanton House]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2020 | term_end1 = 28 July 2024 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = Alice Sharps{{efn|As House Leader}} | office2 = [[MBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Science | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|09|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Kevin Stanley|2010}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mr Principal | name = Damien Duckleberry | honorific-suffix = [[Yugoslavia|MSLT]] | office = [[GBE|Principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = John Ni-Kong | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Theresa Lewis|Lorraine Wright|Omosola Aworinde|Alice Richards|Emmeline Pebberley}} | predecessor = Roger Duckleberry | office1 = [[UK|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|Known as Associate Principal before 2010|name=associate}} | term_start1 = 1 September 2003 | term_end1 = 19 April 2014 | alongside1 = Emmeline Pebberley, Lorraine Wright, John Ni-Kong and Patricia Azille | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Roger Duckleberry | office2 = [[Geography|Head of Geography]] | term_start2 = 4 January 2005 | term_end2 = 29 July 2012 | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Geography<br>Physical Education | office4 = [[History|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start4 = 12 September 1998 | term_end4 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname4 = Subject | 1namedata4 = Geography | birth_name = Damien Roger Mickey Duckleberry | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|21}} | birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U. S. | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[United States]] (before 1989) *[[United Kingdom]] (since 1989)}} | spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Lennon|1999|2013|reason=divorce}}<br>{{Marriage|Maria Kemp|2018}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = John Ni-Kong | honorific-suffix = [[Czechia|MSLT]] | office = [[USA|Vice-principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Damien Duckleberry | predecessor = Margaret D'Souza-Deshmukh | office1 = [[UK|Head of History]] | term_start1 = 4 January 2015 | office2 = [[Academy|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|name=associate}} | term_start2 = 1 September 2004 | term_end2 = 19 April 2014 | alongside2 = Damien Duckleberry, Patricia Azille, Lorraine Wright and Emmeline Pebberley | 1blankname2 = Principal | 1namedata2 = Roger Duckleberry | office3 = [[Czechia|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2004 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History<br>Physical Education | birth_name = Jonathan Archibald Nicholson-Konger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|08|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Lilly Richards|1997|2002|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McKenna|2012}} | children = 3 | module = {{infobox person | embed = yes | other_names = John Archibald Ni-Kong | partner = Patricia Gibson (2003–2009) }}}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Senior Leadership Team |- |Mr D R M Duckleberry |Principal / DDSL / Geography/PE Teacher |- |Mr J A Ni-Kong |Vice Principal / Head of History / PE Teacher |- |Ms T Lewis |Assistant Principal / Head of Maths |- |Miss L Wright |Assistant Principal / Head of English |- |Mr O Aworinde |Assistant Principal / Head of Science |- |Mrs A Richards |Assistant Principal / DSL |- |Mrs E Pebberley |Assistant Principal / Deputy SENDCO |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Pastoral Team |- |Mr T Montgomery |SENDCO |- |Mr H Marsh |DDSL / Head of KS3 |- |Mrs B Norris |Head of KS4 / Pastoral Support Worker |- |Miss S Nicholson |Pastoral Support Worker / ELSA |} {{Infobox person | name = Juàn Chi Velàsquez | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} | birth_name = Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|02|16}} | birth_place = [[México City]], Mexico | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|03|20|1938|02|16}} | death_place = [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Frida Larencia|1968|1976|reason=divorce}}}} === Juàn Chi Velásquez === '''Juàn Ho Chi Minh Velásquez-Smith''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} (born '''Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia'''; 16 February 1938 – 20 March 2014) was a [[Mexico|Mexican]]-[[Vietnam|Vietnamese]]-[[England|English]] campaigner and anti-war protester. He started his first campaign to end the [[Vietnam War]] in 1960. {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[the Honourable]] | name = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|AOMP]] [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = 5th [[President of the United States|President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | vicepresident = Kehinde Banartu | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi<br>Marissa Palotini<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = 6th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2010 | term_end1 = 7 August 2014 | president1 = Marissa Palotini | predecessor1 = Omosola Arbunati | successor1 = Berkhi Marodosi | office2 = [[Joe Biden|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start2 = 5 August 2010 | term_end2 = 5 August 2014 | predecessor2 = Omosola Arbunati | successor2 = Berki Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliament positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[United States Capitol|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[White House|62nd District]] | term_start = 4 May 2015 | term_end = 6 July 2016 | office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br>for [[Ohio|Swindontown's 24th District]] | term_start1 = 8 May 2008 | term_end1 = 21 March 2015 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Berkhi Kehinde Omosola Baghdosi Jr. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brazzaville]], Republic of the Congo | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Republic of the Congo]] (before 2001) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 2001)}} | party = [[Joe Biden|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Grace Komolafe|1998}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Kehinde Banartu | honorific-suffix = [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = [[UK|Vice-President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | primeminister = Marissa Palotini<br>Omosola Arbunati<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Stephen Akinlade | office1 = [[United States|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[Tennessee|17th District]] | term_start1 = 10 February 2012 | term_end1 = 15 November 2018 | birth_name = Kehinde Berkhi Banartu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|08|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[DRC|New Zaire]], British Atlantis (present day [[Swindon|Swindontown]], [[Congo|Atlantis]]) | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Gladys Ackponasa|2003}} | children = 5 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ronald Barotti | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|AOMS]] | office = 10th [[Prime Minister|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start = 7 August 2022 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = [[Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start1 = 16 April 2021 | predecessor1 = Keri Alongade {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Starmer ministry|Leader of the Opposition of Atlantis]] | term_start = 16 April 2021 | term_end = 7 August 2022 | successor = Marissa Palotini {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Electricity|Minister for Energy and Business]] | term_start = 7 August 2017 | term_end = 7 August 2019 | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliamentary offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Wikipedia|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br> for [[London|Bridgeville's 12th District]] | term_start = 7 August 2010 | office1 = Member of the Atlantis National Assembly<br> for [[Swindon|Swindontown's 7th District]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2006 | term_end1 = 16 September 2008 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Ronald Luigi Barotti | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|07|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Venice]], Italy | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Italy]] (before 1994) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 1994)}} | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] }} === More people === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Earl Teddington | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]]<br>[[Lord Temporal]] | term_start = 7 May 2069 | term_label = Elected hereditary peerage | predecessor = ''Position established'' | birth_name = Theodore Edward Moulder | birth_date = 27 December 2018 (age 77) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | party = None (2071–present, before 2053)<br>[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (2053–2071) | spouse = {{plainlist| *Lorna Johansson<br>(m. 2040; ann 2042) *Lucia Marvolo<br>(m. 2045; div 2065) *Petra Johnson<br>(m. 2067; ann 2067) *Geraldine P. Jones<br>(m. 2071; div 2079) *Andrea Lee (m. 2088)}} | children = 5, including Theodore Jr. and Henry }} '''Sir Theodore Edwardian "Teddy" "Teddington" Moulder, 1st Earl Teddington, 16th Baron Moulder, 21st Earl of Oxford''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} ({{né|'''Theodore Edward Moulder'''}}; born 27 December 2018) is a British peer and former businessman, who is the 4th richest man in the UK. {{Infobox person | name = Louie Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} | birth_name = Louie Arnold Edmonds | birth_date = 18 November 2010 | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 June 2078 (age 67) | death_place = [[Reading]], [[Berkshire]], England | spouse = Gregg Mill (m. 2057) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Max Edmonds (brother) }} '''Louie Arnold Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (18 November 2010 – 16 June 2078) was a British sports presenter, commentator and former footballer who previously played for [[Liverpool FC]] from 2034 to 2046. He, and his younger brother Max, hosted the sports show ''Sport News with Louie & Max''. {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} | birth_name = Maxime James Edmonds | birth_date = 21 March 2012 | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 September 2105 (age 93) | death_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = Joanne Morris<br>(m. 2043; ann 2055)<br>Maisie Lees<br>(m. 2056; ann 2057) | partner = Leanna Jane Foxbridge (2062–2105) | children = 3, including James Louie | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Louie Edmonds (brother) | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label = Life peerage | term_start = 6 February 2083 | term_end = 16 September 2105 }}}} '''Sir Maxime James "Max" Edmonds, Baron Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} (21 March 2012 – 16 September 2105) was a British sports presenter, former footballer and commentator who was awarded a life peerage and a knighthood in 2083. He played alongside his brother for [[Liverpool F.C.]] from 2038 to 2050. His brother Louie and himself hosted the show ''Sport News with Louie & Max'' from 2053 to 2078. {{Infobox person | name = Fu Okititi | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} | birth_name = James Liam Futier Okitt-May | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|07|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Pearson|2006|2014|reason=divorce}} | partner = Emelia Kravensworth (2017–present) | children = 2 | occupation = {{flatlist| *Actor *Filmmaker *Comedian }} | known_for = {{flatlist| *''[[What We Do In The Shadows]]''}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[New Zealand]] (Since 1976) *[[Australia]] (Since 2005)}} }} '''Liam "Fu" Okititi''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} (born '''James Liam Futier Okitt-May'''; 22 July 1976) is a New Zealand and Australian actor, comedian and filmmaker. {{Infobox person | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2011–2047)<br>[[New Zealand]] (2045–present) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Comedian *Actor *Filmmaker *Voice actor *Podcaster}} | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} '''George Stephen Moulder''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} (born 7 October 2011) is a British-New Zealand comedian, actor, filmmaker, voice actor and podcaster. He has hosted the "Media Today" podcast since 2031, which is available on YouTube, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. {{Infobox person | name = Garibaldi Newt | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} | birth_name = Paul Newt Johnston | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|03|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Historian *Actor}} | partner = Lia Holmes (2022–present) | years_active = 2015–present | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Australia]] (before 2004) *[[New Zealand]] (since 2004) }}}} '''Garibaldi Newt''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} (born '''Paul Newt Johnston'''; 17 March 1989) is an [[Australian New Zealanders|Australian–born New Zealand]] historian, presenter and former actor. === Films === {{Infobox film | name = Three Boys and The Runnaway | director = George Moulder | producer = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber }} | writer = {{plainlist| *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Harley Harris *Tyler Corrigan *Finn Gallagher }} | starring = {{plainlist| *Michael Lloyd *James O'Neill *Steven Chen *Awkwafina *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Jackson Head }} | music = James Hanson | cinematography = {{plainlist| *Henry Harkin *Finn Gallagher}} | editing = Harley Harris | studio = MBCH Films | distributor = Sony Pictures Distribution | released = {{film date|df=yes|2036|02|27|UK}} | country = [[United Kingdom]] | language = English | budget = GBP£24.5 Million | gross = GBP£60 Million }} {{Infobox company | name = MBCH Films | image = Watermoor Point Cirencester.jpg | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Cirencester]], England | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = Films and entertainment | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|1|df=y}} in [[Swindon]], England | founder = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber *Tyler Corrigan *Harley Harris}} | hq_location_city = [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]] | hq_location_country = England | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = George Moulder ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])<br>Samuel Barber ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br>Tyler Corrigan ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief operating officer|COO]])<br>Harley Harris ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief creative officer|CCO]]) | products = ''Three Boys and The Runnaway'' }} {{Infobox person | name = Kieran West | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} | birth_name = Kieran Nicolas West | birth_date = 23 January 2012 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2012–2040)<br>[[United States]] (2040–present) | occupation = Designer • Businessman | years_active = 2035–present | partner = Kelly Louise (2041–present) }} '''Kieran Nicolas West''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} (born 23 January 2012) is a Scottish–American businessman and designer, known for founding his self-named company in 2035 and it's brands of clothing (West Nants) and perfume (Kieran West Fragrances). {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Company | type = [[Public company|Public]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|03|22|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing design • fragrances | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | divisions = Kieran West Fragrances | subsid = West Nants Co. }} The '''Kieran West Company''', is a clothing design holding company founded in 2036 by the Scottish and American businessman Kieran West. {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Fragrances | trade_name = Kieran West | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | founded = {{start date and age|2035|04|20|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | industry = Retail • fragrances | founder = Kieran West | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | owner = Kieran West (2035–36) | parent = The Kieran West Company (2036–present) }} '''Kieran West Fragrances''' is a fragrance creating and retail company founded 2035 by Kieran West in [[Glasgow]]. The company has been held under the Kieran West Company since it's establishment in 2036. {{Infobox company | name = West Nants Co. | type = [[Subsidiary]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|01|3|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing • retail | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | products = Schlundernants<br>Karpeldernants<br>Karpelflübernants<br>Flübernants | parent = The Kieran West Company }} '''West Nants Co.''' is a clothing design and retail company created by Kieran West in 2036. The company is owned and held by the Kieran West Company, which also owns Kieran West Fragrances. === Other === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Crockett | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises | term_start = 27 October 1985 | term_end = 6 April 2021 | office1 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start1 = 4 January 2008 | term_end1 = 6 April 2021 | office2 = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status2 = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label2 = [[Life peer]]age | term_start2 = 4 July 1997 | term_end2 = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus Malcolm Crockett | birth_date = {{birth date|1942|9|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilford]], [[London]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|6|1942|9|14|df=y}} | death_place = [[Brighton]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Anne Smith|1963}} | children = 3, including Gus Crockett-Smith | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *Businessman *barrister *philanthropist}} | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | partner = Davina Richardson (1957–1961)}} }} '''Sir Augustus Malcolm''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett, Baron Crockett''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} (14 September 1942 – 6 April 2021) was an English businessman, barrister, philanthropist and peer. He founded the company Gus Crockett Enterprises in 1985 and it's held website GusCrockett.com in 2008. After he died in April 2021, the company was passed on to his eldest son, Gus Crockett-Smith. {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gus Crockett-Smith | honorific-suffix = [[MBE]] | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises<br>[[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus James Crockett-Smith | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|12|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Maria Powell|1987|2001|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McMahon|2005|2018|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | partner = Edwina Ann Williams (2020-present) | occupation = Businessman | father = Gus Crockett | mother = Anne Smith }} '''Augustus James''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett-Smith''' [[MBE]] (born 17 December 1963) is a British businessman who is the CEO of Gus Crockett Enterprises, since the death of his father, Gus Crockett, in 2021. {{Infobox person | name = Forrest Blackwell | honorific-suffix = [[OBE]] | birth_name = Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|02|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wrocław]], Poland | citizenship = [[Poland]] (1951–1962)<br>[[United Kingdom]] (1962–present)<br>[[United States]] (1981–present) | spouse = {{marriage|Weronika Balińska|1985|2006|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | occupation = Business magnate • criminal }} '''Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell''' [[OBE]] (born 2 March 1951) is a Polish-born British-American convicted criminal and business magnate who founded Forrest Blackwell Enterprises, also known as the Blackwell Company, in 1987. In October 2013, Blackwell was sentenced to life in prison on charges of theft, fraud, voluntary manslaughter, conspiracy to murder and attempted genocide over LEGO City. {{Infobox company | name = Forrest Blackwell Enterprises | trade_name = The Blackwell Company | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = [[Conglomerate]] | foundation = {{start date and age|1987|05|8}} in LEGO City, Traveller's Terriory, U. S. | founder = Forrest Blackwell | hq_location = Blackwell Tower, King's Court | hq_location_city = Lego City | hq_location_country = U. S. | key_people = Forrest Blackwell ([[President (corporate title)|President]]; before 2013) | equity = 2.1 Billion USD | equity_year = 2013 | owner = Forrest Blackwell (100%: 1987-2004; 89%: 2004-2013)<br>Shareholders (11%: 2004-2014)<br>LEGO City Council (49%: 2013-2014) | defunct = {{end date and age|2014|03|14}} | fate = Filed for bankruptcy on January 21 2014. After Blackwell's imprisonment, the company failed to pay it's dues and therefore lost over 1.6 Billion dollars.{{efn|Blackwell Public Services was shut down, Blackwell Properties sold it's main assets to [[Microsoft]] and Blackwell Finance was merged with the LEGO City Bank Trust.}} | subsid = Blackwell Properties<br>Blackwell Finance<br>Blackwell Public Services }} '''Forrest Blackwell Enterprises''', trading as '''the Blackwell Company''', is a [[conglomerate]] founded in 1987 by Polish-British-American businessman Forrest Blackwell. In late 2013 just before the arrest and conviction of Blackwell, the company was worth an estimated 2.1 Billion USD. == Notes == {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} r4g0e7k35wmttn6zpx7y6wrbpxtt5ct 10330075 10330074 2025-06-14T14:16:40Z GeorgeM2011 1543286 10330075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | border-c = #891| | info = This is my sandbox page. | info-s = 14 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Leo Knowles | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE|MP}} | office = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | monarch = [[William, Prince of Wales|William V]] | deputy = Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor = Kevin Jackson | office1 = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 5 June 2045 | deputy1 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | 1namedata1 = Benjamin Kivlin<br>George Moulder | 1blankname1 = Chairman | predecessor1 = Harry Marsh | office2 = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] | term_start2 = 5 June 2045 | term_end2 = 26 July 2048 | monarch2 = William V | primeminister2 = Kevin Jackson | deputy2 = George Moulder<br>Benjamin Kivlin | predecessor2 = Harry Marsh | successor2 = Kevin Jackson {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices {{nobold|2041–2044}} | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 29 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 29 March 2044 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 3 May 2042 | term_end = 5 June 2045 | leader = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Foreign Secretary|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 3 May 2042 | leader1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament4 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP4 = [[Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Salisbury]] | term_start4 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor4 = Norbert Johnson | majority4 = 34.2% | birth_name = Leonardo Peter Knowles | birth_date = 6 July 2012 (age 36) | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Warneford]] (since 2035) | otherparty = [[Liberal Democrats]] (before 2035){{Efn|He publicly supported the [[Liberal Democrats]] until 2035, when he co-founded the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford Party]].}} | spouse = Maci Ireland<br>(m. 2036; div. 2043)<br>{{marriage|Amaliya Holt|2045}} | children = Alex Knowles | occupation = {{flatlist| * Politician * writer}} | awards = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE, 2047) }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|MP}} | office = [[Secretary of State for Defence]] | term_start = 26 July 2048 | primeminister = Leo Knowles | predecessor = James Nightly | office1 = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Chairman of the Warneford Party]] | term_start1 = 23 June 2048 | leader1 = Leo Knowles | predecessor1 = Benjamin Kivlin {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow portfolios | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br>[[Shadow Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles | office1 = [[Shadow Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start1 = 21 March 2044 | term_end1 = 24 April 2046 | leader1 = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Secretary of State for Business and Trade]] | term_start = 5 April 2043 | term_end = 21 March 2044 | primeminister = Harry Marsh | office1 = [[Secretary of State for Work and Pensions]] | term_start1 = 16 August 2041 | term_end1 = 5 April 2043 | primeminister1 = Harry Marsh {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Party political offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Deputy Leader of the Warneford Party]] | term_start = 24 April 2046 | term_end = 23 June 2048 | leader = Leo Knowles {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | parliament2 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP2 = [[Swindon North (UK Parliament constituency)|Swindon North]] | term_start2 = 2 February 2039 | predecessor2 = Gareth Baldwin | majority2 = 31.2% | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], Wiltshire, England | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Warneford]] | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox military person | honorific prefix = [[Lieutenant General]] | name = Sam Barber | honorific suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|CBE|MC|DSO}} | birth_name = Samuel Jacob Barber | birth_date = 15 September 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Salisbury Plain]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Marnie Wroughton|2038}} | children = 3 | serviceyears = 2029–present | allegiance = [[United Kingdom]] | rank = [[Lieutenant General]] | battles = *[[World War III]] **[[Tony Blair|Second Battle of the Somme]] **[[Gordon Brown|Battle of Dubrovnik]] **[[David Cameron|Battle of Marseille]] *[[Afghanistan War|Second Afghanistan War]] **[[Pakistan|120 Day Battle]] }} {{Infobox company | name = GSM Games Ltd. | type = [[Limited company]] (until 2042)<br>[[Subsidiary]] (since 2042) | industry = [[Video games]] | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|13|df=y}} | founders = George Moulder | key_people = George Moulder ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) | parent = [[PlayStation Studios]] (2042–present) | products = ''[[Astro Bot (series)|Astro Bot 3: Third Time Lucky]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi|Alongside [[Team Asobi]]}}{{Efn|Mainly developed [[PlayStation VR|PSVR3/PSVR4]] compatibility, but also assisted in graphic development.}}<br>''[[Astro Bot|Astro Bot 4: Dawn of the Alien]]''{{Efn|name=Asobi}} | website = [https://playstation.com/en-gb gsmgames.co.uk] }} {{Infobox album | name = The Haemorrhage | caption = UK release cover | type = EP | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | released = 29 January 2035 | label = Warneford | length = {{duration|m=19|s=47}} | producer = {{flatlist| *George Moulder *Roan Cook *Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | year = 2035 | next_title = Brain Waves | next_year = 2036 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = EP | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = The Haemorrhage | year = 2035 | next_title = Percussion | next_year = 2035}} {{Singles | name = The Haemorrhage | type = EP | single1 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | single1date = 11 January 2035 | single2 = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | single2date = 11 January 2035}} }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=27}} | label = Warneford | released = 11 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher | year = 2035 | next_title = Haemorrhage, Part II | next_year = 2035 }} {{Infobox song | name = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | type = single | artist = Roan & Finn (Roan Cook & Finnley Gallagher) | album = The Haemorrhage | A-side = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) ([[A-side and B-side|Double A-Side]]) | length = {{duration|m=1|s=58}} | label = Warneford | released = 11 January 2035 | recorded = 2025–2034 | writer = {{hlist|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | producer = {{hlist|Roan Cook|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher}} | chronology = Roan Cook | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | year = 2035 | next_title = Bloodthirsty | next_year = 2037 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = single | artist = Finnley Gallagher | title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 2) | year = 2035 | prev_title = Haemorrhage (Pt. 1) | prev_year = 2035 | next_title = Treble Clef | next_year = 2035}} }} {{Infobox album | name = Three Geniuses | type = compilation | artist = George Moulder, Finnley Gallagher and Roan Cook | released = January 2040 | label = Warneford | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|Finnley Gallagher|Roan Cook}} | chronology = George Moulder | prev_title = Astro Bot 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | prev_year = 2040 | year = 2040 | next_title = Hypergalactic (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | next_year = 2042 | misc = {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Finnley Gallagher | prev_title = Greatness Awaits: The Finn Gallagher Collection | prev_year = 2040 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Pressure All The Same | next_year = 2041}} {{Extra chronology | type = compilation | artist = Roan Cook | prev_title = Cook's Classics | prev_year = 2039 | title = Three Geniuses | year = 2040 | next_title = Ground Music On The Cat | next_year = 2040}} }} {{Infobox album | name = ASTRO BOT 3 (Original Video Game Soundtrack) | type = soundtrack | artist = George Moulder | released = 14 March 2040 | recorded = 2038–39 | label = [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] | producer = {{hlist|George Moulder|[[Kenneth C M Young]]}} | prev_title = Mister Media | prev_year = 2038 | year = 2040 | next_title = Three Geniuses | next_year = 2040 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Miss | name = Sophie Hesten | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start = 6 September 2024 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = Mark Nye | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Fiona Stanley|Richard Blake|Peter Jordan|Elizabeth Trafford|Annie Hawkins}} | predecessor = Andy Steele <small>(as Headmaster)</small> | office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|President of the Warneford Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | predecessor1 = Andy Steele | office2 = [[Vice President of the United States|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | birth_date = {{birth year|1972}} | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Daniel Peterson|2000|2013|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = Mark Nye | honorific-suffix = [[British Empire Medal|BEM]] [[CBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President|Vice Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{Efn|Known as Deputy Headteacher before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2016 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = John A. Saunders (2016–17)<br />Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | predecessor = Pascal Sauvage | office1 = [[Vice-president|President of the Warneford Shadow Cabinet]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2016 | predecessor1 = Pascal Sauvage | office2 = [[UK|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = History | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 February 2005 | term_end3 = 1 March 2014 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History | birth_name = Mark Charles Edmund Nye | birth_date = 12 March 1463 (age 562) | birth_place = [[Oxford]], England | spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|Anne Boleyn|1497|1512|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Janice Berkeley|1560|1627|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Anne Weir|1643|1665|reason=died}} *{{marriage|Judith Smith|1719|1784|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Mary Elizabeth Jones|1809|1889|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Elizabeth Moore|1901|1933|reason=annulled}} *{{Marriage|Petra Nova|1946|1964|reason=died}} *{{Marriage|Marion Green|1970|2001|reason=divorce}} *{{Marriage|Eileen Winchester|2004|2013|reason=separated}}}} }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mrs | name = Annie Hawkins | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|MSLT]] | office = [[Divorce|Designated Safeguarding Lead]] | term_start = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Sophie Hesten | 2blankname = Deputy | 2namedata = Katherine Gallagher and Heidi May | predecessor = Andy Steele | office1 = [[Principal|Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]] | term_start1 = 5 September 2024 | alongside1 = Fiona Stanley, Richard Blake, Peter Jordan and Elizabeth Trafford | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Sophie Hesten | predecessor1 = Diana Duncan | office2 = [[KBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Maths | office3 = [[DBE|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start3 = 12 April 2024 | term_end3 = 5 September 2024 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Maths | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|06|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lechlade]], Gloucestershire, England | spouse = {{marriage|Paul Hawkins|2018}} | children = 2 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mrs | name = Fiona Stanley | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|MSLT]] | office = [[President of the United States|Senior Assistant Principal of Highworth Warneford School]]{{efn|Known as Senior Associate Assistant Head before 2024}} | term_start = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname = Head Teacher | 1namedata = Andy Steele (2017–24) | 2blankname = Principal | 2namedata = Sophie Hesten (2024–) | 3blankname = Associate | 3namedata = Richard Blake, Peter Jordan, Diana Duncan (before 2024), Elizabeth Trafford, Annie Hawkins (2024–) | office1 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Head of Stanton House]] | term_start1 = 2 September 2020 | term_end1 = 28 July 2024 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = Alice Sharps{{efn|As House Leader}} | office2 = [[MBE|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start2 = 2 September 2020 | 1blankname2 = Subject | 1namedata2 = Science | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|09|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Kevin Stanley|2010}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Mr Principal | name = Damien Duckleberry | honorific-suffix = [[Yugoslavia|MSLT]] | office = [[GBE|Principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Vice-principal | 1namedata = John Ni-Kong | 2blankname = Assistant | 2namedata = {{Collapsible list|title=Show all|Theresa Lewis|Lorraine Wright|Omosola Aworinde|Alice Richards|Emmeline Pebberley}} | predecessor = Roger Duckleberry | office1 = [[UK|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|Known as Associate Principal before 2010|name=associate}} | term_start1 = 1 September 2003 | term_end1 = 19 April 2014 | alongside1 = Emmeline Pebberley, Lorraine Wright, John Ni-Kong and Patricia Azille | 1blankname1 = Principal | 1namedata1 = Roger Duckleberry | office2 = [[Geography|Head of Geography]] | term_start2 = 4 January 2005 | term_end2 = 29 July 2012 | office3 = [[USA|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = Geography<br>Physical Education | office4 = [[History|Member of the Teacher's Union]] | term_start4 = 12 September 1998 | term_end4 = 1 September 2003 | 1blankname4 = Subject | 1namedata4 = Geography | birth_name = Damien Roger Mickey Duckleberry | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|21}} | birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U. S. | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[United States]] (before 1989) *[[United Kingdom]] (since 1989)}} | spouse = {{marriage|Margaret Lennon|1999|2013|reason=divorce}}<br>{{Marriage|Maria Kemp|2018}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] Mr | name = John Ni-Kong | honorific-suffix = [[Czechia|MSLT]] | office = [[USA|Vice-principal of Duckleberry Academy]] | term_start = 19 April 2014 | 1blankname = Principal | 1namedata = Damien Duckleberry | predecessor = Margaret D'Souza-Deshmukh | office1 = [[UK|Head of History]] | term_start1 = 4 January 2015 | office2 = [[Academy|Assistant Principal of Duckleberry Academy]]{{efn|name=associate}} | term_start2 = 1 September 2004 | term_end2 = 19 April 2014 | alongside2 = Damien Duckleberry, Patricia Azille, Lorraine Wright and Emmeline Pebberley | 1blankname2 = Principal | 1namedata2 = Roger Duckleberry | office3 = [[Czechia|Member of the Senior Leadership Team]] | term_start3 = 1 September 2004 | 1blankname3 = Subject | 1namedata3 = History<br>Physical Education | birth_name = Jonathan Archibald Nicholson-Konger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|08|05|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Lilly Richards|1997|2002|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McKenna|2012}} | children = 3 | module = {{infobox person | embed = yes | other_names = John Archibald Ni-Kong | partner = Patricia Gibson (2003–2009) }}}} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Senior Leadership Team |- |Mr D R M Duckleberry |Principal / DDSL / Geography/PE Teacher |- |Mr J A Ni-Kong |Vice Principal / Head of History / PE Teacher |- |Ms T Lewis |Assistant Principal / Head of Maths |- |Miss L Wright |Assistant Principal / Head of English |- |Mr O Aworinde |Assistant Principal / Head of Science |- |Mrs A Richards |Assistant Principal / DSL |- |Mrs E Pebberley |Assistant Principal / Deputy SENDCO |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Pastoral Team |- |Mr T Montgomery |SENDCO |- |Mr H Marsh |DDSL / Head of KS3 |- |Mrs B Norris |Head of KS4 / Pastoral Support Worker |- |Miss S Nicholson |Pastoral Support Worker / ELSA |} {{Infobox person | name = Juàn Chi Velàsquez | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} | birth_name = Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|02|16}} | birth_place = [[México City]], Mexico | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|03|20|1938|02|16}} | death_place = [[City of Westminster]], [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Frida Larencia|1968|1976|reason=divorce}}}} === Juàn Chi Velásquez === '''Juàn Ho Chi Minh Velásquez-Smith''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|BEM}} (born '''Juàn Carlos Velázquez y Cantinia'''; 16 February 1938 – 20 March 2014) was a [[Mexico|Mexican]]-[[Vietnam|Vietnamese]]-[[England|English]] campaigner and anti-war protester. He started his first campaign to end the [[Vietnam War]] in 1960. {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[the Honourable]] | name = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | honorific-suffix = [[MBE|AOMP]] [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = 5th [[President of the United States|President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | vicepresident = Kehinde Banartu | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi<br>Marissa Palotini<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = 6th [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2010 | term_end1 = 7 August 2014 | president1 = Marissa Palotini | predecessor1 = Omosola Arbunati | successor1 = Berkhi Marodosi | office2 = [[Joe Biden|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start2 = 5 August 2010 | term_end2 = 5 August 2014 | predecessor2 = Omosola Arbunati | successor2 = Berki Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliament positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[United States Capitol|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[White House|62nd District]] | term_start = 4 May 2015 | term_end = 6 July 2016 | office1 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br>for [[Ohio|Swindontown's 24th District]] | term_start1 = 8 May 2008 | term_end1 = 21 March 2015 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Berkhi Kehinde Omosola Baghdosi Jr. | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|05|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brazzaville]], Republic of the Congo | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Republic of the Congo]] (before 2001) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 2001)}} | party = [[Joe Biden|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Grace Komolafe|1998}} | children = 3 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Kehinde Banartu | honorific-suffix = [[CBE|PMOH]] | office = [[UK|Vice-President of Atlantis]] | term_start = 17 November 2018 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | primeminister = Marissa Palotini<br>Omosola Arbunati<br>Ronald Barotti | predecessor = Stephen Akinlade | office1 = [[United States|Atlantian Senator]]<br>for the [[Tennessee|17th District]] | term_start1 = 10 February 2012 | term_end1 = 15 November 2018 | birth_name = Kehinde Berkhi Banartu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|08|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[DRC|New Zaire]], British Atlantis (present day [[Swindon|Swindontown]], [[Congo|Atlantis]]) | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] | spouse = {{marriage|Gladys Ackponasa|2003}} | children = 5 }} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Ronald Barotti | honorific-suffix = [[OBE|AOMS]] | office = 10th [[Prime Minister|Prime Minister of Atlantis]] | term_start = 7 August 2022 | president = Berkhi Baghdosi Jr. | predecessor = Marissa Palotini | office1 = [[Labour Party (UK)|Leader of the People's Party]] | term_start1 = 16 April 2021 | predecessor1 = Keri Alongade {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Shadow offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Starmer ministry|Leader of the Opposition of Atlantis]] | term_start = 16 April 2021 | term_end = 7 August 2022 | successor = Marissa Palotini {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Cabinet positions | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Electricity|Minister for Energy and Business]] | term_start = 7 August 2017 | term_end = 7 August 2019 | primeminister = Berkhi Marodosi {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} {{Collapsed infobox section begin | last = yes | Parliamentary offices | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[Wikipedia|Member of the Atlantis National Assembly]]<br> for [[London|Bridgeville's 12th District]] | term_start = 7 August 2010 | office1 = Member of the Atlantis National Assembly<br> for [[Swindon|Swindontown's 7th District]] | term_start1 = 7 August 2006 | term_end1 = 16 September 2008 {{Collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Ronald Luigi Barotti | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|07|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Venice]], Italy | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Italy]] (before 1994) *[[DRC|Atlantis]] (since 1994)}} | party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|People's Party of Atlantis]] }} === More people === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Earl Teddington | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]]<br>[[Lord Temporal]] | term_start = 7 May 2069 | term_label = Elected hereditary peerage | predecessor = ''Position established'' | birth_name = Theodore Edward Moulder | birth_date = 27 December 2018 (age 77) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | party = None (2071–present, before 2053)<br>[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (2053–2071) | spouse = {{plainlist| *Lorna Johansson<br>(m. 2040; ann 2042) *Lucia Marvolo<br>(m. 2045; div 2065) *Petra Johnson<br>(m. 2067; ann 2067) *Geraldine P. Jones<br>(m. 2071; div 2079) *Andrea Lee (m. 2088)}} | children = 5, including Theodore Jr. and Henry }} '''Sir Theodore Edwardian "Teddy" "Teddington" Moulder, 1st Earl Teddington, 16th Baron Moulder, 21st Earl of Oxford''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE|KStJ|KCMG|CVO|FRS}} ({{né|'''Theodore Edward Moulder'''}}; born 27 December 2018) is a British peer and former businessman, who is the 4th richest man in the UK. {{Infobox person | name = Louie Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} | birth_name = Louie Arnold Edmonds | birth_date = 18 November 2010 | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 June 2078 (age 67) | death_place = [[Reading]], [[Berkshire]], England | spouse = Gregg Mill (m. 2057) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Max Edmonds (brother) }} '''Louie Arnold Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (18 November 2010 – 16 June 2078) was a British sports presenter, commentator and former footballer who previously played for [[Liverpool FC]] from 2034 to 2046. He, and his younger brother Max, hosted the sports show ''Sport News with Louie & Max''. {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Edmonds | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} | birth_name = Maxime James Edmonds | birth_date = 21 March 2012 | birth_place = [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], England | death_date = 16 September 2105 (age 93) | death_place = [[Gloucester]], England | spouse = Joanne Morris<br>(m. 2043; ann 2055)<br>Maisie Lees<br>(m. 2056; ann 2057) | partner = Leanna Jane Foxbridge (2062–2105) | children = 3, including James Louie | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Commentator *Former footballer}} | relatives = Louie Edmonds (brother) | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label = Life peerage | term_start = 6 February 2083 | term_end = 16 September 2105 }}}} '''Sir Maxime James "Max" Edmonds, Baron Edmonds''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE}} (21 March 2012 – 16 September 2105) was a British sports presenter, former footballer and commentator who was awarded a life peerage and a knighthood in 2083. He played alongside his brother for [[Liverpool F.C.]] from 2038 to 2050. His brother Louie and himself hosted the show ''Sport News with Louie & Max'' from 2053 to 2078. {{Infobox person | name = Fu Okititi | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} | birth_name = James Liam Futier Okitt-May | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|07|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand | spouse = {{marriage|Jennifer Pearson|2006|2014|reason=divorce}} | partner = Emelia Kravensworth (2017–present) | children = 2 | occupation = {{flatlist| *Actor *Filmmaker *Comedian }} | known_for = {{flatlist| *''[[What We Do In The Shadows]]''}} | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[New Zealand]] (Since 1976) *[[Australia]] (Since 2005)}} }} '''Liam "Fu" Okititi''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|CNZM}} (born '''James Liam Futier Okitt-May'''; 22 July 1976) is a New Zealand and Australian actor, comedian and filmmaker. {{Infobox person | name = George Moulder | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} | birth_name = George Stephen Moulder | birth_date = 7 October 2011 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Swindon]], [[Wiltshire]], England | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2011–2047)<br>[[New Zealand]] (2045–present) | occupation = {{flatlist| *Comedian *Actor *Filmmaker *Voice actor *Podcaster}} | spouse = {{marriage|Amy Barthelemy-Neves|2037}} | children = 2 }} '''George Stephen Moulder''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|MNZM}} (born 7 October 2011) is a British-New Zealand comedian, actor, filmmaker, voice actor and podcaster. He has hosted the "Media Today" podcast since 2031, which is available on YouTube, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. {{Infobox person | name = Garibaldi Newt | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} | birth_name = Paul Newt Johnston | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|03|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia | occupation = {{flatlist| *Presenter *Historian *Actor}} | partner = Lia Holmes (2022–present) | years_active = 2015–present | citizenship = {{flatlist| *[[Australia]] (before 2004) *[[New Zealand]] (since 2004) }}}} '''Garibaldi Newt''' {{post-nominals|country=NZL|size=100%|ONZ}} (born '''Paul Newt Johnston'''; 17 March 1989) is an [[Australian New Zealanders|Australian–born New Zealand]] historian, presenter and former actor. === Films === {{Infobox film | name = Three Boys and The Runnaway | director = George Moulder | producer = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber }} | writer = {{plainlist| *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Harley Harris *Tyler Corrigan *Finn Gallagher }} | starring = {{plainlist| *Michael Lloyd *James O'Neill *Steven Chen *Awkwafina *Samuel Barber *George Moulder *Jackson Head }} | music = James Hanson | cinematography = {{plainlist| *Henry Harkin *Finn Gallagher}} | editing = Harley Harris | studio = MBCH Films | distributor = Sony Pictures Distribution | released = {{film date|df=yes|2036|02|27|UK}} | country = [[United Kingdom]] | language = English | budget = GBP£24.5 Million | gross = GBP£60 Million }} {{Infobox company | name = MBCH Films | image = Watermoor Point Cirencester.jpg | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Cirencester]], England | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = Films and entertainment | founded = {{start date and age|2034|08|1|df=y}} in [[Swindon]], England | founder = {{plainlist| *George Moulder *Samuel Barber *Tyler Corrigan *Harley Harris}} | hq_location_city = [[Cirencester]], [[Gloucestershire]] | hq_location_country = England | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = George Moulder ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])<br>Samuel Barber ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br>Tyler Corrigan ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief operating officer|COO]])<br>Harley Harris ([[President (corporate title)|Co-president]], [[Chief creative officer|CCO]]) | products = ''Three Boys and The Runnaway'' }} {{Infobox person | name = Kieran West | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} | birth_name = Kieran Nicolas West | birth_date = 23 January 2012 (age 37) | birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland | citizenship = [[United Kingdom]] (2012–2040)<br>[[United States]] (2040–present) | occupation = Designer • Businessman | years_active = 2035–present | partner = Kelly Louise (2041–present) }} '''Kieran Nicolas West''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|size=100%|CM}} (born 23 January 2012) is a Scottish–American businessman and designer, known for founding his self-named company in 2035 and it's brands of clothing (West Nants) and perfume (Kieran West Fragrances). {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Company | type = [[Public company|Public]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|03|22|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing design • fragrances | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | divisions = Kieran West Fragrances | subsid = West Nants Co. }} The '''Kieran West Company''', is a clothing design holding company founded in 2036 by the Scottish and American businessman Kieran West. {{Infobox company | name = Kieran West Fragrances | trade_name = Kieran West | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | founded = {{start date and age|2035|04|20|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | industry = Retail • fragrances | founder = Kieran West | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | owner = Kieran West (2035–36) | parent = The Kieran West Company (2036–present) }} '''Kieran West Fragrances''' is a fragrance creating and retail company founded 2035 by Kieran West in [[Glasgow]]. The company has been held under the Kieran West Company since it's establishment in 2036. {{Infobox company | name = West Nants Co. | type = [[Subsidiary]] | founded = {{start date and age|2036|01|3|df=y}} in [[Glasgow]], Scotland | founder = Kieran West | industry = Clothing • retail | key_people = Kieran West ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | products = Schlundernants<br>Karpeldernants<br>Karpelflübernants<br>Flübernants | parent = The Kieran West Company }} '''West Nants Co.''' is a clothing design and retail company created by Kieran West in 2036. The company is owned and held by the Kieran West Company, which also owns Kieran West Fragrances. === Other === {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]] | name = The Lord Crockett | honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises | term_start = 27 October 1985 | term_end = 6 April 2021 | office1 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start1 = 4 January 2008 | term_end1 = 6 April 2021 | office2 = [[House of Lords|Member of the House of Lords]] | status2 = [[Lord Temporal]] | term_label2 = [[Life peer]]age | term_start2 = 4 July 1997 | term_end2 = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus Malcolm Crockett | birth_date = {{birth date|1942|9|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilford]], [[London]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|6|1942|9|14|df=y}} | death_place = [[Brighton]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Anne Smith|1963}} | children = 3, including Gus Crockett-Smith | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *Businessman *barrister *philanthropist}} | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | partner = Davina Richardson (1957–1961)}} }} '''Sir Augustus Malcolm''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett, Baron Crockett''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|LVO}} (14 September 1942 – 6 April 2021) was an English businessman, barrister, philanthropist and peer. He founded the company Gus Crockett Enterprises in 1985 and it's held website GusCrockett.com in 2008. After he died in April 2021, the company was passed on to his eldest son, Gus Crockett-Smith. {{Infobox officeholder | name = Gus Crockett-Smith | honorific-suffix = [[MBE]] | office = [[CEO]] of Gus Crockett Enterprises<br>[[President (corporate title)|President]] and Owner of GusCrockett.com | term_start = 6 April 2021 | birth_name = Augustus James Crockett-Smith | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|12|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | spouse = {{marriage|Maria Powell|1987|2001|reason=divorce}}<br>{{marriage|Jane McMahon|2005|2018|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | partner = Edwina Ann Williams (2020-present) | occupation = Businessman | father = Gus Crockett | mother = Anne Smith }} '''Augustus James''' "'''Gus'''" '''Crockett-Smith''' [[MBE]] (born 17 December 1963) is a British businessman who is the CEO of Gus Crockett Enterprises, since the death of his father, Gus Crockett, in 2021. {{Infobox person | name = Forrest Blackwell | honorific-suffix = [[OBE]] | birth_name = Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|02|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Wrocław]], Poland | citizenship = [[Poland]] (1951–1962)<br>[[United Kingdom]] (1962–present)<br>[[United States]] (1981–present) | spouse = {{marriage|Weronika Balińska|1985|2006|reason=divorce}} | children = 2 | occupation = Business magnate • criminal }} '''Forrest Ryszard Szymon Blackwell''' [[OBE]] (born 2 March 1951) is a Polish-born British-American convicted criminal and business magnate who founded Forrest Blackwell Enterprises, also known as the Blackwell Company, in 1987. In October 2013, Blackwell was sentenced to life in prison on charges of theft, fraud, voluntary manslaughter, conspiracy to murder and attempted genocide over LEGO City. {{Infobox company | name = Forrest Blackwell Enterprises | trade_name = The Blackwell Company | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | industry = [[Conglomerate]] | foundation = {{start date and age|1987|05|8}} in LEGO City, Traveller's Terriory, U. S. | founder = Forrest Blackwell | hq_location = Blackwell Tower, King's Court | hq_location_city = Lego City | hq_location_country = U. S. | key_people = Forrest Blackwell ([[President (corporate title)|President]]; before 2013) | equity = 2.1 Billion USD | equity_year = 2013 | owner = Forrest Blackwell (100%: 1987-2004; 89%: 2004-2013)<br>Shareholders (11%: 2004-2014)<br>LEGO City Council (49%: 2013-2014) | defunct = {{end date and age|2014|03|14}} | fate = Filed for bankruptcy on January 21 2014. After Blackwell's imprisonment, the company failed to pay it's dues and therefore lost over 1.6 Billion dollars.{{efn|Blackwell Public Services was shut down, Blackwell Properties sold it's main assets to [[Microsoft]] and Blackwell Finance was merged with the LEGO City Bank Trust.}} | subsid = Blackwell Properties<br>Blackwell Finance<br>Blackwell Public Services }} '''Forrest Blackwell Enterprises''', trading as '''the Blackwell Company''', is a [[conglomerate]] founded in 1987 by Polish-British-American businessman Forrest Blackwell. In late 2013 just before the arrest and conviction of Blackwell, the company was worth an estimated 2.1 Billion USD. == Notes == {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} jynnk6e459ak0qkdr9umtmx7r6m0rq1 2 1158813 10331589 9985493 2025-06-15T08:16:14Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Reconstruction_of_Yayoi_Individual.png|Reconstruction_of_Yayoi_Individual.png]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 7 June 2025. 10331589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userboxtop|Asieon}} {{user en}} {{User wikipedia/Autoconfirmed}} {{User wikipedia2}} {{userboxbottom}} {{autoconfirmed topicon}} == Introduction == <gallery mode="nolines" widths="170" heights="170"> File:East_Asian_Languages.png|'''Language''': The three well-known languages of East Asia File:East_Asian_PCA_(including_Jomon_samples).png|'''Genealogy''': Genomic PCA graph depicting the genetic diversity of East Asians. </gallery>East Asian language, history and genealogy editor. Particularly interested in [[Japanese language]], [[History of Japan|history]] and [[Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people|genealogy]]. Knows ''some'' [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]] (mostly [[Chinese characters|characters]] only) and a little [[Korean language|Korean]] (can only read [[Hangul]] and infer by using Japanese grammar). I like Asian history and science, not [[Anime]], [[K-Pop]] and etc. I'm also active at: * [[Wikipedia]] - [[:en:User:Asieon|Asieon]] * [[Wikimedia Commons]] - [[commons:User:Asieon|Asieon]] == Fun facts about me == [[File:Study_for_The_Scarecrow_(1886),_by_Giovanni_Battista_Quadrone.jpg|thumb|212x212px|''Why is it so hot...'']] # Avid follower and fan of [[Alexander Vovin]]<ref>Rest in peace, Alexander Vovin. You have been a great influence in Japanese language and historical discourse.</ref> and [[Christopher I. Beckwith]]. # Favorite food: [[Korean barbecue]] and/or [[Yakiniku]] (I love marinated meat). # Favorite dog breed: [[Japanese Spitz]] (♂). # I hate to repeat myself. == Current projects == * Working on improving articles regarding ancient [[Japanese clans]]. * Closely following [[Peninsular Japonic]]. * Finding possible links to [[Heo Hwang-ok]] and ancient Japanese influence in [[Gaya confederacy|Gaya]] at the time. == Recommended books == If you are interested in the Japanese language and/or other East Asian languages in general, I recommend the following books: * ''The Eastern Old Japanese Corpus and Dictionary'' ([[Alexander Vovin]] & Sambi Ishisaki-vovin) - A very good book that discusses etymology and origins of Middle-Old Japanese vocabulary. * ''Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages'' ([[Christopher I. Beckwith]]) - The book that dives deeply into the overlap between [[Goguryeo language|Goguryeo]] and [[Old Japanese]], finding evidence and holes within the macro-[[Altaic languages|Altaic languages theory]]. == References == {{Reflist}} d70oozx45cte4uf8wxbwa59m80kjjur 0 1160727 10331337 10162138 2025-06-15T02:24:33Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | name = Hyundai Trajet | image = 2003 Hyundai Trajet GSi TD 2.0 Front.jpg | caption = Hyundai Trajet (pre-facelift) | manufacturer = [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] | aka = Hyundai Highway Van (Netherlands) | production = 1999–2008 | assembly = South Korea: [[Ulsan]]<br />Indonesia: [[Bekasi]] ({{abbr|HIM|Hyundai Indonesia Motor}})<ref>{{cite web|date=11 July 2021|title=Mengenal Hyundai Trajet, Ingin Berburu Bekasnya?|trans-title=Get to know the Hyundai Trajet, want to hunt the used examples?|url= https://otomotifnet.gridoto.com/read/231077398/mengenal-hyundai-trajet-ingin-berburu-bekasnya |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=otomotifnet.gridoto.com |language=id}}</ref> | class = [[Minivan|Large MPV]] | body_style = 5 door [[minivan]] | layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front engine, front-wheel drive]] | platform = [[Hyundai-Kia Y platforms|Hyundai–Kia Y4]] | related = {{ubl | [[Hyundai Grandeur#XG|Hyundai Grandeur (XG)]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-11-18 |title=현대 트라제XG / 고급차 분위기에 승차감도 좋아 / 소음 없고 힘 좋지만 비싼게 흠 |trans-title=Hyundai Trajet XG / The atmosphere of a luxury car and the ride comfort are good / No noise and power is good, but expensive is a drawback |url=https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/legacy/legacy_general/L80974.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.hani.co.kr |language=ko |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224072833/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/legacy/legacy_general/L80974.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Hyundai Sonata|Hyundai Sonata (EF)]] | [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Hyundai Santa Fe (SM)]] | [[Kia Optima|Kia Optima/Magentis]] | [[Kia Carnival|Kia Carnival/Sedona]] }} | engine = {{ubl | '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:''' | 2.0 L [[Hyundai Sirius engine#G4JP|''Sirius II'']] [[Straight-four engine|I4]] | 2.0 L [[Hyundai Beta engine#G4GC|''Beta II'']] I4 | 2.7 L [[Hyundai Delta engine#G6BA|''Delta'']] [[V6 engine|V6]] | '''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]/[[Autogas|LPG]]:''' | 2.7 L [[Hyundai Delta engine#L6BA|''Delta'']] LPi V6 | '''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:''' | 2.0 L [[Hyundai D engine#D4EA|''D'']] I4 }} | transmission = 5 speed [[manual transmission|manual]]<br />4 speed [[automatic transmission|automatic]] | wheelbase = {{convert|2830|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|4695|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1840|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|1760|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | predecessor = [[Hyundai Santamo]] }} The '''Hyundai Trajet''' was a MPV made by [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] from 1999 to 2008. == History and Features == The Hyundai Trajet was developed as a seven-seater MPV, and its main goal was to be able to fit large famillies and shuttle market segments. The Trajet name is the [[French language|French]] meaning of journey, path walk, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Translation of trajet – French-English|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/french-english/trajet|access-date=5 August 2022|publisher=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> The MPV shared its platform with the [[Hyundai Sonata|Sonata]], [[Hyundai Grandeur|Grandeur]] and [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]].<ref name="autoevolution 2000-2004">{{cite web|date=26 March 2021|title=Hyundai Trajet specs & photos - 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/hyundai-trajet-2000.html#aeng_hyundai-trajet-2000-20i-4at-136-hp|access-date=1 August 2022|work=autoevolution}}</ref> It was debuted at the London Motor Show in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 October 2008|title=Hyundai Trajet (2000 - 2008) used car review|url=https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/car-reviews/hyundai/trajet/trajet-2000-2008/|access-date=1 August 2022|website=rac.co.uk}}</ref> It had 2.0 and 2.7 V6 petrol engines with a petrol/LPG version, a 2.0 diesel engine with a 5-speed manual transmission, and a 4-speed automatic transmission, which was facelifted in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 June 2004|title=Hyundai Trajet now with more kit|url=https://www.testdriven.co.uk/hyundai-trajet-now-with-more-kit/|access-date=22 December 2020|website=testdriven.co.uk}}</ref> == Markets == The Hyundai Trajet was sold mainly in [[Europe]] and [[Australia]], and in [[South Korea]], it was sold as the Hyundai Trajet XG, since it shared its platform with the [[Hyundai Grandeur|Hyundai Grandeur XG]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vehicle History 1999 TRAJET XG|url=https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/footer/hyundai-experiences/vehicle-history/1990/trajet-xg|access-date=2022-12-24|website=HYUNDAI MOTORS|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609155236/https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/footer/hyundai-experiences/vehicle-history/1990/trajet-xg|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=1999-11-16|title=[카&드라이브] 미니밴 : 온가족의 '모빌홈' 시대 활짝|trans-title=[Car&Drive] Minivan: The era of the ‘mobile home’ for the whole family|url=https://www.hankyung.com/news/article/1999111602711|access-date=2022-12-24|website=한경닷컴|language=ko}}</ref> In the [[Netherlands]], the MPV was sold as the Hyundai Highway Van. == Discontinuation == The production of the Hyundai Trajet ended in 2008 without a sucessor.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Demandt|first1=Bart|date=10 February 2014|title=Hyundai Trajet European sales figures|url=https://carsalesbase.com/europe-hyundai-trajet/|access-date=1 August 2022|website=carsalesbase.com|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527023909/https://carsalesbase.com/europe-hyundai-trajet/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Instead of developing a new sucessor as a replacement, Hyundai decided to adapt a new existent line to its existing models.<ref name="autoevolution 2004-2008">{{cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Hyundai Trajet specs & photos - 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/cars/hyundai-trajet-2004.html#aeng_hyundai-trajet-2004-20i-4at-140-hp|access-date=1 August 2022|work=autoevolution}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hyundai automobiles|Trajet]] [[Category:Minivans]] [[Category:1990s automobiles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] ttv18qb7w444m6t17j3fo9fxe8r9ap3 10 1161243 10331264 10328617 2025-06-15T01:33:20Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=6839 |ed=7601 |created=2 |deleted=1289 |revdel=103 |eventdel=1 |restored=8 |blocked=149 |protected=17 |unprotected=0 |rights=16 |reblock=9 |unblock=1 |modify=2 |filter=2 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=2 |style={{{style|}}}}} ry4pv9s3mqjadhkbkp0tx68wy9tfgd3 0 1161351 10330360 10183072 2025-06-14T17:10:02Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Baria Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enthoven |first=Reginald Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&dq=Baria+Koli&pg=PA65 |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay |date=1990 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0630-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Baraiya Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yājñika |first1=Acyuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&dq=Baraiya+Koli&pg=PA304 |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |date=2005 |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref> '''Bareeya Koli'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ |title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562098-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> and '''Bariya Koli'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Hugh Sheridan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmFKAQAAMAAJ |title=Leadership and Social Change in a District of Rajasthan, India |date=1972 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian State]] of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A community called Koli - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQfgAAAAMAAJ |title=Fairs and Festivals of India: Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0811-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Devgadh Baria|Devgad Baria]] was their Stronghold or given their name to [[Baria State]] in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=Baria+Koli |title=India Guide Gujarat |date=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> according to the historian '''Y.V.S Nath''', the ruling royal family of [[Baria State]] is original [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] by caste but later they claimed to be of [[Kshatriya]] origin to be in high status among other [[Princely State]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Y. V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXEbAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community |date=1960 |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=65: presence in these regions, by explaining that they came in the wake of the founders of the present ruling houses of Bariya State and other estates in the area. The latter however claim to be Rajputs today, though the local traditions give them a Koli extraction." Till recently, most of the thakurdari and ankadi rights in these States were held by Bariya Kolis. Some of them even claim kinship with the Rulers of Baria and the Thakurs of Ratanmal |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Baria Koli|local name=બારીયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg|caption=Koli population in Gujarat in 1931 including Baria Kolis|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] *[[Gujarat]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*Talapada Koli *Chunvalia Koli *Ghedia Koli *Palia Koli *Divecha Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]s|branches=*Baria Koli *Bariya Koli *Baraiya Koli *Baraia Koli|language=*[[Koli language (disambiguation)|Koli language]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=*[[Hinduism]] *[[Jainism]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Kotwal (Koli title)|Kotwal]] *[[Girasia (Koli title)|Girasia]] *[[Dharala Koli|Dharala]] *[[Pagi]]}} According to the census records of 1931, there were 1,03,769 [[Hindus|Hindu]] Baria Kolis and 5 Baria Kolis were converted to [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Religion in India|religion]] in the [[Baroda State]] of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> == Tax collection == The '''Koli Vero''' was a type of [[tax]] collected by [[Koli people|Koli]] [[List of Koli states and clans|chiefs]] of villages from other [[Caste system in India|caste]] people for living in [[List of Koli people|Koli]] village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Alice Whitcomb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQFtAAAAMAAJ |title=Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System |date=1979 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin--Madison]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=354 |language=en}}</ref> === System === Here are some important points of Koli vero:,{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=372}} * It was collected by Koli chiefs such as [[Thakor|Koli Thakors]], [[Patel|Koli Patel]]s, [[Garasia|Koli Girasias]], [[Pagi (title)|Koli Pagis]] and [[Kotwal|Koli Kotwal]]s of their villages. * Koli Vero was collected as monthly tax from other caste people. * If anyone resisted or refused to pay ''Koli Vero'', Koli chief often plundered the person's relatives. * Koli vero system was disbanded during the [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=72}} == Origin == The Baria Kolis got their name from the [[Devgadh Baria]] of Gujarat which was ruled by them and it was their Stronghold as well as they were lawless and turbulent people.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat |last2=Desai |first2=Ishwarlal Pragji |date=1988 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-008-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> == Piracy == Historically, the Baria Kolis were well known [[Piracy|pirates]] of Gujarat and the [[Piram Island|Piram]] [[island]] of Gujarat was stronghold of Baria Koli pirates but later they were defeated by Mokhadaji Gohil in 1325.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&q=Baria+Koli |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref> Rawal [[Bhavsinhji II|Bhavsinhji]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]] died in 1764, leaving behind him five sons, and the eldest of and these, Akherajji I, succeeded as Ruler of the State. At this juncture the fort of [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]] was in the hands of Baria Koli pirates, a ment lawless band of pirates who infested the western littoral from [[Cambay State|Cambay]] to the [[Indus River|Indus]]. Their unjust exactions pressed so heavily upon merchants in that locality that the large trade previously carried on was almost entirely ruined, even British ships falling ment then sent [[troop]]s, which were assisted by Rawal Akherajji and his army, and it was their combined forces which captured the stronghold of Talaja and defeated the Baria clan of Koli pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Baria+Koli |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |date=2006 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=371–376 |language=en}}</ref> == History == During the [[British Raj|British]] Raj in Gujarat, The Baria Kolis were holders of Vanta lands (private estates).{{sfn|Clark|1979|pp=354–355}} the Bariya Kolis were formerly known as Bandits because of their anti-social activities but later settled as agriculturist in villages.<ref name=":0" /> Around 1950, Kolis of Baria clan joined the [[Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha]] which was started by Koli elite [[Natwarsinh Solanki]] for upliftment of Koli society.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Buddhadeb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zleOAAAAMAAJ |title=State Politics and Panchayats in India |last2=Kumar |first2=Girish |date=2003 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-487-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> after joining the Sabha, Baria Kolis were not in conflicts against [[Rajput]]s but Kolis of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] didn't join the Sabha because they thought that '[[Patidar]] wasn't their enemy and they didn't need to be Rajputs to be called as [[Kshatriya]]'.<ref name=":1" /> === Pre Independence === The Patidars of [[Central Gujarat|Central]] and [[North Gujarat|North]] Gujarat were agricultural labour on the lands of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Landlord|landlords]] or Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] but after [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]], Patidars enchraoched the lands of Kolis through land ceiling act of Independent [[India]] and reduced the Kolis in social status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franco |first=Fernando |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ |title=Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |isbn=978-81-87218-46-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> after that, Kolis thought that they ruled the area but have no rights, so Kolis often plunders the Patidar villages in midnight in gangs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWFAAAAIAAJ |title=Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917-1934 |date=1981 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-561255-4 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rajput|Rajputs]] of Gujarat strongly allied with Kolis because Rajputs also were against Patidars because of their land rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DA COSTA |first=DIA |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk |title=Politicizing Creative Economy: Activism and a Hunger Called Theater |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-04060-3 |jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk }}</ref> In central and north Gujarat, the Kolis had several battles with the Patidars on the issue of land tenancy, land rights and use of common village resources. It may be mentioned here that in order to win the elections in [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]] and [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]] the [[Swatantra Party|Gujarat Swatantra Party]], dominated by the Patidars, won over some of the Koli leaders of the '''Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha''' and Sabha was dominated by Kolis of North Gujarat . The Party evolved a strategy referred to by the acronym PKASH; that is the 'party of Patidars and Koli Kshatriyas.' Party nominated a large number of the Kolis as party candidates and also gave them positions within the party organization. But that alliance did not last. The party and the Kshatriya Sabha's Koli leaders could not resolve ground-level conflicts between the Koli peasants and well Patidar peasants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=John R. |date=2008 |title=Review of India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377511 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=138–140 |jstor=40377511 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref> The grievances of Patidar were resolved by '''Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha''' by several time meetings but it was not enough because Kolis were double in number of population if Gujarat and Patidars often targeted by influenced Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bardhan |first1=Pranab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zv3bg |title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations |last2=Brass |first2=Paul R. |last3=Cohen |first3=Stephen P. |last4=Gupta |first4=Jyotirindra Das |last5=Frankel |first5=Francine R. |last6=Hart |first6=Henry C. |last7=Manor |first7=James |last8=Shah |first8=Ghanshyam |last9=Lewis |first9=John P. |date=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press|jstor=j.ctt7zv3bg }}</ref> most of the Patidar's children were engaged in collage study but Kolis not and it was a big beneficial point of Patidars.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/351633 |title=Education and the disprivileged: nineteenth and twentieth century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2192-6 |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Sabyasachi |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Haroobhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJE6AAAAMAAJ |title=Dynamics of Reservation Policy |last2=Patel |first2=Hasmukh |date=1985 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |isbn=978-0-8364-1818-7 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=MMCSDgAAQBAJ&dq=Baria+Koli&pg=PT192 Feminists Rethink the Neoliberal State: Inequality, Exclusion, and Change by Leela Fernandes] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Baria}} [[Category:Koli clans]] l8ur3s1540582wv95ngv2yhumx65iar 10330444 10330360 2025-06-14T17:34:02Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330444 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Baria Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enthoven |first=Reginald Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&dq=Baria+Koli&pg=PA65 |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay |date=1990 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0630-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Baraiya Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yājñika |first1=Acyuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&dq=Baraiya+Koli&pg=PA304 |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |date=2005 |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref> '''Bareeya Koli'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ |title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562098-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> and '''Bariya Koli'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Hugh Sheridan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmFKAQAAMAAJ |title=Leadership and Social Change in a District of Rajasthan, India |date=1972 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian State]] of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A community called Koli - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQfgAAAAMAAJ |title=Fairs and Festivals of India: Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0811-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Devgadh Baria|Devgad Baria]] was their Stronghold or given their name to [[Baria State]] in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=Baria+Koli |title=India Guide Gujarat |date=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> according to the historian '''Y.V.S Nath''', the ruling royal family of [[Baria State]] is original [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] by caste but later they claimed to be of [[Kshatriya]] origin to be in high status among other [[Princely State]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Y. V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXEbAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community |date=1960 |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=65: presence in these regions, by explaining that they came in the wake of the founders of the present ruling houses of Bariya State and other estates in the area. The latter however claim to be Rajputs today, though the local traditions give them a Koli extraction." Till recently, most of the thakurdari and ankadi rights in these States were held by Bariya Kolis. Some of them even claim kinship with the Rulers of Baria and the Thakurs of Ratanmal |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Baria Koli|local name=બારીયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg|caption=Koli population in Gujarat in 1931 including Baria Kolis|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] *[[Gujarat]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*Talapada Koli *Chunvalia Koli *Ghedia Koli *Palia Koli *Divecha Koli|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]s|branches=*Baria Koli *Bariya Koli *Baraiya Koli *Baraia Koli|language=*[[Koli language (disambiguation)|Koli language]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=*[[Hinduism]] *[[Jainism]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Kotwal (Koli title)|Kotwal]] *[[Girasia (Koli title)|Girasia]] *[[Dharala Koli|Dharala]] *[[Pagi]]}} According to the census records of 1931, there were 1,03,769 [[Hindus|Hindu]] Baria Kolis and 5 Baria Kolis were converted to [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Religion in India|religion]] in the [[Baroda State]] of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> == Tax collection == The '''Koli Vero''' was a type of [[tax]] collected by [[Koli people|Koli]] [[List of Koli states and clans|chiefs]] of villages from other [[Caste system in India|caste]] people for living in [[List of Koli people|Koli]] village.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Alice Whitcomb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQFtAAAAMAAJ |title=Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System |date=1979 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin--Madison]] |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=354 |language=en}}</ref> === System === Here are some important points of Koli vero:,{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=372}} * It was collected by Koli chiefs such as [[Thakor|Koli Thakors]], [[Patel|Koli Patel]]s, [[Garasia|Koli Girasias]], [[Pagi (title)|Koli Pagis]] and [[Kotwal|Koli Kotwal]]s of their villages. * Koli Vero was collected as monthly tax from other caste people. * If anyone resisted or refused to pay ''Koli Vero'', Koli chief often plundered the person's relatives. * Koli vero system was disbanded during the [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Clark|1979|p=72}} == Origin == The Baria Kolis got their name from the [[Devgadh Baria]] of Gujarat which was ruled by them and it was their Stronghold as well as they were lawless and turbulent people.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat |last2=Desai |first2=Ishwarlal Pragji |date=1988 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-008-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> == Piracy == Historically, the Baria Kolis were well known [[Piracy|pirates]] of Gujarat and the [[Piram Island|Piram]] [[island]] of Gujarat was stronghold of Baria Koli pirates but later they were defeated by Mokhadaji Gohil in 1325.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&q=Baria+Koli |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref> Rawal [[Bhavsinhji II|Bhavsinhji]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]] died in 1764, leaving behind him five sons, and the eldest of and these, Akherajji I, succeeded as Ruler of the State. At this juncture the fort of [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]] was in the hands of Baria Koli pirates, a ment lawless band of pirates who infested the western littoral from [[Cambay State|Cambay]] to the [[Indus River|Indus]]. Their unjust exactions pressed so heavily upon merchants in that locality that the large trade previously carried on was almost entirely ruined, even British ships falling ment then sent [[troop]]s, which were assisted by Rawal Akherajji and his army, and it was their combined forces which captured the stronghold of Talaja and defeated the Baria clan of Koli pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Baria+Koli |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |date=2006 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=371–376 |language=en}}</ref> == History == During the [[British Raj|British]] Raj in Gujarat, The Baria Kolis were holders of Vanta lands (private estates).{{sfn|Clark|1979|pp=354–355}} the Bariya Kolis were formerly known as Bandits because of their anti-social activities but later settled as agriculturist in villages.<ref name=":0" /> Around 1950, Kolis of Baria clan joined the [[Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha]] which was started by Koli elite [[Natwarsinh Solanki]] for upliftment of Koli society.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Buddhadeb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zleOAAAAMAAJ |title=State Politics and Panchayats in India |last2=Kumar |first2=Girish |date=2003 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-487-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> after joining the Sabha, Baria Kolis were not in conflicts against [[Rajput]]s but Kolis of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] didn't join the Sabha because they thought that '[[Patidar]] wasn't their enemy and they didn't need to be Rajputs to be called as [[Kshatriya]]'.<ref name=":1" /> === Pre Independence === The Patidars of [[Central Gujarat|Central]] and [[North Gujarat|North]] Gujarat were agricultural labour on the lands of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Landlord|landlords]] or Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] but after [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]], Patidars enchraoched the lands of Kolis through land ceiling act of Independent [[India]] and reduced the Kolis in social status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franco |first=Fernando |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ |title=Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |isbn=978-81-87218-46-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> after that, Kolis thought that they ruled the area but have no rights, so Kolis often plunders the Patidar villages in midnight in gangs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWFAAAAIAAJ |title=Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917-1934 |date=1981 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-561255-4 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rajput|Rajputs]] of Gujarat strongly allied with Kolis because Rajputs also were against Patidars because of their land rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DA COSTA |first=DIA |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk |title=Politicizing Creative Economy: Activism and a Hunger Called Theater |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-04060-3 |jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk }}</ref> In central and north Gujarat, the Kolis had several battles with the Patidars on the issue of land tenancy, land rights and use of common village resources. It may be mentioned here that in order to win the elections in [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]] and [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]] the [[Swatantra Party|Gujarat Swatantra Party]], dominated by the Patidars, won over some of the Koli leaders of the '''Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha''' and Sabha was dominated by Kolis of North Gujarat . The Party evolved a strategy referred to by the acronym PKASH; that is the 'party of Patidars and Koli Kshatriyas.' Party nominated a large number of the Kolis as party candidates and also gave them positions within the party organization. But that alliance did not last. The party and the Kshatriya Sabha's Koli leaders could not resolve ground-level conflicts between the Koli peasants and well Patidar peasants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=John R. |date=2008 |title=Review of India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377511 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=138–140 |jstor=40377511 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref> The grievances of Patidar were resolved by '''Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha''' by several time meetings but it was not enough because Kolis were double in number of population if Gujarat and Patidars often targeted by influenced Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bardhan |first1=Pranab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zv3bg |title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations |last2=Brass |first2=Paul R. |last3=Cohen |first3=Stephen P. |last4=Gupta |first4=Jyotirindra Das |last5=Frankel |first5=Francine R. |last6=Hart |first6=Henry C. |last7=Manor |first7=James |last8=Shah |first8=Ghanshyam |last9=Lewis |first9=John P. |date=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press|jstor=j.ctt7zv3bg }}</ref> most of the Patidar's children were engaged in collage study but Kolis not and it was a big beneficial point of Patidars.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/351633 |title=Education and the disprivileged: nineteenth and twentieth century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2192-6 |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Sabyasachi |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Haroobhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJE6AAAAMAAJ |title=Dynamics of Reservation Policy |last2=Patel |first2=Hasmukh |date=1985 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |isbn=978-0-8364-1818-7 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=MMCSDgAAQBAJ&dq=Baria+Koli&pg=PT192 Feminists Rethink the Neoliberal State: Inequality, Exclusion, and Change by Leela Fernandes] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Baria}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 3y281izsotdvryjvto9ywexnpxn55d6 0 1161462 10329979 10286638 2025-06-14T13:23:19Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10329979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:راهپیمایی روز قدس در تهران - ۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Participants burn an [[effigy]] [[wikt:adorn|adorned]] with an [[Flag of Israel|Israeli flag]] on the Quds Day in [[Tehran]], 2016.|287x287px]][[File:Parade_of_Palestinian_Mujahideen_(05).jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Hamas]] [[Parade|parading]] with a [[coffin]] bearing the [[Flag of Israel|Israeli flag]]. The Hamas has called for the destruction of Israel since 1987 and carried out countless acts of [[terrorism]], especially the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023, which has been deemed the worst massacre of Jews since the end of [[the Holocaust]] in 1945.]][[File:Huthi-Logo.JPG|thumb|A [[Houthis|Houthi]] sign in Arabic: ''"Death to America! Death to Israel!"'']]'''Calls for the destruction of Israel''' refer to [[Rhetoric|expressions]] that call for the elimination of [[Israel]] as a modern country, many forms of which have been seen by [[Intellectual|scholars]] and [[Civil service|officials]] as [[hate speech]] inciting [[genocide]] against [[Jew|Jews]] due to Israel's Jewish-majority population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=הפלסטינים רוצים להשמיד את ישראל |trans-title="The Palestinians want to destroy Israel" |url=https://www.inn.co.il/news/343361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123025511/https://www.inn.co.il/news/343361 |archive-date=2023-11-23 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.inn.co.il |language=he}}</ref><ref name="krell muller 2012">{{Cite book |last1=Krell |first1=Gert |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/31449 |title=Noch ein Krieg im Nahen Osten? Zum misslungenen Anstoß von Günter Grass zu einer überfälligen öffentlichen Debatte |last2=Müller |first2=Harald |date=2012 |publisher=Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung |isbn=978-3-942532-40-2 |series=HSFK-Report |volume=2/2012 |location=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |trans-title=Another war in the Middle East? On Günter Grass's failed attempt to spark a long-overdue public debate |access-date=2024-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916033710/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/31449 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Overview== Such calls have occurred since the 1940s. In 1947, [[Arab League]]'s leader Azzam Pasha said in the well-known ''Azzam Pasha quotation'' that he hoped for the Arabs not to be "forced into a war of extermination" if a Jewish state was to be founded.<ref name="A">{{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Azzam’s Genocidal Threat |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/azzam-genocide-threat |volume=18 |issue=4 |last1=Barnett |first1=David |last2=Karsh |first2=Efraim |year=2011 |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref> This statement has been regarded by scholars and officials as a threat to commit [[genocide]] against Jews.<ref name="A" /> Before the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, there was reportedly a full [[consensus]] among Arab states that Israel needed to be destroyed. Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] repeatedly called for the destruction of Israel.<ref name="freilich 2018">{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZNODwAAQBAJ |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York, NY |pages=34, 37}}</ref> Palestinian [[Terrorism|terrorist]] groups, including the [[Hamas]],<ref name="jaeger paserman 2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Jaeger |first1=David A. |last2=Paserman |first2=M. Daniele |date=2006 |title=Israel, the Palestinian Factions, and the Cycle of Violence |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=45–49 |doi=10.1257/000282806777212008 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=30034612 |s2cid=18626011 |url=http://economics.wm.edu/wp/cwm_wp23.pdf }}</ref> [[Houthis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-03-12 |title=The Impact of the Religious Phenomenon on the Political Crisis in Yemen from 2011 to 2020: The Houthi Movement as a Case |journal=European Researcher |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.13187/er.2021.1.19 |issn=2224-0136|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Houthis push for 'demise of Israel' amid attack on Red Sea ship |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774273 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122153035/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774273 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ),<ref name="jaeger paserman 2006" /> have called for the destruction of Israel.<ref name="WashingtonPost2023">{{Cite news |last=Stripling |first=Jack |date=31 December 2023 |title=Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/31/antisemitism-college-campuses-jewish-hamas-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101003739/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/31/antisemitism-college-campuses-jewish-hamas-gaza/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}: "Defenders of the phrase [from the river to the sea...] often say that the line refers to a one-state solution to the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over that tract of land between the [[Jordan River]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]], in which Arabs and Jews could have [[Egalitarianism|equal]] [[Universal suffrage|voting rights]]. But the U.S. and U.N. position is that Israel has a right to exist as a Jewish state and that the conflict should be solved with a “[[two-state solution]],” one country for each group".</ref> ==History== ===20th century=== Before and after modern Israel was founded in 1948, Arab leaders in the Middle East made several statements calling for the physical elimination of Israel.<ref name="morris">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RelhRR-9RUC |title=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12281-7 |location=New Haven |pages=108–109, 112 |oclc=253841498}}</ref> ====Saudi Arabia==== In late 1947, King Ibn Saud of [[Saudi Arabia]] told U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]:<ref name="morris" /> {{cquote|The Arabs have definitely decided to oppose [the] establishment of a Jewish state [. ...] such a state must perish in a short time. The Arab will isolate such a state from the world and will lay [[siege]] until it dies by [[famine]].}} ====Azzam Pasha quotation==== In October 1947, in response to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) report, Arab League's Secretary-General Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam said,<ref name="morris" /> {{cquote|Personally, I hope the Jews do not force us into this war, because it would be a war of extermination and momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the [[Mongol Empire|Mongolian]] massacre and the Crusades.}} ====Arab Women's Organization==== In 1948, Matiel Mughannam, the leader of the Arab Women's Organization, remarked,<ref name=matt>{{cite book|author=Ellen L. Fleischmann|chapter=Mogannam, Matiel|editor-link=Philip Mattar|location=New York|page=322|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA322|isbn=978-0816057641|year=2005 |editor=Philip Mattar|edition=Revised|title=Encyclopedia of The Palestinians|publisher=Facts On File, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matiel Mogannam - Feminist Figures (1899 - 1992) |url=https://www.palquest.org/en/biography/30018/matiel-mogannam |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question – palquest |language=en}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=[A Jewish state] has no chance to survive now that the "Holy War" has been declared. All the Jews will eventually be massacred.}} ====Egypt==== [[Egypt|Egyptian]] president Gamal Abdel Nasser called for the destruction of Israel repeatedly. At the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in September 1960, Nasser argued that "the annulment of Israel's existence" was the only solution to the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]]. Nasser repeated in 1964,<ref name="Sahar 1976">Sachar, Howard M. (1976, 2007) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-48564-5. pp. 615–16</ref> {{cquote|We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine [. ...] there is no room for [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in our country, just as there is no room for Israel within the [[Arab nationalism|Arab nation]].}} In 1965, Nasser threatened,<ref name="Sahar 1976" /> {{cquote|We shall not [[Invasion|enter]] Palestine with its [[soil]] covered in [[sand]], we shall enter it with its soil [[Saturation (chemistry)|saturated]] in [[blood]].}} ===21st century=== ====Iran==== Since the [[Islamism|Islamists]] took over Iran in 1979, [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|opposition to the existence of Israel]] has been the state policy of Iran, with the two countries in a constant state of conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-15 |title=Khamenei says Iran wants removal of Israel state not people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191115-khamenei-says-iran-wants-removal-of-israel-state-not-people |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213161317/https://www.france24.com/en/20191115-khamenei-says-iran-wants-removal-of-israel-state-not-people |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=karbalaei |date=2023-11-30 |title=Single-State, Iran's solution to the Palestinian crisis |url=https://www.scfr.ir/en/council/236530/single-state-irans-solution-to-the-palestinian-crisis/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Strategic Council on Foreign Relations |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922135029/https://www.scfr.ir/en/council/236530/single-state-irans-solution-to-the-palestinian-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, Iran's [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] [[Ali Khamenei]] said, {{cquote|The [[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]] called Israel must be [[wikt:uproot|uprooted]] from [[Middle East|the region]].}} In 2001, Ali Khamenei stated,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Threats Iranian Leaders Made Against Israel in 2013 |url=https://jcpa.org/article/20-threats-iranian-leaders-made-in-2013/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107141201/https://jcpa.org/article/20-threats-iranian-leaders-made-in-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Giving nukes to Iran will be the greatest error of the 21st century |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-700962 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113112132/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-700962 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{cquote|The [[wikt:perpetual|perpetual]] subject of Iran is the elimination of Israel from [[Middle East|the region]].}} During the [[Israel–Hamas war]], Ali Khamenei said on May 24, 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{cquote|The [[Deity|divine]] promise to eliminate the [[Zionism|Zionist]] entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea.}} ==Academic views== Some of those calling for the end of the current State of Israel claimed that they wanted a "free and democratic state of Palestine" within the current boundaries. Academics have different views on this. ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh,{{efn|{{langx|he|אפרים קארש}}; [[Birth|born]] 6 September 1953|group=lower-alpha}} an Israeli and [[British people|British]] [[historian]] who is the founding [[director]] and [[emeritus professor]] of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies<ref>[https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/efraim-karsh%28a0c17f6c-c71a-4f17-912a-a0cfa0bf1977%29.html Professor Efraim Karsh, King's College London Research Portal]</ref> at [[King's College London]], commented on the matter:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |title=Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest |date=October 2004 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-4158-3 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arafat_s_War/EiUXQgruG7EC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |language=en }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The new "[[Liberty|free]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] [[society]]" was perceived not as a true [[partnership]] between equal groups sharing [[sovereignty]] over a specific territory, but rather as an Arab-Muslim state in which Jews would be reduced to a permanent [[Minority group|minority]] status, a modern-day version of the ''[[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula#Middle Ages|ahl al-dhimma" system]]'' of "protected non-Muslim minorities" that had existed since Islam's early days [...] The PLO's pretence that those Jewish citizens of the defunct state of Israel who would like to become citizens new Arab Palestine would be allowed to do so was patently false [...] the Palestinian National Covenant, revised in July 1968 [...] states explicitly that only those Jews "who were normally resident in Palestine up to the beginning of the Zionist invasion are Palestinians." Since most of Israel's citizens are an integral part of this "Zionist invasion," the practical meaning of this declaration is that the prospective Palestinian state would be virtually ''Judenrein''{{efn|A [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] word to designate an area that has been [[Genocide|"cleansed"]] of [[Jew|Jews]] during [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |chapter=Judenrein |first1=Wolfgang |last1=Scheffler |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/judenrein |date=2007 |edition=2 |publisher=Thomson Gale}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}.}} ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Genocide]] [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] ayv6lvbbfi7ruj3h0w1o9bwytatvdsf 10329980 10329979 2025-06-14T13:23:53Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10329980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:راهپیمایی روز قدس در تهران - ۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Participants burn an [[effigy]] [[wikt:adorn|adorned]] with an [[Flag of Israel|Israeli flag]] on the Quds Day in [[Tehran]], 2016.|287x287px]][[File:Parade_of_Palestinian_Mujahideen_(05).jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Hamas]] [[Parade|parading]] with a [[coffin]] bearing the [[Flag of Israel|Israeli flag]]. The Hamas has called for the destruction of Israel since 1987 and carried out countless acts of [[terrorism]], especially the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|October 7 massacre]] in 2023, which has been deemed the worst massacre of Jews since the end of [[the Holocaust]] in 1945.]][[File:Huthi-Logo.JPG|thumb|A [[Houthis|Houthi]] sign in Arabic: ''"Death to America! Death to Israel!"'']]'''Calls for the destruction of Israel''' refer to [[Rhetoric|expressions]] that call for the elimination of [[Israel]] as a modern country, many forms of which have been seen by [[Intellectual|scholars]] and [[Civil service|officials]] as [[hate speech]] inciting [[genocide]] against [[Jew|Jews]] due to Israel's Jewish-majority population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=הפלסטינים רוצים להשמיד את ישראל |trans-title="The Palestinians want to destroy Israel" |url=https://www.inn.co.il/news/343361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123025511/https://www.inn.co.il/news/343361 |archive-date=2023-11-23 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=www.inn.co.il |language=he}}</ref><ref name="krell muller 2012">{{Cite book |last1=Krell |first1=Gert |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/31449 |title=Noch ein Krieg im Nahen Osten? Zum misslungenen Anstoß von Günter Grass zu einer überfälligen öffentlichen Debatte |last2=Müller |first2=Harald |date=2012 |publisher=Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung |isbn=978-3-942532-40-2 |series=HSFK-Report |volume=2/2012 |location=Frankfurt am Main |language=de |trans-title=Another war in the Middle East? On Günter Grass's failed attempt to spark a long-overdue public debate |access-date=2024-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916033710/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/31449 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Overview== Such calls have occurred since the 1940s. In 1947, [[Arab League]]'s leader Azzam Pasha said in the well-known ''Azzam Pasha quotation'' that he hoped for the Arabs not to be "forced into a war of extermination" if a Jewish state was to be founded.<ref name="A">{{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Azzam’s Genocidal Threat |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/azzam-genocide-threat |volume=18 |issue=4 |last1=Barnett |first1=David |last2=Karsh |first2=Efraim |year=2011 |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref> This statement has been regarded by scholars and officials as a threat to commit [[genocide]] against Jews.<ref name="A" /> Before the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, there was reportedly a full [[consensus]] among Arab states that Israel needed to be destroyed. Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] repeatedly called for the destruction of Israel.<ref name="freilich 2018">{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZNODwAAQBAJ |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York, NY |pages=34, 37}}</ref> Palestinian [[Terrorism|terrorist]] groups, including the [[Hamas]],<ref name="jaeger paserman 2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Jaeger |first1=David A. |last2=Paserman |first2=M. Daniele |date=2006 |title=Israel, the Palestinian Factions, and the Cycle of Violence |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=45–49 |doi=10.1257/000282806777212008 |issn=0002-8282 |jstor=30034612 |s2cid=18626011 |url=http://economics.wm.edu/wp/cwm_wp23.pdf }}</ref> [[Houthis]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-03-12 |title=The Impact of the Religious Phenomenon on the Political Crisis in Yemen from 2011 to 2020: The Houthi Movement as a Case |journal=European Researcher |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.13187/er.2021.1.19 |issn=2224-0136|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Houthis push for 'demise of Israel' amid attack on Red Sea ship |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774273 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122153035/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-774273 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ),<ref name="jaeger paserman 2006" /> have called for the destruction of Israel.<ref name="WashingtonPost2023">{{Cite news |last=Stripling |first=Jack |date=31 December 2023 |title=Colleges braced for antisemitism and violence. It's happening. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/31/antisemitism-college-campuses-jewish-hamas-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101003739/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/10/31/antisemitism-college-campuses-jewish-hamas-gaza/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}: "Defenders of the phrase [from the river to the sea...] often say that the line refers to a one-state solution to the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over that tract of land between the [[Jordan River]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]], in which Arabs and Jews could have [[Egalitarianism|equal]] [[Universal suffrage|voting rights]]. But the U.S. and U.N. position is that Israel has a right to exist as a Jewish state and that the conflict should be solved with a “[[two-state solution]],” one country for each group".</ref> ==History== ===20th century=== Before and after modern Israel was founded in 1948, Arab leaders in the Middle East made several statements calling for the physical elimination of Israel.<ref name="morris">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RelhRR-9RUC |title=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12281-7 |location=New Haven |pages=108–109, 112 |oclc=253841498}}</ref> ====Saudi Arabia==== In late 1947, King Ibn Saud of [[Saudi Arabia]] told U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]]:<ref name="morris" /> {{cquote|The Arabs have definitely decided to oppose [the] establishment of a Jewish state [. ...] such a state must perish in a short time. The Arab will isolate such a state from the world and will lay [[siege]] until it dies by [[famine]].}} ====Azzam Pasha quotation==== In October 1947, in response to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) report, Arab League's Secretary-General Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam said,<ref name="morris" /> {{cquote|Personally, I hope the Jews do not force us into this war, because it would be a war of extermination and momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the [[Mongol Empire|Mongolian]] massacre and the Crusades.}} ====Arab Women's Organization==== In 1948, Matiel Mughannam, the leader of the Arab Women's Organization, remarked,<ref name=matt>{{cite book|author=Ellen L. Fleischmann|chapter=Mogannam, Matiel|editor-link=Philip Mattar|location=New York|page=322|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA322|isbn=978-0816057641|year=2005 |editor=Philip Mattar|edition=Revised|title=Encyclopedia of The Palestinians|publisher=Facts On File, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matiel Mogannam - Feminist Figures (1899 - 1992) |url=https://www.palquest.org/en/biography/30018/matiel-mogannam |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question – palquest |language=en}}</ref> {{cquote|[A Jewish state] has no chance to survive now that the "Holy War" has been declared. All the Jews will eventually be massacred.}} ====Egypt==== [[Egypt|Egyptian]] president Gamal Abdel Nasser called for the destruction of Israel repeatedly. At the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in September 1960, Nasser argued that "the annulment of Israel's existence" was the only solution to the [[Israel–Palestine conflict]]. Nasser repeated in 1964,<ref name="Sahar 1976">Sachar, Howard M. (1976, 2007) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-48564-5. pp. 615–16</ref> {{cquote|We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine [. ...] there is no room for [[United Kingdom|Britain]] in our country, just as there is no room for Israel within the [[Arab nationalism|Arab nation]].}} In 1965, Nasser threatened,<ref name="Sahar 1976" /> {{cquote|We shall not [[Invasion|enter]] Palestine with its [[soil]] covered in [[sand]], we shall enter it with its soil [[Saturation (chemistry)|saturated]] in [[blood]].}} ===21st century=== ====Iran==== Since the [[Islamism|Islamists]] took over Iran in 1979, [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|opposition to the existence of Israel]] has been the state policy of Iran, with the two countries in a constant state of conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-15 |title=Khamenei says Iran wants removal of Israel state not people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191115-khamenei-says-iran-wants-removal-of-israel-state-not-people |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=France 24 |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213161317/https://www.france24.com/en/20191115-khamenei-says-iran-wants-removal-of-israel-state-not-people |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=karbalaei |date=2023-11-30 |title=Single-State, Iran's solution to the Palestinian crisis |url=https://www.scfr.ir/en/council/236530/single-state-irans-solution-to-the-palestinian-crisis/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Strategic Council on Foreign Relations |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922135029/https://www.scfr.ir/en/council/236530/single-state-irans-solution-to-the-palestinian-crisis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000, Iran's [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] [[Ali Khamenei]] said, {{cquote|The [[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]] called Israel must be [[wikt:uproot|uprooted]] from [[Middle East|the region]].}} In 2001, Ali Khamenei stated,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Threats Iranian Leaders Made Against Israel in 2013 |url=https://jcpa.org/article/20-threats-iranian-leaders-made-in-2013/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107141201/https://jcpa.org/article/20-threats-iranian-leaders-made-in-2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Giving nukes to Iran will be the greatest error of the 21st century |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-700962 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113112132/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-700962 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{cquote|The [[wikt:perpetual|perpetual]] subject of Iran is the elimination of Israel from [[Middle East|the region]].}} During the [[Israel–Hamas war]], Ali Khamenei said on May 24, 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{cquote|The [[Deity|divine]] promise to eliminate the [[Zionism|Zionist]] entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea.}} ==Academic views== Some of those calling for the end of the current State of Israel claimed that they wanted a "free and democratic state of Palestine" within the current boundaries. Academics have different views on this. ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh,{{efn|{{langx|he|אפרים קארש}}; [[Birth|born]] 6 September 1953|group=lower-alpha}} an Israeli and [[British people|British]] [[historian]] who is the founding [[director]] and [[emeritus professor]] of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies<ref>[https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/efraim-karsh%28a0c17f6c-c71a-4f17-912a-a0cfa0bf1977%29.html Professor Efraim Karsh, King's College London Research Portal]</ref> at [[King's College London]], commented on the matter:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |title=Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest |date=October 2004 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-4158-3 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arafat_s_War/EiUXQgruG7EC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |language=en }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The new "[[Liberty|free]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] [[society]]" was perceived not as a true [[partnership]] between equal groups sharing [[sovereignty]] over a specific territory, but rather as an Arab-Muslim state in which Jews would be reduced to a permanent [[Minority group|minority]] status, a modern-day version of the ''[[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula#Middle Ages|ahl al-dhimma" system]]'' of "protected non-Muslim minorities" that had existed since Islam's early days [...] The PLO's pretence that those Jewish citizens of the defunct state of Israel who would like to become citizens new Arab Palestine would be allowed to do so was patently false [...] the Palestinian National Covenant, revised in July 1968 [...] states explicitly that only those Jews "who were normally resident in Palestine up to the beginning of the Zionist invasion are Palestinians." Since most of Israel's citizens are an integral part of this "Zionist invasion," the practical meaning of this declaration is that the prospective Palestinian state would be virtually ''Judenrein''{{efn|A [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] word to designate an area that has been [[Genocide|"cleansed"]] of [[Jew|Jews]] during [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |chapter=Judenrein |first1=Wolfgang |last1=Scheffler |chapter-url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/judenrein |date=2007 |edition=2 |publisher=Thomson Gale}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}.}} ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Genocide]] [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 5d8surw74g4rugs9tjap7tsia6ef98d 0 1161527 10330324 10014683 2025-06-14T17:00:41Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Durefishan Saleem | native_name = {{nq|درفشاں سلیم}} | native_name_lang = ur | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|01|14}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/dur-e-fishan-saleem-turns-27-see-viral-birthday-pictures/|title=Dur-e-Fishan Saleem turns 27: See birthday pictures|website=arynews.tv|date=14 January 2023}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]] | education = [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[University College London]] | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress|host}} | years_active = 2020{{ndash}}present | known_for = ''[[Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi]]'' (2022) <br> ''[[Ishq Murshid]]'' (2023) <br> ''[[Har Pal Geo|Khaie]]'' (2024) | spouse = | awards = [[ARY Digital Network|ARY People's Choice Awards]] }} '''Durefishan Saleem''' is a [[Pakistani]] actress of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] descent who appears on [[Urdu]] television. She made her acting debut in ''[[Dil Ruba]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188259/lux-style-awards-announces-nominations-for-its-20th-edition|title=Lux Style Awards announces nominations for its 20th edition|website=Images|date=26 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|author=Images Staff}}</ref> as a supporting actress.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-07|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2317328/lsa-2021-and-the-nominees-are?|title=LSA 2021: And the nominees are...|website=Express Tribune|access-date=|author=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/en/11113-durefishan-saleem-receives-peck-of-love-at-ishq-murshid-finale-screening-news|title=Durefishan Saleem receives peck of love at 'Ishq Murshid' finale screening|date=5 May 2024}}</ref> She also played in ''[[ARY Digital|Bhaaras]]'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1159076/how-bharaas-succeeds-at-keeping-us-involved|title=How 'Bharaas' Succeeds at Keeping Us Involved|author=Karishma Soorthy|date=12 January 2021}}</ref> for which she received an [[ARY Digital Network|ARY People's Choice Awards]]. Then, she gained her recognition in ''[[Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191458/dur-e-fishan-says-she-would-not-watch-or-do-dramas-like-kaisi-teri-khudgarzi-again|title=Dur-e-Fishan says she would not watch or do dramas like Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi again|date=29 January 2023}}</ref> and ''[[Ishq Murshid]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192414/ishq-murshids-finale-will-be-screened-in-cinemas-across-pakistan|title=Ishq Murshid's finale will be screened in cinemas across Pakistan|date=1 May 2024}}</ref> == Early life and education == Durefishan was born on 14 January 1996 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] to Saleem-ul-Hassan, who worked as a director and as a producer for [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] in the 2000s. She obtained her [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[University College London]]. In 2019, she moved to [[Karachi]] to become an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Maliha Rehman |date=31 July 2020 |title=For aspiring actors looking for stardom, Karachi is the city of opportunities |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1185590 |access-date=3 December 2022 |work=images.dawn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192281/faysal-quraishi-claims-khaie-isnt-about-pashtuns-but-that-doesnt-mean-it-isnt-perpetuating-harmful-stereotypes|title=Faysal Quraishi claims Khaie 'isn't about Pashtuns' but that doesn't mean it isn't perpetuating harmful stereotypes|date=23 February 2024}}</ref> ==Career== Durefishan made her debut in a supporting role in ''[[Dil Ruba]]'' for which she was nominated for the [[20th Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Awards]] for best newcomer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRIME TIME: BINGE WATCHING Dilruba, Tarap, Sabaat… BUT FOR HOW LONG?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1548503|last=Jawaid|first=Mohammad Kamran|date=2020-04-12|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> Then, she made her lead debut in ''[[ARY Digital|Bhaaras]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arydigital.tv/bharas-drama-plot|title=Bharaas:The story of love and obsession}}</ref> After that, she acted in ''[[Pardes (2021 TV series)|Pardes]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magtheweekly.com/detail/12202-shaista-lodhi-to-pair-up-with-ace-actor-sarmad-khoosat-for-pardes|title=Shaista Lodhi to pair up with ace actor Sarmad Khoosat for 'Pardes|website=Mag The Weekly}}</ref> with [[Affan Waheed]] and ''[[Juda Huay Kuch Is Tarha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2464631/4-onscreen-couples-that-have-sent-pakistani-drama-fans-into-a-frenzy|title=4 onscreen couples that have sent Pakistani drama fans into a frenzy|date=30 April 2024|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> In 2022, she acted in the love-dramatic ''[[Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191458/dur-e-fishan-says-she-would-not-watch-or-do-dramas-like-kaisi-teri-khudgarzi-again|title=Dur-e-Fishan says she would not watch or do dramas like Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi again|date=29 January 2023|website=images.dawn.com}}</ref> opposite [[Danish Taimoor]] which made her successful and estiblished actress in industry. In 2023, she acted in ''[[Jurm (TV series)|Jurm]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/1067556-last-episode-of-drama-serial-jurm-on-geo-tv-today |title=Last episode of drama serial 'Jurm' on Geo TV today |date=6 May 2023 |work=The News International (newspaper) |author=Mohammad Nasir}}</ref> along with [[Wahaj Ali]] then in an antholology-series ''[[Siyaah (TV series)|Siyaah]]'', and the social-drama ''[[Jaisay Aapki Marzi]]'' opposite [[Mikaal Zulfiqar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/dur-e-fishan-saleem-reacts-jaisay-aapki-marzi-reviews/|title='I cry every time…': Dur-e-Fishan Saleem reacts to 'Jaisay Aapki Marzi' reviews|website=ARY News|date=14 September 2023}}</ref> She was also offered to act in ''[[Jhok Sarkar]]'' along with [[Farhan Saeed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2023/03/hiba-bukhari-to-replace-durefishan-saleem-in-new-drama-jhok-sial/|title= Hiba Bukhari to replace Durefishan Saleem in new drama 'Jhok Sial'|website=www.bolnews.com|date=17 March 2023}}</ref> ==Sources== {{reflist}} ==Other website== * {{IMDb name|nm14363871}} {{Commons category|Durefishan}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pakistani Muslims]] [[Category:People from Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:People from Lahore]] [[Category:Punjabi people]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1996 births]] da24kvw4kx9b9r55z6fidckc1ohszxn 10330325 10330324 2025-06-14T17:00:43Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r 10330325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Durefishan Saleem | native_name = {{nq|درفشاں سلیم}} | native_name_lang = ur | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1996|01|14}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/dur-e-fishan-saleem-turns-27-see-viral-birthday-pictures/|title=Dur-e-Fishan Saleem turns 27: See birthday pictures|website=arynews.tv|date=14 January 2023}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]] | education = [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[University College London]] | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress|host}} | years_active = 2020{{ndash}}present | known_for = ''[[Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi]]'' (2022) <br> ''[[Ishq Murshid]]'' (2023) <br> ''[[Har Pal Geo|Khaie]]'' (2024) | spouse = | awards = [[ARY Digital Network|ARY People's Choice Awards]] }} '''Durefishan Saleem''' is a [[Pakistani]] actress of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] descent who appears on [[Urdu]] television. She made her acting debut in ''[[Dil Ruba]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188259/lux-style-awards-announces-nominations-for-its-20th-edition|title=Lux Style Awards announces nominations for its 20th edition|website=Images|date=26 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|author=Images Staff}}</ref> as a supporting actress.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-07|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2317328/lsa-2021-and-the-nominees-are?|title=LSA 2021: And the nominees are...|website=Express Tribune|access-date=|author=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/en/11113-durefishan-saleem-receives-peck-of-love-at-ishq-murshid-finale-screening-news|title=Durefishan Saleem receives peck of love at 'Ishq Murshid' finale screening|date=5 May 2024}}</ref> She also played in ''[[ARY Digital|Bhaaras]]'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1159076/how-bharaas-succeeds-at-keeping-us-involved|title=How 'Bharaas' Succeeds at Keeping Us Involved|author=Karishma Soorthy|date=12 January 2021}}</ref> for which she received an [[ARY Digital Network|ARY People's Choice Awards]]. Then, she gained her recognition in ''[[Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi]]'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191458/dur-e-fishan-says-she-would-not-watch-or-do-dramas-like-kaisi-teri-khudgarzi-again|title=Dur-e-Fishan says she would not watch or do dramas like Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi again|date=29 January 2023}}</ref> and ''[[Ishq Murshid]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192414/ishq-murshids-finale-will-be-screened-in-cinemas-across-pakistan|title=Ishq Murshid's finale will be screened in cinemas across Pakistan|date=1 May 2024}}</ref> == Early life and education == Durefishan was born on 14 January 1996 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] to Saleem-ul-Hassan, who worked as a director and as a producer for [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] in the 2000s. She obtained her [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[University College London]]. In 2019, she moved to [[Karachi]] to become an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Maliha Rehman |date=31 July 2020 |title=For aspiring actors looking for stardom, Karachi is the city of opportunities |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1185590 |access-date=3 December 2022 |work=images.dawn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1192281/faysal-quraishi-claims-khaie-isnt-about-pashtuns-but-that-doesnt-mean-it-isnt-perpetuating-harmful-stereotypes|title=Faysal Quraishi claims Khaie 'isn't about Pashtuns' but that doesn't mean it isn't perpetuating harmful stereotypes|date=23 February 2024}}</ref> ==Career== Durefishan made her debut in a supporting role in ''[[Dil Ruba]]'' for which she was nominated for the [[20th Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Awards]] for best newcomer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRIME TIME: BINGE WATCHING Dilruba, Tarap, Sabaat… BUT FOR HOW LONG?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1548503|last=Jawaid|first=Mohammad Kamran|date=2020-04-12|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> Then, she made her lead debut in ''[[ARY Digital|Bhaaras]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arydigital.tv/bharas-drama-plot|title=Bharaas:The story of love and obsession}}</ref> After that, she acted in ''[[Pardes (2021 TV series)|Pardes]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magtheweekly.com/detail/12202-shaista-lodhi-to-pair-up-with-ace-actor-sarmad-khoosat-for-pardes|title=Shaista Lodhi to pair up with ace actor Sarmad Khoosat for 'Pardes|website=Mag The Weekly}}</ref> with [[Affan Waheed]] and ''[[Juda Huay Kuch Is Tarha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2464631/4-onscreen-couples-that-have-sent-pakistani-drama-fans-into-a-frenzy|title=4 onscreen couples that have sent Pakistani drama fans into a frenzy|date=30 April 2024|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> In 2022, she acted in the love-dramatic ''[[Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191458/dur-e-fishan-says-she-would-not-watch-or-do-dramas-like-kaisi-teri-khudgarzi-again|title=Dur-e-Fishan says she would not watch or do dramas like Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi again|date=29 January 2023|website=images.dawn.com}}</ref> opposite [[Danish Taimoor]] which made her successful and estiblished actress in industry. In 2023, she acted in ''[[Jurm (TV series)|Jurm]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1067556-last-episode-of-drama-serial-jurm-on-geo-tv-today |title=Last episode of drama serial 'Jurm' on Geo TV today |date=6 May 2023 |work=The News International (newspaper) |author=Mohammad Nasir}}</ref> along with [[Wahaj Ali]] then in an antholology-series ''[[Siyaah (TV series)|Siyaah]]'', and the social-drama ''[[Jaisay Aapki Marzi]]'' opposite [[Mikaal Zulfiqar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/dur-e-fishan-saleem-reacts-jaisay-aapki-marzi-reviews/|title='I cry every time…': Dur-e-Fishan Saleem reacts to 'Jaisay Aapki Marzi' reviews|website=ARY News|date=14 September 2023}}</ref> She was also offered to act in ''[[Jhok Sarkar]]'' along with [[Farhan Saeed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2023/03/hiba-bukhari-to-replace-durefishan-saleem-in-new-drama-jhok-sial/|title= Hiba Bukhari to replace Durefishan Saleem in new drama 'Jhok Sial'|website=www.bolnews.com|date=17 March 2023}}</ref> ==Sources== {{reflist}} ==Other website== * {{IMDb name|nm14363871}} {{Commons category|Durefishan}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pakistani Muslims]] [[Category:People from Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:People from Lahore]] [[Category:Punjabi people]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1996 births]] 5pclxevpikg9myg60hctmkg2oh5ajx8 0 1161659 10330962 10315459 2025-06-14T22:24:31Z Davey2010 314522 update - pasted from Enwiki 10330962 wikitext text/x-wiki The following is a list of productions produced by [[DreamWorks Animation]], a division of [[NBCUniversal]], which includes animated feature movies, shorts, specials, and television series. As of 2025, DreamWorks Animation has released 49 feature movies, with their first being ''[[Antz]]'' on October 2, 1998. ==Feature films== ===Released=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; width:100%;" |- ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Film ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Release date ! rowspan="2" width="95" | Director(s) ! colspan="2" width="125" | Writer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="115" | Producer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="80" | Composer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Distribution/Co-production with ! rowspan="2" width="75" | Animation/production service(s) |- !Story !Screenplay |- ! scope="row" |''[[Antz]]'' | {{dts|1998|10|2}} | [[Eric Darnell]]<br>[[Tim Johnson (film director)|Tim Johnson]] | colspan="2" | [[Todd Alcott]]<br>[[Chris Weitz]]<br>[[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]] | [[Brad Lewis]]<br>[[Aron Warner]]<br>Patty Wooton | [[Harry Gregson-Williams]]<br>[[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]] | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |[[DreamWorks Pictures]] | [[Pacific Data Images]]{{efn|name=A|Also production company.}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|1998|12|18}} | rowspan="2" | [[Brenda Chapman]]<br>[[Steve Hickner]]<br>[[Simon Wells]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on:''</small><br>[[Book of Exodus]]}} | rowspan="2" | Penney Finkelman Cox<br>Sandra Rabins | rowspan="2" | [[Hans Zimmer]]<br>{{small|(score)}}<hr>[[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]]<br>{{small|(songs)}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | DWA Glendale<br>[[Bardel Entertainment|Bardel Animation Limited]]<br>[[Fox Animation Studios]] {{small|(additional final line animation)}}<br>Heart of Texas Productions {{small|(additional final line animation)}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Philip LaZebnik]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Road to El Dorado]]'' | {{dts|2000|3|31}} | [[Bibo Bergeron]]<br>Don Paul | colspan="2" | [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]]<br>[[Terry Rossio]] | Bonne Radford<br>Brook Breton | Hans Zimmer<br>John Powell<br>{{small|(score)}}<hr>[[Elton John]]<br>[[Tim Rice]]<br>{{small|(songs)}} | DWA Glendale<br>Bardel Animation Limited<br>Stardust Pictures<br>Pacific Data Images<br>{{small|(opening "Creation" sequence)}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Chicken Run]]''{{efn|name=R|Not produced by DreamWorks Animation but released by them.}} | {{dts|2000|6|23}} | colspan="2" | [[Peter Lord]]<br>[[Nick Park]] | [[Karey Kirkpatrick]] | Peter Lord<br>[[David Sproxton]]<br>Nick Park | John Powell<br>Harry Gregson-Williams | style="text-align:center;" | DreamWorks Pictures<br>[[Pathé]]<br>[[Aardman Animations]] | style="text-align:center;" | Aardman Animations<br>{{small|(main faculties)}}<br>[[Framestore]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Joseph: King of Dreams]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2000|11|7}} | rowspan="2" | Robert Ramirez<br>Rob LaDuca | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on:''</small><br>[[Book of Genesis]]}} | rowspan="2" | Ken Tsumura | rowspan="2" | Daniel Pelfrey<br>{{small|(score)}}<hr>[[John Bucchino]]<br>{{small|(songs)}} | rowspan="2" | [[DreamWorks Home Entertainment]] | rowspan="2" | Bardel Animation Limited<br>Big Fish Animation {{small|(effects)}}<br>Blue Sunflower {{small|(effects)}}<br>Canuck Creations {{small|(final line)}}<br>Character Builders<br>[[Jam Filled Toronto|DKP Effects Inc.]] {{small|(3D sequences)}}<br>DWA Glendale<br>Dynomight Cartoons<br>Fil Cartoons {{small|(final line)}}<br>Giant Productions {{small|(effects)}}<br>Golden Bell Animation {{small|(final line)}}<br>Heart of Texas Productions {{small|(final line and effects)}}<br>Hits for Less {{small|(effects)}}<br>[[Mercury Filmworks]] {{small|(additional paint services)}}<br>New Vision Productions {{small|(final line)}}<br>Ray Pang Effects {{small|(effects)}}<br>[[Red Rover Studios|Red Rover]] {{small|(animation and final line)}}<br>Spaff Animation {{small|(effects)}}<br>Starburst Animation {{small|(final line)}}<br>Tama Productions {{small|(effects and animation)}}<br>VirtualMagic Animation, Inc. {{small|(digital paint/compositing)}}<br>Wang Film Productions {{small|(final line)}}<br>Wild Horse Animation Group {{small|(final line)}} |- | colspan="2" | Eugenia Bostwick-Singer<br>Raymond Singer<br>Joe Stillman<br>Marshall Goldberg |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Shrek]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2001|5|18}} | rowspan="2" | [[Andrew Adamson]]<br>[[Vicky Jenson]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[William Steig]]}} | rowspan="2" | Aron Warner<br>[[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]]<br>[[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] | rowspan="2" | Harry Gregson-Williams<br>John Powell | rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;" | DreamWorks Pictures | rowspan="2" | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- | colspan="2" | Ted Elliott<br>Terry Rossio<br>[[Joe Stillman]]<br>[[Roger S. H. Schulman]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2002|5|24}} | rowspan="2" | [[Kelly Asbury]]<br>Lorna Cook | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on an idea by:''</small><br>Jeffrey Katzenberg}} | rowspan="4" | [[Mireille Soria]]<br>Jeffrey Katzenberg | rowspan="2" | Hans Zimmer<br>{{small|(score)}}<hr>[[Bryan Adams]]<br>{{small|(songs)}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | DWA Glendale<br>Bardel Entertainment<br>Anvil Studios<br>Stardust Pictures |- | colspan="2" | [[John Fusco]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2003|7|2}} | rowspan="2" | Tim Johnson<br>Patrick Gilmore | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Inspired by:''</small><br>[[Sinbad the Sailor]]}} | rowspan="4" | Harry Gregson-Williams | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale<br>Bardel Entertainment<br>Stardust Pictures<br>PDI/DreamWorks |- | colspan="2" | [[John Logan (writer)|John Logan]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Shrek 2]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2004|5|19}} | rowspan="2" | Andrew Adamson<br>Kelly Asbury<br>[[Conrad Vernon]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[William Steig]]}} | rowspan="2" | Aron Warner<br>David Lipman<br>John H. Williams | rowspan="2" | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- | Andrew Adamson | Andrew Adamson<br>Joe Stillman<br>J. David Stem<br>[[David N. Weiss]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Shark Tale]]'' | {{dts|2004|10|1}} | Vicky Jenson<br>Bibo Bergeron<br>[[Rob Letterman]] | colspan="2" | [[Michael J. Wilson]]<br>Rob Letterman | [[Bill Damaschke]]<br>[[Janet Healy]]<br>[[Allison Lyon Segan]] | rowspan="2" | Hans Zimmer | DWA Glendale |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' | {{dts|2005|5|27}} | Eric Darnell<br>[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] | colspan="2" | [[Mark Burton (filmmaker)|Mark Burton]]<br>[[Billy Frolick]]<br>Eric Darnell<br>Tom McGrath | Mireille Soria | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]''{{efn|name=R}} | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2005|10|7}} | rowspan="2" | Nick Park<br>[[Steve Box]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the characters by:''</small><br>Nick Park}} | rowspan="2" | Claire Jennings<br>[[Carla Shelley]]<br>Peter Lord<br>David Sproxton<br>Nick Park | rowspan="2" | [[Julian Nott]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | DreamWorks Pictures<br>Aardman Animations | rowspan="2" | Aardman Animations<br>{{small|(main faculties)}}<br>[[Moving Picture Company]]<br>{{small|(visual effects)}} |- | colspan="2" | Steve Box<br>Nick Park<br>Mark Burton<br>[[Bob Baker (scriptwriter)|Bob Baker]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Over the Hedge]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2006|5|19}} | rowspan="2" | Tim Johnson<br>Karey Kirkpatrick | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the characters by:''</small><br>[[Michael Fry]]<br>T. Lewis}} | rowspan="2" | [[Bonnie Arnold]] | rowspan="2" | [[Rupert Gregson-Williams]]<br>{{small|(score)}}<hr>[[Ben Folds]]<br>{{small|(songs)}} | rowspan="2" | [[Paramount Pictures]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | DWA Glendale<br>Pacific Data Images<br>{{small|(uncredited)}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Len Blum]]<br>Lorne Cameron<br>[[David Hoselton]]<br>Karey Kirkpatrick |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Flushed Away]]'' | {{dts|2006|11|3}} | [[David Bowers (director)|David Bowers]]<br>[[Sam Fell]] | Sam Fell<br>Peter Lord<br>[[Dick Clement]]<br>[[Ian La Frenais]] | Dick Clement<br>Ian La Frenais<br>[[Christopher Lloyd (TV producer)|Chris Lloyd]]<br>[[Joe Keenan (writer)|Joe Keenan]]<br>[[William Davies (screenwriter)|Will Davies]] | Cecil Kramer<br>David Sproxton<br>Peter Lord | rowspan="3" | Harry Gregson-Williams | Paramount Pictures<br>Aardman Animations | style="text-align:center;" | Aardman Animations<br>{{small|(main faculties)}}<br>DWA Glendale |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Shrek the Third]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2007|5|18}} | rowspan="2" | [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]]<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>[[Raman Hui]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[William Steig]]}} | rowspan="2" | Aron Warner | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Pictures | rowspan="2" | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- | Andrew Adamson | [[Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman|Jeffrey Price<br>Peter S. Seaman]]<br>Chris Miller<br>Aron Warner |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Bee Movie]]'' | {{dts|2007|11|2}} | [[Simon J. Smith]]<br>Steve Hickner | colspan="2" | [[Jerry Seinfeld]]<br>[[Spike Feresten]]<br>[[Barry Marder]]<br>[[Andy Robin]] | Jerry Seinfeld<br>Christina Steinberg | Rupert Gregson-Williams | Paramount Pictures<br>[[Columbus 81 Productions]] | DWA Glendale |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' | {{dts|2008|6|6}} | [[John Stevenson (director)|John Stevenson]]<br>[[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] | [[Ethan Reiff and Cyrus Voris|Ethan Reiff<br>Cyrus Voris]] | [[Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger|Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger]] | Melissa Cobb | Hans Zimmer<br>John Powell | rowspan="15" |Paramount Pictures | DWA Glendale<br>[[James Baxter (animator)|James Baxter Animation]]<br>{{small|(opening sequence only)}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]]'' | {{dts|2008|11|7}} | Eric Darnell<br>Tom McGrath | colspan="2" | [[Etan Cohen]]<br>Eric Darnell<br>Tom McGrath | Mireille Soria<br>Mark Swift | Hans Zimmer<br>{{small|(score)}}<hr>Hans Zimmer<br>[[Will.I.Am]]<br>{{small|(songs)}} | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2009|3|27}} | rowspan="2" | Conrad Vernon<br>Rob Letterman | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Inspired by an idea from:''</small><br>''Rex Havoc''<br><small>''by''</small> Jim Stenstrum}} | rowspan="2" | Lisa Stewart | rowspan="2" | [[Henry Jackman]] | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |DWA Glendale |- | Rob Letterman<br>Conrad Vernon | [[Maya Forbes]]<br>[[Wallace Wolodarsky|Wally Wolodarsky]]<br>Rob Letterman<br>Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2010|3|26}} | rowspan="2" | [[Chris Sanders]]<br>[[Dean DeBlois]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Cressida Cowell]]}} | rowspan="2" | Bonnie Arnold | rowspan="2" | John Powell |- | colspan="2" | Will Davies<br>Dean DeBlois<br>Chris Sanders |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Shrek Forever After]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2010|5|21}} | rowspan="2" | [[Mike Mitchell (director)|Mike Mitchell]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[William Steig]]}} | rowspan="2" | [[Gina Shay]]<br>[[Teresa Cheng]] | rowspan="2" | Harry Gregson-Williams |- | colspan="2" | [[Josh Klausner]]<br>[[Darren Lemke]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Megamind]]'' | {{dts|2010|11|5}} | Tom McGrath | colspan="2" | Alan Schoolcraft<br>Brent Simons | [[Lara Breay]]<br>Denise Nolan Cascino | Hans Zimmer<br>[[Lorne Balfe]] | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' | {{dts|2011|5|26}} | [[Jennifer Yuh Nelson]] | colspan="2" | Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger | Melissa Cobb | Hans Zimmer<br>John Powell | DWA Glendale |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2011|10|28}} | rowspan="2" | Chris Miller | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Inspired by the character from:''</small><br>[[Giovanni Francesco Straparola]]}} | rowspan="2" | Joe M. Aguilar<br>Latifa Ouaou | rowspan="2" | Henry Jackman | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale<br>DreamWorks Dedicated Unit |- | [[Brian Lynch (writer)|Brian Lynch]]<br>Will Davies<br>[[Tom Wheeler]] | Tom Wheeler |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted]]'' | {{dts|2012|6|8}} | Eric Darnell<br>Conrad Vernon<br>Tom McGrath | colspan="2" | Eric Darnell<br>[[Noah Baumbach]] | Mireille Soria<br>Mark Swift | Hans Zimmer | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Rise of the Guardians]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2012|11|21}} | rowspan="2" | [[Peter Ramsey]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the characters by:''</small><br>[[William Joyce (writer)|William Joyce]]}} | rowspan="2" | Christina Steinberg<br>[[Nancy Bernstein]] | rowspan="2" | [[Alexandre Desplat]] | rowspan="4" | DWA Glendale |- | colspan="2" | [[David Lindsay-Abaire]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Croods]]'' | {{dts|2013|3|22}} | Chris Sanders<br>[[Kirk DeMicco]] | [[John Cleese]]<br>Kirk DeMicco<br>Chris Sanders | Kirk DeMicco<br>Chris Sanders | Kristine Belson<br>Jane Hartwell | [[Alan Silvestri]] | rowspan="2" | [[20th Century Fox]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Turbo (2013 film)|Turbo]]'' | {{dts|2013|7|17}} | colspan="2" | [[David Soren (animator)|David Soren]] | David Soren<br>Darren Lemke<br>[[Robert Siegel (filmmaker)|Robert Siegel]] | Lisa Stewart | Henry Jackman |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2014|3|7}} | rowspan="2" | [[Rob Minkoff]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the characters by:''</small><br>[[Ted Key]]}} | rowspan="2" | Alex Schwartz<br>Denise Nolan Casino | rowspan="2" | [[Danny Elfman]] | rowspan="2" | 20th Century Fox<br>[[Bullwinkle Studios]] | rowspan="2" | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}}<br>DreamWorks Dedicated Unit |- | colspan="2" | [[Craig Wright (playwright)|Craig Wright]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2014|6|13}} | rowspan="2" | Dean DeBlois | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Cressida Cowell]]}} | rowspan="2" | Bonnie Arnold | rowspan="2" | John Powell | rowspan="5" | 20th Century Fox | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale |- | colspan="2" | Dean DeBlois |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Penguins of Madagascar]]'' | {{dts|2014|11|26}} | Eric Darnell<br>Simon J. Smith | Alan Schoolcraft<br>Brent Simons<br>[[Michael Colton]]<br>[[John Aboud]] | Michael Colton<br>John Aboud<br>Brandon Sawyer | Lara Breay<br>Mark Swift | Lorne Balfe | PDI/DreamWorks{{efn|name=A}}<br>DreamWorks Dedicated Unit |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Home (2015 film)|Home]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2015|3|27}} | rowspan="2" | Tim Johnson | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[Adam Rex]]}} | rowspan="2" | Mireille Soria<br>Suzanne Buirgy<br>[[Chris Jenkins (film producer)|Chris Jenkins]] | rowspan="2" | Lorne Balfe<br>[[Stargate (record producers)|Stargate]] | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale<br>Pacific Data Images |- | colspan="2" | Tom J. Astle<br>Matt Ember |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]'' | {{dts|2016|1|29}} | Jennifer Yuh Nelson<br>[[Alessandro Carloni]] | colspan="2" | Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger | Melissa Cobb | Hans Zimmer | 20th Century Fox<br>[[China Film Group Corporation]]<br>[[Oriental DreamWorks]]<br>Zhong Ming You Ying Film | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | DWA Glendale |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2016|11|4}} | rowspan="2" | Mike Mitchell<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>[[Walt Dohrn]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the toys by:''</small><br>[[Thomas Dam]]}} | rowspan="2" | Gina Shay | rowspan="2" | [[Christophe Beck]] | rowspan="4" | 20th Century Fox |- | [[Erica Rivinoja]] | Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[The Boss Baby]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2017|3|31}} | rowspan="2" | Tom McGrath | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[Marla Frazee]]}} | rowspan="2" | [[Ramsey Ann Naito]] | rowspan="2" | Hans Zimmer<br>Steve Mazzaro |- | colspan="2" | [[Michael McCullers]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2017|6|2}} | rowspan="2" | David Soren | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the novels by:''</small><br>[[Dav Pilkey]]}} | rowspan="2" | Mireille Soria<br>Mark Swift | rowspan="2" | [[Theodore Shapiro]] | rowspan="2" |20th Century Fox<br>[[Scholastic Entertainment]] | rowspan="2" | [[Mikros Image]]<br>[[Technicolor Animation Productions]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Nicholas Stoller]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2019|2|22}} | rowspan="2" | Dean DeBlois | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Cressida Cowell]]}} | rowspan="2" | Bonnie Arnold<br>Brad Lewis | rowspan="2" | John Powell | rowspan="2" | [[Universal Pictures]] | rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |DWA Glendale |- | colspan="2" | Dean DeBlois |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Abominable (2019 film)|Abominable]]'' | {{dts|2019|9|27}} | [[Jill Culton]]<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>Todd Wilderman | colspan="2" | Jill Culton | Suzanne Buirgy<br>Peilin Chou | Rupert Gregson-Williams | Universal Pictures<br>[[Pearl Studio]]<br>Zhong Ming You Ying Film |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2020|4|10}}{{efn|name=digital|The film was originally planned to be released theatrically in the United States on this date. However, on March 16, [[Universal Pictures]] announced that the film would be released simultaneously in [[drive-in theater]]s, as [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|regular movie theaters closed]] due to the restrictions caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], and through [[Video on demand|Premium VOD]] in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, South Korea and Italy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuster |first1=Jeremy |title=Universal to Release 'Trolls World Tour' for Digital Rental on Same Day as Theatrical Release |url=https://www.thewrap.com/universal-to-release-trolls-world-tour-for-digital-rental-on-same-day-as-theatrical-release/ |access-date=March 16, 2020 |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=March 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name=VarietyTheaters>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |title='Trolls World Tour' Straight to Streaming — Sign of the Times or the New Normal? |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/trolls-world-tour-streaming-theatrical-window-future-1234573263/ |access-date=April 9, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 9, 2020}}</ref> This affected the number of projections and the box office performance of the screenings. As the pandemic receded, the film was released back in regular theatres.}} | rowspan="2" | Walt Dohrn<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>David P. Smith | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the toys by:''</small><br>[[Thomas Dam]]}} | rowspan="2" | Gina Shay | rowspan="2" | Theodore Shapiro | rowspan="14" | Universal Pictures |- | Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger | Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger<br>Maya Forbes<br>Wally Wolodarsky<br>Elizabeth Tippet |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' | {{dts|2020|11|25}} | [[Joel Crawford (director)|Joel Crawford]] | Kirk DeMicco<br>Chris Sanders | [[The Hageman Brothers|Dan Hageman<br>Kevin Hageman]]<br>Paul Fisher<br>Bob Logan | Mark Swift | [[Mark Mothersbaugh]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Spirit Untamed]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2021|6|4}} | rowspan="2" | Elaine Bogan<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>Ennio Torresan Jr. | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the characters by:''</small><br>John Fusco<br>[[Aury Wallington]]}} | rowspan="2" | Karen Foster | rowspan="2" | [[Amie Doherty]] | rowspan="2" | [[Jellyfish Pictures]]<br>88 Pictures<br>Minimo VFX |- | colspan="2" | Aury Wallington<br>[[Kristin Hahn]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[The Boss Baby: Family Business]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2021|7|2}} | rowspan="2" | Tom McGrath | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Marla Frazee]]}} | rowspan="2" | Jeff Hermann | rowspan="2" | Hans Zimmer<br>Steve Mazzaro | rowspan="4" | DWA Glendale<br>Jellyfish Pictures |- | Tom McGrath<br>Michael McCullers | Michael McCullers |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2022|4|22}} | rowspan="2" | [[Pierre Perifel]] | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Aaron Blabey]]}} | rowspan="2" | Damon Ross<br>Rebecca Huntley | rowspan="2" | [[Daniel Pemberton]] |- | colspan="2" | Etan Cohen |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2022|12|21}} | rowspan="2" | Joel Crawford<hr><small>''Co-director:''</small><br>Januel Mercado | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Inspired by the character from:''</small><br>[[Giovanni Francesco Straparola]]}} | rowspan="2" | Mark Swift | rowspan="2" | [[Heitor Pereira]] | rowspan="3" | DWA Glendale |- | [[Tommy Swerdlow]]<br>Tom Wheeler | Paul Fisher<br>Tommy Swerdlow |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken]]'' | {{dts|2023|6|30}} | Kirk DeMicco<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>Faryn Pearl | colspan="2" | [[Pam Brady]]<br>Brian C. Brown<br>Elliott DiGuiseppi | Kelly Cooney Cilella | [[Stephanie Economou]] |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Trolls Band Together]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2023|11|17}} | rowspan="2" | Walt Dohrn<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>Tim Heitz | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the toys by:''</small><br>[[Thomas Dam]]}} | rowspan="2" | Gina Shay | rowspan="2" | Theodore Shapiro | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale<br>[[Titmouse, Inc.]]<br> <small>(2D sequences only)</small><br>[[DNEG]] |- | colspan="2" | Elizabeth Tippet |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Orion and the Dark]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|February 2, 2024}} | rowspan="2" | Sean Charmatz | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>Emma Yarlett}} | rowspan="2" | Peter McCown | rowspan="2" | Kevin Lax<br>Robert Lydecker | rowspan="2" | [[Netflix]] | rowspan="2" | [[Mikros Animation]]<br>Jungler |- | colspan="2" | [[Charlie Kaufman]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' | {{dts|2024|3|8}} | Mike Mitchell<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>Stephanie Ma Stine | colspan="2" | Jonathan Aibel<br>Glenn Berger<br>Darren Lemke | Rebecca Huntley | Hans Zimmer<br>Steve Mazzaro | rowspan="3" | Universal Pictures | DWA Glendale<br>Jellyfish Pictures |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[The Wild Robot]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2024|9|27}} | rowspan="2" | Chris Sanders | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Peter Brown (illustrator)|Peter Brown]]}} | rowspan="2" | Jeff Hermann | rowspan="2" | [[Kris Bowers]] | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale<br>Stim Studio <small>(additional character rigging)</small> |- | colspan="2" | Chris Sanders |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Dog Man (film)|Dog Man]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2025|1|31}} | rowspan="2" | Peter Hastings | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Dav Pilkey]]}} | rowspan="2" | Karen Foster | rowspan="2" | [[Tom Howe (musician)|Tom Howe]] | rowspan="2" |Universal Pictures<br>Scholastic Entertainment | rowspan="2" | Jellyfish Pictures<br>Minimo VFX <small>(rigging services)</small> |- | colspan="2" | Peter Hastings |} ===Remakes=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; width:100%;" |- ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Film ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Release date ! rowspan="2" width="95" | Director(s) ! colspan="2" width="125" | Writer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="115" | Producer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="80" | Composer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Distribution/Co-production with ! rowspan="2" width="75" | Animation/production service(s) |- !Story !Screenplay |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2025 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]''{{efn|name=R}}{{efn|name=Live-action|Live-action production}}{{efn|name=S|Combines live-action with animation}} | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2025|6|13}} | rowspan="2" | Dean DeBlois | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on<br>How to Train Your Dragon by:''</small><br>Chris Sanders<br/>Dean DeBlois<br/>William Davies}} | rowspan="2" | [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt]]<br>Dean DeBlois<br>Adam Siegel | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | John Powell | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Universal Pictures<br>[[Marc Platt Productions]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Framestore]]<br>{{small|(visual effects)}} |- | colspan="2" | Dean DeBlois |} ===Upcoming=== <div style= "overflow-x:auto;"> {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; margin=auto; width:100%;" |- ! rowspan="2" width="150" | Film ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Release date ! rowspan="2" width="90" | Director(s) ! colspan="2" width="185" | Writer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="50" | Producer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="50" | Composer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Distribution/Co-production with ! rowspan="2" width="75" | Animation/production service(s) ! rowspan="2" width="100" | Production Status ! rowspan="2" width="45" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}} |- ! Story ! Screenplay |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[The Bad Guys 2]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2025|8|1}} | rowspan="2" | Pierre Perifel<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>JP Sans | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the books by:''</small><br>[[Aaron Blabey]]}} | rowspan="2" | Damon Ross | rowspan="2" | Daniel Pemberton | rowspan="7" | Universal Pictures | rowspan="2" | DWA Glendale<br>[[Sony Pictures Imageworks]] | rowspan="2" | Completed | rowspan="2" | <ref name="newsdreamworks1">{{Cite web |title=The Numbers - Theatrical Release Schedule Changes for the Week Ending November 12, 2023 |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/release-schedule-changes/2023/11/12 |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=DreamWorks Animation Sets 'The Bad Guys 2' For Late Summer 2025 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/the-bad-guys-2-release-date-1235868833/ |website=Deadline |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" {{TBA}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie]]''{{efn|name=S|Combines live-action with animation}} | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2025|9|26}} | rowspan="2" | Ryan Crego | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the television series by:''</small><br>[[Traci Paige Johnson]]<br>Jennifer Twomey}} | rowspan="2" | Steven Schweickart | rowspan="2" | Stephanie Economou | rowspan="5" {{TBA}} | rowspan="2" | Post-production | rowspan="2" | <ref name="newsdreamworks1" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=McClintock |first1=Pamela |title='Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie' to Get the Big-Screen Treatment in 2025 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/gabbys-dollhouse-the-movie-1235881796/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 April 2024 |date=25 April 2024}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" | Elisa Bell<br>Adam Wilson<br>Melanie Wilson LaBracio<br>Ryan Crego |- ! scope="row" | ''Forgotten Island'' | {{dts|2026|9|25}} | colspan="3" | Joel Crawford<br>Januel Mercado | Mark Swift | rowspan="3" {{TBA}} | rowspan="3" | In production | <ref name="Minions3Shrek52">{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Pascal |date=2025 |title=Universal Pictures International Spain |url=https://www.universalpictures.es/fechasdeestreno/Estrenos-Universal.pdf |access-date= |website=Universal Pictures. España |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=April 15, 2025 |title= DreamWorks Animation’s ‘Forgotten Island’ Gets Sept. 2026 Release Slot from Universal|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2025/04/dreamworks-animations-forgotten-island-gets-sept-2026-release-slot-from-universal |access-date=April 15, 2025|website=Animation Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Shrek 5]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2026|12|23}} | rowspan="2" | Conrad Vernon<br>Walt Dohrn<hr>{{small|''Co-director:''}}<br>Brad Ableson | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on the book by:''</small><br>[[William Steig]]}} | rowspan="2" | [[Chris Meledandri]]<br>Gina Shay | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lang|first=Brett|date=November 6, 2018|title='Shrek,' 'Puss in Boots' Getting Rebooted (Exclusive)|magazine=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/shrek-puss-in-boots-reboot-1203020785/|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=November 6, 2018|title=How Chris Meledandri Became the Most Powerful Man in Animation|magazine=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/features/chris-meledandri-illumination-minions-the-grinch-1203020068/|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=April 4, 2023|title='Shrek 5' With Original Cast, Donkey Spinoff With Eddie Murphy, 'Sing 3' and More Teased by Illumination's Chris Meledandri (Exclusive)|publisher=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/shrek-5-donkey-spinoff-secret-life-of-pets-sing-sequels-1235571967/|access-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref><ref name="MurphysStatement"/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharf |first1=Zack |last2=Shanfeld |first2=Ethan |date=2024-07-09 |title='Shrek 5' Set for July 2026 With Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy and Cameron Diaz Returning |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/shrek-5-release-date-cast-mike-myers-eddie-murphy-cameron-diaz-1235242895/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=January 10, 2025 |title=Universal Delays ''Shrek 5'', Moves Up ''Minions 3'' & More |url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/shrek-5-minions-3-release-dates-1236254122/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111053845/https://deadline.com/2025/01/shrek-5-minions-3-release-dates-1236254122/ |archive-date=January 11, 2025 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" | Michael McCullers |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2025 film)#Sequel|How to Train Your Dragon 2]]''{{efn|name=R}}{{efn|name=Live-action}}{{efn|name=S|Combines live-action with animation}} | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2027|6|11}} | rowspan="2" | Dean DeBlois | colspan="2" {{N/A|<small>''Based on<br>How to Train Your Dragon by:''</small><br>Chris Sanders<br/>Dean DeBlois<br/>William Davies}} | rowspan="2" | Marc Platt<br>Dean DeBlois<br>Adam Siegel | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | John Powell | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Universal Pictures<br>Marc Platt Productions | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Framestore]]<br>{{small|(visual effects)}} | rowspan="3" | In development | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graves |first=Sabina |date=2025-04-02 |title=A How to Train Your Dragon Live-Action Sequel Is Already on the Way |url=https://gizmodo.com/a-how-to-train-your-dragon-live-action-sequel-is-already-on-the-way-2000584479 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Gizmodo |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" | Dean DeBlois |- ! rowspan="1" scope="row" | ''[[Cocomelon#Film adaptation|Cocomelon: The Movie]]''{{efn|name=R}} | rowspan="1" | {{dts|2027}} | rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" {{TBA}} | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | Universal Pictures<br>[[Moonbug Entertainment]]<br>Flywheel Media<br>[[DNEG|Prime Focus Studios]] | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | [[DNEG|DNEG Animation]] | rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|title=Theatrical 'CoComelon' Movie In Works For Release By Universal|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/cocomelon-movie-in-works-moonbug-entertainment-flywheel-media-1236395436/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=May 13, 2025|access-date=May 13, 2025}}</ref> |} </div> === In development === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! Title ! Notes |- | ''[[Mice and Mystics#Adaptation|Mice and Mystics]]'' || co-production with [[Vertigo Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/dreamworks-animation-mice-and-mystics-movie-1202992375/ |title=DreamWorks Animation to Develop 'Mice and Mystics' Movie (Exclusive)|website=variety.com |date=October 24, 2018|accessdate=October 24, 2018}}</ref> |- |''Ronan Boyle and the Bridge of Riddles'' || <ref>{{Cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=2020-09-15|title=DreamWorks Animation Developing 'Ronan Boyle and the Bridge of Riddles' Movie|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/dreamworks-animation-ronan-boyle-and-the-book-of-riddles-movie-1234770734/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Variety|language=}}</ref> |- | ''Sputnik's Guide to Life on Earth'' || <ref name="Cartoon Brew">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/leo-matsuda-sells-multiple-projects-to-dreamworks-animation-157742.html|title=Leo Matsuda Sells Multiple Projects To Dreamworks Animation|date=April 11, 2018|work=Cartoon Brew|access-date=April 16, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | ''The Wizards of Once'' || <ref>{{cite web|last1=Hipes|first1=Patrick|url=http://deadline.com/2017/03/the-wizard-of-once-dreamworks-animation-movie-cressida-cowell-1202056526/ |title=DWA Books New Fantasy Series From 'How To Train Your Dragon' Author Cressida Cowell |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=March 30, 2017|accessdate=March 31, 2017}}</ref> |- | [[Madagascar (franchise)#Future|Untitled fourth main ''Madagascar'' film]]|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heyuguys.com/madagascar-4-is-in-the-works/|title=Exclusive: Director Tom McGrath confirms Madagascar 4 is in the works|date=April 4, 2017}}</ref> |- | [[Shrek (franchise)#Untitled Donkey spin-off film (TBA)|Untitled Donkey spin-off film]] ||<ref name="Lang">{{cite web|last=Lang|first=Brent|date=April 4, 2023|title='Shrek 5' With Original Cast, Donkey Spinoff With Eddie Murphy, 'Sing 3' and More Teased by Illumination's Chris Meledandri (Exclusive)|website=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/shrek-5-donkey-spinoff-secret-life-of-pets-sing-sequels-1235571967/|access-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref><ref name="MurphysStatement">{{Cite web |first=Chris |last=McPherson |url=https://collider.com/shrek-5-update-donkey-movie-eddie-murphy/ |title=Eddie Murphy Finally Delivers Huge Update on 'Shrek 5' and 'Donkey' Spin-Off Movie [Exclusive] |date=June 24, 2024 |accessdate=June 24, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> |- | Untitled project || co-production with Unanimous Media<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/stephen-curry-comcast-nbcuniversal-global-talent-partnerships-deal-1234832971/|title = Comcast NBCUniversal Inks Stephen Curry's Unanimous Media in Multi-Year Global Talent Partnerships Deal|date = 14 September 2021}}</ref> |- | [[The Wild Robot#Sequel|Untitled ''The Wild Robot'' sequel]]|| <ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |last2=Ntim |first2=Zac |date=October 12, 2024|title= 'The Wild Robot' Sequel In The Works At DreamWorks With Director Chris Sanders |url= https://deadline.com/2024/10/the-wild-robot-sequel-dreamworks-chris-sanders-dreamworks-animation-1236114190/}}</ref> |- | [[The Boss Baby: Family Business#Future|Untitled third ''Boss Baby'' film]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Q: @Dreamworks #AskAlecandAmy Is a third part coming? - @OneOfMarci A |url=https://twitter.com/dreamworks/status/1407056411515883526 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> |} ==Television specials== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Title ! Release date ! Director(s) ! Distribution/co-production with ! Network |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Shrek the Halls]]'' || {{dts|2007|11|28}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[Gary Trousdale]] || style="text-align:center;" | [[Pacific Data Images|PDI/DreamWorks]] || style="text-align:center;" | [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens: Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space]]'' || {{dts|2009|10|28}} || style="text-align:center;"| Peter Ramsey || style="text-align:center;"| [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution]] || rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |[[NBC]] |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Merry Madagascar]]'' || {{dts|2009|11|17}} || style="text-align:center;"| David Soren || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |NBCUniversal Television Distribution<br>[[Pacific Data Images]] |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Scared Shrekless]]'' || {{dts|2010|10|28}} || style="text-align:center;"| Gary Trousdale<br>Raman Hui |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Kung Fu Panda Holiday]]'' || {{dts|2010|11|24}} || style="text-align:center;"| Tim Johnson || style="text-align:center;"| NBCUniversal Television Distribution |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Gift of the Night Fury|Dragons: Gift of the Night Fury]]'' || {{dts|2011|11|15}} || style="text-align:center;"| Tom Owens || style="text-align:center;" | [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Direct-to-video |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Madly Madagascar]]'' || {{dts|2013|1|29}} || style="text-align:center;"| David Soren || style="text-align:center;" | [[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]]<br>Pacific Data Images |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Trolls Holiday]]'' || {{dts|2017|11|24}} || style="text-align:center;"| Joel Crawford || style="text-align:center;" | NBCUniversal Television Distribution || rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | NBC |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[How to Train Your Dragon: Homecoming]]'' || {{dts|2019|12|3}} || style="text-align:center;"| Tim Johnson || style="text-align:center;" | NBCUniversal Television Distribution<Br>[[Jellyfish Pictures]]<br>Minimo VFX |- | style="text-align:left;"| ''[[Trolls: Holiday in Harmony]]'' || {{dts|2021|11|26}} || style="text-align:center;"| Sean Charmatz<br>Tim Heitz || style="text-align:center;" | NBCUniversal Television Distribution |} ==Short films== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width="330" | Title ! width="120" | Release date ! width="120" | Distribution/co-production with ! width="120" | Release with ! width="120" | Notes |- | ''[[Shrek (franchise)#Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party (2001)|Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2001|11|2}} || style="text-align:center;" |[[DreamWorks Pictures|DreamWorks Home Entertainment]]<br>[[Pacific Data Images|PDI/DreamWorks]] ||''[[Shrek]]'' || Home video release |- | ''[[Shrek 4-D|Shrek 4-D/The Ghost of Lord Farquaad]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2003|5|22}} || style="text-align:center;" |[[Universal Parks & Resorts]] (parks)<br/>DreamWorks Home Entertainment (DVD)<br>PDI/DreamWorks || colspan="2" | Theme park ride at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] |- | ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas#Cyclops Island|Cyclops Island]] ''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2003|11|18}} || style="text-align:center;" | DreamWorks Home Entertainment || ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' || rowspan="3" | Home video release |- | ''[[Shrek 2#Far Far Away Idol|Far Far Away Idol]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2004|11|5}} || style="text-align:center;" | DreamWorks Home Entertainment<br>PDI/DreamWorks ||''[[Shrek 2]]'' |- | ''[[Shark Tale#Home media|Club Oscar]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2005|2|8}} || style="text-align:center;;" | DreamWorks Home Entertainment || ''[[Shark Tale]]'' |- | ''[[The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2005|10|7}} || style="text-align:center;" | [[DreamWorks Pictures]]<br>PDI/DreamWorks ||''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' || rowspan="2" | Theatrical release |- | ''[[First Flight (film)|First Flight]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2006|5|19}} || style="text-align:center;" |[[Paramount Pictures]] || rowspan="2" | ''[[Over the Hedge]]'' |- | ''[[Hammy's Boomerang Adventure]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2006|10|17}} || style="text-align:center;" |[[Paramount Home Entertainment]]|| rowspan="12" | Home video release |- | ''[[Secrets of the Furious Five]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2008|11|9}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment<br>[[Reel FX Creative Studios]]<br />[[Film Roman]] || ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |- | ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens (franchise)#B.O.B.'s Big Break (2009)|B.O.B.'s Big Break]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2009|9|29}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment || ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' |- | ''[[Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2010|10|15}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment<br/>Duncan Studio ([[Traditional animation|2D]] sequences) || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |- | ''[[Shrek (franchise)#Donkey's Caroling Christmas-tacular (2010)|Donkey's Caroling Christmas-tacular]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2010|12|7}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment ||''[[Shrek Forever After]]'' |- | ''[[Megamind: The Button of Doom]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2011|2|25}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment<br>Pacific Data Images ||''[[Megamind]]'' |- | ''[[Shrek (franchise)#Thriller Night (2011)|Thriller Night]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2011|9|13}} || rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment || rowspan="3" |''[[Scared Shrekless]]'' |- | ''[[Shrek (franchise)#The Pig Who Cried Werewolf (2011)|The Pig Who Cried Werewolf]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2011|10|3}} |- | ''[[Night of the Living Carrots]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2011|10|12}} |- | ''[[Book of Dragons]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2011|11|15}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment<br>[[Renegade Animation]] || ''[[Gift of the Night Fury|Dragons: Gift of the Night Fury]]'' |- | ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2011|12|13}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment<br>Duncan Studio || ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' |- | ''[[Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2012|2|24}} || style="text-align:center;" | Paramount Home Entertainment || ''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |- | ''[[Home (2015 film)#Release|Almost Home]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2014|3|7}} || style="text-align:center;" |[[20th Century Fox]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]'' || Theatrical release |- | ''[[Rocky & Bullwinkle (2014 film)|Rocky and Bullwinkle]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2014|10|14}} || style="text-align:center;" |[[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]]<br />Pacific Data Images<br />[[Jay Ward Productions|Bullwinkle Studios]] || rowspan="4" | Home video release |- | ''[[Dawn of the Dragon Racers]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2014|11|11}} || style="text-align:center;" | 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment || ''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |- | ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2015|12|14}} || style="text-align:center;" | 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment<br>[[Yowza! Animation]] || ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |- | ''[[Kung Fu Panda (franchise)#Panda Paws (2016)|Panda Paws]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2016|05|15}} || style="text-align:center;" | 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment || ''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]'' |- | ''Kung Fu Panda: Unstoppable Awesomeness'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2016|12|15}} || {{N/A}} || colspan="1" | Theme park ride at [[Motiongate Dubai|Motiongate]] || Short was edited and re-used in [[DreamWorks Theatre]] |- | ''[[The Boss Baby#Home media|The Boss Baby and Tim's Treasure Hunt Through Time]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2017|7|4}} || style="text-align:center;" | 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment || rowspan="2" |''[[The Boss Baby]]'' || Home video release |- | ''[[Bird Karma]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | February 23, 2018 || rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | [[Universal Pictures]] || Theatrical release (Japan only) |- | ''[[DreamWorks Theatre|Kung Fu Panda: The Emperor's Quest]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2018|6|15}} || colspan="2" |Theme park ride at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]] |- | ''[[Bilby (film)|Bilby]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2018|6|16}} |Screened at the [[Annecy International Animation Film Festival]]|| Theatrical release |- | ''[[Abominable (2019 film)#Home media|Marooned]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2019|9|27}} || rowspan="2" | Included in physical releases of ''[[Abominable (2019 film)|Abominable]]'' || rowspan="3" | Home video release |- | ''Show and Tell''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2019|12|17}} || style="text-align:center;" | [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]]<br>[[Pearl Studio]] |- | ''Tiny Diamond Goes Back to School''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2020|7|7}} || style="text-align:center;" | [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]] |Included in physical releases of ''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' |- | ''To: Gerard''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2020|12|17}} || style="text-align:center;" | Universal Pictures | rowspan="3" | Included in physical releases of ''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' || Home video release/[[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] |- | ''Family Movie Night: Little Red Bronana Bread''|| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2021|2|23}} || rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | Universal Pictures Home Entertainment | rowspan="7" | Home video release |- | ''Dear Diary: World's First Pranks'' |- | ''Precious Templeton: A Pony Tale'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2021|9|14}} |Included in physical releases of ''[[The Boss Baby: Family Business]]'' |- | ''The Bad Guys in Maraschino Ruby'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2022|6|21}} |Included in physical releases of ''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' |- | ''The Trident'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2023|2|28}} |Included in physical releases of ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |- | ''It Takes Three'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2024|1|16}} |Included in physical releases of ''[[Trolls Band Together]]'' |- | ''Dueling Dumplings'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2024|4|9}} |Included in physical releases of ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' |- | ''The Bad Guys: Little Lies and Alibis'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{dts|2025|1|31}} || style="text-align:center;" |Universal Pictures || rowspan="2" | ''[[Dog Man (film)|Dog Man]]'' || Theatrical release |} :{{note label|AMCTheaters|AMC}} The films that were screened as part of DreamWorks Animation Week were: ''[[Shrek]]'', ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'', ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'', ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'', ''[[The Croods]]'', and ''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]''.<ref name="AMCDWA">{{cite web|url=https://www.amctheatres.com/amc-scene/movies-coming-back-for-dreamworks-animation-week|title=Movies Coming Back for DreamWorks Animation Week|website=[[AMC Theatres]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901065452/https://www.amctheatres.com/amc-scene/movies-coming-back-for-dreamworks-animation-week|archive-date=September 1, 2019|access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref> ==Television series== {{Main|DreamWorks Animation Television#Television series}} ==Related productions== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Title ! Release date ! Director(s) ! Writer(s) ! Composer(s) ! Studio(s) ! Animation/production service(s) ! Notes |- | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" | ''[[Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans]]'' | rowspan="2" | {{dts|2021|7|21}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | Johane Matte<br />Francisco Ruiz Velasco<br />Andrew Schmidt | {{N/A|<small>''Based on the characters by:''</small><br />[[Guillermo del Toro]]<br />[[Daniel Kraus (author)|Daniel Kraus]]}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | [[Jeff Danna]] | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | [[Netflix]]<br>[[DreamWorks Animation Television]]<br>[[Double Dare You|Double Dare You Productions]] | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | 88 Pictures<br />[[Wang Film Productions|CGCG Inc.]]<br />Original Force | style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" | Television film that serves as the conclusion to the ''[[Tales of Arcadia]]'' franchise. |- | Guillermo del Toro<br />[[Marc Guggenheim]]<br />[[The Hageman Brothers|Dan Hageman]]<br />[[The Hageman Brothers|Kevin Hageman]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget]]'' | {{dts|2023|12|15}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[Sam Fell]] | {{small|''Story by'':}}<br>Karey Kirkpatrick<br>[[John O'Farrell (author)|John O'Farrell]]<hr>{{small|''Screenplay by'':}}<br>Karey Kirkpatrick<br>John O'Farrell<br>Rachel Tunnard | style="text-align:center;" | Harry Gregson-Williams | Netflix<br>Aardman Animations | {{N/A}} | style="text-align:left;" | Feature film sequel to ''Chicken Run''. |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''[[Megamind vs. the Doom Syndicate]]'' | {{dts|2024|3|1}} | style="text-align:center;" | [[Eric Fogel]] | style="text-align:center;" | Alan Schoolcraft<br />Brent Simons | style="text-align:center;" | Matthew Janszen<br />Bryan Winslow | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]<br>DreamWorks Animation Television | style="text-align:center;" | 88 Pictures<br>Doberman Pictures | style="text-align:left;" | Television film sequel to ''Megamind''. |} == Miscellaneous work == * [[74th Academy Awards]] (2002) (Animation for the characters of [[Shrek (character)|Shrek]] and [[Donkey (Shrek)|Donkey]] in the audience during the award for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]]) ==Unproduced projects== {{Main|List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects}} ==Reception== ===Box office grosses=== {| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: right;" ! rowspan="2" width="300" |Film ! rowspan="2" width="95" |Budget ! colspan="2" |North America ! rowspan="2" |Overseas<br>gross ! rowspan="2" width="95" |Worldwide gross<br>(unadjusted) ! rowspan="2" |Ref(s) |- ! width="95" |Opening ! width="95" |Gross<br>(unadjusted) |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Antz'' |$42–105&nbsp;million |$17,195,160 |$90,757,863 |$81,000,000 |$171,757,863 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antz|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2051180033/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Prince of Egypt'' |$60–100&nbsp;million |$14,524,321 |$101,413,188 |$117,200,000 |$218,613,188 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Prince of Egypt|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl4067132929/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Road to El Dorado'' |$95&nbsp;million |$12,846,652 |$50,863,742 |$25,568,985 |$76,432,727 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Road to El Dorado|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1869383169/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Chicken Run'' |$45&nbsp;million |$17,506,162 |$106,834,564 |$118,000,000 |$224,834,564 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicken Run|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1649116673/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Shrek'' |$60&nbsp;million |$42,347,760 |$268,349,831 |$220,279,678 |$488,629,509 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrek|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl7439873/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron'' |$80&nbsp;million |$17,770,036 |$73,280,117 |$49,283,422 |$122,563,539 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl410224129/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas'' |$60&nbsp;million |$6,874,477 |$26,483,452 |$54,289,625 |$80,773,077 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2977007105/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Shrek 2'' |$150&nbsp;million |$108,037,878 |$444,854,717 |$487,536,387 |$932,406,549 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrek 2|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl24217089/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Shark Tale'' | rowspan="2" |$75&nbsp;million |$47,604,606 |$160,861,908 |$213,721,971 |$374,583,879 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shark Tale|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3933111809/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Madagascar'' |$47,224,594 |$193,595,521 |$348,468,325 |$542,063,846 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madagascar|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1398834689/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit'' |$30&nbsp;million |$16,025,987 |$56,110,897 |$136,594,394 |$192,705,291 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Over the Hedge'' |$80&nbsp;million |$38,457,003 |$155,019,340 |$184,776,550 |$339,795,890 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over the Hedge|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1785300481/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Flushed Away'' |$149&nbsp;million |$18,814,323 |$64,665,672 |$113,615,882 |$178,281,554 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flushed Away|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl458393089/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Shrek the Third'' |$160&nbsp;million |$121,629,270 |$322,719,944 |$485,586,147 |$813,367,380 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrek the Third|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl40994305/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Bee Movie'' |$150&nbsp;million |$38,021,044 |$126,631,277 |$166,883,059 |$293,514,336 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bee Movie|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1984202241/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Kung Fu Panda'' |$130&nbsp;million |$60,239,130 |$215,434,591 |$416,309,969 |$631,744,560 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kung Fu Panda|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3562833409/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa'' |$150&nbsp;million |$63,106,589 |$180,010,950 |$423,889,404 |$603,900,354 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3562833409/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Monsters vs. Aliens'' |$175&nbsp;million |$59,321,095 |$198,351,526 |$183,158,344 |$381,509,870 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monsters vs. Aliens|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl224757249/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''How to Train Your Dragon'' (2010) |$165&nbsp;million |$43,732,319 |$217,581,231 |$277,297,528 |$494,878,759 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Train Your Dragon|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2908259841/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Shrek Forever After'' |$135–165&nbsp;million |$70,838,207 |$238,736,787 |$513,864,080 |$752,600,867 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrek Forever After|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl57771521/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Megamind'' |$130&nbsp;million |$46,016,833 |$148,415,853 |$173,469,912 |$321,885,765 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Megamind|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2455995905/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Kung Fu Panda 2'' |$150&nbsp;million |$47,656,302 |$165,249,063 |$500,443,218 |$665,692,281 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kung Fu Panda 2|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3579610625/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Puss in Boots'' |$130&nbsp;million |$34,077,439 |$149,260,504 |$405,726,973 |$554,987,477 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puss in Boots|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1214940673/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted'' | rowspan="2" |$145&nbsp;million |$60,316,738 |$216,391,482 |$530,529,792 |$746,921,274 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1415611905/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Rise of the Guardians'' |$23,773,465 |$103,412,758 |$203,528,912 |$306,941,670 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise of the Guardians|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2304214529/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Croods'' | $135–175&nbsp;million |$43,639,736 |$187,168,425 |$400,036,243 |$587,204,668 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Croods|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Turbo'' | $127–135&nbsp;million |$21,312,625 |$83,028,128 |$199,542,554 |$282,570,682 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turbo|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Mr. Peabody & Sherman'' | rowspan="2" | $145&nbsp;million |$32,207,057 |$111,506,430 |$164,191,609 |$275,698,039 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''How to Train Your Dragon 2'' |$49,451,322 |$177,002,924 |$444,534,595 |$621,537,519 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Train Your Dragon 2|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Penguins of Madagascar'' |$132&nbsp;million |$25,447,444 |$83,850,911 |$289,664,710 |$373,515,621 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Penguins of Madagascar|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Home'' |$135&nbsp;million |$52,107,731 |$177,397,510 |$208,644,097 |$386,041,607 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2224026/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Kung Fu Panda 3'' |$145&nbsp;million |$41,282,042 |$143,528,619 |$377,642,206 |$521,170,825 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kung Fu Panda 3|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782837761/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Trolls'' | rowspan="2" |$125&nbsp;million |$46,581,142 |$153,707,064 |$193,157,398 |$347,013,487 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trolls|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3967256065/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Boss Baby'' |$50,198,902 |$175,003,033 |$352,962,903 |$527,965,936 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Boss Baby|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt3874544/?ref_=bo_se_r_1|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie'' |$38&nbsp;million |$23,851,539 |$73,921,000 |$51,506,681 |$125,427,681 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1867023873/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World'' |$129&nbsp;million |$55,022,245 |$160,799,505 |$361,000,000 |$521,799,505 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2606269953/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Abominable'' |$75&nbsp;million |$20,612,100 |$61,270,390 |$129,034,382 |$190,304,772 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abominable|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl4144072193/|access-date=2025-01-01|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Trolls World Tour'' |$90–110&nbsp;million | colspan="1" {{n/a}} |$450,000 |$48,826,818 |$49,276,818 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trolls World Tour|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6587640/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Croods: A New Age'' |$65&nbsp;million |$9,724,200 |$58,568,815 |$157,337,000 |$215,905,815 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Croods: A New Age|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3209528833/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Spirit Untamed'' |$30&nbsp;million |$6,101,050 |$17,716,215 |$25,001,000 |$42,717,215 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit Untamed|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2450228737/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Boss Baby: Family Business'' |$82&nbsp;million |$16,000,665 |$57,300,280 |$89,445,000 |$146,745,280 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Boss Baby: Family Business|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1594066433/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Bad Guys'' |$69–80&nbsp;million |$23,950,245 |$97,459,240 |$152,928,648 |$250,387,888 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=8115900|title=The Bad Guys (2022)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=July 11, 2022}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Puss in Boots: The Last Wish'' |$90–110&nbsp;million |$12,429,515 |$186,090,535 |$295,667,128 |$481,757,663 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=3915174|title=Puss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken'' |$70&nbsp;million |$5,500,990 |$15,753,600 |$29,904,145 |$45,657,745 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt27155038/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Trolls Band Together'' |$95&nbsp;million |$30,002,525 |$102,996,915 |$106,375,875 |$209,372,790 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trolls Band Together |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt14362112/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Kung Fu Panda 4'' |$85&nbsp;million |$57,989,905 |$193,590,620 |$354,098,872 |$547,689,492 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kung Fu Panda 4 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt21692408/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''The Wild Robot'' |$78&nbsp;million |$35,790,150 |$143,182,115 |$181,109,000 |$324,291,115 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wild Robot |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt29623480/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |''Dog Man'' |$40&nbsp;million |$36,001,940 |$94,510,545 |$33,366,528 |$127,877,073 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Dog Man (2025)|website=Box Office Mojo|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3942942209/|access-date=February 11, 2025}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''How to Train Your Dragon'' (2025) |$150&nbsp;million | | |$550,905 |$550,905 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Train Your Dragon (2025) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/How-to-Train-Your-Dragon-(2025) |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> |} === Critical and public response === {{Hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Film ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Critical ! scope="col" | Public |- ! scope="col" | [[Rotten Tomatoes]] ! scope="col" | [[Metacritic]] ! scope="col" | [[CinemaScore]] |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Antz#Critical response|Antz]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Antz}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Antz}} |title=Antz |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Antz}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Antz}}</ref> | 73 (26 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=antz |title=Antz |type=m |access-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref> | {{sort grade|B+}}<ref name="CinemaScore">{{Cite web |title=Cinemascore :: Movie Title Search |url=https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809062201/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date=August 9, 2019 |access-date=August 9, 2019 |website=[[CinemaScore]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Prince of Egypt#Critical response|The Prince of Egypt]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=The Prince of Egypt}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=The Prince of Egypt}} |title=The Prince of Egypt |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=The Prince of Egypt}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=The Prince of Egypt}}</ref> | 64 (26 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=the-prince-of-egypt |title=The Prince of Egypt |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Road to El Dorado#Critical response|The Road to El Dorado]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=The Road to El Dorado}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=The Road to El Dorado}} |title=The Road to El Dorado |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=The Road to El Dorado}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=The Road to El Dorado}}</ref> | 51 (29 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=the-road-to-el-dorado |title=The Road to El Dorado |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|B+}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Chicken Run#Critical response|Chicken Run]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Chicken Run}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Chicken Run}} |title=Chicken Run |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Chicken Run}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Chicken Run}}</ref> | 88 (34 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=chicken-run |title=Chicken Run |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- {{#section:Shrek (franchise)|Shrek1Response}} |- {{#section:Spirit (franchise)|Spirit1Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas#Critical response|Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas}} |title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas}}</ref> | 48 (33 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=sinbad-legend-of-the-seven-seas |title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- {{#section:Shrek (franchise)|Shrek2Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Shark Tale#Critical response|Shark Tale]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Shark Tale}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Shark Tale}} |title=Shark Tale |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Shark Tale}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Shark Tale}}</ref> | 48 (36 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=shark-tale |title=Shark Tale |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- {{#section:Madagascar (franchise)|Response1}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit#Critical response|Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit}} |title=Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Antz}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit}}</ref> | 87 (38 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=wallace-gromit-the-curse-of-the-were-rabbit |title=Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|B+}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Over the Hedge#Critical response|Over the Hedge]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Over the Hedge}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title= Over the Hedge}} |title=Over the Hedge |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Over the Hedge}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Over the Hedge}}</ref> | 67 (31 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=over-the-hedge |title=Over the Hedge |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Flushed Away#Critical response|Flushed Away]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Flushed Away}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Flushed Away}} |title=Flushed Away |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Flushed Away}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Flushed Away}}</ref> | 74 (28 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=flushed-away |title=Flushed Away |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|B+}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- {{#section:Shrek (franchise)|Shrek3Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Bee Movie#Critical response|Bee Movie]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Bee Movie}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Bee Movie}} |title=Bee Movie |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Bee Movie}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Bee Movie}}</ref> | 54 (34 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=bee-movie |title=Bee Movie |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|B+}}<ref name="CinemaScore" /> |- {{#section:Kung Fu Panda|KFP1Response}} |- {{#section:Madagascar (franchise)|Response2}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens#Critical response|Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Monsters vs. Aliens}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Monsters vs. Aliens}} |title=Monsters vs. Aliens |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Monsters vs. Aliens}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Monsters vs. Aliens}}</ref> | 56 (35 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=monsters-vs-aliens |title=Monsters vs. Aliens |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rich |first1=Joshua |title=Box Office Report: 'Monsters vs. Aliens' opens at No. 1 with $58.2 mil |url=https://ew.com/article/2009/03/29/borept-monsters/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 4, 2022 |date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> |- {{#section:How to Train Your Dragon|Dragons1Response}} |- {{#section:Shrek (franchise)|Shrek4Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Megamind#Critical response|Megamind]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Megamind}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Megamind}} |title=Megamind |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Megamind}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Megamind}}</ref> | 63 (33 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=megamind |title=Megamind |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Finke |first1=Nikki |title=Update: #1 'Megamind', #2 'Due Date', #3 'For Colored Girls' All Meet Expectations; Long Lines And Sell-Outs For '127 Hours' |url=https://deadline.com/2010/11/first-box-office-megamind-underperforming-due-date-right-on-track-for-colored-girls-overperforming-81732/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=June 4, 2022 |date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> |- {{#section:Kung Fu Panda|KFP2Response}} |- {{#section:Shrek (franchise)|PiB1Response}} |- {{#section:Madagascar (franchise)|Response3}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Rise of the Guardians#Critical response|Rise of the Guardians]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Rise of the Guardians}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Rise of the Guardians}} |title=Rise of the Guardians |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Rise of the Guardians}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Rise of the Guardians}}</ref> | 58 (37 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=rise-of-the-guardians |title=Rise of the Guardians |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Boucher |first1=Geoff |title='Rise of the Guardians' in a title bout with blue Yodas and a talking squirrel |url=https://ew.com/article/2012/11/26/rise-of-guardians-in-a-title-bout-with-blue-yodas-and-a-talking-squirrel/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 4, 2022 |date=November 26, 2012}}</ref> |- {{#section:The Croods (franchise)|Croods1Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Turbo (2013 film)#Critical response|Turbo]]'' | {{RT data|table|qid=Q1523217|title=Turbo (2013 film)}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Turbo (2013 film)}} |title=Turbo |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Turbo (2013 film)}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Turbo (2013 film)}}</ref> | 58 (30 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=turbo |title=Turbo |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite news|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|title=Box Office Report: 'Turbo' Tops Wednesday With $5.6 Mil; 'Despicable Me 2' Close Behind|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-report-turbo-tops-588495|access-date=June 4, 2022|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 18, 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman#Critical response|Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman }} |title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman}}</ref> | 59 (34 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=mr-peabody-sherman |title=Mr. Peabody & Sherman |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|title=Box Office: '300: Rise Of An Empire' Commands $40M+; 'Mr. Peabody' Chases In $30M+; 'Son of God' May Fall 55% Or More In Second Weekend|url=https://deadline.com/2014/03/box-office-300-rise-of-an-empire-commands-40m-mr-peabody-chases-in-30m-son-of-god-may-fall-55-or-more-in-second-weekend-695863/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=10 March 2014 |access-date=June 4, 2022}}</ref> |- {{#section:How to Train Your Dragon|Dragons2Response}} |- {{#section:Madagascar (franchise)|Response4}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Home (2015 film)#Critical response|Home]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Home (2015 film)}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Home (2015 film)}} |title=Home|type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Home (2015 film)}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Home (2015 film)}}</ref> | 55 (31 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=home-2015 |title=Home |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-home-soars-friday-784869|title=Box Office: 'Home' Soars Friday for $50M-Plus Debut|first=Pamela |last=McClintock|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 27, 2015|access-date=March 28, 2015|archive-date=March 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328135527/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-home-soars-friday-784869|url-status=live}}</ref> |- {{#section:Kung Fu Panda|KFP3Response}} |- {{#section:Trolls (franchise)|Trolls1Response}} |- {{#section:The Boss Baby (franchise)|Response1}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie#Critical response|Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie}} |title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie|type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie}}</ref> | 69 (25 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=captain-underpants-the-first-epic-movie |title=Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|B+}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2017/06/wonder-woman-captain-underpants-weekend-box-office-opening-1202106462/|title='Wonder Woman' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On 'Iron Man' With $100.5M Debut|first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=June 4, 2022}}</ref> |- {{#section:How to Train Your Dragon|Dragons3Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Abominable (2019 film)#Critical response|Abominable]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=Abominable (2019 film)}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=Abominable (2019 film)}} |title=Abominable|type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=Abominable (2019 film)}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=Abominable (2019 film)}}</ref> | 61 (28 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=abominable-2019 |title=Abominable |type=m |access-date=April 29, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://deadline.com/2019/09/abominable-downton-abbey-hustlers-weekend-box-office-1202746278/ |title=Dreamworks Animation-Pearl Studios' 'Abominable' Bigfoots B.O. With Near $21M Opening Weekend |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=September 29, 2019 |access-date=June 4, 2022}}</ref> |- {{#section:Trolls (franchise)|Trolls2Response}} |- {{#section:The Croods (franchise)|Croods2Response}} |- {{#section:Spirit (franchise)|Spirit2Response}} |- {{#section:The Boss Baby (franchise)|Response2}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Bad Guys (film)#Critical response|The Bad Guys]]'' | {{RT data|table||title=The Bad Guys (film)}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y|title=The Bad Guys (film)}} |title=The Bad Guys |type=m |access-date={{RT data|access date|title=The Bad Guys (film)}}}}{{cbignore}}{{RT data|edit|title=The Bad Guys (film)}}</ref> | 64 (26 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=the-bad-guys |title=The Bad Guys |type=m |access-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/box-office-northman-bad-guys-unbearable-weight-of-massive-talent-1235007973/|title=''Bad Guys'' Proves Family Pics Still Work With $24M Debut; Making Sense Of ''Northman'' & ''Unbearable Weight'' Counterprogramming In Streaming Era – Sunday Update|date=April 24, 2022|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=June 4, 2022}}</ref> |- {{#section:Shrek (franchise)|PiB2Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken#Critical response|Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken]]'' | 66% (97 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ruby_gillman_teenage_kraken |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> | 50 (27 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=ruby-gillman-teenage-kraken |title=Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken |type=m |access-date=July 10, 2023}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=June 30, 2023 |title='Indiana Jones & The Dial Of Destiny' Still Eyeing $60M-$65M Opening Weekend, Possible $85M 5-day – Box Office |url= https://deadline.com/2023/06/box-office-indiana-jones-and-the-dial-of-destiny-1235427644/ |quote=Universal/DreamWorks Animation’s ''Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken'' isn’t wowing as expected with a $2.5M Friday (including Thursday previews of $725K) and $6M Friday-Sunday take outside the top five. |access-date=July 1, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |- {{#section:Trolls (franchise)|Trolls3Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Orion and the Dark#Reception|Orion and the Dark]]'' | 91% (74 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orion and the Dark - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/orion_and_the_dark |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> | 72 (23 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=orion-and-the-dark |title=Orion and the Dark |type=m |access-date=January 31, 2024}}</ref> | {{N/A}} |- {{#section:Kung Fu Panda|KFP4Response}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Wild Robot#Critical response|The Wild Robot]]'' | 98% (225 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wild Robot - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_wild_robot |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> | 85 (46 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=the-wild-robot |title=The Wild Robot |type=m |access-date=September 9, 2024}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2024/09/box-office-megalopolis-the-wild-robot-1236101618/ |title= 'Wild Robot' Powers To Third Best September Animated Pic Debut With $35M; 'Megalopolis' Collapses With $4M & D+ CinemaScore; 'Saturday Night' Alive In Limited Release – Box Office Update |date=September 28, 2024|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=September 28, 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Dog Man (film)#Critical response|Dog Man]]'' | 80% (86 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |title=Dog Man {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dog_man |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |access-date=31 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | 66 (22 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=dog-man |title=Dog Man |type=m |access-date=January 29, 2025}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=February 2, 2025|title=The ''Dog Man'' Cometh With Second-Best January Debut For Animated Pic With $36M; Why Didn't ''Companion'' Find More Friends At Weekend Box Office? – Sunday AM Box Office Update|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/box-office-dog-man-companion-1236274220/|access-date=February 2, 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- {{#section:How to Train Your Dragon|DragonsRemake1Response}} |} ==Accolades== ===Academy Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Category ! Recipient(s) ! Result |- |rowspan=2| [[71st Academy Awards|1998]] |rowspan=2| ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' |[[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] |[[Hans Zimmer]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |"[[When You Believe]]" |{{won}} |- |rowspan=2|[[74th Academy Awards|2001]] |rowspan=2|''[[Shrek]]'' |[[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] |[[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]], [[Terry Rossio]], [[Joe Stillman]] and [[Roger S. H. Schulman]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan=4|[[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] |[[Aron Warner]] |{{won}} |- |[[75th Academy Awards|2002]] |''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' |[[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] |rowspan=4 {{nom}} |- |rowspan=3|[[77th Academy Awards|2004]] |''[[Shark Tale]]'' |[[Bill Damaschke]] |- |rowspan=2|''[[Shrek 2]]'' |[[Andrew Adamson]] |- |Best Original Song |"[[Accidentally in Love (song)|Accidentally in Love]]" |- |[[78th Academy Awards|2005]] |''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' |rowspan=3|Best Animated Feature |[[Nick Park]] and [[Steve Box]] |{{won}} |- |[[81st Academy Awards|2008]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |[[John Stevenson (director)|John Stevenson]] and [[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] |rowspan=14 {{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[83rd Academy Awards|2010]] |rowspan=2|''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |[[Chris Sanders (director)|Chris Sanders]] and [[Dean DeBlois]] |- |Best Original Score |[[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]] |- |rowspan=2|[[84th Academy Awards|2011]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' |rowspan=4|Best Animated Feature |[[Jennifer Yuh Nelson]] |- |''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |[[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] |- |[[86th Academy Awards|2013]] |''[[The Croods]]'' |Chris Sanders, [[Kirk DeMicco]] and [[Kristine Belson]] |- |[[87th Academy Awards|2014]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |Dean DeBlois and [[Bonnie Arnold]] |- |[[89th Academy Awards|2016]] |''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' |Best Original Song |"[[Can't Stop the Feeling!]]" |- |[[90th Academy Awards|2017]] |''[[The Boss Baby]]'' |rowspan=4|Best Animated Feature |[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] and Ramsey Ann Naito |- |[[92nd Academy Awards|2019]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' |Dean DeBlois, [[Brad Lewis]] and Bonnie Arnold |- |[[95th Academy Awards|2022]] |''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |[[Joel Crawford (director)|Joel Crawford]] and Mark Swift |- |rowspan=3|[[97th Academy Awards|2024]] |rowspan=3|''[[The Wild Robot]]'' |Chris Sanders and Jeff Hermann |- |Best Original Score |[[Kris Bowers]] |- |[[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] |[[Randy Thom]], [[Brian Chumney]], [[Gary A. Rizzo]] and Leff Lefferts |} ===Golden Globe Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result |- |rowspan=2|[[56th Golden Globe Awards|1998]] |rowspan=2|''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] |[[Hans Zimmer]] |rowspan=12 {{nom}} |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |"[[When You Believe]]" |- |[[58th Golden Globe Awards|2000]] |''[[Chicken Run]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]] |[[Nick Park]] and [[Peter Lord]] |- |[[59th Golden Globe Awards|2001]] |''[[Shrek]]'' |[[Andrew Adamson]] and [[Vicky Jenson]] |- |[[60th Golden Globe Awards|2002]] |''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |"[[Here I Am (Bryan Adams song)|Here I Am]]" |- |[[62nd Golden Globe Awards|2004]] |''[[Shrek 2]]'' |"[[Accidentally in Love (song)|Accidentally in Love]]" |- |[[65th Golden Globe Awards|2007]] |''[[Bee Movie]]'' |rowspan=7|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film|Best Animated Feature Film]] |[[Steve Hickner]] and [[Simon J. Smith]] |- |[[66th Golden Globe Awards|2008]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |[[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] and [[John Stevenson (director)|John Stevenson]] |- |[[68th Golden Globe Awards|2010]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]] and [[Dean DeBlois]] |- |[[69th Golden Globe Awards|2011]] |''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |[[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] |- |[[70th Golden Globe Awards|2012]] |''[[Rise of the Guardians]]'' |[[Peter Ramsey]] |- |[[71st Golden Globe Awards|2013]] |''[[The Croods]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]], [[Kirk DeMicco]] and [[Kristine Belson]] |- |[[72nd Golden Globe Awards|2014]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |[[Dean DeBlois]] and [[Bonnie Arnold]] |{{won}} |- |[[74th Golden Globe Awards|2016]] |''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |"[[Can't Stop the Feeling!]]" |rowspan=9 {{nom}} |- |[[75th Golden Globe Awards|2017]] |''[[The Boss Baby]]'' |rowspan=5|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film|Best Animated Feature Film]] |[[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] and Ramsey Ann Naito |- |[[77th Golden Globe Awards|2019]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' |[[Dean DeBlois]], [[Brad Lewis]] and [[Bonnie Arnold]] |- |[[78th Golden Globe Awards|2020]] |''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' |rowspan=2|[[Joel Crawford (director)|Joel Crawford]] and Mark Swift |- |[[80th Golden Globe Awards|2022]] |''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |- |rowspan=4|[[82nd Golden Globe Awards|2024]] |rowspan=4|''[[The Wild Robot]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]] |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Cinematic and Box Office Achievement|Cinematic and Box Office Achievement]] |Jeff Hermann |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] |"[[Kiss the Sky (Maren Morris single)|Kiss the Sky]]" |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] |[[Kris Bowers]] |} ===Annie Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result |- |[[27th Annie Awards|1999]] |''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' |rowspan=26| [[Annie Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] | Penney Finkelman Cox and Sandra Rabins |rowspan=3 {{nom}} |- |rowspan=2| [[28th Annie Awards|2000]] |''[[Chicken Run]]'' |[[Peter Lord]], [[Nick Park]] and [[David Sproxton]] |- |''[[The Road to El Dorado]]'' | Brook Breton and Bonne Radford |- |[[29th Annie Awards|2001]] |''[[Shrek]]'' |[[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], [[Aron Warner]] and [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]] |{{won}} |- |[[30th Annie Awards|2002]] |''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' | Max Howard, [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] and [[Mireille Soria]] |rowspan=2 {{nom}} |- |[[32nd Annie Awards|2004]] |''[[Shrek 2]]'' |[[Aron Warner]], David Lipman and [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]] |- |rowspan=2| [[33rd Annie Awards|2005]] |''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' |[[Nick Park]], Claire Jennings, [[Peter Lord]], [[Carla Shelley]] and [[David Sproxton]] |{{won}} |- |''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' |[[Mireille Soria]] |rowspan=3 {{nom}} |- |[[34th Annie Awards|2006]] |''[[Over the Hedge]]'' |[[Bonnie Arnold]] |- |[[35th Annie Awards|2007]] |''[[Bee Movie]]'' |[[Jerry Seinfeld]], Christina Steinberg and Cameron Stevning |- |[[36th Annie Awards|2008]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |Melissa Cobb |rowspan=2 {{won}} |- |[[38th Annie Awards|2010]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |[[Bonnie Arnold]] |- |rowspan=2| [[39th Annie Awards|2011]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' |Melissa Cobb |rowspan=4 {{nom}} |- |''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |Latifa Ouaou and Joe M. Aguilar |- |[[40th Annie Awards|2012]] |''[[Rise of the Guardians]]'' | Christina Steinberg and [[Nancy Bernstein]] |- | [[41st Annie Awards|2013]] |''[[The Croods]]'' |[[Kristine Belson]] |- |[[42nd Annie Awards|2014]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |[[Bonnie Arnold]] |{{won}} |- |[[44th Annie Awards|2016]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]'' |Melissa Cobb |rowspan=8 {{nom}} |- |rowspan=2| [[45th Annie Awards|2017]] |''[[The Boss Baby]]'' | Ramsey Ann Naito |- |''[[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie]]'' |[[Mireille Soria]] and Mark Swift |- |[[47th Annie Awards|2019]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' |[[Bonnie Arnold]] and [[Brad Lewis]] |- |rowspan=2|[[48th Annie Awards|2020]] |''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' |Mark Swift |- |''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' |[[Gina Shay]] |- |[[50th Annie Awards|2022]] |''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |Mark Swift |- |rowspan=2|[[52nd Annie Awards|2024]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' |Rebecca Huntley |- |''[[The Wild Robot]]'' |Jeff Hermann |{{Won}} |} ===British Academy Film Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result |- |rowspan=2|[[54th British Academy Film Awards|2000]] |rowspan=2|''[[Chicken Run]]'' |[[BAFTA Award for Best British Film|Best British Film]] |[[Peter Lord]] and [[David Sproxton]] |rowspan=4 {{nom}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] |Paddy Eason, Mark Nelmes, and [[Dave Alex Riddett]] |- |rowspan=6|[[55th British Academy Film Awards|2001]] |rowspan=6|''[[Shrek]]'' |[[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] |[[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], [[Aron Warner]] and [[John H. Williams (film producer)|John H. Williams]] |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]] |[[Eddie Murphy]] |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] |[[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]], [[Terry Rossio]], [[Joe Stillman]] and [[Roger S.H. Schulman]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music|Best Original Music]] |[[Harry Gregson-Williams]] and [[John Powell (film composer)|John Powell]] |rowspan=3 {{nom}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] |[[Andy Nelson (sound engineer)|Andy Nelson]], [[Anna Behlmer]], [[Wylie Stateman]], and [[Lon Bender]] |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] |Ken Bielenberg |- |[[59th British Academy Film Awards|2005]] |''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' |[[BAFTA Award for Best British Film|Best British Film]] |Claire Jennings, [[David Sproxton]] and [[Bob Baker (scriptwriter)|Bob Baker]] |{{won}} |- |[[60th British Academy Film Awards|2006]] |''[[Flushed Away]]'' |rowspan=3|[[BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]] |[[David Bowers (director)|David Bowers]] and [[Sam Fell]] |rowspan=9 {{nom}} |- |[[61st British Academy Film Awards|2007]] |''[[Shrek the Third]]'' |[[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] and [[Raman Hui]] |- |rowspan=2|[[64th British Academy Film Awards|2010]] |rowspan=2|''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]] and [[Dean DeBlois]] |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music|Best Original Music]] |[[John Powell (film composer)|John Powell]] |- |[[76th British Academy Film Awards|2022]] |''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |rowspan=2|[[BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]] |[[Joel Crawford (director)|Joel Crawford]] and Mark Swift |- |rowspan=3|[[78th British Academy Film Awards|2024]] |rowspan=3|''[[The Wild Robot]]'' |rowspan=2|Chris Sanders and Jeff Hermann |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Children's & Family Film|Best Children's & Family Film]] |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Score]] |[[Kris Bowers]] |} ===Critics' Choice Movie Awards=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result |- |rowspan=2|[[4th Critics' Choice Awards|1998]] |rowspan=2|''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] |[[Brenda Chapman]], [[Steve Hickner]], and [[Simon Wells]] (tied with ''[[A Bug's Life]]'') |rowspan=4 {{won}} |- |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] |"[[When You Believe]]" |- |[[6th Critics' Choice Awards|2000]] |''[[Chicken Run]]'' |rowspan=4|[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] |[[Peter Lord]] and [[Nick Park]] |- |[[7th Critics' Choice Awards|2001]] |''[[Shrek]]'' |[[Andrew Adamson]] and [[Vicky Jenson]] |- |[[8th Critics' Choice Awards|2002]] |''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' |[[Kelly Asbury]] and Loona Cook |rowspan=4 {{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[10th Critics' Choice Awards|2004]] |rowspan=2|''[[Shrek 2]]'' |[[Andrew Adamson]], [[Conrad Vernon]] and [[Kelly Asbury]] |- |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] |"[[Accidentally in Love (song)|Accidentally in Love]]" |- |rowspan=2|[[11th Critics' Choice Awards|2005]] |''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' |rowspan=13|[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] |[[Eric Darnell]] and [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] |- |''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' |[[Nick Park]] and [[Steve Box]] |{{won}} |- |[[12th Critics' Choice Awards|2006]] |''[[Over the Hedge]]'' |[[Tim Johnson (film director)|Tim Johnson]] and [[Karey Kirkpatrick]] |rowspan=14 {{nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[14th Critics' Choice Awards|2008]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |[[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] and [[John Stevenson (director)|John Stevenson]] |- |''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]]'' |[[Eric Darnell]] and [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] |- |[[16th Critics' Choice Awards|2010]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]] and [[Dean DeBlois]] |- |rowspan=2|[[17th Critics' Choice Awards|2011]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' |[[Jennifer Yuh Nelson]] |- |''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |[[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] |- |rowspan=2|[[18th Critics' Choice Awards|2012]] |''[[Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted]]'' |[[Chris Buck]] and [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] |- |''[[Rise of the Guardians]]'' |[[Peter Ramsey]] |- |[[19th Critics' Choice Awards|2013]] |''[[The Croods]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]] and [[Kirk DeMicco]] |- |[[20th Critics' Choice Awards|2014]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |[[Dean DeBlois]] |- |rowspan=2|[[22nd Critics' Choice Awards|2016]] |rowspan=2|''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' |[[Mike Mitchell (director)|Mike Mitchell]] |- |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] |"[[Can't Stop the Feeling!]]" |- |[[25th Critics' Choice Awards|2019]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' |rowspan=3|[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] |[[Dean DeBlois]] |- |[[28th Critics' Choice Awards|2022]] |''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |[[Joel Crawford (director)|Joel Crawford]] |- |rowspan=3|[[30th Critics' Choice Awards|2024]] |rowspan=3|''[[The Wild Robot]]'' |[[Chris Sanders]] |{{Won}} |- |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] |"[[Kiss the Sky (Maren Morris single)|Kiss the Sky]]" |rowspan=2 {{Nom}} |- |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score|Best Score]] |[[Kris Bowers]] |} === Kids' Choice Awards === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Result |- |[[2001 Kids' Choice Awards|2001]] |''[[Chicken Run]]'' |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |rowspan=2 {{Nom}} |- |rowspan=2| [[2002 Kids' Choice Awards|2002]] |rowspan=2|''[[Shrek]]'' |[[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie|Favorite Movie]] |- |rowspan=5|Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |{{Won}} |- |[[2003 Kids' Choice Awards|2003]] |''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' |rowspan=2 {{Nom}} |- |[[2004 Kids' Choice Awards|2004]] |''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' |- |rowspan=2|[[2005 Kids' Choice Awards|2005]] |''[[Shark Tale]]'' |{{Won}} |- |''[[Shrek 2]]'' |{{Nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[2006 Kids' Choice Awards|2006]] |rowspan=2|''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' |[[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie|Favorite Animated Movie]] |rowspan=2 {{Won}} |- |rowspan=2|Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |[[2007 Kids' Choice Awards|2007]] |''[[Over the Hedge]]'' |rowspan=2 {{Nom}} |- |rowspan=4|[[2008 Kids' Choice Awards|2008]] |rowspan=2|''[[Shrek the Third]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |{{Won}} |- |rowspan=2|''[[Bee Movie]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |rowspan=3 {{Nom}} |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |rowspan=4|[[2009 Kids' Choice Awards|2009]] |rowspan=2|''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |rowspan=2 {{Won}} |- |rowspan=2|''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |rowspan=4 {{Nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[2010 Kids' Choice Awards|2010]] |rowspan=2|''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |rowspan=3|[[2011 Kids' Choice Awards|2011]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |''[[Shrek Forever After]]'' |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |{{Won}} |- |''[[Megamind]]'' |Favorite Buttkicker |rowspan=3 {{Nom}} |- |rowspan=4|[[2012 Kids' Choice Awards|2012]] |rowspan=2|''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |rowspan=2|''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |{{Won}} |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |rowspan=15 {{Nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[2013 Kids' Choice Awards|2013]] |rowspan=2|''[[Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |rowspan=2|[[2015 Kids' Choice Awards|2015]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |rowspan=3|Favorite Animated Movie |- |''[[Penguins of Madagascar]]'' |- |rowspan=2|[[2016 Kids' Choice Awards|2016]] |rowspan=2|''[[Home (2015 film)|Home]]'' |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |rowspan=4|[[2017 Kids' Choice Awards|2017]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]'' |Most Wanted Pet |- |rowspan=3|''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |Favorite Frenemies |- |[[2018 Kids' Choice Awards|2018]] |''[[Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie]]'' |rowspan=2|Favorite Animated Movie |- |rowspan=4|[[2021 Kids' Choice Awards|2021]] |rowspan=2|''[[The Croods: A New Age]]'' |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |- |rowspan=2|''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie |{{Won}} |- |[[2022 Kids' Choice Awards|2022]] |''[[The Boss Baby: Family Business]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |rowspan=8 {{Nom}} |- |rowspan=2|[[2023 Kids' Choice Awards|2023]] |''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' |rowspan=2|Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie (Female) |- |''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' |- |rowspan=7|[[2024 Kids' Choice Awards|2024]] |rowspan=3|''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie (Male) |- |Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie (Female) |- |rowspan=4|''[[Trolls Band Together]]'' |Favorite Animated Movie |- |Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie (Male) |- |Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie (Female) |{{Won}} |- |Favorite Villain |{{Nom}} |} ===National Board of Review=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Result |- |[[National Board of Review Awards 2000|2000]] |''[[Chicken Run]]'' |rowspan=4| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]] |rowspan=4 {{won}} |- |[[National Board of Review Awards 2001|2001]] |''[[Shrek]]'' |- |[[National Board of Review Awards 2014|2014]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' |- |[[National Board of Review Awards 2019|2019]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' |} ===Heartland Film Festival=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Result |- |2010 |''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' |rowspan=6| Truly Moving Picture Award |rowspan=6 {{won}} |- |2011 |''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' |- |2014 |''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]'' |- |2021 |''[[Spirit Untamed]]'' |- |2022 |''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' |- |2024 |''[[The Wild Robot]]'' |} ===Satellite Award=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result |- |rowspan=2| [[3rd Golden Satellite Awards|1998]] |''[[Antz]]'' |rowspan=22| [[Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature|Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature]] | |rowspan=2 {{nom}} |- |''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'' | |- |[[5th Golden Satellite Awards|2000]] |''[[Chicken Run]]'' | |{{win}} |- |[[6th Golden Satellite Awards|2001]] |''[[Shrek]]'' | |rowspan=10 {{nom}} |- |[[7th Golden Satellite Awards|2002]] |''[[Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron]]'' | |- |[[8th Golden Satellite Awards|2003]] |''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' | |- |[[9th Golden Satellite Awards|2004]] |''[[Shrek 2]]'' | |- |[[10th Satellite Awards|2005]] |''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' | |- |[[11th Satellite Awards|2006]] |''[[Flushed Away]]'' | |- |[[15th Satellite Awards|2010]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' | |- |rowspan=2| [[16th Satellite Awards|2011]] |''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' |- |''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' | |- |rowspan=2| [[17th Satellite Awards|2012]] |''[[Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted]]'' | |- |''[[Rise of the Guardians]]'' | |{{win}} |- |rowspan=2| [[18th Satellite Awards|2013]] |''[[The Croods]]'' | |rowspan=8 {{nom}} |- |''[[Turbo (2013 film)|Turbo]]'' | |- |[[19th Satellite Awards|2014]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' | |- |[[21st Satellite Awards|2016]] |''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' | |- |[[22nd Satellite Awards|2017]] |''[[The Boss Baby]]'' | |- |[[24th Satellite Awards|2019]] |''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' | |- |[[27th Satellite Awards|2022]] |''[[The Bad Guys (film)|The Bad Guys]]'' | |- |[[29th Satellite Awards|2024]] |''[[The Wild Robot]]'' | |} ===Saturn Award=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result |- | [[30th Saturn Awards|2003]] | ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'' | rowspan=24| [[Saturn Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]] | [[Tim Johnson (film director)|Tim Johnson]] and Patrick Gilmore | rowspan=10 {{nom}} |- | rowspan=2| [[31st Saturn Awards|2004]] |''[[Shrek 2]]'' | [[Andrew Adamson]], [[Kelly Asbury]] and [[Conrad Vernon]] |- | ''[[Shark Tale]]'' | [[Rob Letterman]] and [[Vicky Jenson]] |- | rowspan=2| [[32nd Saturn Awards|2005]] | ''[[Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit]]'' | [[Nick Park]] and [[Steve Box]] |- | ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]'' | [[Eric Darnell]] and [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] |- | rowspan=2| [[33rd Saturn Awards|2006]] | ''[[Over the Hedge]]'' | [[Tim Johnson (film director)|Tim Johnson]] and [[Karey Kirkpatrick]] |- | ''[[Flushed Away]]'' | [[Sam Fell]] and [[David Bowers (director)|David Bowers]] |- | [[34th Saturn Awards|2007]] | ''[[Shrek the Third]]'' | [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] and [[Raman Hui]] |- | rowspan=2| [[35th Saturn Awards|2008]] | ''[[Kung Fu Panda]]'' | [[Mark Osborne (filmmaker)|Mark Osborne]] and [[John Stevenson (director)|John Stevenson]] |- | ''[[Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa|Madagascar 2: Escape to Africa]]'' | [[Eric Darnell]] and [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] |- | [[36th Saturn Awards|2009]] | ''[[Monsters vs Aliens]]'' | [[Rob Letterman]] and [[Conrad Vernon]] | {{Won}} |- | [[37th Saturn Awards|2010]] | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)|How to Train Your Dragon]]'' | [[Chris Sanders (director)|Chris Sanders]] and [[Dean DeBlois]] | rowspan=2 {{Nominated}} |- | rowspan=2| [[38th Saturn Awards|2011]] | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 2]]'' | [[Jennifer Yuh Nelson]] |- | ''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' | [[Chris Miller (animator)|Chris Miller]] | {{Won}} |- | [[41st Saturn Awards|2014]] | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' | [[Dean DeBlois]] | rowspan=9 {{Nominated}} |- | [[42nd Saturn Awards|2015]] | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 3]]'' | [[Jennifer Yuh Nelson]] and [[Alessandro Carloni]] |- | [[43rd Saturn Awards|2016]] |''[[Trolls (film)|Trolls]]'' | [[Mike Mitchell (director)|Mike Mitchell]] |- | [[44th Saturn Awards|2017]] | ''[[The Boss Baby]]'' | [[Tom McGrath (animator)|Tom McGrath]] |- | [[45th Saturn Awards|2018/2019]] | ''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'' | [[Dean DeBlois]] |- | rowspan=2| [[46th Saturn Awards|2019/2020]] | ''[[Abominable (2019 film)|Abominable]]'' | [[Jill Culton]] |- | ''[[Trolls World Tour]]'' | [[Walt Dohrn]] |- | [[51st Saturn Awards|2022/2023]] | ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' | [[Joel Crawford (director)|Joel Crawford]] |- | rowspan=2| [[52nd Saturn Awards|2023/2024]] | ''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]'' | [[Mike Mitchell (director)|Mike Mitchell]] |- | ''[[The Wild Robot]]'' | [[Chris Sanders (director)|Chris Sanders]] | {{won}} |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Entertainment-related lists]] bfuqmnpj1n927av6178kzdhkez9swso 0 1162176 10330433 10169492 2025-06-14T17:32:35Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} {{Infobox tribe |name=Makwana Koli |local name=મકવાણા કોલી |type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste |ethnicity=[[Koli caste]] |location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Talpada Kolis|Talpada Koli]] *[[Chunvalia Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=*[[Hinduism]] *[[Islam]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Garasia]] *[[Mewasi]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]]|image=File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg|caption=Koli population in [[Gujarat]] in 1931 including Makwana Kolis}} The '''Makwana Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perez |first=Rosa Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRWAglUumEC&q=Makwana+Koli |title=Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India |date=2004 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-8028-014-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=71: Three Koli Patel clans live in this village are Chauhan, Makwana and Rathod |language=en}}</ref> also spelled as '''Makawana Koli''', '''Makvana Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubala |first=Rameśa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt21AAAAIAAJ |title=Gābīta Kshatriya Āramārī gharāṇyāñcā itihāsa |date=1983 |publisher=Kshatriya Kulāvatãsa Āramārī Marāṭhā Samāja |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=240: The Gazetteer states that the Chief of the State is a Makvana Koli |language=mr}}</ref> '''Makavana Koli''', '''Mukwana Koli''' and '''Mukawana Koli''' is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=31: two clans of [[Koli people|Koli]]s are recognised: the Mar and '''Makwana'''. These are exogamous clans referred to as 'atak. Each 'atak' is further subdivided into sub clans referred to as 'gram echap,' in the local dialect. Besides the division of 'sacche Koli' the rest of the 222 'ataks' and those clans name are common to both the |language=en}}</ref> In 1931 census of [[Vadodara|Baroda State]], there were 20,700 Kolis of Makwana clan in the Baroda state's territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> Makwana Kolis mostly belong to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] faith but there are members of the community who converted to Islam during the reign of the invading [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] power in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gode |first=Parshuram Krishna |url= |title=Studies in Indian Cultural History |date=1969 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> Makwana Kolis are [[Landlord|landholders]] and [[Agriculture|agriculturist]] by profession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyabhusana |first=Satis Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wW1AAAAIAAJ |title=Buddhadeba, arthāt̲, Gautama Buddhera sampūrṇa jībana carita o upadeśa |date=1996 |publisher=Karuṇā Prakāśanī |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=46 |language=bn}}</ref> == Principalities == {{Main|List of Koli states and clans}} Here are list of [[Princely State]]s ruled by Makwana Kolis, *[[Katosan State]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Jadab Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpA2AAAAMAAJ&dq=makwana+Koli&pg=PA128 |title=The Native States of India |date=1895 |publisher=Shaw Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Gabat State]]{{sfn|Gode|1969|pp=51}} *[[Punadra|Punadra State]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-80NAAAAIAAJ&dq=makawan+Koli&pg=RA1-PA334 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=334 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Hadol State]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sEqCW4p2VgC |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=122–123 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Khadal State]] == Muslim Makwana Kolis == The '''Muslim Makwana''', or '''Musalman Makwana''' (also spelled as '''Makawana''', '''Makvana''', and '''Makavana''') is a [[Muslim Kolis|Muslim Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9UgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=261: '''Makwana Kolis''' finally embraced the religion of the Islam. While narrating the rise of the Makwana Kolis it has been stated that Harpal, the son of Keshar Makwana, obtained several villages |language=en}}</ref> [[Caste system in India|caste]] in [[Gujarat]] who were converted to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]] during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assadi |first=Muzaffar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7HYEAAAQBAJ |title=Colonial and Post-Colonial Identity Politics in South Asia: Zaat/Caste Among Muslims |date=2023-11-24 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-003-80246-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages='''Makwana''' was a caste converted from the '''Hindu Makwana Koli''' tribe, Matias were Leva Kanbis converted by a Sufi saint of Pirana, Memons were those converted in the 15th century from the Luhan. and Kacchías caste. Panjnigara, cotton thread starchers, were converted from the Hindu social order bearing the same name |language=en}}</ref> Muslim Makwana Kolis are descendants of the Hindu Makwana Kolis of [[Chunvalia Koli|Chunval]] region who was converted to Islam and his descendants knows as Muslim Makwana Kolis in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZqDwAAQBAJ |title=Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060129-9 |language=en}}</ref> They were converted to Islam by [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud Begada]] during his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCYbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=110: Makwana Koli was converted to Islam by Mahmud Begada ( 1459- 1513 A. D. ) |language=en}}</ref> The Muslim Makwana Kolis follows the bath rituals of Islam and Hinduism like other hindus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Vadodara |date=1974 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=125: Makwana Kolis converted to Islam , and like them , observed a mixed Mahomedan and Hindu religions |language=en}}</ref> == Notable == *[[Savshibhai Makwana]], [[Member of Parliament, India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-22 |title=Ahead of Limbdi by-poll another former Congress MLA joins BJP |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2013/05/22/ahead-of-limbdi-by-poll-another-former-congress-mp-joins-bjp/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] s1pz1rtbntk32aevihxc296evqcceu2 10330496 10330433 2025-06-14T17:35:57Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe |name=Makwana Koli |local name=મકવાણા કોલી |type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste |ethnicity=[[Koli caste]] |location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*[[Talpada Kolis|Talpada Koli]] *[[Chunvalia Koli]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=|language=*[[Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=*[[Hinduism]] *[[Islam]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]] *[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]] *[[Garasia]] *[[Mewasi]] *[[Pagi (title)|Pagi]]|image=File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg|caption=Koli population in [[Gujarat]] in 1931 including Makwana Kolis}} The '''Makwana Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perez |first=Rosa Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDRWAglUumEC&q=Makwana+Koli |title=Kings and Untouchables: A Study of the Caste System in Western India |date=2004 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-8028-014-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=71: Three Koli Patel clans live in this village are Chauhan, Makwana and Rathod |language=en}}</ref> also spelled as '''Makawana Koli''', '''Makvana Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubala |first=Rameśa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt21AAAAIAAJ |title=Gābīta Kshatriya Āramārī gharāṇyāñcā itihāsa |date=1983 |publisher=Kshatriya Kulāvatãsa Āramārī Marāṭhā Samāja |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=240: The Gazetteer states that the Chief of the State is a Makvana Koli |language=mr}}</ref> '''Makavana Koli''', '''Mukwana Koli''' and '''Mukawana Koli''' is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=31: two clans of [[Koli people|Koli]]s are recognised: the Mar and '''Makwana'''. These are exogamous clans referred to as 'atak. Each 'atak' is further subdivided into sub clans referred to as 'gram echap,' in the local dialect. Besides the division of 'sacche Koli' the rest of the 222 'ataks' and those clans name are common to both the |language=en}}</ref> In 1931 census of [[Vadodara|Baroda State]], there were 20,700 Kolis of Makwana clan in the Baroda state's territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref> Makwana Kolis mostly belong to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] faith but there are members of the community who converted to Islam during the reign of the invading [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] power in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gode |first=Parshuram Krishna |url= |title=Studies in Indian Cultural History |date=1969 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> Makwana Kolis are [[Landlord|landholders]] and [[Agriculture|agriculturist]] by profession.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyabhusana |first=Satis Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wW1AAAAIAAJ |title=Buddhadeba, arthāt̲, Gautama Buddhera sampūrṇa jībana carita o upadeśa |date=1996 |publisher=Karuṇā Prakāśanī |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=46 |language=bn}}</ref> == Principalities == {{Main|List of Koli states and clans}} Here are list of [[Princely State]]s ruled by Makwana Kolis, *[[Katosan State]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Jadab Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpA2AAAAMAAJ&dq=makwana+Koli&pg=PA128 |title=The Native States of India |date=1895 |publisher=Shaw Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Gabat State]]{{sfn|Gode|1969|pp=51}} *[[Punadra|Punadra State]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-80NAAAAIAAJ&dq=makawan+Koli&pg=RA1-PA334 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=334 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Hadol State]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sEqCW4p2VgC |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=122–123 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Khadal State]] == Muslim Makwana Kolis == The '''Muslim Makwana''', or '''Musalman Makwana''' (also spelled as '''Makawana''', '''Makvana''', and '''Makavana''') is a [[Muslim Kolis|Muslim Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9UgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=261: '''Makwana Kolis''' finally embraced the religion of the Islam. While narrating the rise of the Makwana Kolis it has been stated that Harpal, the son of Keshar Makwana, obtained several villages |language=en}}</ref> [[Caste system in India|caste]] in [[Gujarat]] who were converted to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]] during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assadi |first=Muzaffar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7HYEAAAQBAJ |title=Colonial and Post-Colonial Identity Politics in South Asia: Zaat/Caste Among Muslims |date=2023-11-24 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-003-80246-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages='''Makwana''' was a caste converted from the '''Hindu Makwana Koli''' tribe, Matias were Leva Kanbis converted by a Sufi saint of Pirana, Memons were those converted in the 15th century from the Luhan. and Kacchías caste. Panjnigara, cotton thread starchers, were converted from the Hindu social order bearing the same name |language=en}}</ref> Muslim Makwana Kolis are descendants of the Hindu Makwana Kolis of [[Chunvalia Koli|Chunval]] region who was converted to Islam and his descendants knows as Muslim Makwana Kolis in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZqDwAAQBAJ |title=Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060129-9 |language=en}}</ref> They were converted to Islam by [[Sultan]] [[Mahmud Begada]] during his reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCYbAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda District |date=1977 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=110: Makwana Koli was converted to Islam by Mahmud Begada ( 1459- 1513 A. D. ) |language=en}}</ref> The Muslim Makwana Kolis follows the bath rituals of Islam and Hinduism like other hindus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Vadodara |date=1974 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=125: Makwana Kolis converted to Islam , and like them , observed a mixed Mahomedan and Hindu religions |language=en}}</ref> == Notable == *[[Savshibhai Makwana]], [[Member of Parliament, India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-22 |title=Ahead of Limbdi by-poll another former Congress MLA joins BJP |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2013/05/22/ahead-of-limbdi-by-poll-another-former-congress-mp-joins-bjp/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 4h6acwuuzz7d19iw4qyarhica7iihdy 0 1163640 10331470 10188126 2025-06-15T05:25:18Z HistorianAlferedo 1539758 same page copy pasted, as well as unsourced 10331470 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Koli clans and titles]]{{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Gotra}} __NOTOC__ __STATICREDIRECT__ __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOINDEX__ __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ 3gnlamghkyrwxjird74ml0w55yoop4v 3 1163788 10329939 10039658 2025-06-14T13:14:22Z Minorax 844779 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[2029 Formula One World Championship]]. 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Thank you very much. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]<sup>&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;</sup> 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) f5onjnip70djy0d8p5h1mgb7ca4pawk 0 1163806 10330429 10323727 2025-06-14T17:31:32Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Vala Koli''', or '''Wala Koli''' is a [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Koli clans and titles|Gotra]]) found in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. {{Infobox tribe|surnames={{Main|Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)}}|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*Khasia Koli *Mer Koli *Gohil Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|name=Vala Koli|local name=વાળા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:कोली ठाकोर धन मेर.jpg|caption=Koli ruler [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] protecting Somnath temple from Muslim invaders|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]}} They claim to be the earliest [[Koli Patel|Koli]] settlers in [[Saurashtra]], and are descendants of [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] who was son of Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Sonang Mer]], who defeated the ruler of the [[Vala State|Vala]] kingdom ([[Vallabhi|Valabhi]]) of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Satinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtkjAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes: The Kinnaura - The Korwa |date=2000 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-0517-5 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |page=1557 |quote=The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans, Four of those clans, Merh, [[Chauhan]], [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely [[Rathod (surname)|Rathod]], Vala, Heera and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] are placed below them |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRdOAQAAMAAJ |title=The Scheduled Castes |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563742-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[India]] |page=576 |quote=The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans. Four of those clans, Merh, [[Chauhan]], [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely [[Rathod (surname)|Rathod]], Vala, Heera and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] are placed below them |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |last2=Gujarat |first2=Shreyas Folk Museum of |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=6 |quote=It has been noted that the famous Koli Dhanmer whose descendants became known as Vala Koli |language=en}}</ref> == See also == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Vala}} [[Category:Koli clans]] hj4isq3ghgafr14c64rdwtt5n2roouz 10330494 10330429 2025-06-14T17:35:36Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330494 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Vala Koli''', or '''Wala Koli''' is a [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Koli clans and titles|Gotra]]) found in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. {{Infobox tribe|surnames={{Main|Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)}}|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*Khasia Koli *Mer Koli *Gohil Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|name=Vala Koli|local name=વાળા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:कोली ठाकोर धन मेर.jpg|caption=Koli ruler [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] protecting Somnath temple from Muslim invaders|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]}} They claim to be the earliest [[Koli Patel|Koli]] settlers in [[Saurashtra]], and are descendants of [[Dhan Mer (Koli king)|Dhan Mer]] who was son of Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] [[Sonang Mer]], who defeated the ruler of the [[Vala State|Vala]] kingdom ([[Vallabhi|Valabhi]]) of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Satinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtkjAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of South-Asian Tribes: The Kinnaura - The Korwa |date=2000 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-0517-5 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |page=1557 |quote=The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans, Four of those clans, Merh, [[Chauhan]], [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely [[Rathod (surname)|Rathod]], Vala, Heera and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] are placed below them |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRdOAQAAMAAJ |title=The Scheduled Castes |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-563742-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[India]] |page=576 |quote=The Talapada Koli are divided into exogamous clans. Four of those clans, Merh, [[Chauhan]], [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] and Bhaliya are considered superior and the rest clans namely [[Rathod (surname)|Rathod]], Vala, Heera and [[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]] are placed below them |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |last2=Gujarat |first2=Shreyas Folk Museum of |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=6 |quote=It has been noted that the famous Koli Dhanmer whose descendants became known as Vala Koli |language=en}}</ref> == See also == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Vala}} [[Category:Koli clans]] kmnm7tcqnl9f5bcn5r2fhfmf6tm2ajp 0 1163978 10330645 10040120 2025-06-14T19:08:18Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mijndert Ververs | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|2|3|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Waddinxveen]], Netherlands | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|1|19|1933|2|3|df=y}} | death_place = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = Dutch | occupation = businessman | known_for = | relatives = | awards = }} '''Mijndert Ververs''' (3 February 1933 – 19 January 2025) was a Dutch businessman. He was successfull as chairman of the board of [[Wolters Kluwer]] and was chairman of the supervisory board of [[ING]]. ==Biography== Ververs was born in [[Waddinxveen]] on 3 February 1933.<ref name=ref4>{{cite web|url=https://www.openarchieven.nl/smh:212983c9-48c4-4ec5-9585-cc436b0956ed|title=Gezinskaarten|work=openarchieven.nl|date=|access-date=23 January 2025|language=nl}}</ref> His father worked as an inspector at grocery chain [[De Gruyter]], his mother worked before their marriage as a maid. Ververs had a younger and an older brother. His parents started a grocery store in 1939 and he went to houses to deliver and sell groceries. The store went bankrupt during [[World War II]]. Ververs attended [[Hogere Burgerschool]] and studied afterwards chemistry in [[Delft]]. At the age of 24 years old he started working at the [[Vossius Gymnasium]] in [[Amsterdam]]. In 1965 he became science editor at Wolters publishers in Groningen, that merged shortly afterwards with Noordhoff publishers. From 1969 he was a member of the board. Ververs was chairman of the board of publisher Wolters Samsom. In 1987 he took over publisher Kluwer and the named changed into [[Wolters Kluwer]]. Under his leadership the company grew enormously. The [[net profit]] increased by 20% every year and the company became one of the best performing stock exchange funds at the [[AEX]]. This growth has been attributed to Ververs.<ref name=ref1>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/22/uitgever-mijndert-ververs-91-overleden-a4880545 |title=Uitgever Mijndert Ververs (91) overleden|work=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|date=22 January 2025|access-date=23 January 2025|language=nl}}</ref><ref name=ref2>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2025/01/22/de-boodschappenjongen-die-met-wolters-kluwer-een-miljardenbedrijf-opbouwde-a4880529|title=De boodschappenjongen die met Wolters Kluwer een miljardenbedrijf opbouwde|work=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|date=22 January 2025|access-date=23 January 2025|language=nl}}</ref> In 1994 he was asked to become [[Ministry of Finance (Netherlands)|Minister of Finance]], but he declined. He became chairman of the supervisory board of [[ING]]. Under his leadership, from 1996 remaining parts of the bankrupt aircraft manufacturer [[Fokker]] were sold and he led the merger of the Zwolle hospitals into {{ill|Isala (hospitals)|nl|Isala (ziekenhuizen)|lt=Isala hospitals}}.<ref name=ref2 /> He became also chairman of the Samenwerkende Actiegroepen Tegen Laagvliegen (SATL; translated: Collaborative Action Groups Against Flying Low).<ref name=ref3>{{cite web|url=https://www.destentor.nl/lelystad/voorzitter-actiegroepen-minister-moet-vaker-in-de-spiegel-kijken~a095bf76/|title=Voorzitter actiegroepen: ‘Minister moet vaker in de spiegel kijken’|work=[[de Stentor]]|date=21 February 2019|access-date=23 January 2025|language=nl}}</ref> He was married to Cora Ververs and they had a son and a daughter. They lived in [[Zwolle]]. After his wife died in 2019, Ververs died on 19 January 2025, at the age of 91 due to [[heart failure]].<ref name=ref1 /><ref name=ref2 /> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ververs, Mijndert}} [[Category:Dutch businesspeople]] [[Category:1933 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:People from South Holland]] [[Category:Place of death missing]] [[Category:Publishers]] tdma5rtraf0gq4po1n3kpg3byv5cgrd 0 1164040 10329942 10320973 2025-06-14T13:14:39Z Minorax 844779 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{F1 season | year = 2028<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2028 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2028 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2028 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 79th running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2028 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2028 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | rowspan="2" |Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|16 |{{flagg|cnxa|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Haas"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[MoneyGram]] Haas F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Haas F1 Team|Haas]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"|Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|81 |{{flagg|cnxa|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]] |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|33 |{{flagg|cnxa|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2028 in sports]] [[Category:2020s in motorsport]] qqhtf8t4t78lzdwrkejtgyssr9thby5 10329948 10329942 2025-06-14T13:15:08Z BRPever 487619 fix 10329948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{F1 season | year = 2028<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2028 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2028 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2028 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 79th running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2028 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2028 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | rowspan="2" |Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|16 |{{flagg|cnxa|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Haas"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[MoneyGram]] Haas F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Haas F1 Team|Haas]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"|Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|81 |{{flagg|cnxa|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]] |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|33 |{{flagg|cnxa|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2028 in sports]] [[Category:2020s in motorsport]] 0p4m3vknukydpakbni904hbpuazjcmm 0 1164476 10330374 10037706 2025-06-14T17:13:26Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Charavadia Koli''', or '''Charawadia Koli''' (also spelled as '''Charavadiya Koli''',<ref name=":1" /> '''Charawadiya Koli''', '''Charwadia Koli''' and '''Charvadiya Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sep 14 |first=Nimesh Khakhariya / TNN / Updated: |last2=2019 |last3=Ist |first3=10:11 |title=Gujarat: Residents share same surname in this village! {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-residents-share-same-surname-in-this-village/articleshow/71121431.cms |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> == Origin and distribution == The Charavadia [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] originated from [[Bokadthamba]] village and in 2019, Their population was 700 only and the Bokadthamba village is inhebited by only Charavadia clan of Chunvalia Kolis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-14|title=This is cursed village of Gujarat, people of only one surname live here|url=|access-date=2022-04-15|website=News Track|language=English}}</ref> Around 1500 A. D., The ruler of [[Wankaner State|Wankaner]] [[Princely state|State]] gave the Bokadthamba village to four [[Chunvalia Koli|Chunvalia]] [[Koli Patel|Koli]] brothers and now Charavadias are descendants of those Koli brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતનું એક શ્રાપિત ગામ, જ્યાં અટક બદલતાની સાથે જ થાય છે આવી હાલત |url=http://sandesh.com/gujrat-cursed-bokadthambha-village-every-one-has-charavadia-surname/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=sandesh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતનું એક શાપિત ગામ, 700ની વસ્તી પણ બધાની એક જ અટક! |url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/gujarat/rajkot/village-in-gujarat-where-everyone-has-one-same-surname/articleshow/75915201.cms |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=I am Gujarat |language=gu}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Charavadia}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 2d2wigy0dglb7r6c0qqwu04464lbx17 10330452 10330374 2025-06-14T17:34:20Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330452 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Charavadia Koli''', or '''Charawadia Koli''' (also spelled as '''Charavadiya Koli''',<ref name=":1" /> '''Charawadiya Koli''', '''Charwadia Koli''' and '''Charvadiya Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sep 14 |first=Nimesh Khakhariya / TNN / Updated: |last2=2019 |last3=Ist |first3=10:11 |title=Gujarat: Residents share same surname in this village! {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-residents-share-same-surname-in-this-village/articleshow/71121431.cms |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> == Origin and distribution == The Charavadia [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] originated from [[Bokadthamba]] village and in 2019, Their population was 700 only and the Bokadthamba village is inhebited by only Charavadia clan of Chunvalia Kolis.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-14|title=This is cursed village of Gujarat, people of only one surname live here|url=|access-date=2022-04-15|website=News Track|language=English}}</ref> Around 1500 A. D., The ruler of [[Wankaner State|Wankaner]] [[Princely state|State]] gave the Bokadthamba village to four [[Chunvalia Koli|Chunvalia]] [[Koli Patel|Koli]] brothers and now Charavadias are descendants of those Koli brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતનું એક શ્રાપિત ગામ, જ્યાં અટક બદલતાની સાથે જ થાય છે આવી હાલત |url=http://sandesh.com/gujrat-cursed-bokadthambha-village-every-one-has-charavadia-surname/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=sandesh.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતનું એક શાપિત ગામ, 700ની વસ્તી પણ બધાની એક જ અટક! |url=https://www.iamgujarat.com/gujarat/rajkot/village-in-gujarat-where-everyone-has-one-same-surname/articleshow/75915201.cms |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=I am Gujarat |language=gu}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Charavadia}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 7l6l7tv18loctyrabs2wliob20ngpgk 2 1164812 10330945 10326511 2025-06-14T22:11:26Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 fix incorrect date 10330945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="font-weight:bold; text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">User:Ieditrandomarticles</span>}} {{Rollbacker}} {{HotCat topicon}} {{Twinkle topicon}} {{WPCleaner topicon}} {{User:Runningblader/Vand}} <center> <!-- Userpage --> <div style="max-width: 960px; margin: auto; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 12px; padding: 20px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); font-family:arial!important;"> <!-- Welcome --> <div style="text-align:center; background:linear-gradient(to right, #f8f9fa, #ffffff); padding:1em; border:1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 20px;"> <div style="font-size:1.5em; font-weight:bold; text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999; margin-bottom: 4px;"> Welcome! 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<br /><br /> <small>This userpage was last updated on 20:46, 4 June 2025 (UTC)</small> <hr /> <small>SHA-256 Commited Identity: 551834059b2eb6690bee792dbd1de2692f91c623e52927f9cabb29b2444ee95e</small> </div> </center> 3q654gm6p6hiflgwcljfgijhict2hrc 0 1164854 10330435 10092497 2025-06-14T17:32:59Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Maliwad Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CAavHcdbFVwC |title=Census of India, 1931 |date=1933 |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1933 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=510: Subdivisions of armed Kolis: Khant, Dharala, Maliwad, Damor....... |language=en}}</ref> or '''Malivad Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=Maliwad+Koli&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=128: Clans of Kolis: Damor, Pagi, Maliwad, Chauhan |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Maliwad Koli|local name=માલીવાડ કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*Chauhan Koli *Chouhan Koli *Chohan Koli|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]], The Maliwad Kolis of [[Khanpur, Gujarat|Khanpur]] in [[Lunavada State|Lunawara State]] revolted against [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of Lunawada under their Koli [[List of Koli states and clans|chieftain]] Suralmal of Khanpur. Because of [[Koli rebellion]], Rana sought help from [[British Raj|British]] government and [[British Indian Army|British troops]] under [[Major]] Buckle attacked at Maliwad Koli rebels and suppressed the rebellions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ddUgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |year=1985 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=819 |language=en}}</ref> In 1870, The Maliwad Kolis again raised and breakdown the peace in the state and British controlled Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xYNhAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Panchmahals |date=1972 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |year=1972 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=130: Maliwads |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] dxkdpxyj4dremvryj4q34lftste16id 10330497 10330435 2025-06-14T17:35:58Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330497 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Maliwad Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CAavHcdbFVwC |title=Census of India, 1931 |date=1933 |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1933 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=510: Subdivisions of armed Kolis: Khant, Dharala, Maliwad, Damor....... |language=en}}</ref> or '''Malivad Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=Maliwad+Koli&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=128: Clans of Kolis: Damor, Pagi, Maliwad, Chauhan |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Maliwad Koli|local name=માલીવાડ કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*Chauhan Koli *Chouhan Koli *Chohan Koli|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]], The Maliwad Kolis of [[Khanpur, Gujarat|Khanpur]] in [[Lunavada State|Lunawara State]] revolted against [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of Lunawada under their Koli [[List of Koli states and clans|chieftain]] Suralmal of Khanpur. Because of [[Koli rebellion]], Rana sought help from [[British Raj|British]] government and [[British Indian Army|British troops]] under [[Major]] Buckle attacked at Maliwad Koli rebels and suppressed the rebellions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ddUgAAAAMAAJ |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |year=1985 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=819 |language=en}}</ref> In 1870, The Maliwad Kolis again raised and breakdown the peace in the state and British controlled Territories.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat (India) |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xYNhAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Panchmahals |date=1972 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |year=1972 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=130: Maliwads |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] etblr98cf9bnyp9ksqadvw93u3ze6do 0 1164860 10330347 10092498 2025-06-14T17:06:36Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Khade Koli''', or '''Khare Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |year=1957 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=99: Clans of Kolis of Maharashtra: Khade, Khokale, Jangale, Mali, Gode, Talpade, Shilakande |language=en}}</ref> Khade Kolis served in [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] [[Maratha Empire|Empire]] as [[Subedar]] and in 1761, Khade Kolis along with [[Bhangare Kolis|Bhangare]] and [[Pattikar Kolis|Pattikar]] [[List of Koli people|Kolis]] captured the [[Trimbak]] fort from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|State]] and annexed in Maratha Empire.{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} But in 1776 - 77, Khade Kolis revolted against [[Peshwa]] government and captured several of [[Forts in India|forts]] from Peshwa under their Koli leader [[Javji Bamble]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Khade Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi]])}} Khade Kolis were [[Jagir|jahagirdars]] until the Jahagirs were recently abolished after [[Independence of India|Independence]].{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} They also were [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdars]] and [[Nayak (title)|Naiks]] during Maratha Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |date=1978 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |year=1978 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=183 - 239 - 266 |language=en}}</ref> The Khade Kolis revolted against [[British Raj|British]] rule and [[Sahukar]] cheaters under their chief '''Haibati Khade''' and plundered the British controlled territory and [[Loan|Moneylenders]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 5za1a6db894pkkonpa01dl1mhys3g9d 10330469 10330347 2025-06-14T17:34:49Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330469 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Khade Koli''', or '''Khare Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |year=1957 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=99: Clans of Kolis of Maharashtra: Khade, Khokale, Jangale, Mali, Gode, Talpade, Shilakande |language=en}}</ref> Khade Kolis served in [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] [[Maratha Empire|Empire]] as [[Subedar]] and in 1761, Khade Kolis along with [[Bhangare Kolis|Bhangare]] and [[Pattikar Kolis|Pattikar]] [[List of Koli people|Kolis]] captured the [[Trimbak]] fort from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|State]] and annexed in Maratha Empire.{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} But in 1776 - 77, Khade Kolis revolted against [[Peshwa]] government and captured several of [[Forts in India|forts]] from Peshwa under their Koli leader [[Javji Bamble]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Khade Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi]])}} Khade Kolis were [[Jagir|jahagirdars]] until the Jahagirs were recently abolished after [[Independence of India|Independence]].{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} They also were [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdars]] and [[Nayak (title)|Naiks]] during Maratha Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |date=1978 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |year=1978 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=183 - 239 - 266 |language=en}}</ref> The Khade Kolis revolted against [[British Raj|British]] rule and [[Sahukar]] cheaters under their chief '''Haibati Khade''' and plundered the British controlled territory and [[Loan|Moneylenders]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] ttrhu0qsp9rfotpxovctqio42lvrfi4 10331473 10330469 2025-06-15T05:28:20Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|Fixing broken anchor]]: Incorrect capitalization/spaced section title #Titles (Upadhi→[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]] 10331473 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Khade Koli''', or '''Khare Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |year=1957 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=99: Clans of Kolis of Maharashtra: Khade, Khokale, Jangale, Mali, Gode, Talpade, Shilakande |language=en}}</ref> Khade Kolis served in [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] [[Maratha Empire|Empire]] as [[Subedar]] and in 1761, Khade Kolis along with [[Bhangare Kolis|Bhangare]] and [[Pattikar Kolis|Pattikar]] [[List of Koli people|Kolis]] captured the [[Trimbak]] fort from [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] [[Princely state|State]] and annexed in Maratha Empire.{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} But in 1776 - 77, Khade Kolis revolted against [[Peshwa]] government and captured several of [[Forts in India|forts]] from Peshwa under their Koli leader [[Javji Bamble]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QNA-AQAAIAAJ |title=Histories for the Subordinated |date=2007 |publisher=[[Seagull Books]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-905422-38-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Khade Koli|local name=|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Maharashtra]] *[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis if Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]])}} Khade Kolis were [[Jagir|jahagirdars]] until the Jahagirs were recently abolished after [[Independence of India|Independence]].{{sfn|Ghurye|1957|pp=12|ps=}} They also were [[Inamdar (feudal title)|Inamdars]] and [[Nayak (title)|Naiks]] during Maratha Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Frederick Bruce |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9dmbS_n9UEC |title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry |date=1978 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |year=1978 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=183 - 239 - 266 |language=en}}</ref> The Khade Kolis revolted against [[British Raj|British]] rule and [[Sahukar]] cheaters under their chief '''Haibati Khade''' and plundered the British controlled territory and [[Loan|Moneylenders]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Neena Ambre |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=J_faAAAAMAAJ |title=Forest Ecology in India: Colonial Maharashtra, 1850-1950 |date=2008 |publisher=Foundation Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7596-549-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=166 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 4hq6sb7ntnp7morioz8ssqltlji3k18 0 1165452 10329834 10048939 2025-06-14T12:18:06Z Infinitehoax 1629455 Added a list of languages from main wikipedia 10329834 wikitext text/x-wiki Nigeria has over 520 languages. The major local languages include Yoruba, Hausa, and Igbo. English is the official language, and Nigerian Pidgin is the most widely spoken language. == List of languages == This is a list of languages spoken in Nigeria. Note that this list is not complete.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2014|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Index of Nigerian languages|last1=Crozier|first1=David Henry|last2=Blench|first2=Roger|publisher=Summer Inst of Linguistics|year=1992|isbn=9780883126110|location=Dallas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_country.asp?name=NG|title=Ethnologue 15 report for Nigeria|website=archive.ethnologue.com|access-date=2017-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104222134/http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_country.asp?name=NG |archive-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:99%;" ! S/N ! width="15%" |Language ! Other names ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:15%;" |Number of speakers ! Native speakers ! width="30%" |States spoken in ! Current status ! Language Varieties (Dialects) |- |1 |[[Abanyom language|Abanyom]] |Abanyum, Befun, Bofon, Mbofon |13,000 | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | rowspan="11" |Active |2 |- | |Nigerian Pidgin English |Broken. Pidgin |80,200,000 | |All States | |- |2 |[[Abon language|Abon]] |Abong, Abõ, Ba'ban |1,000 | |[[Taraba State|Taraba]] | |- |3 |[[Abua language|Abua]] |Odual, Abuan |25,000 | |[[Rivers State|Rivers]] | |- |4 |[[Abureni language|Abureni]] |Mini |4,000 | |[[Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]] | |- |5 |[[Eastern Acipa language|Achipa]] |Achipawa |5,000 | |[[Kebbi State|Kebbi]] | |- |6 |[[Adim language|Adim]] | | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |7 |[[Aduge language|Aduge]] | |30,000 | |[[Anambra State|Anambra]] | |- |8 |[[Adun language|Adun]] | | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |9 |[[Afade language|Afade]] |Affade, Afadeh, Afada, Kotoko, Moga | | |[[Borno State|Borno]], [[Yobe State|Yobe]] | |- |10 |[[Afo language|Afo]] | | | |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |11 |[[Afrike]] |Afrerikpe |60,000 | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | | |- |12 |[[Ajawa language|Ajawa]] |Aja, Ajanci | | |[[Bauchi State|Bauchi]] |Extinct | |- |13 |[[Akaju]]-Ndem |Akajuk | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | rowspan="190" |Active | |- |14 |Akweya-Yachi | | | |[[Benue State|Benue]] | |- |15 |Alago |Arago | | | rowspan="3" |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |16 |[[Amo language|Amo]] | | | | |- |17 |Anaguta | | | | |- |18 |[[Anang|Annang]] | |1,000,000 | |[[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]] | |- |19 |[[Angas languages|Angas]] | |368,000 | |[[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Jigawa State|Jigawa]], [[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |20 |Ankwei | | | |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |21 |[[Arabic]] |[[Chadian Arabic]] also known as [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]] |265,000 |265,000 |[[Borno State|Borno]] by [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa Arabs]] | |- |22 |Anyima | | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |23 |Arum | | | |Nasarawa | |- |24 |Attakar |Ataka | | |Kaduna | |- |25 |Auyoka |Auyokawa, Auyakawa, Awiaka | | |Jigawa | |- |26 |[[Awori]] | | | |Lagos, Ogun | |- |27 |[[Ayu language|Ayu]] | | | |Kaduna | |- |28 |[[Babur]] | | | |Adamawa, Bomo, Taraba, Yobe | |- |29 |[[Bacama language|Bachama]] | | | |[[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | |- |30 |Bachere | | | |Cross River | |- |31 |[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] | | | |Plateau | |- |32 |[[Bade language|Bade]] | | | |Yobe | |- |33 |Bakulung | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |34 |[[Bali language (Adamawa)|Bali]] | | | | |- |35 |[[Bambora]] |Bambarawa | | |Bauchi | |- |36 |[[Bambuko]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |37 |[[Banda languages|Banda]] |Bandawa | | | |- |38 |[[Banka language|Banka]] |Bankalawa | | |Bauchi | |- |39 |[[Banso]] |Panso | | |Adamawa | |- |40 |[[Bara language (Nigerian)|Bara]] |Barawa | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |41 |[[Barke language|Barke]] | | | | |- |42 |[[Baruba]] |Barba | | |Niger | |- |43 |Bashiri |Bashirawa | | |Plateau | |- |44 |[[Basa languages|Basa]] | | | |Kaduna, Kogi, Niger, Plateau | |- |45 |[[Bata language|Batta]] | | | |[[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | |- |46 |Baushi | | | |Niger | |- |47 |[[Baya language|Baya]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |48 |[[Bekwarra language|Bekwarra]] | | | |Cross River | |- |49 |[[Bele language|Bele]] |Buli, Belewa | | |Bauchi | |- |50 |Betso |Bete | | |Taraba | |- |51 |[[Bette language|Bette]] | | | |Cross River | |- |52 |[[Bilei]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa Rivers | |- |53 |[[Bille language|Bille]] | |40,000 | | |- |54 |[[Bina language|Bina]] |Binawa | | |Kaduna | |- |55 |[[Bini language|Bini]] | | | |Edo | |- |56 |[[Berom language|Birom]] | | | |Plateau | |- |57 |[[Bobua]] | | | |Taraba | |- |58 |[[Boki language|Boki]] |Nki | | |Cross River | |- |59 |Bokkos | | | |Plateau | |- |60 |[[Boko language|Boko]] |Bussawa, Bargawa | | |Niger | |- |61 |Bole |Bolewa | | |Bauchi, Yobe | |- |62 |[[Botlere]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |63 |Boma |Bomawa, Burmano | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |64 |[[Bomboro]] | | | | |- |65 |Buduma | | | |Borno, Niger | |- |66 |[[Jere language|Buji]] | | | |Plateau | |- |67 |[[Gur languages|Buli]] | | | |Bauchi | |- |68 |Bunu | | | |Kogi | |- |69 |[[Bura language|Bura]] |Bura-Pabir | | |Borno, Adamawa, Yobe | |- |70 |Burak | | | |Bauchi | |- |71 |Burma |Burmawa | | |Plateau | |- |72 |[[Buru]] | | | |Yobe | |- |73 |[[Buta language|Buta]] |Butawa | | |Bauchi | |- |74 |Bwall | | | |Plateau | |- |75 |[[Bwatiye]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |76 |Bwazza | | | | |- |77 |[[Challa language|Challa]] | | | |Plateau | |- |78 |[[Chama language|Chama]] |Chamawa Fitilai | | |Bauchi | |- |79 |[[Chamba Leko|Chamba]] |Chamba Daka, Chamba Leko | | |Adamawa, Taraba |2 |- |80 |Chamo | | | |Bauchi | |- |81 |[[Cibak language|Cibak]] |Chibbak, Chibok | | |Borno | |- |82 |[[Chinine]] | | | |Borno | |- |83 |[[Chip language|Chip]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Plateau | |- |84 |Chokobo | | | | |- |85 |Chukkol | | | |Taraba | |- |86 |[[Cipu language|Cipu]] |Western Acipa |20,000 | |Kebbi, Niger | |- |87 |[[Daba language|Daba]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |88 |Dadiya | | | |Bauchi | |- |89 |[[Daka language|Daka]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |90 |[[Dakarkari]] | | | |Niger, Kebbi | |- |91 |[[Danda]] |Dandawa | | |Kebbi | |- |92 |[[Dangsa]] | | | |Taraba | |- |93 |[[Dazawa language|Daza]] |Dere, Derewa | | |Bauchi | |- |94 |[[Degema language|Degema]] | | | |Rivers | |- |95 |Deno |Denawa | | |Bauchi | |- |96 |[[Dghwede language|Dghwede]] | |30,000 | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |97 |[[Diba language|Diba]] | | | |Taraba | |- |98 |Doemak |Dumuk | | |Plateau | |- |99 |Duguri | | | |Bauchi | |- |100 |Duka |Dukawa | | |Kebbi | |- |101 |Duma |Dumawa | | |Bauchi | |- |102 |[[Ebana]] |Ebani | | |Rivers | |- |103 |[[Ebira language|Ebirra]] |Igbirra |1,000,000 | |Edo, Kogi, Ondo | |- |104 |[[Ebu]] | | | |Edo, Kogi, Delta (Anioma) | |- |105 |[[Efik language|Efik]] | | | |Cross River | |- |106 |Egbema | | | |Rivers, Imo | |- |107 |[[Eggon language|Eggon]] | | | |Plateau | |- |108 |Egun |Gùn | | |Lagos, Ogun | |- |109 |[[Jagham language|Ejagham]] |Jagham | | | rowspan="2" |Cross River | |- |110 |Ekajuk | | | | |- |111 |Eket | | | |Akwa Ibom | |- |112 |[[Ekoid languages|Ekoi]] | | | |Cross River | |- |113 |[[Ekpeye language|Ekpeye]] |Ekpe ye | | | rowspan="3" |[[Rivers State|Rivers]] | |- |114 |Engenni |Ngene | | | |- |115 |[[Epie language|Epie]] | | | | |- |116 |[[Nigerian English|English]] | |178,000,000 |40,000,000 | |4 |- |117 |[[Esan language|Esan]] |Ishan | | |Edo | |- |118 |Etche | | | |Rivers | |- |119 |Etolu |Etilo | | |Benue | |- |120 |[[Afenmai language|Etsako]] |Afenmai | | |Edo | |- |121 |Etung | | | |Cross River | |- |122 |Etuno | | | |Edo | |- |123 |[[Fali of Mubi|Falli]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |124 |[[French language|French]] | |1,000,000 |200,000 |Bordering states of Nigeria | |- |125 |[[Fula language|Fula]] |Fulani, Fulbe, Fulfulde |20,000,000 |18,000,000 |Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe |7 |- |126 |[[Fyam]] |Fyem | | | rowspan="2" |Plateau | |- |127 |[[Fyer]] |Fer | | | |- |128 |Ga’anda | | | |Adamawa | |- |129 |[[Gade language|Gade]] | | | |Niger | |- |130 |Galambi | | | |Bauchi | |- |131 |[[Gamergu language|Gamergu]] |Mulgwa, Malgo, Malgwa | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |132 |Ganawuri |Qanawuri | | |Plateau | |- |133 |[[Gavako]] | | | |Borno | |- |134 |Gbedde | | | |Kogi | |- |135 |[[Gbo language|Gbo]] |Agbo, Legbo | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |136 |Gengle | | | |Taraba | |- |137 |[[Geji]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |138 |Gera |Gere, Gerawa | | | |- |139 |Geruma |Gerumawa | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |140 |Gingwak | | | |Bauchi | |- |141 |[[Gira language (Nigeria)|Gira]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |142 |Gizigz | | | | |- |143 |[[Goernai]] | | | |Kaduna | |- |144 |[[Gong]] | |100,000 | | |Plateau |- |145 |Gokana |Kana | | |Rivers | |- |146 |[[Gombi]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |147 |Gornun |Gmun | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |148 |[[Gonia]] | | | | |- |149 |[[Gubi language|Gubi]] | Gubawa | | | Bauchi | |- |150 |[[Gude]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |151 |[[Gudu]] | | | | |- |152 |[[Gure]] | | | |Kaduna | |- |153 |[[Gurmana]] | | | |Niger | |- |154 |Gururntum | | | |Bauchi | |- |155 |[[Gusu language|Gusu]] | | | |Plateau | |- |156 |[[Gwa language|Gwa]] |Gurawa | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |157 |[[Gwamba]] | | | | |- |158 |Gwandara | | | |Kaduna, Niger, Plateau | |- |159 |[[Gwari]] |Gbari | | |Kaduna, Niger, FCT, Nasarawa,Kogi | |- |160 |Gwom | | | |Taraba | |- |161 |[[Gwoza language|Gwoza]] | |40,000 | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |162 |[[Gyem language|Gyem]] | | | |Bauchi | |- |163 |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] | |63,000,000 |38,700,000 |Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Kastina, Kebbi, Niger, Taraba, Sokoto, Zamfara |9 |- |164 |[[Humono language|Humono]] |Kohumono | | |Cross River | |- |165 |Holma | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |166 |[[Hona]] | | | | |- |167 |Hyam |Ham, Jaba, Jabba | | |Kaduna | |- |168 |[[Ibeno]] | | | |[[Akwa Ibom]] | |- |169 |[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] | |10,700,000 |6,200,000 |[[Akwa Ibom]], [[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |170 |Ichen | | | |Adamawa | |- |171 |[[Idoma language|Idoma]] | | | |Benue, Taraba | |- |172 |[[Igala language|Igala]] | | | |Kogi, Benue, Delta, Anambra | |- |173 |[[Igbo language|Igbo]] | |31,000,000 |31,000,000 |Abia, Anambra, Delta, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Rivers |3 |- |174 |Igede |Egede | | |Benue | |- |175 |[[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]] |Izon |2,440,000 |2,440,000 |Bayelsa, Rivers, Delta, Ondo, Akwa-Ibom | |- |176 |[[Ijumu]] | | | |Kogi | |- |176 |[[Ika language (Nigeria)|Ika]] | | | |Delta, Edo | |- |177 |[[Ikorn]] | | | |Cross River | |- |178 |Irigwe | | | |Plateau | |- |179 |[[Isoko language|Isoko]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Delta | |- |180 |[[Itsekiri language|Isekiri]] |Itsekiri |1,000,000 | | |- |181 |Iyala |Iyalla | | |Cross River | |- |182 |[[Izere language|Izere]] |Izarek, Fizere, Fezere, Feserek, Afizarek, Afizare, Afusare, Jari, Jarawa, Jarawan Dutse, Hill Jarawa, Jos-Zarazon. |100,000 | |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |183 |Izondjo | | | |Bayelsa, Delta, Ondo, Rivers | |- |184 |[[Jahuna]] |Jahunawa | | |Taraba | |- |185 |Jaku | | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |186 |[[Jara language|Jara]] |Jaar, Jarawa, Jarawa-Dutse | | | |- |187 |[[Jere language|Jere]] |Jare, Jera, Jera, Jerawa | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |188 |Jero | | | |Taraba | |- |189 |Jibu | | | |Adamawa | |- |190 |Jidda-Abu | | | |Plateau | |- |191 |Jimbin |Jimbinawa | | |Bauchi | |- |192 |[[Jirai]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |193 |[[Jju language|Jju]] |Kaje, Kache | | |Kaduna | |- |194 |[[Jonjo]] |Jenjo | | |Taraba | |- |195 |Jukun | | | |Bauchi, Benue, Taraba, Plateau | |- |196 |Kaba |Kabawa | | |Taraba | |- |197 |[[Adara language|Kadara]] |Ajuah, Ajure, Adaa, Adara, Azuwa, Ajuwa, Azuwa,{{cn|date=March 2024}} Eda | | |Kaduna,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/59967|title=A Summary of a Sociolinguistic Survey of the Adara of Kaduna and Niger States, Nigeria|date=November 24, 2014|website=SIL International}}</ref> Niger<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXeEkne_ScwC&dq=kadara+of+niger+state&pg=PA319|title=Beyond the Execution: Understanding the Ethnic and Military Politics in Nigeria|first=Tom|last=Mbeke-Ekanem|date=May 19, 2000|publisher=Writer's Showcase|isbn=9780595092802|via=Google Books}}</ref> | |- |198 |Kafanchan | | | | rowspan="3" |Kaduna | |- |199 |[[Kagoro]] | | | | |- |200 |[[Kajuru]] |Kajurawa | | | |- |201 |[[Manenguba language|Kaka]] |Manenguba | | |Adamawa | |- |202 |Kamaku |Karnukawa | | |Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger | | |- |203 | Kambari | | | | Kebbi, Niger | | |- |204 |Kamwe | (Kapsiki) in Cameroon |1.2 million native speakers | |Adamawa, Borno, and the Republic of Cameroon |Active<ref>Kwache, IY (2016)Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture</ref> | |- |205 |[[Kamo language|Kamo]] | | | |Bauchi | rowspan="184" |Active | |- |206 |Kanakuru |Dera | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |207 |[[Kanembu language|Kanembu]] | | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |208 |Kanikon | | | |Kaduna | |- |209 |Kantana | | | |Plateau | |- |210 |Kanufi | | | |Kaduna<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=kanufi+kaduna&pg=PA272|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|first1=James Stuart|last1=Olson|first2=Charles|last2=Meur|date=May 19, 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313279188|via=Google Books}}</ref> | |- |211 |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] | |8,150,000 |7,650,000 |Borno, Kaduna, Adamawa, Kano, Niger, Jigawa, Plateau, Taraba, Yobe | |- |212 |Karai-Karai (language) |Karaikarai, Karekare | | |Bauchi, Yobe | |- |213 |[[Karimjo]] | | | |Taraba | |- |214 |Kariya | | | |Bauchi | |- |215 |Katab |Kataf | | |Kaduna | |- |216 |Kenern |Koenoem | | |Plateau | |- |217 |Kenton | | | |Taraba | |- |218 |Kiballo |Kiwollo | | |Kaduna | |- |219 |[[Kilba]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |220 |Kirfi |Kirfawa | | |Bauchi | |- |221 |Koma | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |222 |[[Kona language|Kona]] | | | | |- |223 |Koro |Kwaro | | |Kaduna, Niger, Nasarawa | |- |224 |Kubi |Kubawa | | |Bauchi | |- |225 |Kudachano |Kudawa | | |Bauchi | |- |226 |[[Kugama]] | | | |Taraba | |- |227 |Kulere |Kaler | | |Plateau | |- |228 |Kunini | | | |Taraba | |- |229 |Kurama | | | |Jigawa, Kaduna, Niger, Plateau | |- |230 |Kurdul | | | |Adamawa | |- |231 |[[Kushi language|Kushi]] | | | |Bauchi | |- |232 |Kuteb | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |233 |Kutin | | | | |- |234 |[[Kwah language|Kwah]] |Baa |18,000 | |Adamawa | |- |235 |[[Kwalla]] | | | |Plateau | |- |236 |Kwami |Kwom | | |Bauchi | |- |237 |Kwanchi | | | |Taraba | |- |238 |Kwanka |Kwankwa | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |239 |[[Kwaro]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Plateau | |- |240 |[[Kwato language (Nigeria)|Kwato]] | | | | |- |241 |Kyenga |Kengawa | | |Sokoto | |- |242 |Laaru |Larawa | | |Niger | |- |243 |Lakka | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |244 |[[Lala-Roba language|Lala]] | | | | |- |245 |[[Lama]] | | | | rowspan="3" |Taraba | |- |246 |Lamja | | | | |- |247 |Lau | | | | |- |248 |[[Ubbo language|Ubbo]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |249 |[[Limono]] | | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |250 |Lopa |Lupa, Lopawa | | |Niger | |- |251 |Longuda |Lunguda | | |Adamawa, Bauchi | |- |252 |[[Mabo language|Mabo]] | | | |Plateau | |- |253 |[[Mada]] | | | |Kaduna, Plateau | |- |254 |[[Mama language|Mama]] | | | |Plateau | |- |255 |Mambilla | | | |Adamawa | |- |256 |Manchok | | | |Kaduna | |- |257 |[[Mandara language|Mandara]] |Wandala | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |258 |Manga |Mangawa | | |Yobe | |- |259 |[[Margi language|Margi]] | | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |260 |Matakarn | | | |Adamawa | |- |261 |[[Mbembe language|Mbembe]] | | | |Cross River, Enugu | |- |262 |[[Mbol]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |263 |Mbube | | | |Cross River | |- |264 |Mbula | | | |Adamawa | |- |265 |Mbum | | | |Taraba | |- |266 |Memyang |Meryan | | | rowspan="3" |Plateau | |- |267 |Miango | | | | |- |268 |Miligili |Migili | | | |- |269 |[[Miya language|Miya]] |Miyawa | | |Bauchi | |- |270 |Mobber | | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |271 |Montol | | | |Plateau | |- |272 |Moruwa |Moro’a, Morwa | | |Kaduna | |- |273 |Muchaila | | | |Adamawa | |- |274 |Mumuye | | | |Taraba | |- |275 |[[Mundang]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |276 |[[Mwaghavul language|Mupun]] | |1,000,000 | | rowspan="3" |Plateau | |- |278 |Mushere | | | | |- |279 |Mwahavul |Mwaghavul | | | |- |280 |Ndoro | | | |Taraba | |- |281 |Ngamo | | | |Bauchi, Yobe | |- |282 |Ngizim | | | |Yobe | |- |283 |Ngweshe |Ndhang, Ngoshe-Ndhang | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |284 |Ningi |Ningawa | | |Bauchi | |- |285 |Ninzam |Ninzo | | |Kaduna, Plateau | |- |286 |Njayi | | | |Adamawa | |- |287 |Nkim | | | | rowspan="2" |Cross River | |- |288 |Nkum | | | | |- |289 |Nokere |Nakere | | |Plateau | |- |290 |[[Nsukka language|Nsukka]] | | | |[[Enugu State]] and some parts of [[Kogi state]] | |- |291 |Nunku | | | |Kaduna, Plateau | |- |292 |Nupe | | | |Niger, Kwara, Kogi, FCT | |- |293 |Nyandang | | | |Taraba | |- |294 |[[Obolo language|Obolo]] |Andoni | | |[[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], [[Rivers State|Rivers]] | |- |295 |[[Ogba language|Ogba]] |Ogba | 1000+ | |[[Rivers State |Rivers]] | |- |296 |[[Ogbia language|Ogbia]] | | | |Bayelsa | |- |297 |Ofutop |Ofutop (okangha(2) |5,000 |4,000 |Ikom, Okuni, Cross River | |- |298 |Ogori | | | |Kwara | |- |299 |Okobo |Okkobor | | |Akwa Ibom | |- |300 |Okpamheri | | | |Edo | |- |301 |[[Okpe language (Southwestern Edo)|Okpe]] |Okpe |1,000,000 | |Delta | |- |302 |Olulumo | | | |Cross River | |- |302 |[[Oro language|Oro]] |Oron |1,000,000 | |Akwa Ibom | |- |303 |Owan | | | |Edo | |- |304 |Owe | | | | rowspan="2" |Kwara | |- |305 |Oworo | | | | |- |306 |Pa’a |Pa’awa, Afawa | | |Bauchi | |- |307 |Pai | | | |Plateau | |- |308 |Panyam | | | |Taraba | |- |309 |Pero | | | |Bauchi | |- |310 |Pire | | | |Adamawa | |- |311 |Pkanzom | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |312 |Poll | | | | |- |313 |Polchi Habe | | | |Bauchi | |- |314 |Pongo |Pongu | | |Niger | |- |315 |Potopo | | | |Taraba | |- |315 |Pyapun |Piapung | | |Plateau | |- |317 |Qua | | | |Cross River | |- |318 |Rebina |Rebinawa | | |Bauchi | |- |319 |Reshe | | | |Kebbi, Niger | |- |320 |Rindire |Rendre | | |Plateau | |- |321 |Rishuwa | | | |Kaduna | |- |322 |Ron | | | |Plateau | |- |323 |Rubu | | | |Niger | |- |324 |Rukuba | | | |Plateau | |- |325 |Rumada | | | | rowspan="2" |Kaduna | |- |326 |Rumaya | | | | |- |327 |Sakbe | | | |Taraba | |- |328 |Sanga | | | |Bauchi | |- |329 |Sate | | | |Taraba | |- |330 |[[Saya language|Saya]] |Sayawa, Za’ar | | |Bauchi, Plateau, Kaduna, Abuja, Niger, Kogi | |- |331 |Segidi |Sigidawa | | |Bauchi | |- |332 |Shanga |Shangawa | | |Sokoto | |- |333 |Shangawa |Shangau | | |Plateau | |- |334 |Shan-Shan | | | |Plateau | |- |335 |Shira |Shirawa | | |Kano | |- |336 |Shomo | | | |Taraba | |- |337 |Shuwa | | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |338 |Sikdi | | | |Plateau | |- |339 |Siri |Sirawa | | |Bauchi | |- |340 |Srubu |Surubu | | |Kaduna | |- |341 |Sukur | | | |Adamawa | |- |342 |Sura | | | |Plateau | |- |343 |Tangale | | | |Bauchi | |- |344 |Tarok | | | |Plateau, Taraba | |- |345 |Teme | | | |Adamawa | |- |346 |Tera |Terawa | | |Bauchi, Bomo | |- |347 |Teshena |Teshenawa | | |Kano | |- |348 |Tigon | | | |Adamawa | |- |349 |Tikar | | | |Taraba | |- |350 |[[Tiv language|Tiv]] | |5,000,000 | |Benue, Plateau,adamawa, Taraba, Nasarawa |2 |- |351 |Tula | | | |Bauchi | |- |352 |Tur | | | |Adamawa | |- |353 |Ufia | | | |Benue | |- |354 |[[Kele language (Nigeria)|Ukelle]] |Kele, Kukelle | | |Cross River | |- |355 |Ukwani |Kwale,Aboh | | |Delta | |- |356 |Uncinda | | | |Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto | |- |357 |Uneme |Ineme | | |Edo | |- |358 |[[Ura language (Nigeria)|Ura]] |Ula | | |Niger | |- |359 |[[Urhobo language|Urhobo]] | |1,000,000 | |Delta | |- |360 |Utonkong | | | |Benue | |- |361 |Uvwie | |100,000 | |Delta | |- |362 |Uyanga | | | |Cross River | |- |363 |Vemgo | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |364 |Verre | | | | |- |365 |Vommi | | | |Taraba | |- |366 |Wagga | | | |Adamawa | |- |367 |Waja | | | |Bauchi | |- |368 |Waka | | | |Taraba | |- |369 |Warja | | | |Jigawa | |- |370 |Warji | | | |Bauchi | |- |371 |Wula | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |372 |Wurbo | | | | |- |373 |Wurkun | | | |Taraba | |- |374 |Yache | | | |Cross River | |- |375 |Yagba | | | |Kwara | |- |376 |Yakurr |Yako | | |Cross River | |- |377 |Yalla | | | |Benue | |- |378 |Yandang | | | |Taraba | |- |379 |Yergan |Yergum | | |Plateau | |- |380 |[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] | |45,700,000 |43,700,000 |Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Kogi, Edo |2 |- |381 |[[Yott]] | | | |Taraba | |- |382 |Yumu | | | |Niger | |- |383 |Yungur | | | |Adamawa | |- |384 |Yuom | |250,000 | |Plateau | |- |385 |Zabara | | | |Niger | |- |386 |Zaranda | | | |Bauchi | |- |387 |[[Zarma language|Zarma]] |Dyerma, Dyarma, Dyabarma, Zabarma, Adzerma, Djerma, Zarbarma, Zerma, Zarmawa | | |Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara, Niger State, Yobe, Kaduna, Lagos | |- |388 |Zayam |Zeam | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |389 |Zul |Zulawa | | | | |} ==Sources== <references/> [[Category:Languages of Nigeria| ]] bswia0gd3lvw6tkrsyaoo5n3hlnkdrj 10329837 10329834 2025-06-14T12:21:57Z Infinitehoax 1629455 10329837 wikitext text/x-wiki Nigeria has over 520 languages. The major local languages include Yoruba, Hausa, and Igbo. English is the official language, and Nigerian Pidgin is the most widely spoken language. == List of languages == This is a list of languages spoken in Nigeria. Note that this list is not complete.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2014|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Index of Nigerian languages|last1=Crozier|first1=David Henry|last2=Blench|first2=Roger|publisher=Summer Inst of Linguistics|year=1992|isbn=9780883126110|location=Dallas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_country.asp?name=NG|title=Ethnologue 15 report for Nigeria|website=archive.ethnologue.com|access-date=2017-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104222134/http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_country.asp?name=NG |archive-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:99%;" ! S/N ! width="15%" |Language ! Other names ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:15%;" |Number of speakers ! [[Native speakers]] ! width="30%" |States spoken in ! Current status ! Language Varieties ([[Dialects]]) |- |1 |[[Abanyom language|Abanyom]] |Abanyum, Befun, Bofon, Mbofon |13,000 | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | rowspan="11" |Active |2 |- | |Nigerian Pidgin English |Broken. Pidgin |80,200,000 | |All States | |- |2 |[[Abon language|Abon]] |Abong, Abõ, Ba'ban |1,000 | |[[Taraba State|Taraba]] | |- |3 |[[Abua language|Abua]] |Odual, Abuan |25,000 | |[[Rivers State|Rivers]] | |- |4 |[[Abureni language|Abureni]] |Mini |4,000 | |[[Bayelsa State|Bayelsa]] | |- |5 |[[Eastern Acipa language|Achipa]] |Achipawa |5,000 | |[[Kebbi State|Kebbi]] | |- |6 |[[Adim language|Adim]] | | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |7 |[[Aduge language|Aduge]] | |30,000 | |[[Anambra State|Anambra]] | |- |8 |[[Adun language|Adun]] | | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |9 |[[Afade language|Afade]] |Affade, Afadeh, Afada, Kotoko, Moga | | |[[Borno State|Borno]], [[Yobe State|Yobe]] | |- |10 |[[Afo language|Afo]] | | | |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |11 |[[Afrike]] |Afrerikpe |60,000 | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | | |- |12 |[[Ajawa language|Ajawa]] |Aja, Ajanci | | |[[Bauchi State|Bauchi]] |Extinct | |- |13 |[[Akaju]]-Ndem |Akajuk | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | rowspan="190" |Active | |- |14 |Akweya-Yachi | | | |[[Benue State|Benue]] | |- |15 |Alago |Arago | | | rowspan="3" |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |16 |[[Amo language|Amo]] | | | | |- |17 |Anaguta | | | | |- |18 |[[Anang|Annang]] | |1,000,000 | |[[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]] | |- |19 |[[Angas languages|Angas]] | |368,000 | |[[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Jigawa State|Jigawa]], [[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |20 |Ankwei | | | |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |21 |[[Arabic]] |[[Chadian Arabic]] also known as [[Chadian Arabic|Shuwa Arabic]] |265,000 |265,000 |[[Borno State|Borno]] by [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa Arabs]] | |- |22 |Anyima | | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |23 |Arum | | | |Nasarawa | |- |24 |Attakar |Ataka | | |Kaduna | |- |25 |Auyoka |Auyokawa, Auyakawa, Awiaka | | |Jigawa | |- |26 |[[Awori]] | | | |Lagos, Ogun | |- |27 |[[Ayu language|Ayu]] | | | |Kaduna | |- |28 |[[Babur]] | | | |Adamawa, Bomo, Taraba, Yobe | |- |29 |[[Bacama language|Bachama]] | | | |[[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | |- |30 |Bachere | | | |Cross River | |- |31 |[[Bada (operating system)|Bada]] | | | |Plateau | |- |32 |[[Bade language|Bade]] | | | |Yobe | |- |33 |Bakulung | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |34 |[[Bali language (Adamawa)|Bali]] | | | | |- |35 |[[Bambora]] |Bambarawa | | |Bauchi | |- |36 |[[Bambuko]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |37 |[[Banda languages|Banda]] |Bandawa | | | |- |38 |[[Banka language|Banka]] |Bankalawa | | |Bauchi | |- |39 |[[Banso]] |Panso | | |Adamawa | |- |40 |[[Bara language (Nigerian)|Bara]] |Barawa | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |41 |[[Barke language|Barke]] | | | | |- |42 |[[Baruba]] |Barba | | |Niger | |- |43 |Bashiri |Bashirawa | | |Plateau | |- |44 |[[Basa languages|Basa]] | | | |Kaduna, Kogi, Niger, Plateau | |- |45 |[[Bata language|Batta]] | | | |[[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | |- |46 |Baushi | | | |Niger | |- |47 |[[Baya language|Baya]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |48 |[[Bekwarra language|Bekwarra]] | | | |Cross River | |- |49 |[[Bele language|Bele]] |Buli, Belewa | | |Bauchi | |- |50 |Betso |Bete | | |Taraba | |- |51 |[[Bette language|Bette]] | | | |Cross River | |- |52 |[[Bilei]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa Rivers | |- |53 |[[Bille language|Bille]] | |40,000 | | |- |54 |[[Bina language|Bina]] |Binawa | | |Kaduna | |- |55 |[[Bini language|Bini]] | | | |Edo | |- |56 |[[Berom language|Birom]] | | | |Plateau | |- |57 |[[Bobua]] | | | |Taraba | |- |58 |[[Boki language|Boki]] |Nki | | |Cross River | |- |59 |Bokkos | | | |Plateau | |- |60 |[[Boko language|Boko]] |Bussawa, Bargawa | | |Niger | |- |61 |Bole |Bolewa | | |Bauchi, Yobe | |- |62 |[[Botlere]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |63 |Boma |Bomawa, Burmano | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |64 |[[Bomboro]] | | | | |- |65 |Buduma | | | |Borno, Niger | |- |66 |[[Jere language|Buji]] | | | |Plateau | |- |67 |[[Gur languages|Buli]] | | | |Bauchi | |- |68 |Bunu | | | |Kogi | |- |69 |[[Bura language|Bura]] |Bura-Pabir | | |Borno, Adamawa, Yobe | |- |70 |Burak | | | |Bauchi | |- |71 |Burma |Burmawa | | |Plateau | |- |72 |[[Buru]] | | | |Yobe | |- |73 |[[Buta language|Buta]] |Butawa | | |Bauchi | |- |74 |Bwall | | | |Plateau | |- |75 |[[Bwatiye]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |76 |Bwazza | | | | |- |77 |[[Challa language|Challa]] | | | |Plateau | |- |78 |[[Chama language|Chama]] |Chamawa Fitilai | | |Bauchi | |- |79 |[[Chamba Leko|Chamba]] |Chamba Daka, Chamba Leko | | |Adamawa, Taraba |2 |- |80 |Chamo | | | |Bauchi | |- |81 |[[Cibak language|Cibak]] |Chibbak, Chibok | | |Borno | |- |82 |[[Chinine]] | | | |Borno | |- |83 |[[Chip language|Chip]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Plateau | |- |84 |Chokobo | | | | |- |85 |Chukkol | | | |Taraba | |- |86 |[[Cipu language|Cipu]] |Western Acipa |20,000 | |Kebbi, Niger | |- |87 |[[Daba language|Daba]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |88 |Dadiya | | | |Bauchi | |- |89 |[[Daka language|Daka]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |90 |[[Dakarkari]] | | | |Niger, Kebbi | |- |91 |[[Danda]] |Dandawa | | |Kebbi | |- |92 |[[Dangsa]] | | | |Taraba | |- |93 |[[Dazawa language|Daza]] |Dere, Derewa | | |Bauchi | |- |94 |[[Degema language|Degema]] | | | |Rivers | |- |95 |Deno |Denawa | | |Bauchi | |- |96 |[[Dghwede language|Dghwede]] | |30,000 | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |97 |[[Diba language|Diba]] | | | |Taraba | |- |98 |Doemak |Dumuk | | |Plateau | |- |99 |Duguri | | | |Bauchi | |- |100 |Duka |Dukawa | | |Kebbi | |- |101 |Duma |Dumawa | | |Bauchi | |- |102 |[[Ebana]] |Ebani | | |Rivers | |- |103 |[[Ebira language|Ebirra]] |Igbirra |1,000,000 | |Edo, Kogi, Ondo | |- |104 |[[Ebu]] | | | |Edo, Kogi, Delta (Anioma) | |- |105 |[[Efik language|Efik]] | | | |Cross River | |- |106 |Egbema | | | |Rivers, Imo | |- |107 |[[Eggon language|Eggon]] | | | |Plateau | |- |108 |Egun |Gùn | | |Lagos, Ogun | |- |109 |[[Jagham language|Ejagham]] |Jagham | | | rowspan="2" |Cross River | |- |110 |Ekajuk | | | | |- |111 |Eket | | | |Akwa Ibom | |- |112 |[[Ekoid languages|Ekoi]] | | | |Cross River | |- |113 |[[Ekpeye language|Ekpeye]] |Ekpe ye | | | rowspan="3" |[[Rivers State|Rivers]] | |- |114 |Engenni |Ngene | | | |- |115 |[[Epie language|Epie]] | | | | |- |116 |[[Nigerian English|English]] | |178,000,000 |40,000,000 | |4 |- |117 |[[Esan language|Esan]] |Ishan | | |Edo | |- |118 |Etche | | | |Rivers | |- |119 |Etolu |Etilo | | |Benue | |- |120 |[[Afenmai language|Etsako]] |Afenmai | | |Edo | |- |121 |Etung | | | |Cross River | |- |122 |Etuno | | | |Edo | |- |123 |[[Fali of Mubi|Falli]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |124 |[[French language|French]] | |1,000,000 |200,000 |Bordering states of Nigeria | |- |125 |[[Fula language|Fula]] |Fulani, Fulbe, Fulfulde |20,000,000 |18,000,000 |Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe |7 |- |126 |[[Fyam]] |Fyem | | | rowspan="2" |Plateau | |- |127 |[[Fyer]] |Fer | | | |- |128 |Ga’anda | | | |Adamawa | |- |129 |[[Gade language|Gade]] | | | |Niger | |- |130 |Galambi | | | |Bauchi | |- |131 |[[Gamergu language|Gamergu]] |Mulgwa, Malgo, Malgwa | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |132 |Ganawuri |Qanawuri | | |Plateau | |- |133 |[[Gavako]] | | | |Borno | |- |134 |Gbedde | | | |Kogi | |- |135 |[[Gbo language|Gbo]] |Agbo, Legbo | | |[[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |136 |Gengle | | | |Taraba | |- |137 |[[Geji]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |138 |Gera |Gere, Gerawa | | | |- |139 |Geruma |Gerumawa | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |140 |Gingwak | | | |Bauchi | |- |141 |[[Gira language (Nigeria)|Gira]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |142 |Gizigz | | | | |- |143 |[[Goernai]] | | | |Kaduna | |- |144 |[[Gong]] | |100,000 | | |Plateau |- |145 |Gokana |Kana | | |Rivers | |- |146 |[[Gombi]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |147 |Gornun |Gmun | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |148 |[[Gonia]] | | | | |- |149 |[[Gubi language|Gubi]] | Gubawa | | | Bauchi | |- |150 |[[Gude]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |151 |[[Gudu]] | | | | |- |152 |[[Gure]] | | | |Kaduna | |- |153 |[[Gurmana]] | | | |Niger | |- |154 |Gururntum | | | |Bauchi | |- |155 |[[Gusu language|Gusu]] | | | |Plateau | |- |156 |[[Gwa language|Gwa]] |Gurawa | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |157 |[[Gwamba]] | | | | |- |158 |Gwandara | | | |Kaduna, Niger, Plateau | |- |159 |[[Gwari]] |Gbari | | |Kaduna, Niger, FCT, Nasarawa,Kogi | |- |160 |Gwom | | | |Taraba | |- |161 |[[Gwoza language|Gwoza]] | |40,000 | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |162 |[[Gyem language|Gyem]] | | | |Bauchi | |- |163 |[[Hausa language|Hausa]] | |63,000,000 |38,700,000 |Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Kastina, Kebbi, Niger, Taraba, Sokoto, Zamfara |9 |- |164 |[[Humono language|Humono]] |Kohumono | | |Cross River | |- |165 |Holma | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |166 |[[Hona]] | | | | |- |167 |Hyam |Ham, Jaba, Jabba | | |Kaduna | |- |168 |[[Ibeno]] | | | |[[Akwa Ibom]] | |- |169 |[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] | |10,700,000 |6,200,000 |[[Akwa Ibom]], [[Cross River State|Cross River]] | |- |170 |Ichen | | | |Adamawa | |- |171 |[[Idoma language|Idoma]] | | | |Benue, Taraba | |- |172 |[[Igala language|Igala]] | | | |Kogi, Benue, Delta, Anambra | |- |173 |[[Igbo language|Igbo]] | |31,000,000 |31,000,000 |Abia, Anambra, Delta, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Rivers |3 |- |174 |Igede |Egede | | |Benue | |- |175 |[[Ijaw languages|Ijaw]] |Izon |2,440,000 |2,440,000 |Bayelsa, Rivers, Delta, Ondo, Akwa-Ibom | |- |176 |[[Ijumu]] | | | |Kogi | |- |176 |[[Ika language (Nigeria)|Ika]] | | | |Delta, Edo | |- |177 |[[Ikorn]] | | | |Cross River | |- |178 |Irigwe | | | |Plateau | |- |179 |[[Isoko language|Isoko]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Delta | |- |180 |[[Itsekiri language|Isekiri]] |Itsekiri |1,000,000 | | |- |181 |Iyala |Iyalla | | |Cross River | |- |182 |[[Izere language|Izere]] |Izarek, Fizere, Fezere, Feserek, Afizarek, Afizare, Afusare, Jari, Jarawa, Jarawan Dutse, Hill Jarawa, Jos-Zarazon. |100,000 | |[[Plateau State|Plateau]] | |- |183 |Izondjo | | | |Bayelsa, Delta, Ondo, Rivers | |- |184 |[[Jahuna]] |Jahunawa | | |Taraba | |- |185 |Jaku | | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |186 |[[Jara language|Jara]] |Jaar, Jarawa, Jarawa-Dutse | | | |- |187 |[[Jere language|Jere]] |Jare, Jera, Jera, Jerawa | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |188 |Jero | | | |Taraba | |- |189 |Jibu | | | |Adamawa | |- |190 |Jidda-Abu | | | |Plateau | |- |191 |Jimbin |Jimbinawa | | |Bauchi | |- |192 |[[Jirai]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |193 |[[Jju language|Jju]] |Kaje, Kache | | |Kaduna | |- |194 |[[Jonjo]] |Jenjo | | |Taraba | |- |195 |Jukun | | | |Bauchi, Benue, Taraba, Plateau | |- |196 |Kaba |Kabawa | | |Taraba | |- |197 |[[Adara language|Kadara]] |Ajuah, Ajure, Adaa, Adara, Azuwa, Ajuwa, Azuwa,{{cn|date=March 2024}} Eda | | |Kaduna,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/59967|title=A Summary of a Sociolinguistic Survey of the Adara of Kaduna and Niger States, Nigeria|date=November 24, 2014|website=SIL International}}</ref> Niger<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXeEkne_ScwC&dq=kadara+of+niger+state&pg=PA319|title=Beyond the Execution: Understanding the Ethnic and Military Politics in Nigeria|first=Tom|last=Mbeke-Ekanem|date=May 19, 2000|publisher=Writer's Showcase|isbn=9780595092802|via=Google Books}}</ref> | |- |198 |Kafanchan | | | | rowspan="3" |Kaduna | |- |199 |[[Kagoro]] | | | | |- |200 |[[Kajuru]] |Kajurawa | | | |- |201 |[[Manenguba language|Kaka]] |Manenguba | | |Adamawa | |- |202 |Kamaku |Karnukawa | | |Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger | | |- |203 | Kambari | | | | Kebbi, Niger | | |- |204 |Kamwe | (Kapsiki) in Cameroon |1.2 million native speakers | |Adamawa, Borno, and the Republic of Cameroon |Active<ref>Kwache, IY (2016)Kamwe People of Northern Nigeria: Origin, History and Culture</ref> | |- |205 |[[Kamo language|Kamo]] | | | |Bauchi | rowspan="184" |Active | |- |206 |Kanakuru |Dera | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |207 |[[Kanembu language|Kanembu]] | | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |208 |Kanikon | | | |Kaduna | |- |209 |Kantana | | | |Plateau | |- |210 |Kanufi | | | |Kaduna<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&dq=kanufi+kaduna&pg=PA272|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|first1=James Stuart|last1=Olson|first2=Charles|last2=Meur|date=May 19, 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313279188|via=Google Books}}</ref> | |- |211 |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] | |8,150,000 |7,650,000 |Borno, Kaduna, Adamawa, Kano, Niger, Jigawa, Plateau, Taraba, Yobe | |- |212 |Karai-Karai (language) |Karaikarai, Karekare | | |Bauchi, Yobe | |- |213 |[[Karimjo]] | | | |Taraba | |- |214 |Kariya | | | |Bauchi | |- |215 |Katab |Kataf | | |Kaduna | |- |216 |Kenern |Koenoem | | |Plateau | |- |217 |Kenton | | | |Taraba | |- |218 |Kiballo |Kiwollo | | |Kaduna | |- |219 |[[Kilba]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |220 |Kirfi |Kirfawa | | |Bauchi | |- |221 |Koma | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |222 |[[Kona language|Kona]] | | | | |- |223 |Koro |Kwaro | | |Kaduna, Niger, Nasarawa | |- |224 |Kubi |Kubawa | | |Bauchi | |- |225 |Kudachano |Kudawa | | |Bauchi | |- |226 |[[Kugama]] | | | |Taraba | |- |227 |Kulere |Kaler | | |Plateau | |- |228 |Kunini | | | |Taraba | |- |229 |Kurama | | | |Jigawa, Kaduna, Niger, Plateau | |- |230 |Kurdul | | | |Adamawa | |- |231 |[[Kushi language|Kushi]] | | | |Bauchi | |- |232 |Kuteb | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |233 |Kutin | | | | |- |234 |[[Kwah language|Kwah]] |Baa |18,000 | |Adamawa | |- |235 |[[Kwalla]] | | | |Plateau | |- |236 |Kwami |Kwom | | |Bauchi | |- |237 |Kwanchi | | | |Taraba | |- |238 |Kwanka |Kwankwa | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |239 |[[Kwaro]] | | | | rowspan="2" |Plateau | |- |240 |[[Kwato language (Nigeria)|Kwato]] | | | | |- |241 |Kyenga |Kengawa | | |Sokoto | |- |242 |Laaru |Larawa | | |Niger | |- |243 |Lakka | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |244 |[[Lala-Roba language|Lala]] | | | | |- |245 |[[Lama]] | | | | rowspan="3" |Taraba | |- |246 |Lamja | | | | |- |247 |Lau | | | | |- |248 |[[Ubbo language|Ubbo]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |249 |[[Limono]] | | | |Bauchi, Plateau | |- |250 |Lopa |Lupa, Lopawa | | |Niger | |- |251 |Longuda |Lunguda | | |Adamawa, Bauchi | |- |252 |[[Mabo language|Mabo]] | | | |Plateau | |- |253 |[[Mada]] | | | |Kaduna, Plateau | |- |254 |[[Mama language|Mama]] | | | |Plateau | |- |255 |Mambilla | | | |Adamawa | |- |256 |Manchok | | | |Kaduna | |- |257 |[[Mandara language|Mandara]] |Wandala | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |258 |Manga |Mangawa | | |Yobe | |- |259 |[[Margi language|Margi]] | | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |260 |Matakarn | | | |Adamawa | |- |261 |[[Mbembe language|Mbembe]] | | | |Cross River, Enugu | |- |262 |[[Mbol]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |263 |Mbube | | | |Cross River | |- |264 |Mbula | | | |Adamawa | |- |265 |Mbum | | | |Taraba | |- |266 |Memyang |Meryan | | | rowspan="3" |Plateau | |- |267 |Miango | | | | |- |268 |Miligili |Migili | | | |- |269 |[[Miya language|Miya]] |Miyawa | | |Bauchi | |- |270 |Mobber | | | |[[Borno State|Borno]] | |- |271 |Montol | | | |Plateau | |- |272 |Moruwa |Moro’a, Morwa | | |Kaduna | |- |273 |Muchaila | | | |Adamawa | |- |274 |Mumuye | | | |Taraba | |- |275 |[[Mundang]] | | | |Adamawa | |- |276 |[[Mwaghavul language|Mupun]] | |1,000,000 | | rowspan="3" |Plateau | |- |278 |Mushere | | | | |- |279 |Mwahavul |Mwaghavul | | | |- |280 |Ndoro | | | |Taraba | |- |281 |Ngamo | | | |Bauchi, Yobe | |- |282 |Ngizim | | | |Yobe | |- |283 |Ngweshe |Ndhang, Ngoshe-Ndhang | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |284 |Ningi |Ningawa | | |Bauchi | |- |285 |Ninzam |Ninzo | | |Kaduna, Plateau | |- |286 |Njayi | | | |Adamawa | |- |287 |Nkim | | | | rowspan="2" |Cross River | |- |288 |Nkum | | | | |- |289 |Nokere |Nakere | | |Plateau | |- |290 |[[Nsukka language|Nsukka]] | | | |[[Enugu State]] and some parts of [[Kogi state]] | |- |291 |Nunku | | | |Kaduna, Plateau | |- |292 |Nupe | | | |Niger, Kwara, Kogi, FCT | |- |293 |Nyandang | | | |Taraba | |- |294 |[[Obolo language|Obolo]] |Andoni | | |[[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], [[Rivers State|Rivers]] | |- |295 |[[Ogba language|Ogba]] |Ogba | 1000+ | |[[Rivers State |Rivers]] | |- |296 |[[Ogbia language|Ogbia]] | | | |Bayelsa | |- |297 |Ofutop |Ofutop (okangha(2) |5,000 |4,000 |Ikom, Okuni, Cross River | |- |298 |Ogori | | | |Kwara | |- |299 |Okobo |Okkobor | | |Akwa Ibom | |- |300 |Okpamheri | | | |Edo | |- |301 |[[Okpe language (Southwestern Edo)|Okpe]] |Okpe |1,000,000 | |Delta | |- |302 |Olulumo | | | |Cross River | |- |302 |[[Oro language|Oro]] |Oron |1,000,000 | |Akwa Ibom | |- |303 |Owan | | | |Edo | |- |304 |Owe | | | | rowspan="2" |Kwara | |- |305 |Oworo | | | | |- |306 |Pa’a |Pa’awa, Afawa | | |Bauchi | |- |307 |Pai | | | |Plateau | |- |308 |Panyam | | | |Taraba | |- |309 |Pero | | | |Bauchi | |- |310 |Pire | | | |Adamawa | |- |311 |Pkanzom | | | | rowspan="2" |Taraba | |- |312 |Poll | | | | |- |313 |Polchi Habe | | | |Bauchi | |- |314 |Pongo |Pongu | | |Niger | |- |315 |Potopo | | | |Taraba | |- |315 |Pyapun |Piapung | | |Plateau | |- |317 |Qua | | | |Cross River | |- |318 |Rebina |Rebinawa | | |Bauchi | |- |319 |Reshe | | | |Kebbi, Niger | |- |320 |Rindire |Rendre | | |Plateau | |- |321 |Rishuwa | | | |Kaduna | |- |322 |Ron | | | |Plateau | |- |323 |Rubu | | | |Niger | |- |324 |Rukuba | | | |Plateau | |- |325 |Rumada | | | | rowspan="2" |Kaduna | |- |326 |Rumaya | | | | |- |327 |Sakbe | | | |Taraba | |- |328 |Sanga | | | |Bauchi | |- |329 |Sate | | | |Taraba | |- |330 |[[Saya language|Saya]] |Sayawa, Za’ar | | |Bauchi, Plateau, Kaduna, Abuja, Niger, Kogi | |- |331 |Segidi |Sigidawa | | |Bauchi | |- |332 |Shanga |Shangawa | | |Sokoto | |- |333 |Shangawa |Shangau | | |Plateau | |- |334 |Shan-Shan | | | |Plateau | |- |335 |Shira |Shirawa | | |Kano | |- |336 |Shomo | | | |Taraba | |- |337 |Shuwa | | | |Adamawa, Borno | |- |338 |Sikdi | | | |Plateau | |- |339 |Siri |Sirawa | | |Bauchi | |- |340 |Srubu |Surubu | | |Kaduna | |- |341 |Sukur | | | |Adamawa | |- |342 |Sura | | | |Plateau | |- |343 |Tangale | | | |Bauchi | |- |344 |Tarok | | | |Plateau, Taraba | |- |345 |Teme | | | |Adamawa | |- |346 |Tera |Terawa | | |Bauchi, Bomo | |- |347 |Teshena |Teshenawa | | |Kano | |- |348 |Tigon | | | |Adamawa | |- |349 |Tikar | | | |Taraba | |- |350 |[[Tiv language|Tiv]] | |5,000,000 | |Benue, Plateau,adamawa, Taraba, Nasarawa |2 |- |351 |Tula | | | |Bauchi | |- |352 |Tur | | | |Adamawa | |- |353 |Ufia | | | |Benue | |- |354 |[[Kele language (Nigeria)|Ukelle]] |Kele, Kukelle | | |Cross River | |- |355 |Ukwani |Kwale,Aboh | | |Delta | |- |356 |Uncinda | | | |Kaduna, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto | |- |357 |Uneme |Ineme | | |Edo | |- |358 |[[Ura language (Nigeria)|Ura]] |Ula | | |Niger | |- |359 |[[Urhobo language|Urhobo]] | |1,000,000 | |Delta | |- |360 |Utonkong | | | |Benue | |- |361 |Uvwie | |100,000 | |Delta | |- |362 |Uyanga | | | |Cross River | |- |363 |Vemgo | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |364 |Verre | | | | |- |365 |Vommi | | | |Taraba | |- |366 |Wagga | | | |Adamawa | |- |367 |Waja | | | |Bauchi | |- |368 |Waka | | | |Taraba | |- |369 |Warja | | | |Jigawa | |- |370 |Warji | | | |Bauchi | |- |371 |Wula | | | | rowspan="2" |Adamawa | |- |372 |Wurbo | | | | |- |373 |Wurkun | | | |Taraba | |- |374 |Yache | | | |Cross River | |- |375 |Yagba | | | |Kwara | |- |376 |Yakurr |Yako | | |Cross River | |- |377 |Yalla | | | |Benue | |- |378 |Yandang | | | |Taraba | |- |379 |Yergan |Yergum | | |Plateau | |- |380 |[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] | |45,700,000 |43,700,000 |Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Kogi, Edo |2 |- |381 |[[Yott]] | | | |Taraba | |- |382 |Yumu | | | |Niger | |- |383 |Yungur | | | |Adamawa | |- |384 |Yuom | |250,000 | |Plateau | |- |385 |Zabara | | | |Niger | |- |386 |Zaranda | | | |Bauchi | |- |387 |[[Zarma language|Zarma]] |Dyerma, Dyarma, Dyabarma, Zabarma, Adzerma, Djerma, Zarbarma, Zerma, Zarmawa | | |Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara, Niger State, Yobe, Kaduna, Lagos | |- |388 |Zayam |Zeam | | | rowspan="2" |Bauchi | |- |389 |Zul |Zulawa | | | | |} ==Sources== <references/> [[Category:Languages of Nigeria| ]] 7aw14uosgmnnsr3ojr84jl3d63cg1z1 0 1165511 10331011 10320949 2025-06-14T22:47:16Z Cherkash 139000 /* Calendar */ +ьфз 10331011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{F1 season | year = 2026<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Driversex' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2026 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2026 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]]<br>[[2026 F1 Academy season|F1 Academy season]] }} The '''2026 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 77th running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing car]]s. The championship will be contested over twenty-four Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2026 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by [[Pirelli]]. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars.<ref name=SR>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss02_-_2024-12-11.pdf |title=2026 Formula One Sporting Regulations – Issue 2|publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] |date=11 December 2024|access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2026 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2024|title=Alpine to use Mercedes power units and gearboxes from 2026 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/alpine-to-use-mercedes-power-units-and-gearbox-from-2026.5jzzbQeHx7aPT3hoP5hRtc |language=en-US|website=Formula 1.com|access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> |style="text-align:center"|10 |{{flagg|cnxa|France}} [[Pierre Gasly]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center"|14 |{{flagg|cnxa|Spain}} [[Fernando Alonso]] |- |style="text-align:center"|18 |{{flagg|cnxa|Canada}} [[Lance Stroll]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|5 |{{flagg|cnxa|Brazil}} [[Gabriel Bortoleto]] |- |style="text-align:center"|27 |{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}} [[Nico Hülkenberg]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team<ref name="Cadillac">{{Cite web |title=Statement on General Motors application to join FIA Formula One World Championship in 2026|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/statement-on-general-motors-application-to-join-fia-formula-one-world.69uoRF1uwHwXkr4efkpnhc |access-date=25 November 2024|date=25 November 2024|website=Formula 1.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cadillac GM">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=General Motors launches Cadillac Formula 1 Team and power unit |url=https://news.gm.com/home.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2024/nov/1125-f1.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=news.gm.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126112427/https://news.gm.com/home.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2024/nov/1125-f1.html|archive-date=26 November 2024}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] | rowspan="2" |Ferrari<ref name="Cadillac-Ferrari">{{Cite web |title=Ferrari enters a multi-year agreement with Andretti Formula Racing|url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-enters-a-multi-year-agreement-with-andretti-formula-racing |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Ferrari.com |language=en}}</ref> |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|16 |{{flagg|cnxa|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |- |style="text-align:center"|44 |{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[Lewis Hamilton]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Haas"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[MoneyGram]] Haas F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Haas F1 Team|Haas]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"|Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|31 |{{flagg|cnxa|France}} [[Esteban Ocon]] |- |style="text-align:center"|87 |{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[Oliver Bearman]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|4 |{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[Lando Norris]] |- |style="text-align:center"|81 |{{flagg|cnxa|Australia}} [[Oscar Piastri]] |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|12 |{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}} [[Andrea Kimi Antonelli]] |- |style="text-align:center"|63 |{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}} [[George Russell (racing driver)|George Russell]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|33 |{{flagg|cnxa|Netherlands}} [[Max Verstappen]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mann-Bryans |first1=Mark |title=Record title sponsorship for Williams F1 as Atlassian deal announced |url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/record-title-sponsorship-for-williams-f1-as-atlassian-deal-announced/10695069/ |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=Autosport.com |date=11 February 2025}}</ref> !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|23 |{{flagg|cnxa|Thailand}} [[Alex Albon]] |- |style="text-align:center"|55 |{{flagg|cnxa|ESP}} [[Carlos Sainz Jr.]] |} == Calendar == [[File:Formula 1 all over the world-2026.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Nations that are scheduled to host a [[list of Formula One Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] in 2026 are highlighted in green, with circuit locations marked with a black dot. Former host nations are shown in dark grey, and former host circuits are marked with a white dot.]] The 2026 calendar comprises twenty-four Grands Prix, as with the previous two seasons:<ref name="2026 calendar">{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/formula-1-reveals-calendar-for-2026-season.YctbMZWqBvrgyddrnauo8|title=Formula 1 reveals calendar for 2026 season|website=Formula 1.com|date=10 June 2025|access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" ! data-sort-type="number" |Round ![[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] ![[List of Formula One circuits|Circuit]] ! class="unsortable" |Race date |- !1 |[[Australian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Albert Park Circuit]], [[Melbourne]] |8 March |- !2 |[[Chinese Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai International Circuit]], [[Shanghai]] |15 March |- !3 |[[Japanese Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Suzuka Circuit|Suzuka International Racing Course]], [[Suzuka, Mie|Suzuka]] |29 March |- !4 |[[Bahrain Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahrain International Circuit]], [[Sakhir]] |12 April |- !5 |nowrap|[[Saudi Arabian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|SAU}} [[Jeddah Corniche Circuit]], [[Jeddah]] |19 April |- !6 |[[Miami Grand Prix]] |nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami International Autodrome]], [[Miami Gardens, Florida]] |3 May |- !7 |[[Canadian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Circuit Gilles Villeneuve]], [[Montreal]] |24 May |- !8 |[[Monaco Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|MON}} [[Circuit de Monaco]], [[Municipality of Monaco|Monaco]] |7 June |- !9 |TBC |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya]], [[Montmeló]] |14 June |- !10 |[[Austrian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Ring]], [[Spielberg, Styria|Spielberg]] |28 June |- !11 |[[British Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Silverstone Circuit]], [[Silverstone]] |5 July |- !12 |[[Belgian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps]], [[Stavelot]] |19 July |- !13 |[[Hungarian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Hungaroring]], [[Mogyoród]] |26 July |- !14 |[[Dutch Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Circuit Zandvoort]], [[Zandvoort]] |23 August |- !15 |[[Italian Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Monza Circuit]], [[Monza]] |6 September |- !16 |[[Spanish Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madring]], [[Madrid]] |13 September |- !17 |[[Azerbaijan Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku City Circuit]], [[Baku]] |nowrap|27 September |- !18 |[[Singapore Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Marina Bay Street Circuit]], [[Singapore]] |11 October |- !19 |[[United States Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Circuit of the Americas]], [[Austin, Texas]] |25 October |- !20 |[[Mexico City Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez]], [[Mexico City]] |1 November |- !21 |[[São Paulo Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Interlagos Circuit]], [[São Paulo]] |8 November |- !22 |[[Las Vegas Grand Prix]]{{efn|Saturday race.}} |{{flagicon|USA}} [[Las Vegas Strip Circuit]], [[Paradise, Nevada]] |21 November |- !23 |[[Qatar Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Lusail International Circuit]], [[Lusail]] |29 November |- !24 |[[Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]] |{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Yas Marina Circuit]], [[Abu Dhabi]] |6 December |- ! colspan="4" |Source:<ref name="2026 calendar"/> |} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2026 in sports]] [[Category:2020s in motorsport]] 0vz40mhrgswttmzcqdhi6o763kimjvx 0 1165572 10330342 10165013 2025-06-14T17:04:50Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Chivhe Koli''', or '''Chive Koli''' is a [[List of Koli states and clans|clan]] of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[List of Koli titles, clans and subcastes|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Chivhe Kolis were [[Nayak (title)|Naiks]] of [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]] [[Forts in India|fort]] served in [[Maratha Empire]] of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KHa7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Chivhe+Koli&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=History and Collective Memory in South Asia, 1200–2000 |date=2019-11-01 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-295-74623-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=93 - 96 - 191 |language=en}}</ref> Chivhe Kolis were soldiers, cultivators and [[Vatandar]] in Maratha Empire and also in [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] [[Deccan sultanates|Sultanate]] and received the title of [[Sarnaik]] from Bidar [[Badshah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |url=http://archive.org/details/environmentethni0000guha |title=Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 |date=1999 |publisher=[[New York]] : [[Cambridge University Press]] |others=Internet Archive |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-64078-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=110 - 119}}</ref> == Rebellion == The Chivhe Kolis of [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]] revolted against the [[Peshwa]] government because of the appointing of new [[Sarnaik]] named Abhaji [[Purandare]] who was a [[Brahmin]] by [[Caste system in India|caste]]. Chivhe Kolis were not in favour of Abhaji Purandare because they were [[Vatandar]] and Purandare was controlling their rights on land. Thereupon, Abhaji Purandare dismissed all of them and appointed fresh fortkeepers. After that 400 Chivhe Kolis entered and captured the fort by killing officers and took control of [[garrison]]. a duty imposed on the surrounding villages. they brought out their weapons and proceeded to seize control of the fort on 7 May 1764. Five days later they took the fort of Rudramal. Interestingly, they appointed a [[Brahman]], Visaji Kesava to superintend affairs within the fort. They also began to appropriate the state and private property in the fort for safe-keeping. [[Peshwa]] [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao]] had went to fort to worship the temple but there peshwa was captured by them. Finally, the garrison despatched horsemen and began to collect tribute from adjoining regions. Reproved for this, Kondaji Naik Chivhe wrote to the Peshwa: ‘''Then how is the master’s fort to be safeguarded by us on empty stomachs?''’; and demanded a years’ pay and pro visions. The infuriated Raghunathrao despatched [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] troops to punish the insurgents Kolis but [[Maratha Army|Maratha army]] was unable to enter the fortresses controlled by Chivhe Kolis. Peshwa began seizing the families of the insurgents (Chivhe Kolis), beating and maltreating the women and children, and burning villages.The insurgents were quite aware of the tensions between Raghunathrao and his nephew, and sent a delegation with protestations of loyalty to the camp of [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]], then on the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] frontier. Raghunathrao’s attempts for repression also failed to the insurgents, who had ‘taken the tiger- hunters’ oath’, and he now decided to win over the garrison to his side by reinstating them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |url=http://archive.org/details/environmentethni0000guha |title=Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 |date=1999 |publisher=[[New York]] : [[Cambridge University Press]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-64078-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=112 - 114 |language=[[English language|English]]}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 5r86gukzu7fvnakktms8xd843pf10sy 10330453 10330342 2025-06-14T17:34:22Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330453 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Chivhe Koli''', or '''Chive Koli''' is a [[List of Koli states and clans|clan]] of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[List of Koli titles, clans and subcastes|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Chivhe Kolis were [[Nayak (title)|Naiks]] of [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]] [[Forts in India|fort]] served in [[Maratha Empire]] of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KHa7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Chivhe+Koli&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=History and Collective Memory in South Asia, 1200–2000 |date=2019-11-01 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-295-74623-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=93 - 96 - 191 |language=en}}</ref> Chivhe Kolis were soldiers, cultivators and [[Vatandar]] in Maratha Empire and also in [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] [[Deccan sultanates|Sultanate]] and received the title of [[Sarnaik]] from Bidar [[Badshah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |url=http://archive.org/details/environmentethni0000guha |title=Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 |date=1999 |publisher=[[New York]] : [[Cambridge University Press]] |others=Internet Archive |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-64078-7 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=110 - 119}}</ref> == Rebellion == The Chivhe Kolis of [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]] revolted against the [[Peshwa]] government because of the appointing of new [[Sarnaik]] named Abhaji [[Purandare]] who was a [[Brahmin]] by [[Caste system in India|caste]]. Chivhe Kolis were not in favour of Abhaji Purandare because they were [[Vatandar]] and Purandare was controlling their rights on land. Thereupon, Abhaji Purandare dismissed all of them and appointed fresh fortkeepers. After that 400 Chivhe Kolis entered and captured the fort by killing officers and took control of [[garrison]]. a duty imposed on the surrounding villages. they brought out their weapons and proceeded to seize control of the fort on 7 May 1764. Five days later they took the fort of Rudramal. Interestingly, they appointed a [[Brahman]], Visaji Kesava to superintend affairs within the fort. They also began to appropriate the state and private property in the fort for safe-keeping. [[Peshwa]] [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao]] had went to fort to worship the temple but there peshwa was captured by them. Finally, the garrison despatched horsemen and began to collect tribute from adjoining regions. Reproved for this, Kondaji Naik Chivhe wrote to the Peshwa: ‘''Then how is the master’s fort to be safeguarded by us on empty stomachs?''’; and demanded a years’ pay and pro visions. The infuriated Raghunathrao despatched [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] troops to punish the insurgents Kolis but [[Maratha Army|Maratha army]] was unable to enter the fortresses controlled by Chivhe Kolis. Peshwa began seizing the families of the insurgents (Chivhe Kolis), beating and maltreating the women and children, and burning villages.The insurgents were quite aware of the tensions between Raghunathrao and his nephew, and sent a delegation with protestations of loyalty to the camp of [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]], then on the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] frontier. Raghunathrao’s attempts for repression also failed to the insurgents, who had ‘taken the tiger- hunters’ oath’, and he now decided to win over the garrison to his side by reinstating them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Sumit |url=http://archive.org/details/environmentethni0000guha |title=Environment and ethnicity in India, 1200-1991 |date=1999 |publisher=[[New York]] : [[Cambridge University Press]] |others=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-64078-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=112 - 114 |language=[[English language|English]]}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Koli clans]] hzt23h5cxw8xndqc6p7gzpfswun7q2v 0 1166130 10330508 10092503 2025-06-14T17:38:26Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Not notable to warrant a standalone page 10330508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Koli Chabutra'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Shivaji_and_the_Maratha_Art_of_War/iF8MAAAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|last=Deopujari|first=Murlidhar Balkrishna|date=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|pages=263: Aurangzeb put down the revolt mercilessly and made a pile of the heads cut off. The Koli Chabutra' in Purandar fort still stands as a monument to the Kolis' love of independence and their excitable temper.|language=en}}</ref> (also known as '''Kala Chauthara''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|pages=11: Over the heads of Koli warriors Aurangzeb built a piattorm which is known as 'Kala Chabutara', black platform. This happened about A.D. 1657|language=en}}</ref> (also spelles as '''Koli Chabutara''', '''Koli Chauthara''' and '''Koli Chauthra''') is a historical monument dedicated to warriors of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Koli clans and titles|caste]] who [[Koli rebellion|fought]] against [[Sultan]] [[Aurangzeb]] of [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] Chabutara was built by Aurangzeb on the heads of Koli warriors whose heads was cutoff by Aurangzeb in the Koli rebellion under the Koli [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Sardar|Sardar]] [[Khemi Sarnaik]] around 1657.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[India]]|pages=30|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Koli Chabutra|local name=Koli Chauthara|type=Historical monument of Koli warriors|image=File:Koli Chabutra.jpg|caption=Koli Chabutra, Shivneri fort, Samatwadi, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=5VW5+MMJ, Shivneri Leni Walk, Somatwadi, Maharashtra 410502|branches=*कोली चबुतरा *कोळी चौथरा|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chabutara, Koli}} 2bvsd8393hmbr5kr30sk0tewcu8pn65 10330510 10330508 2025-06-14T17:39:15Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330510 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Koli Chabutra'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Shivaji_and_the_Maratha_Art_of_War/iF8MAAAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|last=Deopujari|first=Murlidhar Balkrishna|date=1973|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|pages=263: Aurangzeb put down the revolt mercilessly and made a pile of the heads cut off. The Koli Chabutra' in Purandar fort still stands as a monument to the Kolis' love of independence and their excitable temper.|language=en}}</ref> (also known as '''Kala Chauthara''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|pages=11: Over the heads of Koli warriors Aurangzeb built a piattorm which is known as 'Kala Chabutara', black platform. This happened about A.D. 1657|language=en}}</ref> (also spelles as '''Koli Chabutara''', '''Koli Chauthara''' and '''Koli Chauthra''') is a historical monument dedicated to warriors of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Koli clans and titles|caste]] who [[Koli rebellion|fought]] against [[Sultan]] [[Aurangzeb]] of [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] Chabutara was built by Aurangzeb on the heads of Koli warriors whose heads was cutoff by Aurangzeb in the Koli rebellion under the Koli [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Sardar|Sardar]] [[Khemi Sarnaik]] around 1657.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[India]]|pages=30|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Koli Chabutra|local name=Koli Chauthara|type=Historical monument of Koli warriors|image=File:Koli Chabutra.jpg|caption=Koli Chabutra, Shivneri fort, Samatwadi, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=5VW5+MMJ, Shivneri Leni Walk, Somatwadi, Maharashtra 410502|branches=*कोली चबुतरा *कोळी चौथरा|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chabutara, Koli}} jwice6h41xv96uaqxjrp9vbh5g8m2dp 0 1166181 10331616 10192337 2025-06-15T08:54:09Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331616 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Radical Civic Union''' ({{lang|es|Unión Cívica Radical}}, '''UCR''') is a major [[political party]] in [[Argentina]].<ref name="Storani 1998 51">{{Citation |first=Federico |last=Storani |title=Legitimacy and Transition in Latin America: Social Forces and the New Agenda of Consensus |work=Argentina: The challenges of modernization |publisher=Scholarly Resources |year=1998 |page=51}}</ref> {{Infobox political party | name = Radical Civic Union | native_name = Unión Cívica Radical | colorcode = {{party color|Radical Civic Union}} | logo = Ucr modern logo.svg | logo_size = 150px | abbreviation = UCR | leader1_title = President | leader1_name = [[Martin Lousteau]] | leader2_title = Vice President | leader2_name = [[Olga Inés Brizuela y Doria]] | leader3_title = Chamber Leader | leader3_name = [[Rodrigo de Loredo]] | leader4_title = Senate Leader | leader4_name = [[Eduardo Vischi]] | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1891|6|26}} | split = [[Civic Union (Argentina)|Civic Union]] | headquarters = Adolfo Alsina 1786<br />[[Buenos Aires]] - [[Argentina]] | youth_wing = [[:es:Juventud Radical de Argentina|Juventud Radical]] (Suspended from [[International Union of Socialist Youth]])<ref name="pagina12.com.ar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-293985-2016-03-07.html|title=Parece que Cambiemos no es progresista|newspaper= [[Página/12]]|date=March 7, 2016}}</ref> | student_wing = [[Franja Morada]] | think_tank = [[Leandro N. Alem#Legacy|Alem Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucr.org.ar/novedades/139-relanzamos-la-fundacion-alem|title=Relanzamos la Fundación Alem|website=www.ucr.org.ar|date=16 November 2017|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210010537/http://www.ucr.org.ar/novedades/139-relanzamos-la-fundacion-alem|url-status=dead}}</ref> | membership_year = 2023 | membership = 1,816,169 (2nd)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.electoral.gob.ar/nuevo/paginas/datos/afiliacionesdatos_98_19.php | title=Cámara Nacional Electoral }}</ref> | ideology = [[Classical radicalism|Radicalism]]<br>[[Liberalism]]<br> '''Factions'''<br>[[Social liberalism]]<br>[[Conservative liberalism]]<br>[[Social democracy]]<br>[[Developmentalism|Industrialism]]<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=El desarrollismo durante la presidencia de Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962)|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=68531|publisher=Universidad de Oviedo|date=2007|degree=|language=es|first=Bernardo|last=Levy}}</ref> | posición = [[Centro político|Centro]] a [[Centroizquierda]]<br>'''Facciones'''<br>[[Centroderecha]] <br>[[Social liberalism]] | position = [[Centre politics|Centre]] | national = ''None''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Congreso: se partió Juntos por el Cambio y se unifican los bloques de Schiaretti y Pichetto |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/cordoba/congreso-se-partio-juntos-por-el-cambio-y-se-unifican-los-bloques-de-schiaretti-y-pichetto.phtml |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> | regional = [[COPPPAL]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copppal.org/paises-y-partidos-miembros-de-la-copppal/|title=Países y Partidos Miembros de la COPPPAL – Copppal|access-date=2020-07-03|archive-date=2020-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821165559/https://www.copppal.org/paises-y-partidos-miembros-de-la-copppal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | international = [[Socialist International]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.socialistinternational.org/about-us/members/|title=Full list of member parties and organisations}}</ref> | seats1_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|<br />Chamber of Deputies]] | seats1 = {{Composition bar|33|257|hex={{party color|Radical Civic Union}}}} | seats2_title = Seats in the [[Argentine Senate|<br />Senate]] | seats2 = {{Composition bar|13|72|hex={{party color|Radical Civic Union}}}} | seats3_title = [[List of current provincial governors in Argentina|Governors]] | seats3 = {{Composition bar|5|24|hex={{party color|Radical Civic Union}}}} | anthem = [[:es:Marcha Radical|Marcha Radical]] | colors = {{color box|{{party color|Radical Civic Union}}|border=silver}} Red {{color box|#FFFFFF|border=silver}} White | website = {{Official URL}} | flag = [[File:Flag of Radical Civic Union.svg|200px]] | country = Argentina | footnotes = }} Founded in 1891 by [[Leandro N. Alem]], it is the second oldest political party active in Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utdt.edu/ver_nota_prensa.php?id_nota_prensa=3259&id_item_menu=6|title=Ezequiel Gallo: "Hubo otra década del 70 en la que pudo cambiar la historia argentina"}}</ref> The party's main support has long come from the [[middle class]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30991427 |title=Acerca de la relacion entre el Radicalismo argentino y la "clase media" (una vez mas) |website=www.researchgate.net}}</ref><ref>http://anuarioiehs.unicen.edu.ar/Files/2020%201/11%20Anuario%20IEHS%2035(1)%202020.%20Gimenez.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613175000/https://anuarioiehs.unicen.edu.ar/Files/2020%201/11%20Anuario%20IEHS%2035%281%29%202020.%20Gimenez.pdf |date=2024-06-13 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> In many occasions, the UCR was in opposition to [[Peronism|Peronist governments]] and illegal during [[Military coups in Argentina|military rule]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Encyclopædia|first=Britannica|date=2006|title=Radical Civic Union|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9389399|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> Since 1995 it has been a member of the [[Socialist International]] (an international organisation of social democrat political parties).<ref name="lanacion.com.ar">{{Cite news |date=January 12, 1999 |title=Debuta De la Rúa en el consejo de la Internacional Socialista |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/debuta-de-la-rua-en-el-consejo-de-la-internacional-socialista-nid124329/ |newspaper=[[La Nación]]}}</ref> The party is not currently in any coalition since [[Juntos por el Cambio]]'s dissolution in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Elisa Carrió dio por fracturado a Juntos por el Cambio: “La Coalición Cívica retoma su plena autonomía” |url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2023/11/20/elisa-carrio-dio-por-roto-a-juntos-por-el-cambio-la-coalicion-civica-retoma-su-plena-autonomia/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Congreso: se partió Juntos por el Cambio y se unifican los bloques de Schiaretti y Pichetto |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/cordoba/congreso-se-partio-juntos-por-el-cambio-y-se-unifican-los-bloques-de-schiaretti-y-pichetto.phtml |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=Perfil |language=es}}</ref> == Leaders == The UCR is headed by a National Committee; its president is the ''de facto'' leader of the party. A national convention brings together representatives of the provincial parties and affiliated organisations such as [[Franja Morada]] and Radical Youth, and is itself represented on the National Committee. ;Presidents of the National Committee: *(1891-1896) [[Leandro N. Alem]] *(1896-1897) [[Bernardo de Irigoyen]] *(1897-1930) [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]] *(1930-1942) [[Marcelo T. de Alvear]] *(1942-1946) [[Gabriel A. Oddone]] *(1946-1948) [[Eduardo Laurencena]] *(1948-1949) [[Roberto J. Parry]] *(1949-1954) [[Santiago H. del Castillo]] *(1954-1957) [[Arturo Frondizi]] *(1971-1981) [[Ricardo Balbín]] *(1981-1983) [[Carlos Raúl Contín|Carlos Contín]] *(1983-1991) [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín|Raúl Alfonsín]] *(1991-1993) [[Mario Aníbal Losada|Mario Losada]] *(1993-1995) [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín|Raúl Alfonsín]] *(1995-1997) [[Rodolfo Terragno]] *(1997-1999) [[Fernando de la Rúa]] *(1999-2001) [[Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín|Raúl Alfonsín]] *(2001-2005) [[Ángel Rozas]] *(2005-2006) [[Roberto Iglesias]] *(2006-2009) [[Gerardo Morales (Argentine politician)|Gerardo Morales]] *(2009-2011) [[Ernesto Sanz]] *(2011) [[Ángel Rozas]] *(2011) [[Ernesto Sanz]] *(2011-2013) [[Mario Barletta]] *(2013-2015) [[Ernesto Sanz]] *(2015-2017) [[Jose Manuel Corral]] *(2017-2021) [[Alfredo Cornejo (politician)|Alfredo Cornejo]] *(2021-2023) [[Gerardo Morales (politician)|Gerardo Morales]] *(2023-present) [[Martín Lousteau]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1891 establishments in South America]] [[Category:1890s establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:Political parties in Argentina]] mzq062a0hwz1stvhtjhocd7vobjwm19 0 1167453 10330399 10092504 2025-06-14T17:21:41Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Karadia Koli''' (also spelled as '''Karadiya Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Koli_Culture.html?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Conditions_of_Economic_Progress_of_Farme/emsxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Conditions of Economic Progress of Farmers: An Analysis of Thirty-six Case Studies|last=Shah|first=C. H.|date=1960|publisher=Indian Society of Agricultural Economics|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Karadia Koli|local name=કરાડિયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=Karadiya Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} Karadia [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] of Gujarat ruled over [[Karadi, Gujarat|Karadi]] village in [[Jalalpore]] [[Tehsil|taluka]] of Navsari district during the time of Gujarat Sultanate and because of this, Karadia Kolis now called as Karadia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Division_and_Hierarchy/RY1uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat|last=Shah|first=A. M.|last2=Desai|first2=Ishwarlal Pragji|date=1988|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-008-6|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Diamonds_are_forever_so_are_Morals/qGNlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Diamonds are forever so are Morals: Autobiography of Govind Dholakia|last=Tiwari|first=Arun|last2=Yagnik|first2=Kamlesh|date=2022-01-24|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-89-5|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Karadia}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 0dzsocvuoismpg63r4aspkgkz4qsm4w 10330466 10330399 2025-06-14T17:34:44Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330466 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Karadia Koli''' (also spelled as '''Karadiya Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Koli_Culture.html?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Conditions_of_Economic_Progress_of_Farme/emsxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Conditions of Economic Progress of Farmers: An Analysis of Thirty-six Case Studies|last=Shah|first=C. H.|date=1960|publisher=Indian Society of Agricultural Economics|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Karadia Koli|local name=કરાડિયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=Karadiya Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} Karadia [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] of Gujarat ruled over [[Karadi, Gujarat|Karadi]] village in [[Jalalpore]] [[Tehsil|taluka]] of Navsari district during the time of Gujarat Sultanate and because of this, Karadia Kolis now called as Karadia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Division_and_Hierarchy/RY1uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat|last=Shah|first=A. M.|last2=Desai|first2=Ishwarlal Pragji|date=1988|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-008-6|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Diamonds_are_forever_so_are_Morals/qGNlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Diamonds are forever so are Morals: Autobiography of Govind Dholakia|last=Tiwari|first=Arun|last2=Yagnik|first2=Kamlesh|date=2022-01-24|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-91149-89-5|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Karadia}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 7ufog9w2qiz2wi5ul37azqn85rynz2c 0 1167473 10330384 10092513 2025-06-14T17:17:52Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Jaliya Koli''' (also spelled as '''Jalia Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Hindu_Castes_and_Tribes_of_Gujurat/FAXGpcEdbfUC?hl=en|title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat|last=Campbell|first=James M.|date=1988|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=244|language=en}}</ref> '''Jolia Koli''' and '''Joliya Koli''') is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_History_of_Gujarat/KURuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions|last=Commissariat|first=Manekshah Sorabshah|date=1980|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company, Limited|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=717|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Gujarat/-0pAAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=History of Gujarat|last=Rajyagor|first=S. B.|date=1982|publisher=S. Chand Publications|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=324|language=en}}</ref> Jalia [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] ruled over [[Dahewan]] village in [[Gujarat]] and last [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] ruler from Jalia [[Koli Patel|Kolis]] was Jalim Jalia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=Jalia+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9sb2rsbOLAxVORmcHHZ4OFDYQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=r34tAAAAMAAJ&q=Jalia+Kolis&dq=Jalia+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWuvODs7OLAxXHaPUHHTN_LksQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Jalia%20Kolis|title=French Records, Relating to the History of the Marathas: Correspondence of M. Anquetil de Briancourt French Consul at Surat, 1774-1780 and of M. De St. Lubin, French Envoy at the Maratha Court 1776-1780|last=Hatalkar|first=V. G.|date=1978|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=134|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jaliya Koli|local name=જાળીયા કોળી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Jaliya Koli *Jalia Koli *Joliya Koli *Jolia Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == See more == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli clans and titles]] *[[Koli clans of Gujarat]] *[[Koli dance]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jaliya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] medxn40xmnlnttejxp6658h5hx1jtaw 10330462 10330384 2025-06-14T17:34:36Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330462 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Jaliya Koli''' (also spelled as '''Jalia Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Hindu_Castes_and_Tribes_of_Gujurat/FAXGpcEdbfUC?hl=en|title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat|last=Campbell|first=James M.|date=1988|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=244|language=en}}</ref> '''Jolia Koli''' and '''Joliya Koli''') is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_History_of_Gujarat/KURuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions|last=Commissariat|first=Manekshah Sorabshah|date=1980|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company, Limited|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=717|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Gujarat/-0pAAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=History of Gujarat|last=Rajyagor|first=S. B.|date=1982|publisher=S. Chand Publications|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=324|language=en}}</ref> Jalia [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] ruled over [[Dahewan]] village in [[Gujarat]] and last [[Koli rebellion|Koli]] ruler from Jalia [[Koli Patel|Kolis]] was Jalim Jalia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=Jalia+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9sb2rsbOLAxVORmcHHZ4OFDYQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=r34tAAAAMAAJ&q=Jalia+Kolis&dq=Jalia+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWuvODs7OLAxXHaPUHHTN_LksQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Jalia%20Kolis|title=French Records, Relating to the History of the Marathas: Correspondence of M. Anquetil de Briancourt French Consul at Surat, 1774-1780 and of M. De St. Lubin, French Envoy at the Maratha Court 1776-1780|last=Hatalkar|first=V. G.|date=1978|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=134|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jaliya Koli|local name=જાળીયા કોળી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Jaliya Koli *Jalia Koli *Joliya Koli *Jolia Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == See more == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli clans and titles]] *[[Koli clans of Gujarat]] *[[Koli dance]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jaliya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 5ver3tsk0wmp1453xwxvg6edvdn2kvp 0 1167485 10331336 10113809 2025-06-15T02:24:31Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 merged to [[Gumal Pass]]; redirect there 10331336 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gumal Pass]] pqf9tdvabgw6jl97i0he9t6i11jnmjt 0 1167525 10330375 10092514 2025-06-14T17:13:55Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Chudasama Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Scheduled_Castes/XxBOAQAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Scheduled Castes|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1995|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-563742-7|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Chudasma Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1457&dq=Chudasma+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2p7q85LOLAxWuUGcHHdSvKoAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1457|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Swaminarayan_Hinduism/rs5JDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=These Koli clans are the Baria, Chavda, Chohan, Chudasama, Dabhi, Gohel, Jadav, Jethwa, Jhala, Kachela, Kamalia, Katasra, Khasia, Makvana, Mangukia, Mer, Parmar, Rathod, and Sarvaya.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Chudasama Koli|local name=ચુડાસમા કોળી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Chudasma Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Chudasama}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 40n4fiu8hjz8w72llvo36tfvlmf043z 10330454 10330375 2025-06-14T17:34:23Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330454 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Chudasama Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Scheduled_Castes/XxBOAQAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Scheduled Castes|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1995|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-563742-7|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Chudasma Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1457&dq=Chudasma+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2p7q85LOLAxWuUGcHHdSvKoAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1457|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] caste mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Swaminarayan_Hinduism/rs5JDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=These Koli clans are the Baria, Chavda, Chohan, Chudasama, Dabhi, Gohel, Jadav, Jethwa, Jhala, Kachela, Kamalia, Katasra, Khasia, Makvana, Mangukia, Mer, Parmar, Rathod, and Sarvaya.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Chudasama Koli|local name=ચુડાસમા કોળી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Chudasma Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Chudasama}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 3z51svxntbbcwex1wpuimxuem4zzh60 0 1167535 10330408 10063949 2025-06-14T17:23:54Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Meghani Koli''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: મેઘાણી, [[Hindi]]: मेघाणी) is a [[clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1983 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=98: Koli clans, Meghani, Mehr, Makwana, Morwada, Motana |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Meghani Koli|local name=मेघाणी कोली|type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of Koli caste of Gujarat|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Kachi Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English Language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]] *[[Patel]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Meghani}} [[Category:Koli clans]] a1q0gp87f7pnsgast5vlhdjtbnofl3z 10330476 10330408 2025-06-14T17:35:08Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330476 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Meghani Koli''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: મેઘાણી, [[Hindi]]: मेघाणी) is a [[clan]] of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1983 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=98: Koli clans, Meghani, Mehr, Makwana, Morwada, Motana |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Meghani Koli|local name=मेघाणी कोली|type=Clan ([[Gotra]]) of Koli caste of Gujarat|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] Kolis|demonym=[[Koli people|Koli]]|language=*[[Kachi Koli language|Koli]] *[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English Language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|surnames=*[[Thakor]] *[[Patel]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Meghani}} [[Category:Koli clans]] mo3pasfknjijrwjbdg0zr76gnh7ixm9 0 1167540 10330413 10063978 2025-06-14T17:24:48Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Mewasi Koli''', or '''Mevasi Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rashmi Dube |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK6_l2_TCfgC&q=Mevasi+Koli |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |last2=Dube |first2=Renu |last3=Dube |first3=Reena |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-8385-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=266 |language=en}}</ref> '''Mehwasi Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan |first=Shri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM9jDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mehwasi&pg=PT46 |title=Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47 |date=2005-04-07 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-307-1 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. The Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] who ruled over villages populated by turbulent Mehvasi Kolis often revolts against [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Atul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAMABAAAQBAJ&q=Mewasi+Koli |title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations |date=2014-07-14 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-5951-1 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=267 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox gotra|name=Mewasi Koli|local name=મેવાસી કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|image=File:A Coolie Chieftain.jpg|caption=A portrait of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Tribal Chief|chieftain]] by [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]] in 1813|ethnicity=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|location=[[Gujarat]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*Chunvalia Koli *Talpada Koli *Ghedia Koli|language=*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] * Koli languages: {{hlist|[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]|[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]]|[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]}} *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]}} In those days, Mewasi word was used to describe the unruly, turbulent and violent Kolis who were native to Mehvas taluka but during [[British Raj]], Mewasi Koli chieftains often rebellions against British rule as a hero.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India |page=200 |language=en}}</ref> Mewasi Kolis liked the independent rule of self so they always fought against their [[Raja|Rajas]], [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] and other rulers. Mewasi Kolis often plundered the villages to collect the revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ |title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562098-6 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=66 |language=en}}</ref> In the fifteenth century , the early [[Sultan]]s of [[Ahmedabad]] attempted to subjugate the Mehwasi Kolis; but they were met with such a sturdy resistance from those chiefs, who were naturally helped by the wild nature of their Koli chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3kuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Land Problem and Legislation |date=1954 |publisher=N. M. Tripathi |location=New Delhi, India |page=78 |language=en}}</ref> Firozkhan II ruled at [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] from 1707-1719, during which period he attacked and took [[Tharad]] which was ruled by Koli chieftain, subdued the Mewasi Kolis of Sur Bhakhri, Kidotar and [[Dabhel|Dabhela]] and extended his territory.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=The Palanpur Agency Directory |date=1919 |edition=2nd |location=[[Mumbai]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] |page=20 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rewa Kantha Agency|Rewakantha]] settlements were made during the regime of [[Sayaji Rao I Gaekwad|Sayajirao]]. these areas were constantly disturbed by the depredations of the Mehwasi Kolis, and the maintenance of law and order in these areas became a challenge for Baroda government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamerkar |first=Mani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmMfAAAAMAAJ |title=British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818-1848 |date=1980 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-940500-75-4 |location=New Delhi, India |page=33 |language=en}}</ref> == Clans == Prominent subclans of Mewasi clan of Kolis include: * [[Baria Kolis of Gujarat|Baria]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0A_AAAAIAAJ |title=Agrarian Reforms in Bombay: The Legal and Economic Consequences of the Abolition of Land Tenures |date=1950 |publisher=the Author|location=New Delhi, India |page=50 |language=en}}</ref> == Mewasi villages == The villages which were ruled or controlled by rebellious [[Koli caste|Koli]] chieftains and inhabited by turbulent Kolis were called '''''Mewasi''' Villages'' by [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zePZAAAAMAAJ |title=Exploring India's Rural Past: A Gujarat Village in the Early Nineteenth Century |date=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-565732-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |page=28 |language=en}}</ref> The Barmuvada, Chhapra, Khumarwad were most notable Mewasi Koli villages and their Koli chieftains were receiving ''Giras'' dues from Radhvanaj rulers.{{sfn|Shah|2002|p=39}} The [[British Raj|British]] government always faced the trouble in Mehwas (Pandu Mehvas) areas and used the troops to collect the annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gidwani |first=Vinay Krishin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7B5NAQAAMAAJ |title=Fluid Dynamics: An Essay on Canal Irrigation and the Processses of Agrarian Change in Matar Taluka (Gujarat). India |date=1996 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=165–167 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Mewasi}} [[Category:Koli clans]] f4u95f61krckp3rcong6u2jk21tnsc5 10330479 10330413 2025-06-14T17:35:13Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330479 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Mewasi Koli''', or '''Mevasi Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rashmi Dube |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK6_l2_TCfgC&q=Mevasi+Koli |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |last2=Dube |first2=Renu |last3=Dube |first3=Reena |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-8385-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=266 |language=en}}</ref> '''Mehwasi Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishan |first=Shri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM9jDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mehwasi&pg=PT46 |title=Political Mobilization and Identity in Western India, 1934-47 |date=2005-04-07 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-307-1 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. The Koli [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] who ruled over villages populated by turbulent Mehvasi Kolis often revolts against [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Atul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAMABAAAQBAJ&q=Mewasi+Koli |title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations |date=2014-07-14 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-5951-1 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=267 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox gotra|name=Mewasi Koli|local name=મેવાસી કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|image=File:A Coolie Chieftain.jpg|caption=A portrait of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Tribal Chief|chieftain]] by [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]] in 1813|ethnicity=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|location=[[Gujarat]]|varna=Warrior|parent_tribe=*Chunvalia Koli *Talpada Koli *Ghedia Koli|language=*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] * Koli languages: {{hlist|[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]|[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]]|[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]}} *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]}} In those days, Mewasi word was used to describe the unruly, turbulent and violent Kolis who were native to Mehvas taluka but during [[British Raj]], Mewasi Koli chieftains often rebellions against British rule as a hero.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |date=1995 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India |page=200 |language=en}}</ref> Mewasi Kolis liked the independent rule of self so they always fought against their [[Raja|Rajas]], [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] and other rulers. Mewasi Kolis often plundered the villages to collect the revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ |title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562098-6 |edition=2nd |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |page=66 |language=en}}</ref> In the fifteenth century , the early [[Sultan]]s of [[Ahmedabad]] attempted to subjugate the Mehwasi Kolis; but they were met with such a sturdy resistance from those chiefs, who were naturally helped by the wild nature of their Koli chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3kuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Land Problem and Legislation |date=1954 |publisher=N. M. Tripathi |location=New Delhi, India |page=78 |language=en}}</ref> Firozkhan II ruled at [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]] from 1707-1719, during which period he attacked and took [[Tharad]] which was ruled by Koli chieftain, subdued the Mewasi Kolis of Sur Bhakhri, Kidotar and [[Dabhel|Dabhela]] and extended his territory.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=The Palanpur Agency Directory |date=1919 |edition=2nd |location=[[Mumbai]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] |page=20 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Rewa Kantha Agency|Rewakantha]] settlements were made during the regime of [[Sayaji Rao I Gaekwad|Sayajirao]]. these areas were constantly disturbed by the depredations of the Mehwasi Kolis, and the maintenance of law and order in these areas became a challenge for Baroda government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamerkar |first=Mani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmMfAAAAMAAJ |title=British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818-1848 |date=1980 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-940500-75-4 |location=New Delhi, India |page=33 |language=en}}</ref> == Clans == Prominent subclans of Mewasi clan of Kolis include: * [[Baria Kolis of Gujarat|Baria]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Govindlal Dalsukhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0A_AAAAIAAJ |title=Agrarian Reforms in Bombay: The Legal and Economic Consequences of the Abolition of Land Tenures |date=1950 |publisher=the Author|location=New Delhi, India |page=50 |language=en}}</ref> == Mewasi villages == The villages which were ruled or controlled by rebellious [[Koli caste|Koli]] chieftains and inhabited by turbulent Kolis were called '''''Mewasi''' Villages'' by [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zePZAAAAMAAJ |title=Exploring India's Rural Past: A Gujarat Village in the Early Nineteenth Century |date=2002 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-565732-6 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |page=28 |language=en}}</ref> The Barmuvada, Chhapra, Khumarwad were most notable Mewasi Koli villages and their Koli chieftains were receiving ''Giras'' dues from Radhvanaj rulers.{{sfn|Shah|2002|p=39}} The [[British Raj|British]] government always faced the trouble in Mehwas (Pandu Mehvas) areas and used the troops to collect the annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gidwani |first=Vinay Krishin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7B5NAQAAMAAJ |title=Fluid Dynamics: An Essay on Canal Irrigation and the Processses of Agrarian Change in Matar Taluka (Gujarat). India |date=1996 |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |location=New Delhi, India |pages=165–167 |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Mewasi}} [[Category:Koli clans]] tqcukfylln9aee2znkrkc4dygx88rjy 0 1167597 10330388 10092515 2025-06-14T17:19:00Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Sorani Koli''' (also spelled as '''Saurani Koli''' and '''Sourani Koli''') is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-05-29|title=વરણી: અખિલ ભારતીય કોળી સમાજના ગુજરાત પ્રમુખ તરીકે રાજકોટના વિક્રમ સોરાણીની નિમણૂક|language=gu|work=Divya Bhaskar|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/rajkot/news/appointment-of-vikram-sorani-of-rajkot-as-gujarat-president-of-all-india-koli-samaj-129866512.html|access-date=2025-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=gujarati.abplive.com|date=2024-04-24|title=રાજકોટના રામપરામાં સી.આર પાટીલના હસ્તે ભાજપમાં જોડાશે|url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/rajkot/rajkot-akhil-bharatiya-koli-samaj-youth-national-president-vikram-sorani-will-join-bjp-889903|access-date=2025-02-08|website=gujarati.abplive.com|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deeply divided Gujarat's Koli community on sub caste & political lines|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=980570|access-date=2025-02-08|website=daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sorani Koli|local name=સોરણી કોળી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Saurani Koli *Sourani Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == See more == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli clans and titles]] *[[Koli clans of Gujarat]] *[[Koli dance]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jaliya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 6pg2pasj1vgt70nxeqf6liqakzjhgpv 10330491 10330388 2025-06-14T17:35:31Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330491 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sorani Koli''' (also spelled as '''Saurani Koli''' and '''Sourani Koli''') is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-05-29|title=વરણી: અખિલ ભારતીય કોળી સમાજના ગુજરાત પ્રમુખ તરીકે રાજકોટના વિક્રમ સોરાણીની નિમણૂક|language=gu|work=Divya Bhaskar|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/rajkot/news/appointment-of-vikram-sorani-of-rajkot-as-gujarat-president-of-all-india-koli-samaj-129866512.html|access-date=2025-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=gujarati.abplive.com|date=2024-04-24|title=રાજકોટના રામપરામાં સી.આર પાટીલના હસ્તે ભાજપમાં જોડાશે|url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/rajkot/rajkot-akhil-bharatiya-koli-samaj-youth-national-president-vikram-sorani-will-join-bjp-889903|access-date=2025-02-08|website=gujarati.abplive.com|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deeply divided Gujarat's Koli community on sub caste & political lines|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=980570|access-date=2025-02-08|website=daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sorani Koli|local name=સોરણી કોળી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Saurani Koli *Sourani Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == See more == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli clans and titles]] *[[Koli clans of Gujarat]] *[[Koli dance]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jaliya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] fkdads3phq8ld2yvjhxg67pu25iww27 0 1167606 10330385 10092516 2025-06-14T17:18:20Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Kovind Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qN_LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39&dq=kovind+koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj90Ke7srSLAxWgavUHHRp8G80Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Dalits in the New Millennium|last=Pai|first=Sudha|last2=Babu|first2=D. Shyam|last3=Verma|first3=Rahul|date=2023-11-16|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-009-23120-6|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=39|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=n9tdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179&dq=kovind+koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO87vusrSLAxUbha8BHWgPHzg4ChDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Asian Cultural Traditions: Second Edition|last=Heinz|first=Carolyn Brown|last2=Murray|first2=Jeremy A.|date=2018-05-30|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1-4786-3764-6|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=179|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DeshGujarat|date=2022-05-15|title=President Kovind addresses Akhil Bhartiya Koli Samaj gathering through video|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2022/05/15/president-kovind-addresses-akhil-bhartiya-koli-samaj-gathering-through-video/|access-date=2025-02-08|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Huizhong|date=2017-07-20|title=Man from India’s lowest caste elected president|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/20/asia/kovind-india-dalit-president/index.html|access-date=2025-02-08|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Kovind Koli|local name=कोविंद कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Uttar Pradesh]] *[[Madhya Pradesh]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Up & Mp|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Braj]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == See more == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli clans and titles]] *[[Koli clans of Gujarat]] *[[Koli dance]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jaliya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] agx66vn8d03ympr96s7w8oetrpcihuv 10330474 10330385 2025-06-14T17:35:04Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330474 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kovind Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qN_LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39&dq=kovind+koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj90Ke7srSLAxWgavUHHRp8G80Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Dalits in the New Millennium|last=Pai|first=Sudha|last2=Babu|first2=D. Shyam|last3=Verma|first3=Rahul|date=2023-11-16|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-009-23120-6|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=39|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=n9tdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179&dq=kovind+koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO87vusrSLAxUbha8BHWgPHzg4ChDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Asian Cultural Traditions: Second Edition|last=Heinz|first=Carolyn Brown|last2=Murray|first2=Jeremy A.|date=2018-05-30|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=978-1-4786-3764-6|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=179|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DeshGujarat|date=2022-05-15|title=President Kovind addresses Akhil Bhartiya Koli Samaj gathering through video|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2022/05/15/president-kovind-addresses-akhil-bhartiya-koli-samaj-gathering-through-video/|access-date=2025-02-08|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Huizhong|date=2017-07-20|title=Man from India’s lowest caste elected president|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/20/asia/kovind-india-dalit-president/index.html|access-date=2025-02-08|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Kovind Koli|local name=कोविंद कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Uttar Pradesh]] *[[Madhya Pradesh]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Up & Mp|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Braj]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == See more == *[[Koli rebellion]] *[[Koli clans and titles]] *[[Koli clans of Gujarat]] *[[Koli dance]] *[[Koli caste#Koli pirates|Koli pirates]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jaliya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] isangqxm22hg876ah2il9uqe0xsi6i8 0 1167734 10330364 10103696 2025-06-14T17:11:13Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bhagivant Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[ India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Bhagiwant Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhagivant Koli|local name=भागीवंत कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Bhagivant clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Bhagivant Kolis are divided into fourteen subclans and meaning of Bhagivant is fortunate (Bhagyasali).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/SBBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar District|date=2003|publisher=Printed at the Government Photozinco Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bhagivant}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 969v20lsezlz7tzfjrx9i7w46on1m7w 10330446 10330364 2025-06-14T17:34:10Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330446 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bhagivant Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[ India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Bhagiwant Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhagivant Koli|local name=भागीवंत कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Bhagivant clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Bhagivant Kolis are divided into fourteen subclans and meaning of Bhagivant is fortunate (Bhagyasali).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/SBBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar District|date=2003|publisher=Printed at the Government Photozinco Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bhagivant}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 11i2anguovg1q77zwhu8p5xn1qvy8nj 0 1167744 10330430 10103684 2025-06-14T17:31:57Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Vanakpal Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092:|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Wanakpal Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1457&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1457|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhagivant Koli|local name=वणकपल कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Wanakpal clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Vanakpal Kolis are divided into seventeen subclans and meaning of Vanakpal is protecter. Vanakpal Kolis held the good positions of [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Sardar|Sardar]], [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Mansabdar|Mansabdar]] and [[Koli clans and titles|Sarnaik]] during the reign of [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]] [[Sultan|Sultanate]] and [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahamani Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Maharashtra_State_Gazetteers_Yeotmal/gGZDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Yeotmal|last=Maharashtra (India)|date=1960|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=248 - 249|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Vanakpal}} [[Category:Koli clans]] krtqasqc0stzodn6szzkexmxi7fcp3k 10330495 10330430 2025-06-14T17:35:37Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330495 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Vanakpal Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092:|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Wanakpal Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1457&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1457|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhagivant Koli|local name=वणकपल कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Wanakpal clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Vanakpal Kolis are divided into seventeen subclans and meaning of Vanakpal is protecter. Vanakpal Kolis held the good positions of [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Sardar|Sardar]], [[Koli clans and titles#Koli Mansabdar|Mansabdar]] and [[Koli clans and titles|Sarnaik]] during the reign of [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]] [[Sultan|Sultanate]] and [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahamani Sultanate]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Maharashtra_State_Gazetteers_Yeotmal/gGZDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Yeotmal|last=Maharashtra (India)|date=1960|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=248 - 249|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Vanakpal}} [[Category:Koli clans]] rda9jmyemfe4wbo0tmmhqn3an02f2of 0 1167771 10330382 10103691 2025-06-14T17:17:27Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Jagtap Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Jagtap+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1u6PF2LWLAxUXzzgGHWudFCg4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Jugtap Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Bhonsle+Koli&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=334 - 335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Jagtap+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJvLG-17WLAxUmxTgGHZSjMGgQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1458|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jagtap Koli|local name=जगताप कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Jagtap clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jagtap}} [[Category:Koli clans]] psrhfqi5hc9ot62vnuioguwabxwb1sl 10330460 10330382 2025-06-14T17:34:34Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330460 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Jagtap Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Jagtap+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj1u6PF2LWLAxUXzzgGHWudFCg4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Jugtap Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Bhonsle+Koli&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=334 - 335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Jagtap+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJvLG-17WLAxUmxTgGHZSjMGgQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1458|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jagtap Koli|local name=जगताप कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Jagtap clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jagtap}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 88qgqdieiya5i4gjmg21at0uqgu83pi 0 1167778 10330394 10100016 2025-06-14T17:20:16Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} {{Infobox tribe|name=Kadam Koli|local name=कदम कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Kadam clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The '''Kadam Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWv7Cs27WLAxXtTmwGHcPRAd44ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Kadamb Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ah3-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilx9u23LWLAxVJTGwGHRyFEoQ4MhDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Colonial Anthropology: Technologies and Discourses of Dominance, 1886–1936|last=Channa|first=Subhadra Mitra|last2=Lobo|first2=Lancy|date=2024-06-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-040-03399-9|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98 - 99 - 104|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiswMns27WLAxUHcGwGHfVNIz44FBDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo59aEnrWLAxXnTmwGHd2KKCQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kadam}} [[Category:Koli clans]] th3ds1rp0xhtmdpq2mh7dken3o4dfy9 10330464 10330394 2025-06-14T17:34:41Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe|name=Kadam Koli|local name=कदम कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Kadam clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The '''Kadam Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWv7Cs27WLAxXtTmwGHcPRAd44ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Kadamb Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ah3-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilx9u23LWLAxVJTGwGHRyFEoQ4MhDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Colonial Anthropology: Technologies and Discourses of Dominance, 1886–1936|last=Channa|first=Subhadra Mitra|last2=Lobo|first2=Lancy|date=2024-06-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-040-03399-9|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98 - 99 - 104|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiswMns27WLAxUHcGwGHfVNIz44FBDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo59aEnrWLAxXnTmwGHd2KKCQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kadam}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 4c78vcq4hvhozfpw6p808s6pyqwyd21 0 1167785 10330379 10103698 2025-06-14T17:15:48Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Gaikwad Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWv7Cs27WLAxXtTmwGHcPRAd44ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Gayakwad Koli''' and '''Gaekwad Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA75&dq=Gaikwad+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwjNm337WLAxXyUGwGHYNyDL8Q6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-298-3|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiswMns27WLAxUHcGwGHfVNIz44FBDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo59aEnrWLAxXnTmwGHd2KKCQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Gaikwad Koli|local name=गायकवाड कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Gaikwa clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Gaikwad}} [[Category:Koli clans]] hs0tq5mh8tpxktb7ufb61f0q39uorlt 10330457 10330379 2025-06-14T17:34:29Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330457 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Gaikwad Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWv7Cs27WLAxXtTmwGHcPRAd44ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Gayakwad Koli''' and '''Gaekwad Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA75&dq=Gaikwad+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwjNm337WLAxXyUGwGHYNyDL8Q6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-298-3|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiswMns27WLAxUHcGwGHfVNIz44FBDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo59aEnrWLAxXnTmwGHd2KKCQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Gaikwad Koli|local name=गायकवाड कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Gaikwa clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Gaikwad}} [[Category:Koli clans]] nt9xx8jobxipetjrceq71bznueixtsy 0 1167791 10330331 10103687 2025-06-14T17:02:37Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Pawar Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA75&dq=Pawar+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgpefG4rWLAxUERmwGHbBACI0Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-298-3|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Powar Koli''' and '''Pavar Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Pavar+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikjaLm4rWLAxUEV2wGHc95E8EQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=260|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiswMns27WLAxUHcGwGHfVNIz44FBDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo59aEnrWLAxXnTmwGHd2KKCQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Pawar Koli|local name=पवार कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Pavar clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Pawar}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 6sslndbya17xv00jsneiwnioxxmqotx 10330483 10330331 2025-06-14T17:35:18Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330483 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Pawar Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA75&dq=Pawar+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgpefG4rWLAxUERmwGHbBACI0Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-298-3|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Powar Koli''' and '''Pavar Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Pavar+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikjaLm4rWLAxUEV2wGHc95E8EQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=260|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Kadam+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiswMns27WLAxUHcGwGHfVNIz44FBDoAXoECAkQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjo59aEnrWLAxXnTmwGHd2KKCQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Pawar Koli|local name=पवार कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Pavar clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Pawar}} [[Category:Koli clans]] mf7p5s09ia57l0e9s8yrxvjpb7l9lc0 0 1167802 10330414 10103688 2025-06-14T17:25:16Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Namdev Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[ India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Namdeo Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Namdev Koli|local name=नामदेव कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Namdev clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Namdev Kolis are divided into fifteen subclans and name drived from saint Namdev.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/SBBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar District|date=2003|publisher=Printed at the Government Photozinco Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Namdev}} [[Category:Koli clans]] d1e39ai1fmlrg07ma8cwvzy4y5u1wn8 10330480 10330414 2025-06-14T17:35:15Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330480 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Namdev Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[ India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Namdeo Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Namdev Koli|local name=नामदेव कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Namdev clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Namdev Kolis are divided into fifteen subclans and name drived from saint Namdev.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/SBBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar District|date=2003|publisher=Printed at the Government Photozinco Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Namdev}} [[Category:Koli clans]] c14cg6d40rpqu0ryn8qgus5dllookf0 0 1167813 10330381 10181537 2025-06-14T17:16:52Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Jadav Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Jadav+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK2NfEgbaLAxUnSGcHHY1YKMcQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1458|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Jadhav Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA75&dq=Jadhav+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_k_rahLaLAxUuyDgGHQaxCzAQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-298-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=75|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1098&dq=Jadhav+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_k_rahLaLAxUuyDgGHQaxCzAQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1098|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]], '''''Kutumb''''') of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly lives in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territories]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] and the nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/kOU9AAAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98 - 100 - 101|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jadav Koli|local name=जादव कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Daman and Diu]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Gujarat]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Jadhav Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} Some of the Jadav [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] of Gujarat often use the [[Darbar (Koli title)|Darbar]] and [[Thakor]] as their [[Heredity|hereditary]] titles<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Swaminarayan_Hinduism/rs5JDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> and some of the Jadav [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] use [[Koli Patel|Patel]] title.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Relational_Poverty_Politics/L8ZUDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Relational Poverty Politics: Forms, Struggles, and Possibilities|last=Lawson|first=Victoria A.|last2=Elwood|first2=Sarah|date=2018|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-5314-2|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jadav}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 7h7zs0ogx4s0zqu13dhojpd5htyyj13 10330459 10330381 2025-06-14T17:34:32Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330459 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Jadav Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Jadav+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK2NfEgbaLAxUnSGcHHY1YKMcQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1458|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Jadhav Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA75&dq=Jadhav+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_k_rahLaLAxUuyDgGHQaxCzAQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes|last=Prasad|first=R. R.|date=1996|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-298-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=75|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1098&dq=Jadhav+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_k_rahLaLAxUuyDgGHQaxCzAQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1098|language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]], '''''Kutumb''''') of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly lives in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territories]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Daman and Diu]] and the nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/kOU9AAAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=98 - 100 - 101|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jadav Koli|local name=जादव कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Daman and Diu]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Gujarat]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Jadhav Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} Some of the Jadav [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] of Gujarat often use the [[Darbar (Koli title)|Darbar]] and [[Thakor]] as their [[Heredity|hereditary]] titles<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Swaminarayan_Hinduism/rs5JDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> and some of the Jadav [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] use [[Koli Patel|Patel]] title.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Relational_Poverty_Politics/L8ZUDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Relational Poverty Politics: Forms, Struggles, and Possibilities|last=Lawson|first=Victoria A.|last2=Elwood|first2=Sarah|date=2018|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-5314-2|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jadav}} [[Category:Koli clans]] e3aovp9lvisy1schhx0d361uml3calx 0 1167819 10330378 10100008 2025-06-14T17:15:20Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Dalvi Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA169 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na (2 pts.) |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1882 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=169: According to Mackintosh, the Koli tribe is divided into twenty-four clans, or kuls, from each of which many offshoots numbering two hundred and eight in all have sprung. The main clans are the Vanakpál with seventeen sub-divisions, the Kadam with sixteen, the Pavár with thirteen, the Keddar with fifteen, the Budivant with seventeen, the Námdev with fifteen, the Khirsagar with fifteen, the Bhágivant with fourteen, the Bhonsle with sixteen, the Polevas with twelve, the Utaracha with thirteen, the '''Dalvi''' with fourteen, the Ganli with two, the Aghási with three, the Chavhán with two, the Dojai with twelve, the Sagar with twelve, the Shaikacha Shesha, apparently the followers of some Musalmán saint, with twelve, the Ingtab with thirteen, the Gaikwár with twelve, the Suryavanshi with sixteen, the Kharád with eleven, the Sirkhi with two, and the Siv with nine |language=en}}</ref> ({{lang-mr|दळवी}}) is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA1098 |title=Maharashtra |last2=Bhanu |first2=B. V. |last3=India |first3=Anthropological Survey of |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7991-101-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=1098: The Koli tribe has a number of exogamous kuls (clans). The follow ing are some of the important kul names: Barad, Babar, Bodle, Balshi, Bhoye, Basvant, Bhoir, Bhomte, Bhavar, Chakar, Dalvi, Dumade, Dongarkar, Dhangade, Dhapasti, Ghatal, Gadag, Golim, Gavadi, Gahade, Hadal, Harke, Jadhav, Jimbal, Kharpade, Karmode. Kathe, Katar, Kamadi, Khatali, Kirkire, Lade, Lilke, Mali, Mor. Morghe, Matera, Madake, Narale, Patara, Ravate, Shironde, Savare, Shelkar, Sumda, Sagane, Surum, Sambre, Talhe, Tandel, Tambade |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA335 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=334–335: The Mahadev Kolis have twenty-four exogamous clans, Aghásee, Bhágivant, Bhonsle, Budivant, Chaván, Dagai, Dalvi, Gaikwad, Gowli, Jagtáp, Kadam, Kedár, Kharad, Khir Sagar, Namdev, Pavar, Polevas, Shiv, Sirkhi, Suryavanshi, Utercha, Ságar, Shaikhacha, Shesh, Vanak Pál |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |title=People of India: India's communities |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=1777: The Koli are divided into two endogamous occupational divisions, namely Dhor Koli and Tokra Koli. The Dhor Koli consists of five clans (kur) namely More, Pardhi, Pipalka, Korda and Tople. The Tokre Koli have three totemic clans, namely Mukana, Dalvi and Shinwaj |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox gotra |name=Dalvi Koli |local name=दळवी कोळी |type=Clan of Koli caste |ethnicity=[[Koli people]] |location=[[Maharashtra]] |parent_tribe= {{blist|Mahadev Koli|Tokre Koli (Dhor Koli)|Malhar Koli|Son Koli}} |demonym= Koli |language={{blist|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|{{hlist|Koli languages: |[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]] |[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] |[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]}}|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]}} |religion=[[Hinduism]] |surnames=[[Patil (title)|Patil]]}} == Estates == The '''Palval''' was a small [[principality]] ruled by Jaswantarao Dalvi under the [[Deccan sultanates|Sultanates of Deccan]] (1662).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karandikar|first=Shivaram Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qI9AAAAMAAJ|title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Power|date=1969|publisher=Sitabai Shivram Karandikar}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ILsMAAAAIAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA389 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 18, Part 1] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Dalvi}} [[Category:Koli clans]] bokiz9u4sc9noazgszv1f2fvbs2nn3k 10330456 10330378 2025-06-14T17:34:27Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330456 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Dalvi Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L4IAAAAQAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA169 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na (2 pts.) |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1882 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=169: According to Mackintosh, the Koli tribe is divided into twenty-four clans, or kuls, from each of which many offshoots numbering two hundred and eight in all have sprung. The main clans are the Vanakpál with seventeen sub-divisions, the Kadam with sixteen, the Pavár with thirteen, the Keddar with fifteen, the Budivant with seventeen, the Námdev with fifteen, the Khirsagar with fifteen, the Bhágivant with fourteen, the Bhonsle with sixteen, the Polevas with twelve, the Utaracha with thirteen, the '''Dalvi''' with fourteen, the Ganli with two, the Aghási with three, the Chavhán with two, the Dojai with twelve, the Sagar with twelve, the Shaikacha Shesha, apparently the followers of some Musalmán saint, with twelve, the Ingtab with thirteen, the Gaikwár with twelve, the Suryavanshi with sixteen, the Kharád with eleven, the Sirkhi with two, and the Siv with nine |language=en}}</ref> ({{lang-mr|दळवी}}) is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA1098 |title=Maharashtra |last2=Bhanu |first2=B. V. |last3=India |first3=Anthropological Survey of |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7991-101-3 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]] |pages=1098: The Koli tribe has a number of exogamous kuls (clans). The follow ing are some of the important kul names: Barad, Babar, Bodle, Balshi, Bhoye, Basvant, Bhoir, Bhomte, Bhavar, Chakar, Dalvi, Dumade, Dongarkar, Dhangade, Dhapasti, Ghatal, Gadag, Golim, Gavadi, Gahade, Hadal, Harke, Jadhav, Jimbal, Kharpade, Karmode. Kathe, Katar, Kamadi, Khatali, Kirkire, Lade, Lilke, Mali, Mor. Morghe, Matera, Madake, Narale, Patara, Ravate, Shironde, Savare, Shelkar, Sumda, Sagane, Surum, Sambre, Talhe, Tandel, Tambade |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA335 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=334–335: The Mahadev Kolis have twenty-four exogamous clans, Aghásee, Bhágivant, Bhonsle, Budivant, Chaván, Dagai, Dalvi, Gaikwad, Gowli, Jagtáp, Kadam, Kedár, Kharad, Khir Sagar, Namdev, Pavar, Polevas, Shiv, Sirkhi, Suryavanshi, Utercha, Ságar, Shaikhacha, Shesh, Vanak Pál |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |title=People of India: India's communities |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=1777: The Koli are divided into two endogamous occupational divisions, namely Dhor Koli and Tokra Koli. The Dhor Koli consists of five clans (kur) namely More, Pardhi, Pipalka, Korda and Tople. The Tokre Koli have three totemic clans, namely Mukana, Dalvi and Shinwaj |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox gotra |name=Dalvi Koli |local name=दळवी कोळी |type=Clan of Koli caste |ethnicity=[[Koli people]] |location=[[Maharashtra]] |parent_tribe= {{blist|Mahadev Koli|Tokre Koli (Dhor Koli)|Malhar Koli|Son Koli}} |demonym= Koli |language={{blist|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|{{hlist|Koli languages: |[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]] |[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] |[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]}}|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]}} |religion=[[Hinduism]] |surnames=[[Patil (title)|Patil]]}} == Estates == The '''Palval''' was a small [[principality]] ruled by Jaswantarao Dalvi under the [[Deccan sultanates|Sultanates of Deccan]] (1662).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karandikar|first=Shivaram Laxman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qI9AAAAMAAJ|title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Power|date=1969|publisher=Sitabai Shivram Karandikar}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=ILsMAAAAIAAJ&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA389 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 18, Part 1] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Dalvi}} [[Category:Koli clans]] bsukl4zpxunaxw8ssrgcy299nutppqn 0 1167822 10330365 10103697 2025-06-14T17:11:45Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bhonsale Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[ India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Bhonsle Koli''', '''Bhosle Koli''', '''Bhosale Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhonsale Koli|local name=भोंसले कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Bhonsale clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Bhonsale Kolis are divided into sixteen subclans and are landlords.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/SBBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar District|date=2003|publisher=Printed at the Government Photozinco Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bhonsale}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 3pjbc0jvzsg1pny3gv4que487s4imcn 10330449 10330365 2025-06-14T17:34:14Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330449 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bhonsale Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[ India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Bhonsle Koli''', '''Bhosle Koli''', '''Bhosale Koli''') is a [[Clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]] and [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhonsale Koli|local name=भोंसले कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=Bhonsale clan of Koli caste with twenty three other Koli clans|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Mahadev Kolis|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} The Bhonsale Kolis are divided into sixteen subclans and are landlords.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Gazetteer_of_Bombay_Presidency_Ahmad/SBBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency: Ahmadnagar District|date=2003|publisher=Printed at the Government Photozinco Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=197|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U2lehroNx1oC&pg=PA309&dq=Bhaghiwant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBg6-NqbWLAxUj4TgGHeJNBDAQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Mahadev Koli clans of Maharashtra] {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bhonsale}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 0r2iahr3ybud792azyy1hccq51fjmke 0 1167930 10330402 10092534 2025-06-14T17:22:12Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Kashyap Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Kashyap+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt-aiaxbeLAxUcUGcHHbwxKkIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1458|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Koli clans of Gujarat|Gotra]], Kutumb) of the the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the Indian [[Union territory|Union Territories]] of the [[Chandigarh]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Glossary_of_the_Tribes_and_Castes_of_the/1QmrSwFYe60C?hl=en|title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province|last=Ibbetson|first=Sir Denzil|last2=Maclagan|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0505-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=554: Some '''Kolis''' of Shandil and '''Kashyap''' gotras found in Shimla these hills of Himachal Pradesh.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/First_We_are_People/8vItAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=First We are People--: The Koris of Kanpur Between Caste and Class|last=Molund|first=Stefan|date=1988|publisher=Department of Social Anthropology, [[University of Stockholm]]|isbn=978-91-7146-701-0|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=233|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0IM3l0v0Z6YC&pg=PA391&dq=Kashyap+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiDtsDFx7eLAxVqTmwGHX_cMJk4HhDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set)|last=Das|first=K. C.|date=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-238-2|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=391|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Kashyap Koli|local name=कश्यप कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Madhya Pradesh]] *[[Uttar Pradesh]] *[[Himachal Pradesh]] *[[Rajasthan]] *[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] *[[Haryana]] *[[Chandigarh]] *[[Delhi]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Himachali]] *[[Punjabi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[Braj]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == Notable == *[[Virendra Kashyap]], two term [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP) from [[Shimla]] [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=divyahimachal|title=शिमला पहुंचे कोली समाज के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष वीरेंद्र कश्यप, संगठन को लेकर कही यह बात|url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2024/11/national-president-of-koli-samaj-virendra-kashyap-reached-shimla-said-this-about-the-organization/|access-date=2025-02-09|website=Divya Himachal|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Solan leaders once dominated Congress bastion Shimla LS segment|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/solan-leaders-once-dominated-congress-bastion-shimla-ls-segment-602748/|access-date=2025-02-09|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kashyap}} [[Category:Koli clans]] q7lskz66ogwtcbdyn54n6ckxsuwn6a0 10330467 10330402 2025-06-14T17:34:46Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330467 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kashyap Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1458&dq=Kashyap+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt-aiaxbeLAxUcUGcHHbwxKkIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=1458|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Koli clans of Gujarat|Gotra]], Kutumb) of the the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the Indian [[Union territory|Union Territories]] of the [[Chandigarh]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Glossary_of_the_Tribes_and_Castes_of_the/1QmrSwFYe60C?hl=en|title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province|last=Ibbetson|first=Sir Denzil|last2=Maclagan|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0505-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=554: Some '''Kolis''' of Shandil and '''Kashyap''' gotras found in Shimla these hills of Himachal Pradesh.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/First_We_are_People/8vItAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=First We are People--: The Koris of Kanpur Between Caste and Class|last=Molund|first=Stefan|date=1988|publisher=Department of Social Anthropology, [[University of Stockholm]]|isbn=978-91-7146-701-0|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=233|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0IM3l0v0Z6YC&pg=PA391&dq=Kashyap+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiDtsDFx7eLAxVqTmwGHX_cMJk4HhDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set)|last=Das|first=K. C.|date=2007|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-238-2|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=391|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Kashyap Koli|local name=कश्यप कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Madhya Pradesh]] *[[Uttar Pradesh]] *[[Himachal Pradesh]] *[[Rajasthan]] *[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] *[[Haryana]] *[[Chandigarh]] *[[Delhi]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Himachali]] *[[Punjabi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[Braj]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == Notable == *[[Virendra Kashyap]], two term [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] (MP) from [[Shimla]] [[Lok Sabha]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=divyahimachal|title=शिमला पहुंचे कोली समाज के राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष वीरेंद्र कश्यप, संगठन को लेकर कही यह बात|url=https://www.divyahimachal.com/2024/11/national-president-of-koli-samaj-virendra-kashyap-reached-shimla-said-this-about-the-organization/|access-date=2025-02-09|website=Divya Himachal|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Solan leaders once dominated Congress bastion Shimla LS segment|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/solan-leaders-once-dominated-congress-bastion-shimla-ls-segment-602748/|access-date=2025-02-09|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kashyap}} [[Category:Koli clans]] tmn06ggkqp1f8zwpmgskwc2ev16hjny 0 1168130 10330368 10320771 2025-06-14T17:11:57Z Steven1991 1522289 Source reordering 10330368 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1922, the [[Bolshevik|Bolsheviks]] won the [[Russian Civil War]] and set up the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR). The USSR succeeded the Russian Empire, which had a [[Century|centuries]]-old [[Modern history|history]] of [[antisemitism]],<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Government policies and the tradition of Russian antisemitism, 1772–1917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |last=Löwe |first=Heinz‐Dietrich |volume=27 |issue=1: Antisemitisim in Europe: I |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |year=1993 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=History Compass |title=Russia and the Origins of Twentieth-century Antisemitism |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1478-0542.056 |last=Johnson |first=Sam |doi=10.1111/1478-0542.056 |date=September 3, 2009 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |title=German Antisemitism and Russian Judeophobia in the 1880's: Brothers and Strangers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41052622 |last=Klier |first=John D. |pages=524–540 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag }} * {{cite book |title=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |chapter=The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://brill.com/display/title/27849#page=61 |last1=Nikžentaitis |first1=Alvydas |last2=Schreiner |first2=Stefan |last3=Staliūnas |first3=Darius |volume=1 |year=2004 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: Antisemitism in Russia |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_007.xml |last1=Rock |first1=Stella |last2=Verkhovsky |first2=Alexander |pages=197–229 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_007 |year=2011 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> including repeated [[Pogrom|pogroms]].<ref name="A"> * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Pogrom {{!}} Meaning, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Pogroms {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe |title=Pogroms |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/violence-war/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=My Jewish Learning |title=What Were Pogroms? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-were-pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="B"> * {{cite book |chapter=The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe |title=Racist Violence in Europe |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |last=Klier |first=John D. |year=1993 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |isbn=978-0-333-60102-0 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&dq=info:yrqubkxpMdIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last1=Dekel-Chen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gaunt |first2=David |last3=Meir |first3=Natan M |last4=Bartal |first4=Israel |year=2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press | isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Riots and pogroms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&dq=info:maRftHyNgfwJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR7 |last=Brass |first=Paul R |publisher=Springer |year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-24867-4 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxa_DwAAQBAJ&dq=info:enqOWBnHzrgJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last=Bemporad |first=Elissa |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |year=2019 |location=[[United States of America|USA]] | isbn=978-0-19-046645-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Explorations in Economic History |title=Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493 |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O. |last2=Mukand |first2=Sharun |last3=Yotzov |first3=Ivan |volume=86 |issue=101471 |date=August 10, 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }}</ref> However, antisemitism persisted in the USSR, fluctuating throughout the [[Cold War]].<ref name="C"> * {{cite book |last=Beckerman |first=Gal |title=When They Come For Us, We'll All Be Gone |year=2010 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=[[Boston]] |page=103 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Putin is trying to erase Stalin’s Jewish victims |url=https://www.thejc.com/opinion/putin-is-trying-to-erase-stalins-jewish-victims-i1h44l66 |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> The persecution of Jews in the USSR lasted until the union ceased to exist on December 26, 1991.<ref name="C" /> ==Under Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)== Between 1922 and 1953, [[Joseph Stalin]] (1878–1953) was the leader<ref>General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU): April 3, 1922 – October 16, 1952<br />Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union: May 6, 1941 – March 5, 1953</ref> of the USSR.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brackman |first=Roman |title=The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life |url=https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0 }}</ref> Despite playing a significant role in [[World War II#War ends in Europe|defeating]] [[Nazi Germany]] and ending [[the Holocaust]]{{efn|Introduction to the Holocaust: * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/what-was-the-holocaust.html |title=What was the Holocaust? |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust |title=Introduction to the Holocaust |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany) |title=Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule. |url=https://www.bpb.de/fsd/centropa/ermordete_juden_nach_land.php |date=April 29, 2018 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]].<br />[...]<br />The Polish government’s resolve to control the past culminated with [...] the [[Polish Memory Law|Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]] [...] penalizes those who ‘slander the good name of the Polish nation’ and who ‘blame the Polish society for crimes committed by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]].’ }} {{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} that caused over 6,000,000 Jewish deaths (67% of pre-war European Jews),<ref> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web |title=36 Questions About the Holocaust |url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]] }}</ref> Stalin launched state campaigns to [[Persecution|persecute]] Soviet Jews.<ref name="D"> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494] }} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="E"> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours. }} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Soviet Jews of professional backgrounds, especially [[Writer|writers]], were accused of having [[Bourgeoisie|"bourgeois]] [[Western world|Western]] [[Influence|influences"]] from 1946 onwards.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |year=2002 |last1=Azadovskii |first1=K. |last2=Egorov |first2=B. |title=From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1162/152039702753344834 |s2cid=57565840 }} * {{cite web |website=Publishers Weekly |title=STALIN'S LAST CRIME: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948–1953 by Jonathan Brent |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060195243 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Modern Diplomacy |title=State anti-semitism: Doctors' plot as an abandoned holocaust amid the Stalin's Russia |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/01/19/state-anti-semitism-doctors-plot-as-an-abandoned-holocaust-amid-the-stalin-s-russia |date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=New Soviet Twists on Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism (Published 1970) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/16/archives/near-soviet-twists-on-antizionism-and-antisemitism.html |year=1970 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Why Couldn't Soviet Jews See Stalin for the Anti-Semitic Monster He Was? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/surviving-stalins-purges |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Memo to Secret Police Chief Reveals Hunt for Chabad's Soviet Underground |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5619816/jewish/Memo-to-Secret-Police-Chief-Reveals-Hunt-for-Chabads-Soviet-Underground.htm |date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> ===Anti-cosmopolitan campaign=== Soviet state [[propaganda]] emphasized the imagined harm posed by the so-called [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: безродный космополит, [[Romanization|romanized]]: ''bezrodnyi kosmopolit'') with whom Soviet Jews were accused of being associated.<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The propaganda backed up the "anti-cosmopolitan campaign" between 1948 and 1953,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> which involved antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] across the USSR and her [[Warsaw Pact|satellite states]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The persecution peaked in the Doctors' Plot when Stalin falsely accused Jewish [[Physician|doctors]] of planning to [[poison]] the Soviet leaders based on a [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Middle Ages|medieval antisemitic trope]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> These came at a time of tension between the newly founded [[Israel|State of Israel]] and the USSR,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> when Israel began allying with the [[United States]] (US).<ref>{{cite web |website=U.S. Department of State |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> As per historian Cathy S. Gelbin,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Cathy S. |last=Gelbin |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities |journal=European Review of History/Revue européenne d'histoire |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |date=2016 |pages=863–879|doi=10.1080/13507486.2016.1203882 |s2cid=159505532 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rootless-cosmopolitans-germanjewish-writers-confront-the-stalinist-and-national-socialist-atrocities(97803464-21be-4b83-a7a2-b630e7946d5a).html }} at p.865.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=From 1946 onwards [...] Soviet [[rhetoric]] increasingly highlighted the [[Task|goal]] of a pure [[Soviet Union#Culture|Soviet culture]] freed from Western degeneration [. ...] in the Soviet [[Magazine|weekly]] ''Literaturnaya Gazeta'' in 1947, which [[Censure|denounced]] the claimed expressions of rootless [[Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitanism]] as inimical<ref>Tending to obstruct or harm. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] began across the Soviet Union and its [[Satellite state|satellite countries]], when Jews were [[Miscarriage of justice|charged]] explicitly with harbouring<ref>Keep (a [[thought]] or [[Emotion|feeling]], typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> an [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy]].}} As per [[literature]] [[professor]] Margarita Levantovskaya,<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margarita |last=Levantovskaya |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora |type=PhD |publisher=UC San Diego |year=2013 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4jq507vn/qt4jq507vn.pdf |page=1 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [. ...] [[Definition|defined]] rootless cosmopolitans as [[Citizen|citizens]] who lacked [[patriotism]] and disseminated foreign [[influence]] [...] including [[theater]] critics, [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[Poet|poets]] and doctors. They were accused of disseminating [[Western philosophy|Western European philosophies]] of [[aesthetics]], pro-[[United States|American]] [[Ideology|attitudes]], [[Zionism]] [. ...] emphasizing their [Jewish] status as strangers and outsiders.}} ===Soviet occupation zone in Germany=== Such antisemitic policies extended to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany, which later formed the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) ([[German language|German]]: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)''), commonly known as the East Germany. [[American people|American]] [[historian]] Norman Naimark noted that Soviet governors showed a "growing obsession" with the presence of Jews in the military government.<ref name="F">{{cite book |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 |publisher=Belknap of Harvard UP |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0674784062 |page=338 }}</ref> East German Jews who opposed Soviet communism were classed as having "non-[[Aryan race|Aryan]] background lined up with the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] parties".<ref name="F" /> The policies continued under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (1894–1971), who ruled the USSR between 1953 and 1964.<ref name="F" /><ref>{{citation | last = Taubman | first = William | year = 2003 | title = Khrushchev: The Man and His Era | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32484-6 }}</ref> ==Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)== The [[persecution]] of Jews in the USSR intensified under [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s [[Autocracy|rule]] when [[Israel]] defeated the Soviet-armed [[Arab League]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. Antisemitic propaganda in the form of [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|"anti-Zionist"]] [[broadcasting]] appeared, such as the [[film]] ''Secret and Explicit'', which demonized Jews as a malign Zionist [[cabal]] based on [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|stereotypes]] from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fomin |first=Valery |title=Cinema and power: Soviet Cinema, 1965-1985: Documents, evidence, and reflections |publisher=Mainland |year=1996 |pages=120–121 |language=ru }}</ref> Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, especially Mikhail Suslov, were radical antisemites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mlechin |first=Leonid |date=July 7, 2019 |title="You Give us Little Hawks, Give us Little Hawks!": Why Identifying Jews Became the Most Important Problem in the Post-War USSR |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/07/07/81159-vy-nam-rusachkov-rusachkov-davayte |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=Novaya Gazeta }}</ref> Jewish [[emigration]] to Israel or the United States (US) was heavily [[Ban|restricted]],<ref>Joseph Dunner. ''Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA75 Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1.] Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. {{ISBN|90-247-1779-5}}, {{ISBN|90-247-1780-9}}; pages 69-82</ref> often impossible without a special invitation from a [[Kinship|relative]] overseas. Written permission from all close family members was also required, with a low application approval rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garbuzov |first=Leonid |title=A struggle to preserve ethnic identity: the suppression of Jewish culture by the Soviet Union's emigration policy between 1945-1985 |url=http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume23n1/documents/159-176.pdf |journal=Boston University International Law Journal |pages=168–169 }}</ref> [[Institutional racism|Systemic racism]] against Jews was widespread,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunner |first=Joseph |title=Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=9024717809 |location=The Hague |pages=69–82 }}</ref> which caught little attention from Western academic leftists.<ref name="G"> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] Stalinist purges [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist agents. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Boris Kochubievsky, a Ukrainian-Jewish [[radio]] [[engineer]], wrote Brezhnev a letter:<ref name="C" /> {{Blockquote|text=I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my [[Human rights|right]], just as it is the rights of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] to live in the [[Ukraine]], the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a [[Georgian people|Georgian]] to live in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. I want to live in Israel. That is my [[dream]], that is the [[Task|goal]] not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of [[generation]] that preceded me, of my [[Ancestor|ancestors]] who were [[Jew#Classical antiquity|expelled from their land]]. I want my [[Child|children]] to study in the [[Hebrew language]]. I want to read Jewish [[Newspaper|papers]], I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my [[crime]] [...] ?}} Shortly after, Kochubievsky was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] by the [[KGB]] into a [[Psychiatric hospital|mental asylum]].<ref name="C" /> Almost all Soviet Jews were reportedly affected by the post-1967 wave of antisemitism,<ref name="C" /> despite common leftist indifference.<ref name="C" /><ref name="G" /> In 1969, Soviet propagandist Yuri Ivanov condemned Zionism as a "capitalist imperialist" construct:<ref>''Caution: Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism''</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Modern Zionism is the ideology [...] of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[List of European countries|countries]] [. ...] Zionism is bellicose<ref>Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> chauvinism and anti-communism.}} Just as academically influential Western "anti-Zionists",<ref name="G" /><ref name="H"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> Soviet leaders denied that their "anti-Zionism" was antisemitic by alleging that many of their "anti-Zionist" officials were Jewish. In the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was also accused of "controlling Western media" and "participating in [[colonialism]]" worldwide.<ref>Source: {{in lang|ru}} Большая советская энциклопедия / [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd Edition. 1969–1978; [https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zionism translation].<br />The third edition of the thirty-volume ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (Большая Советская энциклопедия, БСЭ) claims the following: * "The main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism" * "The anti-human reactionary essence of Zionism" is "overt and covert fight against freedom movements and against the USSR" * "International Zionist Organization owns major financial funds, partly through Jewish [[Monopoly|monopolists]] and partly collected by Jewish mandatory [[Charitable organization|charities]]", it also [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|"influences or controls significant part of media agencies and outlets in the West"]] * "Serving as the front squad of [[colonialism]] and [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialism]], international Zionism actively participates in the fight against national liberation movements of the peoples of [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Latin America]]" * "A natural and objective [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] process of Jews is growing around the world."</ref> In his book ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'', American historian Howard Sachar stated that Soviet "anti-Zionism" was not much different from Nazism:<ref>Howard Sachar, ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'' (New York: Knopf, 2005) p.722</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In late July 1967, Moscow launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' [...] an '[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|all-powerful international force]].' [...] the new propaganda assault soon achieved Nazi-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with [[Racism|racist]] [[Rumor|canards]] [. ...] Yuri Ivanov's ''Beware: Zionism'', a book essentially replicated<ref>Make an exact copy of; reproduce. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', was given nationwide coverage.}} The persecution did not fade until the 1980s,<ref name="C" /> when Brezhnev reportedly changed course in 1981 by indirectly disapproving of antisemitism at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] meeting.<ref name="Brezhnev1981"> * "The CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] has fought and will always fight resolutely against such [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] [inter-ethnic tensions] which are alien to the nature of [[socialism]] as [[Fascism#Main ideas|chauvinism]] or [[nationalism]], against any nationalistic aberrations such as, let us say, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] or [[Zionism]]. We are against tendencies aimed at artificial erosion of national characteristics [. ...] the sacred [[duty]] of the party [is] to educate the [[Working class|working people]] in the [[spirit]] of Soviet [[patriotism]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] internationalism, of a [[Pride|proud]] [[Emotion|feeling]] of belonging to a single great Soviet motherland." * {{cite book |last=Korey |first=William |title=Brezhnev and Soviet Anti-Semitism |page=30 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=Povada |date=February 23, 1981 |page=38 }}</ref> Despite Brezhnev's reported disapproval of antisemitism, antisemitic propaganda remained widespread in the USSR.<ref name="Brezhnev1981" /> Sometimes, those antisemitic propaganda promoted the false claim of "active [[World War II|WWII]] Nazi‒Zionist collaboration".<ref name="HI1"> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="HI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = April 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> The false claim is still commonly exploited by antisemites on the [[Far-right politics|far right]] and [[Far-left politics|far left]]<ref name="HI1" /><ref name="HI2" /> to [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialize the Holocaust]] and demonize the vast majority of [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora Jews]] who support Israel's right to exist.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Eight out of ten British Jews identify as Zionist, says new poll |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/eight-out-of-ten-british-jews-identify-as-zionist-says-new-poll-vu3f391c |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=AJC Survey Shows American Jews are Deeply and Increasingly Connected to Israel |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-survey-shows-american-jews-are-deeply-and-increasingly-connected-to-israel |location=[[New York State|New York]] |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> ==Late Cold War== ''Pravda'' ([[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]]'s official [[newspaper]]) ran an "anti-Zionist" front-page [[article]] on April 1, 1983,<ref> * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The Stalinist roots of left "anti-Zionism" 1 |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2004/02/24/stalinist-roots-left-anti-zionism-1 |last=Crooke |first=Stan |date=February 24, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World |chapter=Soviet Anti-Zionism: Origins, Forms and Development |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |last=Friedgut |first=Theodore H. |pages=26–45 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |location=[[Bergen]], [[Norway]] |year=1990 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=The logic of anti-Zionism: Soviet elites in the aftermath of the Six-Day War |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326380266_The_logic_of_anti-Zionism_Soviet_elites_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Six-Day_War |last=Gjerde |first=Åsmund Borgen |pages=1‒22 |volume=52 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1476211 |year=2018 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs |title=Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse |last=Ryvchin |first=Alex |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Contemporary Anti-Zionism’s Connections to Soviet Propaganda |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/contemporary-anti-zionisms-connections-soviet-propaganda |date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Zombie Anti-Zionism |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/zombie-anti-zionism |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 31, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> whose viewpoints are still widely shared by academically influential<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Western "anti-Zionists":<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> {{Blockquote|text=By its nature, Zionism concentrates [[Fascism|ultra-nationalism]], chauvinism and [[Racism|racial intolerance]], excuse for territorial occupation [...] dirty tactics and perfidy<ref>The state of being deceitful and untrustworthy. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> [...] Absurd<ref>Wildly unreasonable, [[Logical fallacy|illogical]], or inappropriate. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them [...] as antisemitic [. ...] We call on all Soviet citizens: <u>[[Worker|workers]], [[Peasant|peasants]], representatives of [[Intellectual|intelligentsia]]</u>: take active part in exposing Zionism [...] <u>[[Social science|social scientists]]</u>: activate [[Science|scientific]] [[research]] to [[Censure|criticize]] [[reactionary]] core of that [[ideology]] [...] <u>writers, [[Artist|artists]], [[Journalist|journalists]]</u>: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism.}} ==Aftermath== It is estimated that about 2,750,000 Soviet Jews left the USSR between May 9, 1945 and December 26, 1991, with most departing after 1989 when exit control was relaxed.<ref>{{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> Soviet antisemitism's influence extended far beyond USSR's borders. Notably, it has left a long-lasting mark on [[United States#Culture|American society]]. Famous pro-Soviet [[Black nationalism|Black nationalists]], especially [[Malcolm X]] (1925–65), adopted the Soviet antisemitic tropes and [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] them via circulation among [[academia]] and [[African Americans|Black Americans]],<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> from whom the influential antisemitic [[Supersessionism#Non-Christian examples|groups]]<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Nation of Islam (NOI)<ref name="H" /><ref name="I"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=December 17, 2019}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=March 30, 2020}} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> drew massive support.<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> Particularly, NOI's leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as the most popular antisemite in America.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In American society, Soviet antisemitic tropes were [[Secondary antisemitism#Academic views|normalized]] over the [[Decade|decades]] and engendered a form of new antisemitism,<ref name="H" /><ref name="J"> * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/blm-should-look-to-martin-luther-king-not-malcolm-x-for-inspiration |title=The uncomfortable truth about BLM, Malcolm X and anti-Semitism |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) |title=Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/black-antisemitism |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |issue=Special Publication |date=June 1, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |title=Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/antisemitic-attitudes-among-young-black-and-hispanic-americans/5465F2124BC3D44B40521D2CD000D023 |last1=Royden |first1=Laura |last2=Hersh |first2=Eitan |date=April 17, 2023 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/culture/177636/malcolm-x-and-the-jews |title=Malcolm X and the Jews |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://www.amchainitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Chapter-18-manuscript.pdf |title=Identity Politics, the Pursuit of Social Justice, and the Rise of Campus Antisemitism: A Case Study |last=Rossman-Benjamin |first=Tammi |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> where Jews are accused of being the "beneficiaries" of "White privilege"<ref name="H" /><ref name="J" /> that [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|"controlled"]] Western governments to "support Israel at the expense of Palestinians" and "colonise oppressed peoples".<ref name="H" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> As per a 2016 [[Statistical survey|survey]] by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]], 23% Black Americans held negative beliefs about Jews,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/ADL_MS_Survey_Pres_1_25_17.pdf |title=A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> while a 2023 survey showed that one-eighth of Black Americans [[Holocaust denial|doubted]] whether [[the Holocaust]] really happened.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=UnHerd |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/why-are-black-americans-more-likely-to-deny-the-holocaust |title=More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust |last=Leonard |first=Ralph |date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American [[historian]],<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/setting-my-compass-by-walter-laqueur-1921-2018 |title=Setting My Compass by Walter Laqueur, 1921-2018 |last=Siegel |first=Fred |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Walter Laqueur wrote with the range of a journalist and the depth of a historian. He helped set my intellectual compass.<br><br>Laqueur was born in [[Germany]] but escaped to [[Israel]] in 1939, leaving behind parents who perished in [[the Holocaust]]. While working the land, a fellow [[kibbutz]]nik taught him Russian and by the mid-1960s he was writing books on the Soviets and the Middle East.}}</ref> summarized his [[research]]:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-from-ancient-times-to-the-present-day |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=The New Antisemitism |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In the light of [[history]], the argument that anti-Zionism is different from antisemitism is not very convincing. No one [[Dispute|disputes]] that in the late [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] period anti-Zionism was merely a [[synonym]] for antisemitism. [...] in the [[Islamism#References|Muslim]] [...] [[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Arab]] [[Middle East|world]], the fine [[Difference|distinctions]] between Jews and Zionists hardly ever existed.}} ===David Hirsh=== David Hirsh (1967 – ), a [[British people|British]] historian, shared similar [[Postulate|views]]:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=It was the new phenomenon of Israel-focused antisemitism that required the new definition. David Hirsh responds to a recent ‘call to reject’ the IHRA |url=https://fathomjournal.org/it-was-the-new-phenomenon-of-israel-focused-antisemitism-that-required-the-new-definition-of-antisemitism-david-hirsh-responds-to-a-recent-call-to-reject-the-ihra |last=Hirsh |first=David |year=2021 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism (JCA) |last=Hirsh |first=David |title=How the Word “Zionist” Functions in Antisemitic Vocabulary |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca.4.2.83/html |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.26613/jca/4.2.83 |date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Custom|tradition]] of antizionism [...] in a broad [[alliance]] with antisemitic [[Social movement|movements]] that do not find the distinction between [[hostility]] to [[Israel]] and hostility to Jews to be of much significance [. ...] Antizionism does not allow Jews [...] to [[Definition|define]] their own [[Cultural identity|identities]]. It defines their Zionism [...] as racism [. ...] [[alien]] to any [[Morality|decent]] [[community]] of [[human]] beings.}} ==Public views== Public figures also commented on "anti-Zionism" associated with the antisemitism in the Soviet Union and her [[Warsaw Pact|puppet states]]. ===David Neil=== Writing for the ''Algemeiner'', [[Real property|real estate]] executive David Neil pointed out that academia played a huge role in modern antisemitism,<ref name="DNTA2025">{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> with "anti-Zionism" being an academically driven "[[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] movement" similar to the pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Lost Cause movement once popular in elite universities,<ref name="DNTA2025" /> especially the [[Columbia University]],<ref name="DNTA2025" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> as noted by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in his 1935 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''Black Reconstruction in America'':<ref name="DNTA2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The Columbia school of historians [...] based on the same [...] [[Methodology|method]]: first, endless [[sympathy]] with the [[White nationalism|white]] [[Deep South|South]]; second, [[Parody|ridicule]], [[contempt]] or [[silence]] for the [[Negro]] [. ... nationwide] [[propaganda]] against the Negro has been carried on unquestioned.}} Neil said that the Lost Cause phenomenon was a classical case of how harmful [[Belief|beliefs]] can [[Creeping normality|become normalized]] by universities spreading racism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of [[social justice]].<ref name="DNTA2025" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Double genocide theory]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Soviet Union]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Eastern Europe]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] [[Category:History of the Soviet Union]] nhattflnmjvzbr503zmvnr9lntm28ja 10330373 10330368 2025-06-14T17:13:01Z Steven1991 1522289 Similar to previous 10330373 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1922, the [[Bolshevik|Bolsheviks]] won the [[Russian Civil War]] and set up the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR). The USSR succeeded the Russian Empire, which had a [[Century|centuries]]-old [[Modern history|history]] of [[antisemitism]],<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Government policies and the tradition of Russian antisemitism, 1772–1917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |last=Löwe |first=Heinz‐Dietrich |volume=27 |issue=1: Antisemitisim in Europe: I |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |year=1993 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=History Compass |title=Russia and the Origins of Twentieth-century Antisemitism |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1478-0542.056 |last=Johnson |first=Sam |doi=10.1111/1478-0542.056 |date=September 3, 2009 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |title=German Antisemitism and Russian Judeophobia in the 1880's: Brothers and Strangers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41052622 |last=Klier |first=John D. |pages=524–540 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag }} * {{cite book |title=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |chapter=The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://brill.com/display/title/27849#page=61 |last1=Nikžentaitis |first1=Alvydas |last2=Schreiner |first2=Stefan |last3=Staliūnas |first3=Darius |volume=1 |year=2004 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: Antisemitism in Russia |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_007.xml |last1=Rock |first1=Stella |last2=Verkhovsky |first2=Alexander |pages=197–229 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_007 |year=2011 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> including repeated [[Pogrom|pogroms]].<ref name="A"> * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Pogrom {{!}} Meaning, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Pogroms {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe |title=Pogroms |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/violence-war/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=My Jewish Learning |title=What Were Pogroms? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-were-pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="B"> * {{cite book |chapter=The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe |title=Racist Violence in Europe |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |last=Klier |first=John D. |year=1993 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |isbn=978-0-333-60102-0 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&dq=info:yrqubkxpMdIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last1=Dekel-Chen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gaunt |first2=David |last3=Meir |first3=Natan M |last4=Bartal |first4=Israel |year=2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press | isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Riots and pogroms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&dq=info:maRftHyNgfwJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR7 |last=Brass |first=Paul R |publisher=Springer |year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-24867-4 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxa_DwAAQBAJ&dq=info:enqOWBnHzrgJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last=Bemporad |first=Elissa |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |year=2019 |location=[[United States of America|USA]] | isbn=978-0-19-046645-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Explorations in Economic History |title=Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493 |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O. |last2=Mukand |first2=Sharun |last3=Yotzov |first3=Ivan |volume=86 |issue=101471 |date=August 10, 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }}</ref> However, antisemitism persisted in the USSR, fluctuating throughout the [[Cold War]].<ref name="C"> * {{cite book |last=Beckerman |first=Gal |title=When They Come For Us, We'll All Be Gone |year=2010 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=[[Boston]] |page=103 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Putin is trying to erase Stalin’s Jewish victims |url=https://www.thejc.com/opinion/putin-is-trying-to-erase-stalins-jewish-victims-i1h44l66 |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> The persecution of Jews in the USSR lasted until the union ceased to exist on December 26, 1991.<ref name="C" /> ==Under Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)== Between 1922 and 1953, [[Joseph Stalin]] (1878–1953) was the leader<ref>General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU): April 3, 1922 – October 16, 1952<br />Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union: May 6, 1941 – March 5, 1953</ref> of the USSR.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brackman |first=Roman |title=The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life |url=https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0 }}</ref> Despite playing a significant role in [[World War II#War ends in Europe|defeating]] [[Nazi Germany]] and ending [[the Holocaust]]{{efn|Introduction to the Holocaust: * {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/what-was-the-holocaust.html |title=What was the Holocaust? |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust |title=Introduction to the Holocaust |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / Federal Agency for Civic Education (Germany) |title=Unter der NS-Herrschaft ermordete Juden nach Land. / Jews by country murdered under Nazi rule. |url=https://www.bpb.de/fsd/centropa/ermordete_juden_nach_land.php |date=April 29, 2018 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]].<br />[...]<br />The Polish government’s resolve to control the past culminated with [...] the [[Polish Memory Law|Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance]] [...] penalizes those who ‘slander the good name of the Polish nation’ and who ‘blame the Polish society for crimes committed by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi Third Reich]].’ }} {{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} that caused over 6,000,000 Jewish deaths (67% of pre-war European Jews),<ref> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web |title=36 Questions About the Holocaust |url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]] }}</ref> Stalin launched state campaigns to [[Persecution|persecute]] Soviet Jews.<ref name="D"> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494] }} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="E"> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours. }} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Soviet Jews of professional backgrounds, especially [[Writer|writers]], were accused of having [[Bourgeoisie|"bourgeois]] [[Western world|Western]] [[Influence|influences"]] from 1946 onwards.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |year=2002 |last1=Azadovskii |first1=K. |last2=Egorov |first2=B. |title=From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1162/152039702753344834 |s2cid=57565840 }} * {{cite web |website=Publishers Weekly |title=STALIN'S LAST CRIME: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948–1953 by Jonathan Brent |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060195243 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Modern Diplomacy |title=State anti-semitism: Doctors' plot as an abandoned holocaust amid the Stalin's Russia |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/01/19/state-anti-semitism-doctors-plot-as-an-abandoned-holocaust-amid-the-stalin-s-russia |date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=New Soviet Twists on Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism (Published 1970) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/16/archives/near-soviet-twists-on-antizionism-and-antisemitism.html |year=1970 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Why Couldn't Soviet Jews See Stalin for the Anti-Semitic Monster He Was? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/surviving-stalins-purges |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Memo to Secret Police Chief Reveals Hunt for Chabad's Soviet Underground |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5619816/jewish/Memo-to-Secret-Police-Chief-Reveals-Hunt-for-Chabads-Soviet-Underground.htm |date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> ===Anti-cosmopolitan campaign=== Soviet state [[propaganda]] emphasized the imagined harm posed by the so-called [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: безродный космополит, [[Romanization|romanized]]: ''bezrodnyi kosmopolit'') with whom Soviet Jews were accused of being associated.<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The propaganda backed up the "anti-cosmopolitan campaign" between 1948 and 1953,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> which involved antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] across the USSR and her [[Warsaw Pact|satellite states]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The persecution peaked in the Doctors' Plot when Stalin falsely accused Jewish [[Physician|doctors]] of planning to [[poison]] the Soviet leaders based on a [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Middle Ages|medieval antisemitic trope]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> These came at a time of tension between the newly founded [[Israel|State of Israel]] and the USSR,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> when Israel began allying with the [[United States]] (US).<ref>{{cite web |website=U.S. Department of State |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> As per historian Cathy S. Gelbin,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Cathy S. |last=Gelbin |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities |journal=European Review of History/Revue européenne d'histoire |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |date=2016 |pages=863–879|doi=10.1080/13507486.2016.1203882 |s2cid=159505532 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rootless-cosmopolitans-germanjewish-writers-confront-the-stalinist-and-national-socialist-atrocities(97803464-21be-4b83-a7a2-b630e7946d5a).html }} at p.865.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=From 1946 onwards [...] Soviet [[rhetoric]] increasingly highlighted the [[Task|goal]] of a pure [[Soviet Union#Culture|Soviet culture]] freed from Western degeneration [. ...] in the Soviet [[Magazine|weekly]] ''Literaturnaya Gazeta'' in 1947, which [[Censure|denounced]] the claimed expressions of rootless [[Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitanism]] as inimical<ref>Tending to obstruct or harm. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] began across the Soviet Union and its [[Satellite state|satellite countries]], when Jews were [[Miscarriage of justice|charged]] explicitly with harbouring<ref>Keep (a [[thought]] or [[Emotion|feeling]], typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> an [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy]].}} As per [[literature]] [[professor]] Margarita Levantovskaya,<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margarita |last=Levantovskaya |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora |type=PhD |publisher=UC San Diego |year=2013 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4jq507vn/qt4jq507vn.pdf |page=1 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [. ...] [[Definition|defined]] rootless cosmopolitans as [[Citizen|citizens]] who lacked [[patriotism]] and disseminated foreign [[influence]] [...] including [[theater]] critics, [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[Poet|poets]] and doctors. They were accused of disseminating [[Western philosophy|Western European philosophies]] of [[aesthetics]], pro-[[United States|American]] [[Ideology|attitudes]], [[Zionism]] [. ...] emphasizing their [Jewish] status as strangers and outsiders.}} ===Soviet occupation zone in Germany=== Such antisemitic policies extended to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany, which later formed the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) ([[German language|German]]: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)''), commonly known as the East Germany. [[American people|American]] [[historian]] Norman Naimark noted that Soviet governors showed a "growing obsession" with the presence of Jews in the military government.<ref name="F">{{cite book |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 |publisher=Belknap of Harvard UP |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0674784062 |page=338 }}</ref> East German Jews who opposed Soviet communism were classed as having "non-[[Aryan race|Aryan]] background lined up with the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] parties".<ref name="F" /> The policies continued under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (1894–1971), who ruled the USSR between 1953 and 1964.<ref name="F" /><ref>{{citation | last = Taubman | first = William | year = 2003 | title = Khrushchev: The Man and His Era | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32484-6 }}</ref> ==Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)== The [[persecution]] of Jews in the USSR intensified under [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s [[Autocracy|rule]] when [[Israel]] defeated the Soviet-armed [[Arab League]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. Antisemitic propaganda in the form of [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|"anti-Zionist"]] [[broadcasting]] appeared, such as the [[film]] ''Secret and Explicit'', which demonized Jews as a malign Zionist [[cabal]] based on [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|stereotypes]] from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fomin |first=Valery |title=Cinema and power: Soviet Cinema, 1965-1985: Documents, evidence, and reflections |publisher=Mainland |year=1996 |pages=120–121 |language=ru }}</ref> Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, especially Mikhail Suslov, were radical antisemites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mlechin |first=Leonid |date=July 7, 2019 |title="You Give us Little Hawks, Give us Little Hawks!": Why Identifying Jews Became the Most Important Problem in the Post-War USSR |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/07/07/81159-vy-nam-rusachkov-rusachkov-davayte |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=Novaya Gazeta }}</ref> Jewish [[emigration]] to Israel or the United States (US) was heavily [[Ban|restricted]],<ref>Joseph Dunner. ''Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA75 Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1.] Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. {{ISBN|90-247-1779-5}}, {{ISBN|90-247-1780-9}}; pages 69-82</ref> often impossible without a special invitation from a [[Kinship|relative]] overseas. Written permission from all close family members was also required, with a low application approval rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garbuzov |first=Leonid |title=A struggle to preserve ethnic identity: the suppression of Jewish culture by the Soviet Union's emigration policy between 1945-1985 |url=http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume23n1/documents/159-176.pdf |journal=Boston University International Law Journal |pages=168–169 }}</ref> [[Institutional racism|Systemic racism]] against Jews was widespread,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunner |first=Joseph |title=Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=9024717809 |location=The Hague |pages=69–82 }}</ref> which caught little attention from Western academic leftists.<ref name="G"> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] Stalinist purges [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist agents. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Boris Kochubievsky, a Ukrainian-Jewish [[radio]] [[engineer]], wrote Brezhnev a letter:<ref name="C" /> {{Blockquote|text=I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my [[Human rights|right]], just as it is the rights of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] to live in the [[Ukraine]], the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a [[Georgian people|Georgian]] to live in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. I want to live in Israel. That is my [[dream]], that is the [[Task|goal]] not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of [[generation]] that preceded me, of my [[Ancestor|ancestors]] who were [[Jew#Classical antiquity|expelled from their land]]. I want my [[Child|children]] to study in the [[Hebrew language]]. I want to read Jewish [[Newspaper|papers]], I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my [[crime]] [...] ?}} Shortly after, Kochubievsky was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] by the [[KGB]] into a [[Psychiatric hospital|mental asylum]].<ref name="C" /> Almost all Soviet Jews were reportedly affected by the post-1967 wave of antisemitism,<ref name="C" /> despite common leftist indifference.<ref name="C" /><ref name="G" /> In 1969, Soviet propagandist Yuri Ivanov condemned Zionism as a "capitalist imperialist" construct:<ref>''Caution: Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism''</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Modern Zionism is the ideology [...] of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[List of European countries|countries]] [. ...] Zionism is bellicose<ref>Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> chauvinism and anti-communism.}} Just as academically influential Western "anti-Zionists",<ref name="G" /><ref name="H"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> Soviet leaders denied that their "anti-Zionism" was antisemitic by alleging that many of their "anti-Zionist" officials were Jewish. In the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was also accused of "controlling Western media" and "participating in [[colonialism]]" worldwide.<ref>Source: {{in lang|ru}} Большая советская энциклопедия / [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd Edition. 1969–1978; [https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zionism translation].<br />The third edition of the thirty-volume ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (Большая Советская энциклопедия, БСЭ) claims the following: * "The main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism" * "The anti-human reactionary essence of Zionism" is "overt and covert fight against freedom movements and against the USSR" * "International Zionist Organization owns major financial funds, partly through Jewish [[Monopoly|monopolists]] and partly collected by Jewish mandatory [[Charitable organization|charities]]", it also [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|"influences or controls significant part of media agencies and outlets in the West"]] * "Serving as the front squad of [[colonialism]] and [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialism]], international Zionism actively participates in the fight against national liberation movements of the peoples of [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Latin America]]" * "A natural and objective [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] process of Jews is growing around the world."</ref> In his book ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'', American historian Howard Sachar stated that Soviet "anti-Zionism" was not much different from Nazism:<ref>Howard Sachar, ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'' (New York: Knopf, 2005) p.722</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In late July 1967, Moscow launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' [...] an '[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|all-powerful international force]].' [...] the new propaganda assault soon achieved Nazi-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with [[Racism|racist]] [[Rumor|canards]] [. ...] Yuri Ivanov's ''Beware: Zionism'', a book essentially replicated<ref>Make an exact copy of; reproduce. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', was given nationwide coverage.}} The persecution did not fade until the 1980s,<ref name="C" /> when Brezhnev reportedly changed course in 1981 by indirectly disapproving of antisemitism at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] meeting.<ref name="Brezhnev1981"> * "The CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] has fought and will always fight resolutely against such [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] [inter-ethnic tensions] which are alien to the nature of [[socialism]] as [[Fascism#Main ideas|chauvinism]] or [[nationalism]], against any nationalistic aberrations such as, let us say, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] or [[Zionism]]. We are against tendencies aimed at artificial erosion of national characteristics [. ...] the sacred [[duty]] of the party [is] to educate the [[Working class|working people]] in the [[spirit]] of Soviet [[patriotism]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] internationalism, of a [[Pride|proud]] [[Emotion|feeling]] of belonging to a single great Soviet motherland." * {{cite book |last=Korey |first=William |title=Brezhnev and Soviet Anti-Semitism |page=30 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=Povada |date=February 23, 1981 |page=38 }}</ref> Despite Brezhnev's reported disapproval of antisemitism, antisemitic propaganda remained widespread in the USSR.<ref name="Brezhnev1981" /> Sometimes, those antisemitic propaganda promoted the false claim of "active [[World War II|WWII]] Nazi‒Zionist collaboration".<ref name="HI1"> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="HI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = April 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> The false claim is still commonly exploited by antisemites on the [[Far-right politics|far right]] and [[Far-left politics|far left]]<ref name="HI1" /><ref name="HI2" /> to [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialize the Holocaust]] and demonize the vast majority of [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora Jews]] who support Israel's right to exist.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Eight out of ten British Jews identify as Zionist, says new poll |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/eight-out-of-ten-british-jews-identify-as-zionist-says-new-poll-vu3f391c |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=AJC Survey Shows American Jews are Deeply and Increasingly Connected to Israel |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-survey-shows-american-jews-are-deeply-and-increasingly-connected-to-israel |location=[[New York State|New York]] |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> ==Late Cold War== ''Pravda'' ([[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]]'s official [[newspaper]]) ran an "anti-Zionist" front-page [[article]] on April 1, 1983,<ref> * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The Stalinist roots of left "anti-Zionism" 1 |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2004/02/24/stalinist-roots-left-anti-zionism-1 |last=Crooke |first=Stan |date=February 24, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World |chapter=Soviet Anti-Zionism: Origins, Forms and Development |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |last=Friedgut |first=Theodore H. |pages=26–45 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |location=[[Bergen]], [[Norway]] |year=1990 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=The logic of anti-Zionism: Soviet elites in the aftermath of the Six-Day War |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326380266_The_logic_of_anti-Zionism_Soviet_elites_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Six-Day_War |last=Gjerde |first=Åsmund Borgen |pages=1‒22 |volume=52 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1476211 |year=2018 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs |title=Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse |last=Ryvchin |first=Alex |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Contemporary Anti-Zionism’s Connections to Soviet Propaganda |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/contemporary-anti-zionisms-connections-soviet-propaganda |date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Zombie Anti-Zionism |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/zombie-anti-zionism |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 31, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> whose viewpoints are still widely shared by academically influential<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Western "anti-Zionists":<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> {{Blockquote|text=By its nature, Zionism concentrates [[Fascism|ultra-nationalism]], chauvinism and [[Racism|racial intolerance]], excuse for territorial occupation [...] dirty tactics and perfidy<ref>The state of being deceitful and untrustworthy. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> [...] Absurd<ref>Wildly unreasonable, [[Logical fallacy|illogical]], or inappropriate. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them [...] as antisemitic [. ...] We call on all Soviet citizens: <u>[[Worker|workers]], [[Peasant|peasants]], representatives of [[Intellectual|intelligentsia]]</u>: take active part in exposing Zionism [...] <u>[[Social science|social scientists]]</u>: activate [[Science|scientific]] [[research]] to [[Censure|criticize]] [[reactionary]] core of that [[ideology]] [...] <u>writers, [[Artist|artists]], [[Journalist|journalists]]</u>: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism.}} ==Aftermath== It is estimated that about 2,750,000 Soviet Jews left the USSR between May 9, 1945 and December 26, 1991, with most departing after 1989 when exit control was relaxed.<ref>{{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> Soviet antisemitism's influence extended far beyond USSR's borders. Notably, it has left a long-lasting mark on [[United States#Culture|American society]]. Famous pro-Soviet [[Black nationalism|Black nationalists]], especially [[Malcolm X]] (1925–65), adopted the Soviet antisemitic tropes and [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] them via circulation among [[academia]] and [[African Americans|Black Americans]],<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> from whom the influential antisemitic [[Supersessionism#Non-Christian examples|groups]]<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Nation of Islam (NOI)<ref name="H" /><ref name="I"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=December 17, 2019}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=March 30, 2020}} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> drew massive support.<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> Particularly, NOI's leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as the most popular antisemite in America.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In American society, Soviet antisemitic tropes were [[Secondary antisemitism#Academic views|normalized]] over the [[Decade|decades]] and engendered a form of new antisemitism,<ref name="H" /><ref name="J"> * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/blm-should-look-to-martin-luther-king-not-malcolm-x-for-inspiration |title=The uncomfortable truth about BLM, Malcolm X and anti-Semitism |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) |title=Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/black-antisemitism |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |issue=Special Publication |date=June 1, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |title=Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/antisemitic-attitudes-among-young-black-and-hispanic-americans/5465F2124BC3D44B40521D2CD000D023 |last1=Royden |first1=Laura |last2=Hersh |first2=Eitan |date=April 17, 2023 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/culture/177636/malcolm-x-and-the-jews |title=Malcolm X and the Jews |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://www.amchainitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Chapter-18-manuscript.pdf |title=Identity Politics, the Pursuit of Social Justice, and the Rise of Campus Antisemitism: A Case Study |last=Rossman-Benjamin |first=Tammi |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> where Jews are accused of being the "beneficiaries" of "White privilege"<ref name="H" /><ref name="J" /> that [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|"controlled"]] Western governments to "support Israel at the expense of Palestinians" and "colonise oppressed peoples".<ref name="H" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> As per a 2016 [[Statistical survey|survey]] by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]], 23% Black Americans held negative beliefs about Jews,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/ADL_MS_Survey_Pres_1_25_17.pdf |title=A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> while a 2023 survey showed that one-eighth of Black Americans [[Holocaust denial|doubted]] whether [[the Holocaust]] really happened.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=UnHerd |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/why-are-black-americans-more-likely-to-deny-the-holocaust |title=More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust |last=Leonard |first=Ralph |date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American [[historian]],<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/setting-my-compass-by-walter-laqueur-1921-2018 |title=Setting My Compass by Walter Laqueur, 1921-2018 |last=Siegel |first=Fred |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Walter Laqueur wrote with the range of a journalist and the depth of a historian. He helped set my intellectual compass.<br><br>Laqueur was born in [[Germany]] but escaped to [[Israel]] in 1939, leaving behind parents who perished in [[the Holocaust]]. While working the land, a fellow [[kibbutz]]nik taught him Russian and by the mid-1960s he was writing books on the Soviets and the Middle East.}}</ref> summarized his [[research]]:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-from-ancient-times-to-the-present-day |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=The New Antisemitism |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In the light of [[history]], the argument that anti-Zionism is different from antisemitism is not very convincing. No one [[Dispute|disputes]] that in the late [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] period anti-Zionism was merely a [[synonym]] for antisemitism. [...] in the [[Islamism#References|Muslim]] [...] [[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Arab]] [[Middle East|world]], the fine [[Difference|distinctions]] between Jews and Zionists hardly ever existed.}} ===David Hirsh=== David Hirsh (1967 – ), a [[British people|British]] historian, shared similar [[Postulate|views]]:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=It was the new phenomenon of Israel-focused antisemitism that required the new definition. David Hirsh responds to a recent ‘call to reject’ the IHRA |url=https://fathomjournal.org/it-was-the-new-phenomenon-of-israel-focused-antisemitism-that-required-the-new-definition-of-antisemitism-david-hirsh-responds-to-a-recent-call-to-reject-the-ihra |last=Hirsh |first=David |year=2021 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism (JCA) |last=Hirsh |first=David |title=How the Word “Zionist” Functions in Antisemitic Vocabulary |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca.4.2.83/html |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.26613/jca/4.2.83 |date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Custom|tradition]] of antizionism [...] in a broad [[alliance]] with antisemitic [[Social movement|movements]] that do not find the distinction between [[hostility]] to [[Israel]] and hostility to Jews to be of much significance [. ...] Antizionism does not allow Jews [...] to [[Definition|define]] their own [[Cultural identity|identities]]. It defines their Zionism [...] as racism [. ...] [[alien]] to any [[Morality|decent]] [[community]] of [[human]] beings.}} ==Public views== Public figures also commented on "anti-Zionism" associated with the antisemitism in the Soviet Union and her [[Warsaw Pact|puppet states]]. ===David Neil=== Writing for the ''Algemeiner'', [[Real property|real estate]] executive David Neil pointed out that academia played a huge role in modern antisemitism,<ref name="DNTA2025">{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> with "anti-Zionism" being an academically driven "[[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] movement" similar to the pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Lost Cause movement once popular in elite universities,<ref name="DNTA2025" /> especially the [[Columbia University]],<ref name="DNTA2025" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> as noted by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in his 1935 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''Black Reconstruction in America'':<ref name="DNTA2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The Columbia school of historians [...] based on the same [...] [[Methodology|method]]: first, endless [[sympathy]] with the [[White nationalism|white]] [[Deep South|South]]; second, [[Parody|ridicule]], [[contempt]] or [[silence]] for the [[Negro]] [. ... nationwide] [[propaganda]] against the Negro has been carried on unquestioned.}} Neil said that the Lost Cause phenomenon was a classical case of how harmful [[Belief|beliefs]] can [[Creeping normality|become normalized]] by universities spreading racism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of [[social justice]].<ref name="DNTA2025" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Double genocide theory]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Soviet Union]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Eastern Europe]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] [[Category:History of the Soviet Union]] 8zty33wi5598s5rnpy7wu0n10ls0jd1 10330647 10330373 2025-06-14T19:08:53Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330647 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1922, the [[Bolshevik|Bolsheviks]] won the [[Russian Civil War]] and set up the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR). The USSR succeeded the Russian Empire, which had a [[Century|centuries]]-old [[Modern history|history]] of [[antisemitism]],<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Government policies and the tradition of Russian antisemitism, 1772–1917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |last=Löwe |first=Heinz‐Dietrich |volume=27 |issue=1: Antisemitisim in Europe: I |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |year=1993 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=History Compass |title=Russia and the Origins of Twentieth-century Antisemitism |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1478-0542.056 |last=Johnson |first=Sam |doi=10.1111/1478-0542.056 |date=September 3, 2009 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |title=German Antisemitism and Russian Judeophobia in the 1880's: Brothers and Strangers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41052622 |last=Klier |first=John D. |pages=524–540 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag }} * {{cite book |title=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |chapter=The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://brill.com/display/title/27849#page=61 |last1=Nikžentaitis |first1=Alvydas |last2=Schreiner |first2=Stefan |last3=Staliūnas |first3=Darius |volume=1 |year=2004 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: Antisemitism in Russia |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_007.xml |last1=Rock |first1=Stella |last2=Verkhovsky |first2=Alexander |pages=197–229 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_007 |year=2011 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> including repeated [[Pogrom|pogroms]].<ref name="A"> * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Pogrom {{!}} Meaning, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Pogroms {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe |title=Pogroms |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/violence-war/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=My Jewish Learning |title=What Were Pogroms? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-were-pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="B"> * {{cite book |chapter=The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe |title=Racist Violence in Europe |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |last=Klier |first=John D. |year=1993 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |isbn=978-0-333-60102-0 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&dq=info:yrqubkxpMdIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last1=Dekel-Chen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gaunt |first2=David |last3=Meir |first3=Natan M |last4=Bartal |first4=Israel |year=2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press | isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Riots and pogroms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&dq=info:maRftHyNgfwJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR7 |last=Brass |first=Paul R |publisher=Springer |year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-24867-4 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxa_DwAAQBAJ&dq=info:enqOWBnHzrgJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last=Bemporad |first=Elissa |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |year=2019 |location=[[United States of America|USA]] | isbn=978-0-19-046645-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Explorations in Economic History |title=Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493 |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O. |last2=Mukand |first2=Sharun |last3=Yotzov |first3=Ivan |volume=86 |issue=101471 |date=August 10, 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }}</ref> However, antisemitism persisted in the USSR, fluctuating throughout the [[Cold War]].<ref name="C"> * {{cite book |last=Beckerman |first=Gal |title=When They Come For Us, We'll All Be Gone |year=2010 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=[[Boston]] |page=103 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Putin is trying to erase Stalin’s Jewish victims |url=https://www.thejc.com/opinion/putin-is-trying-to-erase-stalins-jewish-victims-i1h44l66 |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> The persecution of Jews in the USSR lasted until the union ceased to exist on December 26, 1991.<ref name="C" /> ==Under Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)== Between 1922 and 1953, [[Joseph Stalin]] (1878–1953) was the leader<ref>General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU): April 3, 1922 – October 16, 1952<br />Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union: May 6, 1941 – March 5, 1953</ref> of the USSR.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brackman |first=Roman |title=The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life |url=https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0 }}</ref> Despite playing a significant role in [[World War II#War ends in Europe|defeating]] [[Nazi Germany]] and ending [[the Holocaust]] that caused over 6,000,000 Jewish deaths (67% of pre-war European Jews),<ref> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web |title=36 Questions About the Holocaust |url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]] }}</ref> Stalin launched state campaigns to [[Persecution|persecute]] Soviet Jews.<ref name="D"> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494] }} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="E"> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours. }} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Soviet Jews of professional backgrounds, especially [[Writer|writers]], were accused of having [[Bourgeoisie|"bourgeois]] [[Western world|Western]] [[Influence|influences"]] from 1946 onwards.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |year=2002 |last1=Azadovskii |first1=K. |last2=Egorov |first2=B. |title=From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1162/152039702753344834 |s2cid=57565840 }} * {{cite web |website=Publishers Weekly |title=STALIN'S LAST CRIME: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948–1953 by Jonathan Brent |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060195243 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Modern Diplomacy |title=State anti-semitism: Doctors' plot as an abandoned holocaust amid the Stalin's Russia |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/01/19/state-anti-semitism-doctors-plot-as-an-abandoned-holocaust-amid-the-stalin-s-russia |date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=New Soviet Twists on Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism (Published 1970) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/16/archives/near-soviet-twists-on-antizionism-and-antisemitism.html |year=1970 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Why Couldn't Soviet Jews See Stalin for the Anti-Semitic Monster He Was? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/surviving-stalins-purges |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Memo to Secret Police Chief Reveals Hunt for Chabad's Soviet Underground |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5619816/jewish/Memo-to-Secret-Police-Chief-Reveals-Hunt-for-Chabads-Soviet-Underground.htm |date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> ===Anti-cosmopolitan campaign=== Soviet state [[propaganda]] emphasized the imagined harm posed by the so-called [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: безродный космополит, [[Romanization|romanized]]: ''bezrodnyi kosmopolit'') with whom Soviet Jews were accused of being associated.<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The propaganda backed up the "anti-cosmopolitan campaign" between 1948 and 1953,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> which involved antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] across the USSR and her [[Warsaw Pact|satellite states]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The persecution peaked in the Doctors' Plot when Stalin falsely accused Jewish [[Physician|doctors]] of planning to [[poison]] the Soviet leaders based on a [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Middle Ages|medieval antisemitic trope]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> These came at a time of tension between the newly founded [[Israel|State of Israel]] and the USSR,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> when Israel began allying with the [[United States]] (US).<ref>{{cite web |website=U.S. Department of State |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> As per historian Cathy S. Gelbin,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Cathy S. |last=Gelbin |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities |journal=European Review of History/Revue européenne d'histoire |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |date=2016 |pages=863–879|doi=10.1080/13507486.2016.1203882 |s2cid=159505532 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rootless-cosmopolitans-germanjewish-writers-confront-the-stalinist-and-national-socialist-atrocities(97803464-21be-4b83-a7a2-b630e7946d5a).html }} at p.865.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=From 1946 onwards [...] Soviet [[rhetoric]] increasingly highlighted the [[Task|goal]] of a pure [[Soviet Union#Culture|Soviet culture]] freed from Western degeneration [. ...] in the Soviet [[Magazine|weekly]] ''Literaturnaya Gazeta'' in 1947, which [[Censure|denounced]] the claimed expressions of rootless [[Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitanism]] as inimical<ref>Tending to obstruct or harm. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] began across the Soviet Union and its [[Satellite state|satellite countries]], when Jews were [[Miscarriage of justice|charged]] explicitly with harbouring<ref>Keep (a [[thought]] or [[Emotion|feeling]], typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> an [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy]].}} As per [[literature]] [[professor]] Margarita Levantovskaya,<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margarita |last=Levantovskaya |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora |type=PhD |publisher=UC San Diego |year=2013 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4jq507vn/qt4jq507vn.pdf |page=1 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [. ...] [[Definition|defined]] rootless cosmopolitans as [[Citizen|citizens]] who lacked [[patriotism]] and disseminated foreign [[influence]] [...] including [[theater]] critics, [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[Poet|poets]] and doctors. They were accused of disseminating [[Western philosophy|Western European philosophies]] of [[aesthetics]], pro-[[United States|American]] [[Ideology|attitudes]], [[Zionism]] [. ...] emphasizing their [Jewish] status as strangers and outsiders.}} ===Soviet occupation zone in Germany=== Such antisemitic policies extended to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany, which later formed the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) ([[German language|German]]: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)''), commonly known as the East Germany. [[American people|American]] [[historian]] Norman Naimark noted that Soviet governors showed a "growing obsession" with the presence of Jews in the military government.<ref name="F">{{cite book |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 |publisher=Belknap of Harvard UP |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0674784062 |page=338 }}</ref> East German Jews who opposed Soviet communism were classed as having "non-[[Aryan race|Aryan]] background lined up with the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] parties".<ref name="F" /> The policies continued under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (1894–1971), who ruled the USSR between 1953 and 1964.<ref name="F" /><ref>{{citation | last = Taubman | first = William | year = 2003 | title = Khrushchev: The Man and His Era | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32484-6 }}</ref> ==Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)== The [[persecution]] of Jews in the USSR intensified under [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s [[Autocracy|rule]] when [[Israel]] defeated the Soviet-armed [[Arab League]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. Antisemitic propaganda in the form of [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|"anti-Zionist"]] [[broadcasting]] appeared, such as the [[film]] ''Secret and Explicit'', which demonized Jews as a malign Zionist [[cabal]] based on [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|stereotypes]] from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fomin |first=Valery |title=Cinema and power: Soviet Cinema, 1965-1985: Documents, evidence, and reflections |publisher=Mainland |year=1996 |pages=120–121 |language=ru }}</ref> Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, especially Mikhail Suslov, were radical antisemites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mlechin |first=Leonid |date=July 7, 2019 |title="You Give us Little Hawks, Give us Little Hawks!": Why Identifying Jews Became the Most Important Problem in the Post-War USSR |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/07/07/81159-vy-nam-rusachkov-rusachkov-davayte |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=Novaya Gazeta }}</ref> Jewish [[emigration]] to Israel or the United States (US) was heavily [[Ban|restricted]],<ref>Joseph Dunner. ''Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA75 Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1.] Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. {{ISBN|90-247-1779-5}}, {{ISBN|90-247-1780-9}}; pages 69-82</ref> often impossible without a special invitation from a [[Kinship|relative]] overseas. Written permission from all close family members was also required, with a low application approval rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garbuzov |first=Leonid |title=A struggle to preserve ethnic identity: the suppression of Jewish culture by the Soviet Union's emigration policy between 1945-1985 |url=http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume23n1/documents/159-176.pdf |journal=Boston University International Law Journal |pages=168–169 }}</ref> [[Institutional racism|Systemic racism]] against Jews was widespread,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunner |first=Joseph |title=Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=9024717809 |location=The Hague |pages=69–82 }}</ref> which caught little attention from Western academic leftists.<ref name="G"> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] Stalinist purges [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist agents. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Boris Kochubievsky, a Ukrainian-Jewish [[radio]] [[engineer]], wrote Brezhnev a letter:<ref name="C" /> {{Blockquote|text=I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my [[Human rights|right]], just as it is the rights of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] to live in the [[Ukraine]], the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a [[Georgian people|Georgian]] to live in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. I want to live in Israel. That is my [[dream]], that is the [[Task|goal]] not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of [[generation]] that preceded me, of my [[Ancestor|ancestors]] who were [[Jew#Classical antiquity|expelled from their land]]. I want my [[Child|children]] to study in the [[Hebrew language]]. I want to read Jewish [[Newspaper|papers]], I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my [[crime]] [...] ?}} Shortly after, Kochubievsky was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] by the [[KGB]] into a [[Psychiatric hospital|mental asylum]].<ref name="C" /> Almost all Soviet Jews were reportedly affected by the post-1967 wave of antisemitism,<ref name="C" /> despite common leftist indifference.<ref name="C" /><ref name="G" /> In 1969, Soviet propagandist Yuri Ivanov condemned Zionism as a "capitalist imperialist" construct:<ref>''Caution: Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism''</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Modern Zionism is the ideology [...] of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[List of European countries|countries]] [. ...] Zionism is bellicose<ref>Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> chauvinism and anti-communism.}} Just as academically influential Western "anti-Zionists",<ref name="G" /><ref name="H"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> Soviet leaders denied that their "anti-Zionism" was antisemitic by alleging that many of their "anti-Zionist" officials were Jewish. In the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was also accused of "controlling Western media" and "participating in [[colonialism]]" worldwide.<ref>Source: {{in lang|ru}} Большая советская энциклопедия / [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd Edition. 1969–1978; [https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zionism translation].<br />The third edition of the thirty-volume ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (Большая Советская энциклопедия, БСЭ) claims the following: * "The main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism" * "The anti-human reactionary essence of Zionism" is "overt and covert fight against freedom movements and against the USSR" * "International Zionist Organization owns major financial funds, partly through Jewish [[Monopoly|monopolists]] and partly collected by Jewish mandatory [[Charitable organization|charities]]", it also [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|"influences or controls significant part of media agencies and outlets in the West"]] * "Serving as the front squad of [[colonialism]] and [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialism]], international Zionism actively participates in the fight against national liberation movements of the peoples of [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Latin America]]" * "A natural and objective [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] process of Jews is growing around the world."</ref> In his book ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'', American historian Howard Sachar stated that Soviet "anti-Zionism" was not much different from Nazism:<ref>Howard Sachar, ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'' (New York: Knopf, 2005) p.722</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In late July 1967, Moscow launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' [...] an '[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|all-powerful international force]].' [...] the new propaganda assault soon achieved Nazi-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with [[Racism|racist]] [[Rumor|canards]] [. ...] Yuri Ivanov's ''Beware: Zionism'', a book essentially replicated<ref>Make an exact copy of; reproduce. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', was given nationwide coverage.}} The persecution did not fade until the 1980s,<ref name="C" /> when Brezhnev reportedly changed course in 1981 by indirectly disapproving of antisemitism at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] meeting.<ref name="Brezhnev1981"> * "The CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] has fought and will always fight resolutely against such [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] [inter-ethnic tensions] which are alien to the nature of [[socialism]] as [[Fascism#Main ideas|chauvinism]] or [[nationalism]], against any nationalistic aberrations such as, let us say, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] or [[Zionism]]. We are against tendencies aimed at artificial erosion of national characteristics [. ...] the sacred [[duty]] of the party [is] to educate the [[Working class|working people]] in the [[spirit]] of Soviet [[patriotism]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] internationalism, of a [[Pride|proud]] [[Emotion|feeling]] of belonging to a single great Soviet motherland." * {{cite book |last=Korey |first=William |title=Brezhnev and Soviet Anti-Semitism |page=30 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=Povada |date=February 23, 1981 |page=38 }}</ref> Despite Brezhnev's reported disapproval of antisemitism, antisemitic propaganda remained widespread in the USSR.<ref name="Brezhnev1981" /> Sometimes, those antisemitic propaganda promoted the false claim of "active [[World War II|WWII]] Nazi‒Zionist collaboration".<ref name="HI1"> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="HI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = April 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> The false claim is still commonly exploited by antisemites on the [[Far-right politics|far right]] and [[Far-left politics|far left]]<ref name="HI1" /><ref name="HI2" /> to [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialize the Holocaust]] and demonize the vast majority of [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora Jews]] who support Israel's right to exist.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Eight out of ten British Jews identify as Zionist, says new poll |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/eight-out-of-ten-british-jews-identify-as-zionist-says-new-poll-vu3f391c |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=AJC Survey Shows American Jews are Deeply and Increasingly Connected to Israel |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-survey-shows-american-jews-are-deeply-and-increasingly-connected-to-israel |location=[[New York State|New York]] |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> ==Late Cold War== ''Pravda'' ([[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]]'s official [[newspaper]]) ran an "anti-Zionist" front-page [[article]] on April 1, 1983,<ref> * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The Stalinist roots of left "anti-Zionism" 1 |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2004/02/24/stalinist-roots-left-anti-zionism-1 |last=Crooke |first=Stan |date=February 24, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World |chapter=Soviet Anti-Zionism: Origins, Forms and Development |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |last=Friedgut |first=Theodore H. |pages=26–45 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |location=[[Bergen]], [[Norway]] |year=1990 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=The logic of anti-Zionism: Soviet elites in the aftermath of the Six-Day War |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326380266_The_logic_of_anti-Zionism_Soviet_elites_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Six-Day_War |last=Gjerde |first=Åsmund Borgen |pages=1‒22 |volume=52 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1476211 |year=2018 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs |title=Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse |last=Ryvchin |first=Alex |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Contemporary Anti-Zionism’s Connections to Soviet Propaganda |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/contemporary-anti-zionisms-connections-soviet-propaganda |date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Zombie Anti-Zionism |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/zombie-anti-zionism |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 31, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> whose viewpoints are still widely shared by academically influential<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Western "anti-Zionists":<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> {{Blockquote|text=By its nature, Zionism concentrates [[Fascism|ultra-nationalism]], chauvinism and [[Racism|racial intolerance]], excuse for territorial occupation [...] dirty tactics and perfidy<ref>The state of being deceitful and untrustworthy. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> [...] Absurd<ref>Wildly unreasonable, [[Logical fallacy|illogical]], or inappropriate. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them [...] as antisemitic [. ...] We call on all Soviet citizens: <u>[[Worker|workers]], [[Peasant|peasants]], representatives of [[Intellectual|intelligentsia]]</u>: take active part in exposing Zionism [...] <u>[[Social science|social scientists]]</u>: activate [[Science|scientific]] [[research]] to [[Censure|criticize]] [[reactionary]] core of that [[ideology]] [...] <u>writers, [[Artist|artists]], [[Journalist|journalists]]</u>: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism.}} ==Aftermath== It is estimated that about 2,750,000 Soviet Jews left the USSR between May 9, 1945 and December 26, 1991, with most departing after 1989 when exit control was relaxed.<ref>{{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> Soviet antisemitism's influence extended far beyond USSR's borders. Notably, it has left a long-lasting mark on [[United States#Culture|American society]]. Famous pro-Soviet [[Black nationalism|Black nationalists]], especially [[Malcolm X]] (1925–65), adopted the Soviet antisemitic tropes and [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] them via circulation among [[academia]] and [[African Americans|Black Americans]],<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> from whom the influential antisemitic [[Supersessionism#Non-Christian examples|groups]]<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Nation of Islam (NOI)<ref name="H" /><ref name="I"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=December 17, 2019}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=March 30, 2020}} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> drew massive support.<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> Particularly, NOI's leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as the most popular antisemite in America.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In American society, Soviet antisemitic tropes were [[Secondary antisemitism#Academic views|normalized]] over the [[Decade|decades]] and engendered a form of new antisemitism,<ref name="H" /><ref name="J"> * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/blm-should-look-to-martin-luther-king-not-malcolm-x-for-inspiration |title=The uncomfortable truth about BLM, Malcolm X and anti-Semitism |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) |title=Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/black-antisemitism |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |issue=Special Publication |date=June 1, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |title=Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/antisemitic-attitudes-among-young-black-and-hispanic-americans/5465F2124BC3D44B40521D2CD000D023 |last1=Royden |first1=Laura |last2=Hersh |first2=Eitan |date=April 17, 2023 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/culture/177636/malcolm-x-and-the-jews |title=Malcolm X and the Jews |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://www.amchainitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Chapter-18-manuscript.pdf |title=Identity Politics, the Pursuit of Social Justice, and the Rise of Campus Antisemitism: A Case Study |last=Rossman-Benjamin |first=Tammi |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> where Jews are accused of being the "beneficiaries" of "White privilege"<ref name="H" /><ref name="J" /> that [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|"controlled"]] Western governments to "support Israel at the expense of Palestinians" and "colonise oppressed peoples".<ref name="H" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> As per a 2016 [[Statistical survey|survey]] by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]], 23% Black Americans held negative beliefs about Jews,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/ADL_MS_Survey_Pres_1_25_17.pdf |title=A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> while a 2023 survey showed that one-eighth of Black Americans [[Holocaust denial|doubted]] whether [[the Holocaust]] really happened.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=UnHerd |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/why-are-black-americans-more-likely-to-deny-the-holocaust |title=More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust |last=Leonard |first=Ralph |date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American [[historian]],<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/setting-my-compass-by-walter-laqueur-1921-2018 |title=Setting My Compass by Walter Laqueur, 1921-2018 |last=Siegel |first=Fred |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Walter Laqueur wrote with the range of a journalist and the depth of a historian. He helped set my intellectual compass.<br><br>Laqueur was born in [[Germany]] but escaped to [[Israel]] in 1939, leaving behind parents who perished in [[the Holocaust]]. While working the land, a fellow [[kibbutz]]nik taught him Russian and by the mid-1960s he was writing books on the Soviets and the Middle East.}}</ref> summarized his [[research]]:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-from-ancient-times-to-the-present-day |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=The New Antisemitism |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In the light of [[history]], the argument that anti-Zionism is different from antisemitism is not very convincing. No one [[Dispute|disputes]] that in the late [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] period anti-Zionism was merely a [[synonym]] for antisemitism. [...] in the [[Islamism#References|Muslim]] [...] [[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Arab]] [[Middle East|world]], the fine [[Difference|distinctions]] between Jews and Zionists hardly ever existed.}} ===David Hirsh=== David Hirsh (1967 – ), a [[British people|British]] historian, shared similar [[Postulate|views]]:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=It was the new phenomenon of Israel-focused antisemitism that required the new definition. David Hirsh responds to a recent ‘call to reject’ the IHRA |url=https://fathomjournal.org/it-was-the-new-phenomenon-of-israel-focused-antisemitism-that-required-the-new-definition-of-antisemitism-david-hirsh-responds-to-a-recent-call-to-reject-the-ihra |last=Hirsh |first=David |year=2021 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism (JCA) |last=Hirsh |first=David |title=How the Word “Zionist” Functions in Antisemitic Vocabulary |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca.4.2.83/html |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.26613/jca/4.2.83 |date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Custom|tradition]] of antizionism [...] in a broad [[alliance]] with antisemitic [[Social movement|movements]] that do not find the distinction between [[hostility]] to [[Israel]] and hostility to Jews to be of much significance [. ...] Antizionism does not allow Jews [...] to [[Definition|define]] their own [[Cultural identity|identities]]. It defines their Zionism [...] as racism [. ...] [[alien]] to any [[Morality|decent]] [[community]] of [[human]] beings.}} ==Public views== Public figures also commented on "anti-Zionism" associated with the antisemitism in the Soviet Union and her [[Warsaw Pact|puppet states]]. ===David Neil=== Writing for the ''Algemeiner'', [[Real property|real estate]] executive David Neil pointed out that academia played a huge role in modern antisemitism,<ref name="DNTA2025">{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> with "anti-Zionism" being an academically driven "[[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] movement" similar to the pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Lost Cause movement once popular in elite universities,<ref name="DNTA2025" /> especially the [[Columbia University]],<ref name="DNTA2025" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> as noted by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in his 1935 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''Black Reconstruction in America'':<ref name="DNTA2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The Columbia school of historians [...] based on the same [...] [[Methodology|method]]: first, endless [[sympathy]] with the [[White nationalism|white]] [[Deep South|South]]; second, [[Parody|ridicule]], [[contempt]] or [[silence]] for the [[Negro]] [. ... nationwide] [[propaganda]] against the Negro has been carried on unquestioned.}} Neil said that the Lost Cause phenomenon was a classical case of how harmful [[Belief|beliefs]] can [[Creeping normality|become normalized]] by universities spreading racism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of [[social justice]].<ref name="DNTA2025" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Double genocide theory]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Soviet Union]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Eastern Europe]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] [[Category:History of the Soviet Union]] bav2df0tawj97kbubdlt1rvcv4ymkjb 10330650 10330647 2025-06-14T19:09:47Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330650 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1922, the [[Bolshevik|Bolsheviks]] won the [[Russian Civil War]] and set up the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR). The USSR succeeded the Russian Empire, which had a [[Century|centuries]]-old [[Modern history|history]] of [[antisemitism]],<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Government policies and the tradition of Russian antisemitism, 1772–1917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |last=Löwe |first=Heinz‐Dietrich |volume=27 |issue=1: Antisemitisim in Europe: I |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |year=1993 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=History Compass |title=Russia and the Origins of Twentieth-century Antisemitism |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1478-0542.056 |last=Johnson |first=Sam |doi=10.1111/1478-0542.056 |date=September 3, 2009 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |title=German Antisemitism and Russian Judeophobia in the 1880's: Brothers and Strangers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41052622 |last=Klier |first=John D. |pages=524–540 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag }} * {{cite book |title=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |chapter=The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://brill.com/display/title/27849#page=61 |last1=Nikžentaitis |first1=Alvydas |last2=Schreiner |first2=Stefan |last3=Staliūnas |first3=Darius |volume=1 |year=2004 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: Antisemitism in Russia |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_007.xml |last1=Rock |first1=Stella |last2=Verkhovsky |first2=Alexander |pages=197–229 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_007 |year=2011 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> including repeated [[Pogrom|pogroms]].<ref name="A"> * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Pogrom {{!}} Meaning, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Pogroms {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe |title=Pogroms |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/violence-war/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=My Jewish Learning |title=What Were Pogroms? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-were-pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="B"> * {{cite book |chapter=The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe |title=Racist Violence in Europe |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |last=Klier |first=John D. |year=1993 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |isbn=978-0-333-60102-0 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&dq=info:yrqubkxpMdIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last1=Dekel-Chen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gaunt |first2=David |last3=Meir |first3=Natan M |last4=Bartal |first4=Israel |year=2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press | isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Riots and pogroms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&dq=info:maRftHyNgfwJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR7 |last=Brass |first=Paul R |publisher=Springer |year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-24867-4 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxa_DwAAQBAJ&dq=info:enqOWBnHzrgJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last=Bemporad |first=Elissa |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |year=2019 |location=[[United States of America|USA]] | isbn=978-0-19-046645-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Explorations in Economic History |title=Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493 |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O. |last2=Mukand |first2=Sharun |last3=Yotzov |first3=Ivan |volume=86 |issue=101471 |date=August 10, 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }}</ref> However, antisemitism persisted in the USSR, fluctuating throughout the [[Cold War]].<ref name="C"> * {{cite book |last=Beckerman |first=Gal |title=When They Come For Us, We'll All Be Gone |year=2010 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=[[Boston]] |page=103 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Putin is trying to erase Stalin’s Jewish victims |url=https://www.thejc.com/opinion/putin-is-trying-to-erase-stalins-jewish-victims-i1h44l66 |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> The persecution of Jews in the USSR lasted until the union ceased to exist on December 26, 1991.<ref name="C" /> ==Under Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)== Between 1922 and 1953, [[Joseph Stalin]] (1878–1953) was the leader<ref>General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU): April 3, 1922 – October 16, 1952<br />Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union: May 6, 1941 – March 5, 1953</ref> of the USSR.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brackman |first=Roman |title=The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life |url=https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0 }}</ref> Despite playing a significant role in [[World War II#War ends in Europe|defeating]] [[Nazi Germany]] and ending [[the Holocaust]] that caused over 6,000,000 Jewish deaths (67% of pre-war European Jews),<ref> * {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web |title=36 Questions About the Holocaust |url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]] }}</ref> Stalin launched state campaigns to [[Persecution|persecute]] Soviet Jews.<ref name="D"> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494] }} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="E"> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours. }} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Soviet Jews of professional backgrounds, especially [[Writer|writers]], were accused of having [[Bourgeoisie|"bourgeois]] [[Western world|Western]] [[Influence|influences"]] from 1946 onwards.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |year=2002 |last1=Azadovskii |first1=K. |last2=Egorov |first2=B. |title=From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1162/152039702753344834 |s2cid=57565840 }} * {{cite web |website=Publishers Weekly |title=STALIN'S LAST CRIME: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948–1953 by Jonathan Brent |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060195243 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Modern Diplomacy |title=State anti-semitism: Doctors' plot as an abandoned holocaust amid the Stalin's Russia |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/01/19/state-anti-semitism-doctors-plot-as-an-abandoned-holocaust-amid-the-stalin-s-russia |date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=New Soviet Twists on Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism (Published 1970) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/16/archives/near-soviet-twists-on-antizionism-and-antisemitism.html |year=1970 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Why Couldn't Soviet Jews See Stalin for the Anti-Semitic Monster He Was? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/surviving-stalins-purges |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Memo to Secret Police Chief Reveals Hunt for Chabad's Soviet Underground |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5619816/jewish/Memo-to-Secret-Police-Chief-Reveals-Hunt-for-Chabads-Soviet-Underground.htm |date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> ===Anti-cosmopolitan campaign=== Soviet state [[propaganda]] emphasized the imagined harm posed by the so-called [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: безродный космополит, [[Romanization|romanized]]: ''bezrodnyi kosmopolit'') with whom Soviet Jews were accused of being associated.<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The propaganda backed up the "anti-cosmopolitan campaign" between 1948 and 1953,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> which involved antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] across the USSR and her [[Warsaw Pact|satellite states]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The persecution peaked in the Doctors' Plot when Stalin falsely accused Jewish [[Physician|doctors]] of planning to [[poison]] the Soviet leaders based on a [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Middle Ages|medieval antisemitic trope]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> These came at a time of tension between the newly founded [[Israel|State of Israel]] and the USSR,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> when Israel began allying with the [[United States]] (US).<ref>{{cite web |website=U.S. Department of State |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> As per historian Cathy S. Gelbin,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Cathy S. |last=Gelbin |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities |journal=European Review of History/Revue européenne d'histoire |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |date=2016 |pages=863–879|doi=10.1080/13507486.2016.1203882 |s2cid=159505532 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rootless-cosmopolitans-germanjewish-writers-confront-the-stalinist-and-national-socialist-atrocities(97803464-21be-4b83-a7a2-b630e7946d5a).html }} at p.865.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=From 1946 onwards [...] Soviet [[rhetoric]] increasingly highlighted the [[Task|goal]] of a pure [[Soviet Union#Culture|Soviet culture]] freed from Western degeneration [. ...] in the Soviet [[Magazine|weekly]] ''Literaturnaya Gazeta'' in 1947, which [[Censure|denounced]] the claimed expressions of rootless [[Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitanism]] as inimical<ref>Tending to obstruct or harm. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] began across the Soviet Union and its [[Satellite state|satellite countries]], when Jews were [[Miscarriage of justice|charged]] explicitly with harbouring<ref>Keep (a [[thought]] or [[Emotion|feeling]], typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> an [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy]].}} As per [[literature]] [[professor]] Margarita Levantovskaya,<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margarita |last=Levantovskaya |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora |type=PhD |publisher=UC San Diego |year=2013 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4jq507vn/qt4jq507vn.pdf |page=1 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [. ...] [[Definition|defined]] rootless cosmopolitans as [[Citizen|citizens]] who lacked [[patriotism]] and disseminated foreign [[influence]] [...] including [[theater]] critics, [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[Poet|poets]] and doctors. They were accused of disseminating [[Western philosophy|Western European philosophies]] of [[aesthetics]], pro-[[United States|American]] [[Ideology|attitudes]], [[Zionism]] [. ...] emphasizing their [Jewish] status as strangers and outsiders.}} ===Soviet occupation zone in Germany=== Such antisemitic policies extended to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany, which later formed the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) ([[German language|German]]: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)''), commonly known as the East Germany. [[American people|American]] [[historian]] Norman Naimark noted that Soviet governors showed a "growing obsession" with the presence of Jews in the military government.<ref name="F">{{cite book |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 |publisher=Belknap of Harvard UP |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0674784062 |page=338 }}</ref> East German Jews who opposed Soviet communism were classed as having "non-[[Aryan race|Aryan]] background lined up with the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] parties".<ref name="F" /> The policies continued under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (1894–1971), who ruled the USSR between 1953 and 1964.<ref name="F" /><ref>{{citation | last = Taubman | first = William | year = 2003 | title = Khrushchev: The Man and His Era | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32484-6 }}</ref> ==Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)== The [[persecution]] of Jews in the USSR intensified under [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s [[Autocracy|rule]] when [[Israel]] defeated the Soviet-armed [[Arab League]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. Antisemitic propaganda in the form of [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|"anti-Zionist"]] [[broadcasting]] appeared, such as the [[film]] ''Secret and Explicit'', which demonized Jews as a malign Zionist [[cabal]] based on [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|stereotypes]] from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fomin |first=Valery |title=Cinema and power: Soviet Cinema, 1965-1985: Documents, evidence, and reflections |publisher=Mainland |year=1996 |pages=120–121 |language=ru }}</ref> Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, especially Mikhail Suslov, were radical antisemites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mlechin |first=Leonid |date=July 7, 2019 |title="You Give us Little Hawks, Give us Little Hawks!": Why Identifying Jews Became the Most Important Problem in the Post-War USSR |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/07/07/81159-vy-nam-rusachkov-rusachkov-davayte |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=Novaya Gazeta }}</ref> Jewish [[emigration]] to Israel or the United States (US) was heavily [[Ban|restricted]],<ref>Joseph Dunner. ''Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA75 Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1.] Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. {{ISBN|90-247-1779-5}}, {{ISBN|90-247-1780-9}}; pages 69-82</ref> often impossible without a special invitation from a [[Kinship|relative]] overseas. Written permission from all close family members was also required, with a low application approval rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garbuzov |first=Leonid |title=A struggle to preserve ethnic identity: the suppression of Jewish culture by the Soviet Union's emigration policy between 1945-1985 |url=http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume23n1/documents/159-176.pdf |journal=Boston University International Law Journal |pages=168–169 }}</ref> [[Institutional racism|Systemic racism]] against Jews was widespread,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunner |first=Joseph |title=Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=9024717809 |location=The Hague |pages=69–82 }}</ref> which caught little attention from Western academic leftists.<ref name="G"> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] Stalinist purges [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist agents. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Boris Kochubievsky, a Ukrainian-Jewish [[radio]] [[engineer]], wrote Brezhnev a letter:<ref name="C" /> {{Blockquote|text=I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my [[Human rights|right]], just as it is the rights of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] to live in the [[Ukraine]], the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a [[Georgian people|Georgian]] to live in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. I want to live in Israel. That is my [[dream]], that is the [[Task|goal]] not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of [[generation]] that preceded me, of my [[Ancestor|ancestors]] who were [[Jew#Classical antiquity|expelled from their land]]. I want my [[Child|children]] to study in the [[Hebrew language]]. I want to read Jewish [[Newspaper|papers]], I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my [[crime]] [...] ?}} Shortly after, Kochubievsky was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] by the [[KGB]] into a [[Psychiatric hospital|mental asylum]].<ref name="C" /> Almost all Soviet Jews were reportedly affected by the post-1967 wave of antisemitism,<ref name="C" /> despite common leftist indifference.<ref name="C" /><ref name="G" /> In 1969, Soviet propagandist Yuri Ivanov condemned Zionism as a "capitalist imperialist" construct:<ref>''Caution: Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism''</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Modern Zionism is the ideology [...] of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[List of European countries|countries]] [. ...] Zionism is bellicose<ref>Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> chauvinism and anti-communism.}} Just as academically influential Western "anti-Zionists",<ref name="G" /><ref name="H"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> Soviet leaders denied that their "anti-Zionism" was antisemitic by alleging that many of their "anti-Zionist" officials were Jewish. In the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was also accused of "controlling Western media" and "participating in [[colonialism]]" worldwide.<ref>Source: {{in lang|ru}} Большая советская энциклопедия / [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd Edition. 1969–1978; [https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zionism translation].<br />The third edition of the thirty-volume ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (Большая Советская энциклопедия, БСЭ) claims the following: * "The main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism" * "The anti-human reactionary essence of Zionism" is "overt and covert fight against freedom movements and against the USSR" * "International Zionist Organization owns major financial funds, partly through Jewish [[Monopoly|monopolists]] and partly collected by Jewish mandatory [[Charitable organization|charities]]", it also [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|"influences or controls significant part of media agencies and outlets in the West"]] * "Serving as the front squad of [[colonialism]] and [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialism]], international Zionism actively participates in the fight against national liberation movements of the peoples of [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Latin America]]" * "A natural and objective [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] process of Jews is growing around the world."</ref> In his book ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'', American historian Howard Sachar stated that Soviet "anti-Zionism" was not much different from Nazism:<ref>Howard Sachar, ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'' (New York: Knopf, 2005) p.722</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In late July 1967, Moscow launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' [...] an '[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|all-powerful international force]].' [...] the new propaganda assault soon achieved Nazi-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with [[Racism|racist]] [[Rumor|canards]] [. ...] Yuri Ivanov's ''Beware: Zionism'', a book essentially replicated<ref>Make an exact copy of; reproduce. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', was given nationwide coverage.}} The persecution did not fade until the 1980s,<ref name="C" /> when Brezhnev reportedly changed course in 1981 by indirectly disapproving of antisemitism at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] meeting.<ref name="Brezhnev1981"> * "The CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] has fought and will always fight resolutely against such [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] [inter-ethnic tensions] which are alien to the nature of [[socialism]] as [[Fascism#Main ideas|chauvinism]] or [[nationalism]], against any nationalistic aberrations such as, let us say, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] or [[Zionism]]. We are against tendencies aimed at artificial erosion of national characteristics [. ...] the sacred [[duty]] of the party [is] to educate the [[Working class|working people]] in the [[spirit]] of Soviet [[patriotism]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] internationalism, of a [[Pride|proud]] [[Emotion|feeling]] of belonging to a single great Soviet motherland." * {{cite book |last=Korey |first=William |title=Brezhnev and Soviet Anti-Semitism |page=30 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=Povada |date=February 23, 1981 |page=38 }}</ref> Despite Brezhnev's reported disapproval of antisemitism, antisemitic propaganda remained widespread in the USSR.<ref name="Brezhnev1981" /> Sometimes, those antisemitic propaganda promoted the false claim of "active [[World War II|WWII]] Nazi‒Zionist collaboration".<ref name="HI1"> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="HI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = April 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> The false claim is still commonly exploited by antisemites on the [[Far-right politics|far right]] and [[Far-left politics|far left]]<ref name="HI1" /><ref name="HI2" /> to [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialize the Holocaust]] and demonize the vast majority of [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora Jews]] who support Israel's right to exist.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Eight out of ten British Jews identify as Zionist, says new poll |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/eight-out-of-ten-british-jews-identify-as-zionist-says-new-poll-vu3f391c |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=AJC Survey Shows American Jews are Deeply and Increasingly Connected to Israel |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-survey-shows-american-jews-are-deeply-and-increasingly-connected-to-israel |location=[[New York State|New York]] |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> ==Late Cold War== ''Pravda'' ([[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]]'s official [[newspaper]]) ran an "anti-Zionist" front-page [[article]] on April 1, 1983,<ref> * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The Stalinist roots of left "anti-Zionism" 1 |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2004/02/24/stalinist-roots-left-anti-zionism-1 |last=Crooke |first=Stan |date=February 24, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World |chapter=Soviet Anti-Zionism: Origins, Forms and Development |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |last=Friedgut |first=Theodore H. |pages=26–45 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |location=[[Bergen]], [[Norway]] |year=1990 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=The logic of anti-Zionism: Soviet elites in the aftermath of the Six-Day War |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326380266_The_logic_of_anti-Zionism_Soviet_elites_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Six-Day_War |last=Gjerde |first=Åsmund Borgen |pages=1‒22 |volume=52 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1476211 |year=2018 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs |title=Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse |last=Ryvchin |first=Alex |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Contemporary Anti-Zionism’s Connections to Soviet Propaganda |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/contemporary-anti-zionisms-connections-soviet-propaganda |date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Zombie Anti-Zionism |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/zombie-anti-zionism |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 31, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> whose viewpoints are still widely shared by academically influential<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Western "anti-Zionists":<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> {{Blockquote|text=By its nature, Zionism concentrates [[Fascism|ultra-nationalism]], chauvinism and [[Racism|racial intolerance]], excuse for territorial occupation [...] dirty tactics and perfidy<ref>The state of being deceitful and untrustworthy. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> [...] Absurd<ref>Wildly unreasonable, [[Logical fallacy|illogical]], or inappropriate. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them [...] as antisemitic [. ...] We call on all Soviet citizens: <u>[[Worker|workers]], [[Peasant|peasants]], representatives of [[Intellectual|intelligentsia]]</u>: take active part in exposing Zionism [...] <u>[[Social science|social scientists]]</u>: activate [[Science|scientific]] [[research]] to [[Censure|criticize]] [[reactionary]] core of that [[ideology]] [...] <u>writers, [[Artist|artists]], [[Journalist|journalists]]</u>: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism.}} ==Aftermath== It is estimated that about 2,750,000 Soviet Jews left the USSR between May 9, 1945 and December 26, 1991, with most departing after 1989 when exit control was relaxed.<ref>{{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> Soviet antisemitism's influence extended far beyond USSR's borders. Notably, it has left a long-lasting mark on [[United States#Culture|American society]]. Famous pro-Soviet [[Black nationalism|Black nationalists]], especially [[Malcolm X]] (1925–65), adopted the Soviet antisemitic tropes and [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] them via circulation among [[academia]] and [[African Americans|Black Americans]],<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> from whom the influential antisemitic [[Supersessionism#Non-Christian examples|groups]]<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Nation of Islam (NOI)<ref name="H" /><ref name="I"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=December 17, 2019}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=March 30, 2020}} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> drew massive support.<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> Particularly, NOI's leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as the most popular antisemite in America.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In American society, Soviet antisemitic tropes were [[Secondary antisemitism#Academic views|normalized]] over the [[Decade|decades]] and engendered a form of new antisemitism,<ref name="H" /><ref name="J"> * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/blm-should-look-to-martin-luther-king-not-malcolm-x-for-inspiration |title=The uncomfortable truth about BLM, Malcolm X and anti-Semitism |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) |title=Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/black-antisemitism |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |issue=Special Publication |date=June 1, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |title=Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/antisemitic-attitudes-among-young-black-and-hispanic-americans/5465F2124BC3D44B40521D2CD000D023 |last1=Royden |first1=Laura |last2=Hersh |first2=Eitan |date=April 17, 2023 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/culture/177636/malcolm-x-and-the-jews |title=Malcolm X and the Jews |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://www.amchainitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Chapter-18-manuscript.pdf |title=Identity Politics, the Pursuit of Social Justice, and the Rise of Campus Antisemitism: A Case Study |last=Rossman-Benjamin |first=Tammi |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> where Jews are accused of being the "beneficiaries" of "White privilege"<ref name="H" /><ref name="J" /> that [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|"controlled"]] Western governments to "support Israel at the expense of Palestinians" and "colonise oppressed peoples".<ref name="H" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> As per a 2016 [[Statistical survey|survey]] by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]], 23% Black Americans held negative beliefs about Jews,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/ADL_MS_Survey_Pres_1_25_17.pdf |title=A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> while a 2023 survey showed that one-eighth of Black Americans [[Holocaust denial|doubted]] whether [[the Holocaust]] really happened.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=UnHerd |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/why-are-black-americans-more-likely-to-deny-the-holocaust |title=More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust |last=Leonard |first=Ralph |date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American [[historian]],<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/setting-my-compass-by-walter-laqueur-1921-2018 |title=Setting My Compass by Walter Laqueur, 1921-2018 |last=Siegel |first=Fred |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Walter Laqueur wrote with the range of a journalist and the depth of a historian. He helped set my intellectual compass.<br><br>Laqueur was born in [[Germany]] but escaped to [[Israel]] in 1939, leaving behind parents who perished in [[the Holocaust]]. While working the land, a fellow [[kibbutz]]nik taught him Russian and by the mid-1960s he was writing books on the Soviets and the Middle East.}}</ref> summarized his [[research]]:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-from-ancient-times-to-the-present-day |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=The New Antisemitism |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In the light of [[history]], the argument that anti-Zionism is different from antisemitism is not very convincing. No one [[Dispute|disputes]] that in the late [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] period anti-Zionism was merely a [[synonym]] for antisemitism. [...] in the [[Islamism#References|Muslim]] [...] [[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Arab]] [[Middle East|world]], the fine [[Difference|distinctions]] between Jews and Zionists hardly ever existed.}} ===David Hirsh=== David Hirsh (1967 – ), a [[British people|British]] historian, shared similar [[Postulate|views]]:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=It was the new phenomenon of Israel-focused antisemitism that required the new definition. David Hirsh responds to a recent ‘call to reject’ the IHRA |url=https://fathomjournal.org/it-was-the-new-phenomenon-of-israel-focused-antisemitism-that-required-the-new-definition-of-antisemitism-david-hirsh-responds-to-a-recent-call-to-reject-the-ihra |last=Hirsh |first=David |year=2021 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism (JCA) |last=Hirsh |first=David |title=How the Word “Zionist” Functions in Antisemitic Vocabulary |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca.4.2.83/html |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.26613/jca/4.2.83 |date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Custom|tradition]] of antizionism [...] in a broad [[alliance]] with antisemitic [[Social movement|movements]] that do not find the distinction between [[hostility]] to [[Israel]] and hostility to Jews to be of much significance [. ...] Antizionism does not allow Jews [...] to [[Definition|define]] their own [[Cultural identity|identities]]. It defines their Zionism [...] as racism [. ...] [[alien]] to any [[Morality|decent]] [[community]] of [[human]] beings.}} ==Public views== Public figures also commented on "anti-Zionism" associated with the antisemitism in the Soviet Union and her [[Warsaw Pact|puppet states]]. ===David Neil=== Writing for the ''Algemeiner'', [[Real property|real estate]] executive David Neil pointed out that academia played a huge role in modern antisemitism,<ref name="DNTA2025">{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> with "anti-Zionism" being an academically driven "[[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] movement" similar to the pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Lost Cause movement once popular in elite universities,<ref name="DNTA2025" /> especially the [[Columbia University]],<ref name="DNTA2025" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> as noted by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in his 1935 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''Black Reconstruction in America'':<ref name="DNTA2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The Columbia school of historians [...] based on the same [...] [[Methodology|method]]: first, endless [[sympathy]] with the [[White nationalism|white]] [[Deep South|South]]; second, [[Parody|ridicule]], [[contempt]] or [[silence]] for the [[Negro]] [. ... nationwide] [[propaganda]] against the Negro has been carried on unquestioned.}} Neil said that the Lost Cause phenomenon was a classical case of how harmful [[Belief|beliefs]] can [[Creeping normality|become normalized]] by universities spreading racism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of [[social justice]].<ref name="DNTA2025" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Double genocide theory]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Soviet Union]] 2go2pvtxu09lmhn0f7ni4fbpixkacia 10330652 10330650 2025-06-14T19:11:18Z Steven1991 1522289 Removal of less relevant sources 10330652 wikitext text/x-wiki In 1922, the [[Bolshevik|Bolsheviks]] won the [[Russian Civil War]] and set up the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR). The USSR succeeded the Russian Empire, which had a [[Century|centuries]]-old [[Modern history|history]] of [[antisemitism]],<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Government policies and the tradition of Russian antisemitism, 1772–1917 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |last=Löwe |first=Heinz‐Dietrich |volume=27 |issue=1: Antisemitisim in Europe: I |pages=47–63 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970096 |year=1993 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=History Compass |title=Russia and the Origins of Twentieth-century Antisemitism |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1478-0542.056 |last=Johnson |first=Sam |doi=10.1111/1478-0542.056 |date=September 3, 2009 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |title=German Antisemitism and Russian Judeophobia in the 1880's: Brothers and Strangers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41052622 |last=Klier |first=John D. |pages=524–540 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag }} * {{cite book |title=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |chapter=The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://brill.com/display/title/27849#page=61 |last1=Nikžentaitis |first1=Alvydas |last2=Schreiner |first2=Stefan |last3=Staliūnas |first3=Darius |volume=1 |year=2004 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=The Empire Strikes Back: Antisemitism in Russia |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_007.xml |last1=Rock |first1=Stella |last2=Verkhovsky |first2=Alexander |pages=197–229 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_007 |year=2011 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> including repeated [[Pogrom|pogroms]].<ref name="A"> * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Pogrom {{!}} Meaning, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Pogroms {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe |title=Pogroms |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/violence-war/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=My Jewish Learning |title=What Were Pogroms? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-were-pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="B"> * {{cite book |chapter=The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe |title=Racist Violence in Europe |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |last=Klier |first=John D. |year=1993 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |isbn=978-0-333-60102-0 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&dq=info:yrqubkxpMdIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last1=Dekel-Chen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gaunt |first2=David |last3=Meir |first3=Natan M |last4=Bartal |first4=Israel |year=2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press | isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Riots and pogroms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&dq=info:maRftHyNgfwJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR7 |last=Brass |first=Paul R |publisher=Springer |year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-24867-4 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxa_DwAAQBAJ&dq=info:enqOWBnHzrgJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last=Bemporad |first=Elissa |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |year=2019 |location=[[United States of America|USA]] | isbn=978-0-19-046645-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Explorations in Economic History |title=Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493 |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O. |last2=Mukand |first2=Sharun |last3=Yotzov |first3=Ivan |volume=86 |issue=101471 |date=August 10, 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 |access-date=November 10, 2024 }}</ref> However, antisemitism persisted in the USSR, fluctuating throughout the [[Cold War]].<ref name="C"> * {{cite book |last=Beckerman |first=Gal |title=When They Come For Us, We'll All Be Gone |year=2010 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=[[Boston]] |page=103 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Putin is trying to erase Stalin’s Jewish victims |url=https://www.thejc.com/opinion/putin-is-trying-to-erase-stalins-jewish-victims-i1h44l66 |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=December 30, 2021 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> The persecution of Jews in the USSR lasted until the union ceased to exist on December 26, 1991.<ref name="C" /> ==Under Joseph Stalin (1922–1953)== Between 1922 and 1953, [[Joseph Stalin]] (1878–1953) was the leader<ref>General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU): April 3, 1922 – October 16, 1952<br />Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union: May 6, 1941 – March 5, 1953</ref> of the USSR.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brackman |first=Roman |title=The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life |url=https://archive.org/details/secretfileofjose0000brac |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0 }}</ref> Despite playing a significant role in [[World War II#War ends in Europe|defeating]] [[Nazi Germany]] and ending [[the Holocaust]] that caused over 6,000,000 Jewish deaths (67% of pre-war European Jews),<ref> * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archivedate=2 March 2019 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Cite web |title=36 Questions About the Holocaust |url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]] }}</ref> Stalin launched state campaigns to [[Persecution|persecute]] Soviet Jews.<ref name="D"> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494] }} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="E"> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours. }} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> Soviet Jews of professional backgrounds, especially [[Writer|writers]], were accused of having [[Bourgeoisie|"bourgeois]] [[Western world|Western]] [[Influence|influences"]] from 1946 onwards.<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |year=2002 |last1=Azadovskii |first1=K. |last2=Egorov |first2=B. |title=From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1162/152039702753344834 |s2cid=57565840 }} * {{cite web |website=Publishers Weekly |title=STALIN'S LAST CRIME: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948–1953 by Jonathan Brent |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780060195243 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Modern Diplomacy |title=State anti-semitism: Doctors' plot as an abandoned holocaust amid the Stalin's Russia |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/01/19/state-anti-semitism-doctors-plot-as-an-abandoned-holocaust-amid-the-stalin-s-russia |date=January 19, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=New Soviet Twists on Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism (Published 1970) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/16/archives/near-soviet-twists-on-antizionism-and-antisemitism.html |year=1970 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Why Couldn't Soviet Jews See Stalin for the Anti-Semitic Monster He Was? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/surviving-stalins-purges |date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Memo to Secret Police Chief Reveals Hunt for Chabad's Soviet Underground |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/5619816/jewish/Memo-to-Secret-Police-Chief-Reveals-Hunt-for-Chabads-Soviet-Underground.htm |date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> ===Anti-cosmopolitan campaign=== Soviet state [[propaganda]] emphasized the imagined harm posed by the so-called [[Rootless cosmopolitan|rootless cosmopolitans]] ([[Russian language|Russian]]: безродный космополит, [[Romanization|romanized]]: ''bezrodnyi kosmopolit'') with whom Soviet Jews were accused of being associated.<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The propaganda backed up the "anti-cosmopolitan campaign" between 1948 and 1953,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> which involved antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] across the USSR and her [[Warsaw Pact|satellite states]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> The persecution peaked in the Doctors' Plot when Stalin falsely accused Jewish [[Physician|doctors]] of planning to [[poison]] the Soviet leaders based on a [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Middle Ages|medieval antisemitic trope]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> These came at a time of tension between the newly founded [[Israel|State of Israel]] and the USSR,<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /> when Israel began allying with the [[United States]] (US).<ref>{{cite web |website=U.S. Department of State |title=U.S. Security Cooperation with Israel |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-israel |date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=February 11, 2025 }}</ref> As per historian Cathy S. Gelbin,<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Cathy S. |last=Gelbin |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities |journal=European Review of History/Revue européenne d'histoire |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |date=2016 |pages=863–879|doi=10.1080/13507486.2016.1203882 |s2cid=159505532 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rootless-cosmopolitans-germanjewish-writers-confront-the-stalinist-and-national-socialist-atrocities(97803464-21be-4b83-a7a2-b630e7946d5a).html }} at p.865.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=From 1946 onwards [...] Soviet [[rhetoric]] increasingly highlighted the [[Task|goal]] of a pure [[Soviet Union#Culture|Soviet culture]] freed from Western degeneration [. ...] in the Soviet [[Magazine|weekly]] ''Literaturnaya Gazeta'' in 1947, which [[Censure|denounced]] the claimed expressions of rootless [[Cosmopolitan|cosmopolitanism]] as inimical<ref>Tending to obstruct or harm. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic [[Purge|purges]] and [[Execution|executions]] began across the Soviet Union and its [[Satellite state|satellite countries]], when Jews were [[Miscarriage of justice|charged]] explicitly with harbouring<ref>Keep (a [[thought]] or [[Emotion|feeling]], typically a negative one) in one's mind, especially secretly. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> an [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy]].}} As per [[literature]] [[professor]] Margarita Levantovskaya,<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margarita |last=Levantovskaya |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora |type=PhD |publisher=UC San Diego |year=2013 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4jq507vn/qt4jq507vn.pdf |page=1 }}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [. ...] [[Definition|defined]] rootless cosmopolitans as [[Citizen|citizens]] who lacked [[patriotism]] and disseminated foreign [[influence]] [...] including [[theater]] critics, [[Yiddish]]-speaking [[Poet|poets]] and doctors. They were accused of disseminating [[Western philosophy|Western European philosophies]] of [[aesthetics]], pro-[[United States|American]] [[Ideology|attitudes]], [[Zionism]] [. ...] emphasizing their [Jewish] status as strangers and outsiders.}} ===Soviet occupation zone in Germany=== Such antisemitic policies extended to the Soviet occupation zone in Germany, which later formed the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) ([[German language|German]]: ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)''), commonly known as the East Germany. [[American people|American]] [[historian]] Norman Naimark noted that Soviet governors showed a "growing obsession" with the presence of Jews in the military government.<ref name="F">{{cite book |first=Norman M. |last=Naimark |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 |publisher=Belknap of Harvard UP |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |date=1995 |isbn=978-0674784062 |page=338 }}</ref> East German Jews who opposed Soviet communism were classed as having "non-[[Aryan race|Aryan]] background lined up with the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] parties".<ref name="F" /> The policies continued under [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (1894–1971), who ruled the USSR between 1953 and 1964.<ref name="F" /><ref>{{citation | last = Taubman | first = William | year = 2003 | title = Khrushchev: The Man and His Era | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32484-6 }}</ref> ==Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)== The [[persecution]] of Jews in the USSR intensified under [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s [[Autocracy|rule]] when [[Israel]] defeated the Soviet-armed [[Arab League]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. Antisemitic propaganda in the form of [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|"anti-Zionist"]] [[broadcasting]] appeared, such as the [[film]] ''Secret and Explicit'', which demonized Jews as a malign Zionist [[cabal]] based on [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|stereotypes]] from ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fomin |first=Valery |title=Cinema and power: Soviet Cinema, 1965-1985: Documents, evidence, and reflections |publisher=Mainland |year=1996 |pages=120–121 |language=ru }}</ref> Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, especially Mikhail Suslov, were radical antisemites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mlechin |first=Leonid |date=July 7, 2019 |title="You Give us Little Hawks, Give us Little Hawks!": Why Identifying Jews Became the Most Important Problem in the Post-War USSR |url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/07/07/81159-vy-nam-rusachkov-rusachkov-davayte |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=Novaya Gazeta }}</ref> Jewish [[emigration]] to Israel or the United States (US) was heavily [[Ban|restricted]],<ref>Joseph Dunner. ''Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wh3ZUWExDEcC&dq=discrimination+against+jews+in+the+soviet+union&pg=PA75 Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1.] Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. {{ISBN|90-247-1779-5}}, {{ISBN|90-247-1780-9}}; pages 69-82</ref> often impossible without a special invitation from a [[Kinship|relative]] overseas. Written permission from all close family members was also required, with a low application approval rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garbuzov |first=Leonid |title=A struggle to preserve ethnic identity: the suppression of Jewish culture by the Soviet Union's emigration policy between 1945-1985 |url=http://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archive/international/volume23n1/documents/159-176.pdf |journal=Boston University International Law Journal |pages=168–169 }}</ref> [[Institutional racism|Systemic racism]] against Jews was widespread,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunner |first=Joseph |title=Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1975 |isbn=9024717809 |location=The Hague |pages=69–82 }}</ref> which caught little attention from Western academic leftists.<ref name="G"> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 |quote=When Jews insisted on highlighting antisemitism [...] they were [[Ad hominem|accused]] of [[reactionary]] particularism [. ...] much of the [[Left-wing politics|left]] resisted attempts to present the [[The Holocaust|Nazi genocide]] as a Jewish cataclysm [. ...] It did not see the [[oppression]] of Soviet Jewry, or the desperate [[Exile|flight]] of Ethiopian Jews, as issues [. ...] Stalinist purges [...] Jews [...] as cosmopolitans and Zionist agents. In 1968-69 the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish Communist Party]] conducted an anti-Zionist attack on [...] its Jewish population of 35,000, resulting in the forced [[emigration]] of [[Approximation|approximately]] 25,000 of them. }}</ref> Boris Kochubievsky, a Ukrainian-Jewish [[radio]] [[engineer]], wrote Brezhnev a letter:<ref name="C" /> {{Blockquote|text=I am a Jew. I want to live in the Jewish state. That is my [[Human rights|right]], just as it is the rights of a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] to live in the [[Ukraine]], the right of a Russian to live in Russia, the right of a [[Georgian people|Georgian]] to live in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. I want to live in Israel. That is my [[dream]], that is the [[Task|goal]] not only of my life but also of the lives of hundreds of [[generation]] that preceded me, of my [[Ancestor|ancestors]] who were [[Jew#Classical antiquity|expelled from their land]]. I want my [[Child|children]] to study in the [[Hebrew language]]. I want to read Jewish [[Newspaper|papers]], I want to attend a Jewish theatre. What is wrong with that? What is my [[crime]] [...] ?}} Shortly after, Kochubievsky was [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] by the [[KGB]] into a [[Psychiatric hospital|mental asylum]].<ref name="C" /> Almost all Soviet Jews were reportedly affected by the post-1967 wave of antisemitism,<ref name="C" /> despite common leftist indifference.<ref name="C" /><ref name="G" /> In 1969, Soviet propagandist Yuri Ivanov condemned Zionism as a "capitalist imperialist" construct:<ref>''Caution: Zionism! Essays on the Ideology, Organisation and Practice of Zionism''</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Modern Zionism is the ideology [...] of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie which has closely allied itself with monopoly circles in the USA and other [[Imperialism|imperialist]] [[List of European countries|countries]] [. ...] Zionism is bellicose<ref>Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> chauvinism and anti-communism.}} Just as academically influential Western "anti-Zionists",<ref name="G" /><ref name="H"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> Soviet leaders denied that their "anti-Zionism" was antisemitic by alleging that many of their "anti-Zionist" officials were Jewish. In the ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was also accused of "controlling Western media" and "participating in [[colonialism]]" worldwide.<ref>Source: {{in lang|ru}} Большая советская энциклопедия / [[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd Edition. 1969–1978; [https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Zionism translation].<br />The third edition of the thirty-volume ''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (Большая Советская энциклопедия, БСЭ) claims the following: * "The main posits of modern Zionism are militant chauvinism, racism, anti-Communism and anti-Sovietism" * "The anti-human reactionary essence of Zionism" is "overt and covert fight against freedom movements and against the USSR" * "International Zionist Organization owns major financial funds, partly through Jewish [[Monopoly|monopolists]] and partly collected by Jewish mandatory [[Charitable organization|charities]]", it also [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|"influences or controls significant part of media agencies and outlets in the West"]] * "Serving as the front squad of [[colonialism]] and [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialism]], international Zionism actively participates in the fight against national liberation movements of the peoples of [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Latin America]]" * "A natural and objective [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] process of Jews is growing around the world."</ref> In his book ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'', American historian Howard Sachar stated that Soviet "anti-Zionism" was not much different from Nazism:<ref>Howard Sachar, ''A History of the Jews in the Modern World'' (New York: Knopf, 2005) p.722</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In late July 1967, Moscow launched an unprecedented propaganda campaign against Zionism as a 'world threat.' [...] an '[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|all-powerful international force]].' [...] the new propaganda assault soon achieved Nazi-era characteristics. The Soviet public was saturated with [[Racism|racist]] [[Rumor|canards]] [. ...] Yuri Ivanov's ''Beware: Zionism'', a book essentially replicated<ref>Make an exact copy of; reproduce. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', was given nationwide coverage.}} The persecution did not fade until the 1980s,<ref name="C" /> when Brezhnev reportedly changed course in 1981 by indirectly disapproving of antisemitism at a [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] meeting.<ref name="Brezhnev1981"> * "The CPSU [Communist Party of the Soviet Union] has fought and will always fight resolutely against such [[Phenomenon|phenomena]] [inter-ethnic tensions] which are alien to the nature of [[socialism]] as [[Fascism#Main ideas|chauvinism]] or [[nationalism]], against any nationalistic aberrations such as, let us say, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] or [[Zionism]]. We are against tendencies aimed at artificial erosion of national characteristics [. ...] the sacred [[duty]] of the party [is] to educate the [[Working class|working people]] in the [[spirit]] of Soviet [[patriotism]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] internationalism, of a [[Pride|proud]] [[Emotion|feeling]] of belonging to a single great Soviet motherland." * {{cite book |last=Korey |first=William |title=Brezhnev and Soviet Anti-Semitism |page=30 }} * {{cite news |newspaper=Povada |date=February 23, 1981 |page=38 }}</ref> Despite Brezhnev's reported disapproval of antisemitism, antisemitic propaganda remained widespread in the USSR.<ref name="Brezhnev1981" /> Sometimes, those antisemitic propaganda promoted the false claim of "active [[World War II|WWII]] Nazi‒Zionist collaboration".<ref name="HI1"> * {{cite news |work=Mida |title=Abu Mazen's Zionist Nazis: Is Abu Mazen a Holocaust denier or not? Dr. Edi Cohen delved deeply into his infamous doctorate to answer that question. What he found may shock you. |url=https://mida.org.il/2014/06/23/abu-mazen-zionist-nazis |last=Woolf |first=Avi |date=June 23, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Abbas' book reveals: The 'Nazi-Zionist plot' of the Holocaust |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4596121,00.html |last=Bergman |first=Ronen |date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Palestinian leader Abbas offers apology for remarks on Jews |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/palestinian-leader-abbas-offers-apology-for-remarks-on-jews-idUSKBN1I5134 |date=May 4, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Mahmoud Abbas’ Dissertation |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/mahmoud-abbas-soviet-dissertation |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Outrage over Abbas's antisemitic speech on Jews and Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66741336 |date=September 7, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Simon Wiesenthal Center condemns Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas’ remarks |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-758258 |date=September 9, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="HI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=An Antisemitic Hoax: Lenni Brenner on Zionist ‘Collaboration’ With the Nazis |url=https://fathomjournal.org/an-antisemitic-hoax-lenni-brenner-on-zionist-collaboration-with-the-nazis |last=Bogdanor |first=Paul |year=2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite news| title = Ken Livingstone cites Marxist book in defence of Israel comments | last = Quinn | first = Ben | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/29/ken-livingstone-marxist-book-lenni-brenner-defence-israel-comments | date = April 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The problem with Ken Livingstone’s “evidence” |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/problem-ken-livingstones-evidence |last=Ben-Noah |first=Gerry |date=May 25, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Mosaic Magazine |title=Lenni Brenner’s Anti-Zionist Libels |url=https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2016/06/lenni-brenners-anti-zionist-libels |date=June 20, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=UK Parliament |title=SEM0008 - Evidence on Antisemitism |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/68907/html |access-date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref> The false claim is still commonly exploited by antisemites on the [[Far-right politics|far right]] and [[Far-left politics|far left]]<ref name="HI1" /><ref name="HI2" /> to [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialize the Holocaust]] and demonize the vast majority of [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora Jews]] who support Israel's right to exist.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Eight out of ten British Jews identify as Zionist, says new poll |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/eight-out-of-ten-british-jews-identify-as-zionist-says-new-poll-vu3f391c |date=December 28, 2023 |access-date=February 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=AJC Survey Shows American Jews are Deeply and Increasingly Connected to Israel |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/ajc-survey-shows-american-jews-are-deeply-and-increasingly-connected-to-israel |location=[[New York State|New York]] |date=June 10, 2024 |access-date=February 10, 2025}}</ref> ==Late Cold War== ''Pravda'' ([[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]]'s official [[newspaper]]) ran an "anti-Zionist" front-page [[article]] on April 1, 1983,<ref> * {{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |title=The Stalinist roots of left "anti-Zionism" 1 |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2004/02/24/stalinist-roots-left-anti-zionism-1 |last=Crooke |first=Stan |date=February 24, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World |chapter=Soviet Anti-Zionism: Origins, Forms and Development |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |last=Friedgut |first=Theodore H. |pages=26–45 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3_3 |location=[[Bergen]], [[Norway]] |year=1990 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=The logic of anti-Zionism: Soviet elites in the aftermath of the Six-Day War |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326380266_The_logic_of_anti-Zionism_Soviet_elites_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Six-Day_War |last=Gjerde |first=Åsmund Borgen |pages=1‒22 |volume=52 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2018.1476211 |year=2018 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs |title=Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse |last=Ryvchin |first=Alex |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Contemporary Anti-Zionism’s Connections to Soviet Propaganda |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/contemporary-anti-zionisms-connections-soviet-propaganda |date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Zombie Anti-Zionism |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/zombie-anti-zionism |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |date=July 31, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> whose viewpoints are still widely shared by academically influential<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Western "anti-Zionists":<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> {{Blockquote|text=By its nature, Zionism concentrates [[Fascism|ultra-nationalism]], chauvinism and [[Racism|racial intolerance]], excuse for territorial occupation [...] dirty tactics and perfidy<ref>The state of being deceitful and untrustworthy. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> [...] Absurd<ref>Wildly unreasonable, [[Logical fallacy|illogical]], or inappropriate. ''[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[List of languages|Languages]].''</ref> are attempts of Zionist ideologists to present criticizing them [...] as antisemitic [. ...] We call on all Soviet citizens: <u>[[Worker|workers]], [[Peasant|peasants]], representatives of [[Intellectual|intelligentsia]]</u>: take active part in exposing Zionism [...] <u>[[Social science|social scientists]]</u>: activate [[Science|scientific]] [[research]] to [[Censure|criticize]] [[reactionary]] core of that [[ideology]] [...] <u>writers, [[Artist|artists]], [[Journalist|journalists]]</u>: fuller expose anti-populace and anti-humane diversionary character of propaganda and politics of Zionism.}} ==Aftermath== It is estimated that about 2,750,000 Soviet Jews left the USSR between May 9, 1945 and December 26, 1991, with most departing after 1989 when exit control was relaxed.<ref>{{cite web |website=Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe |title=Post-War Jewish Migration from the USSR and the refuseniki movement |url=https://www.copernico.eu/en/articles/post-war-jewish-migration-ussr-and-refuseniki-movement |last=Astrouskaya |first=Tatsiana |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref> Soviet antisemitism's influence extended far beyond USSR's borders. Notably, it has left a long-lasting mark on [[United States#Culture|American society]]. Famous pro-Soviet [[Black nationalism|Black nationalists]], especially [[Malcolm X]] (1925–65), adopted the Soviet antisemitic tropes and [[Mainstream|mainstreamed]] them via circulation among [[academia]] and [[African Americans|Black Americans]],<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> from whom the influential antisemitic [[Supersessionism#Non-Christian examples|groups]]<ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> Nation of Islam (NOI)<ref name="H" /><ref name="I"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=December 17, 2019}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=March 30, 2020}} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> drew massive support.<ref name="H" /><ref name="I" /> Particularly, NOI's leader [[Louis Farrakhan]] was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as the most popular antisemite in America.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In American society, Soviet antisemitic tropes were [[Secondary antisemitism#Academic views|normalized]] over the [[Decade|decades]] and engendered a form of new antisemitism,<ref name="H" /><ref name="J"> * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/blm-should-look-to-martin-luther-king-not-malcolm-x-for-inspiration |title=The uncomfortable truth about BLM, Malcolm X and anti-Semitism |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) |title=Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/black-antisemitism |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |issue=Special Publication |date=June 1, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |title=Antisemitic Attitudes among Young Black and Hispanic Americans |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/antisemitic-attitudes-among-young-black-and-hispanic-americans/5465F2124BC3D44B40521D2CD000D023 |last1=Royden |first1=Laura |last2=Hersh |first2=Eitan |date=April 17, 2023 |volume=8 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |location=[[Cambridge]], [[England]] |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |url=https://forward.com/culture/177636/malcolm-x-and-the-jews |title=Malcolm X and the Jews |date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=AMCHA Initiative |url=https://www.amchainitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Chapter-18-manuscript.pdf |title=Identity Politics, the Pursuit of Social Justice, and the Rise of Campus Antisemitism: A Case Study |last=Rossman-Benjamin |first=Tammi |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> where Jews are accused of being the "beneficiaries" of "White privilege"<ref name="H" /><ref name="J" /> that [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory|"controlled"]] Western governments to "support Israel at the expense of Palestinians" and "colonise oppressed peoples".<ref name="H" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/poll-shows-palestinians-back-oct-7-attack-israel-support-hamas-rises-2023-12-14 |date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/06/14/most-palestinians-support-october-7-attack-dissatisfied-with-abbas-and-fatah |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Global 100 |url=https://global100.adl.org/map |year=2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> As per a 2016 [[Statistical survey|survey]] by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]], 23% Black Americans held negative beliefs about Jews,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/ADL_MS_Survey_Pres_1_25_17.pdf |title=A Survey about Attitudes towards Jews in America |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> while a 2023 survey showed that one-eighth of Black Americans [[Holocaust denial|doubted]] whether [[the Holocaust]] really happened.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=UnHerd |url=https://unherd.com/newsroom/why-are-black-americans-more-likely-to-deny-the-holocaust |title=More than one in eight African Americans deny the Holocaust |last=Leonard |first=Ralph |date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=October 27, 2024}}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American [[historian]],<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/setting-my-compass-by-walter-laqueur-1921-2018 |title=Setting My Compass by Walter Laqueur, 1921-2018 |last=Siegel |first=Fred |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Walter Laqueur wrote with the range of a journalist and the depth of a historian. He helped set my intellectual compass.<br><br>Laqueur was born in [[Germany]] but escaped to [[Israel]] in 1939, leaving behind parents who perished in [[the Holocaust]]. While working the land, a fellow [[kibbutz]]nik taught him Russian and by the mid-1960s he was writing books on the Soviets and the Middle East.}}</ref> summarized his [[research]]:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-from-ancient-times-to-the-present-day |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=The New Antisemitism |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=In the light of [[history]], the argument that anti-Zionism is different from antisemitism is not very convincing. No one [[Dispute|disputes]] that in the late [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] period anti-Zionism was merely a [[synonym]] for antisemitism. [...] in the [[Islamism#References|Muslim]] [...] [[History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula|Arab]] [[Middle East|world]], the fine [[Difference|distinctions]] between Jews and Zionists hardly ever existed.}} ===David Hirsh=== David Hirsh (1967 – ), a [[British people|British]] historian, shared similar [[Postulate|views]]:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=It was the new phenomenon of Israel-focused antisemitism that required the new definition. David Hirsh responds to a recent ‘call to reject’ the IHRA |url=https://fathomjournal.org/it-was-the-new-phenomenon-of-israel-focused-antisemitism-that-required-the-new-definition-of-antisemitism-david-hirsh-responds-to-a-recent-call-to-reject-the-ihra |last=Hirsh |first=David |year=2021 |access-date=February 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism (JCA) |last=Hirsh |first=David |title=How the Word “Zionist” Functions in Antisemitic Vocabulary |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca.4.2.83/html |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.26613/jca/4.2.83 |date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Custom|tradition]] of antizionism [...] in a broad [[alliance]] with antisemitic [[Social movement|movements]] that do not find the distinction between [[hostility]] to [[Israel]] and hostility to Jews to be of much significance [. ...] Antizionism does not allow Jews [...] to [[Definition|define]] their own [[Cultural identity|identities]]. It defines their Zionism [...] as racism [. ...] [[alien]] to any [[Morality|decent]] [[community]] of [[human]] beings.}} ==Public views== Public figures also commented on "anti-Zionism" associated with the antisemitism in the Soviet Union and her [[Warsaw Pact|puppet states]]. ===David Neil=== Writing for the ''Algemeiner'', [[Real property|real estate]] executive David Neil pointed out that academia played a huge role in modern antisemitism,<ref name="DNTA2025">{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> with "anti-Zionism" being an academically driven "[[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] movement" similar to the pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] Lost Cause movement once popular in elite universities,<ref name="DNTA2025" /> especially the [[Columbia University]],<ref name="DNTA2025" /><ref> * {{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/columbia-university-says-banned-khymani-james-protester-said-zionists-rcna149642 |title=Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live' |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68909942 |title=Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments |date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=What It's Like to be Jewish on Campus Right Now |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/the-chaos-at-columbia-what-its-like-to-be-jewish-on-campus-right-now |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-09-16/ty-article/.premium/new-report-finds-over-2-000-anti-israel-campus-incidents-last-year-columbia-tops-list/00000191-fa0b-d350-a3d5-ff5b51f40000 |title='Snapshot of Radical Activist Movement': Over 2,000 anti-Israel Campus Incidents in U.S. Last Year, Says ADL |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> as noted by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] in his 1935 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''Black Reconstruction in America'':<ref name="DNTA2025" /> {{Blockquote|text=The Columbia school of historians [...] based on the same [...] [[Methodology|method]]: first, endless [[sympathy]] with the [[White nationalism|white]] [[Deep South|South]]; second, [[Parody|ridicule]], [[contempt]] or [[silence]] for the [[Negro]] [. ... nationwide] [[propaganda]] against the Negro has been carried on unquestioned.}} Neil said that the Lost Cause phenomenon was a classical case of how harmful [[Belief|beliefs]] can [[Creeping normality|become normalized]] by universities spreading racism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of [[social justice]].<ref name="DNTA2025" /> ==Related pages== * [[Khazar myth]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[Double genocide theory]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Soviet Union]] nqvxhdai33qkzdn9zywx9jfhcjr1izv 0 1168951 10330337 10094611 2025-06-14T17:04:01Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Skinner Jones | image = | caption = | birth_name = Skinner Jones | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|10|24}} | birth_place = [[Dickson, Tennessee]], [[United States]] | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | occupation = Model | years_active = 2020–present | title = | height = | website = {{Instagram|skinner.jones}} }} '''Skinner Jones''', (born on October 24, 1996 in [[Tennessee]], United States), is a American professional model and internet celebrity in California. He moved to Los Angeles from Dickson, Tennessee.<ref>https://www.mycast.io/talent/skinner-jones</ref> ==Modeling career== He is under contract in Adon Magazine and Wilhelmina model agency in the United States. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Skinner}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American people]] [[Category:American models]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] {{bio-stub}} eyg2a6f177eq9kjgc3i3y2h8cgm4oji 0 1169146 10330358 10092536 2025-06-14T17:09:10Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bambhaniya Koli'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhavnagar Lok Sabha seat heats up: BJP, AAP set for electoral showdown|url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/bhavnagar-lok-sabha-seat-heats-up-bjp-aap-set-for-electoral-showdown|access-date=2025-02-15|website=english.gujaratsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Bambhania Koli''')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-15|title=Lok Sabha polls 2024 {{!}} Report card: Bharatiben Shiyal|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-polls-2024-reportcar-bharatiben-shiyal-9270326/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-10|title=Ex-Bhavnagar mayor Nimuben Bambhaniya sworn in as Minister of State|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ex-bhavnagar-mayor-nimuben-bambhaniya-sworn-minister-of-state-2551121-2024-06-10|access-date=2025-02-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DeshGujarat|date=2024-03-13|title=Who is Nimuben Bambhaniya, BJP Lok Sabha candidate for Bhavnagar seat|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/13/who-is-nimuben-bambhaniya-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-for-bhavnagar-seat/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=“This election is being fought by Narendrabhai” Bhavnagar BJP candidate after anti-Rupala demonstrators disrupted her rally|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bjp-bhavnagar-candidate-nimuben-bambhania-lok-sabha-polls-9294584/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bambhaniya Koli|local name=બાંભણીયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=Bambhania Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bambhaniya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 73s6u804pnhh5xhccbs86exexarjxpd 10330443 10330358 2025-06-14T17:34:00Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330443 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bambhaniya Koli'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhavnagar Lok Sabha seat heats up: BJP, AAP set for electoral showdown|url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/bhavnagar-lok-sabha-seat-heats-up-bjp-aap-set-for-electoral-showdown|access-date=2025-02-15|website=english.gujaratsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Bambhania Koli''')<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-15|title=Lok Sabha polls 2024 {{!}} Report card: Bharatiben Shiyal|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-polls-2024-reportcar-bharatiben-shiyal-9270326/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles#Clans (Gotra)|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-10|title=Ex-Bhavnagar mayor Nimuben Bambhaniya sworn in as Minister of State|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ex-bhavnagar-mayor-nimuben-bambhaniya-sworn-minister-of-state-2551121-2024-06-10|access-date=2025-02-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DeshGujarat|date=2024-03-13|title=Who is Nimuben Bambhaniya, BJP Lok Sabha candidate for Bhavnagar seat|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/13/who-is-nimuben-bambhaniya-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-for-bhavnagar-seat/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=“This election is being fought by Narendrabhai” Bhavnagar BJP candidate after anti-Rupala demonstrators disrupted her rally|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bjp-bhavnagar-candidate-nimuben-bambhania-lok-sabha-polls-9294584/|access-date=2025-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bambhaniya Koli|local name=બાંભણીયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=Bambhania Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bambhaniya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 9q3nbloo3cx4he5sfli66711hdl4sfj 0 1170224 10330415 10203885 2025-06-14T17:25:40Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Negi Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and nearby areas. Negi [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] ruled over Koligarh [[Forts in India|fort]] in [[Garhwal]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]. Last [[Koli Patel|Koli]] ruler of Koligarh was '''Jhagad Singh Negi''' who was defeated by Ajaypal of [[Garhwal|Garhwal Kingdom]] after that Koligarh fort of Negi Kolis was annexed in Garhwal [[Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Nd1KAQAAIAAJ|title=Gaṛhavāla Maṇḍala kī jānī mānī divaṅgata vibhūtiyam̐|last=Negī|first=Kuṃvarasiṃha|date=2001|publisher=Kuṃvara Siṃha Negī "Karmaṭha"|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9rUZAAAAYAAJ|title=Uttarākhaṇḍa kī vibhūtiyām̐|last=Sakalānī|first=Śaktti Prasāda|date=2001|publisher=Uttarā Prakāśana|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=गढ़वाल का पतन|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22986/8/ch-6.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Negi Koli|local name=नेगी कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Himachal Pradesh]] *Jammu and Kashmir *[[Uttarakhand]]|varna=Agriculturist|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *Himachali *Pahari *Kumauni *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Negi}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 381j89bi82su3fjga8xhkikntimc44z 10330481 10330415 2025-06-14T17:35:17Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330481 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Negi Koli''' is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and nearby areas. Negi [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] ruled over Koligarh [[Forts in India|fort]] in [[Garhwal]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]. Last [[Koli Patel|Koli]] ruler of Koligarh was '''Jhagad Singh Negi''' who was defeated by Ajaypal of [[Garhwal|Garhwal Kingdom]] after that Koligarh fort of Negi Kolis was annexed in Garhwal [[Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Nd1KAQAAIAAJ|title=Gaṛhavāla Maṇḍala kī jānī mānī divaṅgata vibhūtiyam̐|last=Negī|first=Kuṃvarasiṃha|date=2001|publisher=Kuṃvara Siṃha Negī "Karmaṭha"|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9rUZAAAAYAAJ|title=Uttarākhaṇḍa kī vibhūtiyām̐|last=Sakalānī|first=Śaktti Prasāda|date=2001|publisher=Uttarā Prakāśana|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=गढ़वाल का पतन|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22986/8/ch-6.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Negi Koli|local name=नेगी कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Himachal Pradesh]] *Jammu and Kashmir *[[Uttarakhand]]|varna=Agriculturist|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *Himachali *Pahari *Kumauni *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Negi}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 6q6clj1gr1u87cetbhwqdu4sr44zo8p 0 1170241 10330355 10093280 2025-06-14T17:08:18Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Angre Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Making_of_Modern_India_from_A_D_1526/oAUdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Making of Modern India, from A.D. 1526 to the Present Day|last=Sharma|first=Shripad Rama|date=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=247|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Angrey Koli''', '''Angriya Koli''', '''Angria Koli''', '''Angray Koli''', '''Angare Koli''' and '''Angarey Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Founding_of_Maratha_Freedom/wqU9AAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Founding of Maratha Freedom|last=Sharma|first=Shripad Rama|date=1964|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-0-8426-1524-2|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=327|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA41&dq=Angare+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj9OmypNKLAxVt-DgGHXVxB2UQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Sharad Pawar, the Maratha Legacy|last=Bakshi|first=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-007-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Angre Koli|local name=आंग्रे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Maharashtra]]|varna=Ruler|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Angre}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 2uocjzutmmd51qwxxojb1cl912yud4n 10330440 10330355 2025-06-14T17:33:51Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330440 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Angre Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Making_of_Modern_India_from_A_D_1526/oAUdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Making of Modern India, from A.D. 1526 to the Present Day|last=Sharma|first=Shripad Rama|date=1951|publisher=Orient Longmans|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=247|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Angrey Koli''', '''Angriya Koli''', '''Angria Koli''', '''Angray Koli''', '''Angare Koli''' and '''Angarey Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Founding_of_Maratha_Freedom/wqU9AAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Founding of Maratha Freedom|last=Sharma|first=Shripad Rama|date=1964|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-0-8426-1524-2|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=327|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA41&dq=Angare+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjj9OmypNKLAxVt-DgGHXVxB2UQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Sharad Pawar, the Maratha Legacy|last=Bakshi|first=Shiri Ram|last2=Sharma|first2=Sita Ram|last3=Gajrani|first3=S.|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-007-9|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=41|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Angre Koli|local name=आंग्रे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Maharashtra]]|varna=Ruler|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Angre}} [[Category:Koli clans]] sfjjudils5odiufx0x1ng04t98zzrf3 0 1170261 10330406 10092539 2025-06-14T17:23:29Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Malusare Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=k8hcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57&dq=Malusare+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL4a7IqtKLAxW2zDgGHXZwCFwQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Rajwata: Aavishkar Gad Killayacha|last=Kale|first=Rohit Pralhadrao|date=2018-05-24|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Maloosare Koli''' and '''Malsure Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Crime_and_Criminality_in_British_India/DroEAQAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Crime and Criminality in British India|last=Yang|first=Anand A.|date=1985|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas. [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] of Malusare [[clan]] were known as [[Koli Mavala|Mavala]] because of their service in [[Maratha Empire]] and most known [[Koli Mavala|Koli]] family from Malusare was of [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JsKoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106&dq=Malusare+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL4a7IqtKLAxW2zDgGHXZwCFwQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Historicizing Myths in Contemporary India: Cinematic Representations and Nationalist Agendas in Hindi Cinema|last=Gopinath|first=Swapna|last2=Deshmukh|first2=Rutuja|date=2023-02-03|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-82991-4|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=Tanhaji Malusare and his family belonged to the Koli caste, so it would have been quite strange for a Koli woman to be this proud of someone who protects the rights of a specific caste as opposed to everyone. But this is not the only time there exist caste-related discrepancies in the film.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Feeding_the_Baniya/8EsfAQAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India|last=Hardiman|first=David|date=1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-563956-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=221|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Malusare Koli|local name=मालुसरे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Maharashtra]]|varna=Ruler|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Malusare}} [[Category:Koli clans]] == External == *[https://www.kolisamajvikashsanstha.com/tanaji Tanaji Malusare] f9gm9jkhebhgs8wrz7blm8p3wnq1ktr 10330475 10330406 2025-06-14T17:35:06Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330475 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Malusare Koli'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=k8hcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57&dq=Malusare+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL4a7IqtKLAxW2zDgGHXZwCFwQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Rajwata: Aavishkar Gad Killayacha|last=Kale|first=Rohit Pralhadrao|date=2018-05-24|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> (also spelled as '''Maloosare Koli''' and '''Malsure Koli''')<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Crime_and_Criminality_in_British_India/DroEAQAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Crime and Criminality in British India|last=Yang|first=Anand A.|date=1985|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-8165-0951-5|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas. [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] of Malusare [[clan]] were known as [[Koli Mavala|Mavala]] because of their service in [[Maratha Empire]] and most known [[Koli Mavala|Koli]] family from Malusare was of [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=25|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JsKoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106&dq=Malusare+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL4a7IqtKLAxW2zDgGHXZwCFwQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Historicizing Myths in Contemporary India: Cinematic Representations and Nationalist Agendas in Hindi Cinema|last=Gopinath|first=Swapna|last2=Deshmukh|first2=Rutuja|date=2023-02-03|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-82991-4|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=Tanhaji Malusare and his family belonged to the Koli caste, so it would have been quite strange for a Koli woman to be this proud of someone who protects the rights of a specific caste as opposed to everyone. But this is not the only time there exist caste-related discrepancies in the film.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Feeding_the_Baniya/8EsfAQAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India|last=Hardiman|first=David|date=1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-563956-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=221|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Malusare Koli|local name=मालुसरे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Maharashtra]]|varna=Ruler|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Malusare}} [[Category:Koli clans]] == External == *[https://www.kolisamajvikashsanstha.com/tanaji Tanaji Malusare] apqwxmgo27xnkz92mmc271yifjdjsv9 0 1170404 10330380 10155909 2025-06-14T17:16:23Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Gohel Koli''' (also spelled as '''Gohil Koli''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat polls: BJP eyes win in Jasdan; Cong hopeful of Koli community's support|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat-polls-bjp-eyes-win-in-jasdan-cong-hopeful-of-koli-communitys-support-1165868.html|access-date=2025-02-21|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby. Gohel Kolis drived their name from the Gohelwar region of Saurashtra in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Thakors_of_North_Gujarat/1DBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|date=1995|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=124|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Swaminarayan_Hinduism/rs5JDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Gohel Koli|local name=ગોહેલ કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Daman and Diu]] *[[Gujarat]]|varna=Agriculturist|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*[[Khasia Koli]] *[[Mer Kolis]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Gohel}} [[Category:Koli clans]] lliss02zrtw4c8si24v8vx45pa98sd5 10330458 10330380 2025-06-14T17:34:31Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330458 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Gohel Koli''' (also spelled as '''Gohil Koli''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat polls: BJP eyes win in Jasdan; Cong hopeful of Koli community's support|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gujarat-polls-bjp-eyes-win-in-jasdan-cong-hopeful-of-koli-communitys-support-1165868.html|access-date=2025-02-21|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> is a [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby. Gohel Kolis drived their name from the Gohelwar region of Saurashtra in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Thakors_of_North_Gujarat/1DBuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|date=1995|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=124|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Swaminarayan_Hinduism/rs5JDwAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=2016-05-12|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-908959-8|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Gohel Koli|local name=ગોહેલ કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Daman and Diu]] *[[Gujarat]]|varna=Agriculturist|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*[[Khasia Koli]] *[[Mer Kolis]]|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Gohel}} [[Category:Koli clans]] kco173d3klgwfez2gqvmx0uyok8oob2 0 1170416 10330424 10093292 2025-06-14T17:30:21Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Sultanpuri Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sultanpure Koli''') is a [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and nearby. Sultanpuri [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] drived their name from the Sultanpur village in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress banks on Vinod Sultanpuri to regain lost glory in Shimla|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-banks-on-vinod-sultanpuri-to-regain-lost-glory-in-shimla-610528/|access-date=2025-02-21|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिभाषण|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/speeches-detail-hi.htm?921|access-date=2025-02-21|website=presidentofindia.nic.in|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sultanpuri Koli|local name=सुलतानपूरी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] *[[Himachal Pradesh]]|varna=Agriculturist|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Pahari language]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*[[Kashyap Koli]] *Shandil Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Himachal Pradesh}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sultanpuri}} [[Category:Koli clans]] qx6n6l1l7xfm9zrqnc97ld4dfnuw30x 10330492 10330424 2025-06-14T17:35:32Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330492 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sultanpuri Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sultanpure Koli''') is a [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and nearby. Sultanpuri [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] drived their name from the Sultanpur village in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congress banks on Vinod Sultanpuri to regain lost glory in Shimla|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-banks-on-vinod-sultanpuri-to-regain-lost-glory-in-shimla-610528/|access-date=2025-02-21|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिभाषण|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/speeches-detail-hi.htm?921|access-date=2025-02-21|website=presidentofindia.nic.in|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sultanpuri Koli|local name=सुलतानपूरी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] *[[Himachal Pradesh]]|varna=Agriculturist|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Pahari language]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*[[Kashyap Koli]] *Shandil Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Himachal Pradesh}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sultanpuri}} [[Category:Koli clans]] le1uoacqqq9lskwx7k3953nrxj6v9ld 0 1170419 10330362 10093294 2025-06-14T17:10:39Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Bhadel Koli''' (also spelled as '''Badhel Koli''') is a [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and nearby.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-12|title=महावर कोली समाज के 21 जोड़े हम सफर बने|language=hi|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/raj-oth-mat-latest-lalsot-news-051004-1359716-nor.html|access-date=2025-02-21}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhadel Koli|local name=भदेल कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Rajasthan]]|varna=Agriculturist|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Pahari language]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*[[Kashyap Koli]] *Shandil Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Himachal Pradesh}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bhadel}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 32sz4yx0h5eoqtnkbqna695i0ylvnug 10330445 10330362 2025-06-14T17:34:04Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330445 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Bhadel Koli''' (also spelled as '''Badhel Koli''') is a [[Koli clans of Gujarat|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and nearby.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-12|title=महावर कोली समाज के 21 जोड़े हम सफर बने|language=hi|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/raj-oth-mat-latest-lalsot-news-051004-1359716-nor.html|access-date=2025-02-21}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Bhadel Koli|local name=भदेल कोली|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Rajasthan]]|varna=Agriculturist|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Pahari language]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|branches=*[[Kashyap Koli]] *Shandil Koli|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Himachal Pradesh}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Bhadel}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 2hjxy1yg0e8okrmopyiznae899gdigy 0 1170429 10330418 10093295 2025-06-14T17:28:04Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Sabale Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sable Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vanyaj%C4%81ti/BhS2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Vanyajāti|date=1967|publisher=Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh.|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=30 - 31|language=en}}</ref> '''Sabla Koli''', '''Savale Koli''' and '''Savle Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98 - 100|language=en}}</ref> Sabale Kolis were [[Agriculture|Agriculturist]] by profession and served in [[Maratha Empire]] and one of the [[Koli Mavala|Maval]] (fort) in [[Bavan Maval]] was under their control.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Adaptation_to_Colonial_Rule_by_the_wild/S9dmbS_n9UEC?hl=en|title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry|last=Robinson|first=Frederick Bruce|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> Sable Kolis of Maharashtra [[Koli rebellion|rebelled]] against the [[British Raj|British]] rule under their Koli leader Krishna Sable and his son Maruti Sable because of the loss of their land by the British government's policies and laws.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Nineteenth_Century_History_of_Maharashtr/OzZuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra|last=Sunthankar|first=B. R.|date=1993|publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85239-50-7|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=82|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sabale Koli|local name=साबळे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=<nowiki>*Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]</nowiki> *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Sable Koli *Savale Koli *Savle Koli *Sabla Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sabale}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 5tpr04msk6uwerf2xfmy13su5f6sgt8 10330485 10330418 2025-06-14T17:35:21Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330485 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sabale Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sable Koli''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Vanyaj%C4%81ti/BhS2AAAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Vanyajāti|date=1967|publisher=Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh.|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=30 - 31|language=en}}</ref> '''Sabla Koli''', '''Savale Koli''' and '''Savle Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Mahadev_Kolis/5UAdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=The Mahadev Kolis|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|date=1957|publisher=Popular Book Depot|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98 - 100|language=en}}</ref> Sabale Kolis were [[Agriculture|Agriculturist]] by profession and served in [[Maratha Empire]] and one of the [[Koli Mavala|Maval]] (fort) in [[Bavan Maval]] was under their control.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Adaptation_to_Colonial_Rule_by_the_wild/S9dmbS_n9UEC?hl=en|title=Adaptation to Colonial Rule by the "wild Tribes" of the Bombay Deccan, 1818-1880: From Political Competition to Social Banditry|last=Robinson|first=Frederick Bruce|date=1978|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=266|language=en}}</ref> Sable Kolis of Maharashtra [[Koli rebellion|rebelled]] against the [[British Raj|British]] rule under their Koli leader Krishna Sable and his son Maruti Sable because of the loss of their land by the British government's policies and laws.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Nineteenth_Century_History_of_Maharashtr/OzZuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra|last=Sunthankar|first=B. R.|date=1993|publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85239-50-7|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=82|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sabale Koli|local name=साबळे कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=<nowiki>*Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]</nowiki> *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Sable Koli *Savale Koli *Savle Koli *Sabla Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sabale}} [[Category:Koli clans]] nbxa7xy4ye06rwlpift7w2vraw7ys82 0 1170629 10330398 10093296 2025-06-14T17:21:17Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Kagadia Koli''' (also spelled as '''Kagadiya Koli''', '''Kagdia Koli''' and '''Kagdiya Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> Kagdia [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] of Gujarat [[Koli rebellion|fought]] against [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[India]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]] and some of Kagdia Koli rebells were sent to [[Cellular Jail]] of [[Daman and Diu]] as punishment of '''Kala Pani'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/South_India_in_1857_War_of_Independence/XZNuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=South India in 1857 War of Independence|last=Divekar|first=V. D.|date=1993|publisher=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|language=en}}</ref> Kágdiá [[Koli Mavala|Kolis]] ruled over the Umrala town in Bhavnagar of Gujarat and the last Koli ruler from the Kágdiá Koli dynasty was Umo Koli (Umo Kágdiá) who established (founded) the Umrala town in Bhavnagar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ptoGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=K%C3%A1gdi%C3%A1+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-ve8pNaLAxUVV2wGHRBeAXUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Statistical Account of Dhrángadhrá: Being the Dhrángadhrá Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer|last=Watson|first=John Whaley|date=1884|publisher=Printed at the Education society's Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=156|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=K%C3%A1gdi%C3%A1+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-ve8pNaLAxUVV2wGHRBeAXUQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Statistical Account of Bhávnagar: Being the Bhávnagar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer|last=Watson|first=John Whaley|date=1884|publisher=Education Society's Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Kagadia Koli|local name=કાગડિયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Daman and Diu]] *[[Gujarat]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Kagadia Koli *Kagdia Koli *Kagadiya Koli *Kagdiya Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[English language|English]] *[[Hindi]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kagadia}} [[Category:Koli clans]] sarxtugwyibvigiktg0su89k9f2dumq 10330465 10330398 2025-06-14T17:34:42Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330465 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kagadia Koli''' (also spelled as '''Kagadiya Koli''', '''Kagdia Koli''' and '''Kagdiya Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]], Kutumb) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> Kagdia [[Koli clans and titles|Kolis]] of Gujarat [[Koli rebellion|fought]] against [[British Raj|British]] rule in [[India]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]] and some of Kagdia Koli rebells were sent to [[Cellular Jail]] of [[Daman and Diu]] as punishment of '''Kala Pani'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/South_India_in_1857_War_of_Independence/XZNuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=South India in 1857 War of Independence|last=Divekar|first=V. D.|date=1993|publisher=Lokmanya Tilak Smarak Trust|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|language=en}}</ref> Kágdiá [[Koli Mavala|Kolis]] ruled over the Umrala town in Bhavnagar of Gujarat and the last Koli ruler from the Kágdiá Koli dynasty was Umo Koli (Umo Kágdiá) who established (founded) the Umrala town in Bhavnagar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ptoGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=K%C3%A1gdi%C3%A1+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-ve8pNaLAxUVV2wGHRBeAXUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Statistical Account of Dhrángadhrá: Being the Dhrángadhrá Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer|last=Watson|first=John Whaley|date=1884|publisher=Printed at the Education society's Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=156|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156&dq=K%C3%A1gdi%C3%A1+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih-ve8pNaLAxUVV2wGHRBeAXUQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Statistical Account of Bhávnagar: Being the Bhávnagar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer|last=Watson|first=John Whaley|date=1884|publisher=Education Society's Press|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Kagadia Koli|local name=કાગડિયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Daman and Diu]] *[[Gujarat]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Kagadia Koli *Kagdia Koli *Kagadiya Koli *Kagdiya Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[English language|English]] *[[Hindi]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Kagadia}} [[Category:Koli clans]] o37439k1n7wahtphaz3gpz5qrp801l8 0 1170740 10330420 10183061 2025-06-14T17:29:00Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Sarvaiya Koli''' (also spelled '''Sarvaiyya Koli''', '''Sarvia Koli''', '''Sarwia Koli''') is a [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[India]], mainly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=98|quote=Koli clans of Gujarat: Sarvaya (Sarvaiya), Sodani, Sosa, Sabadiya, Sakaria, Saradia, Seikh, Sapra, Sanghani, Satwani, Sasakia, Sadhamia, Surami, Sadadiya, Solanki, Surela, Sewalia, Singad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=New Delhi |page=244|quote=KOLIS– Talabdas, Barlas, Dabhi, and Sarvaya clans are the most esteemed. Both the Dábhi and Makván clans are of great ... in the Broach district were at that time held by Koli sharers and people and cultivated chiefly by men of that caste |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=sarvaya+Koli |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi |quote=The following is a list of the Koli Thakordas or lordlings in north Gujarat: Jadav, Jethwa, Jhala, Kachela, Kamalia, Katasra, Khasia, Makvana, Mangukia, Mer, Parmar, Rathod, and Sarvaya.|page= 9 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox gotra|name=Sarvaiya Koli|local name=સરવૈયા કોલી|type=[[Clan]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=[[Gujarat]]|varna= Warrior|parent_tribe=* [[Chunvalia Koli]] * Talpada Koli * Ghedia Koli|demonym=Koli|language=* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] * Koli languages: {{hlist|[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]|[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] |[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]}} * [[Hindi]] * [[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames={{ubl|[[Thakor]]| [[Patel]]|[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]]}} }} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sarvaiya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 1fb22vryxyc1vcn39prnk737x7d42jc 10330487 10330420 2025-06-14T17:35:24Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330487 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sarvaiya Koli''' (also spelled '''Sarvaiyya Koli''', '''Sarvia Koli''', '''Sarwia Koli''') is a [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[India]], mainly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=[[New Delhi]] |page=98|quote=Koli clans of Gujarat: Sarvaya (Sarvaiya), Sodani, Sosa, Sabadiya, Sakaria, Saradia, Seikh, Sapra, Sanghani, Satwani, Sasakia, Sadhamia, Surami, Sadadiya, Solanki, Surela, Sewalia, Singad |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=New Delhi |page=244|quote=KOLIS– Talabdas, Barlas, Dabhi, and Sarvaya clans are the most esteemed. Both the Dábhi and Makván clans are of great ... in the Broach district were at that time held by Koli sharers and people and cultivated chiefly by men of that caste |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Raymond Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=sarvaya+Koli |title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity |last2=Trivedi |first2=Yogi |date=2016-05-12 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908959-8 |location=New Delhi |quote=The following is a list of the Koli Thakordas or lordlings in north Gujarat: Jadav, Jethwa, Jhala, Kachela, Kamalia, Katasra, Khasia, Makvana, Mangukia, Mer, Parmar, Rathod, and Sarvaya.|page= 9 |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox gotra|name=Sarvaiya Koli|local name=સરવૈયા કોલી|type=[[Clan]] of the [[Koli people|Koli]] caste|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=[[Gujarat]]|varna= Warrior|parent_tribe=* [[Chunvalia Koli]] * Talpada Koli * Ghedia Koli|demonym=Koli|language=* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] * Koli languages: {{hlist|[[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]]|[[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] |[[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]}} * [[Hindi]] * [[English language|English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames={{ubl|[[Thakor]]| [[Patel]]|[[Koli Darbar|Darbar]]}} }} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sarvaiya}} [[Category:Koli clans]] aqk0pcn99e4bm4ive22s5xr9rz9gyl1 0 1172176 10331504 10261348 2025-06-15T05:44:14Z KiranBOT 1617448 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.7r lm_rs 10331504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel''' "'''Sammo'''" '''Hung Kam-bo''' ({{lang-zh|t=洪金寶|j=Hung<sup>4</sup> Gam<sup>1</sup>-bou<sup>2</sup>}}; born 7 January 1952)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sammo Hung Kam-Bo - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/sammo_hung |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> is a Hong Kong actor, [[martial artist]], film producer and film director, known for his work in [[Martial arts movie|martial arts film]]s, Hong Kong action cinema, and as a fight choreographer for other actors such as Kim Tai-chung, [[Jackie Chan]], Yuen Biao, and Yuen Wah. In a film career spanning more than sixty years, Hung has worked in over 200 films.<ref>https://iffr.com/en/person/sammo-hung</ref> Known for his large figure, and his explosive on-screen attitude and impressive martial arts skills, Hung is widely considered one of the greatest martial arts stars in the history of cinema.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.starsinsider.com/movies/542613/the-silver-screens-greatest-martial-arts-stars | title=The silver screen's greatest martial arts stars | date=26 August 2024 }}</ref> == Early life == Before entering the film industry, Hung was one of the Seven Little Fortunes from the China Drama Academy at the Peking Opera School, where he studied acrobatics, martial arts, and acting. He has been practising martial arts since the age of eight, when he began learning the style of Choy Li Fut. He is also proficient in the styles of Wing Chun, [[Taekwondo]], and [[judo]].<ref>https://www.stormtaekwondo.com/what-martial-arts-does-sammo-hung-know</ref> == Film career == Hung's early work as action director include the films ''The Iron Buddha'' (1970), ''The Blade Spares None'' (1971), ''Lady Whirlwind'', ''Hapkido'' (both 1972), ''When Taekwondo Strikes'' (1973), ''The Shrine of Ultimate Bliss'' (1974), ''The Man from Hong Kong'' (1975), ''Hand of Death'' (1976), ''The Iron-Fisted Monk'' (1977), which marked his directorial debut, and ''[[Game of Death#Game of Death (1978 film)|Game of Death]]'' (1978), among others. In 1978, Hung established his reputation as a skilled physical comedian with ''Enter the Fat Dragon''. He continued appearing in action comedies, including the commercially successful ''Winners & Sinners'' (1983).<ref> https://www.martialartsentertainment.com/sammo-hung/</ref> Throughout the 1980s, he was part of the "Three Dragons" along with Chan and Biao; the three starred in six Hong Kong films together.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbr.com/best-jackie-chan-movies-ranked/ | title=15 Best Jackie Chan Movies, Ranked | date=20 September 2023 }}</ref> In 1983, Hung won Best Actor at the 2nd Hong Kong Film Awards for playing the leading role in ''Carry On Pickpocket'' (1982). ''Painted Faces'' (1988) landed him Best Actor at the 33rd Asia Pacific Film Festival and the 8th Hong Kong Film Awards. Hung is one of the pivotal figures who spearheaded the Hong Kong New Wave movement of the 1980s, helped reinvent the martial arts genre and popularized the zombie-like jiangshi genre with films such as ''Encounters of the Spooky Kind'' (1980) and ''Mr. Vampire'' (1985). He is widely credited with assisting many of his compatriots, giving them their starts in the Hong Kong film industry, by casting them in the films he produced, or giving them roles in the production crew. In the late 1990s, Hung became one of the most well-known Hong Kong performers in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] due to the success of the American [[CBS]] television series ''Martial Law'' (1998-2000).<ref>https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3129841/how-cbs-martial-law-brought-martial-arts-star-sammo-hung</ref> == Personal life == Hung is an avid [[horse racing]] fan, owning the horse "Amber Sky", which won the Dubai-based Al Quoz Sprint in 2014.<ref>https://www.scmp.com/sport/racing/article/1458593/cast-colourful-characters-all-part-hong-kongs-dubai-desert-raid</ref><ref>https://www.scmp.com/sport/racing/article/1460660/hong-kong-breezes-early-dubai-double</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hung, Sammo}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Hong Kong actors]] [[Category:Hong Kong filmmakers]] [[Category:Martial artists]] 6tvl97fwg52511z96q8xjnch33wxjwa 0 1172408 10331693 10314094 2025-06-15T09:54:19Z Ssemby 1629704 Please don't make an article for 'I am steve' 10331693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox film | image = | director = Jared Hess | producer = {{Plainlist}} * [[Mary Parent]] * [[Cale Boyter]] * [[Roy Lee]] * Jon Berg * [[Jason Momoa]] * [[Jill Messick]] <small>(posthumous credit)</small> * Lisa Olfman * Lauren Evans-Bell * Torfi Frans Olafsson * Vu Bui | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Minecraft]]''|[[Mojang Studios]]}} | writer = | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jason Momoa]] * [[Jack Black]] * Emma Myers * [[Danielle Brooks]] * Sebastian Hansen * Rachel House * [[Jennifer Coolidge]] }} | music = [[Mark Mothersbaugh]] | cinematography = [[Enrique Chediak]] | editing = James Thomas | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Allison Schroeder]] * Chris Bowman * Hubbel Palmer }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Chris Bowman * [[Hubbel Palmer]] * Neil Widener * Gavin James * [[Chris Galletta]] }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] * [[Legendary Pictures]] * [[Portfolio Entertainment]] * Mojang Studios * [[Vertigo Entertainment]] * On the Roam * Domain Entertainment }} | distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures | released = April 4, 2025 | runtime = 101 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = $150 million | gross = $947.1 million }} '''''A Minecraft Movie''''' is an [[Adventure movie|adventure]] [[comedy film]], which is based on the hit video game ''[[Minecraft]]'', currently owned by [[Microsoft]] and [[Mojang Studios]]. It was made by [[Warner Bros]] in collaboration with [[Portfolio Entertainment]] and [[Mojang]] with Jared Hess as the director and stars [[Jason Momoa]], [[Jack Black]], Emma Myers, [[Danielle Brooks]], Sebastian Hansen, Rachel House, and [[Jennifer Coolidge]].<ref name="IGN:1">{{cite web|title=The Minecraft Movie Director Heard Your Complaints: Our Chat with Jared Hess & Torfi Frans Ólafsson|url=https://www.ign.com/videos/the-minecraft-movie-director-heard-your-complaints-our-chat-with-jared-hess-torfi-frans-lafsson|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=February 28, 2025}}</ref> It released on April 4, 2025 in North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Momoa's 'Minecraft' Lands April 2025 Release Date|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/minecraft-april-2025-release-theaters-1235368050/|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=February 28, 2025}}</ref> It has gained over $826 million dollars in the worldwide box office with major fan acclaim, such as a popular [[TikTok]] trend featuring the scene of a baby zombie riding a [[chicken]]. This scene has gained popularity due to [[Stephen|Steve]] ([[Jack Black]]) exclaiming "Chicken Jockey!" at the sight of the unusual creature. This trend has led to massive overhauls of [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] into theaters, all to exclaim and react loudly when this scene comes up, even throwing food or bringing live chickens into the theater. All of these trends based on the movie have caused it to skyrocket in internet popularity. A sequel is in development. ==Overview== It was directed by [[Jared and Jerusha Hess|Jared Hess]] and stars [[Jason Momoa]], [[Jack Black]], [[Emma Myers]], [[Danielle Brooks]], Sebastian Hansen, [[Rachel House]], and [[Jennifer Coolidge]].<ref name="IGN:1" /> It is based on the 2009 [[video game]] ''[[Minecraft]]''. ==Plot== In the film, four people get transported to a world filled with cubic objects called the Overworld. They meet a crafter named Steve and go on an adventure to try and get back to their world, all while trying to stop evil creatures called Piglins from invading the Overworld.<ref>{{cite web|title=A first look at the Minecraft movie|url=https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/a-first-look-at-the-minecraft-movie|publisher=[[Minecraft]]|accessdate=February 28, 2025}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the movie started in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] in January 2024 and ended in April.<ref>{{cite web|title=What happened after 'Napoleon Dynamite' — and the big movie its Utah filmmakers are making next|url=https://www.sltrib.com/artsliving/2024/01/14/utah-filmmakers-talk-about-their/|publisher=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|accessdate=March 19, 2024}}</ref> == Cast == * [[Jason Momoa]] as Garrett "The Garbage Man" Garrison * [[Jack Black]] as Steve * [[Emma Myers]] as Natalie * [[Danielle Brooks]] as Dawn * [[Sebastian Hansen]] as Henry * [[Rachel House]] as Malgosha * [[Jennifer Coolidge]] as VP Marlene ==Sequel== On April 11, 2025, it was reported that a sequel is in early development. == In popular culture == Prior to the film's release, multiple teasers were released and circulated. These teasers included multiple notable phrases, which have cemented themselves into memes and popular culture especially on platforms such as TikTok and Instagram. Furthermore, Jack Black's ''Steve's Lava Chicken'' has garnered much attention. Several key phrases have become synonymous with the film, including but not limited to: * Chicken Jockey! * Water bucket... Release! * Big ol' red ones. * I am steve. * Coming in hot! * Flint 'n' steel. * The Nether. * This... is a crafting table. ==Other websites== * {{Official|https://www.minecraft-movie.com}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Minecraft Movie, A}} [[Category:Minecraft]] [[Category:2025 movies]] [[Category:IMAX movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:2020s fantasy movies]] [[Category:2020s comedy movies]] [[Category:Fantasy comedy movies]] [[Category:Swedish fantasy movies]] [[Category:Swedish comedy movies]] [[Category:2020s adventure movies]] [[Category:Adventure comedy movies]] [[Category:Swedish adventure movies]] [[Category:American adventure movies]] [[Category:Movies based on video games]] [[Category:2020s English-language movies]] [[Category:American fantasy-comedy movies]] ltngo2a06xj4qu511so580ucuckfcin 0 1172437 10330999 10212875 2025-06-14T22:40:51Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|1. Division]] | season = 1977-78 | dates = 9 August 1977 - 6 May 1978 | winners = [[FK Austria Wien]] | relegated = [[LASK]] | matches = | total goals = | league topscorer = [[Hans Krankl]] (SK Rapid Wien)<br>(41 goals) | prevseason = [[1976-77 Austrian football championship|1976-77]] | nextseason = [[1978-79 Austrian football championship|1978-79 ]] }} The '''1977-78 Austrian Football Championship''' was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. The single-track [[2. Liga|2nd Division]] served as a substructure to the 1st Division. The Regionalliga East ([[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Burgenland]]), the Alpenliga ([[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]) and the regional leagues of [[Vorarlberg]], [[Carinthia]], [[Upper Austria]] and [[Styria]] served as the third level. [[FK Austria Wien]] became Austrian football champions for the 12th time. [[SV Austria Salzburg]] was promoted. Due to the fact that the national team had qualified for the [[1978 FIFA World Cup|World Championships]] in Argentina, the original schedule was changed. It was played in winter, starting on January 14th (20th round). This was extremely unusual for Austria. Austria and Rapid played their home games in Vienna's most modern stadium, the [[Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium|Weststadion]], (opened in spring 1977). The stadium was closed in November 1977 due to serious construction defects. They had to play in the [[Generali Arena (Wien)|Horrstadion]] (Austria) and the old Rapid home ground ([[Pfarrwiese]]). ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |36 | 23 |10 | 3 | 56 |- |2. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 16 |10 | 10 |42 |- |3. | '''SSW Innsbruck''' |36 | 15 |9 | 12 | 39 |- |4. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 |13 |12 | 11 | 38 |- |5. |'''SK VOEST Linz''' |36 |10 |13 | 13 | 33 <ref>Goal difference -4 </ref> |- |6. |'''GAK''' |36 |10 |13 | 13 | 33 <ref>Goal difference -5 </ref> |- |7. |'''First Vienna FC''' |36 | 12 |8 | 16 | 32 |- |8. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |36 | 8 |15 | 13 | 31 |- |9. |'''FC Admira/Wacker''' |36 | 8 |12 | 16 | 28<ref>Goal difference -22</ref> |- |10. |'''LASK''' |36 | 9 |10 | 17 | 28 <ref>Goal difference -23 </ref> |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1970_79/o1__1_division__1977_78.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 August 1977 | SK Sturm Graz | '''SSW Innsbruck''' |1-3 |- |9 August 1977 |VOEST Linz |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |10 August 1977 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |First Vienna FC |1-0 |- |11 August 1977 |FC Admira/Wacker |GAK |1-1 |- |11 August 1930 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |LASK |2-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 August 1977 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |LASK |1-0 |- |16 August 1977 |GAK |'''FK Austria Wien''' |0-3 |- |16 August 1977 | '''First Vienna FC ''' |FC Admira/Wacker |3-2 |- |16 August 1977 |VOEST Linz |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |- |19 August 1930 |'''SSW Innsbruck''' |Wiener Sport-Club |2-0 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 August 1977 |FC Admira/Wacker |'''SSW Innsbruck''' |0-2 |- |26 August 1977 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |First Vienna FC |5-3 |- |26 August 1977 | ''' LASK ''' |GAK |2-1 |- |26 August 1977 |SK Sturm Graz |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-3 |- |27 August 1930 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |VOEST Linz |3-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 August 1977 |SK Rapid Wien |GAK |1-1 |- |30 August 1977 |SSW Innsbruck |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |30 August 1977 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-1 |- |30 August 1977 |First Vienna FC |LASK |0-0 |- |30 August 1977 |'''VOEST Linz''' |FC Admira/Wacker |1-0 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 September 1977 |FC Admira/Wacker |SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- |2 September 1977 |FK Austria Wien |VOEST Linz |1-1 |- |2 September 1977 |GAK |First Vienna FC |0-0 |- |2 September 1977 |'''LASK''' |SSW Innsbruck |2-1 |- |2 September 1977 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-7 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 September 1977 |SK Rapid Wien |'''First Vienna FC ''' |0-1 |- |6 September 1977 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |GAK |2-0 |- |6 September 1977 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FK Austria Wien |3-1 |- |6 September 1977 |'''VOEST Linz''' |LASK |3-1 |- |6 September 1977 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 September 1977 |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- |9 September 1977 |FK Austria Wien |Wiener Sport-Club |0-0 |- |9 September 1977 |GAK |VOEST Linz |1-1 |- |10 September 1977 |LASK |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |10 September 1977 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 September 1977 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Admira/Wacker |3-4 |- |30 September 1977 | SK Rapid Wien |SSW Innsbruck |0-0 |- |1 October 1977 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |GAK |1-0 |- |1 October 1977 |'''VOEST Linz''' | First Vienna FC |4-0 |- |1 October 1977 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |LASK |3-2 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 October 1977 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-2 |- |4 October 1977 | GAK |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |4 October 1977 |'''LASK''' |FC Admira/Wacker |4-2 |- |4 October 1977 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |VOEST Linz |2-1 |- |4 October 1977 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-2 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 October 1977 |GAK |FC Admira/Wacker |1-1 |- |14 October 1977 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |VOEST Linz |4-0 |- |14 October 1977 | '''First Vienna FC ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |1-0 |- |15 October 1977 |LASK |'''FK Austria Wien''' |0-3 |- |15 October 1977 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-0 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 October 1977 |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |First Vienna FC |2-0 |- |22 October 1977 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |GAK |3-0 |- |22 October 1977 | LASK |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-3 |- |22 October 1977 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VOEST Linz |5-2 |- |22 October 1977 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 November 1977 |GAK |LASK |0-0 |- |5 November 1977 |SK Rapid Wien |SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- |5 November 1977 | SSW Innsbruck |FC Admira/Wacker |1-1 |- |5 November 1977 |First Vienna FC |'''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |- |5 November 1977 |VOEST Linz |Wiener Sport-Club |3-3 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 November 1977 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |- |9 November 1977 |FC Admira/Wacker |VOEST Linz |2-2 |- |9 November 1977 |'''GAK ''' |SK Rapid Wien |4-2 |- |9 November 1977 | '''LASK ''' |First Vienna FC |4-1 |- |9 November 1977 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |2-3 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 November 1977 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |FC Admira/Wacker |2-1 |- |12 November 1977 |SK Rapid Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-2 |- |12 November 1977 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |LASK |4-1 |- |12 November 1977 |VOEST Linz |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |13 November 1977 |First Vienna FC |'''GAK ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 November 1977 |'''GAK ''' |SSW Innsbruck |3-2 |- |19 November 1977 |FC Admira/Wacker |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-1 |- |19 November 1977 |LASK |VOEST Linz |0-0 |- |19 November 1977 | First Vienna FC |SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- |20 November 1977 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-1 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 November 1977 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Admira/Wacker |3-1 |- |26 November 1977 |SK Sturm Graz |LASK |1-1 |- |26 November 1977 |'''VOEST Linz ''' |GAK |1-0 |- |27 November 1977 |Wiener Sport-Club |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- |30 November 1977 |''' SSW Innsbruck ''' |First Vienna FC |1-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 December 1977 |'''LASK ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |2-0 |- |3 December 1977 |''' SSW Innsbruck ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- |3 December 1977 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |VOEST Linz |2-1 |- |4 December 1977 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Admira/Wacker |3-1 |- |4 December 1977 |'''GAK''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-1 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 December 1977 |VOEST Linz |''' SSW Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |- |10 December 1977 |Wiener Sport-Club |GAK |4-4 |- |11 December 1977 |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |LASK |2-1 |- |11 December 1977 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |- |11 December 1977 |SK Sturm Graz |First Vienna FC |0-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 December 1977 |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |GAK |2-1 |- |17 December 1977 |'''VOEST Linz ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- |17 December 1977 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''First Vienna FC ''' |1-2 |- |18 December 1977 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |LASK |1-0 |- |18 December 1977 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 January 1978 | '''GAK ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- |14 January 1978 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |LASK |6-0 |- |14 January 1978 | '''VOEST Linz ''' |SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- |15 January 1978 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |FC Admira/Wacker |2-1 |- |11 April 1978 |SSW Innsbruck |Wiener Sport-Club |0-0 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 January 1978 |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |SSW Innsbruck |2-0 |- |21 January 1978 |LASK |GAK |2-2 |- |21 January 1978 | Wiener Sport-Club |VOEST Linz |1-1 |- |22 January 1978 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |First Vienna FC |3-1 |- |22 January 1978 |SK Sturm Graz |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 January 1978 |SK Rapid Wien |GAK |1-1 |- |28 January 1978 |First Vienna FC |LASK |1-1 |- |28 January 1978 |VOEST Linz |FC Admira/Wacker |2-2 |- |7 February 1978 |SSW Innsbruck |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |- |7 February 1978 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |Wiener Sport-Club |1-0 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 February 1978 |FC Admira/Wacker |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |4 February 1978 |'''GAK ''' |First Vienna FC |3-0 |- |4 February 1978 |LASK |SSW Innsbruck |1-1 |- |4 February 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |5 February 1978 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' | VOEST Linz |2-0 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 February 1978 |SK Sturm Graz | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |11 February 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |First Vienna FC |4-1 |- |11 February 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |GAK |1-0 |- |21 February 1978 |VOEST Linz |'''LASK ''' |0-1 |- |8 March 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club | FC Admira/Wacker |2-2 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 February 1978 |'''GAK ''' |VOEST Linz |1-0 |- |18 February 1978 |FC Admira/Wacker |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-5 |- |18 February 1978 |LASK |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |19 February 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |6-1 |- |28 March 1978 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 February 1978 |FC Admira/Wacker |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |25 February 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SSW Innsbruck |3-1 |- |25 February 1978 |SK Sturm Graz |GAK |1-1 |- |25 February 1978 |'''VOEST Linz''' |First Vienna FC |2-1 |- |26 February 1978 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |LASK |2-1 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 March 1978 |GAK |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |4 March 1978 |LASK |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |0-1 |- |4 March 1978 |SSW Innsbruck |VOEST Linz |1-1 |- |4 March 1978 |First Vienna FC |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-2 |- |5 March 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 March 1978 |'''GAK''' |FC Admira/Wacker |3-0 |- |11 March 1978 |LASK |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-2 |- |11 March 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |VOEST Linz |2-1 |- |11 March 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |SK Sturm Graz |4-1 |- |12 March 1978 |First Vienna FC | Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 March 1978 |FC Admira/Wacker |'''First Vienna FC ''' |1-2 |- |18 March 1978 |LASK |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-6 |- |18 March 1978 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VOEST Linz |3-1 |- |19 March 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | GAK |3-1 |- |19 March 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club |SSW Innsbruck |3-3 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 March 1978 |'''GAK''' |LASK |3-0 |- |25 March 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Sturm Graz |4-1 |- |25 March 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' |FC Admira/Wacker |4-0 |- |25 March 1978 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- |25 March 1978 | '''VOEST Linz''' |Wiener Sport-Club |1-0 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 March 1978 | GAK |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-2 |- |31 March 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |1 April 1978 |FC Admira/Wacker |VOEST Linz |1-1 |- |1 April 1978 |FK Austria Wien | SSW Innsbruck |1-1 |- |1 April 1978 | '''LASK''' |First Vienna FC |1-0 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 April 1978 |SSW Innsbruck | '''LASK''' |1-2 |- |7 April 1978 |SK Sturm Graz | FC Admira/Wacker |0-0 |- |7 April 1978 |VOEST Linz |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |8 April 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | Wiener Sport-Club |3-2 |- |9 April 1978 |First Vienna FC |GAK |1-1 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 April 1978 |FC Admira/Wacker |Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |14 April 1978 |GAK | '''SSW Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |- |15 April 1978 |'''LASK''' |VOEST Linz |2-1 |- |15 April 1978 |'''First Vienna FC''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |16 April 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |6-1 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 April 1978 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |LASK |1-0 |- |21 April 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |2-3 |- |22 April 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Admira/Wacker |6-0 |- |22 April 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' | First Vienna FC |2-0 |- |22 April 1978 |''' VOEST Linz ''' |GAK |4-0 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 April 1978 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Admira/Wacker |3-2 |- |21 April 1978 |'''GAK ''' |SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- |29 April 1978 |LASK |Wiener Sport-Club |0-0 |- |29 April 1978 | SSW Innsbruck |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |29 April 1978 |First Vienna FC |VOEST Linz |1-1 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 May 1978 |'''FC Admira/Wacker ''' |LASK |1-0 |- |2 May 1978 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |First Vienna FC |3-0 |- |2 May 1978 |'''VOEST Linz''' | SSW Innsbruck |2-1 |- |2 May 1978 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |GAK |3-1 |- |6 May 1978 |SK Rapid Wien |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |} ==Champion squad == (matches/goals) {| class="wikitable" style="width:900px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | style="text-align:center; background:" | <span style="colorːwhite;">'''FK Austria Wien'''</span> |- style="background:; text-align:center;" |- | [[Hubert Baumgartner]], [[Johannes Weninger]] – [[Erich Obermayer]], [[Ernst Baumeister]] [[Günther Pospischil]], [[Karl Daxbacher]] [[Wilhelm Pöll]], [[Robert Sara]], [[Josef Sara]], [[Herbert Prohaska]], [[Felix Gasselich]] [[Franz Zach]], [[Thomas Parits]], [[Friedrich Drazan]], [[Hans Pirkner]], [[Alberto Martínez]], [[Julio Morales]], [[Alfred Roscher]], [[Franz Weiss]], [[Franz Viertl]] – Coach: [[Hermann Stessl]] |} ==Top scorer == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Hans Krankl]] | SK Rapid Wien |41 |- | [[Hans Pirkner]] | FK Austria Wien |20 |- | [[Thomas Parits]] |FK Austria Wien |15 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1930_1939/stno1__wien_i__liga__1930_31.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:Seasons in European football]] abfi15ijpq0s175vnet6q7qfymavjvz 3 1172494 10331778 10275416 2025-06-15T10:51:50Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Got a Little Crazy]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331778 wikitext text/x-wiki == March 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello! Thank you for creating [[:Category:Music and video]]. However, we normally need at least [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|three pages in a category]] before it is created. Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to create a new category for just one or two articles. If you think there might be more pages to add to the new category, please add them now. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-emptycat --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of Dean Tallamy== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Dean Tallamy]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Dean Tallamy}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Kuskrey|Ksy]] 17:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC) == April 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello! Thank you for creating a new category. However, we normally need at least [[Wikipedia:Categories#Is there a need for the new category?|three pages in a category]] before it is created. Because categories are a way to group together similar articles, there is no need to create a new category for just one or two articles. If you think there might be more pages to add to the new category, please add them now. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-emptycat --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:53, 11 April 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:California Girls (Gretchen Wilson song)]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 06:54, 15 April 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Category:Music videos== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Category:Music videos]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Category:Music videos]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 02:07, 22 May 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Got a Little Crazy== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Got a Little Crazy]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Got a Little Crazy]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:51, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 9pkit357nwmzmv4zx91db3lld75d8co 10 1173713 10330123 10326047 2025-06-14T14:54:46Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 reverted vandalism 10330123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Former PBS Kids original programming | title = [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids#Former programming|Former PBS Kids original programming]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = 1960s―1990s | list1 = * ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1968―2001) * ''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1983―2009) * ''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (1989―1996) * ''[[Barney & Friends]]'' (1992―2010) * ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' (1994―1999) * ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' (1994―1997) * ''[[Kratts' Creatures]]'' (1996) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1996―2022) * ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' (1999―2001) * ''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (1999―2005) | group2 = 2000s―2020s | list2 = * ''[[Between the Lions]]'' (2000―2010) * ''[[Caillou]]'' (2000―2013) * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' (2000―2002) * ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' (2003―2004) * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003―2006) * ''[[Boohbah]]'' (2004―2006) * ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' (2004―2017) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2005―2011) * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2005―2006) * ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Franny's Feet]] (2006―2010) * ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' (2006―2024) * ''[[Design Squad]]'' (2007―2012) * ''[[Super Why!]]'' (2007―2016) * ''[[WordGirl]]'' (2007―2015) * ''[[WordWorld]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Martha Speaks]]'' (2008―2014) * ''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'' (2008―2013) * ''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (2009―2020) * ''[[Peg + Cat]]'' (2013―2018) * ''[[Nature Cat]]'' (2015―2024) * ''[[Let's Go Luna!]]'' (2018―2022) * ''[[Hero Elementary]]'' (2020―2022) * ''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' (2021) * ''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]'' (2023) * ''[[Mecha Builders]]'' (2024) * ''[[Skillsville]]'' (2025) | group3 = Syndicated | list3 = * ''[[Signing Time!]]'' (2006―2008) * ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'' (2007―2011) | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:PBS Kids shows|Current original series template]] * All programs were distributed by PBS unless noted. }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{U.S. network show templates}} [[Category:United States television network and channel navigational boxes]] {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 6conpw3vjb0o8yedbcsovm7gbvw3d59 10331124 10330123 2025-06-15T00:14:39Z 35.147.129.47 10331124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Former PBS Kids original programming | title = [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids#Former programming|Former PBS Kids original programming]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = 1960s―1990s | list1 = * ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1968―2001) * ''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1983―2009) * ''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (1989―1996) * ''[[Barney & Friends]]'' (1992―2010) * ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' (1994―1999) * ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' (1994―1997) * ''[[Kratts' Creatures]]'' (1996) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1996―2022) * ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' (1999―2007) * ''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (1999―2005) | group2 = 2000s―2020s | list2 = * ''[[Between the Lions]]'' (2000―2010) * ''[[Caillou]]'' (2000―2013) * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)]]'' (2000―2009) * ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2000―2009) * ''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' (2000―2009) * ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' (2003―2004) * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003―2006) * ''[[Boohbah]]'' (2004―2006) * ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' (2004―2017) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2005―2011) * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2005―2006) * ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Franny's Feet]] (2006―2010) * ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' (2006―2024) * ''[[Design Squad]]'' (2007―2012) * ''[[Super Why!]]'' (2007―2016) * ''[[WordGirl]]'' (2007―2015) * ''[[WordWorld]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Martha Speaks]]'' (2008―2014) * ''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'' (2008―2013) * ''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (2009―2020) * ''[[Peg + Cat]]'' (2013―2018) * ''[[Nature Cat]]'' (2015―2024) * ''[[Let's Go Luna!]]'' (2018―2022) * ''[[Hero Elementary]]'' (2020―2022) * ''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' (2021) * ''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]'' (2023) * ''[[Mecha Builders]]'' (2024) * ''[[Skillsville]]'' (2025) | group3 = Syndicated | list3 = * ''[[Signing Time!]]'' (2006―2008) * ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'' (2007―2011) | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:PBS Kids shows|Current original series template]] * All programs were distributed by PBS unless noted. }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{U.S. network show templates}} [[Category:United States television network and channel navigational boxes]] {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 7utks8dsao6sadvja3r52cemu5dm4ku 10331129 10331124 2025-06-15T00:19:51Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10331124 by [[Special:Contributions/35.147.129.47|35.147.129.47]] ([[User talk:35.147.129.47|talk]]) 10331129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Former PBS Kids original programming | title = [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids#Former programming|Former PBS Kids original programming]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = 1960s―1990s | list1 = * ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1968―2001) * ''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1983―2009) * ''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (1989―1996) * ''[[Barney & Friends]]'' (1992―2010) * ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' (1994―1999) * ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' (1994―1997) * ''[[Kratts' Creatures]]'' (1996) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1996―2022) * ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' (1999―2001) * ''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (1999―2005) | group2 = 2000s―2020s | list2 = * ''[[Between the Lions]]'' (2000―2010) * ''[[Caillou]]'' (2000―2013) * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' (2000―2002) * ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' (2003―2004) * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003―2006) * ''[[Boohbah]]'' (2004―2006) * ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' (2004―2017) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2005―2011) * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2005―2006) * ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Franny's Feet]] (2006―2010) * ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' (2006―2024) * ''[[Design Squad]]'' (2007―2012) * ''[[Super Why!]]'' (2007―2016) * ''[[WordGirl]]'' (2007―2015) * ''[[WordWorld]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Martha Speaks]]'' (2008―2014) * ''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'' (2008―2013) * ''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (2009―2020) * ''[[Peg + Cat]]'' (2013―2018) * ''[[Nature Cat]]'' (2015―2024) * ''[[Let's Go Luna!]]'' (2018―2022) * ''[[Hero Elementary]]'' (2020―2022) * ''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' (2021) * ''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]'' (2023) * ''[[Mecha Builders]]'' (2024) * ''[[Skillsville]]'' (2025) | group3 = Syndicated | list3 = * ''[[Signing Time!]]'' (2006―2008) * ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'' (2007―2011) | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:PBS Kids shows|Current original series template]] * All programs were distributed by PBS unless noted. }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{U.S. network show templates}} [[Category:United States television network and channel navigational boxes]] {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 6conpw3vjb0o8yedbcsovm7gbvw3d59 10331330 10331129 2025-06-15T02:13:18Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Former PBS Kids original programming | title = [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids#Former programming|Former PBS Kids original programming]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = 1960s―1990s | list1 = * ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1968―2001) * ''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1983―2006) * ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' (1984–2021) * ''[[Barney & Friends]]'' (1992―2010) * ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' (1993―1998) * ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' (1994―1997) * ''[[Kratts' Creatures]]'' (1996) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1996―2022) | group2 = 2000s―2020s | list2 = * ''[[Between the Lions]]'' (2000―2010) * ''[[Caillou]]'' (2000―2013) * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)]]'' (2000―2008) * ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2000―2009) * ''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' (2000―2002) * ''[[Cyberchase]]'' (2002–2008) * ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' (2003―2004) * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003―2006) * ''[[Boohbah]]'' (2004―2006) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2005―2011) * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2005―2006) * ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Franny's Feet]] (2006―2010) * ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' (2006―2024) * ''[[Design Squad]]'' (2007―2012) * ''[[Super Why!]]'' (2007―2016) * ''[[WordGirl]]'' (2007―2015) * ''[[WordWorld]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Martha Speaks]]'' (2008―2014) * ''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'' (2008―2013) * ''[[Peg + Cat]]'' (2013―2018) * ''[[Nature Cat]]'' (2015―2024) * ''[[Let's Go Luna!]]'' (2018―2022) * ''[[Hero Elementary]]'' (2020―2022) * ''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' (2021) * ''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]'' (2023) * ''[[Mecha Builders]]'' (2024) * ''[[Skillsville]]'' (2025) | group3 = Syndicated | list3 = * ''[[Signing Time!]]'' (2006―2008) * ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'' (2007―2011) | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:PBS Kids shows|Current original series template]] * All programs were distributed by PBS unless noted. }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{U.S. network show templates}} [[Category:United States television network and channel navigational boxes]] {{Documentation}}</noinclude> gs4zsa95l194tni94ewzmtc6pbp1e3x 10331392 10331330 2025-06-15T03:17:45Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 Undid revision 10331330 by [[Special:Contributions/2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208|2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208]] ([[User talk:2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208|talk]]) 10331392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Former PBS Kids original programming | title = [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids#Former programming|Former PBS Kids original programming]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = 1960s―1990s | list1 = * ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1968―2001) * ''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1983―2009) * ''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (1989―1996) * ''[[Barney & Friends]]'' (1992―2010) * ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' (1994―1999) * ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' (1994―1997) * ''[[Kratts' Creatures]]'' (1996) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1996―2022) * ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' (1999―2001) * ''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (1999―2005) | group2 = 2000s―2020s | list2 = * ''[[Between the Lions]]'' (2000―2010) * ''[[Caillou]]'' (2000―2013) * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' (2000―2002) * ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' (2003―2004) * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003―2006) * ''[[Boohbah]]'' (2004―2006) * ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' (2004―2017) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2005―2011) * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2005―2006) * ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Franny's Feet]] (2006―2010) * ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' (2006―2024) * ''[[Design Squad]]'' (2007―2012) * ''[[Super Why!]]'' (2007―2016) * ''[[WordGirl]]'' (2007―2015) * ''[[WordWorld]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Martha Speaks]]'' (2008―2014) * ''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'' (2008―2013) * ''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (2009―2020) * ''[[Peg + Cat]]'' (2013―2018) * ''[[Nature Cat]]'' (2015―2024) * ''[[Let's Go Luna!]]'' (2018―2022) * ''[[Hero Elementary]]'' (2020―2022) * ''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' (2021) * ''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]'' (2023) * ''[[Mecha Builders]]'' (2024) * ''[[Skillsville]]'' (2025) | group3 = Syndicated | list3 = * ''[[Signing Time!]]'' (2006―2008) * ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'' (2007―2011) | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:PBS Kids shows|Current original series template]] * All programs were distributed by PBS unless noted. }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{U.S. network show templates}} [[Category:United States television network and channel navigational boxes]] {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 6conpw3vjb0o8yedbcsovm7gbvw3d59 10331417 10331392 2025-06-15T03:42:14Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 Pocoyo 10331417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Former PBS Kids original programming | title = [[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids#Former programming|Former PBS Kids original programming]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = 1960s―1990s | list1 = * ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1968―2001) * ''[[Reading Rainbow]]'' (1983―2009) * ''[[Shining Time Station]]'' (1989―1996) * ''[[Barney & Friends]]'' (1992―2010) * ''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' (1994―1999) * ''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' (1994―1997) * ''[[Kratts' Creatures]]'' (1996) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]'' (1996―2022) * ''[[Zoboomafoo]]'' (1999―2001) * ''[[Dragon Tales]]'' (1999―2005) | group2 = 2000s―2020s | list2 = * ''[[Between the Lions]]'' (2000―2010) * ''[[Caillou]]'' (2000―2013) * ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[George Shrinks]]'' (2000―2003) * ''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' (2000―2002) * ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2003 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' (2003―2004) * ''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' (2003―2006) * ''[[Boohbah]]'' (2004―2006) * ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'' (2004―2017) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' (2005―2011) * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2005―2006) * ''[[It's a Big Big World]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Franny's Feet]] (2006―2010) * ''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' (2006―2010) * ''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' (2006―2024) * ''[[Design Squad]]'' (2007―2012) * ''[[Super Why!]]'' (2007―2016) * ''[[WordGirl]]'' (2007―2015) * ''[[WordWorld]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Martha Speaks]]'' (2008―2014) * ''[[Sid the Science Kid]]'' (2008―2013) * ''[[Dinosaur Train]]'' (2009―2020) * ''[[Peg + Cat]]'' (2013―2018) * ''[[Nature Cat]]'' (2015―2024) * ''[[Let's Go Luna!]]'' (2018―2022) * ''[[Hero Elementary]]'' (2020―2022) * ''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' (2021) * ''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]'' (2023) * ''[[Mecha Builders]]'' (2024) * ''[[Skillsville]]'' (2025) | group3 = Syndicated | list3 = * ''[[Signing Time!]]'' (2006―2008) * ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'' (2007―2011) * ''[[Pocoyo]]'' (2010―2021) | below = *{{Icon|Template}} [[Template:PBS Kids shows|Current original series template]] * All programs were distributed by PBS unless noted. }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{U.S. network show templates}} [[Category:United States television network and channel navigational boxes]] {{Documentation}}</noinclude> j9rqqcprzci5ybkns5kvetua2tfbdne 0 1173917 10329938 10320983 2025-06-14T13:14:22Z Minorax 844779 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 4 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{F1 season | year = 2029<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2029 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2029 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2029 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 80th running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2029 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2029 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBA |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|16 |{{flagg|cnxa|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Haas"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[MoneyGram]] Haas F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Haas F1 Team|Haas]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"|Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2029 in sports]] [[Category:2020s in motorsport]] 3a3yt6s5yyh27mck5wbi65fs04ic6jl 10329958 10329938 2025-06-14T13:17:21Z BRPever 487619 fix 10329958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 4 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{F1 season | year = 2029<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2029 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2029 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2029 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 80th running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2029 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2029 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBA |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|16 |{{flagg|cnxa|Monaco}} [[Charles Leclerc]] |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Haas"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}} [[MoneyGram]] Haas F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Haas F1 Team|Haas]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"|Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2029 in sports]] [[Category:2020s in motorsport]] 6zq9jq5ob8hnl103669n73l3lycw7ju 0 1173953 10330040 10306884 2025-06-14T13:45:14Z Minorax 844779 added [[Category:Sonic the Hedgehog games]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonic Riders''' was a [[Sonic the Hedgehog|Sonic]] game created by [[Sega]] in the early 2000s. [[Category:Sonic the Hedgehog games]] p3k1bg9am4ot5etnhjsnbsno1qcqk8y 0 1174150 10331383 10323653 2025-06-15T03:09:07Z Fr33kman 15149 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Non-potable building. No RSes available. It's not the first A-frame house in the state, country or the world. Nothing of note available via Google search}} {{Use American English|date = March 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date = March 2025}} {{Infobox historic site | name = First Frame House | native_name = | native_language = | image = First_frame_house_in_California.jpg | caption = Home of old lady Allen, first frame house in California. | locmapin = California | map_relief = yes | map_caption = Map of California | map_dot_label = First Frame House | coordinates = {{Coord|36|35|48|N|121|53|32|W|display=inline,title}} | location = Monterey, California | area = | built = 1847 | rebuilt = | architects = Bushnell & Hanson | architecture = | owner = }} The '''First Frame House''' also known as the '''Allen House''', was a historic wood frame building in [[Monterey, California]], United States. It stood on Webster Street in downtown Monterey. After its demolition in 1923, a service station was constructed in its place. It was the first pre-fabricated frame house in Monterey, shipped from [[Australia]] and then reconstructed in California. ==History== [[File:First House Build of Lumber in California, Monterey, Calif (NYPL b12647398-68422).tiff|thumb|left|First House Built of Lumber in California, Monterey, Calif (NYPL b12647398-68422)]] The First Frame House was designed and built in [[Australia]] by Bushnell & Hanson, then dismantled, labeled, and loaded onto their ship, the ''Independence'', along with their furnishings and belongings, ensuring she would live in comfort. The house came by ship across [[Cape Horn]] from Australia. The 14-room oak-framed house was assembled in 1847 on Webster Street in downtown Monterey. Its owner, Timothy Bushton, arrived in California with his wife, Jame, and ailing daughter, hoping Monterey’s climate would restore her health. After Bushton’s passing, his widow, Jane Bushton, married Thomas E. Allen. Their son, Thomas W. Allen Jr., constable of Monterey, resided in the house with his wife and children.<ref name="Andresen">{{cite book|last=Andresen|first= Anna Geil |url=https://archive.org/details/historiclandmark00andr/page/n59/mode/2up?q=%22First+frame+House%22|title=Historic landmarks of Monterey|chapter=The First Frame House|publisher=Salinas Index Press|date=1917|page=25|access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref name="O’Donnell">{{cite web|url=https://indexes.montereyhistory.org/sites/default/files/peninsula-diary/1957/4-15-1957.pdf|title=The Allen House|publisher=Peninsula Diary Mayo Hayes O’Donnell |date= April 15, 1957 |page=|access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref> The Allen house was the first fully pre-fabricated frame house in Monterey, California. It was demolished in 1923 and replaced by a service station.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19080809.2.200.2&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------|title=Story of the First Frame House Built in Monterey|work= San Francisco Call |date= August 9, 1908 |page=|access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architect_and_Engineer/SgsTAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=First+Frame+House+in+Monterey&pg=RA4-PA78&printsec=frontcover|title= The preservation of California Landmark|author=Samuel E. Gideon|journal=Architect and Engineer Inc. |volume=63-64|issue=|date=1920 |page=78|access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} * [https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/kt287011rq/|The First Frame House in California Built at Monterey in 1849]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb7852244b#:~:text=Allen%20House.%20First%20frame%20house%20in%20California%20at%20Monterey%20near%20Pacific%20Grove%2C%20Cal. Allen House. First frame house in California at Monterey near Pacific Grove, California] * [https://historysanjose.pastperfectonline.com/photo/8AAAF483-BF7C-4351-B400-411065101015 First lumber building in California] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Northern California]] [[Category:Monterey County, California]] q2ucgvrdzdts7afh15o5tzgwt2o39gi 0 1174269 10330419 10125611 2025-06-14T17:28:31Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Sakaria Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sakariya Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Dr Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sakaria Koli|local name=સાકરીયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=Koli|branches=*Sakaria Koli *Sakariya Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sakaria}} [[Category:Koli clans]] i9hktnzldqc1tuagqh9xc75n6gt23qt 10330486 10330419 2025-06-14T17:35:23Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330486 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sakaria Koli''' (also spelled as '''Sakariya Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Koli_Culture/o4RJAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Dr Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Sakaria Koli|local name=સાકરીયા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|location=*[[Gujarat]] *[[Daman and Diu]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=Koli|branches=*Sakaria Koli *Sakariya Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Sakaria}} [[Category:Koli clans]] ah9j701mkuc5h3p6splr2janvqrk1ex 3 1174339 10329898 10311685 2025-06-14T12:59:35Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Feast for 10]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329898 wikitext text/x-wiki == March 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Signing Time!]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10126092|Edit]] (10126092) processed with score of 0.97610. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. 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You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ogqvbgkck1wrtrlk3hxypaskmohv3nx 0 1174389 10331186 10248888 2025-06-15T00:55:32Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asaduzzaman Noor''' (born 8 August 1991), known as '''Asad Noor''',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=2020-10-01|title=Blogger Asad Noor a fly in bonnet for Dhaka-Delhi|url=https://nenow.in/neighbour/bangladesh/blogger-asad-noor-a-fly-in-bonnet-for-dhaka-delhi.html|access-date=2025-03-10|website=NorthEast Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020144157/https://nenow.in/neighbour/bangladesh/blogger-asad-noor-a-fly-in-bonnet-for-dhaka-delhi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Country policy and information note: religious minorities and atheists, Bangladesh, March 2022 (accessible)|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bangladesh-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-religious-minorities-and-atheists-bangladesh-march-2022-accessible|access-date=2025-03-10|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> is{{Infobox person | name = Asad Noor | image = Asad Noor 2024 (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | caption = Noor in 2024 | native_name = {{nobold|আসাদ নূর}} | native_name_lang = bn | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|08|08|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]] | nationality = [[Bangladeshi]] | occupation = [[Blogger]], [[Human rights defender]] | website = }} a [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] [[blogger]] and human rights activist living outside [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Harassment of Bangladeshi blogger's family condemned- UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/harassment-of-bangladeshi-bloggers-family-condemned/88873|access-date=2025-03-10|website=ucanews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130120928/https://www.ucanews.com/news/harassment-of-bangladeshi-bloggers-family-condemned/88873|url-status=live}}</ref> He speaks for free speech and [[LGBT]] [[LGBT rights in Bangladesh|rights]] and has spoken against [[Fundamentalism|religious extremism]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Death threats against Bangladeshi blogger accused of “defaming Islam” | RSF">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-28|title=Death threats against Bangladeshi blogger accused of "defaming Islam" {{!}} RSF|url=https://rsf.org/en/death-threats-against-bangladeshi-blogger-accused-defaming-islam|access-date=2025-03-10|website=rsf.org|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521222151/https://rsf.org/en/death-threats-against-bangladeshi-blogger-accused-defaming-islam|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-08|title=Concerted attacks against Bangladeshi activists on Facebook|url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/02/08/concerted-attacks-against-bangladeshi-activists-on-facebook/|access-date=2025-03-10|website=Global Voices|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519154349/https://globalvoices.org/2022/02/08/concerted-attacks-against-bangladeshi-activists-on-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi government]] has charged him many times for blasphemy and hurting religious feelings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-16|title=Humanists International at UN: justice for Asad Noor and Ashraf Fayadh is long overdue|language=en-US|work=Humanists International|url=https://humanists.international/2021/03/humanists-international-at-un-justice-for-asad-noor-and-ashraf-fayadh-is-long-overdue/|access-date=2025-03-10|archive-date=2021-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091731/https://humanists.international/2021/03/humanists-international-at-un-justice-for-asad-noor-and-ashraf-fayadh-is-long-overdue/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blogger faces death threats for criticizing Islam – DW – 08/24/2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/blogger-faces-death-threats-for-criticizing-islam/a-54678246|access-date=2025-03-10|website=dw.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523071446/https://www.dw.com/en/blogger-faces-death-threats-for-criticizing-islam/a-54678246|url-status=live}}</ref> Noor has lived outside Bangladesh since 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Interview {{!}} 'Fundamentalists Are Holding Hasina Govt to Ransom': Exiled Bangladeshi Blogger|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/interview-asad-noor-bangladesh-blogger-islamic-fundamentalists-hasina|access-date=2025-03-10|website=The Wire|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130185819/https://thewire.in/communalism/interview-asad-noor-bangladesh-blogger-islamic-fundamentalists-hasina|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Targeted Cyber-Attack On Bangladeshi Atheists|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/targeted-cyber-attack-on-bangladeshi-atheists-shows-them-dead-on-facebook-news-44625|access-date=2025-03-10|website=Outlook India|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227145915/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/targeted-cyber-attack-on-bangladeshi-atheists-shows-them-dead-on-facebook-news-44625|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Accused of 'Defaming Islam', B'desh Blogger Who Defended Buddhist Monk Fears for Family|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/accused-of-defaming-islam-bdesh-blogger-who-defended-buddhist-monk-fears-for-family-2771341.html|access-date=2025-03-10|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201104309/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/accused-of-defaming-islam-bdesh-blogger-who-defended-buddhist-monk-fears-for-family-2771341.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is in danger because Islamic extremists do not like his activism and how he exposes their actions.<ref name="Death threats against Bangladeshi blogger accused of “defaming Islam” | RSF" /> == Career == Noor started writing on blogs and social media in 2013. After joining the 2013 Shahbag protests, religious extremists targeted him. Since 2015, he has faced threats from both the government and extremists because of his human rights work.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Asaduzzaman Noor - Humanists International|language=en-US|work=Humanists International|url=https://humanists.international/case-of-concern/asaduzzaman-noor/|access-date=2025-03-10|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130151821/https://humanists.international/case-of-concern/asaduzzaman-noor/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, Noor posted videos about the harassment of Buddhist minorities in Rangunia Upazila, Chittagong District. Because of this, a local Awami League leader sued him on 14 July 2020 under the Digital Security Act for "hurting religious feelings" and "spreading false information against the liberation war."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-27|title=Blogger lands in jail in a case under ICT act|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/blogger-lands-jail-case-under-ict-act-1510942|access-date=2025-03-10|website=The Daily Star|language=en|archive-date=2022-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523084638/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/blogger-lands-jail-case-under-ict-act-1510942|url-status=live}}</ref> One of Noor's videos showed a Buddhist statue being destroyed at a monastery under construction in Rangunia. He said forest officials and a local Awami League MP supported the attack to drive the monks away. After Noor's videos, local Islamic groups protested against him and said he was harming religious unity between Muslims and Buddhists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh blogger faces jail for supporting monk - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/bangladesh-blogger-faces-jail-for-supporting-monk/88822|access-date=2025-03-10|website=ucanews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201102809/https://www.ucanews.com/news/bangladesh-blogger-faces-jail-for-supporting-monk/88822|url-status=live}}</ref> == Legal problems == On 25 December 2017, Noor was caught by airport police at Shahjalal International Airport while trying to leave Bangladesh. He was then sent to jail.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-26|title=Bangladesh activist arrested on 'anti-Islam' charges|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20171226-bangladesh-activist-arrested-anti-islam-charges|access-date=2025-03-10|website=France 24|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203123713/https://www.france24.com/en/20171226-bangladesh-activist-arrested-anti-islam-charges|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Habib|first=Haroon|date=2017-12-26|title=Blogger held on blasphemy charges|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/blogger-held-on-blasphemy-charges/article22282030.ece|access-date=2025-03-10|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203123713/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/blogger-held-on-blasphemy-charges/article22282030.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladeshi Blogger Arrested At Dhaka Airport For Blasphemous Post|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladeshi-blogger-asad-noor-arrested-at-dhaka-airport-for-blasphemous-post-1792451|access-date=2025-03-10|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203123714/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladeshi-blogger-asad-noor-arrested-at-dhaka-airport-for-blasphemous-post-1792451|url-status=live}}</ref> Noor stayed in jail for eight months in 2018. When he got bail in August, an Islamic extremist group called Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh protested and asked for his death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=কোরআনের অবমাননাকারী ব্লগারের জামিনে হেফাজতের বিক্ষোভ|url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/85435/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD|access-date=2025-03-10|website=Jugantor|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-31|title=নাস্তিক আসাদ নুরকে পুনরায় গ্রেফতার ও ফাঁসির দাবী|url=https://old.dailyinqilab.com/article/150461/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80|access-date=2025-03-10|website=DailyInqilabOnline|language=bn}}</ref> Later, he was arrested again for a drug case, but he says it was fake.<ref name=":3" /> Karin Deutsch Karlekar, a director at PEN America, said: {{Quote|text=The arrest of Asad Noor shows how unsafe independent voices are in Bangladesh." She also said: "Bloggers like Noor fear attacks from extremists and also face punishment from their own government, which should protect them. We ask Bangladesh to free Noor, drop the charges, and keep him safe from extremists. The government should protect free speech, not punish it.<ref>{{cite web | title=Detained Bangladeshi Blogger Asad Noor Should be Released and Given Protection | website=PEN America | date=2024-07-12 | url=https://pen.org/press-release/bangladesh-detained-blogger-asad-noor-released-given-protection/ | access-date=2025-03-10 | archive-date=2021-11-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128172345/https://pen.org/press-release/bangladesh-detained-blogger-asad-noor-released-given-protection/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} Daniel Bastard, head of Reporters Without Borders Asia-Pacific, said: {{Quote|text=We ask Bangladesh to drop the charges against Noor because his only 'crime' is having secular views." He also said: "This law has been used for too long by extremists to silence people. Since people are calling for his death, the government must give him special protection.<ref>{{cite web | title=RSF calls for release of Bangladeshi blogger held on blasphemy charge | website=RSF | date=2017-01-11 | url=https://rsf.org/en/rsf-calls-release-bangladeshi-blogger-held-blasphemy-charge | access-date=2025-03-10}}</ref>}} In early 2019, Noor got bail again. Fearing for his life, he secretly left Bangladesh in February. Since then, he has lived in hiding outside Bangladesh and keeps posting on Facebook and YouTube.<ref name=":2" /> == Family harassment == On 18 July 2020, police in plain clothes took six of Noor's family members from his hometown, Amtali in Barguna. They were taken to the police station. There, police forced his father to call Noor and tell him to delete his Facebook videos.<ref name=":0" /> After this, human rights groups like Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Asian Human Rights Commission, and Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights spoke against this act.<ref name="Bangladesh: Authorities must refrain from harassing family members of human rights defenders in exile. - Amnesty International">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-07|title=Bangladeshi authorities must immediately stop harassing and intimidating the family members of human rights defenders|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/08/bangladesh-authorities-must-not-harass-family-of-hrds-in-exile/|access-date=2025-03-10|website=Amnesty International|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130121945/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/08/bangladesh-authorities-must-not-harass-family-of-hrds-in-exile/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-24|title=Bangladesh: Stop Intimidating Activists, Victims' Families {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/24/bangladesh-stop-intimidating-activists-victims-families|access-date=2025-03-10|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203172631/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/24/bangladesh-stop-intimidating-activists-victims-families|url-status=live}}</ref> Sultan Mohammed Zakaria from Amnesty International said: "Harassing Asad’s family is not just a one-time thing. It is part of a bigger problem of targeting families of activists living in exile." He also said: "Using family members to silence activists outside Bangladesh is shameful. This must stop now."<ref name="Bangladesh: Authorities must refrain from harassing family members of human rights defenders in exile. - Amnesty International" /> UN Special Expert on Freedom of Religion, Ahmed Shaheed, said: "We are deeply worried about the punishment and legal action against Mr. Noor for using his human right to think, believe, speak, and express himself freely."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-21|title=UN rights experts urge Bangladesh to investigate violations regarding Asad Noor's case|language=en-US|work=Humanists International|url=https://humanists.international/2020/11/un-rights-experts-urge-bangladesh-to-investigate-violations-regarding-asad-noors-case/|access-date=2025-03-10|archive-date=2021-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201112955/https://humanists.international/2020/11/un-rights-experts-urge-bangladesh-to-investigate-violations-regarding-asad-noors-case/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, during a UN Human Rights Council meeting, Lillie Ashworth from Humanists International spoke about Noor’s case. She asked for justice and criticized Bangladesh for harassing Noor’s family. She reminded Bangladesh of its duty to protect human rights activists.<ref name=":1" /> On 1 February 2024, a Muslim taxi driver attacked Noor at midnight. After getting injured, Noor went live on Facebook to talk about what happened. He told his followers he was safe and thanked them for their support. Online, some Islamists celebrated the attack, and some even joked about rewarding the attacker.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YT|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCz8RV3ySqP3SmgQFZzceVPg/community?lb=Ugkxg6JvPkzH1uKcenfP_darMXp-WD-XrCjB|access-date=2025-03-10|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1991 births]] pib072pkpnicx5826vmfyl4tymh5kg9 0 1174496 10330371 10127311 2025-06-14T17:12:52Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Budhivant Koli ''' (also spelled as '''Budhiwant Koli''', '''Budhvant Koli''' and '''Budivant Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas. The Budhivant [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] are Budhivant because of their [[intelligence]] and the meaning of Budhivant is '''Inteligent'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> Budhivant clan of Koli caste is divided into seventeen subclans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Gazetteer|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Ahmadnagar/people_castes.html}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Budhivant Koli|local name=बुद्धिवंत कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=''Twenty four clans of Koli caste including Budivant Kolis of Maharashtra.''|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Telangana]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Budhivant Koli *Budhiwant Koli *Budivant Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Budhivant}} [[Category:Koli clans]] d0zka5dcmt6gb91v31jlipbiyv3hegc 10330451 10330371 2025-06-14T17:34:18Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330451 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Budhivant Koli ''' (also spelled as '''Budhiwant Koli''', '''Budhvant Koli''' and '''Budivant Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mostly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Telangana]] and [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and nearby areas. The Budhivant [[Koli rebellion|Kolis]] are Budhivant because of their [[intelligence]] and the meaning of Budhivant is '''Inteligent'''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA335&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions|last=Hassan|first=Syed Siraj ul|date=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=335|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1459&dq=Bhagivant+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvoObjoLWLAxWNUGwGHcfbOcIQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1996|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563357-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1459|language=en}}</ref> Budhivant clan of Koli caste is divided into seventeen subclans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1092&dq=Vanakpal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR4_rhqrWLAxUK1TgGHWCZBFcQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|last2=Bhanu|first2=B. V.|last3=India|first3=Anthropological Survey of|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|pages=1092|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Gazetteer|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Ahmadnagar/people_castes.html}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Budhivant Koli|local name=बुद्धिवंत कोळी|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|image=File:Twenty four clans (Gotra, Kutumb) of Mahadeo Koli caste of Maharashtra.jpg|caption=''Twenty four clans of Koli caste including Budivant Kolis of Maharashtra.''|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] *[[Maharashtra]] *[[Karnataka]] *[[Telangana]] *[[Goa]]|varna=Agriculturist|parent_tribe=Kolis of Maharashtra|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=*Budhivant Koli *Budhiwant Koli *Budivant Koli|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Marathi]] *[[Hindi]] *[[English]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Budhivant}} [[Category:Koli clans]] 07692s1kkis42288dyw0fmdlndssul9 0 1174820 10330990 10178527 2025-06-14T22:38:39Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 2001-02 | dates = 10 July 2001 - 9 May 2002 | winners = [[FC Tirol Innsbruck]] | relegated = no relegation |promoted = [[SV Pasching ]] | matches = | total goals = | league topscorer = [[Ronald Brunmayr]] ( Grazer AK) (27 goals) | prevseason = [[2000-01 Austrian football championship|2000-01]] | nextseason = [[2002-03 Austrian football championship|2002-03]] }} The '''2001-02 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the [[Austrian Football Bundesliga]]. The single-track [[2. Liga|First Division]] served as a substructure to the Bundesliga. The third performance level was represented by the regional leagues East ([[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Burgenland]]), Middle ([[Upper Austria]], [[Styria]], [[Carinthia]]) and West ([[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], [[Vorarlberg]]). At the beginning of the season, a dispute broke out over the proportion of Austrians in national club games. Some solutions (e.g.: half of the players in the match report must be Austrian) did not hold because they were only agreed upon as a gentleman's agreement and were obviously not considered binding. <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2000_09/o1__bundesliga__2001_02.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> [[FC Tirol Innsbruck]] became champion for the third time in a row. Only Rapid, Austria and Vienna have managed this. On June 6, 2002, FC Tirol Innsbruck's license for professional football was withdrawn due to serious financial problems. The club was dissolved. The club was then re-founded under the old name Wacker Innsbruck and took part in the 2002/03 Regionalliga West championship (3rd level) as a joint team with WSG Wattens under the name WSG Wattens/Wacker Tirol. The 2001/02 championship title, however, remained with Innsbruck. <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck''' |36 | 23 |6 | 7 | 75 |- |2. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 18 |11 | 7 | 65 |- |3. |'''Grazer AK''' |36 | 17 |12 |7 | 63 |- |4. |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |36 | 14 |11 | 11 | 53 |- |5. |'''FC Kärnten''' |36 | 14 |8 |14 | 50 |- |6. | '''SV Austria Salzburg''' |36 | 13 |10 | 13 | 49 |- |7. |'''SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz''' |36 | 12 |9 | 15 | 45 |- |8. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 11 |10 | 15 | 43 |- |9. | '''SV Ried''' |36 | 9 |9 | 18 | 36 |- |10. | '''VfB Admira Wacker Mödling ''' |36 | 3 |6 | 27 | 15 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 10 July 2001 |GAK |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck''' |0-2 |- | 11 July 2001 |FC Kärnten | '''SV Ried''' | 1-2 |- | 11 July 2001 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-1 |- | 11 July 2001 | SV Austria Salzburg |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- | 11 July 2001 |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |1-0 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 17 July 2001 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SV Austria Salzburg |1-0 |- | 18 July 2001 |FK Austria Wien |'''GAK ''' | 2-3 |- | 18 July 2001 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |5-0 |- | 18 July 2001 | SV Ried |SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- | 18 July 2001 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''FC Kärnten''' |0-1 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 July 2001 |'''FC Kärnten''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |- | 24 July 2001 |SV Austria Salzburg |FC Tirol Innsbruck | 0-0 |- | 25 July 2001 |FK Austria Wien |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 25 July 2001 |'''GAK ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |3-0 |- | 25 July 2001 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''SV Ried''' |0-3 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 July 2001 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |3-1 |- | 28 July 2001 |SV Ried |GAK | 2-2 |- | 28 July 2001 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FC Kärnten |3-0 |- | 28 July 2001 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |1-2 |- | 29 July 2001 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 31 July 2001 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |- | 1 August 2001 |FK Austria Wien |SV Ried | 3-3 |- | 1 August 2001 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |6-0 |- | 1 August 2001 |'''GAK ''' |FC Kärnten |5-0 |- | 1 August 2001 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |0-5 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 August 2001 |FC Kärnten | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |1-1 |- | 4 August 2001 |SV Ried |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 1-2 |- | 4 August 2001 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |2-4 |- |5 August 2001 |SK Rapid Wien |'''GAK ''' |0-4 |- | 19 February 2002 |SK Sturm Graz |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 August 2001 |FC Tirol Innsbruck |SV Ried |0-0 |- | 11 August 2001 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''FC Kärnten ''' | 1-2 |- | 11 August 2001 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-2 |- |12 August 2001 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |12 August 2001 |GAK | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |0-0 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 August 2001 |FC Kärnten |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- | 18 August 2001 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | 0-2 |- | 18 August 2001 | SV Ried |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |2-3 |- |18 August 2001 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |SV Austria Salzburg |2-2 |- |19 August 2001 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | GAK |2-0 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 25 August 2001 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |1-0 |- | 25 August 2001 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |FC Kärnten | 3-0 |- | 25 August 2001 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |SV Ried |2-0 |- |26 August 2001 |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |GAK |2-1 |- |26 August 2001 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 8 September 2001 |GAK |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |- | 8 September 2001 |SK Rapid Wien |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling''' | 0-1 |- | 8 September 2001 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |FK Austria Wien |2-2 |- | 9 September 2001 |SV Ried |SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- |6 March 2002 |FC Kärnten | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 15 September 2001 |FK Austria Wien |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |0-1 |- | 15 September 2001 |SV Ried |FC Kärnten | 1-1 |- | 15 September 2001 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |1-3 |- | 16 September 2001 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |GAK |7-0 |- | 16 September 2001 |SK Sturm Graz | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 22 September 2001 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-2 |- | 22 September 2001 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | 1-2 |- | 23 September 2001 |'''FC Kärnten ''' | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |2-0 |- | 23 September 2001 | '''GAK ''' |FK Austria Wien |4-2 |- | 23 September 2001 | ''' SK Rapid Wien ''' | SV Ried |2-0 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 September 2001 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-0 |- | 29 September 2001 |SV Ried |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | 2-3 |- | 29 September 2001 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- | 30 September 2001 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FC Kärnten ''' |0-1 |- | 30 September 2001 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''GAK ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 10 October 2001 |FK Austria Wien |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |- | 10 October 2001 |'''FC Kärnten ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 2-0 |- | 10 October 2001 |'''GAK ''' | SV Ried |3-0 |- | 10 October 2001 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |2-0 |- | 10 October 2001 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 October 2001 |'''FC Kärnten ''' |GAK |3-2 |- | 13 October 2001 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-0 |- | 13 October 2001 |''' SV Ried ''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- | 13 October 2001 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |3-0 |- | 14 October 2001 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 October 2001 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SV Ried |2-0 |- | 20 October 2001 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 3-0 |- | 20 October 2001 |''' Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | FC Kärnten |2-0 |- | 21 October 2001 |FC Tirol Innsbruck |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- | 21 October 2001 | '''GAK''' | SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 October 2001 |SV Ried |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-2 |- | 21 November 2001 |FC Kärnten |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-1 |- | 21 November 2001 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | GAK |2-2 |- | 21 November 2001 |SK Sturm Graz |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |1-1 |- | 6 March 2002 | SK Rapid Wien | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 3 November 2001 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Kärnten |2-0 |- | 3 November 2001 |GAK |SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 3 November 2001 | SV Austria Salzburg | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |3-3 |- | 3 November 2001 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''SV Ried ''' |0-2 |- | 4 November 2001 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 November 2001 |FC Kärnten | SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- | 28 November 2001 |'''GAK''' |SV Ried | 4-1 |- | 28 November 2001 |SK Rapid Wien | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |2-2 |- | 28 November 2001 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- | 28 November 2001 | '''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' | FC Tirol Innsbruck |2-0 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 17 November 2001 |FK Austria Wien |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |0-0 |- | 17 November 2001 | FC Tirol Innsbruck |'''GAK''' | 0-1 |- | 17 November 2001 |'''SV Ried ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- | 17 November 2001 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |'''FC Kärnten ''' |0-1 |- | 18 November 2001 | SK Sturm Graz | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 24 November 2001 |'''FC Kärnten ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-1 |- | 24 November 2001 |'''GAK''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 5-0 |- | 24 November 2001 | SV Ried |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |- | 24 November 2001 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |3-4 |- | 25 November 2001 | SK Rapid Wien | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 1 December 2001 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Kärnten |2-1 |- | 1 December 2001 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- | 1 December 2001 |''' SV Austria Salzburg ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |2-0 |- | 1 December 2001 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |SV Ried |3-1 |- | 2 December 2001 | SK Sturm Graz | GAK |2-2 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 December 2001 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |4-1 |- | 23 December 2001 | GAK | FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- | 23 December 2001 |SV Ried |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 23 December 2001 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | FC Kärnten |0-0 |- | 24 December 2001 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | SV Austria Salzburg |1-0 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 March 2002 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |3-0 |- | 2 March 2002 | ''' FC Kärnten ''' | GAK | 1-0 |- | 2 March 2002 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''SV Ried ''' |0-1 |- | 2 March 2002 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |- | 3 March 2002 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | FC Tirol Innsbruck |1-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 March 2002 |GAK |SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |- | 9 March 2002 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FC Kärnten | 2-0 |- | 9 March 2002 |SV Ried |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |0-0 |- | 9 March 2002 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 10 March 2002 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | FK Austria Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 March 2002 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Ried |2-0 |- | 16 March 2002 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 2-1 |- | 16 March 2002 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |- | 16 March 2002 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''GAK ''' |0-2 |- | 17 March 2002 |'''FC Kärnten ''' | FC Tirol Innsbruck |2-1 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 March 2002 |''' FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |1-0 |- | 23 March 2002 |SK Rapid Wien |GAK | 1-1 |- | 23 March 2002 | '''SV Ried ''' |FC Kärnten |1-0 |- | 23 March 2002 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |5-1 |- | 24 March 2002 |SK Sturm Graz |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 30 March 2002 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- | 30 March 2002 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | 0-2 |- | 30 March 2002 |'''FC Kärnten ''' |SV Ried |2-1 |- | 30 March 2002 |SV Austria Salzburg |FC Tirol Innsbruck |1-1 |- | 31 March 2002 |GAK | SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 April 2002 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-0 |- | 2 April 2002 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 2-1 |- | 3 April 2002 |SV Ried |'''GAK''' |0-1 |- | 3 April 2002 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |- | 3 April 2002 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | FC Kärnten |5-1 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 6 April 2002 |FC Kärnten |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |1-2 |- | 6 April 2002 | GAK |FC Tirol Innsbruck | 0-0 |- | 6 April 2002 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Ried |2-1 |- | 6 April 2002 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-5 |- | 7 April 2002 |SV Austria Salzburg | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |3-5 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 April 2002 |FC Tirol Innsbruck |SV Ried |1-1 |- | 13 April 2002 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''FC Kärnten''' | 0-1 |- | 13 April 2002 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |'''GAK''' |1-4 |- | 13 April 2002 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |3-0 |- | 24 April 2002 |FK Austria Wien | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 April 2002 |FC Kärnten |FK Austria Wien |2-2 |- | 20 April 2002 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | 0-1 |- | 20 April 2002 |SV Ried |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |0-2 |- | 20 April 2002 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |SV Austria Salzburg |2-2 |- | 21 April 2002 |GAK | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 27 April 2002 |'''FC Kärnten''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |3-1 |- | 27 April 2002 |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' | FC Tirol Innsbruck | 2-0 |- | 28 April 2002 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SV Ried |3-0 |- | 28 April 2002 |FK Austria Wien |'''GAK''' |0-2 |- | 28 April 2002 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | SK Rapid Wien |6-1 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 1 May 2002 |FC Tirol Innsbruck |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |3-4 |- | 1 May 2002 |'''GAK''' | FC Kärnten | 3-0 |- | 1 May 2002 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |3-2 |- | 1 May 2002 |SV Ried |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0- 1 |- | 1 May 2002 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-4 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 May 2002 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |2-1 |- | 4 May 2002 | FC Kärnten | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- | 4 May 2002 | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |GAK |1-0 |- | 4 May 2002 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |4- 1 |- | 4 May 2002 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | ''' SV Ried ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 May 2002 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |FC Kärnten |3-1 |- | 9 May 2002 | '''GAK ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 5-1 |- | 9 May 2002 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- | 9 May 2002 |''' SV Ried ''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- | 9 May 2002 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |} ==Champion squad == {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | style="text-align:center; background:#00794c" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''FC Tirol Innsbruck'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | * '''Goalkeepers:''' [[Stanislaw Salamowitsch Tschertschessow|Stanislaw Tschertschessow]] (15/-); [[Heinz Weber (Fußballspieler, 1976)|Heinz Weber]] (1/-); [[Marc Ziegler]] (20/-) * '''Defenders:''' [[Michael Baur]] (31/6); [[Robert Ibertsberger]] (14/-); [[Walter Kogler]] (33/1); [[Olof Persson]] (5/-); [[Oliver Prudlo]] (16/-); [[Mario Sara]] (2/-); [[Robert Wazinger]] (12/-); [[Marco Zwyssig]] (20/4) * '''Midfielders:''' [[Markus Anfang]] (17/1); [[Zoran Barišić]] (17/1); [[Jerzy Brzęczek]] (34/6); [[Thomas Grumser]] (9/1); [[Alfred Hörtnagl]] (27/2); [[Patrik Ježek]] (30/5); [[Roland Kirchler]] (28/8); [[Stephan Marasek]] (28/1); [[Jürgen Panis]] (26/2); [[Markus Scharrer]] (28/4); [[Andreas Schiener]] (6/-) * '''Forwards:''' [[Radosław Gilewicz]] (30/11); [[Edi Glieder]] (22/7); [[Wolfgang Mair]] (22/3); [[Wilfried Sanou]] (5/-) * '''Coach:''' [[Joachim Löw]] |} ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Ronald Brunmayr]] |Grazer AK |27 |- | [[Axel Lawarée]] |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 20 |- | [[Ivica Vastić]] |SK Sturm Graz |17 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2000_2009/stno1__bundesliga__2001_02.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] mihs5wujupoglfurw5oajlxms04sxec 0 1175007 10330393 10312751 2025-06-14T17:19:49Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 Non notable clan 10330393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd}} The '''Jhala Koli''' (also spelled as '''Zala Koli''' and '''Jala Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mainly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and nearby regions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98: Koli clans in Gujarat such as Jala (Jhala), Jhalawadia, Jaloria, Makwana, Rathod.|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jhala Koli|local name=ઝાલા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[English]] *[[Hindi]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|image=|caption=Jhala Koli caste}} During the formation of the organisation known as the [[Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha]], there were matrimonial ties between Kolis and other caste groups of Gujarat state. The other rich and prosperous caste jagirdars married with the Kolis of Gujarat that gave them an uplift in their social position in society.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Peasant_Behavior_and_Its_Caste_relevancy/bvA0AQAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Peasant Behavior and Its Caste-relevancy: The Kolis of Kasandra|last=Silverberg|first=James|date=1962|publisher=University of Wisconsin|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Contemporary_Society_Concept_of_tribal_s/Ki2BAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society|last=Pfeffer|first=Georg|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-983-4|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jhala}} [[Category:Koli clans]] otg76rv9acbmp9ghb18cgrj8v0rojyc 10330463 10330393 2025-06-14T17:34:39Z Auntof6 22027 decline qd request: no QD criterion specified using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10330463 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Jhala Koli''' (also spelled as '''Zala Koli''' and '''Jala Koli''') is a [[Koli clans and titles|clan]] of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[caste]] mainly found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]] and nearby regions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar|last=Roy|first=Shibani|date=1983|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]], [[Asia]]|pages=98: Koli clans in Gujarat such as Jala (Jhala), Jhalawadia, Jaloria, Makwana, Rathod.|language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox tribe|name=Jhala Koli|local name=ઝાલા કોલી|type=Clan (Gotra) of Koli caste|ethnicity=[[Koli caste]]|location=*[[Gujarat]]|parent_tribe=Kolis of Gujarat|demonym=[[Koli caste|Koli]]|branches=|language=*[[Koli language]] *[[Gujarati]] *[[English]] *[[Hindi]]|religion=[[Hinduism]]|surnames=*[[Koli clans and titles#Titles (Upadhi)]]|image=|caption=Jhala Koli caste}} During the formation of the organisation known as the [[Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha]], there were matrimonial ties between Kolis and other caste groups of Gujarat state. The other rich and prosperous caste jagirdars married with the Kolis of Gujarat that gave them an uplift in their social position in society.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Peasant_Behavior_and_Its_Caste_relevancy/bvA0AQAAIAAJ?hl=en|title=Peasant Behavior and Its Caste-relevancy: The Kolis of Kasandra|last=Silverberg|first=James|date=1962|publisher=University of Wisconsin|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Contemporary_Society_Concept_of_tribal_s/Ki2BAAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society|last=Pfeffer|first=Georg|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|date=1997|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-983-4|location=New Delhi, India, Asia|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koli, Jhala}} [[Category:Koli clans]] l16sdnf2aatkqxnsw6yrfw9hb5mrl1m 0 1175095 10329910 10328206 2025-06-14T13:05:32Z Steven1991 1522289 Related page swap 10329910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr.]] '''Shira Klein''' is an associate [[professor]] and the [[Chairperson|chair]] of [[history]] at [[Chapman University]],<ref name="A"> * {{cite web |website=USC Shoah Foundation |title=Shira Klein, Ph.D. |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/content/shira-klein-phd |access-date=March 14, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=Shira Klein |url=https://forward.com/authors/shira-klein |access-date=March 14, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Penn State University |title=Center for Holocaust and Jewish Studies to host history professor Shira Klein |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/harrisburg/story/center-holocaust-and-jewish-studies-host-history-professor-shira-klein |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2025 }}</ref> specializing in the history of Italian Jews.<ref name="A" /> ==Career== Dr. Shira Klein got her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from [[New York University]] (NYU) before joining Chapman University in 2012. In 2018, her [[Nonfiction|book]] ''Italy's Jews from Emancipation to Fascism'' won the double-finalist for the National Jewish Book Award (NJBA).<ref name="A" /> She teaches the history of [[Jew#History|Jews]], [[History of Europe|Europe]] and [[the Holocaust]] at her university.<ref name="A" /> ===Research=== Dr. Klein's [[research]] [[Field of study|areas]] include the history of Italian Jews, and [[online antisemitism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shira Klein Archives {{!}} Chapman Newsroom |url=https://news.chapman.edu/tag/shira-klein |access-date=March 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====Research on Holocaust distortion on Wikipedia==== {{Further|Disinformation|Historical revisionism#Holocaust denial}} In February 2023, Klein and [[Professor|Prof.]] [[Jan Grabowski]] (professor of history at [[University of Ottawa]]) published the 57-page article ''Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust''<ref name="WikiAS1">{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 }}</ref> in ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rdap21/37/2 The Journal of Holocaust Research]''in which they said to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history on English Wikipedia,<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="WikiAS2"> * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=‘Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed’: New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-02-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/new-research-documents-how-wikipedia-distorts-the-holocaust/00000186-4f0f-d02c-af9e-cfffa9900000 |date=February 14, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/opinion/550600/wikipedia-holocaust-disinformation |title=The shocking truth about Wikipedia’s Holocaust disinformation |last=Klein |first=Shira |date=June 14, 2023 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows [[Troll|rogue editors]] to [[Holocaust denial|rewrite Holocaust history]] and [[Victim blaming|make Jews out to be the bad guys]] [...]. }} * {{cite news |work=World Religion News |url=https://www.worldreligionnews.com/wikipedia/wikipedia-and-judaism-how-holocaust-denial-became-embedded-in-the-worlds-go-to-source-of-misinformation |title=Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World’s Go-To Source of (Mis)Information |access-date=October 24, 2024 }}</ref> which involved the [[exaggeration]] of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers,<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="WikiAS2" /> [[invention]] of Jewish "war crimes" against [[Poles]],<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="WikiAS2" /> downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and [[Victim blaming|blaming]] Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust.<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="WikiAS2" /> Dr. Klein and Prof. Grabowski also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and the Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle, leaving the site vulnerable to [[disinformation]]:<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="WikiAS2" /> {{Blockquote|text=Wikipedia's administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia's articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|antisemitic canards]].}} Some misconceptions about [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|the Holocaust in Poland]] discussed in their article are [[Summary|summarized]] as follows: {| {{table|hide|sort}} ! Type !! Summary |- ! Death toll | '''Myth 1:''' "3 million non-Jewish [[Poles]] were killed in [[World War II|WWII]]."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022">Wikipedia article, “Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust,” [[English Wikipedia#Holocaust distortion|Wikipedia]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust&oldid=1089518133 revision from 8:06, May 24, 2022],</ref><br />'''Fact:''' The number was claimed in 1946 by Jakub Berman, the head of the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish communist]] secret police, to create a false [[Equality (mathematics)|equivalence]] between Jewish and Polish victimhood.<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="KB&AR">Karyn Ball and Per Anders Rudling, “The Underbelly of Canadian Multiculturalism: Holocaust Obfuscation and Envy in the Debate about the Canadian Museum for Human Rights,” ''Holocaust Studies'', vol. 20, no. 3 (2014): pp. 33–80.</ref> The death toll of non-Jewish Poles was 1.8 million as per the most recent [[Estimation|estimates]].<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>C. Łuczak, “Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945,” ''Dzieje Najnowsze 2'' (1994): pp. 9–15.</ref> |- ! Scale of helping Jews | '''Myth 2:''' "[[1000 (number)|Thousands]] of Poles were [[Execution|executed]] for helping Jews."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' 800 Poles were executed for helping Jews as per the most recent estimates.<ref>Ryszard Walczak et al. (eds.), ''Those Who Helped: Polish Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust'' (Warszawa: IPN, 1997).</ref><ref>Martyna Grądzka-Rejak and Aleksandra Namysło, (eds.), ''Represje za pomoc Żydom na okupowanych ziemiach polskich w czasie II wojny światowej'', vol. 1 (Warsaw: IPN, 2019), p. 464.</ref> |- ! Scale of hiding Jews | '''Myth 3:''' "450,000 Poles hid Jews in their houses during the Holocaust."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>[[#Richard C. Lukas|Richard C. Lukas]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-31|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Richard C. Lukas|reason= }}, ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust'' (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), p. 15.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' The number was promoted by Władysław Żarski-Zajdler, a [[writer]] [[Propaganda|propagandizing]] for the Polish communist regime during the 1968 antisemitic [[campaign]].<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>{{bulleted list| |{{cite web |website=Workers' Liberty |url=https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2011-04-28/stalinist-roots-left-anti-semitism |title=The Stalinist roots of "left" anti-semitism |date=April 28, 2011 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=In the 1970s the rulers of the USSR launched a sustained [[Antisemitism in the Soviet Union#Under Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)|'anti-Zionist' campaign]], in fact anti-semitic [...] much of what many British and international leftists [...] say about Israel is an indirect and unwitting copy of the Stalinists' efforts at constructing a Marxist-sounding gloss on old anti-semitic themes [...] an anti-semitic show-trial was due to be staged, in which five Jewish doctors from the Kremlin's own hospital were to face charges of poisoning and plotting. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250207212444/https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2011-04-28/stalinist-roots-left-anti-semitism |archive-date=February 7, 2025 }} |{{cite web |first=Simon |last=Gansinger |website=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/communists-against-jews-the-anti-zionist-campaign-in-poland-in-1968 |title=Communists Against Jews: the Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland in 1968 |year=2016 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130041103/https://fathomjournal.org/communists-against-jews-the-anti-zionist-campaign-in-poland-in-1968 |archive-date=January 30, 2025 }} |{{cite news |first1=Dana |last1=Bash |first2=Abbie |last2=Sharpe |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/01/politics/poland-anti-semitic-history-ukrainian-refugees/index.html |title=In 1968, Poland's communist government forced Jews to leave. Today, the country embraces refugees. |date=May 1, 2022 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=But [[Racism in Poland#Jews|Poland's tiny Jewish population]] diminished even further in 1968, when the communist government forced thousands to leave the country in an anti-Semitic purge [...] [[Antisemitic stereotypes|Scapegoating the Jews]] was a tried-and-true tactic used by leaders [[Jew#History|for millennia]], and it worked just as the communists [...] After Israel's victory over its Arab neighbors in 1967's [[Six-Day War]], Poland's communist party leader [[Władysław Gomułka]] spoke out against a "fifth column" of Polish Jews, in what became known as the "Zionist" speech – evoking a wave of anti-Semitism...some 13,000 Polish Jews who were given a one-way ticket out of his country. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170907/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/01/politics/poland-anti-semitic-history-ukrainian-refugees/index.html |archive-date=October 5, 2024 }} }}</ref> Fewer than 30,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust.<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>Natalia Sawka, “Antysemita Leszek Żebrowski poprowadzi wykład o ‘żołnierzach wyklętych,’” ''Gazeta Wyborcza'', March 1, 2016</ref> |- ! Scale of Polish collaboration | '''Myth 4:''' "<1% Poles collaborated with Nazi occupiers."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="IWC">The “Israeli War Crimes Commission” statistics seem to originate from an essay from the 1960s by one Leo Heiman, which provides no footnote. Leo Heiman, “Ukrainians and the Jews,” in ''Ukrainians and Jews, Articles, Testimonies, Letters and Official Documents Dealing with Interrelations of Ukrainians and Jews in the Past and Present: A Symposium'' (New York: The Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1966), p. 60.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' Several independent research showed otherwise.<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>Machcewicz and Persak, (eds.), ''Wokół Jedwabnego''; Jan Grabowski and Barbara Engelking, (eds.), ''Dalej jest noc: losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski (Night Without End: The Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland)'', 2 vols. (Warsaw: Polish Center for Holocaust Research, 2018).</ref> |- ! Polish Blue Police | '''Myth 5:''' "Many Polish Blue Police were executed for refusing to follow Nazi orders to arrest Jews."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="E&G">Engelking and Grabowski, (eds.), ''Dalej jest noc''; Grzegorz Rossolinski-Liebe, “Polnische Bürgermeister und der Holocaust im Generalgouvernement Besatzung, Kollaboration und Handlungsmöglichkeiten,” ''Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts'', (2021), pp. 26–35.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' Proven cases have not been found by mainstream historians yet.<ref name="E&G" /> Instead, the Polish Blue Police helped Nazi occupiers kill Jews enthusiastically.<ref name="E&G" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) |title=The Polish Police: Collaboration in the Holocaust |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20170502-Grabowski_OP.pdf |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Polish police murdered Jews during the Holocaust with gusto and even without Nazi orders, new book claims |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/12/10/global/polish-police-murdered-jews-during-the-holocaust-with-gusto-and-even-without-nazi-orders-new-book-claims |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |quote=Jan Grabowski spent more than 10 years conducting his research, including going through Polish archives, private diaries and records from more than 100 small towns where Jews lived in high concentrations. }} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Polish police took initiative in Jewish killings, new book explores |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-832894 |date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2025 |quote=Polish police murdered Jews during the Holocaust with gusto and even without Nazi orders, according to new resesarch. }}</ref> |- ! Polish Underground State | '''Myth 6:''' "The Polish Underground State's court investigated 17,000 suspected Polish collaborators and sentenced 3,500 to death."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><br />'''Fact:''' No more than seven collaborators were sentenced to death by the Polish Underground State's court,<ref name="AZ2006">Andrzej Żbikowski, ''Polacy i Zydzi pod okupacja niemiecką, 1939-1945: Studia i Materiały'' (Warsaw: IPN, 2006), pp. 482–84.</ref> despite desperate requests from the Committee to Aid Jews (Żegota).<ref name="AZ2006" /> |- ! Policies against helping Jews | '''Myth 7:''' "Poles were specifically targeted by the Nazis for helping Jews.<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /> The Nazis imposed death penalty on Poles because of this."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' Nazi laws against helping Jews were applied equally to millions of non-German subjects under Nazi occupation.<ref name="NaziArchive">The Third Decree of General Governor Hans Frank concerning restrictions on residency in the Generalgouvernement and introducing the death penalty for aid rendered to Jews, October 15, 1941; Verordnungsblatt für das Generalgouvernement. Dziennik Rozporządzeń dla Generalnego Gubernatorstwa, Cracow, October 25, 1941, p. 595.</ref> The death penalty was introduced on October 15, 1941,<ref name="NaziArchive" /> long before any obvious help could have been noticed.<ref name="NaziArchive" /> |- ! Revelation of the Holocaust | '''Myth 8:''' "Polish Army officer Witold Pilecki told [[Allies of World War II|the Allies]] about the Holocaust via Polish government-in-exile courier Jan Karski."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref name="ENWiki24May2022" /><br />'''Fact:''' Jan Karski did not tell the Allies about the Holocaust.<ref name="AP2021">Adam Puławski, “Revisiting Jan Karski’s Final Mission,” ''Israeli Journal of Foreign Affairs'', vol. 15, no. 2 (2021): pp. 289–97; Adam Puławski, ''Wobec niespotykanego w dziejach mordu. Rząd RP na uchodźstwie, Delegatura Rządu RP na Kraj, AK a eksterminacja ludności żydowskiej od wielkiej akcji do powstania w getcie warszawskim'' (Chełm: Stowarzyszenie Rocznik Chełmski, 2018).</ref> Karski left Poland in fall 1942,<ref name="AP2021" /> while Pilecki did not write a report about the Holocaust until summer 1943,<ref name="AP2021" /> when most Polish Jews had already been killed.<ref name="AP2021" /> Pilecki could not have given Karski a report that did not exist when Karski left.<ref name="AP2021" /> |- ! Nazi reprisals against Poles helping Jews | '''Myth 9:''' "The Nazi murdered 20,000 Polish [[Village|villagers]] in Białka over some of them helping Jews."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>Wikipedia article, “Nazi Crimes Against the Polish Nation,” Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation&oldid=1093264615 revision from 14:14, June 15, 2022],</ref><br />'''Fact:''' It is true that individual [[Mass shooting|shootings]] of Białka's Polish villagers happened, but the confirmed death toll was 96.<ref name="WikiAS1" /><ref>Geoffrey P. Megargee, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'', 1933-1945, vol. 1: ''Early Camps, Youth Camps, and Concentration Camps and Subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA)'' (Washington: [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 2009), p. 692.</ref> |- ! Post-war pogroms against Jews | '''Myth 10:''' "The July 1946 [[Kielce]] pogrom was planned by the Soviet occupiers."<ref name="WikiAS1" /><br />'''Fact:''' The claim has been roundly rejected by mainstream scholars, including Joanna Tokarska-Bakir who won the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Award for a book that disproved the claim,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |title=Omer Bartov and Joanna Tokarska-Bakir Were Awarded with the 2019 Yad Vashem International Book Prize |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/events/08-december-2019.html |date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2025}}</ref> which is only held by some Polish nationalists and [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theorists]].<ref name="WikiAS1" /> |- |} ==Selected works== ===Books=== ====2010s==== * Klein, S. ''Italy's Jews from emancipation to fascism'', Cambridge University Press, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |website=Cambridge University Press & Assessment |title=Italy's Jews from emancipation to fascism |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/italys-jews-from-emancipation-to-fascism/8023D440058AF78F3265C958CBEAB357 |last=Klein |first=Shira |doi=10.1017/9781108539739 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108539739 |year=2018 |access-date=March 14, 2025}}</ref> ====2020s==== * Klein, S.; Levitsky, H.; Mueller, A.; Aarons, V.; Painitz, S.; Kaminsky, A.; Lander, J.; Mostowski, L.; Nadel, I.; Omer-Sherman, R.; Grinberg M. ''The Holocaust Across Borders: Trauma, Atrocity, and Representation in Literature and Culture'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |website=Rowman & Littlefield |title=The Holocaust Across Borders: Trauma, Atrocity, and Representation in Literature and Culture |url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793612076/The-Holocaust-across-Borders-Trauma-Atrocity-and-Representation-in-Literature-and-Culture |last1=Klein |first1=Shira |last2=Levitsky |first2=Holli |last3=Aarons |first3=Victoria |last4=Painitz |first4=Sarah |last5=Kaminsky |first5=Amy |last6=Lander |first6=Joshua |last7=Mostowski |first7=Lizy |last8=Nadel |first8=Ira |last9=Omer-Sherman |first9=Ranen |last10=Grinberg |first10=Marat |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781793612076 |year=2021 |access-date=March 14, 2025}}</ref> ===Articles=== ====2000s==== * Klein S. (2008). An Army of Housewives: Women's Wartime Columns in Two Mainstream Israeli Newspapers. ''Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues'', 88‒107. ====2010s==== * Klein S. (2017). Challenging the Myth of Italian Jewish Assimilation. ''Modern Judaism-A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience'', ''37''(1), 76‒107. * Klein S. (2018). Using Wikipedia in Israel Studies Courses. ''Israel Studies Review'', ''33''(1), 102‒109. * Klein S. (2019). Review of Levis Sullam, Simon, ''The Italian Executioners: The Genocide of the Jews of Italy''. ====2020s==== * Grabowski, J. & Klein, S. (2023). Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust. ''The Journal of Holocaust Research'', ''37''(2), 133‒190. * Klein, S. (2025). The Growing Rift between Holocaust Scholars over Israel/Palestine. ''The Journal of Genocide Research'', 1‒21. ==Related pages== * [[Havi Dreifuss]] * [[Shimon Redlich]] * [[Saul Friedländer]] * [[Izabella Tabarovsky]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Klein, Shira}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:Historians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Jewish academics]] [[Category:Historical studies]] ozbkvm3w27uw3bb6cr01pfir74llic0 0 1175543 10330954 10156316 2025-06-14T22:19:00Z Graywalls 923449 /* History */ [[WP:ADVERT]] [[WP:ELNO]] unnecessary contamination of prose with EL within prose. 10330954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Three Arts Club of Chicago | native_name = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = The Three Arts Club of Chicago.jpg | image_size = 320px | image_alt = | caption = Three Arts Club of Chicago | map_type = | map_alt = | map_dot_mark = | map_dot_label = | relief = | map_caption = | map_size = | coordinates = {{Coord|41|54|21.5|N|87|37|49|W| region:US-IL|display= inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = | classification = | address = | location = 1300 N. Dearborn Street, [[Chicago]] | location_country = | namesake = | built = 1914 | cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | roof = | diameter = | circumference = | weight = | other_dimensions = | structural_system = | material = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = Holabird & Roche | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = | awards = | designation4 = Chicago Landmark | designation4_date = June 10, 1981<ref name="Landmark">{{cite web|url=http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435#selection-163.1-163.14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414114111/http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435#selection-163.1-163.14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-14 |title=Three Arts Club|place=Chicago, Illinois|date=June 10, 1981 |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> | designation4_type = Individual | designations = | known_for = | website = {{URL|https://rh.com/chicago/| Three Arts Club}} }} The '''Three Arts Club of Chicago''' was a [[Chicago]] home and club for women in the "three arts" of [[music]], [[painting]] and [[drama]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=886&dat=19910514&id=gncOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YYEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6078,2314673 Chicago's arts club is saved], ''The Prescott Courier'', May 14, 1991</ref> The club, modeled on the [[Three Arts Club of New York]], was founded in 1912.<ref name="Chicago Daily Tribune">{{cite news |date=14 January 1912 |title=Entertainment To Found Fund of New Three Arts Club Home |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref> The building was designated as a [[Chicago Landmark]] on June 10, 1981;<ref name="Landmark" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435 |title=Chicago Landmarks: Three Arts Club|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> a plaque from the Commission on Chicago Landmarks can be found near the Dearborn Parkway entrance into the building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Three Arts Club Historical Marker |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=242449 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.hmdb.org |language=en}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Three Arts Cafe.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Three Arts Cafe at Restoration Hardware|The Three Arts Cafe at Restoration Hardware]] The first Three Arts Club residence, located at 1614 North LaSalle Street, had a restaurant and rooms to house sixteen women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Society Attends Opening of the Three Arts Club |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=1 April 1913}}</ref> In 1914 the club commissioned their own building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche.<ref name="Bruegmann1997">{{cite book|author=Robert Bruegmann|title=The Architects and the City: Holabird & Roche of Chicago, 1880-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GldLlt4qzJ8C&pg=PA431|access-date=10 October 2012|year=1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07695-9|pages=431–8}}</ref> The new three story building opened in 1915 at 1300 N. Dearborn Street with 92 residence rooms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago's New Three Arts Club Opens Its Doors |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=18 May 1915}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs |first1=Deanna |title=Kicked out of Heaven/Next Step: Big Bucks for Artists |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=26 June 2003}}</ref> Over 13,000 women stayed in the club throughout its history.<ref name="JonesWillis-Morton2012">{{cite book|author1=Wilbert Jones|author2=Kathleen Willis-Morton|author3=Maureen O Brien|title=Chicago's Gold Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJEKpyGgRpkC&pg=PA107|access-date=10 October 2012|year=2012|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-9177-3|page=107}}</ref> Three Arts Club provided residential space for women artists continuously until 2004, when the last of the residents moved out. In 2007 the building was sold to developers and net proceeds were invested in an operating fund to seed and grow a new nonprofit, 3Arts.<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/TACf.html Three Arts Club of Chicago: An inventory of the collection at the University of Illinois at Chicago]</ref> Today, the Three Arts Club building is owned by Restoration Hardware Chicago, featuring an art gallery and restaurant (Three Arts Café). The original dormitory floor boundary lines, dining hall, and kitchen remain.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://rh.com/chicago|title=RH Chicago|work=rh.com|place=Chicago, Illinois|access-date=2022-04-09|archive-date=2022-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410022005/https://rh.com/chicago|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Three Arts Club}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Landmarks in Chicago|*]] dvod69r7xt51yqc1f6consrn7wma8k0 10330955 10330954 2025-06-14T22:19:38Z Graywalls 923449 [[WP:RS]], not a RS. 10330955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Three Arts Club of Chicago | native_name = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = The Three Arts Club of Chicago.jpg | image_size = 320px | image_alt = | caption = Three Arts Club of Chicago | map_type = | map_alt = | map_dot_mark = | map_dot_label = | relief = | map_caption = | map_size = | coordinates = {{Coord|41|54|21.5|N|87|37|49|W| region:US-IL|display= inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = | classification = | address = | location = 1300 N. Dearborn Street, [[Chicago]] | location_country = | namesake = | built = 1914 | cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | roof = | diameter = | circumference = | weight = | other_dimensions = | structural_system = | material = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = Holabird & Roche | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = | awards = | designation4 = Chicago Landmark | designation4_date = June 10, 1981<ref name="Landmark">{{cite web|url=http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435#selection-163.1-163.14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414114111/http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435#selection-163.1-163.14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-14 |title=Three Arts Club|place=Chicago, Illinois|date=June 10, 1981 |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> | designation4_type = Individual | designations = | known_for = | website = {{URL|https://rh.com/chicago/| Three Arts Club}} }} The '''Three Arts Club of Chicago''' was a [[Chicago]] home and club for women in the "three arts" of [[music]], [[painting]] and [[drama]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=886&dat=19910514&id=gncOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YYEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6078,2314673 Chicago's arts club is saved], ''The Prescott Courier'', May 14, 1991</ref> The club, modeled on the [[Three Arts Club of New York]], was founded in 1912.<ref name="Chicago Daily Tribune">{{cite news |date=14 January 1912 |title=Entertainment To Found Fund of New Three Arts Club Home |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref> The building was designated as a [[Chicago Landmark]] on June 10, 1981.<ref name="Landmark" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435 |title=Chicago Landmarks: Three Arts Club|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Three Arts Cafe.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Three Arts Cafe at Restoration Hardware|The Three Arts Cafe at Restoration Hardware]] The first Three Arts Club residence, located at 1614 North LaSalle Street, had a restaurant and rooms to house sixteen women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Society Attends Opening of the Three Arts Club |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=1 April 1913}}</ref> In 1914 the club commissioned their own building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche.<ref name="Bruegmann1997">{{cite book|author=Robert Bruegmann|title=The Architects and the City: Holabird & Roche of Chicago, 1880-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GldLlt4qzJ8C&pg=PA431|access-date=10 October 2012|year=1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07695-9|pages=431–8}}</ref> The new three story building opened in 1915 at 1300 N. Dearborn Street with 92 residence rooms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago's New Three Arts Club Opens Its Doors |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=18 May 1915}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs |first1=Deanna |title=Kicked out of Heaven/Next Step: Big Bucks for Artists |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=26 June 2003}}</ref> Over 13,000 women stayed in the club throughout its history.<ref name="JonesWillis-Morton2012">{{cite book|author1=Wilbert Jones|author2=Kathleen Willis-Morton|author3=Maureen O Brien|title=Chicago's Gold Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJEKpyGgRpkC&pg=PA107|access-date=10 October 2012|year=2012|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-9177-3|page=107}}</ref> Three Arts Club provided residential space for women artists continuously until 2004, when the last of the residents moved out. In 2007 the building was sold to developers and net proceeds were invested in an operating fund to seed and grow a new nonprofit, 3Arts.<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/TACf.html Three Arts Club of Chicago: An inventory of the collection at the University of Illinois at Chicago]</ref> Today, the Three Arts Club building is owned by Restoration Hardware Chicago, featuring an art gallery and restaurant (Three Arts Café). The original dormitory floor boundary lines, dining hall, and kitchen remain.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://rh.com/chicago|title=RH Chicago|work=rh.com|place=Chicago, Illinois|access-date=2022-04-09|archive-date=2022-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410022005/https://rh.com/chicago|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Three Arts Club}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Landmarks in Chicago|*]] 6r9lionw0j7vg0h1b63bkjs0qvqe8xi 10330959 10330955 2025-06-14T22:21:48Z Graywalls 923449 that website has nothing to do with the building/its legacy, but rather commercial, for profit business entity that acquired it. 10330959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Three Arts Club of Chicago | native_name = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = The Three Arts Club of Chicago.jpg | image_size = 320px | image_alt = | caption = Three Arts Club of Chicago | map_type = | map_alt = | map_dot_mark = | map_dot_label = | relief = | map_caption = | map_size = | coordinates = {{Coord|41|54|21.5|N|87|37|49|W| region:US-IL|display= inline,title}} | former_names = | alternate_names = | topped_out = | building_type = | architectural_style = | classification = | address = | location = 1300 N. Dearborn Street, [[Chicago]] | location_country = | namesake = | built = 1914 | cost = | client = | owner = | affiliation = | height = | roof = | diameter = | circumference = | weight = | other_dimensions = | structural_system = | material = | size = | floor_count = | floor_area = | elevator_count = | grounds_area = | architect = Holabird & Roche | architecture_firm = | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = | awards = | designation4 = Chicago Landmark | designation4_date = June 10, 1981<ref name="Landmark">{{cite web|url=http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435#selection-163.1-163.14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414114111/http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435#selection-163.1-163.14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-14 |title=Three Arts Club|place=Chicago, Illinois|date=June 10, 1981 |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> | designation4_type = Individual | designations = | known_for = | website = }} The '''Three Arts Club of Chicago''' was a [[Chicago]] home and club for women in the "three arts" of [[music]], [[painting]] and [[drama]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=886&dat=19910514&id=gncOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YYEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6078,2314673 Chicago's arts club is saved], ''The Prescott Courier'', May 14, 1991</ref> The club, modeled on the [[Three Arts Club of New York]], was founded in 1912.<ref name="Chicago Daily Tribune">{{cite news |date=14 January 1912 |title=Entertainment To Found Fund of New Three Arts Club Home |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune}}</ref> The building was designated as a [[Chicago Landmark]] on June 10, 1981.<ref name="Landmark" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/landmarksweb/web/landmarkdetails.htm?lanId=1435 |title=Chicago Landmarks: Three Arts Club|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Three Arts Cafe.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Three Arts Cafe at Restoration Hardware|The Three Arts Cafe at Restoration Hardware]] The first Three Arts Club residence, located at 1614 North LaSalle Street, had a restaurant and rooms to house sixteen women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Society Attends Opening of the Three Arts Club |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=1 April 1913}}</ref> In 1914 the club commissioned their own building, designed by architects Holabird & Roche.<ref name="Bruegmann1997">{{cite book|author=Robert Bruegmann|title=The Architects and the City: Holabird & Roche of Chicago, 1880-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GldLlt4qzJ8C&pg=PA431|access-date=10 October 2012|year=1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07695-9|pages=431–8}}</ref> The new three story building opened in 1915 at 1300 N. Dearborn Street with 92 residence rooms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chicago's New Three Arts Club Opens Its Doors |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |date=18 May 1915}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Issacs |first1=Deanna |title=Kicked out of Heaven/Next Step: Big Bucks for Artists |publisher=Chicago Reader |date=26 June 2003}}</ref> Over 13,000 women stayed in the club throughout its history.<ref name="JonesWillis-Morton2012">{{cite book|author1=Wilbert Jones|author2=Kathleen Willis-Morton|author3=Maureen O Brien|title=Chicago's Gold Coast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJEKpyGgRpkC&pg=PA107|access-date=10 October 2012|year=2012|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-9177-3|page=107}}</ref> Three Arts Club provided residential space for women artists continuously until 2004, when the last of the residents moved out. In 2007 the building was sold to developers and net proceeds were invested in an operating fund to seed and grow a new nonprofit, 3Arts.<ref>[http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/TACf.html Three Arts Club of Chicago: An inventory of the collection at the University of Illinois at Chicago]</ref> Today, the Three Arts Club building is owned by Restoration Hardware Chicago, featuring an art gallery and restaurant (Three Arts Café). The original dormitory floor boundary lines, dining hall, and kitchen remain.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://rh.com/chicago|title=RH Chicago|work=rh.com|place=Chicago, Illinois|access-date=2022-04-09|archive-date=2022-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410022005/https://rh.com/chicago|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Three Arts Club}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Landmarks in Chicago|*]] 4df2gmud6n8ocrqewubkoizyprmuxi4 0 1175579 10331377 10314994 2025-06-15T03:01:58Z Fr33kman 15149 Complex language 10331377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Complex}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox NRHP | name = Three Arts Club of New York | nrhp_type = | image = Three Arts Club of New York Building.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = The Three Arts Club of New York City | location = 340 West 85th Street, [[New York City]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|47|19.3|N|73|58|47|W| region:US-IL|display= inline,title}} | locmapin = New York City#New York#USA | built = {{Start date| 1927}} | former_names = | alternate_names = | topped_out = | architect = George B. de Gersdorff | architecture = Colonial Revival | added = May 23, 2024 | area = less than one acre | mpsub = | refnum = 100010346<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-2024-05-24.htm|title=Weekly List 2024 05 24|publisher=National Park Service |date=May 24, 2024|access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> }} The '''Three Arts Club of New York''' was a [[New York City]] home and club for women in the "three arts" of [[music]], [[art]] and [[drama]]. The club was founded in 1902 by Jane Harris Hall. The building was designated as a [[landmarks|New York City Landmark]] on May 23, 2024. ==History== [[File:The Three Arts Club of New York City.png|thumb|left|The Three Arts Club of New York City in 1929]] The first Three Arts Club, established in 1902 by Jane Harris Hall, was a residential club for women students pursuing music, drama, and the fine arts. Once located at 325 West 56th Street, the club provided a supportive environment for aspiring artists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-three-arts-club/168158497/|title=Three Arts' Club New Home to be in Remodeled Elevator Apartment |publisher=The New York Times|place=New York, New York |date=November 28, 1909|page=22|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-three-arts-club-beginni/43925800/|title=Three Arts Club |publisher=New-York Tribune|place=New York, New York |date=December 5, 1903|page=7|access-date=2025-03-16}}}</ref><ref name="Landmarks">{{cite web|url=https://www.landmarkwest.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Riverside-Ext-1.pdf |date=26 June 2012 |title=Riverside-West End Historic District Extension Designation Report|publisher=NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref> In 1927, architect George B. de Gersdorff designed a new eight-story building at 340 West 85th Street, featuring a large auditorium, a library, dining hall, and private rooms for up to 153 students. The new building replaced the club's previous six-story home on the same site. Among its notable residents was actress Ruth Gordon.<ref name="Landmarks"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-york-times_1927-11-13_77_25495/page/n239/mode/2up?q=%22The+Three+Arts+Club+of+New+York%22|title=Three Arts Club Entering New Home|work=The New York Times |place=New York, New York |date= November 13, 1927 |page=|access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref> The Three Arts Club featured a large auditorium named in honor of Emily V. Hammond and a library donated by Frederick Vanderbilt, dedicated to Louise Anthony Vanderbilt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landmarkwest.org/building/340-west-85th-street-aka-336-340-west-85th-street/|title=340 West 85th Street|work=Landmark West!|access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> The Three Arts Club inspired similar organizations across the county, including the [[Three Arts Club of Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-three-arts-club/168165679/|title=Entertainment To Found Fund of New Three Arts Club Home |publisher=Chicago Daily Tribune |place=Chicago, Illinois |date= January 14, 1912 |page=65|access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref> In 1953, the building became the Brandon Residence for Women, a 124-room boarding house for students and working professionals. In 2017, Volunteers of America sold the nine-story property to the West Side Federation for Senior and Supportive Housing, which now operates it as supportive housing for 125 formerly homeless seniors in single-room-occupancy units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2024/03/21/historic-uws-club-for-women-artists-nominated-for-national-register-of-historic-places|title=Historic UWS Club for Women Artists Nominated For National Register of Historic Places|date=March 21, 2024|access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{commonscat inline| Three Arts Club of New York| Three Arts Club of New York}} {{US-stub}} [[Category:Landmarks in Chicago|*]] 2c9zwqzs3sghldvbbjxiw7yo19adlau 0 1175860 10331006 10138327 2025-06-14T22:44:44Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Wien 1. Liga]] | season = 1931-32 | dates = 29 August 1931 - 12 June 1932 | winners = [[SK Admira Wien]] | relegated = [[SK Slovan Wien]] | matches = | total goals = | league topscorer = [[Anton Schall]] (SK Admira Wien)<br>(22 goals) | prevseason = [[1930-31 Austrian football championship|1930-31]] | nextseason = [[1932-33 Austrian football championship|1932-33]] }} The '''1931-32 Austrian Football Championship''' was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]]. A single-track II. League served as a substructure to the I. League. These leagues were only open to professional football clubs. [[SK Admira Wien]] became champion for the third time in club history. [[FC Libertas Wien]] was promoted to the first league for the 1932-33 season. Other federal state associations organized state championships in different modes on an amateur basis. The respective amateur national champions then also played for a champion at the amateur championship. Amateur champion became [[Grazer AK]]. ==Final table== Table mode (if points are tied): goal quotient {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''SK Admira Wien''' |22 | 14 |5 | 3 | 33 |- |2. |'''First Vienna FC''' |22 | 13 |5 | 4 |31<ref>goal quotient 2,11</ref> |- |3. | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |22 | 15 |1 | 6 | 31 <ref>goal quotient 1,79</ref> |- |4. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |22 |13 |3 | 6 | 29 |- |5. |'''Wiener AC''' |22 |9 |6 | 7 | 24 |- |6. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |22 | 7 |7 | 8 | 21<ref>goal quotient 0,76</ref> |- |7. |'''Brigittenauer AC''' |22 | 8 |5 | 9 | 21<ref>goal quotient 0,65</ref> |- |8. |'''SC Nicholson''' |22 | 6 |7 | 9 | 19 |- |9. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |22 | 5 |6 | 11 | 16 |- |10. |'''SC Hakoah Wien''' |22 | 4 |7 | 11 | 15 |- |11. |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |22 | 5 |3 | 14 | 13 |- |12. |'''SK Slovan Wien''' |22 | 3 |5 | 14 | 11 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1930_39/o1__wien_i__liga__1931_32.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 August 1931 |'''Brigittenauer AC''' |SC Wacker Wien |2-1 |- |29 August 1931 |'''Wiener AC''' |SK Slovan Wien |2-0 |- |30 August 1931 |SK Admira Wien |Floridsdorfer AC |1-1 |- |30 August 1931 | SC Hakoah Wien |'''SC Nicholson''' |1-3 |- |30 August 1931 | '''First Vienna FC ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |- |30 August 1931 | Wiener Sport-Club |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-4 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 September 1931 |Brigittenauer AC |'''Wiener AC''' |2-3 |- |6 September 1931 | FK Austria Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |3-5 |- |6 September 1931 |SC Nicholson |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |6 September 1931 |'''SK Slovan Wien ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |3-2 |- |6 September 1931 | '''First Vienna FC ''' |SK Admira Wien |1-0 |- |6 September 1931 | ''' SC Wacker Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 September 1931 |SK Slovan Wien |'''First Vienna FC ''' |0-2 |- |19 September 1931 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''Brigittenauer AC ''' |0-1 |- |19 September 1931 |SC Nicholson |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-3 |- |20 September 1931 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Admira Wien |3-1 |- |20 September 1931 | SC Wacker Wien |Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |20 September 1931 | '''Wiener AC''' |SC Hakoah Wien |6-3 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 September 1931 |Wiener Sport-Club | ''' '''Wiener AC''' |1-3 |- |27 September 1931 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | FK Austria Wien |4-2 |- |27 September 1931 |SC Hakoah Wien |''' Floridsdorfer AC ''' |0-1 |- |27 September 1931 |SK Slovan Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-10 |- |27 September 1931 |First Vienna FC | Brigittenauer AC |2-2 |- |27 September 1931 | SC Wacker Wien |SC Nicholson |3-3 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 October 1931 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |1-2 |- |11 October 1931 |FK Austria Wien | SC Wacker Wien |1-1 |- |11 October 1931 |'''Brigittenauer AC ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- |11 October 1931 |SC Hakoah Wien |First Vienna FC |1-1 |- |11 October 1931 |SK Slovan Wien | '''SK Admira Wien ''' |0-2 |- |11 October 1931 |'''Wiener AC''' |SC Nicholson |4-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 October 1931 |Brigittenauer AC |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |0-4 |- |18 October 1931 |FK Austria Wien |SK Slovan Wien |1-1 |- |18 October 1931 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |3-1 |- |18 October 1931 |'''SC Nicholson ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |5-0 |- |18 October 1931 | SC Wacker Wien | Wiener AC |1-1 |- |18 October 1931 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''First Vienna FC ''' |1-4 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 October 1931 |Floridsdorfer AC | '''SC Wacker Wien ''' |0-2 |- |24 October 1931 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |SC Nicholson |4-1 |- |25 October 1931 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |5-0 |- |25 October 1931 |'''Brigittenauer AC ''' |SK Slovan Wien |1-0 |- |13 December 1931 | Wiener AC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-3 {{efn|The original match on 25 October was canceled due to darkness.}} |- |13 December 1931 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-6{{efn|The original match on 25 October was canceled due to darkness.}} |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 October 1931 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-0 |- |31 October 1931 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |Brigittenauer AC |2-0 |- |1 November 1931 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SC Nicholson |5-0 |- |1 November 1931 |SK Slovan Wien | '''SC Hakoah Wien''' |0-1 |- |1 November 1931 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |First Vienna FC |4-1 |- |1 November 1931 |'''Wiener AC''' |Floridsdorfer AC |1-0 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 November 1931 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |5-7 |- |8 November 1931 | SC Hakoah Wien |Brigittenauer AC |1-1 |- |8 November 1931 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |0-1 |- |8 November 1931 |SC Nicholson | '''SK Admira Wien ''' |0-2 |- |8 November 1931 |Wiener Sport-Club |SK Slovan Wien |1-1 |- |6 December 1931 |First Vienna FC |Wiener AC |1-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 November 1931 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |Brigittenauer AC |3-0 |- |15 November 1931 | '''SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien |4-1 |- |15 November 1931 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |6-1 |- |15 November 1931 |Floridsdorfer AC | '''First Vienna FC ''' |2-6 |- |15 November 1931 |SC Nicholson |'''SK Slovan Wien''' |0-2 |- |15 November 1931 |Wiener AC |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |2-4 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 October 1931 |SC Hakoah Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |1-6 |- |21 November 1931 |'''Brigittenauer AC ''' |SC Nicholson |2-1 |- |22 November 1931 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |Wiener AC |2-0 |- |22 November 1931 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC |3-2 |- |22 November 1931 |SK Slovan Wien |SC Wacker Wien |1-1 |- |22 November 1931 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |FK Austria Wien |3-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 February 1932 |FK Austria Wien |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |0-1 |- |7 February 1932 |SC Hakoah Wien |SC Wacker Wien |1-1 |- |7 February 1932 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |5-4 |- |7 February 1932 |SK Slovan Wien |'''SC Nicholson ''' |2-3 |- |7 February 1932 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | Floridsdorfer AC |2-0 |- |7 February 1932 |Wiener AC |'''Brigittenauer AC ''' |2-4 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 February 1932 |FK Austria Wien |'''First Vienna FC ''' |1-3 |- |21 February 1932 |'''SC Hakoah Wien''' |SK Slovan Wien |1-0 |- |21 February 1932 |SK Rapid Wien |Wiener AC |1-1 |- |21 February 1932 |SC Nicholson |Brigittenauer AC |1-1 |- |21 February 1932 |SC Wacker Wien | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |0-4 |- |21 February 1932 |Wiener Sport-Club |SK Admira Wien |3-3 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 February 1932 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |SC Hakoah Wien |9-0 |- |28 February 1932 |'''SC Nicholson ''' |SK Rapid Wien |4-1 |- |28 February 1932 |'''SK Slovan Wien ''' |Brigittenauer AC |2-1 |- |28 February 1932 |'''Wiener AC ''' |SK Admira Wien |5-3 |- |14 April 1932 |SC Wacker Wien | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-6 |- |8 June 1932 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |6-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 March 1932 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |6-2 |- |5 March 1932 |''' SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Nicholson |4-0 |- |6 March 1932 |Brigittenauer AC | SC Hakoah Wien |1-1 |- |6 March 1932 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Slovan Wien |3-2 |- |6 March 1932 |Wiener AC | First Vienna FC |1-1 |- |6 March 1932 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |2-3 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 March 1932 |'''Wiener AC ''' |SC Wacker Wien |2-0 |- |12 March 1932 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |2-4 |- |13 March 1932 |SK Admira Wien |SK Slovan Wien |1-1 |- |13 March 1932 |SC Hakoah Wien | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |2-3 |- |13 March 1932 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | Brigittenauer AC |4-0 |- |13 March 1932 |SC Nicholson |'''First Vienna FC ''' |2-5 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 April 1932 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |SK Slovan Wien |1-0 |- |3 April 1932 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |Brigittenauer AC |4-0 |- |3 April 1932 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | Wiener Sport-Club |4-1 |- |3 April 1932 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' | Wiener AC |3-1 |- |3 April 1932 | SC Hakoah Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-8 |- |3 April 1932 |'''SC Nicholson''' |SC Wacker Wien |3-1 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 April 1932 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Wiener AC |2-0 |- |9 April 1932 |'''Brigittenauer AC ''' |First Vienna FC |2-1 |- |9 April 1932 |Floridsdorfer AC |SC Nicholson |1-1 |- |9 April 1932 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | SK Slovan Wien |2-0 |- |10 April 1932 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |10 April 1932 |Wiener Sport-Club |SC Hakoah Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 April 1932 |FK Austria Wien |SC Nicholson |1-1 |- |27 April 1932 |SC Hakoah Wien |SK Admira Wien |1-1 |- |7 May 1932 |Wiener AC |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |8 May 1932 |Floridsdorfer AC | SK Slovan Wien |2-2 |- |8 May 1932 |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' | First Vienna FC |2-1 |- |10 May 1932 |SC Wacker Wien |Brigittenauer AC |1-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 May 1932 |'''Brigittenauer AC''' |Floridsdorfer AC |3-2 |- |28 May 1932 |SK Slovan Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-4 |- |28 May 1932 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-2 |- |28 May 1932 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SC Nicholson ''' |0-1 |- |31 May 1932 |SK Admira Wien | First Vienna FC |4-4 |- |31 May 1932 |'''SC Hakoah Wien''' | Wiener AC |3-1 <ref>The original match on 29 May 1932 was abandoned after three minutes due to rain. </ref> |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 June 1932 |Brigittenauer AC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-3 |- |4 June 1932 |SK Slovan Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |1-2 |- |5 June 1932 |Floridsdorfer AC '''''' |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |2-4 |- |5 June 1932 |SC Nicholson | Wiener AC |2-2 |- |5 June 1932 |First Vienna FC | '''SC Hakoah Wien''' |2-3 |- |5 June 1932 |SC Wacker Wien | '''SK Admira Wien''' |2-3 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 May 1932 |Brigittenauer AC |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |1-5 |- |7 June 1932 |SK Slovan Wien |'''Wiener AC ''' |2-4 |- |12 June 1932 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Admira Wien''' |1-4 |- |12 June 1932 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | FK Austria Wien |3-2 |- |12 June 1932 |SC Nicholson | SC Hakoah Wien |1-1 |- |12 June 1932 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | SC Wacker Wien |3-0 |} ==Champion squad == (matches/goals) {| class="wikitable" style="width:900px" |- style="background:#FFFF00" | style="text-align:center; background:" | <span style="colorːFFFF00;">'''SK Admira Wien'''</span> |- style="background:; text-align:center;" |- | [[Rudolf Zöhrer]] <small>(22)</small> – [[Robert Pavlicek]] <small>(22)</small>, [[Anton Janda]] <small>(22)</small> – [[Karl Szoldatics]] <small>(4)</small>, [[Johann Urbanek]] <small>(21/2)</small>, [[Josef Mirschitzka]] <small>(21)</small>, [[Karl Humenberger]] <small>(4)</small>, [[Ernst Galli]] <small>(1)</small>, [[Johann Pörscht]] <small>(1)</small>, [[Mathieu André|Matthias André]] <small>(1)</small>, Scheilko <small>(1)</small> – [[Ignaz Sigl]] <small>(9/1)</small>, [[Johann Klima]] <small>(22/1)</small>, [[Karl Stoiber]] <small>(11/3)</small>, [[Wilhelm Hahnemann]] <small>(13/10)</small>, [[Leopold Facco]] <small>(13/4)</small>, [[Anton Schall]] <small>(22/22)</small>, [[Adolf Vogl]] <small>(22/8)</small>, [[Johann Dostal]] <small>(7/4)</small>, [[Anton Koch]] <small>(3/2)</small> – Coach: [[Hans Skolaut]] |} ==Top scorer == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Anton Schall]] | SK Admira Wien |22 |- | [[Franz Weselik]] | SK Rapid Wien |21 |- | [[Matthias Kaburek]] | SK Rapid Wien |19 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1930_1939/stno1__wien_i__liga__1931_32.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Champions of the federal states == *Lower Austriaː [[Badener AC]] *Upper AustriaAustriaː [[LASK]] *Salzburgː [[Salzburger AK 1914]] *Styriaː [[Grazer AK|GAK]] *Tyrolː [[SV Hötting]] *Vorarlbergː [[FC Lustenau 07]] ==Amateur Championship Finals == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1930_39/amateur_staats_ms_1932.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Football box collapsible |round = Final 1st leg |date = 25 September 1932 1931 |time = 14:30 |team1 = [[LASK]] |score = 0-2 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/1932/19320925linzgraz1.htm |team2 = [[Grazer AK]] |goals1 = |goals2 = *Reiter {{goal|56||68}} |stadium = LASK-Platz |location = [[Linz]] |attendance = 2.000 |referee = Miesof |result = }} {{Football box collapsible |round = Final 2nd leg |date = 2 October 1932 |time = 15ː00 |team1 =[[Grazer AK]] |score = 4-2 |report =http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/1932/19321002grazlinz1.htm |team2 =[[LASK]] |goals1 = *Gaber {{goal|21|pen.}} *Heubrandner {{goal|42}} *Adamek {{goal|76||90}} |goals2 = *Mayerhofer {{goal|29}} *Weiss {{goal|78}} |stadium = GAK-Platz (Körösistrasse) |location = [[Graz]] |attendance = 2.000 |referee = Karl Beck |result = }} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:Seasons in European football]] cbb6f98mqcklg84uqgineep5zf0dmzc 0 1176071 10331647 10244816 2025-06-15T09:10:45Z 193.5.232.52 /* Other websites */ 10331647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple issues| {{dead end|date=March 2025}} {{intro-tooshort|date=March 2025}} {{no sources|date=March 2025}} {{sections|date=March 2025}} }} [[Image:Lactalis logo.svg|right|250px]] '''Groupe Lactalis S.A.''' is a [[France|French]] [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[dairy product]]s company, owned by the Besnier family and based in [[Laval, Mayenne]], France. It was formerly known as '''Besnier S.A.'''. Lactalis is the largest dairy products company in the world and is the second largest food company in France, after [[Danone]]. It was founded in 1933. == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website}} [[Category:1933 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1930s establishments in France]] [[Category:Food companies of France]] [[Category:Dairy products companies]] [[Category:Mayenne]] {{multistub|food|France}} i0hssjllmu0jzbe8nvbdy1qq1lxfqme 0 1176913 10330422 10307311 2025-06-14T17:29:41Z 2001:1C08:784:6800:9034:A61B:F77:3251 Fixed typo 10330422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Mrwhosetheboss | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|10|24}} | birth_place = [[Nottingham]], England, UK | education = [[University of Warwick]] | spouse = Dhrisha Maini | website = {{URL|mrwhosetheboss.com}} | channel_name = Mrwhosetheboss | channel_direct_url = @mrwhosetheboss | years_active = 2011–present | genre = [[Technology]] | subscribers = {{Ubl| |20.7 million (Mrwhosetheboss) |7.1 million (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | views = {{Ubl| |6.7 billion (Mrwhosetheboss) |3.8 billion (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | network = Night Media (2021-present) | associated_acts = {{Plain list| *[[Marques Brownlee]] *[[TommyInnit]] *[[MrBeast]] *[[Vikkstar]] *Ryan Trahan }} | stats_update = 23 March 2025 }} '''Arun Rupseh Mainl''' (born on 24 October 1995,) better known as '''Mrwhosetheboss''', is an English [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. He makes YouTube videos about [[technology]]. == Career == In April 2012, Arun made his first video about the ZTE Blade smartphone. In May 2021, Arun joined Night Media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hale|first=James|date=2021-05-12|title=Tech Guru 'Mrwhosetheboss' Signs With Night Media (Exclusive)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/05/12/night-media-mrwhosetheboss-arun-maini/|access-date=2025-03-23|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2022, Arun made his YouTube video about Samsung phones with battery explosion problems like the [[Samsung Galaxy S6]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 8]], and [[Samsung Galaxy S10]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-27|title=YouTuber says Samsung may have a problem with swelling phone batteries|url=https://www.engadget.com/samsung-phone-battery-swelling-174237557.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2024, Mrwhosetheboss surpassed Apple Inc. on [[YouTube]] in terms of subscribers. Arun helped Matthew Perks to make a 6.74 feet working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-06|title=YouTubers built a six foot tall working replica of Apple’s iPhone 15 Pro Max|url=https://www.engadget.com/mobile/smartphones/youtubers-built-a-six-foot-tall-working-replica-of-apples-iphone-15-pro-max-201507959.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 September 2024, Mrwhosetheboss became the first tech [[YouTube|YouTuber]] to have a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the biggest working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Leslie|title=World’s Biggest Working iPhone Stands 6.5 Feet And Weighs 400 Pounds|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/09/09/worlds-biggest-working-iphone-stands-more-than-6-feet/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On January 28, 2025, Arun made his YouTube video about the [[Samsung Galaxy S25|Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra]] and [[IPhone 16 Pro|iPhone 16 Pro Max]] camera test.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yash|date=2025-01-28|title=Galaxy S25 Ultra vs iPhone 16 Pro Max: Mrwhosetheboss picks surprising camera king|url=https://www.sammyfans.com/2025/01/28/galaxy-s25-ultra-vs-iphone-16-pro-max-mrwhosetheboss-camera/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Sammy Fans|language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Results |- | 2021 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- | 2022 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- |2023 |[[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{nom}} |- |2024 |[[Guinness World Records]] |Biggest smartphone [[replica]] |{{won}} |} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *{{Instagram}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:British YouTubers]] [[Category:World record holders]] [[Category:Living people]] 2o500bqqerke7gwo0ye1c9sjwwrl3ku 10330854 10330422 2025-06-14T20:42:24Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Notability}} {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Mrwhosetheboss | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|10|24}} | birth_place = [[Nottingham]], England, UK | education = [[University of Warwick]] | spouse = Dhrisha Maini | website = {{URL|mrwhosetheboss.com}} | channel_name = Mrwhosetheboss | channel_direct_url = @mrwhosetheboss | years_active = 2011–present | genre = [[Technology]] | subscribers = {{Ubl| |20.7 million (Mrwhosetheboss) |7.1 million (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | views = {{Ubl| |6.7 billion (Mrwhosetheboss) |3.8 billion (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | network = Night Media (2021-present) | associated_acts = {{Plain list| *[[Marques Brownlee]] *[[TommyInnit]] *[[MrBeast]] *[[Vikkstar]] *Ryan Trahan }} | stats_update = 23 March 2025 }} '''Arun Rupseh Mainl''' (born on 24 October 1995,) better known as '''Mrwhosetheboss''', is an English [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. He makes YouTube videos about [[technology]]. == Career == In April 2012, Arun made his first video about the ZTE Blade smartphone. In May 2021, Arun joined Night Media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hale|first=James|date=2021-05-12|title=Tech Guru 'Mrwhosetheboss' Signs With Night Media (Exclusive)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/05/12/night-media-mrwhosetheboss-arun-maini/|access-date=2025-03-23|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2022, Arun made his YouTube video about Samsung phones with battery explosion problems like the [[Samsung Galaxy S6]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 8]], and [[Samsung Galaxy S10]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-27|title=YouTuber says Samsung may have a problem with swelling phone batteries|url=https://www.engadget.com/samsung-phone-battery-swelling-174237557.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2024, Mrwhosetheboss surpassed Apple Inc. on [[YouTube]] in terms of subscribers. Arun helped Matthew Perks to make a 6.74 feet working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-06|title=YouTubers built a six foot tall working replica of Apple’s iPhone 15 Pro Max|url=https://www.engadget.com/mobile/smartphones/youtubers-built-a-six-foot-tall-working-replica-of-apples-iphone-15-pro-max-201507959.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 September 2024, Mrwhosetheboss became the first tech [[YouTube|YouTuber]] to have a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the biggest working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Leslie|title=World’s Biggest Working iPhone Stands 6.5 Feet And Weighs 400 Pounds|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/09/09/worlds-biggest-working-iphone-stands-more-than-6-feet/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On January 28, 2025, Arun made his YouTube video about the [[Samsung Galaxy S25|Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra]] and [[IPhone 16 Pro|iPhone 16 Pro Max]] camera test.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yash|date=2025-01-28|title=Galaxy S25 Ultra vs iPhone 16 Pro Max: Mrwhosetheboss picks surprising camera king|url=https://www.sammyfans.com/2025/01/28/galaxy-s25-ultra-vs-iphone-16-pro-max-mrwhosetheboss-camera/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Sammy Fans|language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Results |- | 2021 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- | 2022 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- |2023 |[[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{nom}} |- |2024 |[[Guinness World Records]] |Biggest smartphone [[replica]] |{{won}} |} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *{{Instagram}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:British YouTubers]] [[Category:World record holders]] [[Category:Living people]] rywyshknafx31j2xl7qfv2u1vt1xzux 10331572 10330854 2025-06-15T07:46:52Z Raayaan9911 1495229 /* Career */Fixed 10331572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Notability}} {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Mrwhosetheboss | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|10|24}} | birth_place = [[Nottingham]], England, UK | education = [[University of Warwick]] | spouse = Dhrisha Maini | website = {{URL|mrwhosetheboss.com}} | channel_name = Mrwhosetheboss | channel_direct_url = @mrwhosetheboss | years_active = 2011–present | genre = [[Technology]] | subscribers = {{Ubl| |20.7 million (Mrwhosetheboss) |7.1 million (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | views = {{Ubl| |6.7 billion (Mrwhosetheboss) |3.8 billion (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | network = Night Media (2021-present) | associated_acts = {{Plain list| *[[Marques Brownlee]] *[[TommyInnit]] *[[MrBeast]] *[[Vikkstar]] *Ryan Trahan }} | stats_update = 23 March 2025 }} '''Arun Rupseh Mainl''' (born on 24 October 1995,) better known as '''Mrwhosetheboss''', is an English [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. He makes YouTube videos about [[technology]]. == Career == In April 2012, Arun made his first video about the ZTE Blade smartphone. In May 2021, Arun joined Night Media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hale|first=James|date=2021-05-12|title=Tech Guru 'Mrwhosetheboss' Signs With Night Media (Exclusive)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/05/12/night-media-mrwhosetheboss-arun-maini/|access-date=2025-03-23|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2022, Arun made his YouTube video about Samsung phones with battery explosion problems like the [[Samsung Galaxy S6]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 8]], and [[Samsung Galaxy S10]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-27|title=YouTuber says Samsung may have a problem with swelling phone batteries|url=https://www.engadget.com/samsung-phone-battery-swelling-174237557.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2024, Mrwhosetheboss surpassed Apple Inc. on [[YouTube]] in terms of subscribers. Arun helped Matthew Perks to make a 6.74 feet working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-06|title=YouTubers built a six foot tall working replica of Apple’s iPhone 15 Pro Max|url=https://www.engadget.com/mobile/smartphones/youtubers-built-a-six-foot-tall-working-replica-of-apples-iphone-15-pro-max-201507959.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 September 2024, Mrwhosetheboss became the first tech [[YouTube|YouTuber]] to have a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the biggest working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Leslie|title=World’s Biggest Working iPhone Stands 6.5 Feet And Weighs 400 Pounds|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/09/09/worlds-biggest-working-iphone-stands-more-than-6-feet/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On January 28, 2025, Arun made his YouTube video about the [[Samsung Galaxy S25|Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra]] and [[IPhone 16 Pro|iPhone 16 Pro Max]] camera test.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yash|date=2025-01-28|title=Galaxy S25 Ultra vs iPhone 16 Pro Max: Mrwhosetheboss picks surprising camera king|url=https://www.sammyfans.com/2025/01/28/galaxy-s25-ultra-vs-iphone-16-pro-max-mrwhosetheboss-camera/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Sammy Fans|language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Results |- | 2021 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- | 2022 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- |2023 |[[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{nom}} |- |2024 |[[Guinness World Records]] |Biggest smartphone [[replica]] |{{won}} |} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *{{Instagram}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:British YouTubers]] [[Category:World record holders]] [[Category:Living people]] m5iyozv44l62rb8gztkmfag9op4sitm 10331576 10331572 2025-06-15T07:59:24Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Updated 10331576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Notability}} {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Mrwhosetheboss | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|10|24}} | birth_place = [[Nottingham]], England, UK | education = [[University of Warwick]] | spouse = Dhrisha Maini | website = {{URL|mrwhosetheboss.com}} | channel_name = Mrwhosetheboss | channel_direct_url = @mrwhosetheboss | years_active = 2011–present | genre = [[Technology]] | subscribers = {{Ubl| |21 million (Mrwhosetheboss) |7.05 million (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | views = {{Ubl| |7 billion (Mrwhosetheboss) |3.8 billion (Mrwhosetheboss Plus) }} | network = Night Media (2021-present) | associated_acts = {{Plain list| *[[Marques Brownlee]] *[[TommyInnit]] *[[MrBeast]] *[[Vikkstar]] *Ryan Trahan }} | stats_update = 23 March 2025 }} '''Arun Rupseh Mainl''' (born on 24 October 1995,) better known as '''Mrwhosetheboss''', is an English [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. He makes YouTube videos about [[technology]]. == Career == In April 2012, Arun made his first video about the ZTE Blade smartphone. In May 2021, Arun joined Night Media.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hale|first=James|date=2021-05-12|title=Tech Guru 'Mrwhosetheboss' Signs With Night Media (Exclusive)|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/05/12/night-media-mrwhosetheboss-arun-maini/|access-date=2025-03-23|website=Tubefilter|language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2022, Arun made his YouTube video about Samsung phones with battery explosion problems like the [[Samsung Galaxy S6]], [[Samsung Galaxy Note 8]], and [[Samsung Galaxy S10]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-27|title=YouTuber says Samsung may have a problem with swelling phone batteries|url=https://www.engadget.com/samsung-phone-battery-swelling-174237557.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> In August 2024, Mrwhosetheboss surpassed Apple Inc. on [[YouTube]] in terms of subscribers. Arun helped Matthew Perks to make a 6.74 feet working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-06|title=YouTubers built a six foot tall working replica of Apple’s iPhone 15 Pro Max|url=https://www.engadget.com/mobile/smartphones/youtubers-built-a-six-foot-tall-working-replica-of-apples-iphone-15-pro-max-201507959.html|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> On 6 September 2024, Mrwhosetheboss became the first tech [[YouTube|YouTuber]] to have a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the biggest working [[IPhone 15 Pro|iPhone 15 Pro Max]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Leslie|title=World’s Biggest Working iPhone Stands 6.5 Feet And Weighs 400 Pounds|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliekatz/2024/09/09/worlds-biggest-working-iphone-stands-more-than-6-feet/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> On January 28, 2025, Arun made his YouTube video about the [[Samsung Galaxy S25|Samsung Galaxy S25 Ultra]] and [[IPhone 16 Pro|iPhone 16 Pro Max]] camera test.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yash|date=2025-01-28|title=Galaxy S25 Ultra vs iPhone 16 Pro Max: Mrwhosetheboss picks surprising camera king|url=https://www.sammyfans.com/2025/01/28/galaxy-s25-ultra-vs-iphone-16-pro-max-mrwhosetheboss-camera/|access-date=2025-03-22|website=Sammy Fans|language=en-US}}</ref> == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Award !! Category !! Results |- | 2021 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- | 2022 | [[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{won}} |- |2023 |[[Streamy Awards]] |[[Technology]] |{{nom}} |- |2024 |[[Guinness World Records]] |Biggest smartphone [[replica]] |{{won}} |} == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *{{Instagram}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:British YouTubers]] [[Category:World record holders]] [[Category:Living people]] 8d6zv0u45eu1dfc1s307hb2iu7h31tf 0 1177405 10330058 10319530 2025-06-14T13:52:24Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330058 wikitext text/x-wiki Since [[Ancient history|ancient times]], antisemites claiming to be [[Critic|critics]] of [[Judaism]] have spread [[antisemitism]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., [[Jewish deicide|claims of Jews killing Jesus]] or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}} by promoting false claims about Judaism based on distortions of passages from the [[Talmud]] and ''[[Midrash]]''.<ref name="A3">{{cite book |url=http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |title=The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2003 |access-date=15 August 2014 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815143023/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="AS"> * {{cite web |website=The Librarian |title=Into the Depths of Evil: How the Nazis “Recruited” the Talmud for Anti-Semitic Propaganda |url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/nazisandthetalmud |last=Lipson |first=Daniel |date=January 29, 2018 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=A guide to the Talmud for all the haters |url=https://forward.com/culture/575962/talmud-guide-conspiracy-theory-jewish-secrets-antisemitic |last=Fox |first=Mira |date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites’ new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=Antisemites Are Attacking the Talmud |url=https://aish.com/antisemites-are-attacking-the-talmud |author=Rabbi Efrem Goldberg |date=August 21, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Page from the anti-Semitic German children's book, "Der Giftpilz" (The Poisonous Mushroom). The text reads, "It is written in the Talmud: 'Only the Jew is human. Non-Jews are not called humans, they are seen as animals', and because we Jews consider non-Jews to be animals, we refer to them only as Goy." |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1069706 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Overview== Some antisemites judge the distorted passages by their own standards, and ignore the fact that the passages were written two [[Millennium|thousand years]] ago by those in different cultures.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> Some antisemites also do so when they dislike something related to Judaism.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> In particular, [[Racism|racist]] [[Academia|scholars]] have a history of spreading antisemitism<ref name="AntisemiticTropes"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |year=2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> by demonizing Judaism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of academic study to defend themselves against accusations of antisemitism,<ref name="AS" /> similar to [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Institute for Historical Review (IHR) |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/institute-historical-review |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=How One of the Internet’s Biggest History Forums Deals With Holocaust Deniers |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/07/the-askhistorians-subreddit-banned-holocaust-deniers-and-facebook-should-too.html |last=Breit |first=Johannes |date=July 20, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=MediaWell |title=The AskHistorians Subreddit Banned Holocaust Deniers, and Facebook Should Too {{!}} Slate |url=https://mediawell.ssrc.org/news-items/the-askhistorians-subreddit-banned-holocaust-deniers-and-facebook-should-too-slate |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |title=Antisemitism Resurgent: Manifestations of Antisemitism in the 21st Century |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/anti-semitism-modern/antisemitism-resurgent-manifestations-antisemitism-21st-century/holocaust |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Bulwark |title=Why Is the New York Times Legitimizing a Holocaust Denier? |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/why-new-york-times-legitimizing-holocaust-denier-darryl-cooper-tucker-carlson |last=Lubet |first=Steven |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref>{{efn|{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} and [[Creeping normality#Public views|some other scholars]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> A common talk point of self-declared [[Critic|critics]] of Judaism is that "Jews hate or [[Conspiracy theory|conspire]] against [[Christianity]]".<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AntisemiticTropes" /> ==Christianity== {{Further|Jewish deicide}} Christianity originated as a [[Persecution|persecuted]] [[sect]] of Judaism in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Judea]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=The alliance between church and empire |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire |last1=Spencer |first1=Sidney |last2=Crow |first2=Paul A. |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2025 }}</ref> Early Christians were mostly [[Jew|Jewish]] before [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] [[Religious conversion|converts]] became the [[majority]] and split with Judaism over [[Christian theology|theological]] differences.<ref name="PaulonCircum"> * {{cite book |last1=Bisschops |first1=Ralph |date=January 2017 |chapter=Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312589528 |chapter-format=PDF |editor1-last=Chilton |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Kopytowska |editor2-first=Monika |title=Language, Religion and the Human Mind |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-063664-7 |access-date=November 30, 2019 }} * {{cite book |last=Fredriksen |first=Paula |date=2018 |title=When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |location=[[London]] |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=10–11 |isbn=978-0-300-19051-9 }} * {{cite web |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4 |title=Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature |last1=Kohler |first1=Kaufmann |last2=Hirsch |first2=Emil G. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Joseph |last4=Friedenwald |first4=Aaron |last5=Broydé |first5=Isaac |publisher=Kopelman Foundation |website=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=January 3, 2020 |quote=Contact with [[Ancient Greece|Grecian]] life, especially at the games of the [[arena]] [which involved [[nudity]]], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by epispasm ("making themselves [[Foreskin|foreskins]]"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the [[edict]] of Antiochus Epiphanes prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their [[loyalty]] to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.}}</ref> Christianity became the Roman [[state religion]] in 380 AD.<ref name="Britannica" /> ===Theological disputes between Judaism and Christianity=== While antisemitism already existed in [[Ancient Egypt]], far longer than Christianity,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTISEMITISM |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/brief-history-of-antisemitism.pdf |year=2020 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> Jews have been blamed for the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|death of Jesus]] since the 1st century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenspoon |first1=Leonard |last2=Hamm |first2=Dennis |last3=Le Beau |first3=Bryan F. |title=The Historical Jesus Through Catholic and Jewish Eyes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHtg7jYw4TgC&pg=PA78 |date=November 1, 2000 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-56338-322-9 |page=78 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiewe |first=Amos |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication |date=20 November 2018 |chapter=Antisemitism and Communication |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-633 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.633 |isbn=978-0-19-022861-3 |quote=The Church correctly identified the charge of eternal [[guilt]] of the Jew as the root cause of [[antisemitism]] and stated its rejection of the [[Logical fallacy|faulty reasoning]] associated with the [[charge]] of eternal deicide. }}</ref> The blame reportedly started with descriptions about the Crucifixion in the [[New Testament]].<ref> * {{bibleref2|Matthew|27:24–25}} * {{cite web |website=greekbible.com |title=Greek Bible: Matthew |url=https://www.greekbible.com/matthew/27 |access-date=March 2, 2025}} * {{bibleref2|John|5:16–18}} * {{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=William O. |year=1979 |title=Anti-Semitism in the New Testament? By Samuel Sandmel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. xxi + 168 pages |journal=Horizons |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=123–124 |doi=10.1017/s0360966900015759 |s2cid=171123190 |issn=0360-9669 }} * {{cite journal |journal=New Testament Studies |title=The Problem of the Antisemitic Comma between 1 Thessalonians 2.14 and 15 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/abs/problem-of-the-antisemitic-comma-between-1-thessalonians-214-and-15/BFD57B5732D7590FE827B4FD747031A8 |last=Gilliard |first=Frank D. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=481‒502 |year=1989 |doi=10.1017/S0028688500015162 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=March 2, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Feldman |first=Louis Harry |author-link=Louis Feldman |url=https://brill.com/view/title/430 |title=Studies in Hellenistic Judaism |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33283-6 |page=309 |doi=10.1163/9789004332836 }}</ref><ref> * Jeremy Cohen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=83FjAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 ''Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen''], [[Oxford University Press]] 2007. p. 55.</ref> Another conflict between Jews and Christians was whether the [[Torah]]<ref>The first five books of the [[Old Testament]], also known as the Five Books of Moses.</ref> was still valid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Miriam S. |year=1995 |title=Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden, New York, Köln |isbn=9004021353 }}</ref> The conflict extended to [[Circumcision#Judaism|circumcision]],<ref name="Circum">{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-116930464/anti-semitism-or-anti-judaism |title=Anti-Semitism or anti-Judaism? |publisher=Christian Century |date=2004-05-18 |first=Jean Bethke |last=Elshtain |access-date=2007-02-01 }}</ref> when [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] used "Judaizers" to call Jews who demanded non-Jewish converts to circumcise.<ref name="Circum" /><ref name="AK2013">{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Anti-Judaism Is at the Heart of Western Culture |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/a-world-without-jews |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=February 13, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2025 }}</ref> Paul believed that [[Sola fide|faith in Christ alone]] was enough for someone to be [[Salvation|saved]] by God.<ref name="PaulonCircum" /><ref name="AK2013" /> Paul asked Christians not to follow the Old Covenant while accusing Jews of "turning from the [Holy] [[Holy Spirit|Spirit]] to the [[Foreskin|flesh]]" to [[Pharisees|look good to God]].<ref name="PaulonCircum" /> Particularly, John Chrysostom's homily series ''Adversus Judaeos''{{efn|[[Ancient Greek]]: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ''Kata Ioudaiōn'', "against the Jews")|group=lower-alpha}}<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Tertullian Project |title=John Chrysostom, Against the Jews. Homily 6 |url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chrysostom_adversus_judaeos_06_homily6.htm |access-date=March 2, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Vanderbilt University |title=St Paul and the Jews According to St John Chrysostom’s Commentary on Romans 9-11 |url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/SBL2007/Mihoc.pdf |author=Fr. Vasile Mihoc |location=[[Sibiu]], [[Romania]] |access-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131065144/https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/SBL2007/Mihoc.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |website= |title=Tertullian's Adversus Judaeos: a Tale of Two Treatises |url=https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/theology_graduate_theses/article/1003/&path_info=John_Peter_Fulton_Tertullians_Adversus_Judaeos_A_Tale_of_Two_Treatises.pdf |last=Fulton |first=John P. |year=2011 |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island]], [[United States of America|United States]] |access-date=March 2, 2025 }}</ref> is seen by many historians as having [[Inspiration|inspired]] [[Antisemitism|antisemites]] to justify [[Pogrom|pogroms]], [[Deportation|expulsions]] and [[discrimination]] against Jews in the following 1,600 years.<ref name="WL">Walter Laqueur, ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day'' (Oxford University Press: 2006) {{ISBN|0-19-530429-2}}, pp. 47–48</ref><ref name="SK">{{Citation|last=Katz |first=Steven |year=1999 |chapter=Ideology, State Power, and Mass Murder/Genocide |title=Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=9780810109568 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEUZNRmi0i4C&dq=hitler+chrysostom+christian+jewish+policy&pg=PA52 }}</ref> Such antisemites include [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Führer|ruler]] [[Adolf Hitler]], who [[Printing|reprinted]] and circulated Chrysostom's text among Germans within Nazi territories to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="SK" /><ref name="ViewsonJC">{{bulleted list | {{cite news |first=Brian |last=Schrauger |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |title=The resurrection of Christian antisemitism |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=John the Golden-Throat (a.k.a. Chrysostom), ascended the pulpit in 347 CE where he began the first of eight sermons in a series titled, Adversus Judaeos; in [[English language|English]], ''Against The Jews''...Chrysostom began his diatribe against all Jews by attacking Christians who celebrated Jewish holy days honoring the same [[Yahweh|God]] as [[Christianity]], agreeing to disagree about [[Jesus]]. "We must first root this ailment out," he said, "and then take thought of matters outside. We must first cure our own." They are sick, he said, "with the Judaizing [[Illness|disease]]...deserving stronger [[Censure|condemnation]] than any Jew. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007154635/https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 }} | {{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=J. M. |last2=Broschowitz |first2=Michael S. |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/john-chrysostom-architect-antisemitism |title=John Chrysostom: The Architect of Antisemitism |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=Modern antisemitism is informed by [[Concept|concepts]] articulated more than 1,600 years ago by John Chrysostom, an [[Church Fathers|early father of the Christian Church]]. While a direct causal lineage is hard to establish, Chrysostom's [[influence]] on historical and modern antisemitism is well-documented. Chrysostom articulated several [[Antisemitic stereotypes|key tropes of antisemitic ideology]], including the belief that Jewish people are "schemers" and the [[belief]] that they engage in [[human sacrifice]]. He also introduced [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] [[language]] that foreshadowed the [[Genocide|genocidal]] [[rhetoric]] of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] who cited John Chrysostom as a historical source legitimizing their [[bigotry]]. Chrysostom is still cited by antisemitic [[Extremism|extremists]] [[Online antisemitism|online]] and offline on a daily basis. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102163247/https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/john-chrysostom-architect-antisemitism |archive-date=January 2, 2025 }} | {{cite web |last=Gutmann |first=Tim |website=Premier Christianity |url=https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/christians-cant-let-history-repeat-itself-when-it-comes-to-antisemitism/17623.article |title=Christians can't let history repeat itself when it comes to antisemitism |date=May 10, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127135014/https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/christians-cant-let-history-repeat-itself-when-it-comes-to-antisemitism/17623.article |archive-date=January 27, 2025 }} }}</ref> ===Ignatius of Antioch=== In the early [[Decade|decades]] of Christianity, [[Church Father]] Ignatius of Antioch ([[Circa|c.]] 50–117) claimed that those who followed Jewish custom were "partakers with [[Jewish deicide|those who killed Jesus]]".<ref name="DRR">{{cite web |website=Lamb & Lion Ministries |title=The Evil of Replacement Theology: The Historical Abuse of the Jews by the Church |url=https://christinprophecy.org/articles/the-evil-of-replacement-theology |author=Dr. David R. Reagan |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref> ===Justin Martyr=== Church Father Justin Martyr (100–165) claimed that God's covenant (also known as the Old Covenant or Mosaic Covenant) with the Jews{{efn|Referred to as '''Israel''' in his writings.|group=lower-alpha}} was [[Supersessionism|no longer valid]] and that Christians had replaced them because the Jews "[had] slain the Just One [Jesus]",<ref name="DRR" /> who would deserve [[exile]] and persecution in the [[Century|centuries]] to come.<ref name="DRR" /> ===John Chrysostom=== Church Father John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), who served as the [[archbishop]] of [[Constantinople]], wrote in his homily series ''Adversus Judaeos'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ''Kata Ioudaiōn'', "against the Jews"):<ref name="ViewsonJC" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The [[synagogue]] is worse than] a [[brothel]] and a drinking shop [...] a [[den]] of scoundrels, the repair of [[wild]] beasts, a [[temple]] of [[Demon|demons]], the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of [[Devil|devils]], a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ [. ...] demons dwell in the synagogue and also in the [[Soul|souls]] of the Jews.}} As there were only two other [[Consecration|ordained]] individuals in [[Antioch]] legally recognized as Christian [[Preacher|preachers]], Chrysostom managed to promote his ideas to most local Christians.<ref>Christine C. Shepardson, Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 93)</ref> ===Martin Luther=== {{Main|Martin Luther}} ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' (1543),<ref name="A"> * Halpérin, Jean, and Arne Sovik, eds. ''Luther, Lutheranism and the Jews: A Record of the Second Consultation between Representatives of The International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultation and the Lutheran World Federation Held in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], 11–13 July 1983''. [[Geneva]]: LWF, 1984. * Oberman, Heiko A. ''The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation''. James I. Porter, trans. [[Philadelphia]]: Fortress Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-8006-0709-0}}. * Tjernagel, Neelak S. ''Martin Luther and the Jewish People''. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8100-0213-2}}. * Wallmann, Johannes. "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century." ''Lutheran Quarterly'' 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. * {{cite journal|last=Wallmann|first=Johannes|title=The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century|journal=Lutheran Quarterly|number=1|date=Spring 1987|pages=1:72–97|quote=The [[Postulate|assertion]] that Luther's [[Rhetoric|expressions]] of anti-Jewish [[Sentimentality|sentiment]] have been of major and persistent [[influence]] in the [[Century|centuries]] after the Reformation and that there exists a [[continuity]] between [[Comparison among Protestants|Protestant]] anti-Judaism and modern [[Racism|racially oriented]] [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]], is at present [[Popularity|wide-spread]] in the [[literature]]; since the [[World War II|Second World War]] it has understandably become the prevailing [[opinion]].}} * Gritsch, Eric W. ''Martin Luther's Anti-Semitism: Against His Better Judgement''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-6676-9}}.</ref><ref name="B">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hillerbrand|first=Hans J.|title=Martin Luther|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2007|quote=[H]is strident [[Edict|pronouncements]] against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the [[question]] of whether Luther significantly encouraged the [[development]] of German antisemitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this [[perspective]] puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of [[Germany#History|German history]].}}</ref> a 65,000-word [[thesis]] [[Writer|written]] by [[Martin Luther]] (1483–1546),<ref name="A" /><ref name="B" /> a 16th-century [[Protestant Reformation|Christian reformer]],<ref name="A" /><ref name="B" /> is noted for its mix of anti-Judaism and antisemitism.<ref name="A" /><ref name="B" /> The claims in Luther's book are still being [[Promotion|promoted]] by some [[Influence|influencers]].<ref name="A3" /> In his book, he [[Dehumanization|classified]] Jews as the biggest [[threat]] to Christianity and called for these [[Persecution|actions]] against them:<ref name="A" /><ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=631&letter=L "Luther, Martin"], ''JewishEncyclopedia.com''; cf. ''Luther's Works'', American Edition, 55 vols., ([[St. Louis]] and [[Philadelphia]]: Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press, 1955–86) 47:267.</ref> <blockquote> First, to [[Arson|set fire]] to their [[Synagogue|synagogues]] or [[Yeshiva|schools]] [...] This is to be done in [[Worship|honor]] of our [[Lord]] and of [[Christendom]], so that [[God in Christianity|God]] might see that we are Christians [...] Second, I advise that their [[House|houses]] also be razed and destroyed. [...] Sixth, I advise that [...] all [[cash]] and treasure of [[silver]] and [[gold]] be [[Looting|taken]] from them [...] But if we are afraid that they might harm us [...] then let us [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/emulate emulate] the common sense of other [[Nation|nations]] such as [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[Bohemia]] [...] [[Deportation|eject]] them forever from the [[country]].</blockquote> In his [[sermon]] ''Warning against the Jews'' on February 18, 1546, Martin Luther said,<ref>Martin Brecht, ''Martin Luther'', 3 vols. ([[Minneapolis]]: Fortress Press, 1993), 3:371.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=They are our [[public]] [[Enemy|enemies]]. They do not stop [[Blasphemy|blaspheming]] our Lord Christ, calling the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] a [[Prostitute|whore]] [. ...] If they could [[Murder|kill]] us all, they would gladly do it. They do it often, especially those who pose as [[Physician|physicians]] [...] [[Prescription|administer]] [[poison]] to someone from which he could [[Death|die]] in an [[hour]], a [[month]], a [[year]], [[Decade|ten]] or twenty years.}} Meanwhile, Martin Luther was a folk hero in Nazi Germany,<ref name="RSG">Richard Steigmann-Gall, ''The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945'', (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.138.</ref> whose teachings were widely circulated among the public.<ref name="RSG" /> Luther's [[statue|statues]] were also built across Nazi Germany,<ref name="RSG" /> along with regular celebrations of "German Luther Day",<ref name="RSG" /> a national holiday designated by Hitler in 1933.<ref name="RSG" /> [[File:P 285 1939 02.jpg|thumb|A Nazi German [[postcard]] of Martin Luther.]][[File:Postkarte Nuernberg Fresko am Haus Adolf Hitlerplatz 12 Trau keinem Fuchs auf gruener Heid und keinem Jud auf seinem Eid Martin Luther Stoja Verlag Anti-Jewish Nazi Rally Postcard 1930s No known copyright.jpg|thumb|An antisemitic [[mural]] featuring a quote from ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' [[Publishing|published]] as a postcard for [[propaganda]] purposes.]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-15234, Berlin, Luthertag.jpg|thumb|German Christians celebrating German Luther Day in Berlin in 1933, speech by Bishop Hossenfelder.<ref>German Federal Archive, image [[description]] via cooperation with Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-60015-0002, Dresden, Denkmal Martin Luther, Frauenkirche, Ruine.jpg|thumb|Statue of Martin Luther in the ruins of [[Dresden]] after [[World War II|WWII]].]] Johannes Wallman (1930–2021), a professor of [[History of Christianity|church history]] at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, wrote in 1987:<ref name="A" /> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Postulate|assertion]] that Luther's [[Rhetoric|expressions]] of anti-Jewish [[Sentimentality|sentiment]] have been of major and persistent [[influence]] in the [[Century|centuries]] after the Reformation and that there exists a [[continuity]] between [[Comparison among Protestants|Protestant]] anti-Judaism and modern [[Racism|racially oriented]] [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]], is at present [[Popularity|wide-spread]] in the [[literature]]; since the [[World War II|Second World War]] it has understandably become the prevailing [[opinion]].}} Richard Steigmann-Gall, a history professor at [[Kent State University]], wrote in his 2003 book ''The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945'':<ref name="RSG" /> {{Blockquote|text=The leadership of the Protestant League espoused a similar view. Fahrenhorst, who was on the planning committee of the Luthertag, called Luther "the first German spiritual ''[[Führer]]''" [. ...] Fahrenhorst invited Hitler to become the official patron of the Luthertag [. ...] Fahrenhorst repeatedly voiced the notion that reverence for Luther could somehow cross confessional boundaries: "Luther is truly not only the founder of a Christian confession [...] his ideas had a fruitful impact on all Christianity [''sic''] in Germany.}} ===Radical traditionalist Catholics=== A minority of conservative Catholics, commonly called the radical traditionalist Catholics,<ref name="RTC"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=12 Anti-Semitic Radical Traditionalist Catholic Groups |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/12-anti-semitic-radical-traditionalist-catholic-groups |date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=December 29, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Church, Nation and Race: Catholics and Antisemitism in Germany and England, 1918-45 |chapter=4: The Catholic right, political Catholicism and radicalism |url=https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/20094/chapter-abstract/179075927?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Ehret |first=Ulrike |doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719079436.003.0004 |year=2011 |access-date=December 30, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Radical Traditional Catholicism |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism |year=2016 |access-date=December 29, 2024 |quote=For "radical traditionalist" Catholics, antisemitism is an inextricable part of their theology. They subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics.}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Traditionalist Catholicism |url=https://www.adl.org/glossary/traditionalist-catholicism |access-date=December 29, 2024 |quote=Traditionalist Catholics [...] continued to incorporate explicit antisemitism into their theology [...] a [[Antisemitism#Ancient|paranoid belief in Jewish conspiracies to undermine the church and Western civilization]] [...] preach that contemporary Jews are responsible for [[Antisemitism#Ancient|deicide]], endorsed [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], and claimed that there was a factual basis for the medieval [[Antisemitism#Middle Ages|blood libel]]. One of its bishops, Richard Williamson, is a well known Holocaust denier.}}</ref> despite [[Catholicism#Doctrines|theologically opposed to]] Martin Luther, share similar views to him regarding Jews. According to American civil rights group [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], radical traditionalist Catholics tend to hold these views:<ref name="RTC" /> * "Catholics cannot trust Jews" * "Jews are the perpetual [[enemy]] of [[Jesus|Christ]]" * "Jews have "infiltrated" the Catholic Church to make changes for themselves" * "Jews are responsible for Jesus' death, and this broke their [[covenant]] with God" Radical traditionalist Catholics dislike the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] as they oppose the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] reforms rolled out in 1965,<ref name="RTC" /> which included [[Pope Paul VI]]'s rejection of the 1,600-year official position that "Jews are responsible for Jesus' death":<ref> * {{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Adolf M. |year=1998 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315026954-11/john-chrysostom-jews-reconsideration-adolf-ritter |chapter=John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration |editor-first=Tamila |editor-last=Mgaloblishvili |title=Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus |doi=10.4324/9781315026954-11 |isbn=9781315026954}} * {{cite book |last=Brustein |first=Willian I. |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-77308-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus/page/n69 52]}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Levine |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |title=The Jewish Annotated New Testament |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=What happened in [[Jesus|His]] [[Crucifixion of Jesus|passion]] cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today.}} ==France== {{Main|Antisemitism in France}} Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest [[Diaspora|diasporas]] in Europe.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Antisemitism has existed in France for as long as Jews have been there,<ref name="F1" /> worsening in the 1,600 years following the Christianization of France.<ref name="F1" /> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]]) in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ====11th century==== Under the [[Capetian dynasty]], [[Robert II of France|King Robert the Pious]] tried to kill all Jews who rejected Christianity.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[Rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====First Crusade==== When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Renaissance=== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |volume=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{Blockquote|text=You are [[wikt:calculating|calculating]] [[Dehumanization|animals]]; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by Western leftists.<ref name="F6" /> ===Modern period=== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] ====19th century==== Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ====20th century==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was divided into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]].<ref name="F8" /> One of the worst deportations was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="F8" /> Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left [[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist [[Activism|activist]], published books denying the Holocaust as a "distraction from [[class struggle]]" that "played into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]".<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Despite being left-wing, Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right.<ref name="F9" /> They have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |first1=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers appeared, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access}}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ==Spain== {{Main|Spanish Inquisition|Antisemitism in Europe#Spain}}{{Further|Lisbon massacre}} ===Middle Ages=== Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were forced to either convert to Christianity or face death.<ref name="AJConSpain">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> It came at a time when the Spanish [[Reconquista|had just taken back a lot of land from the Muslims]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name="AJConSpain" /> ===Modern period=== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Spanish Empire]] systematically persecuted Jews, [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-520-23346-1 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315261447 |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.140 |pmid=25074462 |pmc=4402619 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJConSpain" /> As many as 300,000 Jews were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of religious anti-Judaism to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ==Nazi Germany== {{Main|Nazism|Nazi Germany}} In Nazi Germany (1933‒45), "criticism" of Judaism was a major [[Genre|theme]] in state propaganda.<ref name="AS" /> Top Nazi racial theorist [[Alfred Rosenberg]] justified [[intellectual]] attacks on Judaism:<ref name="AS" /> {{Blockquote|text=[w]e are not doing so out of disregard of freedom of thought [...] but to attack a legal viewpoint which completely contradicts that of all countries.}} Rosenberg and other Nazis saw the Jewish emphasis on following the [[Ten Commandments|commandments]] for small details in life as a sign of "lack of moral understanding",<ref name="AS" /> while accusing Jews of "[[Hypocrisy|double moral standards]]" in dealing with gentiles.<ref name="AS" /> Some Nazis were experts on Judaism themselves,<ref name="AS" /> who were able to attack Judaism in a way more convincing to the public.<ref name="AS" /> ==Islam== [[Jew|Jews]] started living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 6th century [[Anno Domini|BC]], when [[Babylonia|Babylonian Empire]]'s conquest of the [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]] forced Jews out of [[Judea]]. Multiple [[immigration]] waves of Jewish [[Exile|exiles]] made them the leading ethnoreligious group in the Arabian Peninsula, where Judaism was different from the [[Polytheism|multi-god religion]] of ancient Arabs,<ref name="HJA1">{{cite book |title=The origin of the Jews of Yathrib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg=PA4 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |pages=4–5 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004138827}}</ref> many of whom arrived later than the Jews due to their [[Nomad|nomadic]] nature.<ref name="HJA1" /> Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims [[Muslim conquests|conquered the area]], when they, along with other [[indigenous peoples]], were required to pay ''[[Poll tax|jizya]]'' for their [[existence]] to be allowed.<ref name="HJA1" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674283589/html |last=Cohen |first=Amnon |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674283589 |year=1984 |isbn=9780674283572 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Islam: State And Society |chapter=Administration In The Islamic State: An Interpretation Of The Terms “Dhimma” And “Jizya” |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203060957-9/administration-islamic-state-interpretation-terms-dhimma-jizya-j%C3%B8rgen-b%C3%A6k-simonsen |last=Simonsen |first=Jørgen Bæk |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203060957 |year=2004 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies |title=What Do You Know? Dhimmi, Jewish Legal Status under Muslim Rule |url=https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/what-do-you-know-dhimmi-jewish-legal-status-under-muslim-rule |last=Wagner |first=Mark |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> The payment of ''jizya'' granted Jews the status of ''dhimmi'' under which they were prohibited – under the threat of [[execution]] – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing [[Judaism#Basic beliefs|Jewish]] ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman.<ref name="HJA2"> * {{cite book |title=La Cité Musulmane. Vie Sociale et Politique |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Cit%C3%A9-Musulmane-Vie-Sociale-Politique-Gardet/14971474082/bd |last=Gardet |first=Louis |page=348 |publisher=Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |edition=2 |year=1954 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |lang=fr}} * {{cite book |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-dhimmi-jews-christians-under-islam/author/ye%27or-bat |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |pages=43–44; 56–57 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=9781611470796 |year=1985 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |lang=en-us}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=The Qur’an: Israel Is Not for the Jews |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-quran-israel-not-for-jews#_ftn9 |last=Spencer |first=Robert |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=San Diego Jewish World |title=Israeli Scholar Explains Religious Conflicts Between Jews and Muslims |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/21/israeli-scholar-explains-religious-conflicts-between-jews-and-muslims |last=Gershenson |first=Miriam |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: The Treatment of Jews |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries#N_4_ |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Jews were also not allowed to:<ref name="HJA2" /> * drink wine in public * [[Jockey|ride]] [[Horse|horses]] or [[Camel|camels]] * [[Prayer|pray]] or [[Mourning|mourn]] in loud voices * build [[Synagogue|synagogues]] taller than mosques * construct [[House|houses]] taller than Muslim houses ===Nation of Islam=== {{Main|Nation of Islam|Louis Farrakhan}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Malcolm X NYWTS 2a.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = | image2 = Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg | width2 = 175 | caption2 = | footer = During the early 1960s, [[Malcolm X]] (left) and [[Muhammad Ali]] (right) helped raise the profile of the Nation. }} [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) is a [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] [[Religion|religious]] movement founded in 1930,<ref name="Intro"> * {{Cite journal |last=Curtis |first=Edward E. |date=2002 |title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=167–196 |doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |issn=1052-1151 }} * {{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Nation of Islam (NOI)|url=https://crcc.usc.edu/report/national-association-of-real-estate-brokers-nareb-religious-literacy-primer-2019/nation-of-islam-noi/|access-date=2024-03-10|website=crcc.usc.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> which played a notable role in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] (1954‒68) in the [[United States of America|United States]] (US).<ref name="Intro" /> Since its founding, it has been a [[Subject (school)|subject]] of [[controversy]] due to its [[promotion]] of [[Ideology|ideas]] commonly seen as antisemitic.<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars (NAS) |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }}</ref> [[File:Louis Farrakhan 1997.jpg|alt=1997 photo of Farrakhan, the leader of the NoI. He is staring to the right, away from the camera, and wearing a suit.|thumb|Farrakhan, pictured 1997.]][[File:Louis Farrakhan & Nader Talebzade01.jpg|thumb|News Conference of Louis Farrakhan the Leader of the Muslim American Movement in the conference hall of Press TV channel, 8 November 2018.]] In 1984, its leader Louis Farrakhan called Judaism a "gutter religion [...] structured on [[injustice]], [[Theft|thievery]], [[Lie|lying]] and deceit" that "[[Abuse|abused]] God's name for self-defense" after meeting [[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Mummar Gaddafi]] in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shipp|first=E. R.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/29/us/tape-contradicts-disavowalof-gutter-religion-attack.html|title=Tape Contradicts Disavowal of 'Gutter Religion' Attack|work=The New York Times|pages=A12|date=June 29, 1984|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In 1985, at an NOI meeting, Farrakhan said that the Jews deserved [[the Holocaust]] by [[Scream|screaming]] that "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the [[Oven|ovens]], it's forever!"<ref>{{cite book|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=God Is Not Great|url=https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreatcas0000hitc|publisher=Atlantic Books|year=2007|isbn=9781843545743|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreatcas0000hitc/page/n232 219]|author-link=Christopher Hitchens}}</ref> Over the past decades, Farrakhan made several speeches demonizing Jews and Judaism.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="BAA2" /> In 2020, Louis Farrakhan was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as "the most popular antisemite in America".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> ==New religious movements== ===Black Hebrew Israelites=== {{Main|Black Hebrew Israelites}} A similar, and equally influential, movement is the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] (BHI).<ref name="BHIIntro"> * {{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=Kyler |title=Ideological Convergence in the Extreme Right |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26954256 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1–7 |jstor=26954256 |issn=2382-6444 |date=September 2020 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |date=2020 |title=Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views? |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=255 |doi=10.3390/rel11050255 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish News of Northern California |title=Teacher who assigned antisemitic text preaches controversial Hebrew Israelite doctrine |url=https://jweekly.com/2023/02/24/teacher-who-assigned-antisemitic-text-preaches-controversial-hebrew-israelite-doctrine |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103654/https://jweekly.com/2023/02/24/teacher-who-assigned-antisemitic-text-preaches-controversial-hebrew-israelite-doctrine/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |journal=City Journal |title=Take Black Hebrew Israelism Seriously |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/take-black-hebrew-israelism-seriously |last=Lehman |first=Charles Fain |date=December 8, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 of Kanye West’s Antisemitic Remarks, Explained |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-of-kanye-wests-antisemitic-remarks-explained |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 }}</ref> The BHI is founded on the [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] [[Conspiracy theory|belief]] that [[African American|African Americans]] are the "real [[Descendant|descendants]]" of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]].<ref name="BHIIntro" /> Some [[Political faction|factions]] of the movement also see [[Native Americans|Native]] and Latino Americans as the [[Descendant|descendants]] of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]].<ref name="BHIIntro" /> From the 1970s onward, followers of the BHI have a history of committing [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[Violence|attacks]] on [[American Jews]], including but not limited to the 2019 Jersey City [[Mass shooting|shooting]] (7 dead and 3 injured) and the Monsey [[Hanukkah]] stabbing (1 dead and 4 injured).<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |title=Who are the Black Hebrew Israelites? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/us/hebrew-black-israelites-jersey-city |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Online posts tied to suspected New Jersey deli shooter pushed anti-Semitic conspiracies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/online-posts-tied-suspected-new-jersey-deli-shooter-pushed-anti-n1100136 |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=17 December 2019}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=What is causing the rise in anti-Semitism in New York? |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/01/02/united-states/what-is-causing-the-rise-in-anti-semitism-in-new-york |date=January 2, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> While differing in [[theology]], the BHI and NOI are both antisemitic.<ref name="BAA2" /> Particularly, they both believe that "[[Antisemitic stereotypes#Contemporary|Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade]]" and "[[Ashkenazi Jews|European Jews]] descended from the [[Khazars]]".<ref name="BAA2" /> [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|Black Hebrew Israelites, who refuse to believe that [[Jesus]] was [[Jew|Jewish]], protested in [[San Diego, California]] against the long-standing [[Painting|depiction]] of Jesus as a "[[White people|White man]]" rather than a [[Black people|Black man]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|A [[propaganda]] [[poster]] made by the Black Hebrew Israelites implying that [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Native Americans]] are the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of the [[Tribes of Israel|Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israelites|Israel]]. The Black Hebrew Israelites allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White [[Imperialism|imperialists]] into different [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] across the [[Western hemisphere]].]] ====BHI and NOI: common beliefs about Jews==== In an article, [[historian]] Eunice G. Pollack outlined the beliefs about Jews held by both the BHI and NOI: * [[Judaism]] is a "dirty religion"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Kyrie Irving and Louis Farrakhan are 2 variants of Black antisemitism. What’s the difference? |url=https://www.jns.org/kyrie-irving-and-louis-farrakhan-are-2-variants-of-black-antisemitism-whats-the-difference |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |quote=A “documentary” that [[Dehumanization|demonizes]] [[Jew|Jews]] and delegitimizes [[Judaism]] and the [[Israel|Jewish state]] helped Kyrie Irving “know who” he is.}}</ref> * All Jews are "imposter Jews"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "ran the [[Atlantic slave trade]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * [[Ashkenazi Jews|European Jews]] "descended from the [[Khazars]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Black Americans are the "real Jews", who "cannot be antisemitic" towards "themselves" no matter what they think about Jews<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> ====BHI and NOI: differences in beliefs about Jews==== {| {{Table}} ! Name !! Beliefs |- ! Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) | * [[Jesus]] was "Black rather than Jewish"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Black people are the "real [[chosen people]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * [[Judaism]] was "[[Invention|invented]] by Kenites<ref>[[Descendant|Descendants]] of [[Cain]].</ref> 2,000 years ago"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "[[Subversion|infiltrated]] the [[Levite]] [[tribe]]" to "rewrite the [[Torah]]" and "create [[Paganism|pagan]] [[Religious conversion|converts]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "stole the [[Cultural identity|identity]] of the BHI to [[Servant|serve]] [[Satan]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> |- ! [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) | * Jews are the "servants of Satan"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Islam is the "real Judaism"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "originated from [[Europe]] 4,000 years ago"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "changed the Torah" to "justify the [[Slavery|enslavement]] of [[Black people]]"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> |- |} ==Academic views== ===Dara Horn=== Dara Horn, an American [[Novel|novelist]], [[Essay|essayist]] and professor of literature, wrote in ''[[The Atlantic]]'' that:<ref name="DH">{{Cite magazine |last=Horn |first=Dara |date=7 October 2024 |title=October 7 Created a Permission Structure for Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010011236/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |issn=2151-9463}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=This is the permission structure for anti-Semitism [''sic'']: claim whatever has happened to the Jews as one's own experience, announce a "universal" ideal that all good people must accept, and then redefine Jewish collective identity as lying beyond it. Hating Jews thus becomes a demonstration of righteousness. The key is to define, and redefine, and redefine again, the shiny new moral reasoning for why the Jews have failed the universal test of humanity.}} In the same article, Horn [[Skepticism|doubted]] Holocaust education's effectiveness based on persistent antisemitism in society,<ref name="DH" /> while pointing out that antisemitism functions by [[Cultural appropriation|appropriating]] what has happened to Jews and reframing their experience as part of a "universal" fight that redefines Jewish identity as going against certain ideals.<ref name="DH" /> She said that attacks on Jews under the guise of anti-Zionism follow the same ancient pattern of marginalization and [[Dehumanization|vilification]].<ref name="DH" /> Some critics expressed similar concerns about the matter.<ref> * {{cite news |title=Jewish marchers say they were kicked out of a rally for inclusiveness because of their beliefs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/06/26/jewish-marchers-say-they-were-kicked-out-of-a-rally-for-inclusiveness-because-of-their-beliefs |last=Holley |first=Peter |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=American Bar Association |title=Queer Jews Forced into a Different Closet: Antisemitism and Conditional Acceptance |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/2024-december/antisemitism-conditional-acceptance |last=Bittker |first=Bobbi M |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Washington Blade |title=LGBTQ communities around the world embrace antisemitism |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/09/17/lgbtq-communities-around-the-world-embrace-antisemitism |last=Eckford |first=Ayman |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }}</ref> ===David Nirenberg=== American historian David Nirenberg ([[Birth|b.]] 1964) held a special view about the issue.<ref name="AK2013" /> Nirenberg saw anti-Judaism as a basic element of Western culture,<ref name="AK2013" /> which had existed for far longer than Christianity.<ref name="AK2013" /> In their works, ancient Western intellectuals ‒ especially [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosophers ‒ presented Judaism as a symbol of anything they disliked and made it a part of their people's [[Unconscious mind|subconcious]].<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus of Abdera, a Greek historian, wrote in 320 [[Anno Domini|BC]] that Jews did not escape from Egypt but were expelled as undesirables.<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus also accused Jews of living an an "unsocial and intolerant mode of life".<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus' bias was shared by a later Egyptian priest called Manetho, who called Jews "lepers and other unclean people".<ref name="AK2013" /> Over the following centuries, the idea that Judaism equals something bad became a [[stereotype]] passed on from generation to generation.<ref name="AK2013" /> It was constantly weaponized by Christians in theological disputes,<ref name="AK2013" /> including Martin Luther who labelled Catholic Church's "legalistic understanding of God's justice" as "Jewish".<ref name="AK2013" /> The [[Puritanism|Puritans]] did the same in the English Civil War when they fought the Anglicans.<ref name="AK2013" /> In modern context, Nirenberg also implied that anti-Zionism was a product of anti-Judaism,<ref name="AK2013" /> when the [[Israel|State of Israel]] is seen by antisemites as the source of real-world problems.<ref name="AntisemiticTropes" /><ref name="AK2013" /> ===Gavin Langmuir=== [[Canadians|Canadian]] historian Gavin Langmuir (1924‒2005) said that anti-Judaism was about [[Exaggeration|exaggerated]] accusations against Jews, while antisemitism was rooted in falsehood.<ref name="GL">Abulafia (1998, part II, 77), referring to Langmuir (1971).</ref> Langmuir saw the accusation of "Jews killing Jesus" as an example of anti-Judaism,<ref name="GL" /> while accusations of well poisoning is an example of antisemitism.<ref name="GL" /> Langmuir believed that anti-Judaism and antisemitism had existed together since the 12th century and reinforced each other over the centuries.<ref name="GL" /> ===Joanna Tokarska-Bakir=== [[Poles|Polish]] [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] Joanna Tokarska-Bakir commented on the issue:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Part of the Western Left is now a clear and present danger to Jews and the West |url=https://fathomjournal.org/part-of-the-western-left-is-now-a-clear-and-present-danger-to-jews-and-the-west |last=Tokarska-Bakir |first=Joanna |year=2024 |access-date=March 27, 2025}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=When [[secularism]] became [[Fashion|fashionable]], Jews were [[Hatred|loathed]] as ‘dark [[Reactionary|reactionaries]]’. Under [[capitalism]], they were persecuted as [[Communism|communists]], and under communism, as capitalist [...] whereas ebbing [[nationalism]] allows Jews to be [[Social stigma|stigmatised]] as crazed [[Fascism|chauvinists]].}} ===Jules Isaac=== [[French people|French]] [[historian]] Jules Isaac (1877–1963), [[author]] of the 1948 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''[[Jésus et Israël]]'',<ref> * [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/covenant_and_mission.html 2002 Consultation of the National Council of Synagogues and the Bishops Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs. Retrieved August 22, 2016.] * [http://julesisaacstichting.org/a-short-introduction-to-jules-isaac/ “A short introduction to Jules Isaac”] * [http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histhp/15/ Carolyn Wesnousky, "Under the Very Windows of the Pope”: Confronting Anti-Semitism in Catholic Theology after the Holocaust" (2012), 59-60.]</ref> [[Proposal|proposed]] the Eighteen Points for Christian-Jewish reconciliation,<ref>[http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histhp/15/ Carolyn Wesnousky, "Under the Very Windows of the Pope”: Confronting Anti-Semitism in Catholic Theology after the Holocaust" (2012), 63.] and [http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Jules_Isaac.pdf Judith Rice, “Jules Isaac & Pope Benedict XVI.”]</ref> which was considered by the [[Seelisberg]] Conference of Christians and Jews in 1947:<ref name="JIimpact">[https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jesus-and-israel-by-jules-isaac/#1.1 Review of ''Jesus and Israel''. Retrieved August 29, 2016.]</ref> {{collapsible list |title=Eighteen Points in ''Jésus et Israël'' |framestyle=border:yes |1. Give all Christians a basic [[knowledge]] of the [[Old Testament]] and its Jewish origins. |2. Explain that much of Christian [[liturgy]] drew its foundations from the Old Testament. |3. Do not omit that God had first revealed himself through the Old Testament to the Jews and later to the Christians. |4. Judaism is not a degenerative [[Religion|faith]]. Christianity was born of it. |5. The [[Mythology|myth]] of [[Jewish diaspora|Jewish historical dispersion]], because of death of Jesus, is wrong. The Jews had been largely dispersed from [[Israel]] for almost 500 years before Jesus. |6. The Gospels text use of the [[Pejorative|word]] Jews is too broad in its [[context]]. The [[Gospel of Matthew|Jews of Jesus' experience]] were limited to the [[Second Temple|Temple]] Jews and a small crowd before [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]]. The misreading of the Gospels blankets all Jews, everywhere, equally and erroneously. |7. Jesus was a Jew. |8. Jesus lived as a Jew. |9. Jesus recruited his [[Apostle|Apostles]] from the Jews. |10. Jesus, throughout his [[ministry]], only sought to gather adherents from the Jews. |11. Do not teach that Jesus was rejected by the Jews, before and during his [[trial]] and [[crucifixion]], because the vast majority of the Jews had no knowledge of Jesus. |12. Jesus was not universally rejected by the Jewish leadership. The Gospels recognize he was rejected by a section of the Priests who were not unanimous against Jesus. |13. There is nothing in the Gospels of a universal [[Censure|condemnation]] of the Jews. |14. Be aware of the false charge of [[Jewish deicide|Deicide]]. |15. The Gospels make clear that the High Priest and his supporters acted without the knowledge of the people. |16. The trial of Jesus was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] trial, not a Jewish trial. The Jewish people, as a whole, did not even know of the trial or its brutalities. |17. The procurator of the Roman trial was [[Pontius Pilate]], with full [[Influence|control]] over [[life]] and [[death]], not the Jews. The fourth Gospel acknowledges that the accusation and the trial involved the High Priest and his supporters alone. |18. The accusation, "His blood be on us and our [[Descendant|children]]," cannot balance against Jesus' words of [[forgiveness]] on the [[Cross]]: "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do."<ref>[http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Jules_Isaac.pdf Judith Rice, “Jules Isaac & Pope Benedict XVI.”]</ref>}} In his 1956 book ''Génése de l’Anti-Sémitisme'' ("Has Anti-Semitism Roots in Christianity?"), Isaac agreed that pagan antisemitism existed before Christ but made it clear:<ref name="JIimpact" /> {{Blockquote|text=[Pagan antisemitism was] directed at a people considered separatist and unassimilable [. ... while] Christianity added [[Christian theology|theology]] to [[Iron Age|historical]] [[xenophobia]] and [[Censure|condemned]] Jews as a people of [[Jewish deicide|deicides]] to be [[Curse|cursed]], [[Punishment|punished]], [[Deportation|driven]] into exile.}} ===Steven Katz=== American [[Philosophy|philosopher]] Steven Katz (b. 1944), the founding [[director]] of the Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies at [[Boston University]] in [[Massachusetts]], wrote:<ref name="SK" /> {{Blockquote|text=The decisive turn in the history of Christian anti-Judaism, a turn whose ultimate disfiguring consequence was enacted in the political antisemitism of Adolf Hitler.}} ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American Jewish historian, said that the [[Condition|conditions]] for the 4th-century Christian church were "brutal and aggressive" as it was "fighting for survival and [[recognition]]", leading to the lack of [[demand]] for [[mercy]] and forgiveness,<ref name="WL" /> particularly due to the anti-Christian Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate (reigned 361–363).<ref name="Britannica" /> The three [[Century|centuries]] of persecution of Christians did not end until the late 4th century,<ref name="Britannica" /> when the Christian church became the [[state religion]] of the [[Roman Empire]] under [[Theodosius I]] (reigned 379–395),<ref name="Britannica" /> who closed pagan temples in the [[process]].<ref name="Britannica" /> ===William Nichols=== William Nichols, a [[Religious studies|religious]] professor at [[University of British Columbia]] (UBC) and former [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Church [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], said:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nichols|first1=William|title=Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate|date=1993|publisher=Jason Aronson|isbn=0876683987|page=314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg00E0gk9PQC}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=[f]rom the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews [. ...] [[Secularism|secular]] thinking makes its appearance without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear.}} ==Public views== ===Anti-Defamation League=== Regarding the matter, the Anti-Defamation League noted:<ref name="A3" /> {{Blockquote|text=This is not to say that Jews have historically borne no [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/animus animus] towards [[Jesus]] and the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]], or towards Christianity as a whole. In the two-thousand year relationship between [[Judaism]] and Christianity, many of them [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mar?q=mar+ marred] by anti-Jewish [[polemic]] and [[Jew#Classical antiquity|Christian persecution of Jews]], some [[Rabbi|rabbis]] have [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/fulminate fulminated] against the [[Catholic Church|church]] [...] But [[Modern age|contemporary]] anti-Semitic polemicists are not interested in learning or reporting about the historical [[development]] of Jewish-Christian relations. Their [[Task|goal]] is to incite [[hatred]] against Judaism and Jews by [[Smear campaign|portraying]] them as [[Bigotry|bigoted]] and hateful.}} ===Rabbi Rowe=== Rabbi Rowe, the former executive of Aish UK, said that the Talmud was "the most natural target of antisemitism",<ref name="AS" /> which has been "going on for [[Jew#Classical antiquity|centuries]]".<ref name="AS" /> The Talmud has been targeted because the Torah is the [[Old Testament]] of Christianity,<ref name="AS" /> and the secret nature of the Talmud makes it harder for laymen to have enough [[knowledge]] to refute false claims made by antisemites about it.<ref name="AS" /> Rabbi Rowe noted that antisemitism was always about demonization ‒ making Jews look hateful and [[Demon|demonic]] ‒ to justify [[Emotion|emotional]] hatred of Jews.<ref name="AS" /> In addition, Rabbi Rowe cautioned that what used to be only [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] propaganda was going [[mainstream]] due to [[Social network service|social media]] influencers like [[Antisemitism in Europe#Armenia|Armenian]]-American businessman Dan Bilzerian,<ref name="AS" /> who has millions of followers ‒ across the [[political spectrum]] ‒ on [[Twitter]] and been exploiting the recent [[Israel–Hamas war|war in Gaza]] to link [[Israel]] with their twisted view of Judaism in order to sway the ignorant away from [[Sympathy|sympathizing]] with the Jews.<ref name="AS" /> ===Yossi Klein Halevi=== [[Author]] Yossi Klein Halevi believed that the comparison [[Dehumanization|demonized]] Jews:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |author=Yossi Klein Halevi |url=https://jewishjournal.com/cover_story/375665/the-end-of-the-post-holocaust-era |title=The End of the Post-Holocaust Era |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The deepest source of anti-Israel animus is the symbolization of the Jew as embodiment of evil. The [[Satan|satanic]] Jew has been replaced by the satanic [[Israel|Jewish state]] [...] The end of the post-[[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] era is expressed most starkly in the inversion of the Holocaust.}} ==False claims about Judaism== Some false claims made by antisemites about Judaism are [[Summary|summarized]] as follows.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> {| {{Table}} ! Aspect !! Summary |- ! Gentile humanhood | '''Myth 1:''' "[[Gentiles|Non-Jews]] are [[Untermensch|subhumans]]."<ref name="A3" /><br />'''Fact:''' [[Mainstream]] Judaism has never seen non-Jews as subhumans.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="M1">Mishnah (''Avoth'' 3:14) and Talmud (''Avoth'' 9b):<br />[רבי עקיבא] היה אומר: חביב אדם שנברא בצלם. חיבה יתרה נודעת לו שנברא בצלם,<br />שנאמר (בראשית ט:ו), "כי בצלם אלקים עשה את האדם."<br />[Rabbi Akiva] used to say, “Beloved is man, for he was created in God’s image; and the fact that God made it known that man was created in His image is indicative of an even greater love. As the verse states (Genesis 9:6), ‘In the image of God, man was created.’)”</ref> It believes that everyone is [[Egalitarianism|equal]] as everyone is created by God in His [[image]].<ref name="A3" /><ref name="M1" /> |- ! Treatment of gentiles | '''Myth 2:''' "Jewish law allows Jews to kill non-Jews."<ref name="A3" /><br />'''Fact:''' Antisemites cite a line allegedly from Rabbi Simeon ben Yochai (2nd century).<ref name="A3" /> However, the line refers only to the situation of [[war]].<ref name="A3" /> Simeon lived at a time when Jews were forced to fight non-Jews,<ref name="A3" /> especially in the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bar-Kokhba-Jewish-leader Bar Kochba revolt],<ref name="A3" /> due to persecution by Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]].<ref name="A3" /> |- ! Child sex abuse | '''Myth 3:''' "Judaism allows sex abuse of young girls."<ref name="A3" /> <br />'''Fact:''' This claim was made by Russian Catholic Reverend I.B. Pranaitis.<ref name="A3" /> He was found to have distorted Talmud writings to demonize Jews.<ref name="A3" /> The Talmud actually treats child sex abuse as [[rape]].<ref name="A3" /><ref>"פיתוי קטנה אונס נינהו."<br />One who [[Seduction|seduces]] an [[Minor (law)|underage]] girl is considered as if he had raped her [i.e., the laws applicable to rapists would apply to the molester].</ref> The distorted writings came from a chapter in the ''Ketubot'' discussing [[Victim|victims]] of child sex abuse,<ref name="A3" /> which actually stated that a girl sexually abused before three should be seen as a [[Virginity|virgin]] and deserving of higher status.<ref name="A3" /> |- ! Study of Torah | '''Myth 4:''' "Non-Jews studying the [[Torah]] are worthy of death."<ref name="A3" /><ref>J. David Bleich, ''Contemporary Halakhic Problems'' vol. 2 (New York: Ktav, 1983), pp. 311-340.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' This claim was made by David Duke,<ref name="A3" /> the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] [[leader]] and a [[White nationalism#Connections with other ideologies|Holocaust denier]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> He was found to have [[Cognitive bias#List of biases|cherrypicked]] a line from a whole passage.<ref name="A3" /> Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yohanan said that the misquoted passage did not refer to Jews but the generic "[[Man]]",<ref name="A3" /> who is supposed to be studying the Torah as a believer rather than making it a [[subject]] of [[Field of study|study]] without spiritual commitment,<ref name="A3" /> which would be a form of [[blasphemy]].<ref name="A3" /> Non-Jews studying the Torah are respected if they are studying it as a matter of faith.<ref name="A3" /> |- ! Honesty | '''Myth 5:''' "According to Libbre David 37, a Jew must give non-Jews a false explanation about the Talmud, or the Jew will be put to death."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' Libbre David 37 does not exist.<ref name="AS" /> It was [[Forgery|made up]] by Neo-Nazis who run several [[disinformation]] websites.<ref name="AS" /> |- ! Gentile acts towards Jews |'''Myth 6:''' "If a [[Goy]] hits a Jew, he must be killed."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' This claim is based on the distortion of Sanhedrib 58b,<ref name="AS" /><ref>{{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Sanhedrin: 58b |url=https://www.chabad.org/torah-texts/5458290/The-Talmud/Sanhedrin/Chapter-7/58b |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref> which actually discusses options for dealing with non-Jewish attacks on Jews.<ref name="AS" /> It does not incite Jews to kill non-Jews.<ref name="AS" /> |- ! Socialization | '''Myth 7:''' "Tosfot Yevamot 84b<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Yevamot: 84b |url=https://www.chabad.org/torah-texts/5449280/The-Talmud/Yevamot/Chapter-9/84b |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref> says that a Jew eating with a Goy is the same as eating with a [[dog]]."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' It is a falsification.<ref name="AS" /> |- ! Lost items | '''Myth 8:''' "Bava Matzia 24a<ref>{{cite web |website=Sefaria |title=Bava Metzia 24a |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.24a?lang=bi |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref> says that a Jew does not need to return an item lost by a Goy."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' This claim is based on the distortion of Bava Matzia 24a,<ref name="AS" /> which actually discusses options for dealing with items found lost after a [[flood]] or a wild animal encounter.<ref name="AS" /> |} ==Related pages== * [[Dual-covenant theology]] * [[Secondary antisemitism]] * ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Catholicism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:History of Europe]] jw82c65h5f2cf028geugz58okmh6xj5 10330059 10330058 2025-06-14T13:52:45Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330059 wikitext text/x-wiki Since [[Ancient history|ancient times]], antisemites claiming to be [[Critic|critics]] of [[Judaism]] have spread [[antisemitism]] by promoting false claims about Judaism based on distortions of passages from the [[Talmud]] and ''[[Midrash]]''.<ref name="A3">{{cite book |url=http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |title=The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2003 |access-date=15 August 2014 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815143023/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="AS"> * {{cite web |website=The Librarian |title=Into the Depths of Evil: How the Nazis “Recruited” the Talmud for Anti-Semitic Propaganda |url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/nazisandthetalmud |last=Lipson |first=Daniel |date=January 29, 2018 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=A guide to the Talmud for all the haters |url=https://forward.com/culture/575962/talmud-guide-conspiracy-theory-jewish-secrets-antisemitic |last=Fox |first=Mira |date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites’ new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=Antisemites Are Attacking the Talmud |url=https://aish.com/antisemites-are-attacking-the-talmud |author=Rabbi Efrem Goldberg |date=August 21, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Page from the anti-Semitic German children's book, "Der Giftpilz" (The Poisonous Mushroom). The text reads, "It is written in the Talmud: 'Only the Jew is human. Non-Jews are not called humans, they are seen as animals', and because we Jews consider non-Jews to be animals, we refer to them only as Goy." |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1069706 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Overview== Some antisemites judge the distorted passages by their own standards, and ignore the fact that the passages were written two [[Millennium|thousand years]] ago by those in different cultures.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> Some antisemites also do so when they dislike something related to Judaism.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> In particular, [[Racism|racist]] [[Academia|scholars]] have a history of spreading antisemitism<ref name="AntisemiticTropes"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |year=2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> by demonizing Judaism under the [[Camouflage|pretence]] of academic study to defend themselves against accusations of antisemitism,<ref name="AS" /> similar to [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust deniers]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Institute for Historical Review (IHR) |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/institute-historical-review |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=How One of the Internet’s Biggest History Forums Deals With Holocaust Deniers |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/07/the-askhistorians-subreddit-banned-holocaust-deniers-and-facebook-should-too.html |last=Breit |first=Johannes |date=July 20, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=MediaWell |title=The AskHistorians Subreddit Banned Holocaust Deniers, and Facebook Should Too {{!}} Slate |url=https://mediawell.ssrc.org/news-items/the-askhistorians-subreddit-banned-holocaust-deniers-and-facebook-should-too-slate |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Counter Extremism Project |title=Antisemitism Resurgent: Manifestations of Antisemitism in the 21st Century |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/anti-semitism-modern/antisemitism-resurgent-manifestations-antisemitism-21st-century/holocaust |access-date=February 6, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Bulwark |title=Why Is the New York Times Legitimizing a Holocaust Denier? |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/why-new-york-times-legitimizing-holocaust-denier-darryl-cooper-tucker-carlson |last=Lubet |first=Steven |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref>{{efn|{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-holocaust-denial-distortion |title=Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion |access-date=October 17, 2024}} Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to:<br>{{columns-list |colwidth=35em | * Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and [[Axis powers|allies of Nazi Germany]] * Gross minimization of the [[Holocaust victims|number of the victims]] of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources * Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own [[genocide]] * Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the [[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" * Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of [[Concentration camp|concentration]] and [[Death camp|death camps]] devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other [[Nation|nations]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]]}}|group=lower-alpha}} and [[Creeping normality#Public views|some other scholars]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Algemeiner |title=The Lost Cause: Anti-Zionism, Oct. 7, and How Revisionist Movements Can Distort History |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/02/28/lost-cause-anti-zionism-oct-7-how-revisionist-movements-can-distort-history |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 24, 2025 |quote=Similar to the Lost Cause [[phenomenon]], anti-Zionism is a popular [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] [[Cult|movement]] that reframes the founding of Israel as a [[Colonialism|colonial]] enterprise [. ...] [[reality]] is most Jews were [[Deportation|forcibly expelled]] from [[Land of Israel|what is modern day Israel]] into the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]] by the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]] and the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] [. ...] Arab [[Xenophobia|anti-immigrant]] [[Activism|activists]] [...] pressured the British to restrict Jewish refugees [...] enabling millions of Jewish deaths in [[the Holocaust]] including 80 members of my family [. ...] Jewish Agency supported the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan [. ...] [[Arab League|Arab countries]] refused to [[compromise]] [...] [[1947–1949 Palestine war|attacked Israel in 1948]] [. ...] still determined to [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|eliminate Israel]] [... .] }}</ref> A common talk point of self-declared [[Critic|critics]] of Judaism is that "Jews hate or [[Conspiracy theory|conspire]] against [[Christianity]]".<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AntisemiticTropes" /> ==Christianity== {{Further|Jewish deicide}} Christianity originated as a [[Persecution|persecuted]] [[sect]] of Judaism in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Judea]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=The alliance between church and empire |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire |last1=Spencer |first1=Sidney |last2=Crow |first2=Paul A. |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2025 }}</ref> Early Christians were mostly [[Jew|Jewish]] before [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] [[Religious conversion|converts]] became the [[majority]] and split with Judaism over [[Christian theology|theological]] differences.<ref name="PaulonCircum"> * {{cite book |last1=Bisschops |first1=Ralph |date=January 2017 |chapter=Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312589528 |chapter-format=PDF |editor1-last=Chilton |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Kopytowska |editor2-first=Monika |title=Language, Religion and the Human Mind |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-063664-7 |access-date=November 30, 2019 }} * {{cite book |last=Fredriksen |first=Paula |date=2018 |title=When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |location=[[London]] |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=10–11 |isbn=978-0-300-19051-9 }} * {{cite web |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4 |title=Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature |last1=Kohler |first1=Kaufmann |last2=Hirsch |first2=Emil G. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Joseph |last4=Friedenwald |first4=Aaron |last5=Broydé |first5=Isaac |publisher=Kopelman Foundation |website=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=January 3, 2020 |quote=Contact with [[Ancient Greece|Grecian]] life, especially at the games of the [[arena]] [which involved [[nudity]]], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by epispasm ("making themselves [[Foreskin|foreskins]]"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the [[edict]] of Antiochus Epiphanes prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their [[loyalty]] to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.}}</ref> Christianity became the Roman [[state religion]] in 380 AD.<ref name="Britannica" /> ===Theological disputes between Judaism and Christianity=== While antisemitism already existed in [[Ancient Egypt]], far longer than Christianity,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTISEMITISM |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/brief-history-of-antisemitism.pdf |year=2020 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> Jews have been blamed for the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|death of Jesus]] since the 1st century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenspoon |first1=Leonard |last2=Hamm |first2=Dennis |last3=Le Beau |first3=Bryan F. |title=The Historical Jesus Through Catholic and Jewish Eyes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHtg7jYw4TgC&pg=PA78 |date=November 1, 2000 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-56338-322-9 |page=78 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiewe |first=Amos |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication |date=20 November 2018 |chapter=Antisemitism and Communication |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-633 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.633 |isbn=978-0-19-022861-3 |quote=The Church correctly identified the charge of eternal [[guilt]] of the Jew as the root cause of [[antisemitism]] and stated its rejection of the [[Logical fallacy|faulty reasoning]] associated with the [[charge]] of eternal deicide. }}</ref> The blame reportedly started with descriptions about the Crucifixion in the [[New Testament]].<ref> * {{bibleref2|Matthew|27:24–25}} * {{cite web |website=greekbible.com |title=Greek Bible: Matthew |url=https://www.greekbible.com/matthew/27 |access-date=March 2, 2025}} * {{bibleref2|John|5:16–18}} * {{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=William O. |year=1979 |title=Anti-Semitism in the New Testament? By Samuel Sandmel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. xxi + 168 pages |journal=Horizons |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=123–124 |doi=10.1017/s0360966900015759 |s2cid=171123190 |issn=0360-9669 }} * {{cite journal |journal=New Testament Studies |title=The Problem of the Antisemitic Comma between 1 Thessalonians 2.14 and 15 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/abs/problem-of-the-antisemitic-comma-between-1-thessalonians-214-and-15/BFD57B5732D7590FE827B4FD747031A8 |last=Gilliard |first=Frank D. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=481‒502 |year=1989 |doi=10.1017/S0028688500015162 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=March 2, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Feldman |first=Louis Harry |author-link=Louis Feldman |url=https://brill.com/view/title/430 |title=Studies in Hellenistic Judaism |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33283-6 |page=309 |doi=10.1163/9789004332836 }}</ref><ref> * Jeremy Cohen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=83FjAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 ''Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen''], [[Oxford University Press]] 2007. p. 55.</ref> Another conflict between Jews and Christians was whether the [[Torah]]<ref>The first five books of the [[Old Testament]], also known as the Five Books of Moses.</ref> was still valid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Miriam S. |year=1995 |title=Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden, New York, Köln |isbn=9004021353 }}</ref> The conflict extended to [[Circumcision#Judaism|circumcision]],<ref name="Circum">{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-116930464/anti-semitism-or-anti-judaism |title=Anti-Semitism or anti-Judaism? |publisher=Christian Century |date=2004-05-18 |first=Jean Bethke |last=Elshtain |access-date=2007-02-01 }}</ref> when [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] used "Judaizers" to call Jews who demanded non-Jewish converts to circumcise.<ref name="Circum" /><ref name="AK2013">{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Anti-Judaism Is at the Heart of Western Culture |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/a-world-without-jews |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=February 13, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2025 }}</ref> Paul believed that [[Sola fide|faith in Christ alone]] was enough for someone to be [[Salvation|saved]] by God.<ref name="PaulonCircum" /><ref name="AK2013" /> Paul asked Christians not to follow the Old Covenant while accusing Jews of "turning from the [Holy] [[Holy Spirit|Spirit]] to the [[Foreskin|flesh]]" to [[Pharisees|look good to God]].<ref name="PaulonCircum" /> Particularly, John Chrysostom's homily series ''Adversus Judaeos''{{efn|[[Ancient Greek]]: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ''Kata Ioudaiōn'', "against the Jews")|group=lower-alpha}}<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Tertullian Project |title=John Chrysostom, Against the Jews. Homily 6 |url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chrysostom_adversus_judaeos_06_homily6.htm |access-date=March 2, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Vanderbilt University |title=St Paul and the Jews According to St John Chrysostom’s Commentary on Romans 9-11 |url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/SBL2007/Mihoc.pdf |author=Fr. Vasile Mihoc |location=[[Sibiu]], [[Romania]] |access-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131065144/https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/SBL2007/Mihoc.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |website= |title=Tertullian's Adversus Judaeos: a Tale of Two Treatises |url=https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/theology_graduate_theses/article/1003/&path_info=John_Peter_Fulton_Tertullians_Adversus_Judaeos_A_Tale_of_Two_Treatises.pdf |last=Fulton |first=John P. |year=2011 |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island]], [[United States of America|United States]] |access-date=March 2, 2025 }}</ref> is seen by many historians as having [[Inspiration|inspired]] [[Antisemitism|antisemites]] to justify [[Pogrom|pogroms]], [[Deportation|expulsions]] and [[discrimination]] against Jews in the following 1,600 years.<ref name="WL">Walter Laqueur, ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day'' (Oxford University Press: 2006) {{ISBN|0-19-530429-2}}, pp. 47–48</ref><ref name="SK">{{Citation|last=Katz |first=Steven |year=1999 |chapter=Ideology, State Power, and Mass Murder/Genocide |title=Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=9780810109568 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEUZNRmi0i4C&dq=hitler+chrysostom+christian+jewish+policy&pg=PA52 }}</ref> Such antisemites include [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Führer|ruler]] [[Adolf Hitler]], who [[Printing|reprinted]] and circulated Chrysostom's text among Germans within Nazi territories to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="SK" /><ref name="ViewsonJC">{{bulleted list | {{cite news |first=Brian |last=Schrauger |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |title=The resurrection of Christian antisemitism |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=John the Golden-Throat (a.k.a. Chrysostom), ascended the pulpit in 347 CE where he began the first of eight sermons in a series titled, Adversus Judaeos; in [[English language|English]], ''Against The Jews''...Chrysostom began his diatribe against all Jews by attacking Christians who celebrated Jewish holy days honoring the same [[Yahweh|God]] as [[Christianity]], agreeing to disagree about [[Jesus]]. "We must first root this ailment out," he said, "and then take thought of matters outside. We must first cure our own." They are sick, he said, "with the Judaizing [[Illness|disease]]...deserving stronger [[Censure|condemnation]] than any Jew. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007154635/https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 }} | {{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=J. M. |last2=Broschowitz |first2=Michael S. |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/john-chrysostom-architect-antisemitism |title=John Chrysostom: The Architect of Antisemitism |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=Modern antisemitism is informed by [[Concept|concepts]] articulated more than 1,600 years ago by John Chrysostom, an [[Church Fathers|early father of the Christian Church]]. While a direct causal lineage is hard to establish, Chrysostom's [[influence]] on historical and modern antisemitism is well-documented. Chrysostom articulated several [[Antisemitic stereotypes|key tropes of antisemitic ideology]], including the belief that Jewish people are "schemers" and the [[belief]] that they engage in [[human sacrifice]]. He also introduced [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] [[language]] that foreshadowed the [[Genocide|genocidal]] [[rhetoric]] of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] who cited John Chrysostom as a historical source legitimizing their [[bigotry]]. Chrysostom is still cited by antisemitic [[Extremism|extremists]] [[Online antisemitism|online]] and offline on a daily basis. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102163247/https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/john-chrysostom-architect-antisemitism |archive-date=January 2, 2025 }} | {{cite web |last=Gutmann |first=Tim |website=Premier Christianity |url=https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/christians-cant-let-history-repeat-itself-when-it-comes-to-antisemitism/17623.article |title=Christians can't let history repeat itself when it comes to antisemitism |date=May 10, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127135014/https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/christians-cant-let-history-repeat-itself-when-it-comes-to-antisemitism/17623.article |archive-date=January 27, 2025 }} }}</ref> ===Ignatius of Antioch=== In the early [[Decade|decades]] of Christianity, [[Church Father]] Ignatius of Antioch ([[Circa|c.]] 50–117) claimed that those who followed Jewish custom were "partakers with [[Jewish deicide|those who killed Jesus]]".<ref name="DRR">{{cite web |website=Lamb & Lion Ministries |title=The Evil of Replacement Theology: The Historical Abuse of the Jews by the Church |url=https://christinprophecy.org/articles/the-evil-of-replacement-theology |author=Dr. David R. Reagan |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref> ===Justin Martyr=== Church Father Justin Martyr (100–165) claimed that God's covenant (also known as the Old Covenant or Mosaic Covenant) with the Jews{{efn|Referred to as '''Israel''' in his writings.|group=lower-alpha}} was [[Supersessionism|no longer valid]] and that Christians had replaced them because the Jews "[had] slain the Just One [Jesus]",<ref name="DRR" /> who would deserve [[exile]] and persecution in the [[Century|centuries]] to come.<ref name="DRR" /> ===John Chrysostom=== Church Father John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), who served as the [[archbishop]] of [[Constantinople]], wrote in his homily series ''Adversus Judaeos'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ''Kata Ioudaiōn'', "against the Jews"):<ref name="ViewsonJC" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The [[synagogue]] is worse than] a [[brothel]] and a drinking shop [...] a [[den]] of scoundrels, the repair of [[wild]] beasts, a [[temple]] of [[Demon|demons]], the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of [[Devil|devils]], a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ [. ...] demons dwell in the synagogue and also in the [[Soul|souls]] of the Jews.}} As there were only two other [[Consecration|ordained]] individuals in [[Antioch]] legally recognized as Christian [[Preacher|preachers]], Chrysostom managed to promote his ideas to most local Christians.<ref>Christine C. Shepardson, Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 93)</ref> ===Martin Luther=== {{Main|Martin Luther}} ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' (1543),<ref name="A"> * Halpérin, Jean, and Arne Sovik, eds. ''Luther, Lutheranism and the Jews: A Record of the Second Consultation between Representatives of The International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultation and the Lutheran World Federation Held in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], 11–13 July 1983''. [[Geneva]]: LWF, 1984. * Oberman, Heiko A. ''The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation''. James I. Porter, trans. [[Philadelphia]]: Fortress Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-8006-0709-0}}. * Tjernagel, Neelak S. ''Martin Luther and the Jewish People''. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8100-0213-2}}. * Wallmann, Johannes. "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century." ''Lutheran Quarterly'' 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. * {{cite journal|last=Wallmann|first=Johannes|title=The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century|journal=Lutheran Quarterly|number=1|date=Spring 1987|pages=1:72–97|quote=The [[Postulate|assertion]] that Luther's [[Rhetoric|expressions]] of anti-Jewish [[Sentimentality|sentiment]] have been of major and persistent [[influence]] in the [[Century|centuries]] after the Reformation and that there exists a [[continuity]] between [[Comparison among Protestants|Protestant]] anti-Judaism and modern [[Racism|racially oriented]] [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]], is at present [[Popularity|wide-spread]] in the [[literature]]; since the [[World War II|Second World War]] it has understandably become the prevailing [[opinion]].}} * Gritsch, Eric W. ''Martin Luther's Anti-Semitism: Against His Better Judgement''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-6676-9}}.</ref><ref name="B">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hillerbrand|first=Hans J.|title=Martin Luther|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=2007|quote=[H]is strident [[Edict|pronouncements]] against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the [[question]] of whether Luther significantly encouraged the [[development]] of German antisemitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this [[perspective]] puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of [[Germany#History|German history]].}}</ref> a 65,000-word [[thesis]] [[Writer|written]] by [[Martin Luther]] (1483–1546),<ref name="A" /><ref name="B" /> a 16th-century [[Protestant Reformation|Christian reformer]],<ref name="A" /><ref name="B" /> is noted for its mix of anti-Judaism and antisemitism.<ref name="A" /><ref name="B" /> The claims in Luther's book are still being [[Promotion|promoted]] by some [[Influence|influencers]].<ref name="A3" /> In his book, he [[Dehumanization|classified]] Jews as the biggest [[threat]] to Christianity and called for these [[Persecution|actions]] against them:<ref name="A" /><ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=631&letter=L "Luther, Martin"], ''JewishEncyclopedia.com''; cf. ''Luther's Works'', American Edition, 55 vols., ([[St. Louis]] and [[Philadelphia]]: Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press, 1955–86) 47:267.</ref> <blockquote> First, to [[Arson|set fire]] to their [[Synagogue|synagogues]] or [[Yeshiva|schools]] [...] This is to be done in [[Worship|honor]] of our [[Lord]] and of [[Christendom]], so that [[God in Christianity|God]] might see that we are Christians [...] Second, I advise that their [[House|houses]] also be razed and destroyed. [...] Sixth, I advise that [...] all [[cash]] and treasure of [[silver]] and [[gold]] be [[Looting|taken]] from them [...] But if we are afraid that they might harm us [...] then let us [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/emulate emulate] the common sense of other [[Nation|nations]] such as [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[Bohemia]] [...] [[Deportation|eject]] them forever from the [[country]].</blockquote> In his [[sermon]] ''Warning against the Jews'' on February 18, 1546, Martin Luther said,<ref>Martin Brecht, ''Martin Luther'', 3 vols. ([[Minneapolis]]: Fortress Press, 1993), 3:371.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=They are our [[public]] [[Enemy|enemies]]. They do not stop [[Blasphemy|blaspheming]] our Lord Christ, calling the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] a [[Prostitute|whore]] [. ...] If they could [[Murder|kill]] us all, they would gladly do it. They do it often, especially those who pose as [[Physician|physicians]] [...] [[Prescription|administer]] [[poison]] to someone from which he could [[Death|die]] in an [[hour]], a [[month]], a [[year]], [[Decade|ten]] or twenty years.}} Meanwhile, Martin Luther was a folk hero in Nazi Germany,<ref name="RSG">Richard Steigmann-Gall, ''The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945'', (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.138.</ref> whose teachings were widely circulated among the public.<ref name="RSG" /> Luther's [[statue|statues]] were also built across Nazi Germany,<ref name="RSG" /> along with regular celebrations of "German Luther Day",<ref name="RSG" /> a national holiday designated by Hitler in 1933.<ref name="RSG" /> [[File:P 285 1939 02.jpg|thumb|A Nazi German [[postcard]] of Martin Luther.]][[File:Postkarte Nuernberg Fresko am Haus Adolf Hitlerplatz 12 Trau keinem Fuchs auf gruener Heid und keinem Jud auf seinem Eid Martin Luther Stoja Verlag Anti-Jewish Nazi Rally Postcard 1930s No known copyright.jpg|thumb|An antisemitic [[mural]] featuring a quote from ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' [[Publishing|published]] as a postcard for [[propaganda]] purposes.]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-15234, Berlin, Luthertag.jpg|thumb|German Christians celebrating German Luther Day in Berlin in 1933, speech by Bishop Hossenfelder.<ref>German Federal Archive, image [[description]] via cooperation with Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-60015-0002, Dresden, Denkmal Martin Luther, Frauenkirche, Ruine.jpg|thumb|Statue of Martin Luther in the ruins of [[Dresden]] after [[World War II|WWII]].]] Johannes Wallman (1930–2021), a professor of [[History of Christianity|church history]] at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, wrote in 1987:<ref name="A" /> {{Blockquote|text=The [[Postulate|assertion]] that Luther's [[Rhetoric|expressions]] of anti-Jewish [[Sentimentality|sentiment]] have been of major and persistent [[influence]] in the [[Century|centuries]] after the Reformation and that there exists a [[continuity]] between [[Comparison among Protestants|Protestant]] anti-Judaism and modern [[Racism|racially oriented]] [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]], is at present [[Popularity|wide-spread]] in the [[literature]]; since the [[World War II|Second World War]] it has understandably become the prevailing [[opinion]].}} Richard Steigmann-Gall, a history professor at [[Kent State University]], wrote in his 2003 book ''The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945'':<ref name="RSG" /> {{Blockquote|text=The leadership of the Protestant League espoused a similar view. Fahrenhorst, who was on the planning committee of the Luthertag, called Luther "the first German spiritual ''[[Führer]]''" [. ...] Fahrenhorst invited Hitler to become the official patron of the Luthertag [. ...] Fahrenhorst repeatedly voiced the notion that reverence for Luther could somehow cross confessional boundaries: "Luther is truly not only the founder of a Christian confession [...] his ideas had a fruitful impact on all Christianity [''sic''] in Germany.}} ===Radical traditionalist Catholics=== A minority of conservative Catholics, commonly called the radical traditionalist Catholics,<ref name="RTC"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=12 Anti-Semitic Radical Traditionalist Catholic Groups |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/12-anti-semitic-radical-traditionalist-catholic-groups |date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=December 29, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Church, Nation and Race: Catholics and Antisemitism in Germany and England, 1918-45 |chapter=4: The Catholic right, political Catholicism and radicalism |url=https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/20094/chapter-abstract/179075927?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Ehret |first=Ulrike |doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719079436.003.0004 |year=2011 |access-date=December 30, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Radical Traditional Catholicism |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism |year=2016 |access-date=December 29, 2024 |quote=For "radical traditionalist" Catholics, antisemitism is an inextricable part of their theology. They subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics.}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Traditionalist Catholicism |url=https://www.adl.org/glossary/traditionalist-catholicism |access-date=December 29, 2024 |quote=Traditionalist Catholics [...] continued to incorporate explicit antisemitism into their theology [...] a [[Antisemitism#Ancient|paranoid belief in Jewish conspiracies to undermine the church and Western civilization]] [...] preach that contemporary Jews are responsible for [[Antisemitism#Ancient|deicide]], endorsed [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], and claimed that there was a factual basis for the medieval [[Antisemitism#Middle Ages|blood libel]]. One of its bishops, Richard Williamson, is a well known Holocaust denier.}}</ref> despite [[Catholicism#Doctrines|theologically opposed to]] Martin Luther, share similar views to him regarding Jews. According to American civil rights group [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], radical traditionalist Catholics tend to hold these views:<ref name="RTC" /> * "Catholics cannot trust Jews" * "Jews are the perpetual [[enemy]] of [[Jesus|Christ]]" * "Jews have "infiltrated" the Catholic Church to make changes for themselves" * "Jews are responsible for Jesus' death, and this broke their [[covenant]] with God" Radical traditionalist Catholics dislike the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] as they oppose the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] reforms rolled out in 1965,<ref name="RTC" /> which included [[Pope Paul VI]]'s rejection of the 1,600-year official position that "Jews are responsible for Jesus' death":<ref> * {{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Adolf M. |year=1998 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315026954-11/john-chrysostom-jews-reconsideration-adolf-ritter |chapter=John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration |editor-first=Tamila |editor-last=Mgaloblishvili |title=Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus |doi=10.4324/9781315026954-11 |isbn=9781315026954}} * {{cite book |last=Brustein |first=Willian I. |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-77308-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus/page/n69 52]}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Levine |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |title=The Jewish Annotated New Testament |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=What happened in [[Jesus|His]] [[Crucifixion of Jesus|passion]] cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today.}} ==France== {{Main|Antisemitism in France}} Jews have been living in France since the [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] as one of the oldest [[Diaspora|diasporas]] in Europe.<ref name="F1"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |title=The Beginnings of Exclusion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453586 |last=Grayzel |first=Solomon |pages=15–26 |volume=61 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=1970 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7pft2 |last=Benbassa |first=Esther |publisher=[[Princeton University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt7pft2 |year=1999 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Translated by M. B. DeBevoise}} * {{cite book |title=Politics and Resentment |chapter=Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004190474/B9789004190474_010.xml |last=Camus |first=Jean-Yves |pages=275–305 |doi=10.1163/9789004190474_010 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Psychohistory |title=The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/046b04d119f39d78d0d194d7a2ebd26d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |last=Mohl |first=Allan |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=115–128 |year=2011 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=European Societies |title=Antisemitism in France: Past and Present |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |last=Altglas |first=Véronique |pages=259–274 |volume=14 |issue=2: Antisemitism, Racism and Islamophobia |doi=10.1080/14616696.2012.676450 |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Antisemitism has existed in France for as long as Jews have been there,<ref name="F1" /> worsening in the 1,600 years following the Christianization of France.<ref name="F1" /> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of Jews in [[Metz]] ([[Holy Roman Empire]]) in the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]].]][[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from the ''Grandes Chroniques de France'' depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182. This is a photograph of an exhibit at the Diaspora Museum, [[Tel Aviv]].]] Under the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Merovingian dynasty]] between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants.<ref name="F1" /> A succession of [[ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]] also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the ''[[shabbat]]'' over the [[Paranoia|unfounded fear]] that [[Judaism]] (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.<ref name="F1" /> ====11th century==== Under the [[Capetian dynasty]], [[Robert II of France|King Robert the Pious]] tried to kill all Jews who rejected Christianity.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2">{{cite book |title=A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/55365/a-history-of-christianity-by-macculloch-diarmaid/9780141021898 |last=MacCalloch |first=Diarmaid |edition=1 |isbn=9780141021898 |publisher=Penguin Books |date=September 2, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews across the France were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes.<ref name="F1" /><ref name="F2" /> The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in [[Jerusalem]] by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by French [[Benedictine]] [[monk]] Rodulfus Glaber to spread [[Rumor|rumors]] about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction.<ref name="F3">{{cite book |title=Concise History of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780385130158/Concise-History-Catholic-Church-Bokenkotter-0385130155/plp |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |publisher=Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group |isbn=9780385130158 |year=1979 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ====First Crusade==== When the [[Crusades#First Crusade|First Crusade]] happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the Kingdom of France.<ref name="F2" /><ref name="F3" /> The events were seen by some [[Historian|historians]] as a series of [[Genocidal massacre|genocidal massacres]].<ref name="F4"> * {{cite journal |journal=Studies in Church History |title=The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/first-crusade-and-the-persecution-of-the-jews/6F89E56B68A5B3BE5853FEF23A522570 |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |volume=21: Persecution and Toleration |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |pages=51–72 |doi=10.1017/S0424208400007531 |year=1984 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016.}} * {{cite book |title=Religious Violence between Christians and Jews |chapter=Christian Theology and Anti Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403913821_3 |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |pages=44–60 |year=2000 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Jewish History |chapter=Destruction or Conversion Intention and reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014208904545 |last=Malkiel |first=David |pages=257–280 |volume=15 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj00h |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=j.ctt3fj00h |year=2004 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Medieval Encounters |chapter=The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p93_4.xml |last=Shepkaru |first=Shmuel |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> The massacres all happened with Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.<ref name="F3" /><ref name="F4" /> Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews were ordered by the French monarchy,<ref>{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A History |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/antisemitism-9780199235032?cc=gb&lang=en |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |page=75 |isbn=9780199235032 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> during which dozens of [[Black Death]]-associated massacres of Jews happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |url=https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/history-ideas/john-locke-toleration-and-early-enlightenment-culture?format=HB&isbn=9780521651141 |last=Marshall |first=John |isbn=9780521651141 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University |year=2006 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> ===Renaissance=== Between the 15th century and 18th century, antisemitism in France fluctuated.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jews of Modern France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2711646 |last=Hyman |first=Paula E. |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |volume=1 |edition=1 |doi=10.2307/jj.2711646 |jstor=jj.2711646 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), a famous French [[philosopher]], held [[bias]] against Jews that contributed to the normalization of antisemitism in Western academia.<ref name="F5"> * {{cite journal |journal=The Eighteenth Century |title=Myth, origins, identity: Voltaire, the Jews and the Enlightenment notion of toleration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23596100 |last=Sutcliffe |first=Adam |pages=107–126 |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |jstor=23596100 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Eighteenth-Century Studies |title=Ethics and History in Voltaire's Attitudes toward the Jews |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/11060/pdf |last=Chisick |first=Harvey |pages=577–600 |volume=35 |issue=4 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.1353/ecs.2002.0037 |year=2002 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780812218657/History-Anti-Semitism-Volume-Voltaire-Wagner-0812218655/plp |last=Poliakov |first=Léon |isbn=9780812218657 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]] Press |year=2003 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref><ref name="F6">* {{cite book |title=Postmodernism and the Enlightenment |chapter=Rationalizing the Enlightenment: Postmodernism and Theories of Anti-Semitism 1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315023229-6/rationalizing-enlightenment-ronald-schechter |last=Schechter |first=Ronald |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315023229 |year=2001 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Reed College |title=Voltaire and the Jews |url=https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |last=Schur |first=Maxine |location=[[San Rafael, California]], [[United States]] |access-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-date=December 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225215344/https://www.reed.edu/gls/Maxine.Schur.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Voltaire Against the Jews, Or The Limits of Toleration |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-18712-4 |last=Piazza |first=Marco |year=2022 |access-date=December 25, 2024 }}</ref> One of the instances of Voltaire's antisemitism was his insertion of an insult into his ''Dictionnaire philosophique'' for Jewish readers:<ref name="F5" /> {{Blockquote|text=You are [[wikt:calculating|calculating]] [[Dehumanization|animals]]; try to be thinking animals.}} Despite this, he was regarded as the champion of [[Enlightenment]] by Western leftists.<ref name="F6" /> ===Modern period=== [[File:1893 La-Libre-Parole-antisemitische-Karikatur.jpg|thumb|Front page of Edouard Drumont's ''La Libre Parole'' (1893) with a [[caricature]] of a Jew grabbing the [[globe]], implying their [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion#Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory|alleged desire to control the world]]. Caption: "Their Homeland".]][[File:Il pleut sur le Temple.jpg|thumb|''"The [[Aryan race|Aryan]] breaks the chains of the Jew and the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] that held him captive"'', an 1897 satire by [[Third French Republic|French]] journalist Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, later used by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] [[puppet state]] [[Vichy France]] (1940–44) in its propaganda.]][[File:"Мин...гаеплим".jpg|thumb|"I accuse...!" (''J'accuse...!''), open letter published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by French writer [[Émile Zola]], accusing the French president Félix Faure of anti-Semitism and unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, pointing out [[Miscarriage of justice|judicial errors and lack of serious evidence]].]] ====19th century==== Antisemitism was widespread in 19th century France.<ref name="F1" /> It was present across the [[political spectrum]], with ancient stereotypes being phrased differently and perpetuated by their respective audience.<ref name="F7">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/560 |last=Beller |first=Steven |edition=2 |isbn=9780191792335 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.001.0001 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |date=October 22, 2015 |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Jews were targeted for their otherness, observance of Judaism and alleged lack of [[loyalty]] or [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far left, Jews were accused of being [[Reactionary|regressive]] agents of [[capitalism]] exploiting the French [[proletariat]].<ref name="F7" /> Among the French far right, Jews were accused of being [[Subversion|subversive]] agents of [[communism]] undermining the [[Custom|traditional]] Catholic culture.<ref name="F7" /> Meanwhile, both the far left and far right saw Jews as undesirable under French nationalism, which prioritized national unity over minority existence.<ref name="F7" /><ref name="F13"> * {{cite journal |journal=Contemporary French Civilization |title=Legacies of Anti-Semitism in France |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |last=Bouygues |first=Claude |volume=9 |issue=1 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] Press |doi=10.3828/cfc.1985.9.1.012 |date=January 10, 1985 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Hostages of Modernization – 1: Germany - Great Britain - France |chapter=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110855616.464/pdf |last=Sternhell |first=Zeev |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110855616.464 |year=1993 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic}} * {{cite book |title=The European Left and the Jewish Question, 1848-1992 |chapter=Antisemitism and the French Left: Five (or Maybe Six) Types in a Long-Term Perspective |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56662-3_2 |last=Dreyfus |first=Michel |pages=13–26 |date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ====20th century==== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0211-500, Frankreich, Antisemitismus, Ausstellung.jpg|thumb|A display at a March 1942 Vichy French exhibition alleging Jewish control of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Socialist-Party-France SFIO] and [[Allies of World War II#Major Allied Powers|Western Allies]].]][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0619-506, Paris, Jüdische Frauen mit Stern.jpg|thumb|French Jews forced to wear yellow stars in public, [[Paris]], June 1942.]] On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Nazi Germany upon military defeat and was divided into the German-occupied zone, Italian-occupied zone and [[Vichy France]] – a rump state in southern France managed by pro-Nazi French collaborators.<ref name="F8"> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=Antisemitism in France: The spectre of vichy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=5–17 |volume=24 |issue=2–4 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1990.9970048 |year=1990 |access-date=December 25, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite journal |journal=SubStance |title=What It Meant to Be "A Jew" in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3685578 |last=Carroll |first=David |pages=36–54 |volume=27 |issue=87: Special Issue: The Occupation |publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University]] Press |doi=10.2307/3685578 |jstor=3685578 |year=1998 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/vichy-france/9780231124690 |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124690 |year=2001 |quote=Revised Edition}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy France and the Jews |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/vichy-france-and-jews |last1=Marrus |first1=Michael R. |last2=Paxton |first2=Robert O. |edition=2 |isbn=9781503609808 |year=2019 |access-date=December 25, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=France {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france |access-date=December 25, 2024}}</ref> Under Vichy France's leaders [[Philippe Pétain]] and Pierre Laval, the ''Statut des Juifs'' ("Jewish Statute") – modelled after the Nazi German [[Nuremberg Laws]] – was passed between October 1940 and June 1941 to ban Jews from all jobs.<ref name="F8" /> Just as in Nazi Germany, such persecution escalated to the deportation of Jews to [[List of Nazi concentration camps|extermination camps]].<ref name="F8" /> One of the worst deportations was the [[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup]] on 16–17 July 1942 voluntarily conducted by the Vichy French police.<ref name="F8" /> In total, 77,000 (33%) Jews living in France were killed in extermination camps.<ref name="F8" /> Antisemitism in post-war France mainly took the form of [[Holocaust denial]] and [[Anti-Zionism#Academic criticism|radical anti-Zionism]]. Pierre Guillaume, an ultra-left [[Anarchism|anarcho]]-Marxist [[Activism|activist]], published books denying the Holocaust as a "distraction from [[class struggle]]" that "played into the hands of [[Zionism]] and [[Stalinism]]".<ref name="F9"> * {{cite book |title=The Future of a Negation: Reflections on the Question of Genocide |url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803220003/the-future-of-a-negation |last1=Finkielkraut |first1=Alain |last2=Kelly |first2=Mary Byrd |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=9780803220003 |year=1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Vichy's Afterlife: History and Counterhistory in Postwar France |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/servlet/SearchResults?tn=Vichy%27s+afterlife |last=Golsan |first=Richard J. |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=0803270941 |location=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States]] |year=2000 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Denial as an International Movement |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/holocaust-denial-as-an-international-movement-9780313345388 |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |edition=1 |isbn=9780313345388 |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Despite being left-wing, Guillaume's views were adopted by the French far right.<ref name="F9" /> They have [[Holocaust trivialization|trivialized the Holocaust]] by [[False analogy|comparing]] the Holocaust to the [[Judea|Judean]] massacres of the [[Canaan|Canaanites]]<ref name="F9" /> or the [[Native Americans in the United States#European Exploration and Colonization|Native American genocide]],<ref name="F10">{{cite news |work=[[Le Monde]] |title=Dans le mensuel "Globe" les propos antisémites de M. Claude Autant-Lara député européen |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/09/08/dans-le-mensuel-globe-les-propos-antisemites-de-m-claude-autant-lara-depute-europeen-fn_4129143_1819218.html |date=September 8, 1989 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and accused Jews of exploiting the Holocaust to [[Extortion|extort]] compensations from European countries.<ref name="F11">{{cite book |title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution [2 volumes] |chapter=Bardèche, Maurice (1909–1998) |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781851094394/Antisemitism-Historical-Encyclopedia-Prejudice-Persecution-1851094393/plp |last1=Levy |first1=Richard S. |last2=Donahue |first2=William Collins |last3=Madigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Morse |first4=Jonathan |last5=Shevitz |first5=Amy Hill |last6=Stillman |first6=Norman A. |last7=Bell |first7=Dean Phillip |isbn=9781851094394 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> A number of influential French Holocaust deniers appeared, such as Claude Autant-Lara,<ref name="F10" /> Maurice Bardèche,<ref name="F11" /> Louis-Ferdinand Céline,<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Manuscripts of pro-Nazi French author rediscovered after 78 years missing |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/05/04/manuscripts-of-pro-nazi-french-author-rediscovered-after-78-years-missing |date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Paul Rassinier,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=French Cultural Studies |title=Holocaust denial, Le Vicaire, and the absent presence of Nadine Fresco and Paul Rassinier in Jorge Semprún's La Montagne blanche |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09571558221078450 |last=Reid |first=Donald |volume=33 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/09571558221078450 |date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Open access}}</ref> François Duprat,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Le Monde diplomatique |title=Holocaust denial is part of a strategy |url=https://mondediplo.com/1998/05/08igou |last=Igounet |first=Valérie |date=May 8, 1998 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Serge Thion,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=The Grand Theorist of Holocaust Denial, Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/robert-faurisson-holocaust-denial |last=Berman |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> Robert Faurisson,<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |title=France: French revisionism on trial: The case of Robert Faurisson |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |last=Shields |first=James G. |pages=86–88 |volume=25 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.1991.9970068 |year=1991 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |quote=Published online: 28 May 2010}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=The Forward |title=Denying Robert Faurisson |url=https://forward.com/schmooze/157012/denying-robert-faurisson |last=Ivry |first=Benjamin |date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Robert Faurisson: The liar and his legacy |url=https://www.jns.org/robert-faurisson-the-liar-and-his-legacy |last=Cohen |first=Ben |date=October 26, 2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> and Dieudonné M'bala M'bala.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Comic Dieudonne given jail sentence for anti-Semitism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34921071 |date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> ==Spain== {{Main|Spanish Inquisition|Antisemitism in Europe#Spain}}{{Further|Lisbon massacre}} ===Middle Ages=== Under the rule of Henry III of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (1390–1406), [[Sephardi Jews|Jews]] were forced to either convert to Christianity or face death.<ref name="AJConSpain">{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Five Things to Know About Antisemitism in Spain |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/five-things-to-know-about-antisemitism-in-spain |date=May 4, 2023 |access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> It came at a time when the Spanish [[Reconquista|had just taken back a lot of land from the Muslims]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name="AJConSpain" /> ===Modern period=== [[File:Protocols Spain 1930.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1930 Spanish reprint of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an influential hoax text alleging a Jewish conspiracy to control the world.]] From 1478 to 1834, the [[Spanish Empire]] systematically persecuted Jews, [[Historiography|historically]] known as the [[Spanish Inquisition]],<ref name="SI1"> * {{cite book |title=Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews |chapter=Introduction: Crypto-Jewish Descent: An Ethnographic Study in Historical Perspective |url=https://academic.oup.com/california-scholarship-online/book/15559/chapter-abstract/170259130 |last=Jacobs |first=Janet Liebman |pages=1–20 |edition=1 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |year=2002 |doi=10.1525/california/9780520233461.003.0001 |isbn=978-0-520-23346-1 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Bodily Extremities |chapter=Physicians’ and Inquisitors’ Stories? Circumcision and Crypto-Judaism in Sixteenth–Eighteenth-Century Spain |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315261447-14/physicians-inquisitors-stories-circumcision-crypto-judaism-sixteenth%E2%80%93eighteenth-century-spain |last1=Egmond |first1=Florike |last2=Zwijnenberg |first2=Robert |year=2003 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315261447 |isbn=9781315261447 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |title=Crypto-Judaism and the Spanish Inquisition (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/170725 |last=Ward |first=Seth |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1353/sho.2004.0117 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Dying in the Law of Moses: Crypto-Jewish Martyrdom in the Iberian World |url=https://iupress.org/9780253348616/dying-in-the-law-of-moses |last=Bodian |first=Miriam |year=2007 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253348616 |access-date=December 6, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision |url=https://yalebooks.co.uk/book/9780300180510/the-spanish-inquisition |last=Kamen |first=Henry |date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Yale University]] Press |isbn=9780300180510 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref><ref name="SI2"> * {{cite journal |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |title=Echoes from Sepharad: signatures on the maternal gene pool of crypto-Jewish descendants |last1=Nogueiro |first1=Inês |last2=Teixeira |first2=João |last3=Amorim |first3=António |last4=Gusmão |first4=Leonor |last5=Alvarez |first5=Luis |pages=693–699 |volume=23 |year=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.140 |pmid=25074462 |pmc=4402619 |quote=Published: 30 July 2014}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Hey Alma |title=My Family Were Hidden Jews for Over 500 Years. Not Anymore. |url=https://www.heyalma.com/my-family-were-hidden-jews-for-over-500-years-not-anymore |last=Castellano |first=Orge |date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=My family lived in fear as Crypto-Jews, but I'm proudly breaking the family [[Custom|tradition]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Echoes of lost music haunt an Inquisition-era love story between two crypto-Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/echoes-of-lost-music-haunt-an-inquisition-era-love-story-between-two-crypto-jews |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=The Spanish Inquisition and Me |url=https://aish.com/51733547 |last=Simnegar |first=Reyna |date=March 7, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Crypto-Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? - explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=August 23, 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2024}}</ref> due to its belief that Jews who converted to Catholicism (''conversos'') were mostly faking as Christians,<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> including those [[Forced conversion|forcibly converted]] following the Alhambra Decree, or the Edict of Expulsion.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="AJConSpain" /> As many as 300,000 Jews were killed over the [[Miscarriage of justice|false charge]] of "crypto-Judaism",<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> Some historians saw the Spanish Inquisition as [[Racism|racially motivated]],<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> which was a turning point in the transition of religious anti-Judaism to racial antisemitism that lasts until today.<ref name="SI1" /><ref name="SI2" /> ==Nazi Germany== {{Main|Nazism|Nazi Germany}} In Nazi Germany (1933‒45), "criticism" of Judaism was a major [[Genre|theme]] in state propaganda.<ref name="AS" /> Top Nazi racial theorist [[Alfred Rosenberg]] justified [[intellectual]] attacks on Judaism:<ref name="AS" /> {{Blockquote|text=[w]e are not doing so out of disregard of freedom of thought [...] but to attack a legal viewpoint which completely contradicts that of all countries.}} Rosenberg and other Nazis saw the Jewish emphasis on following the [[Ten Commandments|commandments]] for small details in life as a sign of "lack of moral understanding",<ref name="AS" /> while accusing Jews of "[[Hypocrisy|double moral standards]]" in dealing with gentiles.<ref name="AS" /> Some Nazis were experts on Judaism themselves,<ref name="AS" /> who were able to attack Judaism in a way more convincing to the public.<ref name="AS" /> ==Islam== [[Jew|Jews]] started living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 6th century [[Anno Domini|BC]], when [[Babylonia|Babylonian Empire]]'s conquest of the [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]] forced Jews out of [[Judea]]. Multiple [[immigration]] waves of Jewish [[Exile|exiles]] made them the leading ethnoreligious group in the Arabian Peninsula, where Judaism was different from the [[Polytheism|multi-god religion]] of ancient Arabs,<ref name="HJA1">{{cite book |title=The origin of the Jews of Yathrib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg=PA4 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |pages=4–5 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004138827}}</ref> many of whom arrived later than the Jews due to their [[Nomad|nomadic]] nature.<ref name="HJA1" /> Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims [[Muslim conquests|conquered the area]], when they, along with other [[indigenous peoples]], were required to pay ''[[Poll tax|jizya]]'' for their [[existence]] to be allowed.<ref name="HJA1" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674283589/html |last=Cohen |first=Amnon |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674283589 |year=1984 |isbn=9780674283572 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Islam: State And Society |chapter=Administration In The Islamic State: An Interpretation Of The Terms “Dhimma” And “Jizya” |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203060957-9/administration-islamic-state-interpretation-terms-dhimma-jizya-j%C3%B8rgen-b%C3%A6k-simonsen |last=Simonsen |first=Jørgen Bæk |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203060957 |year=2004 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies |title=What Do You Know? Dhimmi, Jewish Legal Status under Muslim Rule |url=https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/what-do-you-know-dhimmi-jewish-legal-status-under-muslim-rule |last=Wagner |first=Mark |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> The payment of ''jizya'' granted Jews the status of ''dhimmi'' under which they were prohibited – under the threat of [[execution]] – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing [[Judaism#Basic beliefs|Jewish]] ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman.<ref name="HJA2"> * {{cite book |title=La Cité Musulmane. Vie Sociale et Politique |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Cit%C3%A9-Musulmane-Vie-Sociale-Politique-Gardet/14971474082/bd |last=Gardet |first=Louis |page=348 |publisher=Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |edition=2 |year=1954 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |lang=fr}} * {{cite book |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-dhimmi-jews-christians-under-islam/author/ye%27or-bat |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |pages=43–44; 56–57 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=9781611470796 |year=1985 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |lang=en-us}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=The Qur’an: Israel Is Not for the Jews |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-quran-israel-not-for-jews#_ftn9 |last=Spencer |first=Robert |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=San Diego Jewish World |title=Israeli Scholar Explains Religious Conflicts Between Jews and Muslims |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/21/israeli-scholar-explains-religious-conflicts-between-jews-and-muslims |last=Gershenson |first=Miriam |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: The Treatment of Jews |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries#N_4_ |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Jews were also not allowed to:<ref name="HJA2" /> * drink wine in public * [[Jockey|ride]] [[Horse|horses]] or [[Camel|camels]] * [[Prayer|pray]] or [[Mourning|mourn]] in loud voices * build [[Synagogue|synagogues]] taller than mosques * construct [[House|houses]] taller than Muslim houses ===Nation of Islam=== {{Main|Nation of Islam|Louis Farrakhan}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Malcolm X NYWTS 2a.jpg | width1 = 160 | caption1 = | image2 = Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg | width2 = 175 | caption2 = | footer = During the early 1960s, [[Malcolm X]] (left) and [[Muhammad Ali]] (right) helped raise the profile of the Nation. }} [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) is a [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] [[Religion|religious]] movement founded in 1930,<ref name="Intro"> * {{Cite journal |last=Curtis |first=Edward E. |date=2002 |title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=167–196 |doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |issn=1052-1151 }} * {{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Nation of Islam (NOI)|url=https://crcc.usc.edu/report/national-association-of-real-estate-brokers-nareb-religious-literacy-primer-2019/nation-of-islam-noi/|access-date=2024-03-10|website=crcc.usc.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> which played a notable role in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] (1954‒68) in the [[United States of America|United States]] (US).<ref name="Intro" /> Since its founding, it has been a [[Subject (school)|subject]] of [[controversy]] due to its [[promotion]] of [[Ideology|ideas]] commonly seen as antisemitic.<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars (NAS) |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }}</ref> [[File:Louis Farrakhan 1997.jpg|alt=1997 photo of Farrakhan, the leader of the NoI. He is staring to the right, away from the camera, and wearing a suit.|thumb|Farrakhan, pictured 1997.]][[File:Louis Farrakhan & Nader Talebzade01.jpg|thumb|News Conference of Louis Farrakhan the Leader of the Muslim American Movement in the conference hall of Press TV channel, 8 November 2018.]] In 1984, its leader Louis Farrakhan called Judaism a "gutter religion [...] structured on [[injustice]], [[Theft|thievery]], [[Lie|lying]] and deceit" that "[[Abuse|abused]] God's name for self-defense" after meeting [[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Mummar Gaddafi]] in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shipp|first=E. R.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/29/us/tape-contradicts-disavowalof-gutter-religion-attack.html|title=Tape Contradicts Disavowal of 'Gutter Religion' Attack|work=The New York Times|pages=A12|date=June 29, 1984|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In 1985, at an NOI meeting, Farrakhan said that the Jews deserved [[the Holocaust]] by [[Scream|screaming]] that "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the [[Oven|ovens]], it's forever!"<ref>{{cite book|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=God Is Not Great|url=https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreatcas0000hitc|publisher=Atlantic Books|year=2007|isbn=9781843545743|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreatcas0000hitc/page/n232 219]|author-link=Christopher Hitchens}}</ref> Over the past decades, Farrakhan made several speeches demonizing Jews and Judaism.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="BAA2" /> In 2020, Louis Farrakhan was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as "the most popular antisemite in America".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> ==New religious movements== ===Black Hebrew Israelites=== {{Main|Black Hebrew Israelites}} A similar, and equally influential, movement is the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] (BHI).<ref name="BHIIntro"> * {{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=Kyler |title=Ideological Convergence in the Extreme Right |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26954256 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1–7 |jstor=26954256 |issn=2382-6444 |date=September 2020 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |date=2020 |title=Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views? |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=255 |doi=10.3390/rel11050255 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish News of Northern California |title=Teacher who assigned antisemitic text preaches controversial Hebrew Israelite doctrine |url=https://jweekly.com/2023/02/24/teacher-who-assigned-antisemitic-text-preaches-controversial-hebrew-israelite-doctrine |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103654/https://jweekly.com/2023/02/24/teacher-who-assigned-antisemitic-text-preaches-controversial-hebrew-israelite-doctrine/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |journal=City Journal |title=Take Black Hebrew Israelism Seriously |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/take-black-hebrew-israelism-seriously |last=Lehman |first=Charles Fain |date=December 8, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 of Kanye West’s Antisemitic Remarks, Explained |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-of-kanye-wests-antisemitic-remarks-explained |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 }}</ref> The BHI is founded on the [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] [[Conspiracy theory|belief]] that [[African American|African Americans]] are the "real [[Descendant|descendants]]" of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]].<ref name="BHIIntro" /> Some [[Political faction|factions]] of the movement also see [[Native Americans|Native]] and Latino Americans as the [[Descendant|descendants]] of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]].<ref name="BHIIntro" /> From the 1970s onward, followers of the BHI have a history of committing [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[Violence|attacks]] on [[American Jews]], including but not limited to the 2019 Jersey City [[Mass shooting|shooting]] (7 dead and 3 injured) and the Monsey [[Hanukkah]] stabbing (1 dead and 4 injured).<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |title=Who are the Black Hebrew Israelites? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/us/hebrew-black-israelites-jersey-city |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Online posts tied to suspected New Jersey deli shooter pushed anti-Semitic conspiracies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/online-posts-tied-suspected-new-jersey-deli-shooter-pushed-anti-n1100136 |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=17 December 2019}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=What is causing the rise in anti-Semitism in New York? |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/01/02/united-states/what-is-causing-the-rise-in-anti-semitism-in-new-york |date=January 2, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> While differing in [[theology]], the BHI and NOI are both antisemitic.<ref name="BAA2" /> Particularly, they both believe that "[[Antisemitic stereotypes#Contemporary|Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade]]" and "[[Ashkenazi Jews|European Jews]] descended from the [[Khazars]]".<ref name="BAA2" /> [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|Black Hebrew Israelites, who refuse to believe that [[Jesus]] was [[Jew|Jewish]], protested in [[San Diego, California]] against the long-standing [[Painting|depiction]] of Jesus as a "[[White people|White man]]" rather than a [[Black people|Black man]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|A [[propaganda]] [[poster]] made by the Black Hebrew Israelites implying that [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Native Americans]] are the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of the [[Tribes of Israel|Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israelites|Israel]]. The Black Hebrew Israelites allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White [[Imperialism|imperialists]] into different [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] across the [[Western hemisphere]].]] ====BHI and NOI: common beliefs about Jews==== In an article, [[historian]] Eunice G. Pollack outlined the beliefs about Jews held by both the BHI and NOI: * [[Judaism]] is a "dirty religion"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Kyrie Irving and Louis Farrakhan are 2 variants of Black antisemitism. What’s the difference? |url=https://www.jns.org/kyrie-irving-and-louis-farrakhan-are-2-variants-of-black-antisemitism-whats-the-difference |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |quote=A “documentary” that [[Dehumanization|demonizes]] [[Jew|Jews]] and delegitimizes [[Judaism]] and the [[Israel|Jewish state]] helped Kyrie Irving “know who” he is.}}</ref> * All Jews are "imposter Jews"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "ran the [[Atlantic slave trade]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * [[Ashkenazi Jews|European Jews]] "descended from the [[Khazars]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Black Americans are the "real Jews", who "cannot be antisemitic" towards "themselves" no matter what they think about Jews<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> ====BHI and NOI: differences in beliefs about Jews==== {| {{Table}} ! Name !! Beliefs |- ! Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) | * [[Jesus]] was "Black rather than Jewish"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Black people are the "real [[chosen people]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * [[Judaism]] was "[[Invention|invented]] by Kenites<ref>[[Descendant|Descendants]] of [[Cain]].</ref> 2,000 years ago"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "[[Subversion|infiltrated]] the [[Levite]] [[tribe]]" to "rewrite the [[Torah]]" and "create [[Paganism|pagan]] [[Religious conversion|converts]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "stole the [[Cultural identity|identity]] of the BHI to [[Servant|serve]] [[Satan]]"<ref name="BAA2" /><ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> |- ! [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) | * Jews are the "servants of Satan"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Islam is the "real Judaism"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "originated from [[Europe]] 4,000 years ago"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> * Jews "changed the Torah" to "justify the [[Slavery|enslavement]] of [[Black people]]"<ref name="EGPonBHI&NOI" /> |- |} ==Academic views== ===Dara Horn=== Dara Horn, an American [[Novel|novelist]], [[Essay|essayist]] and professor of literature, wrote in ''[[The Atlantic]]'' that:<ref name="DH">{{Cite magazine |last=Horn |first=Dara |date=7 October 2024 |title=October 7 Created a Permission Structure for Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010011236/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |issn=2151-9463}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=This is the permission structure for anti-Semitism [''sic'']: claim whatever has happened to the Jews as one's own experience, announce a "universal" ideal that all good people must accept, and then redefine Jewish collective identity as lying beyond it. Hating Jews thus becomes a demonstration of righteousness. The key is to define, and redefine, and redefine again, the shiny new moral reasoning for why the Jews have failed the universal test of humanity.}} In the same article, Horn [[Skepticism|doubted]] Holocaust education's effectiveness based on persistent antisemitism in society,<ref name="DH" /> while pointing out that antisemitism functions by [[Cultural appropriation|appropriating]] what has happened to Jews and reframing their experience as part of a "universal" fight that redefines Jewish identity as going against certain ideals.<ref name="DH" /> She said that attacks on Jews under the guise of anti-Zionism follow the same ancient pattern of marginalization and [[Dehumanization|vilification]].<ref name="DH" /> Some critics expressed similar concerns about the matter.<ref> * {{cite news |title=Jewish marchers say they were kicked out of a rally for inclusiveness because of their beliefs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/06/26/jewish-marchers-say-they-were-kicked-out-of-a-rally-for-inclusiveness-because-of-their-beliefs |last=Holley |first=Peter |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=American Bar Association |title=Queer Jews Forced into a Different Closet: Antisemitism and Conditional Acceptance |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/2024-december/antisemitism-conditional-acceptance |last=Bittker |first=Bobbi M |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Washington Blade |title=LGBTQ communities around the world embrace antisemitism |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/09/17/lgbtq-communities-around-the-world-embrace-antisemitism |last=Eckford |first=Ayman |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }}</ref> ===David Nirenberg=== American historian David Nirenberg ([[Birth|b.]] 1964) held a special view about the issue.<ref name="AK2013" /> Nirenberg saw anti-Judaism as a basic element of Western culture,<ref name="AK2013" /> which had existed for far longer than Christianity.<ref name="AK2013" /> In their works, ancient Western intellectuals ‒ especially [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosophers ‒ presented Judaism as a symbol of anything they disliked and made it a part of their people's [[Unconscious mind|subconcious]].<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus of Abdera, a Greek historian, wrote in 320 [[Anno Domini|BC]] that Jews did not escape from Egypt but were expelled as undesirables.<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus also accused Jews of living an an "unsocial and intolerant mode of life".<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus' bias was shared by a later Egyptian priest called Manetho, who called Jews "lepers and other unclean people".<ref name="AK2013" /> Over the following centuries, the idea that Judaism equals something bad became a [[stereotype]] passed on from generation to generation.<ref name="AK2013" /> It was constantly weaponized by Christians in theological disputes,<ref name="AK2013" /> including Martin Luther who labelled Catholic Church's "legalistic understanding of God's justice" as "Jewish".<ref name="AK2013" /> The [[Puritanism|Puritans]] did the same in the English Civil War when they fought the Anglicans.<ref name="AK2013" /> In modern context, Nirenberg also implied that anti-Zionism was a product of anti-Judaism,<ref name="AK2013" /> when the [[Israel|State of Israel]] is seen by antisemites as the source of real-world problems.<ref name="AntisemiticTropes" /><ref name="AK2013" /> ===Gavin Langmuir=== [[Canadians|Canadian]] historian Gavin Langmuir (1924‒2005) said that anti-Judaism was about [[Exaggeration|exaggerated]] accusations against Jews, while antisemitism was rooted in falsehood.<ref name="GL">Abulafia (1998, part II, 77), referring to Langmuir (1971).</ref> Langmuir saw the accusation of "Jews killing Jesus" as an example of anti-Judaism,<ref name="GL" /> while accusations of well poisoning is an example of antisemitism.<ref name="GL" /> Langmuir believed that anti-Judaism and antisemitism had existed together since the 12th century and reinforced each other over the centuries.<ref name="GL" /> ===Joanna Tokarska-Bakir=== [[Poles|Polish]] [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] Joanna Tokarska-Bakir commented on the issue:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Part of the Western Left is now a clear and present danger to Jews and the West |url=https://fathomjournal.org/part-of-the-western-left-is-now-a-clear-and-present-danger-to-jews-and-the-west |last=Tokarska-Bakir |first=Joanna |year=2024 |access-date=March 27, 2025}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=When [[secularism]] became [[Fashion|fashionable]], Jews were [[Hatred|loathed]] as ‘dark [[Reactionary|reactionaries]]’. Under [[capitalism]], they were persecuted as [[Communism|communists]], and under communism, as capitalist [...] whereas ebbing [[nationalism]] allows Jews to be [[Social stigma|stigmatised]] as crazed [[Fascism|chauvinists]].}} ===Jules Isaac=== [[French people|French]] [[historian]] Jules Isaac (1877–1963), [[author]] of the 1948 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''[[Jésus et Israël]]'',<ref> * [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/covenant_and_mission.html 2002 Consultation of the National Council of Synagogues and the Bishops Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs. Retrieved August 22, 2016.] * [http://julesisaacstichting.org/a-short-introduction-to-jules-isaac/ “A short introduction to Jules Isaac”] * [http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histhp/15/ Carolyn Wesnousky, "Under the Very Windows of the Pope”: Confronting Anti-Semitism in Catholic Theology after the Holocaust" (2012), 59-60.]</ref> [[Proposal|proposed]] the Eighteen Points for Christian-Jewish reconciliation,<ref>[http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histhp/15/ Carolyn Wesnousky, "Under the Very Windows of the Pope”: Confronting Anti-Semitism in Catholic Theology after the Holocaust" (2012), 63.] and [http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Jules_Isaac.pdf Judith Rice, “Jules Isaac & Pope Benedict XVI.”]</ref> which was considered by the [[Seelisberg]] Conference of Christians and Jews in 1947:<ref name="JIimpact">[https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jesus-and-israel-by-jules-isaac/#1.1 Review of ''Jesus and Israel''. Retrieved August 29, 2016.]</ref> {{collapsible list |title=Eighteen Points in ''Jésus et Israël'' |framestyle=border:yes |1. Give all Christians a basic [[knowledge]] of the [[Old Testament]] and its Jewish origins. |2. Explain that much of Christian [[liturgy]] drew its foundations from the Old Testament. |3. Do not omit that God had first revealed himself through the Old Testament to the Jews and later to the Christians. |4. Judaism is not a degenerative [[Religion|faith]]. Christianity was born of it. |5. The [[Mythology|myth]] of [[Jewish diaspora|Jewish historical dispersion]], because of death of Jesus, is wrong. The Jews had been largely dispersed from [[Israel]] for almost 500 years before Jesus. |6. The Gospels text use of the [[Pejorative|word]] Jews is too broad in its [[context]]. The [[Gospel of Matthew|Jews of Jesus' experience]] were limited to the [[Second Temple|Temple]] Jews and a small crowd before [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]]. The misreading of the Gospels blankets all Jews, everywhere, equally and erroneously. |7. Jesus was a Jew. |8. Jesus lived as a Jew. |9. Jesus recruited his [[Apostle|Apostles]] from the Jews. |10. Jesus, throughout his [[ministry]], only sought to gather adherents from the Jews. |11. Do not teach that Jesus was rejected by the Jews, before and during his [[trial]] and [[crucifixion]], because the vast majority of the Jews had no knowledge of Jesus. |12. Jesus was not universally rejected by the Jewish leadership. The Gospels recognize he was rejected by a section of the Priests who were not unanimous against Jesus. |13. There is nothing in the Gospels of a universal [[Censure|condemnation]] of the Jews. |14. Be aware of the false charge of [[Jewish deicide|Deicide]]. |15. The Gospels make clear that the High Priest and his supporters acted without the knowledge of the people. |16. The trial of Jesus was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] trial, not a Jewish trial. The Jewish people, as a whole, did not even know of the trial or its brutalities. |17. The procurator of the Roman trial was [[Pontius Pilate]], with full [[Influence|control]] over [[life]] and [[death]], not the Jews. The fourth Gospel acknowledges that the accusation and the trial involved the High Priest and his supporters alone. |18. The accusation, "His blood be on us and our [[Descendant|children]]," cannot balance against Jesus' words of [[forgiveness]] on the [[Cross]]: "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do."<ref>[http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Jules_Isaac.pdf Judith Rice, “Jules Isaac & Pope Benedict XVI.”]</ref>}} In his 1956 book ''Génése de l’Anti-Sémitisme'' ("Has Anti-Semitism Roots in Christianity?"), Isaac agreed that pagan antisemitism existed before Christ but made it clear:<ref name="JIimpact" /> {{Blockquote|text=[Pagan antisemitism was] directed at a people considered separatist and unassimilable [. ... while] Christianity added [[Christian theology|theology]] to [[Iron Age|historical]] [[xenophobia]] and [[Censure|condemned]] Jews as a people of [[Jewish deicide|deicides]] to be [[Curse|cursed]], [[Punishment|punished]], [[Deportation|driven]] into exile.}} ===Steven Katz=== American [[Philosophy|philosopher]] Steven Katz (b. 1944), the founding [[director]] of the Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies at [[Boston University]] in [[Massachusetts]], wrote:<ref name="SK" /> {{Blockquote|text=The decisive turn in the history of Christian anti-Judaism, a turn whose ultimate disfiguring consequence was enacted in the political antisemitism of Adolf Hitler.}} ===Walter Laqueur=== Walter Laqueur (1921–2018), a German-American Jewish historian, said that the [[Condition|conditions]] for the 4th-century Christian church were "brutal and aggressive" as it was "fighting for survival and [[recognition]]", leading to the lack of [[demand]] for [[mercy]] and forgiveness,<ref name="WL" /> particularly due to the anti-Christian Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate (reigned 361–363).<ref name="Britannica" /> The three [[Century|centuries]] of persecution of Christians did not end until the late 4th century,<ref name="Britannica" /> when the Christian church became the [[state religion]] of the [[Roman Empire]] under [[Theodosius I]] (reigned 379–395),<ref name="Britannica" /> who closed pagan temples in the [[process]].<ref name="Britannica" /> ===William Nichols=== William Nichols, a [[Religious studies|religious]] professor at [[University of British Columbia]] (UBC) and former [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Church [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], said:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nichols|first1=William|title=Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate|date=1993|publisher=Jason Aronson|isbn=0876683987|page=314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg00E0gk9PQC}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=[f]rom the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews [. ...] [[Secularism|secular]] thinking makes its appearance without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear.}} ==Public views== ===Anti-Defamation League=== Regarding the matter, the Anti-Defamation League noted:<ref name="A3" /> {{Blockquote|text=This is not to say that Jews have historically borne no [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/animus animus] towards [[Jesus]] and the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]], or towards Christianity as a whole. In the two-thousand year relationship between [[Judaism]] and Christianity, many of them [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/mar?q=mar+ marred] by anti-Jewish [[polemic]] and [[Jew#Classical antiquity|Christian persecution of Jews]], some [[Rabbi|rabbis]] have [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/fulminate fulminated] against the [[Catholic Church|church]] [...] But [[Modern age|contemporary]] anti-Semitic polemicists are not interested in learning or reporting about the historical [[development]] of Jewish-Christian relations. Their [[Task|goal]] is to incite [[hatred]] against Judaism and Jews by [[Smear campaign|portraying]] them as [[Bigotry|bigoted]] and hateful.}} ===Rabbi Rowe=== Rabbi Rowe, the former executive of Aish UK, said that the Talmud was "the most natural target of antisemitism",<ref name="AS" /> which has been "going on for [[Jew#Classical antiquity|centuries]]".<ref name="AS" /> The Talmud has been targeted because the Torah is the [[Old Testament]] of Christianity,<ref name="AS" /> and the secret nature of the Talmud makes it harder for laymen to have enough [[knowledge]] to refute false claims made by antisemites about it.<ref name="AS" /> Rabbi Rowe noted that antisemitism was always about demonization ‒ making Jews look hateful and [[Demon|demonic]] ‒ to justify [[Emotion|emotional]] hatred of Jews.<ref name="AS" /> In addition, Rabbi Rowe cautioned that what used to be only [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]] propaganda was going [[mainstream]] due to [[Social network service|social media]] influencers like [[Antisemitism in Europe#Armenia|Armenian]]-American businessman Dan Bilzerian,<ref name="AS" /> who has millions of followers ‒ across the [[political spectrum]] ‒ on [[Twitter]] and been exploiting the recent [[Israel–Hamas war|war in Gaza]] to link [[Israel]] with their twisted view of Judaism in order to sway the ignorant away from [[Sympathy|sympathizing]] with the Jews.<ref name="AS" /> ===Yossi Klein Halevi=== [[Author]] Yossi Klein Halevi believed that the comparison [[Dehumanization|demonized]] Jews:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |author=Yossi Klein Halevi |url=https://jewishjournal.com/cover_story/375665/the-end-of-the-post-holocaust-era |title=The End of the Post-Holocaust Era |date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=The deepest source of anti-Israel animus is the symbolization of the Jew as embodiment of evil. The [[Satan|satanic]] Jew has been replaced by the satanic [[Israel|Jewish state]] [...] The end of the post-[[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] era is expressed most starkly in the inversion of the Holocaust.}} ==False claims about Judaism== Some false claims made by antisemites about Judaism are [[Summary|summarized]] as follows.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> {| {{Table}} ! Aspect !! Summary |- ! Gentile humanhood | '''Myth 1:''' "[[Gentiles|Non-Jews]] are [[Untermensch|subhumans]]."<ref name="A3" /><br />'''Fact:''' [[Mainstream]] Judaism has never seen non-Jews as subhumans.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="M1">Mishnah (''Avoth'' 3:14) and Talmud (''Avoth'' 9b):<br />[רבי עקיבא] היה אומר: חביב אדם שנברא בצלם. חיבה יתרה נודעת לו שנברא בצלם,<br />שנאמר (בראשית ט:ו), "כי בצלם אלקים עשה את האדם."<br />[Rabbi Akiva] used to say, “Beloved is man, for he was created in God’s image; and the fact that God made it known that man was created in His image is indicative of an even greater love. As the verse states (Genesis 9:6), ‘In the image of God, man was created.’)”</ref> It believes that everyone is [[Egalitarianism|equal]] as everyone is created by God in His [[image]].<ref name="A3" /><ref name="M1" /> |- ! Treatment of gentiles | '''Myth 2:''' "Jewish law allows Jews to kill non-Jews."<ref name="A3" /><br />'''Fact:''' Antisemites cite a line allegedly from Rabbi Simeon ben Yochai (2nd century).<ref name="A3" /> However, the line refers only to the situation of [[war]].<ref name="A3" /> Simeon lived at a time when Jews were forced to fight non-Jews,<ref name="A3" /> especially in the [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bar-Kokhba-Jewish-leader Bar Kochba revolt],<ref name="A3" /> due to persecution by Roman Emperor [[Hadrian]].<ref name="A3" /> |- ! Child sex abuse | '''Myth 3:''' "Judaism allows sex abuse of young girls."<ref name="A3" /> <br />'''Fact:''' This claim was made by Russian Catholic Reverend I.B. Pranaitis.<ref name="A3" /> He was found to have distorted Talmud writings to demonize Jews.<ref name="A3" /> The Talmud actually treats child sex abuse as [[rape]].<ref name="A3" /><ref>"פיתוי קטנה אונס נינהו."<br />One who [[Seduction|seduces]] an [[Minor (law)|underage]] girl is considered as if he had raped her [i.e., the laws applicable to rapists would apply to the molester].</ref> The distorted writings came from a chapter in the ''Ketubot'' discussing [[Victim|victims]] of child sex abuse,<ref name="A3" /> which actually stated that a girl sexually abused before three should be seen as a [[Virginity|virgin]] and deserving of higher status.<ref name="A3" /> |- ! Study of Torah | '''Myth 4:''' "Non-Jews studying the [[Torah]] are worthy of death."<ref name="A3" /><ref>J. David Bleich, ''Contemporary Halakhic Problems'' vol. 2 (New York: Ktav, 1983), pp. 311-340.</ref><br />'''Fact:''' This claim was made by David Duke,<ref name="A3" /> the former [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] [[leader]] and a [[White nationalism#Connections with other ideologies|Holocaust denier]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> He was found to have [[Cognitive bias#List of biases|cherrypicked]] a line from a whole passage.<ref name="A3" /> Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yohanan said that the misquoted passage did not refer to Jews but the generic "[[Man]]",<ref name="A3" /> who is supposed to be studying the Torah as a believer rather than making it a [[subject]] of [[Field of study|study]] without spiritual commitment,<ref name="A3" /> which would be a form of [[blasphemy]].<ref name="A3" /> Non-Jews studying the Torah are respected if they are studying it as a matter of faith.<ref name="A3" /> |- ! Honesty | '''Myth 5:''' "According to Libbre David 37, a Jew must give non-Jews a false explanation about the Talmud, or the Jew will be put to death."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' Libbre David 37 does not exist.<ref name="AS" /> It was [[Forgery|made up]] by Neo-Nazis who run several [[disinformation]] websites.<ref name="AS" /> |- ! Gentile acts towards Jews |'''Myth 6:''' "If a [[Goy]] hits a Jew, he must be killed."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' This claim is based on the distortion of Sanhedrib 58b,<ref name="AS" /><ref>{{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Sanhedrin: 58b |url=https://www.chabad.org/torah-texts/5458290/The-Talmud/Sanhedrin/Chapter-7/58b |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref> which actually discusses options for dealing with non-Jewish attacks on Jews.<ref name="AS" /> It does not incite Jews to kill non-Jews.<ref name="AS" /> |- ! Socialization | '''Myth 7:''' "Tosfot Yevamot 84b<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=Yevamot: 84b |url=https://www.chabad.org/torah-texts/5449280/The-Talmud/Yevamot/Chapter-9/84b |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref> says that a Jew eating with a Goy is the same as eating with a [[dog]]."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' It is a falsification.<ref name="AS" /> |- ! Lost items | '''Myth 8:''' "Bava Matzia 24a<ref>{{cite web |website=Sefaria |title=Bava Metzia 24a |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Metzia.24a?lang=bi |access-date=March 25, 2025}}</ref> says that a Jew does not need to return an item lost by a Goy."<ref name="AS" /><br />'''Fact:''' This claim is based on the distortion of Bava Matzia 24a,<ref name="AS" /> which actually discusses options for dealing with items found lost after a [[flood]] or a wild animal encounter.<ref name="AS" /> |} ==Related pages== * [[Dual-covenant theology]] * [[Secondary antisemitism]] * ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Catholicism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:History of Europe]] bfulla7p1menzu1f96asrlgyr6o5i5t 0 1179067 10331777 10167471 2025-06-15T10:51:49Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Got a Little Crazy]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Not a notable song; peaked at 57 on the country chart}} '''"Got a Little Crazy"''' is a song by [[Kenny Chesney]]. ==Music video== It premiered on [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] on October 3, 2008. The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's ''Top 20 Countdown'' for the week of October 31, 2008. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Kenny Chesney}} [[Category:2007 songs]] [[Category:Kenny Chesney songs]] [[Category:Music videos directed by Shaun Silva]] ksvdjci2opdk4sd79o36mea7suqu030 0 1179126 10331829 10178250 2025-06-15T11:38:44Z Johannnes89 879931 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Pakubuhono III]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|xwiki spam, not notable}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Pakubuhono III | title = | succession = Susuhunan of Indragiri | reign = 23 May 2022 – present | coronation = 23 May 2022 | predecessor = Pakubuhono II | birth_date = {{birth year and age|2009}} | birth_place = Brunei-Muara, [[w:Brunei|Brunei]] | regnal name = Pakubuhono III | house = [[w:House of Indragiri|Indragiri]] | full name = Chun Doo-hyo ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 전두효) | religion = [[w:Sunni Islam|Sunni Islam]] }} '''Pakubuhono III''', (born 2009) or his personal name '''Chun Doo-hyo''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 전두효), is the thrid Susuhunan ([[Monarch]]) of Indragiri since May 2022. He was a founder of the [[w:New Wave Party|New Wave Party]], an self-proclaimed centrist-wing [[w:Political party|political party]] in Itaewon that was formed by [[His Majesty]] [[w:Malay titles|Tuanku Sri Maharaja Lela Bendahara]] Pakubuhono III himself in 31 August 2022.<ref name="원이슈">{{cite web|url=https://www.idaegu.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=361710|script-title=ko:파쿠부호노 12세 "새로운 물결 창당…정치 교체하겠다" (Pakubuhono XII launches new Party "Founded New Wave… Politics will change.")|work=iTaegu|date=31 August 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Bio-stub}} [[Category:2009 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Monarchs]] amgd3jc0bamaz1bvlumtv19gctqmp14 0 1179384 10330573 10315845 2025-06-14T18:23:43Z 97.125.5.36 10330573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox television | image = | genre = [[Comedy]]<br>[[adventure]]<br>[[fantasy]]<br>[[Horror]]<br>[[Sitcom]] | language = English | runtime = 11 minutes | creator = Jessica Borutski | company = [[Warner Bros. Animation]] | executive_producer = Sam Register | voices = Chris Kattan<br>[[Sean Astin]]<br>[[Kari Wahlgren]]<br>Brian Kimmet | music = Paul E. Francis<br>Drew Neumann | opentheme = | endtheme = | country = [[United States]]<br>[[Philippines]] (animation services) | network = [[Cartoon Network]]<br>Boomerang | first_aired = {{start date|2016|02|06}} | last_aired = {{end date|2018|12|30}} | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 52 (104 segments) | related = '''Bunnicula, the Vampire Rabbit''' (1982) | animator = }} '''''Bunnicula''''' is an American horror-comedy flash-animated television series based on the book of the same name, the series was developed by Jessica Borutski for Warner Bros. Animation aired by both Cartoon Network and Boomerang from February 6, 2016 to May 30, 2019. '''Bunnicula''' is the second animated adaptation after from Ruby-Spears as a TV special from 1982. ==Voice Cast== * [[Chris Kattan]] - Bunnicula, Arthur Monroe * Kari Wahlgren - Mina * Sean Astin - Chester * Brian Kimmet - Harold * Kate Higgins - Becky * Monie Mon - Marsha, Snow White * [[Eric Bauza]] - Patches * Richard Horvitz - Lugosi ==Episodes== # Mumkey Business/Walking Fish: Tired of Bunnicula always eating, monkey bananas, Chester wishes that a real monkey would come to life, but it turns really giant. Harold loves to eat fish, but he eats rotten fish from the [[Trash can|trashcan]]. As a result, he turns into a fish boast. Chester and Bunnicula need to help him turn back to normal again. # Spider-Lamb/Alligator Tears: a [[lamb]] causes trouble in the backyard. Frustrated, Harold gives it a kick, but accidentally kicked off some of its [[wool]]. As old, it goes crazy for more wool. A ghost alligator comes out of a sewer and begins crying, but she can’t find her missing earrings after losing everything. She spreads a crying curse, sad first spreads to Chester, to Harold, and Mina all except for Bunnicula. Mikayla can set things right before everyone drowns in their own waterworks and enormous alligator tear pool and look for the missing earrings. # Muddy Harry/Garlicked: Harold has to take a bath when he rolls in the mud. But he refuses to take one and run around, smelling [[odor]] [[smell]]. Chester and Bunnicula have to chase him down so he can take his bath. Bunnicula loves [[garlic]], but it turns into a problem he gains garlic, smell, a thing in his feelings. As a result, Chester and Harold have to go to get more healthier garlic at the supermarket. # Whooo, Is the Knight Owl/Squeaky Doom: an owl keeps chirping at night, so Mina let it in after seeing it, get hit by the window. However, it turns into a big enormous problem, when the owl turns out to have been a hoax and begins sending everyone hooting with it. Chester‘s toy mouse turns to a real one begins to turn giant whenever Chester has the nerve to squeeze him. # Son of Bunnicula/Evil Cat Videos: Bunnicula meets a twin of himself, but the two of them always bicker and fight all the time. Chester watches home movies of himself when he feels left out during movie night and finds a great pleasure into going to his own kitty hood, to his own graduation and gaining his [[diploma]]. # Chester's Shop of Horrors/Curse of the Weredude: Chester buys a brand new [[Venus flytrap]] to keep a good eye out in case of any mice, but it turns giant whenever Chester has the nerve to feed him something, like [[acid]]. A skeleton keeps dancing to a strange boombox sound and they found out the reason is that there was a giant boombox party happening next-door to Mina’s house, which was why she was throwing soda cans. # Bride of Bunnicula/Nevermoar: Vehicular attempts to marry A Abbet thinking she’s a vampire rabbit like him, but doesn’t know she’s a domestic rabbit. A ghost lion doesn’t have the nerve to roar, so the gang has to teach him how. # Vampire Rabbit Season/Hole of the Unworthy: Bunnicula falls down a whole, gather by several rabbits that look just like him. He enjoys the company with them, but wants to return to his friends. Harold ends up, breaking his paw when he digs too much, and hast to go to the doctors. But he must find out a mystery from Chester: what’s their moles at the doctor? # Adopt a Vampire/Haunted Doghouse: a vampire comes in when Mina lets him in and wants to try garlic for the first time. Harold is afraid to go in his dog house because it has a blob, monster, so Chester and Bunnicula have to go in there to find the mysterious block. # Lucky Vampire's Foot/Ghost Chef: the skeleton breaks his foot so Chester goes out to give him a new one. A chef cooking for Mina is revealed to have been a ghost chef, which leads to the pets to fear that maybe he’s trying to cook up being Bunnicula’s favorite carrots. # Catula/Dreamcatcher: Chester gang faints for the first time, but goes overboard with his fame. The next episode entirely focuses on everyone’s streams, starting from Unicus streams, and finally from everyone else’s pleasant dreams, all things to a lucky leprechaun named Dreamcatcher. # Ghost Pepper/Dating for Dummies: mina runs out of pepper and goes to get more, but falls into Pepperland, which the pets must rescue her. The gang field teased when they are called dummies, and they soon realized that the reason why they are called dummies because they always freak out over movies featuring people being called a dummies. # Sunday Bunnday/Scaraoke: binocular wants a day to himself, but it keeps getting bothered by Chester and Harold, the bickering. At [[karaoke]] restaurant, the popstar is revealed to have been the one who has been inflating, carrots, but is she the real [[culprit]]? # Bearshee/Beware, Apartment 13: a bear has been roaming the forest and eating sausages, so the pets go to find out. The gang meet a [[hamster]] that is ridiculous to apprentice and the master and has been the reason to be in the basement, working on some sort of magic. # Puzzle Madness/Return of The Curse of the Weredude: to solve a puzzle, everyone has to go through the hamster [[dictionary]] so they can make it in time for [[pudding]]. The skeleton loses his boombox and wants to try Mina‘s new boombox so he can go to the party. # Collar Me Crazy/Calendar Boys: After being caught without a [[collar]], the group is sent to the [[pound]], which they must’ve escaped. Mina loses her lucky calendar and trust recount the days, the last being Sunday where she is supposed to go supermarket rolling. # Brussel Boy/Vampire Tick: Harold and Bunnicula has been warned never to eat [[Brussels sprout|Brussels sprouts]], but they eat them anyways. The gang think that belongs to a vampire and decides to give him away. # ChesteRoldCula/Never Been Scared: Chester has an amnesia where he believes that he belongs to a vampire. The gang decide to never be scared, but the hamster has been scared, because of the Nicholas frames. # Family Portrait/My Imaginary Friend: after accidentally breaking Nina‘s portrait, Bunnicula decides to run away from home, beyond the town, but encounters trouble throughout. An imaginary friend from Mina comes to life where he wants to gain his home. # The Juicy Problem/UnInvited: the garlic is too juicy for Bunnicula, so they try to make him eat, baby food, but they learned that the source is [[Bean|beans]]. Frustrated that he wasn’t invited to Mina’s party, Harold terms into a giant that only Chester and vehicular need to stop, using a very special tack from the hamster. # Three Heads Are Better Than One/The Invisible Yam: when the [[Hydra]] truly comes to life, the pets need to defeat him using musical numbers, from popstar, to [[jazz]], to the [[blues]], and two [[Rock Star|rockstar]]. When the yams go invisible, and even Chester and Bunnicula, Harold sniffs out Trail, being the only one to solve this mission without being dimwitted. # Indistinguishable From Magic/Pranks for the Memories: the hamster is frustrated when he can’t use his magic for special emergencies and gives up from magic, and refuses to save the pets when they get captured by magician. Luckily, he redeemed the magician by using his magic to save them. On April Fools’ Day, Chester takes his pranks a little too far when he hurts Mina and now has to be the pranks magician she was every year. # Revenge of the Return of the Curse of the Weredude/On Mina's Secret Service: The gang panic when the skeleton crumbles, and now they have to figure out a way how to revive him Mina has a special Secret Service that only she can use, but the hamster dump is boiling pot and now they have to make a new Secret Service. # Cellarmander/The Eyes Have It: a sea monster, swallows, pannicular and a half flooded [[basement]] basement and the pets need to rescue him, and also [[Revival|revive]] him. Chester fears that Nina always take him too easy when he sleeps. # Chips and Salsa/Mark of the Mandrake: Mina has a [[Salsa (sauce)|salsa]] that nobody can touch, but can they use it when there’s a [[chips]] emergency and funicular really needs to use the salsa in order to do his character privacy? A mark of spaghetti sauce is left, and the pets believe that someone who spread the sauce is responsible. # Down the Rabbit Hole/Cat Burgled: in a wide, awake trip to Wonderland, the pets Journey down to Wonderland to save Bunnicula when he knocks himself out. Chester teams up with a polar bear to save his family when they get captured by the vampire. # Goat Story/Bunnicumoji: Keeps chewing everything, so Mina tries to get rid of the goat, in her own solo episode. An emoji sent from Bunnicula is given to him so he can express his feelings. # Scott Free/Legend of the Lucky Locket: Chester keeps getting off Scott free when he makes mistake, so Harold hasn’t put in a special chip so they can see who truly did it. It goes missing, the pets track it down with the help from the hamsters swim circle magic. # Area 50 Bunn/Bunn On a Plane: Chester and Joyce is lucky to, and panics when he loses it. On a plane, but making love causes mayhem on the plane, but it was only because it was his first time. # Cat-aclysm/Jurassicnicula: Adam [[museum]], Harold loves to chew bones, but accidentally ruins all of the dinosaur bones, and hast to put them back together. When a dinosaur egg catches, the pets have to take good care of it, so they won’t let the dinosaur eat up the skeleton. # Bunzilla/Chocolate Vampire Bunny: making badly need to hug, and turns into a hugging giant to do so. A vampire made a strawberries fall out when Chester takes a strawberry. # Lord of the Lucky Locket/Bunderworld: a locket to be belonging to is lost in the sink when Chester and Bunnicula fight over it, and they have to replace it with the new one to spare Harold’s feelings. # The Gingerdread Man/Beach Blanket Bunn: a [[Gingerbread Man (fairy tale)|gingerbread]] man keeps running around and giving everyone [[Headache|headaches]]. The pets have to chase it down, this time with the help from Mina. At the beach, Bunnicula is given being so he can stay from the sun. However, an accident causes the beans to get lost in the ocean and swallowed with Bunnicula ending up in the ocean. The pets have to go to the ocean to get them back, but end up being swallowed by shark, but thanks to the little bunnies quick thinking, they are able to get out. # The Curiosity Shop Killed the Cat/Bunn Vs.: Chester Falls [[Unconsciousness|unconscious]], and nobody knows what happened to him. Bunnicula is attacked by crows and spirited off to their nest, and the group have to journey up crow Peak in order to rescue him. # Bunn in Space/Orlockdown: the pets go to space when Mina accidentally sent them there thinking that there was a space hotel. They must find a way how to get back down safely, but have to stay away from aliens. When the hamster is too sick in order to form any magic, the pets have to fill in for him. # Prism Prison/Lafitte's Lucky Locket: Chester goes to prison, this time is Bunnicula! The two have to escape, but only if the fans pinched the law. When Harold is free from his sniffly nose he names sniffly throat, after an accident, and chain reaction, He wants more accidents to fix his stubbed pot and screw foot that got a screw stuck in it. # A Dark and Stormy Night/How the West Was Bunn: dark and stormy night come with the pets we count how they got pula. The wild west, Chester has to protect his farm. # Yellow Bellied Sound Sucker/The Fruit Fly: is sick with the [[flu]] and close to evaporating, so everyone must try to save him. Everyone becomes a fruit back, and Mina must try to bring them back to normal. # Queen Wicked, the Wicked Queen/Harold the Vampire Pointer: Harold is now a vampire master, so he can tame vampires. He goes to a gospel where he gets a vampire out, and he tries to tame it when it comes to life. But he gets knocked out when he tries to defend himself. Later, he awakens and learns that he did not tame the vampire. Hurt, he runs away and attempts to bring back more vampires to prove his point. However, he crumbles all of them and becomes a blubbering mess when Chester and Nina are forced to explain to him that they cannot bring the vampires to life so he can tame them. Just becomes a vampire and is tamed when his subconscience calls out his past actions for what he did. She turns back and returns home the next morning, where he watches, a vampire shell, this time based on a duck. # Blueberry Blues/Iron Bunn: # [[Mastering (audio)|Mastering]] the Genie/Hare Club # The Maltese Bunny/Termites # Clone-icula/Hiccup in Smoke # Purr-gatory/Take the Bunny and Run # Any Witch Way/Up to Our Ears # Flunicula/So Campy # Wag the Dog/Back in Thyme # Hat-Cat/Poppet Master # The Party Animal/Good Luck, Cricket # The Monster-Con/Skin Deep # The Thingy/A Vampire in the Vet # Road Tripped/Oh, Brother ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bunnicula (2016 TV series)}} [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2016 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 American television series endings]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Flash animation]] [[Category:Cartoon Network series]] [[Category:Sitcoms]] hhn499eihaysz17iyvc6icyiaupmx5u 0 1179409 10331221 10277895 2025-06-15T01:16:54Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Wrestler |name=Anna Jay |names='''Anna Jay'''<br>Anna Jay A.S.<br>Anna Jayy |image=Anna Jay Photo Op GalaxyCon Richmond 2023.jpg |caption=Anna Jay at GalaxyCon Richmond on March 25, 2023 |height={{height|ft=5|in=8}} |weight={{convert|143|lb|kg|abbr=on}} |birth_date={{Birth date and age|1998|7|15}} |birth_place=[[Brunswick, Georgia|Brunswick]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |partner=[[Jack Perry]]<br>(2021–present) |billed='''[[Brunswick, Georgia]]'''<br>[[St. Simons Island, Georgia]] |trainer=[[Glacier (wrestler)|Glacier]]<br>[[Q. T. Marshall]] |debut=September 14, 2019 }} '''Anna Marie Jernigan''' (born July 15, 1998) is an American [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]]. She currently wrestles for [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) under the ring name '''Anna Jay'''. She has also made appearances in the [[World Wonder Ring Stardom]] promotion. == Professional wrestling career == === All Elite Wrestling / Ring of Honor === At [[All Out (2019)|All Out]], vignettes began to air to hype up the debut of [[Wardlow (wrestler)|Wardlow]] and Anna Jay was also featured in them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/08/31/aew-all-out-results-powells-live-review-of-chris-jericho-vs-hangman-page-to-become-the-first-aew-champion-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-vs-the-young-bucks-in-a-ladder-match-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody/|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW All Out results: Powell's live review of Chris Jericho vs. Hangman Page to become the first AEW Champion, Pentagon Jr. and Fenix vs. The Young Bucks in a ladder match for the AAA Tag Titles, Cody vs. Shawn Spears, Kenny Omega vs. Pac|publisher=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> On the April 1, 2020 episode of ''[[AEW Dynamite|Dynamite]]'', Jay made her in-ring debut for [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW), losing to [[Hikaru Shida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allelitewrestling.com/post/aew-dynamite-results-for-april-1-2020|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW DYNAMITE Results for April 1, 2020|publisher=[[All Elite Wrestling]]}}</ref> She then entered the Women's Tag Team Cup Tournament: The Deadly Draw teaming with [[Tay Conti]]. They defeated [[Cameron (wrestler)|Ariane Andrew]] and [[Nyla Rose]] in the first round and lost in the semi finals to [[Diamante (wrestler, born 1991)|Diamante]] and [[Ivelisse Vélez|Ivelisse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/watch-aew-women-s-tag-team-cup-tournament-deadly-draw-night-1-quarter-finals-8320|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Women's Tag Team Cup Tournament: Deadly Draw Results (8/3): Veda, Shaul Guerrero, Madusa Appear|publisher=Fightful}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dynamite-results-33022-cm-punk-faces-max-caster-ftr-faces-gunn-club-more|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Dynamite Results (3/30/22): CM Punk Faces Max Caster, FTR Faces Gunn Club + More!|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> On the August 27 episode of ''Dynamite'', Jay officially joined [[The Dark Order]] [[List of professional wrestling terms#S|stable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2020/08/27/8-27-aew-dynamite-tv-report-kellers-report-on-moxley-mjf-contract-signing-tag-team-gauntlet-match-sammy-vs-hardy-jericho-on-commentary/|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=8/27 AEW Dynamite TV Report: Keller's report on Moxley-MJF contract signing, Tag Team Gauntlet match, Sammy vs. Hardy, Jericho on commentary|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> On the November 25 episode of ''Dynamite'', Jay challenged [[Hikaru Shida]] for the [[AEW Women's World Championship]] but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dynamite-112520-results-live-coverage-and-discussion-8pm-est|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Dynamite 11/25/20 Results: Women's Championship Match, A Contract Signing & More!|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> At [[All Out (2021)|All Out]], Jay participated in the 21-woman [[Professional wrestling match types#Casino Battle Royal|Casino Battle Royale]] for a chance at a future AEW Women's World Championship match but the match was won by [[Ruby Soho (wrestler)|Ruby Soho]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2021/09/05/aew-all-out-results-powells-live-review-of-cm-punk-vs-darby-allin-the-young-bucks-vs-the-lucha-bros-in-a-cage-match-for-the-aew-tag-titles-kenny-omega-vs-christian-cage-for-the-aew-title-brit/|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW All Out results: Powell's live review of CM Punk vs. Darby Allin, The Young Bucks vs. The Lucha Bros in a cage match for the AEW Tag Titles, Kenny Omega vs. Christian Cage for the AEW Title, Britt Baker vs. Kris Statlander for the AEW Women's Title, Chris Jericho vs. MJF|publisher=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> On the January 21, 2022 episode of ''[[AEW Rampage|Rampage]]'', Jay challenged [[Jade Cargill]] for the [[AEW TBS Championship]] but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-rampage-results-12122-jon-moxley-returns-action-face-ethan-page-hook-vs-serpentico|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Rampage Results For 1/21/22 Jon Moxley Returns To Action To Face Ethan Page, HOOK vs. Serpentico|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> She challenged Cargill for the championship again at [[Double or Nothing (2022)|Double or Nothing]] but lost again.<ref name="7/15 AEW Rampage results: McGuire&#039;s review of Jon Silver and Alex Reynolds vs. Malakai Black and Brody King, Private Party vs. Penta Oscuro and Rey Fenix, Kris Statlander and Athena in action, Gunn Club address their run on The Acclaimed">{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2022/07/15/7-15-aew-rampage-results-mcguires-review-of-hangman-page-jon-silver-and-alex-reynolds-vs-malakai-black-brody-king-and-buddy-matthews-private-party-vs-penta-oscuro-and-rey-fenix-kris-st/|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=7/15 AEW Rampage results: McGuire's review of Hangman Page, Jon Silver, and Alex Reynolds vs. Malakai Black, Brody King, and Buddy Matthews, Private Party vs. Penta Oscuro and Rey Fenix, Kris Statlander and Athena in action, Gunn Club address their run on The Acclaimed|publisher=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> On Night 2 of [[Fyter Fest (2022)|Fyter Fest]], Jay joined the [[Jericho Appreciation Society]] and attacked Ruby Soho, turning [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] in the process.<ref name="7/15 AEW Rampage results: McGuire&#039;s review of Jon Silver and Alex Reynolds vs. Malakai Black and Brody King, Private Party vs. Penta Oscuro and Rey Fenix, Kris Statlander and Athena in action, Gunn Club address their run on The Acclaimed" /> She also changed her ring name to '''Anna Jay A.S.'''. On the June 7, 2023 episode of ''Dynamite'', Jay AS challenged [[Kris Statlander]] for the AEW TBS Championship but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dynamite-672023-results-swerve-vs-orange-cassidy-bcc-vs-chaos-tbs-title-bout-more|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Dynamite (6/7/2023) Results: Swerve vs. Orange Cassidy, BCC vs CHAOS, TBS Title Bout & More|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> The Jericho Appreciation Society broke up after the group walked out and abandoned Jericho because of his association with [[Don Callis]]. Anna then changed her named back to Anna Jay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-dynamite-8923-preview-rob-van-dam-challenges-ftw-title-hardys-vs-young-bucks-more|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Dynamite (8/9/23) Preview: Rob Van Dam Challenges For FTW Title, Hardys vs. Young Bucks, More|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> On the November 2 episode of ''[[AEW Collision|Collision]]'', Jay fought [[Mariah May]] for the [[AEW Women's World Championship]] but lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-collision-11224-results-jon-moxley-appears-mariah-may-defends-against-anna-jay-more|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Collision (11/2/24) Results: Jon Moxley Appears, Mariah May Defends Against Anna Jay, More|publisher=Fightful}}</ref> At [[Holiday Bash (2024)|Holiday Bash]], Jay fought [[Mercedes Moné]] for the AEW TBS Championship but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/12/18/aew-dynamite-results-12-18-powells-live-review-of-will-ospreay-vs-darby-allin-and-shelton-benamin-vs-the-beast-mortos-in-c2-matches-mercedes-mone-vs-anna-jay-for-the-tbs-title/|accessdate=March 31, 2025|title=AEW Dynamite results (12/18): Powell's live review of Will Ospreay vs. Darby Allin and Shelton Benamin vs. The Beast Mortos in C2 matches, Mercedes Mone vs. Anna Jay for the TBS Title|publisher=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> == Personal life == On June 28, 2021, Jay announced that she was in a relationship with fellow professional wrestler and AEW roster member [[Jack Perry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/sports/jack-perry-luke-perrys-son-smooches-fellow-wrestler-anna-jay/|accessdate=March 30, 2025|title=AEW Dynamite live results: Orange Cassidy & Darby Allin vs. Claudio Castagnoli & PAC|publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Anna Jay}} *{{Twitter|AnnaJay___}} {{All Elite Wrestling}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jay, Anna}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:All Elite Wrestling people]] [[Category:American professional wrestlers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)]] g5fhabxf1anx79qbogydssj2ga65yaw 0 1179471 10330989 10212876 2025-06-14T22:38:14Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga]] | season = 2004-05 | dates = 13 July 2004 - 29 May 2005 | winners = [[SK Rapid Wien]] | relegated = [[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] |promoted = [[SV Ried]] | matches = 180 | total goals = 478 | league topscorer = [[Christian Mayrleb]] ( FC Pasching) (21 goals) | prevseason = [[2003-04 Austrian football championship|2003-04]] | nextseason = [[2005-06 Austrian football championship|2005-06]] }} The '''2004-05 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the Austrian Football Bundesliga. The league was called "T-Mobile Bundesliga". The second league was named after its sponsor "Red-Zac-Erste-Liga". The third performance level was represented by the regional leagues East ([[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Burgenland]]), Middle ([[Upper Austria]], [[Styria]], [[Carinthia]]) and West ([[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], [[Vorarlberg]]). [[SK Rapid Wien]] became champion for the 31st time. [[SV Ried]] was promoted to the [[Austrian Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] for the 2005-06 season. [[Jürgen Säumel]] (SK Sturm Graz) played all 36 matches in the league. ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 21 |8 |7 | 71 |- |2. |'''Grazer AK''' |36 | 21 |7 | 8 | 70 |- |3. |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |36 | 19 |12 |5 | 69 |- |4. |'''FC Pasching''' |36 | 17 |9 | 10 | 60 |- |5. |'''SV Mattersburg''' |36 | 12 |9 |15 | 45 |- |6. |'''FC Wacker Tirol''' |36 | 11 |11 | 14 | 44 |- |7. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 10 |10 | 16 | 40 |- |8. |'''VfB Admira Wacker Mödling ''' |36 | 10 |8 | 18 | 38 |- |9. | '''SV Austria Salzburg''' <ref>Name change to FC Red Bull Salzburg at the end of the season. </ref> |36 | 9 |9 | 18 | 36 |- |10. | '''SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz''' <ref>Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz was denied a license. The club went bankrupt and was dissolved. </ref> |36 | 4 |9 | 23 | 21 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/2000_09/o1__bundesliga__2004_05.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 July 2004 |'''FC Wacker Tirol''' |GAK |1-0 |- | 14 July 2004 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 2-1 |- | 14 July 2004 |SV Austria Salzburg |FC Pasching |1-1 |- | 14 July 2004 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-5 |- | 14 July 2004 |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' |SV Mattersburg |3-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 July 2004 |'''FC Pasching''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- | 21 July 2004 |'''GAK''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-0 |- | 21 July 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Wacker Tirol |4-1 |- | 21 July 2004 |SV Mattersburg | FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- | 21 July 2004 |''' VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |3-0 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 31 July 2004 |SV Austria Salzburg |FC Wacker Tirol |0-0 |- | 31 July 2004 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |FC Pasching | 3-0 |- | 31 July 2004 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''GAK''' |1-3 |- | 31 July 2004 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |1-0 |- | 1 August 2004 | FK Austria Wien |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 6 August 2004 |'''GAK''' |SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |- | 7 August 2004 | '''FC Pasching''' |FK Austria Wien | 2-1 |- | 7 August 2004 |SK Rapid Wien | SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |- | 7 August 2004 |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |SV Mattersburg |3-1 |- | 8 August 2004 | FC Wacker Tirol |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |1-1 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 14 August 2004 |FC Pasching |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |0-3 |- | 14 August 2004 | ''' SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 4-2 |- | 14 August 2004 |SV Mattersburg | '''GAK''' |0-1 |- | 15 August 2004 |FK Austria Wien |FC Wacker Tirol |2-2 |- | 15 August 2004 | SK Sturm Graz | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 August 2004 |'''GAK''' | FC Pasching |2-1 |- | 21 August 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg | 3-0 |- | 21 August 2004 |''' SV Austria Salzburg ''' | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |4-2 |- | 21 August 2004 |'''FC Wacker Tirol ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- | 22 August 2004 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-9 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 28 August 2004 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |2-1 |- | 28 August 2004 |SK Sturm Graz |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 0-0 |- | 28 August 2004 | '''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' | GAK |2-0 |- | 29 August 2004 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |2-0 |- | 29 August 2004 | ''' FC Pasching ''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 11 September 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |2-1 |- | 11 September 2004 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 1-0 |- | 11 September 2004 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |SV Mattersburg |2-1 |- | 11 September 2004 | '''FC Wacker Tirol ''' | FC Pasching |2-1 |- | 12 September 2004 | GAK | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 18 September 2004 | '''FC Pasching ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |4-0 |- | 18 September 2004 |''' SV Mattersburg ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 5-3 |- | 18 September 2004 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |''' FC Wacker Tirol ''' |0-2 |- | 19 September 2004 | SK Sturm Graz |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-2 |- | 19 September 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | GAK |2-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 25 September 2004 |GAK |SK Rapid Wien |2-2 |- | 25 September 2004 |''' SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SV Mattersburg | 2-0 |- | 25 September 2004 | FC Wacker Tirol |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |0-2 |- | 26 September 2004 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- | 26 September 2004 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''FC Pasching ''' |2-3 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 October 2004 |SV Mattersburg |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- | 3 October 2004 |'''FC Pasching ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 2-1 |- | 3 October 2004 |'''GAK ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |2-1 |- | 3 October 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |2-1 |- | 3 October 2004 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-5 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 October 2004 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg |2-0 |- | 16 October 2004 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 1-1 |- | 16 October 2004 |SK Sturm Graz | '''FC Pasching ''' |1-2 |- | 16 October 2004 |FC Wacker Tirol | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-2 |- | 17 October 2004 |SV Austria Salzburg | '''GAK ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 October 2004 |'''FC Pasching ''' |SV Mattersburg |4-0 |- |23 October 2004 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |SK Sturm Graz | 0-0 |- | 23 October 2004 | '''FC Wacker Tirol ''' | SV Austria Salzburg |3-1 |- | 24 October 2004 |'''GAK ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |3-0 |- | 24 October 2004 |SK Rapid Wien | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 October 2004 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |3-0 |- |27 October 2004 | FK Austria Wien |'''FC Pasching ''' | 1-2 |- |27 October 2004 | SV Austria Salzburg |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |- |27 October 2004 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |3-2 |- |27 October 2004 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | GAK |1-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 30 October 2004 | GAK |SV Mattersburg |1-1 |- | 30 October 2004 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-1 |- | 30 October 2004 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''FC Pasching ''' |2-4 |- | 30 October 2004 | FC Wacker Tirol |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-2 |- |31 October 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-0 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 6 November 2004 |SV Mattersburg |SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- | 6 November 2004 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |FC Wacker Tirol | 3-1 |- | 6 November 2004 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-2 |- | 7 November 2004 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |2-0 |- | 7 November 2004 |FC Pasching | '''GAK ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 13 November 2004 |GAK |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |0-0 |- | 13 November 2004 |SV Austria Salzburg |FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- | 13 November 2004 | '''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- | 13 November 2004 | ''' FC Wacker Tirol ''' | SV Mattersburg |5-1 |- | 14 November 2004 |SK Rapid Wien | FC Pasching |3-0 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 20 November 2004 | FK Austria Wien |GAK |0-0 |- | 20 November 2004 |'''FC Pasching ''' |FC Wacker Tirol | 3-2 |- | 20 November 2004 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |5-2 |- | 20 November 2004 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SV Austria Salzburg |3-1 |- | 21 November 2004 |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' | SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 27 November 2004 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz |4-1 |- | 27 November 2004 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''SV Mattersburg ''' | 1-2 |- | 27 November 2004 |'''FC Wacker Tirol ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |4-0 |- | 28 November 2004 | GAK | '''FC Pasching ''' |1-2 |- | 28 November 2004 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 4 December 2004 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-1 |- | 4 December 2004 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |GAK | 3-1 |- | 4 December 2004 |SK Sturm Graz |FC Wacker Tirol |0-0 |- | 4 December 2004 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz ''' |0-1 |- | 5 December 2004 |FC Pasching | SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 December 2004 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-1 |- | 8 December 2004 |'''GAK ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 5-2 |- | 8 December 2004 |SK Rapid Wien |FC Wacker Tirol |2-2 |- | 8 December 2004 | SV Austria Salzburg |'''FC Pasching''' |0-1 |- | 8 December 2004 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 February 2005 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-1 |- | 19 February 2005 |'''FC Wacker Tirol ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 3-2 |- | 9 March 2005 |'''FC Pasching''' |SV Mattersburg |1-0 |- | 5 May 2005 | FK Austria Wien | '''GAK ''' |0-3 <ref> The game was abandoned in the 80th minute after spectators invaded the pitch. The match was penalized with a 0-3 defeat. </ref> |- | 11 May 2005 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 February 2005 |SV Austria Salzburg |FC Wacker Tirol |1-1 |- | 26 February 2005 |SV Mattersburg |''' VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' | 2-3 |- | 27 February 2005 | '''GAK ''' | SK Sturm Graz |4-0 |- | 6 April 2005 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-2 |- | 11 May 2005 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' | FC Pasching |4-0 <ref>Match without spectators (additional punishment for the abandoned match Austria Wien - Grazer AK on 05 May 2005) </ref> |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 5 March 2005 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |SV Mattersburg |0-0 |- | 5 March 2005 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |- | 5 March 2005 |FC Wacker Tirol | GAK |1-1 |- | 6 April 2005 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''FC Pasching''' |0-2 |- | 4 May 2005 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | SV Austria Salzburg |5-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 12 March 2005 |'''FC Pasching''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- | 12 March 2005 |''' GAK ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 2-0 |- | 12 March 2005 |SV Austria Salzburg | '''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |0-1 |- | 12 March 2005 |SV Mattersburg |FC Wacker Tirol |1-1 |- | 13 March 2005 | '''FK Austria Wien ''' | SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 19 March 2005 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |GAK |1-0 |- | 19 March 2005 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 1-2 |- | 19 March 2005 | SK Sturm Graz |SV Mattersburg |2-3 |- | 19 March 2005 |FC Wacker Tirol |FC Pasching | 0-0 |- | 20 March 2005 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | FK Austria Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 2 April 2005 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Wacker Tirol |1-0 |- | 2 April 2005 |'''FC Pasching''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz '''''' | 2-0 |- | 2 April 2005 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''GAK ''' |0-1 |- | 2 April 2005 | SK Sturm Graz |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | 0-0 |- | 3 April 2005 | '''SV Mattersburg ''' | SK Rapid Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 9 April 2005 |'''GAK ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |1-0 |- | 9 April 2005 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Mattersburg | 2-1 |- | 9 April 2005 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |FC Pasching |1-1 |- | 9 April 2005 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- | 10 April 2005 | FC Wacker Tirol | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 16 April 2005 |FC Pasching |'''GAK ''' |0-3 |- | 16 April 2005 |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 2-0 |- | 16 April 2005 |SK Sturm Graz |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- | 16 April 2005 |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling''' |FC Wacker Tirol | 1-0 |- | 17 April 2005 | FK Austria Wien | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |1-1 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 23 April 2005 |'''GAK ''' | SV Mattersburg |5-1 |- | 23 April 2005 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-1 |- | 23 April 2005 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |'''VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling ''' |0-1 |- | 23 April 2005 |'''FC Wacker Tirol ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 2-0 |- | 24 April 2005 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FC Pasching |2-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 April 2005 |FC Wacker Tirol | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-2 |- | 30 April 2005 |FK Austria Wien | SV Mattersburg | 0-0 |- | 30 April 2005 |FC Pasching |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |- | 30 April 2005 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | 2-0 |- | 30 April 2005 | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling | '''GAK ''' |1-4 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 7 May 2005 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |6-0 |- | 7 May 2005 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 1-0 |- | 7 May 2005 |SV Mattersburg |FC Pasching |1-1 |- | 7 May 2005 |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |FC Wacker Tirol | 0-3 |- | 8 May 2005 | GAK |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 14 May 2005 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |4-1 |- | 14 May 2005 |SK Sturm Graz | GAK | 1-1 |- | 14 May 2005 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |'''SV Mattersburg ''' |0-1 |- | 14 May 2005 |FC Wacker Tirol |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- | 15 May 2005 | FC Pasching |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 21 May 2005 |FK Austria Wien |SK Sturm Graz |2-2 |- | 21 May 2005 | '''GAK ''' | FC Wacker Tirol | 2-1 |- | 21 May 2005 |FC Pasching |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |1-1 |- | 21 May 2005 |SV Mattersburg |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |2-2 |- | 22 May 2005 | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | SK Rapid Wien |4-1 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 26 May 2005 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |- | 26 May 2005 | Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz | '''GAK ''' | 0-1 |- | 26 May 2005 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |FC Pasching |3-0 |- | 26 May 2005 |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |- | 26 May 2005 | ''' FC Wacker Tirol ''' | SV Mattersburg |2-1 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- | 29 May 2005 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |VfB Admira/Wacker Mödling |5-1 |- | 29 May 2005 | FC Pasching |FC Wacker Tirol | 1-1 |- | 29 May 2005 |'''GAK ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-1 |- | 29 May 2005 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz |2-1 |- | 29 May 2005 |SV Mattersburg | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-3 |} == Champion squad == ''(In bracketsːmatches and goals)'' {| class="wikitable" style="width:700px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | style="text-align:center; background:#00794c" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''SK Rapid Wien'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | * '''Goalkeepers:''' [[Jürgen Macho]] (8/-); [[Ladislav Maier]] (6/-); [[Helge Payer]] (23/-) * '''Defenders:''' [[Marcin Adamski]] (14/-); [[Thomas Burgstaller]] (10/-); [[Andreas Dober]] (1/-); [[Ferdinand Feldhofer]] (29/4); [[Markus Hiden]] (13/-); [[Martin Hiden]] (20/-); [[Markus Katzer]] (31/4); [[György Korsós]] (27/2) * '''Midfielders:''' [[György Garics]] (18/1); [[Peter Hlinka]] (34/1); [[Steffen Hofmann]] (32/8); [[Andreas Ivanschitz]] (29/5); [[Veli Kavlak]] (2/-); [[Stefan Kulovits]] (28/-); [[Jiří Leňko]] (2/-); [[Sebastián Martínez (Fußballspieler, 1977)|Sebastián Martínez]] (35/8); [[Jozef Valachovič]] (12/-); [[Eldar Topić]] (3/-) * '''Forwards:''' [[Tomáš Došek]] (28/7); [[Roman Kienast]] (21/2); [[Marek Kincl]] (27/9); [[Axel Lawarée]] (29/13); [[Florian Sturm]](18/1); [[René Gartler]] (3/-) * '''Coach:''' [[Josef Hickersberger]] |} [[Florian Sturm]], [[René Gartler]] and [[Eldar Topić]] left the club during the season. ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Christian Mayrleb]] |FC Pasching |21 |- | [[Sigurd Rushfeldt]] |FK Austria Wien | 19 |- | [[Roland Kollmann]] |GAK | 15 |- | [[Mario Bazina]] |GAK |15 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/2000_2009/stno1__bundesliga__2004_05.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Regionalliga champions == *Regional league Eastː [[FK Austria Wien Amateure ]] <ref>The FK Austria Wien Amateurs became the first amateur team of a Bundesliga club to be promoted to the second tier. </ref> *Regional league Middleː [[SC Schwanenstadt]] <ref>SC Schwanenstadt secured promotion to the First League for the first time in its club history. </ref> *Regional league Westː [[FC Kufstein]] {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] p3pu8uws6auaxbdb3z7lhce96pn7go6 0 1179479 10330350 10327249 2025-06-14T17:07:17Z Steven1991 1522289 Removal of unlinked sources 10330350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox civilian attack | title = Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush | partof = [[Genocides by the Soviet Union]] | image = | image_size = | caption = | location = Chechnya<ref name="DCI" /> | target = [[Chechen people|Chechens]] and Ingush<ref name="DCI" /> | date = 1944<ref name="DCI" /> | fatalities = 33% of pre-war Chechen and Ingush population<ref name="DCI" /> | victims = 400,000 Chechens and 91,250 Ingush deported to camps across [[Central Asia]] and [[Siberia]]<ref name="DCI" /> | motive = [[Ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="DCI" /> | type = [[Ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="DCI" /> | perps = Soviet Union<ref name="DCI" /> }} The '''Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush''' were a [[series]] of [[Deportation|deportations]] conducted by [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] regime in the later stage of [[World War II]] after the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]] retook the part of [[Chechnya]] previously occupied by [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="DCI"> * {{cite journal |journal=North Caucasus Weekly |title=Remembering the 1944 Deportation: Chechnya’s Holocaust |url=https://jamestown.org/program/remembering-the-1944-deportation-chechnyas-holocaust-2 |volume=8 |issue=8 |last=Vatchagaev |first=Mairbek |year=1970 |access-date=March 19, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |title=Chechens and the survival of their cultural identity in exile |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623520220151970 |last=Brauer |first=Birgit |pages=387–400 |volume=4 |issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1080/14623520220151970 |access-date=December 21, 2024 |quote=Published online: 03 Aug 2010}} * {{cite web |website=Science Po |title=The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html |last=Aurélie |first=Campana |date=November 5, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2025}}</ref> The [[Deportation|deportations]] saw 400,000 [[Chechen people|Chechens]] and 91,250 Ingush expelled from the area within eight days.<ref name="DCI" /> ==Events== [[File:Operation Lentil (Caucasus).svg|thumb|Routes of the deportations of Chechens and Ingush from the Northern Caucasus in February 1944.]] Fearing that the Chechnya's [[Mountain|mountainous]] [[terrain]] favors [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]], the Soviets [[Entrapment|entrapped]] the Chechens and Ingush by inviting them to join the Red Army Day [[Festival|celebrations]] on February 23, 1944.<ref name="DCI" /> Once they showed up, they were arrested by soldiers armed with [[Machine gun|machine guns]].<ref name="DCI" /> The Chechen and Ingush deportees were sent to camps across [[Central Asia]] and Siberia.<ref name="DCI" /> They were not allowed to return to Chechnya until 1957.<ref name="DCI" /> ==Impact== The Chechens and Ingush lost as much as 33% of their total pre-war population under the Soviet invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunlop |first=John B. |title=Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaconfrontsc0000dunl |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-63619-3 |lccn=97051840 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> This is around the same [[percentage]] of population that Cambodia lost during the [[Cambodian genocide]] (1975‒79) under the pro-Soviet [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Why Did You Kill?: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side of Face and Honor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/why-did-you-kill-the-cambodian-genocide-and-the-dark-side-of-face-and-honor/A6E3C0EF8B9E0932FF2CE00A73AEF338 |last=Hinton |first=Alexander Laban |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambrdige University]] Press |access-date=December 10, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 March 2010}} * {{cite book |title=Cambodia |chapter=International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315192918-7/international-law-cambodian-genocide-sounds-silence-hurst-hannum |last=Hannum |first=Hurst |edition=1 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315192918 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Centuries of Genocide |chapter=The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203867815-10/cambodian-genocide-1975%E2%80%931979-ben-kiernan |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |year=2012 |edition=4 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203867815 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Phnom Penh during the Cambodian Genocide: A Case of Selective Urbicide |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/a130278p?__cf_chl_tk=Kckdi7Smp.VHHca.PhHAMntSg8SIrB7VsjfXKN3P.CE-1733844610-1.0.1.1-Yt34_yWojylqMaxGzQ8dZ7c4BoWGPRYUJCg6g1kL1Zs |last1=Tyner |first1=James A. |last2=Henkin |first2=Samuel |last3=Sirik |first3=Savina |last4=Kimsroy |first4=Sokvisal |volume=46 |issue=8 |doi=10.1068/a130278p |date=January 1, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Geoforum |title=Dead labor, landscapes, and mass graves: Administrative violence during the Cambodian genocide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016718513002650 |last=Tyner |first=James A. |volume=52 |pages=70–77 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.12.011 |location=[[Ohio]], [[United States|USA]] |date=January 18, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref> The deportations have however received little [[attention]] from left-wing scholars in the [[Western world|West]], who have substantial [[influence]] in [[academia]] and [[Historiography|history writing]].<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel |page=4 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=15 April 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> ==Academic views== Despite not comparable to [[the Holocaust]], some historians [[Classification|classify]] the Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush as a [[genocide]],<ref name="DCI" /> just as the many other [[crimes against humanity]] committed [[Genocides by the Soviet Union|by the Soviet Union]].<ref> * {{Cite book |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ |title=Death by Government |date=1997 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |language=en }} * "In the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens. (...) The Soviet-imposed myth about "Communist heroes of resistance" enabled them for [[Cold War|decades]] to avoid the painful [[Question|questions]] faced long ago by other [[Western world|Western countries]]." Johanna Granville, [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=119281057047108 H-Net Review] of Jan T. Gross. Revolution from Abroad. * {{cite web |website=Holodomor Museum |title=Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world |date=November 24, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law |title=Katyn Forest Massacre: Of Genocide, State Lies, and Secrecy |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1128&context=jil |last=Sterio |first=Milena |volume=44 |issue=3 |year=2012 |access-date=March 11, 2025 }} * {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Pratsinakis |first=Manolis |year=2013 |publisher=University of Amsterdam |title=The Greek diaspora in the Soviet Union |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1780979/123163_08.pdf |pages=45–68 }} * {{cite book |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |year=2018a |location=[[Honolulu]] |title=Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824876746 |lccn=2015046032 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Holodomor]] * [[Soviet deportation of Greeks]] * [[Soviet deportation of Koreans]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] * [[Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Joseph Stalin}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Deportations]] [[Category:Soviet crimes against humanity]] 4qwobkm0rf34ari5bsd1np1x40xh1jq 10330356 10330350 2025-06-14T17:08:34Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox civilian attack | title = Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush | partof = [[Genocides by the Soviet Union]] | image = | image_size = | caption = | location = Chechnya<ref name="DCI" /> | target = [[Chechen people|Chechens]] and Ingush<ref name="DCI" /> | date = 1944<ref name="DCI" /> | fatalities = 33% of pre-war Chechen and Ingush population<ref name="DCI" /> | victims = 400,000 Chechens and 91,250 Ingush deported to camps across [[Central Asia]] and [[Siberia]]<ref name="DCI" /> | motive = [[Ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="DCI" /> | type = [[Ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="DCI" /> | perps = Soviet Union<ref name="DCI" /> }} The '''Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush''' were a [[series]] of [[Deportation|deportations]] conducted by [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] regime in the later stage of [[World War II]] after the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]] retook the part of [[Chechnya]] previously occupied by [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="DCI"> * {{cite journal |journal=North Caucasus Weekly |title=Remembering the 1944 Deportation: Chechnya’s Holocaust |url=https://jamestown.org/program/remembering-the-1944-deportation-chechnyas-holocaust-2 |volume=8 |issue=8 |last=Vatchagaev |first=Mairbek |year=1970 |access-date=March 19, 2025}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |title=Chechens and the survival of their cultural identity in exile |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623520220151970 |last=Brauer |first=Birgit |pages=387–400 |volume=4 |issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1080/14623520220151970 |access-date=December 21, 2024 |quote=Published online: 03 Aug 2010}} * {{cite web |website=Science Po |title=The Massive Deportation of the Chechen People |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/massive-deportation-chechen-people-how-and-why-chechens-were-deported.html |last=Aurélie |first=Campana |date=November 5, 2007 |access-date=March 19, 2025}}</ref> The [[Deportation|deportations]] saw 400,000 [[Chechen people|Chechens]] and 91,250 Ingush expelled from the area within eight days.<ref name="DCI" /> ==Events== [[File:Operation Lentil (Caucasus).svg|thumb|Routes of the deportations of Chechens and Ingush from the Northern Caucasus in February 1944.]] Fearing that the Chechnya's [[Mountain|mountainous]] [[terrain]] favors [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]], the Soviets [[Entrapment|entrapped]] the Chechens and Ingush by inviting them to join the Red Army Day [[Festival|celebrations]] on February 23, 1944.<ref name="DCI" /> Once they showed up, they were arrested by soldiers armed with [[Machine gun|machine guns]].<ref name="DCI" /> The Chechen and Ingush deportees were sent to camps across [[Central Asia]] and Siberia.<ref name="DCI" /> They were not allowed to return to Chechnya until 1957.<ref name="DCI" /> ==Impact== The Chechens and Ingush lost as much as 33% of their total pre-war population under the Soviet invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunlop |first=John B. |title=Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaconfrontsc0000dunl |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-63619-3 |lccn=97051840 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> This is around the same [[percentage]] of population that Cambodia lost during the [[Cambodian genocide]] (1975‒79) under the pro-Soviet [[Khmer Rouge]] regime.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Why Did You Kill?: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side of Face and Honor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/why-did-you-kill-the-cambodian-genocide-and-the-dark-side-of-face-and-honor/A6E3C0EF8B9E0932FF2CE00A73AEF338 |last=Hinton |first=Alexander Laban |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambrdige University]] Press |access-date=December 10, 2024 |quote=Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 March 2010}} * {{cite book |title=Cambodia |chapter=International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315192918-7/international-law-cambodian-genocide-sounds-silence-hurst-hannum |last=Hannum |first=Hurst |edition=1 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315192918 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Centuries of Genocide |chapter=The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203867815-10/cambodian-genocide-1975%E2%80%931979-ben-kiernan |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |year=2012 |edition=4 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203867815 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Sage Journals |title=Phnom Penh during the Cambodian Genocide: A Case of Selective Urbicide |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/a130278p?__cf_chl_tk=Kckdi7Smp.VHHca.PhHAMntSg8SIrB7VsjfXKN3P.CE-1733844610-1.0.1.1-Yt34_yWojylqMaxGzQ8dZ7c4BoWGPRYUJCg6g1kL1Zs |last1=Tyner |first1=James A. |last2=Henkin |first2=Samuel |last3=Sirik |first3=Savina |last4=Kimsroy |first4=Sokvisal |volume=46 |issue=8 |doi=10.1068/a130278p |date=January 1, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Geoforum |title=Dead labor, landscapes, and mass graves: Administrative violence during the Cambodian genocide |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016718513002650 |last=Tyner |first=James A. |volume=52 |pages=70–77 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.12.011 |location=[[Ohio]], [[United States|USA]] |date=January 18, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref> The deportations have however received little [[attention]] from left-wing scholars in the [[Western world|West]], who have substantial [[influence]] in [[academia]] and [[Historiography|history writing]].<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> ==Academic views== Despite not comparable to [[the Holocaust]], some historians [[Classification|classify]] the Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush as a [[genocide]],<ref name="DCI" /> just as the many other [[crimes against humanity]] committed [[Genocides by the Soviet Union|by the Soviet Union]].<ref> * {{Cite book |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ |title=Death by Government |date=1997 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |language=en }} * "In the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens. (...) The Soviet-imposed myth about "Communist heroes of resistance" enabled them for [[Cold War|decades]] to avoid the painful [[Question|questions]] faced long ago by other [[Western world|Western countries]]." Johanna Granville, [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=119281057047108 H-Net Review] of Jan T. Gross. Revolution from Abroad. * {{cite web |website=Holodomor Museum |title=Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide |url=https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world |date=November 24, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law |title=Katyn Forest Massacre: Of Genocide, State Lies, and Secrecy |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1128&context=jil |last=Sterio |first=Milena |volume=44 |issue=3 |year=2012 |access-date=March 11, 2025 }} * {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Pratsinakis |first=Manolis |year=2013 |publisher=University of Amsterdam |title=The Greek diaspora in the Soviet Union |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1780979/123163_08.pdf |pages=45–68 }} * {{cite book |last=Chang |first=Jon K. |year=2018a |location=[[Honolulu]] |title=Burnt by the Sun: The Koreans of the Russian Far East |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824876746 |lccn=2015046032 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh7HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Holodomor]] * [[Soviet deportation of Greeks]] * [[Soviet deportation of Koreans]] * [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II]] * [[Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Joseph Stalin}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:Deportations]] [[Category:Soviet crimes against humanity]] j1hczjy944sa65i32qnhgqkunnvaije 0 1180948 10330995 10211636 2025-06-14T22:39:54Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|1. Division]] | season = 1993-94 | dates = 31 July 1993 - 8 June 1994 | winners = [[SV Austria Salzburg]] | relegated = [[VSE St. Pölten]], [[Wiener Sport-Club]] |promoted = [[LASK]], [[FC Linz]] <ref>After relegationmatches versus St. Pölten (5ː3)</ref> | matches = 180 | total goals = 426 | league topscorer = [[Nikola Jurcevic]], [[Heimo Pfeifenberger]] ( SV Austria Salzburg) (14 goals) | prevseason = [[1992-93 Austrian football championship|1992-93]] | nextseason = [[1994-95 Austrian football championship|1994-95]] }} The '''1993-94 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. The single-tier [[2. Liga|Second Division]] served as the lower tier of the Bundesliga's First Division. The third tier consisted of the [[Regionalliga Ost]] ([[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Burgenland]]) and [[Regionalliga West (Austria)|West]] ([[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]], [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], [[Vorarlberg]]). The third group was the [[Regionalliga Mitte]] ([[Carinthia]], [[Upper Austria]],[[Styria]]). A new rule was introduced that a red card automatically results in a suspension of at least one game. <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (1.Division) 1993/94">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1990_99/o1__1_division__1993_94.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> [[LASK]] and [[FC Linz]] were promoted to the Bundesliga. [[VSE St. Pölten]] was relegated after they lost in a relegation versus [[FC Linz]]. In the 1993-94 season ten clubs competed against each other in a total of 36 rounds. Each team played twice at home and away against every other team. [[SV Austria Salzburg]] became Austrian champions for the first time in club history. [[Herbert Gager]] (Admira/Wacker), [[Wolfgang Knaller]] (Admira/Wacker), [[Otto Konrad]] (SV Austria Salzburg) and [[Franz Wohlfahrt]] (FK Austria Wien) played all 36 matches for their teams. ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |36 | 21 |9 |6 | 51 |- |2. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |36 | 22 |5 | 9 | 49 |- |3. |''' FC Admira Wacker''' |36 | 18 |8 | 10 |44 |- |4. |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |36 | 14 |11 | 11 | 39 |- |5. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 12 |11 |13 |35 <ref>-4</ref> |- |6. |'''VfB Mödling''' |36 | 12 |11 | 13 | 35<ref>-17</ref> |- |7. | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 12 |9 | 15 | 33 |- |8. |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |36 | 8 |10 | 18 | 26<ref>-11</ref> |- |9. | '''VSE St. Pölten''' |36 | 9 |8 | 19 | 26<ref>-20</ref> |- |10. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |36 | 5 |12 | 19 | 22 |} <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (1.Division) 1993/94" /> ==Matches == <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (1.Division) 1993/94" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 July 1993 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |VfB Mödling |1-0 |- |31 July 1993 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' |VSE St. Pölten | 2-1 |- |31 July 1993 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- |31 July 1993 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' | Admira Wacker | 4-1 |- |31 July 1993 |Wiener Sport-Club |SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 August 1993 |'''VfB Mödling''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr |2-1 |- |4 August 1993 |Admira Wacker |SK Sturm Graz | 2-2 |- |4 August 1993 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |- |4 August 1993 |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' | FC Innsbruck | 1-0 |- |4 August 1993 |'''VSE St. Pölten''' | FK Austria Wien |3-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 August 1993 |'''VfB Mödling''' |VSE St. Pölten |1-0 |- |7 August 1993 |FK Austria Wien |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' | 1-2 |- |7 August 1993 |FC Innsbruck |SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |7 August 1993 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | 0-1 |- |8 August 1993 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''Admira Wacker ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 August 1993 |Admira Wacker |FC Innsbruck |0-0 |- |11 August 1993 |SK Rapid Wien |'''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-3 |- |11 August 1993 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''VfB Mödling''' | 1-2 |- |11 August 1993 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |- |11 August 1993 |'''VSE St. Pölten ''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 August 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | Admira Wacker |2-0 |- |14 August 1993 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 4-2 |- |14 August 1993 |'''VSE St. Pölten ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-0 |- |14 August 1993 |VfB Mödling |SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |14 August 1993 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' | Wiener Sport-Club |6-0 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 August 1993 |SK Sturm Graz |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-4 |- |20 August 1993 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | VSE St. Pölten | 4-0 |- |20 August 1993 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr | 2-0 |- |21 August 1993 |'''Admira Wacker ''' | VfB Mödling | 2-0 |- |21 August 1993 |Wiener Sport-Club | FC Innsbruck |1-1 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 August 1993 |VSE St. Pölten |'''Admira Wacker ''' |0-1 |- |27 August 1993 |'''VfB Mödling''' | SK Sturm Graz | 1-0 |- |28 August 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |- |28 August 1993 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- |28 August 1993 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | FC Innsbruck |1-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 August 1993 |VfB Mödling |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |1 September 1993 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-0 |- |1 September 1993 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' | FK Austria Wien | 3-1 |- |1 September 1993 |SK Rapid Wien | SK Vorwärts Steyr | 1-1 |- |1 September 1993 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | VSE St. Pölten |1-0 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 September 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr |4-1 |- |4 September 1993 |SK Rapid Wien |'''Admira Wacker ''' | 1-2 |- |4 September 1993 | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 2-0 |- |4 September 1993 |VSE St. Pölten | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | 0-1 |- |4 September 1993 |VfB Mödling | FC Innsbruck |1-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 September 1993 |Wiener Sport-Club |VSE St. Pölten |1-1 |- |8 September 1993 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 2-0 |- |8 September 1993 | '''FC Innsbruck''' |VfB Mödling | 4-2 |- |8 September 1993 |SK Sturm Graz | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 0-2 |- |8 September 1993 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 September 1993 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |17 September 1993 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |- |18 September 1993 |VSE St. Pölten |FC Innsbruck | 0-0 |- |18 September 1993 |VfB Mödling | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-2 |- |19 September 1993 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |2-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 September 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |VSE St. Pölten |3-0 |- |24 September 1993 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 2-0 |- |25 September 1993 | SK Sturm Graz |'''Admira Wacker ''' | 1-2 |- |25 September 1993 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | VfB Mödling |1-1 |- |25 September 1993 | Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 October 1993 | '''Admira Wacker ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-0 |- |2 October 1993 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Innsbruck | 2-0 |- |2 October 1993 |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |FK Austria Wien | 2-0 |- |2 October 1993 |SK Sturm Graz |SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-1 |- |2 October 1993 | '''VSE St. Pölten ''' |VfB Mödling |1-0 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 October 1993 |VfB Mödling |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |- |8 October 1993 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' |VSE St. Pölten | 2-0 |- |9 October 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Rapid Wien | 2-1 |- |9 October 1993 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' |Admira Wacker |2-1 |- |10 October 1993 | Wiener Sport-Club | SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 October 1993 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |VSE St. Pölten |2-0 |- |23 October 1993 |Admira Wacker |'''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-3 |- |23 October 1993 | SK Rapid Wien |VfB Mödling | 0-0 |- |24 October 1993 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |2-1 |- |17 November 1993 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | FC Innsbruck |1-0 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 October 1993 | '''FC Innsbruck''' |Wiener Sport-Club |2-0 |- |30 October 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz | 3-0 |- |30 October 1993 | VSE St. Pölten |SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |30 October 1993 | VfB Mödling |Admira Wacker |1-1 |- |30 October 1993 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-2 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 November 1993 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |VSE St. Pölten |4-3 |- |6 November 1993 | '''FC Innsbruck''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr | 3-0 |- |6 November 1993 | SK Rapid Wien |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 0-3 |- |6 November 1993 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | VfB Mödling |1-0 |- |6 November 1993 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 November 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Innsbruck |2-1 |- |13 November 1993 |SV Austria Salzburg |Admira Wacker | 0-0 |- |13 November 1993 |'''VSE St. Pölten ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 2-1 |- |13 November 1993 |'''VfB Mödling ''' | Wiener Sport-Club |1-0 |- |13 November 1993 |''' SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 November 1993 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |VfB Mödling |3-0 |- |20 November 1993 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' |VSE St. Pölten | 2-1 |- |20 November 1993 |SK Sturm Graz |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-2 |- |20 November 1993 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |Admira Wacker |0-0 |- |20 November 1993 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 November 1993 |VfB Mödling |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |0-5 |- |27 November 1993 |Admira Wacker |SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- |27 November 1993 |SK Rapid Wien |Wiener Sport-Club | 0-0 |- |27 November 1993 | SV Austria Salzburg |FC Innsbruck |0-0 |- |27 November 1993 | VSE St. Pölten | '''FK Austria Wien''' |2-3 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 March 1994 |FC Innsbruck |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-1 |- |6 March 1994 |'''VfB Mödling''' |VSE St. Pölten |4-1 |- |6 March 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |6 March 1994 | Wiener Sport-Club |Admira Wacker |0-0 |- |6 March 1994 | FK Austria Wien | ''' SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-4 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 March 1994 |SV Austria Salzburg |VfB Mödling | 0-0 |- |12 March 1994 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |FC Innsbruck |2-0 |- |12 March 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |12 March 1994 | VSE St. Pölten | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' |0-1 |- |13 March 1994 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-1 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 March 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |Wiener Sport-Club | 1-1 |- |19 March 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Admira Wacker |3-1 |- |19 March 1994 |''' FC Innsbruck ''' | SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |19 March 1994 | VSE St. Pölten |SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |- |19 March 1994 | VfB Mödling |SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 March 1994 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |VSE St. Pölten | 5-3 |- |26 March 1994 |Admira Wacker |'''VfB Mödling''' |0-1 |- |26 March 1994 | Wiener Sport-Club |''' FC Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |- |27 March 1994 | SK Sturm Graz |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- |25 May 1994 | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 April 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 2-1 |- |5 April 1994 |''' VSE St. Pölten ''' |Admira Wacker |1-0 |- |6 April 1994 |FK Austria Wien | Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |6 April 1994 | '''VfB Mödling''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-0 |- |6 April 1994 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | FC Innsbruck |2-0 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 April 1994 |Admira Wacker |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 0-3 |- |9 April 1994 | FC Innsbruck |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-1 |- |9 April 1994 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-0 |- |9 April 1994 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VSE St. Pölten |2-0 |- |10 April 1994 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''VfB Mödling''' |0-2 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 April 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr | 1-0 |- |16 April 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |'''Admira Wacker ''' |0-3 |- |16 April 1994 |SV Austria Salzburg |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |16 April 1994 |VSE St. Pölten | Wiener Sport-Club |0-0 |- |17 April 1994 |VfB Mödling | FC Innsbruck |0-0 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 April 1994 |SK Sturm Graz |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 0-1 |- |22 April 1994 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |VSE St. Pölten |3-1 |- |23 April 1994 |Admira Wacker |SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- |23 April 1994 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' | VfB Mödling |4-0 |- |23 April 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 April 1994 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr | 4-0 |- |30 April 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |2-4 |- |30 April 1994 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |0-1 |- |30 April 1994 |VSE St. Pölten |FC Innsbruck |0-0 |- |30 April 1994 |VfB Mödling | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-4 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 May 1994 |FK Austria Wien |'''VSE St. Pölten ''' | 0-1 |- |3 May 1994 |FC Innsbruck |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |- |3 May 1994 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Admira Wacker |1-0 |- |3 May 1994 | SK Vorwärts Steyr |'''VfB Mödling''' |1-2 |- |3 May 1994 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 May 1994 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |2-0 |- |6 May 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |FK Austria Wien |6-0 |- |7 May 1994 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Innsbruck |2-0 |- |7 May 1994 |'''VSE St. Pölten ''' |VfB Mödling |5-0 |- |8 May 1994 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 May 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- |14 May 1994 |FC Innsbruck |'''Admira Wacker''' |0-1 |- |14 May 1994 |'''VfB Mödling''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-2 |- |14 May 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |VSE St. Pölten |1-1 |- |14 May 1994 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | SK Sturm Graz |1-0 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 May 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |VSE St. Pölten |4-1 |- |21 May 1994 |'''Admira Wacker''' |FK Austria Wien |4-2 |- |21 May 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |'''VfB Mödling''' |0-2 |- |21 May 1994 |SK Sturm Graz |FC Innsbruck |0-0 |- |21 May 1994 | Wiener Sport-Club | SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-1 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 May 1994 |FK Austria Wien |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |28 May 1994 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |6-0 |- |28 May 1994 |VSE St. Pölten |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |28 May 1994 |VfB Mödling |'''Admira Wacker''' |0-3 |- |28 May 1994 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SV Austria Salzburg''' |1-3 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 June 1994 |'''Admira Wacker''' |VSE St. Pölten |3-1 |- |5 June 1994 |'''FC Innsbruck ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |4-2 |- |5 June 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |- |5 June 1994 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VfB Mödling |2-1 |- |5 June 1994 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-3 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 June 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Innsbruck |1-0 |- |8 June 1994 |''' SV Austria Salzburg''' |Admira Wacker |2-0 |- |8 June 1994 |'''VSE St. Pölten ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |8 June 1994 |VfB Mödling |Wiener Sport-Club |0-0 |- |8 June 1994 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |} == Champion squad == (matches/goals) {| class="wikitable" width="700" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | align="center" colspan="2"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''SV Austria Salzburg'''</span> |- class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" align="center" | * '''Goalkeepers''': [[Otto Konrad]] (36 /0 ), [[Herbert Ilsanker]] (0/0), * '''Defenders''': [[Leopold Lainer]] (31/3), [[Heribert Weber]] (29/0), [[Christian Fürstaller]] (28/0), [[Kurt Garger]] (27/0), [[Wolfgang Feiersinger]] (25/0), [[Thomas Winklhofer]] (25/0), [[Christian Kraiger]] (3/0), * '''Midfielders''': [[Damir Mužek]] (34/3), [[Nikola Jurčević]] (33/14), [[Peter Artner]] (30/4), [[Adolf Hütter]] (28/3), [[Franz Aigner]] (22/2), [[Martin Amerhauser]] (19/3), [[Marco Antonio dos Santos|Marquinho]] (11/3), [[Andreas Reisinger]] (10/0), [[Michael Steiner (Fußballspieler, 1974)|Michael Steiner]] (8/0), * '''Forwards''': [[Heimo Pfeifenberger]] (31/14), [[Hermann Stadler]] (30/6), [[Herfried Sabitzer]] (13/1), [[Otari Korgalidze]] (3/0), * '''Coaching staff''': [[Otto Barić]] (Coach), [[Srećko Kurbaša]] (Assistant coach), [[Herbert Rettensteiner]] (Goalkeeper coach) |} <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/Saison_1993/94 FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Nikola Jurcevic]] |SV Austria Salzburg |14 |- | [[Heimo Pfeifenberger]] |SV Austria Salzburg |14 |- | [[Vaclav Danek]] |FC Wacker Innsbruck |12 |- | [[Ralph Hasenhüttl]] |FK Austria Wien |11 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1990_1999/stno1__1_division__1993_94.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:2017-18 Austrian Football Bundesliga}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] ai2d99qcvmge75i3ilmxmeqgq0j3f1o 0 1181173 10331167 10189270 2025-06-15T00:46:24Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Azerbaijan Campaign (1225) | partof = | image = | caption = | date = 1224-1225 | place = [[Azerbaijan]] | coordinates = | map_type = | map_size = | map_label = | result = [[Turkmens|Khwarazmian]] victory | territory = | combatant1 = [[Azerbaijan|Eldiguzids]]<br>Shirvanshahs | combatant2 = Khwarazmian Empire | commander1 = Uzbek bin Pahlivan {{KIA}} | commander2 = Jalal al-Din Mingburnu | strength1 = Unknown | strength2 = Unknown | casualties1 = Heavy | casualties2 = Unknown }} ==War== ===Tabriz=== The next year, he dethroned the [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the [[Azerbaijan|Eldiguzids]], and set himself up in their capital of [[Tabriz]] on [[25]] [[July]] [[1225]].<ref>Grousset, Rene (1991). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press.</ref> ===Maragha=== After receiving a request from [[Maragha]], who complained about Malika Khatun's usurpation of power in the country, Jalal al-Din Mangburni occupied [[Maragha]] in [[May]] [[1225]].<ref name="Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015). Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas (eds.). A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231. Samarkand: The International Institute for Central Asian Studies (IICAS)">Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015). Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas (eds.). A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231. Samarkand: The International Institute for Central Asian Studies (IICAS).</ref> ===Ganja=== Later in [[1225]], Jalal al-Din moved against [[Ganja]]. The city's governor, Jalal ad-Din al-Qumi, surrendered [[Ganja]] to Khwarazmian commander Orkhan. This betrayal forced Atabeg [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] to flee to the fortress of Alinja in Nakhchivan. Shortly thereafter, Uzbek died, reportedly after hearing of his wife's marriage to Jalal al-Din.<ref name="Buniyatov, Z.M. (2015). Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas (eds.). A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231. Samarkand: The International Institute for Central Asian Studies (IICAS)" /> ==References== <References/> [[Category:13th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Wars involving Asia]] [[Category:History of Azerbaijan]] bltnvfmjxdzv23icrzggb7va9rthb6b 0 1181216 10331558 10322895 2025-06-15T07:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331558 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Do not remove this line! --> {{Infobox musical artist | occupation = {{flatlist| * [[Radio edit]] * [[Lo-fi]] Artist}} | years_active = 2019-2022 | instrument = FLstudio | genre = {{Hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[Folk music]]|[[Pop music]]}} | origin = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India | image = | caption = | label = {{flatlist| * Varista Music Company * Lo-fi Chills * [[Saregama]]}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|04|05}} | associated_acts = [[Krishna's Eternal Love]] | alias = Raj | birth_name = Rajesh Kumar Ram }} '''itsincubius'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=ItsIncubius {{!}} دار المترجم|url=https://www.darmotarjim.com/dictionary/itsincubius|access-date=2025-05-23|website=www.darmotarjim.com|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=itsincubius|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxfy9z4BBGb4YKl9w-y3aQQ|access-date=2025-05-31|website=YouTube|language=en}}</ref> known as Raj ([[Radio edit|Radio Edit]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=MENAFN |title=Rajesh Kumar ram (Devilraj) got featured on Spotify - Biography |url=https://menafn.com/1105174760/Rajesh-Kumar-ram-Devilraj-got-featured-on-Spotify-Biography |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=menafn.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Lo-fi music|Lo-fi]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=راج فنان الـLoFi والموسيقى الدرامية الهندية {{!}} دار المترجم|url=https://www.darmotarjim.com/dictionary/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80lofi-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9|access-date=2025-06-11|website=www.darmotarjim.com|language=ar}}</ref>artist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-16|title=Musician Rajesh Kumar Ram Achieves No.1 on iTunes Lofi Music Charts|url=https://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/news/getnews/musician-rajesh-kumar-ram-achieves-no-1-on-itunes-lofi-music-charts|access-date=2025-04-14|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2023-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816190232/https://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/news/getnews/musician-rajesh-kumar-ram-achieves-no-1-on-itunes-lofi-music-charts|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In 2022 Raj<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-20|title=Devilraj - Rajesh Kumar ram|url=https://www.londontime.co/devilraj-rajesh-kumar-ram/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=London Time|language=en-US}}</ref> made ''[[Krishna's Eternal Love|Krishna's Eternal Love (Radio Edit)]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=クリシュナの永遠の愛とは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書|url=https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B8%E9%81%A0%E3%81%AE%E6%84%9B|access-date=2025-05-31|website=www.weblio.jp|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna's Eternal Love - Radio Edit Radio|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E8MhUAo23pvie|access-date=2025-05-31|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref>''a radio edit version'' of a original song<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=gjgtrhmKCU-170ut&v=j3x8eJVLv1E&feature=youtu.be |title=Krishna Eternal Love Song |date=2012-09-15 |last=Green Gold TV - Official Channel |access-date=2024-09-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref> from the movie<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-10-14 |title='Krishna' casts spell over Harry Potter! |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/krishna-casts-spell-over-harry-potter/articleshow/2457533.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Devilraj|url=https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/celeb/pc28615665/devilraj|access-date=2025-05-31|website=Peliplat|language=en}}</ref>''Krishna-Kans vadh''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Kans Vadh |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/krishna-janmashtami-2021-9-animated-movies-depicting-lord-krishnas-life-must-watch-220059/krishna-kans-vadh-220107/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-23|title=Celebrate Janmashtami With These Must-Watch Animated Krishna Adventures|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/brand-studio/celebrate-janmashtami-with-these-must-watch-animated-krishna-adventures|access-date=2025-05-31|website=Outlook India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Krishna Kans Vadh|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/celebrates-r-day-with-krishna-makhan-chor/story-slZwGx388wx3qbc818Za6N.html}}</ref>''.'' which was telecasted on [[Cartoon Network India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GreenGold's Kans Vadh slated for Sep 4 on CN - |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/greengolds-kans-vadh-slated-for-sep-4-on-cn/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.animationxpress.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Wanvari|first=Anil|title=Indiantelevision.com's Kidology: Cartoon Network to premier 'Krishna: The Birth' on Janmashtmi|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug104.htm|access-date=2025-05-31|website=www.indiantelevision.com}}</ref>Krishna's Eternal Love<ref>{{Cite news |last=MENAFN |title=The Most Entertaining Musician Devilraj Talks About the Hype of Lofi Music Industry |url=https://menafn.com/1105172240/The-Most-Entertaining-Musician-Devilraj-Talks-About-the-Hype-of-Lo%EF%AC%81-Music-Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007104840/https://menafn.com/1105172240/The-Most-Entertaining-Musician-Devilraj-Talks-About-the-Hype-of-Lo%EF%AC%81-Music-Industry |archive-date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2025-03-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> ranked on #155 [[iTunes]] [[Asia|Asia's]] charts top 200, 2024-09-27''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Devilraj Chart Positions on Spotify, Apple Music and Other Streaming Services |url=https://kworb.net/itunes/artist/devilraj.html |access-date=2024-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927170359/https://kworb.net/itunes/artist/devilraj.html |archive-date=2024-09-27 }}</ref>'' == Early Life == Rajesh Kumar Ram born 5 April 2004 is an [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] musical artist known as Devilraj in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajesh Kumar ram ( Devilraj )|url=https://filmfreeway.com/Devilraj|access-date=2025-06-01|website=FilmFreeway|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Devilraj Blog|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/devilraj/|access-date=2025-06-01|website=Times of India Blog|language=en}}</ref> in 2024 he changed his artist and author name as INCUBIUS.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devilraj|url=https://music.fandom.com/wiki/Devilraj|access-date=2025-06-02|website=Music Hub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C0TquMgRsh_/?igsh=MXJjdm5xY2ZlNHo0eA==|access-date=2025-06-02|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> == Book == Paw and Memories<ref>{{Cite book |last=INCUBIUS - Devilraj |title=Paw and Memories |isbn=979-8344426945}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hindustan Times|title=Paw and Memories’ by Incubius: A Raw Exploration of Survival, Loss, and Resilience in a Harsh World|work=MENAFN|url=https://menafn.com/1109436958/Paw-and-Memories-by-Incubius-A-Raw-Exploration-of-Survival-Loss-and-Resilience-in-a-Harsh-World|access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref> == Discography == === Extended plays === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of extended plays, with showing date released, label, format and streams !Title !EP details |- !scope="row" |'''''Na jaa Bewafa - Freestyle''' (archived)'' | *Released: 2020 * Label: Varista Music Company * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming * writer : [[Millind Gaba|Millind Gabba]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Devilraj - Na Jaa Bewafa - Freestyle|date=2020|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/31461794-Devilraj-Na-Jaa-Bewafa-Freestyle|language=en|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> |- !scope="row" |'''''Char Dino Ka Pyar - Freestyle''' (archived)'' | *Released: 2020 * Label: [[Saregama]] * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming * writer : [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Devilraj - Char Dino Ka Pyar - Freestyle|date=2020-10-13|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/31461698-Devilraj-Char-Dino-Ka-Pyar-Freestyle|language=en|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> |- !scope="row" |'''''Devil Beat''' (archived)'' | *Released: 2020 * Label: Self-released * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |- !scope="row" |'''''Dil Tod Ke (feat. Siddyy)'''''<ref>{{Citation|title=Devilraj - Dil Tod Ke|date=2021-03-27|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/31459613-Devilraj-Dil-Tod-Ke|language=en|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> | *Released: 2021 * Label: Self-released * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |- ! scope="row" |'''GANGSTA Rhythm''' | * Released: 2022 * Label: Varista Music Company * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |- ! scope="row" |'''''Alone''' (archived)'' | *Released: 2022 * Label: Self-released * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |- ! scope="row" |'''''SAD Without You''' (archived)'' | *Released: 2022 * Label: Lo-fi chills * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |- ! scope="row" |'''''dekha ek khwab to ye silsile hue''' (archived)'' | *Released: 2022 * Label: [[Saregama]] * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |- ! scope="row" |'''''Krishna's eternal love'''''<ref>{{Citation|title=Devilraj - Krishna's Eternal Love (Radio Edit)|date=2022-09-08|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/31461611-Devilraj-Krishnas-Eternal-Love-Radio-Edit|language=en|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> | * Released: September 2022 * Label: [[Green Gold Animations|GreenGoldTV]] * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming * streams : 377k |- !Acha Ji Mai Haari Chalo Maan Jao Na (Radio Edit) - Single | * Released: 2022 * Label: Saregama<ref>{{Citation|title=Devilraj - Acha Ji Mai Haari Chalo Maan Jao Na|date=2022-07-03|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/31461500-Devilraj-Acha-Ji-Mai-Haari-Chalo-Maan-Jao-Na|language=en|access-date=2025-06-01}}</ref> * Format: [[Download|Digital download]], streaming |} === Music video === * SAD Without You<ref>{{Citation|title=SAD Without You|date=2021-04-22|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22938204/|type=Music, Musical|publisher=Varista Music Company|access-date=2025-06-03}}</ref> === As Radio Edit artist === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of songs as Radio Edit artist, with showing year released and album name ! scope="col" style="width:19em;" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Album |- !! scope="row" |''Monsoon Love (archived)'' |2020 |Monsoon Love |- ! scope="row" |''Bird Beats (archived)'' |2020 |Bird Beats |- ! scope="row" |''Dil Tod Ke'' |2021 |Dil Tod Ke |- ! scope="row" |''Want to be alone'' |2021 |Alone |- ! scope="row" |''Krishna's eternal love''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Eternal Love Mp3 Song by Devilraj @ PagalWorld.com|url=https://www.pagalworld.com.so/krishna-eternal-love-mp3-songs.html|access-date=2025-06-02|website=www.pagalworld.com.so|language=en|archive-date=2024-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091934/https://www.pagalworld.com.so/krishna-eternal-love-mp3-songs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |2022 |Krishna's eternal love |- ! scope="row" |''Acha Ji Mai Haari Chalo Maan Jao Na'' |2022 |Acha Ji Mai Haari Chalo Maan Jao Na |} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons}} [[Category:2004 births]] t2c74wyymqfn7y2b4ospoauyuys7kcx 0 1182046 10330971 10196712 2025-06-14T22:27:57Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10330971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Viraj Khanna | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1995}} | birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]] | occupation = [[Visual artist]] | known_for = [[:en:textile art|Textile]] and [[:en:mixed media|mixed-media]] artworks | parents = [[:en:Anamika Khanna|Anamika Khanna]] ([[mother]]) }} '''Viraj Khanna''' (born 1995) is an Indian visual artist known for his work in [[:en:textile art|textile art]], [[:en:mixed media|mixed media]], and [[sculpture]]. He is the son of renowned fashion designer [[:en:Anamika Khanna|Anamika Khanna]].<ref name="latitude">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna |url=https://www.latitude28.com/artist/viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Latitude 28}}</ref><ref name="nod">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna is becoming kind of a big deal in the art world |url=https://thenodmag.com/content/viraj-khanna-kolkata-artist-profile |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The NOD Magazine}}</ref><ref name="artx">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna - Biography |url=https://artexposure.in/artists/41-viraj-khanna/biography/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Art Exposure}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna: The Accidental Artist |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2024/viraj-khanna-the-accidental-artist/91469/1 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaur|first=Amarjot|date=2025-01-10|title=Artist Viraj Khanna explores brain rot with fibreglass sculptures and embroidered textiles|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/artist-viraj-khanna-explores-brain-rot-with-fibreglass-sculptures-and-embroidered-textiles/article69080300.ece|access-date=2025-04-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Khanna was born in [[Kolkata]], India, in 1995. He completed a degree in Business Administration from the [[University of Southern California]] in 2018.<ref name="space">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna - Space118 Art Foundation |url=https://www.space118.com/viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Space118}}</ref><ref name="forbes" /> He worked in the finance and embroidery sections of his mother’s fashion label before transitioning into art.<ref name="express">{{Cite news |title=My average screen time is seven hours: Visual artist Viraj Khanna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/my-average-screen-time-is-seven-hours-visual-artist-viraj-khanna-interview-9809867/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Indian Express |date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Ekta|date=2025-01-14|title=Viraj Khanna's 'Brain Rot' Brings Out The Digital Chaos We Live In|url=https://elle.in/life-culture/art/viraj-khannas-brain-rot-brings-out-the-digital-chaos-we-live-in-8614155|access-date=2025-04-16|website=Elle India|language=en}}</ref> ==Artistic career== ===Beginnings=== Khanna’s journey into art began during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020. He started making collages from fashion magazines, posting them on social media, which eventually led to his debut exhibition.<ref name="nod" /><ref name="forbes" /><ref name="elle1">{{Cite web |last=Siganporia |first=Nadezna |title=Viraj Khanna: Carving His Own Path In The World Of Art |url=https://elle.in/viraj-khanna-carving-his-own-path/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Elle India}}</ref><ref name="elle2">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ekta |title=Viraj Khanna's 'Brain Rot' Brings Out The Digital Chaos We Live In |url=https://elle.in/life-culture/art/viraj-khannas-brain-rot-brings-out-the-digital-chaos-we-live-in-8614155 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Elle India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-03|title=‘My average screen time is seven hours’: Visual artist Viraj Khanna on digital dependence and its influence on art|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/my-average-screen-time-is-seven-hours-visual-artist-viraj-khanna-interview-9809867/|access-date=2025-04-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> ===Style and themes=== Khanna’s art incorporates hand embroidery, [[textile]] collages, and digital commentary. His themes explore societal behavior, curated identities, and emotional vulnerability, often with satire and surrealism.<ref name="beopen">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna – BEOPEN Art |url=https://art.beopenfuture.com/viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13}}</ref><ref name="madeinbed">{{Cite web |title=Shubhi Gupta in Conversation with Emerging Indian Textile Artist, Viraj Khanna |url=https://www.madeinbed.co.uk/interviews/shubhi-gupta-in-conversation-with-emerging-indian-textile-artist-viraj-khanna |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=MADE IN BED}}</ref><ref name="fervour">{{Cite web |title=Of Digital Chaos and Embroidered Identities |url=https://www.artfervour.com/viraj-khanna-art-embroidery-social-media/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Art Fervour}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bijolia|first=Disha|date=2025-01-24|title='Brain Rot' Is Indian Artist Viraj Khanna’s Scathing Take On Our Digital Decay|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/brain-rot-the-life-you-live-is-viraj-khannas-scathing-take-on-our-digital-decay|access-date=2025-04-16|website=Homegrown|language=en}}</ref> ===Notable exhibitions=== * '''What My Mother Didn’t Teach Me''' (2021) – Gallery Art Exposure, Kolkata<ref name="artx" /><ref name="space" /> * '''What My Mother Didn’t Teach Me: Part 2''' (2022) – Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<ref name="ad">{{Cite web |last=Gurung |first=Swareena |title=Viraj Khanna's exhibition explores the politics of identities through his collage art |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/viraj-khannas-exhibition-explores-the-politics-of-identities-through-his-collage-art/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Architectural Digest India}}</ref><ref name="fpj">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna's artwork is a pleasant reminder of India's rich heritage of embroidery |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/viraj-khannas-artwork-is-a-pleasant-reminder-of-indias-rich-heritage-of-embroidery |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> * '''In My Fever Dream''' (2022) – Bikaner House, New Delhi<ref name="hindustan">{{Cite news |title=Artist Viraj Khanna explores complexities of human nature through textile art |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/artist-viraj-khanna-explores-complexities-of-human-nature-through-textile-art-101670064734134.html |date=2022-12-03 |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> * '''India Art Fair''' (2023) – Tao Art Gallery booth<ref name="kalakriti">{{Cite web |title=Kalakriti Art Gallery - Viraj Khanna |url=https://kalakritiartgallery.com/artists/224-viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Kalakriti Art Gallery}}</ref> * '''BRAIN ROT: The Life You Live?''' (2025) – Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<ref name="elle2" /><ref name="fervour" /> ===Materials and techniques=== Khanna’s techniques incorporate traditional embroidery styles such as [[:en:Zardosi|Zardosi]] and [[:en:Embroidery_of_India#Aari|Aari]], merged with mixed-media collage and digital aesthetics.<ref name="elledecor">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Viraj Khanna |url=https://elledecor.in/interview-viraj-khanna-artist-tao-art-gallery/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Elle Decor}}</ref> He frequently uses “khakha,” a stencil material used in embroidery tracing, to create distinctive visual effects.<ref name="space" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dmello|first=Zara Flavia|date=2025-01-11|title=Viraj Khanna’s Exhibit 'BRAIN ROT' Masters the Art of Calling Himself Out|url=https://luxebook.in/viraj-khannas-brain-rot-social-media-art/|access-date=2025-04-16|website=Luxebook India|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Recognition== In 2024, Khanna was named in the ''[[Forbes India]] 30 Under 30'' list in the Art category.<ref name="forbes" /> His works have been featured in various Indian and international publications including ''[[:en:Vogue India|Vogue India]]'', ''[[:en:Elle India|Elle India]]'', ''[[:en:Architectural Digest|Architectural Digest]]'', and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref name="elle1" /><ref name="hindustan" /><ref name="ad" /> ==Personal life== Khanna is currently pursuing an MFA at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]].<ref name="kalakriti" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Viraj Khanna}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian artists]] [[Category:People from Kolkata]] [[Category:Textile artists]] rkihmwczwriyfnqsbn31lgsps3iqsri 10330974 10330971 2025-06-14T22:29:37Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 More links 10330974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Viraj Khanna | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1995}} | birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[India]] | occupation = [[Visual artist]] | known_for = [[:en:textile art|Textile]] and [[:en:mixed media|mixed-media]] artworks | parents = [[:en:Anamika Khanna|Anamika Khanna]] ([[mother]]) }} '''Viraj Khanna''' (born 1995) is an Indian visual artist known for his work in [[:en:textile art|textile art]], [[:en:mixed media|mixed media]], and [[sculpture]]. He is the son of renowned fashion designer [[:en:Anamika Khanna|Anamika Khanna]].<ref name="latitude">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna |url=https://www.latitude28.com/artist/viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Latitude 28}}</ref><ref name="nod">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna is becoming kind of a big deal in the art world |url=https://thenodmag.com/content/viraj-khanna-kolkata-artist-profile |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=The NOD Magazine}}</ref><ref name="artx">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna - Biography |url=https://artexposure.in/artists/41-viraj-khanna/biography/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Art Exposure}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna: The Accidental Artist |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2024/viraj-khanna-the-accidental-artist/91469/1 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kaur|first=Amarjot|date=2025-01-10|title=Artist Viraj Khanna explores brain rot with fibreglass sculptures and embroidered textiles|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/artist-viraj-khanna-explores-brain-rot-with-fibreglass-sculptures-and-embroidered-textiles/article69080300.ece|access-date=2025-04-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Khanna was born in [[Kolkata]], India, in 1995. He completed a degree in Business Administration from the [[University of Southern California]] in 2018.<ref name="space">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna - Space118 Art Foundation |url=https://www.space118.com/viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Space118}}</ref><ref name="forbes" /> He worked in the finance and embroidery sections of his mother’s fashion label before transitioning into art.<ref name="express">{{Cite news |title=My average screen time is seven hours: Visual artist Viraj Khanna |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/my-average-screen-time-is-seven-hours-visual-artist-viraj-khanna-interview-9809867/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Indian Express |date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinha|first=Ekta|date=2025-01-14|title=Viraj Khanna's 'Brain Rot' Brings Out The Digital Chaos We Live In|url=https://elle.in/life-culture/art/viraj-khannas-brain-rot-brings-out-the-digital-chaos-we-live-in-8614155|access-date=2025-04-16|website=Elle India|language=en}}</ref> ==Artistic career== ===Beginnings=== Khanna’s journey into art began during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020. He started making collages from fashion magazines, posting them on social media, which eventually led to his debut exhibition.<ref name="nod" /><ref name="forbes" /><ref name="elle1">{{Cite web |last=Siganporia |first=Nadezna |title=Viraj Khanna: Carving His Own Path In The World Of Art |url=https://elle.in/viraj-khanna-carving-his-own-path/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Elle India}}</ref><ref name="elle2">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ekta |title=Viraj Khanna's 'Brain Rot' Brings Out The Digital Chaos We Live In |url=https://elle.in/life-culture/art/viraj-khannas-brain-rot-brings-out-the-digital-chaos-we-live-in-8614155 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Elle India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-03|title=‘My average screen time is seven hours’: Visual artist Viraj Khanna on digital dependence and its influence on art|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/my-average-screen-time-is-seven-hours-visual-artist-viraj-khanna-interview-9809867/|access-date=2025-04-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> ===Style and themes=== Khanna’s art incorporates hand [[embroidery]], [[textile]] [[Collage|collages]], and digital commentary. His themes explore societal behavior, curated identities, and emotional vulnerability, often with [[satire]] and [[surrealism]].<ref name="beopen">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna – BEOPEN Art |url=https://art.beopenfuture.com/viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13}}</ref><ref name="madeinbed">{{Cite web |title=Shubhi Gupta in Conversation with Emerging Indian Textile Artist, Viraj Khanna |url=https://www.madeinbed.co.uk/interviews/shubhi-gupta-in-conversation-with-emerging-indian-textile-artist-viraj-khanna |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=MADE IN BED}}</ref><ref name="fervour">{{Cite web |title=Of Digital Chaos and Embroidered Identities |url=https://www.artfervour.com/viraj-khanna-art-embroidery-social-media/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Art Fervour}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bijolia|first=Disha|date=2025-01-24|title='Brain Rot' Is Indian Artist Viraj Khanna’s Scathing Take On Our Digital Decay|url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/brain-rot-the-life-you-live-is-viraj-khannas-scathing-take-on-our-digital-decay|access-date=2025-04-16|website=Homegrown|language=en}}</ref> ===Notable exhibitions=== * '''What My Mother Didn’t Teach Me''' (2021) – Gallery Art Exposure, Kolkata<ref name="artx" /><ref name="space" /> * '''What My Mother Didn’t Teach Me: Part 2''' (2022) – Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<ref name="ad">{{Cite web |last=Gurung |first=Swareena |title=Viraj Khanna's exhibition explores the politics of identities through his collage art |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/viraj-khannas-exhibition-explores-the-politics-of-identities-through-his-collage-art/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Architectural Digest India}}</ref><ref name="fpj">{{Cite web |title=Viraj Khanna's artwork is a pleasant reminder of India's rich heritage of embroidery |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/viraj-khannas-artwork-is-a-pleasant-reminder-of-indias-rich-heritage-of-embroidery |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> * '''In My Fever Dream''' (2022) – Bikaner House, New Delhi<ref name="hindustan">{{Cite news |title=Artist Viraj Khanna explores complexities of human nature through textile art |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/artist-viraj-khanna-explores-complexities-of-human-nature-through-textile-art-101670064734134.html |date=2022-12-03 |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> * '''India Art Fair''' (2023) – Tao Art Gallery booth<ref name="kalakriti">{{Cite web |title=Kalakriti Art Gallery - Viraj Khanna |url=https://kalakritiartgallery.com/artists/224-viraj-khanna/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Kalakriti Art Gallery}}</ref> * '''BRAIN ROT: The Life You Live?''' (2025) – Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<ref name="elle2" /><ref name="fervour" /> ===Materials and techniques=== Khanna’s techniques incorporate traditional embroidery styles such as [[:en:Zardosi|Zardosi]] and [[:en:Embroidery_of_India#Aari|Aari]], merged with mixed-media collage and digital aesthetics.<ref name="elledecor">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Viraj Khanna |url=https://elledecor.in/interview-viraj-khanna-artist-tao-art-gallery/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Elle Decor}}</ref> He frequently uses “khakha,” a [[stencil]] material used in embroidery tracing, to create distinctive visual effects.<ref name="space" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dmello|first=Zara Flavia|date=2025-01-11|title=Viraj Khanna’s Exhibit 'BRAIN ROT' Masters the Art of Calling Himself Out|url=https://luxebook.in/viraj-khannas-brain-rot-social-media-art/|access-date=2025-04-16|website=Luxebook India|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Recognition== In 2024, Khanna was named in the ''[[Forbes India]] 30 Under 30'' list in the Art category.<ref name="forbes" /> His works have been featured in various Indian and international publications including ''[[:en:Vogue India|Vogue India]]'', ''[[:en:Elle India|Elle India]]'', ''[[:en:Architectural Digest|Architectural Digest]]'', and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref name="elle1" /><ref name="hindustan" /><ref name="ad" /> ==Personal life== Khanna is currently pursuing an MFA at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]].<ref name="kalakriti" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Viraj Khanna}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian artists]] [[Category:People from Kolkata]] [[Category:Textile artists]] eh7rgg58plbrxlwvyww8dot1u50bli8 0 1182232 10331174 10300848 2025-06-15T00:51:29Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Turkish]] 10331174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability}} The Hakurk and Zap attack in December 2023 is a series of coordinated clashes led by the PKK against [[Turkish]] military bases located in northern [[Iraq]], in the Hakurk and Zap regions, two strategic areas where the [[Turkish]] military [[Operation Claw-Lock]] against the PKK is taking place.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.agenzianova.com/fr/news/iraq-sei-militari-turchi-uccisi-in-un-attacco-del-pkk-nel-kurdistan/|title= Iraq: six Turkish soldiers killed in a PKK attack in Kurdistan|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1362029/six-soldats-turcs-tues-dans-une-attaque-contre-une-base-turque-dans-le-nord-de-lirak.html|title= Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in two days in northern Iraq|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/231220232|title= Turkey says 6 more soldiers killed in PKK clashes|language=English}}</ref> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023) | partof = [[Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency]],[[Operation Claw-Lock]] | date = 22-23 December 2023 | place = [[Xakurk]],[[Zap]],[[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | result = Inconclusive | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] | commander1 = {{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=}}{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}}Murat Karayilan {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}}Cemil Bayik {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}}Bese Hozat | commander2 = {{flagicon|Turkey}}Yaşar Güler {{flagicon|Turkey}}Metin Guräk '''[[Killed in action]]''' * {{flagicon|Turkey}} Yasin Karaca * {{flagicon|Turkey}} İsmail Yazıcı * {{flagicon|Turkey}} Emre Taşkın * {{flagicon|Turkey}} Ramazan Günay | units1 = {{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=}} [[People's Defence Forces|HPG]] | units2 = [[File:Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı Brövesi.png|22px]] [[Special Forces Command (Turkey)|Special Forces Command]] | strength1 = Unknown | strength2 = Unknown | casualties1 = 13 militans killed (Turkish claim)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.agenzianova.com/fr/news/iraq-sei-militari-turchi-uccisi-in-un-attacco-del-pkk-nel-kurdistan/?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title= Iraq: six Turkish soldiers killed in a PKK attack in Kurdistan|language=English}}</ref> | casualties2 = 12 Turkish soldiers killed (Turkish claim)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1362029/six-soldats-turcs-tues-dans-une-attaque-contre-une-base-turque-dans-le-nord-de-lirak.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title= Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in two days in northern Iraq|language=English}}</ref> 27 Turkish soldiers killed (PKK claim)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/231220232?utm_source=chatgpt.com|title= Turkey says 6 more soldiers killed in PKK clashes|language=English}}</ref> }} ==Attack of Xakurk== On December 22, the PKK attacked a [[Turkish]] military base in the Hakurk mountainous region, near the border between [[Turkey]] and [[Iraq]]. This attack was conducted using guerrilla tactics, including ambushes, rockets and small arms, which are common techniques for the PKK, which knows the mountainous terrain perfectly. The attack killed 6 [[Turkish]] soldiers, according to the [[Turkish]] Ministry of Defense. However, the PKK claimed to have killed 27 soldiers and captured the weapons of 17 other [[Turkish]] soldiers. This figure remains not independently verified, but it has been widely disseminated by sources close to the PKK. [[Turkish]] forces responded to this attack with air strikes on PKK positions in the region. ==Attack of Zap== The next day, the PKK again struck, this time in the Zap region, another strategic area for the [[Turkish]] army. The attack followed a tactic similar to Hakurk's, with ambushes and the use of small arms and rockets. During this attack, 6 other [[Turkish]] soldiers were killed. In response, [[Turkey]] claimed to have neutralized 13 PKK fighters during subsequent air strikes. The term “neutralized” used by [[Turkey]] generally includes those killed, injured or captured. ==Related pages== • [[Operation Claw-Lock]] • [[Operation Northern Iraq (2023)]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.example.com/ example.com] <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2025]] 03t0ag4dwcgxjm6o6o6ylrvi1b34t44 10331178 10331174 2025-06-15T00:53:08Z Davey2010 314522 [[User:Davey2010/script#Sources|Script]]-assisted fixes: per [[Help:Citation Style 1|CS1]] and [[MOS:ITALICS]] 10331178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability}} The Hakurk and Zap attack in December 2023 is a series of coordinated clashes led by the PKK against [[Turkish]] military bases located in northern [[Iraq]], in the Hakurk and Zap regions, two strategic areas where the [[Turkish]] military [[Operation Claw-Lock]] against the PKK is taking place.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.agenzianova.com/fr/news/iraq-sei-militari-turchi-uccisi-in-un-attacco-del-pkk-nel-kurdistan/|title= Iraq: six Turkish soldiers killed in a PKK attack in Kurdistan|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1362029/six-soldats-turcs-tues-dans-une-attaque-contre-une-base-turque-dans-le-nord-de-lirak.html|title= Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in two days in northern Iraq|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/231220232|title= Turkey says 6 more soldiers killed in PKK clashes|language=English}}</ref> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Attack of Xakurk and Zap (2023) | partof = [[Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency]],[[Operation Claw-Lock]] | date = 22-23 December 2023 | place = [[Xakurk]],[[Zap]],[[Iraqi Kurdistan]] | result = Inconclusive | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] | commander1 = {{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=}}{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}}Murat Karayilan {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}}Cemil Bayik {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}}Bese Hozat | commander2 = {{flagicon|Turkey}}Yaşar Güler {{flagicon|Turkey}}Metin Guräk '''[[Killed in action]]''' * {{flagicon|Turkey}} Yasin Karaca * {{flagicon|Turkey}} İsmail Yazıcı * {{flagicon|Turkey}} Emre Taşkın * {{flagicon|Turkey}} Ramazan Günay | units1 = {{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=}} [[People's Defence Forces|HPG]] | units2 = [[File:Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı Brövesi.png|22px]] [[Special Forces Command (Turkey)|Special Forces Command]] | strength1 = Unknown | strength2 = Unknown | casualties1 = 13 militans killed (Turkish claim)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.agenzianova.com/fr/news/iraq-sei-militari-turchi-uccisi-in-un-attacco-del-pkk-nel-kurdistan/|title= Iraq: six Turkish soldiers killed in a PKK attack in Kurdistan|language=English}}</ref> | casualties2 = 12 Turkish soldiers killed (Turkish claim)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1362029/six-soldats-turcs-tues-dans-une-attaque-contre-une-base-turque-dans-le-nord-de-lirak.html|title= Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in two days in northern Iraq|language=English}}</ref> 27 Turkish soldiers killed (PKK claim)<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/231220232|title= Turkey says 6 more soldiers killed in PKK clashes|language=English}}</ref> }} ==Attack of Xakurk== On December 22, the PKK attacked a [[Turkish]] military base in the Hakurk mountainous region, near the border between [[Turkey]] and [[Iraq]]. This attack was conducted using guerrilla tactics, including ambushes, rockets and small arms, which are common techniques for the PKK, which knows the mountainous terrain perfectly. The attack killed 6 [[Turkish]] soldiers, according to the [[Turkish]] Ministry of Defense. However, the PKK claimed to have killed 27 soldiers and captured the weapons of 17 other [[Turkish]] soldiers. This figure remains not independently verified, but it has been widely disseminated by sources close to the PKK. [[Turkish]] forces responded to this attack with air strikes on PKK positions in the region. ==Attack of Zap== The next day, the PKK again struck, this time in the Zap region, another strategic area for the [[Turkish]] army. The attack followed a tactic similar to Hakurk's, with ambushes and the use of small arms and rockets. During this attack, 6 other [[Turkish]] soldiers were killed. In response, [[Turkey]] claimed to have neutralized 13 PKK fighters during subsequent air strikes. The term “neutralized” used by [[Turkey]] generally includes those killed, injured or captured. ==Related pages== • [[Operation Claw-Lock]] • [[Operation Northern Iraq (2023)]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.example.com/ example.com] <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2025]] bymi0tgh1vzuzn6nnyzp87lfh529znv 0 1182853 10331408 10275514 2025-06-15T03:33:18Z 180.150.36.182 10331408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No sources|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = The Brian Jonestown Massacre | image = The Brian Jonestown Massacre.jpg | caption = The Brian Jonestown Massacre performing at Shepherd's Bush Empire, London, in 2012 | landscape = yes | background = group_or_band | origin = [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]], U.S. | genre = [[Psychedelic rock]], [[garage rock]], [[folk rock]] | years_active = 1990–present | label = Bomp!, TVT, Tee Pee | website = {{URL|brianjonestownmassacre.com}} | current_members = Anton Newcombe<br>Collin Hegna<br>Ricky Maymi<br>Ryan Van Kriedt<br>Joel Gion<br>Hákon Aðalsteinsson<br>Uri Rennert<br>Emil Nikolaisen }} '''The Brian Jonestown Massacre''' is an American [[psychedelic rock]] band formed in 1990. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''Methodrone'' (1995) * ''Spacegirl and Other Favorites'' (1995) * ''Take It from the Man!'' (1996) * ''Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request'' (1996) * ''[[Thank God for Mental Illness]]'' (1996) * ''Give It Back!'' (1997) * ''Strung Out in Heaven'' (1998) * ''Bravery, Repetition and Noise'' (2001) * ''And This Is Our Music'' (2003) * ''My Bloody Underground'' (2008) * ''Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?'' (2010) * ''[[Aufheben]]'' (2012) * ''[[Revelation (The Brian Jonestown Massacre album)|Revelation]]'' (2014) * ''Musique de Film Imaginé'' (2015) * ''Third World Pyramid'' (2016) * ''Don't Get Lost'' (2017) * ''Something Else'' (2018) * ''The Brian Jonestown Massacre'' (2019) * ''Fire Doesn't Grow on Trees'' (2022) * ''The Future Is Your Past'' (2023) ==References== {{reflist}} {{The Brian Jonestown Massacre}} [[Category:American rock bands]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1990]] [[Category:1990 establishments]] 88nfvkczsf02mc026lr6ccbbhayfcu7 0 1183812 10331410 10283454 2025-06-15T03:33:57Z 180.150.36.182 10331410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No sources|date=April 2025}} '''''Aufheben''''' is the twelfth studio album by [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]]. The album was released on May 1, 2012. ==Track listing== # "Panic in Babylon" – 4:39 # "Viholliseni Maalla" – 4:37 # "Gaz Hilarant" – 2:41 # "Illuminomi" – 3:49 # "I Want to Hold Your Other Hand" – 4:29 # "Face Down on the Moon" – 5:08 # "The Clouds Are Lies" – 3:21 # "Stairway to the Best Party in the Universe" – 4:21 # "Seven Kinds of Wonderful" – 5:21 # "Waking Up to Hand Grenades" – 5:34 # "Blue Order / New Monday" – 7:09 ==References== {{reflist}} {{The Brian Jonestown Massacre}} [[Category:2012 albums]] [[Category:The Brian Jonestown Massacre albums]] {{music-stub}} c2cr6h48t7nma9m8duq3nlz1gjb3t47 3 1184544 10331820 10220239 2025-06-15T11:18:37Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[HB11 Energy]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331820 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of KERA Core== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:KERA Core]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/KERA Core]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 17:37, 27 April 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of HB11 Energy== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:HB11 Energy]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:HB11 Energy}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:18, 15 June 2025 (UTC) n8zejoj37m1zwl9h06dpotqsdksby50 0 1184740 10331411 10288098 2025-06-15T03:34:16Z 180.150.36.182 10331411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Revelation | type = Studio album | artist = [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]] | cover = | released = May 20, 2014 | recorded = 2012–2014 in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | studio = | genre = Neo-psychedelia | length = 57:39 | label = A | producer = Anton Newcombe | prev_title = [[Aufheben]] | prev_year = 2012 | next_title = Musique de Film Imaginé | next_year = 2015 }} '''''Revelation''''' is the thirteenth studio album by [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]]. The album was released on May 20, 2014. ==Track listing== # "Vad Hände Med Dem?" – 4:41 # "What You Isn't" – 5:29 # "Unknown" – 1:56 # "Memory Camp" – 5:39 # "Days, Weeks and Moths" – 4:20 # "Duck and Cover" – 4:43 # "Food for Clouds" – 5:18 # "Second Sighting" – 3:41 # "Memorymix" – 4:36 # "Fist Full Of Bees" – 5:46 # "Nightbird" – 3:26 # "Xibalba" – 3:23 # "Goodbye (Butterfly)" – 4:42 ==References== {{reflist}} {{The Brian Jonestown Massacre}} [[Category:2014 albums]] [[Category:The Brian Jonestown Massacre albums]] {{music-stub}} 33opj35tzuk86xfviiyo85h0hsl6kpg 0 1184782 10329905 10289403 2025-06-14T13:02:23Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Requesting quick deletion ([[WP:QD#A4|QD A4]]). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qd|a4|editor=CountryANDWestern|date=13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}} {{wikify|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox academic | name = Fereydoun Aghazadeh | image =Fereydoun Aghazadeh headshot.png | nationality = American | workplaces = [[University of Alabama]] (1982–1984)<br>[[Louisiana State University]] (1984–present) | alma_mater = [[Texas Tech University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Industrial Engineering) | known_for = | awards = }} '''Fereydoun Aghazadeh''' is an American academic and engineer specializing in industrial engineering. He is a professor in the Industrial Engineering Program at [[Louisiana State University]] (LSU), where he holds the Georgia Gulf Distinguished Professorship of Engineering. ==Education and career== Aghazadeh obtained his Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Ph.D. degrees in Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University. After completing his doctorate in 1982, he joined the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Alabama. In 1984, he moved to LSU, where he established a program in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Engineering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fereydoun Aghazadeh, PE |url=https://www.lsu.edu/eng/mie/people/faculty/aghazadeh.php |website=LSU}}</ref> At LSU, Aghazadeh played a role in shifting the Industrial Engineering program from a primarily teaching-focused curriculum to one that emphasizes research and graduate studies. As the graduate program coordinator, he has overseen the research of numerous master's and doctoral students. Additionally, he has served on various university committees and was involved in the development of LSU’s College of Engineering strategic plan in 2020. He has also been a member of the LSU Chancellor’s Realignment Task Force, which focuses on restructuring academic departments within the university.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gagliano |first1=Katie |title=Faculty pursuing creation of paid parental leave policy |url=https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/faculty-pursuing-creation-of-paid-parental-leave-policy/article_ca94b066-73ab-11e6-9eec-abde717b5633.html |website=The Reveille |language=en |access-date=2025-04-28 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119160949/https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/faculty-pursuing-creation-of-paid-parental-leave-policy/article_ca94b066-73ab-11e6-9eec-abde717b5633.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Books== *Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety. Taylor and Francis Ltd, June 1994 (Aghazadeh, F., Editor). *Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors V. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988 (Aghazadeh, F., Editor)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R |first1=S. |title=Review of: "Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors V." Edited by F. AGHAZADEH. (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988.) [Pp. xx+1095.] US$208·00. ISBN 0 4444 70442 6. |journal=Ergonomics |date=1 May 1989 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=559–560 |doi=10.1080/00140138908966129 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140138908966129 |issn=0014-0139}}</ref> ==Awards and recognitions== *Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (2014)<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Honors, July 20, 2014 |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_825c061b-ff7b-5b8e-ad7b-87d151a5048e.html |website=The Advocate |date=26 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LSU College of Engineering's Aghazadeh Receives Prestigious Industrial Engineering Honor |url=https://www.lsu.edu/eng/news/2014/07/20140722-aghazdeh.php |publisher=Louisiana State University}}</ref> *Fellow of the Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors *Ralph R. Teetor Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers *Georgia Gulf Distinguished Professorship at LSU College of Engineering *Faculty Fellow at NASA Johnson Space Center (2003, 2004)<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Summer Faculty Fellowship Program 2004 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050202011/downloads/20050202011.pdf |publisher=NASA.gov}}</ref> == References == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aghazadeh, Fereydoun}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American engineers]] rxao220bq8ojhmintuvts7twjxozrzu 10329921 10329905 2025-06-14T13:11:40Z Fr33kman 15149 Decline, take to RfD instead (claim of notability made) 10329921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox academic | name = Fereydoun Aghazadeh | image =Fereydoun Aghazadeh headshot.png | nationality = American | workplaces = [[University of Alabama]] (1982–1984)<br>[[Louisiana State University]] (1984–present) | alma_mater = [[Texas Tech University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Industrial Engineering) | known_for = | awards = }} '''Fereydoun Aghazadeh''' is an American academic and engineer specializing in industrial engineering. He is a professor in the Industrial Engineering Program at [[Louisiana State University]] (LSU), where he holds the Georgia Gulf Distinguished Professorship of Engineering. ==Education and career== Aghazadeh obtained his Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Ph.D. degrees in Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University. After completing his doctorate in 1982, he joined the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Alabama. In 1984, he moved to LSU, where he established a program in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety Engineering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fereydoun Aghazadeh, PE |url=https://www.lsu.edu/eng/mie/people/faculty/aghazadeh.php |website=LSU}}</ref> At LSU, Aghazadeh played a role in shifting the Industrial Engineering program from a primarily teaching-focused curriculum to one that emphasizes research and graduate studies. As the graduate program coordinator, he has overseen the research of numerous master's and doctoral students. Additionally, he has served on various university committees and was involved in the development of LSU’s College of Engineering strategic plan in 2020. He has also been a member of the LSU Chancellor’s Realignment Task Force, which focuses on restructuring academic departments within the university.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gagliano |first1=Katie |title=Faculty pursuing creation of paid parental leave policy |url=https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/faculty-pursuing-creation-of-paid-parental-leave-policy/article_ca94b066-73ab-11e6-9eec-abde717b5633.html |website=The Reveille |language=en |access-date=2025-04-28 |archive-date=2023-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119160949/https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/faculty-pursuing-creation-of-paid-parental-leave-policy/article_ca94b066-73ab-11e6-9eec-abde717b5633.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Books== *Advances in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety. Taylor and Francis Ltd, June 1994 (Aghazadeh, F., Editor). *Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors V. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988 (Aghazadeh, F., Editor)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R |first1=S. |title=Review of: "Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors V." Edited by F. AGHAZADEH. (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988.) [Pp. xx+1095.] US$208·00. ISBN 0 4444 70442 6. |journal=Ergonomics |date=1 May 1989 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=559–560 |doi=10.1080/00140138908966129 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00140138908966129 |issn=0014-0139}}</ref> ==Awards and recognitions== *Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (2014)<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Honors, July 20, 2014 |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_825c061b-ff7b-5b8e-ad7b-87d151a5048e.html |website=The Advocate |date=26 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LSU College of Engineering's Aghazadeh Receives Prestigious Industrial Engineering Honor |url=https://www.lsu.edu/eng/news/2014/07/20140722-aghazdeh.php |publisher=Louisiana State University}}</ref> *Fellow of the Institute for Ergonomics and Human Factors *Ralph R. Teetor Award from the Society of Automotive Engineers *Georgia Gulf Distinguished Professorship at LSU College of Engineering *Faculty Fellow at NASA Johnson Space Center (2003, 2004)<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Summer Faculty Fellowship Program 2004 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20050202011/downloads/20050202011.pdf |publisher=NASA.gov}}</ref> == References == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aghazadeh, Fereydoun}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American engineers]] tjs6vl88mgn53jikf4vz7nbp3eo2j1a 3 1185203 10329935 10228364 2025-06-14T13:14:10Z Minorax 844779 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[2030 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329935 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Arvid Lindblad== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Arvid Lindblad]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Arvid Lindblad}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 15:44, 30 April 2025 (UTC) == May 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. You might not have done it on purpose, but your recent change removed helpful information from Wikipedia. We ask that you do not remove things from pages, as you did to "[[:Toyota TGR F1 Team]]", without giving a good reason in the [[Wikipedia:Change summary|change summary]]. If it was a mistake, do not worry. The part of the article you removed has been put back. If you want to try things out, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. If you would like to learn how to help Wikipedia, please see the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-delete1 --> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 05:36, 1 May 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of 2030 Formula One World Championship== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:2030 Formula One World Championship]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]<sup>&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;</sup> 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) dor6rqnw87n7ruifi5swx47ydjyj0rv 0 1185271 10331816 10329731 2025-06-15T11:17:45Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jeffery Quaye | honorific_suffix = OBE PhD FRSA | image = Jeffery Quaye.jpg | nationality = British | alma_mater = University of Hertfordshire Brunel University London Harvard University | occupation = Educationalist }} '''Jeffery Quaye''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] PhD is a [[British Empire|British]] educationalist, and a former [[Head teacher|headteacher]]. He is the National Director of Education and Standards at Aspirations Academies Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffery Quaye - RSA |url=https://www.thersa.org/events/speakers/jeffery-quaye|website=www.thersa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Profile: Jeffery Quaye |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/profile-jeffery-quaye/ |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Education == Quaye studied at the University of Hertfordshire,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Jeffery Quaye OBE |url=https://www.herts.ac.uk/alumni/alumni-stories/dr-jeffery-quaye |website=www.herts.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> where he received a first-class degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. He later completed a teaching qualification (PGCE) in secondary mathematics and a Master's degree in Education. He also earned a PhD in Mathematics Education from [[Brunel University London]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunel alumnus recognised with an OBE in the 2023 New Year's Honours List for Services to Education |url=https://www.brunel.ac.uk/alumni/News-and-events/News/Articles/2022/Brunel-alumnus-recognised-with-an-OBE-in-the-2023-New-Years-Honours-List-for-Services-to-Education |website=www.brunel.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Quaye |first=Jeffery |date=2015-01-02 |title=Exploring students' attitudes towards mathematics and mathematical achievement in secondary schools in England: the role of social class, gender and ethnicity |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14794802.2014.971340 |journal=Research in Mathematics Education |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |doi=10.1080/14794802.2014.971340 |s2cid=145528552 |issn=1479-4802}}</ref> == Career == Quaye taught in a range of schools including Hatch End High School, Harrow; Goffs School (now Goffs Academy) in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire; and Rivers Academy West London, Hounslow, serving in the latter two schools as an assistant principal. Prior to his current role as the National Director of Education and Standards at Aspirations Academies Trust, he was a senior vice principal and then the [[Head teacher|headteacher]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=London school helps to shape Relationships and Sex education |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/london-school-helps-to-shape-relationships-and-sex-education|website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools minister visits Southwark pupils helping to shape relationships and sex education - Southwark News |url=https://southwarknews.co.uk/news/politics/schools-minister-visits-southwark-pupils-helping-shape-relationships-sex-education/|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffery Quaye {{!}} The Leaders Council of Great Britain & Northern Ireland |url=https://www.leaderscouncil.co.uk/members/jeffery-quaye |website=www.leaderscouncil.co.uk |language=en |access-date=2025-06-14 |archive-date=2022-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924131110/https://www.leaderscouncil.co.uk/members/jeffery-quaye |url-status=dead }}</ref> at inner-city, 11–18, City of London Academy, Southwark until 2018. Quaye has also previously held the roles of regional chief executive officer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Tackling racism is about more than curriculum |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/tackling-racism-is-about-more-than-curriculum/ |website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> and director of standards and effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teacher recruitment and retention strategy |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/teacher-recruitment-and-retention-strategy/teacher-recruitment-and-retention-strategy |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Quaye's work was recognised in the Parliamentary Review<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students at City of London Academy (Southwark) celebrate with 73% English and maths |url=https://news.cityoflondon.gov.uk/students-at-city-of-london-academy-southwark-celebrate-with-73-english-and-maths/ |website=Students at City of London Academy (Southwark) celebrate with 73% English and maths |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South and East London |url=https://user-ps2lxmw.cld.bz/South-and-East-London/36/ |website=user-ps2lxmw.cld.bz}}</ref> as an example of best practice for improving outcomes for disadvantaged pupils. He is a [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] education policy advisor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multi-academy trust leadership development offer expert advisory group |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/multi-academy-trust-leadership-development-offer-expert-advisory-group|website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Timpson publishes landmark exclusions review |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/edward-timpson-publishes-landmark-exclusions-review |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=Exclusions review two years on: Timpson wants action |url=https://schoolsweek.co.uk/timpson-two-years-on-exclusions-review-chair-wants-action/|website=schoolsweek.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> at the Department for Education and an Ofqual external expert for mathematics and education. Quaye was made a Freeman of the City of London in 2018 and appointed by [[Charles III|King Charles III]] as an [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeffery QUAYE {{!}} Order of the British Empire|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4246656|website=The Gazette}}</ref> On September 7, 2023, Quaye was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] in education by the University of Hertfordshire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary doctorates and fellowships |url=https://www.herts.ac.uk/alumni/honorary-doctorates |website=University of Hertfordshire |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quaye, Jeffery}} [[Category:British educators]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] {{bio-stub}} m59544posx9fq1tp4yyi79ssd0t4e5k 0 1185328 10329933 10329521 2025-06-14T13:14:09Z Minorax 844779 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 5 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{F1 season | year = 2030<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2030 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2030 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2030 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One]] cars which will be the 81st running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2030 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2030 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="TGR"|{{flagg|cnxa|Japan}}TGR F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[TGR F1 Team|Toyota Gazoo Racing]] | rowspan="2" |Toyota | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2030 in sports]] [[Category:2030s in motorsport]] hakdpbifd9ed1hn6aji3uffj9tpz95j 10329975 10329933 2025-06-14T13:22:44Z BRPever 487619 fix link 10329975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 5 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{F1 season | year = 2030<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2030 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2030 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2030 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One]] cars which will be the 81st running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2030 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2030 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"|Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Red Bull Ford Powertrains|Red Bull Ford]] |rowspan="2"|Red Bull Ford |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="TGR"|{{flagg|cnxa|Japan}}TGR F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[TGR F1 Team|Toyota Gazoo Racing]] | rowspan="2" |Toyota | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-[[Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2030 in sports]] [[Category:2030s in motorsport]] ak0umpdufdrgor5cg7yz9ttkrs6ao28 0 1186009 10331045 10329695 2025-06-14T23:07:31Z NX3710 1629609 10331045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tralalero Tralala.webp|thumb|Tralalero Tralala, a shark with legs and blue [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] shoes; a popular character in Italian brainrot memes.]] '''Italian brainrot''' is an [[Internet meme]] from early 2025. They show [[surrealism|surrealist]] pictures of [[Generative artificial intelligence|AI-generated]] creatures with names that are [[inspiration|inspired]] by the [[Italian language]].<ref name="Афиша">{{Cite web|url=https://daily.afisha.ru/infoporn/29087-apogey-breynrota-bombardino-krokodilo-i-drugie-boevye-ii-zhivotnye-zahvatili-socseti/|title=Апогей брейнрота: Бомбардиро Крокодило и другие боевые ИИ-животные захватили соцсети|lang=ru|website=Афиша|access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Вечерняя Москва">{{Cite web|url=https://vm.ru/society/1221972-bombardiro-krokodilo-i-bobrito-bandito-chto-takoe-italyanskij-brejnrot-i-pochemu-on-tak-populyaren|lang=ru|website=Вечерняя Москва|access-date=2025-04-20 |title=«Итальянский брейнрот»: что это за мемы и почему они так популярны }}</ref> ==Name== The phrase ''[[brain rot]]'' was used as early as 1854.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levitin |first=Mia |date=2024-12-28 |title=Social media, brain rot and the slow death of reading |url=https://www.ft.com/content/fe9963aa-f4fd-4839-8732-5df7bc4317bb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250102144015/https://www.ft.com/content/fe9963aa-f4fd-4839-8732-5df7bc4317bb |archive-date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ==Description== [[File:Bombardiro Crocodillo.jpg|thumb|Bombardino Crocodilo, a [[bomber]] with the head of a [[crocodile]]]] Italian brainrot combines unusual creatures and AI to create outlandish, and sometimes vulgar reactions.<ref name="Ilpost">{{cite news |title=I meme nati in Italia che stanno avendo un enorme successo su TikTok |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2025/04/15/meme-italian-brainrot/#google_vignette |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=Ilpost |date=15 April 2025}}</ref> Videos often have fictitious creatures with "Italian" names, while the video is narrated by an AI voice, with a nonsensical description of the creature or animal.<ref name="Brain Rot Comes for Italy">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Alisha |title=Brain Rot Comes for Italy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/30/style/italian-brain-rot-ballerina-cappuccina.html |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=The New York Times |date=30 April 2025}}</ref> The meme is purposely illogical, with objects or items mixed with animals.<ref name="AS.com">{{cite web |last=Rossi |first=Luca |date=2024-04-25 |title=Quiénes son Tralarero Tralala y Bombardiro Crocodilo, las nuevas tendencias de TikTok entre los jóvenes |url=https://as.com/tikitakas/virales/quienes-son-tralarero-tralala-y-bombardiro-crocodilo-las-nuevas-tendencias-de-tiktok-entre-los-jovenes-n/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=AS.com |language=es}}</ref> ==History== Tralalero Tralalero is a three-legged [[shark]] with blue [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] shoes. First created in January 2025 by deleted Tiktok user @Ezburger401, Tralalero Tralala was the first creature in Italian brainrot to become widespread.<ref name="cybernews"/><ref name="Вечерняя Москва">{{Cite web|url=https://vm.ru/society/1221972-bombardiro-krokodilo-i-bobrito-bandito-chto-takoe-italyanskij-brejnrot-i-pochemu-on-tak-populyaren|lang=ru|website=Вечерняя Москва|access-date=2025-04-20 |title=«Итальянский брейнрот»: что это за мемы и почему они так популярны }}</ref><ref name="Brain Rot Comes for Italy"/> The meme has roots with other European memes featuring animals, like German Brainrot, a similar internet meme where animals are depicted in obscure scenarios.<ref name="cybernews">{{cite news |last1=Ancell |first1=Niamh |title=Italian brainrot has taken over my Instagram feed |url=https://cybernews.com/entertainment/italian-brainrot-viral-trend-instagram-tiktok/ |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=Cybernews |date=28 March 2025}}</ref> The meme was formed in [[Italy]], but has been enthusiastically shared and reproduced by [[United States|Americans]], [[Russians]], and [[Indonesians]].<ref name="Ilpost"/> [[File:Ballerina Cappuccina.png|thumb|Ballerina Cappuccina, a ballerina with a [[cappuccino]] cup as its head]] == Characters == This list contains the relevant characters of the Italian Brainrot: [[File:Brr brr patapim.jpg|thumb|Brr brr patapim]] Tralalero Tralala is an athletic shark with blue Nike shoes.<ref name="AS.com" /><ref name="Brain Rot Comes for Italy" /> Bombardiro Crocodilo is a crocodile fused with a military bomber plane.<ref name="Афиша" /> A minor character is Brrr Brrr Patapim, he is a [[Proboscis monkey]], with large human feet.<ref name="Афиша" /> ===Controversy=== Tralalero Tralala and Bombardino Crocodilo have been called [[Islamophobic]], as lyrics from Tralalero Tralala's origin video mock [[Allah]] in Italian,{{efn|"Tralalero Tralala" itself doesn't mean anything in Italian.}} though some Italian users have brushed it off as ''generic blasphemy''.<ref name="Ferraris-2025">{{cite news |last1=Ferraris |first1=Matilda |title=From Ballerina Cappuccina to Trallalero Trallalà, we unpack the darker undertones of Italian brainrot |url=https://screenshot-media.com/culture/internet-culture/italian-brainrot-dark-origin/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=SCREENSHOT |date=2025-04-26}}</ref> The character Bombardino Crocodilo has been criticized for making fun of [[Gaza genocide]], with some videos using audio which jokes about the plane bombing children in Gaza and Palestine. <ref name="Ferraris-2025"/>. == Notes == {{notelist}} ==Sources== {{reflist}} [[Category:2025]] [[Category:Internet memes]] clnnjm5fot7kxctesg1nf08ru8w2gq2 10331049 10331045 2025-06-14T23:09:38Z NX3710 1629609 /* Controversy */ 10331049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tralalero Tralala.webp|thumb|Tralalero Tralala, a shark with legs and blue [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] shoes; a popular character in Italian brainrot memes.]] '''Italian brainrot''' is an [[Internet meme]] from early 2025. They show [[surrealism|surrealist]] pictures of [[Generative artificial intelligence|AI-generated]] creatures with names that are [[inspiration|inspired]] by the [[Italian language]].<ref name="Афиша">{{Cite web|url=https://daily.afisha.ru/infoporn/29087-apogey-breynrota-bombardino-krokodilo-i-drugie-boevye-ii-zhivotnye-zahvatili-socseti/|title=Апогей брейнрота: Бомбардиро Крокодило и другие боевые ИИ-животные захватили соцсети|lang=ru|website=Афиша|access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Вечерняя Москва">{{Cite web|url=https://vm.ru/society/1221972-bombardiro-krokodilo-i-bobrito-bandito-chto-takoe-italyanskij-brejnrot-i-pochemu-on-tak-populyaren|lang=ru|website=Вечерняя Москва|access-date=2025-04-20 |title=«Итальянский брейнрот»: что это за мемы и почему они так популярны }}</ref> ==Name== The phrase ''[[brain rot]]'' was used as early as 1854.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levitin |first=Mia |date=2024-12-28 |title=Social media, brain rot and the slow death of reading |url=https://www.ft.com/content/fe9963aa-f4fd-4839-8732-5df7bc4317bb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250102144015/https://www.ft.com/content/fe9963aa-f4fd-4839-8732-5df7bc4317bb |archive-date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ==Description== [[File:Bombardiro Crocodillo.jpg|thumb|Bombardino Crocodilo, a [[bomber]] with the head of a [[crocodile]]]] Italian brainrot combines unusual creatures and AI to create outlandish, and sometimes vulgar reactions.<ref name="Ilpost">{{cite news |title=I meme nati in Italia che stanno avendo un enorme successo su TikTok |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2025/04/15/meme-italian-brainrot/#google_vignette |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=Ilpost |date=15 April 2025}}</ref> Videos often have fictitious creatures with "Italian" names, while the video is narrated by an AI voice, with a nonsensical description of the creature or animal.<ref name="Brain Rot Comes for Italy">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Alisha |title=Brain Rot Comes for Italy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/30/style/italian-brain-rot-ballerina-cappuccina.html |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=The New York Times |date=30 April 2025}}</ref> The meme is purposely illogical, with objects or items mixed with animals.<ref name="AS.com">{{cite web |last=Rossi |first=Luca |date=2024-04-25 |title=Quiénes son Tralarero Tralala y Bombardiro Crocodilo, las nuevas tendencias de TikTok entre los jóvenes |url=https://as.com/tikitakas/virales/quienes-son-tralarero-tralala-y-bombardiro-crocodilo-las-nuevas-tendencias-de-tiktok-entre-los-jovenes-n/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=AS.com |language=es}}</ref> ==History== Tralalero Tralalero is a three-legged [[shark]] with blue [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] shoes. First created in January 2025 by deleted Tiktok user @Ezburger401, Tralalero Tralala was the first creature in Italian brainrot to become widespread.<ref name="cybernews"/><ref name="Вечерняя Москва">{{Cite web|url=https://vm.ru/society/1221972-bombardiro-krokodilo-i-bobrito-bandito-chto-takoe-italyanskij-brejnrot-i-pochemu-on-tak-populyaren|lang=ru|website=Вечерняя Москва|access-date=2025-04-20 |title=«Итальянский брейнрот»: что это за мемы и почему они так популярны }}</ref><ref name="Brain Rot Comes for Italy"/> The meme has roots with other European memes featuring animals, like German Brainrot, a similar internet meme where animals are depicted in obscure scenarios.<ref name="cybernews">{{cite news |last1=Ancell |first1=Niamh |title=Italian brainrot has taken over my Instagram feed |url=https://cybernews.com/entertainment/italian-brainrot-viral-trend-instagram-tiktok/ |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=Cybernews |date=28 March 2025}}</ref> The meme was formed in [[Italy]], but has been enthusiastically shared and reproduced by [[United States|Americans]], [[Russians]], and [[Indonesians]].<ref name="Ilpost"/> [[File:Ballerina Cappuccina.png|thumb|Ballerina Cappuccina, a ballerina with a [[cappuccino]] cup as its head]] == Characters == This list contains the relevant characters of the Italian Brainrot: [[File:Brr brr patapim.jpg|thumb|Brr brr patapim]] Tralalero Tralala is an athletic shark with blue Nike shoes.<ref name="AS.com" /><ref name="Brain Rot Comes for Italy" /> Bombardiro Crocodilo is a crocodile fused with a military bomber plane.<ref name="Афиша" /> A minor character is Brrr Brrr Patapim, he is a [[Proboscis monkey]], with large human feet.<ref name="Афиша" /> ===Controversy=== Tralalero Tralala and Bombardino Crocodilo have been called [[Islamophobic]], as lyrics from Tralalero Tralala's origin video mock [[Allah]] in Italian,{{efn|"Tralalero Tralala" itself doesn't mean anything in Italian.}} though some Italian users have brushed it off as ''generic blasphemy''.<ref name="Ferraris-2025">{{cite news |last1=Ferraris |first1=Matilda |title=From Ballerina Cappuccina to Trallalero Trallalà, we unpack the darker undertones of Italian brainrot |url=https://screenshot-media.com/culture/internet-culture/italian-brainrot-dark-origin/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |publisher=SCREENSHOT |date=2025-04-26}}</ref> The character Bombardino Crocodilo has been criticized for making fun of [[Gaza genocide]], with some videos using audio which jokes about the plane bombing children in Gaza and Palestine. <ref name="Ferraris-2025"/> == Notes == {{notelist}} ==Sources== {{reflist}} [[Category:2025]] [[Category:Internet memes]] 1axu7m6x3z3iyjjnj3h3cfbl28vu3xs 0 1186058 10330145 10301232 2025-06-14T15:03:59Z 1.152.105.195 10330145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No sources|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Underoath | image = Underoath - 2019159150712 2019-06-08 Rock am Ring - 0156 - 5DSR0728.jpg | caption = Underoath performing at Rock am Ring in 2019 | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S. | genre = {{hlist|[[Metalcore]]|[[post-hardcore]]|[[emo]]|[[Christian metal]] (early)}} | years_active = {{hlist|1997–2013|2015–present}} | label = Solid State, Tooth & Nail, Takehold, [[Fearless Records|Fearless]], MNRK | current_members = Aaron Gillespie<br>Christopher Dudley<br>Timothy McTague<br>Grant Brandell<br>Spencer Chamberlain }} '''Underoath''' is an American [[metalcore]] band from [[Tampa, Florida]] formed in 1997. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''Act of Depression'' (1999) * ''Cries of the Past'' (2000) * ''The Changing of Times'' (2002) * ''They're Only Chasing Safety'' (2004) * ''Define the Great Line'' (2006) * ''Lost in the Sound of Separation'' (2008) * ''Ø (Disambiguation)'' (2010) * ''Erase Me'' (2018) * ''Voyeurist'' (2022) * ''The Place After This One'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} {{multistub|us|music}} [[Category:1997 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:2013 disestablishments in the United States]] [[Category:2015 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Post-hardcore bands]] [[Category:Emo bands]] [[Category:Metalcore bands]] [[Category:Christian metal bands]] [[Category:American musical groups]] 0zzyz5g28f1xu4o19u8zv7otxdh6vr9 3 1186422 10329983 10315368 2025-06-14T13:25:56Z Minorax 844779 /* Zacharias (Sudanese king of Nobatia) */ new section 10329983 wikitext text/x-wiki == May 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. 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You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:BlackJack|<span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;background-color: #0000ff;color: white">'''Jack'''</span>]] ([[User talk:BlackJack|<span style="color: #0000ff">talk</span>]]) 21:26, 7 June 2025 (UTC) == Zacharias (Sudanese king of Nobatia) == Good day, can I check if there's a corresponding article on the English Wikipedia? --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]<sup>&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;</sup> 13:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) k8s1zpxn2xdfow2j08abwpms7d2f4dg 2 1186610 10330326 10242924 2025-06-14T17:00:58Z Priharisid 1555874 10330326 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Template:Priharisid]] * [[Template:Priharisid/Progress bar]] * [[Template:Priharisid/Progress bar/2]] * [[User:Priharisid/Editnotice]] * [[User:Priharisid/Progress bars]] * [[Template:Priharisid/Progress bar/3]] * [[User:Priharisid/Sandbox]] * [[User:Priharisid/Sandboxes]] 5bypi0sa0yeos5i268fvwksrmuixx7n 0 1186637 10331356 10300858 2025-06-15T02:46:33Z Marium Alberto 1088181 + 10331356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=yes}} {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope | honorific_prefix = His Holiness <br> [[Pope]] | name = Leo XIV | title = [[Bishop of Rome]] | image = Pope Leo XIV 3 (3x4 cropped).png | caption = Leo XIV in 2025 | church = [[Catholic Church]] | term_start = May 8, 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Pope Francis|Francis]] | successor = | previous_post = {{indented plainlist| * Prior General of the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] (2001{{nbnd}}2013) * Titular Bishop of [[Sufar]] (2014{{nbnd}}2015) * Apostolic Administrator of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiclayo|Chiclayo]] (2014{{nbnd}}2015) * [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiclayo|Bishop of Chiclayo]] (2015{{nbnd}}2023) * Cardinal Deacon of [[Santa Monica degli Agostiniani|Santa Monica]] (2023{{nbnd}}2025) * Prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] (2023{{nbnd}}2025) * President of the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]] (2023{{nbnd}}2025) * Titular Cardinal Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|Albano]] (2025)}} | ordination = June 19, 1982 | ordained_by = [[Jean Jadot]] | consecration = December 12, 2014 | consecrated_by = [[James Patrick Green]] | cardinal = September 30, 2023 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Francis|Francis]] | rank = [[Cardinal Bishop]] | birth_name = Robert Francis Prevost | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|09|14}} | birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = {{ubl|United States|[[Peru]] (since 2015)|[[Vatican City]] (since 2023)}} | profession = {{hlist|Teacher|theologian|clergy|canon lawyer}} | residence = [[Apostolic Palace]], Vatican City | education = {{indented plainlist| * [[Villanova University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) * [[Catholic Theological Union]] ([[Master of Divinity|MDiv]]) * [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] {{nowrap|([[Licentiate of Canon Law|JCL]], [[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|JCD]])}}}} | motto = ''In illo uno unum''<br>([[Latin language|Latin]] for 'In the one [Christ we are] one') | signature = Signature of Robert F. Prevost.svg | coat_of_arms = | module = {{Ordination|embed=yes|denomination=Catholic |ordained priest by = [[Jean Jadot]] |date of priestly ordination = June 19, 1982 |place of priestly ordination = St Monica's College, Rome |consecrated by = [[James Green (bishop)|James Green]] |co-consecrators = {{ubl|[[Jesús Moliné Labarte]]|[[Salvador Piñeiro García-Calderón]]}} |date of consecration = December 12, 2014 |place of consecration = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Chiclayo]] |elevated by = [[Pope Francis]] |date of elevation = September 30, 2023}} | other = Leo }} {{Infobox pope styles | image = Coat of arms of Leone XIV.svg | dipstyle = [[His Holiness]] | offstyle = Your Holiness | relstyle = Holy Father }} '''Pope Leo XIV'''{{efn|{{langx|la|italic=no|Leo&nbsp;XIV}}; {{langx|it|italic=no|Leone&nbsp;XIV}}; {{langx|es|italic=no|link=|León&nbsp;XIV}}.}} (born '''Robert Francis Prevost''';{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɹ|i|.|v|oʊ|s|t}} {{Respell|PREE-vohst}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKDP4e0ekvc&t=5s |title=Old Video of New Pope Leo XIV- Greeting from Bishop of Chiclayo, Mons. Robert Prevost Martínez (OSA) |date=May 8, 2025 |type=Video |publisher=Chalice Canada |access-date=May 9, 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>}} September 14, 1955) is the head of the [[Catholic Church]] and sovereign of the [[Vatican City State]]. He was elected [[pope]] at the [[2025 papal conclave]] on May 8, 2025, following the [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|death]] of [[Pope Francis]]. Prevost was born in [[Chicago]] and became a [[friar]] in the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] during his early years. He became a priest in 1982. He spent many years doing missionary work in [[Peru]] from 1985 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1998. He became prior general of the Order of Saint Augustine from 2001 to 2013, he later returned to Peru in 2015 as [[Bishop of Chiclayo]]. In 2023, [[Pope Francis]] made him prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] and president of the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]]. Francis later made him a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] the same year. On May 8, 2025, he was elected [[Pope]] and chose the name Leo XIV. He is the first ever [[Americans|United States citizen]] to be voted Pope and the first citizen of [[Peru]] to be elected Pope.<ref name=firstpontiff/> ==Early life== Robert Francis Prevost was born on September 14, 1955, at [[Insight Hospital and Medical Center|Mercy Hospital and Medical Center]] in the [[Bronzeville, Chicago|Bronzeville]] neighborhood of [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="FitzPatrick 2025">{{cite news |last=FitzPatrick |first=Lauren |date=May 3, 2025 |title=From Chicago's south suburbs to helping choose the next pope |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/03/robert-prevost-pope-francis-conclave-catholic-church-dolton-saint-mary-assumption-parish |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508173008/https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/03/robert-prevost-pope-francis-conclave-catholic-church-dolton-saint-mary-assumption-parish |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Bosman 2025">{{cite news |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV Grew Up in the Chicago Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/us/pope-leo-xiv-chicago.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508204328/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/us/pope-leo-xiv-chicago.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Joe |last2=Mercado |first2=Melody |last3=Hernandez |first3=Alex V. |last4=Filbin |first4=Patrick |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV Named First American Pope — And He's From Chicago |url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-named-first-american-pope-and-hes-from-chicago/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508184055/https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-named-first-american-pope-and-hes-from-chicago/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[Block Club Chicago]]}}</ref> His mother, Mildred (née Martínez) Prevost, graduated from [[DePaul University]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in 1947,<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1990">{{cite news |date=June 20, 1990 |title=Obituary for Mildred Prevost |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-mildred-pre/171971476/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508210650/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-mildred-pre/171971476/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |page=28 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burack |first=Emily |date=May 8, 2025 |title=A Guide to Pope Leo XIV's Family |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a64716116/pope-leo-xiv-family-explained/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509092128/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a64716116/pope-leo-xiv-family-explained/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |magazine=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]}}</ref> while his father, Louis Marius Prevost, was a [[United States Navy]] veteran of [[World War II]].<ref name="Chicago Tribune-1997">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 1997 |title=Obituary for Louis M. PREVOST |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-louis-m-pr/171963827/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202031/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-louis-m-pr/171963827/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |page=6 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=de Senneville |first=Loup Besmond |date=January 30, 2023 |title=Démission du cardinal Ouellet : un évêque américain placé à la tête du dicastère pour les évêques |trans-title=Resignation of Cardinal Ouellet: an American bishop appointed to head the dicastery for bishops |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Demission-cardinal-Ouellet-eveque-americain-place-tete-dicastere-eveques-2023-01-30-1201252968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508201838/https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Demission-cardinal-Ouellet-eveque-americain-place-tete-dicastere-eveques-2023-01-30-1201252968 |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |language=fr}}</ref> Prevost has two older brothers, Louis and John.<ref name="FitzPatrick 2025"/> He was raised in [[Dolton, Illinois]], a suburb close to Chicago's far [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]].<ref name="FitzPatrick 2025" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lourgos |first1=Angie Leventis |last2=Royal Pratt |first2=Gregory |last3=Stein |first3=Carolyn |last4=Stevens |first4=Olivia |last5=Gorner |first5=Jeremy |last6=Moilanen |first6=Samantha |last7=Salzman |first7=Neil |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Robert Prevost was 'the pride and joy of every priest and nun' at St. Mary's on Chicago's South Side |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/08/robert-prevost-chicago-pope-xiv/ |url-status=unfit <!--because it's only available in the US and the article has global significance--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508200248/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/08/robert-prevost-chicago-pope-xiv/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> He finished his secondary education at St.&nbsp;Augustine Seminary High School, a [[seminary|minor seminary]] in [[Holland, Michigan]], in 1973.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Van Gilder |first1=Rachel |last2=Sanchez |first2=Josh |date=May 8, 2025 |title=New pope attended Catholic high school in West Michigan |url=https://www.woodtv.com/news/allegan-county/new-pope-attended-catholic-school-in-west-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509061043/https://www.woodtv.com/news/allegan-county/new-pope-attended-catholic-school-in-west-michigan/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |agency=[[WOOD-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 7, 1972 |title=Robert Prevost is Commended |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-robert-prev/171971875/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202601/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-robert-prev/171971875/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Holland Sentinel]] |pages=5}}</ref><ref name="The Holland Evening Sentinel-1974">{{cite news |date=February 20, 1974 |title=St. Augustine Wins 1973 Yearbook Award |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-st-augusti/171973007/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202833/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-st-augusti/171973007/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=The Holland Sentinel |pages=17}}</ref> Prevost earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BS) degree in mathematics from [[Villanova University]], an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] college, in 1977.<ref name="Vatican News 2025">{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Biography of Pope Leo XIV, born Robert Francis Prevost |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509044847/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=[[Vatican News]]}}</ref><ref name="Mervosh 2025">{{cite news |last=Mervosh |first=Sarah |date=May 8, 2025 |title=The Pope Is a Graduate of Villanova, Where the Church Bells Won't Stop Ringing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/villanova-pope-leo-xiv.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508233134/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/villanova-pope-leo-xiv.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He earned a [[Master of Divinity]] (MDiv) from [[Catholic Theological Union]] in Chicago in 1982. He was a physics and math teacher at St. Rita of Cascia High School in Chicago during his studies.<ref name="Rich, Dias & Horowitz 2025">{{cite news |last1=Rich |first1=Motoko |last2=Dias |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Horowitz |first3=Jason |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV, the First American Pontiff, Took a Global Route to the Top Post |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/pope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508234950/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/pope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He earned a [[Licentiate of Canon Law]] in 1984, followed by a [[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|Doctor of Canon Law]] degree in 1987 from the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in Rome.<ref name="Vatican News 2025"/> ==Early career== In September 1977, Prevost joined the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] and lived in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukuljan |first=Steph |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV in St. Louis: 'Bob' Prevost started his papal journey here |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_89d4062b-75e0-495e-8b30-a91e8a0ac920.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV Lived In St. Louis While Preparing For The Priesthood |url=https://www.stlmag.com/news/pope-leo-xiv-lived-in-st-louis/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website= St. Louis Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> He took his first vows in September 1978 and solemn vows in August 1981.<ref name="Catholic-Hierarchy 2014">{{Cite web |date=2014|title=Pope Leo XIV (Robert Francis Prevost) |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bprevost.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |archive-date=January 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125025948/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bprevost.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prevost was ordained a priest by Archbishop [[Jean Jadot]] for the Augustinians in Rome on June 19, 1982.<ref name="Catholic-Hierarchy 2014" /> Prevost joined the Augustinian mission in [[Peru]] in 1985 when he was chancellor of the Territorial Prelature of Chulucanas (1985–1986).<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Robert F. Prevost nombrado Administrador Apostólico en Chiclayo |url=http://augustinians.net/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=483&cntnt01returnid=49 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191403/http://augustinians.net/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=483&cntnt01returnid=49 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |website=Orden de San Agustín |language=es}}</ref> In 1987, he was vocation director and missions director of the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel in [[Olympia Fields, Illinois]], and worked with the faculty of the Augustinian Novitiate in [[Oconomowoc, Wisconsin]], before returning to Peru in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mendelchs.org/blog/2023/09/28/watch-archbishop-robert-prevost-o-s-a-becomes-a-cardinal-this-weekend/|title=Augustinian Archbishop Robert Francis Prevost, O.S.A., to become Cardinal|access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> In Peru, Prevost spent years at the Augustinian seminary in [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]], teaching [[canon law]] in the diocesan seminary and he was a judge in the regional ecclesiastical court.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=John J. |url=https://archive.org/details/adventureinfaith0000kell/mode/1up |title=Adventure in Faith: The Story of the Chulucanas Prelature |date=1989 |publisher=Augustinian Historical Institute, Villanova University |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-941491-42-6|access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> He did well in the Augustinians' efforts to convince Peruvians to become priests in the order.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = May 9, 2025 | first = Michael Sean | last = Winters | work = National Catholic Reporter | url = https://www.ncronline.org/opinion/prevost-new-pope-american-cardinal-committed-reforms-pope-francis-began | title = Prevost is new pope, an American cardinal committed to the reforms Pope Francis began |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref> In 1998, Prevost was elected prior provincial of the Order of St. Augustine's [[Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel (United States)|Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel]] in Chicago. In 2000, he allowed Augustinian priest James Ray, to be suspended from public ministry since 1991 because of accusations of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse]] of minors.<ref name="The Pillar 2021">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2021|title=Vatican congregation member allowed priest accused of child abuse to live near Catholic school |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/vatican-congregation-member-allowed |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Pillar |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728140608/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/vatican-congregation-member-allowed |url-status=live }}</ref> Ray was moved in 2002 after US bishops put stricter rules.<ref name="Herguth 2021">{{cite news |last=Herguth |first=Robert |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Church officials disapproved moving another priest accused of abuse to Hyde Park friary, records show |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/2/26/22302129/catholics-priest-child-sex-abuse-st-john-friary-james-ray-richard-mcgrath-hyde-park-augustinians |access-date=January 30, 2023 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131182656/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/2/26/22302129/catholics-priest-child-sex-abuse-st-john-friary-james-ray-richard-mcgrath-hyde-park-augustinians |url-status=live }}</ref> == Prior General of the Order of Saint Augustine (2001–2013) == Prevost became Prior General of the Order of Saint Augustine in 2001. He served two six-year terms until 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 2007 |title=Augustinians re-elect current Prior General at Chapter meeting |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/10353/augustinians-re-elect-current-prior-general-at-chapter-meeting |access-date=May 8, 2025 |agency=[[Catholic News Agency]] |location=Rome, Italy}}</ref> During his time there, there were complaints of abuse against minors made against Richard McGrath.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fabbre |first1=Alicia |last2=Kim |first2=Anna |last3=Cherney |first3=Elyssa |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Where is Father McGrath? Priest who was accused of child sex abuse is still AWOL from order but criminal investigations end |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/04/08/where-is-father-mcgrath-priest-who-was-accused-of-child-sex-abuse-is-still-awol-from-order-but-criminal-investigations-end/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Chicago Tribune }}</ref><ref name="Will County Gazette 2025">{{cite web |date=May 2, 2025 |title='If he saw and stayed silent—he's not a good priest;' Activist says inaction over Providence H.S. sex abuse disqualifies Pope hopeful Prevost |url=https://willcountygazette.com/stories/671124585-if-he-saw-and-stayed-silent-he-s-not-a |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Will County Gazette }}</ref> From 2013 to 2014, Prevost was director of formation at the Convent of St. Augustine in Chicago and as first councilor and provincial vicar of the Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel. == Bishop of Chiclayo (2014–2023) == [[File:Bishop of Chiclayo Robert Prevost on extreme poverty in the region (2018).webm|thumb|Prevost as Bishop of Chiclayo in 2018 talking about the [[poverty]] in the region]] On November 3, 2014, [[Pope Francis]] picked Prevost to be the apostolic administrator of the [[Diocese of Chiclayo]] and [[titular bishop]] of [[Sufar]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Rinunce e nomine, 03.11.2014 |date=November 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/11/03/0814/01717.html |language=it |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626190210/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/11/03/0814/01717.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was consecrated on December 12, 2014, at St. Mary's Cathedral in [[Chiclayo]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 17, 2015 |title=Una autoridad debe apartarse de la corrupción, el egoísmo y de enriquecerse a sí mismo |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/189262-una-autoridad-debe-apartarse-de-la-corrupcion-el-egoismo-y-de-enriquecerse-a-si-mismo/ |access-date=November 21, 2020 |work=[[La República]] |language=es}}{{dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Pope Francis' successor/ Who is Pope Leo XIV, who was elected today by the Conclave? |url=https://www.cna.al/english/kosova-bota/pasardhesi-i-papa-franceskut-kush-eshte-papa-leoni-xiv-qe-u-zgjodh-s-i429415 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=CNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=US cardinal Prevost is new pope, chooses name Leo XIV |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1249738 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> On September 26, 2015, he was named bishop of Chiclayo.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Rinunce e nomine, 26.09.2015 |date=September 26, 2015 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/09/26/0722/01562.html |language=it |access-date=November 21, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508185727/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/09/26/0722/01562.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV: Robert Prevost, from Peru missionary to first American pontiff |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250508-pope-leo-xiv-profile-robert-prevost-from-peru-missionary-to-first-american-pontiff |access-date=May 8, 2025 |publisher=France 24 |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508180200/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250508-pope-leo-xiv-profile-robert-prevost-from-peru-missionary-to-first-american-pontiff |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a diplomatic treaty, Prevost became a [[Peru|naturalized Peruvian citizen]] before becoming bishop. During his time at Chiclayo, Prevost has been accused of covering up [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse]].<ref name="The Jerusalem Post 2025">{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=New pope Leo XIV faces scrutiny over past handling of clergy‑abuse cases |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-853274 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> In 2022, victims of abuse in 2007 by priests Ricardo Yesquén and Eleuterio Vásquez Gonzáles said Prevost failed to investigate their case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cayetano Chávez |first=José |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Dos sacerdotes de Lambayeque son acusados por agresiones sexuales: uno ya ha reconocido el delito |url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/dos-sacerdotes-de-lambayeque-son-acusados-por-agresiones-sexuales-uno-ya-ha-reconocido-el-delito-lambayeque-violencia-sexual-menores-tocamientos-indebidos-noticia/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}</ref> The Diocese of Chiclayo stated that Prevost followed proper procedures and personally talked with the victims and supported them getting legal help.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Avillez |first=Filipe |date=September 18, 2024 |title=Cardinal Prevost never investigated abuse claims, alleged victims say |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/cardinal-prevost-never-investigated |work=[[The Pillar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agren |first=David |title=Cardinal's former diocese denies claim of clerical sexual abuse cover-up |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/cardinals-former-diocese-denies-claim-clerical-sexual-abuse-cover |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508173759/https://www.ncronline.org/news/cardinals-former-diocese-denies-claim-clerical-sexual-abuse-cover |url-status=live }}</ref> However some of the victims agreed the church's investigation was not thorough.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Exobispo de Chiclayo mantuvo en silencio casos de abuso sexual |url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/actualidad/exobispo-chiclayo-mantuvo-silencio-casos-abuso-sexual-n496492 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=América Noticias |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=d'Avillez |first=Filipe |date=September 18, 2024 |title=Cardinal Prevost never investigated abuse claims, alleged victims say |url=https://www.snapnetwork.org/cardinal_prevost_never_investigated_abuse_claims_alleged_victims_say |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests |language=en}}</ref> In statements to the Peruvian newspaper about the abuse, Prevost said: "If you are a victim of sexual abuse by a priest, report it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Extremely online new pope unafraid to talk politics |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/extremely-online-pope-unafraid-talk-222844749.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |agency=Agence France-Presse |via=Yahoo News}}</ref> ==Cardinalate (2023–2025)== [[Pope Francis]] was close to Prevost and helped him in his career.<ref name=Bubola>{{cite news|date=May 9, 2025|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/09/world/europe/pope-leo-francis.html|title=Francis Connected With Leo Long Ago and Boosted His Career|author= Emma Bubola|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> On January 30, 2023, Francis made Prevost prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] with the title archbishop-bishop emeritus of Chiclayo.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Resignations and Appointments, 30.01.2023 |date=January 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/01/30/230130b.html |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609041216/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/01/30/230130b.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 30, 2023 |title=Pope Francis names Chicago native head of Vatican bishops' department |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-names-bishop-robert-prevost-to-head-of-vatican-bishops-department |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[The Pillar]] |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508211009/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-names-bishop-robert-prevost-to-head-of-vatican-bishops-department |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 30, 2023, Francis made Prevost a cardinal with the rank of cardinal-deacon. Francis gave him the title of [[Santa Monica degli Agostiniani]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Assignation of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals, 30.09.2023 |date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/09/30/230930b.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001021954/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/09/30/230930b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As prefect, he played an important role in recommending episcopal candidates worldwide, making him an important person within the church.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2025 |title=U.S. cardinal's résumé, demeanor land him on 'papabile' lists |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/vatican/cardinals-prevost/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Angelus}}</ref> In October 2023, Francis appointed him as a member of seven more [[dicasteries]] and also named him to the [[Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State]].<ref name="Vatican News 2025"/> On February 6, 2025, Francis made him a cardinal-bishop and titular bishop of the [[Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Resignations and Appointments, 06.02.2025 |date=February 6, 2025 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/06/0113/00233.html |access-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223233859/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/06/0113/00233.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 6, 2025 |title=College of Cardinals: Pope extends terms of dean and vice-dean |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-02/college-of-cardinals-pope-extends-terms-of-dean-and-vice-dean.html |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=[[Vatican News]] |publisher=[[Dicastery for Communication]]}}</ref> ==Papacy (2025–present)== ===Election=== {{main|2025 papal conclave}} [[File:Pope Leo XIV Waving (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pope Leo XIV waving at the crowds at [[St. Peter's Square]] shortly after he became pope in May 2025]] Prevost was seen as a [[dark horse]] candidate during the [[2025 papal conclave]].<ref name="Maddox & Gooch 2025">{{cite web |last1=Maddox |first1=David |last2=Gooch |first2=Bryony |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Who could be the new Pope? The cardinals in the running ahead of the Conclave |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/papal-conclave-cardinals-new-pope-candidates-b2746175.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507194344/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/papal-conclave-cardinals-new-pope-candidates-b2746175.html |archive-date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Nel conclave il peso degli americani, Dolan 'pope maker' – Dall'addio a Francesco al nuovo Papa |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/speciali/dalladdio-a-francesco-al-nuovo-papa/2025/05/08/nel-conclave-il-peso-degli-americani-dolan-pope-maker_df58b4dc-fca1-4900-a4bc-f8c9653ed022.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Agenzia ANSA |language=it}}</ref> He was seen as an ally of [[Pope Francis]].<ref name="Maddox & Gooch 2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bedigan |first1=Mike |last2=Watling |first2=Tom |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Meet Leo XIV: The first American pope no one expected |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/new-pope-leo-xiv-cardinal-robert-prevost-b2747492.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The Independent}}</ref> His American nationality was thought to be unlikely or something that would have worked against his possible candidacy.<ref name="Maddox & Gooch 2025"/> Supporters argued that he represented a "dignified middle of the road".<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Motoko |date=May 2, 2025 |title=There's Never Been a Pope From the U.S. Could This Cardinal Change That? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/02/world/americas/pope-candidate-cardinal-robert-francis-prevost.html |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He had been appointed by [[Pope Francis]] as prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] and president of the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]] in 2023, the same year he was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]].<ref name="NCR 2025">{{cite web |last=White |first=Christopher |date=April 30, 2025 |title=The first American pope? This cardinal has the best chance of making history in this conclave |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/papal-front-runner-interest-polyglot-us-cardinal-prevost-rises-italian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509061128/https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/papal-front-runner-interest-polyglot-us-cardinal-prevost-rises-italian |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Who will be pope? Meet some possible contenders |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/who-will-be-pope-meet-some-possible-contenders |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=[[PBS News Hour]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Who Could Be the Next Pope? These Are the Names to Know |url=https://time.com/7282843/next-pope-candidates-zuppi-parolin-tagle-turkson-erdo/ |access-date=May 6, 2025 |magazine=Time}}</ref> At 18:08 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]), on May 8, 2025, in the fourth round of voting,<ref>{{cite web |last1=FitzPatrick |first1=Lauren |last2=Winfieldand |first2=Nicole |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Cardinal Robert Prevost, born in Chicago, is the first pope from the United States |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/08/cardinal-robert-prevost-raised-in-dolton-is-the-first-american-pope |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] }}</ref> on the second day of the conclave, Prevost was elected pope, becoming the first North American and first Peruvian pontiff.<ref name=firstpontiff>{{cite news |last1=Rich |first1=Motoko |last2=Dias |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Horowitz |first3=Jason |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV, the First American Pontiff, Took a Global Route to the Top Post |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/pope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="McElwee-2025">{{cite news |last=McElwee |first=Joshua |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Prevost, first U.S. pope, supported Francis and shunned spotlight |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/prevost-first-us-pope-supported-francis-shunned-spotlight-2025-05-08/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope appeals for peace to 'all peoples' in first address |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/europe/2025/0508/1511650-vatican-conclave/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[RTÉ News]]}}</ref> Prevost picked his papal name as [[Pope Leo|Leo]] XIV.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galeazzi|first=Giacomo|date=May 8, 2025 |title=Leone, nome forte contro i potenti. Un omaggio alla dottrina sociale |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/speciali/conclave/2025/05/09/news/leone_nome_forte_contro_i_potenti-15138555/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=La Stampa |language=it}}</ref> His choice of Leo XIV is inspired by [[Pope Leo XIII]] who helped modernize the papacy, and Leo XIV himself sees the current moment as a time for "cultural shifts" within the church because of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[robotics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osvnews.com/chilean-cardinal-gives-insight-to-the-conclave-that-elected-pope-leo-xiv/|title=Chilean cardinal gives insight to the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIV|publisher=Osvnews|accessdate=May 10, 2025|date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> Leo appeared in the traditional papal red [[Stole (vestment)|stole]] and [[mozzetta]] outfit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Whisnant|first=Gabe|date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV: American calls for 'peace' as new leader of Catholic Church |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-pope-elected-white-smoke-billows-vatican-chimney-2069285 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Newsweek }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wooden|first=Cindy|title=Chicago native Cardinal Prevost elected pope, takes name Leo XIV |url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2025/chicago-native-cardinal-prevost-elected-pope-takes-name-leo-xiv |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grossman Kantor|first1=Wendy|last2=Adams|first2=Abigail |title=Pope Leo XIV Made History by Becoming First American Pontiff. Why Experts Are 'Surprised and Excited' (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/pope-leo-xiv-made-history-why-experts-surprised-excited-exclusive-11731257 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=People }}</ref> He then delivered his first address in Italian and Spanish, where he talked about the legacy of [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wooden |first=Cindy |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Breaking: Chicago native Cardinal Prevost elected pope, takes name Leo XIV |url=https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/breaking-chicago-native-cardinal-prevost-elected-pope-takes-name-leo-xiv |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Detroit Catholic}}</ref> The Vatican called Leo as the first pope from the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] and the second pope from the Americas (after Pope Francis).<ref name="Vatican News-2025a">{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Biography of Robert Francis Prevost, Pope Leo XIV |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Vatican News }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Who is Robert Prevost, the new Pope Leo XIV? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0ln80lzk7ko |agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He is also the first North American pope,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |last2=Boorstein |first2=Michelle |last3=Pitrelli |first3=Stefano |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Leo XIV, elevated by Francis, becomes first American pope |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/08/pope-leo-robert-prevost-conclave-catholic/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> the first born in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Papal conclave 2025 live updates: Robert Francis Prevost becomes first U.S.-born pope |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/the-vatican/live-blog/conclave-2025-live-updates-rcna205525 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=NBC News }}</ref> the first to be a citizen of both Peru and the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Sage |first=Alexandria |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Soft-spoken Prevost is first pope from the US (and Peru) |url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/world/soft-spoken-prevost-is-first-pope-from-the-united-states-and-peru.phtml |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Buenos Aires Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Collyns |first=Dan |date=May 8, 2025 |title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> the first from an [[English language|English-speaking country]] since [[Adrian IV]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Sporzynski |first=Darius von Guttner |date=May 9, 2025 |title='Peace be with all of you': how Pope Leo XIV embodies a living dialogue between tradition and modernity |url=https://theconversation.com/peace-be-with-all-of-you-how-pope-leo-xiv-embodies-a-living-dialogue-between-tradition-and-modernity-256084 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> the first named Leo since [[Leo XIII]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deliso |first1=Meredith |last2=Forrester|first2= Megan |date=May 8, 2025|title=What we know about Leo XIV, the new American pope |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/new-american-pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost/story?id=121604332 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=ABC News }}</ref> the first born after [[World War II]], and the 267th pope overall.<ref>{{cite web |last1 =Watling|first1=Tom|last2= Bedigan|first2=Mike |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Chicago-born Robert Prevost appointed 267th Pope |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/new-pope-robert-prevost-conclave-catholic-b2746517.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Independent }}</ref> [[President of the United States|United States president]] [[Donald Trump]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hubbard |first=Kaia |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pope Leo XIV honored by Trump: 'It is such an honor to realize that he is the first American Pope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-pope-leo-xiv-american-trump-reaction/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Archbishop of Chicago]] [[Blase J. Cupich]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leventis Lourgos |first=Angie |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pope Leo XIV is a ‘Midwesterner who is not afraid of hard work,’ Chicago Cardinal Blase Cupich says |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/09/pope-leo-robert-prevost-blase-cupich/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509192715/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/09/pope-leo-robert-prevost-blase-cupich/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> [[President of Peru|Peruvian president]] [[Dina Boluarte]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regional |first=Prensa |date=2025-05-08 |title=¡El papa también es peruano... y tiene SIS! |url=https://prensaregional.pe/el-papa-tambien-es-peruano-y-tiene-sis/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=prensaregional.pe |language=es}}</ref> and by members of the [[Peruvian Congress]] all congratulated Leo XIV on his election as the pope.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calderón |first=Por Camila |date=2025-05-09 |title=Perú celebra la elección del Papa León XIV: las reacciones de congresistas y otras figuras políticas |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/05/09/peru-celebra-la-eleccion-del-papa-leon-xiv-las-reacciones-de-congresistas-y-otras-figuras-politicas/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gómez |first=Por Abigail Villantoy |date=2025-05-09 |title=Dina Boluarte tiene intenciones de viajar al Vaticano para la entronización del papa León XIV: ¿Congreso aprobará su viaje? |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/05/09/dina-boluarte-tiene-intenciones-de-viajar-al-vaticano-para-la-entronizacion-del-papa-leon-xiv-congreso-aprobara-su-viaje/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=infobae |language=es}}</ref> ===Tenure=== The day after his election, on May 9, Leo celebrated his first [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] as pope in the [[Sistine Chapel]]. During the Mass he warned against the lack of faith in the world and spoke of a Church that would act as a "beacon that illuminates the dark nights of this world".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mao |first=Frances |title=Pope Leo XIV calls Church 'a beacon to illuminate dark nights' in first mass |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g3dydj3e3o.amp |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> It was also reported that Leo would live in the [[Apostolic Palace]] instead of the [[Domus Sanctae Marthae]] as Francis had.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hernández|first=Virginia |date= May 9, 2025 |title=Adiós a Santa Marta: León XIV residirá en el Palacio Apostólico y la Misa de inicio de su Pontificado será el 18 de mayo |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2025/05/09/681e0e03e4d4d8d2758b4578.html |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}</ref> His inauguration Mass was held on May 18 in [[St. Peter's Square]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Giuffrida |first1=Angela |title=Pope Leo XIV holds inaugural Mass at St Peter's Square in front of 250,000 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2025/05/18/pope-leo-xiv-inaugural-mass-st-peters-square-rome/ |access-date=May 18, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=May 18, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518092847/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2025/05/18/pope-leo-xiv-inaugural-mass-st-peters-square-rome/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 25, he formally became as Bishop of Rome in a ceremony at the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winfield |first1=Nicole |title=Pope Leo XIV declares 'I am Roman!' as he completes formalities to become bishop of Rome |url=https://apnews.com/article/rome-pope-bishop-ceremony-basilicas-ae01507115934e82a15e5f6758d08637 |access-date=May 26, 2025 |work=[[AP News]] |date=May 26, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== As a young child, Prevost liked to act out [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] with his brothers, and his family believed that he would one day become a priest.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Prevost |first=Louis |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Florida Man's Little Brother Now Pope |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=541794328773455 |work=[[WTSP|10 Tampa Bay]] |interviewer-last=Wagner |interviewer-first=David |location=[[Port Charlotte, Florida]] |publisher= |access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> Prevost is a sports fan, and calls himself an amateur tennis player.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kent |first=Lauren |date=May 8, 2025 |title=10 things to know about Robert Prevost, who is now Pope Leo XIV |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/08/world/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-wwk-intl-latam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509103919/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/08/world/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-wwk-intl-latam |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He is a fan of the [[Chicago White Sox]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lutz |first=BJ |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Brother answers burning question: Is Pope Leo XIV a Chicago White Sox or Cubs fan? |url=https://wgntv.com/news/pope-leo/robert-prevost-pope-leo-xiv-chicago-cubs-sox/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509061035/https://wgntv.com/news/pope-leo/robert-prevost-pope-leo-xiv-chicago-cubs-sox/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |publisher=[[WGN-TV]]}}</ref> having gone to a White Sox home game during the [[2005 World Series]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Washburn |first=Kaitlin |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Chicago high school cheers White Sox fan Pope Leo XIV — 'He's one of us' |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-st-rita-high-school-chicago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509084208/https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-st-rita-high-school-chicago |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pope Leo XIV makes broadcast in 2005 World Series (text) |url=https://www.mlb.com/video/pope-leo-xiv-makes-broadcast-in-2005-world-series |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The new pope was at the 2005 World Series (Video) |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-white-sox-fan-2005-world-series |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Coat of arms of Pope Leo XIV]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|d=Q6109517|c=Category:Leo XIV|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en.html Vatican webpage about Pope Leo XIV] * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/05/08/250508a.html Inaugural ''Urbi et Orbi''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Leo 14}} [[Category:Popes]] [[Category:Religious leaders from Chicago]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Roman Catholic bishops]] [[Category:American cardinals]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:People from Dolton, Illinois]] [[Category:Lawyers from Chicago]] [[Category:Educators from Chicago]] [[Category:American theologians]] {{Popes}} 61rcbyy7rzktekfhd7hckkp7476qg8c 0 1186664 10330998 10240856 2025-06-14T22:40:40Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|1. Division]] | season = 1978-79 | dates = 18 August 1978 - 22 June 1979 | winners = [[FK Austria Wien]] | relegated = [[FC Wacker Innsbruck|SSW Innsbruck]] |promoted = [[LASK]] | matches = 180 | total goals = 493 | league topscorer = [[Walter Schachner]] ( FK Austria Wien) (24 goals) | prevseason = [[1977-78 Austrian football championship|1977-78]] | nextseason = [[1979-80 Austrian football championship|1979-80]] }} The '''1978- 79 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. The single-tiered Second Division served as the lower tier of the First Division. The third tier consisted of the [[Regionalliga Ost]] ([[Vienna]], [[Lower Austria]] and [[Burgenland]]), the Alpenliga ([[Salzburgerland|Salzburg]] and [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]]), and the regional leagues of [[Vorarlberg]], [[Carinthia]], [[Upper Austria]] and [[Styria]]. [[LASK]] was promoted to the Bundesliga. [[FC Wacker Innsbruck|SSW Innsbruck]] was relegated but won the [[1978–79 Austrian Cup|cup]]. Ten clubs competed against each other in a total of 36 rounds. Each team played twice at home and away against every other team. [[FK Austria Wien]] became Austrian champions. [[Karl Brauneder]] (Wiener Sport-Club), [[Savo Ekmecic]] (Grazer AK), [[Geza Gallos]] (SK Rapid Wien), [[Gerald Haider]] (VOEST Linz/Austria Salzburg), [[Erwin Hohenwarter]] (Grazer AK), [[Karl Hodits]] (VOEST Linz), [[Alberto Martinez]] (Wiener Sport-Club), [[Walter Müllner]] (Wiener Sport-Club), [[Erich Marko]] (Grazer AK), [[Erich Obermayer]] (FK Austria Wien), [[Anton Pichler]] (SK Sturm Graz), [[Herbert Rettensteiner]] (SV Austria Salzburg), [[Walter Schachner]] (FK Austria Wien), [[Heinz Schilcher]] (SK Sturm Graz), [[Hannes Winklbauer]] (SV Austria Salzburg), [[Manfred Wirth]] (SK Sturm Graz) and [[Mario Zuenelli]] (Grazer AK) played all league matches for their teams. ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |36 | 25 |5 |6 | 55 |- |2. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |36 | 15 |11 | 10 | 41 |- |3. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |36 | 13 |13 | 10 |39 |- |4. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 14 |9 | 13 | 37 |- |5. |'''VOEST Linz''' |36 | 11 |14 |11 |36 <ref>-3</ref> |- |6. |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |36 | 13 |10 | 13 | 36<ref>-15</ref> |- |7. |''' Admira/Wacker''' |36 | 13 |8 | 15 | 34 |- |8. |'''First Vienna FC''' |36 | 9 |11 | 16 | 29 |- |9. | '''Grazer AK''' |36 | 7 |15 | 14 | 29 |- |10. |'''SSW Innsbruck''' |36 | 8 |8 | 20 | 24 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1970_79/o1__1_division__1978_79.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 August 1978 |Grazer AK |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |1-2 |- |18 August 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FK Austria Wien | 3-1 |- |18 August 1978 |'''VOEST Linz''' |SK Sturm Graz | 1-0 |- |18 August 1978 |First Vienna FC | SSW Innsbruck | 1-1 |- |19 August 1978 | '''Admira/Wacker''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-2 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 August 1978 |FK Austria Wien |'''VOEST Linz''' |1-3 |- |25 August 1978 |SSW Innsbruck | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | 0-3 |- |25 August 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- |25 August 1978 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | Admira/Wacker | 2-0 |- |25 August 1978 | First Vienna FC |Grazer AK |3-3 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 September 1978 |'''Grazer AK ''' |SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |- |1 September 1978 |'''VOEST Linz''' | SV Austria Salzburg | 1-0 |- |1 September 1978 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SK Sturm Graz | 3-0 |- |2 September 1978 |Admira/Wacker | FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- |2 September 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |First Vienna FC |2-1 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 September 1978 |SSW Innsbruck |SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |8 September 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | Admira/Wacker | 1-0 |- |9 September 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |- |9 September 1978 |Grazer AK | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |9 September 1978 |'''First Vienna FC''' |VOEST Linz |1-0 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 September 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SSW Innsbruck |2-0 |- |15 September 1978 |VOEST Linz |'''Grazer AK''' | 1-2 |- |16 September 1978 |Admira/Wacker |First Vienna FC | 3-3 |- |16 September 1978 |SK Sturm Graz | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-3 |- |17 September 1978 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SV Austria Salzburg |6-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 September 1978 |Grazer AK |'''Admira/Wacker ''' |0-1 |- |22 September 1978 |SK Rapid Wien |'''VOEST Linz ''' | 0-1 |- |22 September 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 2-0 |- |23 September 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' | FK Austria Wien | 4-0 |- |24 September 1978 |First Vienna FC | Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 September 1978 |Admira/Wacker |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |- |29 September 1978 |'''VOEST Linz ''' |SSW Innsbruck | 3-1 |- |29 September 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club |Grazer AK | 1-1 |- |30 September 1978 |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' |First Vienna FC | 3-1 |- |1 October 1978 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' | SV Austria Salzburg |4-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 October 1978 |Grazer AK |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' |1-2 |- |6 October 1978 |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 1-0 |- |6 October 1978 | '''VOEST Linz''' | Admira/Wacker | 1-0 |- |7 October 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 4-1 |- |7 October 1978 |First Vienna FC | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-3 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 October 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Grazer AK |4-1 |- |13 October 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |First Vienna FC | 2-0 |- |13 October 1978 |SK Sturm Graz | SK Rapid Wien | 0-0 |- |14 October 1978 |Admira/Wacker |SSW Innsbruck | 1-1 |- |14 October 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club | VOEST Linz |0-0 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 October 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Grazer AK |2-0 |- |20 October 1978 |SK Sturm Graz |VOEST Linz | 2-2 |- |21 October 1978 | '''SSW Innsbruck''' |First Vienna FC | 3-0 |- |21 October 1978 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |Admira/Wacker | 2-1 |- |22 October 1978 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien |5-1 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 October 1978 |'''Admira/Wacker ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-1 |- |28 October 1978 | Grazer AK |'''First Vienna FC ''' | 0-1 |- |28 October 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 4-0 |- |28 October 1978 |VOEST Linz | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 1-2 |- |29 October 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club | SSW Innsbruck |0-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 November 1978 |'''SSW Innsbruck''' |Grazer AK |5-1 |- |4 November 1978 | '''SV Austria Salzburg''' |VOEST Linz | 1-0 |- |4 November 1978 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-2 |- |4 November 1978 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | SK Rapid Wien | 3-2 |- |5 November 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | Admira/Wacker |1-0 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 November 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''FK Austria Wien''' |1-3 |- |11 November 1978 | '''Admira/Wacker ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 2-0 |- |11 November 1978 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |Grazer AK | 3-1 |- |11 November 1978 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | SSW Innsbruck | 2-0 |- |11 November 1978 |'''VOEST Linz ''' | First Vienna FC |3-2 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 November 1978 |'''Grazer AK ''' |VOEST Linz |3-0 |- |18 November 1978 |SSW Innsbruck | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 0-2 |- |18 November 1978 |SV Austria Salzburg |Wiener Sport-Club | 0-0 |- |18 November 1978 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | Admira/Wacker | 2-1 |- |19 November 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Sturm Graz |4-1 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 November 1978 |Admira/Wacker |Grazer AK |0-0 |- |25 November 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SSW Innsbruck | 3-0 |- |25 November 1978 |SK Sturm Graz |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- |25 November 1978 |VOEST Linz | SK Rapid Wien | 0-0 |- |26 November 1978 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | First Vienna FC |5-1 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 December 1978 |Grazer AK |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |2 December 1978 |SK Rapid Wien |Admira/Wacker | 1-1 |- |3 December 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |- |5 December 1978 | First Vienna FC | SK Sturm Graz | 0-0 |- |10 December 1978 |SSW Innsbruck |VOEST Linz |2-2 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 December 1978 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SSW Innsbruck |2-1 |- |8 December 1978 |SK Sturm Graz |Grazer AK | 1-1 |- |8 December 1978 |Wiener Sport-Club |SK Rapid Wien | 3-3 |- |9 December 1978 |'''Admira/Wacker ''' | VOEST Linz | 2-0 |- |9 December 1978 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |First Vienna FC |4-2 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 December 1978 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- |16 December 1978 |SSW Innsbruck |'''Admira/Wacker ''' | 0-2 |- |16 December 1978 |VOEST Linz | Wiener Sport-Club | 2-2 |- |17 December 1978 |Grazer AK | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 0-3 |- |17 December 1978 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |4-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 February 1979 |'''Admira/Wacker ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |4-0 |- |24 February 1979 |Grazer AK |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- |24 February 1979 |SK Rapid Wien | '''FK Austria Wien''' | 1-2 |- |24 February 1979 |''' VOEST Linz ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 2-1 |- |25 February 1979 | First Vienna FC | SSW Innsbruck |1-1 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 March 1979 |FK Austria Wien |''' VOEST Linz ''' |0-1 |- |3 March 1979 | SSW Innsbruck |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | 1-2 |- |3 March 1979 |SV Austria Salzburg | SK Rapid Wien | 2-2 |- |3 March 1979 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | Admira/Wacker | 2-0 |- |4 March 1979 | '''First Vienna FC''' |Grazer AK |2-1 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 March 1979 |Admira/Wacker |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-3 |- |10 March 1979 | '''Grazer AK ''' |SSW Innsbruck | 1-0 |- |10 March 1979 | SK Rapid Wien |First Vienna FC | 0-0 |- |10 March 1979 |VOEST Linz | SV Austria Salzburg | 2-2 |- |11 March 1979 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 March 1979 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |4-2 |- |17 March 1979 | Grazer AK |SK Rapid Wien | 2-2 |- |17 March 1979 | SSW Innsbruck |SK Sturm Graz | 0-0 |- |17 March 1979 |SV Austria Salzburg | Admira/Wacker | 1-1 |- |18 March 1979 | First Vienna FC |VOEST Linz |0-0 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 March 1979 |''' Admira/Wacker''' |First Vienna FC |2-1 |- |24 March 1979 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SSW Innsbruck | 3-0 |- |24 March 1979 | SK Sturm Graz |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | 2-3 |- |24 March 1979 |VOEST Linz | Grazer AK | 1-1 |- |24 March 1979 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SV Austria Salzburg |4-1 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 March 1979 |'''Grazer AK ''' |Admira/Wacker |1-0 |- |31 March 1979 | SK Rapid Wien |VOEST Linz | 1-1 |- |31 March 1979 |SSW Innsbruck |FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- |31 March 1979 |SV Austria Salzburg | ''' SK Sturm Graz ''' | 0-2 |- |1 April 1979 |First Vienna FC | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |2-3 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |6 April 1979 |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' |First Vienna FC |2-1 |- |7 April 1979 |FK Austria Wien |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- |7 April 1979 |Wiener Sport-Club |Grazer AK | 0-0 |- |8 April 1979 |Admira/Wacker | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |10 April 1979 |VOEST Linz | ''' SSW Innsbruck ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 April 1979 |SK Rapid Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-1 |- |13 April 1979 |First Vienna FC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |13 April 1979 |Grazer AK |''' SK Sturm Graz ''' | 0-1 |- |14 April 1979 | ''' SSW Innsbruck ''' | SV Austria Salzburg | 3-0 |- |14 April 1979 |VOEST Linz | Admira/Wacker |0-0 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 April 1979 |''' Admira/Wacker ''' |SSW Innsbruck |1-0 |- |20 April 1979 |SK Sturm Graz |SK Rapid Wien | 0-0 |- |21 April 1979 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Grazer AK | 3-1 |- |21 April 1979 | SV Austria Salzburg | '''First Vienna FC ''' | 0-1 |- |21 April 1979 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''VOEST Linz ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 April 1979 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |VOEST Linz |3-2 |- |28 April 1979 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 4-1 |- |28 April 1979 |SSW Innsbruck |'''First Vienna FC ''' | 0-1 |- |28 April 1979 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | Admira/Wacker | 3-0 |- |29 April 1979 |SV Austria Salzburg |Grazer AK |1-1 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 May 1979 |Admira/Wacker |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |0-1 |- |4 May 1979 |'''Grazer AK ''' |First Vienna FC | 2-1 |- |4 May 1979 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 2-0 |- |4 May 1979 |VOEST Linz | FK Austria Wien | 0-0 |- |5 May 1979 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SSW Innsbruck |3-0 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 May 1979 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |VOEST Linz |1-0 |- |11 May 1979 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 2-0 |- |12 May 1979 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Admira/Wacker | 2-1 |- |12 May 1979 |First Vienna FC | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |13 May 1979 | SSW Innsbruck |'''Grazer AK ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 May 1979 |Admira/Wacker |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-3 |- |18 May 1979 |SK Rapid Wien |Grazer AK | 0-0 |- |18 May 1979 |SK Sturm Graz |'''SSW Innsbruck ''' | 1-3 |- |18 May 1979 |VOEST Linz | First Vienna FC | 2-2 |- |19 May 1979 | Wiener Sport-Club |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |2-4 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 May 1979 |Grazer AK |VOEST Linz |1-1 |- |25 May 1979 |SV Austria Salzburg | Wiener Sport-Club | 2-2 |- |26 May 1979 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 4-2 |- |26 May 1979 | '''SSW Innsbruck ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 4-2 |- |26 May 1979 | First Vienna FC |'''Admira/Wacker ''' |2-3 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 June 1979 |Admira/Wacker |Grazer AK |1-1 |- |1 June 1979 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SSW Innsbruck | 4-0 |- |1 June 1979 |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' |SV Austria Salzburg | 2-1 |- |1 June 1979 | VOEST Linz |SK Rapid Wien | 2-2 |- |1 June 1979 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |First Vienna FC |3-2 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 June 1979 |Grazer AK | Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |8 June 1979 |SK Rapid Wien |'''Admira/Wacker ''' | 0-1 |- |8 June 1979 |SSW Innsbruck |'''VOEST Linz ''' | 0-1 |- |8 June 1979 | SV Austria Salzburg | FK Austria Wien | 2-2 |- |8 June 1979 | First Vienna FC |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 June 1979 |'''Admira/Wacker ''' |VOEST Linz |2-1 |- |15 June 1979 | FK Austria Wien |'''First Vienna FC ''' | 1-2 |- |15 June 1979 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SSW Innsbruck | 3-2 |- |15 June 1979 | '''SK Sturm Graz ''' | Grazer AK | 3-1 |- |15 June 1979 | Wiener Sport-Club |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 <ref>The match was penalized with a 3-0 win for the Sportklub, because Rapid substituted Francker as a third foreign player in the 88th minute. </ref> |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 June 1979 |Grazer AK |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |2-4 |- |22 June 1979 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Sturm Graz | 4-0 |- |22 June 1979 |SSW Innsbruck |'''Admira/Wacker ''' | 1-3 |- |22 June 1979 | VOEST Linz | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | 2-4 |- |22 June 1979 |First Vienna FC |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-2 |} == Champion squad == {| class="wikitable" width="700" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | align="center" colspan="2"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''FK Austria Wien'''</span> |- class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" align="center" | * '''Goalkeepersː'''[[Hubert Baumgartner]], [[Hannes Weninger ]] *'''Defendersː'''[[Erich Obermayer]], [[Robert Sara]], [[Josef Sara]], [[Günther Pospischil]], [[Johann Dihanich]], *'''Midfieldersː''' [[Herbert Prohaska]], [[Franz Zore]], [[Karl Daxbacher]], [[Ernst Baumeister]], [[Fritz Borgan]], [[Siegfried Aigner]], [[Felix Gasselich]], [[Franz Zach]] *'''Forwardsː'''[[Thomas Parits]], [[Carlos Alberto Sintas]], [[Thomas Pfeiler]], [[Walter Schachner]], [[Harald Gamauf]], [[Heinz Horvath]], [[Franz Weiss]], [[Erwin Jelinek]], [[Harald Fürst]] *'''Coachː''' [[Hermann Stessl]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1970_1979/o1__1_division__1978_7901.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- |[[Walter Schachner]] |FK Austria Wien |24 |- | [[Thomas Parits]] |FK Austria Wien |22 |- | [[Alberto Martinez]] |Wiener Sport-Club |20 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1970_1979/stno1__1_division__1978_79.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1978-79 Austrian Football Bundesliga}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] h4874cd5bekcc8uwjgnedlh5ame3j3d 0 1186786 10331603 10309296 2025-06-15T08:45:20Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:KonoSuba_Aqua_and_Darkness_Chibi_Figures.jpg|KonoSuba_Aqua_and_Darkness_Chibi_Figures.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:KonoSuba Aqua and Darkness Chibi Figures.j 10331603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox animanga/Header | name = KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! | image = File:Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o! logo.svg | caption = Kanji and Romaji text of the full title of KonoSuba | ja_kanji = この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！ | ja_romaji = Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo! | genre = {{ubl|[[Fantasy comedy]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Komatsu|first=Mikikazu|title="KonoSuba" Novel 12th Volume to Come with Another Original Anime Blu-ray|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/12/26/konosuba-novel-12th-volume-to-come-with-another-original-anime-blu-ray |publisher=[[Crunchyroll]]|access-date=June 21, 2021|date=December 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Silverman|first=Rebecca|title=Konosuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! GN 1 - Review|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/konosuba/god-blessing-on-this-wonderful-world/gn-1/.108995 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=May 12, 2020|date=November 20, 2016|quote=Jokes work more often than not, good parody of the usual sword-and-sorcery world as well as the transported-to-a-game genre, short story extra is a nice touch}}</ref>|[[Isekai]]<ref name="17th-volume">{{cite web|last=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=Konosuba Light Novel Series' 17th Volume Listed as Final One in May|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-04-01/konosuba-light-novel-series-17th-volume-listed-as-final-one-in-may/.158174 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=May 12, 2020|date=April 1, 2020}}</ref>}}<!-- Note: Use and cite reliable sources to identify genre/s, not personal interpretation. Please don't include more than three genres (per [[MOS:A&M]]). --> }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = novel series | title = | author = Jitakukeibihei ([[Natsume Akatsuki]]) | illustrator = | publisher = [[Shōsetsuka ni Narō]] | first = December 20, 2012 | last = October 21, 2013 | volumes = 6 | volume_list = }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = light novel | author = Natsume Akatsuki | illustrator = [[Kurone Mishima]] | publisher = [[Kadokawa Shoten]] | publisher_en = {{English manga publisher | NA = [[Yen Press]] }} | demographic = Male | imprint = [[Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko]] | first = October 1, 2013 | last = May 1, 2020 | volumes = 17 | volume_list = List of KonoSuba volumes#KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | author = Natsume Akatsuki | illustrator = Masahito Watari | publisher = [[Fujimi Shobo]] | publisher_en = {{English manga publisher | NA = Yen Press }} | demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]'' | magazine = [[Monthly Dragon Age]] | first = September 9, 2014 | last = | volumes = 20 | volume_list = List of KonoSuba volumes#KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World!_2 }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | director = {{ubl|Takaomi Kanasaki{{efn|Credited as {{nihongo|Chief Director|総監督|Sō Kantoku}} for the third season.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:「このすば」3期決定！めぐみん描く「この素晴らしい世界に爆焔を！」もTVアニメ化|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/479419 |website=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |date=May 28, 2022|access-date=May 28, 2022|language=ja}}</ref>}}|Yujiro Abe ({{Abbr|S3|Season 3}})}} | producer = {{ubl|Rie Ogura|Kouichi Sano ({{Abbr|S3|Season 3}})|Hiroyasu Taniguchi ({{Abbr|S3|Season 3}})|Hideo Momota ({{Abbr|S3|Season 3}})}} | writer = [[Makoto Uezu]] | music = Masato Kōda | studio = {{ubl|[[Studio Deen]] ({{Abbr|S1–2|Seasons 1–2}})|[[Drive (studio)|Drive]] ({{Abbr|S3|Season 3}})}} | licensee = {{ubl|[[Crunchyroll]] (streaming){{efn| * [[Anime Limited]] has home video distribution rights in the United Kingdom and Ireland. [[Crunchyroll Store Australia]] has a separate license from Crunchyroll. * This series was originally licensed by Crunchyroll, then owned by [[TCG (company)|The Chernin Group]] and [[AT&T]], before being owned by [[Sony]]'s [[Crunchyroll LLC|Funimation Global Group]] in 2021. Funimation itself is owned between Sony Pictures Entertainment and Sony Music Entertainment Japan ([[Aniplex]]).<ref name="Crunchyroll License Press Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2017-01-24/crunchyroll-announces-winter-2017-anime-lineup/.111421|title=Crunchyroll Announces Winter 2017 Anime Lineup|publisher=[[Crunchyroll]]|date=January 20, 2017|access-date=March 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Mateo|first=Alex|date=August 9, 2021|title=Sony's Funimation Global Group Completes Acquisition of Crunchyroll from AT&T|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-08-09/sony-funimation-global-group-completes-acquisition-of-crunchyroll-from-at-t/.176073|access-date=August 9, 2021|website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref>}}|{{English anime licensee|NA=[[Discotek Media]] (home video; {{Abbr|S1-2|Season 1-2}} only)|SEA=[[Medialink]]}}}} | network = [[Tokyo MX]], [[TV Saitama]], [[Chiba Television Broadcasting|CTC]], [[Television Kanagawa|tvk]], [[Sun Television|SUN]], [[Gifu Broadcasting System|GBS]], [[TVQ Kyushu Broadcasting|TVQ]], [[Nippon Broadcasting System|BS11]] | network_en = {{English anime network | SEA= [[Animax (Asian TV channel)|Animax Asia]]}} | first = January 14, 2016 | last = June 19, 2024 | episodes = 31 + 4 OVAs | episode_list = List of KonoSuba episodes }} {{collapsed infobox section begin}} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = light novel | title = Consulting With This Masked Devil! | author = Natsume Akatsuki | illustrator = Kurone Mishima | publisher = Kadokawa Shoten | demographic = Male | imprint = Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko | magazine = The Sneaker Web | first = September 25, 2015 | last = December 25, 2015 | volumes = 1 | volume_list = List of KonoSuba volumes#Consulting With This Masked Devil! }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = light novel | title = KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! Extra Attention to that Wonderful Fool! | author = Hirukuma | illustrator = Yūki Hagure | publisher = Kadokawa Shoten | demographic = Male | imprint = Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko | first = August 1, 2017 | last = | volumes = 7 | volume_list = List of KonoSuba volumes#KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! Extra Attention to that Wonderful Fool! }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | title = KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! Extra Attention to that Wonderful Fool! | author = Hirukuma | illustrator = Tamako Buta | publisher = [[Media Factory]] | publisher_en = | demographic = ''Shōnen'' | magazine = [[Shounen Ace]] | first = January 26, 2018 | last = January 24, 2020 | volumes = 2 | volume_list = }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | title = Consulting With This Masked Devil! | author = Natsume Akatsuki | illustrator = Suzume Somemiya | publisher = Media Factory | demographic = ''[[Seinen manga|Seinen]]'' | magazine = [[Monthly Comic Alive]] | first = February 27, 2018 | last = January 26, 2019 | volumes = 2 | volume_list = }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = light novel | title = KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! Fantastic Days | author = Hirukuma | illustrator = Hirone Mishima | publisher = Kadokawa Shoten | publisher_en = {{English manga publisher | NA = Yen Press }} | published = March 1, 2022 | volumes = 1 | volume_list = List of KonoSuba volumes#KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! Fantastic Days }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | title = KonoSuba: God's Blessing on this Wonderful World! Fantastic Days | author = | illustrator = Kasumi Morino | publisher = Media Factory | publisher_en = | demographic = ''Seinen'' | magazine = Monthly Comic Alive | first = March 26, 2022 | last = May 27, 2024 | volumes = 4 | volume_list = }} {{collapsed infobox section end}} {{Infobox animanga/Other | title = Anime film | content = * ''[[KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! Legend of Crimson]]'' }} {{Infobox animanga/Other | title = Related | content = * ''[[KonoSuba: An Explosion on This Wonderful World!]]'' }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer|portal=yes}} {{Nihongo foot|'''''KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!''''',|この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！|Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!|{{lit}} "A Blessing on This Wonderful World!"|lead=yes|group=Jp.}}, simply known as '''''KonoSuba''''' is a Japanese franchise that began as a novel in December of 2012, it was written by Natsume Akatsuki (also known by the alias, Jitakubebihei) and drawn by Kurone Mishima. == Premise == it is about Kazuma Satou, a 17 year old boy who gets sent to a fantasy world that has [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]] elements after dying from a [[Acute stress disorder|acute stress reaction]], where he begins a team with 3 girls, Aqua (voiced by Sora Amamiya), Darkness (voiced by Ai Kayano) and Megumin (voiced by Rie Takahashi). == Other media == the main characters of this series have appeared in Isekai Quartet, which is a Chibi-styled series that also have characters from [[Re:Zero]], [[Overlord (novel series)|Overlord]] and ''The Saga of Tanya the Evil.''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Inc|first=Natasha|title=「異世界かるてっと」27キャラが学園に集合！リレーPV「幼女戦記」版も公開（動画あり）|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/323136|access-date=2025-05-16|website=コミックナタリー|language=ja}}</ref> Studio Deen created a TV anime adaptation which aired from January of 2016 until June of 2024, and a spinoff titled "''KonoSuba: An Explosion on This Wonderful World!''" (which is based on one of the main characters, Megumin) began in 2014, this spinoff had a anime adaptation, which started and ended in 2023. ==Notes== {{noteslist}} ===Original titles=== {{reflist|group=Jp.}} ==References== {{reflist}} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o! Logo Anime.png|Alternative logo (only used in merchandising) File:Cosplayers of Kazuma and Aqua, KonoSuba 20160507a.jpg|2 people cosplaying as Aqua and Kazuma, 2 of the main characters in the series. File:KonoSuba Aqua Nendoroid.jpg|Another nendoroid, this time it's only Aqua. File:Cosplayers of Kazuma and Aqua, KonoSuba 20160507b.jpg File:Cosplayer of Kazuma Satō at PF28 20180520b.jpg|Another person cosplaying as Kazuma </gallery> [[Category:2014 manga]] [[Category:Light novels]] [[Category:2016 anime television series]] [[Category:2017 anime television series]] [[Category:2013 establishments in Japan]] [[Category:2010s anime television series]] [[Category:2020s anime television series]] n475gr1koox43i6p72td1zz5ujzwq7i 0 1186864 10329929 10329523 2025-06-14T13:14:05Z Minorax 844779 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 6 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{F1 season | year = 2031<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2031 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2031 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2031 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 82nd running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2031 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2031 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="TGR"|{{flagg|cnxa|Japan}}TGR F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[TGR F1 Team|Toyota Gazoo Racing]] | rowspan="2" |Toyota | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-TBA |rowspan="2"| TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2031 in sports]] [[Category:2030s in motorsport]] 5t8qu1xrm33zt6iqbfxu3ngsr734yfp 10329973 10329929 2025-06-14T13:22:03Z BRPever 487619 fix link 10329973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 6 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{F1 season | year = 2031<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2031 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2031 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} The '''2031 FIA Formula One World Championship''' is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 82nd running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2031 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2031 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="TGR"|{{flagg|cnxa|Japan}}TGR F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[TGR F1 Team|Toyota Gazoo Racing]] | rowspan="2" |Toyota | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-TBA |rowspan="2"| TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2031 in sports]] [[Category:2030s in motorsport]] lziqitwxi6nj14j1u7dgznfxd39yo12 0 1186865 10329925 10329526 2025-06-14T13:13:52Z Minorax 844779 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 7 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{F1 season | year = 2032<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2032 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2032 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} 2032 Formula One World Championship is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 83rd running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2032 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2031 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="TGR"|{{flagg|cnxa|Japan}}TGR F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[TGR F1 Team|Toyota Gazzo Racing]] | rowspan="2" |Toyota | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-TBA |rowspan="2"| TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2032 in sports]] [[Category:2030s in motorsport]] ifsw34x0pbrq4n1938x9ccpqi0dthme 10329946 10329925 2025-06-14T13:14:42Z BRPever 487619 fix 10329946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Article about a race championship 7 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]].}} {{F1 season | year = 2032<!-- | champions = [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Champion]]: <br>{{nowrap|[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Champion]]: }} --> | support_series =<br>[[2032 Formula 2 Championship|Formula 2 Championship]]<br>[[2032 FIA Formula 3 Championship|FIA Formula 3 Championship]] }} 2032 Formula One World Championship is a planned motor racing championship for [[Formula One cars]] which will be the 83rd running of the [[Formula One World Championship]]. It is recognised by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), the governing body of international [[motorsport]], as the highest class of competition for [[open-wheel racing cars]]. The championship will be contested over several Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Champion]] and [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|World Constructors' Champion]] respectively. == Entries == The following constructors and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2032 World Championship. All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by TBA. Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%" |+{{nowrap|Teams and drivers that are contracted to compete in the 2031 World Championship}} !scope="col" rowspan="2"|Entrant !scope="col" rowspan="2"|[[List of Formula One constructors|Constructor]] !scope="col" rowspan="2" nowrap|[[Formula One engines|Power unit]] ! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Race drivers |- !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One driver numbers|No.]] !scope="col" class="unsortable"|[[List of Formula One drivers|Driver name]] |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Alpine"| {{flagg|cnxa|France}}[[BWT (company)|BWT]] Alpine Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Alpine F1 Team|Alpine]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Aston Martin"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}Aston Martin [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]] Honda ! rowspan="2" | [[Aston Martin in Formula One|Aston Martin]] [[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]]-[[Honda in Formula One|Honda]] | rowspan="2" | Honda | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Audi"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Audi F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Audi in Formula One|Audi]] |rowspan="2"| Audi |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Cadillac"|{{flagg|cnxa|United States}}Cadillac Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]]-[[General Motors|GM]] | rowspan="2" | GM |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ferrari"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}Scuderia Ferrari [[HP Inc.|HP]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] |rowspan="2"| Ferrari |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McLaren"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}McLaren Formula 1 Team ! rowspan="2"| [[McLaren]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Mercedes"|{{flagg|cnxa|Germany}}Mercedes-AMG [[Petronas]] F1 Team ! rowspan="2" | [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] |rowspan="2"| Mercedes |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Racing Bulls"|{{flagg|cnxa|Italy}}[[Visa Inc.|Visa]] [[Cash App]] Racing Bulls F1 Team !rowspan=2|[[Racing Bulls]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Red Bull Racing"|{{flagg|cnxa|Austria}}[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Red Bull Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Red Bull Racing]]-TBA |rowspan="2"|TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="TGR"|{{flagg|cnxa|Japan}}TGR F1 Team ! rowspan="2" |[[TGR F1 Team|Toyota Gazzo Racing]] | rowspan="2" |Toyota | style="text-align:center" |TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- | rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Williams"|{{flagg|cnxa|United Kingdom}}[[Atlassian]] Williams Racing !rowspan="2"|[[Williams Racing|Williams]]-TBA |rowspan="2"| TBA |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |- |style="text-align:center"|TBC |{{flagicon image|Flag of None.svg}} TBA |} [[Category:Formula One seasons]] [[Category:2032 in sports]] [[Category:2030s in motorsport]] azb3pr2krke6eomrw7abya41oo0adkw 0 1187267 10330625 10321933 2025-06-14T18:55:23Z 24.47.179.93 10330625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Japanese name|Nobi}} {{Infobox character|name=Nobita Nobi|series=[[Doraemon]]|image=File:Doraemon Nobita cosplayer.jpg|creator=[[Fujiko Fujio]]|alias="Noby" (English dub) "Specky", "Sidney" (other english dubs), "Pepito" (1980s [[Latin America|Latin American]] Spanish dub)|species=Human|gender=Male|occupation=Student|family=Nobisuke Nobi (father), Tamako Nobi (mother) Sewashi Nobi (future great-great grandson)|spouse=Shizuka Minamoto (future wife)|children=Nobisuke Nobi Jr.|first=Doraemon (1969), chapter 1 (manga appearance)|voice=[[Johnny Yong Bosch]] (American english dub, 2014-present) Megumi Ōhara (2005-present) Yoshiko Ota (1973) Noriko Ohara (1979-2005) Hiroko Maruyama (1979, stand-in for Noriko Ohara) Maggie Vera (1999, official Latin-American dub)|caption=a person [[cosplay|cosplaying]] as Nobita|nationality=[[Japanese people|Japanese]]}} '''Nobita Nobi''' (''野比 のび太, Nobi Nobita'') is one of the main characters from the Japanese multi-media franchise, [[Doraemon]], he is a 10-year-old boy who was once a regular [[Primary school|elementary school]] student, until Doraemon was sent to the past to change Nobita's terrible future being married to Jaiko Gouda (Takeshi Gouda's sister). (or in the 1973 series, help Nobita with his extremely unlucky life.) He (along with Doraemon) is considered to be one of the most popular characters in the franchise, though he has been heavily criticized (in countries such as [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]) for being a harmful [[role model]] to kids due to his behavior.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doraemon under attack as a bad influence on children in India, Pakistan|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Doraemon-under-attack-as-a-bad-influence-on-children-in-India-Pakistan2|access-date=2025-05-08|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en}}</ref> [[Johnny Yong Bosch]] voices him in the 2014 dub of [[Doraemon (2005 TV series)|Doraemon]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-14|title=Mona Marshall, Johnny Yong Bosch Lead Doraemon Cast|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-06-24/mona-marshall-johnny-yong-bosch-lead-doraemon-cast/.75897|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Anime News Network|language=en}}</ref> == Personality == he is depicted as a lazy boy who is not good at anything, he dislikes reading [[Book|books]] (except for [[manga]]). == Appearence == === 1973 anime === Nobita had the same hair style as the 1979 anime, but the only difference was that his shirt was red instead of yellow and that he was drawn differently and more accurately to the manga. === 1979 anime (1978 pilot only) === he is drawn similar of that to the 1979 anime, the only difference is that he wears a green shirt with short sleeves, brown pants, white socks and blue shoes. it seems that he and Suneo swapped colors in the final version of the pilot since Suneo is seen wearing yellow while Nobita is wearing green. === 1979 anime === He is drawn more differently than the 1973 anime, a significant change in the 1979 anime is that Nobita's shirt was changed from Red to yellow === 2005 anime === Nobita still looks the same as his 1979 counterpart, though he occasionally changes his clothes. == in other media == throughout the years of 2011 to 2016, the Japanese actor Satoshi Tsumabuki played a older version of Nobita in a series of [[Toyota]] ads depicting the human Doraemon characters as adults.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Movie Star Jean Reno Plays Doraemon in Live-Action Ads - News - Anime News Network|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-11-17/movie-star-jean-reno-plays-doraemon-in-live-action-ads|access-date=2025-05-08|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524201229/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-11-17/movie-star-jean-reno-plays-doraemon-in-live-action-ads|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> He has also appeared in various educational manga along with other characters from the series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-08|title=Shogakukan Publishes Doraemon Earthquake Survival Guide|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-06-22/shogakukan-publishes-doraemon-earthquake-survival-guide|access-date=2025-05-08|website=Anime News Network|language=en}}</ref> the series, [[Kiteretsu Daihyakka]] (another work created by [[Fujiko Fujio]])'s spanish, portuguese and catalan dubs have the name "Kiteretsu: el primo mas listo de Nobita/Kiteretsu: el cosí més llest d'en Nobita/Kiteretsu, o primo listo de Nobita" (English: Kiteretsu: Nobita's smarter cousin), despite the fact that Nobita nor anyone from the Doraemon series never appears in that series. == References == [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1969]] [[Category:Anime characters]] <references /> 9ppmoedmw4bmyvdy02f0v5ttsvft50m 3 1187281 10329926 10319586 2025-06-14T13:13:52Z Minorax 844779 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[2032 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329926 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Barney Error 100 (TSDLAVSBEITG)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Barney Error 100 (TSDLAVSBEITG)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Barney Error 100 (TSDLAVSBEITG)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Gotanda|Gotanda]] ([[User talk:Gotanda|talk]]) 22:03, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of AD 2124== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:AD 2124]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. 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The next time you make a [[Wikipedia:Rules|bad page]], you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia'''. <!-- Template:uw-create4im --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 16:15, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of Died at 88== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Died at 88]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Died at 88}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. 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Please read [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] and remember that adding [[Wikipedia:Spam|spam]], making changes that do not have a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Be kind|making personal attacks on others]], not respecting other people's [[Wikipedia:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalizing]] pages are not allowed. If you do any of these things, you will be blocked again. If you think this block is unfair, you can ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. -->{{tltt|Unblock|par=''your reason here''}} below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. 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If you believe this block is unfair you may ask to be unblocked by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block2 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of 2036 United States presidential election== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:2036 United States presidential election]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:2036 United States presidential election}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:40, 1 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia'''. <!-- Template:uw-vandalism4im --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:41, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left]] You have been temporarily '''[[WP:BLOCK|blocked]]''' from changing in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[wikt:constant|constantly]] [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]]. Please stop. You are welcome to make ''useful'' changes after the block ends. 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[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:04, 1 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block2 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10316455|Edit]] (10316455) processed with score of 0.97979. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 15:25, 8 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Elizabeth II]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been '''[[Help:Revert a page|automatically reverted]]'''. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10316458|Edit]] (10316458) processed with score of 0.99093. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 15:27, 8 June 2025 (UTC) <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left]] You have been temporarily '''[[WP:BLOCK|blocked]]''' from changing in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[wikt:constant|constantly]] [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]]. Please stop. You are welcome to make ''useful'' changes after the block ends. If you believe this block is unfair you may ask to be unblocked by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:32, 10 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block2 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of 2032 Formula One World Championship== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:2032 Formula One World Championship]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]<sup>&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;</sup> 13:13, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ial4lozfvq6frtierm9n4w783jh6ny9 10329931 10329926 2025-06-14T13:14:06Z Minorax 844779 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[2031 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329931 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Barney Error 100 (TSDLAVSBEITG)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Barney Error 100 (TSDLAVSBEITG)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Barney Error 100 (TSDLAVSBEITG)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Gotanda|Gotanda]] ([[User talk:Gotanda|talk]]) 22:03, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of AD 2124== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:AD 2124]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. 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You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:08, 28 May 2025 (UTC) == May 2025 == [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. 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You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:48, 28 May 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|]] This is the '''final warning''' you are receiving regarding your disruptive changes. <br> The next time you violate Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons]] policy by adding [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|unsourced]] or [[Wikipedia:RS#Biographies_of_living_persons|poorly sourced]] [[:en:Wikipedia:Libel|defamatory]] or otherwise controversial content into an article or any other Wikipedia page, as you did to [[:Pope Leo XIV]], you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from changing Wikipedia]] without further notice'''. <!-- Template:uw-biog4 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:00, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of David Canabarro== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:David Canabarro]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:David Canabarro}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:01, 28 May 2025 (UTC) <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=|link=]] You have been '''[[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]]''' from changing [[Wikipedia]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. Once the block has ended you can make [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|helpful changes]]. Please read [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] and remember that adding [[Wikipedia:Spam|spam]], making changes that do not have a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Be kind|making personal attacks on others]], not respecting other people's [[Wikipedia:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalizing]] pages are not allowed. If you do any of these things, you will be blocked again. If you think this block is unfair, you can ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. -->{{tltt|Unblock|par=''your reason here''}} below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 02:55, 29 May 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block1 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left]] You have been temporarily '''[[WP:BLOCK|blocked]]''' from changing in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[wikt:constant|constantly]] [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]]. Please stop. You are welcome to make ''useful'' changes after the block ends. 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[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:34, 30 May 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block2 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of 2036 United States presidential election== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:2036 United States presidential election]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:2036 United States presidential election}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:40, 1 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia'''. <!-- Template:uw-vandalism4im --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:41, 1 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left]] You have been temporarily '''[[WP:BLOCK|blocked]]''' from changing in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[wikt:constant|constantly]] [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]]. Please stop. You are welcome to make ''useful'' changes after the block ends. If you believe this block is unfair you may ask to be unblocked by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:04, 1 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block2 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10316455|Edit]] (10316455) processed with score of 0.97979. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 15:25, 8 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Elizabeth II]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been '''[[Help:Revert a page|automatically reverted]]'''. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10316458|Edit]] (10316458) processed with score of 0.99093. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 15:27, 8 June 2025 (UTC) <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left]] You have been temporarily '''[[WP:BLOCK|blocked]]''' from changing in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[wikt:constant|constantly]] [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]]. Please stop. You are welcome to make ''useful'' changes after the block ends. If you believe this block is unfair you may ask to be unblocked by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 03:32, 10 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block2 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of 2032 Formula One World Championship== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:2032 Formula One World Championship]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]<sup>&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;</sup> 13:13, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of 2031 Formula One World Championship== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:2031 Formula One World Championship]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]<sup>&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;</sup> 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 6jr6xz85srqh9jjftdw6upkyxk4i79f 0 1187687 10331357 10280969 2025-06-15T02:46:43Z Marium Alberto 1088181 + 10331357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox coat of arms |name = Coat of arms of [[Pope Leo XIV]] |image = Coat of arms of Leone XIV.svg |alt = |image_width = 120 |lesser_caption = Coat of arms with papal tiara |armiger = [[Pope Leo XIV]] |year_adopted = 2025 |motto = ''In Illo Uno Unum'' (Latin: "In the One, we are one") }} [[File:Coat of arms of Robert Francis Prevost Martinez (cardinal).svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Robert Francis Prevost as a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]]] On 8 May 2025, [[Pope Leo XIV]] became the pope. He kept the same [[coat of arms]] and [[motto]] that he used as a [[bishop]]. == Coat of arms == The coat of arms shows the Pope’s love for [[Jesus]], [[Mary]], and the Church. It also shows that he is from the [[Order of Saint Augustine]]. === Shield === The shield has two parts:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-10|title=Pope Leo XIV's motto and coat of arms - Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/pope-leo-xiv-s-motto-and-coat-of-arms.html|access-date=2025-05-10|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Symbolism of the emblem that is on Pope Leo’s coat of arms|url=https://aleteia.org/2025/05/09/symbolism-of-the-emblem-that-is-on-pope-leos-coat-of-arms|access-date=2025-05-10|website=Aleteia|language=en}}</ref> * The top part is blue. It has a white [[lily]]. The lily means the Virgin [[Mary]]. * The bottom part has a light color. It shows a red [[heart]] on a closed [[book]]. An [[arrow]] goes through the heart. This is from [[Saint Augustine]]. He said God’s word touched his heart. === Motto === The Latin motto is ''In Illo Uno Unum''. It means: "In the One, we are one." It comes from Saint Augustine. It means Christians are one in [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-10|title=Pope Leo XIV's motto and coat of arms - Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/pope-leo-xiv-s-motto-and-coat-of-arms.html|access-date=2025-05-10|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vatican releases Pope Leo XIV’s official portrait and signature showing return to tradition|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/264033/vatican-releases-pope-leo-xivs-official-portrait-and-signature-showing-return-to-tradition|access-date=2025-05-10|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref> === Papal symbols === The coat of arms also has papal signs:<ref name=":0" /> * A [[mitre]] (hat), * Two crossed [[keys]] behind the shield. == Meaning == The coat of arms shows that Pope Leo XIV wants people to love Jesus, honor Mary, and be one Church. It shows his faith and his Augustinian way of life.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline|Coats of arms of Leo XIV|Coat of arms of Pope Leo XIV}} [[Category:Coats of arms]] [[Category:Vatican City]] [[Category:Popes]] {{Religion-stub}} ccwi9c1eqt8x1a2hfopvpy87y4fij8i 0 1187745 10330993 10277078 2025-06-14T22:39:32Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10330993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] | season = 1994-95 | dates = 2 August 1994 - 17 June 1995 | winners = [[SV Austria Salzburg]] | relegated = [[VfB Mödling]], [[FC Linz]] |promoted = [[Grazer AK]], [[SV Ried]] | matches = 180 | total goals = 488 | league topscorer = [[Souleymane Sané]] (FC Tirol) (20 goals) | prevseason = [[1993-94 Austrian football championship|1993-94]] | nextseason = [[1995-96 Austrian football championship|1995-96]] }} The '''1994-95 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. The single-tiered [[2. Liga|2nd Bundesliga]] served as the lower tier of the 1st Bundesliga. The third tier consisted of the [[Regionalliga Ost]] (Vienna, Lower Austria, Burgenland), [[Regionalliga Mitte|Mitte]] (Carinthia, Upper Austria, Styria) and [[Regionalliga West (Austria)|West]] (Salzburg, Tyrol, Vorarlberg). [[VfB Mödling]] and [[FC Linz]] were relegated. The 1. Bundesliga championship was contested by 10 teams. They met four times throughout the season. Austria Salzburg won the Austrian football championship for the second time in a row. [[Grazer AK]] was promoted to the Bundesliga. [[Peter Barac]] (Vorwärts Steyr), [[Thomas Flögel]] (FK Austria Wien), [[Josef Heiling]] (VfB Mödling), [[Michael Konsel]] (Rapid Wien), [[Walter Kogler]] (FK Austria Wien) and [[Arnold Wetl]] (Sturm Graz) played all 36 matches for their teams. <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Fussball Statistik 1994/95">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1990_1999/stno1__bundesliga__1994_95.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Final table== {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |36 | 15 |17 |4 |47 <ref>+24</ref> |- |2. |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |36 | 18 |11 | 7 | 47<ref>+17</ref> |- |3. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' ' |36 | 19 |8 | 9 |46 |- |4. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |36 | 16 |11 | 9 | 43 |- |5. |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck''' |36 | 15 |10 |11 |40 |- |6. |'''LASK''' |36 | 14 |11 | 11 | 39 |- |7. | '' FC Admira Wacker''' |36 | 11 |11 | 14 | 33 |- |8. |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |36 | 9 |11 | 16 | 29 |- |9. | '''FC Linz''' |36 | 5 |10 | 21 | 20 <ref>Relegated after relegation matches versus SV Ried. </ref> |- |10. |'''VfB Mödling''' |36 | 4 |8 | 24 | 16 |} <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (Bundesliga) 1994/95">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1990_99/o1__bundesliga__1994_95.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (Bundesliga) 1994/95" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 August 1994 |VfB Mödling | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |3 August 1994 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck''' |FC Linz | 3-0 |- |3 August 1994 |LASK |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- |3 August 1994 |SK Rapid Wien | Admira Wacker | 2-2 |- |3 August 1994 |SK Sturm Graz |SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 August 1994 |Admira Wacker |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |- |5 August 1994 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |VfB Mödling | 2-0 |- |6 August 1994 |FK Austria Wien |FC Tirol Innsbruck | 0-0 |- |6 August 1994 |FC Linz | LASK | 1-1 |- |6 August 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Rapid Wien |3-0 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 August 1994 |FC Tirol Innsbruck |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |0-1 |- |13 August 1994 | Admira Wacker |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-1 |- |13 August 1994 |LASK | FK Austria Wien |1-1 |- |13 August 1994 |SK Rapid Wien | FC Linz | 0-0 |- |13 August 1994 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |VfB Mödling |3-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 August 1994 |'''FC Linz ''' |Admira Wacker |2-1 |- |20 August 1994 | FK Austria Wien |SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |20 August 1994 |SV Austria Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |- |20 August 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''LASK''' | 0-3 |- |21 August 1994 |VfB Mödling |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |2-3 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 August 1994 |Admira Wacker |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- |27 August 1994 | LASK |VfB Mödling | 2-2 |- |27 August 1994 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |- |27 August 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |FC Linz | 4-1 |- |27 August 1994 | SK Sturm Graz |FC Tirol Innsbruck |0-0 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 August 1994 |VfB Mödling |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-2 |- |30 August 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |Admira Wacker | 2-2 |- |31 August 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |3-1 |- |31 August 1994 |FC Linz |SK Sturm Graz | 1-1 |- |31 August 1994 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |LASK |1-0 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 September 1994 | '''Admira Wacker''' |VfB Mödling |3-1 |- |3 September 1994 |FC Linz | FK Austria Wien | 2-2 |- |3 September 1994 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |3-1 |- |3 September 1994 |SV Austria Salzburg |SK Vorwärts Steyr | 2-2 |- |3 September 1994 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |LASK |1-0 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 September 1994 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' |FC Linz |3-0 |- |17 September 1994 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |Admira Wacker | 5-1 |- |17 September 1994 |LASK |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-3 |- |17 September 1994 |VfB Mödling |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- |18 September 1994 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-2 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 September 1994 |Admira Wacker |LASK |1-1 |- |21 September 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr | 1-0 |- |21 September 1994 |'''FC Linz''' |VfB Mödling |3-1 |- |21 September 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | 2-3 |- |21 September 1994 | SV Austria Salzburg |FC Tirol Innsbruck |1-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 September 1994 |'''VfB Mödling ''' |FC Linz |3-1 |- |24 September 1994 |FC Tirol Innsbruck |SV Austria Salzburg | 0-0 |- |24 September 1994 |'''LASK ''' |Admira Wacker |2-0 |- |24 September 1994 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Rapid Wien | 2-0 |- |24 September 1994 | SK Vorwärts Steyr |FK Austria Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |30 September 1994 |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |SK Sturm Graz |2-1 |- |1 October 1994 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 3-0 |- |1 October 1994 | FC Linz |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |1-3 |- |1 October 1994 |SV Austria Salzburg |'''LASK ''' | 1-2 |- |2 October 1994 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |VfB Mödling |2-0 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 October 1994 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- |5 October 1994 |SK Sturm Graz |'''Admira Wacker ''' | 0-1 |- |5 October 1994 | LASK |'''FC Linz ''' |0-2 |- |5 October 1994 |SK Rapid Wien |SV Austria Salzburg | 1-1 |- |6 October 1994 | VfB Mödling |'''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |1-2 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 October 1994 | FC Linz |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |14 October 1994 |VfB Mödling |'''SK Sturm Graz ''' | 1-2 |- |15 October 1994 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | LASK |1-0 |- |15 October 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Admira Wacker | 4-2 |- |15 October 1994 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |5-0 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 October 1994 |Admira Wacker |'''FC Linz ''' |1-2 |- |22 October 1994 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |VfB Mödling | 3-1 |- |22 October 1994 |LASK | SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-1 |- |22 October 1994 |SK Sturm Graz | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | 0-1 |- |23 October 1994 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FK Austria Wien |3-1 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 October 1994 |VfB Mödling |'''LASK ''' |1-2 |- |29 October 1994 | ''' FK Austria Wien ''' | Admira Wacker |5-0 |- |29 October 1994 |FC Linz |SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 <ref>Equalizer for Salzburg by goalkeeper Konrad in the last minute. </ref> |- |29 October 1994 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' | SK Sturm Graz | 5-0 |- |29 October 1994 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 November 1994 |'''Admira Wacker''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |4-2 |- |5 November 1994 |LASK | FC Tirol Innsbruck |1-1 |- |5 November 1994 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |VfB Mödling |2-1 |- |5 November 1994 |SK Sturm Graz | FC Linz | 2-2 |- |6 November 1994 | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 November 1994 |''' FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Linz |4-0 |- |19 November 1994 |FC Tirol Innsbruck | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-3 |- |19 November 1994 |'''LASK ''' |SK Sturm Graz |3-0 |- |19 November 1994 |'''VfB Mödling ''' | Admira Wacker | 2-1 |- |19 November 1994 | SK Vorwärts Steyr |SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 November 1994 | '''FC Linz ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |- |26 November 1994 |SK Rapid Wien | '''LASK ''' |1-2 |- |26 November 1994 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |VfB Mödling |2-0 |- |26 November 1994 |SK Sturm Graz |''' FK Austria Wien ''' | 1-4 |- |27 November 1994 | ''' Admira Wacker''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |3-1 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 March 1995 | FK Austria Wien |SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-1 |- |4 March 1995 |FC Linz |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-3 |- |5 March 1995 |''' Admira Wacker''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |2-0 |- |5 March 1995 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |VfB Mödling | 1-0 |- |14 March 1995 | SV Austria Salzburg |LASK |0-0 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 March 1995 |LASK |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |- |10 March 1995 |FC Tirol Innsbruck | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |- |10 March 1995 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SV Austria Salzburg''' |0-2 |- |10 March 1995 |VfB Mödling |Admira Wacker |0 -0 |- |11 March 1995 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' |FC Linz |1-0 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 March 1995 |FC Linz | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-3 |- |17 March 1995 |Admira Wacker |LASK |1-1 |- |17 March 1995 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |VfB Mödling |2-1 |- |17 March 1995 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |SK Rapid Wien |2 -0 |- |18 March 1995 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |2-3 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 March 1995 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |Admira Wacker |3-2 |- |22 March 1995 | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |FC Linz |3-0 |- |22 March 1995 |''' LASK ''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- |22 March 1995 |'''VfB Mödling ''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr |1 -0 |- |4 April 1995 | SV Austria Salzburg | SK Sturm Graz |1-1 |} ===Round 23=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 March 1995 |Admira Wacker |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-1 |- |25 March 1995 |FK Austria Wien |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |25 March 1995 |FC Linz |''' SK Sturm Graz''' |0-2 |- |25 March 1995 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |VfB Mödling |1 -0 |- |25 March 1995 | SK Vorwärts Steyr |LASK |2-2 |} ===Round 24=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 April 1995 |'''LASK ''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |2-0 |- |1 April 1995 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |3-1 |- |1 April 1995 | SK Sturm Graz |Admira Wacker |2-2 |- |1 April 1995 |VfB Mödling |FC Linz |1 -1 |- |2 April 1995 | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |FK Austria Wien |3-0 |} ===Round 25=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 April 1995 |FK Austria Wien |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |7 April 1995 |FC Linz |Admira Wacker |2-2 |- |8 April 1995 | FC Tirol Innsbruck |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |2-3 |- |8 April 1995 |VfB Mödling | '''LASK''' |0 -1 |- |8 April 1995 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | SV Austria Salzburg |1-1 |} ===Round 26=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |11 April 1995 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |FK Austria Wien |0-0 |- |12 April 1995 |'''LASK''' |FC Linz |3-1 |- |12 April 1995 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |VfB Mödling |2-1 |- |12 April 1995 |SV Austria Salzburg | FC Tirol Innsbruck |1 -1 |- |12 April 1995 | '''SK Sturm Graz''' | SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-0 |} ===Round 27=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 April 1995 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Linz |4-1 |- |22 April 1995 | FC Tirol Innsbruck |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |0-1 |- |22 April 1995 |LASK |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |1-2 |- |22 April 1995 |VfB Mödling | SV Austria Salzburg |0-0 |- |22 April 1995 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | Admira Wacker |1-0 |} ===Round 28=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 April 1995 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |FC Tirol Innsbruck |3-0 |- |29 April 1995 | '''Admira Wacker''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-0 |- |29 April 1995 |FC Linz |'''FK Austria Wien''' |1-7 |- |29 April 1995 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |LASK |3-0 |- |29 April 1995 | ''' SV Austria Salzburg ''' | VfB Mödling |2-0 |} ===Round 29=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 May 1995 | '''LASK ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |2-0 |- |6 May 1995 | FC Tirol Innsbruck |Admira Wacker |1-1 |- |6 May 1995 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | FC Linz |4-1 |- |6 May 1995 |VfB Mödling |SK Sturm Graz |0-0 |- |6 May 1995 | SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-3 |} ===Round 30=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 May 1995 |Admira Wacker |VfB Mödling |1-1 |- |12 May 1995 |FC Linz |SK Vorwärts Steyr |0-0 |- |13 May 1995 |FK Austria Wien | FC Tirol Innsbruck |0-0 |- |13 May 1995 |SV Austria Salzburg |SK Rapid Wien |0-0 |- |13 May 1995 | SK Sturm Graz | LASK |3-3 |} ===Round 31=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 May 1995 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |FC Linz |3-0 |- |20 May 1995 | FC Tirol Innsbruck |SK Vorwärts Steyr |1-1 |- |20 May 1995 |LASK | '''Admira Wacker''' |1-2 |- |20 May 1995 |SK Rapid Wien |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-3 |- |20 May 1995 | VfB Mödling | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 32=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 May 1995 |Admira Wacker |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-2 |- |9 May 1995 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |LASK |1-1 |- |9 May 1995 |FC Linz | '''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |0-1 |- |9 May 1995 |SK Sturm Graz |SV Austria Salzburg |2-2 |- |9 May 1995 | '''SK Vorwärts Steyr ''' | VfB Mödling |1-0 |} ===Round 33=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 May 1995 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |Admira Wacker |2-0 |- |27 May 1995 | '''LASK ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |2-1 |- |27 May 1995 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |FC Linz |3-1 |- |27 May 1995 |VfB Mödling |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |1-6 |- |28 May 1995 | SK Rapid Wien | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-3 |} ===Round 34=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 June 1995 |SK Vorwärts Steyr |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-1 |- |3 June 1995 |Admira Wacker |'''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |- |3 June 1995 |FC Linz |'''VfB Mödling ''' |0-3 |- |3 June 1995 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |LASK |6-1 |- |4 June 1995 | FK Austria Wien | '''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 35=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 June 1995 |'''Admira Wacker ''' |FC Linz |2-0 |- |14 June 1995 |'''LASK ''' |VfB Mödling |4-1 |- |14 June 1995 | SK Rapid Wien |FC Tirol Innsbruck |2-2 |- |14 June 1995 |'''SV Austria Salzburg ''' |SK Vorwärts Steyr |2-0 |- |14 June 1995 |'''SK Sturm Graz''' | FK Austria Wien |6-0 |} ===Round 36=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 June 1995 |FK Austria Wien |'''Admira Wacker ''' |1-2 |- |17 June 1995 |FC Linz |'''LASK ''' |0-4 |- |17 June 1995 |'''FC Tirol Innsbruck ''' |SV Austria Salzburg |2-0 |- |17 June 1995 |VfB Mödling |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' |0-3 |- |17 June 1995 |SK Vorwärts Steyr | '''SK Sturm Graz''' |1-2 |} == Champion squad == (matches/goals) {| class="wikitable" width="700" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | align="center" colspan="2"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''SV Austria Salzburg'''</span> |- class="hintergrundfarbe-basis" align="center" | * '''Goalkeepers''': [[Otto Konrad]] (34 /1), [[Herbert Ilsanker]] (2/0), * '''Defenders''': [[Leopold Lainer]] (34/1), [[Thomas Winklhofer]] (31/2), [[Christian Fürstaller]] (28/0), [[Martin Hiden]] (27/1), [[Wolfgang Feiersinger]] (25/1), [[Arnold Freissegger]] (11/0), [[Klaus Dietrich]] (2/0), * '''Midfielders''': [[Mladen Mladenović]] (31/6), [[Adolf Hütter]] (28/2), [[Peter Artner]] (25/2), [[Nikola Jurčević]] (24/3), [[Franz Aigner ]] (22/0), [[Martin Amerhauser]] (3/0), [[Dean Računica]] (3/0), [[Helmut Rottensteiner]] (1/0), [[Gerhard Struber]] (1/0), * '''Forwards''': [[Tomislav Kocijan]] (34/4), [[Hermann Stadler]] (28/0),[[Heimo Pfeifenberger]] (27/11), [[Ralph Hasenhüttl]] (21/8), [[Eduard Glieder]] (20/3), [[Gerhard Struber]] (1/0) * '''Coaching staff''': [[Otto Barić]] (coach), [[Srećko Kurbaša]] (assistance coach), [[Herbert Rettensteiner]] (goalkeepercoach) |} <ref>[https://wiki.salzburg12.at/Saison_1994/95 FC Salzburg Wiki]</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Souleymane Sane]] |FC Tirol |20 |- | [[Mons-Ivar Mjelde]] |FK Austria Wien |17 |- | [[Mario Haas]] |SK Sturm Graz |13 |- | [[Thomas Janeschitz]] |FC Tirol |13 |- | [[Marcus Pürk]] |SK Rapid Wien |13 |} <ref name="Fussball in Österreich Fussball Statistik 1994/95" /> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1994-95 Austrian Football Bundesliga}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] c51zyv760wj7bg7l27kogk94ob1q4wy 3 1187993 10331456 10329119 2025-06-15T05:00:54Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[User talk:FusionSub]] 10331456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic archive navigator}} == Do you think this should be moved == [[:Category:19th-century establishments in Russia]] to [[:Category:19th-century establishments in the Russian Empire]]. ? [[Special:Contributions/131.109.227.10|131.109.227.10]] ([[User talk:131.109.227.10|talk]]) 14:35, 12 November 2024 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:53, 18 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27735014 --> == [[Caseoh]] == Hi! Regarding your qd nomination of [[Caseoh]], I think that the article should be nominated for A4 rather than A1. What do you think? ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 13:56, 18 November 2024 (UTC) :{{A note}} Reverted by Fehufanga. Sorry for the possible disturbance. ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 13:58, 18 November 2024 (UTC) :Eh, after nominating for A1 I realised it also fell under A4, but either way both criterion work on the page in my opinion.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 13:58, 18 November 2024 (UTC) ::I think both criterion works in this case. Here's a friendly spider for you: /╲/\╭(•‿•)╮/\╱\ ''[[User:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#A76BCF">⯎ Aster</span>]][[User talk:Asteralee|<span style="font-family:Georgia, Helvetica; color:#9400A5">alee ⯎</span>]]'' 14:45, 18 November 2024 (UTC) :::Awwwwww, have not seen that one before. It looks cute :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 17:28, 18 November 2024 (UTC) == ''The Signpost'': 18 November 2024 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/News and notes|Open letter to WMF about court case breaks one thousand signatures, big arb case declined, U4C begins accepting cases]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/In the media|Summons issued for Wikipedia editors by Indian court, "Gaza genocide" RfC close in news, old admin Gwern now big AI guy, and a "spectrum of reluctance" over Australian place names]] * Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/Recent research|SPINACH: AI help for asking Wikidata "challenging real-world questions"]] * News from the WMF: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/News from the WMF|Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Endowment audit reports: FY 2023–2024]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2024-11-18/Traffic report|Well, let us share with you our knowledge, about the electoral college]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 23:46, 18 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Message sent by User:JPxG@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=27733567 --> == Tech News: 2024-47 == <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:57, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-48 == <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:48, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-49 == <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == Good article == Thank you for promoting [[Kendall Jenner]] to [[WP:Good articles|good article]]. I believe there are several steps you need to complete, including adding it to [[Wikipedia:Good articles]], [[Wikipedia:Good articles/by date]], and adding the "good article" badge on [[:d:Q1375057|Wikidata]]. [[User:Depextual|Depextual]] ([[User talk:Depextual|talk]]) 18:19, 4 December 2024 (UTC) :Thanks for reminding me :), I forgot about most of this stuff.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 18:54, 4 December 2024 (UTC) == Barnstar == {{Barnstar|''Thank you for you have a Good Article''|img=Good Article Barnstar 5 Degree Hires.png}} [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:45, 6 December 2024 (UTC) :Thank you :).- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 11:32, 6 December 2024 (UTC) ::You're welcome! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 10:09, 7 December 2024 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:59, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27846897 --> == Tech News: 2024-50 == <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:45, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=27933909 --> == Tech News: 2024-51 == <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 December 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> oefumzl0fov1x0ho724f289yw43v4fo 0 1188002 10330116 10315471 2025-06-14T14:51:48Z StrongCap 1628507 10330116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Sahela (2017) | width = | partof = 2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | date = 26 October, 2017 | place = Near the [[Syrian]] border, Nineveh Province | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Kurdish victory<ref name="source1"> https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/377801/Sahela-Battle:-Kurdistan-marks-anniversary-of-successful-resistance1</ref><ref>https://www.basnews.com/en/babat/475777</ref><ref name="source4" /> | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdistan Region]] | combatant3 = | commander1 = {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Sayed Mukhtar]]{{WIA}}<ref name="source3">https://www.rudaw.net/sorani/kurdistan/261020201.</ref><ref name="source5">https://www.kurdistanpress.net/News/kurdistan/4307</ref><ref name="source7" /> | commander2 = {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Massoud Barzani]] <br> {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} Masoud Mohammed<ref name="source1"> https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/377801/Sahela-Battle:-Kurdistan-marks-anniversary-of-successful-resistance1</ref> <br> {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} Badal Bandi<ref name="source1"> https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/377801/Sahela-Battle:-Kurdistan-marks-anniversary-of-successful-resistance1</ref> <br> {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} Jamal Eminki<ref name="source4">https://www.kdp.info/a/d.aspx?l=13&a=111547</ref> <br /> {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} Behjat Taymez<ref name="source4" /> | commander3 = | units1 = [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] | units2 = {{Tree list}} * [[Peshmerga]] ** KDP Peshmarga ** Zeravani<ref name="source4" /> | units3 = | strength1 = 2 infantary divisons<ref name="source4" /><ref name="source7" /> | strength2 = Unknown | strength3 = | casualties1 = 150 killed, 4 tanks destroyed, 15 other vehicles destroyed<ref name="source3" /> | casualties2 = 22 killed, several wounded<ref name="source1" /> | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }} The '''Battle of Sahela''', was a minor military engagement during the 2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict, between the [[Iraqi]] army and the [[Peshmerga]], that occurred on 26, October, 2017. ==Background== The Iraqi army and the [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] (PMF), tried to advance toward the Kurdish semi-autonomous region, after the takeover of Kirkuk and the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum.<ref name="source1" /> ==Battle== The Iraqi Army and the [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] (PMF), have attacked the Peshmarga on 26 October, 2017, In a goal to capture [[Fesh Khabur]] and [[Sahela]]. The battle ended in a Kurdish victory,<ref name="source7"> https://hawlerweb.net/kurdistan/2024/10/92381/</ref><ref name="source6">https://darkamazi.net/sorani/archives/1040138.</ref> and heavy casualties among the [[Iraqi]] lines.<ref name="source3" /> ==Related pages== * [[Battle of Erbil (1994)]] * [[Kurdistan]] * [[Iraq]] * [[Battle of Akre (1983)]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Conflicts]] [[Category:Iraq]] [[Category:Kurdistan]] qawftl7vz26pvg3czgcs9r4ikkh38ag 2 1188189 10330879 10329719 2025-06-14T21:02:28Z BlackJack 572554 /* Cricket: work in progress */ Cricketers by nationality: status update. 10330879 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]] * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; 6r40m21y2mgk20ylxzz8sl7nt12qxx5 10330936 10330879 2025-06-14T22:00:14Z BlackJack 572554 /* Articles to be created */ -1 10330936 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]] * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; prrscjhpi4ue6s1b0k5bqu0trtj5pyn 10331670 10330936 2025-06-15T09:35:29Z BlackJack 572554 /* Articles to be created */ strike 10331670 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; mg5glgeza6e5wx6ujezf23x7egkd3eb 10331673 10331670 2025-06-15T09:44:18Z BlackJack 572554 /* Articles being developed */ status x4 10331673 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : Review the pitch section and synchronise its terminology with the glossary. :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : Review everything that occurs in [[Cricket#The pitch]]. :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : Needs to be rewritten. Good sources for club-ball are Altham and Major. :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : Common history section needs cricket sources to complement David Block. Again, Altham and Major would be good. :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; n9hl0y1pw7o9z9eqt44wo6tdy79r3kl 10331680 10331673 2025-06-15T09:47:01Z BlackJack 572554 /* Articles being developed */ List A. 10331680 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : Review the pitch section and synchronise its terminology with the glossary. :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : Review everything that occurs in [[Cricket#The pitch]]. :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : Needs to be rewritten. Good sources for club-ball are Altham and Major. :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : Common history section needs cricket sources to complement David Block. Again, Altham and Major would be good. :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[List A cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; ptdwx1q1n6b4q2yw49x5ejpocaxuodq 10331684 10331680 2025-06-15T09:49:23Z BlackJack 572554 /* Cricket: work in progress */ comment 10331684 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. No problems here except one "current squad" up for RfD. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : Review the pitch section and synchronise its terminology with the glossary. :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : Review everything that occurs in [[Cricket#The pitch]]. :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : Needs to be rewritten. Good sources for club-ball are Altham and Major. :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : Common history section needs cricket sources to complement David Block. Again, Altham and Major would be good. :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[List A cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; omnnv74l8dwmsbskhb9qf406556p0i7 10331692 10331684 2025-06-15T09:53:59Z BlackJack 572554 /* Categories */ Terminology status. 10331692 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (14 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Cricket statistics]] (4 P) : Useful dump for now. Hopefully, NOTSTATS will kick in. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (5 P) : Probably a necessity, but depending on how the glossary develops. Has five short articles currently, but four of them should really be in the glossary only. Need to create more permanents to go with [[five-wicket haul]]. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. No problems here except one "current squad" up for RfD. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : Review the pitch section and synchronise its terminology with the glossary. :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : Review everything that occurs in [[Cricket#The pitch]]. :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : Needs to be rewritten. Good sources for club-ball are Altham and Major. :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : Common history section needs cricket sources to complement David Block. Again, Altham and Major would be good. :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[List A cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; 00uycf3uvj7csc1dyuie4iq7gdoporj 10331708 10331692 2025-06-15T10:00:58Z BlackJack 572554 /* Categories */ Merged stats into terminology. 10331708 wikitext text/x-wiki <table> <tr><center>'''[[User:BlackJack/Books|books]] | [[User:BlackJack/useful|useful]] | [[User:BlackJack/sandbox|sandbox]] | [[User:BlackJack/box1|workshop1]] | [[User:BlackJack/box2|workshop2]] | [[User:BlackJack/box3|workshop3]] | [[User:BlackJack/box4|workshop4]] | [[User:BlackJack/box5|workshop5]] | [[User:BlackJack/box6|workshop6]] | [[User:BlackJack/archives|archives]]'''</center> </tr> </table> <hr /> <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Gallery'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:Blackjack.jpg|thumb|center|Blackjack! The face cards (Jack, Queen, and King) count as 10 points, and the Ace counts as 1 or 11.]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>[[Image:BJackII.jpg|thumb|center|United States Government's 1875 reissue of the original 1863 "[[Andrew Jackson|Black Jack]]" postage stamp, depicting [[Andrew Jackson]].]]</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''About me'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User name|Jack}} <tr><td>{{User Wikipedian For|year=2005|month=7|day=31}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Career'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Interests'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Beliefs'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Sports & games'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Liverpool FC}}</td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Languages'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Food & drink'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''History'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Cinema'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Books'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Art'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Music'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''Wikipedia'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{SA-appbook}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><center>{{Sa-appbook-ubx}}</center></td></tr> <tr><td><hr/><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userboxes]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </div> </td></tr></table></td></tr> </table> __NOTOC__ {{SA-journeyman}} <br /> <table>''' <tr><center>'''''For the field is full of shades as I near the shadowy coast,<br> [[Image:Bowling shadow figure.png|100px]] '''''And a ghostly batsman plays to the bowling of a ghost, [[Image:Batting shadow figure.png|100px]] <br><br> '''''And I look through my tears on a soundless-clapping host<br> :::::::::::::::'''''As the run-stealers flicker to and fro,<br> :::::::::::::::::::::::::'''''To and fro</center> </tr> </table> <br /> ===Hello=== Hello, I'm Jack. I'm English, and mostly interested in 🏏 [[cricket]]. You've probably guessed that after seeing the lines above, which are from a poem called ''[[Cricket poetry#At Lord's|At Lord's]]'' by [[Francis Thompson]] (1859–1907). I'm also interested in ⚽️ [[association football|football]], 📫 [[philately|postage stamps]], and [[history|historical subjects]]. Glad to be here—please [[User talk:BlackJack|give me a shout]] if you think I might be able to help you. ===Cricket: work in progress=== ====Categories==== :;[[:Category:Cricket]] (13 C, 14 P) : This had to be rebuilt from scratch because it lacked any coherent structure, and did not provide navigation. Now satisfactory, as things stand, but some of the subcategories must be considered flexible, pending expansion of coverage. The articles in this root category are the ''key subjects only'', and that excludes all teams and individuals. The fundamentals are [[Cricket]] itself, and [[Glossary of terms used in cricket]], which both need considerable development. The other twelve include the primary skills, objectives, and match necessities. Also of major importance are ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). There is perhaps one oddball—[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]—but it should be considered a fundamental topic. :;[[:Category:Cricket by continent]] (5 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket by country]] (14 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket competitions]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Domestic cricket teams]] (1 C, 1 P) : Must cater for [[:Category:First-class cricket teams]], while also holding notable clubs like [[Phoenix Cricket Club|Phoenix]] that are not first-class. '''Priorities''' here are to create '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]''' and '''[[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]]''', with at least three articles each. :;[[:Category:Forms of cricket]] (1 C, 7 P) : The seven main articles all need attention. :;[[:Category:Cricket grounds]] (3 C, 3 P) : '''Priority''' is one subcategory per major country. All stadium articles need attention. :;[[:Category:History of cricket]] (3 P) : No development yet. Should eventually become subcategories only. :;[[:Category:International cricket teams]] (3 C) : Subcategories only. :;[[:Category:Cricket lists]] (1 C) : Subcategories only. Functional use. There have been far too many lists. :;[[:Category:Cricket media]] (3 P) : Likely to remain a small category only, but a necessary one. :;[[:Category:Cricketers by nationality]] (17 C) : Subcategories reduced from 38 to 17, though perhaps 25 would be reasonable. These are the twelve Test nations plus Canada, Netherlands, Nepal, Scotland, and Other Nationalities. There were a total of 719 player articles until 14 June, mainly indiscriminate micro-stubs with little hope of development, including many about players who lack notability. The total has been reduced to a more-manageable 613, by removing those from the minor T20 countries. Even among the Test nations, there could well be a hundred others who should also go. Options are [[WP:RFD]] for the non-notables, or [[w:WP:ATD-R]] for the permanent stubs. The latter will need suitable player list articles, and these will require [[w:WP:LSC]] to reduce the [[redlink]]s. [[List of Zimbabwe Test cricketers]] was the first one under construction, and is moreorless finished now. :;[[:Category:Terminology of cricket]] (9 P) : A necessity, but its size will depend on how the glossary develops. Has nine short articles currently, but at least four of them should really be in the glossary only. Need to create more permanents. :;[[:Category:Cricket templates]] (3 C, 11 P) : Technical use only. No problems here except one "current squad" up for RfD. ====Articles to be created==== By no means an exhaustive list: * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Bangladesh]]</s> * <s>One more to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]]</s> * Two more to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:First-class cricket teams in India]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Ireland]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in New Zealand]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in South Africa]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies]] * Three to start [[:Category:Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe]] * [[Women's cricket]] * [[Ireland women's cricket team]] * [[New Zealand women's national cricket team]] * [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team]] * [[West Indies women's cricket team]] * [[Zimbabwe women's national cricket team]] * [[Afghanistan men's national cricket team]] * [[List of England ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]] * [[List of Sri Lanka ODI cricketers]] * [[List of England Twenty20 International cricketers]] * [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]] ====Articles being developed==== :;[[Cricket]] : Review the pitch section and synchronise its terminology with the glossary. :;[[Glossary of terms used in cricket]] : Review everything that occurs in [[Cricket#The pitch]]. :;''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' : :;[[Bat-and-ball games]] : Needs to be rewritten. Good sources for club-ball are Altham and Major. :;[[Comparison of baseball and cricket]] : Common history section needs cricket sources to complement David Block. Again, Altham and Major would be good. :;[[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] : :;[[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]] : :;[[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]] : :;[[Pitch (cricket)|Pitch]] : :;[[Scoring (cricket)|Scoring]] : :;[[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]] : :;[[Wicket-keeper]] : :;[[Dismissal (cricket)|Dismissal]] : :;[[Innings]] : :;[[History of cricket]] : :;[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] : :;[[International Cricket Council]] : :;[[First-class cricket]] : :;[[List A cricket]] : :;[[One Day International]] : :;[[Single wicket cricket]] : :;[[Test cricket]] : :;[[Twenty20]] : :;[[Twenty20 International]] : :;[[The Ashes]] : :;[[The Women's Ashes]] : :; rbrhadm9vnc4jmb913qb6yujmfwpbz1 0 1188256 10331191 10318390 2025-06-15T00:56:47Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) / Help needed to fix 1 links to disambiguation pages - [[Indian]] 10331191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autobiography|date=June 2025}} {{copyedit|for=grammar|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Dr. Arun Kumar Singh | image = <!-- You can add an image filename here if available --> | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|08|02}} | birth_place = Baburban, [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] | residence = Baburban, Muzaffarpur | nationality = [[Indian]] | education = Ph.D., M.A., MBA | alma_mater = Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, LN Mishra College, Muzaffarpur | occupation = [[Politician]] | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] | office = Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly | constituency = Baruraj Assembly constituency | term_start = 2020 | preceded = Nand Kumar Rai | spouse = Anjani Singh | children = Anshuman Singh, Yashraj Singh, Shreyasi Singh | father = Brij Kishor Singh }} '''Dr. Arun Kumar Singh''' (born 2 August 1970) is an [[Indian]] [[politician]] from [[Bihar]] and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He serves as a Member of the [[Bihar]] Legislative Assembly<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arun Kumar Singh {{!}} District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/whoswho/arun-kumar-singh/|access-date=2025-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bjp Arun Kumar Singh Candidate Baruraj Bihar Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2020|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/bihar/candidates/arun-kumar-singh-bjp-2020-baruraj-96-bihar|access-date=2025-05-13|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> from the Baruraj Assembly constituency<ref name="Baruraj Seat Chunav Result ARUN KUMAR SINGH INAND KUMAR RAI JDU RJD: Bihar vidhansabha chunav">{{Cite web|last=Hindi|first=India TV|last2=Kumar|first2=Niraj|date=2020-11-10|title=Baruraj Seat Chunav Result ARUN KUMAR SINGH INAND KUMAR RAI JDU RJD: Bihar vidhansabha chunav: बरुराज सीट पर शुरू हुई मतगणना, जानिए BJP और RJD में कौन आगे|url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-baruraj-seat-election-result-arun-kumar-singh-inand-kumar-rai-jdu-rjd-752195|access-date=2025-05-13|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref> in [[Muzaffarpur district]].<ref name="Baruraj Seat Chunav Result ARUN KUMAR SINGH INAND KUMAR RAI JDU RJD: Bihar vidhansabha chunav" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Baruraj Election Result 2020: बरूराज से जीते बीजेपी के अरुण कुमार सिंह|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-election-chunav-2020/baruraj-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2020-latest-news-updates-on-bjp-arun-kumar-singh-and-rjd-nand-kumar-rai-with-voting-percentage-in-bihar-chunav-and-get-breaking-news-on-baruraj-vidhan-sabha-winnin/amp|access-date=2025-05-13|website=Prabhat Khabar|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Baruraj Election Result 2020 LIVE:">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Baruraj Election Result 2020: बरुराज विधानसभा सीट पर बीजेपी के अरुण कुमार जीते|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/baruraj-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-1159428-2020-11-10|access-date=2025-05-13|website=आज तक|language=hi}}</ref><ref>https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter?electionType=9-AC-GENERAL-3-13&election=9-AC-GENERAL-3-13&states=S04&page=428</ref> ==Early life and family== Dr. Arun Kumar Singh was born on 2 August 1970 in Baburban, [[Muzaffarpur]] district, [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MP/MLA/MLC {{!}} District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar {{!}} India|url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/divisions/mp-mla-mlc/|access-date=2025-05-13|language=en-US}}</ref> He hails from a politically influential family. His father, the late Brij Kishor Singh, was an MLA from Baruraj (2010–2015).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baruraj Election 2020: बरुराज में दो परिवारों के राजनीतिक उत्तराधिकारियों में ही फिर संघर्ष - Bihar, Baruraj Election News 2020: Conflict between political heirs of two families in Baruraj again|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-conflict-between-political-heirs-of-two-families-in-baruraj-again-20984713.html|access-date=2025-05-13|website=Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-results-2020/baruraj</ref><ref name=":0" /> ==Education== Dr. Singh is highly educated, holding a Doctorate (Ph.D.), a Master of Arts (M.A.), and a Master of Business Administration (MBA). He completed his higher education at [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar]] [[University]] and LN Mishra [[College]], [[Muzaffarpur]]. ==Political career== ===Grassroots Politics=== He started his political journey as a Ward Parishad (Ward Member) from 2002 to 2007 in Muzaffarpur, where he focused on road repairs, public sanitation, education, and welfare initiatives.<ref name="Baruraj Election Result 2020 LIVE:" /><ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/news/baruraj-mla-raised-demand-to-open-police-op-in-sirsia-132652604.html</ref> ===2015 Bihar Assembly Election=== In the 2015 assembly elections, Dr. Singh contested from the Baruraj constituency as a [[BJP]] candidate but lost to Nand Kumar Rai of the Rashtriya Janata Dal by a narrow margin of 4,909 votes.<ref name=":0" /> ===2020 Bihar Assembly Election=== In 2020, Dr. Singh contested again from Baruraj and defeated the same opponent with a remarkable margin of 43,654 votes, securing 51% of the total votes polled. He received 87,407 votes and marked a significant political turnaround in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Baruraj Election Result 2020: बरूराज से जीते बीजेपी के अरुण कुमार सिंह|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-election-chunav-2020/baruraj-vidhan-sabha-election-result-2020-latest-news-updates-on-bjp-arun-kumar-singh-and-rjd-nand-kumar-rai-with-voting-percentage-in-bihar-chunav-and-get-breaking-news-on-baruraj-vidhan-sabha-winnin|access-date=2025-05-13|website=Prabhat Khabar|language=hi}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] * [[Muzaffarpur district]] ==References== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arun Kumar}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Bihari politicians]] evg473xqfxxguxcbi6b8t8p7lrmnwla 0 1188299 10331533 10280989 2025-06-15T06:25:50Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox book | name = Iran's national records | author = Hadi Rezaei | image = | image_caption = | cover_artist = | language = Persian, English | series = Iran's national records | subject = Iran's national records | genre = National records | publisher = Rehang | pub_date = 2021–Present | english_pub_date = | media_type = | pages = 18 chapters and 450 pages | isbn = 978-622-7982-02-2 | oclc = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''The Book of National Records''' of [[Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live broadcast of Iran's national records ceremony at the Tehran International Book Fair|url=http://www.telewebion.ir/episode/0x289047c|website=television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Introducing 450 Iranian record holders in one book|work=Imna news agency|url=https://imna.ir/x6TYY}}</ref> is a work that records and introduces the achievements and records of [[Iranians]] in various fields. This book was [[Writing|written]] by Hadi Rezaei and was first published in 1400. The purpose of publishing this [[book]] was to identify, [[Categorization|categorize]], and document the "best" in Iran.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Read Iran's latest records in this book.|work=Fars news agency|url=https://farsnews.ir/Culture/1652949005000112605}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Unveiling of the book of Iranian national record holders|work=Radio News Agency|url=https://www.iribnews.ir/00ET6E}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Unveiling of the book "Iran's National Records" / Recording 700 sports and artistic records|work=IRNA news agency|url=https://irna.ir/xjJsBx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024|title=Hadi Rezaei: Since 2011, more than 50 records of Iranian athletes have been registered in Guinness / Possibility of registering provincial records has been created|work=Analytical news site of choice|url=https://www.entekhab.ir/003W3M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014|title=An official: Iran has become a decisive pole in setting sports records|work=IRNA news agency|url=https://irna.ir/xj6NBd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024|title=Iran's sports records on the path to globalization|work=Borna news agency|url=https://borna.news/0093yu}}</ref> == The content of the book == The book of national records of [[Iran]] 1400 is the result of a 10-year effort by Iranian record-breaking men and women,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013|title=Publication of the National Book of Iranian Records by the end of the year|work=Hamshahri Online News Agency|url=https://hamshahrionline.ir/x42hq}}</ref> and the first Islamic record book was published in 1400. This book contains 450 titles of Iran's highest records, recorded from more than 300 records in 18 chapters and 450 pages. This book is printed and published every year with the latest records.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024|title=Strange Iranian records, from the Sultan of driving licenses to a woman's fisting record|work=Hamshahri Online News Agency|url=https://hamshahrionline.ir/x9Dj6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Introducing Iranian talents in the Iranian National Records Book|work=morning news agency|url=https://vaghtesobh.ir/معرفی-استعدادهای-ایرانی-در-کتاب-رکورد/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About the book of Iranian national records|url=https://recordiran.ir/کتاب-رکورد/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022|title=The names of two Bukanian athletes were registered in the Iranian National Book of Records.|work=Radio News Agency|url=https://www.iribnews.ir/00EU0C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022|title=The name of a middle-aged athlete was recorded in Iran's national record book.|work=Pana news agency|url=https://www.pana.ir/fa/tiny/news-1281297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=Saeed Ardestani registered his name in the Iranian National Book of Records|work=Borna news agency|url=https://borna.news/0057CM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021|title=High jump record by Vahid Akshay recorded in Iran's Guinness Book|work=Borna news agency|url=https://borna.news/005R2X}}</ref> == Unveiling the second volume of the book == Hadi Rezaei, head of the Iranian Records Committee, announced the unveiling of the second volume of the book of Iranian National Records at the 1404 [[Tehran]] International Book Fair. This book covers records up to the end of 1403.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024|title=Unveiling of the second book of Iranian national records|work=Top headline analytical news site|url=https://titrb.ir/302749}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Three Lorestan athletes registered in Iran's second national book of records|work=Radio News Agency|url=https://www.iribnews.ir/00FekC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022|title=Tehran's Azadi Tower hosted the 12th Iranian National Records Group Conference|work=Tasnim News Agency|url=https://tn.ai/2854442}}</ref> == Related articles == *[[Guinness World Records]] == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Other websites == *[https://recordiran.ir/ Official website] *[https://www.instagram.com/recordiran.ir?igsh=MW90NTVibDYwMGZ2eQ== Official Instagram] *[http://opac.nlai.ir/opac-prod/bibliographic/8721522 National Library and Archives Organization of Iran]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Reference works]] {{lit-stub}} bro4c64jaqw8bhxv1teji4kw85nelth 1 1188721 10330895 10260026 2025-06-14T21:17:02Z 160.155.17.150 /* Aviator */ new section 10330895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} == Aviator == 1xbet [[Special:Contributions/160.155.17.150|160.155.17.150]] ([[User talk:160.155.17.150|talk]]) 21:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 6hsbznn2n1sguekzuz11avt8yytmzs7 10330900 10330895 2025-06-14T21:21:09Z Davey2010 314522 Reverting edit(s) by [[Special:Contributions/160.155.17.150|160.155.17.150]] ([[User_talk:160.155.17.150|talk]]) : [[WP:VANDAL|Vandalism]] 10330900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 0 1188726 10331005 10271893 2025-06-14T22:43:47Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Wien I. Liga]] | season = 1933-34 | dates = 26 August 1933 - 13 May 1934 | winners = [[SK Admira Wien]] | relegated = [[SV Donau Wien]] | promoted = Favoritner SC | matches = | total goals = 502 (3,80 per match) | league topscorer = [[Josef Bican ]] (SK Rapid Wien) (29 goals) | prevseason = [[1932-33 Austrian football championship|1932-33]] | nextseason = [[1934-35 Austrian football championship|1934-35]] }} The '''1933-34 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]] and contested by its members. The Second League served as the foundation for the First League. These leagues were open only to professional football clubs. Other federal state associations organized state championships in various amateur formats. The respective amateur state champions then competed for a champion in the Amateur Championship. [[SK Sturm Graz]] became amateur champion. The championship was contested by twelve teams, each of which met twice throughout the season. [[SK Admira Wien]] won their 4th championship title. ==Final table== Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''SK Admira Wien''' |22 | 16 |1 |5 |33 |- |2. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |22 | 15 |1 | 6 | 31 |- |3. | '''FK Austria Wien''' |22 | 12 |3 | 7 |27<ref>1,56</ref> |- |4. |'''First Vienna FC''' |22 | 12 |3 | 7 | 27 <ref>1,53</ref> |- |5. |'''Wiener AC''' |22 | 10 |2 |10 |22 |- |6. | '''FC Wien''' |22 | 8 |5 | 9 | 21 |- |7. |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |22 | 6 |7 | 9 | 19 |- |8. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |22 | 6 |6 | 10 | 18 <ref>0,88</ref> |- |9. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |22 | 6 |6 | 10 | 18 <ref>0,75</ref> |- |10. |'''SC Hakoah Wien''' |22 | 5 |7 | 10 | 17 |- |11. |'''FC Libertas Wien''' |22 | 5 |6 | 11 | 16 |- |12. |'''SV Donau Wien''' |22 | 5 |5 | 12 | 15 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1930_39/o1__wien_i__liga__1933_34.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 August 1933 |'''FC Libertas Wien''' | Wiener Sport-Club |2-1 |- |26 August 1933 | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |FK Austria Wien | 1-0 |- |27 August 1933 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |Wiener AC | 3-2 <ref>After the goal was acknowledged, making the score 3-2, WAC withdrew. (verified 3-0) </ref> |- |27 August 1933 | FC Wien |SC Hakoah Wien | 1-1 |- |27 August 1933 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |First Vienna FC |2-0 |- |27 August 1933 |'''SV Donau Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC |3-2 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 September 1933 |First Vienna FC |'''SV Donau Wien''' |0-2 |- |2 September 1933 |'''Wiener AC ''' |FC Libertas Wien | 5-3 |- |3 September 1933 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-5 |- |3 September 1933 | SC Hakoah Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 0-2 |- |3 September 1933 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |SC Wacker Wien |3-1 |- |4 October 1933 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Wien |4-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |9 September 1933 |FC Libertas Wien |Floridsdorfer AC |1-1 |- |9 September 1933 |SC Wacker Wien |Wiener AC | 1-1<ref>The match was annulled due to a refereeing error. (Referee Skalka did not allow the nine minutes of extra time to be played, which had been caused by a disturbance in the 59th minute)</ref> |- |10 September 1933 |'''SK Admira Wien''' |First Vienna FC | 3-1 |- |10 September 1933 |'''FC Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 1-0 |- |10 September 1933 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SV Donau Wien |5-1 |- |10 September 1933 |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |FK Austria Wien |2-0 |- |15 November 1933 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |Wiener AC |4-1 <ref> Replay from 9 March 1933. </ref> |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 September 1933 |'''First Vienna FC''' |FC Libertas Wien |3-0 |- |23 September 1933 |'''Wiener AC ''' |FC Wien | 7-4 |- |24 September 1933 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 1-0 |- |24 September 1933 |Floridsdorfer AC |SC Wacker Wien | 1-1 |- |24 September 1933 |SV Donau Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' |0-1 |- |24 September 1933 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 October 1933 |FC Libertas Wien |SV Donau Wien |1-1 |- |7 October 1933 |SC Wacker Wien |First Vienna FC | 3-3 |- |8 October 1933 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 4-3 |- |8 October 1933 |FC Wien | '''Floridsdorfer AC ''' | 2-3 |- |8 October 1933 |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |Wiener AC |1-0 |- |24 September 1933 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Admira Wien |6-2 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 October 1933 |'''SV Donau Wien''' |SC Wacker Wien |3-1 |- |15 October 1933 | '''SK Admira Wien''' |FC Libertas Wien | 3-0 |- |15 October 1933 |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' |SC Hakoah Wien | 3-2 |- |15 October 1933 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | FC Wien | 4-0 |- |15 October 1933 |'''Wiener AC ''' |FK Austria Wien |5-3 |- |15 October 1933 | Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-2 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 October 1933 |SC Wacker Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' |2-5 |- |22 October 1933 | FK Austria Wien |Floridsdorfer AC | 2-2 |- |22 October 1933 |'''FC Wien ''' |SV Donau Wien | 3-2 |- |22 October 1933 |SC Hakoah Wien | '''First Vienna FC ''' | 1-3 |- |22 October 1933 |SK Rapid Wien | FC Libertas Wien |3-3 |- |22 October 1933 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |Wiener AC |3-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 October 1933 |Floridsdorfer AC |Wiener Sport-Club |1-1 |- |29 October 1933 |FC Libertas Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | 1-3 <ref>The game was abandoned in the 65th minute (score 1:3) after Libertas player Forster attacked the referee after a penalty was awarded. Verified 0-3 </ref> |- |29 October 1933 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |FK Austria Wien | 4-1 |- |15 November 1933 |'''SK Admira Wien''' | FC Wien | 4-3 |- |15 November 1933 |'''SV Donau Wien ''' | SC Hakoah Wien |2-1 <ref>Replay - The original match on October 29, 1933, was abandoned at halftime due to rain. </ref> |- |22 November 1933 | Wiener AC | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |3-4 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 November 1933 |FK Austria Wien |'''SV Donau Wien ''' |0-2 |- |5 November 1933 |'''FC Wien ''' |FC Libertas Wien | 3-1 |- |5 November 1933 |SC Hakoah Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-2 |- |5 November 1933 |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | SC Wacker Wien | 6-3 |- |5 November 1933 |'''Wiener AC ''' | Floridsdorfer AC |3-1 |- |5 November 1933 | Wiener Sport-Club | First Vienna FC |3-3 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 November 1933 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |Wiener AC |4-2 |- |12 November 1933 |SK Admira Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |12 November 1933 | Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 1-4 |- |12 November 1933 |FC Libertas Wien |SC Hakoah Wien | 1-1 |- |12 November 1933 |SV Donau Wien | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-4 |- |12 November 1933 | SC Wacker Wien | '''FC Wien ''' |0-3 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 November 1933 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |FC Libertas Wien |4-0 |- |19 November 1933 |''' Floridsdorfer AC ''' |First Vienna FC | 2-0 |- |19 November 1933 |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien | 4-1 |- |19 November 1933 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |FC Wien | 3-0 |- |19 November 1933 |'''Wiener AC ''' |SV Donau Wien |4-2 |- |19 November 1933 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''SK Admira Wien''' |1-3 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 February 1934 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Wiener AC |6-0 |- |18 February 1934 |FC Wien |'''First Vienna FC''' | 2-3 |- |18 February 1934 | SC Hakoah Wien |''' Floridsdorfer AC ''' | 1-4 |- |18 February 1934 |'''FC Libertas Wien''' | SK Admira Wien | 3-1 |- |18 February 1934 |SK Rapid Wien |''' Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-2 |- |18 February 1934 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | SV Donau Wien |5-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 February 1934 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien |7-2 |- |25 February 1934 |Floridsdorfer AC |FK Austria Wien | 2-2 |- |25 February 1934 |FC Libertas Wien |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' | 3-6 |- |25 February 1934 |SV Donau Wien | '''FC Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |25 February 1934 |First Vienna FC |SC Hakoah Wien |1-1 |- |25 February 1934 |Wiener AC | ''' Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-2 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 March 1934 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |First Vienna FC |1-0 |- |4 March 1934 |FC Wien |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | 2-6 |- |4 March 1934 |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |SV Donau Wien | 2-0 |- |4 March 1934 |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' | Wiener AC | 10-0 |- |4 March 1934 |SC Wacker Wien |'''FC Libertas Wien ''' |1-4 |- |4 March 1934 | Wiener Sport-Club | Floridsdorfer AC |1-1 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 March 1934 |'''FC Libertas Wien ''' |FC Wien |1-0 |- |10 March 1934 |SV Donau Wien |FK Austria Wien | 2-2 |- |11 March 1934 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | SC Hakoah Wien | 5-2 |- |11 March 1934 |Floridsdorfer AC | '''Wiener AC''' | 1-3 |- |11 March 1934 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |3-0 |- |11 March 1934 | '''SC Wacker Wien ''' | SK Rapid Wien |4-3 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 March 1934 |'''Wiener AC''' |First Vienna FC |2-0 |- |18 March 1934 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SK Admira Wien | 5-2 |- |18 March 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien | FC Libertas Wien | 1-1 |- |20 March 1934 |Wiener Sport-Club | SV Donau Wien | 1-1 |- |28 March 1934 |SK Rapid Wien |''' Floridsdorfer AC ''' |2-3 |- |29 March 1934 | FC Wien | SC Wacker Wien |5-5 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 April 1934 |FC Libertas Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |0-3 |- |7 April 1934 |SV Donau Wien |'''Wiener AC''' | 0-1 |- |7 April 1934 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | Floridsdorfer AC | 5-1 |- |8 April 1934 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | Wiener Sport-Club | 2-1 |- |8 April 1934 |'''FC Wien ''' |SK Rapid Wien |2-3 |- |8 April 1934 | SC Wacker Wien |SC Hakoah Wien |4-4 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |21 April 1934 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien |4-1 |- |21 April 1934 |''' Floridsdorfer AC''' |SV Donau Wien | 2-1 |- |21 April 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien | FC Wien | 2-2 |- |22 April 1934 | '''First Vienna FC ''' |SK Rapid Wien | 2-1 |- |22 April 1934 |Wiener AC |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |2-5 |- |22 April 1934 | '''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |FC Libertas Wien |4-1 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 April 1934 |FC Libertas Wien |'''Wiener AC''' |4-5 |- |28 April 1934 |SV Donau Wien | '''First Vienna FC ''' | 0-2 |- |28 April 1934 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 2-1 |- |29 April 1934 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 3-2 |- |29 April 1934 |'''FC Wien ''' |FK Austria Wien |4-2 |- |29 April 1934 | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |5-2 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 April 1934 |Floridsdorfer AC | '''FC Libertas Wien ''' |1-3 |- |1 May 1934 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien | 5-0 |- |1 May 1934 |SV Donau Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 1-8 |- |1 May 1934 |First Vienna FC |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |1-3 |- |2 May 1934 |Wiener AC | SC Wacker Wien |2-2 |- |2 May 1934 |Wiener Sport-Club | FC Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 May 1934 |FC Wien |Wiener AC |2-2 |- |5 May 1934 |SC Wacker Wien |Floridsdorfer AC | 1-1 |- |6 May 1934 | SK Admira Wien |SV Donau Wien | 3-3 |- |6 May 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien |Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |6 May 1934 |FC Libertas Wien | '''First Vienna FC ''' |1-4 |- |6 May 1934 |SK Rapid Wien | FK Austria Wien |2-2 <ref>Austria Vienna withdrew in the 65th minute following a request from the Austria management. The game continued, but when Kaith fouled Pesser, the crowd invaded the pitch .Austria manager Lang ordered his team to withdraw. The match was verified 3-0. </ref> |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 May 1934 |SV Donau Wien |FC Libertas Wien |2-2 |- |12 May 1934 |'''Wiener AC ''' |SC Hakoah Wien | 2-0 |- |6 May 1934 | SK Admira Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien ''' | 0-3 |- |13 May 1934 | Floridsdorfer AC |'''FC Wien ''' |2-3 |- |13 May 1934 |'''First Vienna FC ''' | SC Wacker Wien |4-2 |- |13 May 1934 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''FK Austria Wien''' |0-5 |} ==Champion squad == In bracketsːMatches/goals {| class="wikitable" style="width:900px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | style="text-align:center; background:#00794c" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''SK Admira Wien'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | [[Rudolf Zöhrer]] <small>(14)</small>, [[ Peter Platzer]] <small>(8)</small> – [[Robert Pavlicek]] <small>(22/2)</small>, [[Anton Janda]] <small>(19)</small> – [[Johann Urbanek]] <small>(21/1)</small>, [[Karl Humenberger]] <small>(21/3)</small>, [[Josef Mirschitzka]] <small>(15)</small>, [[Johann Klima]] <small>(10)</small>, [[Ernst Galli]] <small>(1)</small> – [[Leopold Vogl (Fußballspieler)|Leopold Vogl]] <small>(17/9)</small>, [[Wilhelm Hahnemann]] <small>(21/13)</small>, [[Karl Stoiber]] <small>(21/6)</small>, [[ Anton Schall]] <small>(18/17)</small>, [[Adolf Vogl]] <small>(16/11)</small>, [[Leopold Facco]] <small>(12/5)</small>, [[Ignaz Sigl]] <small>(1)</small>, [[Karl Durspekt]] <small>(5/2)</small> – Trainer: [[Johann Skolaut]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1930_1939/o1__nationalliga__1937_3805.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Josef Bican ]] |SK Rapid Wien |29 |- | [[Matthias Sindelar]] |FK Austria Wien |22 |- | [[Franz Binder]] |SK Rapid Wien |22 |- | [[Karl Zischek]] |SC Wacker Wien |20 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1930_1939/stno1__wien_i__liga__1933_34.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1933-34 Austrian Football Bundesliga}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1933 in Europe]] [[Category:1933 in sports]] [[Category:1934 in Austria]] [[Category:1934 in association football]] cfqjx3izcr9k0bcd2sq20j4ka48rw19 0 1188934 10331169 10282476 2025-06-15T00:47:12Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Aymeric Laporte | image = Aymeric Laporte 2023 (cropped) 2.jpg | caption = Laporte with [[Al Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] in 2023 | full_name = Aymeric Jean Louis Gérard Alphonse Laporte | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|5|27|df=y}}<ref name="Aymeric Laporte Biography">{{Cite web|title=Aymeric Laporte Biography|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/bio/_/id/159317/aymeric-laporte|access-date=2025-05-16|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Agen]], France | height = 1.89 m<ref name="Aymeric Laporte Biography" /> | position = [[Centre-back]] | currentclub = [[Al Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] | clubnumber = 27 | youthyears1 = 2000–2009 | youthclubs1 = [[SU Agen Football|SU Agen]] | youthyears2 = 2009–2010 | youthclubs2 = [[Aviron Bayonnais FC|Bayonne]] | youthyears3 = 2010–2011 | youthclubs3 = [[Athletic Bilbao cantera|Athletic Bilbao]] | years1 = 2011–2012 | clubs1 = [[CD Basconia|Basconia]] | caps1 = 33 | goals1 = 2 | years2 = 2012–2013 | clubs2 = [[Athletic Bilbao B]] | caps2 = 8 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2012–2018 | clubs3 = [[Athletic Bilbao]] | caps3 = 161 | goals3 = 7 | years4 = 2018–2023 | clubs4 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | caps4 = 121 | goals4 = 8 | years5 = 2023– | clubs5 = [[Al Nassr FC|Al-Nassr]] | caps5 = 47 | goals5 = 8 | nationalyears1 = 2011–2012 | nationalteam1 = [[France national under-17 football team|France U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 11 | nationalgoals1 = 1 | nationalyears2 = 2011–2012 | nationalteam2 = [[France national under-18 football team|France U18]] | nationalcaps2 = 9 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2012–2013 | nationalteam3 = [[France national under-19 football team|France U19]] | nationalcaps3 = 12 | nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalyears4 = 2013–2016 | nationalteam4 = [[France national under-21 football team|France U21]] | nationalcaps4 = 19 | nationalgoals4 = 1 | nationalyears5 = 2021– | nationalteam5 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]] | nationalcaps5 = 40 | nationalgoals5 = 2 | club-update = 20:22, 22 April 2025 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 23:54, 15 November 2024 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|ESP}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA European Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[UEFA Euro 2024|2024]]|}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2023 UEFA Nations League Finals|2023]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2021 UEFA Nations League Finals|2021]]|}} }} '''Aymeric Jean Louis Gérard Alphonse Laporte''' (born 27 May 1994) is a Spanish-French professional footballer, he currently plays [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]] and [[Spain national football team]]. He is a [[centre-back]]. == Club career == On 2012, he joined [[Athletic Bilbao]]. On 2018, he joined [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] for £57 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dobson|first=Mark|last2=Romano|first2=Fabrizio|date=2018-01-26|title=Manchester City agree club-record £57m deal for Aymeric Laporte|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/jan/26/aymeric-laporte-manchester-city-athletic-bilbao-club-record-transfer-deal-57m|access-date=2025-05-16|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-25|title=Aymeric Laporte: Manchester City hopeful of signing Athletic Bilbao defender|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42811597|access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref> On 2021, he scored a late goal against [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] 1-0 in [[Carabao Cup|Carabao Cup final]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man City 1-0 Spurs (Apr 25, 2021) Final Score|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/591849/tottenham-hotspur-manchester-city|access-date=2025-05-16|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-23|title=Carabao Cup final: Manchester City 1-0 Tottenham Hotspur - Aymeric Laporte heads winner|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56790307|access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref> On 2023, he joined [[Al Nassr FC|Al Nassr]] for £23.6 million.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-08-24|title=Aymeric Laporte leaves Manchester City for Al Nassr in £23.6m move|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66602657|access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bosher|first=Luke|date=2023-08-24|title=Aymeric Laporte completes move to Al Nassr from Manchester City|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4799449/2023/08/24/aymeric-laporte-al-nassr-saudi-transfer/|access-date=2025-05-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == International career == On 2021, Laporte switch from [[France national football team|France]] to [[Spain national football team|Spain]] approved by [[FIFA]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-14|title=Aymeric Laporte switch from France to Spain approved by Fifa|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57111641|access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Sports links}} *{{UEFA player}} *{{FIFA player}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Spanish footballers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Manchester City F.C. players]] [[Category:Al Nassr FC players]] 4y0qkvxw8idohzsv2a9gyhqqff32fdi 0 1189038 10331217 10325805 2025-06-15T01:15:17Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Anushtegin Gharchai | image = | caption = | office = Governor of [[Khwarazm]] | term = [[1077]]–[[1097]] | predecessor = | successor = [[Ekinchi (Khwarazm Shah)|Ekinchi]] | birth_date = Unknown | birth_place = | death_date = [[1097]] | death_place = Khwarazm | relatives = | relations = | children = [[Muhammad I of Khwarazm]] }} '''Anushtegin Gharchai''' was a [[Turkey|Turkish]] slave turned [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] commander from Gharchistan in modern [[Afghanistan]], east of [[Herat]]. He was sold to Gumushtegin Bilge-Beg, a commander serving [[Malik Shah]] I, the third [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] king. His rise to power in the early second millennium BCE laid the foundations of the Khwarazmian Empire.<ref name="Anushtegin Gharchai &#9989; Khwarazmian">https://www.destinationiran.com/anushtegin-gharchai-khwarazm.htm</ref> ==Life== The earliest records of Anushtegin date back to [[1073]] and the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]]-Ghaznavid conflict over Northern [[Khorasan]]. Gumushtegin Bilge-Beg was tasked by Malik Shah I to defeat Ibrahim of [[Ghazni]] and conquer the territories of Sakalkand in northern [[Afghanistan]]. He was appointed a “Tasht-dar ”, a ceremonial role that was the keeper of royal Tashts (bowls).<ref name="Anushtegin Gharchai &#9989; Khwarazmian" /> ==Reign== While he was the governor of [[Turkmenistan|Khwarezm]], he managed this place as an autonomous region and his descendants established the [[Turkey|Turkish]] State of the Khwarezm Shahs.<ref>https://www.devletialiyyei.com/Zaman-Tuneli/anus-tekin</ref> ===Dynasty=== The [[Anushtegin dynasty]] that ruled the empire was founded by Anush Tigin (also known as Gharachai), initially a [[Turkey|Turkic]] slave of the rulers of Gharchistan, later a [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] in the service of the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuqs]].<ref>http://www.xenophon-mil.org/jalali/chaptersevenreferences.htm</ref> ==Death== The details of his tenure as governor are unclear, but he died by 1097 and the post was briefly given to Ekinchi bin Qochqar before being transferred to his son, Qutb al-Din Muhammad.<ref>https://kids.kiddle.co/Khwarazmian_Empire#Anushtegin_Gharachai</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} s17m5sg40jzwbiulnz8mnniy3j0mvkh 0 1189140 10329964 10327677 2025-06-14T13:18:44Z BRPever 487619 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/69.12.11.62|69.12.11.62]] ([[User talk:69.12.11.62|talk]]) to last version by CountryANDWestern 10327437 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[List of Pokémon]] 0gggg6qnzf6v92u32c12azb00h0ecjf 10329965 10329964 2025-06-14T13:19:04Z BRPever 487619 Protected "[[Togetic]]" ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite)) 10327437 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[List of Pokémon]] 0gggg6qnzf6v92u32c12azb00h0ecjf 0 1189149 10330577 10302261 2025-06-14T18:24:38Z Julipero 1604351 (via JWB) 10330577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Susovan Roy | image = Susovan during modeling shoot 2024.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | alt = | caption = Susovan in 2024 | other_names = | birth_name = Susovan Roy | birth_date = 19 July 1994 | birth_place = [[Howrah]], West Bengal | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Indian]] | education = Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Dancer|Model}} | years_active = 2019-present | known_for = | notable_works = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | awards = | signature = | signature_type = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Susovan Roy''' (born 19 July 1994) is an [[India|Indian]] Bengali dancer, actor, and model. He began his career as a dancer. He is best known for his roles in the Aakash Aath TV shows ''Anandamoyee Maa, Korapakhi, Titli'', and several other television programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Daily Suraj Epaper Clip 25 May 2023 |url=https://dailysuraj.com/epaper/clip_show/3404.20230525-86D49.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Daily Suraj |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609193311/https://dailysuraj.com/epaper/clip_show/3404.20230525-86D49.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=ਸਟਾਰ ਜਲਸਾ ਚੈਨਲ ਦੇ ਸੀਰੀਅਲ ਕੋਰਪਾਖੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਹਿਮ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਨਿਭਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਅਦਾਕਾਰ ਸੁਸੋਵਨ ਸੋਨੂੰ ਰਾਏ |url=http://skyhawktimes.com/?p=156629 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Sky Hawk Times |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609193309/http://skyhawktimes.com/?p=156629 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Early life and Education == Susovan was born on 19 July 1994. He is from [[Howrah]] and grew up in places like [[Guwahati]] and [[Kolkata]]. He studied at Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, which is part of West Bengal State University in Kolkata, India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|date=2022-11-08|title=Roy starts career as dancer, becomes popular face of Bengali TV series|url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/roy-starts-career-as-dancer-becomes-popular-face-of-bengali-tv-series/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Meghalaya Monitor|language=en-US}}</ref> == Acting Career == After finishing college in 2016, Susovan started his career as a dancer. He is trained in [[Dance|western dance]] and has performed live many times.<ref>{{Cite web|title=वेस्टर्न डांसर के रूप में करियर की शुरुआत, सपना पूरा करने किए दो साल बर्बाद|url=https://navbharatlive.com/entertainment/susovan-sonu-roy-who-started-his-career-as-a-western-dancer-wasted-two-years-to-fulfill-his-dream-514504.html|website=Nava Bharat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/bollywood/bangla-actor-susovan-sonu-roy-struggling-in-childhood-is-writing-success-stories-today-b639/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=www.lokmatnews.in}}</ref> He began acting in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] TV serials in 2019. His first role was in the serial ''Anandamoyee Maa'', directed by Debidas Bhattacharya, which was shown on [[Akash Aath]]. In this show, he played a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav devotee]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-27|title=Bengali Actor Susovan Sonu Roy plays vital roles in Anandamoyee Maa, Korapakhi|url=https://kashmirconvener.com/2022/04/25/bengali-actor-susovan-sonu-roy-plays-vital-roles-in-anandamoyee-maa-korapakhi/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Kashmir Convener|language=en-US}}</ref> Later, he acted in the serial ''Mohor'', where he played a media personality. This show started in 2019 and was shown on [[Star Jalsha]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. In ''Kora Pakhi'', which aired in 2020 on the same platforms, he acted as a journalist for 90 episodes and played a negative role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengali Actor Susovan Sonu Roy was an part of the Star Jalsha channel serial KoraPakhi|url=https://thenationaltv.com/Entertainment/Bengali-Actor-Susovan-Sonu-Roy-was-an-part-of-the-Star-Jalsha-channel-serial-KoraPakhi|access-date=2025-05-30|website=The National|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bengali|first=K. J.|title=স্বপ্ন যখন সত্যি হয়! নিজের জীবন কাহিনি নিয়ে অকপট "কোড়া পাখি" খ্যাত অভিনেতা সুশোভন|url=https://bengali.krishijagran.com/entertainment/when-dreams-come-true-famous-bengali-actor-susovan-with-his-life-story/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=bengali.krishijagran.com|language=bn}}</ref> He also appeared in ''Jamuna Dhaki'', a romantic drama that aired from 2020 to 2022 on [[Zee Bangla]] and [[ZEE5]], where he played the role of a neighbor. He was also seen in ''Titli'', another show on the Jalsha channel. In 2021, he appeared in the serial ''Khelaghor''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Dr Anil|date=2022-12-04|title=जन्मदिन: 28 साल के हुए बंगाली अभिनेता सुसोवन सोनू रॉय, तय किया डांसर से अभिनेता तक का सफर|url=https://www.ibc24.in/entertainment/birthday-bengali-actor-susovan-sonu-roy-turns-28-decides-his-journey-from-dancer-to-actor-uij-1006370.html|access-date=2025-05-30|website=IBC24 News|language=hi}}</ref> == Modeling career == Susovan has worked as a [[Model (person)|model]] along with being an actor. He has modeled for many local and national brands like ''Holiday Inn Hotel, Dabur, Titan Eye+, Velocity Eyewear, [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], Spencer's, Campus Shoes, Big Bazaar, Biotique'', and ''Fiama Di Wills''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-31|title=सिल्वर स्क्रीन से मॉडलिंग: मॉडल के तौर पर सुशोभन सोनू राय की नई शुरुआत|url=https://hindi.pardaphash.com/modeling-from-silver-screen-sushobhan-sonu-rais-new-beginning-as-a-model/|access-date=2025-05-30|website=पर्दाफाश|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=মডেলিং এ পদক্ষেপ সুশোভন সোনু রায়ের, অভিনয়ের পাশাপাশি নতুন পেশা|url=https://www.gramerkagoj.com/details.php?id=85704|access-date=2025-05-30|website=Gramerkagoj|language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == * 2019 : ''Anandamoyee Maa'' * 2020 : ''Mohor'' * 2020 : ''Korapakhi'' * 2020 : ''Titli'' * 2020 : ''Jamuna Dhaki'' * 2021 : ''Khelaghor'' == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Susovan Sonu Roy}}[[Category:Indian actors]] [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Indian models]] [[Category:Indian dancers]] [[Category:People from Assam]] pid3zft3d5eisopgletcj1lefdhfgjj 0 1189441 10330726 10266073 2025-06-14T19:40:19Z Barras 40117 10330726 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''Someone Somewhere Tonight'''" is a song by American singer [[Kellie Pickler]]. ==Music video== The music video for "Someone Somewhere Tonight" was directed by Roman White and premiered on [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] on July 9, 2013. The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's ''CMT Hot 20 Countdown'' for the week of August 17, 2013. {{Kellie Pickler}} [[Category:2013 songs]] [[Category:Kellie Pickler songs]] {{music-stub}} bp3flxax0nmullwqzf1z9ig3cpxibif 4 1189470 10331425 10326501 2025-06-15T04:00:48Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 3 threads from [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]] 10331425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Copyright violation revdel request == Hi, Could someone revdel [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puberty&diff=next&oldid=10231926 this] please as it was taken from [https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/growing-child-adolescent-13-18-years here], Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:56, 2 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 12:35, 3 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks Fusion, much appreciated –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 12:47, 3 May 2025 (UTC) == F.y.i. (May 3) == [[Zoviz]] was Deleted, this year. Promotional. <br><br> [[Żoviz (AI Model)]], is now here.--This one is promotional[[Zoviz (AI Model)|.]]--I will QD, now. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|talk]]) 17:54, 3 May 2025 (UTC) == Move == Please move [[:Category:Governors-General of India]] to [[:Category:Governors-general of India]] per move to governor-general (common noun). [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 04:57, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :Done '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:43, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]]: Just out of curiosity, is there a particular reason you didn't want to move that yourself? :Also, I just noticed that it's empty. If it's not going to be populated, let's delete it for the time being. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 13:56, 3 May 2025 (UTC) ::It's not empty. Merely, the pages haven't been moved from the old category title to the new category yet. [[Special:Contributions/76.126.231.56|76.126.231.56]] ([[User talk:76.126.231.56|talk]]) 15:36, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :::Hmmm... when I looked, it looked like both were empty. In any case, the pages hadn't moved in part because the old category had a regular redirect instead of a category redirect. I just fixed that and moved the entries, so everything looks good now. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:29, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Alright thanks. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 04:24, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Auntof6}} "Both the categories were populated alr. I can't move to an existent page. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:42, 4 May 2025 (UTC)</small> == Disturbance of wikipedia == [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk#Hi!]], edit from today, at 16.14.<br> <br> Please consider, to Delete or hide the thread.<br> <br> (The thread, from May 3, starts with, "Is this Encyclopedia Britannica? Do I have to be smart to be an editor? Where do I get a neutral point of view? Are you the Department of Education? ...") . [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|talk]]) 17:38, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}}, it seems. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 04:57, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Delete (without making a big deal)? == [[Ukraine-Nazi Germany Relations]]. En-wiki does not have the title.--Do i think that the ''title'', is '''non'''-goodFaith?--Well, i think it should be Deleted, because the title is not a known subject (and also, Nazi-Germany invaded Ukraine, so the "-Relations" part, is '''meaningless''', one might say).--'''QD'''? Although i am not sure what the formal justification, should be.--Disturbance of wikipedia? [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|talk]]) 21:10, 3 May 2025 (UTC) :(Making this comment here as this person's on a new IP what seems like every minute so seems pointless heading to their talkpage, Anyway my apolgies @[[User:2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520|2001:2020:C305:834B:A4E3:EAED:D1EB:1520]] for reverting you [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_G-Class&diff=prev&oldid=10234176 here], I did revert you based on the infoboxes and only just saw you had also added leads too, I've now rewritten the leads[https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_G-Class&diff=prev&oldid=10234406], :Just an FYI we don't have individual infoboxes - We just have one main one which at Enwiki (and probably elsewhere) is the very top infobox, Thanks, ) –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 22:44, 3 May 2025 (UTC) <br> The title looks like something that is (made-up or) construed, as part of a [[Victory Day]] celebration, in a neighboring dictatorship.--Opening up a bag of popcorn, and 'quietly' observing, as [[propaganda]] '''titles''', come 'to town' , or to Simple-wiki. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 04:55, 4 May 2025 (UTC) /original poster == Brainrot-thingy, now kept at En-wiki == En-wiki now has article with Italian_brainrot. That article, got a ''Speedy Keep'', c. 29 April.<br> <br> en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_brainrot<br> <br> Now, i will start, 'that' article, [[Italian brainrot (meme)]]).<br> <br> Feel free to '''not '''make language-link (interwiki), to En-wiki, for the '''longest time'''.<br> <br> I am fine with the article, '''quickly''' becoming 'locked for IP-users'; On the other hand, one can use the article as a recruiting tool, and revert all non-good edits, and say "Take your idea to Talk-page, first".<br> <br> A big thank you to all admins (and others), who kept the stuff off wikipedia, while it still was non-notable.--We did things the right way, in my opinion. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 05:36, 4 May 2025 (UTC) <br> The stuff that was '''salted''' for six months: I am now thinking that, just 'let that '''salt remain''' (for those titles), and in six months or whatever, things will fall in place, automatically.--It is not a big deal, 'more or less'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:1804:FAEA:FEA3:2E33|talk]]) 05:53, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :just because something is on enwiki, doesn't mean that we HAVE to create an article. We are a separate project. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 08:09, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Talkpage deletion and protection request == Hi, Could someone delete [[Talk:AI Brainrot animals]] and protect it until 23 October 2025 to match the article protection please?, I know this may be fruitless but it's worth a shot, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:40, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :I am thinking it is better to leave it alone.--Now, someone has 'made their case', about 'keeping' an ''''odd '''title'; Now, that person has six months to wait for '''that''' title being 'opened', for possible re-creation.--I am fine with all of that. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:AD2A:106A:4BE3:B12|2001:2020:C305:834B:AD2A:106A:4BE3:B12]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:AD2A:106A:4BE3:B12|talk]]) 18:30, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::I was talking about the article copypaste above it.... which is abuse of the talkpage, No point removing it because these people will just reinstate it or repaste the same crap again, Look at the amount of times the article has alresdy been created and tell me my theory is wrong. Should be deleted. Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:41, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :I am thinking it is better to leave that ''talk-page'', alone.--One day, 'the Tik-Tok crowd' will have moved on to bigger and better things.--Half a year from now, will be a fine time to 'revisit' a Delete of the talk-page. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:AD2A:106A:4BE3:B12|2001:2020:C305:834B:AD2A:106A:4BE3:B12]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:AD2A:106A:4BE3:B12|talk]]) 19:22, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Not sure if you're aware but the page has to be deleted per [[WP:G8]] anyway as there's no accompanying article with it, The RFD !vote there is meaningless as the RFD has long been closed, ::I'm not sure if you're objecting to the deleting or protecting but if it's the latter then sure I'm not fussed either as looking at the logs it was only repeatedly created from 21-23 April so protection may not be needed after all, Still I'll leave this as is and a passing admin can decide, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:30, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :Done. We don't retain talk pages of articles that don't exist. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 21:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks Lee, very much appreciated, Have a great day, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 21:14, 4 May 2025 (UTC) == Move request for San Diego == I request a move from [[San Diego, California]] to [[San Diego]], because this city is the primary topic for the name. It will also match the title on English Wikipedia. [[User:11USA11|11USA11]] ([[User talk:11USA11|talk]]) 23:33, 4 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:11USA11|11USA11]]: We could do that, but is there a reason you don't want to do it yourself? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 01:54, 5 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] I can't. The page currently at [[San Diego]] has more than one revision, so I can't move a page over that title. [[User:11USA11|11USA11]] ([[User talk:11USA11|talk]]) 02:15, 5 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:11USA11|11USA11]]: Ah! Ok, the move is done. I left a redirect behind, which you are welcome to turn into a disambiguation page if you want. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 02:36, 5 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Thank you for your help. [[User:11USA11|11USA11]] ([[User talk:11USA11|talk]]) 02:43, 5 May 2025 (UTC) == 3 out of 3 new articles (nuking?) == simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/106.215.151.157 <br><br> 3 out of 3 new articles, seem non-notable.--Thoughts about nuking et cetera? [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:B98D:F396:2A73:9CC6|2001:2020:C305:834B:B98D:F396:2A73:9CC6]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:B98D:F396:2A73:9CC6|talk]]) 18:19, 5 May 2025 (UTC) == Lake Como spam? == [[Il Fungo (Grigne)]].--'''Re-created (?)''', today.--No sources.--Maybe nothing here for admins to do, yet. (Non-notability, on the other hand is a general issue). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:9448:9CCE:F36D:79D2|2001:2020:C305:834B:9448:9CCE:F36D:79D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:9448:9CCE:F36D:79D2|talk]]) 20:23, 5 May 2025 (UTC) *"[[George Clooney]] (b. 1961), American actor and film director; reportedly showed '''interest in purchasing''' [[Villa Aurelia (Lierna)|Villa Aurelia]] in Lierna"; That is from near-the-end of diff,<br><br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lierna&curid=602589&diff=10238324&oldid=10116761<br>.--If interesting for admins, then fine. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:9448:9CCE:F36D:79D2|2001:2020:C305:834B:9448:9CCE:F36D:79D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:9448:9CCE:F36D:79D2|talk]]) 22:08, 5 May 2025 (UTC) == Pair of eyes required == Might wanna keep an eye on [[Mahdi Alzaeri]]. Many users are removing QD tags. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 10:50, 5 May 2025 (UTC) :Wich QD tag was removed? Isn't page recently re-created? [[User:Bensebgli|<span style="color:#003153;">'''Bense'''</span><span style="color:#FFD700;">'''bgli'''</span>]]<sup> ([[User talk: Bensebgli|<span style="color:#CD7F32;">Talk</span>]])</sup> 23:00, 5 May 2025 (UTC) :See history--[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 01:51, 6 May 2025 (UTC) <br> Needs '''salt'''? '''Re-created''' (?) today, [[Mahdi Alzayeri]]. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 06:27, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :[[Mahdi Alzayeri]], re-created (because not salted). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:79A8:AB33:DB19:CA0A|2001:2020:C305:834B:79A8:AB33:DB19:CA0A]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:79A8:AB33:DB19:CA0A|talk]]) 20:44, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :[[Mahdi Alzaeri (singer)|This one]], recreated. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:7410:5FA9:BB7:C42E|2001:2020:303:BB75:7410:5FA9:BB7:C42E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:7410:5FA9:BB7:C42E|talk]]) 07:45, 11 May 2025 (UTC) /2001:2020:C305:834B:79A8:AB33:DB19:CA0A == Short block needed? == Removed QD tag,<br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilagan_Road_of_Santol%2C_La_Union&diff=10239106&oldid=10239045 <br><br> (There have been some other shenanigans.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 07:34, 6 May 2025 (UTC) / [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 07:35, 6 May 2025 (UTC) == Re-created articles (May) == [[Zoomex (company)]].<br> "22:20, 19 April 2025 ... deleted page [[Zoomex]] (QD G11: Advertising)".--QD tag being removed. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 12:09, 6 May 2025 (UTC) == Move request == Hi, Could someone move [[Wikipedia:Happy Tree Friends (TV series)]] back to [[Happy Tree Friends (TV series)]] please as a newbie moved it to Wikipedia space and then I unknowingly moved it to a Wiki space too, Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:44, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :Once moved could [[Wikipedia:Happy Tree Friends (Cancelled TV series)]] and [[Wikipedia:Happy Tree Friends (TV series)]] be deleted please, Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:46, 6 May 2025 (UTC) ::Completed. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 07:02, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :::Brilliant thanks Lee much appreciated, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 07:54, 7 May 2025 (UTC) == Protection request == Hi, Could someone protect the following articles please as IPs are randomly blanking the page *[[List of programs broadcast by PBS Kids]] *[[List of programs broadcast by Qubo]] Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:10, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :Done for the first one. The second one hasn't had much activity -- 2 edits today, 2 yesterday, then none before that since April 10. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:34, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ::Many thanks, for the second one I was expecting a lot more activity so pre-emptively asked for protection but I agree with your comments - only makes sense for the most edited one for now, Thanks again, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 23:50, 7 May 2025 (UTC) == Tag (at en-wiki), "Undisclosed paid" == En-wiki says {{Undisclosed paid |date=February 2025}.}--[[Gabriella Jaime Lester|Our article]].--'''Any''' 'admin concerns'? [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:145C:3C75:3834:1BDC|2001:2020:303:BB75:145C:3C75:3834:1BDC]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:145C:3C75:3834:1BDC|talk]]) 03:29, 8 May 2025 (UTC) == protection == For [[Dog]]. Persistant vandalism [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 07:51, 8 May 2025 (UTC) :{{not done}} 2 cases of vandalism this month is not persistent vandalism.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:53, 8 May 2025 (UTC) == Deletion request == Hi, Could [[Wikipedia:Why is Happy Tree Friends not on Wikipedia?]] be deleted please as some troll has again moved the article there (I've moved it back), I've given the user a final warning but their edits thus far don't fill me with any confidence so I wouldn't lose any sleep if they're indeffed, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 09:23, 8 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}, deleted the page.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:50, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ::Brilliant many thanks Fusion much appreciated, Davey2010 (Mobile) –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 13:04, 8 May 2025 (UTC) == QD-candidate == [[GROKR Exchangé]], promotional?--In regard to hoaxy or weak sources for 'bold claim', someone else can suggest that. <br> Note: "22:37, 24 March 2025 ... deleted page [[GROKR]] (QD G5: Created by a blocked or banned user: Mass deletion of pages added by 39.37.58.23)". [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|talk]]) 12:35, 8 May 2025 (UTC) :[[GROKR Exchange|'Other spelling']]. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|talk]]) 12:37, 8 May 2025 (UTC) /original poster <br> Note: "12:23, 10 March 2025 ... talk changes deleted page [[GROKR Exchange]] (QD G5: Created by a blocked or banned user: Special:Contributions/Alexwrightman12344, Special:Contributions/Scrap_Bunch, Special:Contributions/Jack_DeAngelis)". [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|talk]]) 12:38, 8 May 2025 (UTC) :Looks like it has been deleted by MathXplore. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 13:12, 8 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{Done}}, (half-hour after the first post). Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|talk]]) 14:04, 8 May 2025 (UTC) == User needs cool-off period == simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/70.90.169.230 . [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:792A:9EC4:8E73:A5D2|talk]]) 17:55, 8 May 2025 (UTC) == Problematic diff == simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=42_(answer)&diff=prev&oldid=10048182 . [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:18B7:C732:D8:CF10|2001:2020:303:BB75:18B7:C732:D8:CF10]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:18B7:C732:D8:CF10|talk]]) 21:18, 8 May 2025 (UTC) :Old diff! However, the two new articles from today, have no source.--Not notable.<br>simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/152.22.65.27<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:18B7:C732:D8:CF10|2001:2020:303:BB75:18B7:C732:D8:CF10]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:18B7:C732:D8:CF10|talk]]) 21:26, 8 May 2025 (UTC) == Update [[Module:Country alias]] == Can an administrator import a revision from [[Module:Country alias]]? It is causing issues on [[United States at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]. Thanks. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span><sub>[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sub> 00:50, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :I imported a fresher revision for update, let me know if the issues still exist and I will look further into it.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 04:03, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == Singer from Lebanon. 'Re-articled' == [[Rima Yussef|This one]].--QD tags were removed during previous incarnation.--Not notable. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:E527:DA0A:6051:8284|2001:2020:303:BB75:E527:DA0A:6051:8284]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:E527:DA0A:6051:8284|talk]]) 07:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :not an admin - {{done}} - tagged as A4 –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:52, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == QD-candidate (May 9) == [[William Patrick Hitler|A real person]].--Nonsense about that person, a relative of a dictator. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:48D2:1148:2BCF:E3B|2001:2020:303:BB75:48D2:1148:2BCF:E3B]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:48D2:1148:2BCF:E3B|talk]]) 12:53, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 13:01, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to add the new content == I want to add the new content and create an article but i am unable to create the same. please grant me the permission to do so as it is required for professional work. [[User:AkshathaPandavapura|AkshathaPandavapura]] ([[User talk:AkshathaPandavapura|talk]]) 14:34, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :(non-administrator comment) Try the [[WP:AW|Article wizard]]. [[User:Justjourney|Justjourney]] ([[User talk:Justjourney|talk]]) 22:30, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == Stopstealingtheusername == I have a concern about {{user3|Stopstealingtheusername}}. They seem to keep creating articles which have no notability, and in fact may be hoaxes, because there are no Google search results for them. These are mainly about 'The SuperSword Warriors' which may not exist. I note that they all already blocked on English Wikipedia for not being here to build an encyclopedia. [[User:TagUser|TagUser]] ([[User talk:TagUser|talk]]) 20:57, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == Request for semi-protection on [[Drake (musician)]] == {{pagelinks|Drake (musician)}} Tons of vandalism happenly recently; recent temporary protection by [[User:MathXplore]] didn't work out. This page should be protected for longer. [[User:Justjourney|Justjourney]] ([[User talk:Justjourney|talk]]) 22:28, 9 May 2025 (UTC) : {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:31, 9 May 2025 (UTC) == QD of chemist from India; QD-tag being removed == simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinesh_Kumar_(chemist)&oldid=10247699 <br><br> The promotional article is claiming that he is ranked (by Standford U) in the top 2% percentile of scientists.--I hate to break the news, but Stanford U is not in the business of making Yellow Pages of scientists.--The QD tag has link to the 2nd (and last) Delete discussion at En-wiki.--The article does not claim notability, but does sugarcoat the lacking notability with a "2 %" claim that is not based on reality. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:99BC:A0B2:1A78:3B86|2001:2020:303:BB75:99BC:A0B2:1A78:3B86]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:99BC:A0B2:1A78:3B86|talk]]) 14:16, 10 May 2025 (UTC) :Further shenanigans, blanking of talk page:<br><br>simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ADinesh_Kumar_%28chemist%29&diff=10247888&oldid=10247680<br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:99BC:A0B2:1A78:3B86|2001:2020:303:BB75:99BC:A0B2:1A78:3B86]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:99BC:A0B2:1A78:3B86|talk]]) 14:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::It's not a QD-able article as it makes a claim of notability. It'll have to go to RfD '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 14:23, 10 May 2025 (UTC) == Re-created article, News website in India (May 10) == [[Kannada News Today|This title]] had QD earlier (and re-created today). <br><br> The following, mentions the earlier version,<br> [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Satish Raj Goravigere]]. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|talk]]) 14:35, 10 May 2025 (UTC) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|talk]]) 15:53, 10 May 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}}, thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|talk]]) 16:43, 10 May 2025 (UTC) == Request for semi-protection on [[Sean Combs]] == I've seen a lot of vandalism on this page, this page should be protected, so that only autoconfirmed users can edit that page. [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:51, 10 May 2025 (UTC) == Reincarnation of AI company from India (May 10) == [[Vrinda AI|This re-incarnation]], of recent articles. Not notable. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|talk]]) 15:51, 10 May 2025 (UTC) :{{Done}}, thanks. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|talk]]) 16:43, 10 May 2025 (UTC) == Not notable (and not at En-wiki) == [[Fondazione Somaini|This foundation/ museum in Italy]]. 'QD ripe'.--If this post is helpful, then fine. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:D5A1:F6AD:87E0:B460|talk]]) 17:08, 10 May 2025 (UTC) :Please don't use this page to request Quick Deletion requests. Add a {{tl|QD}} or {{tl|delete}} to request QD. An is not the right place. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:14, 10 May 2025 (UTC) == Beauty-contest spam (Phillipines) == [[Miss La Union 2024]] should probably be <s>merged into (or moved) to [[Miss La Union]] (which is a title at English-wiki)</s> QD.--I have already added languagle link (or interwiki), in regard to the 'overall contest'.<br> <br> Then, QD of [[CJ Lorenzo Bautista|this article]], re-created under different versions of the name,. Re-creations during the last 12 months.--(Furthermore, i seem to remember that the person has never won ''that'' contest.) [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 05:53, 6 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 05:55, 6 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:C305:834B:C11B:C07F:8012:9384|talk]]) 06:12, 6 May 2025 (UTC) :[[Mutia Ti La Union|A spam-title]] is back (and ready for salt). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:7410:5FA9:BB7:C42E|2001:2020:303:BB75:7410:5FA9:BB7:C42E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:7410:5FA9:BB7:C42E|talk]]) 07:31, 11 May 2025 (UTC) /original poster == Can someone simplify "Template:MacOS"? == Can someone simplify [[Template:MacOS|this template?]] I'm not that good at simplifying that template, it should be like [[Template:IOS|this template]] [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:45, 10 May 2025 (UTC) :You created this post both here and at Simple, please only do this in one location. This isn't an admin task, so it shouldn't be be here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 06:55, 11 May 2025 (UTC) == requesting semi protection for article == "donald trump" keeps getting added and removed from list. [[Dictator]] [[User:Huntsmcgee|Huntsmcgee]] ([[User talk:Huntsmcgee|talk]]) 05:39, 11 May 2025 (UTC) == [[User:Jag1762010]] == Constantly adding complex information to articles, and reverting the users edits which revert their edits. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:03, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :Dude, I didn't think they were that complex. If the consensus is against me, my bad. [[User:Jag1762010|Jag1762010]] ([[User talk:Jag1762010|talk]]) 12:29, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ::You literally said it was [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&diff=prev&oldid=10240970 complex], when reverting [[User:Codename Noreste|another user]]'s edit which was reverting you. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:35, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :::I forgot to type "not", my bad [[User:Jag1762010|Jag1762010]] ([[User talk:Jag1762010|talk]]) 12:37, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Also, you just reverted an [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moses&diff=next&oldid=10241219 admin]'s edit, which was meant to revert your edit. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:39, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :::::ok? Is there some rule about not being able to revert an admin's edit? If there is, then people just shouldn't have the option of doing so. [[User:Jag1762010|Jag1762010]] ([[User talk:Jag1762010|talk]]) 12:41, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::The point is that multiple people agree that your edit is bad and that you should revert it. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:44, 7 May 2025 (UTC) :::Aside from not feeling the language was too complex, I don't see the issue if the added sections were after the original paragraphs. If anyone had a problem with the added sections, they could have just skipped them, or simplified them further. There was important info there that I feel should be kept in. [[User:Jag1762010|Jag1762010]] ([[User talk:Jag1762010|talk]]) 12:39, 7 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I've reverted the content as agree it is complex, Jag please read [[WP:About]] and [[BE850]] to better understand the project and the words we use, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 12:49, 7 May 2025 (UTC) {{section resolved|1=[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:03, 12 May 2025 (UTC)}} == Handing over to wp:vandalism == Yes or no, can the following be handed over to "wp:Vandalism"?<br> (I am going to pass, in regard to putting a QD tag, a second time (for that '''recreated''' article).) <br><br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raseshwari_Devi_Ji&diff=10253129&oldid=10253078 <br>. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3470:DB78:60D0:18A2|2001:2020:303:BB75:3470:DB78:60D0:18A2]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:3470:DB78:60D0:18A2|talk]]) 16:07, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Revdel/oversight request == Hi, Could someone remove {{vandal|209.237.105.105}}'s edits from [[Talk:Main Page]] as they've literally took up 2-3 pages of history with their idiotic nonsense, I recall Griffofwales doing this with an IP [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=Talk%3ACake here] so thought I'd ask if it could be done with this person too, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:56, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 18:59, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:M7|M7]], Sorry I meant like [[Talk:Cake]] where the users name and edits were removed completely from the history, I'm guessing with Talk:Cake it was an oversight thing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:03, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :::Ok [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]], I've re-opened your request, I have only done a [[Wikipedia:Deletion_policy#RD3|revision deletion]]. Thanks, --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:07, 12 May 2025 (UTC) ::::No worries, Thanks for your help anyway :), Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:10, 12 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I've just realise the page was actually deleted and then undeleted not revdelled/oversighted so my bad, I suspect the individual here wont stop so deleting/undeleting here may be a waste of time anyway, Just seems such a ball ache going through 2-3 pages worth of history but it is what it is I guess, Thanks again for your help anyway, I'll take revdel over nothing so win win as far as I'm concerned, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request protection for [[Talk:Main Page]] == Can somebody protect [[Talk:Main Page]]? It's has a lot of vandalism edits.<span id="Raayaan9911:1747103618601:WikipediaFTTCLNAdministrators&apos;_noticeboard" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:33, 13 May 2025 (UTC)</span> :@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] Talk pages are not normally protected and the level of vandalism it receives is manageable. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 11:39, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for help. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 12:56, 13 May 2025 (UTC) == rp block evader == @[[User:Vandliski|Vandliski]] is creating bad pages related to SMG4 and Glitch Productions, but however is not recreating pages that have been deleted. They are bad becasue subjects of these pages are considered "non-notable". They are likely evading their block from @[[User:Cepven-dysqa8-jIwsav|Cepven-dysqa8-jIwsav]] [[User:QuantumFoam66|QuantumFoam66]] ([[User talk:QuantumFoam66|talk]]) 23:39, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :Confirmed as same user. Checkuser blocked '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:47, 13 May 2025 (UTC) == Beauty-contest spam (month of May) == '''After''' removing entire '''section "Notable people"''', then<br> <br> please 'lock' [[Santol, La Union|this article]], for at least 3 days.<br> (The third notable person, is not the current mayor according to En-wiki.)--The beauty-spam has 'consistently been added' to the article, since c. the beginning of May. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:E922:E301:D055:2BF7|2001:2020:303:BB75:E922:E301:D055:2BF7]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:E922:E301:D055:2BF7|talk]]) 17:29, 13 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:E922:E301:D055:2BF7|2001:2020:303:BB75:E922:E301:D055:2BF7]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:E922:E301:D055:2BF7|talk]]) 17:31, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :Please '''lock''' the article for a week or a month or a half-year. When lock gets started (possibly), '''then''' we can thereafter deal with removing the 'old chestnut',<br>"''Christian Joy Lorenzo Bautista'' - '''more popular as CJ''', She is a model and a '''beauty pageant''' title holder. S :Czarina Aleira Cagungas - '''Miss Santol 2024''' and '''Miss Agri-Turismo''' 2024 in Miss La Union 2024. [... not-the-current] Municipal mayor and [[lens Production]] Owner".--Not notable, not encyclopedic, but promotional. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:2428:4D71:84DD:185E|2001:2020:303:BB75:2428:4D71:84DD:185E]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:2428:4D71:84DD:185E|talk]]) 19:26, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == 'AI-titled' spam (May 14) == '''After''' '''blocking user''', then<br> <br> please nuke [[Vrinda AI FAKE AI]] and all the other stuff.--Recreating /creating bad articles. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:6860:4294:1E28:5C77|talk]]) 04:22, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I've deleted all the articles they created. They received a warning: let's see if things continue and address it if it escalates enough. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 04:29, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Call for 'quick-decline of QD', regarding "Sleeper agent" == [[Sleeper agent]]. QD is not 'for improving'. I recommend, that {{ping|Ternera}}, recalls her/his QD-nomination, [[asap]] (so as to 'not waste time of administrators', having to review the 'passable' stub/article).--I have added some stuff. If that helps to '''maintain''' it as '''passable''' (or make it passable), then fine. Note: nobody has yet put "cn-tags" in the article. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096|2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096|talk]]) 15:34, 14 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096|2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096|talk]]) 15:35, 14 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096|2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:DD3D:B7D4:F163:A096|talk]]) 15:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :FYI, I declined the QD as no valid reason covered its deletion '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:39, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == BigKrow continued creating low quality or non-notable articles after final warning == I wanted show you that BigKrow continued creating low quality or non-notable articles, one year ago, another editor reported them to ANI but it's resolved, please see [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Current issues and requests archive 74#Issues with User:BigKrow|first ANI's link]], blocking them is now necessary because i spent extra times to improving and tagging cleanup or QD tag into articles, i received last warning message but they still continued doing this behavior. [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AContributions&target=BigKrow&namespace=0&tagfilter=&newOnly=1&start=&end=&limit=1000 Here is list everything that they created it].<span id="Raayaan9911:1747240256725:WikipediaFTTCLNAdministrators&apos;_noticeboard" class="FTTCmt"> —&nbsp;[[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:30, 14 May 2025 (UTC)</span> :@[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]], I have done nothing wrong [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 16:44, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::I asked you to please use user space and you still continued to creating low quality or non-notable article. Please stop creating articles like that. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:46, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::Wikipedia is working together please don't letechut me... @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 16:48, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Okay, I'll ignore it, let's work together. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 16:49, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::::I'd like to point out that this user is already partially blocked on the English Wikipedia, and unable to create pages for similar issues there. I don't know if we can use [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] to give the same partial block here, but it could be considered. I'm going to suggest that a requirement for the user to draft all new articles in user space, then get approval before they are created might be a good alternative? [[User:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:purple">J9</span>]][[User talk:J991|<span style="font-family:Tahoma;color:red">91</span>]] 17:01, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Let's work together @[[User:J991|J991]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 17:20, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Unpopular opinion; Given the article creation-ban at Enwiki and the subsequent ANI thread linked above BigKrow should be banned from creating articles here too, One would've assumed given these 2 issues that BK would've learned from those 2 mistakes and did things differently but seemingly not. I agree with J991 ONESTRIKE should apply here. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:05, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] I agree with J991's decision under [[WP:ONESTRIKE]]. :::::::@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]], if user continue creating low quality or non-notable articles, what should i do? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:12, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::They should be blocked from creating articles like they are an Enwiki which would mean they wouldn't be able to create articles anymore, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:23, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Okay, thanks for your note, any mistakes led to blocked from creating articles same as enwiki for violating [[WP:ONESTRIKE]], if user continue same actions on another wikis, they're should globally locked under cross-wiki abuse? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:29, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Under ONE STRIKE and my reviewing of BigKrows edits here I have implemented a partial block of 6 months of not being able to create new articles. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:34, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:51, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::No worries '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:17, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::::BigKrow attacking [[User talk:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], can somebody please change partial block to sitewide block with no chance of being unblocked? [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:53, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::::{{A note}} already blocked for attacking other user. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 19:58, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], i appeal!!! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:28, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :::I have apologized to @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], on my talk page and everyone else involved, @[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]], @[[User:J991|J991]], @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 20:25, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::::No worries BK, I sincerely hope you learn from this and in future do things differently, We all make mistakes but it's how we learn from them that defines us. Happy editing. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:37, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Yall need to give me my rights back..... == plzzz... [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:30, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :No one has the right to edit Wikipedia, it is a privilege, one that can be revoked. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Unblock request from BigKrow == {{Thread retitled|The block was made by ‪Fr33kman‬. The reason given is Creating bad pages. Start of block: 18:32, 14 May 2025 Expiration of block: 18:32, 14 November 2025 Intended blockee: ‪BigKrow‬ Block ID #90690.}} The block was made by ‪Fr33kman‬. The reason given is Creating bad pages. Start of block: 18:32, 14 May 2025 Expiration of block: 18:32, 14 November 2025 Intended blockee: ‪BigKrow‬ Block ID #90690. Unblock me now [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:39, 14 May 2025 (UTC) {{ping|Fr33kman}} :No '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:41, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::i want others to chime in.... This is blasphomy!!!! @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:43, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Prove your point... @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 19:44, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :This is not a wise course of action. Please stop, calm down and stop asking for the block to be removed. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 22:56, 14 May 2025 (UTC) == Request for page protection from block evading Ip == Hi admins, there is a block evading ip 2409:40D0:0:0:0:0:0:0/32 who is blocked several times but now this ip is back to destroy the pages. I request the respectable admins to protect the pages from raid by this Rajput POV pusher ip. [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2409:40D0:0:0:0:0:0:0/32?searchToken=c0bcg7l1x8oih7tu72y5wtup1 This] ip is Rajput caste warrior and please check the edits by this ip. Here are list of pages raided by this Rajput POV pusher ip and please protect them. *[[Koli caste]] *[[Pratihar Gurjars]] *[[Chamar Rajput]] *[[Vasudeva]] *[[Jat (caste)]] *[[Mihira Bhoja]] *[[Thakur Lachman Singh]] *[[Krishna]] *[[Porus]] Respectable admins, this Rajput POV pusher user [[user:2409:40D0:1339:9878:A9B4:529:2247:8F1|2409:40D0:1339:9878:A9B4:529:2247:8F1]] abused me about my mother, you can check [https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Durjan_Singh_Jadon&diff=prev&oldid=10255419 here]. This ip abused me 'Randi Ka Pilla' which means 'slut's son' or 'Son of concubine'. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 10:27, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} protected for one month '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:04, 15 May 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], Thank you so much. [[User:Durjan Singh Jadon|Durjan Singh Jadon]] ([[User talk:Durjan Singh Jadon|talk]]) 02:16, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Dipper Dalmatian and SleepyHollowGuy1999 == In case this doesn't get globally locked: {{user5|Dipper Dalmatian and SleepyHollowGuy1999}}. Presenting as a joint account with at least one evading blocks. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:25, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} indef blocked '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:06, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == 74.127.176.137 == Bad user ip. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 00:56, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :In what way? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:57, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::just look at there contributions.... Keeps reverting etc. @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 01:00, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::Best to report them on [[WP:VIP]] in the future. Thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:13, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Request == hey guys i am requesting the protection of [[Automobile]] page since an ip user keeps replacing the simpler words with very complex ones. [[Special:Contributions/179.109.143.122|179.109.143.122]] ([[User talk:179.109.143.122|talk]]) 05:12, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :{{not done}} That's a situation where a block would be better, as it is only 1 IP performing the vandalism.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:42, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::ok there's no problem anyways good lucky with your contribuitions best regards. [[Special:Contributions/179.109.143.122|179.109.143.122]] ([[User talk:179.109.143.122|talk]]) 15:55, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Move request == Hi, Could someone move the below articles:- * [[User:C1K98V/Chasing The Wind]] to [[Chasing the Wind]] - per [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation]] * [[Chasing the Wind]] to [[Chasing the Wind (movie)]] - per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]] * <s>[[User:C1K98V/Chasing The Wind (TV series)]] to [[Chasing the Wind (TV series)]]</s> You can also refer the english wikipedia articles [[:en:Chasing the Wind]], [[:en:Chasing the Wind (film)]] and [[:en:Chasing the Wind (TV series)]] for transparency. Thanks for your consideration. [[User:C1K98V|<b style="color:#FF0000">''C1K98V''</b>]] <sup>([[User talk:C1K98V|💬]] [[Special:Contribs/C1K98V|✒️]] [[Special:ListFiles/C1K98V|📂]])</sup> 07:52, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]], Hi, I seek admin assistance as they have technical abilities (without leaving a redirect to keep history intact). Now it seems to be messed-up. Thanks for you quick response. [[User:C1K98V|<b style="color:#FF0000">''C1K98V''</b>]] <sup>([[User talk:C1K98V|💬]] [[Special:Contribs/C1K98V|✒️]] [[Special:ListFiles/C1K98V|📂]])</sup> 08:12, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::An admin can delete the redirect and move. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:31, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::{{done}} [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 12:19, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == President-elect of Ecuador - protection request == [[President-elect of Ecuador]] could use either a semi-protection or it may be possible to range block based on the closeness of the IPs. There is a consensus as per the RFD to keep it as a redirect, but IPs keep restoring it to their preferred article. The IPs look similar enough that a range block could do it (but that's just an eyeball; I didn't calculate out the range). [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:59, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} for 1 week.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 10:40, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Ivan P. Clarin == ''moved from [[WP:ST]] per suggestions of others'' {{user5|Ivan P. Clarin}} I believe we need to consider the application of [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] with regard to the above named editor. The user is blocked on the English Wikipedia for persistent addition of unsourced material and refusal to communicate. I note similar behaviors here. In March, they received a final warning for the creation of bad pages. Since then, it appears that they have made even more bad pages. I tagged a few as QD yesterday that were recreations of articles that had been deleted at RFD previously. In a quick glance at their last 1000 edits, I see one contribution to a discussion at an RFD. Otherwise, the user is not engaging on talk pages or discussions. A ONESTRIKE should be considered based on there being a final warning in March and based on the same editing pattern that led to the block at En. At the least, a restriction from creating new pages should be applied. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:42, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :User blocked for creating bad pages, general disruptive edits and ignoring all warnings and attempts at communication '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:30, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::For a short-list of articles to nuke ('''without''' wasting everyone's time, at Simple-Talk): Please start with the [[Talk:Matang Tubig|Matang Tubig]] topic. (It is non-notable. It has no more importance, than a bend-in-a-river. And might even be nothing more than such a thing, promoted by one or two local persons.)--'''If''' admin-noticeboard page lists '''strong'''-candidates for QD, then i will likely be quick to QD-nominate at least one of '''those'''.--Note: the mentioned article might seem like cross-wiki '''spam''', more or less.--Please feel free to move this topic to the user-page of admin, or a (self-proclaimed) admin-'''candidate'''.--Moving this to Simple-Talk, might end my interest in '''this''' matter (or sub-topic). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:DC76:44BC:A206:3C63|2001:2020:303:BB75:DC76:44BC:A206:3C63]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:DC76:44BC:A206:3C63|talk]]) 00:06, 17 May 2025 (UTC) == Taksoh17 == It appears that {{user|Taksoh17}} is editing while logged out as {{user|46.34.55.184}} in order to influence/control the outcome of the [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Devan Leos (3rd nomination)]]. The IP, which hadn't edited since March, arrived 27 minutes after Taksoh17's last edit at the RFD to close it inappropriately. The IP behavioral evidence includes them both editing [[Sean Bloom]] (2 of the 3 editors to edit it) and similar phrasings, such as the use of "AFDs" to refer to our "RFDs." Could an admin look at this situation and consider whether any actions/warnings are warranted? Thank you, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:15, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] Happy for a neutral admin to review. I'd like to point out that @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] is a newer editor, so while their enthusiasm is appreciated, they may not have a full grasp on policy, especially regarding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|WP:AFD]] . First, according to [[Wikipedia:Non-admin closure]], non admins are allowed to close discussions that are obviously a keep. :There seems to be no consensus, and apparently now a user is [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Devan Leos (3rd nomination)#c-172.59.214.83-20250516211500-Davey2010-20250508095400|canvasing Reddit to encourage deletion of the article]] (rather concerning). As such, the closure of the discussion for lack of consensus (which = keep) does not seem inappropriate. :Numerous editors at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Devan Leos (3rd nomination)]] have made strong arguments in favor of keeping the page, and the page has survived deletion requests two times within the last few months. To be clear, the most recent nomination was weak, and only one other editor seems to have made a strong and detailed argument in favor of deletion. If there is a policy violation please let me know. [[User:Taksoh17|TheTakoDread]] ([[User talk:Taksoh17|talk]]) 22:20, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::I'm sorry but it seems you are unaware of simplewiki policies regarding RfDs. We do not have non-admin closures here. All RfDs are closed by admins. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:33, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :::Apologies for my misunderstanding [[User:Taksoh17|TheTakoDread]] ([[User talk:Taksoh17|talk]]) 22:56, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :They are not the same user according to checkuser data. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:23, 16 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the check. I still feel behaviorally they are linked but appreciate the look at the technical data. Don't have the bandwidth to respond to the comments above in depth at the moment, [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:31, 16 May 2025 (UTC) == Go, Dog. Go! (TV series) - protection request == [[Go, Dog. Go! (TV series)]] seems to be a frequent target of IPs inserting false information about children's TV shows. Could use some long-term semi-protection. {{IPvandal|97.125.5.36}} needs to be looked at for a potential block, too. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:13, 16 May 2025 (UTC) :Still seeking a protection on this. [[User:97.125.5.36]]'s block expired and immediately returned to the article to provide false information. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:05, 18 May 2025 (UTC) == Dear People (podcast) == [[Dear People (podcast)]] was apparently never deleted, despite the consensus: [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dear People (podcast)]]. [[User:1890sBoy|1890sBoy]] ([[User talk:1890sBoy|talk]]) 21:30, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :Thanks for letting me know, must have forgotten the most important part of the process. [[User:Peterdownunder|Peterdownunder]] ([[User talk:Peterdownunder|talk]]) 21:43, 17 May 2025 (UTC) == Weird behavior == this user is behaving really werid. very fast and many edits in small period of time. mutiple vandalism warnings. they appear possibly to be hiding vandalism in-between copy edits. I dont have time to look into what I am reporting I maybe wrong but still its a large amount of unsourced material and date changing. Id recommend if you know how look at what triggered it to show up on the patrols, as I say stuff there. I may be wrong. I just cant look through all of there edits. again I apologies if im wrong. but something to look into. its not a full allegation its just to many edits to look through. I assume good faith but its just too much on a feature article. Thanks [[User:JamesEMonroe|JamesEMonroe]] ([[User talk:JamesEMonroe|talk]]) 00:51, 17 May 2025 (UTC) I apologies if I am wrong. but to bring attention to someone more exp then me. it is their decision. maybe its good faith and they are getting it somewhere and I misread my patrol report that I lost. i cant for the life of me look thorough it User: 85.225.19.251 Article Amitabh_Bachchan [[User:JamesEMonroe|JamesEMonroe]] ([[User talk:JamesEMonroe|talk]]) 00:51, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :That behavior is happening at the English Wikipedia; you're at the Simple English Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:40, 17 May 2025 (UTC) ::I was wondering why it was so weird. But I don't get it as isn't this the mirror site for it for mobile. I was wondering why I couldn't find the case [[User:JamesEMonroe|JamesEMonroe]] ([[User talk:JamesEMonroe|talk]]) 09:43, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:JamesEMonroe|JamesEMonroe]]: This is Simple English Wikipedia, a separate site from regular English Wikipedia ("enwiki"). It is its own site, not a mirror of enwiki. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:59, 18 May 2025 (UTC) == 'Hoax title'? == See simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazaristan&diff=10265891&oldid=10265889 <br><br> ("[[Hazaristan]]"). <br><br> I took one glance at the language-link (interwiki), English.<br> Please put hoax-'''tag''', and/or QD-'''nominate'''.--''Other'' wiki-users might be comfortable with taking this to Simple-Talk.--Good luck (while i fix other articles). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:484E:9116:1DB5:1026|2001:2020:303:BB75:484E:9116:1DB5:1026]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:484E:9116:1DB5:1026|talk]]) 06:39, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :Not a hoax. I've restored the article. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:34, 18 May 2025 (UTC) == Recreated. No mention of him at En-wiki (May's third week) == [[Mohammad Badpa (footballer)|This one]].<br> <br> The name ought to stay red, unless he becomes notable, <br><br> No mention of him at en-wiki,if asked. <br><br> '''Some''' might choose to QD, recreated titles; i will be waiting for [[Mohammad Badpa|'only his name']], before i QD this topic. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3825:C63B:A42C:AEF0|2001:2020:303:BB75:3825:C63B:A42C:AEF0]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:3825:C63B:A42C:AEF0|talk]]) 17:40, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't see the issue. Am I missing something? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:00, 19 May 2025 (UTC) ::Not following exactly what the IP is saying, but I will point out that the article it's mentioned above was deleted earlier as a creation by a sock -- a sock that you had blocked and is now globally locked. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:21, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :::Understood, thx '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:23, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == [[User:Nikolai Kurbatov]] == This editor was blocked at the end of last year. I don't know the actual reason for that, but I am concerned about the large number of mini-stubs they created, mainly about sportspeople who may not be notable due to lack of significant coverage. I am seeing similarities between Nikolai's stubs on here, and those created at enwiki by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lugnuts Lugnuts]. This is especially evident in the [[cricket]] sphere because, in the overwhelming majority of Nikolai's stubs, the only sources cited are the statistical databases ''ESPNcricinfo'' and ''CricketArchive''. The latter of those is paywalled, and is not the most reliable of sources. Taking this a step further forward, Lugnuts also created a mass of Olympic stubs based on minimal information in ''Olympedia'', just like Nikolai's [[Kim Bub-min]], in fact. I'm presently trying to create order out of near-chaos in the cricket categories, and I'm beginning to anticipate nomination of dozens, perhaps scores, of bio-stubs for deletion. This is a heads-up, really, as I can't yet say what the scale of the problem might be, but it does seem to me that I'm in familiar territory. Thanks. [[User:BlackJack|<span style="border:1px solid black;padding:1px;background-color: #0000ff;color: white">'''Jack'''</span>]] ([[User talk:BlackJack|<span style="color: #0000ff">talk</span>]]) 15:30, 19 May 2025 (UTC) == Nuke, as a 'nipping in the bud' == simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/5.150.102.118 <br><br> is creating '[[Human geography of machu picchu|two, complex-articles in one minute]]'.--Nuke is likely needed.--I plan to QD, an expected '''upcoming''' article, from that user.--If that will be helpful, then fine. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7|2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7|talk]]) 18:46, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7|2001:2020:309:CBE7:81A2:5D2B:39F3:BFE7]], Please QD or RFD it. :Also going off on a tangent for a sec; you say "''I plan to QD, an expected '''upcoming '''article''" .... Why would you "plan" to QD any future creations but not QD the current stuff ?. :Also how would you know if they're going to create any upcoming articles?. :Have you ever thought of QD/RFDing the articles yourself instead of making posts here everyday of the week expecting people to do it for you?, Just curious. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 19:14, 20 May 2025 (UTC) <br> "I plan to QD, an '''[[expectation|expected]]''' upcoming article, from that user".--If that relieves an iota, of user:Davey2010's concerns (while i am busy fixing articles, that are not 'nukable'), then fine.--Have a nice day. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|talk]]) 20:48, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :So why not ''plan'' to QD the '''current '''ones?. I just don't understand the point of coming here every day requesting someone do something that you're more than capable of doing yourself ? Adding <nowiki>{{qd|A<Number>}}</nowiki> to articles isn't that hard, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:56, 20 May 2025 (UTC) <br> '''Nuke''', is the first word of this thread.--Maybe you meant to ask, why i 'did QD for' [[Vrinda AI Build By Fake Navneet Exposed]], and also 'QD for' [[Nasir Zaman]], but not for other stuff that should be ' '''gang''' nuked' or get mass-QD?--That might be a better question.--At least two of your questions, '''seem''' to have an '''air''' of non-goodFaith. Be that as it may.--If this thread was regarded as helpful, to anyone (if not you), then fine.--If my reply is perceived as non-rude, then fine.--Good luck, and have a nice week (while i am busy fixing other articles). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|talk]]) 00:26, 21 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|talk]]) 00:27, 21 May 2025 (UTC) <br> {{Done}}. Re: the article linked in line one: "22:48, 20 May 2025 ... '''deleted''' page Human geography of machu picchu (QD A6: The page is a fake or a '''hoax''')". [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:19A0:324E:FC75:7E17|talk]]) 00:31, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == 107.9.140.157 == [[Special:Contribs/107.9.140.157]] - that user is intentionally creating hoaxes about highways. The highways with those numbers exist, but the descriptions are incorrect. Their pages should be nuked and they should be blocked as they are on English Wikipedia. [[Special:Contributions/166.107.163.11|166.107.163.11]] ([[User talk:166.107.163.11|talk]]) 23:44, 20 May 2025 (UTC) :Everything nuked. User blocked. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 00:03, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == Module import request == Hi, Could someone import the latest revision of [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1]] to [[:Module:Citation/CS1]] please, The module is missing :"local function _citation (frame, args, config) -- save a copy in case we need to display an error :message in preview mode : if not frame then : frame = mw.getCurrentFrame(); -- if called from another module, get a frame for frame-:provided functions : end" which is needed for [[ COVID-19 pandemic]] (see ref section - it's bringing up an error which is because the module is missing the above info), Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 18:21, 19 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}} -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:58, 20 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks Auntof6 much appreciated, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 08:08, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == 49.37.116.120 == This IP address has been creating constantly test articles that have been deleted via Quick Deletion, however this user [[Special:Diff/10273450|has deleted]] a QD notice of a article [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Siempre en las Nubes|previusly discussed]] and deleted, and that’s not [[User talk:49.37.116.120#May 2025|the first time]]. [[File:Guerrero-log.gif|20px]] '''[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]''' ([[User talk:Emolga826|any problem?]]) 05:24, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Emolga826|Emolga826]]: Previously discussed article deleted (for the 3rd time) and salted. Another cleaned up, but feel free to nominate for QD or RFD if you see fit. The other article is at RFD. Have I covered everything? -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:23, 21 May 2025 (UTC) == WikiCleaner == What are the rules here on using [[WP:WPCleaner]]? Do I need to be a administrator? Do I need flood or bot flag? I checked the page for rules here but it only has a redirect and no information on rules here. Thanks :) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 15:59, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :non admin comment: Hi @[[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]], :*Nope you don't need to be administrator to use it, :*Generally speaking yes you're supposed to ask for the flood flag before using it if doing repetitive edits however getting a response from any admin can take 8+ hours so I personally use it without the flood flag (generally speaking I try to use it at night time/early hours of the morning when no one's on), Unfortunately in the past when I used to wait for a response sometimes it would be declined anyway so yeah I just crack on without it but yeah expect to be messaged about it constantly if you do go down that route), :Please be aware not all issues on there can be fixed (such as "table end") - You should preview all edits you make to make sure you're not messing the page up one way or another, Hope this helps, Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 16:35, 17 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ieditrandomarticles|Ieditrandomarticles]] next time, ask this on simple talk. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:10, 18 May 2025 (UTC) ::This was an Admin-Specific question and not something opened to the general community to discuss. :) [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 11:35, 18 May 2025 (UTC) :::not really [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 09:07, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == 69.115.128.236 == Hello :) Could you please mass-delete pages created by [[Special:Contributions/69.115.128.236]]? A3 and G5 apply. It's that LTA who copy-pastes articles about Latin American women from enwiki. Thank you :) '''[[User:Dream Indigo|<span style="color:Indigo;font-family:Andalus">✩ Dream</span>]] [[User talk:Dream Indigo|<span style="color:Indigo;font-family:Andalus">Indigo ✩</span>]]''' 20:55, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == Voice-actors in 'the stable' of user:Mia9542 == Voice-actor advertising, diff<br> <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_James&diff=10275074&oldid=10270881 <br><br> Another voice-actor advert, [[Mike Vaughn]].--Deleted at En-wiki,if asked.--I 'will QD' that one, now. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:C923:C352:F84F:8155|2001:2020:309:CBE7:C923:C352:F84F:8155]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:C923:C352:F84F:8155|talk]]) 02:19, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :Steps have been taken for both articles, including 'one QD'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:C923:C352:F84F:8155|2001:2020:309:CBE7:C923:C352:F84F:8155]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:C923:C352:F84F:8155|talk]]) 02:26, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :We dont need a topic on the administrators noticeboard for raising a QD. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] <sup>([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])</sup>''' 13:26, 24 May 2025 (UTC) <br> Edit warring: repeatedly putting back "promo"; warring against edit by user:Aunt of 6, and against another distinguished user's edit. See diff,<br> <br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenny_James&diff=10281269&oldid=10276491 <br> . [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:12D:9A39:273A:D21B|2001:2020:309:CBE7:12D:9A39:273A:D21B]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:12D:9A39:273A:D21B|talk]]) 20:38, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == Archival of Talk:Main page non-working again... == I think in the past we had a setp, that a bot would archive the discissions on that page, at the moment, it looks like the bot isn't operating. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:31, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == Hoax == [[Pak-Yul]].--'Google search, and hoax it seems'. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:1C0C:D9B2:52E5:7040|2001:2020:309:CBE7:1C0C:D9B2:52E5:7040]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:1C0C:D9B2:52E5:7040|talk]]) 15:54, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :not an admin - {{done}} - a6-tagged as agreed nothing comes up, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 16:27, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == Shut down [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] == This bot sends threats about block me from that wikipedia while I NEVER doing vandalism. [[Special:Contributions/88.226.104.79|88.226.104.79]] ([[User talk:88.226.104.79|talk]]) 19:39, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :The bot is not an admin and can't block users. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:48, 13 May 2025 (UTC) ::also see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Chenzw/Archives/Apr_2025#False-postive_report_on_Potato_for_ChenzwBot this] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Chenzw/Archives/Feb_2025#Hmm this.] [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]</sup> <sup>[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]</sup> 11:06, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :The bot ''is'' reverting some things that are not vandalism. {{ping|Chenzw}} Can you look at it, please? :IP user, please bear with us until this can be investigated. In the meantime, I don't think we want to shut the bot down just for this, so if you could please hold off on the change that that bot keeps reverting, that would be appreciated. Thanks, and sorry for the inconvenience. --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 04:20, 14 May 2025 (UTC) ::Apologies for the delay. I have re-introduced your changes and added those incorrect detections to the bot's training database so future similar changes will be judged correctly as good ones. One of the detection methods the bot uses is to look for words that appear more frequently in vandalism, and in this case, unfortunately the ISO language code "hi" was incorrectly detected to be vandalism, especially since there weren't any other content introduced in the change. In future, if you think that you were incorrectly reverted, please go ahead to re-do your change. The bot will not revert the same editor-page combination more than once over a 24 hour period. [[User:Chenzw|<span style="color:green">Chenzw</span>]]&nbsp;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Chenzw|<span style="font-size:10px;color:green">Talk</span>]]&nbsp; 10:36, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Legal threats at Gurjar clans == [[User:TruetellerKayT]], who presumably is a sock anyway, is making [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurjar_clans&curid=1067675&diff=10284876&oldid=10283874 legal threats] at [[Gurjar clans]]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:31, 26 May 2025 (UTC) I don't think what they said in the edit summary is a direct theat per se. They are just saying it might be libel. I'll have a word with them. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:45, 26 May 2025 (UTC) :BTW, defamation isn't a crime, it's a tort (a civil matter), just FYI. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:57, 26 May 2025 (UTC) == Palestinian Jews == Request for protection at [[Palestinian Jews]] which is target for on-going IP socks. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:56, 23 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Sorry for the delay in response: there has been no vandalism since less than an hour after you made this request, so 4 days ago. Therefore I don't think any action is needed now, but report again if there are more problems. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:52, 27 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yeah, looks like it's stopped for the moment. I think there were some range blocks that occurred that may be helping to stop it. Will keep an eye and report if it picks up again. There were 7 or 8 days in the last month-ish where the IPs were there. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:55, 27 May 2025 (UTC) == IP Block == Please block the IP who is messaging me here about their block on en-Wiki. Thanks! - [[User:UtherSRG|UtherSRG]] ([[User talk:UtherSRG|talk]]) 20:24, 25 May 2025 (UTC) :I was just trying to add etymologies!!!! :'o [[Special:Contributions/191.95.48.8|191.95.48.8]] ([[User talk:191.95.48.8|talk]]) 20:51, 25 May 2025 (UTC) :IP was blocked. Block has expired. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:01, 27 May 2025 (UTC) == Mass removal of templates == [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:DC80:D701:7DD2:C59E:B48B:108D|2A00:23C7:DC80:D701:7DD2:C59E:B48B:108D]] is continuously removing stub and other templates from pages. Could an admin please take a look? [[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]] ([[User talk:DreamRimmer|talk]]) 08:41, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :I blocked that /64. But there are quite a few of edits that needs to be checked, I have reverted a few; I'd appreciate if others can look into those as well.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 11:28, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]: It looks like the remaining changes where something was removed are okay. The templates I saw being removed were mostly okay, such as removing stub templates from articles that aren't stubs. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:07, 27 May 2025 (UTC) == Shenanigans? user:151.188.137.230 == After my edit (turning a redirect into a disambig),<br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ja&diff=10272684&oldid=10272434<br> <br> , '''thereafter''' some 'trouble' began.<br> <br> [[Codex (disambiguation)]]. Trying to have the disambig deleted. Earlier,<br> <br> reverting the following disambig pages, [[ja]], or<br> simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ja&diff=10272684&oldid=10272434<br> <br> [[Ascend]],<br> [[XEC]], or simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XEC&diff=10288931&oldid=10282834<br>. <br> An unhappy camper? Wiki-hounding (a minor case)? [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:65C1:ABAD:9A2B:B55|2001:2020:303:BB75:65C1:ABAD:9A2B:B55]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:65C1:ABAD:9A2B:B55|talk]]) 17:09, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :I don't see any time you engaged with this user on a talk page to discuss the concerns. Consider doing that before reporting it to a noticeboard. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:24, 27 May 2025 (UTC) == Article move == Hey, I created an article in my userspace titled [[User:JohnSkirbe/Daniel Finkelman]] and believe it meets the guidelines for mainspace. It has been over a week since I tagged it for review. Could an administrator please review and consider moving it to the main namespace? Thank you! [[User:JohnSkirbe|JohnSkirbe]] ([[User talk:JohnSkirbe|talk]]) 17:43, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :Not an admin - {{not done}} @[[User:JohnSkirbe|JohnSkirbe]] because the individual isn't [[wp:notability|notable]] and would be quickly deleted under [[WP:A4|A4]], Please continue sourcing and expanding it, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 17:47, 27 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:JohnSkirbe|JohnSkirbe]]: Actual admin here: The admins don't normally do moves from userspace to mainspace. If your account is not yet autoconfirmed, you can copy and paste the article. We don't even have the requested move template you put on the page, if that's what you meant by tagging for review. If you're looking for review, you could request that at Simple talk -- it's not an admin-only task. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:12, 27 May 2025 (UTC) == Nothing at en-wiki (about 'sardine-tool for software or whatever') == [[Kipper tool]]. no mention at en-wiki.--please consider to do online search and/or putting hoax-tag.--I want no further part in this (but plan to work on other articles). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|talk]]) 16:23, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :Note: if i do not put 'hoax-tag myself', then i usually never go to Simple-talk (about hoaxes), and have not been there - this time either.--I (still) want no further part in this (but plan to work on other articles). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|talk]]) 16:25, 28 May 2025 (UTC) /[[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|talk]]) 16:27, 28 May 2025 (UTC)<br> <br> *[[Operation Kurojaro (2025)]]. no mention at en-wiki.--please consider to do online search and/or putting hoax-tag.--I want no further part in this (but plan to work on other articles). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:AD1E:4E81:9EC4:B165|talk]]) 22:00, 28 May 2025 (UTC) /original poster :Every project is run independently. No project’s content takes precedence over any other’s. What exists in another Wikipedia project has no bearing on what shall exist here. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 03:10, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == QD nonsense (is that what this is)? == [[Ali Jasemi|One name in the title]], but a 'totally different name' in the lede.--I am not comfortable taking '''this''' to Simple-talk ('for whatever reason'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791|2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791|talk]]) 12:14, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :The name in the title, seems to only be in one en-wiki article. But that is a football-player from another country 'in the same part of the continent'.--If any of this was helpful, then fine. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791|2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791|talk]]) 12:17, 29 May 2025 (UTC) == Cross-wiki promotion & likely conflict of interest == Regarding users... * {{user5|Pugliese3}} * {{user5|Sapienstoonz}} These users are engaging in cross-wiki promotion of [[Fernando Nano Sosa]]. Each is blocked at the Spanish Wikipedia for (per translation): "Creating pages or edits for self-promotion: Account with particular purpose + Conflict of interest." Here at Simple, they are creating articles about him and his single film, [[47, el muerto]]. They are [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Booba_(TV_series)&diff=prev&oldid=10291292 adding him] to TV shows as if he is a notable aspect of its creation. They are creating articles like [[Horror_and_Fantasy_Cinema_in_Argentina#Historical_Revisionism_and_Political_Horror]] to attempt to frame his work as vital. I issued each a ONESTRIKE warning ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ASapienstoonz&diff=10291307&oldid=10282218] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Pugliese3&diff=prev&oldid=10286621]) regarding their spamming/promotion of Sosa a couple of days ago. Today they returned to editing about Sosa at the now deleted Sosa article. I'm requesting admin review to determine whether their actions necessitate a reciprocal block. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:32, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Concern regarding speedy deletion of [[Satish Raj]] == Hello, I would like to respectfully raise a concern about the recent speedy deletion of the article [[Satish Raj]]. The deletion tag was added by [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791 2001:2020:303:BB75:3CC2:307E:962A:5791], who mentioned that "if the article is not on English Wikipedia, then it is not notable on Simple Wikipedia." I believe this is a misunderstanding of Wikipedia's notability guidelines, as notability should be based on reliable sources, not presence on another language Wikipedia. Within seconds, I added the {wait} tag and politely asked for clarification, but the page was deleted before any response could be provided. The article was not a draft—it included a complete biography, awards, categories and references. As someone contributing with sincerity, I’m left unsure what the actual issue was, and feel discouraged. I also noticed the IP who tagged the page had no visible user profile or significant edit history. My concern is whether editors should be allowed to tag articles for deletion without review, especially if they are not established contributors. It may lead to confusion or even feel like a personal attack to new users. I deeply respect the Wikipedia guidelines and the work of administrators. If I’ve posted this in the wrong place, I sincerely apologize. I’m only trying to understand the process better and ensure good-faith contributions are given a fair chance. Thank you. 🙏 [[User:Moulyags|Moulyags]] ([[User talk:Moulyags|talk]]) 14:53, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi, I deleted the page because I did not find a claim of notability listed. It had nothing to do with whether or not it exists on enwiki. We have thousands of pages here that enwiki doesn't have. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:36, 31 May 2025 (UTC) == [[Oldest people]] == There's some sort of edit warring going on at [[Oldest people]]. I spent some hours this morning to check the sources an clean up everything. I'm tired of it. Please protect the page and also review the changes of {{vandal|Дејан2021}}. The account's been blocked on enwiki related to the same problems as here. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:56, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :I have blocked the user from editing the page and protected the page. If the situation gets resolved through communication, user can be unblocked.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 15:30, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:38, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and @[[User:Barras|Barras]], I already said that I listed the main sources, I updated the page thoroughly and accurately, however, the user Barras, removed 80% of the content, replacing it with the wrong content and with only Top 10, instead of Top 100 oldest people ever, so the best solution would be, do you want Top 10 or Top 100? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 16:58, 29 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] Hi, I'd say we keep it to top 10 that makes it fairly easier to update to make sure it's accurate. Also, readers are generally only interested in top ten and having a list of 100 makes it unnecessarily long, and adds a lot to maintenance work. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''<sup><small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small></sup>''' 23:01, 29 May 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:BRPever|BRPever]], Ok, I agree too, although I managed to regularly update the Top 100 as well, and the Top 10 will be perfectly fine and easier after I do the formatting later and add more References (one other independent source for each person from Top 10). As for living people, they will be in accordance with the official data of GRG and LQ, combining both sources, because some cases are not validated by both organizations, and for our article it is enough that it is validated by at least one organization, such as GWR, GRG, ESO and LQ... [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::I just finished formatting, completing and adding more sources, is everything ok now? [[User:Дејан2021|Дејан2021]] ([[User talk:Дејан2021|talk]]) 10:28, 30 May 2025 (UTC) == Not here to build an encyclopedia == The account [[User:CountryANDWestern]] was created just a couple of weeks before and aggressively tagging articles for deletion, like this one, [[Winston Churchill as a writer]], without even trying to find a source for notable entities. I am requesting checkuser here as this user is clearly not new but a block evading sockpuppet who is trying to damage the aim of constructive encyclopedia. Will object this behaviour from a newbie. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 13:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :[[:en:Wikipedia:Clean start|There are other reasons]] newer users may have more experience than a typical new user. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:38, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Yes, most block evading sock puppets do provide this beautiful excuse of clean start. Anyways, I found your way of editing objectionable to the actual aim of constructive encyclopedia. So just need another set of eyes here, to check if we are dealing with the block evading returning scammer. [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:07, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::His edits seem more reliable than yours. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:09, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Barras|Barras]] offwiki canvassing? [[Special:Contributions/2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE]] ([[User talk:2400:C600:531F:86ED:4034:C2FF:FE8A:1CEE|talk]]) 14:11, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::What a great example of assuming good faith… yes, anyone who disagrees with you on this post is clearly being canvassed. You caught me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:22, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :It might be a good idea to "ride" on user:CountryANDWestern, so that s/he provides inline references (also for tall claims).--However, the QD of that Churchill article, does seem fair.--The way forward: provide diffs (also in the future), if the user seems to be editing in an objectionable manner. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 17:33, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::Got an example of places where I’ve failed to provide sources or wrote “tall claims”? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::'''No one''' has provided diffs (yet), which convincingly ties user:CountryANDWestern, to 'bad stuff'.--One should have good-faith (and 'more diffs', if one has complaints beyond the complaint about 'Churhchill, the writer'). [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:309:CBE7:247D:46C0:A810:7B74|talk]]) 18:17, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I see nothing wrong with CountryANDWestern's editing. You, however, are coming across an disruptive. I suggest you drop this conversation and move on. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:31, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::+1 - Most established users here are aware C&W is a CLEANSTART account and fwiw CLEANSTARTS aren't forbidden (unless C&W is an LTA/sock which I'm assuming isn't the case here). :::::The title of this thread is also misleading as tagging articles and reporting LTAs ''is'' improving and building the encyclopedia. Not every edit here needs to be article-expansion/created related. :::::Provide diffs that C&W is an LTA and or not here to build an encyclopedia and your complaint will be taken a lot more seriously. :::::Lastly; [[WP:RFCU|WP:RFCU is that way →]]. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]</sup> 20:34, 31 May 2025 (UTC) ::::What do you really want to convey? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:32, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello to all of you, yes, RFCU is that way, but there are two basic problems here. While I, as a Checkuser can make a link between a named user an an an IP address, I am not allowed to tell anyone. And secondly, the checkuser policy forbids what is called a 'fishing expedition'. So, unless there's a concrete request, there's little to do here. And I don't know if you know them, but the [[Salem witch trials]] were started by a group of adolescent girls, who accused a number of people; at least 30 people died. The villagers believed those teenage girls; and iirc the teenage girls, who admitted they invented most of it, a few years later weren't even punished; that was in the 1600s, so 400 years ago. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 20:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) :I'm officially turning down your request for a checkuser. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:39, 31 May 2025 (UTC) 32uf6ut9nfdpp9cczmwlfywb35sbiwx 0 1189500 10330728 10276890 2025-06-14T19:42:42Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:transport-stub|transport-stub]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rail line | name = Shanghai Metro Line 1 | logo = SHM Line 1 icon.svg | logo_width = 100px | image = 201604 An AC01 train drives under the gonghexin bridge.JPG | image_width = 280px | image_alt = | caption = Type 01A03 train passing under Gonghexin Bridge (April 2016) | type = [[Metro]] | system = [[Shanghai Metro]] | status = In operation | locale = [[People's Republic of China]] [[Shanghai]] [[Minhang District]], [[Xuhui District]], [[Huangpu District]], [[Jing'an District]], [[Baoshan District]] | start = [[Xinzhuang Station]] | end = [[Fujin Road Station]] | stations = 28 | routes = | website = | open = 1993/5/28 | lastextension = 2007/12/29 | close = | linelength = {{convert|38.18|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} | tracklength = | tracks = 2 | speed = 80km/h | elevation = }} '''Shanghai Metro Line 1''' is a north-south metro line operated by [[Shanghai Metro]], connecting [[Xinzhuang Station]] in [[Minhang District]], [[Shanghai]], China to [[Fujin Road Station]] in [[Baoshan District]]. It is 38.18 kilometers long and has 28 stations. It was opened on May 28, 1993. It is the first [[Rapid transit|metro]] line in [[Shanghai]] and one of the busiest and most important lines in the [[Shanghai Metro]] network. == Station List == [[File:Shanghai_Metro_Line_1.png|alt=上海轨道交通1号线线路图|center|1057x1057px| Shanghai Metro Line 1 Route Map]] [[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{transport-stub}} c6navtepp5g7ax1ejzagryafsnp4ftp 10330730 10330728 2025-06-14T19:43:55Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:uncat|uncat]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{uncat|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox rail line | name = Shanghai Metro Line 1 | logo = SHM Line 1 icon.svg | logo_width = 100px | image = 201604 An AC01 train drives under the gonghexin bridge.JPG | image_width = 280px | image_alt = | caption = Type 01A03 train passing under Gonghexin Bridge (April 2016) | type = [[Metro]] | system = [[Shanghai Metro]] | status = In operation | locale = [[People's Republic of China]] [[Shanghai]] [[Minhang District]], [[Xuhui District]], [[Huangpu District]], [[Jing'an District]], [[Baoshan District]] | start = [[Xinzhuang Station]] | end = [[Fujin Road Station]] | stations = 28 | routes = | website = | open = 1993/5/28 | lastextension = 2007/12/29 | close = | linelength = {{convert|38.18|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} | tracklength = | tracks = 2 | speed = 80km/h | elevation = }} '''Shanghai Metro Line 1''' is a north-south metro line operated by [[Shanghai Metro]], connecting [[Xinzhuang Station]] in [[Minhang District]], [[Shanghai]], China to [[Fujin Road Station]] in [[Baoshan District]]. It is 38.18 kilometers long and has 28 stations. It was opened on May 28, 1993. It is the first [[Rapid transit|metro]] line in [[Shanghai]] and one of the busiest and most important lines in the [[Shanghai Metro]] network. == Station List == [[File:Shanghai_Metro_Line_1.png|alt=上海轨道交通1号线线路图|center|1057x1057px| Shanghai Metro Line 1 Route Map]] [[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{transport-stub}} 3detd5hbn0l1xj2lhsihwp7s3s3s1f7 0 1189518 10330733 10266537 2025-06-14T19:45:14Z Barras 40117 +[[Category:1973 births]]; +[[Category:Living people]]; +[[Category:British artists]]; +[[Category:British cartoonists]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Stephen Silver | image = Stephen Silver by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Silver at WonderCon 2024 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|08|30}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | other_names = | occupation = Artist, cartoonist, character designer, actor | known_for = ''[[Kim Possible]]'' <br /> ''[[Danny Phantom]]'' | years_active = 1996–present }} '''Stephen Silver''' (born August 30, 1973) is a British artist, cartoonist and character designer. He is best known as the lead character designer for [[animated series]] such as ''[[Kim Possible]]'' and ''[[Danny Phantom]]''. {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British artists]] [[Category:British cartoonists]] tqttut2gguvk1p8khgx4rexxn8bcayl 10330734 10330733 2025-06-14T19:45:25Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:orphan|orphan]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Stephen Silver | image = Stephen Silver by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Silver at WonderCon 2024 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|08|30}} | birth_place = [[London]], England | other_names = | occupation = Artist, cartoonist, character designer, actor | known_for = ''[[Kim Possible]]'' <br /> ''[[Danny Phantom]]'' | years_active = 1996–present }} '''Stephen Silver''' (born August 30, 1973) is a British artist, cartoonist and character designer. He is best known as the lead character designer for [[animated series]] such as ''[[Kim Possible]]'' and ''[[Danny Phantom]]''. {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British artists]] [[Category:British cartoonists]] 9f3oomyhvvtejr0ymcly9h880kf33gb 0 1189530 10330721 10323893 2025-06-14T19:39:11Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:cleanup|cleanup]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=categories, links|date=June 2025}} {{More citations needed|date=May 2025}} '''Perfect North Slopes''' is a [[ski area]] in [[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]], Indiana. It is one of only two skiing areas in Indiana. It consists of seven [[carpet lift]](Magic carpets)s and five [[chairlift]]s, and two tubing carpets. It has 23 runs, and includes two [[terrain parks]].<ref>https://perfectnorth.com/trail-map/</ref><ref>https://perfectnorth.com/</ref> ==Resort history== Perfect North Slopes was made by the Perfect family and others in 1980 on the land of their 200 acre farm. It used money from the sale of cows by Clyde & Ella Mae Perfect, and it began with two [[handle tow]]s and a rope tow on two ski runs on the "big" hill, and two rope tows on the [[bunny slope]]. In 1984, a chairlift was added where the "big" rope tow was, and another chair was added in 1985. In 1987, Perfect North installed a third chairlift, which added one medium and two hard runs. After a long time, they added two more chairlifts, which opened up 4 new ski runs.<ref>https://www.snowindustrynews.com/articles/2020/september/rip-clyde-allen-perfect-founder-of-perfect-north-ski-area/</ref> Perfect North Slopes did not allow [[snowboarding]] until 2002, making them very late to allow them. Some American places still do not allow snowboarders. In 2006, an avalanche happened on the hill. It was very strange as it happened in the Midwest United States, with just fake snow, and slid on grass. Pictures show that there was bad damage. Heat causing melting made a big heavy snow piece broke off on the steepest part.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/snowboarding/comments/pzl61o/my_home_mountain_perfect_north_slopes_in/</ref><ref>https://recreation-law.com/2008/02/10/avalanche-man-made-snow-to-the-ground/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref><ref>https://liftblog.com/white-perfect-north-slopes-in/ ref></ref><ref>https://liftblog.com/red-perfect-north-slopes-in/</ref><ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/skiing/comments/1h47lco/snowmaking_in_indiana_perfect_north_slopes/</ref> On November 20, 2019, Perfect North bought [[Timberline Four Seasons Resort]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skisoutheast.com/its-official-timberline-resort-is-sold-to-perfect-north-slopes/|title = It's Official! Timberline Resort is Sold to Perfect North Slopes!|date = 20 November 2019}}</ref> It is on the eastern slope of the Canaan Valley close to [[Davis, West Virginia]]. Timberline and close Cannan Valley Ski Resort get a lot of snow compared to everything around. Timberline had started breaking down, like sudden broken lifts and other building problems. A team fixed everything for 2020–2021. In 2019, Perfect North Slopes also bought Swiss Valley in Michigan, but did not tell anybody until 2025.<ref>https://snocountry.com/news-post/Perfect-North-Acquires-Southern-Michigan-Ski-Area/?postID=6351#:~:text=The%20chalet%20features%20a%20full,for%20Chapter%2011%20bankruptcy%20protection.</ref> Perfect North Slopes themselves said that they had fixed and started running First Tracks at Ski Train Depot (an ice cream and coffee shop), but when it happened we do not know.<ref>perfectnorth.com/first-tracks/</ref> In 2022, a new half mile (0.804672 kilometer) trail, Ella Mae Way, was made on the right side of the slopes. This was named after one of the makers of Perfect North Ella Mae Perfect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Indiana ski resort Perfect North Slopes opens this week with new trail |url=https://www.wlky.com/article/perfect-north-slopes-ski-park-indiana-snow-open/42025489 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=WLKY |language=en}}</ref> in 2023, the Red Chairlift was replaced by a new four person Chairlift.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Updates For The 23/24 Season – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/major-updates-for-the-23-24-season/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> In the 2024-25 season they replaced Jam Session and remade it left of Ella Mae Way with a beginner terrain park below it. They also added a few snow blowers with [[Electric generator|generator]]s being able to make more snow than many other generators. Perfect North was also where [[Nick Goepper]] practiced. Growing up about 15 minutes from the slopes, Goepper used to spend up to 12 hours a day training at Perfect North before he went to the [[2014 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympic Games]] in [[Sochi]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/2014/01/16/olympic-skier-nick-goepper-got-his-start-in-indiana/4541159/|title=Olympic skiing favorite Nick Goepper got his start in Indiana}}</ref> [[2018 Winter Olympics|Four years later]], in [[Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]], Goepper excitedly asked "What's up, Perfect North?" to the camera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stream.nbcolympics.com/2018-winter-olympics-primetime-show-feb-17-standard|title=NBC Primetime: Alpine Skiing, Freestyle, Skeleton, Ski Jumping, Short Track (Standard)}}</ref> ==Activities== The Perfect North Slopes lodge has 3 parts: east, west, and main. The west lodge is the first lodge. The main lodge and the East Lodge came after. The first floor of the main lodge has a small [[cafeteria]]. On the second floor of the east lodge, there is a small skiing and snowboarding shop. Near the main ski area is a {{convert|750|ft|m||adj=on}} tubing area<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4DAAAAMBAJ&q=downtown+cincinnati&pg=PA48 | title=Amateur Sports | publisher=Cincinnati Magazine | work=Cincinnati USA City Guide | year=2007 | accessdate=2013-05-06 | author=Smith, Steve| pages=48|display-authors=etal}}</ref> that includes 3 parts and 25 lanes. Perfect North Slopes gives ski and snowboarding lessons. Perfect North Slopes has two [[terrain park]]s. There is a hard terrain park and an easy terrain park. You can get to the hard terrain park with a chairlift and it has three jumps and a few rails. The easy terrain park is carpet serviced and has easy rails and small jumps. ===Trail list=== [[File:Perfect North Slopes - Runway (4260540092).jpg|thumb|Runway, one of the trails here.]] Difficulties from easy to hard Easiest/Green Circle : * Cat Walk (Carpets) * Rehearsal (Carpets) * Call back (Carpets) * Understudy (Carpets) * Broadway (Green Chair) More Difficult/Blue Square : * Ella Mae Way (Red Chair) * Backstage (Red Chair) * Tuff Enuff (Red Chair) * Hoyt Connection (White Chair, Orange Chair) * Clyde's Super Slide (Red Chair, White Chair, Orange Chair) * The Meadow (Blue Chair) * Ski Wiz (Green Chair) * Rewind (Orange Chair) * The Far Side (Orange Chair) * Runway (Orange Chair) Advanced Intermediate/Blue Square with Black Diamond : * Intermission [Race Course] (Orange Chair) Most Difficult/Black Diamond : * Center Stage (Red Chair, White Chair) * Deception (Red Chair, White Chair) * Prime Time (Orange Chair) * Special Effects(Orange Chair) Experts Only/Double Black Diamond : * Hollywood (Red Chair) Terrain parks/Orange oval: * Audition Terrain Park(Blue Chair) * Jam Session (Red chair, carpet) [[Snow tubing]] is allowed right of Orange Chair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfectnorth.com//trail-map|title=Perfect North Slopes &#124; Trail Map}}</ref> ==Events== Perfect North allows nearby activities. Some are: Small Terrain park clinics, the yearly Big Air competition (Held in Audition Terrain Park), the Mud Stash, and a Spring Carnival. They also host an annual ski swap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Sale and Swap – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/annual-sale-and-swap/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> and ColorFall, which is a fall themed event with lit walkway around the snowmaking pond, a hayride around Perfect North Slopes, and a fall themed menu and it happens a lot every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ColorFall – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/colorfall/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ColorFall Menu – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/colorfall-menu/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Food and beverage== Perfect North Slopes sells food and drinks in three different places. *The Chow Corral (In the Main Lodge) *The Grill (On the Main Deck when Weather Permits on Weekends) *Slip-N-Slide Snack Shack (In the Snow Tubing Area)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perfectnorth.com/food--beverage|title=Perfect North Slopes &#124; Food & Beverage}}</ref> ==Facts== Place: 19074 Perfect Place Lane, Lawrenceberg, Indiana 47025 Coordinates: {{coord|39.149208|-84.886581|type:landmark_region:US-IN|display=inline,title}} Status: Temporarily closed for the ski season Height: {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}} Top height: {{convert|800|ft|abbr=on}} Bottom height: {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}} Skiable area :{{convert|100|acre|abbr=on}} Number trails: 23 total <br>[[File:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]] 5 easy <br>[[File:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]] 10 normal<br> [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-square diamond.svg|13px|Blue square]] 1 a bit hard<br>[[File:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]] 4 hard <br> [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-double black diamond.svg|13px|Double black diamond]] 1 super hard<br> [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-terrain park.svg|13px|Terrain park]] 2 terrain parks Longest run: ''The Far Side'' {{convert|0.56|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Jollyturns Ski & Snowboarding Perfect North Slopes runs |url=https://jollyturns.com/resort/united-states-of-america/perfect-north-slopes?z=14.39&x=-84.887241&y=39.145468 |website=jollyturns.com |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |date=8 November 2021}}</ref> Lifts: 13 total (3 quad [[chairlift|chairs]], 2 triple [[chairlift|chairs]], 8 surface) Terrain parks: 2 Snowfall: {{convert|23|in|cm|abbr=on}} Snowmaking: Yes Nightskiing: Yes External_link = [http://www.perfectnorth.com/ www.perfectnorth.com] ==See also== *[[List of ski areas and resorts in the United States]] *[[Paoli Peaks]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} *{{official website|http://www.perfectnorth.com/}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Dearborn County, Indiana]] [[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Indiana]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Dearborn County, Indiana]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Indiana]] 2by39g2bz5mgq7kug7rk9t9eoxy6loa 10330724 10330721 2025-06-14T19:39:26Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:orphan|orphan]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} {{cleanup|reason=categories, links|date=June 2025}} {{More citations needed|date=May 2025}} '''Perfect North Slopes''' is a [[ski area]] in [[Lawrenceburg, Indiana|Lawrenceburg]], Indiana. It is one of only two skiing areas in Indiana. It consists of seven [[carpet lift]](Magic carpets)s and five [[chairlift]]s, and two tubing carpets. It has 23 runs, and includes two [[terrain parks]].<ref>https://perfectnorth.com/trail-map/</ref><ref>https://perfectnorth.com/</ref> ==Resort history== Perfect North Slopes was made by the Perfect family and others in 1980 on the land of their 200 acre farm. It used money from the sale of cows by Clyde & Ella Mae Perfect, and it began with two [[handle tow]]s and a rope tow on two ski runs on the "big" hill, and two rope tows on the [[bunny slope]]. In 1984, a chairlift was added where the "big" rope tow was, and another chair was added in 1985. In 1987, Perfect North installed a third chairlift, which added one medium and two hard runs. After a long time, they added two more chairlifts, which opened up 4 new ski runs.<ref>https://www.snowindustrynews.com/articles/2020/september/rip-clyde-allen-perfect-founder-of-perfect-north-ski-area/</ref> Perfect North Slopes did not allow [[snowboarding]] until 2002, making them very late to allow them. Some American places still do not allow snowboarders. In 2006, an avalanche happened on the hill. It was very strange as it happened in the Midwest United States, with just fake snow, and slid on grass. Pictures show that there was bad damage. Heat causing melting made a big heavy snow piece broke off on the steepest part.<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/snowboarding/comments/pzl61o/my_home_mountain_perfect_north_slopes_in/</ref><ref>https://recreation-law.com/2008/02/10/avalanche-man-made-snow-to-the-ground/?utm_source=chatgpt.com</ref><ref>https://liftblog.com/white-perfect-north-slopes-in/ ref></ref><ref>https://liftblog.com/red-perfect-north-slopes-in/</ref><ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/skiing/comments/1h47lco/snowmaking_in_indiana_perfect_north_slopes/</ref> On November 20, 2019, Perfect North bought [[Timberline Four Seasons Resort]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skisoutheast.com/its-official-timberline-resort-is-sold-to-perfect-north-slopes/|title = It's Official! Timberline Resort is Sold to Perfect North Slopes!|date = 20 November 2019}}</ref> It is on the eastern slope of the Canaan Valley close to [[Davis, West Virginia]]. Timberline and close Cannan Valley Ski Resort get a lot of snow compared to everything around. Timberline had started breaking down, like sudden broken lifts and other building problems. A team fixed everything for 2020–2021. In 2019, Perfect North Slopes also bought Swiss Valley in Michigan, but did not tell anybody until 2025.<ref>https://snocountry.com/news-post/Perfect-North-Acquires-Southern-Michigan-Ski-Area/?postID=6351#:~:text=The%20chalet%20features%20a%20full,for%20Chapter%2011%20bankruptcy%20protection.</ref> Perfect North Slopes themselves said that they had fixed and started running First Tracks at Ski Train Depot (an ice cream and coffee shop), but when it happened we do not know.<ref>perfectnorth.com/first-tracks/</ref> In 2022, a new half mile (0.804672 kilometer) trail, Ella Mae Way, was made on the right side of the slopes. This was named after one of the makers of Perfect North Ella Mae Perfect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Indiana ski resort Perfect North Slopes opens this week with new trail |url=https://www.wlky.com/article/perfect-north-slopes-ski-park-indiana-snow-open/42025489 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=WLKY |language=en}}</ref> in 2023, the Red Chairlift was replaced by a new four person Chairlift.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Updates For The 23/24 Season – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/major-updates-for-the-23-24-season/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> In the 2024-25 season they replaced Jam Session and remade it left of Ella Mae Way with a beginner terrain park below it. They also added a few snow blowers with [[Electric generator|generator]]s being able to make more snow than many other generators. Perfect North was also where [[Nick Goepper]] practiced. Growing up about 15 minutes from the slopes, Goepper used to spend up to 12 hours a day training at Perfect North before he went to the [[2014 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympic Games]] in [[Sochi]], Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/2014/01/16/olympic-skier-nick-goepper-got-his-start-in-indiana/4541159/|title=Olympic skiing favorite Nick Goepper got his start in Indiana}}</ref> [[2018 Winter Olympics|Four years later]], in [[Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]], Goepper excitedly asked "What's up, Perfect North?" to the camera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stream.nbcolympics.com/2018-winter-olympics-primetime-show-feb-17-standard|title=NBC Primetime: Alpine Skiing, Freestyle, Skeleton, Ski Jumping, Short Track (Standard)}}</ref> ==Activities== The Perfect North Slopes lodge has 3 parts: east, west, and main. The west lodge is the first lodge. The main lodge and the East Lodge came after. The first floor of the main lodge has a small [[cafeteria]]. On the second floor of the east lodge, there is a small skiing and snowboarding shop. Near the main ski area is a {{convert|750|ft|m||adj=on}} tubing area<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4DAAAAMBAJ&q=downtown+cincinnati&pg=PA48 | title=Amateur Sports | publisher=Cincinnati Magazine | work=Cincinnati USA City Guide | year=2007 | accessdate=2013-05-06 | author=Smith, Steve| pages=48|display-authors=etal}}</ref> that includes 3 parts and 25 lanes. Perfect North Slopes gives ski and snowboarding lessons. Perfect North Slopes has two [[terrain park]]s. There is a hard terrain park and an easy terrain park. You can get to the hard terrain park with a chairlift and it has three jumps and a few rails. The easy terrain park is carpet serviced and has easy rails and small jumps. ===Trail list=== [[File:Perfect North Slopes - Runway (4260540092).jpg|thumb|Runway, one of the trails here.]] Difficulties from easy to hard Easiest/Green Circle : * Cat Walk (Carpets) * Rehearsal (Carpets) * Call back (Carpets) * Understudy (Carpets) * Broadway (Green Chair) More Difficult/Blue Square : * Ella Mae Way (Red Chair) * Backstage (Red Chair) * Tuff Enuff (Red Chair) * Hoyt Connection (White Chair, Orange Chair) * Clyde's Super Slide (Red Chair, White Chair, Orange Chair) * The Meadow (Blue Chair) * Ski Wiz (Green Chair) * Rewind (Orange Chair) * The Far Side (Orange Chair) * Runway (Orange Chair) Advanced Intermediate/Blue Square with Black Diamond : * Intermission [Race Course] (Orange Chair) Most Difficult/Black Diamond : * Center Stage (Red Chair, White Chair) * Deception (Red Chair, White Chair) * Prime Time (Orange Chair) * Special Effects(Orange Chair) Experts Only/Double Black Diamond : * Hollywood (Red Chair) Terrain parks/Orange oval: * Audition Terrain Park(Blue Chair) * Jam Session (Red chair, carpet) [[Snow tubing]] is allowed right of Orange Chair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfectnorth.com//trail-map|title=Perfect North Slopes &#124; Trail Map}}</ref> ==Events== Perfect North allows nearby activities. Some are: Small Terrain park clinics, the yearly Big Air competition (Held in Audition Terrain Park), the Mud Stash, and a Spring Carnival. They also host an annual ski swap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Sale and Swap – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/annual-sale-and-swap/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> and ColorFall, which is a fall themed event with lit walkway around the snowmaking pond, a hayride around Perfect North Slopes, and a fall themed menu and it happens a lot every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ColorFall – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/colorfall/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ColorFall Menu – Perfect North Slopes |url=https://perfectnorth.com/colorfall-menu/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Food and beverage== Perfect North Slopes sells food and drinks in three different places. *The Chow Corral (In the Main Lodge) *The Grill (On the Main Deck when Weather Permits on Weekends) *Slip-N-Slide Snack Shack (In the Snow Tubing Area)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perfectnorth.com/food--beverage|title=Perfect North Slopes &#124; Food & Beverage}}</ref> ==Facts== Place: 19074 Perfect Place Lane, Lawrenceberg, Indiana 47025 Coordinates: {{coord|39.149208|-84.886581|type:landmark_region:US-IN|display=inline,title}} Status: Temporarily closed for the ski season Height: {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}} Top height: {{convert|800|ft|abbr=on}} Bottom height: {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}} Skiable area :{{convert|100|acre|abbr=on}} Number trails: 23 total <br>[[File:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]] 5 easy <br>[[File:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]] 10 normal<br> [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-square diamond.svg|13px|Blue square]] 1 a bit hard<br>[[File:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]] 4 hard <br> [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-double black diamond.svg|13px|Double black diamond]] 1 super hard<br> [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-terrain park.svg|13px|Terrain park]] 2 terrain parks Longest run: ''The Far Side'' {{convert|0.56|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Jollyturns Ski & Snowboarding Perfect North Slopes runs |url=https://jollyturns.com/resort/united-states-of-america/perfect-north-slopes?z=14.39&x=-84.887241&y=39.145468 |website=jollyturns.com |access-date=11 May 2025 |language=en |date=8 November 2021}}</ref> Lifts: 13 total (3 quad [[chairlift|chairs]], 2 triple [[chairlift|chairs]], 8 surface) Terrain parks: 2 Snowfall: {{convert|23|in|cm|abbr=on}} Snowmaking: Yes Nightskiing: Yes External_link = [http://www.perfectnorth.com/ www.perfectnorth.com] ==See also== *[[List of ski areas and resorts in the United States]] *[[Paoli Peaks]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} *{{official website|http://www.perfectnorth.com/}} [[Category:Buildings and structures in Dearborn County, Indiana]] [[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Indiana]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Dearborn County, Indiana]] [[Category:1980 establishments in Indiana]] ctb7ad253yn3t74ry1l20fs9kadnajy 0 1189539 10330719 10291513 2025-06-14T19:37:48Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:orphan|orphan]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Igor Arkadievich Evard | image = <!-- Optional: add image name if available on Wikimedia Commons --> | caption = Composer Igor Evard | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|01|26}} | birth_place = [[Vilnius]] | nationality = [[Russian]] | occupation = [[Composer]], [[director]], [[screenwriter]] | website = [http://evard.ru evard.ru] }} '''Igor Arkadievich Evard''' (born January 26, 1963) also known as Evard, Igor Arkadievich is a [[Russian]] [[composer]], [[director]], and [[screenwriter]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-05-01|title=Igor Evard: A visionary composer bridging classical traditions and cinematic art|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/igor-evard-a-visionary-composer-bridging-classical-traditions-and-cinematic-art/articleshow/120793138.cms|access-date=2025-05-18|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is known for his contributions to contemporary [[academic]] [[music]] and classical crossover, as well as his work in [[film]] and [[journalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Игорь ЕВАРД: «У смелых людей есть доверие ко Вселенной»|url=https://artmoskovia.ru/igor-evard-u-smelyh-ljudej-est-doverie-ko-vselennoj.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=ARTMOSKOVIA.RU — КАРТИНЫ ХУДОЖНИКОВ, НОВОСТИ|language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=«АРТСЕРВИС» {{!}} Игорь Евард|url=http://www.artsmusic.ru/CL/Evard/Evard.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.artsmusic.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-18|title=Russian Opera Virtuoso Igor Evard to Orchestrate Mahabharata Opera, Unveiled by BCMF at Armani Burj Khalifa Under RASA Alliance - Kashmir News Trust|url=https://networkknt.com/2025/04/russian-opera-virtuoso-igor-evard-to-orchestrate-mahabharata-opera-unveiled-by-bcmf-at-armani-burj-khalifa-under-rasa-alliance/|access-date=2025-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Career == Evard is a laureate of various music competitions and a member of the Union of Composers of [[Russia]]. He is also an Honored Figure of the [[Moscow]] Musical Society, a Cavalier of the Order of M. Balakirev, and an Honorary Citizen of [[Russia]]. He is the founder and president of the international composers' competition ''Composer XXI'' and the editor-in-chief of the All-Russian music and information [[Newspaper reporter|newspaper]] ''Let’s Play First. Da Capo al Fine''.<ref>https://bus.gov.ru/public-rating/api/normativedocuments/15089{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://kingisepp-crb.ru/news/32533925?y=2019&m=9{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-16|title=A Groundbreaking Artistic Alliance at Armani Burj Khalifa: Russian Maestro Igor Evard, Supported by Indian Composer Jaan Nissar Lone, to Create the First-Ever Opera ‘Mahabharata’|url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzzfeed/article/a-groundbreaking-artistic-alliance-at-armani-burj-khalifa-russian-maestro-igor-evard-supported-by-indian-composer-jaan-nissar-lone-to-create-the-first-ever-opera-mahabharata-5638|access-date=2025-05-18|website=Mid-day|language=en}}</ref> His musical oeuvre includes symphonic works, vocal and choral music set to poetry, and chamber compositions. He is among the few Russian composers actively working in the genre of classical crossover. == Biography == Evard was born in Vilnius in 1963. He graduated from the Leningrad Mining Institute in 1985 and later pursued musical studies, earning a degree in orchestral conducting from the Ryazan branch of the [[Moscow]] State Institute of Culture in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian maestro Igor Evard and Indian composer Jaan Nissar Lone unite for a historic East-West musical collaboration|url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/entertainment/russian-maestro-igor-evard-and-indian-composer-jaan-nissar-lone-unite-for-a-historic-east-west-musical-collaboration|access-date=2025-05-18|website=firstindia.co.in|language=en}}</ref> He worked as a music journalist and radio presenter/editor at GTRK "Smolensk" from 1991 and joined the Union of Journalists of Russia in 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Аркадьевич|first=Евард, Игорь|date=2001|title=Современная российская музыкальная культура: Социально-философский анализ|url=https://www.dissercat.com/content/sovremennaya-rossiiskaya-muzykalnaya-kultura-sotsialno-filosofskii-analiz|journal=disserCat|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Играем с начала {{!}} Статьи {{!}} РОЖДЕНИЕ НОВОГО КОНКУРСА|url=https://gazetaigraem.ru/article/6638|access-date=2025-05-18|website=gazetaigraem.ru}}</ref> In 2000, he defended a dissertation titled "Modern Russian Musical Culture: Social and Philosophical Analysis" at Moscow State University for the Humanities and obtained a Candidate of Philosophical Sciences degree. Since 2003, he has served as an associate professor of philosophy and director of the School of Creativity at the same university.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Играем с начала|url=https://gazetaigraem.ru/|access-date=2025-05-18|website=gazetaigraem.ru}}</ref> He is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. == Composing activity == * 1990 – Laureate of the music competition ''Voices of Russia'' * 1992–1993 – Laureate of composers’ competitions * 2002 – Released CDs ''Numbers in the Sand'', ''Lagoon of White Roses'', and ''Ballad of Sea Water'' * 2002 – Published monograph ''Orpheus in a Split World'' * 2003 – Winner of the ''For the Liberation of Smolensk Region'' composers’ competition * 2004 – Author’s concert in Algeciras, Spain<ref>{{Cite web|title=I Международный конкурс современной музыки «Композитор XXI века»|url=http://nmcmosobl.ru/news/421/?sphrase_id=28581|access-date=2025-05-18|website=nmcmosobl.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Пробуждение земли|url=https://www.mmdm.ru/event/probuzhdenie-zemli?event_pk=3700|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.mmdm.ru}}</ref> * 2005 – Laureate of ''Euroorchestra'' festival in France<ref>https://mmo.msk.muzkult.ru/employees/180082{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=«АРТСЕРВИС» {{!}} Игорь Евард. О, верните крылья!|url=http://www.artsmusic.ru/CL/Evard/cd_01.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.artsmusic.ru}}</ref> * 2010 – Released double CD ''Oh, Bring Back the Wings!'' featuring chamber and vocal music<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|title=Виолончелиада в Актобе|url=https://avestnik.kz/violoncheliada-v-aktobe/|access-date=2025-05-18|language=ru-RU}}</ref> * 2012 – Founded 1st International Forum and Festival-Competition of Cellists and International Classical Romance Competition in Aktobe<ref>{{Cite web|title=Преподаватели детской художественной школы г. Назарово стали победителями краевых конкурсов!. Администрация города Назарово.|url=http://www.nazarovograd.ru/news/692.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=www.nazarovograd.ru}}</ref> * 2018 – Published a collection of romances for voice and piano through Sovremennaya Muzyka publishing * 2020 – Released a debut EP in classical crossover with music video ''Rainbow Bridge'' directed by Irina Mironova * 2023 – Presented vocal and symphonic concert ''Awakening of the Earth'' with the Moscow State Academic Symphony Orchestra * 2024 – Released full album ''Earth Revival'' on major streaming platforms<ref>{{Cite web|title=На Сахалине стали известны имена победителей фестиваля-конкурса по народному пению "Живые родники". Сахалин.Инфо|url=https://sakhalin.info/news/107403|access-date=2025-05-18|website=sakhalin.info|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Играем с начала {{!}} Статьи {{!}} «Мой голос бархатистый вам знаком…»|url=https://gazetaigraem.ru/article/5135|access-date=2025-05-18|website=gazetaigraem.ru}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://evard.ru Official website] * {{IMDb name|id=nm13309332}} kuzudlexxehn7bfmc479yjhjrhsh7fb 0 1189744 10330712 10268174 2025-06-14T19:35:03Z Barras 40117 10330712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:La Heredad (3).jpg|thumb|220px|Town of La Heredad]] '''La Heredad''' is a [[town]] from [[Tequixquiac Municipality|Tequixquiac]] in the [[state]] of [[México]] in [[Mexico]]. The town had a census population in 2020 of 145 people. {{North-America-stub}} [[Category:Settlements in Mexico (state)]] [[Category:Towns in Mexico]] [[Category:Tequixquiac]] f1y5puc67er2vui2o034mpfgipbmk4z 0 1189745 10330715 10271913 2025-06-14T19:36:19Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:orphan|orphan]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} '''Peshawar''' is a [[first-class cricket]] team in [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. Their home ground is the [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]]. They participate in the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:First-class cricket teams in Pakistan]] {{sports-stub}} li6yzgvhq5t3uvo1623dptw410dngt4 10330718 10330715 2025-06-14T19:36:33Z Barras 40117 10330718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} '''Peshawar''' is a [[first-class cricket]] team in [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. Their home ground is the [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]]. They participate in the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]]. [[Category:First-class cricket teams in Pakistan]] {{sports-stub}} dksvki8rxfelflevgaw0kf41qoovypj 0 1189746 10330713 10271914 2025-06-14T19:35:55Z Barras 40117 Added {{[[Template:orphan|orphan]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} '''Rawalpindi''' is a [[first-class cricket]] team based in [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan. Their home ground is the [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]]. They participate in the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:First-class cricket teams in Pakistan]] {{sports-stub}} 82so7kymn6ptbmhvwhtb76wl6cw1du0 10330714 10330713 2025-06-14T19:36:09Z Barras 40117 10330714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} '''Rawalpindi''' is a [[first-class cricket]] team based in [[Rawalpindi]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], Pakistan. Their home ground is the [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]]. They participate in the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]]. [[Category:First-class cricket teams in Pakistan]] {{sports-stub}} skpf0q2x6dch8u8h5d9uav93tujg8d9 0 1189873 10331004 10271895 2025-06-14T22:43:32Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[Austrian Bundesliga|Wien I. Liga]] | season = 1934-35 | dates = 1 September 1934 - 2 June 1935 | winners = [[SK Rapid Wien]] | relegated = [[Favoritner SC]] | promoted = Favoritner AC | matches = | total goals = 502 (3,80 per match) | league topscorer = [[Matthias Kaburek]] (SK Rapid Wien) (27 goals) | prevseason = [[1933-34 Austrian football championship|1933-34]] | nextseason = [[1935-35 Austrian football championship|1935-36]] }} The '''1933-34 Austrian football championship''' was organized by the [[Vienna Football Association]] and contested by its members. The two Second Leagues served as the foundation for the First League. These leagues were open only to professional football clubs. Other federal state associations organized state championships in various amateur formats. The respective amateur state champions then competed for a champion in the Amateur Championship. [[Badener AC]] became amateur champion. The championship was contested by twelve teams, each of which met twice throughout the season. [[SK Rapid Wien]] won their 11th championship title. Rapid became champions undefeated. ==Final table== Table mode (in case of equal points): 1st criterion goal quotient {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |22 | 18 |4 |0 |40 |- |2. |'''SK Admira Wien''' |22 | 15 |4 | 3 | 34 |- |3. |'''First Vienna FC''' |22 | 11 |5 | 6 |27 |- |4. |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |22 | 8 |6 | 8 | 22 |- |5. |'''FC Libertas Wien''' |22 | 6 |8 |8 |20 <ref>0,96</ref> |- |6. |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' |22 | 8 |4 | 10 | 20<ref>0,83</ref> |- |7. |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |22 | 7 |6 | 9 | 20<ref>0,77</ref> |- |8. |'''FK Austria Wien''' |22 | 8 |2 | 12 | 18 |- |9. | '''FC Wien''' |22 | 4 |9 | 9 | 17 <ref>0,75</ref> |- |10. |'''SC Hakoah Wien''' |22 | 6 |5 | 11 | 17<ref>0,62</ref> |- |11. |'''Wiener AC''' |22 | 5 |6 | 11 | 16 |- |12. |'''Favoritner SC''' |22 | 4 |5 | 13 | 13 |} <ref name="Austria Soccer">[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1930_39/o1__wien_i__liga__1934_35.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ==Matches == <ref name="Austria Soccer" /> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 September 1934 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- |2 September 1934 | FC Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 0-4 |- |2 September 1934 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SC Hakoah Wien''' | 2-3 |- |2 September 1934 | FC Libertas Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-7 |- |2 September 1934 |Wiener AC |SC Wacker Wien |2-2 |- |1 November 1934 |Favoritner SC |'''First Vienna FC''' |0-1 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |8 September 1934 |'''First Vienna FC''' |FC Libertas Wien |3-2 |- |9 September 1934 |FK Austria Wien |'''Favoritner SC''' | 0-2 |- |9 September 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien |FC Wien | 3-3 |- |9 September 1934 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 4-3 <ref>The game was abandoned in the 88th minute when FAC players attacked the referee after Rapid had been awarded a penalty. Verified 3-0. </ref> |- |9 September 1934 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |2-1 |- |1 November 1934 |SK Admira Wien |Wiener AC |3-3 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 September 1934 |FC Libertas Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |3-4 |- |16 September 1934 | Favoritner SC |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | 0-3 |- |16 September 1934 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''FC Wien''' | 1-3 |- |16 September 1934 | SK Rapid Wien |First Vienna FC | 0-0 |- |16 September 1934 |'''Wiener AC ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |3-1 |- |16 September 1934 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Admira Wien''' |0-6 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |29 September 1934 |'''FC Wien''' |Wiener AC |4-3 |- |30 September 1934 | '''SK Admira Wien''' |Favoritner SC | 2-1 |- |30 September 1934 |FK Austria Wien | ''' SK Rapid Wien ''' | 1-3 |- |30 September 1934 | '''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-1 |- |30 September 1934 |''' First Vienna FC''' |Floridsdorfer AC |4-1 |- |30 September 1934 |SC Wacker Wien |FC Libertas Wien |1-1 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 October 1934 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |FC Wien |4-2 |- |14 October 1934 |Favoritner SC |SC Hakoah Wien | 1-1 |- |14 October 1934 |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' |Wiener AC | 2-1 |- |14 October 1934 | FC Libertas Wien |SK Admira Wien | 3-3 |- |14 October 1934 |''' SK Rapid Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien |7-5 |- |14 October 1934 |''' First Vienna FC''' |FK Austria Wien |3-1 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |20 October 1934 |SC Wacker Wien |First Vienna FC |2-2 |- |20 October 1934 |Wiener AC |Wiener Sport-Club | 1-1 |- |20 October 1934 |SK Admira Wien | SK Rapid Wien | 1-1 |- |21 October 1934 |FK Austria Wien |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' | 1-3 |- |21 October 1934 |FC Wien |Favoritner SC |1-1 |- |21 October 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien |FC Libertas Wien |2-2 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 October 1934 |FC Libertas Wien |FC Wien |1-1 |- |28 October 1934 |FK Austria Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | 1-2 |- |28 October 1934 |'''Favoritner SC ''' |Wiener AC | 2-1 |- |28 October 1934 | '''Floridsdorfer AC ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 1-0 |- |28 October 1934 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |SC Hakoah Wien |5-1 |- |28 October 1934 |First Vienna FC |'''SK Admira Wien''' |0-1 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 November 1934 |FC Wien |SK Rapid Wien |3-3 |- |4 November 1934 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' |Floridsdorfer AC | 8-4 |- |4 November 1934 |'''Wiener AC ''' |FC Libertas Wien | 3-2 |- |4 November 1934 | Wiener Sport-Club |'''Favoritner SC ''' | 0-2 |- |2 December 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien |First Vienna FC |0-0 |- |27 January 1935 |SK Admira Wien |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |15 November 1934 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien |2-1 |- |15 November 1934 |SC Wacker Wien |'''SK Admira Wien''' | 1-8 |- |25 November 1934 |First Vienna FC |'''FC Wien ''' | 0-2 |- |2 December 1934 |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' |Favoritner SC | 4-1 |- |2 December 1934 |'''FC Libertas Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club |1-0 |- |2 December 1934 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Wiener AC |4-2 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 November 1934 |SK Admira Wien |Floridsdorfer AC |1-1 |- |18 November 1934 |FC Wien |FK Austria Wien | 1-1 |- |18 November 1934 |Favoritner SC |'''FC Libertas Wien ''' | 1-3 |- |18 November 1934 |SC Hakoah Wien | '''SC Wacker Wien ''' | 3-4 |- |18 November 1934 |Wiener AC |'''First Vienna FC ''' |0-2 |- |18 November 1934 |Wiener Sport-Club |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |2-3 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 August 1934 |First Vienna FC |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |0-1 |- |1 November 1934 |SC Wacker Wien |'''FC Wien''' | 0-4 |- |24 November 1934 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien | 4-1 |- |24 November 1934 | FK Austria Wien | Wiener AC | 1-1 |- |25 November 1934 |Floridsdorfer AC |FC Libertas Wien |2-2 |- |25 November 1934 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Favoritner SC |7-1 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 February 1935 |'''Favoritner SC ''' |FC Wien |1-0 |- |17 February 1935 |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' |FK Austria Wien | 2-1 |- |17 February 1935 |'''FC Libertas Wien ''' |SC Hakoah Wien | 4-0 |- |17 February 1935 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |SK Admira Wien | 3-2 |- |17 February 1935 |'''First Vienna FC ''' |SC Wacker Wien |1-0 |- |17 February 1935 |Wiener Sport-Club | Wiener AC |3-3 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 February 1935 |'''Wiener AC ''' |Favoritner SC |2-1 |- |24 February 1935 |SK Admira Wien |'''First Vienna FC ''' | 2-4 |- |24 February 1935 |FC Wien |FC Libertas Wien | 1-1 |- |24 February 1935 |SC Hakoah Wien |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-8 |- |24 February 1935 | SC Wacker Wien |'''FK Austria Wien''' |2-4 |- |24 February 1935 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | Floridsdorfer AC |3-0 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 March 1935 |Favoritner SC |Wiener Sport-Club |0-0 |- |13 March 1935 |Floridsdorfer AC |SC Wacker Wien | 3-3 |- |28 April 1935 |FK Austria Wien |'''SK Admira Wien ''' | 0-7 |- |28 April 1935 |FC Libertas Wien |'''Wiener AC ''' | 2-3 |- |28 April 1935 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Wien |2-0 |- |28 April 1935 |First Vienna FC | '''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |2-5 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 March 1935 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |SC Wacker Wien |5-0 |- |10 March 1935 |SC Hakoah Wien |'''FK Austria Wien''' | 2-5 |- |10 March 1935 |Wiener AC | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | 2-11 |- |10 March 1935 |Wiener Sport-Club |FC Libertas Wien |2-2 |- |16 April 1935 |Favoritner SC |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' |1-6 |- |21 May 1935 |FC Wien | ''' First Vienna FC ''' |1-3 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 March 1935 |'''FC Libertas Wien''' |Favoritner SC |4-2 |- |16 March 1935 |''' First Vienna FC ''' |Wiener AC | 2-0 |- |17 March 1935 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |FC Wien | 1-0 |- |17 March 1935 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |0-1 |- |17 March 1935 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |5-2 |- |17 March 1935 |'''SC Wacker Wien ''' | SC Hakoah Wien |4-0 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |1 May 1935 |FC Wien |SC Wacker Wien |2-2 |- |1 May 1935 |Favoritner SC |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | 1-4 |- |1 May 1935 |SC Hakoah Wien | '''SK Admira Wien ''' | 1-5 |- |1 May 1935 |FC Libertas Wien |Floridsdorfer AC |1-1 |- |1 May 1935 |'''Wiener AC''' |FK Austria Wien |1-0 |- |1 May 1935 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | First Vienna FC |1-0 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 April 1935 | '''SK Admira Wien ''' |FC Wien |3-2 |- |7 April 1935 |'''FK Austria Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 3-0 |- |7 April 1935 |SC Hakoah Wien |Floridsdorfer AC | 1-1 |- |7 April 1935 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |FC Libertas Wien |3-1 |- |7 April 1935 | First Vienna FC |Favoritner SC |2-2 |- |7 April 1935 |''' SC Wacker Wien ''' | Wiener AC |3-0 |} ===Round 19=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |4 May 1935 | Wiener AC |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |1-4 |- |5 May 1935 |FC Wien |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' | 0-4 |- |5 May 1935 | Favoritner SC |'''FK Austria Wien ''' | 2-4 |- |5 May 1935 |Floridsdorfer AC |'''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-8 |- |5 May 1935 | '''FC Libertas Wien''' |First Vienna FC |2-0 |- |5 May 1935 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | SC Wacker Wien |3-0 |} ===Round 20=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |18 May 1935 |FK Austria Wien |'''FC Libertas Wien''' |2-4 |- |19 May 1935 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |Wiener Sport-Club | 4-1 |- |19 May 1935 |FC Wien |Floridsdorfer AC | 1-1 |- |19 May 1935 |'''SC Hakoah Wien ''' |Wiener AC |2-1 |- |19 May 1935 | First Vienna FC |SK Rapid Wien |1-1 |- |19 May 1935 |SC Wacker Wien | Favoritner SC |2-2 |} ===Round 21=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |25 May 1935 |FC Libertas Wien |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |0-2 |- |26 May 1935 |Favoritner SC |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |1-5 |- |26 May 1935 |Floridsdorfer AC |''' First Vienna FC ''' | 1-4 |- |26 May 1935 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |FK Austria Wien |5-2 |- |26 May 1935 | Wiener AC | FC Wien |1-1 |- |26 May 1935 |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' | SC Hakoah Wien |3-1 |} ===Round 22=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |28 May 1935 |'''SK Admira Wien ''' |FC Libertas Wien |2-1 |- |1 June 1935 |FC Wien |'''Wiener Sport-Club ''' |1-4 |- |1 June 1935 | Wiener AC |'''Floridsdorfer AC ''' | 2-4 |- |2 June 1935 |FK Austria Wien |''' First Vienna FC ''' |0-2 |- |2 June 1935 | '''SC Hakoah Wien ''' | Favoritner SC |1-0 |- |2 June 1935 |SC Wacker Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-2 |} ==Champion squad == In bracketsːMatches/goals {| class="wikitable" style="width:900px" |- style="background:#5B0CB3" | style="text-align:center; background:#00794c" | <span style="color:#FFFFFF;">'''SK Rapid Wien'''</span> |- style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" |- | [[Rudolf Raftl]] <small>(22)</small> – [[Leopold Czejka]] <small>(9)</small>, [[Karl Jestrab]] <small>(19)</small>, [[Ludwig Tauschek]] <small>(17)</small> – [[Franz Wagner]] <small>(21)</small>, [[Stefan Skoumal]] <small>(22)</small>, [[Josef Smistik]] <small>(14/1)</small>, [[Rudolf Fiala]] <small>(1)</small> – [[Franz Smistik]] <small>(14/5)</small>, [[Johann Ostermann]] <small>(16/10)</small>, [[Karl Hochreiter]] <small>(18/17)</small>, [[Johann Luef]] <small>(2/1)</small>, [[Matthias Kaburek]] <small>(22/27)</small>, [[Johann Pesser]] <small>(15/3)</small>, [[Franz Binder]] <small>(22/21)</small>, [[Josef Bican]] <small>(3/2)</small>, [[Ernst Letsch]] <small>(2/1)</small>, [[Leopold Zeman]] <small>(3/4)</small> – Coach: [[Eduard Bauer]] |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1930_1939/o1__wien_i__liga__1934_3507.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Matthias Kaburek]] |SK Rapid Wien |27 |- | [[Franz Binder]] |SK Rapid Wien |22 |- | [[Johann Walzhofer]] |SC Wacker Wien |20 |} <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1930_1939/stno1__wien_i__liga__1934_35.htm Austria Soccer]</ref> {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} ==References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1934-35 Austrian Football Bundesliga}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1934 in Austria]] [[Category:1934 in association football]] [[Category:1935 in Austria]] [[Category:1935 in sports]] ds4wlher3edqi2zzax8h2284d2fz4bv 0 1189955 10330335 10324757 2025-06-14T17:03:30Z 24.47.179.93 10330335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Not to be confused with|Demon Slayer}} [[File:Gosho Aoyama.jpg|thumb|Gosho Aoyama, the mangaka behind Yaiba.]] '''Yaiba: Samurai Legend''' (Yaiba for short) is a [[manga]] series illustrated and written by [[Gosho Aoyama]] (author of Kaito Kid and Detective Conan/Case Closed), it was originally serialized in Shogakukan's Weekly Shonen Sunday from 1988 until 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=メディア芸術データベース|url=https://mediaarts-db.artmuseums.go.jp/id/M578359|access-date=2025-06-12|website=mediaarts-db.artmuseums.go.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=メディア芸術データベース|url=https://mediaarts-db.artmuseums.go.jp/id/M578095|access-date=2025-06-12|website=mediaarts-db.artmuseums.go.jp}}</ref> it received it's first anime adaptation in April of 1993 and it ended in April of 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=剣勇伝説YAIBA|url=https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/an/anime_series/4372|access-date=2025-06-12|website=mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp|language=en}}</ref> in 2025, it received another anime adaptation that was done by Studio WIT and it is still airing to this day.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Inc.|first=Natasha,|title=「YAIBA」新作アニメ、刃役は高山みなみ！鬼丸役に細谷佳正、制作はWIT STUDIO（コメントあり / 動画あり）|language=ja|work=コミックナタリー|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/589590|access-date=2025-06-12}}</ref> it's 1993 adaptation is one of the first [[Gosho Aoyama]] works to be properly adapted into a TV [[anime]]. == International releases == the manga has been released in the United States by the American publishing company, [[Viz Media]] for online reading (with a physical version coming out in July 2025).<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIZ {{!}} Read Yaiba: Samurai Legend Manga - Explore VIZ Manga's Massive Library|url=https://www.viz.com/vizmanga/chapters/yaiba-samurai-legend|access-date=2025-05-31|website=www.viz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-12|title=Viz Media Licenses Gōshō Aoyama's Yaiba: Samurai Legend Manga, Manga's Upcoming New TV Anime|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-10-19/viz-media-licenses-gosho-aoyama-yaiba-samurai-legend-manga-manga-upcoming-new-tv-anime/.216946|access-date=2025-06-12|website=Anime News Network|language=en}}</ref> and in Germany it was released by Egmont Manga.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Yaiba_19/EfZbEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=Yaiba 19|last=Aoyama|first=Gosho|date=2025-05-10|publisher=Egmont|isbn=978-3-98788-385-9|language=de}}</ref> == references == [[Category:Manga]] <references /> [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Anime and manga]] [[Category:1993]] [[Category:2025]] [[Category:1988]] [[Category:1990s television series debuts]] [[Category:2020s television series debuts]] [[Category:1988 establishments in Asia]] ibecsjx8nptg2gb4e2vvto3bkx0devt 0 1190493 10330340 10324729 2025-06-14T17:04:33Z 24.47.179.93 10330340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mega Man Battle Network''' is a videogame developed by Capcom Production Studio 2 (a subsidiary of Capcom) and released by [[Capcom]], it is a spinoff of the [[Mega Man]] series. it was first released in March of 2001 on the console [[Game Boy Advance]] and it was most likely one of the first games in the console, it would later get re-released on the [[Wii U]] virtual console. this game in specific was re-released for the second time in 2023 on the [[Nintendo Switch]] in 2002, it received a anime adaptation titled "Mega Man NT Warrior" that aired in Japan until 2005, this adaptation also got a [[Viz Media]] dub that aired on [[The WB|Kids' WB]] in America. previously, the game's [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]] rating was E, but with the [[Nintendo Switch]] re-release, it has been changed to E10+. == Development == the game began development as a horror game,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-26|title=Rockman Corner: Mega Man Battle Network Started Out As A Horror Game|url=http://www.rockman-corner.com/2016/03/mega-man-battle-network-started-out-as.html|access-date=2025-05-21|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2017-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626071551/http://www.rockman-corner.com/2016/03/mega-man-battle-network-started-out-as.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> but it became a RPG-styled game after Capcom wanted to capitalize off Nintendo's [[Pokémon]] franchise. == References == <references />{{Mega Man}} [[Category:Video game spin-offs]] [[Category:2001 establishments in Japan]] 4ymoe9eej51ll8t2m0p8tdqkfndqo2q 0 1190648 10331409 10287946 2025-06-15T03:33:38Z 180.150.36.182 10331409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Thank God for Mental Illness | type = studio | artist = [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]] | cover = | released = October 25, 1996 | recorded = July 11, 1996 | studio = Our House (San Francisco) | genre = Psychedelic folk, [[country rock]], [[country blues]], [[lo-fi music|lo-fi]], [[folk rock]] | length = 63:43 | label = Bomp! | producer = Anton Newcombe | prev_title = Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request | prev_year = 1996 | next_title = Give It Back! | next_year = 1997 }} '''''Thank God for Mental Illness''''' is the fifth studio album by [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]]. The album was released on October 25, 1996. ==Track listing== {{Track listing | title1 = Spanish Bee | length1 = 3:48 | title2 = It Girl | length2 = 2:12 | title3 = 13 | length3 = 2:35 | title4 = Ballad of Jim Jones | length4 = 2:14 | title5 = Those Memories | note5 = Alan O'Bryant cover | length5 = 2:01 | writer5 = Alan O'Bryant | title6 = Stars | length6 = 3:15 | title7 = Free and Easy, Take 2 | length7 = 2:28 | title8 = Down | length8 = 3:52 | title9 = Cause I Love Her | length9 = 1:14 | title10 = Too Crazy to Care | length10 = 1:22 | title11 = Talk - Action = Shit | length11 = 2:07 | title12 = True Love | length12 = 3:32 | title13 = Sound of Confusion | length13 = 33:03 | total_length = 63:43 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{The Brian Jonestown Massacre}} [[Category:1996 albums]] [[Category:The Brian Jonestown Massacre albums]] {{music-stub}} eijlxsir4whdwk7i339iqvino7hs7tx 0 1191057 10331767 10309221 2025-06-15T10:39:30Z Barras 40117 -{{In use}} 10331767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | conventional_long_name = French West Indies | common_name = French West Indies | native_name = {{lang|fr|Antilles françaises}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of France]] | image_map = Caribbean - French West Indies.PNG | capital = [[Basse-Terre]] (1628–1671)<br />[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] (1671–1674)<br />[[Fort-Royal]] (1674–1851) | coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}} | currency = [[Euro]] | status = [[List of French possessions and colonies|Colony]] of [[France]] (1628–1946)<br>[[Overseas departments and regions of France|Overseas departments]] and [[overseas collectivities]] (1946–present) | year_end = | year_start = | image_map_caption = Location of the modern territories of the French West Indies | common_languages = [[French language|French]]<br />[[Creole language|Creole]] | title_representative = [[List of governors general of the French Antilles|Governor-General]] | year_representative1 = 1628–1636 | representative1 = [[Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc]] | year_representative2 = 1849–1851 | representative2 = [[Armand Joseph Bruat]] | event_start = [[Company of the American Islands]] takes possession of [[Dominica]] (1632), formerly as Compagnie de Saint-Christophe <br /> [[Guadeloupe]] (28 June 1635 to 1649)<br /> [[Martinique]] (15 September 1635 to 27 Sep 1650)<br /> [[St. Lucia]] (1643 to 27 Sep 1650)<br /> [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|St. Martin]] (23 March 1648)<br /> [[Saint Barthélemy|St. Barts]] (1648)<br /> [[Grenada]] (17 March 1649 to 27 Sep 1650)<br /> [[St. Croix]] (1650) | event1 = Foundation of the colony of {{ill|Saint-Christophe (French colony)|fr|Saint-Christophe (colonie française)}} | date_event1 = 1625 | event2 = [[Peace of Ryswick]] | date_event2 = 1697 | event3 = [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] | date_event3 = 1763 | event4 = [[1804 Haiti massacre|Massacres in Haiti]] | date_event4 = 1804 | event5 = {{ill|Departmentalization law|fr|Loi de départementalisation}} | date_event5 = 1946 | date_end = | stat_area1 = | stat_year1 = | stat_year2 = | stat_pop2 = | p1 = Spanish West Indies | s1 = | flag_p1 = | flag_s1 = | }} The '''French West Indies''' (also called the '''French Antilles''') are the parts of [[France]] that are in the [[Caribbean]] [[islands]]. * Two [[Overseas department and region|overseas departments]]: ** [[Guadeloupe]] – this includes the islands of [[Basse-Terre]], [[Grande-Terre]], [[Les Saintes]], [[Marie-Galante]], and [[La Désirade]] ** [[Martinique]] * Two [[Overseas collectivity|overseas collectivities]]: ** [[Saint Martin]] – this is the northern part of the island of Saint Martin. The southern part is called [[Sint Maarten]] and is part of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. ** [[Saint Barthélemy]] == History == [[File:Martinique_Beach_(Salines).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martinique_Beach_(Salines).jpg|thumb|270x270px|''Les Salines'' in Martinique, France]] In 1635, a French trader named Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc started the first French colony in the Caribbean. He made the colony in Saint-Pierre on the island of [[Martinique]].<ref name=":0">Trager, James (2005). ''The People's Chronology 1635'' (3rd. ed.). Gale ebooks.</ref> D'Esnambuc first came to the Caribbean in 1625. He wanted to build a French colony on [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts]] (then called Saint-Christophe in French). In 1626, he went back to France and got help from [[Cardinal Richelieu]]. Richelieu helped create the Compagnie de Saint-Christophe, a company to start French colonies. D'Esnambuc was the leader of this company.<ref name=":0" /> Later, the company changed its name to ''Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique''. In 1635, d'Esnambuc went to Martinique again with 100 French settlers. They started to grow sugarcane. After 6 months, d'Esnambuc went back to Saint Kitts. He died there in 1636. His nephew, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, became the leader of the French colonies in the Caribbean in 1637. He stayed in Martinique and became its governor.<ref name=":0" /> The French made permanent settlements on Martinique and Guadeloupe after the [[British Empire|British]] forced them to leave [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (called ''Saint-Christophe'' in [[French language|French]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of St Kitts: the sweet trade|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc|last=Hubbard|first=Vincent K.|date=2002|publisher=Macmillan Caribbean|isbn=978-0-333-74760-5|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/n43 32]–38}}</ref> They built a port called Fort Royal (now called [[Fort-de-France]]) in Martinique. This port was important for French warships. The ships left from here to explore the [[Caribbean]]. In 1638, a man named Jacques Dyel du Parquet (1606–1658), who was the nephew of Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, became the first governor of Martinique. He built Fort Saint Louis to protect the city from attacks. From Fort Royal, du Parquet sailed south to find new places. He made the first French settlement in [[Saint Lucia]] in 1643. In 1649, he led a group that started a settlement in [[Grenada]]. Even though Grenada was later ruled by the British, it still has many things from French culture. The local language, Grenadian Creole, has French words. Some food, houses, and place names like Petit Martinique and Martinique Channel are French. In 1642, the ''Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique'' (a French trading company) got permission to keep working for 20 more years. The King of France chose the Governor General, and the company chose the governors of the islands. But by the late 1640s, the company was not doing well. In 1651, the company closed. It sold the rights to use the islands to different people. The du Parquet family bought Martinique, Grenada, and Saint Lucia. A man named d’Houël bought Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and Les Saintes. The [[Knights of Malta]] bought [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]]. These two islands became part of Guadeloupe. In 1665, the Knights sold their islands to a new company called the ''Compagnie des Indes occidentales''. [[Dominica]] is a small island in the eastern Caribbean. It is between Guadeloupe in the north and Martinique in the south. [[Christopher Columbus]] named the island Dominica after the day he saw it — a Sunday (domingo in Spanish), on 3 November 1493. For many years, Dominica stayed isolated. It was home to the Kalinago people (also called Island Caribs). More Kalinago moved to Dominica after losing land on other islands. In 1690, French woodcutters came from Martinique and Guadeloupe. They cut wood for the other islands and later started to live there. France started a colony and brought enslaved people from [[West Africa]], Martinique, and Guadeloupe to work on farms. During this time, people began to speak Antillean Creole. In 1763, France gave Dominica to [[Great Britain]]. Britain made a small colony in 1805. Today, the people of Dominica speak [[English language|English]] as the official language. They also speak Antillean Creole as a second language. Creole is still spoken because Dominica is close to French-speaking islands.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=Dominica|date=2024-01-23|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominica/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref> In [[Trinidad]], the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] rulers did not do much to develop the island. A Frenchman named Roume de St. Laurent, who lived in Grenada, asked the Spanish king Charles III of Spain for permission to bring settlers to Trinidad. On 4 November 1783, the king gave him a paper called the Cédula de Población. This document allowed French planters, free people of color, and mulattos to move from islands like Martinique, Grenada, Guadeloupe, and Dominica to Trinidad. The Spanish gave them free land and no taxes for ten years. Many people came because of the [[French Revolution]]. These new settlers built towns like Blanchisseuse, Champs Fleurs, Paramin, Cascade, Carenage, and Laventille. These people helped to shape the culture of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. The languages spoken were Spanish, French, and Patois (a type of [[Creole language|Creole]]). The population grew from 1,400 in 1777 to more than 15,000 by the end of 1789. In 1797, Trinidad became a British colony, but many people there spoke French.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Selwyn|last2=Williams|first2=Eric|date=1965|title=History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40199549|journal=International Journal|volume=20|issue=2|pages=40–41|doi=10.2307/40199549|issn=0020-7020|jstor=40199549}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;" |+<big>Islands of the French West Indies</big> !Name !Largest settlement !Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Base chiffres clés : évolution et structure de la population 2010|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-cc-evol-struct-pop-2010|access-date=2014-02-25|publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Actualités : 2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Martin|url=http://insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=26&ref_id=15244|access-date=2014-01-31|publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Actualités : 2008, An 1 de la collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=26&ref_id=15245|access-date=2014-01-31|publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]]|language=fr}}</ref> |- | align="center" |[[Martinique]] | align="center" |[[Fort-de-France]] | align="center" |1,128 |- | align="center" |[[Guadeloupe]] proper <small>([[Basse-Terre Island|Basse-Terre]]&nbsp;&&nbsp;[[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]])</small> | align="center" |[[Pointe-à-Pitre]] | align="center" |1,436 |- | align="center" |[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] | align="center" |[[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]] | align="center" |53 |- | align="center" |[[Marie-Galante]] | align="center" |[[Grand-Bourg]] | align="center" |158 |- | align="center" |[[Saint Barthélemy]] | align="center" |[[Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy|Gustavia]] | align="center" |25 |- | align="center" |[[Îles des Saintes|Les Saintes]] | align="center" |[[Terre-de-Haut]] | align="center" |13 |- | align="center" |[[La Désirade]] | align="center" |[[La Désirade#Main settlements|Beauséjour]] | align="center" |21 |- !French West Indies ! ! align="right" |2,834 |- |} == References == {{Reflist}} 75g2xmwh330tlki84s8d7u6xuu0zdiq 0 1191267 10329961 10308956 2025-06-14T13:18:25Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Eiparnome (Sudanese King)]] to [[Eiparnome]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10308956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eiparnome''' was a Nubian king in the [[Nobatia|kingdom of Nobatia]] who ruled in the 6th century. Eiparnome is known primarily from a foundation inscription from [[Dendur]], which speaks in Coptic of the conversion of the temple there into a church. The inscription dates to either 559 or 574.<ref>Welsby, ''The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia'', p. 37, fig. 13</ref> It is the oldest written evidence of the Christian church in [[Nubia]]. Eiparnome is possibly also mentioned in the account of Longinus, who baptized the king of [[Alodia|Alwa]] after the king of [[Nobatia]] had been baptized. This king of Nobatia was called Orfiulo or Awarfilua, which may be a corrupted form of Eiparnome. He is thus the first Christian ruler of Nobatia. It’s Firstly known for the inscription from the city of Dendur. It is written in the [[Coptic language]]. It is about the transformation of the local [[paganism|pagan]] temple into an [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox church]]. There is controversy about the date of its foundation: 559 or 574. This is the oldest written evidence of the Christian church in Nubia. In 543, he probably received the monk Julian, who introduced [[Christianity]]. This date is considered the day of the adoption of the religion by Nobatia. By 549, a clergy was established in the region and liturgies began to be held, but in a Monophysite spirit. .<ref>{{cite web|title=Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu: Archaeology of Sudan|url=https://nowa.muzarp.poznan.pl/en/christian-period|access-date=24 May 2025|date=2017}}</ref> It is suggested that this king is mentioned by [[Longinus (missionary)|Longinus]], bishop of Nubia from 565, under the name Orfiulo or Avarfilua. However, it is possible that this refers to the father of Euparnome. In any case, he contributed to the spread of Christianity, which finally took root in Nobatia. Longinus was active there in the years 569-575. It is possible that Euparnome died during the war with Byzantium as a result of the campaign of Aristomachus, sent by the emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]. It is known that Nobatia was then subjugated to Byzantine rule. == References == {{Reflist}} == Literature == * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: ''The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims on the Middle Nile. British Museum, London 2002, ISBN 0-7141-1947-4, pp. 34, 37. [[Category:Nubian monarchs]] [[Category:Rulers (6th century)]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:Born in the 6th century]] [[Category:Died in the 6th century]] [[Category:Male]] {{stub|Africa-royal}} 7g1qnd8ko9sj2i55vqm9szltjctnf8r 10329994 10329961 2025-06-14T13:30:48Z Minorax 844779 −[[Category:Male]]; ±[[Category:Born in the 6th century]]→[[Category:6th-century births]]; ±[[Category:Died in the 6th century]]→[[Category:6th-century deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10329994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eiparnome''' was a Nubian king in the [[Nobatia|kingdom of Nobatia]] who ruled in the 6th century. Eiparnome is known primarily from a foundation inscription from [[Dendur]], which speaks in Coptic of the conversion of the temple there into a church. The inscription dates to either 559 or 574.<ref>Welsby, ''The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia'', p. 37, fig. 13</ref> It is the oldest written evidence of the Christian church in [[Nubia]]. Eiparnome is possibly also mentioned in the account of Longinus, who baptized the king of [[Alodia|Alwa]] after the king of [[Nobatia]] had been baptized. This king of Nobatia was called Orfiulo or Awarfilua, which may be a corrupted form of Eiparnome. He is thus the first Christian ruler of Nobatia. It’s Firstly known for the inscription from the city of Dendur. It is written in the [[Coptic language]]. It is about the transformation of the local [[paganism|pagan]] temple into an [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox church]]. There is controversy about the date of its foundation: 559 or 574. This is the oldest written evidence of the Christian church in Nubia. In 543, he probably received the monk Julian, who introduced [[Christianity]]. This date is considered the day of the adoption of the religion by Nobatia. By 549, a clergy was established in the region and liturgies began to be held, but in a Monophysite spirit. .<ref>{{cite web|title=Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu: Archaeology of Sudan|url=https://nowa.muzarp.poznan.pl/en/christian-period|access-date=24 May 2025|date=2017}}</ref> It is suggested that this king is mentioned by [[Longinus (missionary)|Longinus]], bishop of Nubia from 565, under the name Orfiulo or Avarfilua. However, it is possible that this refers to the father of Euparnome. In any case, he contributed to the spread of Christianity, which finally took root in Nobatia. Longinus was active there in the years 569-575. It is possible that Euparnome died during the war with Byzantium as a result of the campaign of Aristomachus, sent by the emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]]. It is known that Nobatia was then subjugated to Byzantine rule. == References == {{Reflist}} == Literature == * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: ''The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims on the Middle Nile. British Museum, London 2002, ISBN 0-7141-1947-4, pp. 34, 37. [[Category:Nubian monarchs]] [[Category:Rulers (6th century)]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:6th-century births]] [[Category:6th-century deaths]] {{stub|Africa-royal}} 6kye5j7l509rd4c7temviiy6nxaywnh 0 1191281 10329996 10280342 2025-06-14T13:30:55Z Minorax 844779 −[[Category:Male]]; ±[[Category:Died in the 4th century]]→[[Category:4th-century deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10329996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''(.)p(...)nin''' was a [[Nubia|Nubian]] king who ruled at the beginning of the [[4th century|fourth century AD]]. His name is only partially preserved and cannot currently be reconstructed. (.)p(...)nin is known only from an offering tablet with a [[Meroitic script|Meroitic inscription]] found in the [[Pyramids of Meroë|tomb Beg W384 in Meroe]]. This offering tablet is stylistically dated very late (around 300). The inscription, and thus the ruler's name, are heavily mutilated. It is not certain whether the tablet was stolen or whether Beg W384 is the ruler's tomb. His parents are also named on the offering tablet (father: Armli). == Literature == * {{cite journal|author=Inge Hofmann|title=Contributions to Meroitic Chronology|publisher=Anthropos-Inst|place=St. Augustin near Bonn|date=1978|ISBN=3-921389-80-1|pages=156}} * {{cite journal|author=Tormod Eide, Tomas Hägg, Richard Holton Pierce, [[László Török]]|title=Fontes Historiae Nubiorum. Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD|volume=III|publisher=University of Bergen, Department of Greek, Latin and Egyptology|place=Bergen|date=1998|ISBN=82-91626-07-3|pages=1073}} [[Category:King (Nubia)]] [[Category:Kushites]] [[Category:Rulers (4th century)]] [[Category:Born in the 3rd or 4th century]] [[Category:4th-century deaths]] {{stub|Africa-royal}} haypr2e3ecvlh1zhv3vx2uy2show0f5 3 1191514 10331821 10316053 2025-06-15T11:20:52Z 2A00:23C7:798:E001:989E:4BCD:67B9:48FE /* Vandal */ new section 10331821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{usertalkheader}} {{Archive box| <center>[[User talk:Barras/Archive|Overview]]<br /> [[/Archive_1|I]] — [[/Archive_2|II]] — [[/Archive_3|III]] — [[/Archive_4|IV]] — [[/Archive_5|V]] <br /> [[/Archive_6|VI]] — [[/Archive_7|VII]] — [[/Archive_8|VIII]] — [[/Archive_9|IX]] — [[/Archive_10|X]] <br /> [[/Archive_11|XI]] — [[/Archive_12|XII]] — [[/Archive_13|XIII]] — [[/Archive_14|XIV]] — [[/Archive_15|XV]] <br /> [[/Archive_16|XVI]] — [[/Archive_17|XVII]] — [[/Archive_18|XVIII]] — [[/Archive_19|XIX]] — [[/Archive 20|XX]] <br /> [[/Archive_21|XXI]] — [[/Archive_22|XXII]] — [[/Archive_23|XXIII]] — [[/Archive_24|XXIV]] </center> }} == Hi mate == Long time no see, hope you are well. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:35, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :Hey there! I'm doing fine. Hope you too :) - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 23:38, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == UtherSRG keeps undoing my edits! == Please do something with this mod!!!! [[Special:Contributions/191.95.48.8|191.95.48.8]] ([[User talk:191.95.48.8|talk]]) 20:48, 25 May 2025 (UTC) :That's an enwiki problem. Take your discussion there. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 20:48, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ::He blocked me from En-wiki. I just wanted to contribute, i am not vandalizing..... :'( [[Special:Contributions/191.95.48.8|191.95.48.8]] ([[User talk:191.95.48.8|talk]]) 20:50, 25 May 2025 (UTC) :::Then apeal your block there. This is not the right place. - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 20:51, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Welcome back! == Just noticed some changes from you. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 21:37, 28 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi Auntof6. Nice to see some people around here from years ago! :) - [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:38, 28 May 2025 (UTC) == Daharia == [[Daharia]] seems "officially" unrelated to the caste collection you nominated, but seems to be in the similar vein. Think it should be folded in to the RFD, or stand on its own for one? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:38, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :I'd take it to a separate RFD. I guess it should be deleted as well, but it doesn't actually fit in the list. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:56, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Vandal == Do you like vandals?... [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C7:798:E001:989E:4BCD:67B9:48FE|2A00:23C7:798:E001:989E:4BCD:67B9:48FE]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C7:798:E001:989E:4BCD:67B9:48FE|talk]]) 11:20, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 3hxx84vouqkfkwdncyn22zx8nybttu2 0 1191556 10331166 10309191 2025-06-15T00:46:01Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331166 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''azuki bean''' (also spelled '''adzuki''') is a small, red legume (''Vigna angularis'') widely cultivated throughout East Asia and the Himalayas. Renowned for its slightly sweet flavour, the azuki bean is commonly used in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean cuisines—most notably in the form of '''red bean paste''', which is a staple in traditional sweets and desserts. In Japan, the azuki bean carries cultural significance, being associated with festivals, celebrations, and rituals.<ref name=" Effect of solvent concentrations on antioxidant activity and biochemical parameters of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprouts at different germination times">{{Cite journal|last=GÜLHAN|first=Mehmet Fuat|date=2022-07-08|title=Effect of solvent concentrations on antioxidant activity and biochemical parameters of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprouts at different germination times|url=https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.1055853|journal=Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=24|issue=2|pages=791–805|doi=10.25092/baunfbed.1055853|issn=1301-7985}}</ref> == Etymology == The name ''azuki'' (小豆) means "small bean" in Japanese, distinguishing it from larger varieties such as soybeans (大豆, ''daizu''). Although ''azuki'' is the Japanese pronunciation, the English term "adzuki" has also been widely adopted, especially in botanical and commercial contexts. == Botanical Classification == * '''Scientific name''': ''Vigna angularis'' * '''Family''': Fabaceae * '''Genus''': ''Vigna'' * '''Species''': ''V. angularis'' Native to East Asia, the azuki bean is believed to have been domesticated in the Himalayan foothills around 3,000 BCE. Wild relatives of the plant continue to grow in central and eastern Asia. == Description == Azuki bean plants are annual legumes that typically grow to about 30–90 cm in height. They produce small, reddish-brown seeds that are generally round or oval. Azuki is also the name of the most beautiful and perfect girl in the world. While the red variety is the most common, other varieties exist, including white, black, and mottled azuki beans, which are used less frequently and often for specific regional dishes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-22/smleonard/p16|access-date=2025-05-25|website=doi.org}}</ref> == Cultivation == Azuki beans are primarily grown in East Asia, with Japan, China, South Korea, and Taiwan being the major producers. In Japan, cultivation is concentrated in Hokkaido, which accounts for over 70% of domestic production due to its favourable climate. The crop is usually planted in late spring and harvested in late summer or early autumn. Azuki beans require moderate rainfall and thrive in well-drained soils.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iseki|first=Kohtaro|last2=Olaleye|first2=Olajumoke|last3=Matsumoto|first3=Ryo|date=2021-06-15|title=Effect of leaf thinning on shoot growth and tuber yield of white Guinea yam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943x.2021.1943466|journal=Plant Production Science|volume=25|issue=1|pages=11–19|doi=10.1080/1343943x.2021.1943466|issn=1343-943X}}</ref> Due to their nitrogen-fixing properties, azuki beans are often included in crop rotation systems to improve soil health. == Nutritional Value == Azuki beans are a rich source of: * Complex carbohydrates * Dietary fibre * Plant-based protein * Folate, manganese, and magnesium * Antioxidants, including polyphenols and flavonoids<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Messina|first=Virginia|date=2014-07|title=Nutritional and health benefits of dried beans|url=https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.071472|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=100|pages=437S–442S|doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.071472|issn=0002-9165}}</ref> They are also low in fat and have a low glycaemic index, making them suitable for diabetic and heart-healthy diets. == Culinary Uses == === Japan === In Japan, azuki beans are primarily used in the form of '''anko''', a sweet red bean paste made by boiling the beans with sugar. There are several types of anko, including: * ''Tsubuan'' – coarsely mashed paste * ''Koshian'' – smooth, sieved paste * ''Shiroan'' – white bean paste made from white azuki Anko is used in numerous traditional confections, including: * ''Dorayaki'' (red bean pancakes) * ''Manjū'' (steamed buns) * ''Taiyaki'' (fish-shaped pastries) * ''Zenzai'' or ''oshiruko'' (sweet red bean soup) Azuki beans are also combined with glutinous rice to make ''sekihan'', a ceremonial dish served at weddings and birthdays. === China === In China, red beans are used in both savoury and sweet dishes, such as: * Red bean soup (紅豆湯) * Red bean cakes * Mooncakes * Sweet porridge with lotus seeds and tangerine peel They are also incorporated into desserts using coconut milk or gelatin in southern Chinese cuisine. === Korea === In Korea, azuki beans (called ''pat'') are used in dishes like: * ''Patbingsu'' (shaved ice dessert with sweet red bean topping) * ''Patjuk'' (red bean porridge traditionally eaten on the winter solstice) * Rice cakes like ''sirutteok'' and ''baekseolgi'' == Cultural Significance == In Japanese folklore, azuki beans were believed to ward off evil spirits, and their red colour symbolised vitality and good fortune. This made them common in festive foods and offerings. During traditional events, such as New Year's celebrations and childbirth ceremonies, azuki-based dishes like ''sekihan'' are served to mark joyful occasions. Azuki beans also appear in Buddhist temple offerings and seasonal rituals, often representing purification and protection. == Scientific Research == Recent studies have highlighted the health benefits of azuki beans, particularly their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Some research suggests that azuki bean extracts may help regulate blood sugar levels and support cardiovascular health due to their high polyphenol content.<ref name="Effect of solvent concentrations on antioxidant activity and biochemical parameters of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprouts at different germination times" /> Additionally, the high fibre content aids digestion and contributes to satiety. == Varieties == Although the red azuki bean is the most common, other colour variants include: * '''White azuki beans''' – used to make ''shiroan'' paste * '''Black azuki beans''' – less sweet, with an earthy flavour * '''Speckled varieties''' – used regionally and sometimes for ornamental purposes == Global Spread == While originally from East Asia, azuki beans have gained popularity in Western health food markets due to their nutritional value. They are often used in macrobiotic and vegan cooking, including bean burgers, spreads, and gluten-free baked goods. == References == {{Reflist}} b2zspyjyyf3umd3gz123e70rv57x2ec 3 1191627 10330509 10318299 2025-06-14T17:39:00Z Auntof6 22027 /* Quick deletion requests */ new section 10330509 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Jatland.com== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Jatland.com]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Jatland.com}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:18, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:27, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Haryana Legislative Assembly== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Haryana Legislative Assembly]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Haryana Legislative Assembly}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:30, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Your articles == Before I tag all of your page creations for deletion, I want to give an opportunity for you to try to fix the concerns. Your articles were copied and pasted from English Wikipedia. This presents two problems. One is that they are not simplified to match the language necessary for Simple English Wikipedia. Please take time to work on the wording and sentences to be more simple. The second concern is that you're creating copyright violations as you're not giving proper [[WP:Attribution]] to the source it came from. See [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] for how to properly bring articles over from another Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:38, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == consensus pages == From now on any edits to any caste page must should first seek concensus on the relevant talk page prior to the edits going live. This means anyone making direct edits to the main article will be blocked from editing and/or receive a topic ban preventing them from editing all case pages. We are all adults here and seeking consensus should not be hard. I will act as a neutral arbitrator. The key here is to protect the main space articles. This is not optional. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of University Grants Commission (India)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:University Grants Commission (India)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:University Grants Commission (India)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, TheSlumPanda. I have just declined a lot of your quick deletion requests because you did not give a QD reason. You have to specify one of the QD reasons listed at [[WP:QD]]. For example, if the reason is that the page is a test page, you would specify <code><nowiki>{{QD|G2}}</nowiki></code>. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 0knsxkg1q90kw484si8t1vc37b7q9om 10330521 10330509 2025-06-14T17:44:24Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 /* Quick deletion requests */ Reply 10330521 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Jatland.com== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Jatland.com]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Jatland.com}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:18, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:27, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Haryana Legislative Assembly== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Haryana Legislative Assembly]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Haryana Legislative Assembly}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:30, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Your articles == Before I tag all of your page creations for deletion, I want to give an opportunity for you to try to fix the concerns. Your articles were copied and pasted from English Wikipedia. This presents two problems. One is that they are not simplified to match the language necessary for Simple English Wikipedia. Please take time to work on the wording and sentences to be more simple. The second concern is that you're creating copyright violations as you're not giving proper [[WP:Attribution]] to the source it came from. See [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] for how to properly bring articles over from another Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:38, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == consensus pages == From now on any edits to any caste page must should first seek concensus on the relevant talk page prior to the edits going live. This means anyone making direct edits to the main article will be blocked from editing and/or receive a topic ban preventing them from editing all case pages. We are all adults here and seeking consensus should not be hard. I will act as a neutral arbitrator. The key here is to protect the main space articles. This is not optional. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of University Grants Commission (India)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:University Grants Commission (India)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:University Grants Commission (India)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, TheSlumPanda. I have just declined a lot of your quick deletion requests because you did not give a QD reason. You have to specify one of the QD reasons listed at [[WP:QD]]. For example, if the reason is that the page is a test page, you would specify <code><nowiki>{{QD|G2}}</nowiki></code>. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]]. I nominated these clans in mass because they aren’t notable enough to have a standalone page. They all may be created to promote the caste because none of these clans exist on English Wikipedia and also these clans dont have significant coverage in reliable sources except for blogs, which are personally written. Thats why i nominated these all articles in qd. I would be happy if you share your thoughts to how should we remove such promotional pages. Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) prodgw2nwt6khylk4ggrdbvowwiso1h 10330550 10330521 2025-06-14T18:02:04Z Auntof6 22027 /* Quick deletion requests */ Reply 10330550 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Jatland.com== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Jatland.com]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Jatland.com}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:18, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:27, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Haryana Legislative Assembly== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Haryana Legislative Assembly]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Haryana Legislative Assembly}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:30, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Your articles == Before I tag all of your page creations for deletion, I want to give an opportunity for you to try to fix the concerns. Your articles were copied and pasted from English Wikipedia. This presents two problems. One is that they are not simplified to match the language necessary for Simple English Wikipedia. Please take time to work on the wording and sentences to be more simple. The second concern is that you're creating copyright violations as you're not giving proper [[WP:Attribution]] to the source it came from. See [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] for how to properly bring articles over from another Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:38, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == consensus pages == From now on any edits to any caste page must should first seek concensus on the relevant talk page prior to the edits going live. This means anyone making direct edits to the main article will be blocked from editing and/or receive a topic ban preventing them from editing all case pages. We are all adults here and seeking consensus should not be hard. I will act as a neutral arbitrator. The key here is to protect the main space articles. This is not optional. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of University Grants Commission (India)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:University Grants Commission (India)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:University Grants Commission (India)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, TheSlumPanda. I have just declined a lot of your quick deletion requests because you did not give a QD reason. You have to specify one of the QD reasons listed at [[WP:QD]]. For example, if the reason is that the page is a test page, you would specify <code><nowiki>{{QD|G2}}</nowiki></code>. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]]. I nominated these clans in mass because they aren’t notable enough to have a standalone page. They all may be created to promote the caste because none of these clans exist on English Wikipedia and also these clans dont have significant coverage in reliable sources except for blogs, which are personally written. Thats why i nominated these all articles in qd. I would be happy if you share your thoughts to how should we remove such promotional pages. Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::You can nominate them for qd, but you have to specify one of the listed qd options. I gave an example above of how to do that. You just need to pick the qd option you want used. A4 might work. ::Some caste articles have also been nominated individually for [[WP:RFD]]. If you decide to do that, you could combine them into one request. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ihmxedlk4gob4tej9ltt7d727d81jyt 10331429 10330550 2025-06-15T04:04:07Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 /* Quick deletion requests */ Reply 10331429 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Jatland.com== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Jatland.com]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Jatland.com}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:18, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:27, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Haryana Legislative Assembly== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Haryana Legislative Assembly]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Haryana Legislative Assembly}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:30, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Your articles == Before I tag all of your page creations for deletion, I want to give an opportunity for you to try to fix the concerns. Your articles were copied and pasted from English Wikipedia. This presents two problems. One is that they are not simplified to match the language necessary for Simple English Wikipedia. Please take time to work on the wording and sentences to be more simple. The second concern is that you're creating copyright violations as you're not giving proper [[WP:Attribution]] to the source it came from. See [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] for how to properly bring articles over from another Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:38, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == consensus pages == From now on any edits to any caste page must should first seek concensus on the relevant talk page prior to the edits going live. This means anyone making direct edits to the main article will be blocked from editing and/or receive a topic ban preventing them from editing all case pages. We are all adults here and seeking consensus should not be hard. I will act as a neutral arbitrator. The key here is to protect the main space articles. This is not optional. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of University Grants Commission (India)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:University Grants Commission (India)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:University Grants Commission (India)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, TheSlumPanda. I have just declined a lot of your quick deletion requests because you did not give a QD reason. You have to specify one of the QD reasons listed at [[WP:QD]]. For example, if the reason is that the page is a test page, you would specify <code><nowiki>{{QD|G2}}</nowiki></code>. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]]. I nominated these clans in mass because they aren’t notable enough to have a standalone page. They all may be created to promote the caste because none of these clans exist on English Wikipedia and also these clans dont have significant coverage in reliable sources except for blogs, which are personally written. Thats why i nominated these all articles in qd. I would be happy if you share your thoughts to how should we remove such promotional pages. Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::You can nominate them for qd, but you have to specify one of the listed qd options. I gave an example above of how to do that. You just need to pick the qd option you want used. A4 might work. ::Some caste articles have also been nominated individually for [[WP:RFD]]. If you decide to do that, you could combine them into one request. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Should i write the A4 in summary after nominating a non notable article under QD [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 04:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 6i0slt62mggsuy9i4k4g5is1wfd2d5z 10331446 10331429 2025-06-15T04:46:26Z Auntof6 22027 /* Quick deletion requests */ Reply 10331446 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Jatland.com== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Jatland.com]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Jatland.com}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:18, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:27, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Haryana Legislative Assembly== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Haryana Legislative Assembly]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Haryana Legislative Assembly}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:30, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Your articles == Before I tag all of your page creations for deletion, I want to give an opportunity for you to try to fix the concerns. Your articles were copied and pasted from English Wikipedia. This presents two problems. One is that they are not simplified to match the language necessary for Simple English Wikipedia. Please take time to work on the wording and sentences to be more simple. The second concern is that you're creating copyright violations as you're not giving proper [[WP:Attribution]] to the source it came from. See [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] for how to properly bring articles over from another Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:38, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == consensus pages == From now on any edits to any caste page must should first seek concensus on the relevant talk page prior to the edits going live. This means anyone making direct edits to the main article will be blocked from editing and/or receive a topic ban preventing them from editing all case pages. We are all adults here and seeking consensus should not be hard. I will act as a neutral arbitrator. The key here is to protect the main space articles. This is not optional. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of University Grants Commission (India)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:University Grants Commission (India)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:University Grants Commission (India)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, TheSlumPanda. I have just declined a lot of your quick deletion requests because you did not give a QD reason. You have to specify one of the QD reasons listed at [[WP:QD]]. For example, if the reason is that the page is a test page, you would specify <code><nowiki>{{QD|G2}}</nowiki></code>. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]]. I nominated these clans in mass because they aren’t notable enough to have a standalone page. They all may be created to promote the caste because none of these clans exist on English Wikipedia and also these clans dont have significant coverage in reliable sources except for blogs, which are personally written. Thats why i nominated these all articles in qd. I would be happy if you share your thoughts to how should we remove such promotional pages. Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::You can nominate them for qd, but you have to specify one of the listed qd options. I gave an example above of how to do that. You just need to pick the qd option you want used. A4 might work. ::Some caste articles have also been nominated individually for [[WP:RFD]]. If you decide to do that, you could combine them into one request. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Should i write the A4 in summary after nominating a non notable article under QD [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 04:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]]: I don't understand what you're asking. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 04:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) l8cm8mf2z4c8dgu76fg740nyk15qrwh 10331543 10331446 2025-06-15T06:44:51Z TheSlumPanda 1477764 /* Quick deletion requests */ Reply 10331543 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Jatland.com== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Jatland.com]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Jatland.com}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:18, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Technology}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:21, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Baldev Ram Mirdha== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Baldev Ram Mirdha]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Baldev Ram Mirdha}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:27, 25 May 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Haryana Legislative Assembly== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Haryana Legislative Assembly]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Haryana Legislative Assembly}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:30, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == Your articles == Before I tag all of your page creations for deletion, I want to give an opportunity for you to try to fix the concerns. Your articles were copied and pasted from English Wikipedia. This presents two problems. One is that they are not simplified to match the language necessary for Simple English Wikipedia. Please take time to work on the wording and sentences to be more simple. The second concern is that you're creating copyright violations as you're not giving proper [[WP:Attribution]] to the source it came from. See [[Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia]] for how to properly bring articles over from another Wikipedia. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:38, 25 May 2025 (UTC) == consensus pages == From now on any edits to any caste page must should first seek concensus on the relevant talk page prior to the edits going live. This means anyone making direct edits to the main article will be blocked from editing and/or receive a topic ban preventing them from editing all case pages. We are all adults here and seeking consensus should not be hard. I will act as a neutral arbitrator. The key here is to protect the main space articles. This is not optional. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 11:39, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of University Grants Commission (India)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:University Grants Commission (India)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:University Grants Commission (India)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 14:36, 9 June 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion requests == Hello, TheSlumPanda. I have just declined a lot of your quick deletion requests because you did not give a QD reason. You have to specify one of the QD reasons listed at [[WP:QD]]. For example, if the reason is that the page is a test page, you would specify <code><nowiki>{{QD|G2}}</nowiki></code>. Thanks. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 17:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]]. I nominated these clans in mass because they aren’t notable enough to have a standalone page. They all may be created to promote the caste because none of these clans exist on English Wikipedia and also these clans dont have significant coverage in reliable sources except for blogs, which are personally written. Thats why i nominated these all articles in qd. I would be happy if you share your thoughts to how should we remove such promotional pages. Thanks for understanding [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::You can nominate them for qd, but you have to specify one of the listed qd options. I gave an example above of how to do that. You just need to pick the qd option you want used. A4 might work. ::Some caste articles have also been nominated individually for [[WP:RFD]]. If you decide to do that, you could combine them into one request. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 18:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Should i write the A4 in summary after nominating a non notable article under QD [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 04:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]]: I don't understand what you're asking. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 04:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::::I mean after tagging article with <nowiki>{{qd}}</nowiki> should i write “QD A4” in edit summary [[User:TheSlumPanda|TheSlumPanda]] ([[User talk:TheSlumPanda#top|talk]]) 06:44, 15 June 2025 (UTC) mco7frv99i6rmgxwhj16seyzsm2fo48 0 1191759 10331379 10314819 2025-06-15T03:05:55Z 24.47.179.93 not a citation but I needed a way to mention this since I see that it's not mentioned in the other wikipedias. 10331379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doraemon no Uta''' (''ドラえもんのうた, lit. Doraemon's song'') is a song created for the 1979 [[Doraemon]] anime, it was originally sung by Kumiko Ōsugi and was used as the series' theme song from 1979 until 2005, the latest version of this song to be used as the opening theme was made by 12 Girls Band, which was used in for the first few episodes of [[Doraemon (2005 TV series)|Doraemon (2005-present)]]. It was replaced in October of 2005 by Hagushichao (which would be replaced by [[Doraemon|''Yume Wo Kanaete, Doraemon'']] in 2007), though it is still considered to be Doraemon's main theme song<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pravattiyagul|first=Onsiri|date=2013-05-09|title=No swan song just yet|language=en|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/349126/no-swan-song-just-yet|access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> and it is very well-known in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-19|title=藤子Fアニメ5曲を発車メロディーに一挙導入 南武線2駅で9月3日から|url=https://trafficnews.jp/post/56181|access-date=2025-05-25|website=乗りものニュース|language=ja}}</ref> it has been used as the ending theme of the 2005 anime since 2019 (though the 2019 version is sung by the main voice actors of the new series.), this song has also been dubbed in different languages. == List of singers == the song has had different singers throughout the years. * Kumiko Osugi (1979-1992) * Satoko Yamano (1992-2002) * Hinano Yoshikawa (1998, only used in ''Doraemon: Nobita's Great Adventure in the South Seas'') * [[Tokyo Purin]] (2002-2003) * [[Misato Watanabe]] (2003-2004) * AJI (2004-2005) * Wasabi Mizuta (Doraemon), Megumi Ōhara ([[Nobita Nobi]]), Yumi Kakazu (Shizuka Minamoto), Subaru Kimura (Takeshi "Gian" Gouda) and Tomokazu Seki (Suneo Honekawa) (2019-present) == In other media == Outside of the Doraemon anime, the cast of the anime Lucky Star made a cover of this song, it was sung by Aya Hirano (Konata Izumi), Aya Endo (Miyuki Takara), Emiri Kato (Kagami Hiragi) and Kaori Fukuhara (Tsukasa Hiragi)., this version was used as the ending theme for episode 11 of Lucky Star.<ref>{{Citation|title=Doraemon no Uta by Konata Izumi (CV: Aya Hirano), Kagami Hiiragi (CV: Emiri Kato), Tsukasa Hiiragi (CV: Kaori Fukuhara) & Miyuki Takara (CV: Aya Endo) on Apple Music|date=2007-07-11|url=https://music.apple.com/za/song/doraemon-no-uta/1722610622|language=en-GB|access-date=2025-06-15}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Songs]] fxso8partbcpp87ri06n2siz3tu9mm0 0 1191850 10330033 10284950 2025-06-14T13:44:31Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Midway Atoll Airport]] to [[Henderson Field (Midway Atoll)]]: per en 10284950 wikitext text/x-wiki Henderson Field (MDY) is a general aviation airport located on Midway Atoll, USA. sof6cx7bjoqgad83wzofq525hwquwzb 2 1192046 10330591 10326152 2025-06-14T18:32:12Z Priharisid 1555874 10330591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]], [[Blessing|Blessed]] |name=Eric II the Great and Faithful,<br>''Grande'' Emperor of the Rewlans |image= |caption=Eric dressed in fine priest clothes, with the imperial wreath, and a cross in the middle |titles=Cautédoralcoucion, [[Faith]]ful, Emperor, Devotional |venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]] |canonized_date = 12 June 2059 |canonized_place = [[Vatican City]], [[Rome]], [[Italy]] (later Papal Palace, Rome, Italy, [[Devux]], [[Rewlan Empire]]) |canonized_by = [[Pope John XXIV]] (later Papal Ruler John XXIV) |birth_name = Eric Vastumedes |birth_date = September 2028 (age 53) |birth_place = [[Paris]] (Paris, France, Devux, Rewlan Empire) or [[Resuisse]] (Spain, Devux, Rewlan Empire) |beatified_date = 11 June 2059 |beatified_place = Vatican City, Rome, Italy (later Papal Palace, Rome, Italy, [[Devux]], Rewlan Empire) |beatified_by = Pope John XXIV (later Papal Ruler John XXIV) |attributes = [[Rewlan papal Emblem]]<br>[[Rewlan Emoire|Rewlan coat of arms]]<br>Rewlan royal crown |feast_day = 4 October |patronage= |module={{Infobox royalty |embed=yes |succession=[[Rewlan Emperor]] |reign=29 February 1272 &ndash; now (2081) |predecessor = Him as ''Emperor of Resuis'' |regent=[[The five kings]] ([[Treaty of Kings|''':''']]) |reg-type=King |succession1 = [[Emperor of Resuis]] |predecessor1=[[Frances Xavier]] (disputed)<br>[[Lewis V]] |successor1=Him as ''Rewlan Emperor'' |succession2=[[Duke of Raebourner]] |reign2=Royal title from 2035 |predecessor2=[[Francis I of Devux|Francis]] |issue=5, including [[Lewis Alexander I, King of Devux|Lewis Alexander]] and Francis Devon |issue-link=#Children |house=Muaratte<br>Alexandrian-Vastumedan (founder; member of both houses) }} }} [[File:Europe blank laea location map.svg|250px|thumb|[[Europe]], the mainland of the Rewlan Empire, and where Eric was born]] '''Trévér I "Eric"''' {{Smallcaps|[[Rewlan Honorary Medal|rhm]]}} (born '''Eric Vastumedes''';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanweb.com/books/109083476|title=Eric Vastumedes, retrieved 2066 (RST)}}</ref> September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanweb.com/fun-facts/f?=Trever-was-born-in-the-month-of-September|title=The Rewlan Web: Fact 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resuissanweb.com/fun-facts-about-royalty-in-Resuisse/f=187|title=The Resuissan Web: Facts about royalty: 189}}</ref> 2028 (RST)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quickfactsaboutempires.com/empire10-modern/fact=187|title=Quick Facts About Empires &ndash; Empire 10 (Modern) &ndash; Fact 187}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanbiographiesandmore.com/book=Trévér|title=Rewlan Biographies &ndash; Trévér I}}</ref> &ndash; now) is the current [[Rewlan Emperor]] (previously Emperor of Resuis until 2072) from 2069 (RST). He expanded the vast empire to all of [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], Western [[America]], [[Canada]], and full [[Alaska]], ruling approximately over 6 billion people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empirearticles.com/book=294857/page=7|title=Empire Articles.com &ndash; Rewlan Empire (Book 24) &ndash; page 7}}</ref>{{efn|According to modern dates in Rewlis}} ==Early life== Trévér was born "Eric Vastumedes" in September 2028, probably in [[Paris]], [[France]] or either [[Duchy of Resuisse|Resuisse]]. He was born to [[Francis I of Devux|Francis I]]{{sfn|Voldermortis|Valvet|Probis|Eric (Trévér)|2056}} and [[Mary Eleonora of the Grand Piccts|Mother Mary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trans.en.defortspendex.com/Mother_Me-(2)re-(2)-compcout/|title=Translate Spendexxian Languages to English &ndash; Mother Méré}} (Reference)</ref> His older twin, Johan Willem (John William<ref>Translated by {{cite web|url=https://www.transl.wiki.com/translate=Dutch-English/text=John-Willem/|title=Wiki Translate.com &ndash; Dutch to English &ndash; Johan Willem}}</ref><sup>transl.</sup>), was going to be [[Viscount]] of Lidelve at the age of 7 years old,{{sfn|Davis|2035}} a territory of [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.searchweb.reliable.org/search/beftextandbefurltype=l.decaps.ist_of_main_territories_of_northern_ireland/time-rst-time-modest=2078-9-24_9:24:07:015/urldenow=website-site1562423345453434_subsite1/sq1=15960483938574930294739402948384738483920293849302049385466_1296jgbxjvdjh1|title=Search Web}}</ref> Eric's dream was a [[Catholic]] priest, as he was interested in the Christian [[Bible]]. Francis let him dream to be a priest, as the most popular and most religious priest, the supre-Cautédoralcoucion (Pre-Leader of all Catholic churches in Resuisse) would crown the Emperor, and be next Cautédoralcoucion<ref>''Catholicism in Spain, [[Manuel Protos]], retreived 2015</ref> (Leader of all Catholic churches in Resuisse). ===Education=== Eric was educated in Ressonvan Palais (later Devux Palais) by [[Manuel Protos]], a [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]] teacher and author. At the time, Manuel was 60 years old,{{sfn|Protos|2035}} when he started teaching Eric in 2032. Eric taught him History, Rewlan (Eric's main country) History, Geography, Reading, Math, Science, and Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.searchweb.reliable.org/search/beftextandbefurltype=nonesearch.124.reason=search/time-rst-time-modest=nonesearch.67.reason=search/urldenow=nonesearch.10047608.reason=provide/sq1=1029374539629474563950384375959374939573859305829402910000000000000012937586745392_19284jquwsifhgrusle|title=Search Web}}</ref> He taught Eric for 16 years until 2048, when he retired at 76. Protos died in 2050 at the age of 77.{{sfn|Davis|Protes|2050}} Eric took the Masturis{{efn|The Masturis exam has 800 questions.}} exam, the approved royal test in Spendexxian states, in November 2048.<ref>''How Spendexxian Royal Peoples get educated, [[Masturis]]''</ref> Out of maximum score 600, he got 590. The passing scores is 580 and over, so he passed. He now finished his education. Eric invented the "[[Christian Education System]]"<ref name="CES">{{cite web|url=https://christianlearning.edu/history/textbook=Rewlis/story=Christian-Education-System|title=Christian Learning}}</ref> with 3 branches, "Catholic System" (CS), "Protestant System" (PS), and "Orthodox System" (OS).<ref name="CES"/> They teach about {{blockquote|his/her Christian Religion or not about their religion, just if they want to be Christian or they want to be religious (holy: like a priest) or want to learn to be religious/they want too. - Trévér I talking about the system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngr.com/news/date=9-3-2050/newstext=Eric-invents-CES|title=NewsGuide Rewlis}}</ref>}} ==Marriage and children== Five days later after he passed Masturis, Francis I married Eric to [[Isabel, Empress of Rewlis|Isabel]], a sister of [[Viglor, Count of Venice|Count Viglor]], a Spendexxian ruler (a viscount) in [[Venice]], [[Italy]]. They married on 15 November 2048. They had the wedding ceremony in [[Raebourner]], [[Northern Ireland]]. In 2054, Eric annulled the marriage, and became a priest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biography of Trever I Eric|year=|publisher=SAY Publishing}}</ref> In 2080, 26 years later, they married again, and instead of Isabel being Empress consort, she became Empress Consort ruling with Trévér (Eric). She made some reforms. She has a [[coin]] and an official portrait. ===Children=== They had 5 children. * [[Lewis Alexander I, King of Devux|Lewis Alexander]] (born 2048), recently elected King of Devux ([[France]], [[Spain]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Netherlands]], [[Swiss|Switzerland]]), very small part of old [[Austria|Kingdom of the Austrians]]), Crown Prince of Rewlis, married, and has children. * [[Frances Devon, Hereditary Crown Prince of Rewlis|Francis Devon]] (born 2048; regnal name Francis Joseph George), Duke of [[England]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emperor and family|publisher=Masturis Publishing, Co.}}</ref> twin of Lewis, Hereditary Crown Prince of Rewlis, married, and has children. * [[John Protis, Hereditary Crown Prince of Devux|John Protis]], Hereditary Crown Prince of Devux (for Lewis), married, and has children. * [[Isabel of the Rewlan Empire|Isabel]], married, has a child. * [[Sophie (son of Trever I Eric)|Sophie]], married, has a child. In total he has 5 children, 2 other siblings (maybe 6{{efn|He maybe has 6. Some speculate that Francis had [[illegitimate]] children, has other children people do not want to know, or it is fake.}}), and 15 grandchildren (3 (average) for every child). ==Priesthood== He annulled Isabel and became a priest in [[Rewlis]]. His teachings are that [[Jesus|god]] died from [[Judas Iscariot]] for our sins.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eric II and his priesthood|url=https://www.ngrbooksandreferences.com/book/12348325}}</ref> During his free-time (when it was not [[Sunday]]), he traveled to his now-ruling brother [[Lewis Alexandre|Lewis]], because he was a great tactician (he was great at doing tactics (doing a careful but clever decision)). He carefully recited it and told it to Lewis. Besides that, his faith, devotion to God, and teachings, were all paid off and became a [[saint]], and [[blessing|blessed]]. ===Saint=== Eric was a very good priest and gained attention by [[Pope John XXIV]], and the Pope beatified and canonized him in just 2 days in June 2059. He became a saint 1 year later. He now had an alliance with the Pope, which was one of his missions. He became a bishop and gained fame. Then he became archbishop in 2068, and cardinal in 2080. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{refs|4}} f4u0z8ucgcflbebgo7e12rdnxfeirp7 10330874 10330591 2025-06-14T20:57:36Z Priharisid 1555874 /* Priesthood */ 10330874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]], [[Blessing|Blessed]] |name=Eric II the Great and Faithful,<br>''Grande'' Emperor of the Rewlans |image= |caption=Eric dressed in fine priest clothes, with the imperial wreath, and a cross in the middle |titles=Cautédoralcoucion, [[Faith]]ful, Emperor, Devotional |venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]] |canonized_date = 12 June 2059 |canonized_place = [[Vatican City]], [[Rome]], [[Italy]] (later Papal Palace, Rome, Italy, [[Devux]], [[Rewlan Empire]]) |canonized_by = [[Pope John XXIV]] (later Papal Ruler John XXIV) |birth_name = Eric Vastumedes |birth_date = September 2028 (age 53) |birth_place = [[Paris]] (Paris, France, Devux, Rewlan Empire) or [[Resuisse]] (Spain, Devux, Rewlan Empire) |beatified_date = 11 June 2059 |beatified_place = Vatican City, Rome, Italy (later Papal Palace, Rome, Italy, [[Devux]], Rewlan Empire) |beatified_by = Pope John XXIV (later Papal Ruler John XXIV) |attributes = [[Rewlan papal Emblem]]<br>[[Rewlan Emoire|Rewlan coat of arms]]<br>Rewlan royal crown |feast_day = 4 October |patronage= |module={{Infobox royalty |embed=yes |succession=[[Rewlan Emperor]] |reign=29 February 1272 &ndash; now (2081) |predecessor = Him as ''Emperor of Resuis'' |regent=[[The five kings]] ([[Treaty of Kings|''':''']]) |reg-type=King |succession1 = [[Emperor of Resuis]] |predecessor1=[[Frances Xavier]] (disputed)<br>[[Lewis V]] |successor1=Him as ''Rewlan Emperor'' |succession2=[[Duke of Raebourner]] |reign2=Royal title from 2035 |predecessor2=[[Francis I of Devux|Francis]] |issue=5, including [[Lewis Alexander I, King of Devux|Lewis Alexander]] and Francis Devon |issue-link=#Children |house=Muaratte<br>Alexandrian-Vastumedan (founder; member of both houses) }} }} [[File:Europe blank laea location map.svg|250px|thumb|[[Europe]], the mainland of the Rewlan Empire, and where Eric was born]] '''Trévér I "Eric"''' {{Smallcaps|[[Rewlan Honorary Medal|rhm]]}} (born '''Eric Vastumedes''';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanweb.com/books/109083476|title=Eric Vastumedes, retrieved 2066 (RST)}}</ref> September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanweb.com/fun-facts/f?=Trever-was-born-in-the-month-of-September|title=The Rewlan Web: Fact 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resuissanweb.com/fun-facts-about-royalty-in-Resuisse/f=187|title=The Resuissan Web: Facts about royalty: 189}}</ref> 2028 (RST)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quickfactsaboutempires.com/empire10-modern/fact=187|title=Quick Facts About Empires &ndash; Empire 10 (Modern) &ndash; Fact 187}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanbiographiesandmore.com/book=Trévér|title=Rewlan Biographies &ndash; Trévér I}}</ref> &ndash; now) is the current [[Rewlan Emperor]] (previously Emperor of Resuis until 2072) from 2069 (RST). He expanded the vast empire to all of [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], Western [[America]], [[Canada]], and full [[Alaska]], ruling approximately over 6 billion people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empirearticles.com/book=294857/page=7|title=Empire Articles.com &ndash; Rewlan Empire (Book 24) &ndash; page 7}}</ref>{{efn|According to modern dates in Rewlis}} ==Early life== Trévér was born "Eric Vastumedes" in September 2028, probably in [[Paris]], [[France]] or either [[Duchy of Resuisse|Resuisse]]. He was born to [[Francis I of Devux|Francis I]]{{sfn|Voldermortis|Valvet|Probis|Eric (Trévér)|2056}} and [[Mary Eleonora of the Grand Piccts|Mother Mary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trans.en.defortspendex.com/Mother_Me-(2)re-(2)-compcout/|title=Translate Spendexxian Languages to English &ndash; Mother Méré}} (Reference)</ref> His older twin, Johan Willem (John William<ref>Translated by {{cite web|url=https://www.transl.wiki.com/translate=Dutch-English/text=John-Willem/|title=Wiki Translate.com &ndash; Dutch to English &ndash; Johan Willem}}</ref><sup>transl.</sup>), was going to be [[Viscount]] of Lidelve at the age of 7 years old,{{sfn|Davis|2035}} a territory of [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.searchweb.reliable.org/search/beftextandbefurltype=l.decaps.ist_of_main_territories_of_northern_ireland/time-rst-time-modest=2078-9-24_9:24:07:015/urldenow=website-site1562423345453434_subsite1/sq1=15960483938574930294739402948384738483920293849302049385466_1296jgbxjvdjh1|title=Search Web}}</ref> Eric's dream was a [[Catholic]] priest, as he was interested in the Christian [[Bible]]. Francis let him dream to be a priest, as the most popular and most religious priest, the supre-Cautédoralcoucion (Pre-Leader of all Catholic churches in Resuisse) would crown the Emperor, and be next Cautédoralcoucion<ref>''Catholicism in Spain, [[Manuel Protos]], retreived 2015</ref> (Leader of all Catholic churches in Resuisse). ===Education=== Eric was educated in Ressonvan Palais (later Devux Palais) by [[Manuel Protos]], a [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]] teacher and author. At the time, Manuel was 60 years old,{{sfn|Protos|2035}} when he started teaching Eric in 2032. Eric taught him History, Rewlan (Eric's main country) History, Geography, Reading, Math, Science, and Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.searchweb.reliable.org/search/beftextandbefurltype=nonesearch.124.reason=search/time-rst-time-modest=nonesearch.67.reason=search/urldenow=nonesearch.10047608.reason=provide/sq1=1029374539629474563950384375959374939573859305829402910000000000000012937586745392_19284jquwsifhgrusle|title=Search Web}}</ref> He taught Eric for 16 years until 2048, when he retired at 76. Protos died in 2050 at the age of 77.{{sfn|Davis|Protes|2050}} Eric took the Masturis{{efn|The Masturis exam has 800 questions.}} exam, the approved royal test in Spendexxian states, in November 2048.<ref>''How Spendexxian Royal Peoples get educated, [[Masturis]]''</ref> Out of maximum score 600, he got 590. The passing scores is 580 and over, so he passed. He now finished his education. Eric invented the "[[Christian Education System]]"<ref name="CES">{{cite web|url=https://christianlearning.edu/history/textbook=Rewlis/story=Christian-Education-System|title=Christian Learning}}</ref> with 3 branches, "Catholic System" (CS), "Protestant System" (PS), and "Orthodox System" (OS).<ref name="CES"/> They teach about {{blockquote|his/her Christian Religion or not about their religion, just if they want to be Christian or they want to be religious (holy: like a priest) or want to learn to be religious/they want too. - Trévér I talking about the system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngr.com/news/date=9-3-2050/newstext=Eric-invents-CES|title=NewsGuide Rewlis}}</ref>}} ==Marriage and children== Five days later after he passed Masturis, Francis I married Eric to [[Isabel, Empress of Rewlis|Isabel]], a sister of [[Viglor, Count of Venice|Count Viglor]], a Spendexxian ruler (a viscount) in [[Venice]], [[Italy]]. They married on 15 November 2048. They had the wedding ceremony in [[Raebourner]], [[Northern Ireland]]. In 2054, Eric annulled the marriage, and became a priest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biography of Trever I Eric|year=|publisher=SAY Publishing}}</ref> In 2080, 26 years later, they married again, and instead of Isabel being Empress consort, she became Empress Consort ruling with Trévér (Eric). She made some reforms. She has a [[coin]] and an official portrait. ===Children=== They had 5 children. * [[Lewis Alexander I, King of Devux|Lewis Alexander]] (born 2048), recently elected King of Devux ([[France]], [[Spain]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Netherlands]], [[Swiss|Switzerland]]), very small part of old [[Austria|Kingdom of the Austrians]]), Crown Prince of Rewlis, married, and has children. * [[Frances Devon, Hereditary Crown Prince of Rewlis|Francis Devon]] (born 2048; regnal name Francis Joseph George), Duke of [[England]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emperor and family|publisher=Masturis Publishing, Co.}}</ref> twin of Lewis, Hereditary Crown Prince of Rewlis, married, and has children. * [[John Protis, Hereditary Crown Prince of Devux|John Protis]], Hereditary Crown Prince of Devux (for Lewis), married, and has children. * [[Isabel of the Rewlan Empire|Isabel]], married, has a child. * [[Sophie (son of Trever I Eric)|Sophie]], married, has a child. In total he has 5 children, 2 other siblings (maybe 6{{efn|He maybe has 6. Some speculate that Francis had [[illegitimate]] children, has other children people do not want to know, or it is fake.}}), and 15 grandchildren (3 (average) for every child). ==Priesthood== He annulled Isabel and became a priest in [[Rewlis]]. His teachings are that [[Jesus|god]] (a natural superhuman) died (and came back) from [[Judas Iscariot]] (death) for our sins.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eric II and his priesthood|url=https://www.ngrbooksandreferences.com/book/12348325}}</ref> During his free-time (when it was not [[Sunday]]), he traveled to his now-ruling brother [[Lewis Alexandre|Lewis]], because he was a great tactician (he was great at doing tactics (doing a careful but clever decision)). He carefully recited it and told it to Lewis. Besides that, his faith, devotion to God, and teachings, were all paid off and became a [[saint]], and [[blessing|blessed]]. He even became [[Cautédoralcoucion]] (his dream-job) in 2073. He got elected by the people having over 80% of the vote. Being Cautédoralcouciom is like being [[Pope]], but being elected by the people. He spread [[Christianity]] around his Empire even when he was [[Emperor]]. ===Saint=== Eric was a very good priest and gained attention by [[Pope John XXIV]], and the Pope beatified and canonized him in just 2 days in June 2059. He became a saint 1 year later. He now had an alliance with the Pope, which was one of his missions. He became a bishop and gained fame. Then he became archbishop in 2068, and cardinal in 2080. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{refs|4}} a3pntu7yq897i7jpqt2lo7vce018nq1 10331182 10330874 2025-06-15T00:53:37Z Priharisid 1555874 10331182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]], [[Blessing|Blessed]] |name=Eric II the Great and Faithful,<br>''Grande'' Emperor of the Rewlans |image= |caption=Eric dressed in fine priest clothes, with the imperial wreath, and a cross in the middle |titles=Cautédoralcoucion, [[Faith]]ful, Emperor, Devotional |venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]] |canonized_date = 12 June 2059 |canonized_place = [[Vatican City]], [[Rome]], [[Italy]] (later Papal Palace, Rome, Italy, [[Devux]], [[Rewlan Empire]]) |canonized_by = [[Pope John XXIV]] (later Papal Ruler John XXIV) |birth_name = Eric Vastumedes |birth_date = September 2028 (age 53) |birth_place = [[Paris]] (Paris, France, Devux, Rewlan Empire) or [[Resuisse]] (Spain, Devux, Rewlan Empire) |beatified_date = 11 June 2059 |beatified_place = Vatican City, Rome, Italy (later Papal Palace, Rome, Italy, [[Devux]], Rewlan Empire) |beatified_by = Pope John XXIV (later Papal Ruler John XXIV) |attributes = [[Rewlan papal Emblem]]<br>[[Rewlan Emoire|Rewlan coat of arms]]<br>Rewlan royal crown |feast_day = 4 October |patronage= |module={{Infobox royalty |embed=yes |succession=[[Rewlan Emperor]] |reign=29 February 1272 &ndash; now (2081) |predecessor = Him as ''Emperor of Resuis'' |regent=[[The five kings]] ([[Treaty of Kings|''':''']]) |reg-type=King |succession1 = [[Emperor of Resuis]] |predecessor1=[[Frances Xavier]] (disputed)<br>[[Lewis V]] |successor1=Him as ''Rewlan Emperor'' |succession2=[[Duke of Raebourner]] |reign2=Royal title from 2035 |predecessor2=[[Francis I of Devux|Francis]] |issue=5, including [[Lewis Alexander I, King of Devux|Lewis Alexander]] and Francis Devon |issue-link=#Children |house=Muaratte<br>Alexandrian-Vastumedan (founder; member of both houses) }} }} [[File:Europe blank laea location map.svg|250px|thumb|[[Europe]], the mainland of the Rewlan Empire, and where Eric was born]] '''Trévér I "Eric"''' {{Smallcaps|[[Rewlan Honorary Medal|rhm]]}} (born '''Eric Vastumedes''';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanweb.com/books/109083476|title=Eric Vastumedes, retrieved 2066 (RST)}}</ref> September<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanweb.com/fun-facts/f?=Trever-was-born-in-the-month-of-September|title=The Rewlan Web: Fact 18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resuissanweb.com/fun-facts-about-royalty-in-Resuisse/f=187|title=The Resuissan Web: Facts about royalty: 189}}</ref> 2028 (RST)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quickfactsaboutempires.com/empire10-modern/fact=187|title=Quick Facts About Empires &ndash; Empire 10 (Modern) &ndash; Fact 187}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rewlanbiographiesandmore.com/book=Trévér|title=Rewlan Biographies &ndash; Trévér I}}</ref> &ndash; now) is the current [[Rewlan Emperor]] (previously Emperor of Resuis until 2072) from 2069 (RST). He expanded the vast empire to all of [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]], Western [[America]], [[Canada]], and full [[Alaska]], ruling approximately over 6 billion people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empirearticles.com/book=294857/page=7|title=Empire Articles.com &ndash; Rewlan Empire (Book 24) &ndash; page 7}}</ref>{{efn|According to modern dates in Rewlis}} He conquered the biggest empire, now holding almost the whole world (except Central America, Mexico, South America, and Antarctica). He was a great strategist. Despite his intolerant ruling, he is a cardinal, and Saint (as Eric). ==Early life== Trévér was born "Eric Vastumedes" in September 2028, probably in [[Paris]], [[France]] or either [[Duchy of Resuisse|Resuisse]]. He was born to [[Francis I of Devux|Francis I]]{{sfn|Voldermortis|Valvet|Probis|Eric (Trévér)|2056}} and [[Mary Eleonora of the Grand Piccts|Mother Mary]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trans.en.defortspendex.com/Mother_Me-(2)re-(2)-compcout/|title=Translate Spendexxian Languages to English &ndash; Mother Méré}} (Reference)</ref> His older twin, Johan Willem (John William<ref>Translated by {{cite web|url=https://www.transl.wiki.com/translate=Dutch-English/text=John-Willem/|title=Wiki Translate.com &ndash; Dutch to English &ndash; Johan Willem}}</ref><sup>transl.</sup>), was going to be [[Viscount]] of Lidelve at the age of 7 years old,{{sfn|Davis|2035}} a territory of [[Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.searchweb.reliable.org/search/beftextandbefurltype=l.decaps.ist_of_main_territories_of_northern_ireland/time-rst-time-modest=2078-9-24_9:24:07:015/urldenow=website-site1562423345453434_subsite1/sq1=15960483938574930294739402948384738483920293849302049385466_1296jgbxjvdjh1|title=Search Web}}</ref> Eric's dream was a [[Catholic]] priest, as he was interested in the Christian [[Bible]]. Francis let him dream to be a priest, as the most popular and most religious priest, the supre-Cautédoralcoucion (Pre-Leader of all Catholic churches in Resuisse) would crown the Emperor, and be next Cautédoralcoucion<ref>''Catholicism in Spain, [[Manuel Protos]], retreived 2015</ref> (Leader of all Catholic churches in Resuisse). ===Education=== Eric was educated in Ressonvan Palais (later Devux Palais) by [[Manuel Protos]], a [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]] teacher and author. At the time, Manuel was 60 years old,{{sfn|Protos|2035}} when he started teaching Eric in 2032. Eric taught him History, Rewlan (Eric's main country) History, Geography, Reading, Math, Science, and Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.searchweb.reliable.org/search/beftextandbefurltype=nonesearch.124.reason=search/time-rst-time-modest=nonesearch.67.reason=search/urldenow=nonesearch.10047608.reason=provide/sq1=1029374539629474563950384375959374939573859305829402910000000000000012937586745392_19284jquwsifhgrusle|title=Search Web}}</ref> He taught Eric for 16 years until 2048, when he retired at 76. Protos died in 2050 at the age of 77.{{sfn|Davis|Protes|2050}} Eric took the Masturis{{efn|The Masturis exam has 800 questions.}} exam, the approved royal test in Spendexxian states, in November 2048.<ref>''How Spendexxian Royal Peoples get educated, [[Masturis]]''</ref> Out of maximum score 600, he got 590. The passing scores is 580 and over, so he passed. He now finished his education. Eric invented the "[[Christian Education System]]"<ref name="CES">{{cite web|url=https://christianlearning.edu/history/textbook=Rewlis/story=Christian-Education-System|title=Christian Learning}}</ref> with 3 branches, "Catholic System" (CS), "Protestant System" (PS), and "Orthodox System" (OS).<ref name="CES"/> They teach about {{blockquote|his/her Christian Religion or not about their religion, just if they want to be Christian or they want to be religious (holy: like a priest) or want to learn to be religious/they want too. - Trévér I talking about the system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngr.com/news/date=9-3-2050/newstext=Eric-invents-CES|title=NewsGuide Rewlis}}</ref>}} ==Marriage and children== Five days later after he passed Masturis, Francis I married Eric to [[Isabel, Empress of Rewlis|Isabel]], a sister of [[Viglor, Count of Venice|Count Viglor]], a Spendexxian ruler (a viscount) in [[Venice]], [[Italy]]. They married on 15 November 2048. They had the wedding ceremony in [[Raebourner]], [[Northern Ireland]]. In 2054, Eric annulled the marriage, and became a priest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biography of Trever I Eric|year=|publisher=SAY Publishing}}</ref> In 2080, 26 years later, they married again, and instead of Isabel being Empress consort, she became Empress Consort ruling with Trévér (Eric). She made some reforms. She has a [[coin]] and an official portrait. ===Children=== They had 5 children. * [[Lewis Alexander I, King of Devux|Lewis Alexander]] (born 2048), recently elected King of Devux ([[France]], [[Spain]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Netherlands]], [[Swiss|Switzerland]]), very small part of old [[Austria|Kingdom of the Austrians]]), Crown Prince of Rewlis, married, and has children. * [[Frances Devon, Hereditary Crown Prince of Rewlis|Francis Devon]] (born 2048; regnal name Francis Joseph George), Duke of [[England]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emperor and family|publisher=Masturis Publishing, Co.}}</ref> twin of Lewis, Hereditary Crown Prince of Rewlis, married, and has children. * [[John Protis, Hereditary Crown Prince of Devux|John Protis]], Hereditary Crown Prince of Devux (for Lewis), married, and has children. * [[Isabel of the Rewlan Empire|Isabel]], married, has a child. * [[Sophie (son of Trever I Eric)|Sophie]], married, has a child. In total he has 5 children, 2 other siblings (maybe 6{{efn|He maybe has 6. Some speculate that Francis had [[illegitimate]] children, has other children people do not want to know, or it is fake.}}), and 15 grandchildren (3 (average) for every child). ==Priesthood== He annulled Isabel and became a priest in [[Rewlis]]. His teachings are that [[Jesus|god]] (a natural superhuman) died (and came back) from [[Judas Iscariot]] (death) for our sins.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eric II and his priesthood|url=https://www.ngrbooksandreferences.com/book/12348325}}</ref> During his free-time (when it was not [[Sunday]]), he traveled to his now-ruling brother [[Lewis Alexandre|Lewis]], because he was a great tactician (he was great at doing tactics (doing a careful but clever decision)). He carefully recited it and told it to Lewis. Besides that, his faith, devotion to God, and teachings, were all paid off and became a [[saint]], and [[blessing|blessed]]. He even became [[Cautédoralcoucion]] (his dream-job) in 2073. He got elected by the people having over 80% of the vote. Being Cautédoralcouciom is like being [[Pope]], but being elected by the people. He spread [[Christianity]] around his Empire even when he was [[Emperor]]. ===Saint=== Eric was a very good priest and gained attention by [[Pope John XXIV]], and the Pope beatified and canonized him in just 2 days in June 2059. He became a saint 1 year later. He now had an alliance with the Pope, which was one of his missions. He became a bishop and gained fame. Then he became archbishop in 2068, and cardinal in 2080. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{refs|4}} qcuvtuwzgghf68zfhzqsewwf15vxf5x 0 1192110 10330029 10287278 2025-06-14T13:43:04Z Minorax 844779 Redirected page to [[Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]] 10330029 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]] adrdo2b0opqbzc0k680mjpnie558hbm 0 1192180 10329974 10292381 2025-06-14T13:22:39Z Minorax 844779 ±[[Category:Born in the 7th century]]→[[Category:7th-century births]]; ±[[Category:Died in the 7th Century]]→[[Category:7th-century deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10329974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox royalty |name=Zacharias |native_name= |title=[[list of monarchs of Nubia|Nubian King]] of [[Nobatia]] |reign={{circa|CE 645–655}} |predeccessor=[[W-r-p-y-w-l]] |birth_date={{circa|CE 7th century}} |birth_place= |death_date={{circa|CE 7th century }} |death_place= }} '''Zacharias''' was a Nubian king who ruled in the 7th century. Zacharias, son of Barky, is mentioned in some Arabic sources around the Mosque of [[Fustat]], where he’s referred to as king several times. It isn’t certain in which of the Nubian kingdoms he ruled, but Nobatia is usually assumed. Zacharias is reported to have donated a carved minbar to the Mosque of Fustat. This is said to have happened during the reign of Abd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī Sarh (645–655). == Literature == * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: ''The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia''. London 2002, p. 69, ISBN 0-7141-1947-4 [[Category:Nubian monarchs]] [[Category:Rulers (7th century)]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:7th-century births]] [[Category:7th-century deaths]] d0ddet7shab22slgqr9wd9i4zkq77a3 0 1192182 10329956 10287906 2025-06-14T13:17:07Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Aburni (Sudanese king of Nobatia)]] to [[Aburni]]: per en 10287906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox royalty |name=Aburni |native_name= |title=[[List of monarchs of Nubia|Nubian King]] of [[Nobatia]] |reign={{circa|CE 450}} |predecessor=[[Silko (Sudanese king)|Silko]] |successor=[[Eiparnome (Sudanese King)|Eiparnome]] |birth_date={{circa|before CE 450}} |birth_place= |death_date={{circa|after CE 450}} |death_place= }} '''Aburni''' was a king of [[Nobatia]] who ruled around 450 AD as the successor of [[Silko]]. Aburni is known from a letter found in [[Qasr Ibrim]]. The letter, written in poor Greek, was addressed by the king of the [[Blemmyes|Blemmyians]], [[Phonen (Sudanese king)|Phonen]], and his son, the [[Phylarch]] Breytek, to Aburni and his sons Nakase and Mouses. It is the reply to a lost letter. In the letter, Phonen makes it clear that he is an enemy of the [[Nobatia|Nobatians]] and mentions various conflicts he had with Silko and his successor Aburni. Phonen reports animals being exchanged for land, whereupon Silko killed the Blemmyrian Phylarch Yeny and abducted numerous priests. It remains unclear whether [[Phonen (Sudanese king)|Phonen]] got his land back. However, Phonen is the last attested ruler of the Blemmyrians and one may assume that Aburni succeeded in destroying them and taking over their empire. == Literature == * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: ''The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile.'' British Museum Press, London 2002, ISBN 0-7141-1947-4, pp. 17–18. * T. C. Skeat: ''A Letter from the King of the Blemmyes to the King of the Noubades.'' In: ''Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.'' Vol. 63, 1977, {{ISSN|0307-5133}}, pp. 159–170. [[Category:Aburni]] [[Category:King (Nubia)]] [[Category:Born in the 5th century]] [[Category:Died in the 5th century]] [[Category:Rulers (5th century)]] [[Category:Nobatia]] n8qzonhy4g23dtwitnxhj9402cpl2jy 0 1192185 10329966 10292379 2025-06-14T13:19:10Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Tokiltoeton (Sudanese king of Nobatia)]] to [[Tokiltoeton]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10292379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox royalty |name= Tokiltoeton |native_name= |title=[[List of monarchs of Nabatia|Nubian king]] of Nobatia |reign={{circa|CE 577}} |predecessor=[[Eiparnome (Sudanese King)|Eiparnome]] |successor=[[W-r-p-y-w-l]] |birth_date={{circa|CE 6th century}} |birth_place= |death_date={{circa|CE 6th century or 7th century}} |death_place= }} '''Tokiltoeton''' was a [[Nubia|Nubian]] king in the kingdom of [[Nobatia]] who ruled in the 6th century. Tokiltoeton is known primarily from a [[Ikhmindi (Egypt)#Building inscription of Ikhmindi|foundation inscription]] from the fortified settlement of [[Ikhmindi (Egypt)|Ikhmindi]] in Lower [[Nubia]], which speaks of the foundation of a "building." The inscription can be dated to the second half of the 6th century. Interpretation of the inscription shows that the "building" referred to the defensive structure of the city to be founded. == Literature == * [[Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann]], [[Peter Grossmann]]: ''Nubian Research.'' German Archaeological Institute. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1988, p. 86. * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: ''The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia.'' British Museum Press. London 2002, ISBN=0-7141-1947-4, p. 37, 38} [[Category:Nubian monarchs]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:Born in the 6th century]] [[Category:Died in 6th or 7th century]] a1pc668jky6wq3ipbgxdkdp14qb1zqp 10329993 10329966 2025-06-14T13:30:18Z Minorax 844779 removed [[Category:Born in the 6th century]]; added [[Category:6th-century births]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10329993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox royalty |name= Tokiltoeton |native_name= |title=[[List of monarchs of Nabatia|Nubian king]] of Nobatia |reign={{circa|CE 577}} |predecessor=[[Eiparnome (Sudanese King)|Eiparnome]] |successor=[[W-r-p-y-w-l]] |birth_date={{circa|CE 6th century}} |birth_place= |death_date={{circa|CE 6th century or 7th century}} |death_place= }} '''Tokiltoeton''' was a [[Nubia|Nubian]] king in the kingdom of [[Nobatia]] who ruled in the 6th century. Tokiltoeton is known primarily from a [[Ikhmindi (Egypt)#Building inscription of Ikhmindi|foundation inscription]] from the fortified settlement of [[Ikhmindi (Egypt)|Ikhmindi]] in Lower [[Nubia]], which speaks of the foundation of a "building." The inscription can be dated to the second half of the 6th century. Interpretation of the inscription shows that the "building" referred to the defensive structure of the city to be founded. == Literature == * [[Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann]], [[Peter Grossmann]]: ''Nubian Research.'' German Archaeological Institute. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1988, p. 86. * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: ''The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia.'' British Museum Press. London 2002, ISBN=0-7141-1947-4, p. 37, 38} [[Category:Nubian monarchs]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:6th-century births]] [[Category:Died in 6th or 7th century]] 9p4g8m5unwzsqy2y4zong6qvawr7q1u 0 1192200 10329969 10309501 2025-06-14T13:20:32Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Ikhmindi (Egypt)]] to [[Ikhmindi]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10309501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox settlement | 1 = Building <!-- *** Template header *** --> | name = Ikhmindi | native_name = | category = Archaeological site | official_name = | etymology = | nickname = <!-- *** pictures *** --> | image = | image_caption = <!-- *** Land, region m.m. *** --> | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | nickname = | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Egypt | flag = true | state = [[Aswan (guvernement)|Aswan]] | region = | district = | municipality = <!-- *** Location *** --> | location = | elevation = 186 | coordinates = {{coord|23|01|12|N|32|38|15|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Egypt}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Egypt|Governorate]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name1 = [[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]] | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation">{{cite web |title=Egypt: Governorates, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/egypt/cities/?cityid=578 |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 375 | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 186 | elevation_ft = 610 <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length = | length_orientation = | width = | width_orientation = | height = | depth = | volume = | area = <!-- *** Properties *** --> | author = | style = | material = <!-- *** History and administration *** --> | established = | date = | owner = | management = <!-- *** Access *** --> | public = | visitation = | visitation_date = | access = <!-- *** Haritage *** --> | whs_name = | whs_year = | whs_number = | whs_region = | whs_criteria = | iucn_category = <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free = | free_type = <!-- *** maps *** --> | map = {{Map position Egypt|relief_map_if_it_exists}} | map_caption = Location in Egypt | map_locator = Egypt | map_locator_x = | map_locator_y = <!-- *** Websites *** --> | website = <!-- *** Notes *** --> | footnotes = | state_type = Guvernement | timezone_label = Africa/Cairo | utc_offset = +2 | timezone = [[utc+02:00 |CAT]] | geoname = 8347339 }} '''Ikhmindi''', also ''Iḫmindi;'' was a fortified city founded in the CE 6th century on the [[Nile]] in what is now southern [[Egypt]]. Until its flooding by Lake Nasser in the 1960s, the site was one of the best-preserved early Christian settlements in Lower [[Nubia]]. == Location == Ikhmindi lay north of the ancient settlement of [[Sayala]] on the left, western bank of the Nile, about 120 kilometers as the crow flies south of [[Aswan]] and just under 40 kilometers south of [[Sabagura]], a fortress city of comparable size. A few kilometers downstream, the [[Wadi Allaqi]] flowed into the Nile Valley from the east. Here, an old caravan route branched off towards the [[Red Sea]], but the city itself was not located on a caravan route. In [[Egypt in Greco-Roman times#The Ptolemies|Ptolemaic times]], the border between Egypt and Nubia ran roughly at Ikhmindi. After the Roman prefect {{ill|Publius Petronius (Prefect of Egypt)|lt=Petronius|en|Gaius Petronius}} in 23 BCE, After having taken the fortified Qasr Ibrim further south and stationed a garrison there for two years, the Romans withdrew to the old border and held al-Maharaqqa a few kilometers north of Ikhmindi as the border town of the province of Egypt.<ref>John Whitehorne: ''The Pagan Cults of Roman Oxyrhynchus.'' In: Wolfgang Haase, Hildegard Temporini (eds.): ''[[Rise and Decline of the Roman World]].'' Volume 1, Part 2. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1995, p. 3057.</ref> == History of Research == The first sketches were made by Ludwig Borchardt in 1900; E. Somers Clarke published his archaeological investigations in 1912. From 1928 to 1934, the Egyptian Antiquities Authority commissioned excavations in Lower Nubia, supported by the Italian Foreign Ministry. Ugo Monneret de Villard was the director of the work. The most extensive excavations were carried out in 1958/59 by a team from the [[University of Milan]] led by Sergio Donadoni and Arturo Stenico. They produced a detailed master plan of the settlement. This was done under the auspices of the [[Egypt Exploration Society]] as part of the [[UNESCO]] rescue operation shortly before the site was flooded by Lake Nasser. [[Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann]] and [[Peter Grossmann]] of the [[German Archaeological Institute]] visited the site on a short trip in early 1964.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubian Research.'' Berlin 1988, p. 14 f.</ref> == Townscape == The settlement's founding can be narrowed down to the second half of the 6th century, as it is mentioned in a Greek founding inscription from this period. Large sections of the approximately 120 × 120 meter fortress wall and the ruins of numerous residential buildings of the almost square, walled town complex were still preserved at the beginning of the 1960s. According to the inscription, the purpose of the fortification was "to offer protection to people and animals."<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubische Forschungen.'' Berlin 1988, pp. 67 f.</ref> This indicates the primary function, which the fortifications of Sabagura, Kalabscha, and Sheik Daud may also have had. For the local population, it was a matter of defense against raids by nomads, not of securing a trade route. Only the city wall of [[Faras]] dates back to the [[Kingdom of Kush|Kushite period]], while the other towns were also expanded and fortified during the 6th century. However, this does not indicate a higher-level, state-based organization of the cities, as existed in the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The town was conveniently situated on a low hill that sloped steeply down to the river Nile, forming a narrow peninsula extending southward between the Nile and a dead tributary, so that access was only possible from the north. The eastern section of the city wall and a 20 to 30 meter wide strip of the settlement behind it had collapsed due to a landslide. It’s certain that, as on the other sides, the city wall on the east side was also secured by square corner towers. To the north and south there were gateways whose entrances faced east. As in Sabagura, the road led into the city at a right angle; as there, in Ikhmindi the outside of the wall was slightly banked. However, the additional stiffening provided by buttresses was missing. The entire wall was made of rubble stone; mud bricks were used only to create a level walkway on the top of the wall. The walkway was protected by a 75 centimeter thick parapet. Two towers on the western wall, and one each on the north and south walls, served as defenses in addition to the gates. Their distance of between 30 and 40 meters corresponded to the range of an arrow.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubian Researches.'' Berlin 1988, p. 68 f., Plan: Figure 32.</ref> To the extent that the location of the streets within could be determined, a loosely structured, essentially planned street grid emerged between the densely built-up areas. Typical for Nubian settlements was a ring road running parallel to the surrounding wall. The straight, north-south main street was interrupted in its middle section by the central church, which had probably been built before the streets were planned and now formed the city center. Additional streets served different-sized city districts (insulae). The arrangement of the houses suggests a later, unplanned, gradual coalescence. The streets were all narrow and unpaved. Apparently, after the houses were completed, the narrow street space between them was covered in some places by a [[Nubian vault|Nubian barrel vault]]. The supports for the vaults were missing from many house walls and had to be created by subsequently added walls. Such roofing did not exist in other locations. Their installation was probably largely initiated by the respective house residents, which would explain some irregularities in their execution.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubian Research.'' Berlin 1988, p. 71 f.</ref> The adjoining houses consisted of two or three small, rectangular rooms. They were usually built of rubble stone in the base zone, while the upper walls and vaulted ceilings were made of mud bricks. Some houses exhibited two construction phases. The oldest buildings had such thin walls that they could only have been covered with a flat roof made of palm trunks. In order to add a vault during a later renovation, the walls had to be reinforced to create a support. In some buildings, straight or double-flight staircases led to an upper floor, which was sometimes added later. Apart from a few fishermen's huts on the banks of the Nile, all residential buildings were located within the city walls.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubische Forschungen.'' Berlin 1988, pp. 73–81.</ref> === Central Church === The central church, completely excavated by the Italians in 1958/59, stood on a slightly elevated slab of rock on the main axis between the two city gates. The apse, located within a rectangle measuring approximately 14 x 10 meters, was rebuilt several times. In the oldest building, made of mud bricks, the central apse extended beyond the east wall as an obtuse-angled rectangle. Later, during a complete reconstruction of the sandstone exterior walls, the two side rooms were extended to a straight east wall, and the apse was given a semicircular wall shell on the inside. The two entrances were typically located in the western area, opposite the north and south sides. On the west wall, a roughly square side room separated from the nave (Naos) in each corner, and the southern room housed the staircase to the upper floor. Ugo Monneret de Villard had already found no remains of these installations, nor of the presumed central pillars, in the early 1930s. Unlike other Nubian churches (such as the local South Church and that of Sabagura), a connecting passage between the side rooms behind the apse was missing. The first phase is dated to the time of the site's founding and the beginning of Christianization, i.e., to the 6th century. The passage behind the apse was generally abandoned only from the middle of the 8th century onwards. The final phase was the installation of the apse's circular arch.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubische Forschungen.'' Berlin 1988, pp. 14–20.</ref> === South Church === The remains of the three-aisled South Church were excavated to the south, outside the walled city. The rectangular floor plan, measuring approximately 12.5 × 9.5 meters, followed the usual Nubian layout, with entrances in the western part of the two long sides, two side rooms on the western wall, the southern one serving as a stairwell, and four rectangular pillars in the center of the transversely rectangular nave. The eastern side rooms were connected by a corridor behind the semicircular apse. Corresponding to the width of the apse, the central nave was somewhat wider than the side aisles. The circular apse wall was preserved up to the base of the vault. Parts of a low wall (ḥijāb) separating the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] were also preserved. The outer walls were made of sandstone up to a height of 1.5 meters, and of mud bricks above. The apse and interior walls were entirely made of mud brick. The question of dating is answered differently. Arturo Stenico specifies the second half of the 6th century. William Y. Adams (1965) suggests a construction period between the 7th and 9th centuries, and Peter Grossmann considers the 9th century likely due to a central dome above the central pillars. Barrel vaults are assumed to cover the side aisles.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubische Forschungen.'' Berlin 1988, pp. 20–22.</ref> == Building inscription of Ikhmindi == In 1958, an undated Greek foundation inscription was found in the southern church, in which, in addition to King [[Tokiltoeton (Sudanese king of Nobatia)|Basileus Tokiltoeton]] and several dignitaries, an [[Exarchate (Byzantine Empire)|Exarch]] (military leader, governor) Joseph of Talmis ([[Kalabsha]]) is named. He’s also mentioned together with Bishop Theodoros of Philae in the inscription commissioned by King [[Eiparnome (Sudanese King)|Eiparnome]] in either 559 or 574, which was placed there on the occasion of the conversion of the [[Temple of Dendur]] into a church. The written announcement marks the beginning of the widespread Christianization of [[Lower Nubia]] and coincides with the first Christian mission to Nubia under the Eastern Roman Emperor [[Justin II]] (r. 565–578).<ref>John Donelly Fage et al. (eds.): ''The Cambridge History of Africa.'' Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979, p. 560.</ref> [[Bishop Theodoros of Philae]] was largely responsible for the Christianization of Nubia. In accordance with to another inscription from the [[Temple of Isis (Phulae, in Egypt)|Temple of Philae]], which was commissioned by him and dated 577, he was still alive in that year. The Ikhmindi inscription must therefore have been made around this time. It was certainly moved to the southern church at a later time. It was probably originally attached to the south gate. It describes a "structure" that was founded under [[Tokiltoeton (Sudanese king of Nobatia)|Basileus Tokiltoeton]] and the exarch. This dates the enclosure wall of Ikhmindi to the second half of the 6th century. The interpretation of the numerous Byzantine honorary titles that the ruler and other Nubian dignitaries also used indicates a strong Byzantine influence on the culture. Political influence from [[Constantinople]] on the administration may not be related to this; the awarding of the title seems more likely to have been a takeover by the Egyptian bureaucracy.<ref>F. W. Deichmann, P. Grossmann: ''Nubian Research.'' Berlin 1988, pp. 81–88.</ref> == Literature == * [[Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann]], [[Peter Grossmann]]: ''Nubian Research.'' (= ''Archaeological Research.'' Volume 17). German Archaeological Institute, Gebrüder Mann, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-7861-1512-5. * Arturo Stenico: ''Ikhmindi, a fortified medieval city of Lower Nubia.'' In: ''Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Philosophia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano.'' (ACME) Volume 13, No. 1, 1960, pp. 31–76. == Weblinks == * [[Derek A. Welsby]]: [http://rmcisadu.let.uniroma1.it/nubiaconference/welsby.doc ''Settlement in Nubia in the Medieval Period.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502102653/http://rmcisadu.let.uniroma1.it/nubiaconference/welsby.doc |date=2021-05-02 }} ([[Microsoft Word|MS Word]]; 207&nbsp;kB) * [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000663/066328eo.pdf ''A Common Trust: The Preservation of the Ancient Monuments of Nubia.''] UNESCO, 1960 == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Archaeological site in Egypt]] [[Category:Archaeological site in Africa]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:Ancient Nubian city]] [[Category:Coptic Christianity]] [[Category:Aswan Governorate]] 16oh0stb8fy6dozzify5j2ruvg6q9qm 0 1192208 10329959 10292377 2025-06-14T13:17:57Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Charamadoye (Sudanese king of Nobatia)]] to [[Charamadoye]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10292377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox royalty |name=Charamadoye |native_name= |title=[[List of monarchs of Nubia|Nubian King]] of [[Nobatia]] |reign={{circa|CE 410/412}} |predeccessor= |successor=[[Silko (Sudanese king)|Silko]] |birth_date={{circa|CE 4th century or 5th century}} |birth_place= |death_date={{circa|CE 5th century}} |death_place= }} '''Charamadoye''' was a king of [[Nobatia]] who reigned around CE 410/420. == Biography == He’s known only from an inscription he had placed on the [[Mandulis]] temple in [[Kalabsha]] in [[Nubia|Lower Nubia]], which is the final known inscription in [[Meroitic script|Meroitic]]. The content of the inscription is barely comprehensible, but at least one can currently understand that Charamadoye called himself king -''[[qore]]''. Furthermore, a victory over a king Yismeniye is probably recorded. This ruler may have been the king of the [[Blemmyes|Blemmyians]], known from other sources as Isemne. The political situation in Nubia after the fall of the Meroitic Empire remains completely unclear, but we know from ancient sources that the Blemmyes, who previously ruled only in the desert, managed to conquer Lower Nubian cities and establish a kingdom in Lower Nubia. At the same time, the kingdom of Nobatia emerged just south, probably as the successor state to the Meroites, and was apparently in constant conflict with the Blemmyes. == Literature == * Derek A. Welsby, ''The Mediaeval Kingdoms of Nubia'', London 2002, pp. 16–17, ISBN 0-7141-1947-4 * [[László Török]], in: ''Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. III'', Bergen 1998, pp. 1103–1107, ISBN 8291626073 [[Category:Nubian monarchs]] [[Category:Nobatia]] [[Category:Born in the 4th or 5th Century]] [[Category:Died in the 5th century]] ltpb7zdalpvgq1h6gk951eyfnad3a8u 0 1192210 10331213 10327712 2025-06-15T01:13:31Z Davey2010 314522 [[:en:WP:CLEANER|WPCleaner]] v2.05 - Fixed using [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia]] (Reference duplication) 10331213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Award does not seem to be notable. The sources are primary or press release type articles, not reliable.}} {{Infobox company | name = Arigo Technologies | logo = Aringo_technology.jpg | type = | location_country = Nigeria | foundation = | key_people = [[Arinze Madueke]] | location = | industry = | products = | revenue = | net_income = | owner = | homepage = }} '''Arigo Technologies''' is a Nigerian technology company headquartered in Lekki, Lagos, founded by [[Arinze Madueke]].<ref name="Africas Tech Giant Arigo Technologies Introduces Digital Market">{{cite web | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/africas-tech-giant-arigo-technologies-introduces-digital-market/ | title=Africas Tech Giant Arigo Technologies Introduces Digital Market | date= 11 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2023/04/23/arigo-technologies-takes-the-tech-market-by-surprise-with-new-products/ | title=Arigo technologies takes the tech market by surprise with new products| date= 23 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thenationonlineng.net/zidora-group-launches-online-platform/amp/ | title=Zidora Group Launches Online Platform | date= 2 January 2019}}</ref> In 2024, Arigo Technologies won the [[African Illustrious Award]] and [[JOM Charity Award|JOMCA]] as the Tech Company of the Year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/05/24/arigo-technologies-wins-africa-illustrious-award/ | title=Arigo Technologies Wins Africa Illustrious Award | date= 29 July 2024 }}</ref> ==History== Arigo Technologies is a pioneering business Social Media for verified brands and Africa’s first online market place for verified business and services in Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/05/arigo-technologies-offers-businesses-one-month-free-registration1/amp/ | title=Arigo Technologies offer businesses one month free registration | date= 17 May 2020 }}</ref> In 2019, it opened an innovation and incubation hub, known as ArigoHUB.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/27/arigo-technologies-opens-innovation-incubation-hub-lagos/ | title=Arigo Technologies opens Innovation Incubation Hub Lagos | date= 27 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/nigerian-arigo-technologies-launch-worlds-first-social-digital-market-place/ | title=Nigerian Arigo Technologies launch world’s First Social Digital Market Place| date= 11 April 2020 }}</ref> In 2020, It Initiated a digital platform that integrates brands and businesses.<ref name="Africas Tech Giant Arigo Technologies Introduces Digital Market" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/firm-strengthens-platform-for-promotion-empowerment-of-businesses-brands/ | title=Firm Strengthens Platform For Promotion Empowerment Of Businesses Brands | date= 16 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/africas-tech-giant-arigo-technologies-introduces-myarigo-com/ | title=Africas Tech Giant Arigo Technologies Introduces | date= 19 November 2020 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Technology| ]] 98re6yx299lbhg5xu2guu4nymaankd7 0 1192297 10331493 10321002 2025-06-15T05:39:36Z Surayeproject3 1462426 Minor edits 10331493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{image frame|content={{Photomontage | photo1a = Flag of the Assyrians (gold and blue Assur).svg | photo2a = Ashur god.jpg | photo2b = Victory stele of Naram Sin 9071 Star-sun-glyph.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 3 }} | width = 300 | caption = The modern [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] flag (top) uses [[Ancient history|ancient]] [[Assyria|Assyrian]] [[Icon|iconography]], including the [[god]] Ashur (bottom left) and the [[star]] of the god Shamash (bottom right) }} '''Assyrian continuity''' is the [[Field of study|study]] of the connection between modern [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and ancient Assyrians.<ref name="A">{{cite book |last=Butts |first=Aaron Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Assyria |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2017 |isbn=978-1118325247 |editor=E. Frahm |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] |chapter=Assyrian Christians }}</ref> Currently, the [[mainstream]] [[Academia|academic]] view is that Assyrians still existed after the fall of the [[Assyria|Assyrian Empire]],<ref name="A" /><ref name="B">{{cite book |last=Novák |first=Mirko |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrfDQAAQBAJ |title=Assyria to Iberia: Art and Culture in the Iron Age |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2016 |isbn=978-1588396068 |editor-last=Aruz |editor-first=Joan |location=[[New York State|New York]] |chapter=Assyrians and Arameans: Modes of Cohabitation and Acculuration at Guzana (Tell Halaf) |editor-last2=Seymour |editor-first2=Michael }}</ref> with modern Assyrians being the [[Genetics|genetic]] [[Descendant|descendants]] of [[Mesopotamia]]'s [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]-speaking [[Bronze Age]] population.{{efn|At the height of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]], there were around 20 million Assyrians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parpola |first=Simo |date=1999 |title=Assyrians after Assyria |url=http://www.nineveh.com/Assyrians%20after%20Assyria.html |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=13 |issue=2 |access-date=2025-05-27 |archive-date=2019-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021131831/http://www.nineveh.com/Assyrians%20after%20Assyria.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Settler|Settlers]] came from [[Babylonia]] and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valk |first1=Jonathan |title=Crime and Punishment: Deportation in the Levant in the Age of Assyrian Hegemony |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=1 November 2020 |volume=384 |pages=77–103 |doi=10.1086/710485|s2cid=225379553 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="C"> * {{Cite book |last=Saggs |first=Henry W. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNJGwAACAAJ |title=The Might That Was Assyria |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |year=1984 |isbn=9780312035112 |location=[[London]] }} * {{Cite journal |last=Biggs |first=Robert D. |year=2005 |title=My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology |url=http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v19n1/Biggs-Biography-final.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=19 |pages=1–23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227130515/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v19n1/Biggs-Biography-final.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-27 |number=1 }} * Frahm, Eckart (2023). "Assyria's Legacy on the Ground". ''Assyria: The Rise and Fall of the World's First Empire''. Basic Books. p.&nbsp;357. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781541674400|<bdi>9781541674400</bdi>]].</ref> ==Background== [[File:Aramaic alphabet.svg|thumb|[[Aramaic alphabet|Syriac-Aramaic alphabet]]]][[File:Syriac Dialects EN.svg|thumb|Map of modern Assyrian Aramaic dialects]][[File:Behnam.jpg|thumb|A [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[icon]] [[Painting|depicting]] Saints Behnam, Sarah, and the Forty Martyrs; their [[legend]] prominently incorporates the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|ancient Assyrian king]] [[Sennacherib]].]][[File:Fall of nineveh.jpg|thumb|''Fall of Nineveh'' (1829) by John Martin]] ===Early modern period=== [[File:Syriac Christian Denominations in Middle East.svg|thumb|Syriac Christian Denominations in Middle East<ref> * {{cite book |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Knud |last2=Nielsen |first2=Kirsten |last3=Rosendal |first3=Bent |title=In the Last Days: On Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic and Its Period |date=1994 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-471-4 |pages=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc7YAAAAMAAJ&q=miaphysite |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Bowersock |first1=Glen Warren |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |date=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |pages=587 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC |language=en }} * {{cite book |last1=Rassam |first1=Suha |title=Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day |date=2005 |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |isbn=978-0-85244-633-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+518+independence&pg=PA63 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+518+independence&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q=syrian%20orthodox%20church%20518%20independence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Before the 19th century, [[Western civilization|Western]] [[Historian|historians]] wrongly believed that Assyrians no longer existed after the fall of the Assyrian Empire.<ref name="B" /><ref name="C" /> European [[Writer|writers]] also wrongly equated Assyrians with [[Nestorianism|Nestorians]] in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="C" /> Notably, Assyrians converted to [[Christianity]] centuries before Nestorianism occurred as a [[Heresy|heretic]] [[Christian denominations|Christian sect]].<ref name="C" /><ref name="D">{{cite news |work=Assyrian International News Agency (AINA) |title=Jonah, the Whale, the Assyrians, Christianity and Islam |url=http://www.aina.org/guesteds/20101128232122.htm |date=November 29, 2010 |access-date=May 27, 2025 }}</ref> Assyrians are mainly members of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], Syriac Orthodox Church, and Syriac Catholic Church,<ref>{{cite news |work=The Independent |title=One of Syria's most important religious figures escapes Islamist suicide bomb attack |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/syria-war-robert-fisk-patriarch-orthodox-church-ignatius-aphrem-assassination-attempt-isis-al-nusrah-a7093501.html |date=June 21, 2016 |access-date=May 27, 2025 }}</ref> whose teachings are different from Nestorianism.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Religions |title=The Christology of the Church of the East |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/4/457 |last=Brock |first=Sebastian P. |volume=15 |issue=4 |doi=10.3390/rel15040457 |location=[[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]] |date=April 5, 2024 |access-date=May 27, 2025 }}</ref> ===Modern period=== The past misconceptions of Assyrians have been proven wrong by modern historians.<ref name="E">{{cite book |last=Hauser |first=Stefan R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhsmDwAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Assyria |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2017 |isbn=978-1118325247 |editor=E. Frahm |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] |chapter=Post-Imperial Assyria }}</ref> It is also proven that the Akkadian-influenced East [[Aramaic language|Aramaic dialects]] [[Survivor|survived]] until today, with some of them used in [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] rituals.<ref name="E" /> ==Genetic evidence== Genetic testing of Assyrians is a new field of study, which has provided [[evidence]] for Assyrian continuity. In particular, Assyrians are found to have seldom intermarried with other groups,<ref>{{cite book |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd8lAQAAMAAJ |title=Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan |publisher=Carolina Academic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1594604362 |location=[[Durham]], [[United Kingdom]] }}</ref> indicating that they have historically been closed due to their traditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banoei |first1=Mohammad Mehdi |last2=Chaleshtori |first2=Morteza Hashemzadeh |last3=Sanati |first3=Mohammad Hossein |last4=Shariati |first4=Parvin |last5=Houshmand |first5=Massoud |last6=Majidizadeh |first6=Tayebeh |last7=Soltani |first7=Niloofar Jahangir |last8=Golalipour |first8=Massoud |date=2008 |title=Variation ofDAT1 VNTR Alleles and Genotypes Among Old Ethnic Groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41465951 |journal=Human Biology |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=73–81 |doi=10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=41465951|pmid=18505046 |s2cid=10417591 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Assyrian nationalism== [[File:Cavalry during the Assyrian Genocide.jpg|thumb|Shortly after the first Russian retreat from Persie, and before the arrival of Mar Shimon's Army, the Persian Assyriahs began to flee to the protection of the American and the French flags in Urmia. But they were intercepted by the Moslems, who killed hundreds of them and carried their women captives.]] Assyrian nationalism grew around the same time as European nationalisms.<ref name="A" /> The multiple [[Genocidal massacre|massacres]] inflicted on the Assyrians by the [[Islamism|Islamic]] [[Ottoman Empire]],<ref> * {{cite book |title=Religious Categories and the Construction of the Indigenous |chapter=The Long Road Home: Indigenous Assyrian Christians of Iraq and the Politicisation of the Diaspora |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004328983/B9789004328983-s010.xml |last=Tower |first=Daniel J. |pages=178–202 |doi=10.1163/9789004328983_010 |year=2017 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=Turkey’s Genocide of the Assyrians Was an Islamist Crime |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/turkeys-genocide-of-the-assyrians |last=Isaac |first=Mardean |date=January 9, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |title=A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/33/3/412/5702584 |last1=Mutlu-Numansen |first1=Sofia |last2=Ossewaarde |first2=Marinus |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=412–428 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcz045 |year=2019 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }}</ref> which peaked in the [[Assyrian genocide]],{{efn|Also known as ''Sayfo'' (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ) in [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]. As many as 300,000 Assyrians were killed by the Islamic Ottoman Empire.<ref name="AG"> * {{cite book |title=Forgotten Genocides |chapter=7. The Assyrian Genocide: A Tale of Oblivion and Denial |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812204384-009/pdf?licenseType=restricted |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |doi=10.9783/9780812204384-009 |year=2011 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Assyrian Genocide |chapter=Exile or extinction: The Assyrian genocide from 1915 to 2015 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315269832-10/exile-extinction-hannibal-travis |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |edition=1 |isbn=9781315269832 |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |title=A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/33/3/412/5702584 |last1=Mutlu-Numansen |first1=Sofia |last2=Ossewaarde |first2=Marinus |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=412–428 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcz045 |year=2019 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Islamic Antisemitism Drives the Arab-Israeli Conflict |last=Durie |first=Mark |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/islamic-antisemitism-drives-the-arab-israeli-conflict#_ftn23 |volume=29 |issue=3 |year=2022 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="AG" /> made Assyrian nationalism grow faster.<ref name="A" /> European [[Missionary|missionaries]] also contributed to the rise of Assyrian nationalism.<ref name="A" /> Horatio Southgate (1812–1894), an [[Americans|American]] missionary, wrote in the ''Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian [Jacobite] Church of Mesopotamia'' (1844) that [[Armenians]] called the Assyrian Christians ''Assouri'' (in a similar manner as [[Middle Ages|medieval]] Arab writers and Northern Mesopotamian Christians called them ''Ashuriyun''), implying the Assyrian ancestry of Assyrian Christians.<ref name="A" /> [[File:2018 Ashurbanipal - Tile.jpg|thumb|Glazed tile from Nimrud depicting a Neo-Assyrian king, accompanied by attendants.]] Among the first Western historians who found the link between modern Assyrians and ancient Assyrians included [[British people|British]] [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894), the discoverer of the Nimrud{{efn|An ancient Assyrian city in Iraq, 30 [[Kilometre|km]] (20 [[Mile|mi]]) south of [[Mosul]], and 5 km (3 mi) south of Selamiyah in the Nineveh Plains in Upper Mesopotamia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mieroop |first=Marc van de |title=The Ancient Mesopotamian City |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=[[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]] |isbn=9780191588457 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YKlbIp9pYMC&pg=PA95 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} who gained much of his knowledge about Assyrian from the local Assyrian archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam (1826–1910).<ref name="A" /> Assyrian nationalism spread among Assyrians after the Assyrian genocide and [[Forced migration|forced displacement]] of Assyrians worldwide.{{efn|Known as the ''Assyrian diaspora''.|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="A" /> [[File:Assyrian genocide memorial in Locarno, Switzerland 01.jpg|thumb|Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) memorial in [[Locarno]], [[Switzerland]]]] ==Denial== {{Further|Khazar myth|Historical revisionism}} Some historians, especially J.F. Coakley,<ref name="A" /> John Joseph, David Wilmshurst and Adam H. Becker denied the Assyrian continuity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Radner |first=Karen |title=Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0198715900 |location=[[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]] }}</ref> Despite their denial being rejected by mainstream historians, they remain a significant minority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |title=Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity And Influence |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |year=2012 |isbn=9789155483036 |editor-last=Donabed |editor-first=Sargon |pages=118 |chapter=On the Existence of National Identity Before ‘Imagined Communities’: The Example of the Assyrians of Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Persia |editor-last2=Makko |editor-first2=Aryo |editor-last3=Cetrez |editor-first3=Onver A. }}</ref> ===Reactions=== Modern Assyrians took offense with the denial of Assyrian continuity.<ref name="F">{{Cite book |last=Jean |first=Cynthia |title=The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |year=2012 |isbn=9789155483036 |editor-last=Donabed |editor-first=Sargon |pages=164–165 |chapter=Exorcism and the founding figures of Early Eastern Christianity |editor-last2=Makko |editor-first2=Aryo |editor-last3=Cetrez |editor-first3=Onver A. }}</ref> They consider such denial a product of [[oppression]] by [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalists]], especially [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Autocracy|regime]], which promoted such denial to attack Assyrians' demand for autonomy by refusing to consider the Assyrians an ethnic group.<ref name="F" /> Under Hussein's regime, many Assyrians were forced to register as Arabs for fear of losing their jobs and [[ration]] cards.<ref name="F" /> It is also common among Arab nationalists<ref>{{Cite book |chapter= Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots |title= The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism |last= Harkabi |first= Yehoshafat |editor-last= Fein |editor-first= Helen |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year= 1987 |orig-year= 1968 |pages= 412–427 |isbn= 978-3-11-010170-6 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uHWG1pDCtNgC&pg=PA424 |quote=Arab anti-Semitism might have been expected to be free from the idea of racial odium, since Jews and Arabs are both regarded by race theory as [[Semites]], but the odium is directed, not against the Semitic [[Race (sociology)|race]], but against the Jews as a historical [[Ethnic group|group]]. The main [[idea]] is that the Jews, racially, are a mongrel [[community]], most of them being not Semites, but of Khazar and European origin." This essay was [[Translation|translated]] from Harkabi Hebrew text 'Arab Antisemitism' in Shmuel Ettinger, ''Continuity and Discontinuity in Antisemitism'' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]), 1968, p.50. }}</ref> and the followers of the [[Nation of Islam]]<ref name="NOI"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=The Institute for National Security Studies |title=Black Antisemitism in America: Past and Present |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/black-antisemitism |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |issue=Special Publication |date=June 1, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Kyrie Irving and Louis Farrakhan are 2 variants of Black antisemitism. What’s the difference? |url=https://www.jns.org/kyrie-irving-and-louis-farrakhan-are-2-variants-of-black-antisemitism-whats-the-difference |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |quote=A “documentary” that [[Dehumanization|demonizes]] [[Jew|Jews]] and delegitimizes [[Judaism]] and the [[Israel|Jewish state]] helped Kyrie Irving “know who” he is. }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref> and [[Black Hebrew Israelites]]<ref name="BHI"> * {{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Khazars {{!}} #TranslateHate {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Khazars |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=American Jewish Committee |language=en-us }} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }} * {{Cite web |title=Khazars {{!}} Center on Extremism |url=https://extremismterms.adl.org/glossary/khazars |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |language=en }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/caa-launches-four-part-debunked-black-hebrew-israelites-instagram-series |title=CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series |date=March 14, 2023 }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }}</ref> ‒ backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] scholars with huge [[influence]] in [[Western world|Western academia]]<ref> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars|url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> ‒ to deny that modern [[Jew|Jews]] are the descendants of ancient [[Israelites]].<ref name="NOI" /><ref name="BHI" /> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ethnology]] [[Category:Archaeology]] [[Category:Controversies]] [[Category:Assyrian people]] [[Category:History of West Asia]] 1xkw18uz5kjrs2e6w5z3ivunr9rm8yv 0 1192419 10330021 10320122 2025-06-14T13:41:07Z Minorax 844779 Redirected page to [[Donald Duck]] 10330021 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Donald Duck]] 7tgszeycljh74vcomzgwuw7ztbihy8y 0 1192441 10330209 10295104 2025-06-14T15:46:37Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Added links to Pamingnaba and Aalong 10330209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} [[File:Holy and sacred totems of the Khuman & Luwang groups of the Meitei ethnicity of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|Holy and sacred totems of the [[Khuman]] & [[Luwang]] groups of the [[Meitei ethnicity]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilisation]] [[File:Dynastic swords of the Khumans (left) & the Luwangs (right) of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|Dynastic swords of the [[Khuman]]s (left) & the [[Luwang]]s (right) of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilisation]] According to the Khuman Kangleirol,{{efn| written in native [[Meitei script]] as ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯔꯣꯜ; also spelled as the Khuman Kangleiron (ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯔꯣꯟ)}} the ruling lineages of the [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] dynasties are recorded as having a common origin. This shared ancestry may not necessarily extend to the broader populations associated with these dynasties. King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa, the ninth and final ruler of the undivided common ancestral Khuman-Luwang royal lineage, had two successor sons, King [[Aalong]],{{efn|also known as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} who founded the independent Khuman dynasty, and King [[Pamingnaba]],{{efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}} who established the independent Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> == Background == {{See|Meitei confederacy}} The [[Khuman]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯃꯟ}}) and [[Luwang]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}) communities are two of the seven sub-ethnic groups traditionally recognized within the Meitei ethnicity. Collectively, these groups are referred to as the "seven clans" or 7 [[Yek Salai]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /> In [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion|religion]], and traditions, all seven clans are said to originate from a common divine ancestor named [[Pakhangba]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> From a historical perspective, the seven clans appear to have existed as distinct ethnic groups, each with separate origins. Despite their differences, they shared a common linguistic base (with regional dialectal variations) and practiced a shared religion (with sectarian differences). These similarities are likely due to prolonged cohabitation in the same geographical region—historically referred to as [[Kangleipak]]. Each group had its own rulers and independent polities. Over time, these groups were politically unified under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], forming what is now recognized as the [[Meitei ethnicity]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> As with most ethnographic histories, the origins of populations are complex and multifaceted. It cannot be assumed that all individuals within a particular group share a single origin. Similarly, the ancestry of ruling elites may not align with that of the general population. This applies to both the Khuman and Luwang groups.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> [[File:Holy & sacred totemic dragons of the Khumans (left) & the Luwangs (right) of Ancient Kangleipak civilization.jpg|thumb|Holy & sacred totemic [[Meitei dragons]] of the [[Khuman]]s (left) & the [[Luwang]]s (right) of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilization]] == List of kings == The following provides a list of the kings from the period before the division of the [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] dynasties into distinct royal lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> {| class="wikitable" ! [[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]] name(s) ! [[Latin transliteration]] ! Alternative spelling(s) (if any) ! Latin transliteration ! [[Modern Meitei language|Modernized Meitei]] name(s) ! Latin transliteration ! Alternative spelling(s) (if any) ! Latin transliteration ! Note(s)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlen Akhupa / Nongtamlen Akhoopa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlel Akhupa / Nongtamlel Akhoopa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlen Akhuba / Nongdamlen Akhooba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlel Akhuba / Nongdamlel Akhooba | First ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlen Ahanpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlel Ahanpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlen Ahanba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlel Ahanba | Second ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlen Meinaitapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlel Meinaitapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlen Meinaidaba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlel Meinaidaba | Third ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄ / ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlen Meinaipa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄ / ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlel Meinaipa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕ / ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlen Meinaiba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕ / ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlel Meinaiba | Fourth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯡ ꯄꯣꯡꯍꯟ / ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯪ ꯄꯣꯪꯍꯟ}} | Pothang Ponghan | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯡ ꯄꯣꯡꯍꯜ / ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯪ ꯄꯣꯪꯍꯜ}} | Pothang Ponghal | {{Script|Mtei|}} | | {{Script|Mtei|}} | | Fifth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄ / ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄꯥ}} | Heilonglen Longchumpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄ / ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄꯥ}} | Heilonglel Longchumpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕ / ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕꯥ}} | Heironglen Longjumba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕ / ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕꯥ}} | Heironglel Longjumba | Sixth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯟ}} | Heilong-ngang Thanganglen / Heilongngang Thanganglen / Heilongang Thanganglen | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯜ}} | Heilong-ngang Thanganglel / Heilongngang Thanganglel / Heilongang Thanganglel | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯟ}} | Heirong-ngang Thanganglen / Heirongngang Thanganglen / Heirongang Thanganglen | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯜ}} | Heirong-ngang Thanganglel / Heirongngang Thanganglel / Heirongang Thanganglel | Seventh ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯂꯩꯇꯣꯟ}} | Poileiton | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯂꯩꯇꯣꯜ}} | Poileitol | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ}} | Poireiton | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯜ}} | Poireitol | Eighth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯄ / ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯄꯥ}} | Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa / Shingtangpung Tapung Shingminnapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯄ / ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯄꯥ}} | Singtangpung Tapung Singminapa / Shingtangpung Tapung Shingminapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ / ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ}} | Singdangpung Tabung Singminnaba / Shingdangpung Tabung Shingminnaba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯕ / ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯕꯥ}} | Singdangpung Tabung Singminaba / Shingdangpung Tabung Shingminaba | Ninth and the last ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage; had two sons: Aalong (ꯑꯥꯂꯣꯡ), also called Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ), and Pamingnapa (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄꯥ), also called Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ). Both became kings. King Aalong started the Khuman dynasty. King Pamingnapa started the Luwang dynasty. |} == List of queens == The following provides a list of the queens from the period before the division of the [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] dynasties into distinct royal lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /> * Queen Mother Chinphuron Leichik Nganbi - Queen Mother of Nongdamlen Akhuba, the first king of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Leithamlen Chanu (ꯂꯩꯊꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯆꯅꯨ) - consort of King Nongdamlen Akhuba, the first ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Nongdamlen Ahanba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Chitnu Leima (ꯆꯤꯠꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃꯥ) - consort of King Nongdamlen Ahanba, the second ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Kurumlen Meinaidaba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Hainu Leima (ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ) - consort of King Kurumlen Meinaidaba, the third ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Kurumlen Meinaiba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Leiphulen Chanu (ꯂꯩꯐꯨꯂꯦꯟ ꯆꯅꯨ), also known as Leiphuren Chanu (ꯂꯩꯐꯨꯔꯦꯟ ꯆꯅꯨ) - consort of King Kurumlen Meinaiba, the fourth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Pothang Ponghan<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Pisinnu, also known as Pishinnu (ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯅꯨ) - consort of King Pothang Ponghan, the fifth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Heironglen Longjumba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Pisinnukhompi, also known as Pishinnukhompi (ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯅꯨꯈꯣꯝꯄꯤ), or Pisinnukhombi or Pishinnukhombi (ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯅꯨꯈꯣꯝꯕꯤ) - consort of King Heironglen Longjumba, the sixth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Heirong-ngang Thanganglen<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Piyainu (ꯄꯤꯌꯥꯏꯅꯨ) - consort of King Heirong-ngang Thanganglen, the seventh ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of two sons, King Thawalen (ꯊꯋꯥꯂꯦꯟ), also known as Thawaren (ꯊꯋꯥꯔꯦꯟ), who ruled the ancestral kingdom, and King [[Poireiton]] (ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ), who established his own kingdom in [[Kangleipak]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Leima Leinaotabi (ꯂꯩꯅꯥꯑꯣꯇꯥꯕꯤ), also known as Leinautabi (ꯂꯩꯅꯥꯎꯇꯥꯕꯤ) - consort of King Poireiton, the eighth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Santhong Punempa Chanu (ꯁꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯄꯨꯅꯦꯝꯄ ꯆꯅꯨ), also known as Shanthong Punemba Chanu (ꯁꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯄꯨꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯆꯅꯨ) - consort of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa, the ninth ruler of of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of two sons, King Aalong (ꯑꯥꯂꯣꯡ), also known as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ), who founded the independent Khuman dynasty, and King Pamingnapa (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄꯥ), also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ), who founded the independent Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> == Related pages == * [[Poireiton Khunthok]] * [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]] * [[Meitei deities]] * [[Lai Haraoba]] == Bibliography == * [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466401/page/n25/mode/thumb Yek Taretkee Ningthourol, by Sudhir, Angom] * [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267454 Khuman Sheirol] * [https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0616/page/n13/mode/thumb খুমন্ নিংথৌরোন লম্বুবা, by Brahmacharimayum Kulachandra Sharma] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Meitei culture]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] [[Category:Ancient history]] 70ylikkozdcy3hn65k9vx2riox9so03 10330211 10330209 2025-06-14T15:47:07Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 changed Pamingnaba to Pamingnapa 10330211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} [[File:Holy and sacred totems of the Khuman & Luwang groups of the Meitei ethnicity of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|Holy and sacred totems of the [[Khuman]] & [[Luwang]] groups of the [[Meitei ethnicity]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilisation]] [[File:Dynastic swords of the Khumans (left) & the Luwangs (right) of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg|thumb|Dynastic swords of the [[Khuman]]s (left) & the [[Luwang]]s (right) of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilisation]] According to the Khuman Kangleirol,{{efn| written in native [[Meitei script]] as ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯔꯣꯜ; also spelled as the Khuman Kangleiron (ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯔꯣꯟ)}} the ruling lineages of the [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] dynasties are recorded as having a common origin. This shared ancestry may not necessarily extend to the broader populations associated with these dynasties. King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa, the ninth and final ruler of the undivided common ancestral Khuman-Luwang royal lineage, had two successor sons, King [[Aalong]],{{efn|also known as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} who founded the independent Khuman dynasty, and King [[Pamingnaba|Pamingnapa]],{{efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}} who established the independent Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> == Background == {{See|Meitei confederacy}} The [[Khuman]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯃꯟ}}) and [[Luwang]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯨꯋꯥꯡ}}) communities are two of the seven sub-ethnic groups traditionally recognized within the Meitei ethnicity. Collectively, these groups are referred to as the "seven clans" or 7 [[Yek Salai]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /> In [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion|religion]], and traditions, all seven clans are said to originate from a common divine ancestor named [[Pakhangba]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> From a historical perspective, the seven clans appear to have existed as distinct ethnic groups, each with separate origins. Despite their differences, they shared a common linguistic base (with regional dialectal variations) and practiced a shared religion (with sectarian differences). These similarities are likely due to prolonged cohabitation in the same geographical region—historically referred to as [[Kangleipak]]. Each group had its own rulers and independent polities. Over time, these groups were politically unified under the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], forming what is now recognized as the [[Meitei ethnicity]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> As with most ethnographic histories, the origins of populations are complex and multifaceted. It cannot be assumed that all individuals within a particular group share a single origin. Similarly, the ancestry of ruling elites may not align with that of the general population. This applies to both the Khuman and Luwang groups.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> [[File:Holy & sacred totemic dragons of the Khumans (left) & the Luwangs (right) of Ancient Kangleipak civilization.jpg|thumb|Holy & sacred totemic [[Meitei dragons]] of the [[Khuman]]s (left) & the [[Luwang]]s (right) of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilization]] == List of kings == The following provides a list of the kings from the period before the division of the [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] dynasties into distinct royal lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> {| class="wikitable" ! [[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]] name(s) ! [[Latin transliteration]] ! Alternative spelling(s) (if any) ! Latin transliteration ! [[Modern Meitei language|Modernized Meitei]] name(s) ! Latin transliteration ! Alternative spelling(s) (if any) ! Latin transliteration ! Note(s)<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlen Akhupa / Nongtamlen Akhoopa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlel Akhupa / Nongtamlel Akhoopa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯈꯨꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlen Akhuba / Nongdamlen Akhooba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯈꯨꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlel Akhuba / Nongdamlel Akhooba | First ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlen Ahanpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯇꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄꯥ}} | Nongtamlel Ahanpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlen Ahanba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯡꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯣꯪꯗꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯥ}} | Nongdamlel Ahanba | Second ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlen Meinaitapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯇꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlel Meinaitapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlen Meinaidaba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ}} / {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlel Meinaidaba | Third ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄ / ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlen Meinaipa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄ / ꯀꯨꯂꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯄꯥ}} | Kulumlel Meinaipa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕ / ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlen Meinaiba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕ / ꯀꯨꯔꯨꯝꯂꯦꯜ ꯃꯩꯅꯥꯏꯕꯥ}} | Kurumlel Meinaiba | Fourth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯡ ꯄꯣꯡꯍꯟ / ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯪ ꯄꯣꯪꯍꯟ}} | Pothang Ponghan | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯡ ꯄꯣꯡꯍꯜ / ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯪ ꯄꯣꯪꯍꯜ}} | Pothang Ponghal | {{Script|Mtei|}} | | {{Script|Mtei|}} | | Fifth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄ / ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄꯥ}} | Heilonglen Longchumpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄ / ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯆꯨꯝꯄꯥ}} | Heilonglel Longchumpa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕ / ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯟ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕꯥ}} | Heironglen Longjumba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕ / ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯂꯦꯜ ꯂꯣꯡꯖꯨꯝꯕꯥ}} | Heironglel Longjumba | Sixth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯟ}} | Heilong-ngang Thanganglen / Heilongngang Thanganglen / Heilongang Thanganglen | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯂꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯜ}} | Heilong-ngang Thanganglel / Heilongngang Thanganglel / Heilongang Thanganglel | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯟ}} | Heirong-ngang Thanganglen / Heirongngang Thanganglen / Heirongang Thanganglen | {{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯩꯔꯣꯡꯉꯥꯡ ꯊꯥꯉꯥꯡꯂꯦꯜ}} | Heirong-ngang Thanganglel / Heirongngang Thanganglel / Heirongang Thanganglel | Seventh ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯂꯩꯇꯣꯟ}} | Poileiton | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯂꯩꯇꯣꯜ}} | Poileitol | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ}} | Poireiton | {{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯜ}} | Poireitol | Eighth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage |- | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯄ / ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯄꯥ}} | Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa / Shingtangpung Tapung Shingminnapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯄ / ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯄꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯄꯥ}} | Singtangpung Tapung Singminapa / Shingtangpung Tapung Shingminapa | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ / ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ}} | Singdangpung Tabung Singminnaba / Shingdangpung Tabung Shingminnaba | {{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯕ / ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥꯪꯄꯨꯪ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯪ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯅꯕꯥ}} | Singdangpung Tabung Singminaba / Shingdangpung Tabung Shingminaba | Ninth and the last ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage; had two sons: Aalong (ꯑꯥꯂꯣꯡ), also called Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ), and Pamingnapa (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄꯥ), also called Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ). Both became kings. King Aalong started the Khuman dynasty. King Pamingnapa started the Luwang dynasty. |} == List of queens == The following provides a list of the queens from the period before the division of the [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] dynasties into distinct royal lineages.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /> * Queen Mother Chinphuron Leichik Nganbi - Queen Mother of Nongdamlen Akhuba, the first king of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Leithamlen Chanu (ꯂꯩꯊꯝꯂꯦꯟ ꯆꯅꯨ) - consort of King Nongdamlen Akhuba, the first ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Nongdamlen Ahanba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Chitnu Leima (ꯆꯤꯠꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃꯥ) - consort of King Nongdamlen Ahanba, the second ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Kurumlen Meinaidaba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Hainu Leima (ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯃ) - consort of King Kurumlen Meinaidaba, the third ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Kurumlen Meinaiba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Leiphulen Chanu (ꯂꯩꯐꯨꯂꯦꯟ ꯆꯅꯨ), also known as Leiphuren Chanu (ꯂꯩꯐꯨꯔꯦꯟ ꯆꯅꯨ) - consort of King Kurumlen Meinaiba, the fourth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Pothang Ponghan<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Pisinnu, also known as Pishinnu (ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯅꯨ) - consort of King Pothang Ponghan, the fifth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Heironglen Longjumba<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Pisinnukhompi, also known as Pishinnukhompi (ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯅꯨꯈꯣꯝꯄꯤ), or Pisinnukhombi or Pishinnukhombi (ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯅꯨꯈꯣꯝꯕꯤ) - consort of King Heironglen Longjumba, the sixth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Heirong-ngang Thanganglen<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Piyainu (ꯄꯤꯌꯥꯏꯅꯨ) - consort of King Heirong-ngang Thanganglen, the seventh ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of two sons, King Thawalen (ꯊꯋꯥꯂꯦꯟ), also known as Thawaren (ꯊꯋꯥꯔꯦꯟ), who ruled the ancestral kingdom, and King [[Poireiton]] (ꯄꯣꯏꯔꯩꯇꯣꯟ), who established his own kingdom in [[Kangleipak]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Leima Leinaotabi (ꯂꯩꯅꯥꯑꯣꯇꯥꯕꯤ), also known as Leinautabi (ꯂꯩꯅꯥꯎꯇꯥꯕꯤ) - consort of King Poireiton, the eighth ruler of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> * Queen Santhong Punempa Chanu (ꯁꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯄꯨꯅꯦꯝꯄ ꯆꯅꯨ), also known as Shanthong Punemba Chanu (ꯁꯟꯊꯣꯡ ꯄꯨꯅꯦꯝꯕ ꯆꯅꯨ) - consort of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa, the ninth ruler of of the Khuman-Luwang common royal lineage, and queen mother of two sons, King Aalong (ꯑꯥꯂꯣꯡ), also known as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ), who founded the independent Khuman dynasty, and King Pamingnapa (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯄꯥ), also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ), who founded the independent Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /> == Related pages == * [[Poireiton Khunthok]] * [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]] * [[Meitei deities]] * [[Lai Haraoba]] == Bibliography == * [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466401/page/n25/mode/thumb Yek Taretkee Ningthourol, by Sudhir, Angom] * [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267454 Khuman Sheirol] * [https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0616/page/n13/mode/thumb খুমন্ নিংথৌরোন লম্বুবা, by Brahmacharimayum Kulachandra Sharma] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Meitei culture]] [[Category:History of Manipur]] [[Category:Ancient history]] d7ghn4aovi53mss6pat3n6b3mcco8y9 0 1192540 10331822 10327418 2025-06-15T11:22:06Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Reformat 1 URL ([[en:User:GreenC/WaybackMedic_2.5|Wayback Medic 2.5]])) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 10331822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dot-com company | name = Omniscriptum Publishing | company_type = | foundation = 2002 | founder = Wolfgang Philipp Müller | location_city = [[Riga]] | location_country = | area_served = [[World]]wide | key_people = Wolfgang Philipp Müller {{small|([[chief executive officer|CEO]])}} | num_employees = 200 (''2018'') | industry = [[Publishing]] | subsid = '''Publishing houses''':<br>VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, '''LAP Lambert Academic Publishing''', Palmarium Academic Publishing, Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften, Verlag Classic Edition, EUE Editions Universitaires Européennes, Doyen Verlag, Fromm Verlag, Saarbrücker Verlag für Rechtswissenschaften '''Service industries''':<br> International Book Market Service Ltd | revenue = | operating_income = | url = {{URL|https://www.omniscriptum.com}} }} Omniscriptum Publishing Group is a German-based academic publishing company that specializes in publishing scholarly books, journals, and conference proceedings in various fields of study. The company was founded in 2002 and has since become a prominent player in the academic publishing industry.<ref>https://www.omniscriptum.com/</ref> == History == Omniscriptum Publishing Group was established in 2002 with the goal of providing a platform for scholars and researchers to publish their work. Since its inception, the company has published thousands of books and articles in various fields, including humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, The company was previously specialized in publishing and selling Wikipedia articles, but it announced that the practice of publishing [[Wikipedia]] content ended in 2013.<ref>https://www.omniscriptum.com/faqcriticism/</ref> In 2007 the group began distributing its publications through Lightning Source,[[Amazon]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110719070409/http://www.offenes-presseportal.de/medien_kommunikation/vdm_verlag_erweitert_sein_angebot_kostenloser_buchveroeffentlichungen_mit_isbn_19773.htm</ref> and the [[German]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050508/http://www.boersenblatt.net/140837/</ref><ref>https://archive.today/20100227205616/http://www.bod.ch/12-april-2007.html</ref> company Books on Demand. == Publishing Services == Omniscriptum Publishing Group offers a range of publishing services to authors, including: -'''Book publishing''': The company publishes scholarly books in various formats, including print and digital. -'''Journal publishing''': Omniscriptum publishes several academic journals in various fields of study. -'''Conference proceedings''': The company publishes conference proceedings and abstracts in various fields. -'''Editing and formatting''': Omniscriptum offers editing and formatting services to authors to ensure that their work meets the highest standards of quality. == Imprints == Omniscriptum Publishing Group has several imprints, including: -'''LAP Lambert Academic Publishing''': This imprint publishes scholarly books and journals in various fields of study. -'''Scholars' Press''': This imprint publishes books and journals in the fields of humanities and social sciences. -'''MoreBooks!''': This imprint publishes books and journals in various fields of study. == Criticism and Controversy == Omniscriptum Publishing Group has faced criticism and controversy in recent years, including: -'''Predatory publishing practices''': Some critics have accused the company of engaging in predatory publishing practices, including charging authors fees to publish their work without providing adequate editorial or peer-review services. -'''Lack of transparency''': Some authors have criticized the company for lacking transparency in its publishing practices and fees. == Related pages == * [[commons:File:Alphascript Publishing book by Miller FP Vandome AF McBrewster J. A scanned example. History of Ghana. Copy and paste from wikipedia.pdf|Alphascript Publishing book by Miller FP, Vandome AF, McBrewster J: a scanned example]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website|https://www.omniscriptum.com}} [[Category:Book publishing companies of Germany]] [[Category:Book publishing companies of Latvia]] [[Category:Book selling websites]] [[Category:Wikipedia-derived encyclopedias]] [[Category:Publishing companies established in 2002]] [[Category:Mass media in Saarbrücken]] [[Category:Self-publishing companies]] [[Category:2002 establishments in Germany]] e88nyko5i0h4haq5wc82s5qcayenucx 0 1192873 10330220 10323846 2025-06-14T15:56:18Z 141.154.15.8 10330220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> Later, he built an app that gained national recognition from an MIT Hacker award during his freshman year at University High School. He also built robots and participated in statewide technological competitions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT App Inventor Youth Mobile Power App Contest|url=https://appinventor.mit.edu/explore/youth-mobile-power-app-challenge|access-date=2025-05-29|website=appinventor.mit.edu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UC Davis Center for Integrated Computing and STEM Education » Speakers|url=https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html|access-date=2025-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. Johnson publicly differentiated Series from traditional social media platforms like [[Facebook]] and [[LinkedIn]], arguing that the existing paradigm of online validation is outdated. He described the venture as a “''direct foil to the Harvard story'',” referencing the founding of [[Facebook]] by [[Harvard University|Harvard]] students, and emphasized Series’ aim to build a new narrative for underrepresented founders in tech.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale students raise $3.1M in 14 days for AI-powered social platform|url=https://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/yale-students-raise-31m-in-14-days-for-ai-powered-social-platform|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Hartford Business Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> == Fundraising and growth == [[File:Johnson presenting at the Annual SAIRS AI Conference in California.jpg|left|thumb|Johnson presenting at the Annual SAIRS AI Conference in California|248x248px]] In early 2025, Johnson and Hargrow raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding in just 14 days after Johnson posted a trailer for Series on [[LinkedIn]] that went viral within the college entrepreneurial community.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Dorisca|first=Samantha|title=Yale’s Nathaneo Johnson And Sean Hargrow Secure $3.1M To Rival LinkedIn, Reportedly The Most VC Raised For Current Ivy League Students|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yale-nathaneo-johnson-sean-hargrow-182342002.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The round was led by former Andreessen Horowitz partner Anne Lee Skates, now with Parable VC. Other participants included Pear VC, DGB.VC, 47th Street, Radicle Impact, Uncommon Projects, [[Reddit]] CEO Steve Huffman, and [[GPTZero]] founder Edward Tian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Juniors Raise $3.1M In 14 Days For Their New AI Social Network|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/front/these-yale-juniors-just-raised-3-1m-for-their-ai-social-network-for-entrepreneurs/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}</ref> The funding allowed the founders to grow the platform’s team, expand outreach to universities across the [[United States]], and launch premium membership offerings. As of early 2025, Series reported over 20,000 messages exchanged on the platform within a single week. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dorisca|first=Samantha|title=Yale's Nathaneo Johnson And Sean Hargrow Secure $3.1M To Rival LinkedIn, Reportedly The Most VC Raised For Current Ivy League Students|url=https://afrotech.com/yale-university-students-raised-3-1m-in-14-days|access-date=2025-05-29|website=AfroTech|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Public perception and impact == Johnson’s work has been recognized for challenging traditional norms in [[Silicon Valley]] and higher education.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Street|first=SME|date=2025-04-05|title=Yale Founders To Build AI Social App With $3M in Funding|url=https://smestreet.in/infocus/yale-founders-to-build-ai-social-app-with-3m-in-funding-8929471|url-status=live|access-date=2025-05-29|website=smestreet.in|language=en}}</ref> Along with Hargrow, he has openly discussed the bias they faced as tall Black men on Yale’s campus, often mistaken for athletes rather than entrepreneurs. Their visibility have been cited as a source of inspiration for aspiring minority founders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale Juniors Secure $3.1 Million for New Social Network 'Series'|url=https://www.bet.com/article/e3s1yx/yale-juniors-secure-31-million-for-new-social-network-series|access-date=2025-05-29|website=BET|language=en}}</ref> He has spoken about the importance of democratizing access to high-value networks and fostering a more inclusive tech landscape. “''We’re setting the records at Yale, and we just happen to be Black'',” Johnson told campus media, emphasizing the significance of representation in [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":5" /> == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] k6xoqbbr9v8tr9rfa79x6qwolivfgg5 10330221 10330220 2025-06-14T15:56:21Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/141.154.15.8|141.154.15.8]] ([[User talk:141.154.15.8|talk]]) to last version by Auntof6 10323846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> Later, he built an app that gained national recognition from an MIT Hacker award during his freshman year at University High School. He also built robots and participated in statewide technological competitions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT App Inventor Youth Mobile Power App Contest|url=https://appinventor.mit.edu/explore/youth-mobile-power-app-challenge|access-date=2025-05-29|website=appinventor.mit.edu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UC Davis Center for Integrated Computing and STEM Education » Speakers|url=https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html|access-date=2025-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Standing at 6 feet 5 inches, Johnson also played competitive [[basketball]], becoming team captain of the Varsity senior year and helped lead his team to the CIF-SS quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title=101-year wait ends, as Garden Grove boys basketball earns first trip to semifinals|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/02/19/101-year-wait-ends-as-garden-grove-boys-basketball-earns-first-trip-to-semifinals/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}</ref> Upon completing high school, he spent his summer before [[college]] building another social platform called ''Mix26'' to help incoming college freshmen navigate orientation events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Nam|first=Claire|date=2025-04-08|title=Two Yale juniors raise $3.1M to redefine social networking|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2025/04/08/two-yale-juniors-raise-3-1m-to-redefine-social-networking/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Career == [[File:Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour]] === BullMont Capital === Before starting and becoming the CEO of Series, Nathaneo co-founded BullMont Capital in his freshman year, a student investment fund for student founders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Founder Series|url=https://open.spotify.com/show/0KUKSQ65nhZsB9fSFfD8Dv|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref> Bullmont Capital is a venture studio for college founders that aims to democratize access to funding for college students.<ref name=":3" /> BullMont has made six investments to date and has played a contributing role towards student venture, with Johnson serving as the current president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BullMont Capital Portfolio Investments, BullMont Capital Funds, BullMont Capital Exits|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/investor/bullmont-capital|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.cbinsights.com}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. Johnson publicly differentiated Series from traditional social media platforms like [[Facebook]] and [[LinkedIn]], arguing that the existing paradigm of online validation is outdated. He described the venture as a “''direct foil to the Harvard story'',” referencing the founding of [[Facebook]] by [[Harvard University|Harvard]] students, and emphasized Series’ aim to build a new narrative for underrepresented founders in tech.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale students raise $3.1M in 14 days for AI-powered social platform|url=https://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/yale-students-raise-31m-in-14-days-for-ai-powered-social-platform|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Hartford Business Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> == Fundraising and growth == [[File:Johnson presenting at the Annual SAIRS AI Conference in California.jpg|left|thumb|Johnson presenting at the Annual SAIRS AI Conference in California|248x248px]] In early 2025, Johnson and Hargrow raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding in just 14 days after Johnson posted a trailer for Series on [[LinkedIn]] that went viral within the college entrepreneurial community.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Dorisca|first=Samantha|title=Yale’s Nathaneo Johnson And Sean Hargrow Secure $3.1M To Rival LinkedIn, Reportedly The Most VC Raised For Current Ivy League Students|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/yale-nathaneo-johnson-sean-hargrow-182342002.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The round was led by former Andreessen Horowitz partner Anne Lee Skates, now with Parable VC. Other participants included Pear VC, DGB.VC, 47th Street, Radicle Impact, Uncommon Projects, [[Reddit]] CEO Steve Huffman, and [[GPTZero]] founder Edward Tian.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Juniors Raise $3.1M In 14 Days For Their New AI Social Network|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/front/these-yale-juniors-just-raised-3-1m-for-their-ai-social-network-for-entrepreneurs/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}</ref> The funding allowed the founders to grow the platform’s team, expand outreach to universities across the [[United States]], and launch premium membership offerings. As of early 2025, Series reported over 20,000 messages exchanged on the platform within a single week. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dorisca|first=Samantha|title=Yale's Nathaneo Johnson And Sean Hargrow Secure $3.1M To Rival LinkedIn, Reportedly The Most VC Raised For Current Ivy League Students|url=https://afrotech.com/yale-university-students-raised-3-1m-in-14-days|access-date=2025-05-29|website=AfroTech|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Public perception and impact == Johnson’s work has been recognized for challenging traditional norms in [[Silicon Valley]] and higher education.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Street|first=SME|date=2025-04-05|title=Yale Founders To Build AI Social App With $3M in Funding|url=https://smestreet.in/infocus/yale-founders-to-build-ai-social-app-with-3m-in-funding-8929471|url-status=live|access-date=2025-05-29|website=smestreet.in|language=en}}</ref> Along with Hargrow, he has openly discussed the bias they faced as tall Black men on Yale’s campus, often mistaken for athletes rather than entrepreneurs. Their visibility have been cited as a source of inspiration for aspiring minority founders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale Juniors Secure $3.1 Million for New Social Network 'Series'|url=https://www.bet.com/article/e3s1yx/yale-juniors-secure-31-million-for-new-social-network-series|access-date=2025-05-29|website=BET|language=en}}</ref> He has spoken about the importance of democratizing access to high-value networks and fostering a more inclusive tech landscape. “''We’re setting the records at Yale, and we just happen to be Black'',” Johnson told campus media, emphasizing the significance of representation in [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":5" /> == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] fjmp6ppdc5bkgqp1z5aeethuxn6d4mf 10330223 10330221 2025-06-14T15:56:53Z 141.154.15.8 10330223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> Later, he built an app that gained national recognition from an MIT Hacker award during his freshman year at University High School. He also built robots and participated in statewide technological competitions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT App Inventor Youth Mobile Power App Contest|url=https://appinventor.mit.edu/explore/youth-mobile-power-app-challenge|access-date=2025-05-29|website=appinventor.mit.edu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UC Davis Center for Integrated Computing and STEM Education » Speakers|url=https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html|access-date=2025-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> Standing at 6 feet 5 inches, Johnson also played competitive [[basketball]], becoming team captain of the Varsity senior year and helped lead his team to the CIF-SS quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title=101-year wait ends, as Garden Grove boys basketball earns first trip to semifinals|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/02/19/101-year-wait-ends-as-garden-grove-boys-basketball-earns-first-trip-to-semifinals/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}</ref> Upon completing high school, he spent his summer before [[college]] building another social platform called ''Mix26'' to help incoming college freshmen navigate orientation events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Nam|first=Claire|date=2025-04-08|title=Two Yale juniors raise $3.1M to redefine social networking|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2025/04/08/two-yale-juniors-raise-3-1m-to-redefine-social-networking/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Career == [[File:Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour]] === BullMont Capital === Before starting and becoming the CEO of Series, Nathaneo co-founded BullMont Capital in his freshman year, a student investment fund for student founders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Founder Series|url=https://open.spotify.com/show/0KUKSQ65nhZsB9fSFfD8Dv|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref> Bullmont Capital is a venture studio for college founders that aims to democratize access to funding for college students.<ref name=":3" /> BullMont has made six investments to date and has played a contributing role towards student venture, with Johnson serving as the current president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BullMont Capital Portfolio Investments, BullMont Capital Funds, BullMont Capital Exits|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/investor/bullmont-capital|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.cbinsights.com}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] gziztwomyk8louepfvz7b0km0j6es4e 10330224 10330223 2025-06-14T15:57:20Z 141.154.15.8 10330224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> Standing at 6 feet 5 inches, Johnson also played competitive [[basketball]], becoming team captain of the Varsity senior year and helped lead his team to the CIF-SS quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title=101-year wait ends, as Garden Grove boys basketball earns first trip to semifinals|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/02/19/101-year-wait-ends-as-garden-grove-boys-basketball-earns-first-trip-to-semifinals/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Orange County Register|language=en-US}}</ref> Upon completing high school, he spent his summer before [[college]] building another social platform called ''Mix26'' to help incoming college freshmen navigate orientation events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Nam|first=Claire|date=2025-04-08|title=Two Yale juniors raise $3.1M to redefine social networking|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2025/04/08/two-yale-juniors-raise-3-1m-to-redefine-social-networking/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Career == [[File:Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour]] === BullMont Capital === Before starting and becoming the CEO of Series, Nathaneo co-founded BullMont Capital in his freshman year, a student investment fund for student founders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Founder Series|url=https://open.spotify.com/show/0KUKSQ65nhZsB9fSFfD8Dv|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref> Bullmont Capital is a venture studio for college founders that aims to democratize access to funding for college students.<ref name=":3" /> BullMont has made six investments to date and has played a contributing role towards student venture, with Johnson serving as the current president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BullMont Capital Portfolio Investments, BullMont Capital Funds, BullMont Capital Exits|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/investor/bullmont-capital|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.cbinsights.com}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 1ujti9xiwpm60yt8shruqodrxh4dohg 10330226 10330224 2025-06-14T15:57:33Z 141.154.15.8 10330226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Career == [[File:Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Johnson speaking at Columbia University for Series College Tour]] === BullMont Capital === Before starting and becoming the CEO of Series, Nathaneo co-founded BullMont Capital in his freshman year, a student investment fund for student founders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Founder Series|url=https://open.spotify.com/show/0KUKSQ65nhZsB9fSFfD8Dv|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref> Bullmont Capital is a venture studio for college founders that aims to democratize access to funding for college students.<ref name=":3" /> BullMont has made six investments to date and has played a contributing role towards student venture, with Johnson serving as the current president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BullMont Capital Portfolio Investments, BullMont Capital Funds, BullMont Capital Exits|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/investor/bullmont-capital|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.cbinsights.com}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 3h5n5wsjoji7fkt6vt95a9oiirgzjr4 10330228 10330226 2025-06-14T15:57:55Z 141.154.15.8 10330228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 03er8pfhdnxoay17qfdvisugq165iag 10330234 10330228 2025-06-14T16:01:04Z 2600:4040:50C6:8700:355F:82E2:4B87:77E8 10330234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 9jtmviddah9jf8tcs4hr381axe62ymj 10330235 10330234 2025-06-14T16:01:08Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:50C6:8700:355F:82E2:4B87:77E8|2600:4040:50C6:8700:355F:82E2:4B87:77E8]] ([[User talk:2600:4040:50C6:8700:355F:82E2:4B87:77E8|talk]]) to last version by 141.154.15.8 10330228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 03er8pfhdnxoay17qfdvisugq165iag 10330240 10330235 2025-06-14T16:04:03Z 2600:4040:50BF:2500:8149:1B55:933D:BE68 False 10330240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 9jtmviddah9jf8tcs4hr381axe62ymj 10330241 10330240 2025-06-14T16:04:08Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:50BF:2500:8149:1B55:933D:BE68|2600:4040:50BF:2500:8149:1B55:933D:BE68]] ([[User talk:2600:4040:50BF:2500:8149:1B55:933D:BE68|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 10330228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nathaneo Johnson | image = Nathaneo Johnson.jpg | caption = Johnson in 2025 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|10|31}} | citizenship = American | education = [[Yale University]] | alma_mater = University High School (Irvine, California)<ref>https://iel.ucdavis.edu/download/C-STEM/oldsite/c-stem.ucdavis.edu/teachers-administrators/c-stem-conference/2020-2/speakers/index.html</ref> | occupation = Tech Entrepreneur | notable_works = Series | height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}} | website = {{URL|nathaneo.com}} }} '''Nathaneo Johnson''' (born 31 October 2003) is a tech [[entrepreneur]] who is the Founder and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (CEO) of ''Series'', an AI-powered [[social networking]] platform. He is currently a junior at [[Yale University]] studying [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/smallbusiness/these-yale-students-raised-3-million-in-14-days-to-build-their-anti-facebook-startup-i-can-see-my-childhood-self-looking-up-to-me/ar-AA1CG7L9|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In 2025, Johnson and his co-founder, Sean Hargrow, raised $3.1 million in pre-seed funding for Series. == Early life and entrepreneurship == Johnson was born on 31 October 2003 in [[Irvine, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Micah|date=2025-04-10|title=Yale Students Raised $3M in 14 Days for 'Anti-Facebook' Startup|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/starting-a-business/yale-students-raised-3m-in-14-days-for-anti-facebook/489578|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref> He demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit from a young age, as by eight years old he had created a walking stick for the [[Visually impared|visually impaired]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=How These Yale Undergrads Are Empowering Student Founders|url=https://www.forbes.com.au/brand-voice/uncategorized/how-these-yale-undergrads-are-empowering-student-founders/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Forbes Australia|language=en-US}}</ref> Johnson developed a social app called ''Prowledge'' which gained recognition from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] for their Prize in ''Race Relations'' and later began to develop Cube Satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Princeton Prize in Race Relations|url=https://pprize.princeton.edu/front|access-date=2025-05-29|website=pprize.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> While in college soon after Mix26 gained popularity amongst the freshman class at [[Yale University]]. Johnson started ''The Founder Series'' Podcast with another Yale student. Both interviewed students and founders about [[entrepreneurship]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chomnalez|first=Isabel|date=2023-03-01|title=Yale student podcast assesses whether successful entrepreneurs are born or made|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/01/yale-student-podcast-assesses-whether-successful-entrepreneurs-are-born-or-made/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Yale Daily News|language=en}}</ref> Sean, who was the creative director of the podcast, soon joined Nathaneo to conceptualize a startup around the concept of qualitative connections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Johnson later started a venture fund along with another Yale student Albert Yang his freshman year.<ref name=":1" /> == Series == Series functions as an “''AI-powered social network''” where users interact with an “AI Friend,” a chatbot that helps identify valuable networking connections within the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Sydney|date=2025-04-08|title=A new AI startup founded by Yale students wants to compete with LinkedIn. Read the pitch deck it used to raise $3M.|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/a-new-ai-startup-founded-by-yale-students-wants-to-compete-with-linkedin-read-the/7xyj76m|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Business Insider Africa|language=en}}</ref> Johnson described the platform’s mission as “''engineering serendipity''” by enabling people to meet others who offer mutual value, such as mentors, co-founders, or investors, rather than boosting follower counts. == Education == Johnson studied at the [[:en:University_High_School_(Irvine,_California)|University High School]]<ref name=":0" /> and as of May 2025, he is enrolled as an [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] at [[Yale University]], where he is currently pursuing [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Economics]].<ref name=":6" /> == External Links == * [https://series.so/ Series Official Website] * [https://bullmont.vc/ Bullmont Capital] == References == <references/> [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:2003 births]] [[Category:American computer scientists]] [[Category:Podcasters]] [[Category:American chief executives]] [[Category:American company founders]] [[Category:Social networking services]] [[Category:Social networking]] [[Category:Yale University]] 03er8pfhdnxoay17qfdvisugq165iag 0 1193038 10331667 10322143 2025-06-15T09:28:28Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | title = Burger Kings | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | season = 32 | episode = 18 | director = [[Lance Kramer]] | writer = [[Rob LaZebnik]] | story = | teleplay = | producer = | music = | editor = | production = QABF11 | airdate = {{Start date|2021|04|11}} | length = | guests = | prev = [[Uncut Femmes]] | next = [[Panic on the Streets of Springfield]] }} "'''Burger Kings'''" is the eighteenth episode of the [[The Simpsons season 32|thirty-second season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It first aired on April 11, 2021. In this episode, Mr. Burns creates a fast-food company that serves plant-based burgers with Homer as its spokesman while Marge buys its stock. The episode received positive reviews. == Other websites == *{{IMDb episode|13977692}} *{{Rotten Tomatoes item|tv/the_simpsons/s32/e18}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2021 television episodes]] [[Category:The Simpsons season 32 episodes]] 7pct7q3gcs112lp5khd4ypp14pv797g 0 1193239 10330135 10327455 2025-06-14T14:59:28Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|Fixing broken anchor]]: Remove 1 notification (When checking links to [[Antisemitism in Europe]]) 10330135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Salomon Morel | image = Salomon Morel.jpg | alt = Salomon Morel | caption = Salomon Morel in 1948 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|11|15}} | birth_place = Garbów, [[Poland]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|02|14|1919|11|15}} | death_place = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] | citizenship = [[Polish People's Republic|Polish]], later [[Israel|Israeli]] | known_for = Commander of Zgoda [[labour camp]] and [[Jaworzno]] [[concentration camp]] | occupation = officer at the Ministry of Public Security }} '''Salomon Morel'''{{efn|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: סלומון מורל|group=lower-alpha}} (November 15, 1919 – February 14, 2007) was a [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[survivor]] who managed former [[List of Nazi concentration camps|Nazi concentration camps]]{{efn|Taken over by the [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II#Formation of Soviet puppet state in Poland|Soviet occupiers in Poland]] in 1944‒45|group=lower-alpha}} after [[World War II]]. He also served the Ministry of Public Security in the [[Polish People's Republic|Communist Poland]].<ref name="Lowe">{{cite book |last=Lowe |first=Keith |year=2012 |title=Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II |chapter=The new 'extermination camps' |location=[[London]] |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780241962220 }}</ref> In [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|Nazi-occupied Poland]], Morel and his Jewish family hid with the help of a [[Poles|Polish farmer]],<ref name="Lowe" /> which allowed him to survive [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Lowe" /> ==Career== Morel ran the [[NKVD]] [[prison]] at Lublin Castle in 1944.<ref name="Lowe" /> He became the commander of the Zgoda labor camp in [[Świętochłowice]] in 1945, then that of the [[Jaworzno]] concentration camp in 1949.<ref name="Lowe" /> Before his dismissal by Poland's communist regime [[Jan Żaryn#Views on the 1968 antisemitic campaign|in 1968]], he was the [[colonel]] of the Ministry of Public Security.<ref name="Lowe" /><ref name="Applebaum">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ironcurtaincrush00appl_0 |url-access=registration |quote=Salomon Morel war criminal. |title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956 |last=Applebaum |first=Anne |year=2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780385536431 |language=en }}</ref> ===Zgoda labor camp=== The Zgoda labor camp at which Morel worked had three categories of prisoners: * Those declared traitors by the Polish National Liberation Committee on November 4, 1944<ref name="ZLC1">Article 1 of this decree stated that "A Polish citizen who, during the German occupation, declared his allegiance to German nationality on the territory of the so-called General Government and voivodship of Białystok ... shall be subject to ... detention for an unspecified period in a detention centre (camp) and compulsory work", Dz.U [Official Journal] no. 11/44, item 54.</ref> * Those declared "Fascist-Nazi criminals and traitors" by the same committee on August 31, 1944<ref name="ZLC1" /> * Those declared "hostile elements" of Polish society by the same committee on May 6, 1945<ref name="ZLC1" /><ref>Letter from Salomon Morel to the Regional Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against the Polish People in Katowice dated 7 XI 1992, IPN Ka, Case files..., pp 78-81, see also Oboz Pracy w Swietochlowicach w 1945 roku. Dokumenty, zeznania, relacje, listy [Labour Camp in Swietochlowice in 1945. Documents, testimonies, reports, letters], selected and edited by and with an introduction by A. Dziurok, Warsaw 2002, pp. 89-92.</ref> ==Controversies== ===War crimes allegations=== In the 1990s, Poland's official Institute of National Remembrance accused him of [[War crime|war crimes]] over alleged [[revenge]] [[Murder|murders]] of over 1,500 prisoners, most of whom were reportedly either [[Silesian German]] or Polish [[Political prisoner|political prisoners]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4659985.stm |title=War crime suspect stays in Israel |date=July 7, 2005 |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> Fearing unfair [[trial]], Morel [[Immigration|immigrated]] to [[Israel]], which rejected Poland's [[extradition]] requests twice in 1998 and 2004.<ref name="TheForward2005">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=Poland Gives Up Campaign To Extradite Israeli Citizen |url=https://forward.com/news/2461/poland-gives-up-campaign-to-extradite-israeli-citi |last=Shoshana |first=Olidort |date=July 29, 2005 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |quote=Poland’s most recent appeal for the extradition was denied by the Israeli Justice Ministry in a letter citing a [[statute of limitations]] that makes the [[extradition]] “neither possible under Israeli law, nor required under the Extradition Convention.” It was the second time Israel denied the request, which Poland first submitted in 1998. }}</ref> The Polish government gave up on seeking his extradition in July 2005.<ref name="TheForward2005" /> ====Issues==== Notably, over 50 anti-Jewish [[Pogrom|pogroms]]{{efn|A '''pogrom''' is a form of [[riot]] that targets an [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] or a [[Religion|religious]] group. It is [[Derivation|derived]] from the [[Russian language|Russian]] [[word]] ''погром'' ("pogrom"); from "громить" [[International phonetic alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[grʌˈmitʲ]}} ‒ to wreak havoc, to [[Spoliation|demolish]] [[Violence|violently]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Pogrom {{!}} Meaning, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom |date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Pogroms {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe |title=Pogroms |url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/wars-and-memories/violence-war/pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=My Jewish Learning |title=What Were Pogroms? |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-were-pogroms |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122 |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite book |chapter=The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe |title=Racist Violence in Europe |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |last=Klier |first=John D. |year=1993 |pages=128–138 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9 |isbn=978-0-333-60102-0 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&dq=info:yrqubkxpMdIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last1=Dekel-Chen |first1=Jonathan |last2=Gaunt |first2=David |last3=Meir |first3=Natan M |last4=Bartal |first4=Israel |year=2010 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press | isbn=978-0-253-00478-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Riots and pogroms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBq_DAAAQBAJ&dq=info:maRftHyNgfwJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR7 |last=Brass |first=Paul R |publisher=Springer |year=2016 | isbn=978-1-349-24867-4 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxa_DwAAQBAJ&dq=info:enqOWBnHzrgJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PP1 |last=Bemporad |first=Elissa |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press |year=2019 |location=[[United States of America|USA]] | isbn=978-0-19-046645-9 |access-date=November 10, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Explorations in Economic History |title=Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493 |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O. |last2=Mukand |first2=Sharun |last3=Yotzov |first3=Ivan |volume=86 |issue=101471 |date=August 10, 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471 |access-date=November 10, 2024}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} happened in [[Hungary]], Poland, [[Slovakia]] and [[Ukraine]] between 1944 and 1948.<ref>Tokarska-Bakir, J. ''Postwar Violence against Jews in Central and Eastern Europe'', 2020.</ref><ref name="May2023">{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |title=Holocaust Survivors Returning to their Hometowns in the Polish-Belarusian-Ukrainian Borderlands, 1944–1948 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2197759 |last1=Waligórska |first1=Magdalena |last2=Weizman |first2=Yechiel |last3=Friedman |first3=Alexander |last4=Ina |first4=Sorkina |pages=191–212 |volume=37 |issue=2 |date=May 27, 2023 |access-date=May 16, 2025 }}</ref> [[Dozen|Dozens]] of anti-Jewish [[Hate crime|incidents]] happened in the Polish-Ukrainian borderlands<ref name="May2023" /><ref>Adam Kopciowski, “Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II,” ''Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały'' (2008): pp. 177–205, specifically p. 177; Kwiek, Nie chcemy Żydów u siebie, pp. 214–5.</ref> to the extent that Holocaust survivors were advised not to speak [[Yiddish]] in [[public]].<ref name="May2023" /> Meanwhile, it is a common theme in [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[propaganda]] to [[Exaggeration|exaggerate]] wartime Jewish misdeeds, including the allegations against Salomon Morel, to draw a false equivalence between Jews and the [[Axis powers|Axis]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research |title=Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Klein |first2=Shira |pages=133–190 |volume=37 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939 |date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |quote=Four [[Holocaust denial|distortions]] dominate Wikipedia’s coverage of Polish–Jewish wartime history: a false equivalence narrative suggesting that Poles and Jews suffered equally in [[World War II]]; a false innocence narrative, arguing that Polish antisemitism was marginal, while the Poles’ role in saving Jews was monumental; [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]] insinuating that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (''Żydokomuna'' or Judeo–Bolshevism), that money-hungry Jews [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|controlled or still control]] Poland, and that Jews [[Victim blaming|bear responsibility for their own persecution]]. }}</ref> By August 1, 1945, the Zgoda labor camp had processed 5,048 prisoners.<ref name="ZLC2">G. Gruschka, Zgoda-miejsce zgrozy. Oboz koncentracyjny w Swietochlowicach [Zgoda, a place of doom. The concentration camp at Swietochlowice], Gliwice 1998, p. 51.</ref> Documents showed that many prisoners were [[Conviction|convicted]] of Nazi-associated crimes,<ref name="ZLC3">H. Piecuch, Akcje specjalne: od Bieruta do Ochaba [Special operations: from Bierut to Ochab],Warsaw 1996, pp. 27-28.</ref> some of whom were voluntary ''Ortsgruppenleiter'' ("Local Group Leader") in Nazi-occupied areas.<ref name="ZLC3" /> There was a [[typhus]] [[outbreak]] that killed 30% of the prisoners during operation.<ref name="ZLC2" /> This outbreak, however, was not mentioned in one of the books that accused Morel of killing the prisoners.<ref>{{cite book |title=Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/3892 |last1=Robins |first1=Nicholas |last2=Jones |first2=Adam |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2009 |access-date=May 30, 2025 }}</ref> The other book that accused Morel was even pulled from circulation in Germany in 1995 after a journalist called it an "antisemitic fodder".<ref>Streitfeld, David. (February 15, 1995). [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/19508636.html?dids=19508636:19508636&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+15%2C+1995&author=David+Streitfeld&pub=The+Washington+Post+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Book+on+Jewish-Run+%60Revenge%27+Camps+Is+Pulled&pqatl=google Book on Jewish-Run `Revenge' Camps Is Pulled]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' ("A German publisher has abruptly canceled a book that investigates the Jewish role in running [[Concentration camp|internment camps]] in [[Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II#Formation of Soviet puppet state in Poland|Poland after World War II]], saying the work otherwise could be "cause for some misunderstanding."")</ref> ==Reactions== ===Elan Steinberg=== Elan Steinberg, executive emeritus and former president of the World Jewish Congress (WJC), said:<ref name="TheForward2005" /> {{cquote|The Morel case has been abused in order to [[False analogy|draw equivalencies]] between [[the Holocaust]] and what [[Jew|Jews]] did to others after the Holocaust [...] part of an effort of [[Holocaust denial]].}} ===Israeli Justice Ministry=== The Israeli Justice Ministry said that they found Poland's accusations of Morel having committed "genocide" to be baseless,<ref name="TheForward2005" /> adding that Morel saw his whole family killed by Polish Nazi collaborators during the Holocaust.<ref name="TheForward2005" />{{efn|[[Mainstream]] [[Historian|historians]] found that Polish collaboration with Nazi authorities in [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|occupied Poland]] was more common than previously believed. See sources: * Joanna Beata Michlic, “The Politics of the Memorialisation of the Holocaust in Poland: Reflections on the Current Misuses of the History of Rescue,” ''Jewish Historical Studies—Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England'', LIII: 1 (2022); Piotr Forecki, ''Po Jedwabnem: Anatomia pamięci funkcjonalnej'' ([[Kraków]], 2018); Jan Gross, ''Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne'' (Princeton, 2001). * {{cite web |website=Combined Academic Publishers |title=Night without End: The Fate of Jews in German-Occupied Poland |url=https://www.combinedacademic.co.uk/9780253062864/night-without-end |last1=Grabowski |first1=Jan |last2=Engelking |first2=Barbara |last3=Skibińska |first3=Alina |last4=Szurek |first4=Jean-Charles |last5=Zapalec |first5=Anna |last6=Panz |first6=Karolina |last7=Frydel |first7=Tomasz |last8=Swałtek-Niewińska |first8=Dagmara |isbn=9780253062864 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2022 |access-date=January 5, 2025 |quote=Series: Studies in Antisemitism. 546 pages, 152.00 x 229.00 mm, 73 b&w photos, 8 maps, 1 chart, 35 b&w tables. }} * Robert Rozett, “Competitive Victimhood and Holocaust Distortion,” ''The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs'', XVI (2022); “Distorting the Holocaust and Whitewashing History: Toward a Typology,” XIII: 1 (2019); Yehuda Bauer, “Creating a “Usable” Past: On Holocaust Denial and Distortion,” XIV: 2 (2022); and Jan Grabowski, “The Holocaust and Poland's 'History Policy'” X: 3 (2016). * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Quarterly |title=Whitewash: Poland and the Jews |url=https://jewishquarterly.com/essay/2024/08/whitewash |last=Grabowski |first=Jan |year=2024 |location=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |access-date=May 25, 2025 |quote=In this ground-breaking essay, Jan Grabowski, a world-renowned Holocaust historian, examines how the government, museums, schools and state institutions became complicit in delivering a message of Polish national innocence during [[the Holocaust]]. He recounts his own [[experience]] as the [[victim]] of [[Defamation|smears]] and a notorious [[lawsuit]] for questioning the complicity of Poles in the [[The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland|destruction of the country's Jews]], and examines the far-reaching consequences of Poland's [[Historical revisionism|historical distortions]], which have been repeated and replicated worldwide to challenge the truth of the Holocaust. }}|group=lower-alpha}} The Ministry emphasized that there were only 600 prisoners in the Zgoda labour camp, many of whom were "Nazi collaborators",<ref name="TheForward2005" /> whose number did not change throughout Morel's employment period,<ref name="TheForward2005" /> which made the alleged death toll of 1,695 impossible.<ref name="TheForward2005" /> In addition, the Ministry said that about 1,000 Jews were killed by Polish citizens right after the war ended.<ref name="TheForward2005" /> ===Anne Applebaum=== American historian Anne Applebaum said:<ref name="Applebaum" /> {{Blockquote|text=[Morel was] a [[Holocaust victims|Holocaust victim]], a communist criminal, a man who lost his entire family to the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]], a man consumed by a [[Sadism|sadistic]] [[Anger|fury]] against [[Germans]] and [[Poles]] – a fury which may or may not have originated from his victimhood, and may or may not have been connected to his communism. He was deeply vengeful, and profoundly violent. He was awarded medals by the communist Polish state, was prosecuted by the post-communist Polish state, and was defended by the Israeli state, though he had expressed no interest in moving to Israel until half a century after the war, and even then only after he started to fear prosecution.}} ==Aftermath== ===United States=== The allegations against Salomon Morel have been co-opted by [[Antisemitism|antisemites]]{{efn|{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress (WJC) |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/working-definition-of-antisemitism |title=Working Definition Of Antisemitism |access-date=October 22, 2024}}<br>'''IHRA ''Working Definition of Antisemitism'' ''': * Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical [[ideology]] or an [[Extremism|extremist]] view of [[religion]]. * Making [[Antisemitism#Lies about Jews|mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews]] as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions]]. * Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by [[Gentiles|non-Jews]]. * [[Holocaust denial|Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people]] at the hands of [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist Germany]] and its supporters and accomplices during [[World War II]] ([[the Holocaust]]). * Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of [[Holocaust denial|inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust]]. * Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations. * Denying the Jewish people their right to [[self-determination]], e.g., by claiming that the existence of a [[Israel|State of Israel]] is a [[Racism|racist]] endeavor. * Applying [[Hypocrisy|double standards]] by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other [[Democracy|democratic]] nation. * Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis. * Drawing [[Holocaust inversion|comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis]]. * Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of [[Israel]].|group=lower-alpha}} into their [[propaganda]]. For instance, prominent Catholic<ref> * {{cite news |work=Premier Christian News |title=Candace Owens converts to Catholicism and calls it her 'home' |url=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/candace-owens-converts-to-catholicism-and-calls-it-her-home |last=Davies |first=Lydia |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=May 30, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right’s Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=May 30, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Washington Examiner |title=Beware of the new wave of celebrity Catholic converts |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/restoring-america/faith-freedom-self-reliance/3171414/beware-new-wave-celebrity-catholic-converts |last=Judge |first=Mark |date=October 1, 2024 |access-date=May 30, 2025 }}</ref> antisemite<ref>{{cite web |website=Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) |title=2024 Top Ten Worst Global Antisemitic Incidents |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/swc-2024-top-ten-antisemitic.pdf |year=2025 |access-date=May 30, 2025 }}</ref> [[Candace Owens]] brought up those allegations in one of her podcast shows to draw a false equivalence between Jews and the Axis.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[New York Post]] |title=Candace Owens calls Mengele's Holocaust experiments 'bizarre propaganda' in latest antisemitic scandal |url=https://nypost.com/2024/07/10/media/candace-owens-calls-mengeles-holocaust-experiments-bizarre-propaganda-in-latest-antisemitic-scandal |date=July 10, 2024 |access-date=May 30, 2025 }}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Racism in Poland]] * [[Historical revisionism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Controversies]] [[Category:The Holocaust]] [[Category:Polish people]] [[Category:History of Poland]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] 78a6x1eg9bm14pt9inic0uua92tapsj 0 1193842 10330389 10303791 2025-06-14T17:19:17Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Swisstopo Rappid Mapping 2025 May 30 Blatten-Bietschhorn DSC6488.jpg]] → [[File:Swisstopo Rapid Mapping 2025 May 30 Blatten-Bietschhorn DSC6488.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · spelling error 10330389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current}}[[File:Swisstopo Rapid Mapping 2025 May 30 Blatten-Bietschhorn DSC6488.jpg|thumb| The Lötschental, a [[valley]], near Blatten on May 30, 2025 after the landslide]] [[File:Blatten_(komprimiert).jpg|thumb| Blatten (2007), view from the north &#xAD; west. In the top left corner, a stream can be seen (as a white line). That is where landslide came from. The landlslide then moved up the opposite slope, from where the picture was taken. Several houses on the left, before the bridge were unaffected by the landslide. As the landslide also blocked the river, they then sank into the lake that the river was building]] The '''Blatten landslide''', sometimes called a [[rockfall|rock-fall]] or ice-[[avalanche]],<ref>https://www.unesco-floods.eu/landslide-catastrophe-in-blatten-central-switzerland/. " The ice avalanche run-out area is close to 2 km2 – covered by ice and debris deposits several meters high". Retrieved 2025-05-29</ref> or '''glacier collapse''', is a [[natural disaster]] that occurred on May 28, 2025. The [[landslide]] destroyed most of the village of [[Blatten (Lötschen)|Blatten]] in the Lötschental in the [[Valais|canton of Valais]] in [[Switzerland]]. The landslide was an [[avalanche]], made of [[debris]] and [[ice]]. A [[glacier]] in the area of the [[Bietschhorn]] had collapsed and caused the landslide. Monitoring equipment was in place, which allowed to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] the village on May 19, about 10 days before the event. A shepherd was first reported missing, but he likely died. == References == * Theodor Hügi, Hugo Ledermann, Ernst Schläppi: ''Sheet 1268 Lötschental (Atlas Sheet 82) – Explanations.'' In: Swiss Geological Commission, National Hydrology and Geology (ed.) : ''Geological Atlas of Switzerland 1:25 000'', 1988 ( [https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/karten/geologische-karten/erlaeuterungen-zum-geologischen-atlas-der-schweiz-25000 online] ). == Related pages == *[[Rockfall|Rock-fall]] == Other websites == * [https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/bergsturz-im-loetschental-blatten-vs-vor-und-nach-dem-bergsturz-die-bilder ''Landslide in the Lötschental: Blatten VS before and after the landslide – the pictures'' .] In: ''srf.ch'' . [[Category:2025 disasters in Europe]] [[Category:2020s in Switzerland]] [[Category:Natural disasters]] [[Category:Raron District]] [[Category:May 2025 events]] m9x268u5eve13znsqvd3zyx89uy73no 0 1193939 10330351 10316567 2025-06-14T17:07:22Z 2600:6C40:7100:2A5D:C90D:3042:387C:395D Added links 10330351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Appears to be a hoax, but don't know if it's obvious enough for QD. The dates being in the future suggest that the company doesn't exist. It doesn't look notable either.}} {{No sources}} Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions was an Irish-American CGI-2D-stop-motion animated television and film production company and distributor based in Ireland that has collaborated with various other companies, such as [[Nelvana]], [[Pixar]], [[Ellipsanime]], [[Netflix Animation]] and [[Lemon Sky Studios]]. The founder is an American-Irish filmmaker the amazingly talented [[Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame|Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame, Bong!]], and the establishment held on April 1, 2024. Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions began their second round film deal with [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Pictures]] on October 10, 2024 to make movies and starting a new collaboration with Pixar to help produce several upcoming releases that are released between 2026-2029. The company began their production on [[Because Why? (TV series)|Because Why?]], and acquired the Spain-based What is the Low Ball! Pictures for 99% million in January 2025. The company then produce [[The Flying Band]], a co-production with [[Ellipsanime]], [[Pecky (TV series)|Pecky]], a co-production with [[WildBrain]] and [[9 Story Media Group]], which 9 Story distributed it worldwide with Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions distributed it in Ireland and which premiered on television, [[Battle Buttermilky (TV series|Battle Buttermilky]], a co-production with Ellipsanime, 9 Story Media Group, Pixar and Netflix Animation and What is the Low Ball! Pictures, which was officially produced in late 2026 and premiered on Netflix on March 1, 2027, [[The Tarata Object (TV series)|The Tarata Object]], which is a co-production with Ellipsanime and What is the Low Ball! Pictures, which aired on television from February 1, 2029 to March 31, 2029 on [[RAI]] television networks in Italy, and [[New York City while taking YOU!]], which was co-produced with What is the Low Ball! Pictures, which aired on television in the [[United States]], Ireland and Spain on television networks. The company also offers a co-production again with Ellipsanime to produce a new a comedy animated movie: [[To A Chewing Object (2029 film)|To A Chewing Object]], which was released by [[Disney Pictures]] in the United States. It also has produce stop-motion animated films co-produced with Ellipsanime and What is the Low Ball! Pictures. The closure of Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions began their end in this ownership, as [[Nelvana]] purchased the company's assets in 2040 as part of the management buyout, and Jingle Jingle, Rob Frame Productions began shutting down, and replaced by a new studio called [[Juila Topo! (company)|Juila Topo! Productions]], which was officially founded in the next year ndbr3h6ob58e29gwiaystgz8iwctzbd 0 1194388 10330079 10317122 2025-06-14T14:25:18Z 173.16.76.126 /* Episodes */ 10330079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television season | season_number = 15 | image = File:SBSP logo.png | bgcolour = #A9194E | starring = {{plainlist}} * [[Tom Kenny]] * [[Bill Fagerbakke]] * [[Rodger Bumpass]] * [[Clancy Brown]] * [[Carolyn Lawrence]] * [[Mr. Lawrence]] * [[Jill Talley]] * [[Mary Jo Catlett]] * [[Lori Alan]] {{endplainlist}} | num_episodes = 10 | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|7|24}} | last_aired = present | episode_list = [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes|List of episodes]] | prev_season = [[SpongeBob SquarePants season 14|Season 14]] }} The '''fifteenth season''' of the American animated television series ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', created by former [[Marine biology|marine biologist]] and animator [[Stephen Hillenburg]], began airing on [[Nickelodeon]] in the United States on July 24, 2024. It consists of 20 episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|the title character]] and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. == Production == The season was first announced on September 29, 2023, for 26 half-hour episodes.<ref name="Season 15 Announcement">{{cite web |author=Joe Otterson |date=September 29, 2024 |title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Renewed for Season 15 at Nickelodeon |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/spongebob-squarepants-renewed-season-15-nickelodeon-1235740263/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=September 29, 2023}}</ref> On September 11, 2024, it was revealed that the second half of [[SpongeBob SquarePants season 14|season 14]] was split into a fifteenth season bringing the number of episodes for the former to 13. The reason for the split was "to keep their sizes more consistent with the season lengths currently consumed on streaming where all shows ultimately end".<ref>{{cite web |author=Nellie Andreeva |date=October 18, 2024 |title=''The Patrick Star Show'' Renewed For Seasons 4 & 5 By Nickelodeon |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/the-patrick-star-show-renewed-season-4-5-nickelodeon-1236119827/ |access-date=October 18, 2024 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Later that same month, Paramount's Global Content website confirmed that the season will now consist of 20 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramount Global Content {{!}} SpongeBob SquarePants |url=https://paramountglobalcontent.com/title/spongebob-squarepants |access-date=December 2, 2024 |website=paramountglobalcontent.com}}</ref> == Episodes == {{See also|List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes{{!}}List of ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' episodes}} The episodes are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order. <onlyinclude>{{Episode table|dontclose=y|background=#A9194E|overall=5|season=5|title=16|titleR=<ref name="The Futon Critic15" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 15">{{cite web|url=https://tvlistings.gracenote.com/overview-affiliates.html?programSeriesId=SH00307766&tabName=guide&season=15|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Season 15 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref><ref name="avclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/spongebob-squarepants-1999|title=SpongeBob SquarePants (1999)|publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref> |director=15|directorR=<ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits"/>|writer=33|writerR=<ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits"/>|airdate=16|airdateR=<ref name="The Futon Critic15">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/spongebob-squarepants/listings/|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Episode Listings|publisher=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref><ref name="Zap2it Season 15"/>|viewers=10|country=U.S.}} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 307 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title_1 = Sammy Suckerfish | Title_2 = Big League Bob | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Andrew Overtoom}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Kaz|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|7|24}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|7|25}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 308 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title_1 = UpWard | Title_2 = Unidentified Flailing Octopus | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan, Michelle Bryan and Andrew Overtoom}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|3}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|5}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 309 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title_1 = Bad Luck Bob | Title_2 = The Sandman Cometh | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Brian Morante and Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|9}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|11}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 310 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title_1 = Biscuit Ballyhoo | Title_2 = Student Driver Survivor | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan, Michelle Bryan and Andrew Overtoom}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Kaz|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|13}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|17}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 311 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title_1 = Wiener Takes All | Title_2 = Stuck in an Elevator | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|19}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|24}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 312 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title_1 = Squidness Protection | Title_2 = Dome Alone | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 313 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title_1 = Wary Gary | Title_2 = Pinned | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mike Bell|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|21}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 314 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title_1 = Jeffy T's Prankwell Emporium | Title_2 = A Taste of Plankton | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|28}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 315 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title_1 = Smartificial Intelligence | Title_2 = Firehouse Bob | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Kaz|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|7}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 316 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title_1 = Pablum Plankton | Title_2 = MuseBob ModelPants | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mike Bell|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|14}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 317 | EpisodeNumber2 = 11 | Title_1 = Delivery of Doom | AltTitle_1 = Delivery of DOOM! | Title_2 = My Father the Boat | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6}}{{efn|This episode was initially supposed to air on March 21, 2025, but was pulled.<ref name="The Futon Critic15"/> Despite this, [[iTunes]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] would release the episode on March 22, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.apple.com/us/episode/delivery-of-doommy-father-the-boat/umc.cmc.6c9x6nlutwkrqzrftuhi7qzwj?showId=umc.cmc.4b0em143bn491l5iwi12nj1vu|title=Delivery of Doom/My Father the Boat|date=March 21, 2025|access-date=March 25, 2025|work=[[iTunes Store]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/SpongeBob-SquarePants-15/dp/B0DP2G8B6J|title=Watch SpongeBob SquarePants 15|access-date=March 25, 2025|work=[[Amazon Prime Video]]|publisher=[[Amazon Prime]]}}</ref>}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 318 | EpisodeNumber2 = 12 | Title_1 = Who's Afraid of Mr. Snippers? | Title_2 = A Fish Called Sandy | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mike Bell|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|13}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 319 | EpisodeNumber2 = 13 | Title_1 = Making Waves | Title_2 = Captain Quasar: The Next Iteration | DirectedBy = | WrittenBy = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|20}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{End|Episode table|html=y}}</onlyinclude> == Specials == {{Episode table|dontclose=y | background = A9194E | title = 26 | titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic15" /><ref name="Zap2it Specials">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH00307766&tabName=guide&season=0|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Specials Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]|access-date=2025-06-07|archive-date=2021-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117225009/https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH00307766&tabName=guide&season=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> | writer = 30 | writerR = <ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits2">Information is taken from the closing credits of each episode.</ref> | airdate = 13 | airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic15" /><ref name="Zap2it Specials" /> | prodcode = 6 | prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic15" /> | viewers = 10 | country = U.S. }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | Title = Beneath the Bun: Krabby Patty Secrets Special | WrittenBy = Ben Kurzrock | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|23}} | ProdCode = 866 | Viewers = | ShortSummary = Perch Perkins talks about the variations and secrets of Krabby Patties, their scandals, and how they've become successful, through clips from previous episodes of the series. | LineColor = A9194E }} {{End|Episode table|html=y}}</onlyinclude> == Notes == {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha|refs= <ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits">Information is taken from the opening credits of each episode.</ref> <ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits2">Information is taken from the closing credits of each episode.</ref> }} {{reflist|group="nb"}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{wikiquote}} {{SpongeBob SquarePants}} {{SpongeBob SquarePants episodes}} [[Category:SpongeBob SquarePants seasons]] [[Category:2024 American animated television seasons]] [[Category:2025 American animated television seasons]] <references /> 6rfo8cka3mh1tg29q6ya92ad9i4l6do 10330081 10330079 2025-06-14T14:26:23Z 173.16.76.126 10330081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television season | season_number = 15 | image = File:SBSP logo.png | bgcolour = #A9194E | starring = {{plainlist}} * [[Tom Kenny]] * [[Bill Fagerbakke]] * [[Rodger Bumpass]] * [[Clancy Brown]] * [[Carolyn Lawrence]] * [[Mr. Lawrence]] * [[Jill Talley]] * [[Mary Jo Catlett]] * [[Lori Alan]] {{endplainlist}} | num_episodes = 12 | network = [[Nickelodeon]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|7|24}} | last_aired = present | episode_list = [[List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes|List of episodes]] | prev_season = [[SpongeBob SquarePants season 14|Season 14]] }} The '''fifteenth season''' of the American animated television series ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', created by former [[Marine biology|marine biologist]] and animator [[Stephen Hillenburg]], began airing on [[Nickelodeon]] in the United States on July 24, 2024. It consists of 20 episodes. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|the title character]] and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom. == Production == The season was first announced on September 29, 2023, for 26 half-hour episodes.<ref name="Season 15 Announcement">{{cite web |author=Joe Otterson |date=September 29, 2024 |title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Renewed for Season 15 at Nickelodeon |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/spongebob-squarepants-renewed-season-15-nickelodeon-1235740263/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=September 29, 2023}}</ref> On September 11, 2024, it was revealed that the second half of [[SpongeBob SquarePants season 14|season 14]] was split into a fifteenth season bringing the number of episodes for the former to 13. The reason for the split was "to keep their sizes more consistent with the season lengths currently consumed on streaming where all shows ultimately end".<ref>{{cite web |author=Nellie Andreeva |date=October 18, 2024 |title=''The Patrick Star Show'' Renewed For Seasons 4 & 5 By Nickelodeon |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/the-patrick-star-show-renewed-season-4-5-nickelodeon-1236119827/ |access-date=October 18, 2024 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Later that same month, Paramount's Global Content website confirmed that the season will now consist of 20 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramount Global Content {{!}} SpongeBob SquarePants |url=https://paramountglobalcontent.com/title/spongebob-squarepants |access-date=December 2, 2024 |website=paramountglobalcontent.com}}</ref> == Episodes == {{See also|List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes{{!}}List of ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' episodes}} The episodes are ordered below according to Nickelodeon's packaging order, and not their original production or broadcast order. <onlyinclude>{{Episode table|dontclose=y|background=#A9194E|overall=5|season=5|title=16|titleR=<ref name="The Futon Critic15" /><ref name="Zap2it Season 15">{{cite web|url=https://tvlistings.gracenote.com/overview-affiliates.html?programSeriesId=SH00307766&tabName=guide&season=15|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Season 15 Episode Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]}}</ref><ref name="avclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/spongebob-squarepants-1999|title=SpongeBob SquarePants (1999)|publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref> |director=15|directorR=<ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits"/>|writer=33|writerR=<ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits"/>|airdate=16|airdateR=<ref name="The Futon Critic15">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/spongebob-squarepants/listings/|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Episode Listings|publisher=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref><ref name="Zap2it Season 15"/>|viewers=10|country=U.S.}} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 307 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title_1 = Sammy Suckerfish | Title_2 = Big League Bob | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Andrew Overtoom}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Kaz|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|7|24}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|7|25}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 308 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title_1 = UpWard | Title_2 = Unidentified Flailing Octopus | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan, Michelle Bryan and Andrew Overtoom}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|3}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|5}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 309 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title_1 = Bad Luck Bob | Title_2 = The Sandman Cometh | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Brian Morante and Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|9}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|11}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 310 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title_1 = Biscuit Ballyhoo | Title_2 = Student Driver Survivor | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan, Michelle Bryan and Andrew Overtoom}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Kaz|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|13}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|17}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 311 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title_1 = Wiener Takes All | Title_2 = Stuck in an Elevator | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate_1 = {{Start date|2024|12|19}} | OriginalAirDate_2 = {{Start date|2024|12|24}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 312 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title_1 = Squidness Protection | Title_2 = Dome Alone | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|14}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 313 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title_1 = Wary Gary | Title_2 = Pinned | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mike Bell|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|21}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 314 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title_1 = Jeffy T's Prankwell Emporium | Title_2 = A Taste of Plankton | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|28}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 315 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title_1 = Smartificial Intelligence | Title_2 = Firehouse Bob | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Andrew Goodman|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Kaz|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|7}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 316 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title_1 = Pablum Plankton | Title_2 = MuseBob ModelPants | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mike Bell|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|3|14}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 317 | EpisodeNumber2 = 11 | Title_1 = Delivery of Doom | AltTitle_1 = Delivery of DOOM! | Title_2 = My Father the Boat | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Dave Cunningham|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Eric Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Danny Giovannini|sb=Dan Becker <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mr. Lawrence|sb=Fred Osmond <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|6}}{{efn|This episode was initially supposed to air on March 21, 2025, but was pulled.<ref name="The Futon Critic15"/> Despite this, [[iTunes]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] would release the episode on March 22, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.apple.com/us/episode/delivery-of-doommy-father-the-boat/umc.cmc.6c9x6nlutwkrqzrftuhi7qzwj?showId=umc.cmc.4b0em143bn491l5iwi12nj1vu|title=Delivery of Doom/My Father the Boat|date=March 21, 2025|access-date=March 25, 2025|work=[[iTunes Store]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/SpongeBob-SquarePants-15/dp/B0DP2G8B6J|title=Watch SpongeBob SquarePants 15|access-date=March 25, 2025|work=[[Amazon Prime Video]]|publisher=[[Amazon Prime]]}}</ref>}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 318 | EpisodeNumber2 = 12 | Title_1 = Who's Afraid of Mr. Snippers? | Title_2 = A Fish Called Sandy | DirectedBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Sherm Cohen|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | DirectedBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Supervising direction by|ex1=Ian Vazquez|ex2label=Animation directed by|ex2=Michelle Bryan}} | WrittenBy_1 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Luke Brookshier|sb=Kurt Snyder <small>(director)</small>}} | WrittenBy_2 = {{StoryTeleplay|ex1label=Written by|ex1=Mike Bell|sb=Zeus Cervas <small>(director)</small>}} | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|13}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | EpisodeNumber = 319 | EpisodeNumber2 = 13 | Title_1 = Making Waves | Title_2 = Captain Quasar: The Next Iteration | DirectedBy = | WrittenBy = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|20}} | Viewers = | LineColor = #A9194E | NumParts = 2 }} {{End|Episode table|html=y}}</onlyinclude> == Specials == {{Episode table|dontclose=y | background = A9194E | title = 26 | titleR = <ref name="The Futon Critic15" /><ref name="Zap2it Specials">{{cite web|url=https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH00307766&tabName=guide&season=0|title=''SpongeBob SquarePants'' Specials Guide|publisher=[[Zap2it]]|access-date=2025-06-07|archive-date=2021-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117225009/https://tvschedule.zap2it.com/overview.html?programSeriesId=SH00307766&tabName=guide&season=0|url-status=dead}}</ref> | writer = 30 | writerR = <ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits2">Information is taken from the closing credits of each episode.</ref> | airdate = 13 | airdateR = <ref name="The Futon Critic15" /><ref name="Zap2it Specials" /> | prodcode = 6 | prodcodeR = <ref name="The Futon Critic15" /> | viewers = 10 | country = U.S. }} {{#invoke:Episode list|sublist|SpongeBob SquarePants season 15 | Title = Beneath the Bun: Krabby Patty Secrets Special | WrittenBy = Ben Kurzrock | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|23}} | ProdCode = 866 | Viewers = | ShortSummary = Perch Perkins talks about the variations and secrets of Krabby Patties, their scandals, and how they've become successful, through clips from previous episodes of the series. | LineColor = A9194E }} {{End|Episode table|html=y}}</onlyinclude> == Notes == {{Notelist|group=lower-alpha|refs= <ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits">Information is taken from the opening credits of each episode.</ref> <ref group="lower-alpha" name="credits2">Information is taken from the closing credits of each episode.</ref> }} {{reflist|group="nb"}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{wikiquote}} {{SpongeBob SquarePants}} {{SpongeBob SquarePants episodes}} [[Category:SpongeBob SquarePants seasons]] [[Category:2024 American animated television seasons]] [[Category:2025 American animated television seasons]] <references /> cyx61800xa65s7hyh13jaehfer5mknf 3 1194446 10330520 10328548 2025-06-14T17:44:20Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Caillou Gets Grounded]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330520 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caillou Gets Grounded== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Better not delete it, soon the page will created. [[Special:Contributions/2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3|2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3]] ([[User talk:2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3|talk]]) 17:33, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of "Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:"Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:"Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:02, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:35, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:25, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop making bad pages. If you continue, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing and creating pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create3 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:25, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) jen6aydxstb3na36ku6xrfee41715ep 10330522 10330520 2025-06-14T17:44:38Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Final warning: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330522 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caillou Gets Grounded== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Better not delete it, soon the page will created. [[Special:Contributions/2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3|2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3]] ([[User talk:2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3|talk]]) 17:33, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of "Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:"Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:"Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:02, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:35, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:25, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop making bad pages. If you continue, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing and creating pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create3 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:25, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]] are vandalism, and this shows that you want to harm Wikipedia. This is your '''last warning'''. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism4 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> gma7is1x0xkivfixzuwmwnf0wof5vgs 10331389 10330522 2025-06-15T03:15:00Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 /* Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded 2 */ Reply 10331389 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caillou Gets Grounded== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:45, 3 June 2025 (UTC) :Better not delete it, soon the page will created. [[Special:Contributions/2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3|2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3]] ([[User talk:2605:59C0:204E:FB08:2CDF:7528:419A:BEF3|talk]]) 17:33, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of "Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:"Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:"Caillou Calls the Baby Stupid/Grounded"}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:02, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded the Movie 2: Punishment Day}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:35, 6 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Caillou Gets Grounded: The Movie]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:25, 6 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Please stop making bad pages. If you continue, you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing and creating pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create3 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:25, 6 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Caillou Gets Grounded== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Caillou Gets Grounded]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Caillou Gets Grounded}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]] are vandalism, and this shows that you want to harm Wikipedia. This is your '''last warning'''. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism4 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Do not add web series about fake Caillou pages. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375|2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375]] ([[User talk:2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375|talk]]) 03:15, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 7krq86q564o90nuoggb7us34v7upjyp 4 1194960 10330869 10328280 2025-06-14T20:52:50Z Rookie101X 1629589 /* Discussion */ 10330869 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ----<!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> {{deleted}} --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:00, 13 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === List of surnames in Russia === :{{lc|List of surnames in Russia}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia|action=edit}} close request]</span> Absolutiva ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' In this list does not have any articles created, similar that to [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of surnames in Russia (2nd nomination)]]. [[User:Absolutiva|Absolutiva]] ([[User talk:Absolutiva|talk]]) 09:39, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} no significant content, I don't think it adds anything to the project '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) It DOES add to the project you idiot *'''Further information''': [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2013/List of surnames in Russia]]. [[Special:Contributions/73.162.130.139|73.162.130.139]] ([[User talk:73.162.130.139|talk]]) 21:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> lgawgt1p0q00wjzj5snhcp3kxbtdedy 10330870 10330869 2025-06-14T20:53:41Z Barras 40117 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Rookie101X|Rookie101X]] ([[User talk:Rookie101X|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Auntof6. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330870 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ----<!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> {{deleted}} --[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 23:00, 13 June 2025 (UTC) <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === List of surnames in Russia === :{{lc|List of surnames in Russia}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia|action=edit}} close request]</span> Absolutiva ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' In this list does not have any articles created, similar that to [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of surnames in Russia (2nd nomination)]]. [[User:Absolutiva|Absolutiva]] ([[User talk:Absolutiva|talk]]) 09:39, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} no significant content, I don't think it adds anything to the project '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:56, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *'''Further information''': [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2013/List of surnames in Russia]]. [[Special:Contributions/73.162.130.139|73.162.130.139]] ([[User talk:73.162.130.139|talk]]) 21:01, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:39, 12 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> awmtv7u92psfuk1f5z00r1m54bed83x 0 1195193 10331269 10312348 2025-06-15T01:33:41Z Yilangderen 824311 see also 10331269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox politician |honorific-prefix = [[Jiang (rank)|Air Force General]] |name = Xu Qiliang |native_name = 许其亮 |native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN |image = File:Xu Qiliang (cropped).jpg |image_size = |caption = Xu in 2015 |office = [[Vice Chairman of the Central&nbsp;Military&nbsp;Commission]] |alongside = [[Fan Changlong]] and [[Zhang Youxia]] |term_start = '''Party Commission''': <br /> 4 November 2012 |term_end = 23 October 2022<br /> '''State Commission''': <br /> 16 March 2013 &ndash; 11 March 2023 |1blankname = Chairman |1namedata = [[Xi Jinping]] |office1 = 10th Commander of the [[PLA Air Force]] |term_start1 = September 2007 |term_end1 = October 2012 |predecessor1 = [[Qiao Qingchen]] |successor1 = [[Ma Xiaotian]] |deputy1 = [[He Weirong]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|3|29|df=y}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6|2|1950|3|29|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Linqu County]], [[Shandong]], China |death_place = [[Beijing]], China |placeofburial = |party = [[Chinese Communist Party]] (1967–2025) |alma_mater = {{Nobr|[[PLA National Defense University]]}} |committees = {{Ubil|[[Central Leading Group for&nbsp;Military Reform]]}} |allegiance = {{Flag|China}} |branch = {{Air force|China|name=People's Air Force}} |branch_label = Branch |serviceyears = 1966–2023 |serviceyears_label = Service&nbsp;years |rank = [[File:PLAAF-0720-GEN.png|25px]] [[Jiang (rank)|Air Force General]] |commands = {{Tree list}} * [[Shenyang Military Region]] ** Air Force (1999–2004) {{Tree list end}} |unit = |battles = |awards = }} '''Xu Qiliang''' ({{zh |s = 许其亮 |p = Xǔ Qíliàng }}; 29 March 1950 – 2 June 2025) was a Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] general. He was a [[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Vice Chairman]] of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) from 2012 to 2022. He was a Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] of China from 2013 to 2023. He was a member of the [[18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|18th]] and the [[19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|19th]] [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party]]. Xu died on 2 June 2025 in [[Beijing]], China at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/china-air-force-general-cultural-revolution-6356087da23a67eebbb24f036bebd10b|title=Xu Qiliang, former top Chinese general close to Xi, dies in Beijing|newspaper=Associated Press|date=2 June 2025|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3312777/top-chinese-military-commander-xu-qiliang-dies|title=Top Chinese military commander Xu Qiliang dies|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=2 June 2025|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> {{seealso|List of Chinese dissidents}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Xu, Qiliang}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Chinese generals]] [[Category:Politicians from Beijing]] {{bio-stub}} 8o61xr94w6g1brpen3e6rhpre2akwrj 4 1195514 10330863 10314827 2025-06-14T20:46:52Z Vermont 555269 close 10330863 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- <noinclude>{{deleted|Not notable — [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|🐿️]]—[[Special:Contributions/Vermont|🏳️‍🌈]]) 20:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC)}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Ironland (micronation) === :{{lc|Ironland (micronation)}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ironland (micronation)|action=edit}} close request]</span> Fancy Refrigerator ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Not notable micronation. Lacking significant coverage. This would be more appropriate for Fandom or another site, but not Wikipedia. [[User:Fancy Refrigerator|Fancy Refrigerator]] ([[User talk:Fancy Refrigerator|talk]]) 13:43, 7 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> jq9x6kz4qltsf1cm2ziqb1bpdcmtyvt 0 1195586 10331318 10319002 2025-06-15T02:02:41Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Shining Time Station''''' is an American [[live action]] [[children's television series]] was sequenced based on a true stories of British television series ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'', told by [[Ringo Starr]] and [[George Carlin]]. The series ran from January 29, 1989 on [[PBS]]. {{TV-stub}} {{Current PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1980s American children's television series]] [[Category:1989 American television series debuts]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Thomas and Friends]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] p4a0m23uxnb5b67oppxvjcd23fywr3a 10331323 10331318 2025-06-15T02:04:53Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Shining Time Station''''' is an American [[live action]] [[children's television series]] was sequenced based on a true stories of British television series ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'', told by [[Ringo Starr]] and [[George Carlin]]. The series ran from January 29, 1989 on [[PBS]]. {{TV-stub}} {{PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1980s American children's television series]] [[Category:1989 American television series debuts]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Thomas and Friends]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] 3xzj59sx8odulpcqpr0mm6xvgdix3ck 10331325 10331323 2025-06-15T02:05:22Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:9840:D950:7888:9208 10331325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Shining Time Station''''' is an American [[live action]] [[children's television series]] was sequenced based on a true stories of British television series ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'', told by [[Ringo Starr]] and [[George Carlin]]. The series ran from January 29, 1989 on [[PBS]]. {{TV-stub}} {{PBS Kids shows}} [[Category:1980s American children's television series]] [[Category:1989 American television series debuts]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Thomas and Friends]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] byt99fdiumtommqjinzexhp0e75yb8e 10331397 10331325 2025-06-15T03:24:19Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 reverted vandalism 10331397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''Shining Time Station''''' is an American [[live action]] [[children's television series]] was sequenced based on a true stories of British television series ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'', told by [[Ringo Starr]] and [[George Carlin]]. The series ran from January 29, 1989 to November 11, 1996 on [[PBS]]. {{TV-stub}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1980s American children's television series]] [[Category:1989 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1996 American television series endings]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Thomas and Friends]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] ov7stfm03jk1jmf0umm25jp73vu106f 0 1195722 10330938 10323756 2025-06-14T22:05:36Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 /* References */ 10330938 wikitext text/x-wiki == Minnesota == {{further|Minnesota}} [[File:Minnesota_in_United_States.svg|right|thumb|250x250px|The United States with Minnesota in red.]] [[Minnesota]] is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[United States]]. Minnesota is the state with the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|22nd highest population]] in the United States. Minnesota has a population of {{nts|5706494}}. Minnesota has the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|14th largest]] [[land area]]. Minnesota has {{convert|79626.74|sqmi|km2}} of land.<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.ST10/0400000US01|title=GCT-PH1 &ndash; Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 &ndash; State &mdash; Place and (in selected states) County Subdivision|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|work=[[2010 United States census]]|access-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213114736/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.ST10/0400000US01|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Minnesota is has 87 [[County (United States)|counties]]. There are 855 <!--== Removed Section from ENWIKI == [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] Reason: complex, readd and simplify if possible.-->[[cities]] in Minnesota.<ref name="city classes">{{cite web|title=Classification of Cities|url=https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/cityclass.pdf|website=House of Reps Minnesota|date=September 1, 2018}}</ref> The largest city in Minnesota is [[Minneapolis]]. Minneapolis has a population of 428,579. The [[capitol building|state capitol]] of Minnesota is [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]. Saint Paul has a population of 311,527. {{clear}} == Cities in Minnesota == {{Quote box|width=20%|align=right|quote={{Color box|#b4ddb4|†|border=darkgray}} [[County seat]]<br> {{Color box|#CCF|††|border=darkgray}} [[List of capitals in the United States|State capital]]}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! 2024 Rank ! City ! 2024 Estimate<ref>{{Cite web|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2024 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |website=www.census.gov |access-date=May 15, 2025}}</ref> ! 2020 Census ! Change ! County |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|1}} | [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis †]] | {{change|invert=on|428579|429954}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#CCF;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|2}} | [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul ††]] | {{change|invert=on|307465|311527}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|3}} | [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester †]] | {{change|invert=on|123624|121395}} | [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|4}} | [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]] | {{change|invert=on|88344|89987}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|5}} | [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth †]] | {{change|invert=on|87986|86697}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|6}} | [[Brooklyn Park, Minnesota|Brooklyn Park]] | {{change|invert=on|82893|86478}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|7}} | [[Woodbury, Minnesota|Woodbury]] | {{change|invert=on|80596|75102}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|8}} | [[Plymouth, Minnesota|Plymouth]] | {{change|invert=on|78551|81026}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|9}} | [[Lakeville, Minnesota|Lakeville]] | {{change|invert=on|77971|69490}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|10}} | [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]] | {{change|invert=on|75172|70222}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|'''Anoka''']]<br>[[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|11}} | [[Maple Grove, Minnesota|Maple Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|72739|70253}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|12}} | [[St. Cloud, Minnesota|St. Cloud †]] | {{change|invert=on|72145|68881}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|'''Stearns''']]<br>[[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]]<br>[[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|13}} | [[Eagan, Minnesota|Eagan]] | {{change|invert=on|67240|68855}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|14}} | [[Burnsville, Minnesota|Burnsville]] | {{change|invert=on|64864|64317}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|15}} | [[Coon Rapids, Minnesota|Coon Rapids]] | {{change|invert=on|63807|63599}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|16}} | [[Eden Prairie, Minnesota|Eden Prairie]] | {{change|invert=on|62905|64198}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|17}} | [[Apple Valley, Minnesota|Apple Valley]] | {{change|invert=on|55272|56374}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|18}} | [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina]] | {{change|invert=on|53564|53494}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|19}} | [[Minnetonka, Minnesota|Minnetonka]] | {{change|invert=on|52651|53781}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|20}} | [[St. Louis Park, Minnesota|St. Louis Park]] | {{change|invert=on|49899|50010}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|21}} | [[Shakopee, Minnesota|Shakopee †]] | {{change|invert=on|48401|43698}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|22}} | [[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato †]] | {{change|invert=on|46459|44488}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|'''Blue Earth''']]<br>[[Nicollet County, Minnesota|Nicollet]]<br>[[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|23}} | [[Moorhead, Minnesota|Moorhead †]] | {{change|invert=on|45726|44505}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|24}} | [[Cottage Grove, Minnesota|Cottage Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|42760|38839}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|25}} | [[Maplewood, Minnesota|Maplewood]] | {{change|invert=on|40142|42088}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|26}} | [[Richfield, Minnesota|Richfield]] | {{change|invert=on|36491|36994}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|27}} | [[Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota|Inver Grove Heights]] | {{change|invert=on|36226|35801}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|28}} | [[Roseville, Minnesota|Roseville]] | {{change|invert=on|35637|36254}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|29}} | [[Andover, Minnesota|Andover]] | {{change|invert=on|33426|32601}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|30}} | [[Savage, Minnesota|Savage]] | {{change|invert=on|32896|32465}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|31}} | [[Brooklyn Center, Minnesota|Brooklyn Center]] | {{change|invert=on|31755|33782}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|32}} | [[Fridley, Minnesota|Fridley]] | {{change|invert=on|30679|29590}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|33}} | [[Rosemount, Minnesota|Rosemount]] | {{change|invert=on|30581|25650}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|34}} | [[Oakdale, Minnesota|Oakdale]] | {{change|invert=on|30441|28303}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|35}} | [[Chaska, Minnesota|Chaska †]] | {{change|invert=on|30167|27810}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|36}} | [[Ramsey, Minnesota|Ramsey]] | {{change|invert=on|28999|27646}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|37}} | [[Prior Lake, Minnesota|Prior Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|28018|27617}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|38}} | [[Elk River, Minnesota|Elk River †]] | {{change|invert=on|27606|25835}} | [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|39}} | [[Shoreview, Minnesota|Shoreview]] | {{change|invert=on|26939|26921}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|40}} | [[Austin, Minnesota|Austin †]] | {{change|invert=on|26690|26174}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|41}} | [[Owatonna, Minnesota|Owatonna †]] | {{change|invert=on|26626|26420}} | [[Steele County, Minnesota|Steele]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|42}} | [[Winona, Minnesota|Winona †]] | {{change|invert=on|26173|25948}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|43}} | [[Chanhassen, Minnesota|Chanhassen]] | {{change|invert=on|25746|25947}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|'''Carver''']]<br>[[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|44}} | [[Faribault, Minnesota|Faribault †]] | {{change|invert=on|24983|24453}} | [[Rice County, Minnesota|Rice]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|45}} | [[Farmington, Minnesota|Farmington]] | {{change|invert=on|24464|23632}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|46}} | [[Otsego, Minnesota|Otsego]] | {{change|invert=on|23875|19966}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|47}} | [[White Bear Lake, Minnesota|White Bear Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|23479|24883}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|'''Ramsey''']]<br>[[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|48}} | [[Champlin, Minnesota|Champlin]] | {{change|invert=on|23045|23919}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|49}} | [[Lino Lakes, Minnesota|Lino Lakes]] | {{change|invert=on|22774|21399}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|50}} | [[Hastings, Minnesota|Hastings †]] | {{change|invert=on|22502|22154}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|'''Dakota''']]<br>[[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|51}} | [[New Brighton, Minnesota|New Brighton]] | {{change|invert=on|22374|23454}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|52}} | [[Columbia Heights, Minnesota|Columbia Heights]] | {{change|invert=on|22358|21973}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|53}} | [[Crystal, Minnesota|Crystal]] | {{change|invert=on|22082|23330}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|54}} | [[West St. Paul, Minnesota|West St. Paul]] | {{change|invert=on|21920|20615}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|55}} | [[Willmar, Minnesota|Willmar †]] | {{change|invert=on|21892|21015}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|56}} | [[St. Michael, Minnesota|St. Michael]] | {{change|invert=on|21681|18235}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|57}} | [[Northfield, Minnesota|Northfield]] | {{change|invert=on|21316|20790}} | [[Rice County, Minnesota|'''Rice''']]<br>[[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|58}} | [[Golden Valley, Minnesota|Golden Valley]] | {{change|invert=on|21263|22552}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|59}} | [[New Hope, Minnesota|New Hope]] | {{change|invert=on|20745|21986}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|60}} | [[Forest Lake, Minnesota|Forest Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|20700|20611}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|61}} | [[South St. Paul, Minnesota|South St. Paul]] | {{change|invert=on|20590|20759}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|62}} | [[Sartell, Minnesota|Sartell]] | {{change|invert=on|19979|19351}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|'''Stearns''']]<br>[[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|63}} | [[Hopkins, Minnesota|Hopkins]] | {{change|invert=on|19462|19079}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|64}} | [[Stillwater, Minnesota|Stillwater †]] | {{change|invert=on|19386|19394}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|65}} | [[Albert Lea, Minnesota|Albert Lea †]] | {{change|invert=on|18159|18492}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|66}} | [[Anoka, Minnesota|Anoka †]] | {{change|invert=on|18068|17921}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|67}} | [[Ham Lake, Minnesota|Ham Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|16905|16464}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|68}} | [[Red Wing, Minnesota|Red Wing †]] | {{change|invert=on|16788|16547}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|69}} | [[Hugo, Minnesota|Hugo]] | {{change|invert=on|16765|15766}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|70}} | [[Buffalo, Minnesota|Buffalo †]] | {{change|invert=on|16736|16168}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|71}} | [[Hibbing, Minnesota|Hibbing]] | {{change|invert=on|15940|16214}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|72}} | [[Bemidji, Minnesota|Bemidji †]] | {{change|invert=on|15733|14574}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|73}} | [[Monticello, Minnesota|Monticello]] | {{change|invert=on|15482|14455}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|74}} | [[Alexandria, Minnesota|Alexandria †]] | {{change|invert=on|14914|14335}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|75}} | [[Hutchinson, Minnesota|Hutchinson]] | {{change|invert=on|14708|14599}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|76}} | [[Rogers, Minnesota|Rogers]] | {{change|invert=on|14493|13295}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|77}} | [[Brainerd, Minnesota|Brainerd †]] | {{change|invert=on|14400|14395}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|78}} | [[Fergus Falls, Minnesota|Fergus Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|14258|14119}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|79}} | [[Lake Elmo, Minnesota|Lake Elmo]] | {{change|invert=on|14161|11335}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|80}} | [[North Mankato, Minnesota|North Mankato]] | {{change|invert=on|14241|14275}} | [[Nicollet County, Minnesota|'''Nicollet''']]<br>[[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|81}} | [[Marshall, Minnesota|Marshall †]] | {{change|invert=on|13996|13628}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|82}} | [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota|Robbinsdale]] | {{change|invert=on|13993|14646}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|83}} | [[New Ulm, Minnesota|New Ulm †]] | {{change|invert=on|13970|14120}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|84}} | [[Sauk Rapids, Minnesota|Sauk Rapids]] | {{change|invert=on|13832|13862}} | [[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|85}} | [[Waconia, Minnesota|Waconia]] | {{change|invert=on|13831|13033}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|86}} | [[Worthington, Minnesota|Worthington †]] | {{change|invert=on|13754|13947}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|87}} | [[Vadnais Heights, Minnesota|Vadnais Heights]] | {{change|invert=on|13108|12912}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|88}} | [[Big Lake, Minnesota|Big Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|12855|11686}} | [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|89}} | [[Mounds View, Minnesota|Mounds View]] | {{change|invert=on|12841|13249}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|90}} | [[North St. Paul, Minnesota|North St. Paul]] | {{change|invert=on|12644|12364}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|91}} | [[Cloquet, Minnesota|Cloquet]] | {{change|invert=on|12475|12568}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|92}} | [[St. Peter, Minnesota|St. Peter †]] | {{change|invert=on|12456|12066}} | [[Nicollet County, Minnesota|Nicollet]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|93}} | [[East Bethel, Minnesota|East Bethel]] | {{change|invert=on|12288|11786}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|94}} | [[North Branch, Minnesota|North Branch]] | {{change|invert=on|12258|10787}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|95}} | [[Victoria, Minnesota|Victoria]] | {{change|invert=on|11937|10546}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|96}} | [[Mendota Heights, Minnesota|Mendota Heights]] | {{change|invert=on|11542|11744}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|97}} | [[Grand Rapids, Minnesota|Grand Rapids †]] | {{change|invert=on|11244|11126}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|98}} | [[Cambridge, Minnesota|Cambridge †]] | {{change|invert=on|10974|9611}} | [[Isanti County, Minnesota|Isanti]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|99}} | [[Dayton, Minnesota|Dayton]] | {{change|invert=on|10744|7262}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|'''Hennepin''']]<br>[[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|100}} | [[Little Canada, Minnesota|Little Canada]] | {{change|invert=on|10590|10819}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|101}} | [[Hermantown, Minnesota|Hermantown]] | {{change|invert=on|10265|10221}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|102}} | [[Fairmont, Minnesota|Fairmont †]] | {{change|invert=on|10176|10487}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|103}} | [[Detroit Lakes, Minnesota|Detroit Lakes †]] | {{change|invert=on|10033|9869}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|104}} | [[St. Anthony, Minnesota|St. Anthony Village]] | {{change|invert=on|9993|9257}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|'''Hennepin''']]<br>[[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|105}} | [[Arden Hills, Minnesota|Arden Hills]] | {{change|invert=on|9490|9939}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|106}} | [[Oak Grove, Minnesota|Oak Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|9327|8929}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|107}} | [[Little Falls, Minnesota|Little Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|9206|9140}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|108}} | [[Baxter, Minnesota|Baxter]] | {{change|invert=on|9186|8612}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|109}} | [[Minnetrista, Minnesota|Minnetrista]] | {{change|invert=on|9091|8262}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|110}} | [[Waseca, Minnesota|Waseca †]] | {{change|invert=on|9067|9229}} | [[Waseca County, Minnesota|Waseca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|111}} | [[Mound, Minnesota|Mound]] | {{change|invert=on|9031|9398}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|112}} | [[East Grand Forks, Minnesota|East Grand Forks]] | {{change|invert=on|8915|9176}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|113}} | [[Thief River Falls, Minnesota|Thief River Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|8779|8749}} | [[Pennington County, Minnesota|Pennington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|114}} | [[Albertville, Minnesota|Albertville]] | {{change|invert=on|8555|7896}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|115}} | [[St. Francis, Minnesota|St. Francis]] | {{change|invert=on|8523|8142}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|'''Anoka''']]<br>[[Isanti County, Minnesota|Isanti]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|116}} | [[Waite Park, Minnesota|Waite Park]] | {{change|invert=on|8504|8341}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|117}} | [[Corcoran, Minnesota|Corcoran]] | {{change|invert=on|8378|6185}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|118}} | [[Virginia, Minnesota|Virginia]] | {{change|invert=on|8267|8421}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|119}} | [[New Prague, Minnesota|New Prague]] | {{change|invert=on|8235|8162}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|'''Scott''']]<br>[[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|120}} | [[Orono, Minnesota|Orono]] | {{change|invert=on|8228|8315}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|121}} | [[Mahtomedi, Minnesota|Mahtomedi]] | {{change|invert=on|8199|8138}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|122}} | [[Wyoming, Minnesota|Wyoming]] | {{change|invert=on|8173|8032}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|123}} | [[Shorewood, Minnesota|Shorewood]] | {{change|invert=on|7557|7783}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|124}} | [[Delano, Minnesota|Delano]] | {{change|invert=on|7513|6484}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|125}} | [[Isanti, Minnesota|Isanti]] | {{change|invert=on|7493|6804}} | [[Isanti County, Minnesota|Isanti]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|126}} | [[Belle Plaine, Minnesota|Belle Plaine]] | {{change|invert=on|7444|7395}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|127}} | [[Crookston, Minnesota|Crookston †]] | {{change|invert=on|7269|7482}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|128}} | [[Medina, Minnesota|Medina]] | {{change|invert=on|7209|6837}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|129}} | [[Kasson, Minnesota|Kasson]] | {{change|invert=on|7207|6851}} | [[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|130}} | [[Spring Lake Park, Minnesota|Spring Lake Park]] | {{change|invert=on|7083|7188}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|'''Anoka''']]<br>[[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|131}} | [[St. Joseph, Minnesota|St. Joseph]] | {{change|invert=on|6992|7029}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|132}} | [[Stewartville, Minnesota|Stewartville]] | {{change|invert=on|6919|6687}} | [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|133}} | [[Jordan, Minnesota|Jordan]] | {{change|invert=on|6831|6656}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|134}} | [[Carver, Minnesota|Carver]] | {{change|invert=on|6810|5829}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|135}} | [[Byron, Minnesota|Byron]] | {{change|invert=on|6809|6312}} | [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|136}} | [[Zimmerman, Minnesota|Zimmerman]] | {{change|invert=on|6772|6191}} | [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|137}} | [[Litchfield, Minnesota|Litchfield †]] | {{change|invert=on|6515|6624}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|138}} | [[Chisago City, Minnesota|Chisago City]] | {{change|invert=on|5953|5558}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|139}} | [[Glencoe, Minnesota|Glencoe †]] | {{change|invert=on|5659|5744}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|140}} | [[Credit River, Minnesota|Credit River]] | {{change|invert=on|5589|5493}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|141}} | [[International Falls, Minnesota|International Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|5498|5802}} | [[Koochiching County, Minnesota|Koochiching]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|142}} | [[Newport, Minnesota|Newport]] | {{change|invert=on|5415|3797}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|143}} | [[St. Paul Park, Minnesota|St. Paul Park]] | {{change|invert=on|5381|5544}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|144}} | [[Princeton, Minnesota|Princeton]] | {{change|invert=on|5329|4819}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|'''Mille Lacs''']]<br>[[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|145}} | [[Lake City, Minnesota|Lake City]] | {{change|invert=on|5306|5252}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|'''Wabasha''']]<br>[[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|146}} | [[Montevideo, Minnesota|Montevideo †]] | {{change|invert=on|5300|5398}} | [[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|147}} | [[La Crescent, Minnesota|La Crescent]] | {{change|invert=on|5257|5276}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|'''Houston''']]<br>[[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|148}} | [[Becker, Minnesota|Becker]] | {{change|invert=on|5252|4877}} | [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|149}} | [[North Oaks, Minnesota|North Oaks]] | {{change|invert=on|5232|5272}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|150}} | [[Elko New Market, Minnesota|Elko New Market]] | {{change|invert=on|5193|4846}} | [[Scott County, Minnesota|Scott]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|151}} | [[Morris, Minnesota|Morris †]] | {{change|invert=on|5192|5105}} | [[Stevens County, Minnesota|Stevens]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|152}} | [[Lonsdale, Minnesota|Lonsdale]] | {{change|invert=on|5066|4686}} | [[Rice County, Minnesota|Rice]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|153}} | [[Redwood Falls, Minnesota|Redwood Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|5038|5102}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|'''Redwood''']]<br>[[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|154}} | [[Lindstrom, Minnesota|Lindstrom]] | {{change|invert=on|5026|4888}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|155}} | [[Falcon Heights, Minnesota|Falcon Heights]] | {{change|invert=on|5002|5369}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|156}} | [[Circle Pines, Minnesota|Circle Pines]] | {{change|invert=on|4944|5025}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|157}} | [[Luverne, Minnesota|Luverne †]] | {{change|invert=on|4941|4946}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|158}} | [[Dilworth, Minnesota|Dilworth]] | {{change|invert=on|4811|4612}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|159}} | [[Windom, Minnesota|Windom †]] | {{change|invert=on|4797|4798}} | [[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|160}} | [[Rockford, Minnesota|Rockford]] | {{change|invert=on|4796|4500}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|'''Wright''']]<br>[[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|161}} | [[Watertown, Minnesota|Watertown]] | {{change|invert=on|4774|4659}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|162}} | [[St. James, Minnesota|St. James †]] | {{change|invert=on|4750|4793}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|163}} | [[Sauk Centre, Minnesota|Sauk Centre]] | {{change|invert=on|4682|4555}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|164}} | [[Oak Park Heights, Minnesota|Oak Park Heights]] | {{change|invert=on|4674|4849}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|165}} | [[Chisholm, Minnesota|Chisholm]] | {{change|invert=on|4667|4775}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|166}} | [[Nowthen, Minnesota|Nowthen]] | {{change|invert=on|4565|4536}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|167}} | [[Park Rapids, Minnesota|Park Rapids †]] | {{change|invert=on|4381|4142}} | [[Hubbard County, Minnesota|Hubbard]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|168}} | [[Stacy, Minnesota|Stacy]] | {{change|invert=on|4378|1703}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|169}} | [[Wadena, Minnesota|Wadena †]] | {{change|invert=on|4373|4325}} | [[Wadena County, Minnesota|'''Wadena''']]<br>[[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|170}} | [[Cold Spring, Minnesota|Cold Spring]] | {{change|invert=on|4326|4164}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|171}} | [[Wayzata, Minnesota|Wayzata]] | {{change|invert=on|4308|4434}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|172}} | [[Columbus, Minnesota|Columbus]] | {{change|invert=on|4307|4159}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|173}} | [[Le Sueur, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] | {{change|invert=on|4230|4213}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|'''Le Sueur''']]<br>[[Nicollet County, Minnesota|Nicollet]]<br>[[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|174}} | [[Hanover, Minnesota|Hanover]] | {{change|invert=on|4229|3548}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|'''Wright''']]<br>[[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|175}} | [[Cannon Falls, Minnesota|Cannon Falls]] | {{change|invert=on|4201|4220}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|176}} | [[Rice Lake, Minnesota|Rice Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|4168|4139}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|177}} | [[Goodview, Minnesota|Goodview]] | {{change|invert=on|4088|4158}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|178}} | [[St. Charles, Minnesota|St. Charles]] | {{change|invert=on|4057|3990}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|179}} | [[Pipestone, Minnesota|Pipestone †]] | {{change|invert=on|4034|4215}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|180}} | [[Zumbrota, Minnesota|Zumbrota]] | {{change|invert=on|4013|3726}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|181}} | [[Centerville, Minnesota|Centerville]] | {{change|invert=on|3956|3896}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|182}} | [[Scandia, Minnesota|Scandia]] | {{change|invert=on|3951|3984}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|183}} | [[Grant, Minnesota|Grant]] | {{change|invert=on|3942|3966}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|184}} | [[Montrose, Minnesota|Montrose]] | {{change|invert=on|3925|3775}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|185}} | [[Melrose, Minnesota|Melrose]] | {{change|invert=on|3911|3602}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|186}} | [[Pine Island, Minnesota|Pine Island]] | {{change|invert=on|3870|3769}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|'''Goodhue''']]<br>[[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|187}} | [[Pine City, Minnesota|Pine City †]] | {{change|invert=on|3865|3130}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|188}} | [[Bayport, Minnesota|Bayport]] | {{change|invert=on|3785|4024}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|189}} | [[Mora, Minnesota|Mora †]] | {{change|invert=on|3779|3665}} | [[Kanabec County, Minnesota|Kanabec]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|190}} | [[Norwood Young America, Minnesota|Norwood Young America]] | {{change|invert=on|3774|3863}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|191}} | [[St. Augusta, Minnesota|St. Augusta]] | {{change|invert=on|3767|3497}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|192}} | [[Deephaven, Minnesota|Deephaven]] | {{change|invert=on|3762|3899}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|193}} | [[Independence, Minnesota|Independence]] | {{change|invert=on|3710|3755}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|194}} | [[Long Prairie, Minnesota|Long Prairie †]] | {{change|invert=on|3710|3661}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|195}} | [[Perham, Minnesota|Perham]] | {{change|invert=on|3708|3512}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|196}} | [[Montgomery, Minnesota|Montgomery]] | {{change|invert=on|3537|3249}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|197}} | [[Plainview, Minnesota|Plainview]] | {{change|invert=on|3498|3483}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|198}} | [[Sleepy Eye, Minnesota|Sleepy Eye]] | {{change|invert=on|3489|3452}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|199}} | [[Annandale, Minnesota|Annandale]] | {{change|invert=on|3487|3330}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|200}} | [[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors †]] | {{change|invert=on|3456|3633}} | [[Lake County, Minnesota|Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|201}} | [[Eveleth, Minnesota|Eveleth]] | {{change|invert=on|3415|3493}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|202}} | [[Benson, Minnesota|Benson †]] | {{change|invert=on|3414|3043}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|203}} | [[Rush City, Minnesota|Rush City]] | {{change|invert=on|3353|3228}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|204}} | [[Eagle Lake, Minnesota|Eagle Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|3333|3278}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|205}} | [[Breckenridge, Minnesota|Breckenridge †]] | {{change|invert=on|3308|3430}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|206}} | [[Jackson, Minnesota|Jackson †]] | {{change|invert=on|3252|3323}} | [[Jackson County, Minnesota|Jackson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|207}} | [[Ely, Minnesota|Ely]] | {{change|invert=on|3214|3268}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|208}} | [[Blue Earth, Minnesota|Blue Earth †]] | {{change|invert=on|3159|3174}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|209}} | [[Proctor, Minnesota|Proctor]] | {{change|invert=on|3076|3120}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|210}} | [[Staples, Minnesota|Staples]] | {{change|invert=on|3075|2989}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|'''Todd''']]<br>[[Wadena County, Minnesota|Wadena]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|211}} | [[Staples, Minnesota|Staples]] | {{change|invert=on|3068|3177}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|212}} | [[Lexington, Minnesota|Lexington]] | {{change|invert=on|3062|2248}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|213}} | [[Milaca, Minnesota|Milaca †]] | {{change|invert=on|3060|3021}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|214}} | [[Chatfield, Minnesota|Chatfield]] | {{change|invert=on|3023|2997}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|'''Fillmore''']]<br>[[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|215}} | [[Moose Lake, Minnesota|Moose Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|3003|2789}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|216}} | [[Afton, Minnesota|Afton]] | {{change|invert=on|2949|2955}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|217}} | [[Dodge Center, Minnesota|Dodge Center]] | {{change|invert=on|2939|2844}} | [[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|218}} | [[Greenfield, Minnesota|Greenfield]] | {{change|invert=on|2908|2903}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|219}} | [[Albany, Minnesota|Albany]] | {{change|invert=on|2874|2780}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|220}} | [[Mountain Iron, Minnesota|Mountain Iron]] | {{change|invert=on|2847|2869}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|221}} | [[Cokato, Minnesota|Cokato]] | {{change|invert=on|2782|2799}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|222}} | [[Caledonia, Minnesota|Caledonia †]] | {{change|invert=on|2767|2847}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|Houston]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|223}} | [[Barnesville, Minnesota|Barnesville]] | {{change|invert=on|2765|2759}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|224}} | [[Breezy Point, Minnesota|Breezy Point]] | {{change|invert=on|2750|2574}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|225}} | [[Cohasset, Minnesota|Cohasset]] | {{change|invert=on|2723|2689}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|226}} | [[Roseau, Minnesota|Roseau †]] | {{change|invert=on|2699|2744}} | [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|227}} | [[Granite Falls, Minnesota|Granite Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|2678|2737}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|'''Yellow Medicine''']]<br>[[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|228}} | [[Foley, Minnesota|Foley †]] | {{change|invert=on|2666|2711}} | [[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|229}} | [[Glenwood, Minnesota|Glenwood †]] | {{change|invert=on|2657|2657}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|230}} | [[Wabasha, Minnesota|Wabasha †]] | {{change|invert=on|2598|2559}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|231}} | [[Pelican Rapids, Minnesota|Pelican Rapids]] | {{change|invert=on|2594|2577}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|232}} | [[Paynesville, Minnesota|Paynesville]] | {{change|invert=on|2586|2388}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|233}} | [[Mayer, Minnesota|Mayer]] | {{change|invert=on|2534|2453}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|234}} | [[Le Center, Minnesota|Le Center †]] | {{change|invert=on|2528|2517}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|235}} | [[Osseo, Minnesota|Osseo]] | {{change|invert=on|2526|2688}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|236}} | [[Lake Crystal, Minnesota|Lake Crystal]] | {{change|invert=on|2485|2539}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|237}} | [[Rockville, Minnesota|Rockville]] | {{change|invert=on|2471|2382}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|238}} | [[Sandstone, Minnesota|Sandstone]] | {{change|invert=on|2466|2462}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|239}} | [[Janesville, Minnesota|Janesville]] | {{change|invert=on|2462|2421}} | [[Waseca County, Minnesota|Waseca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|240}} | [[Pequot Lakes, Minnesota|Pequot Lakes]] | {{change|invert=on|2462|2395}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|241}} | [[Spring Valley, Minnesota|Spring Valley]] | {{change|invert=on|2445|2447}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|242}} | [[Madelia, Minnesota|Madelia]] | {{change|invert=on|2430|2396}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|243}} | [[Crosslake, Minnesota|Crosslake]] | {{change|invert=on|2412|2394}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|244}} | [[Wells, Minnesota|Wells]] | {{change|invert=on|2401|2410}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|245}} | [[Lauderdale, Minnesota|Lauderdale]] | {{change|invert=on|2341|2271}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|246}} | [[Gaylord, Minnesota|Gaylord †]] | {{change|invert=on|2334|2273}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|247}} | [[Crosby, Minnesota|Crosby]] | {{change|invert=on|2328|2360}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|248}} | [[Arlington, Minnesota|Arlington]] | {{change|invert=on|2314|2247}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|249}} | [[Olivia, Minnesota|Olivia †]] | {{change|invert=on|2306|2343}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|250}} | [[Excelsior, Minnesota|Excelsior]] | {{change|invert=on|2296|2355}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|251}} | [[Hawley, Minnesota|Hawley]] | {{change|invert=on|2274|2219}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|252}} | [[Howard Lake, Minnesota|Howard Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|2247|2071}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|253}} | [[Waverly, Minnesota|Waverly]] | {{change|invert=on|2241|1900}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|254}} | [[Clearwater, Minnesota|Clearwater]] | {{change|invert=on|2221|1922}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|'''Wright''']]<br>[[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|255}} | [[Winsted, Minnesota|Winsted]] | {{change|invert=on|2221|2240}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|256}} | [[Maple Lake, Minnesota|Maple Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|2214|2159}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|257}} | [[Rice, Minnesota|Rice]] | {{change|invert=on|2207|1975}} | [[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|258}} | [[Aitkin, Minnesota|Aitkin †]] | {{change|invert=on|2174|2168}} | [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|259}} | [[St. Bonifacius, Minnesota|St. Bonifacius]] | {{change|invert=on|2169|2307}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|260}} | [[Nisswa, Minnesota|Nisswa]] | {{change|invert=on|2156|1967}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|261}} | [[Cologne, Minnesota|Cologne]] | {{change|invert=on|2097|2047}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|262}} | [[Tracy, Minnesota|Tracy]] | {{change|invert=on|2041|2076}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|263}} | [[Oronoco, Minnesota|Oronoco]] | {{change|invert=on|2040|1802}} | [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|264}} | [[Eyota, Minnesota|Eyota]] | {{change|invert=on|2025|2006}} | [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|265}} | [[Coleraine, Minnesota|Coleraine]] | {{change|invert=on|1995|2006}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|266}} | [[Springfield, Minnesota|Springfield]] | {{change|invert=on|1995|2027}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|267}} | [[Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota|Hoyt Lakes]] | {{change|invert=on|1988|2020}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|268}} | [[Warroad, Minnesota|Warroad]] | {{change|invert=on|1983|1830}} | [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|269}} | [[Ortonville, Minnesota|Ortonville †]] | {{change|invert=on|1970|2021}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|270}} | [[Slayton, Minnesota|Slayton †]] | {{change|invert=on|1967|2013}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|271}} | [[Mountain Lake, Minnesota|Mountain Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|1944|1999}} | [[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|272}} | [[Blooming Prairie, Minnesota|Blooming Prairie]] | {{change|invert=on|1938|1974}} | [[Steele County, Minnesota|'''Steele''']]<br>[[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|273}} | [[Long Lake, Minnesota|Long Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|1937|1741}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|274}} | [[Hinckley, Minnesota|Hinckley]] | {{change|invert=on|1918|1904}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|275}} | [[Lester Prairie, Minnesota|Lester Prairie]] | {{change|invert=on|1895|1894}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|276}} | [[Kenyon, Minnesota|Kenyon]] | {{change|invert=on|1872|1894}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|277}} | [[Rushford, Minnesota|Rushford]] | {{change|invert=on|1852|1860}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|278}} | [[Dundas, Minnesota|Dundas]] | {{change|invert=on|1806|1712}} | [[Rice County, Minnesota|Rice]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|279}} | [[Rock Creek, Minnesota|Rock Creek]] | {{change|invert=on|1778|1682}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|280}} | [[Braham, Minnesota|Braham]] | {{change|invert=on|1776|1769}} | [[Isanti County, Minnesota|'''Isanti''']]<br>[[Kanabec County, Minnesota|Kanabec]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|281}} | [[Silver Bay, Minnesota|Silver Bay]] | {{change|invert=on|1776|1857}} | [[Lake County, Minnesota|Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|282}} | [[Waterville, Minnesota|Waterville]] | {{change|invert=on|1763|1750}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|283}} | [[Osakis, Minnesota|Osakis]] | {{change|invert=on|1747|1771}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|'''Douglas''']]<br>[[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|284}} | [[Avon, Minnesota|Avon]] | {{change|invert=on|1742|1618}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|285}} | [[Lakefield, Minnesota|Lakefield]] | {{change|invert=on|1710|1735}} | [[Jackson County, Minnesota|Jackson]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|286}} | [[Ada, Minnesota|Ada †]] | {{change|invert=on|1696|1740}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|287}} | [[Canby, Minnesota|Canby]] | {{change|invert=on|1664|1695}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|288}} | [[Lakeland, Minnesota|Lakeland]] | {{change|invert=on|1664|1710}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|289}} | [[Gilbert, Minnesota|Gilbert]] | {{change|invert=on|1655|1687}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|290}} | [[Aurora, Minnesota|Aurora]] | {{change|invert=on|1652|1678}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|291}} | [[Maple Plain, Minnesota|Maple Plain]] | {{change|invert=on|1648|1743}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|292}} | [[Spring Park, Minnesota|Spring Park]] | {{change|invert=on|1641|1734}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|293}} | [[Mapleton, Minnesota|Mapleton]] | {{change|invert=on|1639|1710}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|294}} | [[Warren, Minnesota|Warren †]] | {{change|invert=on|1549|1605}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|295}} | [[Tonka Bay, Minnesota|Tonka Bay]] | {{change|invert=on|1540|1442}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|296}} | [[Richmond, Minnesota|Richmond]] | {{change|invert=on|1521|1475}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|297}} | [[Dassel, Minnesota|Dassel]] | {{change|invert=on|1520|1472}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|298}} | [[Lewiston, Minnesota|Lewiston]] | {{change|invert=on|1512|1533}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|299}} | [[Madison, Minnesota|Madison †]] | {{change|invert=on|1488|1518}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|300}} | [[New York Mills, Minnesota|New York Mills]] | {{change|invert=on|1481|1294}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|301}} | [[Pierz, Minnesota|Pierz]] | {{change|invert=on|1461|1418}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|302}} | [[Dawson, Minnesota|Dawson]] | {{change|invert=on|1431|1466}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|303}} | [[Starbuck, Minnesota|Starbuck]] | {{change|invert=on|1419|1365}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|304}} | [[Clara City, Minnesota|Clara City]] | {{change|invert=on|1390|1423}} | [[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|305}} | [[Winnebago, Minnesota|Winnebago]] | {{change|invert=on|1381|1391}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|306}} | [[Fosston, Minnesota|Fosston]] | {{change|invert=on|1377|1434}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|307}} | [[Babbitt, Minnesota|Babbitt]] | {{change|invert=on|1370|1397}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|308}} | [[Glyndon, Minnesota|Glyndon]] | {{change|invert=on|1369|1306}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|309}} | [[Menahga, Minnesota|Menahga]] | {{change|invert=on|1366|1340}} | [[Wadena County, Minnesota|Wadena]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|310}} | [[Medford, Minnesota|Medford]] | {{change|invert=on|1362|1315}} | [[Steele County, Minnesota|Steele]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|311}} | [[Hayfield, Minnesota|Hayfield]] | {{change|invert=on|1361|1364}} | [[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|312}} | [[Minneota, Minnesota|Minneota]] | {{change|invert=on|1355|1366}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|313}} | [[Appleton, Minnesota|Appleton]] | {{change|invert=on|1352|1392}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|314}} | [[Medicine Lake, Minnesota|Medicine Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|1343|337}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|315}} | [[Wheaton, Minnesota|Wheaton †]] | {{change|invert=on|1334|1460}} | [[Traverse County, Minnesota|Traverse]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|316}} | [[Winthrop, Minnesota|Winthrop]] | {{change|invert=on|1332|1332}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|317}} | [[Red Lake Falls, Minnesota|Red Lake Falls †]] | {{change|invert=on|1327|1339}} | [[Red Lake County, Minnesota|Red Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|318}} | [[Fulda, Minnesota|Fulda]] | {{change|invert=on|1326|1371}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|319}} | [[New London, Minnesota|New London]] | {{change|invert=on|1316|1252}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|320}} | [[Preston, Minnesota|Preston †]] | {{change|invert=on|1316|1322}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|321}} | [[Madison Lake, Minnesota|Madison Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|1314|1247}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|322}} | [[Frazee, Minnesota|Frazee]] | {{change|invert=on|1310|1335}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|323}} | [[Grand Marais, Minnesota|Grand Marais †]] | {{change|invert=on|1306|1337}} | [[Cook County, Minnesota|Cook]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|324}} | [[Bagley, Minnesota|Bagley †]] | {{change|invert=on|1304|1285}} | [[Clearwater County, Minnesota|Clearwater]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|325}} | [[Royalton, Minnesota|Royalton]] | {{change|invert=on|1280|1281}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|'''Morrison''']]<br>[[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|326}} | [[Elbow Lake, Grant County, Minnesota|Elbow Lake †]] | {{change|invert=on|1276|1276}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|327}} | [[Renville, Minnesota|Renville]] | {{change|invert=on|1271|1301}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|328}} | [[Goodhue, Minnesota|Goodhue]] | {{change|invert=on|1244|1250}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|329}} | [[Edgerton, Minnesota|Edgerton]] | {{change|invert=on|1231|1258}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|330}} | [[Fairfax, Minnesota|Fairfax]] | {{change|invert=on|1217|1250}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|331}} | [[Mahnomen, Minnesota|Mahnomen †]] | {{change|invert=on|1216|1240}} | [[Mahnomen County, Minnesota|Mahnomen]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|332}} | [[Shafer, Minnesota|Shafer]] | {{change|invert=on|1203|1142}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|333}} | [[Spring Grove, Minnesota|Spring Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|1202|1256}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|Houston]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|334}} | [[Adrian, Minnesota|Adrian]] | {{change|invert=on|1198|1194}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|335}} | [[New Richland, Minnesota|New Richland]] | {{change|invert=on|1189|1229}} | [[Waseca County, Minnesota|Waseca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|336}} | [[Grand Meadow, Minnesota|Grand Meadow]] | {{change|invert=on|1155|1127}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|337}} | [[Dellwood, Minnesota|Dellwood]] | {{change|invert=on|1147|1171}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|338}} | [[East Gull Lake, Minnesota|East Gull Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|1147|986}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|339}} | [[Cottonwood, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] | {{change|invert=on|1146|1149}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|340}} | [[Harris, Minnesota|Harris]] | {{change|invert=on|1142|1111}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|341}} | [[Elgin, Minnesota|Elgin]] | {{change|invert=on|1139|1115}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|342}} | [[Lake Shore, Minnesota|Lake Shore]] | {{change|invert=on|1123|1056}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|343}} | [[Nicollet, Minnesota|Nicollet]] | {{change|invert=on|1114|1143}} | [[Nicollet County, Minnesota|Nicollet]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|344}} | [[Mantorville, Minnesota|Mantorville †]] | {{change|invert=on|1110|1111}} | [[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|345}} | [[Wanamingo, Minnesota|Wanamingo]] | {{change|invert=on|1109|1113}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|Goodhue]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|346}} | [[Tyler, Minnesota|Tyler]] | {{change|invert=on|1102|1138}} | [[Lincoln County, Minnesota|Lincoln]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|347}} | [[Spicer, Minnesota|Spicer]] | {{change|invert=on|1099|1112}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|348}} | [[Atwater, Minnesota|Atwater]] | {{change|invert=on|1098|1124}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|349}} | [[Truman, Minnesota|Truman]] | {{change|invert=on|1069|1092}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|350}} | [[Eden Valley, Minnesota|Eden Valley]] | {{change|invert=on|1068|1027}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|'''Meeker''']]<br>[[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|351}} | [[Taylors Falls, Minnesota|Taylors Falls]] | {{change|invert=on|1056|1055}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|352}} | [[Sherburn, Minnesota|Sherburn]] | {{change|invert=on|1050|1058}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|353}} | [[Harmony, Minnesota|Harmony]] | {{change|invert=on|1030|1043}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|354}} | [[Parkers Prairie, Minnesota|Parkers Prairie]] | {{change|invert=on|1029|1020}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|355}} | [[Morristown, Minnesota|Morristown]] | {{change|invert=on|1016|949}} | [[Rice County, Minnesota|Rice]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|356}} | [[Watkins, Minnesota|Watkins]] | {{change|invert=on|1010|991}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|357}} | [[Lake St. Croix Beach, Minnesota|Lake St. Croix Beach]] | {{change|invert=on|1005|1043}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|358}} | [[Scanlon, Minnesota|Scanlon]] | {{change|invert=on|998|987}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|359}} | [[Hector, Minnesota|Hector]] | {{change|invert=on|994|1012}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|360}} | [[Henderson, Minnesota|Henderson]] | {{change|invert=on|988|960}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|361}} | [[Bird Island, Minnesota|Bird Island]] | {{change|invert=on|986|1005}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|362}} | [[Walker, Minnesota|Walker †]] | {{change|invert=on|982|966}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|363}} | [[Houston, Minnesota|Houston]] | {{change|invert=on|970|997}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|Houston]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|364}} | [[Le Roy, Minnesota|Le Roy]] | {{change|invert=on|970|957}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|365}} | [[Keewatin, Minnesota|Keewatin]] | {{change|invert=on|968|984}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|366}} | [[Biwabik, Minnesota|Biwabik]] | {{change|invert=on|965|961}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|367}} | [[Carlton, Minnesota|Carlton †]] | {{change|invert=on|962|948}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|368}} | [[Nashwauk, Minnesota|Nashwauk]] | {{change|invert=on|961|970}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|369}} | [[Hilltop, Minnesota|Hilltop]] | {{change|invert=on|956|958}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|370}} | [[Buhl, Minnesota|Buhl]] | {{change|invert=on|945|952}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|371}} | [[Baudette, Minnesota|Baudette †]] | {{change|invert=on|935|966}} | [[Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota|Lake of the Woods]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|372}} | [[Deer River, Minnesota|Deer River]] | {{change|invert=on|930|909}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|373}} | [[Pine River, Minnesota|Pine River]] | {{change|invert=on|925|911}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|374}} | [[Kimball, Minnesota|Kimball]] | {{change|invert=on|919|799}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|375}} | [[Battle Lake, Minnesota|Battle Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|914|857}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|376}} | [[Morgan, Minnesota|Morgan]] | {{change|invert=on|879|888}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|377}} | [[Mazeppa, Minnesota|Mazeppa]] | {{change|invert=on|869|874}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|378}} | [[Emily, Minnesota|Emily]] | {{change|invert=on|863|843}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|379}} | [[Henning, Minnesota|Henning]] | {{change|invert=on|857|854}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|380}} | [[Hancock, Minnesota|Hancock]] | {{change|invert=on|856|863}} | [[Stevens County, Minnesota|Stevens]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|381}} | [[Silver Lake, Minnesota|Silver Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|855|866}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|382}} | [[Hallock, Minnesota|Hallock †]] | {{change|invert=on|853|906}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|383}} | [[Landfall, Minnesota|Landfall]] | {{change|invert=on|843|843}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|384}} | [[West Concord, Minnesota|West Concord]] | {{change|invert=on|842|861}} | [[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|385}} | [[Birchwood Village, Minnesota|Birchwood Village]] | {{change|invert=on|838|863}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|386}} | [[Onamia, Minnesota|Onamia]] | {{change|invert=on|830|784}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|387}} | [[Browerville, Minnesota|Browerville]] | {{change|invert=on|829|839}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|388}} | [[Stockton, Minnesota|Stockton]] | {{change|invert=on|829|809}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|389}} | [[Isle, Minnesota|Isle]] | {{change|invert=on|827|803}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|390}} | [[Clarkfield, Minnesota|Clarkfield]] | {{change|invert=on|820|852}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|391}} | [[Blackduck, Minnesota|Blackduck]] | {{change|invert=on|816|845}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|392}} | [[Bovey, Minnesota|Bovey]] | {{change|invert=on|813|829}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|393}} | [[St. Stephen, Minnesota|St. Stephen]] | {{change|invert=on|812|797}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|394}} | [[Rushford Village, Minnesota|Rushford Village]] | {{change|invert=on|799|790}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|395}} | [[Raymond, Minnesota|Raymond]] | {{change|invert=on|796|782}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|'''Kandiyohi''']]<br>[[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|396}} | [[Gibbon, Minnesota|Gibbon]] | {{change|invert=on|788|784}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|397}} | [[Kerkhoven, Minnesota|Kerkhoven]] | {{change|invert=on|783|805}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|398}} | [[Lamberton, Minnesota|Lamberton]] | {{change|invert=on|781|792}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|399}} | [[Fertile, Minnesota|Fertile]] | {{change|invert=on|780|804}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|400}} | [[Lilydale, Minnesota|Lilydale]] | {{change|invert=on|779|809}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|401}} | [[Dover, Minnesota|Dover]] | {{change|invert=on|771|782}} | [[Olmsted County, Minnesota|Olmsted]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|402}} | [[Cleveland, Minnesota|Cleveland]] | {{change|invert=on|769|747}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|403}} | [[Elysian, Minnesota|Elysian]] | {{change|invert=on|759|708}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|'''Le Sueur''']]<br>[[Waseca County, Minnesota|Waseca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|404}} | [[Sebeka, Minnesota|Sebeka]] | {{change|invert=on|753|741}} | [[Wadena County, Minnesota|Wadena]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|405}} | [[Holdingford, Minnesota|Holdingford]] | {{change|invert=on|746|743}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|406}} | [[Wabasso, Minnesota|Wabasso]] | {{change|invert=on|745|739}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|407}} | [[Belgrade, Minnesota|Belgrade]] | {{change|invert=on|742|738}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|408}} | [[Westbrook, Minnesota|Westbrook]] | {{change|invert=on|734|758}} | [[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|409}} | [[Walnut Grove, Minnesota|Walnut Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|733|751}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|410}} | [[Courtland, Minnesota|Courtland]] | {{change|invert=on|724|734}} | [[Nicollet County, Minnesota|Nicollet]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|411}} | [[Ottertail, Minnesota|Ottertail]] | {{change|invert=on|721|629}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|412}} | [[Kasota, Minnesota|Kasota]] | {{change|invert=on|718|714}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|413}} | [[St. Clair, Minnesota|St. Clair]] | {{change|invert=on|717|750}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|414}} | [[Hampton, Minnesota|Hampton]] | {{change|invert=on|714|744}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|415}} | [[Lake Park, Minnesota|Lake Park]] | {{change|invert=on|714|728}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|416}} | [[Greenwood, Minnesota|Greenwood]] | {{change|invert=on|713|726}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|417}} | [[Lanesboro, Minnesota|Lanesboro]] | {{change|invert=on|712|724}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|418}} | [[Hoffman, Minnesota|Hoffman]] | {{change|invert=on|709|698}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|419}} | [[Brownton, Minnesota|Brownton]] | {{change|invert=on|706|731}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|420}} | [[Mabel, Minnesota|Mabel]] | {{change|invert=on|705|716}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|421}} | [[Adams, Minnesota|Adams]] | {{change|invert=on|700|683}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|422}} | [[Twin Valley, Minnesota|Twin Valley]] | {{change|invert=on|697|723}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|423}} | [[Welcome, Minnesota|Welcome]] | {{change|invert=on|695|710}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|424}} | [[Green Isle, Minnesota|Green Isle]] | {{change|invert=on|694|591}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|425}} | [[Trimont, Minnesota|Trimont]] | {{change|invert=on|689|705}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|426}} | [[Motley, Minnesota|Motley]] | {{change|invert=on|686|680}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|'''Morrison''']]<br>[[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|427}} | [[Freeport, Minnesota|Freeport]] | {{change|invert=on|685|675}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|428}} | [[Cass Lake, Minnesota|Cass Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|683|675}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|429}} | [[Clarks Grove, Minnesota|Clarks Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|682|694}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|430}} | [[Rollingstone, Minnesota|Rollingstone]] | {{change|invert=on|682|678}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|431}} | [[Clear Lake, Minnesota|Clear Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|679|641}} | [[Sherburne County, Minnesota|Sherburne]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|432}} | [[Lake Benton, Minnesota|Lake Benton]] | {{change|invert=on|678|687}} | [[Lincoln County, Minnesota|Lincoln]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|433}} | [[Greenbush, Minnesota|Greenbush]] | {{change|invert=on|674|682}} | [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|434}} | [[Karlstad, Minnesota|Karlstad]] | {{change|invert=on|671|710}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|435}} | [[La Prairie, Minnesota|La Prairie]] | {{change|invert=on|666|660}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|436}} | [[Hills, Minnesota|Hills]] | {{change|invert=on|665|686}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|437}} | [[Clarissa, Minnesota|Clarissa]] | {{change|invert=on|661|661}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|438}} | [[Minnesota Lake, Minnesota|Minnesota Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|660|661}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|'''Faribault''']]<br>[[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|439}} | [[Ellendale, Minnesota|Ellendale]] | {{change|invert=on|658|676}} | [[Steele County, Minnesota|Steele]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|440}} | [[Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota|Marine on St. Croix]] | {{change|invert=on|658|664}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|441}} | [[Brownsdale, Minnesota|Brownsdale]] | {{change|invert=on|648|633}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|442}} | [[Brooten, Minnesota|Brooten]] | {{change|invert=on|646|626}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|'''Stearns''']]<br>[[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|443}} | [[Taconite, Minnesota|Taconite]] | {{change|invert=on|642|651}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|444}} | [[Buffalo Lake, Minnesota|Buffalo Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|641|660}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|445}} | [[Center City, Minnesota|Center City †]] | {{change|invert=on|640|629}} | [[Chisago County, Minnesota|Chisago]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|446}} | [[Grove City, Minnesota|Grove City]] | {{change|invert=on|634|624}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|447}} | [[Hill City, Minnesota|Hill City]] | {{change|invert=on|615|613}} | [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|448}} | [[Randall, Minnesota|Randall]] | {{change|invert=on|614|607}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|449}} | [[Barnum, Minnesota|Barnum]] | {{change|invert=on|610|620}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|450}} | [[Loretto, Minnesota|Loretto]] | {{change|invert=on|610|646}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|451}} | [[Marble, Minnesota|Marble]] | {{change|invert=on|606|610}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|452}} | [[Hendricks, Minnesota|Hendricks]] | {{change|invert=on|603|616}} | [[Lincoln County, Minnesota|Lincoln]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|453}} | [[Sabin, Minnesota|Sabin]] | {{change|invert=on|601|619}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|454}} | [[Butterfield, Minnesota|Butterfield]] | {{change|invert=on|597|601}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|455}} | [[Heron Lake, Minnesota|Heron Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|592|602}} | [[Jackson County, Minnesota|Jackson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|456}} | [[Evansville, Minnesota|Evansville]] | {{change|invert=on|587|603}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|457}} | [[Balaton, Minnesota|Balaton]] | {{change|invert=on|585|595}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|458}} | [[McIntosh, Minnesota|McIntosh]] | {{change|invert=on|581|606}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|459}} | [[Foreston, Minnesota|Foreston]] | {{change|invert=on|579|559}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|460}} | [[Jasper, Minnesota|Jasper]] | {{change|invert=on|579|610}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|'''Pipestone''']]<br>[[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|461}} | [[Alden, Minnesota|Alden]] | {{change|invert=on|575|583}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|462}} | [[Stephen, Minnesota|Stephen]] | {{change|invert=on|574|592}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|463}} | [[Deerwood, Minnesota|Deerwood]] | {{change|invert=on|570|526}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|464}} | [[Audubon, Minnesota|Audubon]] | {{change|invert=on|569|560}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|465}} | [[Kandiyohi, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] | {{change|invert=on|565|569}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|466}} | [[Ironton, Minnesota|Ironton]] | {{change|invert=on|564|576}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|467}} | [[Glenville, Minnesota|Glenville]] | {{change|invert=on|558|568}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|468}} | [[Racine, Minnesota|Racine]] | {{change|invert=on|558|458}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|469}} | [[Halstad, Minnesota|Halstad]] | {{change|invert=on|551|564}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|470}} | [[Bertha, Minnesota|Bertha]] | {{change|invert=on|548|560}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|471}} | [[Hamburg, Minnesota|Hamburg]] | {{change|invert=on|548|566}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|472}} | [[Brownsville, Minnesota|Brownsville]] | {{change|invert=on|545|566}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|Houston]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|473}} | [[Elmore, Minnesota|Elmore]] | {{change|invert=on|545|549}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|474}} | [[Good Thunder, Minnesota|Good Thunder]] | {{change|invert=on|545|560}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|475}} | [[Eagle Bend, Minnesota|Eagle Bend]] | {{change|invert=on|543|519}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- style="background-color:#b4ddb4;" | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|476}} | [[Ivanhoe, Minnesota|Ivanhoe †]] | {{change|invert=on|542|560}} | [[Lincoln County, Minnesota|Lincoln]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|477}} | [[Ranier, Minnesota|Ranier]] | {{change|invert=on|540|569}} | [[Koochiching County, Minnesota|Koochiching]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|478}} | [[Minnetonka Beach, Minnesota|Minnetonka Beach]] | {{change|invert=on|537|546}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|479}} | [[Hokah, Minnesota|Hokah]] | {{change|invert=on|535|553}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|Houston]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|480}} | [[Pillager, Minnesota|Pillager]] | {{change|invert=on|531|507}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|481}} | [[Argyle, Minnesota|Argyle]] | {{change|invert=on|529|544}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|482}} | [[Littlefork, Minnesota|Littlefork]] | {{change|invert=on|527|553}} | [[Koochiching County, Minnesota|Koochiching]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|483}} | [[Lyle, Minnesota|Lyle]] | {{change|invert=on|526|522}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|484}} | [[Sunfish Lake, Minnesota|Sunfish Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|522|522}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|485}} | [[Cook, Minnesota|Cook]] | {{change|invert=on|520|534}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|486}} | [[Floodwood, Minnesota|Floodwood]] | {{change|invert=on|517|517}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|487}} | [[Franklin, Minnesota|Franklin]] | {{change|invert=on|516|493}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|488}} | [[Amboy, Minnesota|Amboy]] | {{change|invert=on|515|535}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|489}} | [[Gem Lake, Minnesota|Gem Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|515|528}} | [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|490}} | [[Verndale, Minnesota|Verndale]] | {{change|invert=on|512|511}} | [[Wadena County, Minnesota|Wadena]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|491}} | [[Willernie, Minnesota|Willernie]] | {{change|invert=on|512|515}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|492}} | [[Graceville, Minnesota|Graceville]] | {{change|invert=on|511|529}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|493}} | [[Prinsburg, Minnesota|Prinsburg]] | {{change|invert=on|511|520}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|494}} | [[Browns Valley, Minnesota|Browns Valley]] | {{change|invert=on|505|558}} | [[Traverse County, Minnesota|Traverse]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|495}} | [[Brandon, Minnesota|Brandon]] | {{change|invert=on|500|501}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|496}} | [[Brewster, Minnesota|Brewster]] | {{change|invert=on|500|506}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|497}} | [[Jenkins, Minnesota|Jenkins]] | {{change|invert=on|500|490}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|498}} | [[Claremont, Minnesota|Claremont]] | {{change|invert=on|499|513}} | [[Dodge County, Minnesota|Dodge]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|499}} | [[Geneva, Minnesota|Geneva]] | {{change|invert=on|499|508}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|500}} | [[Cosmos, Minnesota|Cosmos]] | {{change|invert=on|495|507}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|501}} | [[Sacred Heart, Minnesota|Sacred Heart]] | {{change|invert=on|494|510}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|502}} | [[Ellsworth, Minnesota|Ellsworth]] | {{change|invert=on|487|497}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|503}} | [[Kiester, Minnesota|Kiester]] | {{change|invert=on|487|488}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|504}} | [[Rothsay, Minnesota|Rothsay]] | {{change|invert=on|487|498}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|'''Wilkin''']]<br>[[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|505}} | [[Carlos, Minnesota|Carlos]] | {{change|invert=on|486|497}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|506}} | [[Upsala, Minnesota|Upsala]] | {{change|invert=on|481|487}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|507}} | [[Bethel, Minnesota|Bethel]] | {{change|invert=on|480|476}} | [[Anoka County, Minnesota|Anoka]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|508}} | [[Pennock, Minnesota|Pennock]] | {{change|invert=on|480|479}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|509}} | [[Ashby, Minnesota|Ashby]] | {{change|invert=on|472|469}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|510}} | [[Ulen, Minnesota|Ulen]] | {{change|invert=on|472|476}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|511}} | [[Stewart, McLeod County, Minnesota|Stewart]] | {{change|invert=on|470|489}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|512}} | [[Lafayette, Minnesota|Lafayette]] | {{change|invert=on|469|492}} | [[Nicollet County, Minnesota|Nicollet]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|513}} | [[Clearbrook, Minnesota|Clearbrook]] | {{change|invert=on|468|464}} | [[Clearwater County, Minnesota|Clearwater]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|514}} | [[Sturgeon Lake, Minnesota|Sturgeon Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|468|436}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|515}} | [[Altura, Minnesota|Altura]] | {{change|invert=on|465|471}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|516}} | [[Randolph, Minnesota|Randolph]] | {{change|invert=on|458|466}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|517}} | [[Wrenshall, Minnesota|Wrenshall]] | {{change|invert=on|454|428}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|518}} | [[Fifty Lakes, Minnesota|Fifty Lakes]] | {{change|invert=on|449|443}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|519}} | [[New Germany, Minnesota|New Germany]] | {{change|invert=on|448|464}} | [[Carver County, Minnesota|Carver]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|520}} | [[Danube, Minnesota|Danube]] | {{change|invert=on|447|458}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|521}} | [[Miltona, Minnesota|Miltona]] | {{change|invert=on|442|431}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|522}} | [[Lynd, Minnesota|Lynd]] | {{change|invert=on|435|436}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|523}} | [[Wykoff, Minnesota|Wykoff]] | {{change|invert=on|430|432}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|524}} | [[Vermillion, Minnesota|Vermillion]] | {{change|invert=on|429|441}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|525}} | [[Kellogg, Minnesota|Kellogg]] | {{change|invert=on|426|453}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|526}} | [[Tower, Minnesota|Tower]] | {{change|invert=on|421|430}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|527}} | [[Akeley, Minnesota|Akeley]] | {{change|invert=on|418|404}} | [[Hubbard County, Minnesota|Hubbard]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|528}} | [[Badger, Minnesota|Badger]] | {{change|invert=on|417|429}} | [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|529}} | [[Milan, Minnesota|Milan]] | {{change|invert=on|416|428}} | [[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|530}} | [[New Auburn, Minnesota|New Auburn]] | {{change|invert=on|413|411}} | [[Sibley County, Minnesota|Sibley]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|531}} | [[Chokio, Minnesota|Chokio]] | {{change|invert=on|411|405}} | [[Stevens County, Minnesota|Stevens]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|532}} | [[Oklee, Minnesota|Oklee]] | {{change|invert=on|407|413}} | [[Red Lake County, Minnesota|Red Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|533}} | [[Fountain, Minnesota|Fountain]] | {{change|invert=on|406|409}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|534}} | [[Bigfork, Minnesota|Bigfork]] | {{change|invert=on|403|400}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|535}} | [[Fisher, Minnesota|Fisher]] | {{change|invert=on|403|422}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|536}} | [[Rose Creek, Minnesota|Rose Creek]] | {{change|invert=on|403|397}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|537}} | [[Morton, Minnesota|Morton]] | {{change|invert=on|402|410}} | [[Renville County, Minnesota|Renville]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|538}} | [[Ogilvie, Minnesota|Ogilvie]] | {{change|invert=on|400|388}} | [[Kanabec County, Minnesota|Kanabec]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|539}} | [[Waubun, Minnesota|Waubun]] | {{change|invert=on|399|409}} | [[Mahnomen County, Minnesota|Mahnomen]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|540}} | [[Remer, Minnesota|Remer]] | {{change|invert=on|397|391}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|541}} | [[Willow River, Minnesota|Willow River]] | {{change|invert=on|396|384}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|542}} | [[Alvarado, Minnesota|Alvarado]] | {{change|invert=on|388|388}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|543}} | [[Erskine, Minnesota|Erskine]] | {{change|invert=on|387|403}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|544}} | [[Herman, Minnesota|Herman]] | {{change|invert=on|386|384}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|545}} | [[Hanska, Minnesota|Hanska]] | {{change|invert=on|385|382}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|546}} | [[Nevis, Minnesota|Nevis]] | {{change|invert=on|385|377}} | [[Hubbard County, Minnesota|Hubbard]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|547}} | [[Pine Springs, Minnesota|Pine Springs]] | {{change|invert=on|384|377}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|548}} | [[Ghent, Minnesota|Ghent]] | {{change|invert=on|378|376}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|549}} | [[McGregor, Minnesota|McGregor]] | {{change|invert=on|378|384}} | [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|550}} | [[Barrett, Minnesota|Barrett]] | {{change|invert=on|377|366}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|551}} | [[Woodland, Minnesota|Woodland]] | {{change|invert=on|377|384}} | [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|552}} | [[Comfrey, Minnesota|Comfrey]] | {{change|invert=on|376|392}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|'''Brown''']]<br>[[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|553}} | [[Wood Lake, Minnesota|Wood Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|373|381}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|554}} | [[Clinton, Minnesota|Clinton]] | {{change|invert=on|371|386}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|555}} | [[New Munich, Minnesota|New Munich]] | {{change|invert=on|367|356}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|556}} | [[Round Lake, Minnesota|Round Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|367|377}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|557}} | [[Rushmore, Minnesota|Rushmore]] | {{change|invert=on|364|365}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|558}} | [[Underwood, Minnesota|Underwood]] | {{change|invert=on|363|356}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|559}} | [[Emmons, Minnesota|Emmons]] | {{change|invert=on|360|367}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|560}} | [[Vergas, Minnesota|Vergas]] | {{change|invert=on|357|348}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|561}} | [[Russell, Minnesota|Russell]] | {{change|invert=on|356|348}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|562}} | [[Bricelyn, Minnesota|Bricelyn]] | {{change|invert=on|350|348}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|563}} | [[Newfolden, Minnesota|Newfolden]] | {{change|invert=on|343|352}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|564}} | [[St. Marys Point, Minnesota|St. Marys Point]] | {{change|invert=on|342|353}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|565}} | [[Lancaster, Minnesota|Lancaster]] | {{change|invert=on|340|364}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|566}} | [[Long Beach, Minnesota|Long Beach]] | {{change|invert=on|339|338}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|567}} | [[Darwin, Minnesota|Darwin]] | {{change|invert=on|338|348}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|568}} | [[Jeffers, Minnesota|Jeffers]] | {{change|invert=on|338|349}} | [[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|569}} | [[Garfield, Minnesota|Garfield]] | {{change|invert=on|337|349}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|570}} | [[Swanville, Minnesota|Swanville]] | {{change|invert=on|337|326}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|'''Morrison''']]<br>[[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|571}} | [[Lowry, Minnesota|Lowry]] | {{change|invert=on|335|334}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|572}} | [[Finlayson, Minnesota|Finlayson]] | {{change|invert=on|333|295}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|573}} | [[Deer Creek, Minnesota|Deer Creek]] | {{change|invert=on|332|330}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|574}} | [[Askov, Minnesota|Askov]] | {{change|invert=on|331|331}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|575}} | [[Lakeland Shores, Minnesota|Lakeland Shores]] | {{change|invert=on|330|339}} | [[Washington County, Minnesota|Washington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|576}} | [[Cuyuna, Minnesota|Cuyuna]] | {{change|invert=on|327|296}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|577}} | [[Wilmont, Minnesota|Wilmont]] | {{change|invert=on|326|332}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|578}} | [[Dexter, Minnesota|Dexter]] | {{change|invert=on|325|324}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|579}} | [[Plato, Minnesota|Plato]] | {{change|invert=on|325|329}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|580}} | [[Calumet, Minnesota|Calumet]] | {{change|invert=on|324|334}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|581}} | [[Grey Eagle, Minnesota|Grey Eagle]] | {{change|invert=on|324|330}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|582}} | [[St. Martin, Minnesota|St. Martin]] | {{change|invert=on|318|312}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|583}} | [[Sanborn, Minnesota|Sanborn]] | {{change|invert=on|318|323}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|584}} | [[Vernon Center, Minnesota|Vernon Center]] | {{change|invert=on|315|328}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|585}} | [[Canton, Minnesota|Canton]] | {{change|invert=on|313|310}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|586}} | [[Cyrus, Minnesota|Cyrus]] | {{change|invert=on|312|305}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|587}} | [[Hartland, Minnesota|Hartland]] | {{change|invert=on|311|321}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|588}} | [[Buckman, Minnesota|Buckman]] | {{change|invert=on|309|307}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|589}} | [[Maynard, Minnesota|Maynard]] | {{change|invert=on|304|319}} | [[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|590}} | [[Hollandale, Minnesota|Hollandale]] | {{change|invert=on|303|308}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|591}} | [[Hackensack, Minnesota|Hackensack]] | {{change|invert=on|300|294}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|592}} | [[Murdock, Minnesota|Murdock]] | {{change|invert=on|298|306}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|593}} | [[Ceylon, Minnesota|Ceylon]] | {{change|invert=on|295|303}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|594}} | [[Middle River, Minnesota|Middle River]] | {{change|invert=on|294|304}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|595}} | [[Dakota, Minnesota|Dakota]] | {{change|invert=on|290|295}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|596}} | [[Belview, Minnesota|Belview]] | {{change|invert=on|285|291}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|597}} | [[Hendrum, Minnesota|Hendrum]] | {{change|invert=on|282|289}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|598}} | [[Skyline, Minnesota|Skyline]] | {{change|invert=on|282|288}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|599}} | [[Granada, Minnesota|Granada]] | {{change|invert=on|281|291}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|600}} | [[Nerstrand, Minnesota|Nerstrand]] | {{change|invert=on|278|273}} | [[Rice County, Minnesota|Rice]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|601}} | [[Plummer, Minnesota|Plummer]] | {{change|invert=on|273|276}} | [[Red Lake County, Minnesota|Red Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|602}} | [[Beaver Creek, Minnesota|Beaver Creek]] | {{change|invert=on|272|280}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|603}} | [[Bowlus, Minnesota|Bowlus]] | {{change|invert=on|271|279}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|604}} | [[Kensington, Minnesota|Kensington]] | {{change|invert=on|270|266}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|605}} | [[Chandler, Minnesota|Chandler]] | {{change|invert=on|269|279}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|606}} | [[Vesta, Minnesota|Vesta]] | {{change|invert=on|268|276}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|607}} | [[Backus, Minnesota|Backus]] | {{change|invert=on|266|263}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|608}} | [[Gonvick, Minnesota|Gonvick]] | {{change|invert=on|266|263}} | [[Clearwater County, Minnesota|Clearwater]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|609}} | [[Utica, Minnesota|Utica]] | {{change|invert=on|266|266}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|610}} | [[Wilton, Minnesota|Wilton]] | {{change|invert=on|266|263}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|611}} | [[Eitzen, Minnesota|Eitzen]] | {{change|invert=on|262|279}} | [[Houston County, Minnesota|Houston]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|612}} | [[Freeborn, Minnesota|Freeborn]] | {{change|invert=on|257|264}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|613}} | [[St. Hilaire, Minnesota|St. Hilaire]] | {{change|invert=on|256|273}} | [[Pennington County, Minnesota|Pennington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|614}} | [[Milroy, Minnesota|Milroy]] | {{change|invert=on|254|259}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|615}} | [[Hewitt, Minnesota|Hewitt]] | {{change|invert=on|250|251}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|616}} | [[Hayward, Minnesota|Hayward]] | {{change|invert=on|249|252}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|617}} | [[Kelliher, Minnesota|Kelliher]] | {{change|invert=on|249|258}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|618}} | [[Wahkon, Minnesota|Wahkon]] | {{change|invert=on|249|235}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|619}} | [[Cromwell, Minnesota|Cromwell]] | {{change|invert=on|246|240}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|620}} | [[Lake Wilson, Minnesota|Lake Wilson]] | {{change|invert=on|245|254}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|621}} | [[Lake Lillian, Minnesota|Lake Lillian]] | {{change|invert=on|243|246}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|622}} | [[Pease, Minnesota|Pease]] | {{change|invert=on|243|238}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|623}} | [[Climax, Minnesota|Climax]] | {{change|invert=on|241|243}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|624}} | [[Oslo, Minnesota|Oslo]] | {{change|invert=on|239|239}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|625}} | [[Hanley Falls, Minnesota|Hanley Falls]] | {{change|invert=on|238|243}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|626}} | [[Echo, Minnesota|Echo]] | {{change|invert=on|235|243}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|627}} | [[Peterson, Minnesota|Peterson]] | {{change|invert=on|227|234}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|628}} | [[Ostrander, Minnesota|Ostrander]] | {{change|invert=on|226|231}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|629}} | [[Villard, Minnesota|Villard]] | {{change|invert=on|224|225}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|630}} | [[Donnelly, Minnesota|Donnelly]] | {{change|invert=on|223|221}} | [[Stevens County, Minnesota|Stevens]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|631}} | [[Gary, Minnesota|Gary]] | {{change|invert=on|223|227}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|632}} | [[Pemberton, Minnesota|Pemberton]] | {{change|invert=on|222|229}} | [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|633}} | [[Bigelow, Minnesota|Bigelow]] | {{change|invert=on|220|227}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|634}} | [[Elrosa, Minnesota|Elrosa]] | {{change|invert=on|219|213}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|635}} | [[Gilman, Minnesota|Gilman]] | {{change|invert=on|219|226}} | [[Benton County, Minnesota|Benton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|636}} | [[Dennison, Minnesota|Dennison]] | {{change|invert=on|218|223}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|'''Goodhue''']]<br>[[Rice County, Minnesota|Rice]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|637}} | [[Sobieski, Minnesota|Sobieski]] | {{change|invert=on|218|210}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|638}} | [[Northrop, Minnesota|Northrop]] | {{change|invert=on|217|223}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|639}} | [[Ruthton, Minnesota|Ruthton]] | {{change|invert=on|217|226}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|640}} | [[Currie, Minnesota|Currie]] | {{change|invert=on|214|224}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|641}} | [[Dalton, Minnesota|Dalton]] | {{change|invert=on|214|215}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|642}} | [[Frost, Minnesota|Frost]] | {{change|invert=on|214|216}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|643}} | [[Storden, Minnesota|Storden]] | {{change|invert=on|214|225}} | [[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|644}} | [[Orr, Minnesota|Orr]] | {{change|invert=on|213|211}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|645}} | [[Bluffton, Minnesota|Bluffton]] | {{change|invert=on|212|210}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|646}} | [[Rutledge, Minnesota|Rutledge]] | {{change|invert=on|212|212}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|647}} | [[Flensburg, Minnesota|Flensburg]] | {{change|invert=on|210|216}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|648}} | [[Lewisville, Minnesota|Lewisville]] | {{change|invert=on|207|204}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|649}} | [[Beardsley, Minnesota|Beardsley]] | {{change|invert=on|206|216}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|650}} | [[Greenwald, Minnesota|Greenwald]] | {{change|invert=on|205|197}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|651}} | [[Lucan, Minnesota|Lucan]] | {{change|invert=on|205|214}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|652}} | [[Ogema, Minnesota|Ogema]] | {{change|invert=on|205|208}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|653}} | [[Waldorf, Minnesota|Waldorf]] | {{change|invert=on|203|201}} | [[Waseca County, Minnesota|Waseca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|654}} | [[Hitterdal, Minnesota|Hitterdal]] | {{change|invert=on|202|199}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|655}} | [[Lismore, Minnesota|Lismore]] | {{change|invert=on|202|202}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|656}} | [[Garrison, Minnesota|Garrison]] | {{change|invert=on|201|194}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|657}} | [[Okabena, Minnesota|Okabena]] | {{change|invert=on|201|203}} | [[Jackson County, Minnesota|Jackson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|658}} | [[Magnolia, Minnesota|Magnolia]] | {{change|invert=on|188|196}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|659}} | [[Forada, Minnesota|Forada]] | {{change|invert=on|187|170}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|660}} | [[Kingston, Minnesota|Kingston]] | {{change|invert=on|187|184}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|661}} | [[Meire Grove, Minnesota|Meire Grove]] | {{change|invert=on|186|180}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|662}} | [[Mendota, Minnesota|Mendota]] | {{change|invert=on|185|183}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|663}} | [[Warba, Minnesota|Warba]] | {{change|invert=on|184|168}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|664}} | [[Minnesota City, Minnesota|Minnesota City]] | {{change|invert=on|183|202}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|665}} | [[Nelson, Minnesota|Nelson]] | {{change|invert=on|183|182}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|666}} | [[South Haven, Minnesota|South Haven]] | {{change|invert=on|183|185}} | [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|667}} | [[Callaway, Minnesota|Callaway]] | {{change|invert=on|180|178}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|668}} | [[Tenstrike, Minnesota|Tenstrike]] | {{change|invert=on|180|186}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|669}} | [[Hardwick, Minnesota|Hardwick]] | {{change|invert=on|179|189}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|670}} | [[Easton, Minnesota|Easton]] | {{change|invert=on|177|177}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|671}} | [[Bellechester, Minnesota|Bellechester]] | {{change|invert=on|175|176}} | [[Goodhue County, Minnesota|'''Goodhue''']]<br>[[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|672}} | [[Shelly, Minnesota|Shelly]] | {{change|invert=on|175|179}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|673}} | [[Holland, Minnesota|Holland]] | {{change|invert=on|173|178}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|674}} | [[Kettle River, Minnesota|Kettle River]] | {{change|invert=on|173|166}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|675}} | [[Watson, Minnesota|Watson]] | {{change|invert=on|173|182}} | [[Chippewa County, Minnesota|Chippewa]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|676}} | [[Winger, Minnesota|Winger]] | {{change|invert=on|172|174}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|677}} | [[Big Falls, Minnesota|Big Falls]] | {{change|invert=on|171|175}} | [[Koochiching County, Minnesota|Koochiching]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|678}} | [[Grygla, Minnesota|Grygla]] | {{change|invert=on|171|180}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|679}} | [[Dent, Minnesota|Dent]] | {{change|invert=on|170|173}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|680}} | [[Lake Bronson, Minnesota|Lake Bronson]] | {{change|invert=on|170|178}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|681}} | [[Delavan, Minnesota|Delavan]] | {{change|invert=on|169|172}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|682}} | [[Felton, Minnesota|Felton]] | {{change|invert=on|169|177}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|683}} | [[Palisade, Minnesota|Palisade]] | {{change|invert=on|169|162}} | [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|684}} | [[Wright, Minnesota|Wright]] | {{change|invert=on|169|168}} | [[Carlton County, Minnesota|Carlton]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|685}} | [[Waltham, Minnesota|Waltham]] | {{change|invert=on|167|164}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|686}} | [[Wendell, Minnesota|Wendell]] | {{change|invert=on|167|166}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|687}} | [[Kennedy, Minnesota|Kennedy]] | {{change|invert=on|166|176}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|688}} | [[Elizabeth, Minnesota|Elizabeth]] | {{change|invert=on|165|168}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|689}} | [[Campbell, Minnesota|Campbell]] | {{change|invert=on|164|164}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|690}} | [[Iona, Minnesota|Iona]] | {{change|invert=on|164|166}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|691}} | [[Winton, Minnesota|Winton]] | {{change|invert=on|163|169}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|692}} | [[Porter, Minnesota|Porter]] | {{change|invert=on|162|166}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|693}} | [[Steen, Minnesota|Steen]] | {{change|invert=on|162|171}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|694}} | [[Longville, Minnesota|Longville]] | {{change|invert=on|158|153}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|695}} | [[Grasston, Minnesota|Grasston]] | {{change|invert=on|157|154}} | [[Kanabec County, Minnesota|Kanabec]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|696}} | [[Roosevelt, Minnesota|Roosevelt]] | {{change|invert=on|156|153}} | [[Roseau County, Minnesota|'''Roseau''']]<br>[[Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota|Lake of the Woods]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|697}} | [[Williams, Minnesota|Williams]] | {{change|invert=on|156|157}} | [[Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota|Lake of the Woods]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|698}} | [[Northome, Minnesota|Northome]] | {{change|invert=on|154|155}} | [[Koochiching County, Minnesota|Koochiching]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|699}} | [[Zumbro Falls, Minnesota|Zumbro Falls]] | {{change|invert=on|154|155}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|700}} | [[Bena, Minnesota|Bena]] | {{change|invert=on|152|143}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|701}} | [[Conger, Minnesota|Conger]] | {{change|invert=on|151|153}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|702}} | [[Kilkenny, Minnesota|Kilkenny]] | {{change|invert=on|151|148}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|703}} | [[Clements, Minnesota|Clements]] | {{change|invert=on|148|155}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|704}} | [[Mapleview, Minnesota|Mapleview]] | {{change|invert=on|148|144}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|705}} | [[Kinney, Minnesota|Kinney]] | {{change|invert=on|147|152}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|706}} | [[Millville, Minnesota|Millville]] | {{change|invert=on|144|151}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|707}} | [[Laporte, Minnesota|Laporte]] | {{change|invert=on|142|134}} | [[Hubbard County, Minnesota|Hubbard]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|708}} | [[Bellingham, Minnesota|Bellingham]] | {{change|invert=on|141|148}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|709}} | [[Blomkest, Minnesota|Blomkest]] | {{change|invert=on|140|145}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|710}} | [[Boyd, Minnesota|Boyd]] | {{change|invert=on|140|141}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|711}} | [[Meadowlands, Minnesota|Meadowlands]] | {{change|invert=on|140|134}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|712}} | [[Shevlin, Minnesota|Shevlin]] | {{change|invert=on|139|137}} | [[Clearwater County, Minnesota|Clearwater]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|713}} | [[Coates, Minnesota|Coates]] | {{change|invert=on|136|147}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|714}} | [[Heidelberg, Minnesota|Heidelberg]] | {{change|invert=on|135|137}} | [[Le Sueur County, Minnesota|Le Sueur]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|715}} | [[Roscoe, Minnesota|Roscoe]] | {{change|invert=on|134|130}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|716}} | [[Bingham Lake, Minnesota|Bingham Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|133|137}} | [[Cottonwood County, Minnesota|Cottonwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|717}} | [[Elkton, Minnesota|Elkton]] | {{change|invert=on|132|130}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|718}} | [[Erhard, Minnesota|Erhard]] | {{change|invert=on|132|132}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|719}} | [[Miesville, Minnesota|Miesville]] | {{change|invert=on|132|138}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|720}} | [[Taunton, Minnesota|Taunton]] | {{change|invert=on|132|136}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|721}} | [[Brook Park, Minnesota|Brook Park]] | {{change|invert=on|131|132}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|722}} | [[Twin Lakes, Minnesota|Twin Lakes]] | {{change|invert=on|130|134}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|723}} | [[Hammond, Minnesota|Hammond]] | {{change|invert=on|129|130}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|Wabasha]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|724}} | [[Chickamaw Beach, Minnesota|Chickamaw Beach]] | {{change|invert=on|128|128}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|725}} | [[Dunnell, Minnesota|Dunnell]] | {{change|invert=on|127|133}} | [[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|726}} | [[Elba, Minnesota|Elba]] | {{change|invert=on|127|129}} | [[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|727}} | [[Clontarf, Minnesota|Clontarf]] | {{change|invert=on|126|128}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|728}} | [[Odin, Minnesota|Odin]] | {{change|invert=on|124|123}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|729}} | [[Lastrup, Minnesota|Lastrup]] | {{change|invert=on|123|120}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|730}} | [[Ormsby, Minnesota|Ormsby]] | {{change|invert=on|123|118}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|'''Watonwan''']]<br>[[Martin County, Minnesota|Martin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|731}} | [[Beaver Bay, Minnesota|Beaver Bay]] | {{change|invert=on|122|120}} | [[Lake County, Minnesota|Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|732}} | [[Burtrum, Minnesota|Burtrum]] | {{change|invert=on|122|123}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|733}} | [[Harding, Minnesota|Harding]] | {{change|invert=on|122|123}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|734}} | [[Wolverton, Minnesota|Wolverton]] | {{change|invert=on|122|128}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|735}} | [[Foxhome, Minnesota|Foxhome]] | {{change|invert=on|121|126}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|736}} | [[Federal Dam, Minnesota|Federal Dam]] | {{change|invert=on|119|123}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|737}} | [[Brooks, Minnesota|Brooks]] | {{change|invert=on|117|117}} | [[Red Lake County, Minnesota|Red Lake]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|738}} | [[Garvin, Minnesota|Garvin]] | {{change|invert=on|117|124}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|739}} | [[Brookston, Minnesota|Brookston]] | {{change|invert=on|116|118}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|740}} | [[Marietta, Minnesota|Marietta]] | {{change|invert=on|116|116}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|741}} | [[Elmdale, Minnesota|Elmdale]] | {{change|invert=on|115|114}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|742}} | [[Riverton, Minnesota|Riverton]] | {{change|invert=on|115|118}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|743}} | [[Trommald, Minnesota|Trommald]] | {{change|invert=on|113|99}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|744}} | [[Biscay, Minnesota|Biscay]] | {{change|invert=on|111|113}} | [[McLeod County, Minnesota|McLeod]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|745}} | [[Woodstock, Minnesota|Woodstock]] | {{change|invert=on|111|110}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|746}} | [[Avoca, Minnesota|Avoca]] | {{change|invert=on|108|111}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|747}} | [[De Graff, Minnesota|De Graff]] | {{change|invert=on|108|110}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|748}} | [[Effie, Minnesota|Effie]] | {{change|invert=on|107|109}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|749}} | [[Goodridge, Minnesota|Goodridge]] | {{change|invert=on|107|112}} | [[Pennington County, Minnesota|Pennington]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|750}} | [[Quamba, Minnesota|Quamba]] | {{change|invert=on|107|107}} | [[Kanabec County, Minnesota|Kanabec]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|751}} | [[Iron Junction, Minnesota|Iron Junction]] | {{change|invert=on|106|110}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|752}} | [[Perley, Minnesota|Perley]] | {{change|invert=on|106|113}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|753}} | [[Mentor, Minnesota|Mentor]] | {{change|invert=on|103|104}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|754}} | [[Odessa, Minnesota|Odessa]] | {{change|invert=on|103|103}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|755}} | [[McKinley, St. Louis County, Minnesota|McKinley]] | {{change|invert=on|102|103}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|756}} | [[Squaw Lake, Minnesota|Squaw Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|102|98}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|757}} | [[Danvers, Minnesota|Danvers]] | {{change|invert=on|100|103}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|758}} | [[Trosky, Minnesota|Trosky]] | {{change|invert=on|100|98}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|759}} | [[Comstock, Minnesota|Comstock]] | {{change|invert=on|99|100}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|760}} | [[Millerville, Minnesota|Millerville]] | {{change|invert=on|99|100}} | [[Douglas County, Minnesota|Douglas]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|761}} | [[Minneiska, Minnesota|Minneiska]] | {{change|invert=on|97|97}} | [[Wabasha County, Minnesota|'''Wabasha''']]<br>[[Winona County, Minnesota|Winona]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|762}} | [[Alpha, Minnesota|Alpha]] | {{change|invert=on|96|97}} | [[Jackson County, Minnesota|Jackson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|763}} | [[Sunburg, Minnesota|Sunburg]] | {{change|invert=on|95|94}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|764}} | [[Alberta, Minnesota|Alberta]] | {{change|invert=on|94|94}} | [[Stevens County, Minnesota|Stevens]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|765}} | [[Borup, Minnesota|Borup]] | {{change|invert=on|93|96}} | [[Norman County, Minnesota|Norman]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|766}} | [[St. Anthony, Stearns County, Minnesota|St. Anthony]] | {{change|invert=on|93|91}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|767}} | [[St. Leo, Minnesota|St. Leo]] | {{change|invert=on|91|93}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|768}} | [[West Union, Minnesota|West Union]] | {{change|invert=on|91|92}} | [[Todd County, Minnesota|Todd]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|769}} | [[Beltrami, Minnesota|Beltrami]] | {{change|invert=on|90|88}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|770}} | [[Lengby, Minnesota|Lengby]] | {{change|invert=on|89|92}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|771}} | [[Georgetown, Minnesota|Georgetown]] | {{change|invert=on|87|86}} | [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|772}} | [[Holt, Minnesota|Holt]] | {{change|invert=on|87|90}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|773}} | [[Holloway, Minnesota|Holloway]] | {{change|invert=on|86|87}} | [[Swift County, Minnesota|Swift]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|774}} | [[Arco, Minnesota|Arco]] | {{change|invert=on|85|87}} | [[Lincoln County, Minnesota|Lincoln]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|775}} | [[Revere, Minnesota|Revere]] | {{change|invert=on|85|89}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|776}} | [[Bejou, Minnesota|Bejou]] | {{change|invert=on|83|84}} | [[Mahnomen County, Minnesota|Mahnomen]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|777}} | [[Bruno, Minnesota|Bruno]] | {{change|invert=on|83|85}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|778}} | [[Darfur, Minnesota|Darfur]] | {{change|invert=on|83|84}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|779}} | [[Fort Ripley, Minnesota|Fort Ripley]] | {{change|invert=on|82|84}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|780}} | [[Nimrod, Minnesota|Nimrod]] | {{change|invert=on|82|84}} | [[Wadena County, Minnesota|Wadena]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|781}} | [[Seaforth, Minnesota|Seaforth]] | {{change|invert=on|82|82}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|782}} | [[Turtle River, Minnesota|Turtle River]] | {{change|invert=on|82|88}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|783}} | [[Bock, Minnesota|Bock]] | {{change|invert=on|80|78}} | [[Mille Lacs County, Minnesota|Mille Lacs]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|784}} | [[New Trier, Minnesota|New Trier]] | {{change|invert=on|80|86}} | [[Dakota County, Minnesota|Dakota]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|785}} | [[Dundee, Minnesota|Dundee]] | {{change|invert=on|79|73}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|786}} | [[Zemple, Minnesota|Zemple]] | {{change|invert=on|79|78}} | [[Itasca County, Minnesota|Itasca]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|787}} | [[Nielsville, Minnesota|Nielsville]] | {{change|invert=on|78|78}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|788}} | [[Viking, Minnesota|Viking]] | {{change|invert=on|78|79}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|789}} | [[Lake Henry, Minnesota|Lake Henry]] | {{change|invert=on|77|72}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|790}} | [[Richville, Minnesota|Richville]] | {{change|invert=on|77|77}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|791}} | [[Kerrick, Minnesota|Kerrick]] | {{change|invert=on|76|71}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|792}} | [[La Salle, Minnesota|La Salle]] | {{change|invert=on|75|79}} | [[Watonwan County, Minnesota|Watonwan]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|793}} | [[Solway, Minnesota|Solway]] | {{change|invert=on|72|73}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|794}} | [[Wanda, Minnesota|Wanda]] | {{change|invert=on|72|72}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|795}} | [[Dumont, Minnesota|Dumont]] | {{change|invert=on|71|75}} | [[Traverse County, Minnesota|Traverse]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|796}} | [[Evan, Minnesota|Evan]] | {{change|invert=on|71|70}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|797}} | [[Spring Hill, Minnesota|Spring Hill]] | {{change|invert=on|71|68}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|798}} | [[Clitherall, Minnesota|Clitherall]] | {{change|invert=on|70|62}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|799}} | [[Genola, Minnesota|Genola]] | {{change|invert=on|70|70}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|800}} | [[Walters, Minnesota|Walters]] | {{change|invert=on|70|69}} | [[Faribault County, Minnesota|Faribault]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|801}} | [[Whalan, Minnesota|Whalan]] | {{change|invert=on|69|67}} | [[Fillmore County, Minnesota|Fillmore]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|802}} | [[Strandquist, Minnesota|Strandquist]] | {{change|invert=on|68|70}} | [[Marshall County, Minnesota|Marshall]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|803}} | [[Taopi, Minnesota|Taopi]] | {{change|invert=on|68|61}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|804}} | [[Wolf Lake, Minnesota|Wolf Lake]] | {{change|invert=on|67|71}} | [[Becker County, Minnesota|Becker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|805}} | [[Nassau, Minnesota|Nassau]] | {{change|invert=on|66|65}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|806}} | [[Sargeant, Minnesota|Sargeant]] | {{change|invert=on|66|63}} | [[Mower County, Minnesota|Mower]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|807}} | [[Nashua, Minnesota|Nashua]] | {{change|invert=on|64|67}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|808}} | [[Kent, Minnesota|Kent]] | {{change|invert=on|63|65}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|809}} | [[Manhattan Beach, Minnesota|Manhattan Beach]] | {{change|invert=on|63|61}} | [[Crow Wing County, Minnesota|Crow Wing]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|810}} | [[Tamarack, Minnesota|Tamarack]] | {{change|invert=on|61|62}} | [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|811}} | [[Tintah, Minnesota|Tintah]] | {{change|invert=on|61|67}} | [[Traverse County, Minnesota|Traverse]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|812}} | [[Henriette, Minnesota|Henriette]] | {{change|invert=on|60|57}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|813}} | [[Kenneth, Minnesota|Kenneth]] | {{change|invert=on|60|60}} | [[Rock County, Minnesota|Rock]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|814}} | [[Cedar Mills, Minnesota|Cedar Mills]] | {{change|invert=on|59|62}} | [[Meeker County, Minnesota|Meeker]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|815}} | [[Vining, Minnesota|Vining]] | {{change|invert=on|59|62}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|816}} | [[Ihlen, Minnesota|Ihlen]] | {{change|invert=on|58|61}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|817}} | [[St. Rosa, Minnesota|St. Rosa]] | {{change|invert=on|58|58}} | [[Stearns County, Minnesota|Stearns]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|818}} | [[Wilder, Minnesota|Wilder]] | {{change|invert=on|57|62}} | [[Jackson County, Minnesota|Jackson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|819}} | [[Farwell, Minnesota|Farwell]] | {{change|invert=on|56|56}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|820}} | [[Halma, Minnesota|Halma]] | {{change|invert=on|56|58}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|821}} | [[Gully, Minnesota|Gully]] | {{change|invert=on|55|59}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|822}} | [[Hadley, Minnesota|Hadley]] | {{change|invert=on|55|54}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|823}} | [[Hatfield, Minnesota|Hatfield]] | {{change|invert=on|54|53}} | [[Pipestone County, Minnesota|Pipestone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|824}} | [[Dovray, Minnesota|Dovray]] | {{change|invert=on|53|58}} | [[Murray County, Minnesota|Murray]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|825}} | [[Hazel Run, Minnesota|Hazel Run]] | {{change|invert=on|53|55}} | [[Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota|Yellow Medicine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|826}} | [[Mizpah, Minnesota|Mizpah]] | {{change|invert=on|53|58}} | [[Koochiching County, Minnesota|Koochiching]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|827}} | [[Manchester, Minnesota|Manchester]] | {{change|invert=on|52|52}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|828}} | [[Leonidas, Minnesota|Leonidas]] | {{change|invert=on|51|50}} | [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|829}} | [[St. Vincent, Minnesota|St. Vincent]] | {{change|invert=on|50|57}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|830}} | [[Myrtle, Minnesota|Myrtle]] | {{change|invert=on|49|47}} | [[Freeborn County, Minnesota|Freeborn]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|831}} | [[Norcross, Minnesota|Norcross]] | {{change|invert=on|49|52}} | [[Grant County, Minnesota|Grant]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|832}} | [[Urbank, Minnesota|Urbank]] | {{change|invert=on|48|52}} | [[Otter Tail County, Minnesota|Otter Tail]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|833}} | [[Sedan, Minnesota|Sedan]] | {{change|invert=on|46|43}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|834}} | [[Westport, Minnesota|Westport]] | {{change|invert=on|46|44}} | [[Pope County, Minnesota|Pope]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|835}} | [[Delhi, Minnesota|Delhi]] | {{change|invert=on|45|46}} | [[Redwood County, Minnesota|Redwood]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|836}} | [[Leonard, Minnesota|Leonard]] | {{change|invert=on|43|41}} | [[Clearwater County, Minnesota|Clearwater]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|837}} | [[McGrath, Minnesota|McGrath]] | {{change|invert=on|41|41}} | [[Aitkin County, Minnesota|Aitkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|838}} | [[Regal, Minnesota|Regal]] | {{change|invert=on|40|43}} | [[Kandiyohi County, Minnesota|Kandiyohi]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|839}} | [[Denham, Minnesota|Denham]] | {{change|invert=on|39|37}} | [[Pine County, Minnesota|Pine]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|840}} | [[Humboldt, Minnesota|Humboldt]] | {{change|invert=on|39|41}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|841}} | [[Trail, Minnesota|Trail]] | {{change|invert=on|38|40}} | [[Polk County, Minnesota|Polk]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|842}} | [[Aldrich, Minnesota|Aldrich]] | {{change|invert=on|34|35}} | [[Wadena County, Minnesota|Wadena]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|843}} | [[Cobden, Minnesota|Cobden]] | {{change|invert=on|32|36}} | [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|844}} | [[Doran, Minnesota|Doran]] | {{change|invert=on|30|36}} | [[Wilkin County, Minnesota|Wilkin]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|845}} | [[Louisburg, Minnesota|Louisburg]] | {{change|invert=on|29|31}} | [[Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota|Lac qui Parle]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|846}} | [[Strathcona, Minnesota|Strathcona]] | {{change|invert=on|28|25}} | [[Roseau County, Minnesota|Roseau]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|847}} | [[Correll, Minnesota|Correll]] | {{change|invert=on|27|26}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|848}} | [[Boy River, Minnesota|Boy River]] | {{change|invert=on|24|26}} | [[Cass County, Minnesota|Cass]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|849}} | [[Johnson, Minnesota|Johnson]] | {{change|invert=on|24|24}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|850}} | [[Florence, Minnesota|Florence]] | {{change|invert=on|21|28}} | [[Lyon County, Minnesota|Lyon]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|851}} | [[Hillman, Minnesota|Hillman]] | {{change|invert=on|21|23}} | [[Morrison County, Minnesota|Morrison]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|852}} | [[Donaldson, Minnesota|Donaldson]] | {{change|invert=on|17|20}} | [[Kittson County, Minnesota|Kittson]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|853}} | [[Barry, Minnesota|Barry]] | {{change|invert=on|14|16}} | [[Big Stone County, Minnesota|Big Stone]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|854}} | [[Funkley, Minnesota|Funkley]] | {{change|invert=on|12|18}} | [[Beltrami County, Minnesota|Beltrami]] |- | style="text-align: center;" | {{nts|855}} | [[Kinbrae, Minnesota|Kinbrae]] | {{change|invert=on|10|10}} | [[Nobles County, Minnesota|Nobles]] |} == See Also == * [[List of counties in Minnesota]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Minnesota}} {{Lists of settlements by U.S. state}} [[Category:Lists of cities by US state]] [[Category:Cities in Minnesota]] b6tzdgth6g210908ycrkz32p7yb3klt 0 1195742 10330133 10326027 2025-06-14T14:58:26Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:94CD:B789:2609:DF34 reverted to last version by BigKrow 10330133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=June 2025}} {{Italictitle}} '''''Between the Lions''''' is an American [[animated series|animated]] [[live action]] [[puppet]] [[educational]] [[children's television series]] ran from April 2, 2000 to November 22, 2010 on [[PBS Kids]] for [[WGBH-TV]]. {{TV-stub}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:2000s American animated television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's television series]] [[Category:2000s American television series debuts]] [[Category:2000 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s American animated television series]] [[Category:2010s American children's television series]] [[Category:2010s American television series endings]] [[Category:2010 American television series endings]] [[Category:American animated television series]] [[Category:American children's television series]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Children's television series]] [[Category:Education in the United States]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] [[Category:Learning]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] jadghy9z1jx6dlwcc9vdxnn2y4ixyrf 0 1195743 10330923 10316964 2025-06-14T21:51:10Z 193.5.232.52 /* Other websites */ 10330923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Black Ice | image = | director = [[Hubert Davis (filmmaker)|Hubert Davis]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Vinay Virmani * [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] <small>(executive)</small> * [[LeBron James]] <small>(executive)</small> * [[Maverick Carter]] <small>(executive)</small> }} | writer = Hubert Davis | based_on = ''Black Ice: The Lost History of the Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes, 1895-1925'' by [[Darril Fosty]] and George Fosty | starring = | music = Simon Poole | cinematography = Chris Romeike | editing = Eamonn O'Connor | studio = First Take Entertainment<br>[[Uninterrupted Canada]]<br>Black Ice Productions | distributor = [[Elevation Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2022|09|10|[[Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]}} | runtime = 97 mins. | country = [[Canada]] | language = English | budget = | gross = $47,362 }} '''''Black Ice''''' is a Canadian [[Sports movie|sports]] [[documentary movie]]. It was first shown at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 10, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsn.ca/black-ice-hockey-documentary-premiering-at-upcoming-toronto-international-film-festival-1.1845274|accessdate=June 8, 2025|title=Black Ice hockey documentary premiering at upcoming Toronto International Film Festival|publisher=[[The Sports Network]]}}</ref> It was directed by [[Hubert Davis (filmmaker)|Hubert Davis]] and produced by Vinay Virmani, [[Drake (musician)|Drake]], [[LeBron James]], and [[Maverick Carter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://torontolife.com/culture/how-black-ice-director-hubert-davis-exposes-canadian-hockeys-anti-black-racism/|accessdate=February 19, 2025|title=How Black Ice director Hubert Davis exposes Canadian hockey’s anti-Black racism|publisher=[[Toronto Life]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lebron-james-drake-maverick-carter-exec-produce-hockey-doc-black-ice-1234989646/|accessdate=February 19, 2025|title=LeBron James, Drake, Maverick Carter to Exec Produce Hockey Racial Reckoning Doc ‘Black Ice’|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> It is somewhat based on the 2004 novel ''Black Ice: The Lost History of the Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes, 1895-1925'' by Darril Fosty and George Fosty. The documentary focuses on the life and careers of black players in [[ice hockey]]. It shows the racism that players of black endure while playing and highlights the contributions that they have brought to the sport of ice hockey. The documentary also highlights the all-black [[Colored Hockey League|Coloured Hockey League of the Maritimes]] (CHL) which predates the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/black-ice-movie-review-2023|accessdate=February 19, 2025|title=Black Ice|publisher=RogerEbert.com}}</ref> ==Reception== The movie received positive reviews from critics. It holds a 96% fresh rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_ice_2022|accessdate=February 19, 2025|title=Black Ice|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{IMDb title|15144270|Black Ice}} [[Category:2022 movies]] [[Category:2020s documentary movies]] [[Category:2020s English-language movies]] [[Category:Canadian sports movies]] [[Category:Canadian documentary movies]] [[Category:Ice hockey movies]] 41taywzn1f9yobbiqmj5yq07ohud4pl 0 1195914 10331563 10325193 2025-06-15T07:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 10331563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award | name = [[Ivor Novello Award]] for Best Song Musically and Lyrically | awarded_for = good songwriting from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] | image = | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | presenter = [[The Ivors Academy]] | country = United Kingdom | year = 1968 | year2 = | holder = [[Victoria Canal]], [[Jonny Lattimer]] and [[Eg White]] for "Black Swan" (2024) | website = [https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/ ivorsacademy.com/awards] }} The '''Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically''' is an award given every year by the [[Ivors Academy]] at the [[Ivor Novello Awards]]. The award is given for good [[songwriter|songwriting]] and [[composer|composing]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]]. The award was first given in 1968. [[John Lennon]] and [[Paul McCartney]] were the first people to win it for their song "[[She's Leaving Home]]", performed by [[The Beatles]]. The award goes to the writers of the song, not the people who sing or play it unless they share songwriting credits. ==People who have been given the award== ===1960s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#1968|1968]]{{·}}[[#1969|1969]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 1960s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| 1968{{Anchor|1968}} | [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]] | "[[She's Leaving Home]]" | [[The Beatles]] | {{Won}} | align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1960-1969/the-ivors-1968/|title=The Ivors 1968|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051119/http://theivors.com/archive/1960-1969/the-ivors-1968/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Tony Hatch]], [[Jackie Trent]] | "[[Don't Sleep in the Subway]]" | [[Petula Clark]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row"| 1969{{Anchor|1969}} | colspan="4" {{n/a|Category inactive}} | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1969 |title=The Ivors 1969 |publisher=Ivor Novello Awards |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410001541/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1969 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ===1970s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#1970|1970]]{{·}}[[#1971|1971]]{{·}}[[#1972|1972]]{{·}}[[#1973|1973]]{{·}}[[#1974|1974]]{{·}}[[#1975|1975]]{{·}}[[#1976|1976]]{{·}}[[#1977|1977]]{{·}}[[#1978|1978]]{{·}}[[#1979|1979]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 1970s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row"| 1970{{Anchor|1970}} | [[Peter Sarstedt]] | "[[Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?]]" | [[Peter Sarstedt]] | {{Won}} | align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1970|title=The Ivors 1970|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 17, 2021|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216111653/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1970|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1971{{Anchor|1971}} | [[George Harrison]] | "[[Something (Beatles song)|Something]]" | [[The Beatles]] | {{won}} | align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1971/|title=The Ivors 1971|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307064626/http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1971/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1972{{Anchor|1972}} | [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Hurricane Smith]] | "[[Don't Let It Die]]" | [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Hurricane Smith]] | {{won}} | align="center"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1972|title=The Ivors 1972|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 18, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142214/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1972|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1973{{Anchor|1973}} | [[Tom Evans (musician)|Tom Evans]] and [[Peter Ham]] | '"[[Without You (Badfinger song)|Without You]]" | [[Badfinger]] | {{won}} | align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1973/|title=The Ivors 1973|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807135120/http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1973/|archive-date=August 7, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1974{{Anchor|1974}} | [[Elton John]] and [[Bernie Taupin]] | '"[[Daniel (Elton John song)|Daniel]]" | [[Elton John]] | {{won}} | align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1974/|title=The Ivors 1974|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910053143/http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1974/|archive-date=September 10, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1975{{Anchor|1975}} | [[Ralph McTell]] | "[[Streets of London (song)|Streets of London]]" | [[Ralph McTell]] | {{won}} | align="center"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1975/|title=The Ivors 1975|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201061821/http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1975/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1976{{Anchor|1976}} | colspan="4" {{n/a|Category inactive}} | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1976 |title=The Ivors 1976 |publisher=Ivor Novello Awards |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126073730/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1976 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| 1977{{Anchor|1977}} | colspan="4" {{n/a|Category inactive}} | align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1977 |title=The Ivors 1977 |publisher=Ivor Novello Awards |access-date=8 April 2022 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410001541/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1977 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1978{{Anchor|1978}} | [[Tim Rice]] and [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] | "[[Don't Cry for Me Argentina]]" | [[Julie Covington]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1978|title=The Ivors 1978|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 18, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142218/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1978|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Barry Gibb]], [[Robin Gibb]], [[Maurice Gibb]] | "[[How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)|How Deep Is Your Love]]" | [[Bee Gees]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[John Farrar]], [[Hank Marvin]], [[Don Black (lyricist)|Don Black]] |"[[Sam (Olivia Newton-John song)|Sam]]" | [[Olivia Newton-John]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1979{{Anchor|1979}} | [[Gerry Rafferty]] | "[[Baker Street (song)|Baker Street]]" | [[Gerry Rafferty]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1979/|title=The Ivors 1979|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416171046/http://theivors.com/archive/1970-1979/the-ivors-1979/|archive-date=April 16, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Chris Arnold, David Martin, [[Geoff Morrow]] | "[[Can't Smile Without You]]" | [[The Carpenters]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Kate Bush]] | "[[Wuthering Heights (song)|Wuthering Heights]]" | [[Kate Bush]] | {{nominated}} |} ===1980s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#1980|1980]]{{·}}[[#1981|1981]]{{·}}[[#1982|1982]]{{·}}[[#1983|1983]]{{·}}[[#1984|1984]]{{·}}[[#1985|1985]]{{·}}[[#1986|1986]]{{·}}[[#1987|1987]]{{·}}[[#1988|1988]]{{·}}[[#1989|1989]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 1980s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1980{{Anchor|1980}} | Rick Davies and [[Roger Hodgson]] | "[[The Logical Song]]" | [[Supertramp]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1980|title=The Ivors 1980|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 20, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122145212/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1980|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Mike Batt]] | "[[Bright Eyes (Art Garfunkel song)|Bright Eyes]]" | [[Art Garfunkel]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Alan Tarney]] | "[[We Don't Talk Anymore (Cliff Richard song)|We Don't Talk Anymore]]" | [[Cliff Richard]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="4"| 1981{{Anchor|1981}} | [[Barry Gibb]] and [[Robin Gibb]] | "[[Woman in Love]]" | [[Barbra Streisand]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1981|title=The Ivors 2021|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 21, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142222/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1981|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Kate Bush]] | "[[Babooshka (song)|Babooshka]]" | [[Kate Bush]] | {{nominated}} |- | Ken Leray | "[[Together We Are Beautiful]]" | [[Fern Kinney]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Tony Macaulay]], [[Don Black (musician)|Don Black]] | "Your Ears Should Be Burning Now" | [[Marti Webb]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1982{{Anchor|1982}} | [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], [[T.S. Eliot]], [[Trevor Nunn]] | "[[Memory (Cats song)|Memory]]" | [[Elaine Paige]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1982|title=The Ivors 1982|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 21, 2021|archive-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190503084156/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1982|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Andy Hill (composer)|Andy Hill]], [[Pete Sinfield]] | "[[The Land of Make Believe]]" | [[Bucks Fizz]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[John Lennon]] | "[[Woman (John Lennon song)|Woman]]" | [[John Lennon]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1983{{Anchor|1983}} | [[Andy Hill (composer)|Andy Hill]], [[Pete Sinfield]], John Danter | "Have You Ever Been in Love" | [[Leo Sayer]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1983/|title=The Ivors 1983|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803045340/http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1983/|archive-date=August 3, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Barry Gibb]], [[Robin Gibb]], [[Maurice Gibb]] | "[[Heartbreaker (Dionne Warwick song)|Heartbreaker]]" | [[Dionne Warwick]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Andy Hill (composer)|Andy Hill]], Nichola Martin | "[[Now Those Days Are Gone]]" | [[Bucks Fizz]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1984{{Anchor|1984}} | [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] | "[[Every Breath You Take]]" | [[The Police]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1984|title=The Ivors 1984|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 22, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142159/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1984|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Paul McCartney]] | "[[Pipes of Peace (song)|Pipes of Peace]]" | [[Paul McCartney]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Gary Kemp]] | "[[True (Spandau Ballet song)|True]]" | [[Spandau Ballet]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1985{{Anchor|1985}} | [[Phil Collins]] | "[[Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)]]" | [[Phil Collins]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1985/|title=The Ivors 1985|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309075103/http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1985/|archive-date=March 9, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[George Michael]], [[Andrew Ridgeley]] | "[[Careless Whisper]]" | [[George Michael]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]], [[Graham Lyle]] | "[[I Should Have Known Better (Jim Diamond song)|I Should Have Known Better]]" | [[Jim Diamond (singer)|Jim Diamond]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="4"| 1986{{Anchor|1986}} | [[Elton John]], [[Bernie Taupin]] | "[[Nikita (song)|Nikita]]" | [[Elton John]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1986|title=The Ivors 1986|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 24, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122145204/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1986|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Roland Orzabal]], [[Ian Stanley]], [[Chris Hughes (musician)|Chris Hughes]] | "[[Everybody Wants to Rule the World]]" | [[Tears for Fears]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Tim Rice]], [[Björn Ulvaeus]], [[Benny Andersson]] | "[[I Know Him So Well]]" | [[Elaine Paige]] and [[Barbara Dickson]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Mick Jones (Foreigner guitarist)|Mick Jones]] | "[[I Want to Know What Love Is]]" | [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1987{{Anchor|1987}} | [[Peter Gabriel]] | "[[Don't Give Up (Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush song)|Don't Give Up]]" | [[Peter Gabriel]] and [[Kate Bush]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1987/|title=The Ivors 1987|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201183455/http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1987/|archive-date=February 1, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Charles Hart (lyricist)|Charles Hart]], [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], [[Richard Stilgoe]] | "[[All I Ask of You]]" | [[Cliff Richard]] and [[Sarah Brightman]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Annie Lennox]], [[Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)|Dave Stewart]] | "[[The Miracle of Love]]" | [[Eurythmics]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1988{{Anchor|1988}} | [[Labi Siffre]] | "[[(Something Inside) So Strong]]" | [[Labi Siffre]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1988/|title=The Ivors 1988|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223257/http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1988/|archive-date=March 8, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Simon Climie]], [[Dennis Morgan (songwriter)|Dennis Morgan]] | "[[I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)]]" | [[Aretha Franklin]] and [[George Michael]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Michael Rutherford]] | "[[Throwing It All Away]]" | [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1989{{Anchor|1989}} | [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] | "[[They Dance Alone]]" | [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1989/|title=The Ivors 1989|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712215911/http://theivors.com/archive/1980-1989/the-ivors-1989/|archive-date=July 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Gary Clark (musician)|Gary Clark]] | "[[Mary's Prayer]]" | [[Danny Wilson (band)|Danny Wilson]] | {{nominated}} |- | Mark Nevin | "[[Perfect (Fairground Attraction song)|Perfect]]" | [[Fairground Attraction]] | {{nominated}} |} ===1990s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#1990|1990]]{{·}}[[#1991|1991]]{{·}}[[#1992|1992]]{{·}}[[#1993|1993]]{{·}}[[#1994|1994]]{{·}}[[#1995|1995]]{{·}}[[#1996|1996]]{{·}}[[#1997|1997]]{{·}}[[#1998|1998]]{{·}}[[#1999|1999]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 1990s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1990{{Anchor|1990}} | [[B.A. Robertson]] and [[Mike Rutherford]] | "[[The Living Years]]" | [[Mike and the Mechanics|Mike + The Mechanics]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1990|title=The Ivors 1990|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 25, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142203/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1990|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Phil Collins]] | "[[Another Day in Paradise]]" | [[Phil Collins]] | {{nominated}} |- | Marcus Vere, [[Richard Darbyshire]], [[Albert Hammond]] | "[[Room in Your Heart]]" | [[Living in a Box]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1991{{Anchor|1991}} | [[Elton John]], [[Bernie Taupin]] | "[[Sacrifice (Elton John song)|Sacrifice]]" | [[Elton John]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1991|title=The Ivors 1991|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 25, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142207/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1991|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Justin Currie]] | "[[Nothing Ever Happens]]" | [[Del Amitri]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Paddy McAloon]] | "We Let the Stars Go" | [[Prefab Sprout]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1992{{Anchor|1992}} | [[Mike Scott (Scottish musician)|Mike Scott]] | "[[The Whole of the Moon]]" | [[The Waterboys]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1992/|title=The Ivors 1992|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013937/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1992/|archive-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Mick Hucknall]] | "[[Stars (Simply Red song)|Stars]]" | [[Simply Red]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Freddie Mercury]], [[Brian May]], [[Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)|Roger Taylor]], [[John Deacon]] | "[[The Show Must Go On (Queen song)|The Show Must Go On]]" | [[Queen (band)|Queen]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1993{{Anchor|1993}} | [[Annie Lennox]] | "[[Why (Annie Lennox song)|Why]]" | [[Annie Lennox]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1993/|title=The Ivors 1993|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910053239/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1993/|archive-date=September 10, 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Eric Clapton]], [[Will Jennings]] | "[[Tears in Heaven]]" | [[Eric Clapton]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Andy Partridge]] | "[[The Disappointed]]" | [[XTC]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1994{{Anchor|1994}} | [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] | "[[If I Ever Lose My Faith in You]]" | [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1994/|title=The Ivors 1994|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415080041/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1994/|archive-date=April 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Steve Duberry]], Billy Lawrie, [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]] | "[[I Don't Wanna Fight]]" | [[Tina Turner]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Simon Le Bon]], [[Nick Rhodes]], [[John Taylor (bass guitarist)|John Taylor]], [[Warren Cuccurullo]] | "[[Ordinary World (song)|Ordinary World]]" | [[Duran Duran]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1995{{Anchor|1995}} | [[Andy Hill (composer)|Andy Hill]], [[Peter Sinfield]] | "[[Think Twice (Celine Dion song)|Think Twice]]" | [[Celine Dion]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1995/|title=The Ivors 1995|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307004129/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1995/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Mark Nevin, [[Kirsty McColl]] | "[[Dear John (Eddi Reader song)|Dear John]]" | [[Eddi Reader]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Boo Hewerdine]] | "[[Patience of Angels]]" | [[Eddi Reader]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1996{{Anchor|1996}} | [[Jarvis Cocker]], [[Nick Banks]], [[Candida Doyle]], [[Steve Mackey]], [[Russell Senior]] | "[[Common People]]" | [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1996/|title=The Ivors 1996|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307064556/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1996/|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Gary Barlow]] | "[[Back for Good (song)|Back for Good]]" | [[Take That]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[David Freeman (musician)|David Freeman]], [[Joseph Hughes (musician)|Joseph Hughes]] | "[[No More "I Love You's"]]" | [[Annie Lennox]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1997{{Anchor|1997}} | [[Brian May]], [[Frank Musker]], Elizabeth Lamers | "[[Too Much Love Will Kill You]]" | [[Brian May]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1997/|title=The Ivors 1997|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218205013/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1997/|archive-date=February 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Terence Martin, [[Karen Poole]], [[Shelly Poole|Michelle Poole]] | "[[I Am, I Feel]]" | [[Alisha's Attic]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Tommy Scott (English musician)|Thomas Scott]], Andrew Parle, James Edwards, [[Franny Griffiths]] | "[[Neighbourhood (song)|Neighbourhood]]" | [[Space (English band)|Space]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1998{{Anchor|1998}} | [[Thom Yorke]], [[Jonny Greenwood]], [[Phil Selway]], [[Colin Greenwood]], [[Ed O'Brien]] | "[[Paranoid Android]]" | [[Radiohead]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1998/|title=The Ivors 1998|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813023728/http://theivors.com/archive/1990-1999/the-ivors-1998/|archive-date=August 13, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Robbie Williams]], [[Guy Chambers]] | "[[Angels (Robbie Williams song)|Angels]]" | [[Robbie Williams]] | {{nominated}} |- | Tjinder Singh | "[[Brimful of Asha]]" | [[Cornershop]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 1999{{Anchor|1999}} | [[Brian Higgins (producer)|Brian Higgins]], Steve Torch, [[Paul Barry (songwriter)|Paul Barry]], Stuart McLennan, [[Tim Powell (producer)|Tim Powell]], Matt Gray | "[[Believe (Cher song)|Believe]]" | [[Cher]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1999|title=The Ivors 1999|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 28, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142204/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=1999|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Tracy Ackerman]], [[Ray Hedges]], Martin Brannigan, [[Edele Lynch]], [[Keavy Lynch]], [[Lindsay Armaou]], [[Sinead O'Carroll]] | "[[C'est la Vie (B*Witched song)|C'est la Vie]]" | [[B*Witched]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Jarvis Cocker]], [[Nick Banks]], [[Candida Doyle]], [[Steve Mackey]], [[Mark Webber (guitarist)|Mark Webber]] | "[[A Little Soul]]" | [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] | {{nominated}} |} ===2000s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#2000|2000]]{{·}}[[#2001|2001]]{{·}}[[#2002|2002]]{{·}}[[#2003|2003]]{{·}}[[#2004|2004]]{{·}}[[#2005|2005]]{{·}}[[#2006|2006]]{{·}}[[#2007|2007]]{{·}}[[#2008|2008]]{{·}}[[#2009|2009]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 2000s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2000{{Anchor|2000}} | [[Robbie Williams]], [[Guy Chambers]] || "[[Strong (Robbie Williams song)|Strong]]" || [[Robbie Williams]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2000|title=The Ivors 2000|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=October 29, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142208/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2000|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Pam Sheyne]], [[David Frank (musician)|David Frank]], [[Steve Kipner]] || "[[Genie in a Bottle]]" || [[Christina Aguilera]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Robert John "Mutt" Lange|Mutt Lange]], [[Shania Twain]] || "[[You're Still the One]]" || [[Shania Twain]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2001{{Anchor|2001}} | [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]] || "[[Babylon (David Gray song)|Babylon]]" || [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2001/|title=The Ivors 2001|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713011351/http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2001/|archive-date=July 13, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Cathy Dennis]], [[Simon Ellis (record producer)|Simon Ellis]] || "[[Never Had a Dream Come True (S Club 7 song)|Never Had a Dream Come True]]" || [[S Club 7]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Guy Berryman]], [[Jonny Buckland]], [[Will Champion]], [[Chris Martin]] || "[[Trouble (Coldplay song)|Trouble]]" || [[Coldplay]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2002{{Anchor|2002}} | [[Adam Clayton]], [[The Edge]], [[Bono]], [[Larry Mullen Jr.]] || "[[Walk On (U2 song)|Walk On]]" || [[U2]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2002/|title=The Ivors 2002|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622041304/http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2002/|archive-date=June 22, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]] || "[[Sail Away (David Gray song)|Sail Away]]" || [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Fran Healy (musician)|Fran Healy]] || "[[Side (song)|Side]]" || [[Travis (band)|Travis]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2003{{Anchor|2003}} | [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]] || "[[The Other Side (David Gray song)|The Other Side]]" || [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2003|title=The Ivors 2003|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122145217/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2003|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2966887.stm|title=Ivor Novello Awards 2003: Winners|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB|date=April 22, 2003|access-date=November 29, 2020|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2966887.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Noel Gallagher]] || "[[Stop Crying Your Heart Out]]" || [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Aqualung (musician)|Matthew Hales]], Kim Oliver || "[[Strange & Beautiful (I'll Put A Spell On You)]]" || [[Aqualung (musician)|Aqualung]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2004{{Anchor|2004}} | [[Eg White|Francis Eg White]] || "[[Leave Right Now]]" || [[Will Young]] || {{win}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2004/|title=The Ivors 2004|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312200648/http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2004/|archive-date=March 12, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Stuart Murdoch (musician)|Stuart Murdoch]], [[Stephen Jackson]], [[Chris Geddes|Christopher Geddes]], [[Richard Colburn]], [[Mick Cooke (musician)|Michael Cooke]], [[Sarah Martin (musician)|Sarah Martin]], [[Bobby Kildea|Robert Kildea]] || "[[Step into My Office, Baby]]" || [[Belle and Sebastian]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Dido (singer)|Dido Armstrong]], [[Rollo Armstrong]], [[Rick Nowels|Richard Nowels]] || "[[White Flag (Dido song)|White Flag]]" || [[Dido (singer)|Dido]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2005{{Anchor|2005}} | [[Mike Skinner (musician)|Mike Skinner]] || "[[Dry Your Eyes]]" || [[The Streets]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2005/|title=The Ivors 2005|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142213/http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2005/|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Tom Chaplin]], [[Richard Hughes (musician)|Richard Hughes]], [[Tim Rice-Oxley]] || "[[Everybody's Changing]]" || [[Keane (band)|Keane]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Stephen Kipner]], Andrew Frampton, [[Natasha Bedingfield]], [[Wayne Wilkins]] || "[[These Words]]" || [[Natasha Bedingfield]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2006{{Anchor|2006}} | [[KT Tunstall]] || "[[Suddenly I See]]" || [[KT Tunstall]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2006|title=The Ivors 2006|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=November 13, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122145158/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2006|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Guy Berryman]], [[Jonathan Buckland]], [[Will Champion|William Champion]], [[Chris Martin]] || "[[Fix You]]" || [[Coldplay]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Alex Turner]] || "[[I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor]]" || [[Arctic Monkeys]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2007{{Anchor|2007}} | [[Scott Matthews]] || "[[Elusive]]" || [[Scott Matthews]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2007|title=The Ivors 2007|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|accessdate=November 13, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122145208/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/?ay=2007|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Nerina Pallot]] || "[[Sophia (Nerina Pallot song)|Sophia]]" || [[Nerina Pallot]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Alex Turner]] || "[[When the Sun Goes Down (Arctic Monkeys song)|When the Sun Goes Down]]" || [[Arctic Monkeys]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2008{{Anchor|2008}} | [[Amy Winehouse]] || "[[Love Is a Losing Game]]" || [[Amy Winehouse]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2008/|title=The Ivors 2008|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803231717/http://theivors.com/archive/2000-2009/the-ivors-2008/|archive-date=August 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Rosi Golan]], [[Jamie Hartman]] || "Let Me Out" || [[Ben's Brother]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Amy Winehouse]] || "[[You Know I'm No Good]]" || [[Amy Winehouse]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2009{{Anchor|2009}} | [[Guy Garvey]], Richard Jupp, Craig Potter, Mark Potter, [[Pete Turner (musician)|Peter Turner]] || "[[One Day Like This (song)|One Day Like This]]" || [[Elbow (band)|Elbow]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsformusic.com/press/2009/ivors-nomination-announcement|title=Ivors Nomination Announcement|website=PRS for Music|date=April 21, 2009|accessdate=November 14, 2021|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074352/https://www.prsformusic.com/press/2009/ivors-nomination-announcement|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8062299.stm|title=2009 Ivor Novello awards: The winners|website=[[BBC News]]|date=May 21, 2009|accessdate=November 14, 2021|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123051721/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8062299.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Miles Kane]], [[Alex Turner]] || "[[My Mistakes Were Made for You]]" || [[The Last Shadow Puppets]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Nick Hemming|Nicholas Hemming]] || "The Last of the Melting Snow" || [[The Leisure Society]] || {{nominated}} |} ===2010s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#2010|2010]]{{·}}[[#2011|2011]]{{·}}[[#2012|2012]]{{·}}[[#2013|2013]]{{·}}[[#2014|2014]]{{·}}[[#2015|2015]]{{·}}[[#2016|2016]]{{·}}[[#2017|2017]]{{·}}[[#2018|2018]]{{·}}[[#2019|2019]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 2010s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2010{{Anchor|2010}} | [[Lily Allen]], [[Greg Kurstin]] || "[[The Fear (Lily Allen song)|The Fear]]" || [[Lily Allen]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8695448.stm|title=2010 Ivor Novello awards: The winners|website=[[BBC News]]|date=May 20, 2021|accessdate=November 15, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8695448.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Nick Hemming]] || "Save It for Someone Who Cares" || [[The Leisure Society]] || {{nominated}} |- | Ed Adlard, Will Adlard, Ali Digby, George Eddy || "The Last Bus" || Patch William || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2011{{Anchor|2011}} | Conor O'Brien || "Becoming a Jackal" || [[Villagers (band)|Villagers]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2010-to-present/the-ivors-2011/|title=The Ivors 2011|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107194246/http://theivors.com/archive/2010-to-present/the-ivors-2011/|archive-date=November 7, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Jonathan Higgs]], Jeremy Pritchard, Alexander Robertshaw, Michael Spearman || "[[My Kz, Ur Bf]]" || [[Everything Everything]] || {{nominated}} |- | Jack Bevan, Edwin Congreave, Walter Gervers, [[Yannis Philippakis]], James Smith || "[[Spanish Sahara (song)|Spanish Sahara]]" || [[Foals (band)|Foals]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2012{{Anchor|2012}} | [[Ed Sheeran]] || "[[The A Team (Ed Sheeran song)|The A Team]]" || [[Ed Sheeran]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/archive/2010-to-present/the-ivors-2012/|title=The Ivors 2012|website=[[Ivors Academy]]|archive-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624163413/http://theivors.com/archive/2010-to-present/the-ivors-2012/|accessdate=November 15, 2021}}</ref> |- | [[Adele]], [[Paul Epworth]] || "[[Rolling in the Deep]]" || [[Adele]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Paul Epworth]], [[Kid Harpoon]], [[Florence Welch]] || "[[Shake It Out]]" || [[Florence and the Machine|Florence + the Machine]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2013{{Anchor|2013}} | Hugo Chegwin, Harry Craze, [[A. K. Paul|Anup Paul]], [[Emeli Sandé]] || "[[Next to Me (Emeli Sandé song)|Next to Me]]" || [[Emeli Sandé]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a482103/the-ivor-novello-awards-2013-winners-in-full/|title=The Ivor Novello Awards 2013: Winners in full|website=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Lewis|last=Corner|date=May 16, 2013|accessdate=November 19, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142153/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a482103/the-ivor-novello-awards-2013-winners-in-full/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Bat for Lashes|Natasha Khan]], [[Justin Parker]] || "[[Laura (Bat for Lashes song)|Laura]]" || [[Bat for Lashes]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Iain Archer]], [[Jake Bugg]] || "[[Two Fingers]]" || [[Jake Bugg]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2014{{Anchor|2014}} | Dominic Major, [[Hannah Reid]], Daniel Rothman || "[[Strong (London Grammar song)|Strong]]" || [[London Grammar]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a572888/the-ivor-novello-awards-2014-winners-in-full/|title=The Ivor Novello Awards 2014: Winners in full|website=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Amy|last=Davidson|date=May 22, 2014|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142154/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a572888/the-ivor-novello-awards-2014-winners-in-full/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Will Doyle, Sam Fryer, Chilli Jesson, Pete Mayhew || "Best of Friends" || [[Palma Violets]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[John Newman (singer)|John Newman]], [[Steve Booker (producer)|Steve Booker]] || "[[Love Me Again (John Newman song)|Love Me Again]]" || [[John Newman (singer)|John Newman]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2015{{Anchor|2015}} | [[Hozier (musician)|Andrew Hozier-Byrne]] || "[[Take Me to Church]]" || [[Hozier (musician)|Hozier]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/21/ivor-novello-awards-2015-clean-bandit-hozier-prizes|title=Ivor Novello awards 2015: Clean Bandit and Hozier triumph|website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Tim|last=Jonze|date=May 21, 2015|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142154/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/21/ivor-novello-awards-2015-clean-bandit-hozier-prizes|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Andrew Davie || "Above the Clouds of Pompeii" || [[Bear's Den (band)|Bear's Den]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Ben Howard]] || "I Forget Where We Were" || [[Ben Howard]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2016{{Anchor|2016}} | [[Jamie Lawson (musician)|Jamie Lawson]] || "[[Wasn't Expecting That]]" || [[Jamie Lawson (musician)|Jamie Lawson]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theivors.com/the-ivors-2016/|title=The Ivors 2016|website=The Ivors|language=en-US|access-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523012357/http://theivors.com/the-ivors-2016/|archive-date=May 23, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | Piers Aggett, Kesi Dryden, [[Amir Amor|Amir Izadkhah]], [[Gary Lightbody]], [[Johnny McDaid]], Leon Rolle, [[Ed Sheeran]] || "[[Bloodstream (song)|Bloodstream]]" || [[Ed Sheeran]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Ellie Rowsell]] || "[[Bros (Wolf Alice song)|Bros]]" || [[Wolf Alice]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2017{{Anchor|2017}} | [[Inflo|Dean 'Inflo' Joisah Cover]], [[Michael Kiwanuka]] || "Black Man in a White World" || [[Michael Kiwanuka]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theivors.com/the-ivors-2017/|title=The Ivors 2017 - The Ivors|work=The Ivors|access-date=November 21, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705075627/http://theivors.com/the-ivors-2017/|archive-date=July 5, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nominations-revealed-ivor-novello-awards-2017-2055034|title=Nominations revealed for Ivor Novello Awards 2017|website=[[NME]]|first=Andrew|last=Trendell|date=April 19, 2017|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142154/https://www.nme.com/news/music/nominations-revealed-ivor-novello-awards-2017-2055034|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Laura Mvula]], [[Nile Rodgers]] || "Overcome" || [[Laura Mvula]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Blaine Harrison]], Henry Harrison || "Telomere" || [[Mystery Jets]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2018{{Anchor|2018}} | [[Guy Garvey]], Craig Potter, Mark Potter, [[Pete Turner (musician)|Pete Turner]] || "Magnificent (She Says)" || [[Elbow (band)|Elbow]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/ivor-novello-nominations-2018-2301500|title=Stormzy, Ed Sheeran and Everything Everything lead nominations for Ivor Novello Awards 2018|website=[[NME]]|first=Larry|last=Bartleet|date=April 24, 2018|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archive-date=April 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424192704/http://www.nme.com/news/music/ivor-novello-nominations-2018-2301500|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/all-the-winners-at-the-2018-ivor-novello-awards-36965744.html|title=All the winners at the 2018 Ivor Novello Awards|website=[[Irish Independent]]|date=May 31, 2018|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142151/https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/all-the-winners-at-the-2018-ivor-novello-awards-36965744.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[Jonathan Higgs]], Jeremy Pritchard, Alex Robertshaw, Michael Spearman || "Can't Do" || [[Everything Everything]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Sampha]] || "(No One Knows Me) Like the Piano" || [[Sampha]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2019{{Anchor|2019}} | [[Ben Howard]] || "Nica Libres at Dusk" || [[Ben Howard]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nominations-ivors-2019-2480053|title=Here are the nominations for the Ivor Novellos 2019|website=[[NME]]|first=Andrew|last=Trendell|date=April 24, 2019|accessdate=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116182350/https://www.nme.com/news/music/nominations-ivors-2019-2480053|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-2019-ivor-novello-awards-winners-have-been-announced-including-mariah-carey-wiley-and-the-1975__26406/|title=The 2019 Ivor Novello Awards winners have been announced, including Mariah Carey, Wiley and The 1975|last=Ainsley|first=Helen|date=May 23, 2019|website=Official Charts|url-status=live|access-date=November 20, 2021|archive-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523173339/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-2019-ivor-novello-awards-winners-have-been-announced-including-mariah-carey-wiley-and-the-1975__26406/}}</ref> |- | [[Alex Turner]] || "[[Four Out of Five]]" || [[Arctic Monkeys]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Hozier (musician)|Andrew Hozier-Byrne]] || "[[Nina Cried Power]]" || [[Hozier (musician)|Hozier]] || {{nominated}} |} ===2020s=== {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Class" align="center" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}} |- | style="text-align:center;"|&nbsp;[[#2020|2020]]{{·}}[[#2021|2021]]{{·}}[[#2022|2022]]{{·}}[[#2023|2023]]&nbsp; |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%" |+List of award nominees and winners for the 2020s ! scope="col" width="5%" | Year ! scope="col" width="35%" | Songwriter(s) ! scope="col" width="20%" | Song ! scope="col" width="20%" | Performing artist(s) ! scope="col" width="15%" | Result ! scope="col" class="unsortable" width="5%" | Ref. |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| 2020{{Anchor|2020}} | [[Jamie Cullum]] | "Age of Anxiety" | [[Jamie Cullum]] | {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2020-ivor-novello-awards-nominees-9421014/|title=Check Out the Nominees For 2020 Ivor Novello Awards|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|date=July 20, 2020|accessdate=November 21, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142151/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2020-ivor-novello-awards-nominees-9421014/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/sep/02/dave-little-simz-and-jamie-cullum-win-at-2020-ivor-novello-awards|title=Dave, Little Simz and Jamie Cullum win at 2020 Ivor Novello awards|website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Ben|last=Beaumont-Thomas|date=September 2, 2020|accessdate=November 21, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142151/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/sep/02/dave-little-simz-and-jamie-cullum-win-at-2020-ivor-novello-awards|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | [[MJ Cole]], [[Jimmy Napes]], [[Stormzy]] | "[[Crown (Stormzy song)|Crown]]" | [[Stormzy]] | {{nominated}} |- | [[Sam Fender]] | "Dead Boys" | [[Sam Fender]] | {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="5"| 2021{{Anchor|2021}} | Barney Lister, [[Obongjayar]] || "God's Own Children" || [[Obongjayar]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2021-ivor-novello-awards-nominees-9612693/|title=Harry Styles, Lewis Capaldi, Dave, Celeste Top 2021 Ivor Novello Award Nominees|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|date=August 10, 2021|accessdate=November 21, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142154/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2021-ivor-novello-awards-nominees-9612693/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/music/news/harry-styles-bon-jovi-ivor-novello-awards-1235070608/|title=Harry Styles, Bon Jovi Win Big at 2021 Ivor Novello Awards as Universal IPO Provides Sideshow|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Mark|last=Sutherland|date=September 21, 2021|accessdate=November 21, 2021|archive-date=November 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142151/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/harry-styles-bon-jovi-ivor-novello-awards-1235070608/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | Gianluca Buccellati, [[Arlo Parks]] || "[[Black Dog (Arlo Parks song)|Black Dog]]" || [[Arlo Parks]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Headie One]], [[Fred Again|Fred again...]] || "Gang" || [[Headie One]] and [[Fred Again|Fred again...]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Marina Diamandis]] || "[[Man's World (song)|Man's World]]" || Marina || {{nominated}} |- | [[Celeste (singer)|Celeste]] and [[Jamie Hartman]] || "[[Stop This Flame]]" || ([[Celeste (singer)|Celeste]]) || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="5"| 2022{{Anchor|2022}} | [[Sam Fender]] || "[[Seventeen Going Under (song)|Seventeen Going Under]]" || [[Sam Fender]] || {{won}} | align="center" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite news |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Sam Fender and Dave lead winners at 2022 Ivor Novello Awards |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/sam-fender-and-dave-lead-winners-at-2022-ivor-novello-awards-17270/ |url-status=live |language=en-GB |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |location=UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220519204349/https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/sam-fender-and-dave-lead-winners-at-2022-ivor-novello-awards-17270/ |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |access-date=May 19, 2022}}</ref> |- | [[Adele]], [[Greg Kurstin]] || "[[Easy on Me]]" || [[Adele]] || {{nominated}} |- | Mike Elzondo, Natalie Hemby, Ben Jackson-Cook, [[Rag'n'Bone Man]] || "[[All You Ever Wanted]]" || [[Rag'n'Bone Man]] || {{nominated}} |- | Sarah Aarons, [[Holly Humberstone]], Rob Milton || "Haunted House" || [[Holly Humberstone]] || {{nominated}} |- | Ella Henderson, [[TMS (production team)|Ben Kohn]], [[TMS (production team)|Pete "Merf" Kelleher]], [[TMS (production team)|Tom "Froe" Barnes]], [[James Arthur]] || "[[Let's Go Home Together]]" || [[Ella Henderson]] featuring [[Tom Grennan]] || {{nominated}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="5"| 2023{{Anchor|2023}} | [[Jack Antonoff]] and [[Florence Welch]] || "[[King (Florence and the Machine song)|King]]" || [[Florence + The Machine]] || {{Won}} |- | [[Kid Harpoon]], [[Tyler Johnson (musician)|Tyler Johnson]] and [[Harry Styles]] || "[[As It Was]]" || [[Harry Styles]] || {{nominated}} | align="center" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/arctic-monkeys-florence-the-machine-harry-styles-lead-2023-ivor-novello-nominations-3432545|title=Arctic Monkeys, Florence + The Machine, Harry Styles lead 2023 Ivor Novello nominations|website=[[NME]]|first=Liberty|last=Dunworth|date=19 April 2023|accessdate=19 April 2023}}</ref> |- | Laurie Blundell and [[Tom Odell]] || "Best Day of My Life" || [[Tom Odell]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Katie Gregson-MacLeod]] || "Complex" || [[Katie Gregson-MacLeod]] || {{nominated}} |- | [[Inflo|Dean "Inflo" Josiah Cover]] and [[Cleo Sol|Cleopatra Nikolic]] || "Stronger" || [[Sault (band)|SAULT]] || {{nominated}} |- |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== * [https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors Oficial awards website] * [https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/ Ivor Awards archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408110558/https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/ |date=2020-04-08 }} [[Category:Music awards| ]] 5377vienro5wkmqm3hdvn4yb6aafkpd 3 1195924 10329848 10318959 2025-06-14T12:29:05Z MathXplore 966595 You have been indefinitely blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329848 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, Aimanmax. We welcome your changes to Wikipedia, but if you are closely associated with some of the people, places or things that [[Special:Contributions/Aimanmax|you have written about]] on Wikipedia, you may need to read our advice on [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]]. All users need to follow Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] rules for content. People with a close connection to a subject often have a strong opinion about it. This may cause them to change the article in ways that make it either too flattering or too critical. They will most often not be aware they are doing it. 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The church is often called "la bonne mère" ("the good mother") by the people of Marseille. == History == === Early buildings === A small chapel was first built on the hill in 1214 by a local priest named Pierre. In the 15th century, it became a place of pilgrimage. In 1516, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] visited and decided to build a stronger fort on the hill to protect the coast. A small chapel was included inside this fort. === 19th-century church === The current basilica was built between 1853 and 1864 during the [[Second French Empire]]. It was designed by architect Henri-Jacques Espérandieu in a Neo-Byzantine style, which means it was inspired by Eastern Christian art and architecture. It replaced the old chapel. == Architecture == === Outside === The church is built with green limestone and white marble. It has a large bell tower, 41 meters tall, with a big statue of the Virgin Mary holding baby Jesus on top. This golden statue is 11.2 meters high and weighs over 9,000 kg. The bell tower itself is 60 meters above the ground, and the church is built on a 149-meter-high hill, so it can be seen from far away. === Inside === The inside of the church has colorful mosaics covering over 1,200 square meters. Many of the mosaics show prayers of thanks, ships, and symbols of faith. The walls also display many small gifts and memorials from people who were saved from danger. These are called ex-votos and include paintings, medals, and even model ships. == Religious and cultural importance == Notre-Dame de la Garde is a very important religious site in Marseille. Sailors and fishermen have prayed here for protection for centuries. Many people still visit the basilica to ask for help or give thanks. Every year on August 15, many people go there to celebrate the Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]]. == Tourism == The basilica is one of the most visited places in Marseille. Visitors come to see the church and enjoy the great views of the city and the sea from the hilltop. You can reach it by walking, by road, or by a special tourist train. == Protection == Notre-Dame de la Garde is protected as a ''Monument Historique'' (Historic Monument) by the French government since 1917. == Other websites == {{Commons category|Basilique Notre-Dame de la Garde}} * [http://notredamedelagarde.fr/?lang=en Official website] * [https://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/highlights/the-essentials/notre-dame-de-la-garde-basilica/ Notre-Dame de la Garde] – Marseille Tourism * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z1s1kktOMs Bells of Notre-Dame de la Garde] {{Basilicas in France}} {{Marseille}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Notre-Dame De La Garde}} [[Category:Roman Catholic churches in France]] [[Category:Marseille]] [[Category:19th-century buildings and structures]] r80uhyd9kz4fzvdge0gk1ne0yfw34kx 10330929 10330928 2025-06-14T21:56:42Z 193.5.232.52 /* Other websites */ 10330929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Notre-Dame de la Garde aerial view 2020.jpeg|397px|right]] '''Notre-Dame de la Garde''' is a [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Church (building)|church]] in [[Marseille]], [[France]]. It is built on a hill south of the Old Port (Vieux-Port) and is one of the most famous symbols of the city. The church is often called "la bonne mère" ("the good mother") by the people of Marseille. == History == === Early buildings === A small chapel was first built on the hill in 1214 by a local priest named Pierre. In the 15th century, it became a place of pilgrimage. In 1516, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] visited and decided to build a stronger fort on the hill to protect the coast. A small chapel was included inside this fort. === 19th-century church === The current basilica was built between 1853 and 1864 during the [[Second French Empire]]. It was designed by architect Henri-Jacques Espérandieu in a Neo-Byzantine style, which means it was inspired by Eastern Christian art and architecture. It replaced the old chapel. == Architecture == === Outside === The church is built with green limestone and white marble. It has a large bell tower, 41 meters tall, with a big statue of the Virgin Mary holding baby Jesus on top. This golden statue is 11.2 meters high and weighs over 9,000 kg. The bell tower itself is 60 meters above the ground, and the church is built on a 149-meter-high hill, so it can be seen from far away. === Inside === The inside of the church has colorful mosaics covering over 1,200 square meters. Many of the mosaics show prayers of thanks, ships, and symbols of faith. The walls also display many small gifts and memorials from people who were saved from danger. These are called ex-votos and include paintings, medals, and even model ships. == Religious and cultural importance == Notre-Dame de la Garde is a very important religious site in Marseille. Sailors and fishermen have prayed here for protection for centuries. Many people still visit the basilica to ask for help or give thanks. Every year on August 15, many people go there to celebrate the Feast of the [[Assumption of Mary]]. == Tourism == The basilica is one of the most visited places in Marseille. Visitors come to see the church and enjoy the great views of the city and the sea from the hilltop. You can reach it by walking, by road, or by a special tourist train. == Protection == Notre-Dame de la Garde is protected as a ''Monument Historique'' (Historic Monument) by the French government since 1917. == Other websites == {{Commons category|Basilique Notre-Dame de la Garde}} * [http://notredamedelagarde.fr/?lang=en Official website] * [https://www.marseille-tourisme.com/en/discover-marseille/highlights/the-essentials/notre-dame-de-la-garde-basilica/ Notre-Dame de la Garde] – Marseille Tourism * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z1s1kktOMs Bells of Notre-Dame de la Garde] {{Basilicas in France}} {{Marseille}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Notre-Dame De La Garde}} [[Category:Roman Catholic churches in France]] [[Category:Marseille]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century]] l4n0anvprzktmihknw3sl364grm3pol 0 1196067 10330935 10326633 2025-06-14T22:00:05Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10330935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current event|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = Graz school shooting | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = DS15 BORG.jpg | image_size = | caption = Entrance to the school (BORG Dreierschützengasse) | coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q134821352|display=inline,title}} | map = {{maplink|type=point|coord={{Coord|47.0778|15.4106}}|title=Bundes-Oberstufenrealgymnasium Dreierschützengasse|marker=school|zoom=15|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|47.0778|15.4106}}}} | location = {{lang|de-AT|Bundes-Oberstufenrealgymnasium Dreierschützengasse|italic=no}}, [[Graz]], [[Styria]], Austria | date = {{Start date|2025|06|10|df=y}} | time = 10:00 | timezone = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], UTC+02:00 | target = Students and staff | weapons = * [[Glock]] [[semi-automatic pistol]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Amoklauf an Schule in Graz: Das ist über Amok-Schützen bekannt |url=https://www.20min.ch/story/graz-10-tote-an-schule-das-ist-ueber-amok-schuetzen-bekannt-103361907 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=20 Minuten |language=de }}</ref> * [[Shotgun]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jUWNeZ-CK0 |title=Live: Lage nach Amoklauf an einer Schule in Österreich |date=10 June 2025 |last=Tagesschau |access-date=10 June 2025 |via=YouTube }}</ref> | type = [[School shooting]], [[mass shooting]], [[mass murder]], [[murder-suicide]] | fatalities = 11 (including the perpetrator)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2025 |title=Amoklauf an Schule in Graz: Neue Infos zu Opfern und Täter – Polizei findet offenbar Abschiedsbrief |url=https://www.wa.de/welt/graz-amoklauf-oesterreich-mehrere-tote-nach-schuessen-an-schule-motiv-93777325.html |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=www.wa.de |language=de }}</ref> | injuries = 11 | perpetrator = Artur A.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amokschütze von Graz ist Ex-Schüler und 22 Jahre alt |url=https://www.heute.at/s/amokschuetze-von-graz-ist-ex-schueler-und-22-jahre-alt-120113088 |access-date=10 June 2025 |website=Heute |language=de }}</ref> | motive = Under investigation }} On 10 June 2025, at around 09:55 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], a shooting happened at the Bundes-Oberstufenrealgymnasium Dreierschützengasse (BORG Dreierschützengasse), a upper secondary school in [[Graz]], [[Austria]]. Police said that 10 people were killed and 11 others were injured by the shooter. The shooter died by shooting himself in the school bathroom and was identified as 21-year-old former student Artur A.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 June 2025|title=Austria: Several killed in Graz school shooting — media|work=DW News|url=https://www.dw.com/en/austria-several-killed-in-graz-school-shooting-media/a-72852582|access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/ce3vxrz6rpnt|title=Several people confirmed dead in Austria school shooting, police say|last1=Moloney|first1=Marita|last2=Bell|first2=Bethany|last3=Kirby|first3=Paul|date=10 June 2025|access-date=10 June 2025|publisher=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> The shooting is the deadliest mass killing in modern Austrian history.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Austria's deadliest mass shooting: Who are the Graz victims, shooter?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/10/graz-austria-school-shooting-what-we-know-about-the-victims-shooter|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bayer|first=Florian|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf in Graz: Der schlimmste Vorfall dieser Art in Österreich|language=de|work=Die Tageszeitung: taz|url=https://taz.de/Amoklauf-in-Graz/!6093526/|access-date=11 June 2025|issn=0931-9085}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Österreich unter Schock|language=de|work=Frankfurter Rundschau|url=https://www.fr.de/panorama/nach-dem-amoklauf-eines-21-jaehrigen-der-an-einer-schule-in-graz-neun-menschen-getoetet-haben-soll-rueckt-auch-das-laxe-waffenrecht-des-landes-in-den-93778166.html|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Mehrere Tote nach Amoklauf an Schule in Graz|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/eilmeldung/amoklauf-oesterreich-100.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Tagesschau|language=de}}</ref> == Shooting == At around 09:55 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]],<ref name=":0" /> gunshots were reported at the Dreierschützengasse upper secondary school in Lend district.<ref name="krone12">{{cite news|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf an Grazer Schule – mindestens acht Tote!|trans-title=School shooting in Graz – at least eight dead!|agency=Kronen Zeitung|url=https://www.krone.at/3808844|access-date=10 June 2025|lang=de-AT}}</ref> Neighbours say that the first shots were fired outside of the school before the shooter went inside the building. Inside, he opened fire in at least two classrooms on the second floor. Around 40 gunshots were fired in total.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Schießerei in Graz, Angreifer identifiziert: Es handelt sich um einen 21-jährigen Österreicher|url=https://www.unionesarda.it/de/welt/schieserei-in-graz-angreifer-identifiziert-es-handelt-sich-um-einen-21-jahrigen-osterreicher-t9ryhkjc|access-date=11 June 2025|website=L'Unione Sarda German|language=de}}</ref> Emergency teams came at 10:00 CEST.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sommersacher|first=Roman|date=10 June 2025|title=Tödliche Schüsse an Grazer Schule|url=https://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10447718/8106444/Toedliche_Schuesse_an_Grazer_Schule.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Stadtportal der Landeshauptstadt Graz|language=de}}</ref> Police sent 300 officers, the tactical team Einsatzkommando Cobra, and a helicopter, along with 160 paramedics and firefighters.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Zehn Tote bei Amoklauf an Schule in Graz – was bisher bekannt ist|url=https://www.stern.de/panorama/verbrechen/graz--zehn-tote-bei-amoklauf-an-schule---was-bisher-bekannt-ist-35795868.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Stern}}</ref> Everyone in the school was evacuated within 17 minutes of the first responders arriving. At 11:20, police had the situation under control. Nearby hospitals were put on disaster alert.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Lüdeke|first=Ulf|date=10 June 2025|title=Schulabbrecher und Waffenbesitzer: Das ist der Amokläufer von Graz|url=https://www.focus.de/panorama/schulabbrecher-und-waffenbesitzer-das-ist-der-amoklaeufer-von-graz_c905d243-8ae4-45af-93af-bcb114245fdb.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Focus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf in Graz: Nach 17 Minuten war alles vorbei|url=https://web.de/magazine/panorama/amoklauf-graz-17-minuten-41062740|access-date=11 June 2025|website=WEB.DE News|language=de}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Victims == A number of deaths were confirmed, though the exact number of injured is not released. The Austrian interior ministry said there were "many deaths", and local media like ''Kronen Zeitung'' and ''ORF'' reported at least ten deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Budin|first=Christoph|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf an Schule: Neun Tote, Spital überlastet|url=https://www.krone.at/3808844|access-date=10 June 2025|website=Kronen|language=de}}</ref> Graz Mayor Elke Kahr confirmed the shooter was among the dead. The school was evacuated and then secured later that morning.<ref name=":0" /> The killed people were eight students and one teacher.<ref name=":4" /> Interior minister Gerhard Karner said that six of the victims were female and three were male.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZJeiCcSILY|title=Live: Behörden in Österreich informieren nach Amoklauf an Schule|date=10 June 2025|last=Tagesschau|access-date=10 June 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref> Media reports on the day of the shooting said at least twelve injured, with "some seriously injured".<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 June 2025|title=Graz: Mutmaßlicher Täter ging einst selbst auf die Schule|language=de|work=Der Spiegel|url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/graz-in-oesterreich-mutmasslicher-taeter-ging-einst-selbst-auf-die-schule-a-f9f8a720-963e-4d55-a639-48346421771e|access-date=11 June 2025|issn=2195-1349}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Mayer|first=Verena|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf in Graz: Was über die Tat bekannt ist|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/graz-amoklauf-oesterreich-gymnasium-li.3266744|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Süddeutsche.de|language=de}}</ref> A total of 30 people were being treated at hospitals around Graz.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Tiefenthaler|first1=Christian Körber und Guido|last2=Bauer|first2=Patrick|last3=Zischka|first3=Florian|last4=Pichler|first4=Michaela|date=10 June 2025|title=Elf Tote: 21-jähriger Ex-Schüler als Täter|url=https://orf.at/live/5469/|access-date=11 June 2025|website=news.ORF.at|language=de}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> The nearby Helmut List Halle was turned into an emergency treatment center for the injured.<ref name=":0" /> Five people were in critical condition, while two, both adults, were in life-threatening condition. An adult woman died at Universitätsklinikum Graz eight hours later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graz: Amoklauf in Österreich: Was wir wissen - und was nicht|url=https://www.rnz.de/politik/panorama_artikel,-Graz-Amoklauf-in-Oesterreich-Was-wir-wissen-und-was-nicht-_arid,1589473.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung|language=de}}</ref> The [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] embassy in Austria said that two of those killed, a 17-year-old boy and a teenage girl, as well as an injured girl were of Bosnian background, though none were Bosnian citizens.<ref name="CH- Bosnians killed">{{cite news|title=Sad news from Graz, two young people with Bosnian roots among the killed, doctors are fighting for the third's life!|agency=Crna Hronika BiH (in Bosnian)|url=https://crna-hronika.info/tuzne-vijesti-iz-graza-dvoje-mladih-porijeklom-iz-bih-medju-stradalim-trecoj-se-ljekari-bore-za-zivot|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> == Suspect == He was a 21-year-old Austrian person named Artur A. (2003 – 10 June 2025)<ref>{{cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Das ist über den Attentäter Artur A. (21) bekannt|url=https://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/chronik/amoklaeufer-sah-sich-als-mobbingopfer/636781644|access-date=11 June 2025|website=oe24.at|language=de}}</ref> from [[Graz-Umgebung|Graz-Umgebung District]],<ref name=":1" /> who attended BORG but did not graduate.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf in Graz: Ehemaliger Schüler soll an Gymnasium um sich geschossen haben – zehn Tote|language=de-DE|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/panorama/amoklauf-in-graz-ehemaliger-schuler-soll-an-gymnasium-um-sich-geschossen-haben--zehn-tote-13827466.html|access-date=10 June 2025|issn=1865-2263}}</ref> Part of the shooting happened in his former classroom.<ref name=":22" /> The shooter legally owned both guns used in the shooting and had a firearms licence, which in Austria can only be granted at age 21. He applied for and received that licence shortly before the attack.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":22" /> He bought the [[Glock]] [[Pistol|semi-automatic pistol]] just days earlier, though he had possessed the shotgun for some time,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amoklauf in Graz: Mutmaßlicher Täter kaufte eine der Waffen erst vor wenigen Tagen|url=https://www.nachrichten.at/panorama/chronik/amoklauf-in-graz-mutmasslicher-taeter-kaufte-eine-der-waffen-erst-vor-wenigen-tagen;art58,4058823|access-date=11 June 2025|website=OÖNachrichten|language=de}}</ref> and he had no previous criminal record.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Was wir bisher über den Grazer Täter wissen|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000273442/was-wir-bisher-ueber-den-grazer-taeter-wissen|access-date=11 June 2025|website=DER STANDARD|language=de-AT}}</ref> According to ''Kronen Zeitung'', the shooter said he was "a victim of [[bullying]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Österreich: Trauer und Entsetzen nach Amoklauf in Graz - Vatican News|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/de/kirche/news/2025-06/oesterreich-graz-schule-amoklauf-opfer-bischoefe-politik.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=VaticanNews|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Amoklauf an Schule in Graz: Schütze sah sich als Mobbingopfer|url=https://www.20min.ch/story/amoklauf-schuetze-von-graz-sah-sich-als-mobbingopfer-103361873|access-date=11 June 2025|website=20 Minuten|language=de}}</ref> ORF editor Peter Unger said this claim first appeared on social media, which also suggested the attack was an act of revenge.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jUWNeZ-CK0|title=Live: Lage nach Amoklauf an einer Schule in Österreich|date=10 June 2025|last=Tagesschau|minutes=16|access-date=10 June 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref> Some media repeated this idea,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zehn Tote an Gymnasium: Profiler zu Graz – "Mobbing kann zu blinder Wut und Amok führen" - Video - WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/video256234214/zehn-tote-an-gymnasium-profiler-zu-graz-mobbing-kann-zu-blinder-wut-und-amok-fuehren.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=DIE WELT|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Amoklauf in Graz: Schüsse an Schule – zehn Tote|url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.amoklauf-in-graz-schuesse-an-schule-zehn-tote.25aff2ff-bd1e-46b0-ae99-6c5e09323a7d.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=stuttgarter-zeitung.de|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Psychiater nach Amoklauf in Graz: Täter sucht Rache an Gesellschaft|url=https://www.salzburg24.at/news/oesterreich/psychiater-nach-amoklauf-in-graz-taeter-sucht-rache-an-gesellschaft-art-292777|access-date=11 June 2025|website=SALZBURG24|language=de}}</ref> but Interior Minister Karner said the police were still investigating and the motive was not confirmed.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 June 2025|title=Mutmaßlicher Amoklauf: Zehn Tote in Schule in Graz|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/kriminalitaet/mutmasslicher-amoklauf-zehn-tote-in-schule-in-graz-110527527.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=FAZ.NET|language=de}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=deutschlandfunk.de|date=10 June 2025|title=Österreich - Viele Tote nach Amoktat an Schule in Graz - Kanzler ordnet Staatstrauer an|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/viele-tote-nach-amoktat-an-schule-in-graz-kanzler-ordnet-staatstrauer-an-100.html|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Die Nachrichten|language=de}}</ref> Police found a [[suicide note]] at the shooter's home.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Budin|first=Christoph|date=10 June 2025|title=Polizei fand Abschiedsbrief des Amokschützen (21)|url=https://www.krone.at/3808844|access-date=11 June 2025|website=Kronen|language=de}}</ref> ''Kronen Zeitung'' said the note mentioned past bullying, but Public Security Director Franz Ruf said it was mainly a goodbye letter to the shooter's parents and didn't explain the reason for the shooting. Police also found a non-working pipe bomb and a video message the shooter sent to his mother before the attack. In the video, he said he planned to attack his old school. His mother saw the video 24 minutes after it was posted and quickly called the police, but by then the shooting had already started.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ishaan|first=Bakshi|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|date=10 June 2025|title=8 Killed in Graz School Shooting – Gunman Confirmed Dead in Austria Tragedy|url=https://libertywire.in/8-killed-in-graz-school-shooting-gunman-confirmed-dead-in-austria-tragedy/|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2025|website=Liberty Wire}}</ref> == Response == [[Chancellor of Austria|Chancellor]] Christian Stocker, who canceled all his meetings for the day, went to Graz together with interior minister Gerhard Karner to help organize the response. Karner and education minister Christoph Wiederkehr spoke at a news conference.<ref name=":0" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Attacks on schools in Europe]] [[Category:2020s mass shootings in Europe]] [[Category:June 2025 events]] [[Category:2020s in Austria]] [[Category:2025 crimes in Europe]] [[Category:Graz]] cacct6plr8mxf6da4zp5ghnkjfgjauv 0 1196106 10330926 10323025 2025-06-14T21:53:40Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10330926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> | name = Lima, New York | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of New York#Town|Town]] | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | motto = <!-- Images --> | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = <!-- Maps --> | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = USA New York inset | pushpin_label = Lima | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_caption = Location within the state of New York | pushpin_mapsize = | coordinates = {{coord|42|54|17|N|77|36|42|W|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New York|County]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]] <!-- Politics --> | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Town Council]] | leader_title = [[Town Supervisor]] | leader_name = Mike Falk ([[United States Conservative Party|C]]) | leader_title1 = [[Town Council]] | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = Members' List |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = • Bruce Mayer ([[United States Republican Party|R]]) |2 = • William M. Carey ([[United States Republican Party|R]]) |3 = • Leta Button ([[United States Republican Party|R]]) |4 = • Jonathan Belec ([[United States Republican Party|R]]) }} | established_title = | established_date = <!-- Area --> | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_cousubs_36.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 30, 2021}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 31.94 | area_land_sq_mi = 31.89 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.05 | area_total_km2 = 82.73 | area_land_km2 = 82.60 | area_water_km2 = 0.14 | area_water_percent = <!-- Elevation --> | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = <!-- Population --> | population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2020"/> | population_note = | population_total = 4154 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_density_sq_mi = 130.3 | population_density_km2 = 50.3 <!-- General information ---> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = {{URL|www.lima-ny.org}} | footnotes = | blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]] | blank_info = 36-051-42333 }} '''Lima''' is a [[Administrative divisions of New York#Town|town]] in [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston County]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States. The population was 4,154 at the 2020 census.<ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=060XX00US3605142334| title=2020 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1: RACE), Lima town, Livingston County, New York| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| website=data.census.gov| access-date=June 11, 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Livingston County, New York}} {{US-geo-stub}} [[Category:Towns in New York (state)]] 4o3tzxl02u5ipxatzhbsgtne3phvwhv 0 1196136 10330925 10321105 2025-06-14T21:52:59Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10330925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Valencia, California |settlement_type = [[Unincorporated area#United States|Unincorporated community]] |image_skyline = Old Road & Henry Mayo Valencia.JPG |imagesize = |image_alt = Tree covered hills of Valencia with Magic Mountain theme park in background |image_caption = Valencia with [[Six Flags Magic Mountain|Magic Mountain theme park]] in background |etymology = |nickname = |named_for = The [[Valencia orange]] |coordinates = {{Coord|34.42|-118.60|region:US-CA_type:city|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_map = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]] | subdivision_name1 = [[California]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]] |postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s |postal_code = 91355, 91381<!-- Do not add 91354. This zip code is part of Valencia but lies entirely east of the 5 freeway, mostly in the city of Santa Clarita, and outside the scope of this page. --> |area_code = [[Area code 661|661]] |website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''Valencia''' is an [[Unincorporated area#United States|unincorporated community]] in northwestern [[Los Angeles County, California]], United States. The area is a traditional land of [[Indigenous peoples of California|Native Americans]]. The [[Tataviam people]] migrated there in A.D. 450 when the [[Chumash people]] were living there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Higgins|first=Paul|date=January–February 1996|title=Tataviam Indians: Early Santa Clarita Residents.|url=https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/higgins-tataviam.htm|access-date=2022-02-10|website=scvhistory.com|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119103451/https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/higgins-tataviam.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Cities of Los Angeles County, California}} {{us-geo-stub}} [[Category:Unincorporated communities in California]] [[Category:Settlements in Los Angeles County, California]] 96f8ipe4cof6abcxac9cz14xcqaxo52 0 1196388 10330386 10327457 2025-06-14T17:18:51Z Eptalon 2133 One survived... 10330386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current event|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox aircraft occurrence | name = Air India Flight 171 | image = VT-ANB B787-837 Air India BHX 25FEB14 (12781237535).jpg | alt = | caption = VT-ANB, the aircraft involved in the accident, pictured in 2014 | occurrence_type = Accident | date = {{start date|2025|6|12|df=y}} | summary = Crashed shortly after takeoff, under investigation | site = Near [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | coordinates = | aircraft_type = [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]] | aircraft_name = | operator = [[Air India]] | IATA = AI171 | ICAO = AIC171 | callsign = AIRINDIA 171 | tail_number = VT-ANB | origin = [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | destination = [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom | occupants = 242 | passengers = 230 | crew = 12 | fatalities = 241 | injuries = 1 | missing = | survivors = 1 | ground_fatalities = 28 | ground_injuries = Unknown }} '''Air India Flight 171''' was a passenger flight from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport in [[Ahmedabad]], India, to [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]] in the United Kingdom. On 12 June 2025, the flight crashed shortly after takeoff into the Meghani Nagar neighborhood of Ahmedabad, near the airport.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Air India Ahmedabad: Passenger plane heading for London crashes shortly after take-off in India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8d1r3m8z92t|access-date=2025-06-12|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sedghi |first=Amy |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India flight to UK crashes in Ahmedabad in India shortly after takeoff – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/jun/12/air-india-flight-ai171-plane-crash-ahmedabad-india-latest-updates |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=12 June 2025|title=Breaking: London-bound Air India flight crashes with 290 onboard at Ahmedabad airport|url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/plane-crash-reported-in-ahmedabad-several-injured|access-date=12 June 2025|website=english.gujaratsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> The aircraft, a [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], had 230 passengers and 12 crew members on board, according to officials.<ref name=":3" /> Many emergency, fire and rescue teams came to help. Authorities believe the chances of finding survivors are very low. The cause of the crash is still being ivestigated by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) of India. This was the first crash and total hull loss of a Boeing 787 since its introduction in 2011, and Air India's first major plane loss ever since the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in August 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=The Associated|date=12 June 2025|title=Passenger flight crashes near Indian airport on its way to London Gatwick|url=https://www.fox8live.com/2025/06/12/passenger-flight-crashes-near-indian-airport-its-way-london-gatwick/|access-date=12 June 2025|website=Fox8Live|language=en}}</ref> One passenger is reported to have survived the crash.r<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-13|title=How an Air India passenger survived the crash that killed 241 people|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-an-air-india-passenger-survived-the-crash-that-killed-241-people|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PBS News|language=en-us}}</ref> == One personReferences == {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:2020s in India]] [[Category:2025 in Asia]] [[Category:June 2025 events]] 13qox3ewiv1hnamhop07iay3sdd3pyd 10331204 10330386 2025-06-15T01:09:04Z Notcoachjr 1333502 Fixed typo 10331204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current event|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox aircraft occurrence | name = Air India Flight 171 | image = VT-ANB B787-837 Air India BHX 25FEB14 (12781237535).jpg | alt = | caption = VT-ANB, the aircraft involved in the accident, pictured in 2014 | occurrence_type = Accident | date = {{start date|2025|6|12|df=y}} | summary = Crashed shortly after takeoff, under investigation | site = Near [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | coordinates = | aircraft_type = [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]] | aircraft_name = | operator = [[Air India]] | IATA = AI171 | ICAO = AIC171 | callsign = AIRINDIA 171 | tail_number = VT-ANB | origin = [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | destination = [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom | occupants = 242 | passengers = 230 | crew = 12 | fatalities = 241 | injuries = 1 | missing = | survivors = 1 | ground_fatalities = 28 | ground_injuries = Unknown }} '''Air India Flight 171''' was a passenger flight from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport in [[Ahmedabad]], India, to [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]] in the United Kingdom. On 12 June 2025, the flight crashed shortly after takeoff into the Meghani Nagar neighborhood of Ahmedabad, near the airport.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Air India Ahmedabad: Passenger plane heading for London crashes shortly after take-off in India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8d1r3m8z92t|access-date=2025-06-12|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sedghi |first=Amy |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India flight to UK crashes in Ahmedabad in India shortly after takeoff – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/jun/12/air-india-flight-ai171-plane-crash-ahmedabad-india-latest-updates |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=12 June 2025|title=Breaking: London-bound Air India flight crashes with 290 onboard at Ahmedabad airport|url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/plane-crash-reported-in-ahmedabad-several-injured|access-date=12 June 2025|website=english.gujaratsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> The aircraft, a [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], had 230 passengers and 12 crew members on board, according to officials.<ref name=":3" /> Many emergency, fire and rescue teams came to help. Authorities believe the chances of finding survivors are very low. The cause of the crash is still being ivestigated by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) of India. This was the first crash and total hull loss of a Boeing 787 since its introduction in 2011, and Air India's first major plane loss ever since the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in August 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=The Associated|date=12 June 2025|title=Passenger flight crashes near Indian airport on its way to London Gatwick|url=https://www.fox8live.com/2025/06/12/passenger-flight-crashes-near-indian-airport-its-way-london-gatwick/|access-date=12 June 2025|website=Fox8Live|language=en}}</ref> One passenger is reported to have survived the crash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-13|title=How an Air India passenger survived the crash that killed 241 people|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-an-air-india-passenger-survived-the-crash-that-killed-241-people|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PBS News|language=en-us}}</ref> == One personReferences == {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:2020s in India]] [[Category:2025 in Asia]] [[Category:June 2025 events]] m7otet8u8yi50zclfvul2y9qklq9orc 10331206 10331204 2025-06-15T01:09:56Z Notcoachjr 1333502 /* One personReferences */ Reversed title to just References 10331206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current event|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox aircraft occurrence | name = Air India Flight 171 | image = VT-ANB B787-837 Air India BHX 25FEB14 (12781237535).jpg | alt = | caption = VT-ANB, the aircraft involved in the accident, pictured in 2014 | occurrence_type = Accident | date = {{start date|2025|6|12|df=y}} | summary = Crashed shortly after takeoff, under investigation | site = Near [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | coordinates = | aircraft_type = [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]] | aircraft_name = | operator = [[Air India]] | IATA = AI171 | ICAO = AIC171 | callsign = AIRINDIA 171 | tail_number = VT-ANB | origin = [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | destination = [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom | occupants = 242 | passengers = 230 | crew = 12 | fatalities = 241 | injuries = 1 | missing = | survivors = 1 | ground_fatalities = 28 | ground_injuries = Unknown }} '''Air India Flight 171''' was a passenger flight from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport in [[Ahmedabad]], India, to [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]] in the United Kingdom. On 12 June 2025, the flight crashed shortly after takeoff into the Meghani Nagar neighborhood of Ahmedabad, near the airport.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Air India Ahmedabad: Passenger plane heading for London crashes shortly after take-off in India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8d1r3m8z92t|access-date=2025-06-12|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sedghi |first=Amy |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India flight to UK crashes in Ahmedabad in India shortly after takeoff – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/jun/12/air-india-flight-ai171-plane-crash-ahmedabad-india-latest-updates |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=12 June 2025|title=Breaking: London-bound Air India flight crashes with 290 onboard at Ahmedabad airport|url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/plane-crash-reported-in-ahmedabad-several-injured|access-date=12 June 2025|website=english.gujaratsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> The aircraft, a [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], had 230 passengers and 12 crew members on board, according to officials.<ref name=":3" /> Many emergency, fire and rescue teams came to help. Authorities believe the chances of finding survivors are very low. The cause of the crash is still being ivestigated by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) of India. This was the first crash and total hull loss of a Boeing 787 since its introduction in 2011, and Air India's first major plane loss ever since the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in August 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=The Associated|date=12 June 2025|title=Passenger flight crashes near Indian airport on its way to London Gatwick|url=https://www.fox8live.com/2025/06/12/passenger-flight-crashes-near-indian-airport-its-way-london-gatwick/|access-date=12 June 2025|website=Fox8Live|language=en}}</ref> One passenger is reported to have survived the crash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-13|title=How an Air India passenger survived the crash that killed 241 people|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-an-air-india-passenger-survived-the-crash-that-killed-241-people|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PBS News|language=en-us}}</ref> ==References == {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:2020s in India]] [[Category:2025 in Asia]] [[Category:June 2025 events]] 94avu2wkolezg6ip35l79gybzxm7f7c 10331550 10331206 2025-06-15T06:59:05Z 112.206.240.179 10331550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Current event|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox aircraft occurrence | name = Air India Flight 171 | image = VT-ANB B787-837 Air India BHX 25FEB14 (12781237535).jpg | alt = | caption = VT-ANB, the aircraft involved in the accident, pictured in 2014 | occurrence_type = Accident | date = {{start date|2025|6|12|df=y}} | summary = Crashed shortly after takeoff, under investigation | site = Near [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | coordinates = | aircraft_type = [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner|Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner]] | aircraft_name = | operator = [[Air India]] | IATA = AI171 | ICAO = AIC171 | callsign = AIRINDIA 171 | tail_number = VT-ANB | origin = [[Ahmedabad Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], [[Ahmedabad]], India | destination = [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom | occupants = 242 | passengers = 230 | crew = 12 | fatalities = 241 | injuries = 1 | missing = | survivors = 1 | ground_fatalities = 28 | ground_injuries = Unknown }} '''Air India Flight 171''' was a passenger flight from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport in [[Ahmedabad]], India, to [[Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick Airport]] in the United Kingdom. On 12 June 2025, the flight crashed shortly after takeoff into the Meghani Nagar neighborhood of Ahmedabad, near the airport.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Air India Ahmedabad: Passenger plane heading for London crashes shortly after take-off in India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8d1r3m8z92t|access-date=2025-06-12|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sedghi |first=Amy |date=12 June 2025 |title=Air India flight to UK crashes in Ahmedabad in India shortly after takeoff – latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/jun/12/air-india-flight-ai171-plane-crash-ahmedabad-india-latest-updates |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=12 June 2025|title=Breaking: London-bound Air India flight crashes with 290 onboard at Ahmedabad airport|url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/plane-crash-reported-in-ahmedabad-several-injured|access-date=12 June 2025|website=english.gujaratsamachar.com|language=en}}</ref> The aircraft, a [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], had 230 passengers and 12 crew members on board, according to officials.<ref name=":3" /> Many emergency, fire and rescue teams came to help. The cause of the crash is still being ivestigated by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) of India. This was the first crash and total hull loss of a Boeing 787 since its introduction in 2011, and Air India's first major plane loss ever since the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in August 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=The Associated|date=12 June 2025|title=Passenger flight crashes near Indian airport on its way to London Gatwick|url=https://www.fox8live.com/2025/06/12/passenger-flight-crashes-near-indian-airport-its-way-london-gatwick/|access-date=12 June 2025|website=Fox8Live|language=en}}</ref> One male passenger named Ramesh Viswashkumar, a British citizen, is reported to have survived the crash who is seated on 11A while his brother was among the casualties from the crash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-13|title=How an Air India passenger survived the crash that killed 241 people|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-an-air-india-passenger-survived-the-crash-that-killed-241-people|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PBS News|language=en-us}}</ref> ==References == {{Reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:2020s in India]] [[Category:2025 in Asia]] [[Category:June 2025 events]] 8vx4cj5oq9nsai2hvzmlo9ebfjxofem 0 1196445 10330036 10325229 2025-06-14T13:44:59Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Infobox video game | developer = [[Toys for Bob]] | publisher = [[Activision]] | series = ''[[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]]''||||| }} '''''Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time''''' is a platform [[video game]] that was published by [[Activision]]. It was originally released for the [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]], with releases for the [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox Series X/S]], and Windows following in 2021. ==Other websites== *[http://www.crashbandicoot.com/ Crash Bandicoot's Official website] {{Crash Bandicoot series}} [[Category:2020 video games]] [[Category:Crash Bandicoot (video game series)]] [[Category:Activision video games]] [[Category:Toys for Bob games]] [[Category:Vicarious Visions games]] [[Category:Nintendo Switch games]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 games]] [[Category:Xbox One games]] [[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]] {{Video-game-stub}} b79n5ne82ezpyr8upm7qaeswrae6xhn 4 1196492 10329877 10329659 2025-06-14T12:45:07Z Ferien 1011873 /* Support */ let's take a step back 10329877 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD at present in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made at a time much later than present. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> kvwsn298n70pqnxqsoar30sbjui1c17 10329880 10329877 2025-06-14T12:51:06Z M7 974 /* Comments */ + 10329880 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD at present in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made at a time much later than present. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 6emogroe60mvmmj1c0iw98nqsbmewu6 10329894 10329880 2025-06-14T12:58:36Z Steven1991 1522289 10329894 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made at a time much later than present. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> lvjvzt9vl10cw1utwcr4xlifzensbqj 10329904 10329894 2025-06-14T13:00:53Z Steven1991 1522289 10329904 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> fmkyomp0t1671rb89gowctjqc22y16n 10330158 10329904 2025-06-14T15:12:57Z Davey2010 314522 /* Oppose */ struck oppose 10330158 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <s># {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> q08g0pjh4chgwb03srdh8f0nyumzyy3 10330161 10330158 2025-06-14T15:15:05Z Davey2010 314522 /* Oppose */ fix 10330161 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :#<s>{{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> el3vmblp9u9s3jbba229ordjcmzhmet 10330163 10330161 2025-06-14T15:15:54Z Davey2010 314522 /* Oppose */ fix? 10330163 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 2l2cffdrohxnpj8vcmzduhm8bqsvfju 10330170 10330163 2025-06-14T15:23:02Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted to revision 10329904 by Steven1991: on second thoughts will respond tomorrow when I've had more sleep and am in a better mindset. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330170 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, some of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}} and {{u|Davey2010}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> fmkyomp0t1671rb89gowctjqc22y16n 10330317 10330170 2025-06-14T16:57:53Z Ferien 1011873 fix, didn't see one 10330317 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> gcjgb2y66vj28w03r7b0idieivzvuah 10330572 10330317 2025-06-14T18:22:48Z Steven1991 1522289 /* Comments */ Reply 10330572 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted without another sysop consulting the banning sysop. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 1q8nohm8owq8713tdtb2emjrxxkajyt 10330576 10330572 2025-06-14T18:24:18Z Steven1991 1522289 10330576 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted without another sysop consulting the sysop who has imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> et359pidgvg87myr18rn7nszhgdeslg 10330580 10330576 2025-06-14T18:29:17Z Steven1991 1522289 10330580 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 6zyvblhxbcs5d3h7kqwfmchuwplynat 10330677 10330580 2025-06-14T19:14:55Z Auntof6 22027 /* Comments */ Reply 10330677 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 40y4bby45cyqibadd7zeyyxf0blgygz 10330691 10330677 2025-06-14T19:15:53Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* Comments */ Reply 10330691 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> i2cp8u2x1o26cy8nsn2p1hyl3p2ub9s 10330722 10330691 2025-06-14T19:39:13Z M7 974 /* Comments */ Re: 10330722 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[[[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 76xdij2gbldhuknid7b3mn68l53k1c4 10330761 10330722 2025-06-14T19:58:59Z FusionSub 1248114 /* Support */ Reply 10330761 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[[[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> fndoax815vhzusq74u8cf2x29ybmitn 10330764 10330761 2025-06-14T19:59:26Z M7 974 fix wlink 10330764 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> qokwlgj34lse4wcl8lmd3737g3az7su 10330815 10330764 2025-06-14T20:20:46Z Ferien 1011873 /* Support */ re 10330815 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:::I agree it isn't identical, that's why I also compared it to Fr33kman's, in which the response was near-unanimous, despite the break actually being much longer, which is difficult to argue against. However, most of the comments mention the length of return as opposed to the length of the break at hand, so it's certainly applying different standards. I also do not believe that seven years warrants baseless accusations of potential abuse of tools that marks the justification for most of these oppose votes. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> ar2adhzwq06pembnkf4rg9ockzu6g7b 10330841 10330815 2025-06-14T20:27:14Z Ferien 1011873 /* Support */ ce 10330841 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:::I agree it isn't identical, that's why I also compared it to Fr33kman's, in which the response was near-unanimous, despite the break actually being much longer, which is difficult to argue against. However, most of the comments mention the length of return as opposed to the length of the break at hand, so it's certainly applying different standards. I also do not believe that seven years warrants baseless accusations of potential abuse of tools that marks the justification for some of these oppose votes. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> kn80pnkkip2xn3bec4vpiifwghc6rry 10330861 10330841 2025-06-14T20:44:28Z BRPever 487619 /* Comments */ hopefully for the last time 10330861 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:::I agree it isn't identical, that's why I also compared it to Fr33kman's, in which the response was near-unanimous, despite the break actually being much longer, which is difficult to argue against. However, most of the comments mention the length of return as opposed to the length of the break at hand, so it's certainly applying different standards. I also do not believe that seven years warrants baseless accusations of potential abuse of tools that marks the justification for some of these oppose votes. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ping|FusionSub}} The sole reason given for oppose seems to be the length since return to activity, which is comparable to Griff and Fr33kman (if I recall, his inactivity was quite long too). I don't think it is an invalid comparison to make considering lack of other factors mentioned. During the course of this RFA (in answers) and in thousands of edits/logs since his return, Barras has demonstrated his ability to make correct decisions. This was the reason why I encouraged Barras to run since community seem quite welcoming to admin who left in good standing. I have to say I am quite disappointed at how the worst case that could happen is assumed (not by you ofc) for someone who has served community for several years. I don't think we ever had a concern with returning admin 'abusing' the tools like mentioned. A bit disappointed at myself for recommending it since I thought community would choose obvious good over making speculations on how things could go wrong. But my support stays unwavering since I believe this is for the good of community.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 20:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> 12hv8tj72ikb4rniiabvlplvg9cxf5m 10331083 10330861 2025-06-14T23:28:40Z Gordonrox24 45220 /* Support */ + 10331083 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:::I agree it isn't identical, that's why I also compared it to Fr33kman's, in which the response was near-unanimous, despite the break actually being much longer, which is difficult to argue against. However, most of the comments mention the length of return as opposed to the length of the break at hand, so it's certainly applying different standards. I also do not believe that seven years warrants baseless accusations of potential abuse of tools that marks the justification for some of these oppose votes. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # '''Support''' I've personally been [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Gordonrox24 2|in this position]] and I think Barras will be fine. Personally, I waited until I was active for almost a year before asking for the tools back. That wasn't because I didn't think I knew how to use the tools. It was because I wasn't sure I'd be able to maintain activity. Once I proved that to myself, I was open again to the tools. It had nothing to do with my suitability for the tools. So while I very much appreciate the oppose position, it doesn't make Barras less capable to use the tools. He is one of the most capable people I've ever had the privilege to serve with< and I'm very happy to see him back. --[[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 23:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ping|FusionSub}} The sole reason given for oppose seems to be the length since return to activity, which is comparable to Griff and Fr33kman (if I recall, his inactivity was quite long too). I don't think it is an invalid comparison to make considering lack of other factors mentioned. During the course of this RFA (in answers) and in thousands of edits/logs since his return, Barras has demonstrated his ability to make correct decisions. This was the reason why I encouraged Barras to run since community seem quite welcoming to admin who left in good standing. I have to say I am quite disappointed at how the worst case that could happen is assumed (not by you ofc) for someone who has served community for several years. I don't think we ever had a concern with returning admin 'abusing' the tools like mentioned. A bit disappointed at myself for recommending it since I thought community would choose obvious good over making speculations on how things could go wrong. But my support stays unwavering since I believe this is for the good of community.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 20:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> st7k7f1ykcpfp6u3b5o9f0gp7sr5188 10331108 10331083 2025-06-15T00:01:39Z Gordonrox24 45220 /* Oppose */ comments 10331108 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR/BUREAUCRAT Before saving the page, please remember to remove the in progress template further down the page. --> <!--Please fill out all of the required fields--> ===Barras=== :[[User:Barras|Barras]] <span class="plainlinks">([[User talk:Barras|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/Barras|contribs]] '''·''' [//xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/?username=Barras&project=simple.wikipedia.org count])</span> <noinclude>{{RfA Statistics|Barras}}</noinclude> ''End date: 18:11, 19 June 2025 (UTC)'' <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the following line when closing --> <noinclude>{{rfp in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- ATTENTION: Closing administrator/bureaucrat: remove the above line when closing --> <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship below this line--> Hi everyone, today, I am pleased to nominate Barras for adminship. He is a former administrator who has recently returned to activity after a break. Barras previously served as an admin on this wiki for about a decade, from 2009 to 2019, and it’s truly an honour to nominate someone with his level of experience. During his previous tenure, Barras consistently demonstrated level-headed decision-making and a strong commitment to the project. I believe his return is a net positive for the wiki. Now that he has reacquainted himself with the processes and policies, I see no reason why he shouldn’t have access to the necessary tools to support the community more effectively. He is already contributing actively, particularly in patrolling new pages—an area where we are currently most in need of help. In our recent conversations, I’ve also updated him on the latest changes and developments. There is much more I could say, but I’ll keep it brief. Thank you for considering this nomination.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:11, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in your reason for requesting adminship above this line--> <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination below this line--> <!--If this is a self-nomination, type in self-nomination below--> ''Candidate's acceptance:'' Thank you very much for the nomination and the kind words, BRPever! I gladly accept your nomination. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:13, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please type in whether you accept or decline this nomination above this line--> ====Support==== #{{support}} as nominator.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:<s>{{support}} happy to return :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:18, 12 June 2025 (UTC)</s> #{{support}} Hell yes! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 18:35, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} of course --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:12, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #I'm always delighted to see old admins return who used to be active here. Some things have changed, yes, but policies are mostly the same, especially compared to 2019. I think Barras, like Fr33kman, Griff, M7 etc, since returning has shown understanding of policy and a "need" for the tools since his return, and [[:w:en:WP:NOBIGDEAL|this thing is no biggie]] after all. Mistakes happen, and can always be corrected too, so long as they're not done en masse. Welcome back Barras! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC) #:Just here to reaffirm my support. I have to ask those in the oppose section of this RfA, what is actually being achieved by prolonging this RfA? Just come back here in a couple weeks time and do this all over again? Let's have two RfAs for the sake of it? What about using the community's time wisely... In the case of Griff's RfA a few months back, they only had about a month's time editing before returning too, and as Fr33kman addressed below, same with Fr33kman after a break of 10 years. Neither of them received this level of opposition &ndash; in fact, most of the opponents we see here ({{u|BZPN}}, {{u|Cactusisme}}, {{u|Davey2010}} and {{u|Raayaan9911}}) all found themselves supporting Griff's RfA despite only being back a month too (unless those 7 days difference truly make such a big difference?). Furthermore, on other wikis, adminship is often given back on request to former administrators who had their rights removed &ndash; here historically RfAs have simply been a formality. It's appearing as though if this RfA fails, our expectations for former administrators requesting rights again are inconsistent, as this situation is pretty much identical to other sysops regaining their tools. Some of the suggestions in the oppose section are very unusual in the context of RfAs: #:#There is one suggestion that Barras somehow hasn't made his mind up about returning. He accepted losing the tools in 2019, came back a couple times since and didn't commit to anything then because he knew he didn't have the time. Being a former admin, I think he's quite familiar with the consequence of accepting an RfA, especially given the fact he hasn't gone back to the idea of the toolkit until now. #:#The suggestion that somehow misuse or (looking below) primarily ''abuse''(!) &ndash; if I am reading Steven1991's comments that something could go "seriously wrong" correctly! &ndash; may occur if we reelect Barras as an admin. He is a former steward and functionary on this wiki, coming back after less than 3 years of full inactivity, I'm very interested to learn about what something going "seriously wrong" could entail, as I think that is a very strong accusation to make against someone in good standing. #:On Fr33kman's 2nd RfA, I made the comment {{tq|[Fr33kman] understands the changes to policy and still knows other admin policy very well, so waiting months just for the sake of box-ticking is pointless, in my view.}} - rereading it, it's a bit more blunt than I initially intended it to be, but it's truer than ever here with Barras too &ndash; especially with his answers to the questions &ndash; and so, indeed, prolonging an RfA a couple of weeks longer feels like box ticking than anything else, and some of the suggestions of what could occur if Barras are elected have been very much overblown. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 12:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I'm not sure comparing this RfA to Griff's RfA is really fair. #::Griff's last edit before going inactive was 27/06/23, and they returned to activity on 29/11/24 (not counting the one minor edit made a couple days before), just over 500 days of inactivity. #::On the other hand, Barras' last edit before going inactive was 24/08/18, and they returned to activity on 24/05/25 (not counting two minor edits years apart), which is a gap of barely under 2.5K days. #::Drawing links to these two RfAs gives off "comparing rifles to RPGs" vibes, in the fact that the base concept of both is the same (Former sysops removed for inactivity requesting their mop back), but too many factors differ too much to be able to provide a satisfactory result that could be of realistic use.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:::I agree it isn't identical, that's why I also compared it to Fr33kman's, in which the response was near-unanimous, despite the break actually being much longer, which is difficult to argue against. However, most of the comments mention the length of return as opposed to the length of the break at hand, so it's certainly applying different standards. I also do not believe that seven years warrants baseless accusations of potential abuse of tools that marks the justification for some of these oppose votes. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{support}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 20:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{support}}. Barras' understanding of policy has remained robust, and his answers below have shown a good level of thoughtfulness re: how things have changed that I feel comfortable supporting. [[User talk:Hiàn#top|Hiàn]] 03:18, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #'''Support''' - I understand the hesitation of those who are opposing based on the time since his return; I also admit that requesting after only 20 days seems quick. However, a review of Barras' changes since he's returned show that he can help in areas of need where little policy or guideline changes have occurred such as QD and VIP. The fact that multiple admins who work in those areas are supporting this RFA gives extra credence to this request as they're more closely reviewing his actions and also know the support that is needed in those areas. I appreciate his reflections on the differences between 2018 and 2025 of Simple English Wikipedia and trust that when he is unsure of new protocol, he will seek support. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # '''Support''' I've personally been [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Gordonrox24 2|in this position]] and I think Barras will be fine. Personally, I waited until I was active for almost a year before asking for the tools back. That wasn't because I didn't think I knew how to use the tools. It was because I wasn't sure I'd be able to maintain activity. Once I proved that to myself, I was open again to the tools. It had nothing to do with my suitability for the tools. So while I very much appreciate the oppose position, it doesn't make Barras less capable to use the tools. He is one of the most capable people I've ever had the privilege to serve with< and I'm very happy to see him back. --[[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 23:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ====Oppose==== # {{Oppose}}. While I recognize Barras' past contributions and long-term admin experience (2009-2019), I believe that returning to adminship after such a long break requires a longer and more sustained period of re-acclimation. His recent activity, while energetic, began only on 24 May 2025, after over a year and four months of complete inactivity (last edit on 15 January 2023). That’s a significant gap in this project, where both community dynamics and policies may have changed. Although he’s made many edits since May 24, two weeks of activity is far too short to assess whether he’s truly re-acclimated to the project and its current conditions. [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:04, 12 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}}. I agree with BZPN. I further elaborated my reason for not supporting the RfD in [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Barras_2#c-Steven1991-20250613191500-Comments this comment]. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) # {{oppose}} While Barras contributed a lot in the past, I believe that admins should be elected based on current involvement. Things have changed over time, and we should carefully consider whether Barras is still the right fit for the role. Who knows, if they are going to go inactive in less than a year. I think after a few more weeks of contribution, you would be ready. --[[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 00:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #: We have an inactivity policy that deals with this concern. If in 365 days he hasn't made an edit, we remove the tools. It's really easy. Honestly, admin isn't that special. The chance of inactivity a year from now isn't a reason to oppose an RFA.--[[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 00:01, 15 June 2025 (UTC) # {{Oppose}} per BZPN and Steven. I cannot in good conscience support a former admin who only returned 3 weeks ago and has only been editing for 3 weeks. Ignoring the one edit in 2023 and 2019; they last edited here in 2018... which was 7 years ago!, Ofcourse if it were 7 days, 7 weeks, or even 7 months ago then sure I wouldn't have any qualms .... but 7 years is a long time!. Anyway I want to see more than 3 weeks worth of work before I support any candidate on this website. As with any candidate my tenure preference is 1-3 years of solid editing which unfortunately this candidate fails at so as such I cannot support this nomination at this time, Thanks. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 00:53, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #:To make things clear. When I returned after 11 years away this same community [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Fr33kman 2|restored]] me to admin after just over a month of activity and elected to CU a few months later and I think I've done well especially in the areas of QDs, RfDs, blocks, user mediation and stopping edit wars. and checkuser activity. I have also authored multiple quidelines that are used daily. I think Barras was one of the best of us in the old days and there haven't been that many changes to community rules. In addition Barras has done research of the changes and had conversations about the changes. Just an FYI and not a complaint, regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #::I could be mistaken but, I also seem to recall that on enwiki a former admin can simply as a crat to reinstate their flag with no discussion. I don't think we need to do that but it shows how little a deal admin is and they don't worry about changes to the project there '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #{{Oppose}} Barras's past contribution from 2009 to 2018. After seven years of wikibreak, they required contribute much longer. Admin tools can be easily to misuse because it's powerful tool. I think Barras was former administrator right now. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 02:49, 14 June 2025 (UTC) #: He was former administrator. This oppose doesn't make sense. He was. --[[User:Gordonrox24|<span style="font-family:Script MT;color:#36B">Gordonrox24</span>]]&nbsp;&#124;&nbsp;[[User_talk:Gordonrox24|^{<span style="font-family:Arial;color:red">''Talk''</span>}]] 00:01, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ====Comments==== * '''Question''' - What is your understanding of "the latest changes and developments" between 2018 and now based on your conversations with BRPever and your editing experiences in the last 20-ish days? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:32, 12 June 2025 (UTC) **Over the past years, I've noticed quite a few changes across the Wikimedia projects including simple WP — though I'm sure there are still things I haven't fully explored yet. That said, many of the core principles and basic workflows have remained familiar, which I actually appreciate. Some of the newer features, like the ability to block accounts in a more nuanced and differentiated way (instead of full-on blocks), are steps in the right direction in my opinion. I'm also really curious to see how working with the new temporary accounts instead of IP addresses will play out in practice — it's a big shift, but it could bring real improvements to moderation and privacy. I'm also glad to see that there's now a global Universal Code of Conduct team in place. Having a consistent framework for respectful behavior across all projects is something I strongly support. One major change I've noticed is the shift in how we deal with certain types of content. For example, articles that would have previously been deleted quickly under [[WP:QD#A4]] are now more often discussed through RfD. To be honest, I'm not a huge fan of that change — I feel it slows things down — but I understand the reasoning behind it and I'm happy to follow the current consensus. Truth be told, I'm not exactly sure what kind of answer you're looking for from me — but since I've been active on several Wikimedia projects over time, I’ve made a point of checking in on major policy changes, even over on Meta. And of course, when I’m ever unsure whether something has changed, I know [[WP:RULES|where to look]]. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:03, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *{{abstain}} as much as I want to support you only returned to the wiki on the 24 May this year, less than a month ago, so I can't really support at this time.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 19:15, 12 June 2025 (UTC) * Hello. I have a few questions for you regarding the recent situation of the content on simplewiki: ** What do you think about the [[Wikipedia:AI generated content]] policy and its implementation? Should it be accepted? ** How do you assess the impact of AI on the current content situation on simplwiki, and how should it be controlled (if at all)? [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 22:10, 12 June 2025 (UTC) *:Hello BZPN. Thanks for the questions. I've been into eduction for years now. Since mid 2023 the educational system is suffering from the AI generated stuff—it's most likely the same for our projects. Generated things became better in the last year, but now it's getting worse again. Despite the fact that generated content is usually too complex in language for this very project, it also includes wrong information and wrongly cited stuff. I currently see no good way to include such articles in an encyclopedia without serious review. Therefor, I'd strongly support the implementation of the policy. *:The project currently suffers from AI content. I currently try to keep up with the latest newly created articles, and I'm sure there are some generated articles there. Many such articles are easily detected, because they typically don't follow our [[WP:MOS|manual of style]]. If they've been adapted correctly, it's often harder to find them. However, they usually still use rather complex language and they are missing reliable resources. I'd personally say we should only quick delete clear cases of AI usage, and everything else should go through RfD. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:47, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *{{Ping|BZPN}} While the length of activity is a good indicator, the better indicator is, in my opinion, the activity itself. Barras has patrolled a substantial number of edits—so much so that even if we take the stats of the past two years, he will probably still come out on top. His comments on RFDs have been consistently policy-based, and I think there is quite a lot of indication that he understands the role. I do understand your concern, however; I struggle to see any downside to having him as an admin. He has demonstrated his ability to learn and adapt (e.g., with A4), so I see no downside to this. Our inactivity policies are strict; I think we need to be equally lenient with users who return. Tools are just tools to help contribute better in the end.—[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 22:22, 12 June 2025 (UTC) <s>*{{Abstain}} I agree with some users above. More time is needed for [[observation]]. I propose the RfA to be paused and reopened in half a year. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:06, 13 June 2025 (UTC)</s> *:There is so much work on this side, what little time I have goes on making sure the processes don't stay stuck. Barring candidates with already demonstrated understanding of policies and processes just for the sake of box ticking makes no sense. Especially when the candidate has had the role in the past, and has understood the changes that occurred in his absence.-- [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 17:21, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *::If a candidate is indeed competent, what makes it unreasonable for them to wait for <s>show their competence for</s> a longer period and convince community members who are not familiar with them that they are suitable for regaining the admin tools? I don’t think that rushing someone back into power is appropriate. If serious issues arise as a result of this, it would cost the community a lot of time to address it, which could be stressful and counter-productive. You may not agree with it, but it is in my view that minimising the chance of admin tool abuse is of utmost importance to the platform’s healthy operation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 17:33, 13 June 2025 (UTC) *:::I’m not sure what more a longer wait would achieve, especially when there’s no indication of risk. Holding back someone who could help in areas where we’re currently lacking feels counterproductive. There are already many policies governing adminship, so I don’t see this as a risky move. *:::I understand your concern, and I agree that preventing misuse of admin tools is important. However, in this case, he has consistently made substantial, policy-based contributions. The principle of “anyone can edit” comes with its own risks, yet we trust people. Here, we have someone with a decade of admin experience—and even longer editing experience—who has demonstrated nothing but merit in thousands of edits since his return. Thanks, [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 18:18, 13 June 2025 (UTC) Sorry, I cannot agree with this. It is unreasonable to rush someone back into power when they have resumed active editing for less than a month following a long hiatus. The past is the past, while individuals could change. There is no guarantee that nothing could go seriously wrong with such hurried power restoration. I would be more open to supporting it if this request were made much later. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 19:15, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], I believe that being sysop is not "power", but a rather a service. The only tools that sysops get on-wiki are intended only as a way to safeguard the project and valid contributors from vandalism, spambots and so on. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 12:51, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::A sysop can ban any users at a whim, while a ban cannot be lifted by other sysops without consulting the one having imposed the ban. How is that not power? Are we having a "different" understanding of ''power''? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991|talk]]) 18:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: I think you're confusing bans and indefinite blocks. A sysop cannot ban at a whim. Bans are done by community consensus, after a discussion open to the whole community. :::A sysop ''can'' block a user, indefinitely or otherwise, at any time without consulting anyone else. That happens a lot as a result of reports at [[WP:VIP]]. Any sysop can also unblock that user. Before unblocking, we often consult the sysop who made the block just to get their input if we want to understand their reasoning or something, but it's not required. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 19:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Bans are community decisions. No single admin can impose a ban. Admins can impose blocks, and those blocks can be appealed by users through the unblock process. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], sysop or higher right holders abusing their functions are removed. There is a detailed [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|Guide to appealing blocks]] that I encourage you to read. Please note also that the Wikimedia Projects have adopted a [[:foundation:Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|global baseline of acceptable behavior]] that explicitly sanctions ''Harassment, abuse of power, privilege, or influence'' even before ''Content vandalism and abuse of the projects''. --[[User:M7|M7]] ([[User talk:M7|talk]]) 19:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{ping|FusionSub}} The sole reason given for oppose seems to be the length since return to activity, which is comparable to Griff and Fr33kman (if I recall, his inactivity was quite long too). I don't think it is an invalid comparison to make considering lack of other factors mentioned. During the course of this RFA (in answers) and in thousands of edits/logs since his return, Barras has demonstrated his ability to make correct decisions. This was the reason why I encouraged Barras to run since community seem quite welcoming to admin who left in good standing. I have to say I am quite disappointed at how the worst case that could happen is assumed (not by you ofc) for someone who has served community for several years. I don't think we ever had a concern with returning admin 'abusing' the tools like mentioned. A bit disappointed at myself for recommending it since I thought community would choose obvious good over making speculations on how things could go wrong. But my support stays unwavering since I believe this is for the good of community.--[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 20:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!---Please don't type anything below this line--> jprbb0giy1er392i1ag7nmclopd2m3z 0 1196496 10330758 10328303 2025-06-14T19:58:09Z 2601:84:8101:3B70:942E:4FF6:BB18:A9CA 10330758 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Keahupuihale Kahuanui III''' (born August 7, 1986) is an American actor. == Early life == Kahuanui was born in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] to Robert Keahupuihale Kahuanui Jr. and Nancy Elise Niven. == Personal life == Kahuanui and his fiancée [[Lucy DeVito]] had a son, Carmine Kahuanui, in 2024 in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDB name|4172117}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kahuanui, Keahu}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Actors from Honolulu]] [[Category:American Christians]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:Living people]] 6wnueqwgj0n71vi2zt9ydzkewqmf5fm 2 1196539 10330992 10326749 2025-06-14T22:39:07Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Things to do in the future 10330992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userpageblue&round}} == Hello! == Hello! Please call me either Copper or Lep. My username here (and on other Wikimedia projects) is the name of a character from [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s opera ''[[La forza del destino|La Forza del Destino]]''. I like working on pages about [[classical music]] (especially [[opera]] and [[church music]]). I am also interested in [[Franklin's lost expedition|Franklin's Lost Expedition]] (and polar exploration in general). == Pages I've worked on == * [[7th New York Militia Regiment]] * [[Alexander Borodin]] * [[Franklin's lost expedition]] * [[Violin]] == Things I'm planning to work on == * Finishing with Franklin's lost expedition * Finishing with Alexander Borodin, and then: ** Prince Igor (Borodin's most famous opera) ** ''In The Steppes of Central Asia'' (another piece of music that Borodin is famous for) * Working on classical music articles, especially: ** [[:Category:Operas|Operas]] we ''do'' have articles for (but that need work) ** Operas we don't (yet) have articles for owlo8vyzdh57lkiab02eaalm1sdardg 10331090 10330992 2025-06-14T23:34:05Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 /* Pages I've worked on */ 10331090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userpageblue&round}} == Hello! == Hello! Please call me either Copper or Lep. My username here (and on other Wikimedia projects) is the name of a character from [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s opera ''[[La forza del destino|La Forza del Destino]]''. I like working on pages about [[classical music]] (especially [[opera]] and [[church music]]). I am also interested in [[Franklin's lost expedition|Franklin's Lost Expedition]] (and polar exploration in general). == Pages I've worked on == * [[7th New York Militia Regiment]] * [[Alexander Borodin]] * [[Franklin's lost expedition]] * [[Violin]] * [[Don Carlos]] == Things I'm planning to work on == * Finishing with Franklin's lost expedition * Finishing with Alexander Borodin, and then: ** Prince Igor (Borodin's most famous opera) ** ''In The Steppes of Central Asia'' (another piece of music that Borodin is famous for) * Working on classical music articles, especially: ** [[:Category:Operas|Operas]] we ''do'' have articles for (but that need work) ** Operas we don't (yet) have articles for ar2j21gwy1vzj1ypb4sodesgyx571qi 3 1196549 10329849 10326124 2025-06-14T12:29:12Z MathXplore 966595 You have been indefinitely blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329849 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Aiman Max== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Aiman Max]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Aiman Max}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:37, 12 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> 7wqo2j6zf89s8xbre2z73xnufp2zsjy 0 1196567 10329892 10329771 2025-06-14T12:56:00Z Steven1991 1522289 Update 10329892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders, including Hossein Salami, Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, Fereydoon Abbasi | fatalities = 78+<ref name="L" /> | injuries = 329+<ref name="L" /> | planned_by = {{Flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting [[Government of Iran|Iran's leadership]], nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base to destroy its launchers.{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=UN watchdog censures Iran over nuclear violations as Tehran escalates threats |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byvja11007ge |date=June 12, 2025 |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] it8g0mxjuqg7fw6hpyw3qdoyny7y22y 10329991 10329892 2025-06-14T13:29:18Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting + rearrangement 10329991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders, including Hossein Salami, Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, Fereydoon Abbasi | planned_by = {{flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting [[Government of Iran|Iran's leadership]], nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base to destroy its launchers.{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref name="M"> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=UN watchdog censures Iran over nuclear violations as Tehran escalates threats |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byvja11007ge |date=June 12, 2025 |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] nyvfy9otan5m50gjufl2fgzxw3p9x7c 10330008 10329991 2025-06-14T13:34:39Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders | casualties = {{flag|Israel}} 3 killed, 40+ injured<ref name="M" /><ref name="N" /><br />{{flag|Iran}} 78 killed, 329 injured<ref name="L" /> | planned_by = {{flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting [[Government of Iran|Iran's leadership]], nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base to destroy its launchers.{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref name="M">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref name="N"> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=UN watchdog censures Iran over nuclear violations as Tehran escalates threats |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byvja11007ge |date=June 12, 2025 |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] i8ouellkuyztgymks2ob8qfs84n71vw 10330032 10330008 2025-06-14T13:43:46Z Steven1991 1522289 Update + error correction 10330032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders | casualties = {{flag|Israel}} 3 killed, 40+ injured<ref name="M" /><ref name="N" /><br />{{flag|Iran}} 78 killed, 329 injured<ref name="L" /> | planned_by = {{flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting Iran's leadership, nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base to destroy its [[Rocket launcher|launchers]].{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref name="M">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref name="N"> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /><ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=UN watchdog censures Iran over nuclear violations as Tehran escalates threats |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byvja11007ge |date=June 12, 2025 |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Foreign Minister [[Johann Wadephul]] condemned the "indiscriminate Iranian attack on Israeli territory in the strongest terms", while [[Deutsche Welle|DW]] analysts wrote that Germany was "facing a tough foreign policy test" due to its "historical responsibility to Israel and [[international law]]".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[DW News]] |title=Israel attacks put pressure on Germany's Middle East policy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/israel-attacks-put-pressure-on-germanys-middle-east-policies/a-72900451 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] m1txgxx2mmayewrkmbpe77u83zwzabv 10330035 10330032 2025-06-14T13:44:35Z Steven1991 1522289 Removal of a duplicate source 10330035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders | casualties = {{flag|Israel}} 3 killed, 40+ injured<ref name="M" /><ref name="N" /><br />{{flag|Iran}} 78 killed, 329 injured<ref name="L" /> | planned_by = {{flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting Iran's leadership, nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base to destroy its [[Rocket launcher|launchers]].{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref name="M">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref name="N"> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /> Foreign Minister [[Johann Wadephul]] condemned the "indiscriminate Iranian attack on Israeli territory in the strongest terms", while [[Deutsche Welle|DW]] analysts wrote that Germany was "facing a tough foreign policy test" due to its "historical responsibility to Israel and [[international law]]".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[DW News]] |title=Israel attacks put pressure on Germany's Middle East policy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/israel-attacks-put-pressure-on-germanys-middle-east-policies/a-72900451 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 7o94jmiuq77d42vk90rseibvtbdg4yf 10330044 10330035 2025-06-14T13:46:29Z Steven1991 1522289 10330044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders | casualties = {{flag|Israel}} 3 killed, 40+ injured<ref name="M" /><ref name="N" /><br />{{flag|Iran}} 78 killed, 329 injured<ref name="L" /> | planned_by = {{flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting Iran's leadership, nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}} to destroy its [[Rocket launcher|launchers]].<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref name="M">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref name="N"> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /> Foreign Minister [[Johann Wadephul]] condemned the "indiscriminate Iranian attack on Israeli territory in the strongest terms", while [[Deutsche Welle|DW]] analysts wrote that Germany was "facing a tough foreign policy test" due to its "historical responsibility to Israel and [[international law]]".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[DW News]] |title=Israel attacks put pressure on Germany's Middle East policy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/israel-attacks-put-pressure-on-germanys-middle-east-policies/a-72900451 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] hixnawmhmx9whmn46oef79pytusbzyh 10330054 10330044 2025-06-14T13:50:00Z Steven1991 1522289 Wikilink addition 10330054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military operation | name = Operation Rising Lion | image = | caption = | scope = Precision strikes, [[sabotage]], [[cyberattack]] | objective = Damage the Iranian nuclear program<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horovitz |first1=David |title='An immediate operational necessity': Why Israel finally attacked Iran's nuclear facilities |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-immediate-operational-necessity-why-israel-finally-attacked-irans-nuclear-facilities/ |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Times of Israel |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> | date = June 13, 2025 – present | location = {{flag|Iran}} | target = * [[Nuclear program of Iran|Nuclear facilities]] * Military commanders | casualties = {{flag|Israel}} 3 killed, 40+ injured<ref name="M" /><ref name="N" /><br />{{flag|Iran}} 78 killed, 329 injured<ref name="L" /> | planned_by = {{flag|Israel}} | executed_by = {{tree list}} * [[File:Flag of the Israel Defense Forces.svg|20px]] [[Israel Defense Forces]] ** {{Air force|Israel}} * [[File:Mossad seal.svg|20px]] [[Mossad]] }} On June 13, 2025 at 3:00 am ([[UTC+03:00|GMT+3]]), the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) [[Attack|struck]] [[Iran]].<ref name="A">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Israel launches attack on Iran, warns public to prepare for missile fire |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/skf5t1yxel#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> [[Code name|Codenamed]] '''Operation Rising Lion''',<ref name="B">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Israel strikes ‘at heart’ of Iran’s nuclear program, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.jns.org/sirens-across-israel-as-jewish-state-strikes-iran |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>{{efn|Also called '''Am KeLavi''' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]<ref name="F">{{cite web |website=JFeed |title=WATCH: Stunning Footage Shows Mossad’s Covert Strike on Iran’s Air Defense System |url=https://www.jfeed.com/news-israel/mossad-covert-strike-iran-air-defenses |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of [[Uranium-235|weapon-grade uranium]] to a level enough for 15 [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].<ref name="C">{{cite news |work=Israel Hayom |title=Israel strikes Iran; air raid sirens sound nationwide |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2025/06/13/israel-strikes-iran-air-raid-sirens-sound-nationwide |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Background== Iran and Israel were friendly [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]]. Since then, they have been [[Enemy|enemies]]. Iranian leaders, including [[Ali Khamenei]] and [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], have been [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|calling for Israel's destruction]]. It also arms [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups worldwide, including the [[Houthis]], [[Hezbollah]], and [[Hamas]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> which committed the [[7 October 2023 attack on Israel|worst massacres of Jews]] since the end of [[the Holocaust]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Israel at War: What You Need To Know |url=https://www.ajc.org/IsraelHamasWar |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Holocaust Survivors Reflect on October 7 Anniversary |url=https://www.ushmm.org/remember/holocaust-survivors-reflect-on-october-7-anniversary |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The weaponization of the Holocaust against Israel |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/news/weaponization-holocaust-against-israel |date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |title=The Post-October 7 Specter of the Holocaust |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2025/01/22/the-post-october-7-specter-of-the-holocaust |last=Wermenbol |first=Grace |date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 }}</ref> The strikes happened when the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found that Iran refused to follow its obligations under the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NNPT).<ref>{{cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=Euronews }}</ref> ==Events== ===Israeli strikes=== [[Dozen|Dozens]] of Israeli [[Fighter aircraft|jets]] bombed military and [[Nuclear power|nuclear]] sites across Iran, including the enrichment facilities in Fordow, [[Natanz]],<ref name="B" /> and [[Isfahan]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=National Post |title=New Israeli strikes target Isfahan nuclear facility as Iran fires ballistic missiles in return |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/israel-middle-east/idf-intercepts-100-plus-iranian-drones-beyond-israeli-airspace |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Українські Національні Новини |title=The Israel Defense Forces reports a strike on a nuclear facility in Isfahan |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/the-israel-defense-forces-reports-a-strike-on-a-nuclear-facility-in-isfahan |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=Online.ua |title=Israel strikes nuclear facility near Isfahan in Iran |url=https://news.online.ua/en/israel-strikes-nuclear-facility-near-isfahan-in-iran-894311 |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The IDF said that its jets were operating freely over Tehran, targeting Iran's leadership, nuclear sites and key [[infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF says Air Force striking in Iran 'like in Gaza, Lebanon,' admits it can't neutralize all nuclear sites |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ov4tuqnhr#autoplay |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Israeli sabotage=== [[Mossad]] agents targeted Iran's missile and air defense systems before the strikes.<ref name="G">{{cite news |work=Tazpit Press Service |title=Mossad Operatives Targeted Iranian Missile and Air Defense Systems Ahead of Strikes |url=https://tps.co.il/articles/mossad-operatives-targeted-iranian-missile-and-air-defense-systems-in-advance-of-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Particularly, Mossad [[Commando|commandos]] put precision-guided weapons near [[surface-to-air missile]] systems, enabling them to be bombed accurately.<ref name="G" /> [[Secrecy|Secret]] [[Drone|drones]] had also been [[Smuggling|smuggled]] into [[Tehran]], which then struck the Esfajabad missile base{{efn|One of Iran's most fortified [[ballistic missile]] sites.<ref name="F" />|group=lower-alpha}} to destroy its [[Rocket launcher|launchers]].<ref name="F" /> ===Iranian counterattacks=== Iran sent 100 drones to attack Israel, which were [[Interception (disambiguation)|intercepted]] beyond Israel's [[Border|borders]].<ref name="E">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=IDF intercepts 100-plus Iranian drones beyond Israeli airspace |url=https://www.jns.org/idf-working-to-intercept-100-plus-iranian-drones |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> Iran also fired 100+ missiles at Israel, some landing in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=Impacts seen in Tel Aviv area after Iran fires 100+ missiles in response to Israeli attacks |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/06/13/israel/impacts-seen-in-tel-aviv-area-after-iran-fires-100-missiles-in-response-to-israeli-attacks |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Casualties== ===Israel=== By 3:33 am (GMT+3) on June 14, one woman [[Death|died]] from Iranian missile attacks, while 40 were [[Injury|injured]].<ref name="M">{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=Woman killed in Iranian missile strike in Israel, Magen David Adom says |url=https://www.jns.org/israeli-woman-killed-in-iranian-missile-strike-magen-david-adom-says |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> The death toll rose to 3 by 2:30 pm (GMT+3).<ref name="N"> * {{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Iranian Retaliatory Attacks Kill Three in Israel |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-iran-strike-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=Israel threatens to make Tehran 'burn' after Iranian retaliatory strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-iran-launch-more-barrages-israel-aims-wipe-out-tehrans-nuclear-program-2025-06-13 |date=June 14, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Israelis describe fear and chaos as Iranian missiles slam into central Israel homes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-describe-fear-and-chaos-as-iranian-missiles-slam-into-central-israel-homes |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Iran=== At least 20 senior Iranian [[Commander|commanders]] were killed,<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=At least 20 senior Iranian commanders killed in Israeli attack on Iran, two sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-20-senior-iranian-commanders-killed-israeli-attack-iran-two-sources-say-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> including Hossein Salami,{{efn|Head of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC)<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=Hossein Salami, Head of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Killed in Israel’s Attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Mohammad Bagheri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Ali Shamkhani, Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi, and Fereydoon Abbasi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran’s Revolutionary Guard commander Hossein Salami killed in Israeli strike, says Iranian state media |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irans-revolutionary-guard-commander-hossein-salami-killed-in-israeli-strike-says-iranian-state-media |access-date=June 13, 2025 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> Iranian sources reported 78 deaths and 329 injured.<ref name="L">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=IDF intercepts Iranian drone on northern border as Tehran casualties mount |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bytbiqtxxx#autoplay |access-date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ==Reactions== ===European Commission=== European Commission's President Ursula von der Leyen emphasized Israel's right of self-defense, calling for [[diplomacy]] to prevent escalation.<ref>{{cite news |work=Euronews |title=Europe left on diplomatic ‘sidelines’ in Israel Iran conflict |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/14/europe-left-on-diplomatic-sidelines-in-israel-iran-conflict |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===France=== [[President of France|French President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]] backed Israel's right of self-defense, saying that Iran has been repeatedly [[Censure|condemned]] over its nuclear program.<ref name="H">{{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=Russia denounces, Germany and France defend Israel’s preemptive strike on Iran |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjukjoyxxe#autoplay |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Germany=== [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Friedrich Merz]] backed Israel's "right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens", highlighting Iran's refusal to follow its NNPT obligations.<ref name="H" /> Foreign Minister [[Johann Wadephul]] condemned the "indiscriminate Iranian attack on Israeli territory in the strongest terms", while [[Deutsche Welle|DW]] analysts wrote that Germany was "facing a tough [[foreign policy]] test" due to its "[[The Holocaust|historical]] [[Nazism#The Holocaust|responsibility]] [[Antisemitism in East Germany#Holocaust denial|to Israel]] and [[international law]]".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[DW News]] |title=Israel attacks put pressure on Germany's Middle East policy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/israel-attacks-put-pressure-on-germanys-middle-east-policies/a-72900451 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ===Jordan=== [[Jordan]] activated air [[Siren|sirens]] as Iranian drones crossed its [[airspace]],<ref name="E" /> while condemning Israel's strikes on Iran.<ref name="I" /> ===Poland=== [[Poland]]'s defense minister planned to [[Evacuation|evacuate]] Polish citizens from Israel.<ref>{{cite news |work=TVP World |title=Poland stands ready to evacuate its citizens from Israel, says defense minister |url=https://tvpworld.com/87257400/poland-stands-ready-to-evacuate-its-citizens-from-israel-says-defense-minister |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Qatar=== The [[Qatar|Qatari]] government, closely linked to the Hamas, called Israel's strikes "a dangerous escalation".<ref name="I" /> ===Saudi Arabia=== The [[Saudi Arabia|Saudis]] condemned Israel's strikes on what they called "the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran".<ref name="I">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |title=Arab World Reacts to Israel's Strikes on Iran |url=https://www.newsweek.com/arab-world-reacts-israels-strikes-iran-2084948 |last=El-Fekki |first=Amira |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===Ukraine=== The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government called Iran's regime "the source of problems".<ref>{{cite news |work=Kyiv Independent |title=After Israel's strikes, Ukraine says Iran 'source of problems' but warns against destabilization |url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-reacts-to-israel-iran-strikes |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ===United Arab Emirates=== The [[United Arab Emirates|Emiratis]] made a similar condemnation to that of the Saudis.<ref name="I" /> ===United Kingdom=== [[United Kingdom|British]] sources claimed that British jets were not involved in defending Israel, but that changes could occur as the conflict evovles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Reuters]] |title=UK is not currently providing support to Israel as Iran retaliates, local media reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/britain-will-not-protect-israel-iran-retaliates-times-newspaper-2025-06-13 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] has been criticized for [[Appeasement|appeasing]] the Iranian regime.<ref name="K">{{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Starmer blasted for ‘appeasing’ Iran in response to Israeli strikes |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/politics/starmer-blasted-for-appeasing-iran-in-response-to-israeli-strikes-wet600ad |last=Bell-Cross |first=Lorin |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The critics include former home secretary [[Suella Braverman]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[Kemi Badenoch]], who [[Declaration|declared]] that "Iran must never be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons".<ref name="K" /> ===United States=== Two American [[Destroyer|destroyers]] have been sent to the region.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=US military sending two destroyers to region, Netanyahu to convene meeting with defense officials |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/2025-06-12/live-updates-857426 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> The US military was helping Israel intercept Iranian missiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=U.S. is helping Israel shoot down Iranian missiles, American officials say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/13/trump-urges-iran-to-reach-nuclear-deal-before-there-is-nothing-left-.html |date=June 13, 2025 |access-date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ====President==== [[President of the United States|President]] [[Donald Trump]] reportedly called a [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|cabinet]] meeting.<ref name="D">{{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Israel launches preemptive strike on Iranian nuclear sites, military targets |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-857575 |last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He told Iran to "make a deal or face slaughter",<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Trump tells Iran: Make a deal or face ‘slaughter’ |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/06/13/israel-attacks-iran-latest-news-nuclear-sites-war |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> warning Iran of "more brutal attacks".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] |title=Trump warns Iran of ‘even more brutal attacks’ without nuclear deal |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9def8cb1-0a22-4ce7-ba53-b3e0e040c955 |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> He also told the [[Axios (website)|Axios]] that "Israel's attack could help me make [a] deal with Iran [...] I gave Iran 60 days, today is day 61".<ref name="J">{{cite news |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |title=Trump to Axios: Israel's attack could help me make deal with Iran |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/13/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-israel-attack |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Secretary of State==== [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] denied US involvement, warning Iran not to target [[Americans]].<ref name="D" /><ref>{{cite news |work=[[BBC News]] |title=US says it was not involved in Israel's military strikes in Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2kd2k3mv7o |date=June 13, 2025 }}</ref> ====Special Envoy to the Middle East==== Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff said that he wanted further nuclear talks with Iranian officials, who refused to do so.<ref name="J" /> ====Congress members==== [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lindsey Graham]] called the Israeli strikes on Iran "one of the most impressive military strikes in Israeli history".<ref>{{cite news |work=Israel National News |title=Sen. Graham lauds Israeli strikes on Iran: Well done to an ally! |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/409963 |date=June 14, 2025 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2025 events]] [[Category:History of Israel]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] mo0mmgexjk616m0gk2j8ynkytg2r2yo 0 1196571 10330759 10328299 2025-06-14T19:58:22Z 2601:84:8101:3B70:942E:4FF6:BB18:A9CA 10330759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Chet DeVito''' (born March 11, 1983) is an American actress. == Early life == DeVito was born in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] to actors [[Danny DeVito]] and [[Rhea Perlman]]. Her father is of [[Italians|Italian]] descent and Her mother is of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] (from [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]] and [[Russia]]) descent. She has younger siblings [[Grace DeVito]] and [[Jake DeVito]] who were also actors. == Personal life == DeVito and [[Keahu Kahuanui]] had a son, Carmine Kahuanui. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDB name|2192439}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:DeVito, Lucy}} [[Category:1983 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actors]] [[Category:Actors from New York City]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Jewish American actors]] [[Category:Living people]] hnplecw723cmwdhfg04e6hlsndrwlwu 0 1196648 10330091 10326916 2025-06-14T14:42:22Z Darkfrog24 508885 10330091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =VU | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Batrachyla fitzroya | authority = Basso, 1994 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''''Batrachyla fitzroya''''' is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Argentina]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Batrachyla fitzroya'' Basso, 1994 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Batrachylidae/Batrachyla/Batrachyla-fitzroya |access-date=June 13, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Batrachyla fitzroya'' Basso, 1994 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/2581 |access-date=June 13, 2025}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Marbled Wood Frog: ''Batrachyla fitzroya'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/56331/101427302 |page=e.T56331A101427302 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T56331A101427302.en |id=56331 |year=2019 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=June 13, 2025}}</ref> ==Home== Scientists have seen this frog in [[type locality (biology)|exactly one place]]: Isla Grante on Lake Menéndez in [[Los Alerces National Park]]. This frog lives in forests with a lot of [[humidity|water int he air]] and Nothofagus plants. Scientists saw this frog between 530 and 595 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Young== The female lays eggs on the ground under rocks, bark, or dead logs on the shore of [[Lake Menéndez]], in places where the water is shallow and there are many plants.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in some danger of dying out and scientists from Argentina say it is "special value." Because it lives in such small place, it is in more danger. Volcanoes and fires can kill the frogs. Fast boats can make waves that change the places where the frog lays eggs. [[Introduced species|People brought]] [[American mink]] to the frog's home, and it may be killing the frog. The government of Argentina only allows a few boats on the lake and only a few people to land on Isla Grande.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q2209282}} {{biology-stub}} qyk68z6tjzdvsun35igwudcf71dp1yp 0 1196653 10329868 10326961 2025-06-14T12:40:45Z Jon Gua 1375466 10329868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} '''''A History of Manipuri Literature''''' is a book written by Manihar Singh. It gives a full and detailed history of [[Manipuri literature]], also known as Meitei literature, which is the [[literature]] of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]], a state in [[northeastern India]]. The book was first published in 1976 and later updated in a revised edition in 2003. It was published by the Sahitya Akademi, India’s National Academy of Letters. == Contents == The book covers Manipuri literature from ancient times to modern periods. It includes: * Traditional and oral literature, such as myths, legends, and ballads. * Religious and court literature, written during the time of kings. * Folk stories and epic poetry. * The influence of Hinduism and Vaishnavism on Manipuri writing. * The rise of modern Manipuri literature, including novels, poetry, and drama. * Key writers, poets, and translators who helped develop literature in the Meitei language. == Importance == This book is one of the first full-length studies of Manipuri literature in English. It is used by students, researchers, and readers who want to learn about the history and development of writing in Manipur. It also helps introduce Manipuri culture and literary traditions to people outside the region. [[Category:Meitei literature]] sskqr67x1g1kgsflxdtbql7ocymc1tl 10 1196684 10330312 10327170 2025-06-14T16:56:58Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Jumping Flash! series | title = [[Jumping Flash! (series)|''Jumping Flash!'' series]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 = Main series | list1 = * ''[[Jumping Flash!]]'' * ''[[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu|Jumping Flash! 2]]'' * ''[[Robbit Mon Dieu]]'' | group2 = Spin-offs | list2 = * ''[[Pocket MuuMuu]]'' }}<noinclude> [[Category:Video game navigational boxes by series]] </noinclude> 6wdba6vsx65ahp2zggxfvspwvkoq1af 0 1196710 10331608 10327577 2025-06-15T08:50:07Z 193.5.232.52 10331608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = Everyone's Front | native_name = Frente de Todos | abbreviation = FdT | logo = Frente de Todos logo.svg | colorcode = {{party color|Frente de Todos}} | leader1_title = Leaders | leader1_name = [[Alberto Fernández]]<br>[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2019|06|12}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2019/06/12/estos-son-los-siete-frentes-electorales-que-competiran-en-las-elecciones-presidenciales/|work=[[Infobae]]|title=Estos son los frentes electorales que competirán en las elecciones presidenciales|date=12 June 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|language=es|last=Mugica Díaz|first=Joaquín}}</ref> | dissolved = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|06|14}} | predecessor = [[Citizen's Unity]]<ref name=nacion1>{{cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/asi-quedaron-definidas-principales-alianzas-competir-elecciones-nid2257390|work=[[La Nación]]|title=Así quedaron definidas las principales alianzas para competir en las elecciones|date=12 June 2019|access-date=21 July 2020|language=es}}</ref> | successor = [[Union for the Homeland]] | youth_wing = | headquarters = Riobamba 460 2.º A, [[Buenos Aires]] | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap| | [[Peronism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentines-voting-today-are-expected-to-favor-opposition-peronist-for-president-11572183526|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentines Voting Today Are Expected to Favor Opposition Peronist for President|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="concedes">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-alberto-fernandez-leads-results-of-presidential-vote-with-47-2-support-11572223112|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's President Mauricio Macri Concedes Election to Peronist Rival Alberto Fernández|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-peronist-repeat-11572262196|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's Peronist Repeat|date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2019/10/28/espanol/opinion/elecciones-argentina.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martín Caparrós|title=El peronismo vuelve|date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/10/27/argentina/1572135195_737076.html|title = El peronista Fernández se impone con claridad en las presidenciales argentinas|newspaper = El País|date = 27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/es-peronismo-unido-estupido-nid2277229/|title = Es el peronismo unido, estúpido|newspaper = La Nación|date = 13 August 2019|last1 = Serra|first1 = Laura}}</ref> | [[Kirchnerism]]<ref name=clarin2019>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones 2019: Alberto Fernández le ganó a Mauricio Macri en primera vuelta y el kirchnerismo vuelve al poder|access-date=31 October 2019 |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |author=Marcelo Hugo Helfgot |url= https://www.clarin.com/politica/elecciones-2019-alberto-fernandez-gano-macri-primera-vuelta-kirchnerismo-vuelve-poder_0_Mvhv92GS.html|date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sebastian Fest">{{Cite web|title=El peronismo vapulea a Mauricio Macri en las elecciones y el peso se desploma|url= https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2019/08/12/5d51c52efc6c8352448b45d8.html |author=Sebastian Fest|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/opinion/editorial/2019/11/23/5dd821c321efa0eb5b8b457e.html|title=Argentina: Vuelve el kirchnerismo|date=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2020/09/19/5f64cf2ffc6c83ae508b45c2.html|title = Vuelve el kirchnerismo y sus golpes a la Justicia y a los medios|date = 18 September 2020}}</ref> | [[Social democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/opinion/2019/11/15/el-peronismo-entre-la-socialdemocracia-y-la-izquierda/|title = El peronismo, entre la socialdemocracia y la izquierda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-12|title=Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/alberto-fernandez-soy-mas-hijo-de-la-cultura-hippie-que-de-las-veinte-verdades-peronistas.phtml|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> | [[Left-wing populism]]<ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-peso-dives-after-president-defeated-11565621831|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentine Peso Dives After Populist Peronists Gain Edge in Vote|date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/10/29/anti-neoliberal-wave-rocking-latin-america/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=The anti-neoliberal wave rocking Latin America|author=Ishaan Tharoor|date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-fernandez-moves-from-unknown-politician-to-next-likely-president-11566232733|title = Argentina's Fernández Moves from Little-Known Politician to Next Likely President|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = 19 August 2019|last1 = Dube|first1 = Ryan}}</ref> | [[Progressivism]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |title=La llamativa definición política de Alberto Fernández: "Soy de la rama del liberalismo progresista peronista" |access-date=6 November 2019 |date=19 July 2019 |newspaper=Clarín |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106143309/https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |archive-date=6 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/juan-grabois-lanza-el-frente-patria-grande-que-liderara-cristina-fernandez.phtml|title=Juan Grabois lanza el Frente Patria Grande que lideraría Cristina Kirchner|work=[[Perfil]]|date=27 October 2018|access-date=27 April 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/alberto-fernandez-soy-mas-hijo-de-la-cultura-hippie-que-de-las-veinte-verdades-peronistas.phtml|title = Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"|date = 12 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/que-es-grupo-puebla-nuevo-eje-progresista-nid2302810/ | title=Qué es el Grupo de Puebla, el nuevo eje progresista de América Latina al que apunta Alberto Fernández | date=November 2019 }}</ref> |'''Minority:''' | [[Nationalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-alberto-fernandez-leads-results-of-presidential-vote-with-47-2-support-11572223112|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's President Mauricio Macri Concedes Election to Peronist Rival Alberto Fernández|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-president-alberto-fernandezs-inauguration-marks-return-of-peronism-11576000543|title=Argentine President Alberto Fernández's Inauguration Marks Return of Peronism|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=10 December 2019|last1=Pérez|first1=Santiago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/12/03/argentinas-president-without-a-plan|title = Argentina's president without a plan|newspaper = The Economist|date = 3 December 2020}}</ref> | [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/politica/el-frente-de-todos-se-unio-a-la-campana-para-lanzar-la-candidatura-de-lula-en-el-pais/ | title=El Frente de Todos se unió a la campaña para lanzar la candidatura de Lula en el país - Tiempo Argentino | date=7 May 2022 }}</ref> | [[Communism]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2020|title=Por un frente para derrotar al macrismo|url=http://pca.org.ar/2019/05/21/por-un-frente-para-derrotar-al-macrismo/|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Partido Comunista de la Argentina|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605123540/http://pca.org.ar/2019/05/21/por-un-frente-para-derrotar-al-macrismo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/ultima-victoria-fidel_0_8yGxTKp5a.html|title=La última victoria de Fidel|date=20 July 2021}}</ref> | [[Radicales K|K Radicalism]]<ref name="lanacion.com.ar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/tierra-del-fuego-melella-se-impuso-bertone-nid2258732|title=Tierra del Fuego: Melella se impuso a Bertone en primera vuelta|newspaper=La Nación|date=17 June 2019|last1=Arias|first1=Mariela}}</ref><ref name="lanacion.com.ar2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-ascenso-de-moreau-la-nueva-figura-del-universo-kirchnerista-nid2053575/|title=El ascenso de Moreau, la nueva figura del universo kirchnerista|date=16 August 2017}}</ref>}} | position = {{nowrap|[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50203727.amp|work=[[BBC]]|title=Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/12/argentinian-peso-plunges-as-centre-left-win-election-primary|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Argentinian peso plunges as centre-left win election primary|date=12 August 2019}}</ref> to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-vote-to-show-strength-of-support-for-market-overhauls-11565533463 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's President Suffers Setback in Primary|date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-peso-dives-after-president-defeated-11565621831|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentine Peso Dives After Populist Peronists Gain Edge in Vote|date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/11/03/argentinas-slum-policy-is-a-rare-bright-spot-in-the-country | title=Argentina's slum policy is a rare bright spot in the country | newspaper=The Economist }}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|https://www.frentedetodos.org/}} | country = Argentina }} The '''Frente de Todos''' (translated as "Everyone's Front") was a [[centre-left politics|centre-left]] political coalition<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-presidential-election-as-south-americans-protest-austerity-argentines-put-it-to-a-vote/2019/10/27/023f1260-f68d-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html?outputType=amp|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Argentine voters reject austerity, return Kirchner and the Peronistas to power in presidential election|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=clarin2019>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones 2019: Alberto Fernández le ganó a Mauricio Macri en primera vuelta y el kirchnerismo vuelve al poder|access-date=31 October 2019 |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |author=Marcelo Hugo Helfgot |url= https://www.clarin.com/politica/elecciones-2019-alberto-fernandez-gano-macri-primera-vuelta-kirchnerismo-vuelve-poder_0_Mvhv92GS.html|date=28 October 2019}}</ref> of political parties in [[Argentina]]. The Frente de Todos party triumphed in the first round with 48.24% of the vote, defeating President [[Mauricio Macri]] of the [[Juntos por el Cambio]] party, who was seeking reelection. [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] was elected vice president. The party won in 18 of the country's 24 electoral districts, including the province of Buenos Aires—home to 39% of Argentina's population—and obtained 13 of the 24 senatorial seats up for grabs and 64 of the 130 deputy seats. ==Member parties== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" |- !colspan=2|Party !Leader !Ideology |- | bgcolor="#318ce7" | | [[Justicialist Party]] | [[Alberto Fernández]] | [[Peronism]] |- | bgcolor="#0e3c61" | | [[Renewal Front]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/politica/el-partido-justicialista-apoya-la-formula-alberto-fernandez-cristina-kirchner-la-unidad-es-el-camino-n395259|title=El PJ apoya la fórmula Alberto Fernández-Cristina Kirchner: "La unidad es el camino"|date=18 May 2019 }}</ref> | [[Sergio Massa]] | [[Peronism]]<br />[[Syncretic politics|Syncretism]] |- | bgcolor="#1b9ee6" | | [[Party of Culture, Education and Labour]] | [[Hugo Moyano]] | [[Peronism]]<br />[[Labourism]] |- | bgcolor="#66ffcc" | | [[Federal Commitment]] | [[Alberto Rodríguez Saá]] | [[Peronism]] |- | bgcolor="#04b45f" | | [[Kolina]] | [[Alicia Kirchner]] | [[Kirchnerism]] |- | bgcolor="#00c4f0" | | [[Victory Party (Argentina)|Victory Party]] | [[Diana Conti]] | [[Social democracy]]<br />[[Kirchnerism]] |- | bgcolor="#03ACB6" | | [[New Encounter]] | [[Martín Sabbatella]] | [[Progressivism]] |- | bgcolor="#e2007a" | | [[Somos (political party)|Somos]] | [[Victoria Donda]] | [[Socialist feminism]] |- | bgcolor={{party color|Proyecto Sur}} | | [[Proyecto Sur]] | [[Jorge Selser]] |[[Progressivism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.proyecto-sur.org/causas.html|title=Proyecto Sur. Movimiento político, social y cultural|date=30 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630051147/http://www.proyecto-sur.org/causas.html|archive-date=30 June 2009|via=proyecto-sur.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#172683" | | [[Broad Front (Argentina)|Broad Front]] | [[Adriana Puiggrós]] | [[Kirchnerism]]<br />[[Social democracy]]<br />[[Peronism]] |- | bgcolor="#04b45f" | | [[Solidary Party]] | [[Carlos Heller]] | [[Co-operatism]]<br />[[Socialism]] |- | bgcolor=#00478F | | [[Popular Unity (Argentina)|Popular Unity]] | [[Víctor De Gennaro]] | [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<br />[[Left-wing nationalism]] |- | bgcolor="#008fc3" | | [[National Alfonsinist Movement]] | [[Leopoldo Moreau]] | [[Social democracy]]<br />[[Radicales K|K Radicalism]]<ref name="lanacion.com.ar2"/> |- | bgcolor= "#ed3237" | | [[FORJA Concertation Party|FORJA]] | [[Gustavo Fernando López]] | [[Social democracy]]<br />[[Radicales K|K Radicalism]]<ref name="lanacion.com.ar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/tierra-del-fuego-melella-se-impuso-bertone-nid2258732|title=Tierra del Fuego: Melella se impuso a Bertone en primera vuelta|newspaper=La Nación|date=17 June 2019|last1=Arias|first1=Mariela}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ff2400" | | [[Communist Party of Argentina|Communist Party]] | [[Victor Kot]] | [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />[[Guevarism]] |- | bgcolor=red | | [[Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)|Communist Party (Extraordinary Congress)]] | [[Pablo Pereyra]] | [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]] |- | bgcolor=red | | [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina|Revolutionary Communist Party]] | [[Juan Carlos Alderete]] | [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] |- | bgcolor="#d10047" | | [[Intransigent Party]] | [[Enrique Gustavo Cardesa]] |[[Democratic socialism]] |- | bgcolor="#008fc3" | | [[Patria Grande Front]] | [[Juan Grabois]] | [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<br />[[Feminism]]<br />[[Kirchnerism]]<ref name=pagina12>{{cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/151337-un-frente-anti-neoliberal|title=Un frente antineoliberal|date=27 October 2018|access-date=27 April 2020|work=[[Página/12]]|language=es}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#2243B6" | | [[Evita Movement|La patria de los comunes]] | [[Emilio Pérsico]] | [[Kirchnerism]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://tn.com.ar/politica/2023/03/17/los-movimientos-sociales-lanzaron-el-partido-la-patria-de-los-comunes-criticas-al-gobierno-y-respaldo-a-cfk/|title= Los Movimientos sociales lanzaron el partido La Patria de los Comunes: críticas al Gobierno y respaldo a CFK|trans-title= Social movements started the party "La patria de los comunes": criticism to the government and support to CFK|language= Spanish|author= |date= March 17, 2023|publisher= TN|accessdate=March 20, 2023}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#1FAA89" | | [[:es:Protectora Fuerza Política|Protector Political Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/mendoza-el-frente-de-todos-sumo-a-jose-luis-ramon-y-quiere-encabezar-la-lista-de-diputados.phtml|work=[[Perfil]]|title=Mendoza: Frente de Todos sumó a José Luis Ramón y quiere encabezar la lista de diputados|date=14 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|last=Mozetic|first=Daniela|language=es}}</ref> | [[José Luis Ramón]] | [[Social democracy]] |} ==Electoral performance== ===President=== {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2"| Election year ! rowspan="2"| Candidate(s) ! colspan="2"| First Round ! colspan="2"| Second Round ! rowspan="2"| Result |- ! No. votes ! % vote ! No. votes ! % vote |- ! [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] | '''[[Alberto Fernández]]''' | 12,946,037 | 48.24 | colspan="2" {{N/A}} | {{Y}} '''Elected''' |- |} ===Legislative elections=== ====Chamber of Deputies==== {| class="wikitable" ! Election year ! votes ! % ! seats won ! Total seats ! Position ! Note |- ! [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] | 11,606,411 | 45.26 | {{Composition bar|64|130|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|119|257|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Minority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- ! [[2021 Argentine legislative election|2021]] | 7,801,865 | 33.57 | {{Composition bar|50|127|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|118|257|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Minority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- |} ====Senate==== {| class="wikitable" ! Election year ! votes ! % ! seats won ! Total seats ! Position ! Note |- ! [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] | 2,609,017 | 46.30 | {{Composition bar|15|24|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|41|72|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Majority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- ! [[2021 Argentine legislative election|2021]] | 1,916,759 | 27.54 | {{Composition bar|9|24|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|35|72|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Minority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2019 establishments]] [[Category:2010s establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:Political parties in Argentina]] l65iiw7exx12qf7jr7f4lbmopg3etz1 10331609 10331608 2025-06-15T08:50:51Z 193.5.232.52 /* References */ 10331609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = Everyone's Front | native_name = Frente de Todos | abbreviation = FdT | logo = Frente de Todos logo.svg | colorcode = {{party color|Frente de Todos}} | leader1_title = Leaders | leader1_name = [[Alberto Fernández]]<br>[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2019|06|12}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2019/06/12/estos-son-los-siete-frentes-electorales-que-competiran-en-las-elecciones-presidenciales/|work=[[Infobae]]|title=Estos son los frentes electorales que competirán en las elecciones presidenciales|date=12 June 2019|access-date=14 May 2020|language=es|last=Mugica Díaz|first=Joaquín}}</ref> | dissolved = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2023|06|14}} | predecessor = [[Citizen's Unity]]<ref name=nacion1>{{cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/asi-quedaron-definidas-principales-alianzas-competir-elecciones-nid2257390|work=[[La Nación]]|title=Así quedaron definidas las principales alianzas para competir en las elecciones|date=12 June 2019|access-date=21 July 2020|language=es}}</ref> | successor = [[Union for the Homeland]] | youth_wing = | headquarters = Riobamba 460 2.º A, [[Buenos Aires]] | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap| | [[Peronism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentines-voting-today-are-expected-to-favor-opposition-peronist-for-president-11572183526|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentines Voting Today Are Expected to Favor Opposition Peronist for President|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="concedes">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-alberto-fernandez-leads-results-of-presidential-vote-with-47-2-support-11572223112|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's President Mauricio Macri Concedes Election to Peronist Rival Alberto Fernández|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-peronist-repeat-11572262196|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's Peronist Repeat|date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2019/10/28/espanol/opinion/elecciones-argentina.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martín Caparrós|title=El peronismo vuelve|date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/10/27/argentina/1572135195_737076.html|title = El peronista Fernández se impone con claridad en las presidenciales argentinas|newspaper = El País|date = 27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/es-peronismo-unido-estupido-nid2277229/|title = Es el peronismo unido, estúpido|newspaper = La Nación|date = 13 August 2019|last1 = Serra|first1 = Laura}}</ref> | [[Kirchnerism]]<ref name=clarin2019>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones 2019: Alberto Fernández le ganó a Mauricio Macri en primera vuelta y el kirchnerismo vuelve al poder|access-date=31 October 2019 |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |author=Marcelo Hugo Helfgot |url= https://www.clarin.com/politica/elecciones-2019-alberto-fernandez-gano-macri-primera-vuelta-kirchnerismo-vuelve-poder_0_Mvhv92GS.html|date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sebastian Fest">{{Cite web|title=El peronismo vapulea a Mauricio Macri en las elecciones y el peso se desploma|url= https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2019/08/12/5d51c52efc6c8352448b45d8.html |author=Sebastian Fest|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/opinion/editorial/2019/11/23/5dd821c321efa0eb5b8b457e.html|title=Argentina: Vuelve el kirchnerismo|date=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2020/09/19/5f64cf2ffc6c83ae508b45c2.html|title = Vuelve el kirchnerismo y sus golpes a la Justicia y a los medios|date = 18 September 2020}}</ref> | [[Social democracy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/opinion/2019/11/15/el-peronismo-entre-la-socialdemocracia-y-la-izquierda/|title = El peronismo, entre la socialdemocracia y la izquierda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-12|title=Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/alberto-fernandez-soy-mas-hijo-de-la-cultura-hippie-que-de-las-veinte-verdades-peronistas.phtml|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> | [[Left-wing populism]]<ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-peso-dives-after-president-defeated-11565621831|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentine Peso Dives After Populist Peronists Gain Edge in Vote|date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/10/29/anti-neoliberal-wave-rocking-latin-america/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=The anti-neoliberal wave rocking Latin America|author=Ishaan Tharoor|date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-fernandez-moves-from-unknown-politician-to-next-likely-president-11566232733|title = Argentina's Fernández Moves from Little-Known Politician to Next Likely President|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = 19 August 2019|last1 = Dube|first1 = Ryan}}</ref> | [[Progressivism]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |title=La llamativa definición política de Alberto Fernández: "Soy de la rama del liberalismo progresista peronista" |access-date=6 November 2019 |date=19 July 2019 |newspaper=Clarín |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106143309/https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |archive-date=6 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/juan-grabois-lanza-el-frente-patria-grande-que-liderara-cristina-fernandez.phtml|title=Juan Grabois lanza el Frente Patria Grande que lideraría Cristina Kirchner|work=[[Perfil]]|date=27 October 2018|access-date=27 April 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/alberto-fernandez-soy-mas-hijo-de-la-cultura-hippie-que-de-las-veinte-verdades-peronistas.phtml|title = Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"|date = 12 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/que-es-grupo-puebla-nuevo-eje-progresista-nid2302810/ | title=Qué es el Grupo de Puebla, el nuevo eje progresista de América Latina al que apunta Alberto Fernández | date=November 2019 }}</ref> |'''Minority:''' | [[Nationalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentinas-alberto-fernandez-leads-results-of-presidential-vote-with-47-2-support-11572223112|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's President Mauricio Macri Concedes Election to Peronist Rival Alberto Fernández|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-president-alberto-fernandezs-inauguration-marks-return-of-peronism-11576000543|title=Argentine President Alberto Fernández's Inauguration Marks Return of Peronism|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=10 December 2019|last1=Pérez|first1=Santiago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2020/12/03/argentinas-president-without-a-plan|title = Argentina's president without a plan|newspaper = The Economist|date = 3 December 2020}}</ref> | [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/politica/el-frente-de-todos-se-unio-a-la-campana-para-lanzar-la-candidatura-de-lula-en-el-pais/ | title=El Frente de Todos se unió a la campaña para lanzar la candidatura de Lula en el país - Tiempo Argentino | date=7 May 2022 }}</ref> | [[Communism]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2020|title=Por un frente para derrotar al macrismo|url=http://pca.org.ar/2019/05/21/por-un-frente-para-derrotar-al-macrismo/|access-date=21 July 2020|website=Partido Comunista de la Argentina|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605123540/http://pca.org.ar/2019/05/21/por-un-frente-para-derrotar-al-macrismo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/ultima-victoria-fidel_0_8yGxTKp5a.html|title=La última victoria de Fidel|date=20 July 2021}}</ref> | [[Radicales K|K Radicalism]]<ref name="lanacion.com.ar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/tierra-del-fuego-melella-se-impuso-bertone-nid2258732|title=Tierra del Fuego: Melella se impuso a Bertone en primera vuelta|newspaper=La Nación|date=17 June 2019|last1=Arias|first1=Mariela}}</ref><ref name="lanacion.com.ar2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-ascenso-de-moreau-la-nueva-figura-del-universo-kirchnerista-nid2053575/|title=El ascenso de Moreau, la nueva figura del universo kirchnerista|date=16 August 2017}}</ref>}} | position = {{nowrap|[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50203727.amp|work=[[BBC]]|title=Argentina election: Centre-left Alberto Fernández wins presidency|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/12/argentinian-peso-plunges-as-centre-left-win-election-primary|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Argentinian peso plunges as centre-left win election primary|date=12 August 2019}}</ref> to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-vote-to-show-strength-of-support-for-market-overhauls-11565533463 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentina's President Suffers Setback in Primary|date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/argentine-peso-dives-after-president-defeated-11565621831|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=Argentine Peso Dives After Populist Peronists Gain Edge in Vote|date=August 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/11/03/argentinas-slum-policy-is-a-rare-bright-spot-in-the-country | title=Argentina's slum policy is a rare bright spot in the country | newspaper=The Economist }}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|https://www.frentedetodos.org/}} | country = Argentina }} The '''Frente de Todos''' (translated as "Everyone's Front") was a [[centre-left politics|centre-left]] political coalition<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/argentina-presidential-election-as-south-americans-protest-austerity-argentines-put-it-to-a-vote/2019/10/27/023f1260-f68d-11e9-b2d2-1f37c9d82dbb_story.html?outputType=amp|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Argentine voters reject austerity, return Kirchner and the Peronistas to power in presidential election|date=27 October 2019}}</ref><ref name=clarin2019>{{Cite web |title=Elecciones 2019: Alberto Fernández le ganó a Mauricio Macri en primera vuelta y el kirchnerismo vuelve al poder|access-date=31 October 2019 |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |author=Marcelo Hugo Helfgot |url= https://www.clarin.com/politica/elecciones-2019-alberto-fernandez-gano-macri-primera-vuelta-kirchnerismo-vuelve-poder_0_Mvhv92GS.html|date=28 October 2019}}</ref> of political parties in [[Argentina]]. The Frente de Todos party triumphed in the first round with 48.24% of the vote, defeating President [[Mauricio Macri]] of the [[Juntos por el Cambio]] party, who was seeking reelection. [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] was elected vice president. The party won in 18 of the country's 24 electoral districts, including the province of Buenos Aires—home to 39% of Argentina's population—and obtained 13 of the 24 senatorial seats up for grabs and 64 of the 130 deputy seats. ==Member parties== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%" |- !colspan=2|Party !Leader !Ideology |- | bgcolor="#318ce7" | | [[Justicialist Party]] | [[Alberto Fernández]] | [[Peronism]] |- | bgcolor="#0e3c61" | | [[Renewal Front]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariopopular.com.ar/politica/el-partido-justicialista-apoya-la-formula-alberto-fernandez-cristina-kirchner-la-unidad-es-el-camino-n395259|title=El PJ apoya la fórmula Alberto Fernández-Cristina Kirchner: "La unidad es el camino"|date=18 May 2019 }}</ref> | [[Sergio Massa]] | [[Peronism]]<br />[[Syncretic politics|Syncretism]] |- | bgcolor="#1b9ee6" | | [[Party of Culture, Education and Labour]] | [[Hugo Moyano]] | [[Peronism]]<br />[[Labourism]] |- | bgcolor="#66ffcc" | | [[Federal Commitment]] | [[Alberto Rodríguez Saá]] | [[Peronism]] |- | bgcolor="#04b45f" | | [[Kolina]] | [[Alicia Kirchner]] | [[Kirchnerism]] |- | bgcolor="#00c4f0" | | [[Victory Party (Argentina)|Victory Party]] | [[Diana Conti]] | [[Social democracy]]<br />[[Kirchnerism]] |- | bgcolor="#03ACB6" | | [[New Encounter]] | [[Martín Sabbatella]] | [[Progressivism]] |- | bgcolor="#e2007a" | | [[Somos (political party)|Somos]] | [[Victoria Donda]] | [[Socialist feminism]] |- | bgcolor={{party color|Proyecto Sur}} | | [[Proyecto Sur]] | [[Jorge Selser]] |[[Progressivism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.proyecto-sur.org/causas.html|title=Proyecto Sur. Movimiento político, social y cultural|date=30 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630051147/http://www.proyecto-sur.org/causas.html|archive-date=30 June 2009|via=proyecto-sur.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#172683" | | [[Broad Front (Argentina)|Broad Front]] | [[Adriana Puiggrós]] | [[Kirchnerism]]<br />[[Social democracy]]<br />[[Peronism]] |- | bgcolor="#04b45f" | | [[Solidary Party]] | [[Carlos Heller]] | [[Co-operatism]]<br />[[Socialism]] |- | bgcolor=#00478F | | [[Popular Unity (Argentina)|Popular Unity]] | [[Víctor De Gennaro]] | [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<br />[[Left-wing nationalism]] |- | bgcolor="#008fc3" | | [[National Alfonsinist Movement]] | [[Leopoldo Moreau]] | [[Social democracy]]<br />[[Radicales K|K Radicalism]]<ref name="lanacion.com.ar2"/> |- | bgcolor= "#ed3237" | | [[FORJA Concertation Party|FORJA]] | [[Gustavo Fernando López]] | [[Social democracy]]<br />[[Radicales K|K Radicalism]]<ref name="lanacion.com.ar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/tierra-del-fuego-melella-se-impuso-bertone-nid2258732|title=Tierra del Fuego: Melella se impuso a Bertone en primera vuelta|newspaper=La Nación|date=17 June 2019|last1=Arias|first1=Mariela}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ff2400" | | [[Communist Party of Argentina|Communist Party]] | [[Victor Kot]] | [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br />[[Guevarism]] |- | bgcolor=red | | [[Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)|Communist Party (Extraordinary Congress)]] | [[Pablo Pereyra]] | [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism]] |- | bgcolor=red | | [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina|Revolutionary Communist Party]] | [[Juan Carlos Alderete]] | [[Communism]]<br />[[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] |- | bgcolor="#d10047" | | [[Intransigent Party]] | [[Enrique Gustavo Cardesa]] |[[Democratic socialism]] |- | bgcolor="#008fc3" | | [[Patria Grande Front]] | [[Juan Grabois]] | [[Socialism of the 21st century]]<br />[[Feminism]]<br />[[Kirchnerism]]<ref name=pagina12>{{cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/151337-un-frente-anti-neoliberal|title=Un frente antineoliberal|date=27 October 2018|access-date=27 April 2020|work=[[Página/12]]|language=es}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#2243B6" | | [[Evita Movement|La patria de los comunes]] | [[Emilio Pérsico]] | [[Kirchnerism]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://tn.com.ar/politica/2023/03/17/los-movimientos-sociales-lanzaron-el-partido-la-patria-de-los-comunes-criticas-al-gobierno-y-respaldo-a-cfk/|title= Los Movimientos sociales lanzaron el partido La Patria de los Comunes: críticas al Gobierno y respaldo a CFK|trans-title= Social movements started the party "La patria de los comunes": criticism to the government and support to CFK|language= Spanish|author= |date= March 17, 2023|publisher= TN|accessdate=March 20, 2023}}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#1FAA89" | | [[:es:Protectora Fuerza Política|Protector Political Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/mendoza-el-frente-de-todos-sumo-a-jose-luis-ramon-y-quiere-encabezar-la-lista-de-diputados.phtml|work=[[Perfil]]|title=Mendoza: Frente de Todos sumó a José Luis Ramón y quiere encabezar la lista de diputados|date=14 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|last=Mozetic|first=Daniela|language=es}}</ref> | [[José Luis Ramón]] | [[Social democracy]] |} ==Electoral performance== ===President=== {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2"| Election year ! rowspan="2"| Candidate(s) ! colspan="2"| First Round ! colspan="2"| Second Round ! rowspan="2"| Result |- ! No. votes ! % vote ! No. votes ! % vote |- ! [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] | '''[[Alberto Fernández]]''' | 12,946,037 | 48.24 | colspan="2" {{N/A}} | {{Y}} '''Elected''' |- |} ===Legislative elections=== ====Chamber of Deputies==== {| class="wikitable" ! Election year ! votes ! % ! seats won ! Total seats ! Position ! Note |- ! [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] | 11,606,411 | 45.26 | {{Composition bar|64|130|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|119|257|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Minority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- ! [[2021 Argentine legislative election|2021]] | 7,801,865 | 33.57 | {{Composition bar|50|127|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|118|257|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Minority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- |} ====Senate==== {| class="wikitable" ! Election year ! votes ! % ! seats won ! Total seats ! Position ! Note |- ! [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] | 2,609,017 | 46.30 | {{Composition bar|15|24|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|41|72|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Majority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- ! [[2021 Argentine legislative election|2021]] | 1,916,759 | 27.54 | {{Composition bar|9|24|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{Composition bar|35|72|hex=#2EA2E2}} | {{yes2|Minority}} | Includes the [[Civic Front for Santiago|FCxS]] |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2019 establishments]] [[Category:2010s establishments in Argentina]] [[Category:2023 disestablishments]] [[Category:Political parties in Argentina]] pbdbyjwff5ffpo98xgmg6tw4adu35n4 3 1196758 10330978 10328106 2025-06-14T22:31:53Z Davey2010 314522 Caution: Violating copyright. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330978 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] [[Wikipedia:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikipedia. I noticed that you recently made a new article or made changes to one, for example "[[Stan and Jan Berenstain]]", by adding things copied from a book, magazine, newspaper or another website without the [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|permission of the copyright holder]]. Many sources, including websites found on the Internet, are copyrighted. I am afraid Wikipedia cannot accept '''any''' things copied from these sources as it can get Wikipedia into serious legal trouble. The article or changes have been or will soon be deleted. Next time, please look up sources to find out ''information'' for articles and explain it in your own words, and do not copy ''sentences'' or ''images'' from them. Thank you. <!-- Template:Uw-copyright1 --> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :Please don't copypaste from the English Wikipedia or anywhere else, Thank you. –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:37, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] Please stop adding [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyrighted]] things to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder.<br>For legal reasons, we cannot accept text or images borrowed from books, magazines, newspapers or other websites. These will be deleted. You may use these sources to find out ''information'' for Wikipedia, but cannot copy ''sentences'' or ''images'' from them. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and users who add copyrighted material again and again '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-copyright2 --> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 22:31, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> q1nxom4ifsx2zbaqd282d0ib9wjarea 4 1196759 10331686 10328122 2025-06-15T09:50:14Z Ervin111899 640760 10331686 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === List of May Bukas Pa episodes === :{{lc|List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes|action=edit}} close request]</span> Davey2010 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' [[May Bukas Pa]] doesn't exist so it seems a pointless article to have?, Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:48, 13 June 2025 (UTC) :'''Delete'''. The show page doesn't exist. Additionally, the episode titles are copyrighted, as I already learned from an experience at English Wikipedia on why I got blocked on that website. Therefore, I support for page deletion. [[User:Ervin111899|Ervin111899]] ([[User talk:Ervin111899|talk]]) 09:49, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''21:48, 20 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 6jbgmk3oyrvqkc2o32zjmxwgd1yc6mb 10331718 10331686 2025-06-15T10:10:14Z Ervin111899 640760 10331718 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === List of May Bukas Pa episodes === :{{lc|List of May Bukas Pa episodes}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of May Bukas Pa episodes|action=edit}} close request]</span> Davey2010 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' [[May Bukas Pa]] doesn't exist so it seems a pointless article to have?, Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:48, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''21:48, 20 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> :'''Delete'''. The show page doesn't exist. Additionally, the episode titles are copyrighted, as I already learned from an experience at English Wikipedia on why I got blocked on that website. Therefore, I support for page deletion. [[User:Ervin111899|Ervin111899]] ([[User talk:Ervin111899|talk]]) 09:49, 15 June 2025 (UTC) gc9n7gu36xtgt3wt4652gely2564ppf 4 1196760 10331722 10328129 2025-06-15T10:11:08Z Ervin111899 640760 10331722 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === List of My Dear Heart episodes === :{{lc|List of My Dear Heart episodes}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of My Dear Heart episodes|action=edit}} close request]</span> Davey2010 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' [[My Dear Heart]] doesn't exist so it seems a pointless article to have?, Thanks –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:49, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''21:49, 20 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> :'''Delete'''. Same reason as [[List of May Bukas Pa episodes]]. [[User:Ervin111899|Ervin111899]] ([[User talk:Ervin111899|talk]]) 10:11, 15 June 2025 (UTC) qrqmssw4p9lconpdefjjd5mhb1arn9g 4 1196806 10330969 10328871 2025-06-14T22:27:28Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ merge 10330969 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Cheisaang Marol === :{{lc|Cheisaang Marol}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Notability of this form of martial arts is not established via reliable sources. The two sources are nearly identical and describe one demonstration of the practice that occurred. I also feel this is close to a copyright violation; the wording from the article is almost essentially the wording of the sources, just with sentence structures flipped around. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] I understand what you have said. I can re edit the wordings if it isn't good enough. Moreover, could this article be merged into [[Meitei martial arts]] instead of keeping it as stand alone article, now risking for deletion? [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 02:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== * '''merge''' into [[Meitei martial arts]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''02:41, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 163aqa71a79d2klcr051itffw0031to 10331370 10330969 2025-06-15T03:00:12Z Auntof6 22027 move discussion to discussion area 10331370 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Cheisaang Marol === :{{lc|Cheisaang Marol}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Cheisaang Marol|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Notability of this form of martial arts is not established via reliable sources. The two sources are nearly identical and describe one demonstration of the practice that occurred. I also feel this is close to a copyright violation; the wording from the article is almost essentially the wording of the sources, just with sentence structures flipped around. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] I understand what you have said. I can re edit the wordings if it isn't good enough. Moreover, could this article be merged into [[Meitei martial arts]] instead of keeping it as stand alone article, now risking for deletion? [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 02:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC) * '''merge''' into [[Meitei martial arts]] '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''02:41, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 81i2vgmnb3jzav7d7v9uxn13yps5tiv 0 1196815 10330201 10329259 2025-06-14T15:42:54Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Early life and lineage */ 10330201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Aalong | title = Founder of the [[Khuman dynasty]] | reign = c. 2nd century AD | reign-type = Monarchy | successor = [[Tumaba]] | spouse = Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi | issue = [[Tumaba]] | full name = Aalong Khuman Ningthou | father = Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa | mother = Shanthong Punemba Chanu | religion = [[Sanamahism]] | dynasty = [[Khuman dynasty]] }} '''Aalong''' (also spelled '''Aarong'''), also known as '''Areng''' or '''Arengba''', was the first king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now called [[Manipur]]). He was said to be the elder brother of King [[Pamingnapa]]{{Efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}}, who started the [[Luwang dynasty]]. Aalong was the son of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa{{Efn|also known as Singtangbung Tabung Singminnaba (ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯕꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯥꯕꯥ/ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯕꯨꯡ ꯇꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ)}}, who was the last ruler before the Khuman and Luwang dynasties separated.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> He was the grandson of [[Poireiton]] and lived during the time of King [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Biography == === Early life and lineage === Aalong came from the [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman–Luwang]] royal family line, which started from [[Poireiton]], a famous figure in [[Meitei mythology]] and a king of the early united [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang]] people. Poireiton was the brother of [[Thongalen]], the god of the underworld. In a story called ''[[Poireiton Khunthok]]'', he is said to have come to [[Kangleipak]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://ia800107.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.532678/2015.532678.religion-and.pdf|title=Religion and Culture of Manipur}}</ref> But in some history books, he is said to be the brother of [[Thawaren]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> This royal family had nine rulers before it split. The last one was King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa. After his rule, his two sons divided the line: [[Aalong]]{{Efn|also spelled as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} started the [[Khuman dynasty]] and [[Pamingnapa]]{{Efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}} started the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> === Reign === Aalong was the first ruler of the [[Khuman dynasty]]. His first capital was at [[Thoubal]], and later it moved to Meikoipung near today’s [[Loktak Lake]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The [[Khuman clan]] is one of the seven main [[Yek Salai]] or clans of the [[Meitei people]]. The Khumans became one of the three most powerful groups in old [[Kangleipak]], along with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] and the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name="NEIHA">NEIHA Proceedings, "Political Structure of Prehistoric Kangleipak", 1982.</ref> As the first king, Aalong probably had contact—peaceful or not—with the kings of the Ningthouja line, like [[Khuyoi Tompok]], at a time when the different dynasties were growing and competing for power.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Cultural and historical significance == The [[Khuman dynasty]] became one of the three main rulers in early [[Manipur]], along with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] and the [[Luwang dynasty]]<ref name=":0" />. These dynasties each belonged to an important clan of the [[Meitei people]]. Aalong’s family line is very important to the [[Khuman|Khuman Salai]] identity. Their clan symbol is a black dragon, which appears in [[Meitei mythology]] and traditional stories and art.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Background and ancestors == The Khuman clan comes from one of the seven original Meitei clans. These clans, including Khuman and Luwang, are believed to come from the god-serpent [[Pakhangba]].<ref name=":0" /> However, from historical evidences, these clans had different ancestry.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> [[Poireiton]], a human prince, is said to have led many people into [[Kangleipak]], bringing together groups and forming royal families.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267352|title=Poireiton Khunthok|last=Chandra Singh|first=Moirangthem|date=1979}}</ref> Among his children or descendants were [[Pamingnapa]]{{Efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}} of the [[Luwang dynasty]] and [[Aalong]]{{Efn|also spelled as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} of the [[Khuman dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The two dynasties finally became separate during the rule of [[Luwang Ningthou Khunthiba]] and [[Khuman Lungba]].<ref name="ClanCult">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369593973_The_Sacred_Lineage_Clan_and_Cult_in_Meitei_Society |title=The Sacred Lineage: Clan and Cult in Meitei Society..}}</ref> == Later history == The [[Khuman dynasty]] ruled by itself for a long time. But by the end of the 14th century CE, it was taken over by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Their capital Meikoipung became part of the Ningthouja kingdom. Even after losing their kingdom, the Khuman people stayed as an important group within the [[Meitei]] community and kept their culture.<ref name=":0" /> == See also == * [[Poireiton]] * [[Khumanlol]] * [[Poireiton Khunthok]] * [[Yek Salai]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] * [[Khuman dynasty]] * [[Meitei people]] * [[Ningthouja dynasty]] * [[Khuyoi Tompok]] == References == {{Notelist}}{{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Khelchandra">{{Cite book |last=Khelchandra |first=Hijam |title=Khuman Kangleirol |year=1964}}</ref> <ref name="Kullachandra">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra |first=Naorem |title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba |year=1966}}</ref> <ref name="Meihouron">{{Cite book |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |year=1987}}</ref> <ref name="Lambuba">{{Cite book |title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba |publisher=Manipur State Archives}}</ref> <ref name="PoireitonKhunthok">{{Cite book |last=Chandra Singh |first=Moirangthem |title=Poireiton Khunthok |year=1979 |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267352}}</ref> }} s041m95r11jnel7h4g5ya55fqbpm44j 10330273 10330201 2025-06-14T16:26:15Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 10330273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Aalong | title = Founder of the [[Khuman dynasty]] | reign = c. 2nd century AD | reign-type = Monarchy | successor = [[Tumaba]] | spouse = Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi | issue = [[Tumaba]] | full name = Aalong Khuman Ningthou | father = Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa | mother = Shanthong Punemba Chanu | religion = [[Sanamahism]] | dynasty = [[Khuman dynasty]] }} '''Aalong''' (also spelled '''Aarong'''), also known as '''Areng''' or '''Arengba''', was the first king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now called [[Manipur]]). He was said to be the brother of King [[Pamingnapa]]{{Efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}}, who started the [[Luwang dynasty]]. Aalong was the son of King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa{{Efn|also known as Singtangbung Tabung Singminnaba (ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯕꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯥꯕꯥ/ꯁꯤꯡꯇꯥꯡꯕꯨꯡ ꯇꯕꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯡꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕ)}}, who was the last ruler before the Khuman and Luwang dynasties separated.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> He was the grandson of [[Poireiton]] and lived during the time of King [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]]. == Biography == === Early life and lineage === Aalong came from the [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman–Luwang]] royal family line, which started from [[Poireiton]], a famous figure in [[Meitei mythology]] and a king of the early united [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang]] people. Poireiton was the brother of [[Thongalen]], the god of the underworld. In a story called ''[[Poireiton Khunthok]]'', he is said to have come to [[Kangleipak]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://ia800107.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.532678/2015.532678.religion-and.pdf|title=Religion and Culture of Manipur}}</ref> But in some history books, he is said to be the brother of [[Thawaren]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> This royal family had nine rulers before it split. The last one was King Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa. After his rule, his two sons divided the line: [[Aalong]]{{Efn|also spelled as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} started the [[Khuman dynasty]] and [[Pamingnapa]]{{Efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}} started the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> === Reign === Aalong was the first ruler of the [[Khuman dynasty]]. His first capital was at [[Thoubal]], and later it moved to Meikoipung near today’s [[Loktak Lake]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The [[Khuman clan]] is one of the seven main [[Yek Salai]] or clans of the [[Meitei people]]. The Khumans became one of the three most powerful groups in old [[Kangleipak]], along with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] and the [[Luwang dynasty]].<ref name="NEIHA">NEIHA Proceedings, "Political Structure of Prehistoric Kangleipak", 1982.</ref> As the first king, Aalong probably had contact—peaceful or not—with the kings of the Ningthouja line, like [[Khuyoi Tompok]], at a time when the different dynasties were growing and competing for power.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Cultural and historical significance == The [[Khuman dynasty]] became one of the three main rulers in early [[Manipur]], along with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] and the [[Luwang dynasty]]<ref name=":0" />. These dynasties each belonged to an important clan of the [[Meitei people]]. Aalong’s family line is very important to the [[Khuman|Khuman Salai]] identity. Their clan symbol is a black dragon, which appears in [[Meitei mythology]] and traditional stories and art.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Background and ancestors == The Khuman clan comes from one of the seven original Meitei clans. These clans, including Khuman and Luwang, are believed to come from the god-serpent [[Pakhangba]].<ref name=":0" /> However, from historical evidences, these clans had different ancestry.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> [[Poireiton]], a human prince, is said to have led many people into [[Kangleipak]], bringing together groups and forming royal families.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267352|title=Poireiton Khunthok|last=Chandra Singh|first=Moirangthem|date=1979}}</ref> Among his children or descendants were [[Pamingnapa]]{{Efn|also known as Pamingnaba (ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕ / ꯄꯥꯃꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ)}} of the [[Luwang dynasty]] and [[Aalong]]{{Efn|also spelled as Aarong (ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ)}} of the [[Khuman dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> The two dynasties finally became separate during the rule of [[Luwang Ningthou Khunthiba]] and [[Khuman Lungba]].<ref name="ClanCult">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369593973_The_Sacred_Lineage_Clan_and_Cult_in_Meitei_Society |title=The Sacred Lineage: Clan and Cult in Meitei Society..}}</ref> == Later history == The [[Khuman dynasty]] ruled by itself for a long time. But by the end of the 14th century CE, it was taken over by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> Their capital Meikoipung became part of the Ningthouja kingdom. Even after losing their kingdom, the Khuman people stayed as an important group within the [[Meitei]] community and kept their culture.<ref name=":0" /> == See also == * [[Poireiton]] * [[Khumanlol]] * [[Poireiton Khunthok]] * [[Yek Salai]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] * [[Khuman dynasty]] * [[Meitei people]] * [[Ningthouja dynasty]] * [[Khuyoi Tompok]] == References == {{Notelist}}{{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Khelchandra">{{Cite book |last=Khelchandra |first=Hijam |title=Khuman Kangleirol |year=1964}}</ref> <ref name="Kullachandra">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra |first=Naorem |title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba |year=1966}}</ref> <ref name="Meihouron">{{Cite book |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |year=1987}}</ref> <ref name="Lambuba">{{Cite book |title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba |publisher=Manipur State Archives}}</ref> <ref name="PoireitonKhunthok">{{Cite book |last=Chandra Singh |first=Moirangthem |title=Poireiton Khunthok |year=1979 |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267352}}</ref> }} ny4nb4b5qs5t9p76lkbg6c0gysik9zu 2 1196828 10330814 10329409 2025-06-14T20:20:14Z Haoreima 1043157 10330814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate. == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position). == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered. == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated. For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot. == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses). == Series == Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks. == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. == Setting up == Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''humdaang yaanba'', ''yum houba usin'' (or ''ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''asithong thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed. == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars. == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household. == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too. == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Lawson's or ''laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''laison ahaanba, iru laison (eeru laishon), athou laison, yumdai naakseng laison, atai laison, mei iraat laison, yum sang-gaaba laison, sanamahi tengtha laison, lammitlon, pungkhanpalon, maikei 10 laiming, heisoi ipaan thaapa laison, yumjao leima iraat laison, konyailon laison (konyairon laishon), pongning laison, apoklon laison, umanglon, among many others. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} dc47pfhczeln8z4xvjw37v5e124bih5 10330817 10330814 2025-06-14T20:21:29Z Haoreima 1043157 10330817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate. == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position). == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered. == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated. For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot. == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses). == Series == Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks. == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''humdaang yaanba'', ''yum houba usin'' (or ''ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''asithong thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed. == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars. == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household. == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too. == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Lawson's or ''laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''laison ahaanba, iru laison (eeru laishon), athou laison, yumdai naakseng laison, atai laison, mei iraat laison, yum sang-gaaba laison, sanamahi tengtha laison, lammitlon, pungkhanpalon, maikei 10 laiming, heisoi ipaan thaapa laison, yumjao leima iraat laison, konyailon laison (konyairon laishon), pongning laison, apoklon laison, umanglon, among many others. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} r896lbya5ftu7fop7bjbsf6pdhq5i6q 10330819 10330817 2025-06-14T20:22:08Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Setting up */ 10330819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate. == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position). == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered. == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated. For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot. == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses). == Series == Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks. == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''humdaang yaanba'', ''yum houba usin'' (or ''ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''asithong thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed. == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars. == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household. == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too. == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Lawson's or ''laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''laison ahaanba, iru laison (eeru laishon), athou laison, yumdai naakseng laison, atai laison, mei iraat laison, yum sang-gaaba laison, sanamahi tengtha laison, lammitlon, pungkhanpalon, maikei 10 laiming, heisoi ipaan thaapa laison, yumjao leima iraat laison, konyailon laison (konyairon laishon), pongning laison, apoklon laison, umanglon, among many others. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} m8isxpzjoc5n4zd1y7r16xihqqcqmos 10330823 10330819 2025-06-14T20:23:29Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Series */ 10330823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate. == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position). == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered. == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated. For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot. == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses). == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks. == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''humdaang yaanba'', ''yum houba usin'' (or ''ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''asithong thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed. == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars. == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household. == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too. == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Lawson's or ''laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''laison ahaanba, iru laison (eeru laishon), athou laison, yumdai naakseng laison, atai laison, mei iraat laison, yum sang-gaaba laison, sanamahi tengtha laison, lammitlon, pungkhanpalon, maikei 10 laiming, heisoi ipaan thaapa laison, yumjao leima iraat laison, konyailon laison (konyairon laishon), pongning laison, apoklon laison, umanglon, among many others. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ronzqrwig47mlixu8nhxk7avhbd15li 10330832 10330823 2025-06-14T20:25:22Z Haoreima 1043157 10330832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate. == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position). == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered. == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated. For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot. == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses). == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks. == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''humdaang yaanba'', ''yum houba usin'' (or ''ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''asithong thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed. == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars. == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household. == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too. == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Lawson's or ''laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''laison ahaanba, iru laison (eeru laishon), athou laison, yumdai naakseng laison, atai laison, mei iraat laison, yum sang-gaaba laison, sanamahi tengtha laison, lammitlon, pungkhanpalon, maikei 10 laiming, heisoi ipaan thaapa laison, yumjao leima iraat laison, konyailon laison (konyairon laishon), pongning laison, apoklon laison, umanglon, among many others. == Related pages == == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} g8yrvi61kycai561pitztknv17g205k 10330843 10330832 2025-06-14T20:27:38Z Haoreima 1043157 10330843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} mp6s1nb9bgt91i6fgdbtwlpvm1vg4nw 10330844 10330843 2025-06-14T20:30:38Z Haoreima 1043157 10330844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to the construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 6rdhyuw05r3aihefymtt7snbej173kw 10330846 10330844 2025-06-14T20:32:04Z Haoreima 1043157 10330846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 4txlkdwcx5d3hqscs1mc1o74sqnejlk 10330847 10330846 2025-06-14T20:33:11Z Haoreima 1043157 10330847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in traditional Meitei society, reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} t93lq3l2ai1gg48et3tmvir0vqaqusx 10330848 10330847 2025-06-14T20:33:41Z Haoreima 1043157 10330848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} c9f6tq0w1tirpvzbhzr6t0zwa72nvho 10330849 10330848 2025-06-14T20:34:36Z Haoreima 1043157 10330849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship. It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} b82uforzc919fhd6whn9ag1ko3u8eem 10330850 10330849 2025-06-14T20:37:47Z Haoreima 1043157 10330850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} gigmw5tkeifpxn2foevaxx18yqgmt1t 10330852 10330850 2025-06-14T20:39:38Z Haoreima 1043157 10330852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} dl0aysbfroslf4hho17mgqjppyv50qa 10330857 10330852 2025-06-14T20:43:18Z Haoreima 1043157 10330857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures, notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances. == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} sdwwk4jg7x0c1ng9vvijisd3niiv0dp 10330862 10330857 2025-06-14T20:44:40Z Haoreima 1043157 10330862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures, notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} qshlolkh2rcrna1oroy7obpo1kkous4 10330864 10330862 2025-06-14T20:47:03Z Haoreima 1043157 10330864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures, notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} jjrbdotu6zlr2nqw7u95f5rtbhtj1bu 10330867 10330864 2025-06-14T20:49:51Z Haoreima 1043157 10330867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} lwf7kjcjl50cd174dori3q2r4lwbgle 10330868 10330867 2025-06-14T20:52:07Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Room layout */ 10330868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. Here, "Karan" refers to the crossing point of two or more diagonals of wooden or bamboo frameworks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} c6o7wwjwyvo4hpzhnksplgvdpzsjkc7 10330876 10330868 2025-06-14T20:59:33Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Gallery */ 10330876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. Here, "Karan" refers to the crossing point of two or more diagonals of wooden or bamboo frameworks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Gallery == <gallery showfilename="true"> Paling Hunpa (Paring Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ee Kuppa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of roofing a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Humtaang Yaanpa (Humdaang Yaanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Konpa (Paring Konba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ulaa Thaapa (Uraa Thaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaang-ngaa Thaang-katpa (Khang-nga Thaang-gatpa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leihun Jagoi Khutthek - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Laangsang Hunpa (Paring Langsang Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Waai Teipa (Phaklang Wai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of plastering a wall in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chook Yungpa (Chuk Yungba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of erecting a pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Khaapa (Phaklang Khaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing walls in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaangel Haappa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing roof supporting pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ukhul Taanpa (Ukhul Taanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of digging a pillar hole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leimaai Teipa (Leimai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of flooring in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chilel Laang-yeng (Chirel Lang-yeng) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing holy horns (antlers) in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leitem Kaayaat - a gesture (Khut-thek) of surfacing each room in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Yumpilel Haappa (Yumbirel Happa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing main pillar in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} jwsmfcf10s11c6xybygxxn5xukbxt9l 10330877 10330876 2025-06-14T21:01:14Z Haoreima 1043157 10330877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. Here, "Karan" refers to the crossing point of two or more diagonals of wooden or bamboo frameworks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == {{See|Ancient Meitei hymns|Meitei ritual songs}} Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Gallery == <gallery showfilename="true"> Paling Hunpa (Paring Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ee Kuppa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of roofing a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Humtaang Yaanpa (Humdaang Yaanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Konpa (Paring Konba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ulaa Thaapa (Uraa Thaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaang-ngaa Thaang-katpa (Khang-nga Thaang-gatpa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leihun Jagoi Khutthek - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Laangsang Hunpa (Paring Langsang Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Waai Teipa (Phaklang Wai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of plastering a wall in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chook Yungpa (Chuk Yungba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of erecting a pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Khaapa (Phaklang Khaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing walls in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaangel Haappa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing roof supporting pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ukhul Taanpa (Ukhul Taanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of digging a pillar hole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leimaai Teipa (Leimai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of flooring in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chilel Laang-yeng (Chirel Lang-yeng) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing holy horns (antlers) in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leitem Kaayaat - a gesture (Khut-thek) of surfacing each room in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Yumpilel Haappa (Yumbirel Happa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing main pillar in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 1k8yw5vjtdm94vvof4dhuremzezsa1e 10330880 10330877 2025-06-14T21:03:19Z Haoreima 1043157 10330880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|a classical tradition related to residential building construction|the overall architectural tradition of [[Meitei civilization]]|Meitei architecture}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. Here, "Karan" refers to the crossing point of two or more diagonals of wooden or bamboo frameworks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including yumbi (yumpi), loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == {{See|Ancient Meitei hymns|Meitei ritual songs}} Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Gallery == <gallery showfilename="true"> Paling Hunpa (Paring Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ee Kuppa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of roofing a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Humtaang Yaanpa (Humdaang Yaanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Konpa (Paring Konba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ulaa Thaapa (Uraa Thaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaang-ngaa Thaang-katpa (Khang-nga Thaang-gatpa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leihun Jagoi Khutthek - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Laangsang Hunpa (Paring Langsang Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Waai Teipa (Phaklang Wai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of plastering a wall in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chook Yungpa (Chuk Yungba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of erecting a pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Khaapa (Phaklang Khaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing walls in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaangel Haappa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing roof supporting pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ukhul Taanpa (Ukhul Taanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of digging a pillar hole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leimaai Teipa (Leimai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of flooring in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chilel Laang-yeng (Chirel Lang-yeng) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing holy horns (antlers) in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leitem Kaayaat - a gesture (Khut-thek) of surfacing each room in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Yumpilel Haappa (Yumbirel Happa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing main pillar in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 3kh10spd3kb2z6tycfr2n8dvpz9f57u 10331562 10330880 2025-06-15T07:28:24Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Setting up */ 10331562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|a classical tradition related to residential building construction|the overall architectural tradition of [[Meitei civilization]]|Meitei architecture}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. Here, "Karan" refers to the crossing point of two or more diagonals of wooden or bamboo frameworks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including Yumbi (Yumpi), Loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''Yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the yum houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == {{See|Ancient Meitei hymns|Meitei ritual songs}} Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Gallery == <gallery showfilename="true"> Paling Hunpa (Paring Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ee Kuppa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of roofing a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Humtaang Yaanpa (Humdaang Yaanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Konpa (Paring Konba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ulaa Thaapa (Uraa Thaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaang-ngaa Thaang-katpa (Khang-nga Thaang-gatpa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leihun Jagoi Khutthek - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Laangsang Hunpa (Paring Langsang Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Waai Teipa (Phaklang Wai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of plastering a wall in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chook Yungpa (Chuk Yungba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of erecting a pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Khaapa (Phaklang Khaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing walls in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaangel Haappa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing roof supporting pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ukhul Taanpa (Ukhul Taanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of digging a pillar hole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leimaai Teipa (Leimai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of flooring in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chilel Laang-yeng (Chirel Lang-yeng) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing holy horns (antlers) in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leitem Kaayaat - a gesture (Khut-thek) of surfacing each room in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Yumpilel Haappa (Yumbirel Happa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing main pillar in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 9x1dwk2hulqg6ufz0ewu0ofk443i0co 10331564 10331562 2025-06-15T07:33:43Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Setting up */ 10331564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{About|a classical tradition related to residential building construction|the overall architectural tradition of [[Meitei civilization]]|Meitei architecture}} '''Meitei Yumsharol''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯜ}}), also known as '''Meitei Yumsharon''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯔꯣꯟ}}), is the classical architectural tradition of house-building in [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei society]], reflecting both cultural heritage and ancestral craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Importance of Yumsharol in modem days discussed : 26th may24|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..260524.may24|access-date=2025-06-14|website=EP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Manipur: Workshop on Meitei community's traditional style of housing 'Yumsharol' to be held on May 25|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25-994070-2024-04-29|access-date=2025-06-14|website=India Today NE|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Workshop on Meitei community’s traditional style of housing ‘Yumsharol’ to be held on May 25|url=https://www.krctimes.com/news/workshop-on-meitei-communitys-traditional-style-of-housing-yumsharol-to-be-held-on-may-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=KRC TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> It encompasses the holy and sacred ceremonies, rites and rituals, related to construction and maintenance of the main house, associated sanctuaries of deities like shrines or temples, associated granaries or storehouses of food stock, associated barns, stables, sties of domestic animals, among others, in accordance to the [[traditional Meitei religion]] of [[Sanamahism]].<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465863|title=Meitei Yumsharol|last=Indramani|first=Naoroibam|date=1995|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1995|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯱.jpg|thumb|Details of building a traditional Meitei house according to the art of Meitei Yumsharol]] "Yumsharol" (also known as ''Yumsharol Jagoi'' in case of its [[performing arts]]) also refers to a traditional Meitei dance form, which depicts the construction of houses, through different gestures called ''yumsharol khutthek'' (meaning ''hand gestures of house construction''), notably accompanied with the ''Yumsharol'' song, and the playing of [[pena (musical instrument)]], traditionally enacted during [[Lai Haraoba]] performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YUMSHAROL DANCE STAGED|url=https://pothashang.in/2018/02/yumsharol-dance-staged/}}</ref> == Land plot == Before starting anything, ancient Meitei people try to find out if the proposed land plot is associated with Tillam or Lailam (Lairam) or not. They also analyse the features and the types of the land plot. Then, they perform tests to see if the land plot is auspicious or ominous through certain ceremonies, rites and rituals. If certain animal bones or skeletal remains are found in the land plot, it is considered bad luck and are to be removed from the land plot. Depending on the position and the shape of the land plot, they assume it as good or bad signs for the owner's fate.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Yumpham == Ancient Meitei people categorise Yumpham or housing position or settlement position in nine different types or groups. Each type has its own pros and cons. Depending on the owner's date of birth, the matching type is often decided. Moreover, there are certain kinds known as ''Lengdraba Yumpham,'' meaning fixed housing position or stationary settlement (position).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Types of Yumsharol == In a particular Ingkhol (or Eengkhol), meaning a land plot, there exist nine kinds of Yumsharol. In accordance to the Yumsharol types, the type of the Yumpham (housing position or settlement position) will be considered.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Foundation of building == Ancient Meitei people has strict rules and regulations for the timing of building houses. In certain months within the twelve months of [[Meitei calendar]], building houses is considered auspicious, allowed, appreciated, whio in the remaining time, it is considered inauspicious and depreciated.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> For building a house, they consider ''Pham'' (certain position), and to look into Pham, they consider ''Laiyum''. They often consider the rules of ''Taoroinai Yumsharol'', which is a subset of the Meitei Yumsharol, based on the [[paphal]] of [[Taoroinai]]. Every individual has their different auspicious and ominous timings of months, for carrying out the foundation for building houses, based on their date of birth, astrological and astronomical reports and many other factors. They often rely on the phases of the moon (thaa) and the types of stars (thawaanmichaak), considered matching or not matching for the individual owner of the land plot.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Seeing auspiciousness and omens through calendar == Associated with the timings in accordance to the [[Meitei calendar]], the ancient Meitei people take serious considerations about the positions of ''Leisaa'' (or ''Leishaa''), conditions of ''Leikhun Changba'', ''Naamungba'', among others. For crafting the roof, specifically the eaves (''sai'' in [[Meitei language]]), they look at auspicious moments, directly related to the stars (thawaanmichaak), with the help of their calendar. They also take considerations about the concepts of ''Leikhaa'' (netherworld), ''Nongthou'' (heaven) and ''Leipaak'' (earth), whether these realms touch their house or not, possibly spiritually or symbolically, according to their considered criteria. Observing whether the sun and the star are against each other or alongside each other is also a serious matter. They not only take care about astrology during building of their own houses, but also during construction of barns, stables and sties of their domestic animals. For carrying out all these, they are aware of 12 lunar phases and 27 groups of stars. Distinct auspicious and ominous moments exist for the construction of shrines (temples) and granaries (paddy storehouses).<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Series == [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯲.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] [[File:ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯳.jpg|thumb|Interlocking of wooden or bamboo poles for framework]] Special events called ''Paring Laangsang Hunba'', ''Chuksatlon'' (''Chukshatlon''), are performed. The patterns and designs for pillar erection are laid on, by digging holes where pillars are planned to be installed, with desired distances between the positions of the pillars. Separate and elaborate rituals are performed with sacred chantings for the pillar erection tasks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Room layout == The internal part of the house is divided into four major divisions. The concepts of ''Lamjei Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Kaaran Mapaan Thokpa'', ''Ingkhol Kaaran'' (''Eengkhol Kaaran''), ''Yoimongba Kaaran'', ''Lai Kaaran'', ''Taoroinai Kaaran'', ''Nongmadon Kaaran'', ''Usoi Kaaran'' (''Ushoi Kaaran''), ''Yumlaithok'', ''Khudup-ki Waayel'', are deeply observed. Here, "Karan" refers to the crossing point of two or more diagonals of wooden or bamboo frameworks.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Setting up == [[File:ꯁꯪꯇꯪꯈꯥ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] [[File:ꯁꯪꯃꯥꯢ.jpg|thumb|A rooftop portion of a traditional Meitei house]] Setting up of the building's main structures heavily rely on the wooden pillars, whose positions are necessary to be firm and fixed, which are frequently checked and investigated prior to the setting up of the main frame. Notably, each pillar is given a unique name ceremonially. There are many types of pillars, including Yumbi (Yumpi), Loi-u, etc. Ceremony of ''Humdaang Yaanba'', ''Yum Houba Usin'' (or ''Ushin'') for 7 days, are performed. Auspicious moments of stars for the Yum Houba ceremony are observed. The ritual of ''Asithong Thingba'' (closing the door of the death) is performed for the welfare and the longevity of the people to be residing in the house under construction. Auspicious and ominous moments of stats for the installation of rooftop of the house are seriously observed.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Inauguration == There are strict timing of auspicious and ominous months of the inauguration of a newly built house, in accordance with me the [[Meitei calendar]]. While inaugurating, there are many do's and don'ts. The timing is heavily relied on the positions of the stars.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Rules == After the inauguration, for the upcoming seven days and seven weeks, excluding certain days, belongings of the household are supposed to be kept for the family of the owner themselves and should not be lent to the third party people. Else, it is considered ominous and signs of drainage of wealth and good luck. Adding paddy into the granary is to be done only on particular auspicious days of certain months, according to the calendar. There are even certain days on which any commodity should not be taken inside the house, brought from outside. The door for granary should not be opened at any time, but only necessarily on certain auspicious moments. Full moon and new moon phases are strictly observed. There are countless rules and regulations for the maintenance of almost everything associated with the house and household.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Pavilion == Pavilion is constructed frequently, though not mandatory. There are vast rules and regulations for the layouts, designing of the setting up of a pavillion too.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Chantings == {{See|Ancient Meitei hymns|Meitei ritual songs}} Holy and sacred chantings (''Laison's or ''Laishon'') are often associated with the house. These include ''Laison Ahaanba, Iru Laison (Eeru Laishon), Athou Laison, Yumdai Naakseng Laison, Atai Laison, Mei Iraat Laison, Yum Sang-gaaba Laison, Sanamahi Tengtha Laison, Lammitlon, Pungkhanpalon, Maikei 10 Laiming, Heisoi Ipaan Thaapa Laison, Yumjao Leima Iraat Laison, Konyailon Laison (Konyairon Laishon), Pongning Laison, Apoklon Laison, Umanglon, among many others.<ref name=":Meitei Yumsharol" /> == Gallery == <gallery showfilename="true"> Paling Hunpa (Paring Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ee Kuppa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of roofing a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Humtaang Yaanpa (Humdaang Yaanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Konpa (Paring Konba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ulaa Thaapa (Uraa Thaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaang-ngaa Thaang-katpa (Khang-nga Thaang-gatpa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leihun Jagoi Khutthek - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Paling Laangsang Hunpa (Paring Langsang Hunba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of building a house in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Waai Teipa (Phaklang Wai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of plastering a wall in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chook Yungpa (Chuk Yungba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of erecting a pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Phaklaang Khaapa (Phaklang Khaaba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing walls in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Khaangel Haappa - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing roof supporting pole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Ukhul Taanpa (Ukhul Taanba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of digging a pillar hole in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leimaai Teipa (Leimai Teiba) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of flooring in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Chilel Laang-yeng (Chirel Lang-yeng) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing holy horns (antlers) in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Leitem Kaayaat - a gesture (Khut-thek) of surfacing each room in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg Yumpilel Haappa (Yumbirel Happa) - a gesture (Khut-thek) of installing main pillar in Lai Haraoba classical dance & music ritualistic performances of ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Meitei astronomy]] == References == {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} h21y7b77h45anrc4k17gkjhgs1yikd7 1 1196835 10329825 10329165 2025-06-14T12:12:29Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10329825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 1 1196858 10329823 10329421 2025-06-14T12:11:58Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10329823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 4 1196866 10330943 10329492 2025-06-14T22:08:59Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ d 10330943 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === English Climate Emergency Education Act === :{{lc|English Climate Emergency Education Act}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/English Climate Emergency Education Act|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Notability not shown. It was a draft by an organization but doesn’t sound like it went anywhere. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} definitely not notable. Many bills that get sent to Parliament and fail are not-notable and this one is not official in any way. It's essentially a different form of an essay. I could write one in my office. It's also disingenuous to call it a bill as only proposed laws that get sent to Parliament are "bills". '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:37, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> jjaxf0xvx2w8vbw2e3vnbcg4c8xxv6o 0 1196867 10330017 10329500 2025-06-14T13:38:41Z Minorax 844779 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Unnotable album by an unnotable artist. No source. Only other article on the web is fandom.}} American German the sixth studio album by American musician Billy German. It was released on July 25, 2020 by Captures & Warner Bros Records. 2020 MTV Video Music Awards Single American German, Boulet in versus, Holiday, Linkin 63rd Annual Grammy Awards 2021 MTV Video Music Awards gwbekfnjbk7fd8330teluvxahyjeilc 1 1196873 10329821 10329529 2025-06-14T12:11:23Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10329821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 2 1196878 10330053 10329712 2025-06-14T13:49:40Z Hollowww 1436094 10330053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} <!-- {{Short description|1945 Partisan battle}} --> <!-- {{Use dmy dates|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} ---> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Tarnova | partof = [[World War II]] | image = Fulmine a Tarnova della Selva.jpg | caption = A machine gun nest of the "[[Battalion "Fulmine"|Fulmine]]" in [[Trnovo, Nova Gorica|Tarnova della Selva]], January 1945. | date = 19–21 January 1945 | place = [[Trnovo, Nova Gorica|Tarnova della Selva]], [[Italy]] (present-day [[Slovenia]]) | result = Both sides claim victory{{sfn|Di Giusto|2005|p=635}} | combatant1 = [[Italian Social Republic]] | combatant2 = [[Yugoslav Partisans]] | commander1 = [[Rodolfo Scarelli]]<br>[[Elio Beni]] | commander2 = [[Ladislav Ambrožič]]<br>[[Anton Bavec]] | strength1 = 214 to 218 men{{#tag:ref|Almost all sources concur in reporting this figure; see, for example, Guido Bonvicini, in ''Decima marinai!...''{{sfn|Bonvicini|1989|p=130}} Nino Arena, for his part, specifies 214 marines from the "[[Battalion "Fulmine"|Fulmine]]" and 4 engineers from the "[[Battalion "Freccia"|Freccia]]", amounting to a total of 218 men.{{sfn|Arena|2005}}|group=nb}} | strength2 = 1,500+ men{{#tag:ref|The "[[Srečko Kosovel]]" Brigade with 1,500 men,{{sfn|Perissinotto|2005}} as well as the "Triestina" Brigade{{sfn|Giuricin|2001|pp=183–184}} and three additional divisions.{{sfn|Bonvicini|1989|p=130}}|group=nb}} | casualties1 = {{#tag:ref|Most sources agree on this figure, with the exception of Nino Arena,{{sfn|Arena|2005}} who provides the following breakdown of losses: 86 dead, 52 seriously wounded, 46 slightly wounded, and 8 missing. [[Stanko Petelin]] also reports casualties of 54 killed and approximately 70 wounded following a counter-offensive by Italian-German reserve columns.{{sfn|Petelin|1983}}|group=nb}}<br>86 to 140 killed<br>56 to 168 wounded<br>8 missing | casualties2 = {{#tag:ref|The monument to the Yugoslav Fallen of the [[9th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)|IX ''Korpus'']] in present-day [[Trnovo, Nova Gorica|Trnovo]] (Tarnova della Selva) records 256 killed, though it does not specify whether this figure refers exclusively to the siege of the village or also includes casualties from the clashes at [[Štanjel]] (San Daniele); for this matter, see [http://www.sycp.si/FileBroker.aspx?Id=%203197 Nova Gorica Municipality Info]{{Dead link|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}}, on ''sycp.si'', 30 January 2010. According to Marino Perissinotto, Yugoslav sources report 33 killed and 71 wounded,{{sfn|Perissinotto|2005}} while Jernej Alič, in ''9. KORPUS'', gives a slightly different account of 31 killed, 77 wounded, and 33 missing. In the order of the day issued following the clashes by [[Junio Valerio Borghese]], commander of the [[10th Flotilla MAS (RSI)|10th Flotilla MAS]], the number of enemy casualties is stated as 300 killed and 500 wounded. The publication ''Soldati & Battaglie'', reports 180 confirmed killed, 150 probable killed, and 300 wounded.|group=nb}}<br>31 to 300 killed<br>71 to 500 wounded<br>33 missing }} == References == === Notes === {{reflist|group=nb}} === Footnotes === {{reflist|30em}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Arena |first=Nino |chapter=Tarnova—Santuario Inviolato |editor1-last=Frattini |editor1-first=Enrico |editor2-last=Lombardi |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Non Passano i Titini Nella Selva di Tarnova |url=https://www.italia-rsi.it/confiniorientali/tarnova.htm |lang=it |location=[[Ronco Canavese]] |publisher=Associazione ITALIA-Effepi |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last=Perissinotto |first=Marino |chapter=La Battaglia di Tarnova |editor1-last=Frattini |editor1-first=Enrico |editor2-last=Lombardi |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Non Passano i Titini Nella Selva di Tarnova |url=https://www.italia-rsi.it/confiniorientali/tarnova.htm |lang=it |location=[[Ronco Canavese]] |publisher=Associazione ITALIA-Effepi |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last=Petelin |first=Stanko |chapter=Borbe iznad Gorice |title=Gradnikova Brigada |url=http://znaci.net/00001/49.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110212943/http://www.znaci.net/00001/49.htm |archive-date=10 November 2020 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |publisher=Založba borec in revija Naša obramba |date=1983 |orig-date=1968 |oclc=18399687 }} * {{cite journal |last=Giuricin |first=Luciano |title=Istria, teatro di guerra e di contrasti internazionali (Estate 1944–Primavera 1945) |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/370467 |lang=it |journal=Quaderni del Centro di Ricerche Storiche di Rovigno |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=155–246 |date=2001 }} * {{cite book |last=Di Giusto |first=Stefano |title=Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland. Udine, Gorizia, Trieste, Pola, Fiume e Lubiana durante l'occupazione tedesca 1943-1945 |lang=it |location=[[Udine]] |publisher=Istituto Friulano per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione |date=2005 |isbn=978-8-887-38815-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Bonvicini |first=Guido |chapter=XII Venezia Giulia |title=Decima marinai! Decima comandante! La fanteria di Marina, 1943–1945 |lang=it |location=[[Milan]] |publisher=Mursia |date=1989 |isbn=978-8-842-50055-1 }} {{refend}} jrsuh8hv0hu3el3h5eliags0x3omlbn 10330061 10330053 2025-06-14T13:56:08Z Hollowww 1436094 10330061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} <!-- {{Short description|1945 Partisan battle}} --> <!-- {{Use dmy dates|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} ---> {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Battle of Tarnova | partof = [[World War II]] | image = Fulmine a Tarnova della Selva.jpg | caption = A machine gun nest of the "[[Battalion "Fulmine"|Fulmine]]" in [[Trnovo, Nova Gorica|Tarnova della Selva]], January 1945. | date = 19–21 January 1945 | place = [[Trnovo, Nova Gorica|Tarnova della Selva]], [[Italy]] (present-day [[Slovenia]]) | result = Both sides claim victory{{sfn|Di Giusto|2005|p=635}} | combatant1 = [[Italian Social Republic]] | combatant2 = [[Yugoslav Partisans]] | commander1 = [[Rodolfo Scarelli]]<br>[[Elio Beni]] | commander2 = [[Ladislav Ambrožič]]<br>[[Anton Bavec]] | strength1 = 214 to 218 men{{#tag:ref|Almost all sources concur in reporting this figure; see, for example, Guido Bonvicini, in ''Decima marinai!...''{{sfn|Bonvicini|1989|p=130}} Nino Arena, for his part, specifies 214 marines from the "[[Battalion "Fulmine"|Fulmine]]" and 4 engineers from the "[[Battalion "Freccia"|Freccia]]", amounting to a total of 218 men.{{sfn|Arena|2005}}|group=nb}} | strength2 = 1,500+ men{{#tag:ref|The "[[Srečko Kosovel]]" Brigade with 1,500 men,{{sfn|Perissinotto|2005}} as well as the "Triestina" Brigade{{sfn|Giuricin|2001|pp=183–184}} and three additional divisions.{{sfn|Bonvicini|1989|p=130}}|group=nb}} | casualties1 = {{#tag:ref|Most sources agree on this figure, with the exception of Nino Arena,{{sfn|Arena|2005}} who provides the following breakdown of losses: 86 dead, 52 seriously wounded, 46 slightly wounded, and 8 missing. [[Stanko Petelin]] also reports casualties of 54 killed and approximately 70 wounded following a counter-offensive by Italian-German reserve columns.{{sfn|Petelin|1983}}|group=nb}}<br>86 to 140 killed<br>56 to 168 wounded<br>8 missing | casualties2 = {{#tag:ref|The monument to the Yugoslav Fallen of the [[9th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)|IX ''Korpus'']] in present-day [[Trnovo, Nova Gorica|Trnovo]] (Tarnova della Selva) records 256 killed, though it does not specify whether this figure refers exclusively to the siege of the village or also includes casualties from the clashes at [[Štanjel]] (San Daniele); for this matter, see [http://www.sycp.si/FileBroker.aspx?Id=%203197 ''Nova Gorica Municipality Info'']{{Dead link|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}}, on ''sycp.si'', 30 January 2010. According to Marino Perissinotto, Yugoslav sources report 33 killed and 71 wounded,{{sfn|Perissinotto|2005}} while Jernej Alič, in ''9. KORPUS'', gives a slightly different account of 31 killed, 77 wounded, and 33 missing. In the order of the day issued following the clashes by [[Junio Valerio Borghese]], commander of the [[10th Flotilla MAS (RSI)|10th Flotilla MAS]], the number of enemy casualties is stated as 300 killed and 500 wounded. The publication ''Soldati & Battaglie'', reports 180 confirmed killed, 150 probable killed, and 300 wounded.|group=nb}}<br>31 to 300 killed<br>71 to 500 wounded<br>33 missing }} == References == === Notes === {{reflist|group=nb}} === Footnotes === {{reflist|30em}} === Sources === {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Arena |first=Nino |chapter=Tarnova—Santuario Inviolato |editor1-last=Frattini |editor1-first=Enrico |editor2-last=Lombardi |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Non Passano i Titini Nella Selva di Tarnova |url=https://www.italia-rsi.it/confiniorientali/tarnova.htm |lang=it |location=[[Ronco Canavese]] |publisher=Associazione ITALIA-Effepi |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last=Perissinotto |first=Marino |chapter=La Battaglia di Tarnova |editor1-last=Frattini |editor1-first=Enrico |editor2-last=Lombardi |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Non Passano i Titini Nella Selva di Tarnova |url=https://www.italia-rsi.it/confiniorientali/tarnova.htm |lang=it |location=[[Ronco Canavese]] |publisher=Associazione ITALIA-Effepi |date=2005 }} * {{cite book |last=Petelin |first=Stanko |chapter=Borbe iznad Gorice |title=Gradnikova Brigada |url=http://znaci.net/00001/49.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110212943/http://www.znaci.net/00001/49.htm |archive-date=10 November 2020 |location=[[Ljubljana]] |publisher=Založba borec in revija Naša obramba |date=1983 |orig-date=1968 |oclc=18399687 }} * {{cite journal |last=Giuricin |first=Luciano |title=Istria, teatro di guerra e di contrasti internazionali (Estate 1944–Primavera 1945) |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/370467 |lang=it |journal=Quaderni del Centro di Ricerche Storiche di Rovigno |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=155–246 |date=2001 }} * {{cite book |last=Di Giusto |first=Stefano |title=Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland. Udine, Gorizia, Trieste, Pola, Fiume e Lubiana durante l'occupazione tedesca 1943-1945 |lang=it |location=[[Udine]] |publisher=Istituto Friulano per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione |date=2005 |isbn=978-8-887-38815-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Bonvicini |first=Guido |chapter=XII Venezia Giulia |title=Decima marinai! Decima comandante! La fanteria di Marina, 1943–1945 |lang=it |location=[[Milan]] |publisher=Mursia |date=1989 |isbn=978-8-842-50055-1 }} {{refend}} fxhdu7lns122va3vixinc9mc1miyikg 4 1196890 10330934 10329634 2025-06-14T21:59:43Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ d 10330934 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Kadama === :{{lc|Kadama}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Kadama|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Questionable notability. A lot of sources, but many are local newspapers that almost seem to be human interest type pieces (check out these local kids who are doing cool things) rather than anything that shows its notability. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) '''Note''': This was previously nominated at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Kadama]] (the auto RFD tool didn't create this one as a 2nd request) and was kept then. I agree with [[User:Griffinofwales]]' analysis from that previous RFD. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:35, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} I can't find enough RS for this. I also think that the previous closure was incorrect and agree with Griffy that it fails ORG. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''10:25, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> jy7e5pbgzoydfr4i26g2ew5h5ykn064 0 1196907 10330737 10329710 2025-06-14T19:46:33Z Greenock125 652309 10330737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Levi Heron | image = | caption = | birth_name = Levi Heron | birth_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1996}} | birth_place = [[Isle of Lewis]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom]] | genre = | occupation = Producer, DJ | instrument = | years_active = 2024–present | label = | website = }} '''Levi Heron''', is a [[Scotland|Scottish]] DJ and producer from the [[Isle of Lewis]] in [[Scotland]], who works as a net washer on [[Fish farm|fish farm]] boats. Heron first gained fame in 2025 after he released a remix of "The Glen" by Beluga Lagoon. ==Biography== Heron was born on the [[Isle of Lewis]] in [[Scotland]]. He went on to work as net washer on [[Fish farm|fish farm]] boats. In January 2025, he played a remix of "The Glen" by Beluga Lagoon for his mother's birthday at Stornoway Golf Club. After sharing the song on [[SoundCloud]] and a clip on [[TikTok]], the song went viral on social media and he got signed to a record label.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd7gwdev4rgo|title=‎Island DJ Levi Heron climbs the UK charts with viral song The Glen|publisher=[[BBC News]]|website=bbc.co.uk/news|date=6 June 2025}}</ref> The song has peaked at number 26 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/who-is-levi-heron-the-glen-tiktok-song/|title=Who is Levi Heron? Meet the producer sending The Glen up the Singles Chart |publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com|date=4 June 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/levi-heron/|title=LEVI HERON songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Levi+Heron|title=Discographie Levi Heron|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Levi+Heron&do_search=do|title=Discographie Levi Heron|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]]|language=de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Levi+Heron|title=Discography Levi Heron|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "The Rammy"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/the-rammy-feat-trevor-reilly-single/1768003766|title=‎The Rammy (feat. Trevor Reilly) - Single - Album by Levi Heron & Spacemaan|publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br/><small>(with Spacemaan featuring Trevor Reilly)</small> | 2024 | — || — || — || — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Music for Your Mind"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/music-for-your-mind-feat-trevor-reilly-single/1803273195|title=‎Music for Your Mind (feat. Trevor Reilly) - Single - Album by Levi Heron|publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br/><small>(featuring Trevor Reilly)</small> | rowspan="2"| 2025 | — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "The Glen"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/the-glen-levi-heron-edit-single/1813140336|title=‎The Glen (Levi Heron Edit) - Single - Album by Levi Heron|publisher=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><br/><small>(Levi Heron Edit)</small> | 26 || 35 || 88 || 26 |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:British record producers]] [[Category:British DJs]] [[Category:Scottish singer-songwriters]] o8ex6qlv76h6o2w309ecxbyrc6tdq62 0 1196910 10329995 10329702 2025-06-14T13:30:52Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Added spouse and mother name 10329995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Tumaba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=est. 220 CE – 260 CE|predecessor=[[Aalong]]|successor=[[Nongdamlen Akhuba II]]|spouse=Nganurol Tongngaiba Chanu|dynasty=[[Khuman dynasty]]|father=[[Aalong]]|mother=Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}} '''Tumaba''' (also spelled '''Tumaapa''' or '''Tumapa''') was the second known ruler of the early [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now called [[Manipur]]).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> He ruled after his father [[Aalong]], who was the founder of the Khuman royal family. Tumaba ruled from around 220 to 260 CE. During his time, the older shared royal line between the Khuman and Luwang families was split, and both formed their own separate dynasties.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Biography == === Family and background === Tumaba was born into the new [[Khuman dynasty]], which came from the older joint royal family shared with the [[Luwang dynasty]]. His father [[Aalong]] created the Khuman dynasty, while his uncle [[Pamingnaba]] started the Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> === Rule === Tumaba became king after Aalong died. He ruled in the early 3rd century CE, possibly from 220 to 260 CE. During his rule, the Khuman kingdom grew stronger and had more control along the west side of the [[Imphal River]].<ref name="Hareshwar">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur|title=History of the People of Manipur|last=Hareshwar|first=Goshwami|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /> Tumaba lived at the same time as [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who ruled from 154 to 264 AD.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-34430-2|language=en}}</ref> That means both kings ruled at the same time, during a period when the Khuman, Luwang, and Ningthouja dynasties were all becoming powerful in the central valley of ancient Manipur.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /> === Successor === Tumaba was followed by his son, [[Nongdamlen Akhuba II]], who continued building and leading the Khuman kingdom.<ref name="Kullachandra1998">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/n9/mode/1up|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|language=mni}}</ref> == See also == * [[Khuman dynasty]] * [[Aalong]] * [[Pamingnaba]] * [[Khuyoi Tompok]] * [[Ningthouja dynasty]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] * [[Yek Salai]] * [[Poireiton]] == References == {{Reflist}} fibw46piqkd5v9ic7j84vgwxqvaj0wf 10331388 10329995 2025-06-15T03:13:50Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Changed from Nongdamlen Akhuba II to Lungba (both are the same person with different names) to choose reliable names 10331388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Tumaba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=est. 220 CE – 260 CE|predecessor=[[Aalong]]|successor=[[Lumaba]]|spouse=Nganurol Tongngaiba Chanu|dynasty=[[Khuman dynasty]]|father=[[Aalong]]|mother=Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}} '''Tumaba''' (also spelled '''Tumaapa''' or '''Tumapa''') was the second known ruler of the early [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now called [[Manipur]]).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> He ruled after his father [[Aalong]], who was the founder of the Khuman royal family. Tumaba ruled from around 220 to 260 CE. During his time, the older shared royal line between the Khuman and Luwang families was split, and both formed their own separate dynasties.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Biography == === Family and background === Tumaba was born into the new [[Khuman dynasty]], which came from the older joint royal family shared with the [[Luwang dynasty]]. His father [[Aalong]] created the Khuman dynasty, while his uncle [[Pamingnaba]] started the Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> === Rule === Tumaba became king after Aalong died. He ruled in the early 3rd century CE, possibly from 220 to 260 CE. During his rule, the Khuman kingdom grew stronger and had more control along the west side of the [[Imphal River]].<ref name="Hareshwar">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur|title=History of the People of Manipur|last=Hareshwar|first=Goshwami|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /> Tumaba lived at the same time as [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who ruled from 154 to 264 AD.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-34430-2|language=en}}</ref> That means both kings ruled at the same time, during a period when the Khuman, Luwang, and Ningthouja dynasties were all becoming powerful in the central valley of ancient Manipur.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /> === Successor === Tumaba was followed by his son, [[Nongdamlen Akhuba II]], who continued building and leading the Khuman kingdom.<ref name="Kullachandra1998">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/n9/mode/1up|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|language=mni}}</ref> == See also == * [[Khuman dynasty]] * [[Aalong]] * [[Pamingnaba]] * [[Khuyoi Tompok]] * [[Ningthouja dynasty]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] * [[Yek Salai]] * [[Poireiton]] == References == {{Reflist}} 4ytrrke5kup7e3e2oa3xfb7jlmdf53s 10331399 10331388 2025-06-15T03:25:14Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 corrected his queen's name 10331399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Tumaba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=est. 220 CE – 260 CE|predecessor=[[Aalong]]|successor=[[Lumaba]]|spouse=Nganurol Thong-ngaiba Chanu|dynasty=[[Khuman dynasty]]|father=[[Aalong]]|mother=Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}} '''Tumaba''' (also spelled '''Tumaapa''' or '''Tumapa''') was the second known ruler of the early [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now called [[Manipur]]).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> He ruled after his father [[Aalong]], who was the founder of the Khuman royal family. Tumaba ruled from around 220 to 260 CE. During his time, the older shared royal line between the Khuman and Luwang families was split, and both formed their own separate dynasties.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Biography == === Family and background === Tumaba was born into the new [[Khuman dynasty]], which came from the older joint royal family shared with the [[Luwang dynasty]]. His father [[Aalong]] created the Khuman dynasty, while his uncle [[Pamingnaba]] started the Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> === Rule === Tumaba became king after Aalong died. He ruled in the early 3rd century CE, possibly from 220 to 260 CE. During his rule, the Khuman kingdom grew stronger and had more control along the west side of the [[Imphal River]].<ref name="Hareshwar">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur|title=History of the People of Manipur|last=Hareshwar|first=Goshwami|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /> Tumaba lived at the same time as [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who ruled from 154 to 264 AD.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-34430-2|language=en}}</ref> That means both kings ruled at the same time, during a period when the Khuman, Luwang, and Ningthouja dynasties were all becoming powerful in the central valley of ancient Manipur.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /> === Successor === Tumaba was followed by his son, [[Nongdamlen Akhuba II]], who continued building and leading the Khuman kingdom.<ref name="Kullachandra1998">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/n9/mode/1up|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|language=mni}}</ref> == See also == * [[Khuman dynasty]] * [[Aalong]] * [[Pamingnaba]] * [[Khuyoi Tompok]] * [[Ningthouja dynasty]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] * [[Yek Salai]] * [[Poireiton]] == References == {{Reflist}} s8m6nhn0p2rhuu83q3cihk0s8l36evm 10331401 10331399 2025-06-15T03:26:22Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Successor */ Changed from Nongdamlen Akhuba II to Lungba (both are the same person with different names) to choose reliable names 10331401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Tumaba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=est. 220 CE – 260 CE|predecessor=[[Aalong]]|successor=[[Lungba]]|spouse=Nganurol Thong-ngaiba Chanu|dynasty=[[Khuman dynasty]]|father=[[Aalong]]|mother=Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi|religion=[[Sanamahism]]}} '''Tumaba''' (also spelled '''Tumaapa''' or '''Tumapa''') was the second known ruler of the early [[Khuman dynasty]] in ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now called [[Manipur]]).<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> He ruled after his father [[Aalong]], who was the founder of the Khuman royal family. Tumaba ruled from around 220 to 260 CE. During his time, the older shared royal line between the Khuman and Luwang families was split, and both formed their own separate dynasties.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> == Biography == === Family and background === Tumaba was born into the new [[Khuman dynasty]], which came from the older joint royal family shared with the [[Luwang dynasty]]. His father [[Aalong]] created the Khuman dynasty, while his uncle [[Pamingnaba]] started the Luwang dynasty.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" /> === Rule === Tumaba became king after Aalong died. He ruled in the early 3rd century CE, possibly from 220 to 260 CE. During his rule, the Khuman kingdom grew stronger and had more control along the west side of the [[Imphal River]].<ref name="Hareshwar">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur|title=History of the People of Manipur|last=Hareshwar|first=Goshwami|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /> Tumaba lived at the same time as [[Khuyoi Tompok]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who ruled from 154 to 264 AD.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUUngEACAAJ|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: 33-1763 CE|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-34430-2|language=en}}</ref> That means both kings ruled at the same time, during a period when the Khuman, Luwang, and Ningthouja dynasties were all becoming powerful in the central valley of ancient Manipur.<ref name="Hareshwar" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /> === Successor === Tumaba was followed by his son, [[Lungba]], who continued building and leading the Khuman kingdom.<ref name="Kullachandra1998">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/n9/mode/1up|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|language=mni}}</ref> == See also == * [[Khuman dynasty]] * [[Aalong]] * [[Pamingnaba]] * [[Khuyoi Tompok]] * [[Ningthouja dynasty]] * [[Luwang dynasty]] * [[Yek Salai]] * [[Poireiton]] == References == {{Reflist}} 1k6rilc8ne6pdgyb54lobluya8t3kqc 3 1196913 10331604 10329723 2025-06-15T08:46:05Z Kuros2025 1597673 /* RfD nomination of Euriziano */ Reply 10331604 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Euriziano== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Euriziano]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Euriziano]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:20, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :what exactly are the reasons for the request to cancel the Euriziano page? I can't find them [[User:Kuros2025|Kuros2025]] ([[User talk:Kuros2025#top|talk]]) 08:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) kpbfiguh2mzz26jevz1v1e6p88pknmc 3 1196918 10329830 10329756 2025-06-14T12:15:48Z MathXplore 966595 Warning: Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329830 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do not add or change content without [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifying]] it by citing a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. The content has been removed from the page for now. Please read the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] and make sure to cite reliable sources if you re-add the information. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-unsourced2 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:disruptive changing|disruptive changing]]. If you continue to add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced or poorly sourced]] content, you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced3 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> azlr4i60j1qol2my4884amrfc1khioz 10329889 10329830 2025-06-14T12:55:31Z MathXplore 966595 Final warning: Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329889 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please do not add or change content without [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifying]] it by citing a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. The content has been removed from the page for now. Please read the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] and make sure to cite reliable sources if you re-add the information. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-unsourced2 --> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[File:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px|alt=Warning icon]] Please stop your [[Wikipedia:disruptive changing|disruptive changing]]. If you continue to add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced or poorly sourced]] content, you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced3 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you add [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|unsourced or poorly sourced]] material to Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced4 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:55, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> k468u8hd01szok22prj7702e3zsajgr 3 1196923 10329850 10329788 2025-06-14T12:29:19Z MathXplore 966595 You have been indefinitely blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329850 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Aiman Max== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Aiman Max]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Aiman Max}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> j1nw9lyusyt9ysf23zunzq5cwn6i66h 1 1196926 10329817 2025-06-14T12:09:43Z 2409:40D4:405D:ACEB:8000:0:0:0 /* Hindi */ new section 10329817 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hindi == [[Special:Contributions/2409:40D4:405D:ACEB:8000:0:0:0|2409:40D4:405D:ACEB:8000:0:0:0]] ([[User talk:2409:40D4:405D:ACEB:8000:0:0:0|talk]]) 12:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) oiij86cnq4mknf046b3oofp4pbp21ok 10329819 10329817 2025-06-14T12:10:19Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10329819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 3 1196927 10329820 2025-06-14T12:10:32Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Editing tests. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329820 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to one or more pages worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> p4slqbl83j7yihyagqdp0pelu7xx4bc 3 1196928 10329822 2025-06-14T12:11:34Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Editing tests. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329822 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to one or more pages worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:11, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> rnvz86mwugz5lv3v58jz78xefzet8r3 3 1196929 10329824 2025-06-14T12:12:09Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Editing tests. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329824 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to one or more pages worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> awxutaurb9fx0ijn2czvvxqzbfgan23 3 1196930 10329826 2025-06-14T12:12:41Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Editing tests. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329826 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to one or more pages worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> awxutaurb9fx0ijn2czvvxqzbfgan23 3 1196931 10329836 2025-06-14T12:21:06Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Families Who Kill]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329836 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Families Who Kill== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Families Who Kill]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Families Who Kill}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:21, 14 June 2025 (UTC) pq6p7cpwdpa0r6w1gfq96d03b22xkl4 2 1196932 10329838 2025-06-14T12:22:20Z Haoreima 1043157 Created page with "'''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient and rich cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contribution..." 10329838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient and rich cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. 52jkg1y2ujq81m8u0nh3bihsym6fp5t 10329839 10329838 2025-06-14T12:23:31Z Haoreima 1043157 10329839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient and rich cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] jn5m1h4y9xmrj9k1dlug8a3jyautdl1 10329841 10329839 2025-06-14T12:24:36Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Members */ 10329841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient and rich cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] lmqnu88697cy0v76056hdn76761g9qi 10329846 10329841 2025-06-14T12:26:36Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Articles to be created */ 10329846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient and rich cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] rgkug582zhvexg2z6hhtsvbxxxr4gpe 10329851 10329846 2025-06-14T12:29:23Z Haoreima 1043157 10329851 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient and rich cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] n6n2x65d8cmedpp1w1ldjntc3oltlij 10329963 10329851 2025-06-14T13:18:35Z Haoreima 1043157 10329963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] kfym5qmem44vncatqtxigz9od23riky 10330172 10329963 2025-06-14T15:25:36Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Articles to be expanded */ 10330172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] 6gk8w0idx27r051ga8sgz4471ok8pjq 10330179 10330172 2025-06-14T15:28:14Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Articles to be created */ 10330179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Meitei and Meetei]] # [[Sanamahi and Pakhangba]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] mokobyy4n2st0neynpqryqgko2mpdf2 10330181 10330179 2025-06-14T15:30:23Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Articles to be expanded */ 10330181 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Meitei and Meetei]] # [[Sanamahi and Pakhangba]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] {{Half done}} # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] {{Partly done}} # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] qlyadaczrh6goco3y5jn69gws14fkre 10330184 10330181 2025-06-14T15:32:16Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Articles to be expanded */ 10330184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Meitei and Meetei]] # [[Sanamahi and Pakhangba]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] {{Doing}}{{Half done}} # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] {{Partly done}} # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] {{Partly done}} # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] 6ogcztyfji32rtqh3rhc55ya5kpaz7t 10330188 10330184 2025-06-14T15:35:01Z Haoreima 1043157 10330188 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Meitei and Meetei]] # [[Sanamahi and Pakhangba]] # [[Moirang Kangla]] # [[Khuman Kangla]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] {{Doing}}{{Half done}} # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] {{Partly done}} # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] {{Partly done}} # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] 74yyrenzpclloky6qv9q9yjgfs3qp9w 10330192 10330188 2025-06-14T15:37:19Z Haoreima 1043157 10330192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''' is a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Meitei and Meetei]] # [[Sanamahi and Pakhangba]] # [[Moirang Kangla]] # [[Khuman Kangla]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] {{Doing}}{{Half done}} # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] {{Partly done}} # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] {{Partly done}} # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] c1fv35xkhj93y4t5kctgellhsu795id 10330204 10330192 2025-06-14T15:43:51Z Haoreima 1043157 10330204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2.5|A building showcasing [[Meitei architecture]] in [[Kangla]], [[Imphal]]]] '''{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ}} (Khurumjari)''' 🙏 Welcome to '''WikiProject Meitei civilization''', a collaborative initiative aimed at improving and expanding Wikipedia's coverage of the [[Meitei civilization]]—an ancient cultural heritage originating from the [[northeastern India]], particularly the present-day state of [[Manipur]]. This project seeks to document the history, [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei religion]], art, [[Meitei architecture]], customs, and contributions of the [[Meitei people]]. By organizing and enhancing related content, the project aspires to offer comprehensive, accurate, and well-sourced information that reflects the significance and complexity of the Meitei civilization within the broader [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n historical and cultural context. ==Articles to be created== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Meitei and Meetei]] # [[Sanamahi and Pakhangba]] # [[Moirang Kangla]] # [[Khuman Kangla]] # [[Moirang dynasty]] # [[Moirang clan]] # [[Moirang kingdom]] # [[Moirang Kangleiron]] # [[Angom dynasty]] # [[Angom clan]] # [[Angomlon Laihui]] # [[Chenglei dynasty]] # [[Chenglei clan]] # [[Chengleilon]] # [[]] ... ==Articles to be expanded== Any member can add the article titles here, or remove it after the task is completed: 👇 # [[Khuman dynasty]] {{Doing}}{{Half done}} # [[Khuman clan]] # [[Khuman kingdom]] {{Partly done}} # [[Khuman Kangleiron]] {{Partly done}} # [[Luwang dynasty]] # [[Luwang clan]] # [[]] ... ==Members== # [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 12:24, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Welcome== Please welcome new users using <nowiki>{{subst:User:Haoreima/WikiProject Meitei civilization/w}}</nowiki> There is no need to add a heading or the four tildes. [[Category:WikiProjects|Meitei culture]] 0gqbjvqq3ilvfa42bs7g4bcgusqiehb 1 1196933 10329842 2025-06-14T12:25:03Z 2404:3100:1457:EF14:1:0:7D4D:DCFC /* Waseem */ new section 10329842 wikitext text/x-wiki == Waseem == Sasoli [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1457:EF14:1:0:7D4D:DCFC|2404:3100:1457:EF14:1:0:7D4D:DCFC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1457:EF14:1:0:7D4D:DCFC|talk]]) 12:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 97pmj3r7ycnw363ei3vrfu1xk6su3fh 10329844 10329842 2025-06-14T12:25:41Z Barras 40117 Replaced content with "{{talkpage}}" 10329844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} g9i6v69vk0yls3vkoxf49buqqvh11a4 3 1196934 10329843 2025-06-14T12:25:24Z Raayaan9911 1495229 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Cristiano Ronaldo]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329843 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Cristiano Ronaldo]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 12:25, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> jstc36ru9vxo9r0563bgs7lxbzi8c0y 0 1196935 10329856 2025-06-14T12:32:58Z Immanuelle 1174418 Making before redirecting since it is slightly easier mechanically 10329856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Guan Yin#Six Guanyin]] gfdetfo42ket09u224i90b9kq3h6hka 10329857 10329856 2025-06-14T12:33:26Z Immanuelle 1174418 Redirected page to [[Guan Yin#Six Guanyin]] 10329857 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect[[Guan Yin#Six Guanyin]] 0x0d8bwemqjggdao7uidmgt2iwbkjok 14 1196936 10329860 2025-06-14T12:34:48Z Jon Gua 1375466 Created page with "{{Commonscat}} {{Cat main}} [[Category:Architecture]] [[Category:Meitei culture]]" 10329860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat}} {{Cat main}} [[Category:Architecture]] [[Category:Meitei culture]] dp5ln372a9gsgvt7u9sootpz69u3jlh 3 1196937 10329864 2025-06-14T12:36:31Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Formatting, date, language, etc (Manual of style) on [[Cancer]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329864 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|30px]] Hello and welcome to [[Wikipedia:Simple English Wikipedia|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to the encyclopedia. You may not know that Wikipedia has a [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] that should be followed to keep the encyclopedia looking neat and professional. Using different styles in the encyclopedia, as you did to "[[:Cancer]]", can make it harder to read. Please take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about changing this encyclopedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-mos1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:36, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 1y42x73ufl09ezfsd2umz0tr1tlbomv 0 1196938 10329866 2025-06-14T12:39:30Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox video game }} '''''Toy Story Racer''''' is a [[Racing video game|racing]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and [[Tiertex Design Studios]] and published by [[Activision]]. ==Other websites== * {{MobyGames|id=/6486/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/}} (PlayStation) * {{MobyGames|id=/75534/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/}} (Game Boy Color) {{Toy Story}} [[Category:2001 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation games]] [[Category:Game Boy Color games]..." 10329866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''Toy Story Racer''''' is a [[Racing video game|racing]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and [[Tiertex Design Studios]] and published by [[Activision]]. ==Other websites== * {{MobyGames|id=/6486/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/}} (PlayStation) * {{MobyGames|id=/75534/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/}} (Game Boy Color) {{Toy Story}} [[Category:2001 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation games]] [[Category:Game Boy Color games]] {{video-game-stub}} e71xxk5msmdnpm2jiyg65ja3qo25h7t 10329876 10329866 2025-06-14T12:44:27Z CallumBen13 1611993 10329876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''Toy Story Racer''''' is a [[Racing video game|racing]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and [[Tiertex Design Studios]] and published by [[Activision]]. ==Other websites== * {{MobyGames|id=/6486/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/|name=''Toy Story Racer'' (PlayStation)}} * {{MobyGames|id=/75534/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/|name=''Toy Story Racer'' (Game Boy Color)}} {{Toy Story}} [[Category:2001 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation games]] [[Category:Game Boy Color games]] {{video-game-stub}} 2gwu1nls61bewpsgc94s1fw7s404xxi 10329885 10329876 2025-06-14T12:53:22Z CallumBen13 1611993 10329885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''Toy Story Racer''''' is a [[Racing video game|racing]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and [[:en:Tiertex Design Studios|Tiertex Design Studios]] and published by [[Activision]]. ==Other websites== * {{MobyGames|id=/6486/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/|name=''Toy Story Racer'' (PlayStation)}} * {{MobyGames|id=/75534/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/|name=''Toy Story Racer'' (Game Boy Color)}} {{Toy Story}} [[Category:2001 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation games]] [[Category:Game Boy Color games]] {{video-game-stub}} 2takeevubq77qn5b9s4gc6tdinqmoz9 10329886 10329885 2025-06-14T12:55:04Z CallumBen13 1611993 10329886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | publisher = [[Activision]] }} '''''Toy Story Racer''''' is a [[Racing video game|racing]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and [[:en:Tiertex Design Studios|Tiertex Design Studios]] and published by [[Activision]]. ==Other websites== * {{MobyGames|id=/6486/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/|name=''Toy Story Racer'' (PlayStation)}} * {{MobyGames|id=/75534/disneypixar-toy-story-racer/|name=''Toy Story Racer'' (Game Boy Color)}} {{Toy Story}} [[Category:2001 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation games]] [[Category:Game Boy Color games]] {{video-game-stub}} 1maceu33w9v7a3ki1qn1mzl6w0tafha 3 1196939 10329891 2025-06-14T12:55:57Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Fastfetch]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329891 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Fastfetch== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Fastfetch]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Fastfetch}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:55, 14 June 2025 (UTC) i1lvepon1kj3tsz534d65rd3liy69qo 3 1196940 10329901 2025-06-14T12:59:53Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Taiwan]] (BOT) 10329901 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Taiwan]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10329899|Edit]] (10329899) processed with score of 0.98988. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 12:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) k6wg4elo76boddnggqxq4sr2i4jum5n 3 1196941 10329906 2025-06-14T13:02:25Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Fereydoun Aghazadeh]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329906 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Fereydoun Aghazadeh== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Fereydoun Aghazadeh]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Fereydoun Aghazadeh}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:02, 14 June 2025 (UTC) qo3hq6c90xcaqrzapwf7lr1m56d8eun 3 1196942 10329911 2025-06-14T13:06:09Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Tumaba's successor */ new section 10329911 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 1dt1idd59if5ar3oluo05aoksipp6m0 10329914 10329911 2025-06-14T13:08:42Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Tumaba's successor */ Reply 10329914 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 3hwjlr98o9yximbqipkpt2nor986yd1 10330005 10329914 2025-06-14T13:33:51Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ new section 10330005 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 3zebmvwyllweglqg3400q8r0r2dmmmk 10330007 10330005 2025-06-14T13:34:19Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ 10330007 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 9o97t90uvi5qa2wlj7f5y3aty7k86x5 10330159 10330007 2025-06-14T15:12:59Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330159 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) b8grbmjaxyxalh5z5l1m5zxlbutgfli 10330160 10330159 2025-06-14T15:14:22Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330160 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 7wkzrn1vdj2qwl1esd79ky7rer5ymxg 10330162 10330160 2025-06-14T15:15:35Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330162 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) mdbvr49aqd3skfqc0cpzkec4k8hacvd 10330165 10330162 2025-06-14T15:19:21Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330165 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate or deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) al6glqkvhtjrf5tx76zmav2gzrj7b10 10330168 10330165 2025-06-14T15:20:08Z Haoreima 1043157 10330168 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) kyusi48x878cfgbtps812wurlhw2j8n 10330274 10330168 2025-06-14T16:27:56Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330274 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 8wzq6gfrpad71h15l653pdefhtx44vt 10330283 10330274 2025-06-14T16:43:47Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330283 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 7dx5km9znojss3tf01vdunsvi7zlg80 10330298 10330283 2025-06-14T16:50:47Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330298 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 8mf3yorka755pcr57x4noncylqcljk0 10330320 10330298 2025-06-14T16:59:00Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330320 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) dzb81tvtgaz0v5sg8ifwvg8gl49r67h 10330330 10330320 2025-06-14T17:01:45Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10330330 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) swnth8punzfh0exvn8scd6ylj3bfvn4 10331396 10330330 2025-06-15T03:22:51Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files */ new section 10331396 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files == Hey @[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]]! I noticed that you started making files of Ancient and Modern names of Khuman dynasty! You are very fast at creating XD <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 03:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) eb9t74ak5bxbq7ytmdo9sqal6wxey62 10331490 10331396 2025-06-15T05:38:41Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Tumaba's successor */ Reply 10331490 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[Lungba]] article created at Simple Wikipedia and English Wikipedia (after) :-) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 05:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files == Hey @[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]]! I noticed that you started making files of Ancient and Modern names of Khuman dynasty! You are very fast at creating XD <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 03:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) awnd058malbh5dp81k0gm92bp1o93vg 10331521 10331490 2025-06-15T05:57:38Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Tumaba's successor */ 10331521 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[Lungba]] and [[Lungba Ahanba]] article created at Simple Wikipedia and English Wikipedia (after) :-) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 05:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files == Hey @[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]]! I noticed that you started making files of Ancient and Modern names of Khuman dynasty! You are very fast at creating XD <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 03:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) lq4lk1nomak19cehmocqqeov0hjv0i4 10331723 10331521 2025-06-15T10:12:59Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10331723 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[Lungba]] and [[Lungba Ahanba]] article created at Simple Wikipedia and English Wikipedia (after) :-) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 05:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hey Haoreima, I just wanna ask a question. What do you mainly focus on creating in Wikipedia about Manipur/Meitei? I mainly focus on kings, royalties. It could be good for me to know. Thanks! <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 10:12, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files == Hey @[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]]! I noticed that you started making files of Ancient and Modern names of Khuman dynasty! You are very fast at creating XD <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 03:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 9tuk0xj7p7yzh3mbv759tmzu2oz5gs1 10331736 10331723 2025-06-15T10:21:54Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10331736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[Lungba]] and [[Lungba Ahanba]] article created at Simple Wikipedia and English Wikipedia (after) :-) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 05:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hey Haoreima, I just wanna ask a question. What do you mainly focus on creating in Wikipedia about Manipur/Meitei? I mainly focus on kings, royalties. It could be good for me to know. Thanks! <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 10:12, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Anything that's interesting to read. In the beginning, I narrowed my target only at gods and goddesses, but later widened it as much as I can. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 10:21, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files == Hey @[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]]! I noticed that you started making files of Ancient and Modern names of Khuman dynasty! You are very fast at creating XD <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 03:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) pogmf9q4r778gfa0zuhcmikvcnb7c9d 10331742 10331736 2025-06-15T10:24:59Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 /* Khuman Kingdom Template */ Reply 10331742 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumaba's successor == @[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Hi, I created this userspace as a platform for Meitei civilization topics, as you and I are actively creating and expanding numerous articles, due to which I believe compiling all our discussion chats at a single space is better than talking in each talk pages of the individual articles, which not only scatters the info but also our collective attention and efforts. Different sources claim different names for Tumaba's successors. Some say [[Nongtamlen Akhupa II]]. While certain sources say [[Lungpa]] (alias Lungba) as in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/58/mode/thumb Khuman Kangleirol], which I already published in the Wikimedia Commons as [[:File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg]]. They're going to be the different names of the same person but we should be careful about which name to be used in case their articles are to be created in future. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 13:06, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for creating this and letting me know! I will let you know whenever there's something to be taken care of or when I want to ask something. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:08, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :[[Lungba]] and [[Lungba Ahanba]] article created at Simple Wikipedia and English Wikipedia (after) :-) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 05:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kingdom Template == Hey, if you haven't seen this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Khuman_Kingdom], you may check it out if you want and correct the years if you think there are some mistakes. :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The template is risking for deletion if it's not used in articles dedicated to it. And templates aren't generally created before the majority of articles (to be included in the template) aren't created yet. Either create the articles ASAP or move the template to the creator's userspace, to save it from deletion. If once nominated for deletion by anyone, it can't be moved to userspace, until the final verdict of the nomination. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:12, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, alright, I'll make some of the articles ASAP. But I have made 2 though. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] Never mind, I'll just move it to user space until most of the articles have been made. <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 15:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Another thing is that articles directly copied and pasted from en.wiki to simple.wiki with no modifications, or even little modifications (even if one is the creator of both the articles), are also risking deletion. Unlike en.wiki, where unless it's clearly vandalism, people nominate articles for deletion, here in simple.wiki, admins reserve the right to directly delete the articles, even without nominating for deletion, if they deem it appropriate for deletion. So, it's best to create the articles here at simple.wiki first and take it to en.wiki (with modifications) if one wants to create in both platforms, rather than vice versa. simple.wiki to en.wiki is safer and less risky than en.wiki to simple.wiki. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 15:19, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::Okay, thanks! Also, in your opinion, which name do you think should be chosen for the article of Nongdamlen Akhuba II? Lungba or Nongdamlen Akhuba II? <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:27, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] The name which is as much distinct from other persons, is highly preferred. So, obviously Lungpa. And I prefer Ancient Meitei names rather than Modern Meitei names. For example, I prefer Lungpa more than Lungba, Akhupa more than Akhuba, because none of these names are more or less common yet in English renderings. This ancient Khuman kings' names, if used, will significantly reduce confusion in future with other slightly or fully [[:en:wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] persons of medieval and modern times (where we will have no options to use ancient names). [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay, will do! Also, another question. Was Nongdamlen Ahanba (contemporary of Khui Ningomba) the son of Lungpa and the father of Moirangpok Punshiba? Because when I looked at "Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01" which you posted in Wikipedia Commons, it says Lungpa gave birth to Moirangpok Punshiba... <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 16:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] [[File:List of kings & queens of the Khuman dynasty & their contemporary Meitei rulers of the Ningthouja dynasty & their reigning periods (in accordance to the Khuman Kangleiron) 02.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb]] and [[File:Contents of the Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba, a historical chronicle of the genealogy of the rulers of the Khuman dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation (in Eastern Nagari script) 01.jpg|thumb]] We need to analyse all three properly. For the [[list of Khuman kings]], I rely on the first. But if necessary, we can edit and add the alternative names of each rulers and certain clarifications. There might be "regents" too, who were not fully "kings", but co-rulers, in several dynastic policies. We need further details, if proper independent dedicated articles for each ruler is to be created. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 16:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::Another information source : [[File:Genealogy of the kings and queens of the Khuman dynasty according to the Khuman Kangleirol chronicle 02.jpg|thumb]] Now, we have 4 independent sources. [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 17:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Hey Haoreima, I just wanna ask a question. What do you mainly focus on creating in Wikipedia about Manipur/Meitei? I mainly focus on kings, royalties. It could be good for me to know. Thanks! <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 10:12, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::@[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]] Anything that's interesting to read. In the beginning, I narrowed my target only at gods and goddesses, but later widened it as much as I can. :-) [[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) 10:21, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks for letting me know! :) <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 10:24, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Khuman Kings' Ancient and Modern names files == Hey @[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]]! I noticed that you started making files of Ancient and Modern names of Khuman dynasty! You are very fast at creating XD <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold; font-family:Comic Sans MS;">[[User:Victor Ningthemcha|Victor Ningthemcha]]</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">([[User talk:Victor Ningthemcha|talk]])</span> 03:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) lb7wefbm05jy1gcrjb6a237riny25i6 0 1196943 10329916 2025-06-14T13:09:43Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story Racer]] 10329916 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story Racer]] mzuundti2zkevioooqanfbns7f8295w 0 1196944 10329918 2025-06-14T13:10:44Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story Racer]] 10329918 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story Racer]] mzuundti2zkevioooqanfbns7f8295w 0 1196945 10329919 2025-06-14T13:11:15Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story Racer]] 10329919 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story Racer]] mzuundti2zkevioooqanfbns7f8295w 0 1196946 10329920 2025-06-14T13:11:37Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story Racer]] 10329920 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story Racer]] mzuundti2zkevioooqanfbns7f8295w 0 1196947 10329923 2025-06-14T13:13:33Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story Racer]] 10329923 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story Racer]] mzuundti2zkevioooqanfbns7f8295w 4 1196948 10329924 2025-06-14T13:13:51Z Minorax 844779 Creating deletion discussion page for [[2032 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329924 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2032 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2032 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 7 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:13, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:13, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 2rogmwq8xefqhkb4kysio2nu8jd3pv1 10329971 10329924 2025-06-14T13:21:14Z BRPever 487619 fix link 10329971 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2032 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2032 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2032 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 7 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:13, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:13, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> lunef6vcpvvcnhr7xoz31i169v6tfr1 0 1196949 10329928 2025-06-14T13:13:59Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story Racer]] 10329928 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story Racer]] mzuundti2zkevioooqanfbns7f8295w 4 1196950 10329930 2025-06-14T13:14:05Z Minorax 844779 Creating deletion discussion page for [[2031 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329930 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2031 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2031 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 6 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 8wjgfh65l7bo0mmjcgibmbk8me2zfoh 10329972 10329930 2025-06-14T13:22:01Z BRPever 487619 fix link 10329972 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2031 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2031 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2031 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 6 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 1k8rblr2x0tn5pbrna3w2gvrtsro2yx 4 1196951 10329934 2025-06-14T13:14:10Z Minorax 844779 Creating deletion discussion page for [[2030 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329934 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2030 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2030 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 5 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 7sufnr19rq0dqbyc2sb03q4ttycefxx 10329976 10329934 2025-06-14T13:22:49Z BRPever 487619 fix link 10329976 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2030 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2030 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2030 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 5 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 3rctbm005uv9sn1jbvi1coe5qmpvysl 4 1196952 10329937 2025-06-14T13:14:22Z Minorax 844779 Creating deletion discussion page for [[2029 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329937 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2029 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2029 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 4 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> odokri147nuwokm9kllllrsz0wmgxk9 10330052 10329937 2025-06-14T13:49:13Z Minorax 844779 10330052 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2029 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2029 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2029 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 4 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> rqdjl58u0u2w2oqtey074dlr71lg1ns 4 1196953 10329943 2025-06-14T13:14:39Z Minorax 844779 Creating deletion discussion page for [[2028 Formula One World Championship]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329943 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2028 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2028 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 9vigbitu2ofrkn7g0i99ckycxptxnlh 10329950 10329943 2025-06-14T13:15:53Z BRPever 487619 fix 10329950 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2028 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2028 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> bqj3ghdfvur28y03q6jdqbf6ke6inai 10330924 10329950 2025-06-14T21:52:52Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ d 10330924 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2028 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2028 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} yeah, we're not a crystal ball, anything could happen between now and then to change the line-up. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 0mfbkzceh3jr8lgqvnd1u919iqyxjwe 10331584 10330924 2025-06-15T08:07:57Z Raayaan9911 1495229 /* Discussion */ 10331584 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2028 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2028 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} yeah, we're not a crystal ball, anything could happen between now and then to change the line-up. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vd}} per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Any unverifiable future articles it will be deleted. It's too soon to create a article, I've looked at sources, i believe there is no official sources. It's likely three years later. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 4nikttpj2xx7mywqjo9mjz4jl04snj1 10331585 10331584 2025-06-15T08:08:58Z Raayaan9911 1495229 /* Discussion */Fixed 10331585 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2028 Formula One World Championship === :{{lc|2028 Formula One World Championship}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/2028 Formula One World Championship|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Article about a race championship 3 years later, no official sources. [[:en:WP:TOOSOON]]. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:14, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} yeah, we're not a crystal ball, anything could happen between now and then to change the line-up. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *{{vd}} per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Any unverifiable future articles it will be deleted. It's too soon to create an article, I've looked at sources, i believe there is no official sources. It's likely in three years later. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 08:07, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:14, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> lwqzjl228yw7jpfy34n2dhuk0lfx5a7 0 1196954 10329947 2025-06-14T13:15:07Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story]] 10329947 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story]] 47ajhqc6g0pk9jgt8sdu3c9m8kzufre 14 1196955 10329949 2025-06-14T13:15:26Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "[[Category:10th century by country|Japan]] [[Category:Centuries in Japan]] [[Category:10th century in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}}" 10329949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:10th century by country|Japan]] [[Category:Centuries in Japan]] [[Category:10th century in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}} e8yisovpqisztdk8k5rwo2bysglbqqt 0 1196956 10329951 2025-06-14T13:15:53Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story]] 10329951 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story]] 47ajhqc6g0pk9jgt8sdu3c9m8kzufre 0 1196957 10329952 2025-06-14T13:16:26Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story]] 10329952 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story]] 47ajhqc6g0pk9jgt8sdu3c9m8kzufre 14 1196958 10329954 2025-06-14T13:16:50Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "{{Sockpuppet category|TaiUhBye}}" 10329954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sockpuppet category|TaiUhBye}} i9ko0968j08ikx0fuxvd0vgl8x58308 0 1196959 10329955 2025-06-14T13:16:51Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Toy Story]] 10329955 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Toy Story]] 47ajhqc6g0pk9jgt8sdu3c9m8kzufre 0 1196960 10329957 2025-06-14T13:17:08Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Aburni (Sudanese king of Nobatia)]] to [[Aburni]]: per en 10329957 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Aburni]] 1hza0xa1hsj3zr47alkt1k5s2t6zbyr 0 1196961 10329960 2025-06-14T13:17:57Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Charamadoye (Sudanese king of Nobatia)]] to [[Charamadoye]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10329960 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Charamadoye]] 9lchjm9frnplvvrhjqaqzvilfcrlx7s 0 1196962 10329962 2025-06-14T13:18:25Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Eiparnome (Sudanese King)]] to [[Eiparnome]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10329962 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Eiparnome]] 6xfim70lf416g89bt2v06b101ardim1 0 1196963 10329967 2025-06-14T13:19:10Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Tokiltoeton (Sudanese king of Nobatia)]] to [[Tokiltoeton]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10329967 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tokiltoeton]] qz3ei64uwd87t4g7fkbw6l2i3lk9z3q 0 1196964 10329970 2025-06-14T13:20:33Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Ikhmindi (Egypt)]] to [[Ikhmindi]]: Unnecessary parentheses 10329970 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ikhmindi]] 1alo092udhx2pe1kio3b7fp4l43bk08 14 1196966 10329984 2025-06-14T13:27:14Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "[[Category:13th century by country|Vietnam]] [[Category:Centuries in Vietnam]] [[Category:13th century in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}}" 10329984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:13th century by country|Vietnam]] [[Category:Centuries in Vietnam]] [[Category:13th century in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}} dpsd7yk9decytybp24y8manio9v3m3i 14 1196967 10329985 2025-06-14T13:27:19Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "[[Category:14th century by country|Vietnam]] [[Category:Centuries in Vietnam]] [[Category:14th century in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}}" 10329985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:14th century by country|Vietnam]] [[Category:Centuries in Vietnam]] [[Category:14th century in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}} 2dp4kv8295agp3jw2zwmo6hkuoi4ftp 14 1196968 10329986 2025-06-14T13:28:05Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "{{container category}} [[Category:History of Vietnam|*]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia|Vietnam]] [[Category:Categories by century]]" 10329986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{container category}} [[Category:History of Vietnam|*]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia|Vietnam]] [[Category:Categories by century]] stmcmy8qlodphcfluv95par3czwzrz6 3 1196969 10329987 2025-06-14T13:28:27Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Using Wikipedia for advertising or promotion. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10329987 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 5wq8bmsr9kfo6oisb95v0g12x5hlcno 10330014 10329987 2025-06-14T13:37:46Z MathXplore 966595 Caution: Using Wikipedia for advertising or promotion. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330014 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) guzncwnopzoal65mb44bdzt2ql5w653 10330048 10330014 2025-06-14T13:46:55Z Minorax 844779 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330048 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) a8wsic6uqt68hvf2ozqzlrq6det1kos 10330051 10330048 2025-06-14T13:47:36Z MathXplore 966595 Warning: Using Wikipedia for advertising or promotion. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330051 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px]] A new article that you created, or a change you made to an article or page is written like an [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a soapbox|advertisement]]. Advertisements are '''not''' allowed on Wikipedia and will be removed. Please change the page so that it has a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Users who continue to advertise may be [[Wikipedia:Bans and blocks|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Advert --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 05medvr39pnm5ha69x9dhliray8p4er 10331077 10330051 2025-06-14T23:21:34Z MathXplore 966595 Final warning: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331077 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px]] A new article that you created, or a change you made to an article or page is written like an [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a soapbox|advertisement]]. Advertisements are '''not''' allowed on Wikipedia and will be removed. Please change the page so that it has a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Users who continue to advertise may be [[Wikipedia:Bans and blocks|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Advert --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will get for the bad pages you have made. The next time you make a bad page, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create4 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:21, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ckryfj70cw6cnkbk2ogi0uf15b4jle5 10331828 10331077 2025-06-15T11:38:34Z Barras 40117 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331828 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px]] A new article that you created, or a change you made to an article or page is written like an [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a soapbox|advertisement]]. Advertisements are '''not''' allowed on Wikipedia and will be removed. Please change the page so that it has a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Users who continue to advertise may be [[Wikipedia:Bans and blocks|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Advert --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will get for the bad pages you have made. The next time you make a bad page, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create4 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:21, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 11:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ocx2f3duuht1m73qwg2jyjgabncv34b 10331832 10331828 2025-06-15T11:39:48Z Adam Jeffrey Stewart 1629478 10331832 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px]] A new article that you created, or a change you made to an article or page is written like an [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a soapbox|advertisement]]. Advertisements are '''not''' allowed on Wikipedia and will be removed. Please change the page so that it has a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Users who continue to advertise may be [[Wikipedia:Bans and blocks|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Advert --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will get for the bad pages you have made. The next time you make a bad page, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create4 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:21, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 11:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) Wait [[User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart|Adam Jeffrey Stewart]] ([[User talk:Adam Jeffrey Stewart#top|talk]]) 11:39, 15 June 2025 (UTC) geqn1pqw555k0coqcsscn6jc13zfb47 10331836 10331832 2025-06-15T11:40:37Z Adam Jeffrey Stewart 1629478 /* Wait */ new section 10331836 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Please do not add promotional material to Wikipedia. While [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|objective prose]] about products or services ''is'' acceptable, Wikipedia is not intended to be [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|a place for advertising or promotion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert2 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#db|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|30px]] A new article that you created, or a change you made to an article or page is written like an [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a soapbox|advertisement]]. Advertisements are '''not''' allowed on Wikipedia and will be removed. Please change the page so that it has a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]. Users who continue to advertise may be [[Wikipedia:Bans and blocks|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Advert --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''last warning''' you will get for the bad pages you have made. The next time you make a bad page, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:uw-create4 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:21, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 11:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) Wait [[User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart|Adam Jeffrey Stewart]] ([[User talk:Adam Jeffrey Stewart#top|talk]]) 11:39, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == Wait == Wait [[User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart|Adam Jeffrey Stewart]] ([[User talk:Adam Jeffrey Stewart#top|talk]]) 11:40, 15 June 2025 (UTC) r2gtss2tx2wraet36im8lqxophp041a 14 1196970 10329988 2025-06-14T13:28:28Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "[[Category:14th century by continent|Asia]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}}" 10329988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:14th century by continent|Asia]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}} otngdmlwizw0ojsspb1ieoyl7mx1byu 14 1196971 10329989 2025-06-14T13:28:48Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "[[Category:10th century by continent|Asia]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}}" 10329989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:10th century by continent|Asia]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}} ejwub4szlprbtcg4yadrciqsjb16zmm 10329992 10329989 2025-06-14T13:29:34Z Minorax 844779 10329992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Category series navigation}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:10th century| Country]] [[Category:Centuries by country]] 5n0ogwvk4b3ssafl2bwoszmhd8y6w8x 14 1196972 10329990 2025-06-14T13:29:03Z Minorax 844779 Created page with "[[Category:10th century by continent|Asia]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}}" 10329990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:10th century by continent|Asia]] [[Category:Centuries in Asia]] {{Navseasoncats}} ejwub4szlprbtcg4yadrciqsjb16zmm 3 1196974 10330004 2025-06-14T13:33:23Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Fiorenzo Manganiello]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330004 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Fiorenzo Manganiello== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Fiorenzo Manganiello]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Fiorenzo Manganiello}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) njxlmvzwz0d5wgew3wf1t2wwso9gcx1 4 1196975 10330018 2025-06-14T13:38:41Z Minorax 844779 Creating deletion discussion page for [[American German (Billy German album)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330018 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === American German (Billy German album) === :{{lc|American German (Billy German album)}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Unnotable album by an unnotable artist. No source. Only other article on the web is fandom. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:38, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 1n2zrl7fszp57fuzwkl7dobf5zmqfd5 10330922 10330018 2025-06-14T21:50:48Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ d 10330922 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === American German (Billy German album) === :{{lc|American German (Billy German album)}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)|action=edit}} close request]</span> Minorax ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Unnotable album by an unnotable artist. No source. Only other article on the web is fandom. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} not only is the album not-notable the page is confusing to read, not a positive '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:50, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''13:38, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 6tit05aa7ovbubpeia16x5io46zayk6 3 1196976 10330019 2025-06-14T13:38:42Z Minorax 844779 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[American German (Billy German album)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of American German (Billy German album)== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:American German (Billy German album)]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/American German (Billy German album)]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:38, 14 June 2025 (UTC) pahtwzi1ny0ptlaw76l7t8iz8qdd6k7 3 1196977 10330023 2025-06-14T13:41:27Z Minorax 844779 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330023 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 13:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 41hxtul6p49upd2k130hix8pp6rstwb 0 1196978 10330027 2025-06-14T13:42:49Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox video game | series = ''[[Goat Simulator (series)|Goat Simulator]]'' }} '''''Goat Simulator 3''''' is an [[Action game|action]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Coffee Stain North]] and published by [[:en:Coffee Stain Studios|Coffee Stain Publishing]]. ==Other websites== *[https://www.goatsimulator3.com Goat Simulator 3's Official website] {{Goat Simulator series}} [[Category:2022 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 games]] Category:PlayStation 5 gam..." 10330027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | series = ''[[Goat Simulator (series)|Goat Simulator]]'' }} '''''Goat Simulator 3''''' is an [[Action game|action]] [[video game]] that was developed by [[Coffee Stain North]] and published by [[:en:Coffee Stain Studios|Coffee Stain Publishing]]. ==Other websites== *[https://www.goatsimulator3.com Goat Simulator 3's Official website] {{Goat Simulator series}} [[Category:2022 video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 4 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 5 games]] [[Category:Xbox One games]] [[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S games]] [[Category:Nintendo Switch games]] {{Video-game-stub}} rmsb0uwidy1fd62wv9kvy3yfv0w0ydl 0 1196980 10330034 2025-06-14T13:44:31Z Minorax 844779 Minorax moved page [[Midway Atoll Airport]] to [[Henderson Field (Midway Atoll)]]: per en 10330034 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Henderson Field (Midway Atoll)]] l5z94mraqvqisb03whx6bfdrsaag22c 3 1196981 10330041 2025-06-14T13:45:38Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Adding spam links. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330041 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|left]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]] seemed to be [[WP:SPAM|advertising another website]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|Wikipedia is not]] a place to [[advertising|advertise]]. You are, however, [[m:When should I link externally|encouraged to add information instead of links]] to the encyclopedia. If you think the links you recently added should be added to an article, please discuss this on an article's talk page. See the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thanks.<!-- Template:Uw-spam1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) issudbg1rnfdyt5ey6w6k1h7tx9kirc 0 1196982 10330043 2025-06-14T13:46:15Z 24.47.179.93 Redirected page to [[The Disastrous Life of Saiki K]] 10330043 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Disastrous Life of Saiki K]] 6b08c0ly3bcf408dkyn74j7i35dq5iy 0 1196983 10330056 2025-06-14T13:51:50Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Goat Simulator]] 10330056 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Goat Simulator]] rfp7o9y2n5ozpsocfj6vqwu8noc6k5o 0 1196984 10330057 2025-06-14T13:52:13Z 72.92.37.34 Created page with "'''Puffin Rock and the New Friends''' is a film released in [[2023]] by the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]]. It is an [[animation]] [[work]] based on the [[Cartoon Saloon]] series [[Puffin Rock]]. In [[Japan]], it was released on [[May 30, 2025]]. ==Overview== * Set on the small island of Crook Island off the west coast of [[Ireland]], the story follows a young puffin ([[Northern Gannet]]) girl named Una and her younger brother Baba. One day, animals displaced by a [..." 10330057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puffin Rock and the New Friends''' is a film released in [[2023]] by the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]]. It is an [[animation]] [[work]] based on the [[Cartoon Saloon]] series [[Puffin Rock]]. In [[Japan]], it was released on [[May 30, 2025]]. ==Overview== * Set on the small island of Crook Island off the west coast of [[Ireland]], the story follows a young puffin ([[Northern Gannet]]) girl named Una and her younger brother Baba. One day, animals displaced by a [[climate]]-induced [[storm]] arrive on the island. Through a series of events involving a young Eoptirica girl named Isabelle, who is confused by her unfamiliar surroundings, friendship blossoms among Una, Baba, and Isabelle. * Created by [[Cartoon Saloon]], known for works like ''[[Wolfwalkers]]'', this animated film depicts the puffin siblings interacting with various animals. The story takes place on a small island off the west coast of Ireland, where animals driven from their homes by a storm arrive. The voice of the siblings' mother is provided by actor [[Juri Ueno]]. The film is directed by [[Jeremy Purcell]], with story contributions from [[Tom Moore]] and others involved in projects like ''[[Song of the Sea]]''. ==Staff== * Director: Jeremy Purcell * [[Distributor]]: [[Child Films]] * Production countries: [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] * [[Screenplay]]: [[Sarah Daddy]] * Producers: [[Johnny McDaid]], [[Nora Twomey]], [[Tom Moore]], [[Paul Young]] * [[Executive Producer]]: [[Jerry Sharen]] * [[Story]]: [[Tom Moore]], [[Lily Bernard]], [[Paul Young]] * Runtime: 80 minutes == Japanese Dub Cast == * [[Emi Nitta]] (Una)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fukikaekingdom.com/post-31596/|title=Puffin’s Little Island – Japanese Dub|website=Fukikei Kingdom|date=2025-05-26|accessdate=2025-06-06}}</ref> * [[Azusa Tadokoro]] (Isabelle) * [[Marika Kouno]] (Baba) * [[Airi Fuyunohara]] (Phoenix) * [[Ayaka Ohashi]] (Marvin) * [[Emi Hirayama]] (Mossy) * [[Yurie Funato]] (May) * [[Ami Maejima]] (Silky) * [[Yasuhiro Kikuchi]] (Bernie) * [[Shunsaku Nishigaki]] (Una’s Dad) * [[Juri Ueno]] (Una’s Mom)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0147272|title=Juri Ueno guest voices as Una’s mother, a sea bird, in Oscar-nominated studio’s new work ''Puffin’s Little Island''|website=Cinema Today|date=2025-02-04|accessdate=2025-06-06}}</ref> * [[Chō (actor)|Chō]] (Narrator) ==External Links== * [https://child-film.com/puffin/ Official Site] * [https://x.com/cartoonsaloonjp Official Twitter] {{DEFAULTSORT:Puffin Rock and the New Friends}} [[Category:2023 Animated Films]] [[Category:Works Set on Islands]] kpzjbfi2foo5dbvsnxg6raw8ebn9xgq 0 1196986 10330073 2025-06-14T14:09:20Z Trong Dang 1391489 Redirected page to [[TikTok]] 10330073 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[TikTok]] e6kgrfd4d5xl960dqeld7biorald387 0 1196987 10330088 2025-06-14T14:41:38Z Mia9542 1610823 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:pt:Special:Redirect/revision/61195891|Cai o Carmo e a Trindade]]" 10330088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = Cai o Carmo e a Trindade | type = Studio | artist = [[Amor Electro]] | released = April 25, 2011 | genre = [[Rock]], [[Pop-rock]] | length = {{Duration|m=47|s=37}} }} '''''Cai o Carmo e a Trindade''''' is the debut album by the Portuguese band Amor Electro. It was released on April 25, 2011 [[Compact Disc single|physically]] and [[Music download|digitally]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cai o Carmo e a Trindade de Amor Electro|url=http://pt.7digital.com/artists/amor-electro/cai-o-carmo-e-a-trindade/|access-date=14 de Julho de 2011|publisher=7 Digital}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=CD Amor Electro, Cai o Carmo e a Trindade|url=http://cdgo.pt/artigoDetalhe.php?idArtigo=5289246|access-date=19 de Junho de 2011|publisher=[[CDGO]]}}</ref> The album is composed of Portuguese guitar, accordion and traditional percussion themes. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amor Electro » Cai o Carmo e a Trindade|url=http://www.fnac.pt/AMOR-ELECTRO-Cai-o-Carmo-e-a-Trindade-sem-especificar/a353149?PID=1719|access-date=14 de Julho de 2011|publisher=[[Fnac]]}}</ref> hd3n429j0coim79ihj8eu44qoh277vu 0 1196988 10330092 2025-06-14T14:42:30Z Haoreima 1043157 Redirected page to [[King]] 10330092 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[King]] bg5f7ly0zrplx66ecfl7cj84fs7dm5x 0 1196989 10330098 2025-06-14T14:44:22Z 2A00:6020:A515:7D00:9CE1:35FC:621F:5696 Created page with "{{Infobox television | show_name = Haunted Hotel | genre = Animated horror comedy | creator = Matt Roller | voices = Will Forte, Eliza Coupe, Jimmi Simpson, Skyler Gisondo, Natalie Palamides | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 1 | num_episodes = 8 | runtime = approx. 25 minutes | network = Netflix | first_aired = September 19, 2025 }} '''Haunted Hotel''' is an upcoming animated television..." 10330098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Haunted Hotel | genre = Animated horror comedy | creator = Matt Roller | voices = Will Forte, Eliza Coupe, Jimmi Simpson, Skyler Gisondo, Natalie Palamides | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 1 | num_episodes = 8 | runtime = approx. 25 minutes | network = Netflix | first_aired = September 19, 2025 }} '''Haunted Hotel''' is an upcoming [[animated television series]] from the United States. It is created by Matt Roller and produced by Universal Television. The series will premiere on [[Netflix]] on September 19, 2025. == Plot == The story follows a single mother named Katherine who inherits a spooky hotel. She tries to manage it with her children and her dead brother Nathan, who is now a ghost. Many other supernatural creatures live in the hotel too. The show mixes horror, humor and family elements in an animated style. == Voice Cast == * Will Forte as Nathan * Eliza Coupe as Katherine * Natalie Palamides as Esther * Jimmi Simpson as Abaddon * Skyler Gisondo as Ben == Production == The animation is made by Titmouse, Inc. The supervising director is Erica Hayes. The show was developed as an adult animated series for Netflix. == Release == The show is set to premiere on Netflix globally on September 19, 2025. == References == * [https://www.fernsehserien.tv/haunted-hotel.shtml Haunted Hotel – full series guide (in German)], fernsehserien.tv. Retrieved June 14, 2025. * [https://media.netflix.com/en/only-on-netflix/81674500 Haunted Hotel at Netflix Media Center] * [https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/netflix-haunted-hotel-animation-1235788123/ Variety article about Haunted Hotel] == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|tt31400000|Haunted Hotel}} [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Horror television series]] [[Category:American television series]] [[Category:Upcoming television series]] [[Category:Netflix original series]] syk92yk8wjdv3ul8jquj7ky7oef7j1b 2 1196990 10330109 2025-06-14T14:48:43Z Priharisid 1555874 Created page with "'''Devux''' is a large [[kingdom]] and official [[subdivision]] of the [[Rewlan Empire]]. It is one of the five imperial kingdoms established by the [[Treaty of Kings]] in [[RST 2078]]. Devux includes most of [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], and the [[United Kingdom]], and is part of the [[House of Muaratte]], descended from the ancient [[Cautédoralcoucion]] line.<ref>Smith, A. "History of Devux." Rewlan Historical Journal, 2090.</ref> == Early history == Devux beg..." 10330109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devux''' is a large [[kingdom]] and official [[subdivision]] of the [[Rewlan Empire]]. It is one of the five imperial kingdoms established by the [[Treaty of Kings]] in [[RST 2078]]. Devux includes most of [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], and the [[United Kingdom]], and is part of the [[House of Muaratte]], descended from the ancient [[Cautédoralcoucion]] line.<ref>Smith, A. "History of Devux." Rewlan Historical Journal, 2090.</ref> == Early history == Devux began as a small [[petty kingdom]] in [[RST 1619]]. The first [[Cautédoralcoucion]] conquered a town on the coast of midwestern [[France]], making it a [[land-inherited]] territory for his descendants. He founded the [[Marate dynasty]], also called [[Muaratte]], meaning "the religious one."<ref>Johnson, L. "The Marate Dynasty Origins." Devux Studies Quarterly, 2085.</ref> The territory was ruled by a "ruler" instead of a king because of its small size, comparable to modern-day [[Paris]]. == Rise of modern Devux == In [[RST 2035]], ruler [[Francis I of Devux|Francis]] (Francis Scott Muaratte III) died at the age of 70. His son, [[Paul(e) Muaratte]], had been imprisoned in [[Resuisse]] by [[Duke Charles IV]]. In [[RST 2050]], Paul(e) wrote to [[William IV]] of [[Rissonva]], announcing his father’s death and claiming his right to rule Devux.<ref>Thompson, E. "Letters from Captivity." Archives of Resuisse, 2088.</ref> William gave him the title [[Prins-Apparente de Devux-Rossette Rissonvas]], recognizing him as rightful heir.<ref>Martin, G. "Titles and Nobility in Rewlan Empire." Royal Records, 2092.</ref> Paul(e) became ruler in [[RST 2050]] and expanded the territory, ruling until his death in [[RST 2054]]. He was succeeded by his son: == Reign of Francisse/Francis I == [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I (Francis Scott Muaratte IV)]] ruled Devux from [[RST 2054]] to [[RST 2080]]. In [[RST 2060]], his son [[Lewis V]] became [[Emperor of Resuis]] and expanded Devux to include most of Western Europe.<ref>Garcia, M. "Expansion of Devux under Lewis V." European Imperial Review, 2087.</ref> However, the territory became unpopular. In [[RST 2069]], Lewis died at age 35. His son, [[Frances Xavier I]] (Francis Scott Muaratte V), succeeded him and ruled both Resuis and Devux. Frances had conquered [[Rissonva]] at age 8 using a self-invented game called [[Warlet]], and [[William IV]] became his co-emperor.<ref>Lewis, D. "The Warlet Conquest." Military Games Today, 2090.</ref> Later that year, Frances lost all territory in [[Africas]] and began drinking heavily. He was assassinated in [[Greece]] by one of his own soldiers in [[RST 2069]]. Since he had no children, the [[Treaty of Lewis]], which required only Lewis’s descendants to rule Devux, was broken.<ref>O’Connor, P. "Fall of Frances Xavier I." Chronicles of Rewlan, 2093.</ref> == Trever I Eric and the Treaty of Kings == After Frances died, his uncle [[Trever I Eric]]—younger twin of the Duke of Ireland and England—claimed Devux. The Duke challenged Trever to a duel, which Trever won.<ref>Baker, S. "The Duel of the Twins." Rewlan Royal Affairs, 2095.</ref> As a result, he became ruler of Devux and Emperor of [[Rewlis]]. In [[RST 2078]], Trever issued the [[Treaty of Kings]], dividing the [[Rewlan Empire]] into five subdivisions:<ref>Rewlan Government Records, 2078.</ref> * [[Devux]] – most of [[Western Europe]] * [[Austrias]] – [[Central Europe]] * [[Asius]] – [[Asia]] * [[Africas]] – [[Africa]] * [[Americus]] – [[Americas]] This made Devux an **imperial kingdom**, and Francisse I continued ruling it under Trever’s empire until his death in [[RST 2080]].<ref>Walker, J. "The Treaty of Kings and its Impact." Imperial Law Review, 2091.</ref> == Election of a new king == After Francisse I died, Trever mourned for two days and called a vote. The nobles elected Trever’s son, the [[Crown Prince of Rewlis]], as the new [[King of Devux]].<ref>Green, H. "Royal Elections in Devux." Political History of Rewlan, 2094.</ref> == Modern rulers of Devux == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Modern rulers of Devux (RST only)''' ! Name !! Title !! RST reign !! Notes |- | [[Paul(e) Muaratte]] || Ruler of Devux || 2050–2054 || Recognized by William IV; expanded Devux |- | [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I / Francis I]] || King of Devux || 2054–2078 || Non-imperial king |- | [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I / Francis I]] || Imperial Ruler of Devux || 2078–2080 || Under Treaty of Kings |- | [[Trever I Eric]] || Emperor of Rewlis, Overlord of Devux || 2080 || Called the vote after Francis I's death |- | [[Crown Prince of Rewlis]] || King of Devux || 2080–present || Elected by nobles |} == Treaties == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Important treaties affecting Devux''' ! Treaty !! Year (RST) !! Creator !! Terms |- | [[Treaty of Lewis]] || before 2069 || [[Lewis V]] || Only Lewis’s descendants may rule Devux |- | [[Treaty of Kings]] || 2078 || [[Trever I Eric]] || Created five imperial kingdoms inside the [[Rewlan Empire]] |} == Culture and lifestyle == [[Devux]] uses [[modern technology]] like homes and cars, but still fights with [[horses]] in battle. The royal family avoids [[social media]], and only uses wired phones for five minutes a day.<ref>Johnson, L. "Modern Life in Devux." Lifestyle Weekly, 2096.</ref> [[Trever I Eric]] lives in a 484 sq ft home in [[Rewlis]], which includes a [[kitchen]], a [[bathroom]], a [[closet]], and a second 20 sq ft closet. The rest of the royal family lives in the [[Devux Palais]] in [[France]].<ref>Martin, G. "Royal Residences of Rewlan." Architectural Digest, 2095.</ref> == See also == * [[Rewlan Empire]] * [[Treaty of Kings]] * [[House of Muaratte]] * [[Francis I of Devux]] * [[Trever I Eric]] * [[Paul(e) Muaratte]] * [[Cautédoralcoucion]] * [[Rissonva]] * [[Warlet]] * [[Devux Palais]] == References == <references /> lt9jwgu1us4yck25lss718xy79aw9m8 10330112 10330109 2025-06-14T14:50:06Z Priharisid 1555874 /* Modern rulers of Devux */ 10330112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devux''' is a large [[kingdom]] and official [[subdivision]] of the [[Rewlan Empire]]. It is one of the five imperial kingdoms established by the [[Treaty of Kings]] in [[RST 2078]]. Devux includes most of [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], and the [[United Kingdom]], and is part of the [[House of Muaratte]], descended from the ancient [[Cautédoralcoucion]] line.<ref>Smith, A. "History of Devux." Rewlan Historical Journal, 2090.</ref> == Early history == Devux began as a small [[petty kingdom]] in [[RST 1619]]. The first [[Cautédoralcoucion]] conquered a town on the coast of midwestern [[France]], making it a [[land-inherited]] territory for his descendants. He founded the [[Marate dynasty]], also called [[Muaratte]], meaning "the religious one."<ref>Johnson, L. "The Marate Dynasty Origins." Devux Studies Quarterly, 2085.</ref> The territory was ruled by a "ruler" instead of a king because of its small size, comparable to modern-day [[Paris]]. == Rise of modern Devux == In [[RST 2035]], ruler [[Francis I of Devux|Francis]] (Francis Scott Muaratte III) died at the age of 70. His son, [[Paul(e) Muaratte]], had been imprisoned in [[Resuisse]] by [[Duke Charles IV]]. In [[RST 2050]], Paul(e) wrote to [[William IV]] of [[Rissonva]], announcing his father’s death and claiming his right to rule Devux.<ref>Thompson, E. "Letters from Captivity." Archives of Resuisse, 2088.</ref> William gave him the title [[Prins-Apparente de Devux-Rossette Rissonvas]], recognizing him as rightful heir.<ref>Martin, G. "Titles and Nobility in Rewlan Empire." Royal Records, 2092.</ref> Paul(e) became ruler in [[RST 2050]] and expanded the territory, ruling until his death in [[RST 2054]]. He was succeeded by his son: == Reign of Francisse/Francis I == [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I (Francis Scott Muaratte IV)]] ruled Devux from [[RST 2054]] to [[RST 2080]]. In [[RST 2060]], his son [[Lewis V]] became [[Emperor of Resuis]] and expanded Devux to include most of Western Europe.<ref>Garcia, M. "Expansion of Devux under Lewis V." European Imperial Review, 2087.</ref> However, the territory became unpopular. In [[RST 2069]], Lewis died at age 35. His son, [[Frances Xavier I]] (Francis Scott Muaratte V), succeeded him and ruled both Resuis and Devux. Frances had conquered [[Rissonva]] at age 8 using a self-invented game called [[Warlet]], and [[William IV]] became his co-emperor.<ref>Lewis, D. "The Warlet Conquest." Military Games Today, 2090.</ref> Later that year, Frances lost all territory in [[Africas]] and began drinking heavily. He was assassinated in [[Greece]] by one of his own soldiers in [[RST 2069]]. Since he had no children, the [[Treaty of Lewis]], which required only Lewis’s descendants to rule Devux, was broken.<ref>O’Connor, P. "Fall of Frances Xavier I." Chronicles of Rewlan, 2093.</ref> == Trever I Eric and the Treaty of Kings == After Frances died, his uncle [[Trever I Eric]]—younger twin of the Duke of Ireland and England—claimed Devux. The Duke challenged Trever to a duel, which Trever won.<ref>Baker, S. "The Duel of the Twins." Rewlan Royal Affairs, 2095.</ref> As a result, he became ruler of Devux and Emperor of [[Rewlis]]. In [[RST 2078]], Trever issued the [[Treaty of Kings]], dividing the [[Rewlan Empire]] into five subdivisions:<ref>Rewlan Government Records, 2078.</ref> * [[Devux]] – most of [[Western Europe]] * [[Austrias]] – [[Central Europe]] * [[Asius]] – [[Asia]] * [[Africas]] – [[Africa]] * [[Americus]] – [[Americas]] This made Devux an **imperial kingdom**, and Francisse I continued ruling it under Trever’s empire until his death in [[RST 2080]].<ref>Walker, J. "The Treaty of Kings and its Impact." Imperial Law Review, 2091.</ref> == Election of a new king == After Francisse I died, Trever mourned for two days and called a vote. The nobles elected Trever’s son, the [[Crown Prince of Rewlis]], as the new [[King of Devux]].<ref>Green, H. "Royal Elections in Devux." Political History of Rewlan, 2094.</ref> == Modern rulers of Devux == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Modern rulers of Devux (RST only)''' ! Name !! Title !! RST reign !! Notes |- | [[Paul(e) Muaratte]] || Ruler of Devux || 2050–2054 || Recognized by William IV; expanded Devux |- | [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I / Francis I]] || King of Devux || 2054–2078 || Non-imperial king |- | [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I / Francis I]] || Imperial Ruler of Devux || 2078–2080 || Under Treaty of Kings |- | [[User:Priharisid/Sandbox/4|Trever I Eric]] || Emperor of Rewlis, Overlord of Devux || 2080 || Called the vote after Francis I's death |- | [[Crown Prince of Rewlis]] || King of Devux || 2080–present || Elected by nobles |} == Treaties == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Important treaties affecting Devux''' ! Treaty !! Year (RST) !! Creator !! Terms |- | [[Treaty of Lewis]] || before 2069 || [[Lewis V]] || Only Lewis’s descendants may rule Devux |- | [[Treaty of Kings]] || 2078 || [[Trever I Eric]] || Created five imperial kingdoms inside the [[Rewlan Empire]] |} == Culture and lifestyle == [[Devux]] uses [[modern technology]] like homes and cars, but still fights with [[horses]] in battle. The royal family avoids [[social media]], and only uses wired phones for five minutes a day.<ref>Johnson, L. "Modern Life in Devux." Lifestyle Weekly, 2096.</ref> [[Trever I Eric]] lives in a 484 sq ft home in [[Rewlis]], which includes a [[kitchen]], a [[bathroom]], a [[closet]], and a second 20 sq ft closet. The rest of the royal family lives in the [[Devux Palais]] in [[France]].<ref>Martin, G. "Royal Residences of Rewlan." Architectural Digest, 2095.</ref> == See also == * [[Rewlan Empire]] * [[Treaty of Kings]] * [[House of Muaratte]] * [[Francis I of Devux]] * [[Trever I Eric]] * [[Paul(e) Muaratte]] * [[Cautédoralcoucion]] * [[Rissonva]] * [[Warlet]] * [[Devux Palais]] == References == <references /> kwh189mv6i3d3xdfdofs3j62rcl1i9i 10330115 10330112 2025-06-14T14:51:24Z Priharisid 1555874 /* Culture and lifestyle */ 10330115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devux''' is a large [[kingdom]] and official [[subdivision]] of the [[Rewlan Empire]]. It is one of the five imperial kingdoms established by the [[Treaty of Kings]] in [[RST 2078]]. Devux includes most of [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Belgium]], and the [[United Kingdom]], and is part of the [[House of Muaratte]], descended from the ancient [[Cautédoralcoucion]] line.<ref>Smith, A. "History of Devux." Rewlan Historical Journal, 2090.</ref> == Early history == Devux began as a small [[petty kingdom]] in [[RST 1619]]. The first [[Cautédoralcoucion]] conquered a town on the coast of midwestern [[France]], making it a [[land-inherited]] territory for his descendants. He founded the [[Marate dynasty]], also called [[Muaratte]], meaning "the religious one."<ref>Johnson, L. "The Marate Dynasty Origins." Devux Studies Quarterly, 2085.</ref> The territory was ruled by a "ruler" instead of a king because of its small size, comparable to modern-day [[Paris]]. == Rise of modern Devux == In [[RST 2035]], ruler [[Francis I of Devux|Francis]] (Francis Scott Muaratte III) died at the age of 70. His son, [[Paul(e) Muaratte]], had been imprisoned in [[Resuisse]] by [[Duke Charles IV]]. In [[RST 2050]], Paul(e) wrote to [[William IV]] of [[Rissonva]], announcing his father’s death and claiming his right to rule Devux.<ref>Thompson, E. "Letters from Captivity." Archives of Resuisse, 2088.</ref> William gave him the title [[Prins-Apparente de Devux-Rossette Rissonvas]], recognizing him as rightful heir.<ref>Martin, G. "Titles and Nobility in Rewlan Empire." Royal Records, 2092.</ref> Paul(e) became ruler in [[RST 2050]] and expanded the territory, ruling until his death in [[RST 2054]]. He was succeeded by his son: == Reign of Francisse/Francis I == [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I (Francis Scott Muaratte IV)]] ruled Devux from [[RST 2054]] to [[RST 2080]]. In [[RST 2060]], his son [[Lewis V]] became [[Emperor of Resuis]] and expanded Devux to include most of Western Europe.<ref>Garcia, M. "Expansion of Devux under Lewis V." European Imperial Review, 2087.</ref> However, the territory became unpopular. In [[RST 2069]], Lewis died at age 35. His son, [[Frances Xavier I]] (Francis Scott Muaratte V), succeeded him and ruled both Resuis and Devux. Frances had conquered [[Rissonva]] at age 8 using a self-invented game called [[Warlet]], and [[William IV]] became his co-emperor.<ref>Lewis, D. "The Warlet Conquest." Military Games Today, 2090.</ref> Later that year, Frances lost all territory in [[Africas]] and began drinking heavily. He was assassinated in [[Greece]] by one of his own soldiers in [[RST 2069]]. Since he had no children, the [[Treaty of Lewis]], which required only Lewis’s descendants to rule Devux, was broken.<ref>O’Connor, P. "Fall of Frances Xavier I." Chronicles of Rewlan, 2093.</ref> == Trever I Eric and the Treaty of Kings == After Frances died, his uncle [[Trever I Eric]]—younger twin of the Duke of Ireland and England—claimed Devux. The Duke challenged Trever to a duel, which Trever won.<ref>Baker, S. "The Duel of the Twins." Rewlan Royal Affairs, 2095.</ref> As a result, he became ruler of Devux and Emperor of [[Rewlis]]. In [[RST 2078]], Trever issued the [[Treaty of Kings]], dividing the [[Rewlan Empire]] into five subdivisions:<ref>Rewlan Government Records, 2078.</ref> * [[Devux]] – most of [[Western Europe]] * [[Austrias]] – [[Central Europe]] * [[Asius]] – [[Asia]] * [[Africas]] – [[Africa]] * [[Americus]] – [[Americas]] This made Devux an **imperial kingdom**, and Francisse I continued ruling it under Trever’s empire until his death in [[RST 2080]].<ref>Walker, J. "The Treaty of Kings and its Impact." Imperial Law Review, 2091.</ref> == Election of a new king == After Francisse I died, Trever mourned for two days and called a vote. The nobles elected Trever’s son, the [[Crown Prince of Rewlis]], as the new [[King of Devux]].<ref>Green, H. "Royal Elections in Devux." Political History of Rewlan, 2094.</ref> == Modern rulers of Devux == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Modern rulers of Devux (RST only)''' ! Name !! Title !! RST reign !! Notes |- | [[Paul(e) Muaratte]] || Ruler of Devux || 2050–2054 || Recognized by William IV; expanded Devux |- | [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I / Francis I]] || King of Devux || 2054–2078 || Non-imperial king |- | [[Francis I of Devux|Francisse I / Francis I]] || Imperial Ruler of Devux || 2078–2080 || Under Treaty of Kings |- | [[User:Priharisid/Sandbox/4|Trever I Eric]] || Emperor of Rewlis, Overlord of Devux || 2080 || Called the vote after Francis I's death |- | [[Crown Prince of Rewlis]] || King of Devux || 2080–present || Elected by nobles |} == Treaties == {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Important treaties affecting Devux''' ! Treaty !! Year (RST) !! Creator !! Terms |- | [[Treaty of Lewis]] || before 2069 || [[Lewis V]] || Only Lewis’s descendants may rule Devux |- | [[Treaty of Kings]] || 2078 || [[Trever I Eric]] || Created five imperial kingdoms inside the [[Rewlan Empire]] |} == Culture and lifestyle == [[Devux]] uses [[modern technology]] like homes and cars, but still fights with [[horses]] in battle. The royal family avoids [[social media]], and only uses wired phones for five minutes a day.<ref>Johnson, L. "Modern Life in Devux." Lifestyle Weekly, 2096.</ref> [[Trever I Eric]] lives in a 484 sq ft home in [[Rewlis]], which includes a [[kitchen]], a [[bathroom]], and a 20 sq. ft. [[closet]]. The rest of the royal family lives in the [[Devux Palais]] in [[France]].<ref>Martin, G. "Royal Residences of Rewlan." Architectural Digest, 2095.</ref> == See also == * [[Rewlan Empire]] * [[Treaty of Kings]] * [[House of Muaratte]] * [[Francis I of Devux]] * [[Trever I Eric]] * [[Paul(e) Muaratte]] * [[Cautédoralcoucion]] * [[Rissonva]] * [[Warlet]] * [[Devux Palais]] == References == <references /> h8k8twd56m8b584ko1xw0ygmc0hzk0r 0 1196991 10330121 2025-06-14T14:53:41Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Batrachyla nibaldoi | authority = Formas, 1997 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Nibaldo's wood frog''' (''Batrachyla nibaldoi'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Chile]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' Formas, 1997 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Batrachylidae/Batrachyla/B..." 10330121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Batrachyla nibaldoi | authority = Formas, 1997 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Nibaldo's wood frog''' (''Batrachyla nibaldoi'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Chile]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' Formas, 1997 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Batrachylidae/Batrachyla/Batrachyla-nibaldoi |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' Formas, 1997 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5717 |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Nibaldo's Wood Frog: ''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/56333/79812178 |page=e.T56333A79812178 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T56333A79812178.en |id=56333 |year=2019 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=June 14, 2025}}</ref> ==Home== Scientists found the frog in four places: Puente Traihuanca, Laguna San Rafael, Kent Island, and Melchor Island, all in [[Aisén Province]]. They think it might live in more places now. They do not know if it lives in Argentina.<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists saw this frog in two protected parks: [[Laguna San Rafael UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve]] and [[Las Guaitecas Forest Reserve]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==Danger== Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. [[Introduced species|People brought]] [[American mink]] to the frog's home, and it may be killing and eating the frog.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q2208773}} {{biology-stub}} 8r645chynqgac6p4dqxxttzlhpgyg4s 10330126 10330121 2025-06-14T14:55:12Z Darkfrog24 508885 10330126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Batrachyla nibaldoi | authority = Formas, 1997 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Nibaldo's wood frog''' (''Batrachyla nibaldoi'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Chile]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' Formas, 1997 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Batrachylidae/Batrachyla/Batrachyla-nibaldoi |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' Formas, 1997 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5717 |access-date=June 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Nibaldo's Wood Frog: ''Batrachyla nibaldoi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/56333/79812178 |page=e.T56333A79812178 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T56333A79812178.en |id=56333 |year=2019 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |accessdate=June 14, 2025}}</ref> ==Home== Scientists found the frog in four places: Puente Traihuanca, Laguna San Rafael, Kent Island, and Melchor Island, all in [[Aisén Province]]. They think it might live in more places now. They do not know if it lives in Argentina.<ref name=IUCN /> Scientists saw this frog in two protected parks: [[Laguna San Rafael National Park|Laguna San Rafael UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve]] and [[Las Guaitecas Forest Reserve]].<ref name=IUCN /> ==Danger== Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. [[Introduced species|People brought]] [[American mink]] to the frog's home, and it may be killing and eating the frog.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from=Q2208773}} {{biology-stub}} apvy9pr55s4oqmboufu2cfwf4i1sg7q 0 1196992 10330136 2025-06-14T14:59:35Z Darkfrog24 508885 Translated from en.wiki oldid=1249479456 10330136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Rhinodermatidae | image = Insuetophrynus acarpicus.JPG | image_caption = ''[[Insuetophrynus acarpicus]]'' | authority = Bonaparte, 1850 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Rhinoderma]]'' <br /> ''[[Insuetophrynus]]'' }} '''Rhinodermatidae''', called '''Darwin's frogs''', '''mouth-breeding frogs''', and '''mouth-brooding frogs''' in English, is a small group of [[frog]]s that live in forests in Chile and Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Rhinodermatidae|title=Rhinodermatidae Bonaparte, 1850 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|website=research.amnh.org|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> These frogs are different from other frogs because they are the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] living frogs in the big group [[Hyloidea]]. They became different from other frogs long ago, in the [[Late Cretaceous]]. The two genus groups, ''Rhinoderma'' and ''Insuetophrynus'', became different from each other during the [[Paleocene]]. All three species in the family are now in danger of dying out because of [[habitat destruction]], [[invasive species|other animals from far away]], and the fungal disease [[Chytridiomycosis|chytridomycosis]]. The [[Chile Darwin's frog]] (''Rhinoderma rufum''), may already be [[Extinction|dead]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Yan-Jie|last2=Blackburn|first2=David C.|last3=Liang|first3=Dan|last4=Hillis|first4=David M.|last5=Wake|first5=David B.|last6=Cannatella|first6=David C.|last7=Zhang|first7=Peng|date=2017-07-18|title=Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=29|pages=E5864–E5870|doi=10.1073/pnas.1704632114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28673970|pmc=5530686|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E5864F }}</ref> ==Genera== There are two genera, or genuses, in this group: * ''[[Insuetophrynus]]'' <small>Barrio, 1970</small> ([[monotypic]]) * ''[[Rhinoderma]]'' <small>Duméril and Bibron, 1841</small> (2 species) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q13408787}} {{Anura}} [[Category:Rhinodermatidae| ]] [[Category:Amphibian families]] 6mxbiofi52csvbwtr9ylaiarptehslx 10330138 10330136 2025-06-14T15:00:11Z Darkfrog24 508885 10330138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Rhinodermatidae | image = Insuetophrynus acarpicus.JPG | image_caption = ''[[Insuetophrynus acarpicus]]'' | authority = Bonaparte, 1850 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = ''[[Rhinoderma]]'' <br /> ''[[Insuetophrynus]]'' }} '''Rhinodermatidae''', called '''Darwin's frogs''', '''mouth-breeding frogs''', and '''mouth-brooding frogs''' in English, is a small group of [[frog]]s that live in forests in Chile and Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Rhinodermatidae|title=Rhinodermatidae Bonaparte, 1850 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|website=research.amnh.org|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> These frogs are different from other frogs because they are the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] living frogs in the big group [[Hyloidea]]. They became different from other frogs long ago, in the [[Late Cretaceous]]. The two genus groups, ''Rhinoderma'' and ''Insuetophrynus'', became different from each other during the [[Paleocene]]. All three species in the family are now in danger of dying out because of [[habitat destruction]], [[invasive species|other animals from far away]], and the fungal disease [[Chytridiomycosis|chytridomycosis]]. The [[Chile Darwin's frog]] (''Rhinoderma rufum''), may already be [[Extinction|dead]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Yan-Jie|last2=Blackburn|first2=David C.|last3=Liang|first3=Dan|last4=Hillis|first4=David M.|last5=Wake|first5=David B.|last6=Cannatella|first6=David C.|last7=Zhang|first7=Peng|date=2017-07-18|title=Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=29|pages=E5864–E5870|doi=10.1073/pnas.1704632114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28673970|pmc=5530686|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E5864F }}</ref> ==Genera== There are two genera, or genuses, in this group: * ''[[Insuetophrynus]]'' <small>Barrio, 1970</small> ([[monotypic]]) * ''[[Rhinoderma]]'' <small>Duméril and Bibron, 1841</small> (2 species) ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q13408787}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] 3rbm6g0yb3awcf6x5xvs3yeceh4ezak 10 1196993 10330140 2025-06-14T15:00:20Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=family |link={{subst:#titleparts:{{subst:PAGENAME}}|2|2}} |parent=Anura |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" 10330140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=family |link=Rhinodermatidae |parent=Anura |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }} bdv0uht835cfvgv3tap1nn51njvrtue 0 1196994 10330150 2025-06-14T15:08:09Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 needed 10330150 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Administrative division]] {{R to broader topic}} 0iypmawgwa39ntsvo2bxr1vc3xgy11g 10330151 10330150 2025-06-14T15:08:16Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 rmv 10330151 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Administrative division]] 978motgifrysptetxa02r4ljvlr8oco 0 1196995 10330154 2025-06-14T15:11:44Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Created page "Kang Sanaba" 10330154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kang Sanaba''' (Meitei: ꯀꯥꯡ ꯁꯥꯅꯕ), which literally means "The game of Kang", is a traditional indoor game of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]], India. It is usually played on the smooth earthen floors of traditional houses and temple courtyards. The game is considered sacred and is believed to have been played by the deities, especially during the Meitei lunar new year, known as [[Cheiraoba]].<ref name="epao-kang">[https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Traditional_Game_Kang Traditional Game Kang – E-pao.net]</ref> == Gameplay == Kang is a team game involving a sliding disc called a ''kang'' across a marked court. The objective is to strike a target object with one’s own disc while preventing the opponent from doing the same. The gameplay bears similarity to games like shuffleboard or carrom but is played directly on the ground using hand-thrown discs.<ref name="epao-kang" /> == Players and Equipment == Each team traditionally has 7 players, symbolizing the seven days of the week.<ref name="kanglaonline">[https://kanglaonline.com/2014/04/traditional-game-of-kang/ Traditional game of Kang – KanglaOnline]</ref> The disc or ''kang'' was historically made from the seeds of the ''kaangkhil'' plant, but later versions use hardwood, ivory, horn, tortoise shell, or lac.<ref name="kang-history">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&printsec=copyright|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|language=en}}</ref> The court is a leveled rectangular space, marked with chalk powder to define boundaries and targets.<ref name="epao-kang" /> There are different throwing styles, such as ''chekphei'' (standing throw) and ''lamtha'' (seated push).<ref name="epao-kang" /> == Cultural Significance == The game holds religious and ceremonial value. It is mainly played during [[Cheiraoba]] and until the festival of ''Kang Chingba'' (Ratha Yatra).<ref name="kanglaonline" /> According to Meitei mythology, the game was played by deities such as the seven ''Lainingthous'' and the goddess [[Panthoibi]].<ref name="epao-kang" /> In earlier times, Kang was played by royalty and courtiers as part of festive and temple rituals.<ref name="kang-history" /> == History == The origins of Kang are rooted in oral traditions and are mentioned in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the royal chronicle of Manipur. During the reign of King [[Loitongba]] (1122–1150 CE), the game evolved into its present form after he introduced changes during a '''Cheiraoba''' celebration.<ref name="kang-history" /> Equipment and playing styles were standardized by the 19th century.<ref name="epao-kang" /> The [[Manipur Kang Association]] was later established to organize tournaments and preserve the tradition.<ref name="epao-kang" /> == Present-day Status == Although less commonly played today, '''Kang''' continues to feature during cultural festivals and community events. Elderly players have continued to promote the game, and cultural organizations strive to keep the tradition alive among the youth.<ref name="telegraph-kang">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kang-the-traditional-game-of-manipur/cid/1510281 Kang, the traditional game of Manipur – The Telegraph]</ref> == See also == * [[Meitei culture]] * [[Cheiraoba]] * [[Sanamahism]] * [[Manipuri games and sports]] == References == <references /> == External links == [https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Traditional_Game_Kang Traditional Game Kang – E-pao.net] [https://kanglaonline.com/2014/04/traditional-game-of-kang/ Traditional Game of Kang – KanglaOnline] fbgo8w3d04quttnn4nhtxis1x16dvv7 10330300 10330154 2025-06-14T16:51:19Z Haoreima 1043157 10330300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ꯀꯥꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯄ.jpg|thumb|Kang Sannapa]] '''Kang Sanaba''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ / ꯀꯥꯡ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯄ}}), which literally means "The game of Kang", is a traditional indoor game of the [[Meitei people]] of [[Manipur]], India. It is usually played on the smooth earthen floors of traditional houses and temple courtyards. The game is considered sacred and is believed to have been played by the deities, especially during the Meitei lunar new year, known as [[Cheiraoba]].<ref name="epao-kang">[https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Traditional_Game_Kang Traditional Game Kang – E-pao.net]</ref> == Gameplay == Kang is a team game involving a sliding disc called a ''kang'' across a marked court. The objective is to strike a target object with one’s own disc while preventing the opponent from doing the same. The gameplay bears similarity to games like shuffleboard or carrom but is played directly on the ground using hand-thrown discs.<ref name="epao-kang" /> == Players and Equipment == Each team traditionally has 7 players, symbolizing the seven days of the week.<ref name="kanglaonline">[https://kanglaonline.com/2014/04/traditional-game-of-kang/ Traditional game of Kang – KanglaOnline]</ref> The disc or ''kang'' was historically made from the seeds of the ''kaangkhil'' plant, but later versions use hardwood, ivory, horn, tortoise shell, or lac.<ref name="kang-history">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&printsec=copyright|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|language=en}}</ref> The court is a leveled rectangular space, marked with chalk powder to define boundaries and targets.<ref name="epao-kang" /> There are different throwing styles, such as ''chekphei'' (standing throw) and ''lamtha'' (seated push).<ref name="epao-kang" /> == Cultural Significance == The game holds religious and ceremonial value. It is mainly played during [[Cheiraoba]] and until the festival of ''Kang Chingba'' (Ratha Yatra).<ref name="kanglaonline" /> According to Meitei mythology, the game was played by deities such as the seven ''Lainingthous'' and the goddess [[Panthoibi]].<ref name="epao-kang" /> In earlier times, Kang was played by royalty and courtiers as part of festive and temple rituals.<ref name="kang-history" /> == History == The origins of Kang are rooted in oral traditions and are mentioned in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the royal chronicle of Manipur. During the reign of King [[Loitongba]] (1122–1150 CE), the game evolved into its present form after he introduced changes during a '''Cheiraoba''' celebration.<ref name="kang-history" /> Equipment and playing styles were standardized by the 19th century.<ref name="epao-kang" /> The [[Manipur Kang Association]] was later established to organize tournaments and preserve the tradition.<ref name="epao-kang" /> == Present-day Status == Although less commonly played today, '''Kang''' continues to feature during cultural festivals and community events. Elderly players have continued to promote the game, and cultural organizations strive to keep the tradition alive among the youth.<ref name="telegraph-kang">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/kang-the-traditional-game-of-manipur/cid/1510281 Kang, the traditional game of Manipur – The Telegraph]</ref> == See also == * [[Meitei culture]] * [[Cheiraoba]] * [[Sanamahism]] * [[Manipuri games and sports]] == References == <references /> == External links == [https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Traditional_Game_Kang Traditional Game Kang – E-pao.net] [https://kanglaonline.com/2014/04/traditional-game-of-kang/ Traditional Game of Kang – KanglaOnline] h0rm1hfoa8zvrg84o097mws3sum8nax 0 1196996 10330155 2025-06-14T15:12:36Z C1K98V 1032191 create article 10330155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = | genre = [[Romantic comedy]] | creator = | based_on = {{Based on|''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''|Ariesa Jane Domingo}} | inspired_by = | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = Crisanto Aquino | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = {{ubl|Rabin Angeles|Angela Muji}} | judges = | voices = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | music = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = Philippines | language = Filipino | num_seasons = <!-- or num_series --> | num_episodes = 1 <!--as of June 14, 2025. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--> | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = | location = | cinematography = | animator = | editor = | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 46 minutes | company = [[Studio Viva]] | budget = | network = [[Viva One]] | released = | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|05|01}} | last_aired = <!-- Do not add "{{End date|2025|09|27}}" until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --> | related = }} '''''Seducing Drake Palma''''' is a Philippine [[romantic comedy]] television series directed by Crisanto Aquino and starring Rabin Angeles and Angela Muji. Produced by [[Studio Viva]], based on the [[Wattpad]] novel ''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''. The series premiered on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Cast == * Rabin Angeles * Angela Muji * Dylan Menor * Yumi Garcia * Frost Sandoval * Ethan David * Rafa Victorino * Sara Joe * Mark Anthony Fernandez == Production == The series was announced by [[Studio Viva]]. It is based on the Ariesa Jane Domingo [[Wattpad]] novel titled "Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma". [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in May 2025. == Release == The series was made available to stream exclusively on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Other websites == * [https://www.vivaone.ph/tvseries/SEDUCING%20DRAKE%20PALMA-83#/episodes ''Seducing Drake Palma''] on [[Viva One]] == References == {{reflist}} b7z07wawuu2cxxh5921nfntnzsqe9hr 10331642 10330155 2025-06-15T09:09:13Z C1K98V 1032191 /* Production */ 10331642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = | genre = [[Romantic comedy]] | creator = | based_on = {{Based on|''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''|Ariesa Jane Domingo}} | inspired_by = | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = Crisanto Aquino | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = {{ubl|Rabin Angeles|Angela Muji}} | judges = | voices = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | music = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = Philippines | language = Filipino | num_seasons = <!-- or num_series --> | num_episodes = 1 <!--as of June 14, 2025. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--> | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = | location = | cinematography = | animator = | editor = | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 46 minutes | company = [[Studio Viva]] | budget = | network = [[Viva One]] | released = | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|05|01}} | last_aired = <!-- Do not add "{{End date|2025|09|27}}" until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --> | related = }} '''''Seducing Drake Palma''''' is a Philippine [[romantic comedy]] television series directed by Crisanto Aquino and starring Rabin Angeles and Angela Muji. Produced by [[Studio Viva]], based on the [[Wattpad]] novel ''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''. The series premiered on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Cast == * Rabin Angeles * Angela Muji * Dylan Menor * Yumi Garcia * Frost Sandoval * Ethan David * Rafa Victorino * Sara Joe * Mark Anthony Fernandez == Production == The series was announced by [[Studio Viva]]. It is based on the Ariesa Jane Domingo [[Wattpad]] novel titled "Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma". [[Rabin Angeles]], Angela Muji and Dylan Menor was cast to appear in the series. It marks the second collaboration between Angeles and Muji after ''[[Ang Mutya ng Section E]]''. [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in May 2025. == Release == The series was made available to stream exclusively on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Other websites == * [https://www.vivaone.ph/tvseries/SEDUCING%20DRAKE%20PALMA-83#/episodes ''Seducing Drake Palma''] on [[Viva One]] == References == {{reflist}} tb1ebo41yxjbk2l9hfakldc5msw3xg0 10331645 10331642 2025-06-15T09:10:11Z C1K98V 1032191 /* top */ 10331645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = | genre = [[Romantic comedy]] | creator = | based_on = {{Based on|''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''|Ariesa Jane Domingo}} | inspired_by = | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = Crisanto Aquino | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = {{ubl|Rabin Angeles|Angela Muji}} | judges = | voices = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | music = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = Philippines | language = Filipino | num_seasons = <!-- or num_series --> | num_episodes = 1 <!--as of June 14, 2025. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--> | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = | location = | cinematography = | animator = | editor = | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 46 minutes | company = [[Studio Viva]] | budget = | network = [[Viva One]] | released = | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|05|01}} | last_aired = <!-- Do not add "{{End date|2025|09|27}}" until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --> | related = }} '''''Seducing Drake Palma''''' is a Philippine [[romantic comedy]] television series directed by Crisanto Aquino and starring Rabin Angeles and Angela Muji. Produced by [[Studio Viva]], based on the [[Wattpad]] novel ''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''. The series premiered on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Cast == * Rabin Angeles * Angela Muji * Dylan Menor * Yumi Garcia * Frost Sandoval * Ethan David * Rafa Victorino * Sara Joe * Mark Anthony Fernandez == Production == The series was announced by [[Studio Viva]]. It is based on the Ariesa Jane Domingo [[Wattpad]] novel titled "Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma". [[Rabin Angeles]], Angela Muji and Dylan Menor was cast to appear in the series. It marks the second collaboration between Angeles and Muji after ''[[Ang Mutya ng Section E]]''. [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in May 2025. == Soundtrack == {{Infobox album | name = Seducing Drake Palma | type = Soundtrack | artist = | cover = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2025|06|13}} | genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]]<br>[[Soundtrack]] | length = {{duration|m=22|s=12}} | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]] | label = [[Viva Records (Philippines)|Viva Records]] | misc = }} "Nahanap Kita" is the theme song of Drake and Alys sung by Amiel Sol. {{track listing | extra_column = Singer(s) | headline = Tracklisting | total_length = 22:12 | title1 = Pag-ibig ng Ikaw at Ako | extra1 = Earl Agustin | length1 = 4:40 | title2 = Nahanap Kita | extra2 = Amiel Sol | length2 = 5:17 | title3 = Multo | extra3 = Cup of Joe | length3 = 3:57 | title4 = Dito Sa'kin | extra4 = Earl Agustin | length4 = 5:30 | title5 = Sugar Sugar | extra5 = Sugar N' Spice | length5 = 2:45 }} == Release == The series was made available to stream exclusively on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Other websites == * [https://www.vivaone.ph/tvseries/SEDUCING%20DRAKE%20PALMA-83#/episodes ''Seducing Drake Palma''] on [[Viva One]] == References == {{reflist}} homasz5gcxev4aelus8d764h95u7vqg 10331648 10331645 2025-06-15T09:11:16Z C1K98V 1032191 /* Cast */ 10331648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = | genre = [[Romantic comedy]] | creator = | based_on = {{Based on|''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''|Ariesa Jane Domingo}} | inspired_by = | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = Crisanto Aquino | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = {{ubl|Rabin Angeles|Angela Muji}} | judges = | voices = | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | music = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = Philippines | language = Filipino | num_seasons = <!-- or num_series --> | num_episodes = 1 <!--as of June 14, 2025. Do not uncomment the preceding text. This field is for a number only and the date should not be shown!--> | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = | location = | cinematography = | animator = | editor = | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 46 minutes | company = [[Studio Viva]] | budget = | network = [[Viva One]] | released = | first_aired = {{Start date|2023|05|01}} | last_aired = <!-- Do not add "{{End date|2025|09|27}}" until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --> | related = }} '''''Seducing Drake Palma''''' is a Philippine [[romantic comedy]] television series directed by Crisanto Aquino and starring Rabin Angeles and Angela Muji. Produced by [[Studio Viva]], based on the [[Wattpad]] novel ''Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma''. The series premiered on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Cast == {{Cast listing| * Rabin Angeles as Drake Palma * Angela Muji as Alys Perez * Dylan Menor as Tripp Marco Palma * Yumi Garcia as Aya Pineda * Frost Sandoval as Kent Valdez * Ethan David as Sheen Mendoza * Rafa Victorino as Kei Chui * Sara Joe as Shaira Silos * Mark Anthony Fernandez * Denise Esteban as Katrina Palma * Nikka Ruiz as Dana * Christopher Roxas * Lander Vera Perez }} == Production == The series was announced by [[Studio Viva]]. It is based on the Ariesa Jane Domingo [[Wattpad]] novel titled "Mission Impossible: Seducing Drake Palma". [[Rabin Angeles]], Angela Muji and Dylan Menor was cast to appear in the series. It marks the second collaboration between Angeles and Muji after ''[[Ang Mutya ng Section E]]''. [[Principal photography]] of the series commenced in May 2025. == Soundtrack == {{Infobox album | name = Seducing Drake Palma | type = Soundtrack | artist = | cover = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2025|06|13}} | genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]]<br>[[Soundtrack]] | length = {{duration|m=22|s=12}} | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]] | label = [[Viva Records (Philippines)|Viva Records]] | misc = }} "Nahanap Kita" is the theme song of Drake and Alys sung by Amiel Sol. {{track listing | extra_column = Singer(s) | headline = Tracklisting | total_length = 22:12 | title1 = Pag-ibig ng Ikaw at Ako | extra1 = Earl Agustin | length1 = 4:40 | title2 = Nahanap Kita | extra2 = Amiel Sol | length2 = 5:17 | title3 = Multo | extra3 = Cup of Joe | length3 = 3:57 | title4 = Dito Sa'kin | extra4 = Earl Agustin | length4 = 5:30 | title5 = Sugar Sugar | extra5 = Sugar N' Spice | length5 = 2:45 }} == Release == The series was made available to stream exclusively on [[Viva One]] on June 14, 2025. == Other websites == * [https://www.vivaone.ph/tvseries/SEDUCING%20DRAKE%20PALMA-83#/episodes ''Seducing Drake Palma''] on [[Viva One]] == References == {{reflist}} mjpj532ipemt5g41ngf2fyf0ie4p7k8 2 1196997 10330156 2025-06-14T15:12:46Z Rotideypoc41352 159628 Created by translating the section "__LEAD_SECTION__" from the page "[[:ceb:Special:Redirect/revision/19650983|Rio Arari]]" 10330156 wikitext text/x-wiki == __LEAD_SECTION__ == {{GeoGroup}} '''Rio Arari''' may refer to: 6pedmg6ry2i3oxze3klukafiw50au7y 0 1196998 10330157 2025-06-14T15:12:48Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Redirected page to [[Kang Sanaba]] 10330157 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kang Sanaba]] e073gs0lf7vmlywsowlpcag37fbc9rc 4 1197000 10330173 2025-06-14T15:26:14Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Gaston Neal]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330173 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Gaston Neal === :{{lc|Gaston Neal}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Not notable. Award appears to be a local honor and not a major recognition. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''15:26, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> bwcgaptlgojv0c66phcwxp9iku13p2k 10330920 10330173 2025-06-14T21:47:57Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Gaston Neal */ k 10330920 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Gaston Neal === :{{lc|Gaston Neal}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Not notable. Award appears to be a local honor and not a major recognition. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vk}} mentioned in multiple reliable sources and academic sources. Seems he was a pretty big deal in the poetry world. Deserves a mention in our project. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''15:26, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> hu85btjislotxcnfrz7emm382nl9tcg 10330986 10330920 2025-06-14T22:37:45Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* Discussion 2 */ Reply 10330986 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Gaston Neal === :{{lc|Gaston Neal}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Gaston Neal|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Not notable. Award appears to be a local honor and not a major recognition. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vk}} mentioned in multiple reliable sources and academic sources. Seems he was a pretty big deal in the poetry world. Deserves a mention in our project. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:47, 14 June 2025 (UTC) *:I’m not so sure he was a “pretty big deal” in the poetry world. The sources and my Google poking around suggest he was known within the Washington DC arts community, but not the broader poetry world. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''15:26, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> g7jwg18byc8h22kdgei046e42swjvgu 0 1197001 10330177 2025-06-14T15:26:26Z Haoreima 1043157 Redirected page to [[Khuman]] 10330177 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Khuman]] 0r4uj2bhjets6px34x2vd07cu3rh4vv 0 1197002 10330178 2025-06-14T15:26:47Z Haoreima 1043157 Redirected page to [[Luwang]] 10330178 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Luwang]] qc6hwpt6bfsyvs27yxxovtw97212i2d 0 1197003 10330180 2025-06-14T15:29:13Z Extensive7 1606923 Created page with "{{Other uses|Dhaj (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Dhaj | title = Maharaja<br> Founder of [[Ror dynasty]] | image = | caption = | reign = 450 BC - ? | coronation = 450 BC | predecessor = ''Position established'' | successor = [[Kunak]] | consort = | issue = Kunak, Takshak, [[Prasenjit]], [[Kardhaman]], Raghu and Sharanjit | house = [[Ror dynasty]] | religion= [[Hinduism]] | father =[[Indraman]] | mother = | birth_d..." 10330180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses|Dhaj (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Dhaj | title = Maharaja<br> Founder of [[Ror dynasty]] | image = | caption = | reign = 450 BC - ? | coronation = 450 BC | predecessor = ''Position established'' | successor = [[Kunak]] | consort = | issue = Kunak, Takshak, [[Prasenjit]], [[Kardhaman]], Raghu and Sharanjit | house = [[Ror dynasty]] | religion= [[Hinduism]] | father =[[Indraman]] | mother = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 400 BC | death_place = [[Rohri]], Sindh or [[Girnar]], Gujarat | burial_place = | spouse = [[Sorath]] |succession=[[Ror emperor]]|birth_name=Dhaj|full name=Raja Dhaj Ror Kumar|regnal name=Rai Diyach}} '''Dhaj''', most commonly known as '''Dhaj the Great''', was the first Ror emperor and the founder of the [[Ror dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oEqFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=raja%20dhaj&f=false|title=Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai|last=SHAH|first=MUSHTAQ ALI|date=2014-11-13|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4969-9607-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IvIpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgGEAM|title=Half of What I Say|last=Menon|first=Anil|date=2017-09-30|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-85436-51-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rkPGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT132&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=raja%20dhaj&f=false|title=An Anthology On The Ror Caste|last=MEHLA|first=ISHWAR SINGH|date=2023-06-22|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88975-967-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MdMiAQAAMAAJ&q=raja+dhaj&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgHEAM#raja%20dhaj|title=Man in India|last=Bahadur)|first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai|date=1991|publisher=A.K. Bose|language=en}}</ref> He is regarded as the greatest ruler in Indian history, and is remembered as the founder of [[Rohri Taluka|Rohri]], a city in Pakistan. His story [[Sorath Rai Diyach]] with his wife [[Sorath]] is also popular in [[Sindh]] and adjacent regions. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{Succession box| before=''new state'' | title=[[Maharaja]] of the<br /> [[Ror Empire]] | years=500BC–400BC | after=[[Kunak]] }} {{S-end}} {{Dhaj|state=collapsed}} {{Ror Empire|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Dhaj the Great| ]] [[Category:Ror Empire]] [[Category:Hindu monarchs]] [[Category:People of the Ror Empire]] hf663nzksdszm31j16k9mx0ixbbumr7 10331344 10330180 2025-06-15T02:35:34Z Extensive7 1606923 10331344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses|Dhaj (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Dhaj | title = Maharaja<br> Founder of [[Ror dynasty]] | image =Murals of the folktales of Rai Dyach (Sorath Rai Diyach) on the left and Laila and Majnun on the right in the tomb of Rehan Khan Jamali in Sindh.jpg | caption =Murals of the folktales of Dhaj the Great (Sorath Rai Diyach) on the left and Laila and Majnun on the right in the tomb of Rehan Khan Jamali in Sindh | reign = 450 BC - ? | coronation = 450 BC | predecessor = ''Position established'' | successor = [[Kunak]] | consort = | issue = Kunak, Takshak, [[Prasenjit]], [[Kardhaman]], Raghu and Sharanjit | house = [[Ror dynasty]] | religion= [[Hinduism]] | father =[[Indraman]] | mother = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 400 BC | death_place = [[Rohri]], Sindh or [[Girnar]], Gujarat | burial_place = | spouse = [[Sorath]] |succession=[[Ror emperor]]|birth_name=Dhaj|full name=Raja Dhaj Ror Kumar|regnal name=Rai Diyach}} '''Dhaj''', most commonly known as '''Dhaj the Great''', also known as '''Rai Diyach''' and '''Ror Kumar''', was the first [[Ror emperor]] and the founder of the [[Ror dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oEqFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=raja%20dhaj&f=false|title=Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai|last=SHAH|first=MUSHTAQ ALI|date=2014-11-13|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4969-9607-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IvIpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgGEAM|title=Half of What I Say|last=Menon|first=Anil|date=2017-09-30|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-85436-51-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rkPGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT132&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=raja%20dhaj&f=false|title=An Anthology On The Ror Caste|last=MEHLA|first=ISHWAR SINGH|date=2023-06-22|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88975-967-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MdMiAQAAMAAJ&q=raja+dhaj&dq=raja+dhaj&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxx6C_8fyLAxUwzjgGHfkmM20Q6AF6BAgHEAM#raja%20dhaj|title=Man in India|last=Bahadur)|first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai|date=1991|publisher=A.K. Bose|language=en}}</ref> He is regarded as the greatest ruler in [[History of India|Indian history]], and is remembered as the founder of [[Rohri Taluka|Rohri]], a city in [[Pakistan]]. His story [[Sorath Rai Diyach]] with his wife [[Sorath]] is also popular in [[Sindh]] and adjacent regions. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{S-start}} {{Succession box| before=''new state'' | title=[[Maharaja]] of the<br /> [[Ror Empire]] | years=500BC–400BC | after=[[Kunak]] }} {{S-end}} {{Dhaj|state=collapsed}} {{Ror Empire|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Dhaj the Great| ]] [[Category:Ror Empire]] [[Category:Hindu monarchs]] [[Category:People of the Ror Empire]] bkywysr41xm8k5yrs2ykwkbva2ijgxl 1 1197004 10330186 2025-06-14T15:34:20Z 194.153.110.5 /* The member of the "...Kremlin-affiliated association 'Germany-Russia – The New Generation'." */ new section 10330186 wikitext text/x-wiki == The member of the "...Kremlin-affiliated association 'Germany-Russia – The New Generation'." == The member of the "...Kremlin-affiliated association 'Germany-Russia – The New Generation'."[39] Like a statement from Moscow: "We are now waiting for ''Friedrich Merz'' someone to commit suicide." <nowiki>:</nowiki> Well, can we expect a solution to this? [[Special:Contributions/194.153.110.5|194.153.110.5]] ([[User talk:194.153.110.5|talk]]) 15:34, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 6k4eqdhb90wyjq0u6vwfsjm1oxfl09p 0 1197005 10330190 2025-06-14T15:36:09Z Hen Sil-Mat 1418397 Created page with "The '''Guangi Policy''' was a [[Navy|naval]] [[blockade]] made by the [[Republic of China]] in [[Taiwan]] against the [[People's Republic of China]]. It started in 18 June 1949<ref>''[[Executive Yuan]] Decree (1949-06-18). "38 穗五 No. 4896". [[Guangzhou]]: 5th Directorate of the President Office.''</ref> and ended in 15 January 1992, after the [[1992 Consensus]].<ref>[[Executive Yuan]] Decree (1992-01-15). "投匪資匪之輪船公司及船隻緊急處置辦法歷史..." 10330190 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Guangi Policy''' was a [[Navy|naval]] [[blockade]] made by the [[Republic of China]] in [[Taiwan]] against the [[People's Republic of China]]. It started in 18 June 1949<ref>''[[Executive Yuan]] Decree (1949-06-18). "38 穗五 No. 4896". [[Guangzhou]]: 5th Directorate of the President Office.''</ref> and ended in 15 January 1992, after the [[1992 Consensus]].<ref>[[Executive Yuan]] Decree (1992-01-15). "投匪資匪之輪船公司及船隻緊急處置辦法歷史沿革". ''ROC Ministry of Transportation and Communications.''</ref> The goal was harm the [[Economy of China|mainland china economy]] to win the [[Chinese Civil War]]. The policy was no results and the [[status quo]] still. {{Asia-stub}}{{Taiwan topics}} [[Category:Military history of Taiwan]] [[Category:Chinese Civil War]] 7qstnimuzc0aqfu1rjyr3xvhxs8fz1v 0 1197006 10330191 2025-06-14T15:36:31Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 translated from en 10330191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox film | name = Golden Gate | image = Golden gate poster 1994.jpg | caption = Theatrical Poster | writer = [[David Henry Hwang]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Matt Dillon]] * [[Joan Chen]] * [[Bruno Kirby]]}} | director = [[John Madden (director)|John Madden]] | producer = Michael Brandman | editing = Sean Barton | distributor = [[The Samuel Goldwyn Company]]<br />American Playhouse Theatrical Films | released = {{Film date|1994|01|28}} | runtime = 95 minutes | language = English | country = United States | budget = | music = [[Elliot Goldenthal]] | gross = $395,105 (USA)<ref>{{Mojo title|goldengate}}</ref> }} '''''Golden Gate''''' is a 1994 American drama movie. It was produced by [[American Playhouse]]. The movie was set in [[San Francisco, California]]. The movie tells the story about a 1950s [[G-man|G-Man]] (played by [[Matt Dillon]]) who is investigated by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s for [[Communist|communism]]. This leads him tp be involved with a [[Chinese American]] woman (played by [[Joan Chen]]). The movie also features [[Bruno Kirby]] and [[Tzi Ma]]. The movie is directed by [[John Madden (director)|John Madden]] and written by [[Asian American]] [[dramatist]] [[David Henry Hwang]]. The movie is available on [[videocassette]] and [[DVD]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BYRIN2|title=Golden Gate|website=Amazon}}</ref> == Cast == * [[Matt Dillon]] as Agent Kevin David Walker * [[Joan Chen]] as Marilyn Song * [[Bruno Kirby]] as Agent Ron Pirelli * [[Teri Polo]] as Cynthia * [[Tzi Ma]] as Chen Jung Song * [[Keone Young]] as Benny Ying == Reception == The movie had many negative [[Review|reviews]]. === Year-end lists === * Top 10 worst (alphabetical order, not ranked)&nbsp;– William Arnold, ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]''<ref>{{cite news|last=Arnold|first=William|date=December 30, 1994|title='94 Movies: Best and Worst|newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|page=20|edition=Final}}</ref> * Top 10 worst (not ranked)&nbsp;– Dan Webster, ''[[The Spokesman-Review]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/jan/01/in-year-of-disappointments-some-movies-still/|title=In Year Of Disappointments, Some Movies Still Delivered|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|first=Dan|last=Webster|date=January 1, 1995|accessdate=February 15, 2024}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|id=0109917|title=Golden Gate}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|golden_gate}} [[Category:Movies set in the 1950s]] [[Category:Movies set in San Francisco]] [[Category:1994 independent movies]] [[Category:Movies set in 1952]] [[Category:Movies set in 1968]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1960s]] [[Category:1990s English-language movies]] [[Category:1990s American movies]] [[Category:1994 movies]] [[Category:1994 drama movies]] [[Category:American drama movies]] [[Category:American independent movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by John Madden]] 8lqc4qnpyzqx3txn4vfdjfmoa7ndytn 14 1197007 10330193 2025-06-14T15:37:40Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 needed cat 10330193 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Movies by British directors|Madden, John]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Madden, John}} m3vq8lydw3ttwedwnmi30rq8rdvs3bm 0 1197008 10330198 2025-06-14T15:40:46Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 translated from en 10330198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox film | name = Chicken Party | caption = | director = [[Tate Taylor (filmmaker)|Tate Taylor]] | writer = Tate Taylor | producer = [[Brunson Green]]<br>[[Billy Roberts|Will Roberts]]<br>[[Steven Rogers (screenwriter)|Steven Rogers]]<br>Tate Taylor | cinematography = [[Al Satterwhite]] | editing = [[David Kirchner]] | music = [[Peter Adams (musician)|Peter Adams]]<br>[[Tony Morales]] | studio = [[Harbinger Pictures]] | distributor = | released = {{Film date|2003|10|14}} | runtime = 29 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = | gross = }} '''''Chicken Party''''' is a 2003 short movie directed by [[Tate Taylor (filmmaker)|Tate Taylor]]. ==Cast== *[[Octavia Spencer]] as Laqueta Mills *[[Allison Janney]] as Barbara Strasser *[[Tate Taylor (filmmaker)|Tate Taylor]] as Luke Smith *[[Melissa McCarthy]] as Tot Wagner ==Production== ''Chicken Party'' was made in Los Angeles, California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383984/locations?ref_=ttco_sa_5|title = Chicken Party (2003) – IMDb|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref> ==Reception== ''Chicken Party'' won five awards: * Jackson Crossroads Film Festival (2004) -in Best Short nomination * [[Palm Beach International Film Festival]] (2004) – Best Short * [[Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films|Palm Springs International ShortFest]] (2004) – Best Live Action * [[Sarasota Film Festival]] (2004) – Best Short * [[WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival|WorldFest Houston]] (2004) – Independent Short Subject-Films & Video – Comedy-Original.<ref>{{Citation|title=Chicken Party – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383984/awards/|access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb title|0383984}} [[Category:2003 movies]] [[Category:Short movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Tate Taylor]] [[Category:2000s English-language movies]] 9emeewbifv6e3srhtc5yv1xu5y2q0ci 14 1197009 10330200 2025-06-14T15:41:17Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 needed cat 10330200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Tate}} [[Category:Movies by American directors]] o0ibyy8wd8na8d9476rknr6b05h0iil 14 1197010 10330212 2025-06-14T15:47:11Z MrMeAndMrMe 1161309 needed cat 10330212 wikitext text/x-wiki *'''[[Disestablishment]]s''' in '''[[Spain]]'''. {{Clear}} :::{{See also|Category: Establishments in Spain}} [[Category:History of Spain]] [[Category:Disestablishments in Europe by country|Spain]] [[Category:Disestablishments by country|Spain]] djdeo16xd5otoa6b29e2kzfzoqnuodf 3 1197011 10330222 2025-06-14T15:56:23Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Nathaneo Johnson]] (BOT) 10330222 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Nathaneo Johnson]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10330220|Edit]] (10330220) processed with score of 0.98892. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 15:56, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 55i5cdd9ht299z2h52hw7lto71rvhg8 3 1197012 10330236 2025-06-14T16:01:09Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Nathaneo Johnson]] (BOT) 10330236 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Nathaneo Johnson]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10330234|Edit]] (10330234) processed with score of 0.98346. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 16:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) scdpwbz1zafkyzekm1f149s9iutwfz3 1 1197014 10330239 2025-06-14T16:03:06Z 2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453 /* Added Every Informations */ new section 10330239 wikitext text/x-wiki == Added Every Informations == Hello I added Every informations about the God Boreas with details from theoi.com if there is any fixing the page need tell me about it so I can fix it. Please don't delete my adds on Boreas page but correct it with your way. By the way boreas Should have more than 10.000 words in his page both here and in the main English Wikipedia. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453|2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453]] ([[User talk:2A02:1388:208A:7422:EAF3:4FA5:C2FA:3453|talk]]) 16:03, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 88uz8cj5v3vikyvdkax0izcdmiol4iy 3 1197015 10330242 2025-06-14T16:04:09Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Nathaneo Johnson]] (BOT) 10330242 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Nathaneo Johnson]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10330240|Edit]] (10330240) processed with score of 0.98286. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 16:04, 14 June 2025 (UTC) rr5yj2ozodnoe3dw9lufhh1i57frsjw 0 1197016 10330248 2025-06-14T16:08:04Z BerryPulpy 1619451 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294025553|Varun Kasturia]]" 10330248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in <nowiki><i id="mwCg">Main Hoon Aparajita</i></nowiki>,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/|access-date=2025-06-03|website=The Tribune|language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon</i></nowiki><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2023-08-22|title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html|access-date=2025-06-03|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-25|title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms|access-date=2025-06-03|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajesh|first=Srividya|date=2025-03-29|title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29|access-date=2025-06-03|website=IWMBuzz|language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Living people]] rj2omdayxe5y944p4mn2sf2zdz0a4sj 10330250 10330248 2025-06-14T16:09:39Z BerryPulpy 1619451 10330250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in [[Main Hoon Aparajita|''Main Hoon Aparajita'']],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in [[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon|''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon'']]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''[[Anupamaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> f0c7m3b412si3g6oiz95nxwytj6goqw 10330251 10330250 2025-06-14T16:10:08Z BerryPulpy 1619451 10330251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == References == l5bzm3nzflshclneqdo9rufg8zd6m9m 10330252 10330251 2025-06-14T16:10:29Z BerryPulpy 1619451 added [[Category:Living people]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Living people]] 3qf5fh9ycsts2w1muk8ov2sogspyv7g 10330253 10330252 2025-06-14T16:11:05Z BerryPulpy 1619451 10330253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == == References == [[Category:Living people]] pimpukakwex52ypnn63l02pvu7bw22m 10330254 10330253 2025-06-14T16:11:39Z BerryPulpy 1619451 10330254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == === Television === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- |2022 |''Main Hoon Aparajita'' |Arjun Kapoor |<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan-Mishkat Varma’s Kavya Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Likely To Go Off-Air Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sumbul-touqeer-khan-mishkat-varma-kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-likely-to-go-off-air-soon-article-108143929 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon'' |Mayank Bansal |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Is Shweta Tiwari dating Varun Kasturia? Here’s the truth about their rumoured affair |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/television/shweta-tiwari-varun-kasturia-viral-photo-dating-rumour-heres-the-truth-about-their-rumoured-affair-2443792 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa’s 10-Year Leap Brings New Faces and Fresh Drama |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/anupamaas-10year-leap-brings-new-faces-and-fresh-drama_212625 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 – present |''Anupamaa'' |Ansh Shah |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |} == References == [[Category:Living people]] tmhn6pywjf0h7r880dgm0mal1zipskl 10330256 10330254 2025-06-14T16:12:27Z BerryPulpy 1619451 /* References */ 10330256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == === Television === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- |2022 |''Main Hoon Aparajita'' |Arjun Kapoor |<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan-Mishkat Varma’s Kavya Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Likely To Go Off-Air Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sumbul-touqeer-khan-mishkat-varma-kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-likely-to-go-off-air-soon-article-108143929 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon'' |Mayank Bansal |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Is Shweta Tiwari dating Varun Kasturia? Here’s the truth about their rumoured affair |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/television/shweta-tiwari-varun-kasturia-viral-photo-dating-rumour-heres-the-truth-about-their-rumoured-affair-2443792 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa’s 10-Year Leap Brings New Faces and Fresh Drama |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/anupamaas-10year-leap-brings-new-faces-and-fresh-drama_212625 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 – present |''Anupamaa'' |Ansh Shah |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |} == References == == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|id=nm14244268}} [[Category:Living people]] t6bl6z3a1jpn18xod0knfwc841g27yp 10330257 10330256 2025-06-14T16:13:17Z BerryPulpy 1619451 /* References */ 10330257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == === Television === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- |2022 |''Main Hoon Aparajita'' |Arjun Kapoor |<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan-Mishkat Varma’s Kavya Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Likely To Go Off-Air Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sumbul-touqeer-khan-mishkat-varma-kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-likely-to-go-off-air-soon-article-108143929 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon'' |Mayank Bansal |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Is Shweta Tiwari dating Varun Kasturia? Here’s the truth about their rumoured affair |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/television/shweta-tiwari-varun-kasturia-viral-photo-dating-rumour-heres-the-truth-about-their-rumoured-affair-2443792 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa’s 10-Year Leap Brings New Faces and Fresh Drama |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/anupamaas-10year-leap-brings-new-faces-and-fresh-drama_212625 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 – present |''Anupamaa'' |Ansh Shah |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|id=nm14244268}} [[Category:Living people]] o3qux6po4keyp25e87b50rt7snn0kpp 10330258 10330257 2025-06-14T16:15:44Z BerryPulpy 1619451 10330258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == === Television === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- |2022 |''Main Hoon Aparajita'' |Arjun Kapoor |<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan-Mishkat Varma’s Kavya Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Likely To Go Off-Air Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sumbul-touqeer-khan-mishkat-varma-kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-likely-to-go-off-air-soon-article-108143929 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon'' |Mayank Bansal |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Is Shweta Tiwari dating Varun Kasturia? Here’s the truth about their rumoured affair |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/television/shweta-tiwari-varun-kasturia-viral-photo-dating-rumour-heres-the-truth-about-their-rumoured-affair-2443792 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa’s 10-Year Leap Brings New Faces and Fresh Drama |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/anupamaas-10year-leap-brings-new-faces-and-fresh-drama_212625 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 – present |''Anupamaa'' |Ansh Shah |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - Anupamaa actor Varun Kasturia: Emotions are natural, but the mindset should always be clear|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anupamaa-actor-varun-kasturia-emotions-are-natural-but-the-mindset-should-always-be-clear/amp_articleshow/121687241.cms|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Varun Kasturia Reveals Why He Isn’t Focused On Bonding With Anupamaa Co-Stars|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/varun-kasturia-reveals-why-he-isnt-focused-on-bonding-with-anupamaa-co-stars-ws-l-aa-aa-9373572.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|id=nm14244268}} [[Category:Living people]] q6liqbsw51qghaaldo6lxdpmb3nrtbc 10331770 10330258 2025-06-15T10:45:09Z BerryPulpy 1619451 10331770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Varun Kasturia | image = Varun_Kasturia.jpg | birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Haryana]], [[India]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2022 – present | known_for = ''Anupamaa'' }} '''Varun Kasturia''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Hindi]] television. Kasturia is best known for his portrayal of Arjun Kapoor in ''Main Hoon Aparajita'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Varun Kasturia joins the cast of ‘Main Hoon Aparajita’ |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/varun-kasturia-joins-the-cast-of-main-hoon-aparajita-488167/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Mayank Bansal in ''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Kavya-Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Cast: Shweta Tiwari's Co-star To Play Sumbul Touqeer's Brother In Sony TV's Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/shows/2023/kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-cast-shweta-tiwari-co-star-varun-kasturia-play-sumbul-touqeer-brother-362125.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> and Ansh Shah in ''Anupamaa''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Srividya |date=2025-03-29 |title=TV shows continue to be a go-to comfort for audiences: Varun Kasturia |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/tv-shows-continue-to-be-a-go-to-comfort-for-audiences-varun-kasturia/2025/03/29 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == === Television === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- !Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}} |- |2022 |''Main Hoon Aparajita'' |Arjun Kapoor |<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Sumbul Touqeer Khan-Mishkat Varma’s Kavya Ek Jazbaa Ek Junoon Likely To Go Off-Air Soon |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/sumbul-touqeer-khan-mishkat-varma-kavya-ek-jazbaa-ek-junoon-likely-to-go-off-air-soon-article-108143929 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon'' |Mayank Bansal |<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Is Shweta Tiwari dating Varun Kasturia? Here’s the truth about their rumoured affair |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/television/shweta-tiwari-varun-kasturia-viral-photo-dating-rumour-heres-the-truth-about-their-rumoured-affair-2443792 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa’s 10-Year Leap Brings New Faces and Fresh Drama |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/anupamaas-10year-leap-brings-new-faces-and-fresh-drama_212625 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref> |- |2023 – present |''Anupamaa'' |Ansh Shah |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - Anupamaa actor Varun Kasturia: Emotions are natural, but the mindset should always be clear|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-anupamaa-actor-varun-kasturia-emotions-are-natural-but-the-mindset-should-always-be-clear/amp_articleshow/121687241.cms|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Varun Kasturia Reveals Why He Isn’t Focused On Bonding With Anupamaa Co-Stars|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/varun-kasturia-reveals-why-he-isnt-focused-on-bonding-with-anupamaa-co-stars-ws-l-aa-aa-9373572.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-25 |title=Varun Kasturia on his on-screen role Ansh’s bond with Rupali Ganguly’s Anupamaa; says ‘It goes beyond love, it is built on trust and respect’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-kasturia-on-his-on-screen-role-anshs-bond-with-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-says-it-goes-beyond-love-it-is-built-on-trust-and-respect/articleshow/118559892.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |} == References == <references /> == Other websites == * {{IMDb name|id=nm14244268}} [[Category:Living people]] beejvkzb2m1u4xbdqo7k4wl6zoinafr 0 1197018 10330265 2025-06-14T16:20:46Z BRPever 487619 create based on enwiki 10330265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = Mark Chapman | image = | country = Hong Kong | country2 = New Zealand | fullname = Mark Sinclair Chapman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|6|27|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[British Hong Kong]] | heightft = | heightinch = | heightm = | batting = Left-handed | bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] | role = [[All-rounder]] | international = true | internationalspan = 2014–2016 | internationalspan2 = 2018–present | odidebutfor = Hong Kong | odidebutdate = 16 November | odidebutyear = 2015 | odidebutagainst = UAE | odicap = 32 | odicap2 = 194 | lastodifor = New Zealand | lastodidate = 29 March | lastodiyear = 2025 | lastodiagainst = Pakistan | T20Idebutfor = Hong Kong | T20Idebutdate = 16 March | T20Idebutyear = 2014 | T20Idebutagainst = Nepal | T20Icap = 4 | T20Icap2 = 77 | lastT20Ifor = New Zealand | lastT20Idate = 26 March | lastT20Iyear = 2025 | lastT20Iagainst = Pakistan | club1 = [[Hong Kong Cricket Club]] | year1 = 2008–2016 | club2 = [[Auckland cricket team|Auckland]] | year2 = {{nowrap|2015/16–present}} | club3 = [[St Lucia Stars]] | year3 = 2018 | columns = 4 | column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]] | matches1 = 30 | runs1 = 868 | bat avg1 = 39.45 | 100s/50s1 = 3/3 | top score1 = 132 | deliveries1 = – | wickets1 = – | bowl avg1 = – | fivefor1 = – | tenfor1 = – | best bowling1 = – | catches/stumpings1 = 6/– | column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] | matches2 = 86 | runs2 = 1,739 | bat avg2 = 27.60 | 100s/50s2 = 1/9 | top score2 = 104[[Not Out|*]] | deliveries2 = 84 | wickets2 = 4 | bowl avg2 = 24.75 | fivefor2 = 0 | tenfor2 = 0 | best bowling2 = 1/9 | catches/stumpings2 = 31/– | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] | matches3 = 46 | runs3 = 3,259 | bat avg3 = 45.26 | 100s/50s3 = 7/17 | top score3 = 276 | deliveries3 = 366 | wickets3 = 1 | bowl avg3 = 246.00 | fivefor3 = 0 | tenfor3 = 0 | best bowling3 = 1/60 | catches/stumpings3 = 39/– | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] | matches4 = 90 | runs4 = 3,190 | bat avg4 = 44.30 | 100s/50s4 = 8/17 | top score4 = 157 | deliveries4 = 611 | wickets4 = 14 | bowl avg4 = 46.42 | fivefor4 = 0 | tenfor4 = 0 | best bowling4 = 3/41 | catches/stumpings4 = 35/– | date = 5 April 2025 | source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/438563.html Cricinfo }} '''Mark Sinclair Chapman''' (born 27 June 1994) is a cricket player who played for [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. He is an [[all-rounder]] who played in [[ODI]] and [[T20I]] matches. He played his first [[One Day International]] for Hong Kong against the United Arab Emirates on 16 November 2015. The match was a part of [[2015–17 ICC World Cricket League Championship]].<ref name="ODI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/911049.html |title=ICC World Cricket League Championship, 13th Match: United Arab Emirates v Hong Kong at Dubai (CA), Nov 16, 2015 |accessdate=16 November 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He can play for New Zealand because his father is from there.<ref name="NZT20I">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22356067/chapman-seifert-set-new-zealand-debuts |title=Chapman, Seifert set for New Zealand debuts |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2018}}</ref> In February 2018, he played his first T20I and ODI matches for New Zealand [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18|against England]]. In August 2021, Champman was part of New Zealand's team for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/126013220/black-caps-announce-twenty20-world-cup-squad-two-debutants-for-leadup-tours-with-stars-absent |title=Black Caps announce Twenty20 World Cup squad, two debutants for leadup tours with stars absent |work=Stuff |date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taylor left out of T20 World Cup squad; NZ pick Chapman, Todd Astle among 15|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ross-taylor-left-out-of-t20-world-cup-squad-nz-pick-mark-chapman-todd-astle-among-15-1272726|access-date=2021-08-18|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Mark Chapman is the first player with 50+ scores for two countries in T20Is.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/new-zealand-tour-of-india-2021/mark-chapman-becomes-first-ever-player-to-score-fifties-for-two-countries-in-t20is/|title=Mark Chapman Becomes First Ever Player To Score Fifties For Two Countries In T20Is|work=Cricket Addictor|date=17 November 2021}}</ref> In April 2023, he played in T20I series [[New Zealand cricket team in Pakistan in 2022–23 (April 2023)|against Pakistan]]. In 5th T20I match, he scored 104* runs and became the top scorer of the series. In that series, he was also made the man of the series. In May 2024, he was also part of New Zealand’s squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Squad for ICC Men’s World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/new-zealand-squad-icc-mens-world-up-2024-new-zealand-jersey |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/438563.html}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chapman, Mark}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:New Zealand cricketers]] c0xk9c93fzyu0a0mndkaoyywjb0902q 0 1197019 10330266 2025-06-14T16:21:44Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Rayman Raving Rabbids]] 10330266 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Rayman Raving Rabbids]] d6uwfhws24ffrbggej47cc0xkdshib3 1 1197020 10330267 2025-06-14T16:22:25Z BRPever 487619 attribution 10330267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{enwp based|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Chapman_(cricketer)&oldid=1290521377}} eh57kxd3gdvx17y4ogykyw30ynfjsn7 0 1197022 10330271 2025-06-14T16:24:00Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Rayman 2: The Great Escape]] 10330271 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Rayman 2: The Great Escape]] g52n681yj4vik3ahdpl4yn6arxm4kt2 0 1197023 10330272 2025-06-14T16:24:27Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Rayman 2: The Great Escape]] 10330272 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Rayman 2: The Great Escape]] g52n681yj4vik3ahdpl4yn6arxm4kt2 0 1197024 10330294 2025-06-14T16:49:21Z Haoreima 1043157 Redirected page to [[Meitei traditional games]] 10330294 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Meitei traditional games]] cugns6gahrh8q8gxg1c6xfskhxfoa2s 0 1197025 10330302 2025-06-14T16:52:38Z Steven1991 1522289 Created page with "The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering c..." 10330302 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between Iran and Israel, which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought ... an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a Jewish state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=8 |quote=Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East, and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in Lebanon, Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank, and also figures prominently in its support to clients in Iraq and Yemen. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced weaponry and financial backing to groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the United States’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":8" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 55zhagokmsb5faiv768ejpyr1a55oq8 10330329 10330302 2025-06-14T17:01:33Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330329 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 05nohsh42h50zg0m5yje11j3ebkm0bj 10330333 10330329 2025-06-14T17:03:17Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting error correction + missing source supplementation 10330333 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 899qfuu4esawrnkhts4crvok95qzb84 10330341 10330333 2025-06-14T17:04:45Z Steven1991 1522289 Further to the previous 10330341 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /><ref name="8" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] dta05c62j86csw9b1crl1779m78fs61 10330345 10330341 2025-06-14T17:05:35Z Steven1991 1522289 Removal of an invalid reference tag 10330345 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]].<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a [[Shahab-2]] missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] rd6ee0uy1mngcf6xlrzh3zkdbkccqjt 10330363 10330345 2025-06-14T17:10:46Z Steven1991 1522289 Source addition 10330363 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]], which has been consistent among both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]" that must be eliminated, backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the official Iranian claim that it is "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", state [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Neo-Nazism]] * [[Islam and fascism]] * [[Antisemitism in Europe]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] npqjh26nvjifmceo85vmfnznl6u2stz 10330409 10330363 2025-06-14T17:24:02Z Steven1991 1522289 Content addition 10330409 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite the Iranian leaders' claim that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]], including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] g5f43lz9zge959azgyp8xjr91svs9zv 10330411 10330409 2025-06-14T17:24:34Z Steven1991 1522289 10330411 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]], including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. According to analyst Afshon Ostovar, the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== According to Dana H. Allin, Iran has backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> According to American scholar Afshon Ostovar, Iran's campaign against Israel constitutes "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carries "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 54kgks3q8h4tsply1v3q8xgwzf01hkz 10330417 10330411 2025-06-14T17:27:52Z Steven1991 1522289 Grammar-related changes 10330417 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]], including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] fggaokoq7zrf986ef1u3dovjyxtrkvy 10330436 10330417 2025-06-14T17:33:05Z Steven1991 1522289 Similar to previous 10330436 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] [[Holocaust denial]] with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] cl0oop8mcuhu86iok77wkfvcv45htl0 10330488 10330436 2025-06-14T17:35:25Z Steven1991 1522289 Sectionalisation 10330488 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979).<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] clomz4a6h1npnectfcui8fbuy7g73jd 10330506 10330488 2025-06-14T17:38:00Z Steven1991 1522289 Similar to previous 10330506 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] scina5sor5gh15xo0wc4xtqijpljb1z 10330512 10330506 2025-06-14T17:41:22Z Steven1991 1522289 Item addition 10330512 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in Isfahan bearing the slogan "Down with Israel" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the earth" inscribed on a Shahab-2 missile displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening ceremony of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day parade in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] dp223heohobo7pf2shrsrzy4m3vavu7 10330517 10330512 2025-06-14T17:43:03Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330517 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 6hsd3pjbtlw7jo8t9kzug802lqw2l1g 10330523 10330517 2025-06-14T17:45:04Z Steven1991 1522289 Sectionalisation 10330523 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] tuuek31rd294mr7kuw73x0tlzkiv4rg 10330543 10330523 2025-06-14T17:58:06Z Steven1991 1522289 Rearrangement 10330543 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom have reportedly played a huge role in normalizing antisemitism in society.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] i52xznj5v19307sxt49qcmoky6g1gdj 10330545 10330543 2025-06-14T17:59:20Z Steven1991 1522289 Trimming 10330545 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ====Hussein-Ali Montazeri==== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] e0kbu79d99eb0rb6wga6ap9zk3m1ie2 10330547 10330545 2025-06-14T18:00:20Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting error correction 10330547 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] ===Supreme Leaders=== [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==History== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] ee7l8n1kjyi9dqlxgxptdia9at5rotz 10330548 10330547 2025-06-14T18:01:16Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting error correction 10330548 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ==Clerics== ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 99gr1nxzk9fx4ysc32z7izsh5t4jzlq 10330553 10330548 2025-06-14T18:03:23Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10330553 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /></ref> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] 1ufsrx7tizgypxbcbsiltv8hy54o767 10330598 10330553 2025-06-14T18:34:19Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting error correction 10330598 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial|Polish Memory Law}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> many of whom reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] nfotq6o1zvw0alw8jrcnqgs95maxq9a 10330642 10330598 2025-06-14T19:07:55Z Steven1991 1522289 Downsizing 10330642 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is part of the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979),<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> which had friendly relations with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. Since then, the denial of Israel's right to exist has been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]], military programs and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by both hardline and moderate Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]", which is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming that they are "only [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial}} In December 2006, they held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian leaders' claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had been calling Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "cancerous gland" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]."<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023, four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]], Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth" (''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar'').<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets."<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime" created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]. In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said he hoped God would "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the [[October 7 attacks]], Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said that "the resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct retaliation "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat."<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth."<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] The Iranian regime calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. These groups were armed by the Iranian regime. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by some [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> who reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], resulted from Iran's strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited senior Hamas and Hezbollah members who disclosed IRGC's planning and approval of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> Right before the attacks, about 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons."<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following the death of former Hamas leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] in an Israeli strike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war."<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] h3k2kffuvr5r1q2wkzbxs5ny3des3g9 10331121 10330642 2025-06-15T00:13:24Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10331121 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979)<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> – friendly with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. The denial of Israel's right to exist has since been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]] and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]". Their rhetoric is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming to be "[[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial}} In December 2006, the Iranian regime held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian official claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had called Israel a "cancerous tumor" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]".<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023 – four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] – Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"{{efn|''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets".<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]". In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said that he hoped for God to "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the October 7 attacks, Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said: "The resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct [[Revenge|retaliation]] "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat".<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth".<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] Iran calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by some [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> who reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], was an Iranian strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' interviewed senior Hamas and Hezbollah members, who disclosed IRGC's planning of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> About 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> It was revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons".<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following [[Yahya Sinwar]]'s death in an Israeli airstrike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war".<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] stelnlfzt9nun96lwxfxqcht6w7utl4 10331146 10331121 2025-06-15T00:27:16Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10331146 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979)<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> – friendly with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. The denial of Israel's right to exist has since been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]] and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]". Their rhetoric is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming to be "[[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial}} In December 2006, the Iranian regime held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian official claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had called Israel a "cancerous tumor" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]".<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023 – four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] – Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets".<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]". In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said that he hoped for God to "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the October 7 attacks, Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said: "The resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct [[Revenge|retaliation]] "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat".<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth".<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] Iran calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by some [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Henry Jackson Society |title=Confronting Campus Antisemitism: A Deep Dive into Campus Climate and Strategic Policy Recommendations |url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/confronting-campus-antisemitism-a-deep-dive-into-campus-climate-and-strategic-policy-recommendations |author=Dr. Helena Ivanov |date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Stress Health |title=Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11750057 |last1=Morstead |first1=Talia |last2=DeLongis |first2=Anita |volume=41 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/smi.3529 |date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> who reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], was an Iranian strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' interviewed senior Hamas and Hezbollah members, who disclosed IRGC's planning of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> About 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> It was revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons".<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following [[Yahya Sinwar]]'s death in an Israeli airstrike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war".<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] ow594191fnzcpiy7e96zwielin8owsz 10331148 10331146 2025-06-15T00:28:38Z Steven1991 1522289 Removal of less relevant sources 10331148 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979)<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> – friendly with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. The denial of Israel's right to exist has since been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]] and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]". Their rhetoric is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming to be "[[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial}} In December 2006, the Iranian regime held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian official claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had called Israel a "cancerous tumor" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]".<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023 – four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] – Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets".<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]". In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said that he hoped for God to "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the October 7 attacks, Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said: "The resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct [[Revenge|retaliation]] "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat".<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth".<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] Iran calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by some [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref> who reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], was an Iranian strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' interviewed senior Hamas and Hezbollah members, who disclosed IRGC's planning of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> About 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> It was revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons".<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following [[Yahya Sinwar]]'s death in an Israeli airstrike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war".<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] bbdmccs8tiu08d8ilxmta8xa5lkyp4v 10331149 10331148 2025-06-15T00:30:21Z Steven1991 1522289 Formatting 10331149 wikitext text/x-wiki The pursuit of the [[Calls for the destruction of Israel|destruction of Israel]] is the [[foreign policy]] of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Ostovar |first=Afshon |title=Wars of Ambition: the United States, Iran, and the Struggle for the Middle East |year=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-094098-0 |series= |location=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=6 |quote=The simmering conflict between [[Iran]] and [[Israel]], which is driven by the Islamic Republic’s aim of destroying Israel as a Jewish entity, fuels the Palestinian crisis, and reverberates across the region and beyond, also features heavily and is the focus of the book's latter section. [...] Iran sought [...] an end to America's dominance and to Israel's existence as a [[Jew|Jewish]] state. Those had been Iran's goals since the 1979 revolution.<br />[...]</br />Fifth, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s campaign against Israel is the single most destabilizing conflict in the [[Middle East]], and the one with the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war. The goal of constructing an existential challenge to the State of Israel is the driving motivation behind Iran’s involvement in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Gaza]], and the [[West Bank]], and also figures prominently in its support to [[Puppet state|clients]] in [[Iraq]] and [[Yemen]]. Iran has aimed to slowly strangle Israel by keeping it mired in a series of increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars through funneling advanced [[Weapon|weaponry]] and financial backing to groups such as [[Hezbollah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]. That aggression has compelled Israel to pursue a retaliatory campaign. Because of the wide geography where the Iranian–Israeli conflict has played out, and because of the [[United States]]’ deep commitments to Israel and correspondingly hostile relations with Iran, an outbreak of open war between Iran and Israel could encompass much of the region and draw in U.S. involvement. }}</ref> The policy is opposite to that of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] (1925–1979)<ref name=":103">{{Cite web |last=Maloney |first=Suzanne |date=2024-12-10 |title=The Middle East's Dangerous New Normal: Iran, Israel, and the Delicate Balance of Disorder |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-iran-dangerous-new-normal-suzanne-maloney |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Foreign Affairs |language=en }}</ref> – friendly with Israel [[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlan |first=Marta |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Israeli-Iranian relations: past friendship, current hostility |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=170–183 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2022.2041304 }}</ref> ==Overview== {{Further|Neo-Nazism|Islam and fascism}} [[File:راهپیمایی_روز_قدس_در_تهران_-_۶-۲۸.jpg|thumb|Quds Day celebrated in [[Tehran]] in 2016]][[File:Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_2016_(189).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel" in Persian displayed on a parade celebrating Army Day, 2016]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the Islamic Republic's founder, called [[Israel]] an illegitimate "[[Zionism|Zionist]] regime" and severed ties with Israel. The denial of Israel's right to exist has since been integral to Iran's official [[rhetoric]] and [[Compulsory education|public education]]. The denial has been shared by Iranian leaders, military commanders and state-sponsored militias.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=A Spider Web of Terror: How Iran’s Axis of Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hamas Threaten Israel and America |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/podcast/a-spider-web-of-terror-how-irans-axis-of-houthis-hezbollah-and-hamas-threaten-israel-and |date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |title=Part III – Hezbollah’s narrative on Al-Aqsa Flood: Tailored to appeal to specific Western sensibilities |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/02/17/part-iii-hezbollahs-narrative-on-al-aqsa-flood-tailored-to-appeal-to-specific-western-sensibilities |last=Daoud |first=David |date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Global Network on Extremism and Technology |title=On the Road to Quds: How the Axis of Resistance Defines Geopolitical Battlegrounds in Favour of Authoritarianism |url=https://gnet-research.org/2024/06/20/on-the-road-to-quds-how-the-axis-of-resistance-defines-geopolitical-battlegrounds-in-favour-of-authoritarianism |author=Dr. Chamila Liyanage |date=June 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Axis of resistance versus light unto the nations – a battle for civilisation |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/special-report-axis-of-resistance-versus-light-unto-the-nations-a-battle-for-civilisation |last=Ware |first=John |date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |title=RIP, the Axis of Resistance |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/12/end-iran-axis-resistance/681024 |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=December 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 }}</ref> Both Ruhollah Khomeini and [[Ali Khamenei]] have called Israel a "[[Cancer|cancerous]] [[Neoplasm|tumor]]". Their rhetoric is backed by "reformist" [[Cleric|clerics]]. Despite Iranian leaders claiming to be "[[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]]", their [[propaganda]] has [[Promotion|promoted]] Holocaust denial with [[Antisemitic stereotypes|antisemitic tropes]].<ref name=":82" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |date=2023-11-02 |title=The Israel-Iran conflict: between Washington and Beijing |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1075–1076 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2023.2269694 |issn=1353-7121 }}</ref> ===State-sponsored Holocaust denial=== {{Further|Holocaust denial}} In December 2006, the Iranian regime held a Holocaust-denying conference, which invited foreign Neo-Nazis, including [[David Duke]],<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be ‘wiped out’ |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025 }}</ref> who repeated the Iranian official claim that "Zionists weaponizing the Holocaust to deny the rights of the Palestinians [...] The Holocaust [...] is the [[pillar]] of Zionist imperialism, Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder."<ref name="DD1" /> The view is shared by [[Poles|Polish]] nationalists, including [[Grzegorz Braun]], who also accused Jews of being the "enemies of Poland" trying to "[[Judeopolonia|take over]] Poland"<ref name="GB2023"> * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/far-right-polish-mp-just-took-a-fire-extinguisher-to-a-menorah-in-parliament |title=Far-right Polish MP Just Took a Fire Extinguisher to a Menorah in Parliament |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/12/polish-mp-fire-extinguisher-snuff-out-menora-in-parliament |title=Watch: Far-Right MP uses fire extinguisher to snuff out Hanukkah candles |date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=[[Newsweek]] |first1=Thomas |last1=Kika |url=https://www.newsweek.com/polish-mp-satanic-jews-extinguishes-menorah-grzegorz-braun-1851783 |title=Polish MP Rails Against 'Satanic' Jews After Extinguishing Menorah |date=December 13, 2023 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/far-right-polish-mp-charged-after-extinguishing-parliaments-hanukkah-candles |title=Far-right Polish MP charged after extinguishing parliament's Hanukkah candles |date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=October 16, 2024 }}</ref> and "place Poles in reservations".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Far-right Polish lawmaker Grzegorz Braun douses menorah in parliament - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-grzegorz-braun-menorah-candle-poland-parliament-fire-extinguisher |access-date=December 13, 2023 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> ==Supreme Leaders== ===Ruhollah Khomeini=== Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini had called Israel a "cancerous tumor" before he died.<ref name="RK">{{Cite journal |last=Reda |first=Latife |date=2016-04-02 |title=Origins of the Islamic Republic's Strategic Approaches to Power and Regional Politics: The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Khomeini's Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=15, 19, 20 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1141587 |issn=1943-6149 }}</ref> Khomeini called it "an obligation" to sponsor the [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian]] ''[[mujahideen]]'' "in order to abolish the [[Kafir|infidel]] Zionists, who are the [[Enemy|enemies]] of [[humanity]]".<ref name="RK" /> He urged Muslims to topple pro-Western governments to pursue Israel's destruction.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Ḫalaǧī |first=Mahdī |title=The Regent of Allah: Ali Khamenei's Political Evolution in Iran |year=2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |others=Washington Institute for Near East Policy |isbn=978-1-5381-8752-4 |location=Lanham |pages=8, 59, 183 }}</ref> [[File:Portrait_of_Ali_Khamenei,_October_2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Supreme leader [[Ali Khamenei]] described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor" that must "be removed and eradicated"]] ===Ali Khamenei=== ====2013==== In 2013, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called Israel "an illegitimate regime" led by "untouchable rabid dogs" and "doomed to failure and annihilation".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freilich |first=Charles David |title=Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060293-2 |location=New York |pages=37 }}</ref> ====2015==== In 2015, he said that there would be "no Zionist regime in 25 years" and that "during this period, the spirit of fighting, heroism and [[jihad]] will keep [Israel] worried every moment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=2015-09-09 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Says Israel Won't Exist in 25 Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/world/middleeast/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-israel-will-not-exist.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> ====2023==== On October 3, 2023 – four days before the Hamas-led [[October 7 attacks]] – Khamenei said that Israel would "die of [its] rage" [...] be eradicated, [[God]] willing, at the hands of the Palestinian people and the resistance forces throughout the region."<ref name=":103" /> In 2024, Ali Khamenei told [[Hamas]] leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]]: "The divine promise to eliminate the Zionist entity will be fulfilled and we will see the day when Palestine will rise from the river to the sea".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Iran's Khamenei tells visiting Hamas chief that Israel 'will one day be eliminated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602155654/https://www.timesofisrael.com/irans-khamenei-tells-visiting-hamas-chief-that-israel-will-one-day-be-eliminated |archive-date=2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of Israel }}</ref> ==Presidents== [[File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright|President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] called for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"]] ===Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani=== Former President [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]] said that the detonation of a single [[nuclear weapon]] inside Israel "will annihilate the entire country"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''hame-ye Esra'il ra nabud khahad kard''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Magen |first=Ze'ev |title=Reading revolutionary Iran: the worldview of the Islamic republic's religio-political elite |year=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-101810-2 |series=Studies on Modern Orient |location=Berlin, [[Boston]] |pages=199 }}</ref> In 2006, at the ''World Without Zionism'' conference, then-President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] invoked a quote from Ayatollah Khomeini calling for Israel to be "erased from the face of the earth"{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''mahv-e Esra'il az safhe-ye ruzegar''|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also declared [[the Holocaust]] a [[Mythology|myth]] that Israel considers "above God, religion and the prophets".<ref name="SAA">{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said Amir |title=After Khomeini: Iran under his successors |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539179-4 |location=Oxford |pages=157}}</ref> In 2007, he said that Iran would "witness the destruction of this regime in the near future".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-08-09 |title=Iran president sees "countdown" to Israel's end |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-president-sees-countdown-to-israels-end-idUSBLA326530 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hassan Rouhani=== At the 2018 annual Islamic Unity Conference, ex-President [[Hassan Rouhani]], called Israel a "cancerous tumor" and a "fake regime created by [[Western world|Western]] powers to serve their interests in the [[Middle East]]". In 2023, then-President [[Ebrahim Raisi]] said that he hoped for God to "liberate Palestine as soon as possible" and that Iran could "witness the final moments of Israel's existence and celebrate its end".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Iranian President Repeats Calls For Rapid End To Israel |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202311194318 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Iran International |language=en }}</ref> ==Military commanders== ===Ali Fadavi=== Following the October 7 attacks, Ali Fadavi, the IRGC deputy commander-in-chief, said: "The resistance front's shocks against the Zionist regime will continue until this 'cancerous tumor' is eradicated from the world map."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=2023-10-17 |title=Iran's Khamenei says Israel must halt assault on Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-khamenei-says-israeli-officials-should-face-trial-their-crimes-2023-10-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> ===Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi=== In 2013, Hojatoleslam Ali Shirazi, representative of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei within the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC), said: "The Zionist regime will soon be destroyed, and this generation will be witness to its destruction."<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Jeffrey |date=2015-03-09 |title=The Iranian Regime on Israel's Right to Exist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/Iranian-View-of-Israel/387085 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Salami=== ====2014==== In 2014, Hossein Salami, then IRGC's deputy commander, issued a series of aggressive statements against Israel. He threatened direct [[Revenge|retaliation]] "for every drop of blood of our martyrs in Palestine, and this is the beginning point of Islamic nations awakening for your defeat".<ref name=":9" /> He also said that "the Zionist regime is slowly being erased from the world", and predicted that "soon, there will be no such thing as the Zionist regime on Planet Earth".<ref name=":9" /> ====2019==== In 2019, he stated: "This sinister regime must be wiped off the map and this is no longer [...] a dream (but) it is an achievable goal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=Top Iran General Says Destroying Israel 'Achievable Goal' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_top-iran-general-says-destroying-israel-achievable-goal/6176740.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Voice of America |language=en }}</ref> ===Hossein Sheikholeslam=== [[Hossein Sheikholeslam]], then secretary-general of Iran's Committee for Support for the Palestinian Intifada, also stated that "the issue of Israel's destruction is important, no matter the method" and warned that "the region will not be quiet so long as Israel exists in it."<ref name=":9" /> ==Clerics== ===Ahmad Alamolhoda=== In 2013, Ahmad Alamolhoda, a member of the [[Assembly of Experts]], called the destruction of Israel "one of the pillars of the Iranian Islamic regime", saying: "We cannot claim that we have no intention of going to war with Israel."<ref name=":9" /> ===Hussein-Ali Montazeri=== Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a "reformist" once designated as Khomeini's successor, recalled telling a delegation of "reformist" parliamentarians that the Jews of Zionism{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''yahudiyan-e sahyonizm''|group=lower-alpha}} would be afflicted with [[Torture|torment]] and [[Suffering|misery]] until the Day of Resurrection{{efn|Judgment Day in Islam|group=lower-alpha}}.<ref name=":1" /> He also cited a 17th-century [[hadith]] from ''Bihar al-Anwar|Biḥār al-Anwār'' in which Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq reportedly said that those who would ultimately exterminate the Jews{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''kasani keh nehayatan yahud ra monqarez mikonand''|group=lower-alpha}} would be "the people of Qom", referring to the Iranian Shi'ite clergy.<ref name=":1" /> ===Mohammad Hassan Rahimian=== In 2010, Mohammad Hassan Rahimian, Khamenei's representative to the Mostazafan Foundation, stated that Iran possesses missile capabilities that would allow it to destroy Israel "in its entirety with a big holocaust."<ref name=":9" /> Ayatollah Mohammad Musavi-e Bojnurdi, a senior [[jurist]] of the "reformist" Iranian Green Movement, declared "no room for friendly relations with Israel."<ref name=":1" /> ==Military strategy== ===Axis of Resistance=== [[File:2023_IRGC_Aerospace_Force_achievements_Exhibition_in_Isfahan_(18).jpg|thumb|The words "Death to Israel", in Hebrew, on an Iranian Ghadr ballistic missile on display in Isfahan]] Iran calls its [[alliance]] with non-state actors ‒ including the [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) in Palestine, and the [[Houthi movement|Houthis]] in [[Yemen]] ‒ the '''Axis of Resistance'''. [[Americans|American]] scholar Afshon Ostovar said that the aim of this network is to present Israel with a long-term existential challenge by "slowly strangling" it through a series of "increasingly destructive, unwinnable wars."<ref name=":82" /> The Axis of Resistance is also backed by some [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Intellectual|scholars]] in [[Western world|Western]] [[academia]],<ref> * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Academics claim Hamas atrocities are part of ‘legitimate struggle’ against Israel |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/academics-claim-hamas-atrocities-are-part-of-legitimate-struggle-against-israel-csnfvhrj |date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy |title=Judith Butler and the Normalization of Hamas and Hezbollah within Progressive Social Movements |url=https://isgap.org/post/2023/10/judith-butler-and-the-normalization-of-hamas-and-hezbollah-within-progressive-social-movements |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars |title=The Academic Roots of Hamas's Terror |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/the-academic-roots-of-hamass-terror |last=Gilley |first=Bruce |date=October 31, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spectator |title=Why the far left sides with Hamas |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-the-far-left-sides-with-hamas |last=Cohen |first=Nick |date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Middle East Forum |title=Breaking the Brand: The Palestinization of Academia |url=https://www.meforum.org/campus-watch/breaking-the-brand-the-palestinization-of-academia |last=Caschetta |first=A.J. |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Some U.S. Professors Praise Hamas’s October 7 Terror Attacks |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/some-us-professors-praise-hamass-october-7-terror-attacks |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2025 |quote=Updated: 11.21.2023 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Palestine Hijacked the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-palestine-hijacked-us-civil-rights-movement |last=Troy |first=Gil |date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |title=Meet the new Left, who think Hamas are good and that Swastikas are woke |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/comment/2024/04/24/left-antisemitism-columbia-college-protest-israel-hamas-war |last=Zickgraf |first=Ryan |date=April 24, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=The Nazification of the Postmodernist Left |url=https://fathomjournal.org/the-nazification-of-the-postmodernist-left |last=Lappin |first=Shalom |year=2025 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }}</ref> who reportedly play a huge role in normalizing antisemitism.<ref> * {{cite book |title=Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/anti-judaism-the-western-tradition-david-nirenberg/11167923?ean=9780393347913&next=t&affiliate=12476 |last=Nirenberg |first=David |year=2013 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Demonization Blueprints: Soviet Conspiracist Antizionism in Contemporary Left-Wing Discourse |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/5.1.97/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOood7wP0EiewsZXo5yvJ5RibliY2gi5VqQrdpquFMt1D1lTniulC |last=Tabarovsky |first=Izabella |publisher=Academic Studies Press |year=2022 |doi=10.26613/jca/5.1.97 |access-date=February 9, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=February 22, 2024 }}</ref> ====Sponsorship of Palestinian jihadism==== Dana H. Allin said that Iran had backed [[Palestinian political violence|Palestinian suicide attacks]].<ref name="DHA&SS">{{Cite book |last1=Allin |first1=Dana H. |title=The sixth crisis: Iran, Israel, America, and the rumors of war |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975449-6 |location=Oxford & New York |pages=34}}</ref> The October 7 attacks, which saw the [[Mass murder|slaughter]] of 1,200 people and the [[kidnapping]] of 250 [[Hostage|hostages]], was an Iranian strategy.<ref name=":82" /> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' interviewed senior Hamas and Hezbollah members, who disclosed IRGC's planning of the attacks in an October 2 meeting in [[Beirut]].<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite web |last1=Said |first1=Summer |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |last3=Kalin |first3=Stephen |title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Iran Helped Plot Attack on Israel Over Several Weeks |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008215433/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iran-israel-hamas-strike-planning-bbe07b25 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US }}</ref> About 500 Hamas and PIJ [[Islamic terrorism|terrorists]] were reportedly trained by the IRGC.<ref name="WSJ" /> It was revealed that the attacks occurred "with key support from [Iran] who provided military training and [[Logistics|logistical]] help as well as tens of millions of [[United States dollar|dollars]] for weapons".<ref name="wapo">{{Cite news |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Hamas received weapons and training from Iran, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012234730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/10/09/iran-support-hamas-training-weapons-israel |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref> Following [[Yahya Sinwar]]'s death in an Israeli airstrike, a [[mural]] appeared in [[Tehran]] bearing the [[Slogan|message]] "The storm of Sinwar will continue" in reference to ''Al-Aqsa Storm'', the [[Code name|codename]] of the October 7 attacks.<ref name=":84">{{Cite news |last=Fassihi |first=Farnaz |date=2024-10-25 |title=Murals in Tehran Offer Tributes and Threats Against Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/world/middleeast/iran-israel-war-tehran-murals.html |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Nuclear program=== The destruction of Israel is one of [[Task|goals]] of [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear pogram]].<ref name="DHA&SS" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anu |title=Through the looking glass: Iran and its foreign relations |year=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-23149-5 |location=[[London]] & [[New York City|New York]], [[New York State|New York]] |pages=63 }}</ref> ==Academic views== ===Abdollah Nouri=== Abdollah Nouri, a prominent cleric and former interior minister, was [[Sentencing|sentenced]] to five years of [[imprisonment]] in 1999, allegedly for opposing Khomeini's doctrine that Israel must be obliterated.<ref name="SAA" /> ===Afshon Ostovar=== Afshon Ostovar said that Iran's campaign against Israel constituted "the single most destabilizing conflict in the Middle East" and carried "the greatest potential to cause a broader regional war".<ref name=":82" /> ===Efraim Karsh=== Efraim Karsh, a British–Israeli [[historian]] of Middle Eastern politics, has called Iran's posture toward Israel [[Genocide|genocidal]].<ref name=":0" /> ===Sadegh Zibakalam=== Sadegh Zibakalam, an [[emeritus professor]] of [[political science]] at the University of Tehran, has opposed such aggressive policies, saying that the Iranian public, especially the younger generation, is losing interest in the Palestinian cause, some of whom even support [[Donald Trump]] and [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. Such support does not come from pro-US or pro-Israel sentiment, but from rejection of the Iranian regime and its [[#Axis of Resistance|associated terrorist groups]]. Due to his [[Statement|statements]], Zibakalam was jailed for 18 months. As of March 2025, he was investigated again, potentially facing further jail time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azizi |first=Arash |date=2025-03-12 |title=The Iranian Dissident Asking Simple Questions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2025/03/iran-protest-zibakalam-palestine/682006 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en }}</ref> ===Ze'ev Magen=== Ze'ev Magen said that ''Death to Israel''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: ''marg bar Esra'il''|group=lower-alpha}} and ''Death to America'' had been used by Iranian officials for over 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-26 |title=Iranian protesters unveil clock showing 8,411 days until the end of Israel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-al-quds-day-protest-clock-president-hassan-rouhani-a7806056.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The Independent |language=en }}</ref> He added that the call for [[Jerusalem]]'s [[conquest]] is depicted as a unifying ''jihad'' redirecting Sunni opposition away from Shi'ite Iran by making Iran the vanguard of global Islamic resistance.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== <gallery heights="150"> File:2019 Isfahan airbase expo (43).jpg|An Iranian F-14 Tomcat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] on display in [[Isfahan]] bearing the [[slogan]] "[[Calls for the destruction of Israel|Down with Israel]]" next to the word "Expired" (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (017).jpg|The slogan "Israel must be wiped off the face of the [[earth]]" inscribed on a Shahab-2 [[missile]] displayed in [[Mashhad]] (2019) File:Opening [[ceremony]] of Iranian Army Aviation Museum (046).jpg|The phrase "Death to Israel" displayed in four languages (accompanied by a softened English translation reading "Down with Israel") at the Iranian Army Aviation Museum (2019) File:2019 Sacred Defence Week exhibition in Mashhad (002).jpg|The slogan "Israel will not see more than five years into the future" inscribed on a missile during the Sacred Defense Week exhibition in Mashhad (2019) File:روز جهانی قدس در شهر قم- Quds Day In Iran-Qom City 12.jpg|Children posing with an [[effigy]] of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] during a Quds Day [[parade]] in [[Qom]] (2015) File:Hossein Shariatmadari in Amirkabir University of Technology (2).jpg|Hossein Shariatmadari, editor of the Iranian newspaper ''Kayhan'', stepping on an Israeli flag at Amirkabir University of Technology (2015) </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]] * [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Islamism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:History of the Middle East]] jmaigkbc3dy8qpnpd00v8v9f9dzeyf3 0 1197026 10330304 2025-06-14T16:53:34Z Steven1991 1522289 Redirected page to [[Policy of Iran towards Israel]] 10330304 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Policy of Iran towards Israel]] batawnwggex3u2jd4vccdqqll3ewc2s 0 1197027 10330305 2025-06-14T16:54:22Z Steven1991 1522289 Redirected page to [[Policy of Iran towards Israel]] 10330305 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Policy of Iran towards Israel]] batawnwggex3u2jd4vccdqqll3ewc2s 0 1197028 10330307 2025-06-14T16:55:28Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Created article "Moilangpok Punshiba", king of Khuman kingdom/dynasty 10330307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Moirangpok Punshiba</br>Moilangpok Punshiba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|reign=350 C.E - 400 C.E|successor=[[Adon Kajeng Wayenba]]|issue=Adon Kajeng Wayenba|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|occupation=[[Monarch]]|spouse=Ngamurol Thaibou Leima|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]}} '''Moilangpok Punshiba''' (also spelled '''Moirangpok Punshiba''') was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''350 CE to 400 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Pengsiba|Pengshiba]], who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] from 378 CE to 393 CE.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> 7o2vr39vpxl1jlik6np453brsgnck1p 10330310 10330307 2025-06-14T16:56:08Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Added reference list 10330310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Moirangpok Punshiba</br>Moilangpok Punshiba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|reign=350 C.E - 400 C.E|successor=[[Adon Kajeng Wayenba]]|issue=Adon Kajeng Wayenba|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|occupation=[[Monarch]]|spouse=Ngamurol Thaibou Leima|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]}} '''Moilangpok Punshiba''' (also spelled '''Moirangpok Punshiba''') was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''350 CE to 400 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Pengsiba|Pengshiba]], who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] from 378 CE to 393 CE.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} dzhe1akmugl297d4vkpgwpz4oyd9dwn 10331405 10330310 2025-06-15T03:30:20Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Corrected his queen's name 10331405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Moirangpok Punshiba</br>Moilangpok Punshiba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|reign=350 C.E - 400 C.E|successor=[[Adon Kajeng Wayenba]]|issue=Adon Kajeng Wayenba|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|occupation=[[Monarch]]|spouse=Nganurol Yaibi Leima|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]}} '''Moilangpok Punshiba''' (also spelled '''Moirangpok Punshiba''') was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''350 CE to 400 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Pengsiba|Pengshiba]], who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] from 378 CE to 393 CE.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} n2cc4dryog834i79kig5ok79n8of3om 10331606 10331405 2025-06-15T08:48:46Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 10331606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Moirangpok Punshiba</br>Moilangpok Punshiba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|reign=350 C.E - 400 C.E|successor=[[Adon Kajeng Wayenba]]|issue=Adon Kajeng Wayenba|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|occupation=[[Monarch]]|spouse=Nganurol Yaibi Leima|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|father=[[Lungba Ahanba]]}} '''Moilangpok Punshiba''' (also spelled '''Moirangpok Punshiba''') was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''350 CE to 400 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Pengsiba|Pengshiba]], who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] from 378 CE to 393 CE.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} bpz49so1jxtdo3rcvawpfu3p6ujsabm 10331607 10331606 2025-06-15T08:49:28Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 10331607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|name=Moirangpok Punshiba</br>Moilangpok Punshiba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|reign=350 C.E - 400 C.E|successor=[[Adon Kajeng Wayenba]]|issue=Adon Kajeng Wayenba|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|occupation=[[Monarch]]|spouse=Nganurol Yaibi Leima|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|father=[[Lungba Ahanba]]|predecessor=[[Lungba Ahanba]]}} '''Moilangpok Punshiba''' (also spelled '''Moirangpok Punshiba''') was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''350 CE to 400 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Pengsiba|Pengshiba]], who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] from 378 CE to 393 CE.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} hvqsbyzvwsd1cnlhio3nxqzjil4slmt 0 1197029 10330311 2025-06-14T16:56:43Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Redirected page to [[Moilangpok Punshiba]] 10330311 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Moilangpok Punshiba]] jy1hd7bjrr0trezh6hi56fxry1edtvf 0 1197030 10330314 2025-06-14T16:57:17Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox video game }} '''''Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu''''', known in [[Japan]] as {{Nihongo|'''''Jumping Flash! 2: The Tale of the Greatly Troubled Baron Aloha'''''|ジャンピングフラッシュ! 2 アロハ男爵大弱りの巻|Janpingu Furasshu! Tsū: Aroha Danshaku Ō Yowari no Maki}}, is a [[Platform game|platform]] [[video game]] that was developed by Exact and MuuMuu and published by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]. {{Jumping Flash! series}}..." 10330314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu''''', known in [[Japan]] as {{Nihongo|'''''Jumping Flash! 2: The Tale of the Greatly Troubled Baron Aloha'''''|ジャンピングフラッシュ! 2 アロハ男爵大弱りの巻|Janpingu Furasshu! Tsū: Aroha Danshaku Ō Yowari no Maki}}, is a [[Platform game|platform]] [[video game]] that was developed by Exact and MuuMuu and published by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]. {{Jumping Flash! series}} {{Category:1996 video games}} {{Category:PlayStation games}} {{video game stub}} 6ew0nr5ioitj3dwq0v5qoa6kbs7grve 10330322 10330314 2025-06-14T16:59:12Z CallumBen13 1611993 10330322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu''''', known in [[Japan]] as {{Nihongo|'''''Jumping Flash! 2: The Tale of the Greatly Troubled Baron Aloha'''''|ジャンピングフラッシュ! 2 アロハ男爵大弱りの巻|Janpingu Furasshu! Tsū: Aroha Danshaku Ō Yowari no Maki}}, is a [[Platform game|platform]] [[video game]] that was developed by Exact and MuuMuu and published by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]. {{Jumping Flash! series}} {{video game stub}} 2pnbnsqihqjneg2nlc1d4dibh4c2xt4 0 1197031 10330323 2025-06-14T16:59:31Z 2600:1700:C970:E7F0:9EA5:13FF:FEC8:C9 Created page with "'''Kiff''' is an [[United States of America|American]] animated series created by [[Lucy Heavens]] and [[Nic Smal]] for [[Disney Channel]]. Premiering on March 10, 2023, the series focuses on the title character, an anthropomorphic squirrel, and her best friend." 10330323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kiff''' is an [[United States of America|American]] animated series created by [[Lucy Heavens]] and [[Nic Smal]] for [[Disney Channel]]. Premiering on March 10, 2023, the series focuses on the title character, an anthropomorphic squirrel, and her best friend. q4ru4s8ikqbfjd8zz9u7d27g6y7fyqa 10331386 10330323 2025-06-15T03:13:08Z 2605:59C0:204E:FB08:8D1E:F5E3:38E7:4375 leading articles 10331386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Kiff''''' is an [[United States of America|American]] animated series created by [[Lucy Heavens]] and [[Nic Smal]] for [[Disney Channel]]. Premiering on March 10, 2023, the series focuses on the title character, an anthropomorphic squirrel, and her best friend. {{TV-stub}} {{Italic title}} [[Category:2020s American animated television series]] [[Category:2020s American television series debuts]] [[Category:2023 American television series debuts]] [[Category:Animated television series]] [[Category:Disney Channel television series]] [[Category:Television series about animals]] e20z6n83cftf2ht8exq9eu0tjs43iav 0 1197032 10330336 2025-06-14T17:03:45Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Goat Simulator]] 10330336 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Goat Simulator]] rfp7o9y2n5ozpsocfj6vqwu8noc6k5o 0 1197033 10330339 2025-06-14T17:04:28Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Goat Simulator]] 10330339 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Goat Simulator]] rfp7o9y2n5ozpsocfj6vqwu8noc6k5o 0 1197034 10330343 2025-06-14T17:04:55Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Goat Simulator 3]] 10330343 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Goat Simulator 3]] 2engknij4tdapl87z84i3sjbqnarek5 0 1197035 10330354 2025-06-14T17:08:17Z 2402:8100:2B43:2CEE:40E6:2405:2FC6:70AF Created page with " '''Minhas'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-BBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=Minhas+are+among+the+Dogra+of+their+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_pDGrvGNAxVEyjgGHf_8CJ4Q6AF6BAgEEAM|title=Life in Transition|last=Juggi|first=Prof Jasbir S.|date=2022-03-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88521-481-0|language=en|quote=Minhas are a branch of Dogra Rajputs of the ancient Jammu state, and Mair Minhas was a P..." 10330354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minhas'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-BBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=Minhas+are+among+the+Dogra+of+their+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_pDGrvGNAxVEyjgGHf_8CJ4Q6AF6BAgEEAM|title=Life in Transition|last=Juggi|first=Prof Jasbir S.|date=2022-03-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88521-481-0|language=en|quote=Minhas are a branch of Dogra Rajputs of the ancient Jammu state, and Mair Minhas was a Prince (Raja) of that state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA2&dq=manhas+are+share+Dogra&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi98pqjr_GNAxWl3jgGHTpVBscQ6AF6BAgFEAM|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|language=en|quote=Seed of the Dogra race are Here, Katoch, Manhas, Chib, Rana Were planted side by side Chandel, Guler, Pathania Blossomed into India's pride.}}</ref> or <u>Manhas</u> (“Pakhral”) is a semi pastoral sub-caste of [[Dogra]] patriarchates, who fabled their origination from the widely spread hegemonic group of [[Sikhism|Sikh background]]. They are one of the foremost indigents of the [[Punjab region|hill state of Punjab]], who densely repopulate the cantonal settlement of [[Sikh Empire]]. However they are one of the few Major [[Rajput]] group purportedly have  lowest rate of female infanticide comparably to the other [[Dalit]] paradigmatic clans, During the declination of <u>Khalsa regime</u> some of their insignious headmen used to work for the “[[English monarchs|Englishmen]]” to obstructively codify the authoritarian rule of  [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who also preassigned [[Jagir|Jaigir]] to Kashmira Singh Minhas, who was revered as one of the noble general of [[Sikh Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&dq=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiqOvnoPGNAxVz4jgGHVpSNccQ6AF6BAgLEAM#Minhas|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946|last=Saraf|first=Muhammad Yusuf|date=1977|publisher=Ferozsons|language=en}}</ref> laterally after his demise, they become proletarian adversaries of <u>Maharaja Duleep Singh</u> for abduction of Minhas Princess into the harem of [[Lahore|Lahore Darbar]].{{Citation needed}} == See also == * [[Rajput clans]] * [[Suryavanshi]] * [[Dogri language]] * [[Sikh Empire]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons|Minhas}}{{Rajput Groups|state=Collapsed}}{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}} 4wgh2l0dg39wr6tjxr8k5pp3cffr7j8 10330366 10330354 2025-06-14T17:11:49Z 2402:8100:2B43:2CEE:40E6:2405:2FC6:70AF Minor Copyedit for altering the date backlogs 10330366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minhas'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-BBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=Minhas+are+among+the+Dogra+of+their+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_pDGrvGNAxVEyjgGHf_8CJ4Q6AF6BAgEEAM|title=Life in Transition|last=Juggi|first=Prof Jasbir S.|date=2022-03-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88521-481-0|language=en|quote=Minhas are a branch of Dogra Rajputs of the ancient Jammu state, and Mair Minhas was a Prince (Raja) of that state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA2&dq=manhas+are+share+Dogra&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi98pqjr_GNAxWl3jgGHTpVBscQ6AF6BAgFEAM|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|language=en|quote=Seed of the Dogra race are Here, Katoch, Manhas, Chib, Rana Were planted side by side Chandel, Guler, Pathania Blossomed into India's pride.}}</ref> or <u>Manhas</u> (“Pakhral”) is a semi pastoral sub-caste of [[Dogra]] patriarchates, who fabled their origination from the widely spread hegemonic group of [[Sikhism|Sikh background]]. They are one of the foremost indigents of the [[Punjab region|hill state of Punjab]], who densely repopulate the cantonal settlement of [[Sikh Empire]]. However they are one of the few Major [[Rajput]] group purportedly have  lowest rate of female infanticide comparably to the other [[Dalit]] paradigmatic clans, During the declination of <u>Khalsa regime</u> some of their insignious headmen used to work for the “[[English monarchs|Englishmen]]” to obstructively codify the authoritarian rule of  [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who also preassigned [[Jagir|Jaigir]] to Kashmira Singh Minhas, who was revered as one of the noble general of [[Sikh Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&dq=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiqOvnoPGNAxVz4jgGHVpSNccQ6AF6BAgLEAM#Minhas|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946|last=Saraf|first=Muhammad Yusuf|date=1977|publisher=Ferozsons|language=en}}</ref> laterally after his demise, they become proletarian adversaries of <u>Maharaja Duleep Singh</u> for abduction of Minhas Princess into the harem of [[Lahore|Lahore Darbar]].{{Citation needed}} == See also == * [[Rajput clans]] * [[Suryavanshi]] * [[Dogri language]] * [[Sikh Empire]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wikiquote|Minhas}} {{Commons|Minhas}}{{Rajput Groups|state=collapsed}}{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}} 5rlaubo5ecsfmk3z2itkm0jmedkfkvr 10330527 10330366 2025-06-14T17:51:05Z Cyberbot I 224035 Dating maintenance tags (bot edit) ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10330527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minhas'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-BBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=Minhas+are+among+the+Dogra+of+their+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_pDGrvGNAxVEyjgGHf_8CJ4Q6AF6BAgEEAM|title=Life in Transition|last=Juggi|first=Prof Jasbir S.|date=2022-03-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88521-481-0|language=en|quote=Minhas are a branch of Dogra Rajputs of the ancient Jammu state, and Mair Minhas was a Prince (Raja) of that state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA2&dq=manhas+are+share+Dogra&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi98pqjr_GNAxWl3jgGHTpVBscQ6AF6BAgFEAM|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|language=en|quote=Seed of the Dogra race are Here, Katoch, Manhas, Chib, Rana Were planted side by side Chandel, Guler, Pathania Blossomed into India's pride.}}</ref> or <u>Manhas</u> (“Pakhral”) is a semi pastoral sub-caste of [[Dogra]] patriarchates, who fabled their origination from the widely spread hegemonic group of [[Sikhism|Sikh background]]. They are one of the foremost indigents of the [[Punjab region|hill state of Punjab]], who densely repopulate the cantonal settlement of [[Sikh Empire]]. However they are one of the few Major [[Rajput]] group purportedly have  lowest rate of female infanticide comparably to the other [[Dalit]] paradigmatic clans, During the declination of <u>Khalsa regime</u> some of their insignious headmen used to work for the “[[English monarchs|Englishmen]]” to obstructively codify the authoritarian rule of  [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who also preassigned [[Jagir|Jaigir]] to Kashmira Singh Minhas, who was revered as one of the noble general of [[Sikh Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&dq=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiqOvnoPGNAxVz4jgGHVpSNccQ6AF6BAgLEAM#Minhas|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946|last=Saraf|first=Muhammad Yusuf|date=1977|publisher=Ferozsons|language=en}}</ref> laterally after his demise, they become proletarian adversaries of <u>Maharaja Duleep Singh</u> for abduction of Minhas Princess into the harem of [[Lahore|Lahore Darbar]].{{fact|date=June 2025}} == See also == * [[Rajput clans]] * [[Suryavanshi]] * [[Dogri language]] * [[Sikh Empire]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wikiquote|Minhas}} {{Commons|Minhas}}{{Rajput Groups|state=collapsed}}{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}} mn8zxpg69kiuvq010tg60aft5wbpy2z 10331436 10330527 2025-06-15T04:21:33Z 1.187.225.191 Minor propositioning of double repetition [[WP:MOS]] 10331436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minhas‌'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-BBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=Minhas+are+among+the+Dogra+of+their+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_pDGrvGNAxVEyjgGHf_8CJ4Q6AF6BAgEEAM|title=Life in Transition|last=Juggi|first=Prof Jasbir S.|date=2022-03-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88521-481-0|language=en|quote=Minhas are a branch of Dogra Rajputs of the ancient Jammu state, and Mair Minhas was a Prince (Raja) of that state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA2&dq=manhas+are+share+Dogra&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi98pqjr_GNAxWl3jgGHTpVBscQ6AF6BAgFEAM|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|language=en|quote=Seed of the Dogra race are Here, Katoch, Manhas, Chib, Rana Were planted side by side Chandel, Guler, Pathania Blossomed into India's pride.}}</ref> or <u>Manhas</u> (“‌Pakhral”) is a ‌semi ‌pastoral sub‌-‌caste of [[Dogra|Dogra‌]] patriarchates‌, who‌ fabled‌ their origination‌ from ‌the widely‌ spread‌ hegemonic group of [[Sikhism|Sikh ‌background]]. They are one of the foremost indigents from the [[Punjab region|hill state of Punjab]], who densely repopulate the cantonal settlement of [[Sikh Empire]]. However they are one of the few Major [[Rajput]] group purportedly have  lowest rate of female infanticide comparably to the other [[Dalit]] paradigmatic clans, During the declination of <u>Khalsa regime</u> some of their insignious headmen used to work for the “[[English monarchs|Englishmen]]” to obstructively codify the authoritarian rule of  [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who also preassigned [[Jagir|Jaigir]] to Kashmira Singh Minhas, who was revered as one of the noble general of [[Sikh Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&dq=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiqOvnoPGNAxVz4jgGHVpSNccQ6AF6BAgLEAM#Minhas|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946|last=Saraf|first=Muhammad Yusuf|date=1977|publisher=Ferozsons|language=en}}</ref> laterally after his demise, they become proletarian adversaries of <u>Maharaja Duleep Singh</u> for abduction of Minhas Princess into the harem of [[Lahore|Lahore Darbar]].{{Citation needed}} == See also == * [[Rajput clans]] * [[Suryavanshi]] * [[Dogri language]] * [[Sikh Empire]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wikiquote|Minhas}} {{Commons|Minhas}}{{Rajput Groups|state=collapsed}}{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}} 7tn03aeb6ch4eh48jmv6wv5u2d22ysj 10331444 10331436 2025-06-15T04:37:43Z Cyberbot I 224035 Dating maintenance tags (bot edit) ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 10331444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minhas‌'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-BBlEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=Minhas+are+among+the+Dogra+of+their+clan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji_pDGrvGNAxVEyjgGHf_8CJ4Q6AF6BAgEEAM|title=Life in Transition|last=Juggi|first=Prof Jasbir S.|date=2022-03-28|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=979-8-88521-481-0|language=en|quote=Minhas are a branch of Dogra Rajputs of the ancient Jammu state, and Mair Minhas was a Prince (Raja) of that state.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&pg=PA2&dq=manhas+are+share+Dogra&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi98pqjr_GNAxWl3jgGHTpVBscQ6AF6BAgFEAM|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|language=en|quote=Seed of the Dogra race are Here, Katoch, Manhas, Chib, Rana Were planted side by side Chandel, Guler, Pathania Blossomed into India's pride.}}</ref> or <u>Manhas</u> (“‌Pakhral”) is a ‌semi ‌pastoral sub‌-‌caste of [[Dogra|Dogra‌]] patriarchates‌, who‌ fabled‌ their origination‌ from ‌the widely‌ spread‌ hegemonic group of [[Sikhism|Sikh ‌background]]. They are one of the foremost indigents from the [[Punjab region|hill state of Punjab]], who densely repopulate the cantonal settlement of [[Sikh Empire]]. However they are one of the few Major [[Rajput]] group purportedly have  lowest rate of female infanticide comparably to the other [[Dalit]] paradigmatic clans, During the declination of <u>Khalsa regime</u> some of their insignious headmen used to work for the “[[English monarchs|Englishmen]]” to obstructively codify the authoritarian rule of  [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], who also preassigned [[Jagir|Jaigir]] to Kashmira Singh Minhas, who was revered as one of the noble general of [[Sikh Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ&q=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&dq=Ranjit+Singh+have+their+wives+by+the+Minhas+Rajput&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiqOvnoPGNAxVz4jgGHVpSNccQ6AF6BAgLEAM#Minhas|title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819-1946|last=Saraf|first=Muhammad Yusuf|date=1977|publisher=Ferozsons|language=en}}</ref> laterally after his demise, they become proletarian adversaries of <u>Maharaja Duleep Singh</u> for abduction of Minhas Princess into the harem of [[Lahore|Lahore Darbar]].{{fact|date=June 2025}} == See also == * [[Rajput clans]] * [[Suryavanshi]] * [[Dogri language]] * [[Sikh Empire]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wikiquote|Minhas}} {{Commons|Minhas}}{{Rajput Groups|state=collapsed}}{{Gotras of Jats|state=collapsed}} tcb2v4h5g98xoe5rnpe4qpwy14d4cvi 0 1197036 10330400 2025-06-14T17:21:52Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[22 Short Films About Springfield]] 10330400 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[22 Short Films About Springfield]] e6pg9647i8n808phy5gxw8ksc9cobo8 2 1197038 10330531 2025-06-14T17:51:57Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Created 10330531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}}<ref name=ANEWSART>{{citation|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/|title=Apple Intelligence Available Today (October 28, 2024)}}</ref> | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], [[visionOS 2|visionOS 2.4]] | platform = [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]] It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025. On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]]. It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI written news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later. == References == {{Reflist}} h8j4gm522fzdlxuwr7dmfsrjcicnk33 10330552 10330531 2025-06-14T18:03:07Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Added 10330552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}}<ref name=ANEWSART>{{citation|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/|title=Apple Intelligence Available Today (October 28, 2024)}}</ref> | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], [[visionOS 2|visionOS 2.4]] | platform = [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025. On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI written news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later. == References == {{Reflist}} 8gew950y7fj722eu5vwlg1crzcns89v 10330564 10330552 2025-06-14T18:16:08Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Added 10330564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}}<ref name=ANEWSART>{{citation|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/|title=Apple Intelligence Available Today (October 28, 2024)}}</ref> | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], [[visionOS 2|visionOS 2.4]] | platform = [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI written news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 97pfuhixyefiuftf0kayxmpauzteao6 10330567 10330564 2025-06-14T18:17:29Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Moved 10330567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}}<ref name=ANEWSART>{{citation|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/|title=Apple Intelligence Available Today (October 28, 2024)}}</ref> | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], [[visionOS 2|visionOS 2.4]] | platform = [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI written news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported languages and countries == On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} nqr6s39aodgaa93ubki8gubwh4o43uf 10330569 10330567 2025-06-14T18:21:27Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Fixed 10330569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}}<ref name=ANEWSART>{{citation|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/|title=Apple Intelligence Available Today (October 28, 2024)}}</ref> | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], [[visionOS 2|visionOS 2.4]] | platform = [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI written news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation, writing tools and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported languages and countries == On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ru477371uy5qn8rmn6s1uj5qzudzg91 10330571 10330569 2025-06-14T18:21:53Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Fixed 10330571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}}<ref name=ANEWSART>{{citation|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/|title=Apple Intelligence Available Today (October 28, 2024)}}</ref> | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], [[visionOS 2|visionOS 2.4]] | platform = [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI-generated news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation, writing tools and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported languages and countries == On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} c49vxoectg5ocxhqr696w9cffqmfuat 10330574 10330571 2025-06-14T18:23:50Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Cleanup 10330574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}} | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], visionOS 2.4 | platform = ARM | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI-generated news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation, writing tools and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported languages and countries == On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} 8lv5z1ug4gib0cjg0zin5u6ntjpw4b6 10330575 10330574 2025-06-14T18:24:14Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Blanked 10330575 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 1197039 10330533 2025-06-14T17:52:08Z Barras 40117 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Stewart's Melville College]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330533 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Stewart's Melville College== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Stewart's Melville College]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Stewart's Melville College}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 17pq5ub1gkdkh7wmtj88yavd2b5xu8c 3 1197040 10330536 2025-06-14T17:52:28Z Barras 40117 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Purkinje effect]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330536 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Purkinje effect== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Purkinje effect]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Purkinje effect}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a5|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:52, 14 June 2025 (UTC) b2lw5697jwuqld8tz1ezndm7mbrl4q9 3 1197042 10330544 2025-06-14T17:58:06Z Barras 40117 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Attribution (copyright)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330544 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Attribution (copyright)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Attribution (copyright)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Attribution (copyright)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 3kwt584hwh68t4i2xstr5xv4bjai66f 10330556 10330544 2025-06-14T18:03:42Z Barras 40117 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Talk:Attribution (copyright)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330556 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Attribution (copyright)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Attribution (copyright)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Attribution (copyright)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:58, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Talk:Attribution (copyright)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Talk:Attribution (copyright)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330563 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of User:What Price== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:What Price]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:What Price}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 18:15, 14 June 2025 (UTC) sq2781n9o6acermjxqxl3p4510oztq9 0 1197046 10330566 2025-06-14T18:17:09Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)]] 10330566 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)]] iwismeogtk3k0py8ln45s49apokjsvz 0 1197047 10330578 2025-06-14T18:27:39Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Created 10330578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}} | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], visionOS 2.4 | platform = ARM | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI-generated news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation, writing tools and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported languages and countries == On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Official website}} {{Apple software}} [[Category:iOS]] [[Category:Apple software]] 7rs36bcic9v17u88anhe1olz9bks4aa 10330581 10330578 2025-06-14T18:29:44Z Raayaan9911 1495229 /* Supported devices */Added 10330581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | title = Apple Intelligence | screenshot = Siri with Apple intelligence.png | logo = Apple Intelligence.svg | logo alt = Apple Intelligence Logo | screenshot alt = | caption = Siri with Apple Intelligence using ChatGPT | developer = [[Apple Inc.]] | released = {{start date|2024|10|28}} | operating system = [[iOS 18]], [[iPadOS 18]], [[macOS Sequoia]], visionOS 2.4 | platform = ARM | genre = [[Artificial intelligence]] | license = Proprietary | website = {{url|https://www.apple.com/apple-intelligence/|apple.com/apple-intelligence}} }} '''Apple Intelligence''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] system developed by [[Apple Inc.]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silberling|first=Brian Heater, Amanda|date=2025-06-10|title=Apple Intelligence: Everything you need to know about Apple's AI model and services|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/apple-intelligence-everything-you-need-to-know-about-apples-ai-model-and-services/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced on June 10, 2024. It was partially released on October 28, 2024 and will be fully launch on 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence is now available with iOS 18.1 and macOS 15.1|url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/apple-intelligence-starts-rolling-out-with-ios-181-and-macos-151-151023619.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In January 2025, Apple removed AI-generated news alert service after a fake headline from BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Liam|date=2024-12-19|title=Apple urged to remove new AI feature after falsely summarizing news reports {{!}} CNN Business|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/media/apple-intelligence-news-bbc-headline|access-date=2025-06-14|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Milmo|first=Dan|date=2025-01-17|title=Apple suspends AI-generated news alert service after BBC complaint|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/17/apple-suspends-ai-generated-news-alert-service-after-bbc-complaint|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Features == It has a Apple Intelligence features such as Genmoji, Image Playground, live translation, writing tools and ChatGPT in [[Siri]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces AI-powered live translation tools at WWDC 2025|url=https://www.engadget.com/big-tech/apple-introduces-ai-powered-live-translation-tools-at-wwdc-2025-173605234.html|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellan|first=Rebecca|date=2025-06-09|title=Apple introduces live translation across Messages, FaceTime, and Phone at WWDC 25|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/09/apple-introduces-live-translation-across-messages-facetime-and-phone-at-wwdc-25/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=published|first=John-Anthony Disotto|date=2024-11-07|title=You can try new Apple Intelligence features like Genmoji, Image Playground, and ChatGPT in Siri today with launch of new public betas|url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/you-can-try-new-apple-intelligence-features-like-genmoji-image-playground-and-chatgpt-in-siri-today-with-launch-of-new-public-betas|access-date=2025-06-14|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref> == Supported languages and countries == On March 31, 2025, Chinese (simplified), English (India), English (Singapore), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Vietnamese were added part of the release of [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.4]], [[IOS 18|iOS 18.4]] and [[MacOS Sequoia|macOS 15.4]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Intelligence expands to more languages and regions in April|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/02/apple-intelligence-expands-to-more-languages-and-regions-in-april/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=Apple Newsroom|language=en-US}}</ref> It also works on the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-02-24|title=Apple to roll out Apple Intelligence in more languages with iOS 18.4 update|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/apple-to-roll-out-apple-intelligence-in-more-languages-with-ios-18-4-update/articleshow/118525175.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2025-06-14|issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2024-10-28|title=Apple Intelligence will come to EU iPhones in April|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/28/24281947/apple-intelligence-eu-iphones-april|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Romero|first=Johanna|date=2025-03-31|title=Apple Intelligence arrives for E.U. iPhone users ahead of time with global release of iOS 18.4|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/apple-intelligence-arrives-for-e.u.-iphone-users-ahead-of-time-with-global-release-of-ios-18.4_id169051|access-date=2025-06-14|website=PhoneArena|language=en-US}}</ref> Apple Intelligence works on United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa on December 11, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-11|title=Apple Intelligence Officially Launching Today in the UK, Canada, and Four More Countries|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/12/11/apple-intelligence-officially-expands-today/|access-date=2025-06-14|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == Supported devices == [[File:Apple intelligence.jpeg|thumb|iPad mini, iPad Air and iPad Pro shows picture of Apple Intelligence logo.]] It works on [[iPhone 15 Pro]] and later running [[IOS 18|iOS 18.1]] and later, all iPads and Macs with an M-series Apple silicon running [[MacOS Sonoma|macOS 15.1]] and [[IPadOS 18|iPadOS 18.1]] and later. On March 31, 2025, Apple Intelligence works on [[Apple Vision Pro]] running [[VisionOS|visionOS 2.4]] and later but it only available in United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Victoria|date=2025-02-21|title=Apple Intelligence is coming to the Vision Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/news/614286/apple-intelligence-vision-pro-visionos|access-date=2025-06-14|website=The Verge|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *{{Official website}} {{Apple software}} [[Category:iOS]] [[Category:Apple software]] 5kc2wscgg8ixnl36ax2p3sptbb9hvnc 0 1197048 10330588 2025-06-14T18:32:01Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 Created page with "{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season" 10330588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season s3jkhvt0zil0pm8n1apv98zbnkrqurj 10330594 10330588 2025-06-14T18:32:40Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} tgxbqcsw2lvi8bq8rfgfsd922awatqf 10330601 10330594 2025-06-14T18:37:19Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | coaches = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] <small>([[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and [[:es:Miranda!|Juliana Gattas]])</small> * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz... Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> htgusnx3mqrv0bx769nodhnak546v8p 10330603 10330601 2025-06-14T18:38:03Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | coaches = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] <small>([[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and [[:es:Miranda!|Juliana Gattas]])</small> * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> rvsc1wvt1yd2i5whmu9z8o2e4wy1uqp 10330604 10330603 2025-06-14T18:38:32Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | coaches = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] <small>([[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and [[:es:Miranda!|Juliana Gattas]])</small> * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> dt98py4i4kfzq2azf6dkg54syhnpldy 10330605 10330604 2025-06-14T18:39:24Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | coaches = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] <small>([[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and [[:es:Miranda!|Juliana Gattas]])</small> * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> s0xpfnnzh8ub1emcw17ht8jawh5ykcz 10330607 10330605 2025-06-14T18:40:31Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | coaches = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> fr955ezjqshadbatglwh3g0ltby2m4h 10330608 10330607 2025-06-14T18:41:53Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | coaches = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> This was the second [[Latin America]]n version in [[The Voice (Franchise)|The Voice franchise]], after the [[Mexico|Mexican]] version, ''[[La Voz (Mexican TV series)|La Voz... México]]''. 9woj6zbicbx5rocf8b2ozg5g39b98hu 10330769 10330608 2025-06-14T20:01:11Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | judes = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> This was the second [[Latin America]]n version in [[The Voice (franchise)|The Voice franchise]], after the [[Mexico|Mexican]] version, ''[[La Voz (Mexican TV series)|La Voz... México]]''. dm6hl3ob7kzuqtc6vjsbg2wx8wyofni 10330777 10330769 2025-06-14T20:02:41Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 10330777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | judes = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> This was the second [[Latin America]]n version in [[The Voice (franchise)|The Voice franchise]], after the [[Mexico|Mexican]] version, ''[[La Voz (Mexican TV series)|La Voz... México]]''. ==Coaches and presenters== The show is hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants backstage. This will be the second time that Marley will be hosting a singing competition, after hosting the [[Argentines|Argentine]] version of [[:es:Operación Triunfo (Argentina)|Operación Triunfo]], for 4 seasons. l7bqvgtjdqvifgk3hg7zsp4pdomtpv4 10330784 10330777 2025-06-14T20:06:08Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 /* Coaches and presenters */ 10330784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | judes = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> This was the second [[Latin America]]n version in [[The Voice (franchise)|The Voice franchise]], after the [[Mexico|Mexican]] version, ''[[La Voz (Mexican TV series)|La Voz... México]]''. ==Coaches and presenters== The show is hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants backstage. This will be the second time that Marley will be hosting a singing competition, after hosting the [[Argentines|Argentine]] version of [[:es:Operación Triunfo (Argentina)|Operación Triunfo]], for 4 seasons. After a lot of rumours, the coaches for the show are: Latin pop singer [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-05 |title=Axel Fernando, coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/153840/axel-fernando-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> folk singer [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-02 |title=Soledad Pastorutti, coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/153073/soledad-pastorutti-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> the vocals of the electro pop band [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]], [[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and Juliana Gattas,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-15 |title=Ale Sergi y Juliana Gattas (Miranda), coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/157037/ale-sergi-y-juliana-gattas-miranda-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> and Venezuelan singer [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|José Luis "Puma" Rodríguez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primiciasya.com/primicias/El-Puma-Rodriguez-jurado-de-La-voz-argentina-20120427-0018.html |title=El "Puma" Rodríguez, jurado de "La voz argentina" - PRIMICIAS YA {{!}} El Diario del Espectáculo |website=www.primiciasya.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430040903/http://www.primiciasya.com/primicias/El-Puma-Rodriguez-jurado-de-La-voz-argentina-20120427-0018.html |archive-date=2012-04-30}}</ref> enr8inlx5e39u6gv3q6jsky8mvvmtk3 10330787 10330784 2025-06-14T20:06:53Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 /* Coaches and presenters */ 10330787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | judes = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> This was the second [[Latin America]]n version in [[The Voice (franchise)|The Voice franchise]], after the [[Mexico|Mexican]] version, ''[[La Voz (Mexican TV series)|La Voz... México]]''. ==Coaches and presenters== The show is hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants backstage. This will be the second time that Marley will be hosting a singing competition, after hosting the [[Argentines|Argentine]] version of [[:es:Operación Triunfo (Argentina)|Operación Triunfo]], for 4 seasons. After a lot of rumours, the coaches for the show are: Latin pop singer [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-05 |title=Axel Fernando, coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/153840/axel-fernando-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> folk singer [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-02 |title=Soledad Pastorutti, coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/153073/soledad-pastorutti-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> the vocals of the electro pop band [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]], [[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and Juliana Gattas,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-15 |title=Ale Sergi y Juliana Gattas (Miranda), coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/157037/ale-sergi-y-juliana-gattas-miranda-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> and Venezuelan singer [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|José Luis "Puma" Rodríguez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primiciasya.com/primicias/El-Puma-Rodriguez-jurado-de-La-voz-argentina-20120427-0018.html |title=El "Puma" Rodríguez, jurado de "La voz argentina" - PRIMICIAS YA {{!}} El Diario del Espectáculo |website=www.primiciasya.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430040903/http://www.primiciasya.com/primicias/El-Puma-Rodriguez-jurado-de-La-voz-argentina-20120427-0018.html |archive-date=2012-04-30}}</ref> ==Teams== ;Color key {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {{plainlist| * {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Winner * {{Color box|silver|border=silver}} Runner-up * {{Color box|tan|border=silver}} Third place * {{Color box|skyblue|border=silver}} Fourth place }} {{col-2}} {{plainlist| * {{Color box|#E8CCD7|border=silver}} Eliminated in the Live shows * {{Color box|#BFFFC0|border=silver}} Eliminated in the Sing-off * {{Color box|#FDFD96|border=silver}} Eliminated in the Battles }} {{col-end}} jncty69nfbb8c3ykdb7ir6q3pkimtu6 10330792 10330787 2025-06-14T20:09:05Z 2806:2F0:9CC1:F8A9:55E6:9D8F:2121:1F62 /* Teams */ 10330792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox television season | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season | host = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]] * Luli Fernández <small>(Backstage)</small> }} | judes = {{plainlist| * [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]] * [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]] * [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]] * [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|Puma Rodríguez]] }} | winner = Gustavo Corvalán | runner_up = Mariano Poblete }} | first_aired = {{start date|2012|7|1|df=y}} | last_aired = {{end date|2012|12|2|df=y}} | network = [[Telefe]] }} The '''first season''' of '''''[[La Voz Argentina]]''''' began on 1 July 2012 and was broadcast by [[Telefe]]. It was hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants at the backstage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908232416/http://www.pronto.com.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40950&Itemid=677 |archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref> Contestants were also allowed to submit an online application in 2011. For the online auditions, contestants were required to record a song with a [[webcam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |title="La Voz Argentina": Casting online - Telefe - Siempre juntos |accessdate=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120912191020/http://www.telefe.com/2012/02/28/la-voz-argentina-casting-online/ |archivedate=2012-09-12 }}</ref> This was the second [[Latin America]]n version in [[The Voice (franchise)|The Voice franchise]], after the [[Mexico|Mexican]] version, ''[[La Voz (Mexican TV series)|La Voz... México]]''. ==Coaches and presenters== The show is hosted by [[:es:Alejandro Wiebe|Marley]], with model Luli Fernández interviewing the contestants backstage. This will be the second time that Marley will be hosting a singing competition, after hosting the [[Argentines|Argentine]] version of [[:es:Operación Triunfo (Argentina)|Operación Triunfo]], for 4 seasons. After a lot of rumours, the coaches for the show are: Latin pop singer [[:es:Axel (cantante)|Axel]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-05 |title=Axel Fernando, coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/153840/axel-fernando-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> folk singer [[:es:Soledad Pastorutti|Soledad Pastorutti]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-02 |title=Soledad Pastorutti, coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/153073/soledad-pastorutti-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> the vocals of the electro pop band [[:es:Miranda!|Miranda!]], [[:es:Alejandro Sergi|Ale Sergi]] and Juliana Gattas,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godoy |first=Jorge |date=2012-04-15 |title=Ale Sergi y Juliana Gattas (Miranda), coach de La Voz Argentina |url=https://www.extremista.com/157037/ale-sergi-y-juliana-gattas-miranda-coach-de-la-voz-argentina/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Extremista |language=es}}</ref> and Venezuelan singer [[:es:José Luis Rodríguez (cantante)|José Luis "Puma" Rodríguez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primiciasya.com/primicias/El-Puma-Rodriguez-jurado-de-La-voz-argentina-20120427-0018.html |title=El "Puma" Rodríguez, jurado de "La voz argentina" - PRIMICIAS YA {{!}} El Diario del Espectáculo |website=www.primiciasya.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430040903/http://www.primiciasya.com/primicias/El-Puma-Rodriguez-jurado-de-La-voz-argentina-20120427-0018.html |archive-date=2012-04-30}}</ref> ==Teams== ;Color key {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {{plainlist| * {{Color box|gold|border=silver}} Winner * {{Color box|silver|border=silver}} Runner-up * {{Color box|tan|border=silver}} Third place * {{Color box|skyblue|border=silver}} Fourth place }} {{col-2}} {{plainlist| * {{Color box|#E8CCD7|border=silver}} Eliminated in the Live shows * {{Color box|#BFFFC0|border=silver}} Eliminated in the Sing-off * {{Color box|#FDFD96|border=silver}} Eliminated in the Battles }} {{col-end}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:17px; width:100%;" |- ! scope="col" width="16%" | Coaches ! scope="col" width="84%" colspan="4" | Top 68 artists |- ! rowspan="6" | Axel | colspan="4" style="background:#555555;" | |- | width="21%" style="background:skyblue;" | Mateo Iturbide | width="21%" style="background:#E8CCD7;" | María Inés Roller | width="21%" style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Silvia Fernández | width="21%" style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Nicolás Sosa |- | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Gonzalo Rodríguez | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Georgina Moreiro | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Juan Manuel Enrique | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Pamela Duarte |- | style="background:#BFFFC0;" | Marcela Wonder | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Gustavo Mougel | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Matías Latorre | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Gabriela Muñoz |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Ariel Leone | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Ana B. Medina | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Y. Hernández | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Gianina Giunta |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Ezequiel Fernanz | colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" | |- ! rowspan="6" | Soledad | colspan="4" style="background:#555555;" | |- | style="background:gold" | Gustavo Corvalán | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Iván Di Paolo | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Laura Dimonti | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Mario Suárez |- | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Nacho Leguizamón | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Daniela Mazzitelli | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Margarita Hegglin | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Victoria Escudero |- | style="background:#BFFFC0;" | Antonella Ballarini | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Gisella Tagliarino | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Antonio Salvatore | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Germán Staffolani |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | María Cecilia Vila | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Amparo Ringler | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Naara Revelli | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Claudia Torgen |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Victoria Carambat | colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" | |- ! rowspan="6" | Miranda! | colspan="4" style="background:#555555;" | |- | style="background:silver;" | Mariano Poblete | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Miguel Ángel Roda | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Pablo Utrera | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Gonzalo Andrada |- | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Natalia Nekare | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Fernando Pernia | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Maia Contreras | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Daniela Oloco |- | style="background:#BFFFC0;" | Laura La Paz | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Nancy Ruiz | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Marina Pinal | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Cecilia Palizza |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Agustina Romero | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Claudio Giménez | style="background:#FDFD96;" | María B. Correa | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Denisse Yarrouge |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Martín Alderete | colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" | |- ! rowspan="6" | El Puma | colspan="4" style="background:#555555;" | |- | style="background:tan" | Antonela Cirillo | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | José Luis Bartolilla | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Jordana Battaglia | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Alejandro Serra |- | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Melina Imhoff | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Dennis Smith | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Adriel Montanari | style="background:#E8CCD7;" | Antonella Oddi |- | style="background:#BFFFC0;" | Agustina Keena | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Milena Catania | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Franco Ibáñez | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Jesica Mina |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Amilcar Vicente | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Eugenia Quevedo | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Martín Bruno | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Emiliano Bernal |- | style="background:#FDFD96;" | Verónica Sardaña | colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" | |- |} c6hx95nm204kv3x9oe2rirz7be8tgf4 0 1197049 10330596 2025-06-14T18:33:09Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 20 | episode = 17 | director = [[Rob Oliver]] | writer = [[Marc Wilmore]] | production = LABF07 | airdate = {{Start date|2009|04|19}} | guests = *[[Anne Hathaway]] as Jenny | blackboard = "I will not mock teacher's outdated cell phone" | couch_gag = The Simpsons slash their way through the jungle to get to their couch, only to find monkey..." 10330596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 20 | episode = 17 | director = [[Rob Oliver]] | writer = [[Marc Wilmore]] | production = LABF07 | airdate = {{Start date|2009|04|19}} | guests = *[[Anne Hathaway]] as Jenny | blackboard = "I will not mock teacher's outdated cell phone" | couch_gag = The Simpsons slash their way through the jungle to get to their couch, only to find monkey versions of themselves already sitting on it. | prev = [[Eeny Teeny Maya Moe]] | next = [[Father Knows Worst]] }} "'''The Good, the Sad and the Drugly'''" is the seventeenth episode of the [[The Simpsons season 20|twentieth season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It first aired on February 7, 1991. In this episode, [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] sets up [[Milhouse Van Houten|Milhouse]] to take the fall for a [[prank]] the two of them pulled, and the duo's friendship becomes strained when Bart falls in love with a girl named Jenny. He starts making her think he is actually good and not bad. Meanwhile, Lisa becomes depressed when she finds articles on the Internet predicting that Springfield will suffer from catastrophic events in fifty years. == Other websites == {{wikiquote|The Simpsons/Season 20#The Good, the Sad and the Drugly|"The Good, the Sad and the Drugly"}} *{{IMDb episode|1291162}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2009 television episodes]] [[Category:The Simpsons (season 20) episodes]] msshwb18u2artjjxtah4zp1o5zv1og1 3 1197050 10330600 2025-06-14T18:35:21Z Raayaan9911 1495229 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Mhd Arjunanta]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330600 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Mhd Arjunanta== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Mhd Arjunanta]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Mhd Arjunanta}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:35, 14 June 2025 (UTC) hpe334ikcvbaxzltu3kudb2pme7rqm3 10331103 10330600 2025-06-14T23:44:08Z MathXplore 966595 You have been temporarily blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331103 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Mhd Arjunanta== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Mhd Arjunanta]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Mhd Arjunanta}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 18:35, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=|link=]] You have been '''[[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]]''' from changing [[Wikipedia]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. Once the block has ended you can make [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|helpful changes]]. Please read [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] and remember that adding [[Wikipedia:Spam|spam]], making changes that do not have a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Be kind|making personal attacks on others]], not respecting other people's [[Wikipedia:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalizing]] pages are not allowed. If you do any of these things, you will be blocked again. If you think this block is unfair, you can ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. -->{{tltt|Unblock|par=''your reason here''}} below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. 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[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:44, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block1 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> sfrxomg3c0j9bpaq8imcdesxkxwb1kd 0 1197051 10330615 2025-06-14T18:51:17Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | image_size = | caption = | season = 20 | episode = 14 | director = Ralph Sosa | writer = [[List of writers of The Simpsons|Matt Marshall]] | production = LABF11 | airdate = * {{Start date|2009|03|17}} (on [[Sky1]]) * {{Start date|2009|03|22}} (on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]) | guests = [[Glen Hansard]] as Street musician<br />[[Markéta Irglová]] as Eastern..." 10330615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | image_size = | caption = | season = 20 | episode = 14 | director = Ralph Sosa | writer = [[List of writers of The Simpsons|Matt Marshall]] | production = LABF11 | airdate = * {{Start date|2009|03|17}} (on [[Sky1]]) * {{Start date|2009|03|22}} (on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]) | guests = [[Glen Hansard]] as Street musician<br />[[Markéta Irglová]] as Eastern European woman<br />[[Colm Meaney]] as Tom O'Flanagan<br />[[Marcia Wallace]] as [[Edna Krabappel]] | blackboard = "Four leaf clovers are not mutant freaks" | couch_gag = The family members participate in a dog show; [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] wins and [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] attacks him. | prev = [[Gone Maggie Gone]] | next = [[Wedding for Disaster]] }} "'''In the Name of the Grandfather'''" is the thirteenth episode of the [[The Simpsons season 20|twentieth season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It first aired on March 17, 2009. In this episode, the Simpsons buy a new hot tub and spend so much time relaxing in it that they neglect [[Abraham Simpson|Abe Simpson]]. [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] decides to make it up to him by helping him do one thing he wants to do. Abe reminisces about O'Flanagan's pub in Ireland where he once had the best night of his life so the Simpsons travel there. [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] and [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] visit various Irish landmarks while Homer and Abe buy O'Flanagan's during a night of [[binge drinking]] and soon discover that pubs are no longer popular in Ireland. ==Other websites== {{wikiquote|The Simpsons/Season 20#In the Name of the Grandfather|"In the Name of the Grandfather"}} *{{IMDb episode|id=1291159}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2009 television episodes]] [[Category:The Simpsons (season 20) episodes]] 8xftkwy7wybh3tq125mhva718djw7m9 0 1197053 10330639 2025-06-14T19:05:30Z BlackJack 572554 BlackJack moved page [[Garfield Sobers]] to [[Gary Sobers]] over redirect: WP:COMMONNAME 10330639 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gary Sobers]] 6ri1xo8a5v99nlg4kzincjmalc51ajb 0 1197055 10330702 2025-06-14T19:27:00Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 10330702 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 7ofcvpq80c49g904ox4skko88akjuz9 0 1197056 10330703 2025-06-14T19:28:01Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 10330703 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 7ofcvpq80c49g904ox4skko88akjuz9 10330704 10330703 2025-06-14T19:28:15Z CallumBen13 1611993 CallumBen13 moved page [[The Simpsons go to Ireland]] to [[The Simpsons Go to Ireland]] 10330703 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 7ofcvpq80c49g904ox4skko88akjuz9 0 1197057 10330705 2025-06-14T19:28:15Z CallumBen13 1611993 CallumBen13 moved page [[The Simpsons go to Ireland]] to [[The Simpsons Go to Ireland]] 10330705 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Simpsons Go to Ireland]] b9zivi96iq6l3mmxmnm9gq2df44r465 10330706 10330705 2025-06-14T19:28:32Z CallumBen13 1611993 Changed redirect target from [[The Simpsons Go to Ireland]] to [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 10330706 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] d04960hnurzvnbrr4w60l6rtqub7c5x 10330707 10330706 2025-06-14T19:29:00Z CallumBen13 1611993 CallumBen13 moved page [[The Simpsons go to Ireland]] to [[The Simpsons Go To Ireland]] 10330706 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] d04960hnurzvnbrr4w60l6rtqub7c5x 0 1197058 10330708 2025-06-14T19:29:00Z CallumBen13 1611993 CallumBen13 moved page [[The Simpsons go to Ireland]] to [[The Simpsons Go To Ireland]] 10330708 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Simpsons Go To Ireland]] joowo6rr55ubmgwktq6mhblmhhtifei 10330709 10330708 2025-06-14T19:29:18Z CallumBen13 1611993 Changed redirect target from [[The Simpsons Go To Ireland]] to [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] 10330709 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[In the Name of the Grandfather]] d04960hnurzvnbrr4w60l6rtqub7c5x 2 1197059 10330710 2025-06-14T19:32:09Z Survi Singh 1593387 Created page with "'''Sunil Grover''' (born on 3 August 1977) is an Indian actor and comedian who works in Hindi and Punjabi movies and TV shows. He became well-known for playing the character Gutthi in the TV show Comedy Nights with Kapil. He became even more popular for his roles as Dr. Mashoor Gulati, Rinku Devi, and Pidu in The Kapil Sharma Show.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |title=I miss Sunil Grover on The Kapil Sharma Show, but a show doesn't stop, it must go on: Sum..." 10330710 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunil Grover''' (born on 3 August 1977) is an Indian actor and comedian who works in Hindi and Punjabi movies and TV shows. He became well-known for playing the character Gutthi in the TV show Comedy Nights with Kapil. He became even more popular for his roles as Dr. Mashoor Gulati, Rinku Devi, and Pidu in The Kapil Sharma Show.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |title=I miss Sunil Grover on The Kapil Sharma Show, but a show doesn't stop, it must go on: Sumona Chakravarti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-miss-sunil-grover-on-the-kapil-sharma-show-but-a-show-doesnt-stop-it-must-go-on-sumona-chakravarti/articleshow/59776608.cms |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2017}}</ref> He has also acted in movies like Gabbar Is Back, The Legend of Bhagat Singh, Bharat,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Grover To Resume Work 2 Months After Undergoing Heart Surgery {{!}} Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunil-grover-to-resume-work-2-months-after-undergoing-heart-surgery-deets-inside-4899662.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=News18 |date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and Jawan. jhgp4f0bty0h1xaf4xg6eqrso1rac9p 10330711 10330710 2025-06-14T19:33:36Z Survi Singh 1593387 personal life 10330711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunil Grover''' (born on 3 August 1977) is an Indian actor and comedian who works in Hindi and Punjabi movies and TV shows. He became well-known for playing the character Gutthi in the TV show Comedy Nights with Kapil. He became even more popular for his roles as Dr. Mashoor Gulati, Rinku Devi, and Pidu in The Kapil Sharma Show.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |title=I miss Sunil Grover on The Kapil Sharma Show, but a show doesn't stop, it must go on: Sumona Chakravarti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-miss-sunil-grover-on-the-kapil-sharma-show-but-a-show-doesnt-stop-it-must-go-on-sumona-chakravarti/articleshow/59776608.cms |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=26 July 2017}}</ref> He has also acted in movies like Gabbar Is Back, The Legend of Bhagat Singh, Bharat,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Grover To Resume Work 2 Months After Undergoing Heart Surgery {{!}} Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunil-grover-to-resume-work-2-months-after-undergoing-heart-surgery-deets-inside-4899662.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=News18 |date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and Jawan. == Personal life == Grover was born on 3 August 1977 in Mandi Dabwali, a town in Sirsa district, Haryana.<ref name=IndianExpress/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=Sunil Grover on the success of 'Bharat': 'Whatever will happen henceforth can only be good' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/926422/sunil-grover-on-the-success-of-bharat-whatever-will-happen-henceforth-can-only-be-good |access-date=9 July 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=11 June 2019}}</ref> He completed his Master’s Degree in Theatre from Panjab University in Chandigarh. He is married to Aarti and they have a son.<ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday Sunil Grover: RJ Sud to Gutthi to Rinku bhabhi, his journey has been a laugh fest. Watch videos|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-sunil-grover-gutthi-rinku-bhabhi-rj-sud-his-journey-facts-kapil-sharma-show-watch-video-4551039/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=7 March 2019|date=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=IndiaTimes>{{cite web |title=Everything You Need To Know About Sunil Grover Aka Gutthi |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sunil-grover-aka-gutthi-251968.html |publisher=indiatimes.com |access-date=7 March 2019 |date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Sunil Grover: Earning Rs 500 a month to sharing screen space with Salman Khan; interesting facts about the comedian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-sunil-grover-earning-rs-500-a-month-to-sharing-screen-space-with-salman-khan-interesting-facts-about-the-comedian/photostory/84998046.cms |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2022, he had a heart attack and had to go through four bypass surgeries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunil Grover suffered a heart attack, underwent 4 bypass surgeries, confirms doctor who treated the actor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sunil-grover-suffered-a-heart-attack-underwent-4-bypass-surgeries-confirms-doctor-who-treated-the-actor/articleshow/89323050.cms |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Panchal |first1=Komal R. J |title=Sunil Grover's doctor says he had 'blockages in all 3 major arteries': 'Had a heart attack, discharged now' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sunil-grover-heart-attack-blockage-in-arteries-discharged-7755010/ |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> avq3gm6nh15v6pcjkn8n9q960jtcujs 0 1197060 10330723 2025-06-14T19:39:25Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[List of The Simpsons characters#Other characters]] 10330723 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[List of The Simpsons characters#Other characters]] szebgoamyugwvp479d2xsp07xwi0q8k 14 1197061 10330752 2025-06-14T19:54:35Z BlackJack 572554 New cricket category to aid navigation. 10330752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Cricketers by nationality]] 5m55zfco1eio76vbrjzglhrzaps1uf0 10330782 10330752 2025-06-14T20:04:33Z BlackJack 572554 new key for [[Category:Cricketers by nationality]]: "Other nationalities" using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10330782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Cricketers by nationality|Other nationalities]] 9k1mwjw5q8dtmcavpjy5wji1r6m70ay 10330818 10330782 2025-06-14T20:21:50Z BlackJack 572554 Added a note to explain why this category has been created. 10330818 wikitext text/x-wiki This category has been created to hold articles about international [[cricket]]ers who do not play for one of the nations which have [[Test cricket|Test]] or [[One Day International|ODI]] status within the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]]. Note that some players may be here temporarily, pending enlargement of their team's site portfolio. [[Category:Cricketers by nationality|Other nationalities]] r4creu6geckj63b8u61soc4x1xo0nzs 4 1197065 10330853 2025-06-14T20:42:24Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Mrwhosetheboss]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330853 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Mrwhosetheboss === :{{lc|Mrwhosetheboss}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss|action=edit}} close request]</span> Ieditrandomarticles ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Notability [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 20:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''20:42, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> m0zwlxb0l70amlb15sofnvciftka1yu 10330917 10330853 2025-06-14T21:43:48Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ k 10330917 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Mrwhosetheboss === :{{lc|Mrwhosetheboss}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mrwhosetheboss|action=edit}} close request]</span> Ieditrandomarticles ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Notability [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 20:42, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vk}} I think this person passes GNG as they are well-known within their sphere of interest, are known for multiple achievements, have a huge follower base and have won multiple awards. Just building the world's largest iPhone is pretty epic in my opinion. I think it's something present and future readers would want to know about. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 21:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''20:42, 21 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> rr73yiddhkq1sy4ew4c3nwsbbddovlm 3 1197066 10330860 2025-06-14T20:43:52Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Anshuman]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330860 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Anshuman]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 20:43, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 039mts5ae6vb4ta1pn9c8dacug2ueer 3 1197068 10330872 2025-06-14T20:54:01Z Barras 40117 Only warning: Personal attack directed at another editor on [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330872 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will get for the bad changes you made. In your comments, talk about the changes editors have made, and do not insult the editors. If you make another personal attack on an editor&#32;as you did at [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/List of surnames in Russia]], you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia'''. <!-- Template:uw-npa4im --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 20:54, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 4xxke4owgfm49meir0mhtpxs76l4942 3 1197069 10330886 2025-06-14T21:07:05Z Barras 40117 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Temperature]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330886 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Temperature]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> kw4fiaxvyvc0lk3y1601lwd41sn2y0f 10330889 10330886 2025-06-14T21:09:02Z Barras 40117 Caution: Vandalism on [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330889 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Temperature]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:07, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:09, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> es1lnvdx9eyhmvkom8qfkmxx3nmcm7k 3 1197070 10330905 2025-06-14T21:33:26Z Barras 40117 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330905 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello! I noticed that you may have come here from another Wikipedia, so you know a little about how things work here. I hope you like it here and decide to stay! Here are some links to help you adjust: *[[WP:EnWP|An English Wikipedian's guide]] *[[WP:How to write Simple English pages|Writing in Simple English]] *[[WP:Simple talk|Where to ask questions and discuss things]] *[[WP:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] There is a lot to do here. Most of it is writing articles that do not exist yet, which you can do by translating from other Wikipedias, but have a look around and see what you want to do. Thanks for joining us! If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. Happy changing! [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) luy39tan9ad0jh6fss5vaxed9zl4k8g 3 1197071 10330911 2025-06-14T21:37:37Z Barras 40117 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Kurdistan]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330911 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Kurdistan]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> cqoreso1kb7h6w07x9crhpq9fyg5fkf 3 1197072 10330913 2025-06-14T21:39:08Z Barras 40117 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[BBC]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330913 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:BBC]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:39, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> br6lrqbboo3ntnn0sof3hqqdzsjnuet 3 1197073 10330915 2025-06-14T21:41:17Z Barras 40117 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330915 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''DenisJT2022''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/DenisJT2022|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:Wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|change any pages you want!]] Any changes you make can be seen right away. You can ask questions at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. At the end of your messages on talk pages, please sign your name by clicking [[File:Insert-signature.svg]] or using four [[tilde]]s <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will show your username and the date. If you need help just <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]'''</span> and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question and someone will reply to you shortly. Good luck and happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 6phge6k05zl5nhphqn39rg959px7dtk 3 1197074 10330931 2025-06-14T21:57:45Z Barras 40117 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330931 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == {| width="100%" style="background: #FEC; border: 1px solid #FDA; line-height: 1.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" cellspacing="10" ! style="background: #FFE3AE; font-size: 1.3em; padding: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #FC9; -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.3em; border-radius: 0.3em;" | Welcome, {{ROOTPAGENAME}}! |- | {| width="100%" cellspacing="10" style="border: 1px #FDA solid; background: #FFFFE5; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border-radius: 0.5em;" | Hello, '''{{ROOTPAGENAME}}''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''[[Simple English Wikipedia]]'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Wukuendo|your changes]]. [[File:Wikipedia-logo.svg|right|150px|link=|alt=]] You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. At Wikipedia, remember to [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|be '''bold''']]! This means that you should not be afraid to change any articles. This is because, if you make any mistakes, you can always fix it later! If you have any questions, you can always ask them at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]]. If you need help just '''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]''' and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question. I hope you have a fun time here. If you need any help, be sure to visit [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple Talk]] or contact an [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. See you around! [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:57, 14 June 2025 (UTC) |} |}<!-- Template:Welcome2 --> 3ialvk448iwzn75zhlsc73hvebuoqze 0 1197075 10330932 2025-06-14T21:59:16Z BlackJack 572554 New article. To be expanded with more references soon. 10330932 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium''' is an international [[cricket]] venue in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] city of [[Rawalpindi]]. It has an estimated capacity of 18,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://championstrophy2025.com/rawalpindi-cricket-stadium/ |title=Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium |publisher=Champions Trophy 2025 |date=16 January 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> The stadium opened in 1992, and has undergone extensive renovations in 2025. It first staged [[Test cricket]] in December 1993, hosting [[Pakistan men's national cricket team|Pakistan]] v [[Zimbabwe men's national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]] {{sports-stub}} hcj0sjvqvsd76lxp2ywcy6hwfbn7a7j 10330933 10330932 2025-06-14T21:59:42Z BlackJack 572554 Added {{[[Template:more sources|more sources]]}} and {{[[Template:under construction|under construction]]}} tags to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} The '''Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium''' is an international [[cricket]] venue in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] city of [[Rawalpindi]]. It has an estimated capacity of 18,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://championstrophy2025.com/rawalpindi-cricket-stadium/ |title=Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium |publisher=Champions Trophy 2025 |date=16 January 2025 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref> The stadium opened in 1992, and has undergone extensive renovations in 2025. It first staged [[Test cricket]] in December 1993, hosting [[Pakistan men's national cricket team|Pakistan]] v [[Zimbabwe men's national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan]] {{sports-stub}} lr2pmf20pfk5rzzj5hjju3d1bwmge9t 11 1197076 10330944 2025-06-14T22:10:09Z Ieditrandomarticles 1570152 /* Remove "By Population" group. */ new section 10330944 wikitext text/x-wiki == Remove "By Population" group. == The by population group sounds useless since on the table in the normal list page you can just click "Population" and it will be sorted in that way. I feel like this should just be the places and we dont need to duplicate a whole page for somehing minor, I've already removed "By Land Area" since it had no listed pages. [[User:Ieditrandomarticles|<span style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #999;">Ieditrandomarticles</span>]] ([[User talk:Ieditrandomarticles|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Ieditrandomarticles|contribs]]) 22:10, 14 June 2025 (UTC) auk88m60yo90drgbepdmej8f7zyw1e6 3 1197077 10330950 2025-06-14T22:17:09Z Davey2010 314522 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Macrophages]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330950 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Macrophages== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Macrophages]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Macrophages}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g12|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 22:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ht3p62pds6yf9iqccmbgmkxaqs60vfc 10330952 10330950 2025-06-14T22:17:32Z Davey2010 314522 General note: Violating copyright. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10330952 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Macrophages== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Macrophages]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Macrophages}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g12|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 22:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] [[Wikipedia:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikipedia. I noticed that you recently made a new article or made changes to one by adding things copied from a book, magazine, newspaper or another website without the [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|permission of the copyright holder]]. Many sources, including websites found on the Internet, are copyrighted. I am afraid Wikipedia cannot accept '''any''' things copied from these sources as it can get Wikipedia into serious legal trouble. The article or changes have been or will soon be deleted. Next time, please look up sources to find out ''information'' for articles and explain it in your own words, and do not copy ''sentences'' or ''images'' from them. Thank you. <!-- Template:Uw-copyright1 --> –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 22:17, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> mgw5o4szy6b8r8lltj63nyai6ilvd2t 2 1197078 10330968 2025-06-14T22:26:48Z NX3710 1629609 Created page with "I am NX3710, and I am here whenever I am. ~~~~" 10330968 wikitext text/x-wiki I am NX3710, and I am here whenever I am. [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 22:26, 14 June 2025 (UTC) pt43j34mqtn96arnnxy8kdoqnfru9dx 0 1197079 10330994 2025-06-14T22:39:47Z NX3710 1629609 Redirected page to [[Feminism]] 10330994 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Feminism]] 06sx0clj26zfgphhk2lxx49xi0o3ter 3 1197080 10331022 2025-06-14T22:59:58Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Wikipedia]] (BOT) 10331022 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Wikipedia]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331020|Edit]] (10331020) processed with score of 0.97845. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 22:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 9ei3a48nxmanfc9is5c2yiaf92e8mh4 10331027 10331022 2025-06-14T23:01:12Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 2 warning about possible vandalism on [[Logo of Wikipedia]] (BOT) 10331027 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Wikipedia]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331020|Edit]] (10331020) processed with score of 0.97845. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 22:59, 14 June 2025 (UTC) [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Logo of Wikipedia]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been '''[[Help:Revert a page|automatically reverted]]'''. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331025|Edit]] (10331025) processed with score of 0.97933. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 23:01, 14 June 2025 (UTC) lso0bh9usb870nlu6y0d23xpuz0iny8 3 1197083 10331058 2025-06-14T23:11:50Z NX3710 1629609 /* June 2025 */ new section 10331058 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == <nowiki>{{subst:Uw-vandalism1|The Story of the Three Bears}}</nowiki> [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 23:11, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 1bbagodcwpk99340ufrpmqcgmdaf1ep 10331060 10331058 2025-06-14T23:12:04Z NX3710 1629609 /* June 2025 */ 10331060 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:The Story of the Three Bears]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NX3710|NX3710]] ([[User talk:NX3710|talk]]) 23:11, 14 June 2025 (UTC) ld70m12vz5u8n4ni24v6cq5m3fngucq 0 1197086 10331074 2025-06-14T23:17:57Z Keivan.f 182869 Keivan.f moved page [[Highgrove]] to [[Highgrove House]] 10331074 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Highgrove House]] 2rmysuqypncp475hneltxyeworcsxax 3 1197087 10331078 2025-06-14T23:22:31Z MathXplore 966595 You have been indefinitely blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331078 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left]] You have been '''blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia in line with [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|making bad changes]] over and over again. If you think this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:22, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block3 --> 34h8ypl89jvq15gkol7ngxa2e5d1utp 3 1197088 10331082 2025-06-14T23:28:26Z MathXplore 966595 You have been temporarily blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331082 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=|link=]] You have been '''[[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]]''' from changing [[Wikipedia]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. Once the block has ended you can make [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|helpful changes]]. Please read [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] and remember that adding [[Wikipedia:Spam|spam]], making changes that do not have a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Be kind|making personal attacks on others]], not respecting other people's [[Wikipedia:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalizing]] pages are not allowed. If you do any of these things, you will be blocked again. If you think this block is unfair, you can ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. -->{{tltt|Unblock|par=''your reason here''}} below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:28, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block1 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 56ituiliio9ueio1459l2soookj9qed 3 1197089 10331087 2025-06-14T23:32:30Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Using Wikipedia for advertising or promotion. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331087 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes to the encyclopedia. However, please do not add promotional material to articles or other Wikipedia pages. [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a soapbox|Advertising]] and using Wikipedia to promote a product or [[WP:NPOV|point of view]] is discouraged. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-advert1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:32, 14 June 2025 (UTC) 034cpzu93hpq9os5h2a8x8stesqnpwh 3 1197090 10331089 2025-06-14T23:33:03Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331089 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made may not meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it will shortly be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:33, 14 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> b9e3fhkkdltp5enszcujm15vuc80hu1 3 1197091 10331093 2025-06-14T23:37:24Z MathXplore 966595 You have been temporarily blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331093 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left|alt=|link=]] You have been '''[[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|blocked]]''' from changing [[Wikipedia]] for [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. Once the block has ended you can make [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|helpful changes]]. Please read [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] and remember that adding [[Wikipedia:Spam|spam]], making changes that do not have a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Be kind|making personal attacks on others]], not respecting other people's [[Wikipedia:Privacy policy|privacy]], and [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalizing]] pages are not allowed. If you do any of these things, you will be blocked again. If you think this block is unfair, you can ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. -->{{tltt|Unblock|par=''your reason here''}} below. If you cannot do this or the reason is private please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 23:37, 14 June 2025 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block1 --> :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> tln17kg060j499sga5ppfjpk8meb0st 14 1197092 10331094 2025-06-14T23:39:06Z MathXplore 966595 Created page with "{{Unknown parameters category|infobox reality competition season}} [[Category:Television articles needing attention]]" 10331094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unknown parameters category|infobox reality competition season}} [[Category:Television articles needing attention]] n2nrm4tmec9qh8egv64yzc7yaaf6hd0 0 1197093 10331133 2025-06-15T00:20:46Z TavianCLirette 1069165 Created redirect. 10331133 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Constitutional Convention (United States)]] 6w3ibnry8y6k4b05e6mqkslex642hsq 4 1197094 10331134 2025-06-15T00:20:48Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Creating deletion discussion page for [[JOM Charity Award]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331134 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === JOM Charity Award === :{{lc|JOM Charity Award}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Award doesn't seem notable. The references are your basic Nigerian puff pieces. One talks about 5 prestigious awards and puts this on the same level as a Nobel Prize and Academy Award. Delete at [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JOM Charity Award]] for similar concerns. I note that this article is linked to in about 10 articles here, and nearly all those articles are likely [[WP:PAID]] for non-notable individuals with the award being used as a way to claim notability. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:20, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''00:20, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ehwg0obj83j89m1zjotlqy5hnkhi0fn 10331293 10331134 2025-06-15T01:43:23Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ d 10331293 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === JOM Charity Award === :{{lc|JOM Charity Award}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Award doesn't seem notable. The references are your basic Nigerian puff pieces. One talks about 5 prestigious awards and puts this on the same level as a Nobel Prize and Academy Award. Delete at [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JOM Charity Award]] for similar concerns. I note that this article is linked to in about 10 articles here, and nearly all those articles are likely [[WP:PAID]] for non-notable individuals with the award being used as a way to claim notability. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:20, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} not a notable award. All the sources seem to be either biased or press releases. I do like how on the enwiki nomination the concensus was to keep but the admin decided to delete based upon their reading of it. Sure wish we could do that here, lol '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''00:20, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 3o4gcsl11nhjpbcsexqucc71gzn8pvt 10331315 10331293 2025-06-15T02:00:58Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* Discussion */ Reply 10331315 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === JOM Charity Award === :{{lc|JOM Charity Award}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/JOM Charity Award|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Award doesn't seem notable. The references are your basic Nigerian puff pieces. One talks about 5 prestigious awards and puts this on the same level as a Nobel Prize and Academy Award. Delete at [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JOM Charity Award]] for similar concerns. I note that this article is linked to in about 10 articles here, and nearly all those articles are likely [[WP:PAID]] for non-notable individuals with the award being used as a way to claim notability. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:20, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} not a notable award. All the sources seem to be either biased or press releases. I do like how on the enwiki nomination the concensus was to keep but the admin decided to delete based upon their reading of it. Sure wish we could do that here, lol '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:43, 15 June 2025 (UTC) *:"Be the change that you wish to see in the world." ;) I agree, though, they weighed the arguments and the accounts behind those arguments (a couple of the keeps are blocked/locked due to PAID editing among other things) well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:00, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''00:20, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> qumuuu6wf8cs2r8j2mw076k85og6oov 0 1197095 10331140 2025-06-15T00:23:55Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 CountryANDWestern moved page [[Gearóid Iarla]] to [[Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond]]: matching naming elsewhere 10331140 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond]] 4yw2xs2hemqfhfndhceoi4ryw498od9 3 1197097 10331163 2025-06-15T00:39:26Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Genius (company)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331163 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Genius (company)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Genius (company)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Genius (company)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:39, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 4qrf9b9vfmov7wi5y5tl68fyrghuxbs 3 1197098 10331165 2025-06-15T00:42:52Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Geoffrey Dean]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331165 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Geoffrey Dean== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Geoffrey Dean]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Geoffrey Dean}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:42, 15 June 2025 (UTC) fv3i4ymvxgdxw5pkvguug7uomru2gzg 3 1197099 10331181 2025-06-15T00:53:22Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Bear]] (BOT) 10331181 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Bear]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331179|Edit]] (10331179) processed with score of 0.99215. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 00:53, 15 June 2025 (UTC) elp47v9zcz8gnnvw4cub78nq7fdqu1b 10331301 10331181 2025-06-15T01:54:43Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Caution: Vandalism on [[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331301 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Bear]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331179|Edit]] (10331179) processed with score of 0.99215. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 00:53, 15 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> ew9849d26uj4y6owxods4fylwdr7j5i 10331305 10331301 2025-06-15T01:55:28Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 10331305 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Bear]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331179|Edit]] (10331179) processed with score of 0.99215. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 00:53, 15 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[Bear]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 2ttmt3iiy8y8bgyc5qsftdtwz5fl1ny 10331328 10331305 2025-06-15T02:08:08Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 Warning: Vandalism on [[Tomato]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331328 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Bear]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331179|Edit]] (10331179) processed with score of 0.99215. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 00:53, 15 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[Bear]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]]Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]], like those to [[:Tomato]], are vandalism and are not acceptable on Wikipedia. Please stop. If you continue to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism3 --> [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 02:08, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 0o43ygfig96nnygw46gmbd2acq0k6ly 10331351 10331328 2025-06-15T02:45:09Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 4 warning about possible vandalism on [[Raccoon]] (BOT) 10331351 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Bear]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331179|Edit]] (10331179) processed with score of 0.99215. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 00:53, 15 June 2025 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[Bear]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 01:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]]Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]], like those to [[:Tomato]], are vandalism and are not acceptable on Wikipedia. Please stop. If you continue to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism3 --> [[User:Carlodivarga-s|Carlodivarga-s]] ([[User talk:Carlodivarga-s|talk]]) 02:08, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> [[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|left|30px]] Your [[Special:Contribs/2001:D08:DA:240E:BD13:F438:4CEA:3C04|recent changes]], like those you made to "[[:Raccoon]]", are vandalism, and this shows that you want to harm Wikipedia. This is your '''last warning'''. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331349|Edit]] (10331349) processed with score of 0.98313.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism4 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 02:45, 15 June 2025 (UTC) kt5hcynd05jk37edl2395lgpiuezdq3 0 1197100 10331188 2025-06-15T00:55:44Z Immanuelle 1174418 Immanuelle moved page [[Shikinai Taisha]] to [[Taisha (shrine)]]: This article is about the word "Taisha" not about Shikinai Taisha in particular 10331188 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Taisha (shrine)]] fmy1b6drzlgdd5resspih84wd5yati0 4 1197101 10331201 2025-06-15T01:08:54Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Georgia Witchel]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331201 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Georgia Witchel === :{{lc|Georgia Witchel}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Autobiography; lot of big claims but can't find sources that verify those claims. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:08, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''01:08, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> c0z78r5hcidjlyaoknreo6enjd3acn5 10331270 10331201 2025-06-15T01:33:57Z Fr33kman 15149 /* Discussion */ d 10331270 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Georgia Witchel === :{{lc|Georgia Witchel}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Autobiography; lot of big claims but can't find sources that verify those claims. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:08, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} agree with nom, can't find anything that proves these claims and surely would if true. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:33, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''01:08, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 8sk0rse3ra0up7l9l3upjq4kq9lmwln 3 1197102 10331202 2025-06-15T01:08:54Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Georgia Witchel]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331202 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Georgia Witchel== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Georgia Witchel]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Georgia Witchel]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:08, 15 June 2025 (UTC) p53gil46b08qziazjrs8dw4t0wbm0q0 3 1197103 10331246 2025-06-15T01:25:04Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Gigantic Statues]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331246 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Gigantic Statues== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Gigantic Statues]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]] for multiple reasons. '''Please see the page to see the specific reasons.''' If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Gigantic Statues}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. <!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:25, 15 June 2025 (UTC) jxb9nra6892gxafv29f7mxl06rcvxbp 0 1197104 10331250 2025-06-15T01:26:24Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 CountryANDWestern moved page [[Girlfriends (American TV Series)]] to [[Girlfriends (American TV series)]]: should be lower case 10331250 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Girlfriends (American TV series)]] 892h2pro2lrg4m9b9hxmomh6wthe5gi 0 1197105 10331258 2025-06-15T01:30:00Z 180.150.36.182 Created page with "'''''Casting Crowns''''' is the first studio album by American [[Christian rock]] band [[Casting Crowns]]. The album was released on September 30, 2003. ==Track listing== {{Track listing | title1 = What If His People Prayed | length1 = 3:28 | title2 = If We Are the Body | length2 = 3:58 | title3 = Voice of Truth | length3 = 5:25 | title4 = Who Am I | length4 = 5:35 | title5 = American Dream | length5 = 4:11 | title6 = He..." 10331258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Casting Crowns''''' is the first studio album by American [[Christian rock]] band [[Casting Crowns]]. The album was released on September 30, 2003. ==Track listing== {{Track listing | title1 = What If His People Prayed | length1 = 3:28 | title2 = If We Are the Body | length2 = 3:58 | title3 = Voice of Truth | length3 = 5:25 | title4 = Who Am I | length4 = 5:35 | title5 = American Dream | length5 = 4:11 | title6 = Here I Go Again | length6 = 4:45 | title7 = Praise You with the Dance | length7 = 3:56 | title8 = Glory | length8 = 5:06 | title9 = Life of Praise | length9 = 3:19 | title10 = Your Love Is Extravagant | length10 = 3:52 | total_length = 43:35 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2003 albums]] [[Category:Christian albums]] [[Category:Pop albums]] csg6mvo67c7lid0d71s1t4ncahwnh3j 3 1197106 10331287 2025-06-15T01:40:52Z JJPMaster 641508 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[User:Alirashidalamin]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331287 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of User:Alirashidalamin== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Alirashidalamin]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Alirashidalamin}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[she]]/[[they]]) 01:40, 15 June 2025 (UTC) e417991irbhe9du02g0nowdptt5hjl6 10331296 10331287 2025-06-15T01:49:52Z Fr33kman 15149 Notice: Possible conflict of interest on [[Alirashidalamin]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331296 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of User:Alirashidalamin== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User:Alirashidalamin]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User:Alirashidalamin}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g11|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[she]]/[[they]]) 01:40, 15 June 2025 (UTC) == June 2025 == [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Hello, Alirashidalamin. We welcome your changes to Wikipedia, but if you are closely associated with some of the people, places or things that [[Special:Contributions/Alirashidalamin|you have written about]] in the article [[Alirashidalamin]], you may need to read our advice on [[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]]. All users need to follow Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] rules for content. People with a close connection to a subject often have a strong opinion about it. This may cause them to change the article in ways that make it either too flattering or too critical. They will most often not be aware they are doing it. Everybody is allowed to write about whatever subjects they want to, but they need to be very careful about making sure their changes are supported by [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] and writing with as little [[bias]] as possible. If you are very close to a subject you are writing about, here are some ways you can reduce the risk of problems: *'''Avoid changing or creating''' pages related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with. If you do decide to write about these things, be very careful with how you do it. *'''Be careful about deletion discussions'''. Everyone is welcome to give information about [[independent sources]] in [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|deletion discussions]]. However, try not to give an opinion about whether an article should be deleted. *'''Avoid linking''' to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see [[Wikipedia:Spam]]). *'''Be very careful''' so that you do not accidentally break Wikipedia's rules. Please make yourself familiar with Wikipedia's rules and guidelines on content &mdash; especially those about [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]], [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|giving sources]], and [[Wikipedia:Autobiography|autobiographies]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-coi --> '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:49, 15 June 2025 (UTC) q6063lv93yc6eudjwdq0ou1f59tk96h 3 1197107 10331291 2025-06-15T01:41:11Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Pierre, South Dakota]] (BOT) 10331291 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Pierre, South Dakota]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331289|Edit]] (10331289) processed with score of 0.98829. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 01:41, 15 June 2025 (UTC) sa6f58fkh6v51m474f4thn79gisql3f 0 1197110 10331308 2025-06-15T01:57:59Z Mistico Dois 877214 New entry. 10331308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O’Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred Stieglitz Andreas Gursky biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] rad19c7vi2rf5gqw6ux4gp34gn1qx4w 10331310 10331308 2025-06-15T01:58:14Z Mistico Dois 877214 10331310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O’Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] k4my54t6lp64t14q3g164rfm61m14e5 10331311 10331310 2025-06-15T01:58:41Z Mistico Dois 877214 10331311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] cmoq3uetgmt5xamubohs70twqz80e8v 10331312 10331311 2025-06-15T01:58:56Z Mistico Dois 877214 10331312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred Stieglitz biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] pu1fbovf2j1rvkbcl50ycj6cu6k9li1 10331313 10331312 2025-06-15T01:59:24Z Mistico Dois 877214 10331313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] cmoq3uetgmt5xamubohs70twqz80e8v 10331314 10331313 2025-06-15T02:00:06Z Mistico Dois 877214 10331314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] ai7hwpzmg2p2l0uycjtw6id3omlxum1 10331326 10331314 2025-06-15T02:05:53Z Mistico Dois 877214 10331326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stieglitz 1907c autochrome self-portrait.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfred Stieglitz]] '''Alfred Stieglitz''' (January 1, 1864 – July 13, 1946) was an American photographer and a supporter of modern art. He helped people see photography as an art during his long career. Stieglitz also ran art galleries in [[New York City|New York]] in the early 1900s, where he showed works by new European artists. He was married to the notable painter [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], who also was his model.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Stieglitz Alfred Stieglitz biography]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Stieglitz, Alfred}} [[Category:1864 births]] [[Category:1946 deaths]] [[Category:American photographers]] 59ly7mazx690462iitxta6d9v566okd 3 1197111 10331320 2025-06-15T02:03:26Z Codename Noreste 1320268 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]]. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Small Wiki Monitoring Team|SWMT]]) 10331320 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Nkosi Jackson Dlamini== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g5|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]]) 02:03, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 2ypf9hoj649bgzjdpxhk76yvzl9mw38 10331729 10331320 2025-06-15T10:18:42Z Zaxxon0 823563 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331729 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Nkosi Jackson Dlamini== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g5|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|talk]]) 02:03, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Nkosi Jackson Dlamini== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]] for multiple reasons. '''Please see the page to see the specific reasons.''' If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Nkosi Jackson Dlamini}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. <!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Zaxxon0|Zaxxon0]] ([[User talk:Zaxxon0|talk]]) 10:18, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 2ax3pq7wnck0x49wlorjwl8al9nepvs 3 1197112 10331353 2025-06-15T02:45:19Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Ahmed Serhan]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331353 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Ahmed Serhan== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Ahmed Serhan]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Ahmed Serhan}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:45, 15 June 2025 (UTC) lcpi3ls1gubmoikbm79bmk95gzh0spi 10331355 10331353 2025-06-15T02:46:03Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[MOD (file format)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331355 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Ahmed Serhan== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Ahmed Serhan]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Ahmed Serhan}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:45, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of MOD (file format)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:MOD (file format)]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:MOD (file format)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 02:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ghqbiwwugf1nwth47jky8il78rdcwrp 14 1197113 10331374 2025-06-15T03:00:53Z Immanuelle 1174418 added [[Category:Former provinces of Japan]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Former provinces of Japan]] rd4t8dleidu7vlj2x404l2v6z6uegne 2 1197114 10331381 2025-06-15T03:08:07Z Carlodivarga-s 1625974 starting a draft 10331381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Prince Igor''''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Князь Игорь, pronounced: ''Knyaz Igor'') is an [[opera]] in four acts and a prologue. It was written and composed by [[Alexander Borodin]], a Russian composer. The opera's story is based on an [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] from the 12th century called ''The Lay of Igor's Host'', which is about a war started by the 12th-century prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the [[Cumans|Cuman]] tribes in 1185.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Grove book of operas|last=Sadie|first=Stanley|last2=Macy|first2=Laura|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538711-7|edition=2nd|location=Oxford [England] New York}}</ref> The opera was not yet finished when Borodin died in 1887, and was edited and finished by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Alexander Glazunov]]. It was first performed at the [[Mariinsky Theatre]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]], in 1890.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge companion to modern Russian culture|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00252-4|editor-last=Rzhevsky|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=2nd|series=Cambridge companions to culture|location=Cambridge}}</ref> == Composition history == ''Prince Igor'' was Borodin's first opera. The music critic Vladimir Stasov told Borodin that ''The Lay of Igor's Host'' would be a good subject for an opera and sent Borodin his idea of how the opera could look.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Grove: Russian Masters 1|last=Abraham|first=G.|last2=Lloyd-Jones|first2=D.|publisher=W. W. Norton and Co.|year=1986|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=D.|location=New York|pages=45-76|chapter=Alexander Borodin}}</ref> Borodin found the idea interesting but he also thought that it would be a big task. He started writing the music for the opera in September 1869 with versions of Yaroslavna and Konchakovna's arias, and he wrote the first version of the [[Polovtsian Dances]] and Polovtsian March. He soon began to doubt himself and stopped working on the opera. He did not start writing ''Prince Igor'' again for another four years. == References == <references /> 52jzxhuy9j4ijnlz62y4w2nnu2kvg0q 4 1197115 10331382 2025-06-15T03:09:07Z Fr33kman 15149 Creating deletion discussion page for [[First Frame House]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331382 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === First Frame House === :{{lc|First Frame House}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/First Frame House|action=edit}} close request]</span> Fr33kman ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Non-potable building. No RSes available. It's not the first A-frame house in the state, country or the world. Nothing of note available via Google search '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 03:09, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''03:09, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> lxp5n7qm5jfb5v9rrnimtt9vixenh4w 0 1197116 10331387 2025-06-15T03:13:28Z 223.123.32.30 Created page with "{{Infobox settlement | name = Dinpur | official_name = Dinpur, Dera Ismail Khan | settlement_type = Village and Union Council | pushpin_map = Pakistan | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan | coordinates = {{coord|31.8265|70.8794|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} | subdivision_t..." 10331387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Dinpur | official_name = Dinpur, Dera Ismail Khan | settlement_type = Village and Union Council | pushpin_map = Pakistan | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan | coordinates = {{coord|31.8265|70.8794|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] | elevation_m = 175 | population_total = | population_as_of = | timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 29100 | area_code_type = Calling code | area_code = | website = }} '''Dinpur''' is a village and union council located in the [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]. It lies southeast of the city of Dera Ismail Khan and is primarily known for its agricultural economy, educational institutions, and emerging digital literacy. == Geography == Dinpur is situated at {{coord|31.8265|70.8794|region:PK_type:city|display=inline}} with an average elevation of about 175 metres (574 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/03/Dinpur.html Falling Rain Genomics – Dinpur Location]</ref><ref>[https://www.geonames.org/1419039/dinpur.html GeoNames – Dinpur]</ref> == Administration == The village is part of Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil and functions as a union council under the provincial governance of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134892110 Wikidata – Dinpur]</ref> == Education == Dinpur is home to several educational institutions: * '''Government High School Dinpur''', a major secondary school that serves the local population.<ref>[https://www.remotehub.com/governmenthighschool.dinpurdera RemoteHub – Government High School Dinpur]</ref> * '''Dinpur Primary School''', located on the Garha Baloch – Dinpur Road, providing foundational education.<ref>[https://www.archivesouthasia.com/PK/din-pur-primary-school Archive South Asia – Dinpur Primary School]</ref> == Development == Recent years have seen an increase in community development, with growing access to education, internet, and awareness campaigns aimed at empowering youth.<ref>[https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Dinpur,_Dera_Ismail_Khan:_Recent_Developments_and_Community_Update Wikinews – Dinpur: Recent Developments]</ref><ref>[https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/dinpur-dera-ismail-khan-overview-of-all-time/276860511 SlideShare – Dinpur Overview]</ref> == Postal Information == The postal code for Dinpur is '''29100'''.<ref>[https://www.pakistanpostcode.com/khyber-pakhtunkhwa-dera-ismail-khan-din-pur-29100.html Pakistan Postcode Directory]</ref> == External links == == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Villages in Dera Ismail Khan District]] [[Category:Union councils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Category:Populated places in Dera Ismail Khan District]] {{KhyberPakhtunkhwa-geo-stub}} teb8au67l8k8egey54v9lqfsurs8np1 0 1197117 10331403 2025-06-15T03:28:18Z 223.123.32.30 Created page with " {{Infobox settlement | name = Dinpur | official_name = Dinpur, Dera Ismail Khan | settlement_type = Village and Union Council | pushpin_map = Pakistan | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan | coordinates = {{coord|31.8265|70.8794|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} | su..." 10331403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Dinpur | official_name = Dinpur, Dera Ismail Khan | settlement_type = Village and Union Council | pushpin_map = Pakistan | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan | coordinates = {{coord|31.8265|70.8794|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] | elevation_m = 175 | population_total = | population_as_of = | timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 29100 | area_code_type = Calling code | area_code = | website = }} '''Dinpur''' is a village and union council located in the [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]. It lies southeast of the city of Dera Ismail Khan and is primarily known for its agricultural economy, educational institutions, and emerging digital literacy. == Geography == Dinpur is situated at {{coord|31.8265|70.8794|region:PK_type:city|display=inline}} with an average elevation of about 175 metres (574 feet) above sea level.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/03/Dinpur.html Falling Rain Genomics – Dinpur Location]</ref><ref>[https://www.geonames.org/1419039/dinpur.html GeoNames – Dinpur]</ref> == Administration == The village is part of Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil and functions as a union council under the provincial governance of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134892110 Wikidata – Dinpur]</ref> == Education == Dinpur is home to several educational institutions: * '''Government High School Dinpur''', a major secondary school that serves the local population.<ref>[https://www.remotehub.com/governmenthighschool.dinpurdera RemoteHub – Government High School Dinpur]</ref> * '''Dinpur Primary School''', located on the Garha Baloch – Dinpur Road, providing foundational education.<ref>[https://www.archivesouthasia.com/PK/din-pur-primary-school Archive South Asia – Dinpur Primary School]</ref> == Development == Recent years have seen an increase in community development, with growing access to education, internet, and awareness campaigns aimed at empowering youth.<ref>[https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Dinpur,_Dera_Ismail_Khan:_Recent_Developments_and_Community_Update Wikinews – Dinpur: Recent Developments]</ref><ref>[https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/dinpur-dera-ismail-khan-overview-of-all-time/276860511 SlideShare – Dinpur Overview]</ref> == Postal Information == The postal code for Dinpur is '''29100'''.<ref>[https://www.pakistanpostcode.com/khyber-pakhtunkhwa-dera-ismail-khan-din-pur-29100.html Pakistan Postcode Directory]</ref> == External links == https://ahsanalidinpur.blogspot.com/2025/06/dinpur-dera-ismail-khan.html == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Villages in Dera Ismail Khan District]] [[Category:Union councils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[Category:Populated places in Dera Ismail Khan District]] {{KhyberPakhtunkhwa-geo-stub}} ao28ccwmpub0y1mh9k4k21ezmvbr1qd 10 1197118 10331404 2025-06-15T03:30:18Z 1.152.107.11 Created page with "{{Navbox musical artist | name = The Brian Jonestown Massacre | title = [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]] | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | background = group_or_band | above = * '''Anton Newcombe''' * '''Ryan Van Kriedt''' * '''Ricky Maymi''' * '''Dan Allaire''' * '''Rob Campanella''' * '''Collin Hegna''' * '''Joel Gion''' * Matt Hollywood * Peter Hayes * Jeffrey Davies * Frankie "Teardrop" Emerson * Dave Koenig * Miranda Lee..." 10331404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = The Brian Jonestown Massacre | title = [[The Brian Jonestown Massacre]] | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | background = group_or_band | above = * '''Anton Newcombe''' * '''Ryan Van Kriedt''' * '''Ricky Maymi''' * '''Dan Allaire''' * '''Rob Campanella''' * '''Collin Hegna''' * '''Joel Gion''' * Matt Hollywood * Peter Hayes * Jeffrey Davies * Frankie "Teardrop" Emerson * Dave Koenig * Miranda Lee Richards * Bobby Hecksher * Dean Taylor * Brian Glaze * Adam Hamilton | group1 = Studio albums | list1 = * ''Methodrone'' * ''Spacegirl and Other Favorites'' * ''Take It from the Man!'' * ''Their Satanic Majesties' Second Request'' * ''[[Thank God for Mental Illness]]'' * ''Give It Back!'' * ''Strung Out in Heaven'' * ''Bravery, Repetition and Noise'' * ''And This Is Our Music'' * ''My Bloody Underground'' * ''Who Killed Sgt. Pepper?'' * ''[[Aufheben]]'' * ''[[Revelation (The Brian Jonestown Massacre album)|Revelation]]'' * ''Musique de Film Imaginé'' * ''Third World Pyramid'' * ''Don't Get Lost'' * ''Something Else'' * ''The Brian Jonestown Massacre'' * ''Fire Doesn't Grow on Trees'' * ''The Future Is Your Past'' }}<noinclude> [[Category:United States alternative rock group navigational boxes]] </noinclude> 32n0tnd7pk4xcwfwm226apnvj1vz1pu 0 1197119 10331422 2025-06-15T03:55:53Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Created page "Lungba" 10331422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch|name=Lungba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=260 C.E - 300 C.E|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|birth_name=Lungpa|spouse=Leithamlen Chanu|issue=Nongdamlen Ahanba (Tumaba Ahanba)|occupation=[[Monarch]]|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|successor=[[Nongdamlen Ahanba]]|predecessor=[[Tumaba]]|father=Tumaba}} Lungba ([[Ancient Meitei language|Ancient Meitei]]:ꯂꯨꯡꯄ''',''' ''romanised: Lungpa''), also known as Nongdamlen Akhuba II was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''260 CE to 300 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Taothingmang]] who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty|NIngthouja dynasty]] from '''264 CE to 364 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} hy53v4n5dxgq541feidz4d2s5hhb2me 10331427 10331422 2025-06-15T04:03:35Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Changed from Ancient Meitei to Old Manipuri 10331427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch|name=Lungba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=260 C.E - 300 C.E|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|birth_name=Lungpa|spouse=Leithamlen Chanu|issue=Nongdamlen Ahanba (Tumaba Ahanba)|occupation=[[Monarch]]|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|successor=[[Nongdamlen Ahanba]]|predecessor=[[Tumaba]]|father=Tumaba}} Lungba ([[Old Manipuri]]:ꯂꯨꯡꯄ''',''' ''romanised: Lungpa''), also known as Nongdamlen Akhuba II was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''260 CE to 300 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Taothingmang]] who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty|NIngthouja dynasty]] from '''264 CE to 364 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} b0rv6xix54wt3yc8ej7k0dqeh7zc9z0 10331506 10331427 2025-06-15T05:44:50Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Changed from Tumaba Ahanba to Lungba Ahanba 10331506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch|name=Lungba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=260 C.E - 300 C.E|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|birth_name=Lungpa|spouse=Leithamlen Chanu|issue=Nongdamlen Ahanba (Lungba Ahanba)|occupation=[[Monarch]]|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|successor=[[Nongdamlen Ahanba]]|predecessor=[[Tumaba]]|father=Tumaba}} Lungba ([[Old Manipuri]]:ꯂꯨꯡꯄ''',''' ''romanised: Lungpa''), also known as Nongdamlen Akhuba II was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''260 CE to 300 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Taothingmang]] who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty|NIngthouja dynasty]] from '''264 CE to 364 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} dgijezjroyg3s9g2hv7wyfeop0gvabb 0 1197120 10331428 2025-06-15T04:03:55Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Redirected page to [[Lungba]] 10331428 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lungba]] 8lh8zcs3hu5masrt23jgkvutl2kuvmv 3 1197121 10331431 2025-06-15T04:06:23Z SolarX 1505746 General note: Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material on [[Tony Costa]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331431 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I am [[User:SolarX|SolarX]]. I noticed that you made a change to an article, [[:Tony Costa]], but you did not provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It has been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you want to [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so! If you need help with referencing, please see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]], or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:SolarX|my talk page]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-unsourced1 --> <span style="font-size:1.3em">[[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]] [[User:SolarX|<span style="color: green;">Solar</span>]][[User talk: SolarX|<span style="color:gray;">X</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/SolarX|🪐]]</span> 04:06, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 8dlob32rddg3vdivg92o906o417rn2b 1 1197123 10331518 2025-06-15T05:51:07Z 27.71.121.179 /* Alejandro Ico Chub */ new section 10331518 wikitext text/x-wiki == Alejandro Ico Chub == ok [[Special:Contributions/27.71.121.179|27.71.121.179]] ([[User talk:27.71.121.179|talk]]) 05:51, 15 June 2025 (UTC) lbazfqnaz7obqt42icfw1ao3e6pos0e 0 1197124 10331520 2025-06-15T05:57:07Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Created "Lungba Ahanba" article. 10331520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch|name=Lungba Ahanba </br> Nongdamlen Ahanba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=300 C.E - 350 C.E|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|birth_name=|spouse=Leirum Langbi|issue=Moilangpok Punshiba|occupation=[[Monarch]]|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|successor=[[Moilangpok Punshiba]]|predecessor=[[Lungba]]|father=Lungba}}Lungba Ahanba ([[Old Manipuri]]:ꯂꯨꯡꯄ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯄ''',''' ''romanised: Lungpa'' ''Ahanpa''), also known as Nongdamlen Ahanba was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''300 CE to 350 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Taothingmang]] who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty|NIngthouja dynasty]] from '''264 CE to 364 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} e62sfns31hvuht3o8ousew9c9oj2tz4 10331524 10331520 2025-06-15T06:01:50Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 10331524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch|name=Lungba Ahanba </br> Nongdamlen Ahanba|title=Khuman Ningthou|reign=300 C.E - 350 C.E|reign-type=[[Monarch]]|birth_name=|spouse=Leirum Langbi|issue=Moilangpok Punshiba|occupation=[[Monarch]]|religion=[[Sanamahism]]|house=[[Khuman dynasty]]|successor=[[Moilangpok Punshiba]]|predecessor=[[Lungba]]|father=Lungba}}Lungba Ahanba ([[Old Manipuri]]:ꯂꯨꯡꯄ ꯑꯍꯟꯄ''',''' ''romanised: Lungpa'' ''Ahanpa''), also known as Nongdamlen Ahanba was a king of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who ruled from '''300 CE to 350 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|date=1980|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref> He was a contemporary of the Meitei king [[Taothingmang]] who ruled the [[Ningthouja dynasty|NIngthouja dynasty]] from '''264 CE to 364 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|date=1998|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1989|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} f0z74fvnqasiyu61plk4wojuvdvzfxf 0 1197125 10331522 2025-06-15T05:57:42Z Jon Gua 1375466 Created page with " The '''Ante‑Nicene Period''' refers to the time from the end of the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] (first century) up to the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325 AD. During these years, [[Christianity]] grew from small communities to a wide movement facing both persecution and internal divisions. == Background and diversity == After the Apostolic Age, Christianity began to separate from [[Judaism]] and develop its own identity. A new form of gentile Christianity, often c..." 10331522 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ante‑Nicene Period''' refers to the time from the end of the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] (first century) up to the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325 AD. During these years, [[Christianity]] grew from small communities to a wide movement facing both persecution and internal divisions. == Background and diversity == After the Apostolic Age, Christianity began to separate from [[Judaism]] and develop its own identity. A new form of gentile Christianity, often called “proto‑orthodox,” emphasized that Jesus saved humanity through his death and was both fully human and divine. Other forms also existed, like [[Gnosticism|Gnostic Christians]] who focused on secret spiritual knowledge, and [[Marcionism|Marcionites]], who saw the [[Old Testament]] [[God]] as separate from the God revealed by [[Jesus]]. These different viewpoints led to debates over what counted as true faith. == Beliefs and practices == Early Christians believed Jesus would return and rule a kingdom on earth for one thousand years (premillennialism), a view held by writers like Justin Martyr and Irenaeus. They also worshipped on the Lord’s Day (Sunday), though they still observed parts of Jewish tradition. Holy living and caring for the poor were central, and during persecution, many Christians chose courage and faith over safety . == Structure and writing leaders == {{multiple image|caption_align=center | total_width = 375 <!--image 1--> | image1 = Clemens Romanus.jpg | width1 = 700 | height1 = 828 | alt1 = | link1 = | caption1 = [[Pope Clement I|Clement of Rome]] <!--image 2--> | image2 = Ignatius_of_Antiochie,_poss._by_Johann_Apakass_(17th_c.,_Pushkin_museum).jpg | width2 = 700 | height2 = 828 | alt2 = | link2 = | caption2 = [[Ignatius of Antioch]] <!--image 3--> | image3 = Burghers michael saintpolycarp.jpg | width3 = 700 | height3 = 828 | alt3 = | link3 = | caption3 = [[Polycarp|Polycarp of Smyrna]] <!--image 4--> | image4 = Papias.png | width4 = 700 | height4 = 828 | alt4 = | link4 = | caption4 = [[Papias of Hierapolis]] <!--image 5--> | image5 = Quadratus of Athens from Apostolici.jpg | width5 = 700 | height5 = 828 | alt5 = | link5 = | caption5 = [[Quadratus of Athens]] }} Church organization grew based on [[Apostolic Fathers]] like [[Ignatius of Antioch]], who wrote that each congregation should have one bishop with priests and deacons under him. These leaders defended belief through writing: apologists (like [[Justin Martyr]] and Tatian) wrote to explain Christianity to pagans, and polemicists (like [[Irenaeus]] and [[Tertullian]]) fought heresies such as Gnosticism and Marcionism. == Major Church figures == Important figures from this era include: [[Clement of Rome]], who emphasized church order; Ignatius of Antioch, who promoted bishops and called Christians “catholic”; Justin Martyr, an early defender of the faith; Irenaeus, a strong opponent of Gnosticism; Tertullian, who first used the Latin term “Trinity”; and [[Origen]], a major Bible scholar. == Theology and heresies == During these centuries, the Church rejected many heresies. [[Ebionites]], Gnostics, and others denied Jesus’s full divinity or humanity and were declared outside true belief. Leaders like Tertullian defended faith with reason, while Origen developed complex beliefs on the [[Trinity]] and Scripture. Disagreements helped define orthodox doctrine, setting early boundaries. == Scripture and Canon == The writings of the apostles, such as the [[Gospel|Gospels]] and letters, were widely used by the early 200s. Lists of authorized books, like the Muratorian Fragment around 170 AD, showed a collection close to the 27 New Testament books we know today. Debates continued into the third century about texts such as Hebrews and Revelation. Notable figures like Origen and later [[Athanasius]] influenced which books were accepted. == Monasticism and asceticism == Even before monks in the deserts, some Christians (known as ascetics) chose to live simply within society. They practiced fasting, prayer, and giving up marriage and possessions. They were respected for their holy lives and sometimes lived in small groups for support. == Growth and spread == Christianity spread throughout the [[Roman Empire]] and beyond without formal evangelists or institutions. Many believers carried their faith to neighbors and workplaces. By 325 AD, most of the Empire was nominally Christian, even though persecution still happened . == Other websites == {{wikiquote}} ;General * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/ PBS Frontline: The First Christians], Frontline ''From Jesus to Christ'' ;Background * [http://www.religiousstudies.uncc.edu/JDTABOR/indexb.html The Jewish Roman World of Jesus] ;Writings * [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/ Early Christian Writings] * [http://www.ccel.org/ Christian Classics Ethereal Library] * [http://www.earlychurchtexts.com Early Church Texts] * [http://www.plough.com/ebooks/earlychristians.html The Early Christians in Their Own Words] (free Ebook – English or Arabic) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook11.html Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Christian Origins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827073339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook11.html |date=2014-08-27 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070819040856/http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html Guide to Early Church Documents] {{Christianity by century | period = Ante-Nicene period | preceded = [[Apostolic Age|Apostolic<br>Age]] | years = Ante-Nicene<br>period | followed =[[Christianity in late antiquity|Christianity in<br>late antiquity]] }} {{Christian History}} {{Navboxes |list= {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Christianity footer}} }} [[Category:Christianity by century]] [[Category:2nd-century Christianity]] [[Category:3rd-century Christianity]] [[Category:4th-century Christianity]] [[Category:Ancient Christians]] [[Category:Early Christianity]] [[Category:Historical eras]] [[Category:Christian terminology]] [[Category:Apocalyptic groups]] rz3lvwd8z2f46ok2w1vbdh1x52jt1d4 0 1197126 10331538 2025-06-15T06:38:13Z Victor Ningthemcha 1603674 Redirected page to [[Lungba Ahanba]] 10331538 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lungba Ahanba]] pp3wv2xlp0zu07tjvpak5yo323kox43 3 1197130 10331613 2025-06-15T08:52:19Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Fart fetish]] (BOT) 10331613 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Fart fetish]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331611|Edit]] (10331611) processed with score of 0.98448. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 08:52, 15 June 2025 (UTC) otau8dtw80zu1z30orbck4hypt3kj0c 0 1197131 10331615 2025-06-15T08:53:57Z 2409:40F0:31C2:E85C:406F:9172:8CE9:906F Created page with " {{Infobox film | image = | caption = | director = Jaga Peddi | writer = Jaga Peddi | screenplay = | story = | based_on = | producer = Anasuya Reddy | starring = {{plain list| *Viraj Reddy Cheelam *Shilpa Balakrishna *Kamal Krishna *Mimi Leonard *Murali Parishe *Josh Shadhrach }} | cinematography = Mark Kenfield | editing = Raj Meda | music = Sidharth Sadasivuni</br>Pranay Kaleru | studio..." 10331615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = | caption = | director = Jaga Peddi | writer = Jaga Peddi | screenplay = | story = | based_on = | producer = Anasuya Reddy | starring = {{plain list| *Viraj Reddy Cheelam *Shilpa Balakrishna *Kamal Krishna *Mimi Leonard *Murali Parishe *Josh Shadhrach }} | cinematography = Mark Kenfield | editing = Raj Meda | music = Sidharth Sadasivuni</br>Pranay Kaleru | studio = Anu Productions | distributor = | released = {{Film date|2025|02|28|df=y}} | runtime = | language = Telugu | budget = | gross = }} '''''Guard - Revenge For Love'''''<ref>https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzI3MDcyMDI0MDAwODM=</ref> is an 2025 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[thriller]] [[horror film]] written and directed by Jaga Peddi is produced by Anasuya Reddy under Anu Productions.<ref>https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/viraj-reddy-cheelamleads-action-packed-love-entertainer-guard-934845</ref><ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/25/guard-teaser-a-young-security-guard-must-protect-his-people-at-all-costs</ref> The film stars Viraj Reddy Cheelam, Shilpa Balakrishna, Mimi Leonard and Kamal Krishna in lead roles.<ref>https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/viraj-reddy-comments-at-guard-revenge-for-love-pre-release-event-1900225</ref><ref>https://www.teluguvox.com/movies/movie-news/9830-guard-revenge-for-love-is-a-complete-package-and-will-appeal-to-all-debutant-hero-viraj-reddy-cheelam.html</ref> It was released on 28 February 2025.<ref>https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/guard-revenge-for-love-theatrical-trailer-launched-by-12-tollywood-celebrities-312223.html#:~:text=Anu%20Productions%20upcoming%20film%20Guard,with%20this%20film%20as%20lead</ref> == Cast == *Viraj Reddy Cheelam as Sushant *Mimi Leonard as Dr.Sam *Shilpa Balakrishna as Anita *Kamal Krishna as Krishna *Josh Shadhrach *Murali Parishe == Music == {{track listing | headline = | extra_column = Singer(s) | all_music = Sidharth Sadasivuni and Pranay Kaleru | total_length = | title1 = Varshinche Meghamey | lyrics1 = G Anand Raju | extra1 = Karthik</br>Harini | length1 = 4:43 | title2 = Na Manasay Needani | lyrics2 = G Anand Raju | extra2 = Pradeep Kumar | length2 = 4:11 }} == Release and reception == ''Guard - Revenge For Love'' was released theatrically on 28 February 2025.<ref>https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/amp/entertainment/viraj-reddy-cheelam-comments-on-guard-movie-making-and-security-guard-life-in-australia-over-media-interview-121740714247067.html</ref> Kiran from ''[[Zee News]]'' rated 2.75/5 and stated "Newcomer Viraj Reddy Cheelam delivers a solid performance. The director adds a fresh, scary twist to the story, supported by high production values".<ref>https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/guard-movie-revie%E0%B1%80-rating-public-talk-viraj-reddy-movie-will-engage-public-ta-207808</ref> Bhanu Prasad from ''[[News 18]]'' rated 2.75/5 and wrote "The film features strong background music, sharp visuals, and effective performances from the cast".<ref>https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/guard-movie-full-review-bh-2727003.html</ref> and [[Sakshi TV]] wrote "Strong visuals and eerie music stand out, though some scenes feel uneven despite the high production value".<ref>https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/viraaj-reddy-starrer-guard-movie-review-telugu-2379843</ref> Richa Barua of ''[[Asianet News]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and expressed "Director Jaga Peddi opts for a familiar plot but makes his mark with effective direction. The film is likely to appeal to horror-thriller fans".<ref>https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/guard-review-hit-or-flop-is-viraj-reddy-cheelam-s-horror-thriller-worth-your-time-read-this-rba-sse61j#image4</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} exjsp8wxwhdayqr40pkm4njelegbigu 10331620 10331615 2025-06-15T08:55:38Z 2409:40F0:31C2:E85C:406F:9172:8CE9:906F Filled in 11 bare reference(s) with reFill 2 10331620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = | caption = | director = Jaga Peddi | writer = Jaga Peddi | screenplay = | story = | based_on = | producer = Anasuya Reddy | starring = {{plain list| *Viraj Reddy Cheelam *Shilpa Balakrishna *Kamal Krishna *Mimi Leonard *Murali Parishe *Josh Shadhrach }} | cinematography = Mark Kenfield | editing = Raj Meda | music = Sidharth Sadasivuni</br>Pranay Kaleru | studio = Anu Productions | distributor = | released = {{Film date|2025|02|28|df=y}} | runtime = | language = Telugu | budget = | gross = }} '''''Guard - Revenge For Love'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzI3MDcyMDI0MDAwODM=|title=CBFC &#124; Search Film|website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref> is an 2025 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[thriller]] [[horror film]] written and directed by Jaga Peddi is produced by Anasuya Reddy under Anu Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/viraj-reddy-cheelamleads-action-packed-love-entertainer-guard-934845|title=Viraj Reddy Cheelamleads action-packed love entertainer ‘Guard’|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=January 4, 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/25/guard-teaser-a-young-security-guard-must-protect-his-people-at-all-costs|title=Guard Teaser: A young security guard must protect his people at all costs|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=January 25, 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film stars Viraj Reddy Cheelam, Shilpa Balakrishna, Mimi Leonard and Kamal Krishna in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/viraj-reddy-comments-at-guard-revenge-for-love-pre-release-event-1900225|title=వినూత్నంగా సాగే హారర్‌ సినిమా|first=NT News|last=telugu|date=February 28, 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teluguvox.com/movies/movie-news/9830-guard-revenge-for-love-is-a-complete-package-and-will-appeal-to-all-debutant-hero-viraj-reddy-cheelam.html|title="Guard" is a complete package: Debutant hero Viraj Reddy Cheelam|date=February 27, 2025|website=www.teluguvox.com}}</ref> It was released on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/guard-revenge-for-love-theatrical-trailer-launched-by-12-tollywood-celebrities-312223.html|title="Guard - Revenge for Love" Theatrical Trailer launched by 12 Tollywood Celebrities|date=February 24, 2025|website=English site}}</ref> == Cast == *Viraj Reddy Cheelam as Sushant *Mimi Leonard as Dr.Sam *Shilpa Balakrishna as Anita *Kamal Krishna as Krishna *Josh Shadhrach *Murali Parishe == Music == {{track listing | headline = | extra_column = Singer(s) | all_music = Sidharth Sadasivuni and Pranay Kaleru | total_length = | title1 = Varshinche Meghamey | lyrics1 = G Anand Raju | extra1 = Karthik</br>Harini | length1 = 4:43 | title2 = Na Manasay Needani | lyrics2 = G Anand Raju | extra2 = Pradeep Kumar | length2 = 4:11 }} == Release and reception == ''Guard - Revenge For Love'' was released theatrically on 28 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/viraj-reddy-cheelam-comments-on-guard-movie-making-and-security-guard-life-in-australia-over-media-interview-121740714247067.html|title=Guard: ఆస్ట్రేలియాలో తీసిన తెలుగు హారర్ మూవీ- మాది నిజామాబాద్, రైతుతో టీజర్ రిలీజ్ అందుకే: హీరో విరాజ్ రెడ్డి కామెంట్స్|first=Sanjiv|last=Kumar|website=Hindustantimes Telugu}}</ref> Kiran from ''[[Zee News]]'' rated 2.75/5 and stated "Newcomer Viraj Reddy Cheelam delivers a solid performance. The director adds a fresh, scary twist to the story, supported by high production values".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/guard-movie-revie%E0%B1%80-rating-public-talk-viraj-reddy-movie-will-engage-public-ta-207808|title=Guard Movie Review:‘గార్డ్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ..|date=February 28, 2025|website=Zee News Telugu}}</ref> Bhanu Prasad from ''[[News 18]]'' rated 2.75/5 and wrote "The film features strong background music, sharp visuals, and effective performances from the cast".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/guard-movie-full-review-bh-2727003.html|title=Guard Movie Review: గార్డ్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే?|date=February 28, 2025|website=telugu.news18.com}}</ref> and [[Sakshi TV]] wrote "Strong visuals and eerie music stand out, though some scenes feel uneven despite the high production value".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/viraaj-reddy-starrer-guard-movie-review-telugu-2379843|title='గార్డ్‌' తెలుగు మూవీ రివ్యూ &#124; Viraaj Reddy Starrer Guard Movie Review in Telugu &#124; Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref> Richa Barua of ''[[Asianet News]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and expressed "Director Jaga Peddi opts for a familiar plot but makes his mark with effective direction. The film is likely to appeal to horror-thriller fans".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/guard-review-hit-or-flop-is-viraj-reddy-cheelam-s-horror-thriller-worth-your-time-read-this-rba-sse61j|title=Guard REVIEW: HIT or FLOP? Is Viraj Reddy Cheelam's horror-thriller worth your time? Read THIS|website=Asianet Newsable}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} ioq8hax3ymfdh1zoo5rklronkvnyf9d 14 1197132 10331617 2025-06-15T08:54:45Z 193.5.232.52 Created category 10331617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Political parties by country|Argentina]] [[Category:Political parties in South America|Argentina]] [[Category:Organizations based in Argentina]] [[Category:Politics of Argentina]] h11rgftsqjx338hpfjfhe21nhzee035 0 1197133 10331623 2025-06-15T08:56:27Z Barras 40117 Barras moved page [[Icosane]] to [[Eicosane]] over redirect 10331623 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Eicosane]] lo032e59oei5odw8zuvr0zv8jx6qc6r 1 1197134 10331625 2025-06-15T08:56:27Z Barras 40117 Barras moved page [[Talk:Icosane]] to [[Talk:Eicosane]] 10331625 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Eicosane]] izjium9ud9efro6vqx6bu9pv5hm73ao 14 1197135 10331629 2025-06-15T08:57:48Z 193.5.232.52 Created category 10331629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{EstcatCountryDecade|Argentina}} [[Category:1940s establishments in South America|Argentina]] qphjndmyhqu38olk0tsspakw402q2zy 14 1197136 10331640 2025-06-15T09:07:28Z 193.5.232.52 Created category 10331640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Dairy products]] [[Category:Food companies]] q4rwaivfbwo5kyx8fpiilql597ptmzq 3 1197137 10331661 2025-06-15T09:22:34Z Barras 40117 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Uno (card game)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331661 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Uno (card game)]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 09:22, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 5jq3omjmtig1s81bjmifddcxddl76dd 14 1197138 10331664 2025-06-15T09:26:27Z BlackJack 572554 New cricket category to aid navigation. 10331664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Cricket grounds|Pakistan]] imjp2q06wdkg1bgr6qd19d2sxd06llb 0 1197139 10331668 2025-06-15T09:34:05Z BlackJack 572554 New article. To be expanded soon. 10331668 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''National Stadium''' in [[Karachi]], is an international [[cricket]] venue. It has been in use since the 1954/55 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506.html |title=National Stadium, Karachi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=15 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan|Karachi]] {{sports-stub}} khwn4dwgnc089py37izm5zplwc9p9zj 10331669 10331668 2025-06-15T09:34:27Z BlackJack 572554 Added {{[[Template:more sources|more sources]]}} and {{[[Template:under construction|under construction]]}} tags to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=June 2025}} {{under construction|date=June 2025}} The '''National Stadium''' in [[Karachi]], is an international [[cricket]] venue. It has been in use since the 1954/55 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/22/1506.html |title=National Stadium, Karachi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=15 June 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan|Karachi]] {{sports-stub}} 5f9k3vpt6shqnr4te2ssuqcr7xy917m 3 1197140 10331672 2025-06-15T09:43:29Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Drevor Frederick Acton Neilson]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331672 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Drevor Frederick Acton Neilson== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Drevor Frederick Acton Neilson]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Drevor Frederick Acton Neilson}}|talk page]]. 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You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) gn8k53eyt8guu4rqb1crddrm78qsyr0 0 1197141 10331682 2025-06-15T09:48:10Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 13 | episode = 2 | director = [[Mark Kirkland]] | writer = [[George Meyer]]<br>[[Mike Scully]] | production = CABF22 | airdate = {{Start date|2001|11|11}} | guests = * [[Jane Kaczmarek]] as Judge Constance Harm * [[Marcia Wallace]] as [[Edna Krabappel]] * [[Jess Harnell]] as Poncho the Seal | blackboard = "Nobody reads these anymore" | couch_gag = The Simpsons jump out of the paintin..." 10331682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 13 | episode = 2 | director = [[Mark Kirkland]] | writer = [[George Meyer]]<br>[[Mike Scully]] | production = CABF22 | airdate = {{Start date|2001|11|11}} | guests = * [[Jane Kaczmarek]] as Judge Constance Harm * [[Marcia Wallace]] as [[Edna Krabappel]] * [[Jess Harnell]] as Poncho the Seal | blackboard = "Nobody reads these anymore" | couch_gag = The Simpsons jump out of the painting of the simply drawn sailboat behind the couch. | commentary = [[Matt Groening]]<br>[[Mike Scully]]<br>[[George Meyer]]<br>[[Ian Maxtone-Graham]]<br>[[Matt Selman]]<br>[[Tim Long]]<br>[[Dana Gould]]<br>[[Joel H. Cohen]]<br>[[Kevin Gould]] | prev = [[Treehouse of Horror XII]] | next = [[Homer the Moe]] }} "'''The Parent Rap'''" is the second episode of the [[The Simpsons season 13|thirteenth season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It first aired on November 11, 2001. In this episode, [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] and his father, [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], are sentenced by the cruel judge Constance Harm to be tethered to each other as a result of Bart stealing Police [[Chief Wiggum]]'s car thanks to Homer's negligence. Eventually, Homer's wife, [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], is fed up with the punishment and cuts the rope, which instead leads to Judge Harm sentencing them to have their heads and hands locked up in wooden stocks. == Other websites == {{wikiquote|The Simpsons/Season 13#The Parent Rap|"The Parent Rap"}} *{{Snpp capsule|CABF22}} *{{IMDb episode|0701255}} *{{tv.com episode|the-simpsons/homer-vs-lisa-and-the-8th-commandment-1311}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2001 television episodes]] [[Category:The Simpsons (season 13) episodes]] almmf5ygd0ah8bu4w9lrqxk8njqxqc1 0 1197143 10331685 2025-06-15T09:49:24Z Eptalon 2133 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295690238|Topsy Küppers]]" 10331685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, soubrette, actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband Georg Kreisler in Munich, among other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html "Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer"]. ''Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum''. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/%5bnode:path%5d "Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl"]. ''kurier.at''. December 28, 2014.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austran actors]] [[Category:German actors]] 19833b1zc65k72p9xooe78jbu45c0ht 10331687 10331685 2025-06-15T09:50:53Z Eptalon 2133 /* Life */ 10331687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, soubrette, actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html "Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer"]. ''Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum''. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/%5bnode:path%5d "Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl"]. ''kurier.at''. December 28, 2014.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austran actors]] [[Category:German actors]] 92nmpwwx6ltjhh1cwxc2cubasgcueq8 10331688 10331687 2025-06-15T09:51:30Z Eptalon 2133 removed [[Category:Austran actors]]; added [[Category:Austrian actors]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10331688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, soubrette, actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html "Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer"]. ''Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum''. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/%5bnode:path%5d "Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl"]. ''kurier.at''. December 28, 2014.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austrian actors]] [[Category:German actors]] fzgll8kmm1zi9isf4ukt5qkwz85wcwo 10331689 10331688 2025-06-15T09:52:22Z Eptalon 2133 10331689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, soubrette, actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer" /> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/%5bnode:path%5d "Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl"]. ''kurier.at''. December 28, 2014.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austrian actors]] [[Category:German actors]] lqrtasyzixn96o9tc9qaas1xj8ja5yx 10331691 10331689 2025-06-15T09:53:04Z Eptalon 2133 10331691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, soubrette, actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer" /> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austrian actors]] [[Category:German actors]] ra9ngbwu1y9crt21fr69h4jlqub28ud 10331698 10331691 2025-06-15T09:55:04Z Eptalon 2133 10331698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, [[soubrette]], actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer" /> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austrian actors]] [[Category:German actors]] pddkc4umoqffpflmk2e7mqey01kr55z 10331732 10331698 2025-06-15T10:19:32Z Eptalon 2133 10331732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rêvent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, [[soubrette]], actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer" /> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austrian actors]] [[Category:German actors]] jvizy9ymyf1f328hbqze14q9lmyiugi 10331733 10331732 2025-06-15T10:19:45Z Eptalon 2133 10331733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Topsy Küppers | image = Topsy Küppers - Veranstaltung der Grünen Leopoldstadt- „Frau des Jahres 2020“.JPG | alt = | caption = Topsy Küppers (2020) | other_names = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|8|17|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Aachen]], [[Rhine Province]], [[Free State of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6||1931|8|17|df=y}} | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|writer|singer|director}} | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Topsy Küppers''' (17 August 1931 – 14 June 2025) was an Austrian writer, singer, [[soubrette]], actress and theatre director of German origin. == Life == Küppers was born in Born in [[Aachen]], Germany. Ursula Staudte taught her, what is known as the ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislawski principle]]. With this, she laid the foundation of Küppers carreer. According to Küppers, the greates influence on her was Trude Hesterberg, who taught her chanson, and its interpretation.'' Küppers then took her exams at the Bühnengenossenschaft, which had Gustaf Gründgens on its board of examiners. She worked on German stages and for German and Austrian television . Starting in 1958, she performed with her husband [[Georg Kreisler]] in [[Munich]],and other places. On 17 December 1976 she opened the ''{{Interlanguage link|Freie Bühne Wieden|de}}'' in Vienna with four cabaret programmes, which was "dedicated to the preservation of Jewish literature and Jewish authors - both deceased and contemporary".<ref name="lindenmeyer">{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Topsy Küppers, actress and author, in conversation with Christoph Lindenmeyer|url=https://www.br.de/fernsehen/ard-alpha/sendungen/alpha-forum/topsy-kueppers-gespraech100.html|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Bayerischer Rundfunk: alpha-Forum}}</ref> In the 25 years that she voluntarily directed the theatre until January 2001, the "headmaster [...] Urwienerin".<ref name="Kurier">{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2014|title=Topsy Küppers: Ihr Leben mit dem Ungustl|url=https://kurier.at/stars/topsy-kueppers-ihr-leben-mit-dem-ungustl/[node:path]|website=kurier.at}}</ref> During this time, she fought against [[misogyny]], [[antisemitism]] and [[fascism]] with musical-literary programmes such as ''Gehackte Zores,'' ''Weit von wo'' and ''Amoureuses, Scandaleuses, Heiteres und so Weiteres''. == Private life == In 1965, Küppers became an Austrian citizen.<ref name="lindenmeyer" /> From her marriage to Georg Kreisler came her daughter {{Interlanguage link|Sandra Kreisler|de}}. Sandra also works as a singer, speaker and actress.<ref>''Sandra Kreisler.'' In Andrea von Treuenfeld: ''Heirs of the Holocaust. Life between silence and memory.'' Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-579-08670-5}}, pp. 134ff.</ref> She also had a son with Georg.<ref>Georg Kreisler: ''Doch gefunden hat man mich nicht. Posthumous edition of previously unpublished texts and photographs.'' Atrium-Verlag, Zurich 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-85535-367-5}}.</ref> Kreisler and Topsy Küppers separated in the mid-1970s. Küppers was married in second marriage to Karlheinz (called Carlos) Springer († 2013).<ref name="Kurier" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziegler|first=Mathias|title=Sachbuch - Den Krebs überstehen|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/kultur/literatur/878586-Den-Krebs-ueberstehen.html|website=Literatur}}</ref> In early August 2013, Küppers was diagnosed with [[colon cancer]], which she described as "My Yucky-one" ( "Mein Ungustl" =Translation of an untranslatable word, which stems from the Austrian dialect expression for "gross", repulsive or "yucky") and which she dealt with in the identically titled 2014 book.<ref name="Kurier" /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{DNB portal|119520168}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name|0478211}} * {{Official website|http://www.kueppers.at/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/Topsy-Küppers-765614420441294/ Topsy Küppers] (Facebook) [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:People from Aachen]] [[Category:Austrian actors]] [[Category:German actors]] aromn8rz0wrkkjgx1gkh1xo5naju8mq 4 1197145 10331695 2025-06-15T09:54:50Z Cactusisme 1477024 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Mhd Arjunanta]]. 🌵 [[WP:TW|TW]] 🌵 10331695 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination) === :{{lc|Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)|action=edit}} close request]</span> Cactusisme ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Fails notability criteria for actors [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:54, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> h7r593sl0axpvhhppu3bhtv0rc3rld8 10331760 10331695 2025-06-15T10:34:40Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* Discussion */ QD 10331760 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination) === :{{lc|Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta (2nd nomination)|action=edit}} close request]</span> Cactusisme ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Fails notability criteria for actors [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *'''Note''': I tagged the article as QD for recreation of recently deleted material as it was just deleted at an RFD last week. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:34, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:54, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ku8zo3k9f2nwzcyfowel8ncnb6xssj2 3 1197146 10331696 2025-06-15T09:54:50Z Cactusisme 1477024 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Mhd Arjunanta]]. 🌵 [[WP:TW|TW]] 🌵 10331696 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Mhd Arjunanta== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Mhd Arjunanta]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) be0m188awe1l5mplzt3ewzu98mwzlzb 10331753 10331696 2025-06-15T10:31:44Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Mhd Arjunanta]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331753 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Mhd Arjunanta== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Mhd Arjunanta]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Mhd Arjunanta]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 09:54, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Mhd Arjunanta== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Mhd Arjunanta]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Mhd Arjunanta}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:31, 15 June 2025 (UTC) e04p9se60n2aap34e999fxi35fii20c 3 1197147 10331711 2025-06-15T10:04:50Z Cactusisme 1477024 General note: Unhelpful changes. 🌵 [[WP:TW|TW]] 🌵 10331711 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]] did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :''If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the change, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] so you will not get notices that are not for you.''<!-- Template:SharedIPAdvice --> 17ind5c6dw8prq0p9o9u3ipl2bi0enm 0 1197148 10331713 2025-06-15T10:05:15Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Spyro (series)]] 10331713 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Spyro (series)]] ouzruj4hf5it0ayw89dif6moi2g3jj3 0 1197150 10331717 2025-06-15T10:07:31Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Ape Escape]] 10331717 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Ape Escape]] la02abbmsr433iy0q7eyl6sa6dbvvzs 0 1197151 10331719 2025-06-15T10:10:22Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Rayman]] 10331719 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Rayman]] 79lk0giivw8kur7wahne6wypn323bix 0 1197152 10331720 2025-06-15T10:10:23Z Eptalon 2133 Created page with "'''Soubrette''' is the name for a minor female role in [[opera]] and [[theatre]]. Very oten, soubrettes are used as [[Stock character|stock characters]]. In many cases, soubrettes represent a [[lady's maid]], a female servant ot a lady. Soubrettes first appear in the theatre of the 17th century. They are modelled after Colombina, the lady's maid of the [[Commedia dell'arte]]. In opera, the soubrette gives a contrast to the Primadonna, who has a wider vocal range. Soubre..." 10331720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soubrette''' is the name for a minor female role in [[opera]] and [[theatre]]. Very oten, soubrettes are used as [[Stock character|stock characters]]. In many cases, soubrettes represent a [[lady's maid]], a female servant ot a lady. Soubrettes first appear in the theatre of the 17th century. They are modelled after Colombina, the lady's maid of the [[Commedia dell'arte]]. In opera, the soubrette gives a contrast to the Primadonna, who has a wider vocal range. Soubrettes are usually coloratura sopranos. There's a difference between what's called the "German" soubrette, and the "Roman-French" soubrette. The Roman-French one has a darker and lower voice, almost an alto. Peopel playing soubrettes often also play in musicals, operettas, and irish folk songs. Well-known examples of people singing in these roles are [[Hayley Westenra]] and [[Sally Oldfield]]. lep6y3h2wz4hhyhd10zvvi23fkkevm5 10331741 10331720 2025-06-15T10:24:22Z Eptalon 2133 +img 10331741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Alexander_Mann_-_Soubrette.jpg|thumb|''Soubrette'' by [[Alexander Mann]]]] '''Soubrette''' is the name for a minor female role in [[opera]] and [[theatre]]. Very oten, soubrettes are used as [[Stock character|stock characters]]. In many cases, soubrettes represent a [[lady's maid]], a female servant ot a lady. Soubrettes first appear in the theatre of the 17th century. They are modelled after Colombina, the lady's maid of the [[Commedia dell'arte]]. In opera, the soubrette gives a contrast to the Primadonna, who has a wider vocal range. Soubrettes are usually coloratura sopranos. There's a difference between what's called the "German" soubrette, and the "Roman-French" soubrette. The Roman-French one has a darker and lower voice, almost an alto. Peopel playing soubrettes often also play in musicals, operettas, and irish folk songs. Well-known examples of people singing in these roles are [[Hayley Westenra]] and [[Sally Oldfield]]. tvtx2fgg39mxzs1raw1fja9tkfcndeu 10331745 10331741 2025-06-15T10:26:15Z Eptalon 2133 10331745 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Alexander_Mann_-_Soubrette.jpg|thumb|''Soubrette'' by [[Alexander Mann]]]] '''Soubrette''' is the name for a minor female role in [[opera]] and [[theatre]]. Very oten, soubrettes are used as [[Stock character|stock characters]]. In many cases, soubrettes represent a [[lady's maid]], a female servant ot a lady. By extension, the term can refer generally to any saucy or flirtatious young woman. The term arrived in English from [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] via French, and means "conceited" or "coy".<ref>{{cite web|title=soubrette|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soubrette|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> Soubrettes first appear in the theatre of the 17th century. They are modelled after Colombina, the lady's maid of the [[Commedia dell'arte]]. In opera, the soubrette gives a contrast to the Primadonna, who has a wider vocal range. Soubrettes are usually coloratura sopranos. There's a difference between what's called the "German" soubrette, and the "Roman-French" soubrette. The Roman-French one has a darker and lower voice, almost an alto. Peopel playing soubrettes often also play in musicals, operettas, and irish folk songs. Well-known examples of people singing in these roles are [[Hayley Westenra]] and [[Sally Oldfield]]. == References == {{Reflist}} g08cmazrdg2dh5f2fxwlkt2fcnrgi97 10331757 10331745 2025-06-15T10:34:02Z Eptalon 2133 10331757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Alexander_Mann_-_Soubrette.jpg|thumb|''Soubrette'' by [[Alexander Mann]]]] '''Soubrette''' is the name for a minor female role in [[opera]] and [[theatre]]. Very oten, soubrettes are used as [[Stock character|stock characters]]. In many cases, soubrettes represent a [[lady's maid]], a female servant ot a lady. By extension, the term can refer generally to any saucy or flirtatious young woman. The term arrived in English from [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] via French, and means "conceited" or "coy".<ref>{{cite web|title=soubrette|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soubrette|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref> Soubrettes first appear in the theatre of the 17th century. They are modelled after Colombina, the lady's maid of the [[Commedia dell'arte]]. In opera, the soubrette gives a contrast to the Primadonna, who has a wider vocal range. Soubrettes are similar to [[Coloratura soprano|coloratura sopranos]], but they usually have less vocal range in the high parts. There's a difference between what's called the "German" soubrette, and the "Roman-French" soubrette. The Roman-French one has a darker and lower voice, almost an alto. Peopel playing soubrettes often also play in musicals, operettas, and irish folk songs. Well-known examples of people singing in these roles are [[Hayley Westenra]] and [[Sally Oldfield]]. == References == {{Reflist}} 1n3o9n464w588i8n2m9ino7e456yan4 0 1197154 10331724 2025-06-15T10:13:22Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Rayman (video game)]] 10331724 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Rayman (video game)]] pffdb2o14j2w9zvisw3gh6141szmhdh 0 1197155 10331725 2025-06-15T10:14:45Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Tekken]] 10331725 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Tekken]] 9rz2fvve57iq35f41o3q157gbhed1hn 0 1197156 10331731 2025-06-15T10:19:32Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu]] 10331731 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu]] mut590mc9p4kfchp8oql6wcg1sjyjao 0 1197157 10331734 2025-06-15T10:20:09Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu]] 10331734 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu]] mut590mc9p4kfchp8oql6wcg1sjyjao 0 1197158 10331735 2025-06-15T10:20:46Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu]] 10331735 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Jumping Flash! 2: Big Trouble in Little Muu]] mut590mc9p4kfchp8oql6wcg1sjyjao 0 1197159 10331743 2025-06-15T10:25:06Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Crash Bandicoot (video game)]] 10331743 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Crash Bandicoot (video game)]] faa6wzjjdvte3iyvwwm9hp4x6wtv427 0 1197160 10331744 2025-06-15T10:25:33Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[Crash Bandicoot (video game)]] 10331744 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Crash Bandicoot (video game)]] faa6wzjjdvte3iyvwwm9hp4x6wtv427 3 1197162 10331759 2025-06-15T10:34:14Z Barras 40117 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Rishikesh]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331759 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Rishikesh== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Rishikesh]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Rishikesh}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 10:34, 15 June 2025 (UTC) lhjgzjqm83we2a25xv5baeyxpgz6a4r 3 1197163 10331764 2025-06-15T10:37:06Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Frequency]] (BOT) 10331764 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Frequency]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331762|Edit]] (10331762) processed with score of 0.97731. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 10:37, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 9xwp8sw80e1vgjjikhlf70rufsgbp1o 0 1197164 10331775 2025-06-15T10:50:20Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox video game }} '''''PlayStation Move Ape Escape''''', (known as '''''Ape Escape''''' in Europe and in Asia as '''''Ape Escape: On the Move!''''' and in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''Furi Furi! Saru Get You'''''|フリフリ！ サルゲッチュ|Furi Furi! Sarugechu|lt. Ape Escape Fury! Fury!}}, is a 2010 [[Shoot 'em up|rail shooter]] and [[party video game]] developed and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]. ==Other websites==..." 10331775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''PlayStation Move Ape Escape''''', (known as '''''Ape Escape''''' in Europe and in Asia as '''''Ape Escape: On the Move!''''' and in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''Furi Furi! Saru Get You'''''|フリフリ！ サルゲッチュ|Furi Furi! Sarugechu|lt. Ape Escape Fury! Fury!}}, is a 2010 [[Shoot 'em up|rail shooter]] and [[party video game]] developed and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]. ==Other websites== *{{MobyGames|id=/68473/playstation-move-ape-escape/}} {{Ape Escape series}} [[Category:2010 video games]] [[Category:Ape Escape games]] [[Category:Japan Studio games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-compatible games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Network games]] [[Category:Rail shooters]] [[Category:Single-player video games]] [[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games]] 7dymlvq90nkkjf0yc3q7e8yw78vof8b 10331802 10331775 2025-06-15T11:12:30Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''PlayStation Move Ape Escape''''', (known as '''''Ape Escape''''' in Europe and in Asia as '''''Ape Escape: On the Move!''''' and in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''Furi Furi! Saru Get You'''''|フリフリ！ サルゲッチュ|Furi Furi! Sarugechu|lt. Ape Escape Fury! Fury!}}, is a 2010 [[Shoot 'em up|rail shooter]] and [[Party game|party]] [[Video game|video game]] developed and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]. ==Other websites== *{{MobyGames|id=/68473/playstation-move-ape-escape/}} {{Ape Escape series}} [[Category:2010 video games]] [[Category:Ape Escape games]] [[Category:Japan Studio games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-compatible games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Network games]] [[Category:Rail shooters]] [[Category:Single-player video games]] [[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games]] h8q93nrk67vcdoqyecgs7i0o7pituz6 10331803 10331802 2025-06-15T11:12:51Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''PlayStation Move Ape Escape''''', (known as '''''Ape Escape''''' in Europe and in Asia as '''''Ape Escape: On the Move!''''' and in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''Furi Furi! Saru Get You'''''|フリフリ！ サルゲッチュ|Furi Furi! Sarugechu|lt. Ape Escape Fury! Fury!}}, is a 2010 [[Shooter game|rail shooter]] and [[Party game|party]] [[Video game|video game]] developed and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]. ==Other websites== *{{MobyGames|id=/68473/playstation-move-ape-escape/}} {{Ape Escape series}} [[Category:2010 video games]] [[Category:Ape Escape games]] [[Category:Japan Studio games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-compatible games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Network games]] [[Category:Rail shooters]] [[Category:Single-player video games]] [[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games]] 4myqq8j9tbyk20kluq7q2cc7h1qrw4z 10331805 10331803 2025-06-15T11:13:47Z CallumBen13 1611993 /* Other websites */ 10331805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''PlayStation Move Ape Escape''''', (known as '''''Ape Escape''''' in Europe and in Asia as '''''Ape Escape: On the Move!''''' and in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''Furi Furi! Saru Get You'''''|フリフリ！ サルゲッチュ|Furi Furi! Sarugechu|lt. Ape Escape Fury! Fury!}}, is a 2010 [[Shooter game|rail shooter]] and [[Party game|party]] [[Video game|video game]] developed and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]. ==Other websites== *{{MobyGames|id=/68473/playstation-move-ape-escape/}} {{Ape Escape series}} [[Category:2010 video games]] [[Category:Ape Escape games]] [[Category:Japan Studio games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-compatible games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Network games]] [[Category:Rail shooters]] [[Category:Single-player video games]] [[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games]] {{video-game-stub}} 09rxq9y9wufwpds3fruo17eil09lqld 10331809 10331805 2025-06-15T11:15:19Z CallumBen13 1611993 10331809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game }} '''''PlayStation Move Ape Escape''''', (known as '''''Ape Escape''''' in Europe and in Asia as '''''Ape Escape: On the Move!''''' and in Japan as {{nihongo|'''''Furi Furi! Saru Get You'''''|フリフリ！ サルゲッチュ|Furi Furi! Sarugechu|lt. Ape Escape Fury! Fury!}}, is a [[Shooter game|rail shooter]] and [[Party game|party]] [[Video game|video game]] developed and published by [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]. ==Other websites== *{{MobyGames|id=/68473/playstation-move-ape-escape/}} {{Ape Escape series}} [[Category:2010 video games]] [[Category:Ape Escape games]] [[Category:Japan Studio games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3 games]] [[Category:PlayStation 3-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-compatible games]] [[Category:PlayStation Move-only games]] [[Category:PlayStation Network games]] [[Category:Rail shooters]] [[Category:Single-player video games]] [[Category:Sony Interactive Entertainment games]] {{video-game-stub}} 60vpt61eera1cvhxb0y1tw7alowb6ww 4 1197165 10331776 2025-06-15T10:51:50Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Got a Little Crazy]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331776 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Got a Little Crazy === :{{lc|Got a Little Crazy}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Got a Little Crazy|action=edit}} close request]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Not a notable song; peaked at 57 on the country chart [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:51, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''10:51, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> i8vg0d9uroeodwddbxlai6rb5wi06bb 0 1197166 10331781 2025-06-15T10:53:46Z Eptalon 2133 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/226417046|Ange bleu (cocktail)]]" 10331781 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Blue Angel''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic]] [[cocktail]] . == History == The origin of the conctail is unknown, and people do not agree. Some people say hthat it might have been a variant of rthe Blue Lagoon, a cocktail that originated in Italy in the 1950s. and 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiarimenti sull'Angelo Azzurro|url=http://www.aibmproject.it/chiarimenti-sullangelo-azzurro/|access-date=16 octobre 2015|website=aibmproject.it|language=it}}</ref> . The cocktail, known almost exclusively in Italy (in Italian : ''Angelo Azzurro'' ), has become famous since the [[1990s]]. At that time, nightclub customers began to request it, because of its high [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] content. In November [[2020]], ''Bartales'' magazine published an article by Bastian Contrario in which he attributed the creation of the cocktail to the historic [[bartender]] of the Capital Giovanni " Mammina » <ref name="bartales">{{Cite web|title=Zoom - La Movita de l'Angelo azzurro|url=https://www.bartales.it/sfogliatore.php?n=865|access-date=2 juillet 2021|website=bartales.it|language=it}}</ref> . There are many testimonies to this effect, besides the fact that this paternity perfectly explains the fact that the cocktail is distributed almost exclusively in Italy and also the period of diffusion. So this is one of the last " classics » Italians. == Preparation == In the original recipe, the cocktail is made of [[gin]], Cointreau and blue curaçao <ref name="bartales">{{Cite web|title=Zoom - La Movita de l'Angelo azzurro|url=https://www.bartales.it/sfogliatore.php?n=865|access-date=2 juillet 2021|website=bartales.it|language=it}}</ref> . It was never codified by the IBA, which codified in [[1987]] the Blue Lagoon, which, although contemporary, is a different drink : 1/10 blue curaçao, 3/10 lemon juice, and 6/10 [[vodka]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Lagoon|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921062934/https://barmanitalia.it/blue-lagoon/|access-date=2 juillet 2021|website=Barman Italia|language=it}}</ref> . [[Category:Cocktails]] dwsf5kiexnai0c4bpv4ned0s4nuao21 10331786 10331781 2025-06-15T10:55:14Z Eptalon 2133 +img 10331786 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cocktail "Angelo azzurro" con ingredienti.jpg|thumb|Angelo Azurro with ingredients]] The '''Blue Angel''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic]] [[cocktail]] . == History == The origin of the conctail is unknown, and people do not agree. Some people say hthat it might have been a variant of rthe Blue Lagoon, a cocktail that originated in Italy in the 1950s. and 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiarimenti sull'Angelo Azzurro|url=http://www.aibmproject.it/chiarimenti-sullangelo-azzurro/|access-date=16 octobre 2015|website=aibmproject.it|language=it}}</ref> . The cocktail, known almost exclusively in Italy (in Italian : ''Angelo Azzurro'' ), has become famous since the [[1990s]]. At that time, nightclub customers began to request it, because of its high [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] content. In November [[2020]], ''Bartales'' magazine published an article by Bastian Contrario in which he attributed the creation of the cocktail to the historic [[bartender]] of the Capital Giovanni " Mammina » <ref name="bartales">{{Cite web|title=Zoom - La Movita de l'Angelo azzurro|url=https://www.bartales.it/sfogliatore.php?n=865|access-date=2 juillet 2021|website=bartales.it|language=it}}</ref> . There are many testimonies to this effect, besides the fact that this paternity perfectly explains the fact that the cocktail is distributed almost exclusively in Italy and also the period of diffusion. So this is one of the last " classics » Italians. == Preparation == In the original recipe, the cocktail is made of [[gin]], Cointreau and blue curaçao <ref name="bartales">{{Cite web|title=Zoom - La Movita de l'Angelo azzurro|url=https://www.bartales.it/sfogliatore.php?n=865|access-date=2 juillet 2021|website=bartales.it|language=it}}</ref> . It was never codified by the IBA, which codified in [[1987]] the Blue Lagoon, which, although contemporary, is a different drink : 1/10 blue curaçao, 3/10 lemon juice, and 6/10 [[vodka]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Lagoon|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921062934/https://barmanitalia.it/blue-lagoon/|access-date=2 juillet 2021|website=Barman Italia|language=it}}</ref> . [[Category:Cocktails]] 0c9zaxv1c21gg20625zo7h8cb83rbir 0 1197167 10331783 2025-06-15T10:54:20Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[PlayStation Move Ape Escape]] 10331783 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[PlayStation Move Ape Escape]] gzaza2cky2kp7sny9hjunhhir0418r1 3 1197168 10331792 2025-06-15T11:04:42Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Greg Goins]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331792 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Greg Goins== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Greg Goins]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Greg Goins}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:04, 15 June 2025 (UTC) 9rvjzhc4rfwuk7zdlcjk4jrr360mb1z 2 1197169 10331801 2025-06-15T11:11:20Z Hollowww 1436094 Created page with "{{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1919 Chișinău coups | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | combatant1 = {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}<br>{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Volunteer Corps of Transylvanians-Bukovinians]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Odessa Soviet Republic]]<br>{{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} Romanian Revolutio..." 10331801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1919 Chișinău coups | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | combatant1 = {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}<br>{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Volunteer Corps of Transylvanians-Bukovinians]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Odessa Soviet Republic]]<br>{{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Romanian Revolutionary Military Committee]]<br>{{flagicon|Moldavian Democratic Republic}} [[Moldavian Democratic Republic]] | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia]] }} 2rrwlzxto8oq55vsbls1h4xf6s956nw 10331810 10331801 2025-06-15T11:15:32Z Hollowww 1436094 10331810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1919 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} bb4clbjj6fzp0tz8vidly6b7dck9f6k 10331837 10331810 2025-06-15T11:41:45Z Hollowww 1436094 10331837 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- name should be "1918 Chișinău coups" --> {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1918 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} == Prelude == === Background === In 1812, as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812]], [[Moldova]] was compelled—despite strong protests—to cede its eastern territory, located between the [[Prut]] and [[Dniester]] rivers, to the [[Russian Empire]]. This region, subsequently known as [[Bessarabia]], was annexed by Russia and subjected to a systematic process of colonization and [[Russification]]. [[Romanian language|Romanian-language]] education was prohibited, and the use of Romanian in administration was likewise banned. The [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church in Bessarabia]], separated from the [[Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina|Metropolis of Moldavia]], was placed under the authority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], becoming an active instrument of Russification. Measures included the imposition of Church Slavonic in place of Romanian as the liturgical language and the Russification of clerical names. Following the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|union of Moldavia with Wallachia]] in 1859 and the subsequent proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1881, the foreign policy of the Romanian state increasingly reflected the ideals of the Romanian National Awakening. Central to this vision was the aspiration to create a [[Greater Romania]], encompassing all [[Romanians|Romanian-speaking populations]]—including those living in [[Bessarabia]]. 5km0t2zlkd7jjelfpzwq8l0m826u8h5 10331838 10331837 2025-06-15T11:42:03Z Hollowww 1436094 10331838 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- name should be "1918 Chișinău coups" --> {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1918 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} == Prelude == === Background === In 1812, as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812]], [[Moldova]] was compelled—despite strong protests—to cede its eastern territory, located between the [[Prut]] and [[Dniester]] rivers, to the [[Russian Empire]]. This region, subsequently known as [[Bessarabia]], was annexed by Russia and subjected to a systematic process of colonization and [[Russification]]. [[Romanian language|Romanian-language]] education was prohibited, and the use of Romanian in administration was likewise banned. The [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church in Bessarabia]], separated from the [[Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina|Metropolis of Moldavia]], was placed under the authority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], becoming an active instrument of Russification. Measures included the imposition of Church Slavonic in place of Romanian as the liturgical language and the Russification of clerical names. Following the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|union of Moldavia with Wallachia]] in 1859 and the subsequent proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1881, the foreign policy of the Romanian state increasingly reflected the ideals of the Romanian National Awakening. Central to this vision was the aspiration to create a [[Greater Romania]], encompassing all [[Romanians|Romanian-speaking populations]]—including those living in [[Bessarabia]]. 0r0zd402h7ysaatmh70h59lul5igh4i 10331846 10331838 2025-06-15T11:47:08Z Hollowww 1436094 10331846 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- name should be "1918 Chișinău coups" --> {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1918 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} == Prelude == === Background === In 1812, as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812]], [[Moldova]] was compelled—despite strong protests—to cede its eastern territory, located between the [[Prut]] and [[Dniester]] rivers, to the [[Russian Empire]].{{sfn|Gumenâi|2018|p=149}} This region, subsequently known as [[Bessarabia]], was annexed by Russia and subjected to a systematic process of colonization and [[Russification]]. [[Romanian language|Romanian-language]] education was prohibited, and the use of Romanian in administration was likewise banned. The [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church in Bessarabia]], separated from the [[Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina|Metropolis of Moldavia]], was placed under the authority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], becoming an active instrument of Russification. Measures included the imposition of Church Slavonic in place of Romanian as the liturgical language and the Russification of clerical names. Following the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|union of Moldavia with Wallachia]] in 1859 and the subsequent proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1881, the foreign policy of the Romanian state increasingly reflected the ideals of the Romanian National Awakening. Central to this vision was the aspiration to create a [[Greater Romania]], encompassing all [[Romanians|Romanian-speaking populations]]—including those living in [[Bessarabia]]. == Footnotes == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} === in English === === in Romanian === * {{cite book |last=Gumenâi |first=Ion |chapter=Basarabia sub Dominația țaristă. Formele De protest împotriva anexării Basarabiei de către Imperiul Rus |pages=149–193 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696743_Basarabia_sub_Dominatia_tarista_Formele_De_protest_impotriva_anexarii_Basarabiei_de_catre_Imperiul_Rus |title=O istorie a Basarabiei |location=Chișinău |publisher=Lexon Prim |date=2018 |isbn=978-9975-128-45-2 }} === other languages === {{refend}} 22d1ptc7n9dm27bw1lc8ylz07chdzrr 10331853 10331846 2025-06-15T11:50:15Z Hollowww 1436094 10331853 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- name should be "1918 Chișinău coups" --> {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1918 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} == Prelude == === Background === In 1812, as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812]], [[Moldova]] was compelled—despite strong protests—to cede its eastern territory, located between the [[Prut]] and [[Dniester]] rivers, to the [[Russian Empire]].{{sfn|Gumenâi|2018|p=149}} This region, subsequently known as [[Bessarabia]], was annexed by Russia and subjected to a systematic process of colonization and [[Russification]].{{sfn|Mitrasca|2002|p=20}} [[Romanian language|Romanian-language]] education was prohibited, and the use of Romanian in administration was likewise banned. The [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church in Bessarabia]], separated from the [[Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina|Metropolis of Moldavia]], was placed under the authority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], becoming an active instrument of Russification. Measures included the imposition of Church Slavonic in place of Romanian as the liturgical language and the Russification of clerical names. Following the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|union of Moldavia with Wallachia]] in 1859 and the subsequent proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1881, the foreign policy of the Romanian state increasingly reflected the ideals of the Romanian National Awakening. Central to this vision was the aspiration to create a [[Greater Romania]], encompassing all [[Romanians|Romanian-speaking populations]]—including those living in [[Bessarabia]]. == Footnotes == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} === in English === * {{cite book |last=Mitrasca |first=Marcel |title=Moldova, a Romanian province under Russian rule: diplomatic history from the archives of the great powers |url=https://archive.org/details/moldovaromanianp0000mitr |location=New York City |publisher=Algora Pub |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-875-86184-5 |oclc=50296800 }} === in Romanian === * {{cite book |last=Gumenâi |first=Ion |chapter=Basarabia sub Dominația țaristă. Formele De protest împotriva anexării Basarabiei de către Imperiul Rus |pages=149–193 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696743_Basarabia_sub_Dominatia_tarista_Formele_De_protest_impotriva_anexarii_Basarabiei_de_catre_Imperiul_Rus |title=O istorie a Basarabiei |lang=ro |location=Chișinău |publisher=Lexon Prim |date=2018 |isbn=978-9975-128-45-2 }} === other languages === {{refend}} o9twbvc2i3ibtjciwxw9jjmf5r4ta9k 10331854 10331853 2025-06-15T11:50:44Z Hollowww 1436094 10331854 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- name should be "1918 Chișinău coups" --> {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1918 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} == Prelude == === Background === In 1812, as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812]], [[Moldova]] was compelled—despite strong protests—to cede its eastern territory, located between the [[Prut]] and [[Dniester]] rivers, to the [[Russian Empire]].{{sfn|Gumenâi|2018|p=149}} This region, subsequently known as [[Bessarabia]], was annexed by Russia and subjected to a systematic process of colonization and [[Russification]].{{sfn|Mitrasca|2002|p=20}} [[Romanian language|Romanian-language]] education was prohibited, and the use of Romanian in administration was likewise banned. The [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church in Bessarabia]], separated from the [[Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina|Metropolis of Moldavia]], was placed under the authority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], becoming an active instrument of Russification. Measures included the imposition of Church Slavonic in place of Romanian as the liturgical language and the Russification of clerical names. Following the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|union of Moldavia with Wallachia]] in 1859 and the subsequent proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1881, the foreign policy of the Romanian state increasingly reflected the ideals of the Romanian National Awakening. Central to this vision was the aspiration to create a [[Greater Romania]], encompassing all [[Romanians|Romanian-speaking populations]]—including those living in [[Bessarabia]]. == Footnotes == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} === in English === * {{cite book |last=Mitrasca |first=Marcel |title=Moldova: a Romanian province under Russian rule |url=https://archive.org/details/moldovaromanianp0000mitr |location=New York City |publisher=Algora Pub |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-875-86184-5 |oclc=50296800 }} === in Romanian === * {{cite book |last=Gumenâi |first=Ion |chapter=Basarabia sub Dominația țaristă. Formele De protest împotriva anexării Basarabiei de către Imperiul Rus |pages=149–193 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696743_Basarabia_sub_Dominatia_tarista_Formele_De_protest_impotriva_anexarii_Basarabiei_de_catre_Imperiul_Rus |title=O istorie a Basarabiei |lang=ro |location=Chișinău |publisher=Lexon Prim |date=2018 |isbn=978-9975-128-45-2 }} === other languages === {{refend}} pb93l57nnguaomk2i0vqilb2edbd8k7 10331856 10331854 2025-06-15T11:57:02Z Hollowww 1436094 10331856 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- name should be "1918 Chișinău coups" --> {{Userspace draft|date={{Subst:June}} {{Subst:2025}}}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = 1918 Chișinău coups | partof = the [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|intervention in Bessarabia]] | image = Railway Station Chisinau 1936.jpg | caption = [[Chișinău railway station]], as it existed until 1936. | place = [[Chișinău]], present-day [[Moldova]] }} == Prelude == === Background === In 1812, as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], which concluded the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812]], [[Moldova]] was compelled—despite strong protests—to cede its eastern territory, located between the [[Prut]] and [[Dniester]] rivers, to the [[Russian Empire]].{{sfn|Gumenâi|2018|p=149}} This region, subsequently known as [[Bessarabia]], was annexed by Russia and subjected to a systematic process of colonization and [[Russification]].{{sfn|Mitrasca|2002|p=20}} [[Romanian language|Romanian-language]] education was prohibited, and the use of Romanian in administration was likewise banned. The [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church in Bessarabia]], separated from the [[Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina|Metropolis of Moldavia]], was placed under the authority of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], becoming an active instrument of Russification.{{sfn|Corlățeanu-Granciuc|2014|pp=167–171}} Measures included the imposition of Church Slavonic in place of Romanian as the liturgical language and the Russification of clerical names. Following the [[United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia|union of Moldavia with Wallachia]] in 1859 and the subsequent proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Romania]] in 1881, the foreign policy of the Romanian state increasingly reflected the ideals of the Romanian National Awakening. Central to this vision was the aspiration to create a [[Greater Romania]], encompassing all [[Romanians|Romanian-speaking populations]]—including those living in [[Bessarabia]]. == Footnotes == {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin|30em}} === in English === * {{cite book |last=Mitrasca |first=Marcel |title=Moldova: a Romanian province under Russian rule |url=https://archive.org/details/moldovaromanianp0000mitr |location=New York City |publisher=Algora Pub |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-875-86184-5 |oclc=50296800 }} === in Romanian === * {{cite book |last=Gumenâi |first=Ion |chapter=Basarabia sub Dominația țaristă |pages=149–193 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339696743_Basarabia_sub_Dominatia_tarista_Formele_De_protest_impotriva_anexarii_Basarabiei_de_catre_Imperiul_Rus |trans-chapter=Bessarabia under Tsarist rule |title=O istorie a Basarabiei |trans-title=A history of Bessarabia |lang=ro |location=Chișinău |publisher=Lexon Prim |date=2018 |isbn=978-9975-128-45-2 }} * {{cite journal |last=Corlățeanu-Granciuc |first=Silvia |title=O lucrare monumentală în problema Basarabiei și a tratatului de la 1812 |trans-title=A monumental work on the issue of Bessarabia and the treaty of 1812 |lang=ro |url=http://www.akademos.asm.md/files/O%20lucrare%20monumentala%20in%20problema%20Basarabiei%20si%20a%20tratatului%20din%201812.pdf |journal=Revista de Știință, Inovare, Cultură și Artă „Akademos” |volume=4 |issue=35 |pages=167–171 |date=2014 |issn=1857-0461 }} === other languages === {{refend}} 3s8fic5rgxh3a450wxqktmjw45s1jm5 0 1197170 10331808 2025-06-15T11:14:52Z CallumBen13 1611993 Redirected page to [[PlayStation Move Ape Escape]] 10331808 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[PlayStation Move Ape Escape]] gzaza2cky2kp7sny9hjunhhir0418r1 3 1197171 10331812 2025-06-15T11:15:36Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Guitar in my Room]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331812 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Guitar in my Room== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Guitar in my Room]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Guitar in my Room}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:15, 15 June 2025 (UTC) onxr73d07w6dqw3h6vpxjo64ndhjqwf 3 1197172 10331814 2025-06-15T11:16:47Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Guy III of Spoleto]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331814 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Guy III of Spoleto== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Guy III of Spoleto]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Guy III of Spoleto}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a4|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:16, 15 June 2025 (UTC) cuiaj0t6lohfdzesbaog2kkxl69dmtp 4 1197174 10331830 2025-06-15T11:38:44Z Johannnes89 879931 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Pakubuhono III]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331830 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Pakubuhono III === :{{lc|Pakubuhono III}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Pakubuhono III|action=edit}} close request]</span> Johannnes89 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' xwiki spam, not notable [[User:Johannnes89|Johannnes89]] ([[User talk:Johannnes89|talk]]) 11:38, 15 June 2025 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''11:38, 22 June 2025 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> shbn2ihzpd8b08poyheqeofoc2tqo5f 2 1197175 10331834 2025-06-15T11:40:05Z Ophyrius 1600785 Install 10331834 javascript text/javascript mw.loader.load('//vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Plantaest/TwinkleMobile.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); // [[User:Plantaest/TwinkleMobile]] by [[:vi:User:Plantaest]] mw.loader.load( '/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/JWB.js/load.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript' ); // Backlink: [[User:Joeytje50/JWB.js/load.js]] s1ll6vj651x92opu27evhsvpqp62r6w 10331841 10331834 2025-06-15T11:43:38Z Ophyrius 1600785 Doesn't work 10331841 javascript text/javascript phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 1197176 10331844 2025-06-15T11:45:17Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Ice cream sandwich]] (BOT) 10331844 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Ice cream sandwich]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331842|Edit]] (10331842) processed with score of 0.98508. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 11:45, 15 June 2025 (UTC) sxsrbl7kjx7yxl7owh3y2hqs4inyo55 10331845 10331844 2025-06-15T11:46:37Z Buttocks1 1629770 /* June 2025 */ Reply 10331845 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Ice cream sandwich]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331842|Edit]] (10331842) processed with score of 0.98508. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 11:45, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :Because the Simple English Wikipedia is so freaking bad and Wikipedia article about have to be AI, and its total crap [[User:Buttocks1|Buttocks1]] ([[User talk:Buttocks1#top|talk]]) 11:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) gt3foayfeuv9drvjntpj3rdwcrc60u6 10331851 10331845 2025-06-15T11:48:25Z Ferien 1011873 You have been blocked for a blatant violation of the [[Wikipedia:Username|username policy]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10331851 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2025 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Ice cream sandwich]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10331842|Edit]] (10331842) processed with score of 0.98508. <small> *As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again. </small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 11:45, 15 June 2025 (UTC) :Because the Simple English Wikipedia is so freaking bad and Wikipedia article about have to be AI, and its total crap [[User:Buttocks1|Buttocks1]] ([[User talk:Buttocks1#top|talk]]) 11:46, 15 June 2025 (UTC) <div class="user-block" style="padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; background-color: #ffefd5; min-height: 40px">[[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|left|55px]]'''Your account has been blocked indefinitely''' from changing Wikipedia because your username clearly does not meet our [[WP:Username|username policy]] – it contains a bad word, attacks or pretends to be another person, or clearly shows that you do not want to make Wikipedia better (see our [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocking]] and [[Wikipedia:Username|username]] policies for more information). We invite everyone to make changes to Wikipedia that improve it, but users are not allowed to change with bad usernames. We do not allow [[Internet trolling|trolling]] or other bad behaviour. If you think that this block is unfair, you may ask to be unblocked by adding <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> at the bottom of [[Special:MyTalk|your talk page]]. If you cannot do this or the reason is private, please send an e-mail to [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org'''] and an administrator will look at your reason and reply. You may want to read [[WP:GAB|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. {{#if:yes|--[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 11:48, 15 June 2025 (UTC)}}</div><!-- Template:UsernameHardBlocked --> mo5l464izs20nyvnx2o7gslltm9bntk 0 1197177 10331848 2025-06-15T11:47:46Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 36 | episode = 17 | director = [[Chris Clements (animation director)|Chris Clements]] | writer = [[Jeff Westbrook]] | production = 36ABF10 | airdate = {{Start date|2025|05|11}} | guests = * [[Blake Griffin]] as himself * [[Andrew Luck]] as himself * [[Megan Rapinoe]] as herself * [[Robert Smigel]] as Razelton *[[Rick Steves]] as himself | prev..." 10331848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Simpsons episode | image = | caption = | season = 36 | episode = 17 | director = [[Chris Clements (animation director)|Chris Clements]] | writer = [[Jeff Westbrook]] | production = 36ABF10 | airdate = {{Start date|2025|05|11}} | guests = * [[Blake Griffin]] as himself * [[Andrew Luck]] as himself * [[Megan Rapinoe]] as herself * [[Robert Smigel]] as Razelton *[[Rick Steves]] as himself | prev = [[Stew Lies]] | next = [[Estranger Things]] }} "'''Full Heart, Empty Pool'''" is the seventeenth episode of the [[The Simpsons season 36|thirty-sixth season]] of '''''[[The Simpsons]]'''''. It first aired on May 11, 2025. In this episode, Homer and Abe invent a sport, but Homer is forced to cut out Abe to ensure its popularity. [[Robert Smigel]] guest starred as Razelton. Former basketball player [[Blake Griffin]], former football player [[Andrew Luck]], former soccer player [[Megan Rapinoe]], and travel writer [[Rick Steves]] appeared as themselves. ==Other websites== {{wikiquote|The Simpsons/Season 36#Full Heart, Empty Pool|"Full Heart, Empty Pool"}} *{{IMDb episode|36671452}} *{{Rotten Tomatoes item|/tv/the_simpsons/s36/e17}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2025 television episodes]] [[Category:The Simpsons (season 36) episodes]] aaiph5dm20cezatxejgmg8kev4sldid 1 1197178 10331849 2025-06-15T11:47:54Z Buttocks1 1629770 /* Wikipedia is so bad crap insanity */ new section 10331849 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wikipedia is so bad crap insanity == So pls dont edit the page [[User:Buttocks1|Buttocks1]] ([[User talk:Buttocks1|talk]]) 11:47, 15 June 2025 (UTC) gto85yx5smapl4waizx5p7lnqgcrav1 10331852 10331849 2025-06-15T11:48:34Z Ferien 1011873 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) 10331852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 2 1197179 10331855 2025-06-15T11:53:37Z Eric Jan Weron 1629760 Created page with " Canadian" 10331855 wikitext text/x-wiki Canadian 0i4fezqc9ns1q4to9ijwsylp7ahw2v5 14 1197180 10331857 2025-06-15T11:57:24Z CallumBen13 1611993 Created page with "{{DEFAULTSORT:Simpsons (season 36) episodes, The}} [[Category:The Simpsons episodes|36]]" 10331857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Simpsons (season 36) episodes, The}} [[Category:The Simpsons episodes|36]] 823nfx2fo6dxghwouh6p3aumzzkevd8